RURAL TEXT»B
SERIE S

II

SYSTEMATIC
POMOLOGY

^

HEDRICK

L. H. BAl LEY
EDITOR

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BOTANICAL

GARDEN

TLbc IRural XText^JBool? Series

Edited by L. H. BAILEY

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Xlbc IRural ^ciUJBool? Scries

Kdited by L. H. BAILKY

Bailey: School-Book of Farming.

Carleton: The Small Grains.

Chase: First Book of Grasses.

n. ^[. Duggar: The Physiology of Plant

Production.
./, F. Duggar: Agriculture for Southern

Schools.
J. F. Duggar: Southern Field Crops.
Fisk: The Book of Ice-Cream.
Gay: Breeds of Live-Stock.
Gay: Principles of Judging Live-Stock.
Goff: Principles of Plant Culture,
Gourley: Text-Book of Pomology.
Guthrie: The Book of Butter.
Harper: Animal Husbandry for Schools.
Harris and Stewart : Principles of Agronomy.
HedricJc: Systematic Pomology.
Hitchcock: Text-Book of Grasses.
Jeffery: Text-Book of Land Drainage.
Jordan: Feeding of Animals, Revised.
Livingston : Field Crop Production.
Lyon: Soils and Fertilizers.
Lyon, Fippin and Buckman: Soils; Their

Properties and Management.
Mann: Beginnings in Agriculture.
Montgomery: The Corn Crops.
Morgan: Field Crops for the Cottonbelt.
Mumford: The Breeding of Animals.
Piper: Forage Plants and Their Culture.
Sampson: Effective Farming.
Smith: Agricultural Meteorology.
Steubenrauch, Wood and Booth: Horticulture

FOR Schools.
Thorn and Fisk: The Book of Cheese.
Warren: Elements of Agriculture.
Warren: Farm Management.
Wheeler: Manures and Fertilizers.
White: Principles of Floriculture.
Widtsoe : Principles of Irrigation Practice,

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

BY
U. P. HEDRICK

VICE-DIRECTOR AND HORTICULTURIST OF THE NEW YORK
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

ITT

-.PIC

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1925

All rights reserved

Copyright, 1925,
By TIIK MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and elcctrotyped.
Published April, 1925.

Printed in the United States of America

PREFACE

Twenty-five years ago I published a small book under the
title, A Laboratory Manual in Systematic Pomology. The book
was primitive in treatment and incomplete in material. It could
hardly have been otherwise, for at that time there was no ac-
cumulated experience in teaching systematic pomology, and few
fruits had been fully described either in species or varieties.
Through this attempt I came to realize the need of a text for
pomological students which would classify, arrange, and fully
describe American pomological material, and I conceived the
plan of writing such a book. As the years have passed, this
plan has been kept in mind; meanwhile opportunity has come
to study hardy fruits in many parts of the United States and
Canada, and to describe, as they grow on the grounds of the
New York Agricultural Experiment Station, nearlj^ every hardy
fruit to be found in North America. Now, from this fuller
knowledge I oifer my second book on systematic pomology.

The present book, it will be found, is based on the several
books published hy the State of New York on apples, pears,
peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, and one in preparation on
small-fruits, all of which, with the exception of the work on
apples, have been written under my supervision. Much of the
material comes even more directly from my Cyclopedia of Hardy
Fruits, published by The INIacmillan Company. All of these
books, except the Cyclopedia, are difficult to obtain, and all are
too bulky in size and character to be used for school and college
text-books for which the work in hand is chiefly intended.
There is, however, much that is new in this text, and the mate-
rial taken from the larger books has been put in simpler and
briefer form and has been more suitably arranged for classroom
work.

Perhaps the chief innovation in this book, as compared witli
the larger works mentioned, is the introduction of simple keys
to varieties of the tree-fruits and the grape. These keys should

vi PREFACE

be useful in identifying]: varieties in nortlieastern United States
and the neigliborin^ l)arts of Canada. I doubt whether tliey
will be of mucli use for this purpose in the otiier fruit regions
of the eontinent. Tliey have <j:reater value, liowever, as sug-
gestive work for students tlian for use in identification, I can-
not tliink of laboratory ])ractice more instructive than to set
students at the task of making keys for tlie varieties of any fruit
in a locality or region. The keys, then, are published chiefly to
serve as models for student work. Such keys may be endlessly
varied, and no doubt mine may be greatly improved by one
who can give key-making more time and study than I have been
able to do.

Only the commonest fruits are described in this brief text.
The best commercial and home varieties and those most widely
grown have been chosen to represent the several fruits. But few
synonyms are given and there are no references to other descrip-
tions of fruits. Fuller descriptions, all synonyms, and citations
to literature may be found in the fruit books published by the
New York Agricultural Experiment Station or in my Cyclopedia
of Hardy Fruits, reference books which should be at hand in
every institution w^iere this volume may be adopted as a student
text. Only a few suggestions for laboratory work are offered ;
the amount of time for teaching systematic pomology varies
greatly in schools and colleges, as do the seasons, materials, and
methods, so that suggestions can hardly be made that w^ould be
suitable for many classrooms.

The book, it is hoped, will be useful for many besides students
in schools and colleges. Fruit-growers, nurserymen, and farm-
bureau agents may find it of value in studying and identifying
varieties. All of these have been in mind in the preparation of
the book. Classification, and therefore systematic pomology, is
the foundation of pomological study and not much of a struc-
ture in knowledge of the subject can be built without a good
foundation. All who are interested in pomology may well take
a substantial course in systematic pomology.

In response to letters written to most of the teachers of
pomology in American agricultural colleges as to matter and
method of presenting systematic pomology to students, many
valuable suggestions were received. For these, I now make

PREFACE vii

acknowledgment and express my regrets that many useful sug-
gestions could not be made use of in this brief text. I shall be
glad to consider any criticisms of materials or methods of pre-
sentation which readers and students may submit. I want to
express my thanks to my associate, Mr. Alwin Berger, for cor-
rections and additions in the botany of the book.

U. P. Hedrick.

New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York.
February, 1925.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I . — Introductory

1, Systematic pomology defined; 2, systematic pomology a
means, not an end ; 3, the proper concepts of plant groups ; 4,
descriptive pomology defined; 5, relations of pomology to
botany; 6, relation of systematic pomology to practical fruit-
growing; 7, plant distributions as a part of systematic po-
mology; 8, relation of systematic pomology to plant-breeding.

II. — Roots 5

9, The root distinguished from the stem ; 10, the root system ;
11, adventitious roots; 12, sports or mutations from root-
cuttings; 13, the use of roots in classification; 14, duration of
roots ; 15, rooting habits of pomological plants ; 16, roots modi-
fied by environment.

III.— Stems 10

17, The stem defined; 18, grape stems; 19, the growth of
stems in length; 20, texture of stems; 21, kinds of stems in
hardy fruits; 22, size and habit of plant; 23, thorns, spines,
prickles, and hairs; 24, tendrils; 25, the shape of the stem;
26, the branching of stems ; 27, fruit-spurs ; 28, annual rings ;
29, pith, heart-wood and sap-wood; 30, cambium; 31, the
bark ; 32, lenticels ; 33, color and bloom of bark ; 34, stem scars.

IV.— Buds 22

35, A bud defined; 36, leaf -buds and flower-buds; 37, buds
classified as to position on the stem ; 38, adventitious buds ; 39,
buds classified as to arrangement on the stem ; 40, stalked and
sessile buds; 41, time of opening of buds; 42, bud-variations.

V. — Leaves 27

43, An arbitrary definition of leaf ; 44, kinds of leaves ; 45,
the parts of a leaf ; 46, mode of veining ; 47, the shapes of
leaves as to the outline of the blade ; 48, shapes of the base and
the apex; 49, size and thickness of the leaf-blade; 50, simple
and compound leaves; 51, outlines of leaf -margins ; 52, the
leaf-blade plane; 53, the arrangement of leaves on stems; 54,
vernation ; 55, the petiole ; 56, leaf appearance and fall ; 57,
color of leaves; 58, stipules; 59, leaf -glands; 60, leaf-lobing

cox TENTS

in prapes; (il, leaf-surfaces; ()2, the leaves of brambles; 63, the
leaves of the bush-fruits; 64, identification of nursery trees
from the leaves.

VI. — The Flower 39

65, Flowers distinp^uisherl from shoots and leaves; 66, the
parts of a flower and their arranpfement ; 67, the inflorescence;
68, the receptacle; (iO, the floral envelope; 70, the calyx; 71, the
corolla; 72, the stamens; 73, the pistils; 74, arran^^fements of
floral orphans; 7'), sex in hardy fruits; 76, pollination and fer-
tilization; 77, abnormal fruits; 78, self-sterile and self-fertile
fruits; 70, effects of cross-pollination on the fruits; 80, fruit
development without fertilization; 81, cross-fertilization be-
tween varieties, species, and genera; 82, scent in flowers.

VII.— The Fruit 51

83, Fruit defined ; 84, kinds of fruits. The pome : 85, shapes
of pomes; 86, the stems of pomes; 87, the cavity; 88, the basin;
89, the calyx; 90, surface characters of pomes; 91, color of
pome-fruits; 92, dots; 93, cutting pomes to show the internal
structure; 94, the flesh of pomes; 95, flavor, aroma, and
quality; 96, the core; 97, seeds; 98, vascular bundles; 99,
stamens; 100, calyx-tube and styles; 101, date of ripening and
season. The Drupe: 102, Size of drupes; 103, shapes of
drupes; 104, cavity and apex; 105, the stem; 106, the suture
of drupe-fruits; 107, color of drupe-fruits; 108, skin char-
acters of drupes; 109, the flesh of drupes; 110, flavor; 111, the
stone; 112, season. Fruits of the brambles: 113, adherence
to the receptacle; 114, size, shape, and color of berries; 115,
the flesh of bramble-fruits. The botanical berry : 116, fruit
and seeds of the grape; 117, fruits and seeds of gooseberries
and currants; 118, fruits and seeds of the heath-berries. The
fruits op the strawberry : 119, fruit characters of the straw-
berry.

VIII. — Physiological Characters 82

120, Hardiness; 121, fruit-bearing habits; 122, longevity;
123, natural resistance to disease and insect pests; 124, the
adaptation of varieties to different environments; 125, perma-
nency of varieties; 126, correlations; 127, variations caused
by climate; 128, variations caused by soils; 129, variations
caused by cultivation ; 130, variations caused by stocks.

IX. — Methods of Work in Systematic Pomology ... 88

131, Materials for work in systematic pomology; 132, the
requisites of a good description; 133, two methods of de-
scribing fruit ; 134, the necessity of full descriptions ; 135,
descriptive blanks ; 136, terminology of descriptive pomology ;

CONTENTS

137, pomological nomenclature (code of nomenclature) ; 138,
fruit exhibits; 139, score-cards for fruit exhibits.

X. — Methods of Classification 98

140, Individuals; 141, species; 142, varieties; 143, genera;
144, orders, classes, and divisions of plants; 145, botanical
names of plants; 146, publication and priority; 147, pomolog-
ical names of varieties; 148, the importance of Latin binomial

XI. — The Order Rosacea 103

149, Characters of Rosaceae; 150, Tribe Poms, the pome-
fruits (key) ; 151, Tribe Pruneae, the drupe- fruits ; 152, Tribe
Rubeae, the brambles; 153, Tribe Potentilleae, to which belongs
the strawberry.

XII.— The Pome-Fruits 106

154, The genus Pyrus. The apple: 155, the apple distin-
guished from the pear; 156, the common apple and the crab-
apple distinguished; 157, Pyrus Malus, the common apple,
described; 158, habitat and history of the apple; 159, distri-
bution of apples in North America; 160, botanical varieties
of Pyrus Malus; 161, strains of varieties; 162, the classifica-
tion of varieties of apples (description blanks). The ceab-
apple: 163, Pyrus baccata, the crab-apple, described; 164, bo-
tanical varieties of crab-apples; 165, habitat and history of
the crab-apple; 166, the place of crab-apples in American
pomology; 167, native crab-apples. The pear: 168, Pyrus
communis, the pear, described; 169, habitat and history of
the European pear; 170, cultivation of the pear in North
America; 171, the Sand pear; 172, hybrid pears; 173, the
classification of varieties of pears. The quince: 174, bo-
tanical characters of the quince; 175, the quince distinguished
from the apple, pear, and Japanese quince; 176, habitat and
history of the quince; 177, pomological status of the quince.
The Japanese Quinces: 178, the Japanese quince described.

XIII.— The Drupe-Fruits 124

179, The genus Prunus; 180, the several fruits in Prunus
distinguished (key). The peach: 181, Prunus Persica, the
peach, described; 182, habitat and history of the peach; 183,
variability of the peach; 184, classification of varieties of
peaches; 185, description blank; 186, the nectarine. The
apricot: 187, the apricot distinguished from the plum and
peach ; 188, Prunus Armeniaca, the common apricot, described ;
189, habitat and history of the apricot ; 190, cultivation of the
apricot in North America; 191, Russian apricots; 192, Japa-
nese apricots; 193, the black apricot. The Plum (key) : 194,
Prunus domestica described; 195, habitat and history of Do-

xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER ^^^^

mestica plums; liHi. tlic cultivation of Domestiea plums iu
North America: !!•", j^^roups of plums; li)S. Prunus insititia
described; 1!H), Insititia distinjruislied from Domestiea plums;
200, habitat and history of Insititia plums; 201, cultural
status of the Insititias in America; 202, jji'oups of Insititia
plums; 20:?, botanical descri]>tion of the Myrobalan plum; 204,
distribution and use of Myrobalan plums; 205, botanical
descri]ition of the Japanese i)lum; 206, botanical differences
between Jaj^anese and other plums; 207, status of Japanese
plums in American ])omolof2:y; 20S, the botanical characters
of Simon's plum; 200, horticultural characters of Simon's
plum; 210, the botanical characters of P. americana; 211,
horticultural characters of Americana plums; 212, the woolly-
leaved American plum; 213, botanical characters of P. hor-
tulana; 214, pomolog-ical characters of Hortulana plums;
215, the Miner plums; 216, botanical description of P. niofra;
217, pomological characters of Ni«:ra plums; 218, botanical
characters of P. angustifolia ; 219, the Sand plum; 220, the
Variable plum; 221, botanical description of P. Munsoniana;
222, pomolog-ical characters of Munsoniana plums. Cherries
(key) : 223, Prunus Cerasus, the sour cherry, described; 224,
habitat and history of the sour cherry; 225, groups of cher-
ries; 226, Prunus avium, the sweet cherry, described; 227,
habitat and history of the sweet cherry ; 228, the sweet cherry
as a stock; 229, groups of sweet cherries; 230, hybrid cherries;
231, Prunus Mahaleb described ; 232, habitat of the ]\rahaleb
cherry; 233, pomological characters; 234, Prunus tomentosa
described ; 235, the Sand cherry described ; 236, Prunus Bes-
seyi described; 237, pomological characters of the Western
Sand cherry; 238, the Western Sand cherry a parent in
many hybrids.

XIY.— The Grape 163

239, The genus Yitis (key) ; 240, description blank for
grapes. Rotuxdifolia grapes: 241, Vitis rotundifolia de-
scribed; 242, habitat of the Rotundifolia grapes; 243, pomo-
logical characters of Rotundifolia grapes. Labrusca grapes :
244, the botanical characters of V. Labrusca; 245, the pomo-
logical characters of the Labrusca grapes; 246, classification
of Labrusca grapes. The Vulpixa grapes: 247, habitat and
botanical characters of V. vulpina; 248, pomological charac-
ters of Yulpina grapes. The ^^stivalis grapes : 249, habitat
and botanical characters of Y. aestivalis; 250, pomological
characters of ^stivalis grapes; 251, habitat and botanical
characters of Linsecomii grapes; 252, pomological characters
of Linsecomii grapes; 253, pomological and botanical charac-
ters of Bourquiniana grapes. The Yinifera grapes : 254, bo-
tanical characters of Y. vinifera; 255, history and habitat of
Yinifera grapes; 256, pomological characters of Yinifera
grapes.

CONTENTS xiii

PAGE
CHAPTER -__

XV.— The Brambles ^'^

257 The genus Rubus. Raspberries (key) : 258, descrip-
tion blank for raspberry; 259, the European raspberry de-
scribed ; 260, habitat and history of the European raspberry;
261 the American red raspberry described; 262, habitat and
history of the American red raspberry; 263, the black rasp-
berry described; 264, habitat and history of the black rasp-
berry; 265, purple raspberries compared with the parent
species- 266, history of purple raspberries. Blackberries:
"^h species of cultivated blackberries; 268, European black-
berry described; 269, habitat and history of the European
blackberry. Dewberries: 270, dewberries and blackberries
compared; 271, history of cultivated dewberries; 272, species
of dewberries.

XYI. Currants and Gooseberries 187

273, Saxifra^ace^ compared with Rosacea; 274, the genus
Ribes'(key): 275, pomological classification of currants and
gooseberries; 276, description blank for currant. Red Cur-
rants : 277, Ribes sativum described ; 278, habitat and history
of the Sativum currant; 279, Ribes rubrum described; 280,
habitat and history of the Rubrum currants; 281, Ribes
petr^um described; 282, habitat and history of the Petr^eum
currants. The Golden currant: 283, Ribes odor atum de-
scribed. Black currants: 284, Ribes nigrum described; 285,
habitat and history of the black currant. Gooseberries : 286,
Ribes hirtellum described; 287, habitat and history ot R. hir-
tellum; 288, little-known species of American gooseberries;
289, Ribes Grossularia described; 290, habitat of R. Grossu-
laria; 291, history of the European gooseberry.

XVII. — The Heath-Fruits 1^'^

'^92 Common names of fruits in Vaccinium and Gaylus-
sac"ia;'293, the genus Vaccinium described; 294, distribution
of Vaccinium; 295, Vaccinium macrocarpon, the large cran-
berry, described; 296, habitat of the large cranberry; 29 ^ his-
tory of cranberry culture; 298, Vaccinium Oxycoccus the
small cranberry, described; 299, blueberries and huckleber-
ries. Blueberries: 300, Vaccinium corymbosum the high
blueberry, described; 301, habitat of the high blueberry; 302,
pomological characters of the high blueberry; 303 ^^accmium
pennsvlvanicum, the low blueberry, described; 304, habitat ot
the low blueberry; 305, pomological characters of the low
blueberry. Huckleberries: 306, botanical characters ot
huckleberries; 307, pomological characters of huckleberries.

XYIII.— The Strawberries ^^^

308, The genus Fragaria described ; 309, the Virginia straw-
berry described; 310, habitat of the Virgmian strawberry;

xiv CONTENTS

CUAPTKR *'^°"

311, cultivation of the Virginian strawberry; 312, the common
garden strawberry described; .313, liabitat oi" the common
strawl)erry; 314, history of the American garden strawberry;
315, the Alpine strawberry described; 310, habitat of the
Alpine strawberry; 317, Ever))earing strawberries; 318, de-
scription blank for the strawberry.

XIX. — Varieties of Apples 210

Division A, Sweet Apples: 319, Sweet Bough; 320, Golden
Sweet; 321, Victoria Sweet; 322, Jersey Sweet; 323, Jacobs
Sweet; 324, Pumpkin Sweet; 325, Tolman Sweet; 326, Bailey
Sweet; 327, Lady Sweet; 32S, Sweet Winesap ; 329, Rams-
dell Sweet. Division B, Sour Apples: 330, Yellow Trans-
parent; 331, Early Harvest; 332, Parry White; 333, Primate;
334, Red June; 335, Red Astrachan ; 336, Lowland Rasp-
berry; 337, Early Strawberry; 338, Williams; 339, Charla-
moffV340, Early Joe; 341, Benoni; 342, Oldenburg; 343,
Chenango; 344, Titovka; 345, Tetofsky; 346, Lowell; 347,
Gideon; 34S, Dyer; 349, Maiden Blush; 350, Holland Pippin;
351, Hawley; 352, Porter; 353, Constantine; 354, Mother;
355, Late Strawberry; 356, Bonum; 357, Wealthy; 358, Fa-
meuse; 359, Mcintosh; 360, Cortland'^ 361, Alexander; 362,
Wolf River; 363, Grosh; 364, Fanny; 365, Jefferis; 366,
Twenty Ounce; 367, Collamer; 368, Ribston; 369, Bietig-
heimer; 370, Haas; 371, Hibernal; 372, Gravenstein; 373,
Banks; 374, Fall Pippin; 375, Yellow Bellflower; 376, Ortley;
377, Golden Delicious; 378, Boiken; 379, Swaar; 380, Gloria
Mundi; 381, Northwestern Greening; 382, Holland Winter;
383, Winter Banana; 384, Rhode Island Greening; 385, Yel-
low Newtown; 386, White Pippin; 387, Peck Pleasant; 388,
Mann; 389, Patten; 390, Grimes Golden; 391, LaAwer; 392,
Arkansas; 393, Ralls; 394, Salome; 395, King David; 396,
Rome Beauty; 397, Windsor; 398, Cooper Market; 399, Mis-
souri Pippin; 400, Baldwin; 401, Westfield ; 402, Jonathan;
403, Wagener; 404, Ontario; 405, Smokehouse; 406, Akin;
407, Ben Davis; 408, Black Ben Davis; 409, Black Gilli-
flower; 410, Delicious; 411, York Imperial; 412, Pewaukee;
413, Blue Pearmain; 414, Fallawater; 415, Tompkins King;
416, Jewett Red; 417, Paragon; 418, Opalescent; 419, Stark;
420, Winesap; 421, Stayman; 422, Red Canada; 423, Hub-
bardston; 424, Lady; 425, Bismarck; 426, Buckingham; 427,
Deacon Jones; 428, Northern Spy; 429, Esopus Spitzenburg;
430, Pomme Grise; 431, Roxbury Russet; 432, Golden Russet.

XX. — Varieties of Crab- Apples 279

433, Van Wyck; 434, Orange; 435, Minnesota; 436, Ex-
celsior; 437, Yellow Siberian; 438, Hyslop; 439, Whitney;

CONTENTS XV

CHAPTER PAGK

440, Large Red Siberian; 441, Gibb; 442, Transcendent; 443,
Florence; 444, Martha; 445, Cherry; 446, September.

XXI. — Varieties of Pears 286

447, Bartlett ; 448, Souvenir du Congres ; 449, Clapp Favor-
ite; 450, Doyenne Boussock; 451, Elizabeth; 452, Tyson; 453,
Bloodgood; 454, Buerre Bosc; 455, Buerre Hardy; 456, Mount
Vernon; 457, Duchess d'Angouleme ; 458, Pitmaston; 459,
Louise Bonne de Jersey; 460, Worden Seekel; 461, Vermont
Beauty; 462, Seekel; 463, Doyenne du Comiee; 464, Sheldon;
465, Howell ; 466, Flemish Beauty ; 467, White Doyenne ; 468,
Kieffer; 469, Sudduth; 470, Buerre Clairgeau; 471, Buerre
d'Anjou; 472, Lincoln Coreless; 473, Pound; 474, Josephine
de Maline ; 475, Lawrence ; 476, Winter Nelis.

XXII. — Varieties of Quinces 309

477, Orange; 478, Rea; 479, Pineapple; 480, Fuller; 481,
Smyi-na ; 482, Champion ; 483, Meech ; 484, Van Deman.

XXIII. — Varieties of Apricots 313

485, Shense; 486, Budd; 487, Smyrna; 488, Luizet; 489,
Early Moorpark ; 490, Moorpart ; 491, Hemskirke ; 492, Royal ;
493, "^ Blenheim ; 494, Large Early Montgamet; 495, Large
Early; 496, St. Ambroise.

XXIV. — Varieties of Cherries 319

497, Napoleon; 498, Yellow Spanish; 499, Schmidt; 500,
Windsor; 501, Republican; 502, Bing; 503, Lambert; 504,
Elton; 505, Ida; 506, Wood; 507, Coe; 508, Knight Early
Black; 509, Black Eagle; 510, Early Purple Guigne; 511,
Black Tartarian; 512, Early Richmond; 513, Montmorency;
514, Large Montmorency; 515, English Morello; 516, Brus-
seler Braune; 517, May Duke; 518, Empress Eugenie; 519,
Louis Philippe; 520, Royal Duke; 521, Reine Hortense; 522,
Late Duke.

XXV. — Varieties of Nectarines 339

523, Cardinal; 524, Victoria; 525, Lord Napier; 526, Hard-
wicke; 527, Downton; 528, Elruge; 529, Newton; 530, Hum-
bolt; 531, Pineapple; 532, Boston.

XXVI. — Varieties of Peaches 344

533, Alexander; 534, Canada; 535, Greensboro; 536, Car-
man; 537, Hiley; 538, Champion; 539, Belle; 540, Waddell;
541, Stevens; 542, Iron Mountain; 543, Tuskena; 544, RhU-
lips Cling; 545, Sellers Cling; 546, Triumph; 547, St. John;
548, Muir; 549, Elberta; 550, J. H. Hale; 551, Rochester; 552,

xvi CONTKNTS

(IIAITKR PAOK

Karly Crawford; r).')^, Gold Droj); 554, Crosby; 555, Late
Crawford; 55(i, Chili; 557. Salwey; 558, Blood Cling; 551),
Tet'iito; 5li(). Climax; 5(11. Pallas.

XXVII.— Varieties OF Plums 363

5G2, Yellow K^^', 5()IJ, Golden Drop; 5(i4. Washington;
505, Jefiferson; 5(1(5, Keine Claude; 5(i7, Bavay ; 5()S, Italian
Prune; 5()0, German Prune; 570, Quackenbos; 571, Pacific;
572, Arch Duke; 57.'{, Gueii; 574, Monarch; 575, Grand Duke;
570, Pond; 577, Ajj^en; 578, Lombard; 579, Bradshaw; 580,
Giant; 581, Imperial Kpineuse; 582, French; 58.'i, Shrop-
shire; 584, Mirabelle; 585, Ojjfon ; 580, Satsuma ; 5S7, Wick-
son; 588, Red June; 589, October; 500, Abundance; 591,
Burbank; 592, Forest Garden; 593, Miner; 594, Wild Goose;
595, De Soto.

XXVIII.— Varieties of Grapes 386

59G, Scuppernong:; 597, James; 598, Memory; 5f)9, Flowers;
GOO, Winchell; 001, Diamond; 002, Niagara; 003, Salem;
G04, Lucile; 005, Brighton; GOG, Agawam; G07, Lindley; G08,
lona; 009, Catawba; GIO, Vergennes; Oil, Campbell Early;
612, Eclipse; G13, Worden; G14, Moore Early; G15, Janes-
ville; GIG, Champion; 017, Concord; 018, Herbert; 619,
Barry; 020, Ives; 021, Empire State; 022, Elvira; 623, Dela-
ware; G24, Herbemont; 025, Norton; ()26, Clinton; 627, Sul-
tanina; 028, Chasselas Golden; 629, Malaga; 030, Muscat of
Alexandria; 631, Flame Tokay; 032, Emperor; 633, Purple
Comichon; 634, Mission; 635, Black Morocco; 636, Black
Hamburg; 637, Gros Colmar; 638, Muscat Hamburg.

XXIX. — Varieties of Raspberries 413

639, Antwerp; 640, Brilliant; 641, Cardinal; 642, Colum-
bian ; 643, Cuthbert ; 644, Eaton ; 645, Empire ; 646, Hailsham ;
G47, Herbert; 648, June; 649, King; 650, London; 651, Marl-
boro; 652, Ontario; 053, Perfection; G54, Ranere; 655, Royal
Purple; 656, Shaffer; 057, Sunbeam; 658, Superlative; 659.
Surprise; 600, Black Pearl; 001, Cumberland; 662, Gregg;
603, Hoosier; 664, Kansas; 665, Ohio; 066, Plum Farmer.

XXX. — Varieties of Blackberries and Dewberries . . 426

Blackberries: 667, Agawam; 668, Ancient Briton; 669,
Black Diamond; 670, Blowers; 671, Dallas; 072, Early Har-
vest; 673, Early King; 074, Eldorado; 675, Erie; 676, Giant
Himalaya; 077, Iceberg; 678, Kittatinny; 679, Lawton; 680,
McDonald; 681, Mammoth; 082, Mersereau; 683, Rathbun;
684, Snyder; 685, Taylor; 686, Texas Early; 687, Wilson
Early. Dewberries: 688, Aughinbaugh; 689, Laxtonberry;
690, Loganberry; 691, Lucretia; 692, Mayes; 693, Phenom-
enal; 694, Premo; 695, Primus.

CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER PAGE

XXXI. — Varieties of Currants 439

696, Cherry; 697, Diploma; 698, Giant Red; 699, Fay; 700,
London Market; 701, Perfection; 702, Prince Albert; 703,
Red Cross; 704, Red Dutch; 705, Ruby; 706, Versailles; 707,
Victoria; 70S, Wilder; 709, White Dutch; 710, White Grape;
711, White Imperial; 712, Boskoop Giant; 713, Champion;
714, Naples; 715, Crandall; 716, Deseret.

XXXII. — Varieties of Gooseberries 448

717, Carrie; 718, Chautauqua; 719, Columbus; 720, Crown
Bob; 721, Downing; 722, Houghton; 723, Industry; 724,
Lancashire Lad; 725, Oregon; 726, Pale Red; 727, Poorman;
728, Red Jacket.

XXXIII. — Varieties of Cranberries 454

729, Bell and Bugle; 730, Bell and Cherry; 731, Bennett
Jumbo; 732, Centennial; 733, Centreville; 734, Chipman;
735, Earlv Black; 736, Howes; 737, Jersey; 738, McFarlin;
739, Plum; 740, Pride; 741, Prolific; 742, Searles Jumbo;
743, Smalley; 744, Wales Henry.

XXXIV. — Varieties of Strawberries 461

745, Aroma; 746, Campbell; 747, Chesapeake; 748, Chip-
man; 749, Clark; 750, Crescent; 751, Dr. Burrill; 752, Dun-
lap; 753, Ford; 754, Gandy; 755, Glen Mary; 756, Good
Luck; 757, Haverland; 758, Joe; 759, Kellogg Prize; 760,
Klondike; 761, Lupton; 762, Marshall; 763, Missionary; 764,
Nich Ohmer; 765, Pan American; 766, Peerless; 767, Pro-
gressive; 768, Prolific; 769, Rough Rider; 770, Superb; 771,
Uncle Jim; 772, Warfield; 773, William Belt.

Glossary . 473

Index . e . 483

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

CHAPTER I
INTRODVCTORY

The first human beings who used language must have classi-
fied plants. Then as now, men were bewildered by the great
number of kinds ; then as now, some use was made of many
plants. It was not possible then, as it is not at present, to inter-
change ideas about plants without names for the lesser and
greater groups. In the dawn of the human race there must have
been family names to distinguish fruits from nuts ; generic
names to separate pomes from drupes ; and possibly specific
names for some of the kinds of the different fruits. These sim-
ple facts make plain the necessity and the naturalness of sys-
tematic pomology.

One w^orking wdth a group of fruits is seldom able to see all
of the kinds. No fruit-grower, for example, ever can observe
all of the varieties of plums under cultivation ; no . student of
the botany of plums has ever seen all of the species growing
side by side. Workers, to obtain even a superficial knowledge
of a group of plants, must always be dependent on descriptions
and illustrations. To save space and to secure accuracy in
these descriptions, so necessar}^ to pomologists, there must be a
set of special technical rules and terms which, put in use, con-
stitute descriptive pomology.

1. Systematic pomology defined. — Systematic pomology is
the study of the kinds of fruits and their relationships. In
practice, the structure and arrangements of the various organs
are studied to determine wherein they differ, so that individuals
may be put together in groups, the members of which have
certain degrees of resemblance. As far as possible, systematic
pomology is a classification of fruits according to their natural

1

2 SYSTEM A TIC PoMOTOC.Y

relationships. It is now a^M-ccd tliat tlie best systems of classifi-
eation are tliose wliicli sliow natural affinities as opposed to
purely arbitrary methods which do not have in view the exj)res-
sion (if relationshii)s and that seek hut to name and plaee a
])lant. One cannot wholly avoid ai'tifieiality, however, in sys-
tems which are natural. The classification of |)hnits to show
their natural rclat ioiisliijjs is also called hi.r<nt(niii/.

2. Systematic pomology a means not an end. -Any system
of elassifyintr plants is hut a tem])ora ry arran<i'ement of j^roups
and individuals aecordinji; to the best knowledge of the time,
always with the reservation that when more is known the elassi-
fieation must be remade. In particular there ean never be a
permanent ideal elassifieation of fruits. Fruits are arranpfed
in a elassifieation with the aim of telling what is known about
groups so that the knowledge can be easily utilized by the
botanist, pomologist, plant-breeder, and fruit-grower. It does
not matter much that the systems of elassifieations of authors
seldom agree; in fact, it may be a distinct advantage for stu-
dents of fruits to see them through the eyes of different sys-
tematists.

3. The proper concepts of plant groups. — The student of
systematic pomology must keep in mind that botanieal groups,
of which the species is the chief unit, are often arbitrary arti-
ficial creations to aid in the classification of plants in accordance
with the facts that have so far accumulated in regard to them.
Only such a conception can put pomology in its true light as a
branch of knowledge in process of evolution. Only so can it
be seen clearly that plants are continually changing, although
slowly. Any classification is but a picture of a bit of the
vegetable kingdom on a certain day, which at a future date
may not be a good picture. For later times there must be new
pictures to show the changes that are taking place.

4. Descriptive pomology defined. — Descriptive Pomology is
the study of the form, features and structure of fruit-plants and
the relative disposition of their organs. In botany similar
studies are more often called structural hotany in which, how-
ever, the internal structure of the plant, as of cells, are subjects
of investigation; or, such studies may be called morphology
which differs, possibly, from structural botany in that the meta-

INTRODUCTORY 3

morphosis of organs receives more attention. These are only
slight differences but they are worth noting to show as exactly
as possible the place of descriptive pomology, to emphasize its
slightly closer relationship to systematic pomology. Descriptive
pomology has nothing to do with the functions of plants or their
organs which is, of course, plant physiology, the two quite dis-
tinct divisions of botany and pomology being necessary supple-
ments in a full study of plants or fruits.

5. Relations of pomology to botany. — Broadly speaking, all
knowledge about plants is botany, but as the term is generally
used, it is restricted to the philosophy of plant life, while applied
botany, that which has to do with the culture and uses of plants,
is agriculture, horticulture, or forestry. Systematic pomology
is more closely allied to botany than to horticulture ; one phase,
putting varieties into species, species into genera, and genera
into families, is botany pure and simple. It follows that a
student of this text must be equipped with a knowledge of
structural and systematic botany. He should, also, know some-
thing about ecology so that he can estimate better the influ-
ence of environment on fruits ; physiology because physiological
characters are assuming greater and greater importance in the
characterization of species; and genetics in order to follow the
development of fruits through hybridization and mutation.

6. Relation of systematic pomology to practical fruit-
growing.— Perhaps no other factor is more important to suc-
cess in fruit-growing than the choice of varieties. To choose
well, the fruit-grower must have a vivid knowledge of the
characteristics of trees and fruits. The first task of a man
contemplating fruit-growing is to make a systematic study of
fruits and varieties. He begins with systematic pomology. The
progress of his profession depends very largely on the intro-
duction of better varieties, which, in turn, is dependent on inti-
mate knowledge of existing varieties. Contemplation shows that
at every turn the practical fruit-grower relates his work to sys-
tematic pomolog>\ It is significant that the men who brought
fruit-growing into being in America and nourished it to
maturity, as Coxe, Prince, Kenrick, ^Manning, Hovey, Elliot,
Cole, Hooper, Warder, the Downings, and Thomas, were first
of all systematic pomologists. The literature of fruit-growing

4 .s' YS 7 EM A TIC I'oMolJ) 0 Y

in any conntry or any time is largely .systematic pomolopry, sinro
it is cliiefly discussions of the kinds of fruits.

7. Plant distribution as a part of systematic pomology. —
The |)(>mol()^nsl \s knowled^^' coveriufr any fruit is not satisfac-
tory until tlie limits of its profital)le cultivation are determined.
The fruit-grower must have this information set forth as defi-
nitely as possible before he can choose intelligently for a com-
mercial plantation. A notable advance can be made in fruit-
growing when the systematist can give accurately the curving
boundaries of several hundred well-defined varieties of the differ-
ent fruits. From this material could be established plant com-
munities which would give about the best expression possible to
fruit-growers, farmers, and to botanists of the climates, soils,
and the ranges of plants. It would constitute a definite state-
ment of the lines of isothermals, altitudinal contours, degrees
of humidity, and boundaries of geological formations. This is
a field for further investigation that w^ould yield results of high
industrial and scientific importance.

8. Relation of systematic pomology to plant-breeding. —
In the arts of crop-production, this may well be called the
era of plant-breeding. New knowledge enables breeders to im-
prove plants as never before. New fruits must be put in their
proper places with existing fruits in systems of classification.
In turn, fruit-breeding is dependent on systematic pomology.
The characters of plants are entities, more or less independent,
which are thrown together in various relationships in groups.
The systematist discovers and describes these ''elementary or
unit characters"; thus he lays a foundation for the plant-
breeder. Moreover, he collects and codifies the facts of varia-
tion, a matter of utmost importance to breeder and grower since
neither now knows what the kinds of variation are, nor what
may be their relations to heredity. As an illustration, the in-
heritance of bud-variations puzzles growers and breeders and
can hardly be solved until looseness of statement and incorrect-
ness of inferences are made less possible by better definitions
from systematists as to w^hat variations are. The histories and
accounts of origins of varieties which belong to systematic
pomology are also helpful to plant-breeders.

CHAPTER II

ROOTS

The grand divisions of higher plants are root, stem, leaf,
flower, fruit. There are other conspicuous external organs,
as bark, branch, bud, spines, thorns, prickles and tendrils, but
these are lesser divisions that can be best treated as parts of
the greater ones. The major divisions begin at one pole of the
plant axis and proceed to the opposite pole, and in this orderly
manner, from root to fruit, a chapter for each, they are best
treated.

9. The root distingnished from the stem. — In all seedling
plants there is a descending and an ascending part. The part
which grows downward is the I'oot; that which grows upward,
the stem. The point of juncture is the croivn or collar, terms
used almost solely by fruit-growers. Roots do not give off
branches in regular order as do stems ; they do not bear buds
in regular intervals, hence have not nodes and intemodes as
have stems ; the growing point of the root is protected by a root-
cap, while the growing point of the stem is not so protected;
roots of plants with which pomology deals may be white, yel-
low, red, brown, or black but are never green, that is do not
possess chlorophyll. The functions of root and stem furnish
even more marked differences, but a discussion of functions in
this text would lead too far afield.

Perhaps it should be said that all roots do not descend into
the ground, and that all underground parts of plants are not
roots. The exceptions, however, are not of gi'eat concern in
systematic pomology.

10. The root system. — The first root that breaks from a seed
is the primary root. This takes a downward course which it con-
tinues by growth near its tip. If this primary root continues
to grow throughout the life of a plant, it becomes the tap-root of

5

6

sysrKMATir rn m (>/.<><, y

the tree, or the utaiii root in a syslrni (Fif^. 1). More com-
monly, especially in |)()niolo<rical subjects, the main root divides
early in the life of the |)lanl and is soon lost in its hranehes.
Early in the life of the tai)-root branches si)rin«r from it, similar
but thinner, which instead of frrowinnr downward extend almost
at riprht anprles to it; these are secoudar\i or hifrral roots. Fj-om
these and the lower part of the tap-root irrcfxular whorls of still

smaller and much branched root-
lets form a network of fibrous roots.
All of these roots, collectively, make
up the root sj/stem. Some plants
have swollen more or less succulent
roots which contain stored up food ;
these are described as fleshy or tu-
herous, though the latter term is a
poor one as it suggests tubers which
are underground stems. The Vini-
fera grape is the only pomological
plant of temperate regions that
has fleshy roots.

11. Adventitious roots. — In many
plants roots spring from the stem,
or from such modifications of it
as tubers, corms, rootstocks and
bulbs, or even from the leaves; all
roots that do not arise from seeds
or as branches of seed roots are adventitious (Fig. 2). The
roots of monocotyledonous plants, as the onions, lilies and
cereals, are mostly adventitious, growing out of lower nodes or
joints of the shortened stems. Many dicotyledonous plants,
among them some of the common fruits, are dependent for propa-
gation on adventitious roots. These differ little in appearance
from seed roots but are usually thinner and more fibrous.

Quinces, dwarf apple stocks, gooseberries, currants, grapes,
and strawberries depend on the development of adventitious
roots as a means of propagation. Some cranberries, raspberries,
blackberries, and plums are so propagated and nearly all other
fruit-plants may be induced to throw out adventitious roots.
In general, with but few exceptions, any part of the stems of

Fig. 1. Young cherry show-
ing root-system, stem, coty-
ledon and leaves.

BOOTS

these fruits may produce adventitious roots but they arise most
readily from nodes. Usually there must be favorable circum-
stances, such as burial in soil, a certain supply of moisture, and
darkness to promote growth of adventitious roots. In stems
which lie on the ground, as the runners of strawberries, roots
originate only at the nodes,

12. Sports or mutations from root-cuttings. — Blackberries
are commonly propagated from root-cuttings and most varieties
come true ; some sorts, however, do not, the

most commonly reported cases being Erie,
Eldorado, Wilson Junior, and Rathbun.
This phenomenon of root-cuttings that pro-
duce individuals different from those that
come from stem-cuttings has been found in
several other plants; as bouvardias, pelar-
goniums, and many variegated sorts, espe-
cially those with roots having a white core
and a green covering. Long unexplained,
this phenomenon is now called a periclinal
chimaera, a plant having a core of one va-
riety and a covering or cortex of another.
Adventitious buds on true roots are borne
from the plerome or core of the root, w^hile
those of the stem arise from parts of the
plant external to the plerome. Adventitious
buds on the roots are said to have an endogenous origin ; those on
branches, except those of monocots, an exogenous origin. Core
and covering in the blackberries that do not come true from root-
cuttings, and in the other plants named, according to this theory,
are of two varieties.

13. The use of roots in classification. — Neither botanist nor
pomologist make much use of roots in classifying groups except
in grapes. In this fruit the structure of the root may be of
importance in distinguishing species. Thus, the roots of one
species, Yitis vinifera, are soft and succulent ; in all American
species, they are hard and fibrous. The root system of the
Labrusca grapes is shallow; that of Rupestris penetrates the
ground very deeply and has few lateral branches. One may tell
most species of grapes by a glance at the roots, and the grower

Fig. 2. A grape
cutting with ad-
ventitious roots.

S s'YSTFMATir POMOLOCY

must often choose sjxM-ics and vaiit't>- in accoi-daiice witli the
lial)its of tlie roots.

14. Duration of roots. — Roots whidi live only one y<'ar are
annuah: those wliieli live tlirou<ih two ^ro\vin«i: seasons are hieii-
nials; tliose wliicli survive moi'e than two years, more particu-
larly lliosc which live year after year, are perennials. TIk*
])oniol()<rical plants are perennial, but the strawberry is often
grown as a biennial. Both j)laiit and root are annual or bien-
nial in any one species, but annual stems may arise from peren-
nial roots; these are herbaceous perennials, the stems of which
are more or less succulent. Perennial stems are hard and woody,
of which all shrubs and trees are examples; these are described
as woody perennials. Because of lack of facts, it is difficult
to set definite figures for ages of perennials, but every .species,
as with animals, is limited to a certain age.

15. Rooting habits of pomological plants. — Root systems of
closely related s])ecies and varieties vary greatly both naturally
and according to environment. Cherries and pears send their
roots deeper in the soil than do peaches, plums or apples ;
quinces, Mahaleb cherries, Paradise and Doucin apples are very
shallow-rooted. The character of the root sj-stem, whether deep
or surface, is commonly considered when choosing a fruit for a
particular soil, but it is not customary to choose varieties in ac-
cordance with depth of rooting, yet this can be done and more
attention should be paid to it.

It is obvious that in order to give fruit plants the care they
mo.st need it is important to take into account their natural
rooting habits. On this depends in large measure adaptability
to soil, need of water, need, frequency and kind of cultivation,
relations to wdnds, and the application of manures and fertilizers.

16. Roots modified by environment. — The root systems of
all plants are greatly modified by external conditions, so much
so that they can seldom be used in classification. In particular,
the character and depth of soil, the amount of water contained,
and the climate modify roots. In deep, light, loose soils roots
develop more freely than in heavy compact soils. Plants in dry
soils usually have larger and deeper root systems than those in
wet soils; the roots of desert species are deep and wide in their
ramifications, while those of swamp plants are shallow and

ROOTS 9

short. If the rainfall is heavy, fruit-trees are shallow-rooted,
if light deep-rooted. The want of air, the absence of beneficial
lower organisms, an excess of water, and the presence of noxious
substances in subsoils check the roots downward. The root
systems of all pomological subjects are greatly altered by being
transplanted. As a rule, the oftener a plant is transplanted,
the more compact and shallow the root system. The depth to
which the roots of fruit-plants penetrate the earth is usually
much less than is generally supposed, while the spread is far
greater. In heavy soils the roots of fruit-trees are mostly in the
top ten inches, with a few main roots going deeper to anchor
the tree, while the spread of roots is usually much greater than
that of the branches, — sometimes twdce or even three times as
great.

CHAPTER III

STEMS

The vegetative shoot, the ascendinjj axis of a plant, as dis-
tinguished from the root or descending axis, consists of stems,
leaves, buds, and flowers. These organs are defined by struc-
ture and function. Logically, all of these parts of the stem
belonging to the vegetative shoot system could be discussed in
one chapter, as was the root, but here details must be given and
the matter may be presented better by considering the several
organs in separate chapters.

17. The stem defined. — Pomologically, and for most botanical
studies, a stem is best defined as any axis of a plant which
bears geometrically arranged leaves. Branches are secondary
stems. Leaves are lateral outgrowths or appendages of stems
and branches. Botanically leaves and stems cannot be sepa-
rated by accurate definitions, but in all pomological plants the
two organs are readily distinguished. In all of the plants with
which this text is concerned leaves differ from stems in their
flattened fonn, internal structure, limited growth, and in being
geometrically arranged on woody lateral shoots. The places at
which the leaves are attached are nodes. The zones between the
nodes are iniernodes.

18. Grape stems. — In the grape, parts of the stem have spe-
cial names. Wood of the current season of a vine is called a
cane (Fig. 3). Parts of the vine older than one year are old
wood. The unbranched main axis, as in other plants, is the
trunk. The main divisions of the trunk, or branches, are arms.
Newly developed succulent stems are shoots; those which bear
leaves only are ivood-shoots, while those which bear leaves and
flowers are fruit-shoots. Secondary shoots arising from the
main shoots are laterals. The region from which the branches
arise is the head. After pruning, short pieces of the bases of

10

Plate I. Two good apple;

-Golden Delicious above and Mcintosh
below.

STEMS

U

canes, usually with one or two buds and nodes, are spurs. When
these are left for the purpose of bearing spurs the following year,
they are called renewal spurs. In most species of grapes, woody
tissue interrupts the pith at the nodes; this is the diaphragm
(Fig. 4).

19. The growth of stems in length. — A Mid is an incipient
shoot. Growth in length of stem continues from the terminal

Fig. 3. A grape vine and its parts : a. trunk ; b. arm ; c. head ; d. cane ;

e. shoot; f. spur.

bud ; a stem branches from lateral buds. Growth in length con-
sists in the emergence of new nodes and internodes from the
terminal bud. This emergence is due to the elongation of the
internodes. The amount of elongation varies in different parts
of the same plant and greatly in different plants. When a stem,
through its branches or branchlets, has made its season 's growth,
the internodes do not lengthen in subsequent seasons. Increased
length in shoots takes place only by the addition of new inter-

12

SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOdY

nodes at the ^rowinjz: eml. Donnanl ])ai'1s of plants are not
elevated al)()ve the •rroimd hy «!:r()wtli, — a hrandi si)iiii«rinf^ from
the liMink of a tree at any distaiic*' from the Liroiiiid rdaiiis the
saiiic lit'iLdit tlirou^lioiil the life of the plant.

20. Texture of stems. — Soft sueeuleiit si cms arc Jurhdcrous
and usually last l»ut one season. Stems which (h'vclo|> within
tliemselves considerable cpiantities of hard liber are woody. All
l)oin()lof!:ieal phmts of teni[)erate regions, ex-
eej)tin«^ the strawberry, are woody; the straw-
berry is svmi-herhaccous. All stems are herba-
ceous when young, and all herbaceous stems
possess more or less woody fiber, so that the dif-
ference between herbaceous and woody stems
is only in the de^^ree of develo})nient of the
woody tissues within them.

21. Kinds of stems in hardy fruis. — Plants

with a well-develoi)ed central woody trunk,

with the head elevated at maturity more than

three or four times the height of man, are trees.

Plants with no very distinct central trunk, with

chief branches much the same in thickness

springing from or close to the ground are

shrubs. Shrubs are usually less than three or

four times the height of man. The adjectives

shrubby, meaning shrub-like, and arbarescent,

Grape tree-like, are common in pomolog5^

vinifera with dia- Several species cultivated for their fruits

rotu ndif'ol ia ' \\ith ^^® ^^^ Weak in stem to maintain an upright

pith continuous, position. Some of these, as the dewberries,

grow along the surface of the ground; such

stems are prostrate. Others, as several species of grapes, have

stems too WTak to stand erect and find support on upright objects

over which they clamber; these are climbing or scandent plants;

some climbers are called lianas.

Still another modified stem has very long internodes and runs
over the ground forming adventitious roots at the nodes, as in
the strawberries; these stems, usually destitute of leaves, are
runners (Fig. 5). They vary much in the character of the
internodes. The runner cords in some strawberries are thick

STEMS

13

and stout or even fleshy; others are long, slender and wiry.
Runners with short internodes may strike root three or four

Fig. 5. Strawberry runner.

inches from the plant ; with long- internodes, twelve or fourteen
inches. The length of internode not only helps to classify the
variety, but on it depends the method of training, whether in
hill, matted row, or hedge-row.

A tur i on, or
sucker, is a branch
arising from a stem
underground, as in
red raspberries
(Fig. 6). In na-
ture, suckers be-
come separate
plants through the
formation of ad-
ventitious roots
and the death of
the connecting un-
derground stems, a
process which has
suggested the hor-
ticultural practice
of propagation by division when the suckers are separated from
the parent by cutting the underground stems. Suckers become
parasites which rob the parent of food, and unless wanted for
propagation should be destroyed.

A stolon is a stem above ground which by bending over or

Fig. G. Turions or suckers and canes of red
raspberry.

14

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig.

Stolon and canes of black raspberry.

becomiiifT prostrato takes root at the nodos or tips wlion these
touch ground, as in tiic l)la(*k rasjjbcrry ( Fi^r. 7), currant, and
jTOOseberry. In the horl icnltui'al operation of hnjcriiuf, plants
wliicli may or may not naturally make stolons are bent down, and
after rootinjj: at the nodes, as most plants will, arc made into
separate individuals by cutting: the connecting stems. After a
turion, stolon, or seedling of a bi'anible pas.ses its first year the
stem is called a cane.

22. Size and habit of plant. — Size of plant is a very reliable
character in determininii' any of the hardy fruits. The Rome

Hcauty apple, Win-
ter Nelis pear, Eng-
lish ^lorello cherry,
and Crosby peach,
as examples, are all
dwarfs as compared
with other varieties
of their kinds. Size
varies greatly, it
must be remembered
in using this character, with environment and care. The
terms large, small, and medium, are commonly employed to
designate size. Vigor must not be confused with size. Small
trees may have as much vigor, or internal energy, as large
ones.

Habit of growth, as understood by pomologists, has reference
to the form of the top. In describing the tops of trees a num-
ber of explanatory terms are used; as, upright, spreading, droop-
ing, tall, low, dense, open-topped, vase-form. Vines, brambles,
bush-fruits, and strawberries may have several of the terms for
describing tree-fruits applied to them and in addition : strag-
gling, sprawling, stout, slender, compact, and so on. A fruit-
grower with a trained eye can tell almost any variety of the sev-
eral fruits by its habit of growth. European gooseberries are
stocky with upright straight branches, while American goose-
berries have slender stems, which curve, droop, spread, or sprawl.
The form of the top may make a plant easy or difficult to manage
in the orchard. Habit of gro\vth is affected very little by envi-
ronment, culture, or even by pruning.

STEMS

15

23. Thorns, spines, prickles, and hairs. — Stems are sometimes
much reduced in size, modified in appearance, and take on new
functions. Thus, in wild pears and plums some branches are
reduced to small, hard, sharp points known as thorns or spines.
That these are modified branches is plain from the fact that they
arise in the axils of leaves
and show all gradations
from spines to spine-like
branches, often bearing-
leaves or lateral buds.
The prickles of brambles
and gooseberries, often
wrongly called thorns, are
not modified branches but
excrescences of the bark.
The stiff prickles of black-
berries may help to sup-
port the plant.

In place of thorns or
spines, or possibly with
them, some plants have on
stems or twigs fine soft
hairs or down in which
case the}^ are said to be hairy or pubescent. Twigs of some
pome-fruits at some stages of gi^owth are very pubescent and
later may lose the hairs. Presence or absence of armament,
that is of thorns and spines and of bristles, is of capital im-
portance in distinguishing species of brambles and of bush-
fruits, nearly all of which are prickly or thorny or both with
great variations in the organs. An occasional species is thorn-
less or unarmed.

In some species the thorns and prickles are of equal size and
of the same form ; in others, they are of different size and form.
In the European raspberry the prickles are slender and nearly
straight ; in the American red raspberry, they are much stouter ;
in blackberries and dewberries they are usually stout and curved.
Spines and thorns on some fruits are arranged in regular order
and in others are not. Some species, as the American red rasp-
berries, bear gland-tipped bristles or hairs on flowering shoots.

Fig. 8. Fruiting shoot of Vitis La-
brusca showing continuous tendrils.

16

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOC'Y

Gooseberries liave from one to tliree spines at the base of the leaf
witli occasional sniaUer ones ah)ii}j: tlie stems. In American cul-
tivated varieties, the spines are sliortci', usually borne singly, and
are scattered without order alonjj: tlie stem.

24. Tendrils. — Some plants have highly specialized leaves or
branches which aid them in climbing. Whether a tendril is a
modified leaf or branch is known by its position. The only fruit
with which this text is concerned having tendrils is the grape,

Fig. 9. Fruiting shoot of Vitis vulpina showing discontinuous tendrils.

the tendrils of w^hich are modified branches since they either
arise in the axils of leaves or terminate stems. The tendril is one
of the organs most used in determining species and varieties of
grapes. Thus, in Vitis Lahrusca there is a tendril, or an in-
florescence, opposite every leaf on a fruit shoot, but in all other
species there are two leaves Avith a tendril opposite each and then
a third leaf without a tendril. In the first case the tendrils are
said to be coniimious (Fig. 8) ; in the latter, intermittent (Fig.
9). In the many species of grapes, tendrils may be long or short;
stout or slender; simple, hifurcaied, or trifurcated; smooth,
pubescent, or warty. To study tendrils of grapes properly, it
is necessary to have vigorous, healthy, typical canes from
mature plants.

STEMS 17

25. The shape of the stem. — No two plants have their stems
shaped exactly alike, and the differences are so great in all spe-
cies of fruit that they are of considerable importance in classi-
fication. As an example, the trunks of old apple-trees may be
studied ; it will be noted that they are usually buttressed at the
base; the trunk is seldom a perfect cylinder; it is ribbed and
ridged as is the trunk of no other tree. The trunks of all other
tree-fruits have similar marks of recognition, which often ex-
tend to varieties. The stems of some species of Rubus, Ribes,
and Vitis may be circular, of others polygonal, or they may be
fluted or channeled, or a cross-section may show more or less
prominent angles. The internodes on branches of the tree-
fruits are commonly considered cylindrical, but usually they
are cylinders with more or less conical ends. Neither are the
cross-sections of these internodes always circular. Whether the
branches are straight or otherwise often constitutes a fine mark
of distinction in some of the fruits; very frequently the inter-
nodes zigzag.

26. The branching" of stems. — The primary shoot of a plant
is a single stem, and in some cases may so continue, but in the
cultivated fruits branches or secondary axes arise from buds on
the primary or central axis; the secondary axes may in their
turn bear branches or tertiary axes and so on. There may,
therefore, be few or many branches on any of the fruiting
plants wdth which pomology is concerned. The angles at which
these branches arise from their axes give shape to the tree,
making it upright, spreading, open-topped, dense, round-topped,
vase-formed, and so on.

27. Fruit-spurs. — All of the tree-fruits, and the currant and
gooseberry as well when the fruiting age comes on, bear short
much reduced branches which grow very little from year to year
and seldom reach a length of more than a few inches. These
reduced branches are spurs or fruit-spurs (Fig. 10). They are
easily recognized by the few or many scars which mark the place
where buds have fallen from year to year. There are great
differences in the age which fruit-spurs attain and in their
numbers and position on fruit-plants. Some spurs, as those
of the apple and pear, live many years ; they persist longer on
red than on black currants ; some varieties of plums and cherries

IS

,S}'.s'77<;j/,I TIC POMOLOGY

bear few fruit-spurs, others many; i)eaelies seldom have real
fruit-spurs. Fruit-buds of the p:rape are borne on shoots of the
current year's prrowth. Cultivation, fertilizers, pi-uiiin^', and all
cultural ojierations influence fruit-spurs profouiidly, notwith-
standin}? which they are used in distin<ruishinf]: varieties, so
that these organs must be fully described for each fruit.

28. Annual rings. — A smooth
cross-section of the trunk of
pomological woody plants
shows a number of ring-like
zones in the wood which repre-
sent the wood-tissue produced
by the tree in one season of
growth ; these are called annual
rings. The width of these
rings varies greatly, depending
on the growth conditions of the
season in which the ring was
formed, on the age of the plant,
and on the species or even the
variety. Thus the annual rings
of the peach are wider than
those of the apple ; and the
rings in Mcintosh and Seckel
wood are narrower than in
most other apples and pears.
Usually the age of the tree is
the same as the number of annual rings, but not always as
occasionally two rings form in one year when growth is checked
and recommences.

29. Pith, heart-wood, and sap-wood.— It is not within the
province of this text to discuss in detail the anatomy of the
stem; it suffices to name and describe so that thereby may be
identified such organs as may be used in classification. For this
purpose, the internal structure of a fully developed stem may
be divided as follows: The spongy tissue occupying the center
of the woody cylinder composing the stem of dicotyledonous
fruit plants is called the pith, or medulla. Surrounding the
pith is a very much thicker zone of hard heavy wood termed

Fig. 10. Fruit-spur from Bart-
lett pear. a. fruit-buds ; b. fruit-
scars ; c. growth rings.

STEMS 19

heart-wood or duramen. A thinner zone of lighter colored
softer wood called sap-wood or alhurnuni surrounds the heart-
wood. The pith in a mature plant serves no useful purpose.
The heart-wood is but a support for the remainder of the tree,
as its vessels no longer conduct water and its cells contain no
living matter. The sap-wood conducts the sap from roots to
leaves and many of its cells are still living; starch, sugar, and
other compounds are often stored in the sap-wood.

30. Cambium. — Next outside the sap-wood in the stem is a
layer of soft formative tissue from which new wood and new
bark originate, the cambium layer. The cells in this layer are
filled with nutritive sap and in the period of greatest growth
activity have so slight a hold that the bark easily peels. The
cambium contains most of the growing cells in stems. Besides
being rich in nutritive substances, these cells contain the proto-
plasm necessary to cell division and consequent growth. The
cambium layer makes possible, or at least easy, the horticultural
method of propagation in which a part of one plant is severed
and made to unite with a part of another; this operation is
grafting. The part removed to be inserted in another stem is
the cion or graft. The plant in which the cion is set is the
stock. It is necessary in grafting that the cells of the cam-
bium layers of stock and cion come in close contact, after which
the two parts become as one through the union of cells.

31. The bark. — The coverings of a woody stem external to
the cambium are roughly designated as hark. In the plants now
under discussion the bark may be divided into four easily dis-
tinguishable structures. The part of the bark next to the cam-
bium which consists of long strong fibers is the inner hark or
hast. Next outside is a layer of tissue the cells of which con-
tain green coloring matter or chlorophyll; this layer is the
middle hark or green hark. The outer layer of bark is made
up of corky cells which contain no chlorophjdl, but by reason of
other colored contents give color, each according to species, to
the stems and twigs of trees and shrubs ; this is the corky layer
or outer hark. The fourth and outermost covering, made up of
empty cells, is the skin or epidermis. The outer bark on many
fruit-trees is rent and torn by growth from within, worn by
the weather, and is thrown off in fragments so that only traces

•_'() SYSTFMATK 1'<)M(HJK;Y

of it may reiiKiin. The ^'rct'ii layer may he in evidence only in
the current season's <rrowth. In some prapes even the hast layer
may die and h»osen ^vhe^e it han^^s in shreds alter the first or
seeond year.

Nearly all of the many si)eeies of Prunns can he roeoprnized
from their hark. Color, thickness, and smoothness are all im-
portant. In the drupe-fruits the color of the inner as well as
the outer hark must he noted as there are in some species de-
l)osits of coloring: matter. Bark is usually liofhter in color in
warm than in cold climates. On young: healthy vigorous plants,
it is smoother and hrighter than on old decrepit or diseased
trees. The hark of all perennial plants is shed in scales, strips,
or flakes as ag:e prog:resses from the outside. This process is
called exfoliation, and the manner of it is often a fine mark of
distinction, especiall}' in the drupe-fruits.

In the apple, oblong scales of various sizes detach themselves
at ends, at sides, clinging at the middle, and finally fall to the
ground. In old pear trees the bark is checked in squares; in
the cherry thin strips peel from around the tree ; in the peach
the manner of exfoliation is more varied than in most other
fruit-trees.

32. Lenticels. — lender the strain of growth the epidermis
of twigs, hranehlets, and branches bursts at the stomafa, the
breathing pores of the epidermis, exposing a corky or powdery
mass of cells through lens-like rifts from the shape of which is
given the name lenticel. The corky cells exposed are usually
brownish or Avhitish. These organs may serve for the admission
of air and for the diffusion of gases inward and outward.
Lenticels var>^ greatly in number, position, size, and shape in
different genera, species, and varieties and may be very helpful
in identifying winter wood of any of these groups. On the
apple, pear, plum, peach, cherry, and related fruits they must
always be taken into account in describing the wood.

33. Color and bloom of bark. — In young trees the color of the
bark is a most valuable diagnostic character. Many if not most
pome-fruits can be told in the nursery by the color of the bark,
but color does not help much in identifying the drupes. Especial
attention must be paid to the color and the bloom of stems in
the brambles. The stems of cultivated brambles may be tints

STEMS 21

and shades of green, yellow, brown, red, and purple. The color
of the turion is often different from that of the cane. The color
of winter wood is not the same as of summer wood. The delicate
powdery coating on the twigs and stems of many plants is
known as the hloom. The amount and character of bloom vary
greatly on stems and twigs of the different hardy fruits. The
bloom must be noted in particular on the stems of brambles.

34. Stem-scars. — Twigs bear buds at their tips and at regular
intervals, in a geometrical arrangement around their sides. Just
below every lateral bud is a crescent-shaped scar, where once a
leaf was attached, therefore called a leaf-scar. If these marks
are examined with a hand lens, from one to several scars are
found of the vascular bundles that pass from the woody twig
into the stem of the leaf to which is given the name hundle-scars.
When flower-clusters fall, an oval or round scar remains, called
an inflorescence-scar. In the spring when the terminal bud of a
twig begins to grow, the bud-scales inclosing the bud and en-
circling the twig drop away leaving a ring of scars, — the ring-
scar. The limit of each year's growth is marked by a ring-scar
and by them the age of a twig or a branch may be determined.
Any and all of these stem-scars may be of use in classification.

rTTAPTEK TV
BUDS

Any study of pomolo^^v must bf preceded by iiKiuirics in
botany. In sue'h studies the ])oniolofrieal student should have
l)repared himself esi)eeially as to the nature and funetion of
buds. Wliat are ])uds? How distinguish the several kinds?
How are they borne? What the funetions? With these ques-
tions unanswered it is impraetieable for the student in pomolo^'
to proeeed. The brief discussion of buds in this chapter is to
remind ratlier than to inform the student as to the parts i>layed
by buds in produeing" fruits. Some applieations of the botany
of buds to pomology may give the chapter new meaning and
interest.

35. A bud defined. — A hud is an undeveloped shoot. It con-
sists of a very short stem bearing few or many leaves, packed
closely one above another, wliieh grows into a shoot agi'eeing in
structure with the plant producing the bud. Thus, a bud may
be considered an individual, proof of which is found in the liorti-
cultural operation of hndding in which a bud from one plant
is inserted under the bark in contact with the caml)ium of
another individual to reproduce a shoot of its kind. Biid-scales
are modified leaves which protect the bud. The buds of fruit-
plants are provided with a series of overlapping bud-scales.
These serve to protect the bud against extremes of heat, cold,
and moisture and in some cases are food storehouses. Green
tissue is not required for these functions and bud-scales are
usually brownish husk-like structures without the green of true
leaves. The bud-scales of some plants, the black currant among
fruits, are covered with hairs or glands wdiich excrete viscid
resins giving off odors so distinctive as to characterize the species.
The protective scales of some buds are covered with woolly
pubescence which may prevent rapid changes in temperature in
the bud.

22

BUDS

23

36. Leaf-buds and flower-buds. — Buds from which shoots de-
velop bearing only green leaves are leaf-huds. Those which
produce flowers only are flower-huds. Some buds, however, pro-
duce shoots which bear both leaves and flowers and are therefore
mixed hiids (Fig. 11). FloAver- and mixed buds are commonly
called fruii-huds by fruit-growers since from them fruits develop.

To undertake budding and pruning successfully, and to esti-
mate the prospective crop for the season, it is necessary for the
fruit-grower to distinguish between
fruit- and flower-buds. This is usu-
ally but not always possible. In ap-
ples, pears, and all pome-fruits leaf-
buds are readily distinguished from
fruit-buds. In the pomes the fruit-
buds are larger, plumper, and blunter.
In the stone-fruits the differences are
not so marked, especially in winter,
but as growth begins in the spring,
greater size, plumpness, and bluntness
show in the buds of plums, cherries,
and peaches much as in the pomes.
The position upon the twig may be a
distinguishing mark between the two
kinds of buds, as in the peach where

there are usually three buds above a leaf-scar, the middle one
of which is a leaf-bud while the two outer ones are fruit-buds
(Fig. 12). Flower-buds are borne in triplets in Japanese plums.
In the grape there is sometimes a group of three or more buds
called a compound hud or an erje. In a compound bud on a
grape the central bud is the main hud, while the lateral ones are
secondary huds.

37. Buds classified as to position on the stem. — Any place on
a stem may become the point of inception of a bud, but normally
buds originate in an orderl}^ manner as to position. These are
terminal when the bud terminates a stem ; and lateral when they
are borne on the sides of a stem (Fig. 13). Usually terminal
buds are more vigorous than lateral ones, as may be proved by
comparing the terminal and side shoots of branches in early
summer. Hence, in newly transplanted trees, it is often better

Fig. 11. Leaf- and fruit-
buds, embryonic shoots, of
the grape.

24

SYSTKMA TIC PO MO LOGY

h'-

not to head l)<ick all of the branches hcarinjj: terminal buds. The
latter arc usually leaf-buds ])ut not always, as in the apple in
wliicli it is often a (lo\vci*-bud. Lateral buds
usually arise in the anprles or axil formed by
the leaf-stem and the brauehlet, hence are
sometimes called (Lrilhiri/. Accessor}/ or su-
prrnuntrraru buds are those formed in ad-
dition to the normal bud in the axil of a
leaf.

Buds arising- in the axils of leaves may not
develop for one reaiion or another at the nor-
mal time, in which case they may be grown
over with new wood to become active later in
the life of the plant ; these arc dormant, latent,
or resting buds. These are
most often at the base of
stems. Above ground the
shoots from dormant or ad-
ventitious buds are water-
sprouts; if they come from
beneath the surface, whether
from roots or underground
stems, they are suckers. The
destruction of the terminal
bud and of lateral ones near
it may force the growth of dormant buds into
water-sprouts, and nearly always causes a more
vigorous development of shoots from lateral
buds. Plants, therefore, have their tops thick-
ened and made hedge-like by the removal of
the ends of branches, a process known as
heading hack. Bending, breaking, or twist-
ing branches, or anything that impedes the fig. 13. Fruiting

flow^ of sap to the terminal bud tends to ^f's of sweet

cherrv. a. lear-
force the growth of dormant buds. Normally,

branches appear in regular order but often
grow out of place from dormant buds. Dor-
mant buds are regular in place of development, but are irreg-
ular in period of development.

Fig. 12. Buds of
the peach. a.
leaf-liud ; h.

fruit-l)ud. Spiral
arrangement.

^

l)ud ; b. fruit-
spur ; c. growth-
ring.

BUDS

25

38. Adventitious buds. — A wound may cause the formation
of buds at any point upon a stem, and sometimes they appear
where apparently there has been no injury. They are irregular
in that thej^ do not come from the axils of leaves ; such buds are
said to be adventitious. On the power of most plants to produce
adventitious buds depends the process of propagation by cut-
tings. A cutting is a part detached from the parent which
becomes an independent plant by the for-
mation of new roots. All wounds begin
to heal by the formation of loose thin-
walled colorless tissue, the callus (Fig.
14). Usually before cuttings strike root
a callus is formed on the lower end, but
the adventitious buds from which the
roots come do not spring from the callus,
contrary to common opinion, but from in-
ternal tissue. Nearly all hardy fruits can
be propagated from cuttings, but the com-
mon apples, pears, peaches, plums, and
cherries, while they form the protective
callus readily, do not easily produce ad-
ventitious roots. The shoots which break

so plentifully from stumps of trunks and branches of hardy
fruits come from adventitious buds. Some branches spring
from adventitious buds and hence bear no relation to the leaves,
that is in particular, do not follow the geometric law which
governs the position of branches which arise from the axils of
leaves.

39. Buds classified as to arrangement on the stem. — The
shape, aspect, and manageableness of woody fruit-plants are
largely determined by the arrangement of their branches, which,
of course, is dependent on bud arrangement, and buds, in turn,
on leaf arrangement. Buds, leaves, and branches of all hardy
fruits are either opposite or alternate. They are oppos^ite when
there are two at the same node, the two in every case being on
opposite sides of the stem. They are alternate when there is
only one from each node. When alternate no one is on the same
side of the stem as the one next above or below it. The arrange-
ment of buds on shoots of plants is of prime importance in

Fig. 14. Callus on
grape-cuttings.

26 SYSTEMATIC J'oMoLOCY

classification, and, of courst', must receive rec()«:iiition in pruning
as euttinjr to favored buds ^nves branches growinjjf in a desired
direction.

40. Stalked and sessile buds. — Some l)uds are attached directly
to the stem and are scssih ; others have short stalks antl are
stalked. Wliether buds arc stalked or sessile sometimes helps
to characterize varieties in a species or species in a genus; as
in Kibes in which black and red currants bear buds which are
distinctly stalked while those of the gooseberry are sessile. The
stalks of black currants are beset with small yellow glands as
are the bud-scales. The buds of all hardy tree-fruits are sessile.
If the buds lie close to the twigs, they are appressed; if they
stand away at a consideral)le angle, free.

41. Time of opening of buds. — Life events in plants help very
much in classification and are sometimes of supreme importance
in orchard operations and, therefore, in determining whether
varieties are desirable or not. Thus the time of opening of leaf-
and flower-buds are life events that the fruit-grower must take
into consideration. The terms early, mid-season, and late usually
suffice, although dates are often helpful.

42. Bud-variations. — Normally, the shoots that develop from
the buds upon any plant are very closely alike, much more nearly
so than the progeny that springs from seeds of the same pod.
Now and then, however, a bud produces a shoot which differs
greatly from the other shoots on the plant. All kinds of culti-
vated subjects furnish examples. Thus, a shoot of a peach pro-
duces a nectarine, or of a nectarine a peach; a branch of the
Bartlett pear bears russet fruits; purple plums produce yellow
plums; blackberries throw white variations; red cun-ants give
white varieties, or black grapes bear white ones; and, more fre-
quently than any of these examples, light red or red-striped
apples bear dark red sorts. These sudden marked variations
are called bud-variations, mutations, or sports. New varieties
of ornamental plants not infrequently originate as bud-varia-
tions, but despite popular opinion to the contrary, very few
varieties of fruit have so originated, nearly all of which have
been due to changes in color, the chief exception being the loss
of the felted skin of the peach to make a nectarine or the gain by
a nectarine of pubescence to make a peach.

CHAPTER V

LEAVES

For three thousand years leaves were more used in the orderly
arrangement of plants than any other organs. It was only after
the structure and functions of flowers became well known that
these and the fruits developed from them began to be regarded
as the principal parts of plants for purposes of classification.
It is interesting to note that pomologists are now making a new
appeal to leaves for aid in classifying. Shaw, of Massachusetts,
has found that most fruit-trees can be identified and classified
by leaves alone. While, therefore, classifying by foliage never
can have the value to systematists it once possessed, it is of great
use, especially to pomologists.

43. An arbitrary definition of leaf. — Leaves have so many
offices, functions, types, and disguises, that they are almost im-
possible to define precisely. However, leaves are comparatively
simple as they exist in pomological plants, especially for pur-
poses of classification, so that an easy definition can be given
which will suffice. A leaf is a lateral outgrowth of a stem,
produced in a definite succession from growing points of the
stem. In all hardy fruits they are flattened structures and
bear buds in their axils. Their growth differs from that of
stems and roots in being definite and of short duration, while
that of the latter is indefinite in dimensions and in duration.
Stems and roots develop buds as lateral appendages, while
leaves seldom do so normally. In hardy fruits the leaf embraces
the new branch in its axil. Both leaf and branch are borne at
the nodes of stems.

44. Kinds of leaves. — It may be helpful in obtaining as clear
an idea of leaves as possible to mention the various kinds, even
though but few of the modifications of common leaves are found
in hardy fruits. The typical flat green organ is distinguished
as a foliage-leaf. Its chief function is that of food-making. The

27

2S

SYSTEM A TIC POMOJ.OCY

inoilification lU'ai-csl to ^it-eii leaves are scuU-Uavcs whieli in

fruits envelope the «rr()\vin^' i)oints of hiuls. These are ])roteetive

sti-iictiiiTs. Tlie floi'al and l-epi'o-
(luetive organs of tiowers are a
little less like true leaves than
scales hut ai'e clearly modified
leaves. Tlie first leaves a plant
possesses, the seed-leaves or co-
tyledons, are modifications of fo-
liao:e-leaves. Spines and tendrils
may be modified leaves. Lastly,
leaves are not uncommonly stor-
age organs for food, as the fleshy
leaves of bulbs of which the onion
is an example. Other forms and
uses of leaves exist, but these are
commonest and most important
for the work in hand.

45. The parts of a leaf. — A
typical leaf con-
sists of three
parts. The broad
green expanded

portion is called the hlade or Umina (Fig. 15).

The stalk by which the blade is attached to the

stem is the leaf-stalk or petiole. Some leaves,

as those of the apple and pear, have tw^o leaf-
like basal appendages called stipules; leaves

possessing them are said to be stipulate, those

without exstipulate. All foliar leaves have an

upper surface and a lower one. The upper is

exposed to the sun and is smoother and of a

deeper green ; the lower surface is paler, more Fig. IG. Leaf of

roughened by veins and is usually more pu- vefned; ^"ovate^

bescent. aP^^ acute; base

acute ; margins
Leaves are almost endlessly diversified, and entire.

yet within the limits of either species or va-
riety the characters of its parts are remarkably constant. It
follows that the leaf is a most valuable organ in making distinc-

FiG. 15. Leaf of an apple,
blade ; b. petiole ; c. stipules

LEAVES

29

tions between different groups of plants. The blade is the most
obvious part and offers several important characters for com-
parison in classifying. In the mode of veining, in outline, mar-
gin, base, apex, and its surfaces, the blade must be studied by the
systematist. In the study of leaves those found on water-sprouts,
suckers, and those borne on slow-growing shoots or spurs are

Fig. 17. Leaf of
common plum.
Pinnately veined ;
obovate ; apex
obtuse ; base ta-
pering ; margin
serrate.

Fig. 18. Leaf of
peach. Pinnately
veined ; lanceo-
late ; apex and
base acute ; mar-
gins sinuate and
finely serrate.

Fig. 19. Leaf of
sour cherry. Pin-
nately veined ;
obovate ; apex
acuminate ; base
abrupt ; margins
coarsely serrate.

not taken, but, rather those produced by normal free-growing
shoots.

46. Mode of veining. — The framework of a leaf consists of
tough fibrous veins and ribs which run from the stem through
the petiole into the blade and there spread out to the margin
of the leaf. The way in which these ribs and veins are dis-
tributed is called venation. The main branches in a system of
venation are called t^ihs of which there is usually a stout central
one known as the midrib. The ribs subdivide into smaller divi-
sions termed veins and these in their turn divide into veinlets.
There are two common types of venation : these are the parallel

;{()

N YS TKM A TIC POM(>L(H,Y

in wliich the veins all run paralU'l to oaeli other from the base
to the tip of tlie leaf, as in the lilies, and the rrtwulatc or net-
r({)i((J in wliicli the veins foi-ni a network. All of tlie hardy
fruits iiave reticidatc veins. There are, also, two kinds in ae-
eordance with the arran«reinent of the ribs. In one division the
veins all run from the midrib, as in the i)()m(*- and drii|)<' -fruits.
Such leaves are pinndiclif- or fcdthcr-vcincd. In the other

division, the ribs spread at the
toj) of the petiole and run
across to the marg^ins like the
fingers of an outstretched hand,
hence are said to be palmately
or digitatcly veined. Currant,
gooseberry, and grape leaves
have this mode of venation.

The network of veins is much
coarser in the leaves of some
varieties than in others. The
small areas inclosed by the vein-
lets vary greatly in different
varieties in shape as well as
size ; the areas are more sunken
in some leaves than in others;
and the coloring of the veinlets
is often markedly different.
These characters of veins, to-
gether with the thickness of the
leaf, constitute the ill-defined character called texture.

47. The shapes of leaves as to the outline of the blade. — The
shape of the blade is given in full descriptions of all species and
varieties and is one of the most distinctive marks of these groups.
The foliar organs of flowers have similar shapes, defined by the
same terms. It is necessary fully and carefully to define such
shapes of the blade as occur in the leaves and flowers of hardy
fruits.

A leaf is lanceolate w^hen considerably longer than w^ide and
tapering toward the apex ; oMoyig when two or three times as
long as broad; elliptical when broad-oblong with rounded ends;
oval when very broadly elliptical; ovate when egg-shaped, the

Fig. 20. Leaf of red raspberry. Pin-
nately compound ; leaflets ovate ;
apex sharp-pointed ; base acute ;
margins doubly-serrate.

^

Plate II. Two species of pears. — Bartlett above, Pyrus com-
munis. Chinese Sand below, Fyriis serotina.

LEAVES

31

broad end down ; and orbicular or round when nearly circular in
outline; ohlanceolate, the reverse in direction of tapering or
lanceolate ; ohovate, inversely ovate ; and cuneate or cuneiform
when wedge-shaped. These terms can be combined and varied
to describe thousands of differently shaped leaves (Figs. 16-21).

48. Shapes of the base and the apex. — The base of the leaf is
cordate or heart-shaped when rounded and turned in, forming
a wide notch where the petiole is attached ; reniform or kidney-
shaped when notched like the last in
leaves broader than long. The apex is
acuminate, pointed, or taper-pointed
when prolonged into a gradual point;
acute when the sharp point is not pro-
longed; obtuse when the apex is blunt
or rounded ; truncate when the end is cut
off squarely; emarginate or notched
when indented at the end; and mucro-
nate when tipped with a small sharp
point (Figs. 16-21).

49. Size and thickness of the leaf-
blade. — The size of the leaf-blade is a
very dependable character in identifying
varieties of any of the fruits. The King
apple has a large leaf -blade ; that of
Jonathan is small. The leaf of the El-

berta peach is large in both dimensions ; that of Crosby is short
and narrow. The Italian prune may be told from the German in
orchard or nursery by its much larger leaves, a distinction of
importance since the one is often substituted for the other. So,
also, the Niagara grape is easily distinguished in the nursery by
its large leaf. These are but a few examples; any of the fruits
could furnish others. Environment makes much difference.
Poorly nourished plants in sod bear smaller leaves than well-
nourished ones under cultivation. Leaves fully exposed to the
sun are smaller than those which are less exposed.

Thickness counts in classifying plums, grapes, and currants
in particular. In these fruits thickness and texture are usually
combined in such expressions as thick and soft, hard and
leathery, thin and membranaceom, thin and pliable. Mcintosh

Fig. 21.
berry,
veined

Leaf of goose-
P a 1 m a t e 1 y
five-lobed ; sin-
uses narrow : orbicular ;
coarsely crenate.

32

sys'n':MAri(' poMoi.oc.y

b. c. a

jind Wciillliy Imvc stilV ri<ri(l Icmvcs, lliosc of Oj-iiiics and Fall
IMppin ai'c t liin and ]>lial>l('.

In the strawlx'rry, lar<2:c leaves and vi^or aic nsually corre-
lated. Thick leaves are desirai)le in varieties of strawberries
becans(^ they are neither hadly torn by wind nor scorched by the
snn. The thin leaves of European grapes and strawberries
usually sulVer in the scorching suns of the New World.

50. Simple and compound leaves. —
When the divisions of the blade do not
reach the midrib, a leaf is said to be
simple. The leaves of nearly all hardy
fruits are simple. When the blade
consists of two or more separate pieces,
appears to have several distinct blades,
each with a stalklet of its own, the leaf
is canipmind and each separate part is
called a leaflet. AVhen the leaves are
arranged on the sides of the main leaf-
stalk, a compound leaf is said to be pin-
nate; w^hen the leaves are all borne on
the tip of the leaf-stalk the compound
leaf is palmate. ]\Iost of the bramble
fruits have pinnately compound leaves ;
Sorbus, a little known tree-fruit has pinnately compound leaves ;
and the strawberry has palmately compound leav^es (Figs.
16-21).

51. Outlines of leaf -margins. — Technically the edge of the
leaf -blade is the margin. It is said to be entire when completely
filled out ; serrate or saw-toothed w'hen cut into sharp teeth w^hich
point forward; dentate or toothed when the teeth point outward
and not forward ; crenate when the teeth are broad and rounded ;
undulate or wxivy when the margin forms a wavy line; sinuate
when the margin turns strongly inward and outw^ard; incised
when cut into sharp, deep, irregular teeth ; lohed when cut about
halfway to the midrib ; cleft when cut more than half way to
the midrib. In studying margins, serrations and other marginal
markings are most typical in the middle of the sides of leaves,
those at the base and apex often being crowded or lacking
(Figs. 16-22).

Fig. 22. Leaf margins
crenate ; b. toothed
serrate : d. entire.

LEAVES 33

52. The leaf-blade plane. — The blades of very few leaves of
the various fruits are flat, and there is much variation in the
varieties of any one species. Thus, in the apple, the blade of
Gravenstein is almost or quite flat ; saucer-shaped in the
Baldwin ; distinctly waved and more or less folded in Hubbards-
ton and Tolman; and reflexed or folded backward in Grimes.
Similar and other variations from a true plane are found in
the leaves of all of the fruits, some of

which are valuable characters in iden-
tifying and classifying varieties. These
modifications of the plane are about as
constant as any other character of a va-
riety, but behave a little differently at
various ages, kinds of weather, and
even in different parts of the day.
Thus, in dry sunny weather folding
is more pronounced in most leaves ^

than in wet cloudy seasons, as it is ^"^^- "^condif Hcat^^^^^b'
also in the middle as compared with plaited; c. convolute.

any other part of a sunny day.

53. The arrangement of leaves on stems. — As noted in the
last chapter, buds and, therefore, leaves are arranged on stems in
a definite order which is constant for a species. Technically, the
attachment of leaves to the stem is spoken of as the insertion.
The mode of insertion of the leaves of all hardy fruits is alter-
nate or opposite and never whorled as in many other plants.
Buds open by the growth of leaves in regular succession on
stems, the youngest nearest the apex. When stems or buds are
injured, the leaves may not appear in their natural order. By
an orderly arrangement of leaves upon the stem, all become
equally well exposed to light and air. Therefore, when light and
air are much interfered with, the arrangement of leaves may
appear to be more or less irregular, a fact to be kept in mind
in studying leaves, especially of the grape where the disposition
of leaves, tendrils, and inflorescence mean much in classification.

54. Vernation. — The disposition of the leaf-blade in the bud,
the manner in Avhich it is packed up, is called vernation. The
leaf-bud is commonly folded or rolled in the bud. "When the
blade is folded at the midrib so that the halves are face to face,

34 SYSTEM A'lIC I'oMtUJK.y

vernation is said to he condiiplicdte. The leaves of all peaches
and clieri-ies ai'e conduiilicate in the hud. When the leaves are
folded like llie i)laits of a fan. tlH> venial ion is phiihd or plu'dtc.
The currant furnishes a ^ood example of ])laited vei'nation.
When the hlade is rolled parallel with the axis, vernation is
convolute {V\^. 23). The leaves of some i)lums ai-e eonduplicate
in the hud and of others convolute, so that manner of vernation
hecomes a fine mark of distinction in separating species.

55. The petiole ilmf-sfalk) is a firm stalk-like support for the
green hlade, which often turns and twists, raises and lowers
on the petiole to positions where it can be illuminated best.
Petioles are more or less cylindrical and are usually chan-
neled or grooved on the upper side, these markings being dis-
tinctive in ditt'erent species. Perhaps the character of petioles
that serves best in classifying is length, which varies greatly and
is commonly constant in the species. Color and whether
pubescent or glabrous are marks of distinction that often serve
Avell. The petiole may be used to good advantage to determine
species and varieties of Prunus. Thus, in consequence of the
great length and slenderness of the petioles of sweet cherries,
the leaves droop, while because of the short stout petioles of sour
cherries, the leaves are erect, these differences in petiole giving
the two species distinctive aspects. The color of the petiole of
stone-fruits is usually correlated with that of the fruit.

The petiole offers several important characters in currants.
The length distinguishes several varieties, that of Victoria being
remarkably long. The color and amount of pubescence are also
distinctive. In some currants the petiole is markedly channeled.
The angle at which the petiole holds the leaf-blade is a mark
in currants. Thus, the leaf-blade of Prince Albert is held stiffly
upright ; that of Victoria horizontally and lax ; while in Fay
the leaves point downward.

The petiole of the strawberry leaf is of importance to the
systematist and to the grower. Length, color, and pubescence
are significant, but the way in wiiich the leaf-blade is held is
of prime importance. The leaves of some varieties are erect and
those of others prostrate ; erect leaves are more desirable, as
they are not so likely to be infected by fungi, and the flowers are
better protected from frost.

LEAVES 35

The angle which the petiole forms with the twig has long been
recognized as a means of identifying apples, and Shaw has re-
cently discovered that this character is correlated in all varieties
with the form of the top.^ Varieties in which the angle is sharp
have an upright head; those in which the angle is broad, a
spreading head. Thus the form of the top can be foretold while
the tree is in the nursery.

56. Leaf appearance and fall. — There are no true evergreens
among the hardy fruits, although the strawberry and a few
blackberries and dewberries bear leaves which have two growing
seasons. There are considerable differences in related species
and varieties as to the time the leaves push from the buds in the
spring and drop from the stems in the autumn. In plums, cur-
rants, grapes, and gooseberries, leaf appearance and fall are
characters of first magnitude in distinguishing species. The
fall of leaves is worth noting only as a natural process and
counts for nothing when leaves are killed by freezing, disease
or other outside agencies.

In mild climates, as in the American South and far West,
the differences in leaf appearance and fall are much greater
than in colder regions where winter bursts suddenly into spring
and autumn into winter. Indeed, in mild climates the prepara-
tion for leaf fall, a process of ripening, is so imperfect that the
leaves are wrenched off by winter storms or pushed off in the
spring by the growing buds beneath them.

Leafing time and leaf fall help greatly in classifying currants,
a fruit in which there is much confusion both as to species and
varieties. Thus, one group of varieties, of which Wilder is
representative, puts out its leaves very early; another group,
best represented by Prince Albert, holds the foliage very late
in the autumn.

57. Color of leaves. — The color of leaves is very constant in
species and varieties, either when studied in individuals or taken
in mass. Species and varieties are given a distinct aspect by
their summer dress, which is chiefly dependent on the color of
the leaves, but may be changed greatly by the size and number
of leaves. The color of the upper and lower surfaces of leaves

1 Shaw, J. K. Leaf Characters of Apple Varieties. Bull. 208 : Mass. Agr.
Exp. Sta. 1922.

36 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

differs more or less in all t'l-uits. I'ossihly wcvy variety bears
leaves of a distinctive color and if llic means of studyinj^ color
were more refined it wonld be possildc to classify fi-uits by color
of leaf alone. In several fruits, there are distinct correlations
between leaf and fruit color. Thus, there is more yellow in the
ribs and veins of leaves and stipules of yellow-fleshed peaches
than in white-tieshed sorts. In apples which bear j^reen-colored
fruits, the leaf is a pure green ; in those which have red fruits,
the leaves are darker and have a tinge of blue or purple or
sometimes are distinctly reddish.

58. Stipules. — The small and narrow stipules of pears and
apples are hardly worth attention in classification, but they
may be utilized in distinguishing some of the drupe-fruits, espe-
cially in the cherry where they have considerable value in sepa-
rating closely related varieties. Stipules which appear with the
first leaves of the cherry are small and drop before the fruit
ripens, but those of later leaves are large, borne in pairs, and
remain until the fruit ripens. The time of dropping varies
greatly with the variety. Stipules of cherries are variously
toothed and bear glands of several colors and shapes which are
characteristic.

59. Leaf-glands. — On the leaves, stipules, and petioles of sev-
eral hardy fruits there are small protuberances, usually organs
of secretion, called glands. Much use can be made of these
glands in classifying peaches and currants. Their presence or
absence, size, color, position, number, and whether stalked or
sessile must be noted. Two shapes are most common in peaches :
globose, those which are small globes ; and reniform, those which
are kidney-shaped. The most characteristic glands of peaches
are found toward the end of summer. Varieties of peaches with
glandless leaves are reputed to be more susceptible to mildew
than those bearing glands; on the other hand, they are said to
be more resistant to leaf-curl. The yellow resinous dots on the
under surface of the black currant are secreting organs akin to
glands, which on the stalks of buds and on the bud-scales of
this fruit are even more glandular.

60. Leaf-lobing in grapes. — In classifying grapes the lobing
of the leaf is a very uniform character within species, although
Vitis Munsoniana and V. rupestris have leaves which are not

LEAVES

37

lobed,, while those of V. candicans are more often than not entire.
The lobing of grape foliage is characterized by several special
terms (Fig. 24). The depression between adjoining lobes is
called a sinus; a sinus at the apex of a leaf is terminal; at the
base of the sides of the leaves hasal, which, however, must not
be confused with the petiolar sinus in which the petiole is
attached to the leaf.
The sinuses may be of
various widths and
depths and may be
closed or overlapping.
The lobes may be
acute, obtuse, ov acicmi-
71 ate.

61. Leaf surfaces. —
The surfaces of the
leaves of grapes and
the small-fruits de-
mand attention. The
two surfaces are usu-
ally different in color;
the upper one is most
often glabrous while
the lower is usually pu-
bescent. In the grape
the character of the pu-
bescence is often typi-
cal of a species and

may be hairy, woolly, downy, or cohivehhy. Vitis Lahrusca is
characterized by leaves densely pubescent beneath, whitish at
first but dun-colored on mature leaves. The lower surface of the
leaves of V. hicolor is glabrous but heavily covered with bloom,
which, on the green of the leaf, seems light blue. The pubescence
on the lower surface of leaves of V. cestivalis is reddish or rusty.

62. The leaves of brambles. — The leaves of the bramble-fruits
furnish character on which divisions into species may be made.
Besides the number of leaflets, their size, shape and color, the
surfaces of the leaflets of some species are smooth, of others
wrinkled, plicate, or rugose. In some species the margins are

Fig. 24. Leaf of Niagara grape, a. petiolar
sinus ; b. basal sinus ; c. lateral sinus. Pal-
mately veined : five lobed ; petiolar sinus
deep ; basal sinus shallow ; lateral sinus
deep ; teeth coarse and broad.

38 SYSTEMATIC POMOJ.nGY

beset witli glandular liairs. The serrations of the margins often
furnish serviceable taxonomie charadei-s ; in one si)eeies the
margins are so laciniated as to <rive the njinic liiihiis hiciiiiaf us
to the group. In some sjieeies the teeth are in a single series;
in others in a (l()ul)le row. These characters of leaves pei-sist
in cultivated plants.

63. The leaves of the bush-fruits. — in currants and «roose-
l)errics the upper surfaces of the leaves difTei* as to whether dull
or "flossy, as well as in many characters luimed in the preceding
paragrai)lis. The leaves of some curi-ants are blistered or
puckered, sometimes called huUate. The nuirgins of the leaves
of species and varieties vary greatly in the amount and character
of pubescence, and in several varieties they take on a pronounced
silvery tint, a mark which identifies the Ruby currant. The
leaves of Ribes are more or less rugose, but the veins are more
sunken in some sj^ecies than in others and the spaces between
more elevated. The degree of rugoseness is a particularly val-
uable mark in distinguishing some gooseberries.

64. Identification of nursery trees from the leaves.— Shaw
has shown that trees can be identified in the nursery from leaf
characters alone, and gives a key w^hereby twenty-six standard
apples are classified by his method." While Shaw has not pub-
lished on other fruits, there is little question but that all fruits
can be so classified. To be able to identify young trees from
their foliage is of particular importance to nurserjonen and
buyers of nursery stock who want to make sure that trees are
true to name.

= Shaw, J. K. Leaf Characters of Apple Varieties. Bull. 208 : Mass. Agr.
Exp. Sta. 1922.

CHAPTER VI

THE FLOWER

All fruits are aftergrowths of flowers. If any mischance
befalls the flowers, as an untimely frost or freeze, all hope for
fruit for that season is extinguished. The botanist classifies
plants chiefly in accordance with their flowers, but pomologists
have paid almost no attention to the flowers of the several fruits.
Yet it is hardly too much to say that all hardy fruits could be
classified by their flowers. This statement is made to emphasize
the point that the flower could be used in classifying fruits much
more than it is, admitting at once that classification by fruit
alone is better for the pomologist when the fruits suffice. The
organs of flowers and their functions should be studied by fruit-
growers, also, because of the great importance of hybridization
in improving fruits; and because sex, with its problems of
sterility and fertility, is modifying the planting of all fruits in
every part of the country.

65. Flowers distinguished from shoots and leaves. — In origin,
form, and relationship of parts, a flower is a modified shoot and
its parts are modified leaves. Sometimes it is difficult to tell
which is shoot and which is flower, which is foliage and which
floral leaf. The distinction can be best made, at least for the
purposes of pomology, by the functions of these organs. Shoot
and green leaf, and stem and root as well, serve to maintain
the life of the individual which bears them ; they are vegetative
organs. The function of the flower is to reproduce a new
generation of plants similar to that upon which the flower is
borne ; the inner floral leaves are reproductive organs. Whether
an organ is concerned chiefl}^ with growth or with reproduction
constitutes the plainest dividing line between foliage and floral
leaf.

66. The parts of a flower and their arrangement. — In the
floral shoot the uppermost leaves are closely arranged in whorls ;

39

40

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

this assemblage of tiural leaves is the flower. The stem or axis

which bears the flower is the pedicil. When the pedicels are two

or more in a cluster, they
are borne on a common stem
or peduncle. The arrange-
ment of flowers on the pe-
duncle is the inflorescence.
The upper part of the pe-
duncle, upon which are ar-
ranged the floral organs, all
modified leaves, is the recep-
tacle or torm. Usually there
are four quite distinct types
of floral organs plainly to be
seen in a flower, — calyx, cor-
olla, stamens, and carpels.
The lower of the two whorls

of floral leaves form the ccdyx, each leaf of which is a sepal.

Closely set on the receptacle above the calyx is another whorl of

Fig, 25. Section of flower of cherry,
a. petal : b. sepal ; c. style ; d. ovule ;
e. stamen.

Fig. 26. Flower and fruit of a pome. A. Flower of pome ; B. Fruit of
pome. a. Sepal ; b. calyx-tube ; c. receptacle ; d. carpel ; e. ovule ; f. petal ;
g. stamen; h. style. (Cut from Cyclopedia of Hardy Fruits, p. 1.)

floral leaves, the corolla, each leaf of which is a petal. The third
whorl, within and above the corolla, is the androecium, the sepa-
rate parts of which are stamens. Each stamen is composed of

THE FLOWER

41

two quite distinct parts, — a small case called the anther and its
support, a thread-like stalk termed the filament. The anther is
the essential part and in it is formed a
dust-like powder, usually yellow, known
as pollen, the male fertilizing element of a
plant. The highest and innermost whorl
of floral organs bears the name gynoecium,
the parts of which are pistils. A simple
gynoecium consists of a single pistil, a
compound gynoecium of two or more pis-
tils either distinct or united. The swollen
basal portion of a pistil is the ovar'if;
the slender stalk leading from the ovary
the style; the tip of the style, a more
or less expanded moist surface, is the
stigma. In the ovary are a small body
or bodies w^hich from analogy with the
eggs of animals are called ovules; these
ovules develop into seeds (Figs. 25-30).

67. The inflorescence. — All plants in which the flowers are
not solitary have a typical inflorescence which is always helpful

Fig. 27. The grape
flower. I, Opening
bud showing the
way in which the
cap becomes loosened
at the base. II.
Diagrammatic illus-
tration of grape
stamens. {Man. Am.
G. Groiv., p. 305.)

Fig. 28. Grape flowers. Left, upright stamens of Delaware ; right, de-
pressed stamens of Brighton. {Man. Am. G. Grow., p. 30<j. )

in delimiting species. The leaves in an inflorescence, from the
axils of which flowers arise, are bracts; the individual flower-

42

SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOGY

stalks are pedicels (GG). Tlie many kinds of inflorescences of
tiowerintr plants are divided into two gr()U})s botli of which find
many examples among hardy fruits. When the flowers arise in
the axils of leaves, the inflorescence is said to be indeterminate
or racemose ; when from terminal buds, determinate or cym-ose.
Strictly speakin*];-, inflorescence is the mode of flowering, but the
word is commonly used in the sense of flower-cluster.

Three hardy fruits have solitary flowers. The quince bears
solitary flowers which may be either terminal or axillary ; while
in tlie ])each and apricot the flowers are solitary and axil-
lary.

Fig. 29. Flower of Red Dutch currant, a. petal
d. stamen ; e. ring ; f. ovary.

b. sepal ; c. pistil ;

The racemose types of inflorescence are : the raceme in w^hich
the flowers are arranged along the sides of a common peduncle
with the pedicels of nearly equal length, as in the currant and
in the wdld black cherry; the corymh similar to the raceme but
having flowers with pedicels of different lengths, those toward
the base of the peduncle being longest so that the cluster is flat-
topped, as in sweet and sour cherries and the pear, the flowers
of which at the base of the cluster open first ; the panicle, a
modified raceme in which some of the parts are branched and
bear flowers while others are simple, as in the grape. The
inflorescence in nearly all of the bramble-fruits is racemose but
the flowers in a few are solitary.

Of the cymose or determinate types of inflorescence, but one
of several are represented in hardy fruits. The cyme is a flat-
topped flower-cluster as in the corymb, but the inflorescence

THE FLOWER

43

Fig. 30. Flower and fruit of
gooseberry. A. flower : B. half-
ripe fruit ; a. calyx-tube : b.
ovary. (Cut from Crjc. of Hardy
Fruits, p. 295.)

arises from a terminal bud. The apple and some plums furnish
examples of fruit flowers in which the inflorescence is a cyme.
In the apple, the central flower unfolds first, which is the reverse
of the corymb of a pear.

Differences in kind of inflorescence distinguish genera and
species, but in the varieties characters must be looked for in the
inflorescence itself. Thus, the
pedicel, which becomes the stem
of the fruit, varies greatly in va-
rieties of all hardy fruits. There
are many flowers in the inflor-
escence of some varieties of a
species ; in others, few. In some,
the flowers are loosely arranged ;
in others, compactly. In the
bramble-fruits, the inflores-
cences vary greatly in the char-
acters named; and the clusters
may be long or short, dense or
open; peduncles entire or di-
vided; few- or many-flowered; with or without spines, pubes-
cence, bracts, or glands; peduncle erect, spreading, or droop-
ing, and so on, making the inflorescence an invaluable means of
distinguishing brambles.

In the strawberry the inflorescence not only offers valuable
means of identification, but on its characters commercial im-
portance depends somewhat. Thus, it is desirable that a variety
have stout erect fruit-stalks w^hich will hold the berries off the
ground and that are not easily broken by the pickers. On the
other hand, it is not desirable that the flower-stalk rise above
the foliage where frost, rains, and the sun would find flower and
fruit unprotected.

68. The receptacle. — The expanded end of the peduncle, the
receptacle as it has been defined, offers very marked means of
distinguishing plants, and greatly modifies the value of the
fruit in one way and another. The flowers of several fruits
have many pistils, to accommodate which the receptacle is en-
larged, as in the blackberry, other brambles, and the strawberry.
In the blackberry the receptacle comes away with tbe ripe fruits

44 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

and is eaten; in raspberries it is the ripened cone left on the
j)lant Avhen the ripe berries are picked; in tlie strawberry the
receptacle is much enlarj^red and pulpy, ))ears on its surface the
seeds and is the edible part of the fruit. In tlie apple, pear,
and other jwme-fruits the peduncle grrows directly into the
flower and there seems to !>(> no distinct receptacle. In the stone-
fruits, the receptacle is a hollow cup to the edg^e of which are
attached tlie ealyx, corolla, and stamens, with the single carpel
at the bottom. Currants, gooseberi-ies, and grapes are true
licrries, which are ripened ovaries, all seated upon relatively
iiic()ns]iicuous I'cceptaclcs.

69. The floral envelope.— The calyx and corolla, together
the floral envelope, are not directly concerned with the produc-
tion of seeds and are, therefore, non-essential parts of a flower
as contrasted with the stamens and pistils which are the essential
organs. The floral envelope serves as a protection to a flower,
or to attract insects to it, or for both purposes. One of the
whorls of the envelope, or rarely both, may be absent in some
plants but are not in any of the hardy fruits. When the parts
of the calyx and corolla are identical in color and shape, the
floral envelope is called the perianih.

70. The calyx. — Usually a whorl of greenish leaves, the calyx
is a protective covering for the remainder of the flower it en-
folds. Sometimes, but in none of the fruits under discussion,
the calyx is brightly colored. In some plants the calyx falls
off Avhen the flower opens, in which case it is caducous; or it
may remain attached to the receptacle long after the flowers
open or even until the fruits ripen, when it is persistent, which
is the case in nearly all hardy fruits. When the calyx-lobes
persist on the ripened fruits, as in some pomes, their presence
or absence and their characters when present become recognition
marks of considerable value. If the sepals are united, as in
nearly all hardy fruits, the calyx is said to be gamosepalous;
if separate, polysepalo^is. The cuplike portion of a gamosepa-
lous calyx is the calyx-tuhe; if toothed, the teeth or divisions
are the calyx-lohes. Many of the terms describing leaves are
applicable to sepals.

The calyx furnishes several fine marks of distinction betw^een
the different brambles. The sepals vary greatly in size, shape.

THE FLOWER 45

and color ; some are pubescent, others glabrous ; some glandular,
others eglandular. At the time of flo\Yering, the sepals in nearly
all brambles are reversed ; in some species they remain reversed
until the fruits ripen, but in others they change in position from
the reversed form through all stages to clasping the fruit, as in
the wine-berry.

The calyx also furnishes means of determining varieties of
strawberries. The sepals vary greatly in size, color, and posi-
tion ; they may be large or small ; raised on the neck of the berrj^,
attached to the flat base, or sunken into the fruit ; some are leaf-
like, others bract-like. The calyx parts from the fruit easily
in some varieties, and with difficulty in others. In commercial
varieties of strawberries, the calyx should be large, bright in
color, and should part readily from the fruit. Now and then a
variety is found in which the calyx remains on the plant when
the berry is picked ; these sorts are called sh uckless,

71. The corolla. — The petals of the corolla may be free or
united as are the sepals of the calyx, and similar terms, poly-
petaloii^ and gamopetaloiis, apply to the two forms. Free petals
may have stalks of greater or less length called claws, while the
more or less expanded portion is the Imib. Shapes and marginal
markings, as with sepals, are described by much the same terms
used in descriptions of leaves, but all characters of the corolla
are subordinate to color. Differences in color of the corolla are
in themselves recognition marks, as in apples and the drupe-
fruits. The color of the corolla is best studied in the bud just
before the petals begin to unfold, when the distinctive shade for
each variety, other than white, is most intense. As the flower
unfolds, the color fades.

72. The stamens of all the hardy fruits are distinct and free
and in none, with the exception of the grape, do they offer
marks of especial merit in recognizing species or varieties in
their structure. Flowers of some varieties of grapes have up-
right stamens, while others have these organs reflexed. Besides
being a mark of recognition, the position of the stamens usually
indicates whether or not a variety is capable of setting fruit
without cross-pollination, for the upright stamens usually have
perfect pollen-grains while the reflexed ones usually bear
abortive pollen.

46 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

The stamens, or iMMiinaiits of tht'iii, ixTsist on the calyx-tube
of the ripened fniils in the pomes and are often serviceable in
distinguishing varieties, as will Ix' noted in discussing the char-
acters of fruits in the next chapter.

The relative lengths of pistils and stamens is a character of
considerable value in identifying varieties of bramble-, pome-,
and drupe-fruits and one which is very constant. In making
comparisons of lengths of the two organs, it is well to remember
that stamens in these fruits attain full length first.

73. The pistils. — Several characters of the pistils are of
taxonomic importance in classifying fruits from their flowers.
In pome-fruits the amount and character of the pubescence are
easily recognizable marks. In apples there are two quite distinct
arrangements of styles. In one the styles are united and form
a column about half their normal length, which, however, is
variable in different varieties. In the other arrangement the
styles are divided to the base. In the first form the whole pistil
is usuallj^ glabrous; in the second, it is usually, if not always,
pubescent. Tolman Sweet furnishes a good example of styles
divided to the base and bound together by dense pubescence.
The pubescence about the essential organs should be noted in
other fruits as well as the pomes, especially in the brambles in
which it is often distinctive.

The length of the style is distinctive. Thus, in the Howell
pear it is abnormally short. The length varies much w^ith the
variety in the bramble-fruits.

74. Arrangements of floral organs. — Flowers in which the
perianth and stamens are inserted on the receptacle at a lower
level than the ovary are hypogijnous and the ovary is siqjerior.
Flowers in which the perianth and stamens are arranged on the
edge of a hollow receptacle around free pistils are perigynous
and the ovary in this case is also superior. The flowers of the
plum, cherry, and strawberry are good examples. Some
botanists, however, think that the cup of the cherry and plum
flower is a hollow receptacle and not a calyx-tube, and that the
perianth and stamens are borne upon the receptacle-rim. In
some flowers, as in those of the apple, pear, currant and goose-
berry, the perianth and stamens are borne above the ovar}^ in
which case the flower is epigynoiis and the ovary inferior.

THE FLOWER 47

75. Sex in hardy fruits. — Technica%, the words "male" and
''female" as applied to plants are now used by botanists in a
very restricted and specialized sense. Thus, a stamen is not
said to be a male organ nor a pistil a female organ. These re-
finements, necessary enough in some phases of botany, cannot
be adopted without unduly burdening pomology with a strictly
botanical conception and terminolog}^ Therefore, the old and
common conception and language of sex relations in plants is
probably best for pomologists.

When stamens and pistils are present in the same flower, as
in all hardy fruits excepting some varieties of grapes and straw-
berries, the flowers are perfect, hermaphrodite, or 'bisexual. In
some flowers, as in many varieties of grapes and strawberries
among fruits, one or another of the essential organs are missing
or do not function ; such flowers are imperfect or unisexual.
Flowers in which the stamens alone are present are staminate or
male; those in which only pistils are represented are pistillate
or female. AVhen staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on
different plants, the species is dioecious; when the two kinds of
flowers are on the same plant, monoecious. When a plant, as
the grape, has some perfect and some imperfect flowers, it is
polygamous.

76. Pollination and fertilization. — The transfer of pollen
from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil is
pollination. The fusion of the contents of the pollen-cell with
the ovum, the generative cell in the ovary, is fertilization. When
the pollen comes from the anther of the flower bearing the ovum,
the flower is self -pollinated; if followed by fertilization, the
plant is self- or close-fertilized; the first term is often shortened
to selfed. With many plants the pollen may or must come from
another individual in which case the flower is cross-pollinated,
and if fertilization results the plant is cross-fertilized or crossed.

There is no intention of discussing physiological processes in
this text, but the effects of fertilization, which may change the
appearance of the resulting fruits if abnormal, can be shown
best by a recapitulation of the physiological process of fertiliza-
tion. The stimulus of fertilization animates growth in the ovule
and the ovary-wall, to the end that the ovules develop into seeds
and the ovary into a fruit. In some cases, and these are of

48 SYSTEMATIC J'OMOLOGY

iinicli iiilci-t'st to llic I'ruit-^rowcr, t'crl ili/at ion incites remark-
al)l(' <;r()\v1li in llic rct'optaclc and jx'dicd so lliat what is popu-
larly called a fruit may be a true fruit plus the much chan^'od
receptacle or flower-stalk. The pulpy part of the strawberry
is an enlarged receptacle and the so-called fruits of the apple
and pear are the modified receptacles and flower-stalks.

After fertilization, the corolla and usually the style, including
the stigma, wither and may so remain on the growing ovary,
or more often fall ofl^. The base of the style in some varieties
of apples develops into fleshy tissue which alters the shape of
the calyx -tube in the ripened fruit. In a few varieties of apples,
the remnant of the style forms a more or less fleshy point in
the mature fruits called the pistil-point. In some varieties of
grapes the stigma adheres to the apex of the fruits, a distinguish-
ing mark worth noting.

77. Abnormal fruits. — The student of systematic pomology
must make note of abnormal fruits, for which there may be
various causes. Lack of proper fertilization is a common cause
of malformed lopsided fruits of apples, pears, and strawberries.
It has been demonstrated many times by observation and ex-
periments that w^hen certain stigmas in apple, pear, and straw-
berry floAvers have been pollinated and others not, the fruits
from such partly pollinated flowers are unsymmetrical as only
the pollinated carpels produce seeds, and the parts of the fruits
possessing these grow much more rapidly than those in which
the carpels are seedless. The experiments of several workers
show that, while only one pollen-grain is necessary to fertilize
an ovule and so produce a seed, when more pollen is supplied
the resulting fruits are so stimulated as to be larger.

78. Self-sterile and self-fertile fruits. — Some varieties of
pome-, drupe-, and vine-fruits are characterized by self -fertility,
others by self -sterility, still others by a condition somewhere
between. AVhile these cases are of small significance in sys-
tematic pomology, they are of prime importance to the fruit
grower and should always be noted in describing varieties if
the condition is known. Self-fertility and self-sterility vary
greatly in accordance with climate. The pollen of some fruits
will fertilize flow^ers of other varieties of the same species when
another set of varieties wdll not. Some varieties are said, there-

THE FLOWER 49

fore, to have mutual affinity, but of these ''affinities" there is
yet much to be learned. In studying flowers of the different
fruits the student will find two types that tend to bring about
self-sterility. In one type the pollen is discharged from the
anthers before the stigmas are ready to receive it ; such flowers
are said to be protandrons ; flowers in which the stigmas are
mature to receive the pollen before the anthers are ready to
discharge are said to be protogynous. Flowers of the apple and
pear are usually protogynous.

79. Effects of cross-pollination on the fruits. — It is a common
belief among fruit-growers that when pollen from one variety
fertilizes the ovules of another, the characteristics of the pollen
parent are impressed on the resulting fruit. Many experiments
have proved that fruits are not changed in any of their char-
acters by foreign pollen, except, possibly, in size which may be
increased through pollen stimulation. A better set of crop and
greater uniformity in the fruits may also be a result of foreign
pollen, especially when there is an excess.

80. Fruit development without fertilization. — Some varieties
of all hardy fruits are seedless and occasionally individuals are
found without seeds. In these cases fruits have developed with-
out fertilization; this phenomenon is called parthenocarpy. In
cases very exceptional, if indeed they occur at all in fruits, the
ovule may produce a new plant without having previously
united with a male cell, a condition known as parthenogenesis.
While parthenocarpy is not uncommon in any hardy fruit, cases
most often occur in the pomes and in grapes. As a rule, how-
ever, lack of fertilization is followed by the falling of blos-
soms, and if all of the ovules are not fertilized by unsymmetrical
fruits.

81. Cross-fertilization between varieties, species, and genera.
— Varieties of the same species readily cross-fertilize; the re-
sulting progeny are called cross-breeds, variety-hybrids, or the
plant may be spoken of as cross-bred. Cross-fertilization may
take place between different species of any of the hardy fruits,
as black and red raspberries, plum and apricot, sweet and sour
cherries. Cross-fertilization between species is called hybridiza-
tion and the resulting plants are hybrids. When the species are
of the same genus, the progeny may be designated as species-

50 ^YsrEMATIC P()M()JJ)(iY

hybrids of wliidi there are many examples among fruits; when
between speeies of ditt'erent genera, genus- or higcncrw-hyhrida
of wliieh the only one among hardy fruits is between the pear
and the {juinee. There are no means of determining beforehand
whether any two varieties, species, or genera will eross-fe?'tilize.
More and mo -e, hiihrid is used to designate all crosses.

Crosses and hybrids may be affected profoundly when they
arise from forms noticeably different, and in either classifying
or describing fruits it is desirable to know whether the plant
has come from self-fertilization, as a cross, or as a hybrid.
Plants arising from selfing usually lack vigor ; crosses, as a rule,
are as vigorous as the parents, or more so ; while hybrids,
especially among the fruits w^ith which this text is concerned,
are more vigorous in growth, more luxuriant in foliage, and often
more fruitful than either parent. Some hybrids, however, are
less fertile than their parents and some will not bear fruits or
seeds; the latter is the case with hybrids betw^een several species
of brambles and between the gooseberry and black currant. The
reproductive organs are often wholly or in part malformed or
missing and ovules and pollen-grains imperfect. Very often the
seeds seem to be perfect, as in the pits of hybrid cherries, but
may not germinate. Malformation of any part of a hybrid is
common. Most fruits are crosses, but many are hybrids, so that
the manner of origin must be studied as a possible cause of
striking characteristics.

82. Scent in flov^ers. — Attention has been called to the variety
of vivid colors in the corollas of flowers of many fruits. These
colors serve to attract insect visitors whereby proper pollination
is secured. When size and color of corolla are lacking, as in
grapes, gooseberries, and currants, and very often associated
with a showy corolla, scent is a potent means of attracting in-
sects. Indeed, flowers of each species of hardy fruits have a
characteristic odor and many varieties, especially of plums,
cherries, and grapes may be told by this odor. Insects visit
flowers for nectar, and color and scent serve as guides. Nectar
is secreted by glands called nectaries. Although usually too
small to be readily seen with the unaided eye, they are sometimes
verv characteristic.

CHAPTER VII
THE FRUIT

Probably primitive groupings of fruits took only the product
of the plant in consideration; for, undoubtedly long before the
dawn of history men had learned to know, value, and classify
varieties, guided solely by their superficial characters. An
appeal to other parts of the plant for classification w^as probably
not made in early times, and is now seldom employed, on the
theory that if a variety is not noteworthy in characters which
attract taste and sight, it stands small chance of being cultivated
commonly or widely. It is onlj^ at times when fruits cannot be
obtained, when differences between the product are slight, and
because the cultivator must know the plant as well as its product,
that the plant enters into classifications.

83. Fruit defined. — Any product of sexual fertilization, more
commonly the ripened ovary of a seed plant and its contents, is
the fruit of a plant in the botanical sense. The pomologist,
however, applies the word ''fruit" to several different parts of
a plant which are not the ripened ovary and not, therefore, the
''fruit" of the botanist. As examples, the edible part of a
strawberry is the greatly enlarged receptacle of the flower, while
the true fruits are the seed-like structures with which the berry
is beset; in the apple, the edible part is the modified receptacle
while the true fruit, the ripened ovary, is the core of the apple ;
the receptacle is a part of the blackberry fruit; the bramble-
berries and the mulberry consist of several true fruits.

In popular usage the edible product of a woody or perennial
plant, consisting of the seeds and the surrounding tissues, is a
fruit. This definition is a loose one and possibly applies only
in America, for in European countries melons and tomatoes are
generally regarded as fruits, and rhubarb, when eaten as a
dessert, passes on bills of fare as a fruit.

51

52 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

84. Kinds of fruits. — Fruits wliich develop from a single
pistil and consist only of the mature ovary, as a p:rape or cherry,
are simple. WIhmi a cluster of carjx'ls of tlic sauK; flower is
crowded into one fruit, as in the l)raml)les, it is said to be
a(/(/re(j(itr. When a fruit is composed of more than the ripened
ovary and its contents, as in the strawberry and apple, it is
arcrssory, spurivus, or a pscudocarp. When formed from several
flowers, as in the curious fruits of the mulberry and pineapple,
a fruit is loudiiple or collective. Besides this rather loose classi-
fication of fruits, they may be further divided into family or
sub-family tyj^es of Avhich the pome, drupe, and berry are of
interest to pomologists.

The Pome

A pome is a spurious fruit in which the true fruit is embedded
in the succulent receptacle. The carpels and the seeds within
them constitute the true fruit of the pome and form a hard
central portion, which because it is the heart, both as to position
and as the essential and vital part, is the core. The apple, pear,
and quince are the best-known pomes, closel}^ allied to which
are the medlar, hawthorn, juneberry, and mountain ash. Besides
the edible receptacle and the inedible core, other parts of a
pome are : the stems by which the fruit is attached to the tree ;
the calyx which persists in most but not all pome-fruits ; and the
withered stamens and styles, some of which are found on most
pomes.

Of the several groups of fruits, pomes lead in importance as
foods. It is significant that pomology, the name accepted for
the science and practice of fruit-growing, is derived from pomus.

85. Shapes of pomes. — The shape is usually the first external
character of pomes to be used in classification. It is fairly
constant in any one locality but varies considerably in difi'erent
regions. A New York Baldwin differs somewhat in shape from
one grown in Oregon, low^a, or Virginia. Shape is the best of
all characters for identification of pomes when the fruits are
not quite ready for use, as is very often the case ^\ith apples
and pears. Color and quality change materially after the fruits
come from the tree, but no pome alters in shape after it is ready
to be picked.

THE FRUIT 53

In determining the shape of a pome, the fruit should be cut
in exact halves longitudinally. The outline of a half fruit may
be round, ohlate, conical, ovate, ohlong, truncate, or combinations
of these and similar terms, definitions of which are not neces-
sary if the student will refer to the accompanying illustrations.
If a transverse section of an apple is made at its widest diameter,
the shape is elliptical if the sides are compressed; or ribbed,
angidar, oblique, or the sides may be unequal or symmetrical,
regidar or irregidar, — all self-explanatory terms.

Besides these terms used in describing apples, additional de-
scriptive terms are necessary in classifying pears by reason of
the division into two parts, — the neck and the body. The neck
of a pear is the narrow portion in Avhich the stem is set; the
body is the swollen part crowned by the calyx. A pear is
pyriform when the curves formed by the neck and body are
concave; turbinate, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round
with a short neck. The neck may be lo7ig or short, distinct or
obscure, obtuse or acute (Figs. 31, 32).

The terms describing apples and pears are applicable to the
quince and medlar. Nurserymen commonly describe quinces as
''apple-shaped" or ''pear-shaped," but these terms are not
sufficiently accurate.

Simple outline drawings taken from both longitudinal and
transverse sections of pomes make a good record of the shape.
Such drawings are particularly desirable to accompany descrip-
tions of pears, the shapes of which are most useful in classifying
this fruit.

86. The stems of pomes. — The stems of apples and pears are
much used in identification. They vary but little in any variety,
although as a rule they are shorter in large fruits than in small
ones. It should be known from what part of the flower-cluster
a fruit has developed in taking note of stems; for the nearer
the flower to the center of the umbel in the apple and the tip
of the raceme in the pear, the shorter the stem and the larger
the fruit.

The stems of apples and pears may be long and slender, as
in the Rome Beauty apple and Beurre Bosc pear; short and
thick, as in the Sutton Beauty and Comice pear ; fleshy, as in the
Peck Pleasant and Louise Bonne pear; clubbed when enlarged

54

SYSTEM A TIC J'UMOLOGY

IRE FRUIT

55

56 SYSTKMATir POMOLOGY

at the end, as in tlie Early Straw Ix'rry apple; lipped when the
flesh forms a i)r()t ubei-ancc undei- wliich the stem is inserted,
as in the Pewaukee antl Clayton apples; bracicd, as in the Ex-
celsior Crab. The stems of i)ears are often set ol)li(iuely as in
Beurre Clairgeau ; or are crooked or curved as in Howell. The
stems of some pomes have distinguishinj/ colors; those of others
are pubescent. In some pears, as in l^ergamot d'Esperen, there
are bud-like ])rotuberanees on the stem.

87. The cavity. — The depression in the base of the apple in
which the stem is set, called the cavity, offers several marks
which usually enhance the value of a description. The cavity
is especially characteristic in apples. It varies greatly in depth
and may be deep, medium., or shaJlow. In breadth, it may be
hroad, medium, or narrow. The bottom may be obtuse, acumi-
nate, or acute. Sometimes the sides are furrowed, ribbed, angu-
lar, compressed, or oblique. The words regidar and irregular
are often definitive. The skin in the cavity is usually more or
less russet ed but may be smooth; not infrequently it is wrin-
kled, ivcived, plaited, or there are radiating lines, rays, or
streaks. The color markings of the cavity are usually char-
acteristic and may consist of special stripings of red, russet,
green, or yellow. These must be noted. Some varieties of
apples and pears have cavities more or less prominently lipped,
a condition described under the stem, a characteristic usually
determinate.

88. The basin. — The depression in which the calyx is set at
the apex of the fruit, therefore opposite the cavity, is called
the basin or may be spoken of as the blossom, end; or, together
with the calyx, is known as the eye, an inexact and unneces-
sary term the use of which should be discouraged. The basin
is as important as the cavity in identifying pome-fruits and
should have the same critical study in making a description.
For most part it is described by the same terms as for the cavity.
The skin in the basin is less often touched with russet and
other peculiar color-markings than the cavity, but is more often
wrinkled, plaited, folded, or corrugated. Not infrequently there
are fleshy protuberances about the calyx called mammiform ap-
pendages, as in some crab-apples. Sometimes the five ribs along
the sides of the apple end in knobs about the basin in which case

THE FRUIT 57

it is craivned, as in Yellow Bellflower, Delicious, and Deacon
Jones.

89. The calyx. — The withered calyx, or at least its lobes, per-
sists in some species of pomes and not in others and thus may
be a certain mark of recognition. For example : the lobes per-
sist in the common apple but are deciduous in the true crab-
apple, Pyrus haccata; persistent in the common pear, deciduous
in most of the Asiatic species; persistent in the common quince,
deciduous in the Japanese quince. The calyx may be open,
partly open, or closed in case it persists. In some varieties of
apples the segments are separated at the base; in others united.
The lobes may stand erect or lie flat on the fruit. When erect,
if the tips incline inward, the lobes are said to be comiivent; if
inclined outward, they are divergent or reflexed. The lobes may
be further described by such terms as are employed for the
sepals of the flower.

90. Surface characters of pomes. — The appeal to the eye
and to a much lesser extent to the touch make the surface char-
acters of all fruits most important in classification. The skin
itself is of relatively small importance but in all pomes must
be noted. It may be thick or thin, toiigh or tender. The tough
skin of the Mcintosh apple is characteristic. In a few varieties
of apples it may peel from the flesh easily, but generally it
clings tightly. In many varieties the skin or the flesh close
underneath has a characteristic flavor which may add to or
detract from the flavor of the fruit ; thus, the skin of the Seckel
pear adds to the flavor while the bitterish gritty skin of Duchesse
d'Angouleme detracts.

The roughened outer skin, called scarf-skin, is a mark of recog-
nition of several apples. In some red sorts, notably Sweet
Winesap and Black Gilliflower, the scarf-skin makes the color
appear duller and darker. On the skins of Pumpkin Sweet,
Yellow Newtown, and some other varieties the scarf-skin runs
outward from the base of the apple in lines or stripes. The
scarf-skin is usually colorless and may be rubbed off. It is,
of course, the true epidermis of the fruit.

The surface of the fruit may also be covered with a delicate
powdery coating, easily rubbed off, called the hloom. Apples
of the Fameuse or Mcintosh and the Pearmain groups are

58 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

characterized by the amount and delicacy of the bloom which
adds much to their api)carance. This bloom is excreted by
the epidermal cells and consists of minute scales of wax which
prevent evaporation from the fruit skins, and should not, there-
fore, be removed. The quantity of the bloom varies greatly in
different environments. Some varieties of apples are oily or
waxy, the material causing the condition being analogous to the
bloom in composition and is an excretion from the epidermal
cells. Lowell, sometimes called Greasy Pippin, and Tompkins
King, are heavily covered with this oily wax. This character
must not be confused with glossiness, sometimes spoken of as
waxen, as exhibited in the glossy skins of Winter Banana and
Maiden Blush.

There are various other surface characters usually of minor
importance which may in a few varieties help materially in
classifying. The presence and character of the pubescence
about the calyx is one of these. All quinces are thickly cov-
ered with felt-like pubescence, the character of which should be
noted. In some apples and pears, a suture-like line extends
towards the apex from the base. One recognizes Tolman Sweet
at once by a very plain line of this kind.

All other characters of the surface are subordinate to that of
color, with which dots and similar markings are included. Its
importance must be emphasized by treatment in a separate topic.

91. Color of pome-fruits. — In spite of the fact that no char-
acter of pome-fruits varies more in accordance with environ-
ment, color is of first importance in identifying varieties and
in all methods of classification. Unfortunately, colors are diffi-
cult to describe in words and there are no charts helpful in
determining the colors of fruits. The difficulty of describing is
further complicated by the fact that no two persons see colors
quite alike. Great latitude, therefore, must be allowed in inter-
pretation. Red, scarlet, carmine, and pink are applied to the
same color in the apples which pass as red sorts.

Fortunately the way in which the colors of pomes are dis-
tributed on the fruit are very distinctive and make safe distin-
guishing marks for most varieties. The ground-color of apples,
pears, and quinces is the green or yellow-green of chlorophyll
on which there is usually an overcolor of tints and shades of

THE FRUIT 59

yellow, red, carmine, or more rarely scarlet. The over-color
may be laid on in stripes, splashes, streaks, as a wash over the
whole or a part of a fruit, or as a hhish on one cheek; or it
may mottle or marble the surface. In whatever way the color
is laid on it is usually necessary to add some adjective in de-
scribing it, as dull, dark, light, bright, clear, cloudy. When a
fruit is of two or more colors it is parti-colored; when of one
color, self-colored. The predominating color is usually stated
under the head of prevailing effect; thus, the Baldwin apple
usually shows more or less green but the prevailing effect is red ;
of the Bartlett pear, yellow.

The bright colors of pomes are usually intensified by sunlight ;
they are seldom as brilliant on the tree as when full maturity
is reached in storage. It is a rule to which there are but few
exceptions that there is a tendency in all pome-fruits to redness
and that it comes into activity whenever a stimulus provokes
it. Some of these stimuli are bright sunlight, cold nights, lack
of nitrogen in the soil, injury to the tree, and various disease
and insect injuries. Fruit on young trees is seldom as brightly
colored as on old ones. Trees in sod bear highly colored fruits,
— the hectic flush of fruit from sick or starved trees. The
fruit from any two specimens of a variety is not necessarily
colored exactly the same, due to different environment, or, very
rarely, to a mutation.

The reddish-brown or reddish-gray color called russet, very
common in both apples and pears, demands special attention.
The russet usually overlays a green ground-color and may
cover the whole fruit as in the russet apples and some pears, as
the Beurre Bosc ; or it may occur as patches, splashes, streaks,
lines, dots, veinings, or the fruit may be netted with russet.
The russet may be variously modified ; the modifying colors are
most often red, brown, and cinnamon. The quantity of russet
may vary greatly on the fruits of any one variety, usually in
accordance with climate. Thus any of the russet apples or pears
may in one season or locality be covered solidly with this color
and in another time or place show little or no russeting. The
skins of all fruits with little or much russet are more or less
roughened. Injury by frost, spraying or dusting may cause
russeting which is difficult to distinguish from the natural color.

(io sysTT':M.\ric pomology

92. Dots. — Till' dots, found on ihr surface of all api)les and
pears, are often \-eiy eliaracleiislic ami must always be noted
as to kinds, numbers, and how placed. They may be few or
many, lar(/r ov snuill, white, gray, russet, and very occasionally
are red or rcddisli especially in j)ears; if star-like, they are
stellate; when dark or russet and surrounded by a circle of
white or gray, they are areolar; they may be round, irregular,
or elongated. In some varieties they are obscure; in others
conspicuous; in some raised and rough and in others sunken
or seemingly suhmerged under the skin. They may be scat-
tered miscellaneously over the fruit or crowded about base or
apex. When very small, they are called points or specks; w'hen
very large the fruit is said to be flecked.

93. Cutting pomes to show the internal structure. — In study-
ing the internal structure of pomes it is necessary to make a
longitudinal and a transverse section of the fruit. Two fruits
at least should be divided in exact halves, lengthwise and cross-
wise, through the organs to be studied, in every variety of
which a full description is prepared. The cuts should be made
with a keen thin knife. In the lengthwise cut, the knife should
pass from the apex to the base through the center of the calyx
to show the remnants of styles and stamens ; through the middle
of the core-cell to show the outline of the core-cavity; and on
through the base of the fruit and the center of the stem. The
crosswise cut should sever the core in halves. The core is not
always in the center of the fruit and trial cuts to locate it
must usually be made. The color and texture of the flesh must
be noted from both the long and cross halves.

94. The flesh of pome-fruits. — The edible succulent substance
in a fruit is called the flesh. Nearly all pomes may be identi-
fied from the flesh characters alone. Flavor, odor, and texture
of the flesh are distinct in every variety of apple, pear, and
quince and appeal strongly to taste and smell. These characters
are, however, difficult to describe, strongly as they impress
themselves on the minds of those who study them. They vary
somewhat in accordance with the conditions under which fruits
are grown but are more constant, as a rule, than the external
characters of fruits.

It is important in describing the flesh to have the fruit at

THE FRUIT 61

the proper stage of maturity, and as immaturity passes imper-
ceptibly into maturity to be followed more or less quickly by
decay, each condition affecting- the flesh, it is not surprising that
differences in opinion arise in judging the flesh characters of
fruits. Flavor, texture, aroma, and color of flesh should be
described when the fruit is at best for eating or cooking, as the
case may be.

The color is first noted in studying the flesh. It may be
white, as in Mcintosh and Fameuse ; tinged ivith yellow, as in
Baldwin; greenish-white, as in Stark; or streaked or tinged with
red, as in Wealthy. Pears have the same colors of flesh as the
apple with the addition of a light salmon never found in the
latter. In both the apple and pear an occasional variety occurs
with red flesh, although in neither fruit are there standard varie-
ties with flesh so colored. The flesh of the quince is yellow or
orange, often turning to light red when cooked. The texture is
determined as one cuts the fruit, by pressing wdth the fingers
and by eating. The texture may be coarse or fine; tender or
tough; crisp, breaking, melting, or in the pear buttery. The
flesh in some pomes is jwicy, in others comparatively dry, and
in some mealy, an undesirable character. In many pears the
flesh is granular, or gritty about the core and just under the
skin; sometimes granular nodules are found in the flesh but
usually as abnormalities. The flesh of some pears is stringy.
Flavor stands out so prominently as a character of the flesh
that it is given a separate topic.

95. Flavor, aroma, and quality. — Apples and pears are at
once divided into two classes as to flavor; they are either siveet
or sowr. These divisions are so marked and so important that
they are usually the starting point in schemes of classification for
the apple ; they are less significant in the pear and still less
so in the quince. The description of flavor centers about sweet-
ness and sourness, the degrees between being indicated by sepa-
rate w^ords or by modifying terms: thus a fruit may be sowr,
subacid, mild subacid, sweetish or sweet. Mildly, sprightly,
pleasantly and very are the most frequent modifiers of these
flavors. Pears and quinces are often more or less astringent.
When a fruit is sour with more or less astringency, it is said to
be austere. Rich and refreshing are often expressive words in

62

SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOGY

describing flavors. Some pears have a wine-like flavor which is
designated as rhwus; others seem flavored with s])iccs and are
said to be spici/; sul)acid j)ears with a ti'acc of bitterness are
(h'noniinated as piquant. The flesh of every variety of the pome-
fruits has a more or h>ss distinct odor which is usually poorly
deserii)ed l)y the sin<rle word (tromatic when very perceptible;
musl-}!, perfumed and fragrant are occasionally used in describ-
ing the odor of pears.

In giving the flavor of
fruits there should be no
disagreement of judges ; a
fruit has this or that fla-
vor or aroma or it does
not have it. One cannot
properly characterize the
flavor as good or bad.
These and similar words
go with quality. Quality
is that combination of tex-
ture, flavor, and aroma
which make a fruit pleas-
ant to the palate. It is
always a matter of per-
sonal judgment. One man
likes Mcintosh best, an-
other Northern Spy, and
a third Yellow Newton.
All will agree that the
Kieffer is about the poorest pear in quality, but some wdll say
that Seckel and others that White Doyenne is best. By com-
mon consent, pomologists rate quality in five grades; poor, fair,
good, very good, and best. In this rating, good signifies a fruit
of but mediocre quality. Depending A^ery largely on quality,
varieties of pomes are rated as dessert and culinary sorts; des-
sert sorts must be attractive to the eye.

96. The core. — The position of the core must be noted first.
If at the very base of the fruit, it is said to be sessile; if at the
center median; if near the apex, it is distant from the stem or
base. The tw^o to five carpels w^hich with their accessories con-

FiG. 33. Lengthwise-section of an apple,
a. cavity ; b. core-lines ; c. core-cavity ; d.
carpel segment ; e. calyx-tube ; f. rem-
nants of stamens and pistil ; g. calyx-
lobes ; h. basin.

THE FRUIT

63

stitute the core of pomes are modified leaves each folded and
united at their edges to form a closed cell. In shape the carpels
are round, ohlong, cordate, ohcordate, ovate, ohovate, or
elongated. If the tip of the carpel is indented, it is emarginute,
if long and pointed, miicronate (Figs. 33-37).

In the cores of most
pomes there is an open
region called the core-
cavity or axial sac. This
is a reliable help in iden-
tifying pears and is often
useful as a recognition
mark in apples. When
the carpels extend quite
to the axis of the fruit
they are said to be axile;
when distant from the
axis, they are ahaxile
(Fig. 37). There is, of
course, a core-cavity only
when the carpels are
abaxile, which, however,
is usually the case. In

some pomes there are many fine hairs in the core-cavity and it is
said to be tufted. Sometimes the carpels are lined on the inner
surface with a white spongy substance, in which the seed are
imbedded, in which case the carpels are tufted, as in Tompkins
King.

The limits of the core are marked by a line, usually very dis-
tinct in apples and quinces, which is called the core-line. The
size and shape of the region inclosed by the core-line are usually
distinctive; while the direction which the line takes from the
intruded woody stems is a fine mark of distinction. The core-
line may proceed at a right angle from the stem; may incline
upward or downward. When the core-line joins the calyx-
tube along the side it is clasping; when in a lengthwise section
the core-lines come together at the base of the calyx-tube they
are meeting. In some species of crab-apples the core separates
from the flesh along the core-line so that it may be taken out

Fig. 34. Cross-section of an apple, a.
vascular bundle ; b. core-line ; c. carpel ;
d. seeds ; e. axial-sac.

64

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

leaving: a. well-defined cavity. Rarely there is a tendency toward
such separation in the common apple and pear.

97. Seeds. — The seeds are characteristic in all pome-fruits and
ou^ht to be used more g:enerally in identification and classifica-
tion. In apples and pears the normal number is two in each
cell or ten in all, but sometimes there are more, sometimes less,

and a very few varieties
are seedless. AVhen the
number of seeds in a cell
is abnormal, one or more
than two in the apple and
pear, they are seldom
quite normal in shape. In
quinces there are several
or many seeds in each car-
pel. The seeds of all
these fruits vary in size,
shape, and color, and are
as constant and as reli-
able as marks of recogni-
tion as any other struc-
tures of pomes. No spe-
cial vocabulary is needed
in taking note of these
characters. Some seeds
are flat, others are plump.
The point of the seed may
be acute, obtuse or acumi-
nate. Sometimes seeds of apples, pears, or quinces have attached
to them a white spongy substance in which case they are said to
be tufted. The seeds of quinces are arranged in two rows; the
coat of a quince seed abounds in a mucilaginous gum not found
or not nearly as abundant in the apple or pear.

98. Vascular bundles. — The united strands of conducting
tissue in plants are called vascular- or fihrovascular-hundles.
Ten of these bundles enter the flesh of pomes from the stem
and folloAv the core-line. These are plainly seen in crosswise
sections of apples and quinces as well-marked dots (Fig. 34).
They are arranged in two circles ; in the outer circle, the bundles

Fig. 35. Lengthwise-section of quince
Compare with Fig. 33, showing a sim-
ilar section of an apple.

THE FRUIT

65

are opposite the dorsal sutures of the carpels; in the inner one
they alternate with the carpels. The core-line appears in the
transverse section

usually on the inner
side of the ten bun-
dles looping out be-
tween them into the
flesh.

No doubt the dif-
ferences in the size
and position of the
vascular bundles in
the fruits of pomes,
and in the outline of
the core, marked as
a beautiful bit of
tracery, are suffi-
ciently plain and
constant to be great
aids in classification.
Several w^orkers in
the United States
and in Europe lay
great stress on these
marks in classifying.
As a last resort they
certainly prove help-
ful, but there is usu-
ally no difficulty in
identifying varieties
and placing them in
systems of classifica-
tion from characters
more easily seen and
more readily set
forth in a written
description.

99. Stamens. — When a pome is cut in exact halves length-
wise, the top of the section is beset in most species with the

Fig.

36. Stamens, tube, and carpels of
apple. (After Hogg.) See Fig. 37.

66

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

X^~^^«?^V;

withered remains of the ca-
lyx, luulerneath wliieh is the
lialved ])()i-tioii of the calyx-
tube. Inserted in this tube
are the remains of the sta-
mens wliieli show as small
bristles. Apples may be di-
vided into three groups in
accordance with the arrange-
ment of the stamens in the
calyx-tube. In one group
the stamens are near the top
of the tube and are margi-
nal; in a second group they
are near the middle of the
tube and are therefore me-
dian; in a third, they are at
the base, and are hasal. An
objection to the use of sta-
mens in systematic work is
that they are often injured
or destroyed by insects or
spray (Fi^r. 36).

100. Calyx-tube and styles.
— The calyx-tube is of some
use in separating varieties,
although it varies greatly
with the size of the fruit and
is often abnormal in size and
shape, either from injuries
or abnormalities in other
parts of the fruit. Thus, the
base of the styles, in some
varieties, develops into fleshy
tissue which affects the
shape of the calyx-tube.
The latter may be of three
quite distinct shapes : it may
be conical or cone-shaped, funnel-shaped y or urn-shaped. When

Fig. 37. Carpels and sepals of the apple.
(After Hogg.) Explanation of Figs. 36 and
37. Stamens. The marginal position is
shown in 1, 2 a, 3, and 4 a ; the median
in 5 a, 6 a, and 7 ; and the baml in 8 a
and 9 a.

Tube. The tube is of two distinct forms —
the conical and the funnel-shaped. The out-
lines of the conical tube are shown in 1, 2, 6,
and 9. Tlie funnel shape is shown in 2, 4,
5, 7, and 8.

Carpels. If a carpel is split down the mid-
dle its walls or membranous lining will be
either round, as represented in 2 b ; ovate,
as in 6 b ; obovate, as in 9 b ; or elliptical,
as in 4 b. Then in relation to the axis of
the fruit, they are either axile or abaxile.
When the walls extend to the «xis, the cells
are symmetrical, as shown in 10 and 11, and
are said to be axile, whether they are open,
as in 11, or closed, as in 10. When they are
distant from the axis, and the cells are un-
sj-mmetrical, as shown in 12, they are called
abaxile.

Sepals. In 13, the segments are reflexed, so
much as to fall back flat on the fruit in the
form of a star ; they are then said to be
divergent. In 14, the segments are erect
with their margins merely touching and their
points divergent; these are erect convergent.
The flat convergent positions are shown in
15 and 16. The connivent forms are shown
in 17 and 18, in which the segments overlap
each other and form a compact cone.

THE FRUIT 67

cone-shaped the broad upper part is called the limb; the narrow
lower part, the cylinder. In varieties in which the remnants of
the styles are fleshy, as in the Gano apple, they form a point
called the pistil-point which projects into the calyx-tube. The
calyx-tube in some varieties of pomes is long, in others short; in
some sorts wide, in others, narrow (Fig. 37).

Hogg, an eminent British pomologist, about 1860 based a
system of classification of apples on the characters of the sta-
mens, calyx-tube, carpels, and sepals. This system is now no-
where in general use, as the characters of these structures are
not plainly seen, not as constant, and not as easily described as
the external characters and those of flesh and flavor in most
varieties of apples.

101. Date of ripening and season. — All classifications of
pome-fruits take into account ripening dates and the season
when ready to eat out of hand. A fruit is truly ripe only
when its seeds are mature, but many if not most pome-fruits
are picked when more or less green that they may carry to
market in suitable condition. The usual rule is to pick pomes
when the stem parts readily from twig or branch. Pomologists
very generally put this as the ripening date. A fruit is in sea-
son when it is ready to serve as dessert or to be used in culinary
preparations. The criteria are color, taste, aroma, and mellow-
ness of flesh. Season is exceedingly variable and depends on
the condition in which the fruit has been picked and whether
kept in common- or cold-storage. Apples and pears are classed
as summer, fall, and winter varieties and under these headings
form important divisions in all classifications of these fruits.
Both ripening dates and season vary greatly in accordance with
climate, soil, care, and age of tree.

The Drupe

A drupe is a single ripened carpel containing one or rarely
two seeds. The walls of the ripened ovary in this and other
fruits are called the pericarp (Fig. 38). In the pericarp of a
drupe there are three layers; the thin skin, called the exocarp
or epicarp; the thick soft succulent middle layer, the mesocarp;
and a hard bony layer, the endocarp, pit, or stone. The seed,

6S

SYSTEMA Tir POMOLOdY

often spoken of as the I'crncl, is witliin the stone, quite free,
showing that the walls of the stone conkl not luive been devel-
oped from the ovule. The fruits of the almond, aprieot, cherry,
peach, and plum are drupes. Each carpel in a raspberry, black-
berry, or bramble-fruit is a small
dru]ic to which is ^iven the names
dm pel ft or drupel, and the so-
called l)(M'i-y of the brambles is a col-
lection of drupelets, a compound
fruit.

102. Size of drupes. — There is
much less variation in the size of
drupe- than in pome-fruits, and this
character, therefore, is more valu-
able in classification. Length and
breadth of drupes should usually be
given in figures. These can be ob-
tained only by the use of calipers,
since soft fruits seldom can be sec-
tioned for measurements of diam-
eters. Even w^hen measurements are
given, a description should state
whether the fruit is large, medium,
or small. These relative terms are
rightly applied only with varieties
of a single species in mind. ^lont-
morency, for example, is a laige sour cherry; it would be inac-
curate to compare it with Napoleon, a sw^eet cherry, in w^hich
case it w^ould be small.

103. Shapes of drupes. — One of the first characters to be
used in classifications of drupes is shape, which is much more
constant and reliable than in pome-fruits. The terms for defin-
ing shapes of drupes are simple : round, oval, ovate, heart-shaped,
cordate, oUate, oblong, conical, or truncate. Some plums are
egg-shaped and a few- pear-shaped ; an occasional variety has a
more or less distinct neck. Many of the stone-fruits are com-
pressed or flattened sidewise, a shape seldom found in pome-
fruits ; it must be noted w^hether the compression is along or
opposite the suture. In the peach, in particular, some varie-

FiG. 38. Lengthwise-section
of a drupe, a. epicarp ; b.
mesocarp ; c. endocarp or
stone ; d. testa ; e. coty-
ledons ; f. calyx.

THE FRUIT

69

ties are very regular as to shape, while others are markedly ir-
regular. In some varieties of any of the drupes, the halves are
equal; in others unequal (Fig. 39).

104. Cavity and apex.— In the pome-fruits cavity and basin
help greatly in classifying varieties, but the cavity is of minor
importance in drupe-
fruits and there is no
depressed basin, its
place being taken by
a more . or less pro-
longed apex, some-
times sunken, seldom
of importance in sys-
tematic work. The
cavity should be de-
scribed as to its depth,
width, shape, and
markings, using the
same terms suggested
for pome-fruits. The
apex has special terms
of description. It
may be round, flat, or
depressed; simply
pointed, a prolonged
tip, or abruptly tipped
with a short spine
when it is said to be
mucronate. The apex
of some peaches is a

rounded nipple-like protuberance, in which case it is said to be
mamelon or mameloniated.

105. The stem is much used in the classification of drupe-
fruits. Its presence or absence is a definite distinguishing
mark with some species. The stem is very short or seemingly
absent in peaches and nectarines and is always present and
usually long in plums and cherries. The length of the stem is
an almost certain mark of recognition in some plums and cher-
ries. Its thickness, color, and the quantity and kind of pubes-

FiG. 39. Shapes of drupes. 1. Imperial Gage
plum, round. 2. Arch Duke plum. oval. 3.
Gueii plum, ovate. 4. Wickson plum, cordate,
5. Peento peach, oblate. 6. Pacific plum,
oblong. 7. Champion peach, round-truncate.
8. Waddel peach, round-oblong. 9. Moorpark
apricot, sides compressed. 10. Iron Moun-
tain peach, irregular, sides unequal. 11.
Giant prune, obovate, necked. 12. Climax
peach, beaked.

70 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

ceiiee should l)o noted. Tlic case Avilli wliich tlic stem parts
from the stone at the one end and tlie tree at the other is often
worth reeordin*j: as a eharaeteristie. The attachment of stem to
stone is so tenacious in some sorts tliat the stone is plucked
from the flesh l)y ])ulling: the stem. The stems of some drupes
are eharaeteristieally enlarged at the end; in others they may
be curved peculiarly.

106. The suture of drupe-fruits. — In botany the line or seam
formed by two adjacent margins is called a siilure. In drupe-
fruits the word is applied in the botanical sense to the stone
only, while in the flesh of the fruit it means the crease which
runs from the stem to or toward the apex of the fruit. In
presence or absence, length, depth, and markings, it is very
constant in all of the drupes and its characteristics should
alwaj's be given in a description. Sometimes its place is taken
by a line, usually of darker color than that of the fruit, a fact
summed up by the statement suture a line.

107. Color of drupe-fruits. — The colors of cherries, plums,
peaches, and other drupe-fruits are more varied, more constant,
and more attractive than in apples, pears and other pomes.
Peaches, nectarines, and apricots may be ivhite, red, green, or
yellow, or almost any combination of these colors. To these
colors of the peach may be added for the plum and cherry,
black, amber, crimson, and purple, while some plums are blue,
a color not found in cherries. While some colors are put down
for all of the drupe-fruits, they must not be considered the
same for the different fruits : the red of the peach is not the red
of the plum or cherry ; the purple of the plum is not the purple
of the cherry. Nor do modifying words help much in distin-
guishing between these colors in the several fruits. More often
the colors of drupes are laid on solidly ; but there are many parti-
colored drupes, in most of which the colors are mottled or
marbled.

The dots on plums help much in the recognition of varieties;
their size, number, color, and distribution should be considered.
In all of the other stone-fruits they are either absent or so in-
conspicuous as to be without value in identification.

The bloom on plums is highly characteristic. The powdery
or waxy substance of which the bloom consists is the same in

THE FRUIT 71

composition and color on all plums but the quantity varies
greatly and gives it differentiating value in separating varieties.
It suffices to describe it as light, thin, scant, heavy. Sometimes
there is a trace of bloom on cherries and nectarines but on
peaches and apricots it is so obscured by the pubescence of these
fruits as to be negligible. It is customary to give colors to
bloom, as blue, gray, or lUac, but all bloom is white and the
seeming color comes from the color of the skin. Heavy bloom is
sometimes wax-Wke.

108. Skin characters of drupes. — Few characters of the skins
of drupes are helpful to the systematist. The skin may be
thick or thin, tough or tender. Perhaps the most noteworthy
character is that of adherence to the flesh; in most varieties
of drupe-fruits the skin adheres tightly to the flesh, but in some
it readil}^ peels off, giving rise to the terms adherent or free.
In some plums, especially in several native species, the skin is
markedly astringent.

The pubescence on the skms of peaches sometimes furnishes
clues to identification in the length of hairs and in their num-
bers. The nectarine is a smooth-skinned peach between which
and the long- and thick-haired Rochester there are all grades
in length and quantity. Some cherries, especially Priinus
tomentosa, and a few plums have some or many hairs. Plums
and cherries are described as hairy, but peaches and apricots
are usually spoken of as pubescent, tomentose, woolly, or felted.
The amount and character of the pubescence on the drupes
varies greatly with soil and climate.

109. The flesh of drupes. — The color of the flesh is a plain
dividing line between groups of drupe-fruits. In all there are
red-, white-, green-, and yellow^fleshed sorts, while in some plums
and cherries there is a purple tint. There is almost no variation
in the color of the flesh in any of the drupes, so that a distinct
color that can be described positively, as white, yellow, or red,
sets an absolute mark on a variety. The color of the juice in
cherries is just as positive a mark; one great group of sour
cherries, the Amarelles, have colorless juice ; another, the Morel-
los, have reddish juice. In the red- juiced cherries, the red may
be light, dark, or purplish. Some varieties of all drupes are
much juicier than others; thus there are juicy and dry sorts.

72 sysfh:}f.\fi(' roMOUfCy

The flesli may be codrsc- or Jiiic-f/rdint d ; hmyh or tender ; crisp,
nielfiiuf, or watery; and tliat of peaches and plums may be
str{}}(/ij.

110. Flavor. — As in eolor and form, each of the several thou-
sand sorts of the dilferent druiK'-fruits has a flavor and an
aroma quite of its own. Tliosc who ori<i:inate new peaches,
plums, and cherries know them ])y their taste, and many who
^row a lar^e assortment can reco<i:nize them from flavor and
aroma. No i^en, however, can depict flavor and aroma so that
a reader can identify any variety of fruit. One can only put
down the outstanding: flavor about which the peculiar flavor
of the fruit is centered. Thus, one would first note whether the
variety in hand is sweet or sour, tart, suhacid, or mild; whether
hitter, astringent, or austere; lastly the kind and amount of
aroma. One can be fairly definite in the use of this meagre
vocabulary, but must end a description of flavor by an opinion
as to quality to which others may not ag-ree. As with pomes,
qualit}' is rated as poor, fair, good, very good, and best. De-
marcations of flavor and quality are the most unreliable parts of
fruit descriptions.

111. The stone. — The species of drupe-fruits may be distin-
guished by the stones without recourse to any other structure of
fruit or plant; groups of varieties maj^ be differentiated with
several species; and it is possible to identify almost every one
of the several hundred varieties of the peach at least from their
stones. The markings on peach stones are as distinctive as the
finger-prints of men. A stone of a drupe may be considered
as a leaf which has been folded along the midrib and united at
its margins. The midrib of the folded leaf as it appears in the
stone is the dorsal suture ; the united margins form the ventral
suture. If the suture has but one crease it is grooved; the
grooves may be deep or shallow. If there are tw^o or more
creases, the suture is furrowed. Sometimes there are narrow
thin blades projecting at right angles from the suture, in which
case it is winged.

Within a species the relative size counts; a stone may be
large or small, thin or plump. There are divers forms of which
the most common are round, ovate, obovate, oval, and elliptical.
The stones of some plums have a short neck at the base ; or base

THE FEU IT 73

and apex may have a prolonged Up; or they may be pointed,
hlunt, or miwronate. Or, rarely in peaches, plums, and apricots,
the stones are oblique, usually a mark sufficient to distinguish
the variety. Apricots are divided into two great groups as to
whether the dorsal suture is pervious or impervious. The two
surfaces of the stones are variously marked; they may be more
or less smooth, or they may be pitted or grooved, or the last two
characters may be combined. The stones vary in color from red
to brown and when red often tinge the adjoining flesh with
their color.

A grand division of peaches is made in accordance with the
adhesion of the flesh to the stone. Peaches in which the flesh
clings to the stone are clingstones; those in which it is free,
freestones. These characters depend somewhat on environment
and season, however, and in some varieties it is always doubtful,
in which case the stone is said to be half-free. There are free-
stones and clingstones among plums and cherries also, but these
characters are not as marked as in the peach. In some peaches
the stone is usually cracked in ripe fruits, as in Belle of Georgia.
There are so-called seedless drupes, as Burbank's Miracle plum,
in which the stone is but a soft scale or shell, with or without a
kernel.

A study of seeds would probably show that they vary greatly
in quality in all of the drupes as they do in apricots in which
fruit there are two great groups, one with sweet and the other
with bitter kernels. In some varieties many of the kernels are
abortive; in some sorts, many have two kernels in which case
they are donihle meated.

112. Season. — As with the pomes, the time of ripening of
drupe-fruits is very important in classifying and of course is of
prime significance to the fruit-grower. Three terms, with vari-
ous modifiers, are used in giving the season of drupes ; these are
early ^ midseason, and late.

Fruits of the Brambles

The fruits of brambles are aggregations of drupelets. That
these drupelets have the same structure as a drupe is easily
seen if a comparison is made between a drupelet of a bramble
and a peach, plum, or cherry. Each of these fruits contains

74

sys'ii:MAri(' pomolocy

one seed; each hears the iciiiains of a style; all ai'c iiuh'hiscent ;
and the seed in all is sui-i-onnded hy llesh of similar composition.
The core of these a'T'rregate frnils is the enlarjifed receptacle;
it remains on the plant in the rasphern', and comes away with
the fruit in the hlackherry and dewberry. The fruits of bram-
bles, therefore, are not berries as botanists em])loy the term;
liowever, fruit-g:rowers called them berries long before botanists
chose the woi*d for another form of fruit, and its use in the i)omo-
logical sense ri^ditfully j)ersists (Fig. 40).

113. Adherence to the recep-
tacle.— The di-upclets in the
raspberry hold strongly to the
receptacle in some varieties and
part readily in others, conditions
of little moment to the systema-
tist but of considerable conse-
quence to those who pick the
crop. Similarly, it must be
known of every variety of black-
berry how well the fruit clings
to the pedicel ; it should not
cling too tightly nor, on the
other hand, drop too readily as
the crop ripens. When the
drupelets of brambles do not adhere to each other well, the ber-
ries crumble. Crumbling varies greatly in different berries and
is of prime importance in marketing the crop, as crumbly ber-
ries are unattractive and do not ship well.

The size, texture, and color of the receptacle, commonly
called the core, must be considered in describing blackberries
and dewberries. The core may be larr/e or smally hard or soft,
each pair of alternatives connoting possible differences in value
of the fruit. The core is usually white but may be pink or
tinged with red, in either of which cases the color is a valuable
varietal characteristic. In shape it may be cylindrical or coni-
cal, long or short; sometimes its sides are convex, sometimes
concave.

114. Size, shape, and color of berries are of great impor-
tance, both in classification and in practical fruit-growing. The

Fig. 40. Lengthwise-section of a
red raspberry, a. drupelet ; b.
seed ; c. receptacle : d. calyx-
lobe.

THE FRUIT 75

same terms used in describing size in pomes and drupes may
be applied to bramble berries, but wholly different ones are
necessary to picture the shape. Bramble berries are long or
short, broad, round, cylindrical, or co7iic, and regular or irregu-
lar. If out of the ordinary, the size and shape of the drupe-
lets must be mentioned. If the shape and form of the cluster,
with the number and arrangement of flowers, has not been noted
in describing the flowers it should be in the description of fruits.
After giving the shape, the cavity of raspberries must be de-
scribed as to whether deep or shallow, narrow or broad, rough
or smooth. Next, the presence or absence of remnants of the
styles should be noted. Statement must be made of the number
of drupelets in a berry, whether few or many, or the exact
number may be given.

The color of bramble-fruits is about the best means of sepa-
rating varieties when only fruit is in hand. The colors range
from white through yellow, amber, red, and purple to black.
There are many tints and shades of these primary colors and it
is most difficult accurately to describe the exact color, but as
these berries are always self-colored and never parti-colored it
is much easier than with pomes or drupes. The drupelets may
be dull, glossy, bright, or clouded, and some are covered with
a characteristic bloom.

115. The flesh of bramble-fruits. — One notes first in testing
bramble-fruits whether the berries are dry or juicy, seedy or
having few seeds, and whether soft, hard or melting, — char-
acters which taken together constitute the texture of the fruit.
In blackberries and dewberries the core, of course, must be
taken into account in describing texture. The color of the
juice is a distinguishing mark of some species. As in other
fruits, no two varieties of brambles have quite the same flavor
but words seldom can be found to make plain the differences
between varieties or species. The usual basic terms in descrip-
tions of flavor, as, sweet, sour, subacid, qualified by various
modifiers, are used, but such expressions do not often convey
information that characterizes. Occasionally some peculiar
flavor, as bitterness or muskiness, gives character to a variety.
Quality is rated as in testing other fruits, — poor, fair, good,
very good, and best.

SrSTFMA TIC roMOl.OGY

Tin: l^>()T.\M(AL Berry

-c

The berry of the botanist is a soft and suceulent fruit having
one or more seeds. In pomology these l)otanieal berries are
represenlt'd by the p:rape, currant, gooseberry, bluel)erry, and
cranberry. Among vegetables, the tomato and eggplant are
the commonest botanical berries from cultivated plants. The
difference between a drupe and a berry is well illustrated if
one compares a plum, the structure of which
has been studied, as a typical drupe, with a
date, the ''stone" of which is a true seed
which must not be compared with the
"stone" of a plum which contains a seed.
In the grape, the berry is a ripened superior
ovary ; in the currant, gooseberry, blueberry,
and cranberry it is a ripened inferior ovary.
The structure of fruits classed as botani-
cal berries are best studied as such in sys-
tematic pomologj% but it must not be over-
looked that any small pulpy seed-fruit is a
berry in the language of the fruit-grower.
The pomologist has prior rights to the word,
as has been said, and in any but a strictly
botanical sense a raspberry, blackberry, dewberry, or straw-
berry, is as properly a berry as a grape, currant, gooseberry,
or cranberr3\

116. Fruit and seeds of the grape. — The grape, in bunch and
berry, furnishes characters whereby almost all species and varie-
ties may be recognized and classified. Substantial steps toward
classification are taken in noting the number of berries in a
bunch of gi-apes, the size, shape, and compactness of the cluster,
and the number of bunches on a shoot. Still greater progress
is made when the size, shape, color, and bloom of the berries are
recorded. The adherence of the stigma to the fruit and of the
fruit to the pedicel differ greatly in groups of grapes. In the
species cultivated commonly in Europe, Vitis vinifera, the
skin adheres tightly to the pulp; in the several cultivated spe-
cies native to North America, the skin readily slips from the
pulp. The end of the pedicel projecting into the grape is the

F^G. 41. Dorsal
view of seed of
grape, V. Lah-
rusca. a. beak ;
b. notch ; o.
chalaza ; hiliim
and raphe not
visible.

THE FRUIT

77

brush; the color of the brush is often a fine mark of distinction.
The color of the juice is a plain and certain characteristic of
some species and varieties. Thinness, thickness, flavor, and
color of pigment in the skin have more or less value as marks
of identification. Flavor and aroma of flesh are, as in all fruits,
very distinctive but most difficult to define. All species and
varieties are well distinguished by the time of ripening, and by
the keeping quality of the fruit.

In no other fruits are the seeds so
important in determining species and
varieties as in the grape. The size
and weight of seed differ greatly in
species and varieties. Thus, of na-
tive grapes, V. Labrusca has the
largest seeds, while those of V. vul-
pina are smallest. The shape and
color of seeds offer very plain distin-
guishing marks. The size, shape, and
position of the several distinct parts
of a grape seed furnish very certain
marks of recognition of several spe-
cies. These parts are : the narrow

prolonged base of the seed is called the beak (Fig. 41) ; the scar
left where the seed was attached to the seedstalk is the hilum;
the place where the seed-coats and kernel are connected is the
chalaza; the line or ridge which runs from the hilum to the
chalaza is the raphe.

117. Fruits and seeds of gooseberries and currants. — Goose-
berries and black currants are usually recognizable from the
appearance and taste of the fruits, but it is rather difficult to
separate red currants by means of fruit characters. European
gooseberries are much larger than those grown from American
species, and may be told from them by their greater size. Varie-
ties of all species of gooseberries have distinctive shapes, colors,
and flavors; some are smooth, others pubescent, and the texture
and juiciness of flesh at time of ripening vary greatly. Varie-
ties of black currants bear fruits of different sizes and each sort
has a taste and odor by which it usually may be recognized.
Size of fruit is helpful in distinguishing species of red currants,

Fig. 42. High blueberry

78

SYSmMA TIC rOMOLOdY

hut shape, color, and flaxoi- si^'iiit'y little. Tlic nuniher of cur-
rants to tlic hunch is a fairly reliahlc character, as is si/c of
hunch. Transj)arcncy of heiry characterizes several sorts. In
some varieties the i)erries are home on one side of the stem.
In some tlie hunches droop while in others they are held up
rather stiffly. The stems may he smooth or hairy. Seeds offer
few marks of distinetion in any of these fruits. The time of
ripening, as in all fruits, is imi)ortant.

118. Fruits and seeds of heath-
berries. — N'arieties of heath-fruits
are distin^iished almost wholly by
their noteworthy fruit characters.
Very little has yet been done with
descriptions of the plants. Much is
made of the size of cranberries in
classifying varieties. Figures show-
ing length and diameter of the berry
are usually given, and size is fur-
ther emphasized by stating the num-
ber of berries required to fill a half-
pint cup. Shapes of both cranber-
ries and blueberries are so simple
that they are easily depicted in a few
words or in an outline drawing. The stem offers means of identi-
fication in heath-fruits as in other stemmed fruits. Its length
and manner of insertion, whether in a neck or in a depression,
the color, and such specific and varietal differences as wartiness
and pubescence are important means of identification. The
calyx-end of the fruit may be drawn out, flattened or depressed,
and the size, shape, and position of the calyx-lobes may be
significant.

Cranberries are usually picked with scoops or raked off the
vines. In these mechanical methods of harvesting, much foreign
matter is gathered with the fruit, making it necessary to run
the crop through cleaning machines. The effectiveness of the
separation depends on the resiliency of the berries, unsound
fruits having little elasticity. It follows that a statement con-
cerning the resiliency of fruit must be made in describing
varieties. (Figs. 42, 43.)

Fig. 48. Low ltliiel)errv

THE FRUIT

79

Not all blueberries are blue. Some species are black, others
hluish-hlack, blue, or light blue, and varieties of some species
are white, pink, or red. In all species and varieties of blue-
berries and huckleberries the amount and character of the bloom
are noteworthy. As species of these fruits are improved by the
introduction of new varieties, Avider ranges in color, size, and
shape of fruit may be expected.

In no fruits do the seed and seed-cavities count for as much
in classification and value as in the heath-fruits. In cran-
berries the number of seeds in varieties vary from seedlessness
to 150 seeds; the lower the average number for a variety the
better. In huckleberries there are commonly ten nutlets, which
are large enough to make the fruits unpleasant in eating. In
blueberries the seeds are small and numerous ; the size and num-
ber materially affect the palatability of the fruit. The thick-
ness of the flesh between seed-cavity and surface is important
in the classification of cranberries.

The Fruits of the Strawberry

A strawberry is a juicy edible spurious fruit of any species of
Fragaria. The spurious fruit is the receptacle, while the true

fruits are the seed-like struc-
tures borne upon the much
enlarged edible receptacle
(Fig. 44). The seed-like
structures, called achenes,
are the true fruits because
they are the ripened pistils.
The fruit-like receptacle,
when ripe, is a solid, round,
pulpy, cone-shaped struc-
ture, usually red, about the
base of which is a flat rim to
which were attached the
floral and reproductive or-
gans.
119. Fruit characters of the strawberry. — The size of berries
is usually unreliable for purposes of classification, although the
fruits of some sorts run uniformly small and of others large.

Fig. 44. Fruit of strawberry, a.
achene ; b. cortex of receptacle : c.
medulla of receptacle ; d. calyx-lobe.

80

sysri:M.\ tic pomolocy

Sliapc ol" rniit is tlic most rcliiihlc disl iii«,Miisliiii<^r mark. The
commonest shapes are (fhhjuy, oblate, come, round, and wcdye-
sJidpi . A eomhination of these terms is re(|uire(l to describe tlie
sliape of most vai-ieties. X'arieties with fruits of corlxscomh-
shape are oeeasionally found, and Ix'rries of any of the sluij)es
jriven may ho ncchcd. Berries of some varieties are furro-wed;
of some, markedly rrf/ular; of others, irregular. The apex of
tlie berry in different varieties nmy l)e pointed, ohtiise, indented,
green-tipped, hard, or soft (Fig. 45).

Fig. 45. Shapes of strawberries. 1. Wedge-shaped.
Round. 4. Long-coDic.

Round-conic,

The color of strawberries varies from white to red and some-
times dark maroon. The usual descriptive terms are light red,
medium red, and dark red to which dull, or glossy are often
prefixed. Very often the shades and tints of red are marbled,
although more commonly the color is uniform. Dark red varie-
ties are preferred in the markets. White berries are usually
blushed wdth pink. A white apex is a defect.

The color of the flesh is as reliable a guide to identity as
that of the surface. The flesh is usually described as lighter red
than the surface, or darker red than the surface. The flesh is
w^hiter tow^ard the center. Dark red flesh is most and white
flesh least desired. The red color must persist in canned straw-
berries in a well-finished product.

Texture and juiciness of pulp are so variable as to have little
value in classification, but are most important characters to the
berry-growler. For either shipping or canning the flesh must
be firm. Descriptions should set forth whether or not the flesh is
dry or juicy ; coarse, fine-grained, or stringy; and whether the

THE FRUIT 81

core is hollow^ hardy or soft. Fig strawber^ries are those so
sweet and dry that they may be sun-dried, and so make a fig-like
product.

The flavors are sweet, neutral, subacid, tart, and sour, descrip-
tive terms which are nearly always qualified by mild, or
sprightly, insipid, or rich. All strawberries have a more or less
distinctive aroma. Subacid sorts are in greatest demand. Cli-
mate and soil modify flavor and quality more than in most other
fruits. Quality is rated by the usual terms: hest, very good,
good, poor, and very poor.

Seeds are of small importance in classification, but should be
described, as in several ways they affect the value of the berry.
A full description should usually state whether the seeds are
few or many, large or small, brown or yellow, sunken or raised.
The seeds in the best berries are few and small. Yellow seeds
make a more attractive berry than dark ones. The flesh is better
protected when seeds are raised than when sunken ; berries with
raised seeds carry to market better.

(MIAPTKK^ VIII
PJIYSIOIJXHCAL CUAIIACTKU^

There are various i)henomeiia incidental to or a part of the
lihysiolo^y of plants that are often characteristic of species and
varieties of fruits. They cannot, as a rule, be used in forma!
systems of classification hut oujrht generally to be set down when
present in full descriptions in pomolog>'. Pomologists usually
include these under the very vague term constitutional char-
acters. Some of them are of vital importance in the business
of growing fruit, and belong rather more properly in a treatise
on fruit-growing than in a text on systematic pomology, but
have suffi('i(Mit value to the systematist to merit brief discussion.

120. Hardiness. — The capacity to endure cold, which all
pomologists agree in calling hardiness, varies greatly in hardy
fruits and so helps to characterize varieties. It is, therefore,
worth noting as a mark of identification, and since a knowl-
edge of a plant's capacity to endure cold is of prime impor-
tance to those who cultivate a fruit, what is known of the
hardiness of a species or a variety must be put in its description.
The notion is current that acclimatization takes place in varie-
ties of fruit ; that is, for example, that a tender sort may become
more capable of enduring cold. However, scientific reporters on
hardiness, whether observers or experimenters, seem not to have
recorded cases of such acclimatization. Varieties are exceedingly
variable in hardiness depending on many environmental
conditions.

There are other adverse conditions of climate than extreme
cold to which plants are more or less resistant, and which may
be noteworthy in a description. Plants vary much in capacity
to resist heat, wetness, dryness, sunlight, and shade.

In making notes on hardiness, comparisons are valuable.
Thus in every locality and with every fruit, it is common knowl-
edge that some sorts are hardy and others less so or tender. A

82

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS 83

statement that a new fruit does or does not equal an old and
standard sort in this respect puts the matter in the clearest
possible way before fruit-growers. In nearly every part of
the country, lists showing the relative hardiness of common
varieties of the several fruits may be obtained from one source
or another, and from these fairly accurate comparisons can
be made.

121. Fruit-bearing habits. — The fruit-bearing habits of the
several cultivated fruits seem to be fixed, subject to some modi-
fication by pruning and other cultural treatment. Some varie-
ties are productive, others less so, and some are unproductive.
The age at which plants come in bearing is a marked character-
istic of species and varieties, especially in pome-fruits. Wag-
ener, Bismark, and Oldenburg, among apples, are examples of
varieties that come in bearing in two or three years from setting
or may even bear in the nurser^^ row ; Northern Spy and Sutton,
on the other hand, often do not bear until set eight, ten or
twelve years. These characters are of little worth in classifying
but are of prime importance in gauging the value of a variety.

The biennial bearing habit in pomes has long been considered
a varietal characteristic, but several reliable experimenters now
seem to have proved that it is due to faulty nutrition whereby
trees make too great vegetative growth. There can be no doubt,
however, that some varieties have a hereditary habit of bearing
biennially, others annually, and that there are other character-
istic habits in bearing. Such habits are always noteworthy in
descriptions.

122. Longevity. — Length of life is another constitutional char-
acter that must be noted. Species and varieties have different
degrees of longevity. Baldwin, Northern Spy, and Winesap are
long-lived apples; Rome Beauty, Wealthy, and Wagener are
short-lived. These are true varietal differences due to nature
and not to nurture and cannot be greatly changed by culture.

123. Natural resistance to disease and insect pests. — The
degree of susceptibility to fungous diseases and insect pests is,
in many fruits, a varietal difference which may be used in
classifying, especially in grouping varieties. It is to the cul-
tivator and plant-breeder, however, that knowledge of the be-
havior of varieties to pests is most valuable.

84 SYS'l KMAI JC J'OMOLOCY

Entoinoloj^ists ;iiul [Aaui ])atli()l(»^ists in any I'l'gion ciiu fur-
nish lists oi" varieties showinjj^ (•()iiii)arativt' resistance in ai)i)les
to eodlin-nu)tli, the aphids, San -Jose scah', fii"e-l)li*,'ht, ai)ple-
scab, eedar-rust, hitter-rot, and erown-^all ; pears show great
varietal differences to tlie dreach'd blight or to psylla ; peaches
to leaf-curl or brown-rot; plums to black-knot; or grajx^s to
j)hylloxera and the mikk'ws. These are l)ut examples which
can be extended in these and other fruits. Descriptions of fruits
in every text or treatise, whether bulletin, catalogue, horticul-
tural magazine, pomology, or even note-book should give this
information.

124. The adaptation of varieties to different environments. —
\'arieties of all fiuils dilit'er widely among themselves in adapta-
tion to a particular region, soil, or set of conditions. Thus, the
the AVinesap, Romanite, and Ben Davis groups of apples are pre-
eminently well adapted to southern apple regions ; the Fameuse,
Blue Pearmain, and Baldwin groups to New York, New England,
and Canada. It is hardly too much to say that every variety
of every fruit has an ideal soil, climate, and method of culture.
Some varieties of every fruit can be grown under more diverse
conditions than others, in which case such adaptability becomes
a valuable asset; the Baldwin apple, Bartlett pear, Elberta
peach, Montmorency cherry, and Concord grape are examples
of varieties of great adaptability to soil, climate, and care and
thereby have attained the high place which they hold in the
fruit-lists of this continent. So far as possible varietal likes
and dislikes of all important environmental conditions must be
set down in a description.

125. Permanency of varieties. — It is a common belief that
varieties change for better or worse. It is thought, on the one
hand, that varieties may become more desirable, or better
adapted to conditions to which they were not at first suited ; or,
on the other hand they degenerate through unfavorable varia-
tions. As a corollary, some fruit-growers and nurserymen think
that they can improve varieties by continuous selection of
buds for propagation from trees showing favorable variations.
However, the weight of scientific authority is against the theory
that varieties propagated from cuttings, grafts or bud do or can
be changed through the variations that appear in orchard plants.

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS 85

Most of the evidence seems to show that heredity is complete
in plants propagated from vegetative parts, and that fruit-
growers may expect a variety grown under the same conditions
to behave indefinitely as did the original plant. The variations
which appear in varieties are for the most part due to environ-
ment and come and go with changes.

Whether or not varieties are permanent is most important to
systematic pomologists. If plants are continually changing or
being changed, the task of classification is much more difficult,
if, indeed, such instability would not make it worthless. In
systematic pomology there is conclusive proof that varieties
are not changing except in the rare cases of bud-sports ; thou-
sands of varieties of fruits which have passed through many
generations of vegetative propagation are today as they were
at their time of origin.

126. Correlations. — Some of the organs of plants are so
related to each other that a modification in the structure or
function of one brings a change in another. Such phenomena
are called correlations. The nature of these linkages of organs
and functions is obscure, but their existence is important and a
search for them is imperative to those w^ho describe plants, as
knowledge of correlations is most helpful to all who work to
improve plants. Correlations are not common phenomena, but
the occasional rewards to those who seek them make the search
fascinating.

To illustrate the importance of correlations in pomology and
plant-breeding a few examples may be given : Luxuriance of
foliage and fruit-bearing are mutually antagonistic; high color
of fruits in pomes and luxuriant foliage are antagonistic. Black
or red color in Labrusca grapes is usually associated with a
foxy odor and taste. Short bunches of fruit in all grapes are
correlated with short joints in the canes. Varieties of peaches
with glandless leaves are most susceptible to leaf mildew. The
color of the inside of the calyx-cup of peaches is correlated with
the color of the ripened fruits ; varieties having calyx-cups with
green inner surfaces bear white-fleshed peaches, orange inner
surfaces, yellow-fleshed peaches. Reniform glands in peaches
are correlated with ' crenate margins in the leaves ; globose
glands, wdth serrate-crenate glands.

so SYS'IKMATIC J'()M()L()(;Y

According to Sliaw, the i'orni of tlic top of an a])ple-tree can
l)c foretold from the leaf-angles on a one-year whip; if the
angle is sharp, the top will he upright in growth; if broad, the
top will be spreading. Shaw also says that varieties bearing
green-fruited apples have leaves of a clear green color; leaves
of red-fruited varieties are darker and have a purplish or bluish
east.

The leaves and especially the veins of yellow-tleshed peaches
have a distinct tinge of yellow; those of white-fleshed peaches are
green ; of red-fleshed sorts red or reddish.

White-fruited Rotundifolia grapes are borne on plants which
have white shoots, nodes, aerial roots and vines; black-fruited
grapes of this species are produced on plants in which these
organs are reddish. These are but examples and types of many
correlations on record.

127. Variations caused by climate. — Fruits vary greatly in
different climates, and account must be taken of these variations
in all systematic work. Every climate has its own type of
plants, — modifications by the environment. Cold climates re-
duce stature; shorten growths; intensify the colors of fruits;
give richer and sweeter flavors; and cut short the gi'owing sea-
son. Dry climates reduce the size and number of leaves ; dimin-
ish growth in length ; and develop aromatic flavors in fruits.
The farther north, the shorter is the time between life events,
as leafing and blooming. A variety is so different grown in
New York, Virginia, Texas, Utah, and Oregon, that judged by
its fruits it might easily be mistaken for five distinct varieties.
Brought from these several states to one locality, trees and
fruits snap back into the original variety with uniform char-
acters. It is useless to try to propagate the type that develops
in a new or peculiar climate ; the modification lasts only as long
as the plant remains in the strange environment.

128. Variations caused by soils. — As with climates, so with
soils, — each distinctive soil or unusual condition of land brings
about modifications in the plant and its product. In dry warm
soils, the plant is short and stocky; comes in bearing early;
the crop matures early; the fruits are highly colored; and the
length of time the fruits will keep is shortened. In cool moist
soils, plant and fruit take an opposite trend. In very rich

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS 87

soils, especially those abundantly supplied with nitrogen, luxuri-
ant growth is induced with diminished fruitfulness, and poorly
colored fruits, although the size may be increased. These are
general statements, to which there may be exceptions, and which
affect different fruits in varying degrees, but they illustrate
some of the kinds of variations that may be looked for in classify-
ing fruits taken from different environments.

129. Variations caused by cultivation. — Used in its broad
sense to include tillage, pruning, irrigation, fertilizing, spacing
plants, thinning and all of the items of care which the cultivator
gives his plants, cultivation is as provocative of variations in
fruits as soil or climate. Apples grown in sod bear smaller
redder fruits than those from cultivated trees. Under irriga-
tion all fruit-plants produce larger fruits which are usually
thought to be less richly flavored than those on land not irri-
gated. Bunch and berry of the grape are modified by the method
of pruning the vine. In a study of varieties for classification,
identification, or to determine value, the student must take into
account the cultural treatment the plants have received.

130. Variations caused by stocks. — To propagate true to
name cultivated fruit-trees are nearly always unions of two
plants. The fruiting part develops from a graft or bud taken
from a parent variety and is the cion. The stem or root upon
which the cion develops is the stock. In the adjustments of
stock and cion to each other there are reciprocal influences,
which, especially in the case of the cion, must be considered by
the systematist in pomology. The stock is found to influence
the cion in several ways: It usually modifies the size of the
cion ; the adaptability of a variety to a soil is regulated by the
stock; the relations of the variety to climate may be modified;
age of bearing, productiveness, and other fruiting habits are
influenced ; the time of maturity may be changed ; size, color
and quality of fruit are usually influenced ; some stocks shorten
and others lengthen the life of the trees of which they are a
part. These examples of variations caused by the stock make
plain the necessity of knowledge about the stock upon which
the tree and fruit to be classified were produced.

CHAPTER IX
MFAIIODS OF WOHK IN SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Some consideration must be given to work in systematic
pomology and methods of doing it. The material for labora-
tory work differs so widely in separate fruit regions, the courses
in systematic pomologj^ and the time given to them vary so
greatly, that it seems unwise to offer directions for laboratory
study, but such there must be and much of it if student or
fruit-groAver are to learn the principles and facts of systematic
pomology sufficiently weU to make them useful.

131. Materials for work in systematic pomology. — It is use-
less to attempt to study systematic pomology without living
plants and their fruits. These living specimens must be studied
in the scientific spirit ; that is, with reference to the relationships
of the different groups of fruits and to the structure of plant and
fruit, as distinguished from informal nature-study on the one
hand, or as to the value of the product for food on the other.
Too often systematic pomology is concerned only with a com-
modity,— the product to the neglect of the plant. Fruits are
often obtainable when the plants are not, but in this case the
study is incomplete, for material is adequate only when plant
and fruit are both at hand.

Museum specimens to the exclusion of fresh material are
almost worthless, but a collection of wax models, if well made,
especially if well colored, can be used to advantage in laboratory
work in schools and colleges. Similarly, the descriptions and
colored plates in a series of books on the apple, peach, pear,
plum, cherry, and grape published by the New York Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, in which nearly all of those fruits
now grown in America are described and illustrated, furnish
valuable supplemental material. For the study of leaf, twig, and
flower characters, herbarium specimens are almost indispensable.

88

METHODS OF WORK IN SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 89

132. The requisites of a good description. — The first step in
the study of a fruit is to make a written description of it. De-
scriptions are the foundation and framework of systematic
pomology. No one can hope to see all of the varieties in any
of the major fruits at one time and must, therefore, depend on
his own or the descriptions of another in the work of classifying.
A good description of plant and fruit, to one equipped to in-
terpret it, is far more satisfactory than models or herbarium
specimens which show but parts of what must be studied. There
are no definite rules for making descriptions ; individuality must
have full play, and each worker must describe what he sees.
However, some requisites to a good description can be set forth.

133. Two methods of describing fruit. — There are two
methods of describing plants. In one, all prominent characters
of the plant are described; in the other, for the most part, only
the differential characters by which the plant is distinguished
from its nearest relatives are depicted. In good descriptions
there is always a combination in greater or less degree of the
two methods, but one or the other predominates. In a botanical
description it is a question whether the second method is not
the better if combined with a terse general account of the plant
as a whole, but in pomology every character of importance to
the systematist or the cultivator must be described, for few
who read pomological literature have the knowledge or training
to estimate correctly plant differences which can be set forth
only by one familiar with the whole field of systematic pomology.

134. The necessity of full descriptions. — In a full pomological
description stem, branch, leaves, flowers, and fruit must be
described. Insufficient characterization is the chief fault of
systematic pomology. The need of fullness is more and more
recognized; however, sometimes too much is written. Seldom,
indeed, is it necessary to describe every aspect of a fruit, and
a judicious selection of the characters must be made. Even
when all important characters are to be described, much em-
phasis must be placed on the differential marks of the plant
whereby it can be most easily distinguished from its nearest
relatives. Finally, information must be given as to the origin,
history, originator, range of the fruit, and a statement of where
grown.

90 SYsrKMATir J'OMOLOGY

135. Descriptive blanks. — Tlu- lal)()r of inakiii«r descriptions is
frreatly lessciu'd, and nsually tlie resnlt is better, if a formal
outline is used. If many are to l)e made, a i)rinted blank is
very convenient. Those shown in this text have been found
by tiie New York Agricultural Ex})eriment Station, where many
thousands of fruits have been described, to answer the require
ments of full plant portraits. Modifications of particulars in
these outlines may improve them for special purposes. There
are many advantages in uniformity, and if pomologists would
use similar descriptive forms and similar arrangement of ma-
terial in their published accounts, comparisons would be made
much more easily and would be much more accurate. Pomol-
ogists have much to learn from botanists in descriptive work, —
indeed, thorough grounding in systematic botany is good train-
ing, almost indis^^ensable, for the sj'stemati-st in pomologJ^

In describing a fruit, the pomologist must use all the keenness
of insight he possesses. After he publishes, he can never escape
the responsibility for his work, w^hich, especially in the ease of
new varieties, is of considerable mao-nitude. His descriptions
will be estimated by their clearness, accuracy, and the use of
differential characters. The beginner in descriptive work often
makes the mistake of following too closely the printed form with
the result that his description is a lifeless skeleton; to put life
in this skeleton he must indicate the relative diagnostic impor-
tance of the characters, note important characteristics that may
not appear in the outline, show relationships between the plant
in hand and similar ones, — in a ^vord, paint the truest picture
possible of the plant he is describing.

136. Terminology of descriptive pomology. — The special
terms pertaining to a science or art constitute its terminology.
It is necessary that every science and art have a technical
terminology to increase clearness and save space in descriptive
discussions. One who does not know the terminology of po-
mology might take a large page to describe the Concord grape,
while one versed in grape terminology" could more clearly de-
scribe the fruit and plant in a quarter as much space. A good
command of pomological and botanical terminology enables
fruit-growers to use more sympathetic means of intercommuni-
cation among themselves and to work side by side with those

Plate V. Nectarine— The Hunter.

METHODS OF WORK IN SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 91

interested in other studies of plants, for botany and pomology
are always in close touch.

The pomologist must have thorough familiarity with the
terminology of systematic botany, gained only by study and
experience, to describe without doubts as to meanings of words
and to choose the most accurate and illuminating terms. Even
so, much that he sets down is but an expression of personal
judgments and not records of exact facts. This must always
be kept in mind in interpreting the descriptions of another. Is
the quality good or best ? Is the flavor tart or mild ? Is a grape
foxy or musky? Is a fruit large or very large? Is the bloom
light or heav}^? The answers are largely personal opinions
which carry weight in accordance with the pomological reputa-
tion of the describer.

137. Pomological nomenclature. — Classification presupposes
nomenclature. Names of plants are names of groups; to group
is to classify; naming is classifying. Classification and nomen-
clature go together in systematic pomology, and are so intimately
connected that neither subject can be considered alone. Some
systematists seem to deal only with names, and thus have
brought systematic work in the natural sciences in disrepute.
Controversies over nomenclature there have always been and
alwaA's will be, most of which arise from attempts to make hard
and fast rules that will cover all cases, and because the rules of
some codes are retroactive. These faults, when marked, instigate
the making of new codes. In horticultural plants, also, the
names of varieties have money value to introducers of novelties,
so that rigid rules which are retroactive may cause serious finan-
cial loss. Unfortunately the nomenclature of pomologj^ has
never been governed by a code which the majority of pomologists
would recognize.

In the United States by common consent pomologists in ex-
periment stations and agricultural colleges have for many years
used the codes of nomenclature adopted from time to time by
the American Pomological Society. Nurserymen and fruit-
growers who follow any code also recognize that of the American
Pomological Society as the authority, but many workers in the
fruit industries are a law unto themselves in the matter of plant
names with the result that there is much confusion in pomologi-

cal iiuiiiciK'latiiro. Tlic I'ollowin;^' is tiic ])i-esent code of the
American Pomoloj?ical Snciciy.

COOK OF FRFTT XO^rFNCLATURP:

American- Pomological Society

This code aims to establish a simple and clear system of pomological
nomenclature that shall be appropriate and stable. Accordingly it is
urged that all persons naming new varieties of fruits choose simple one-
\vor<l names that are fittingly expressive of some character, quality, place,
person, or event associated with the source, time or place or origin of the
variety.

The paramount right of the originator, discoverer, or introducer of a
new variety to name it, within the limitations of this code, is recognized
and established.

The term "kind" as herein used shall be understood to apply to those
general classes of fruits which are grouped together in common usage
without regard to their exact botanical relationship, as apple, cherry, grape,
peach, plum, raspberry, etc.

I. Form of Names

1. Names of new varieties shall be of one word preferably, but two words
may be accepted. Names of existing varieties shall not be changed in
such way as to lead to confusion or loss of identity.

2. The spelling and pronunciation of a variety name shall be the same
as that of the person, place, substance, circumstance, or quality from which
it is derived.

3. A possessive noun shall not be used.

4. Initials should not be used as a part of a variety name.

5. A name shall not be formed by the compounding or hyphenating of
two or more existing names, but this does not prohibit the formation of
a one-word name by the use of parts of two or more existing names. The
hyphen shall not be used between the words of a name. Thus, neither
Bartlett-Seckel nor Bar-Seek may be used, but Barseck is admissible.

6. Such general terms as seedling, hybrid, beurre, damson, pippin, rare-
ripe, bigarreau, should not be used.

7. A variety imported from a foreign country should retain its foreign
name, subject only to such modification as is necessary to conform it to
this code, and provided that names having a recognized English equivalent
may be, but are not necessarily, so rendered.

8. The name of a person shall not be applied to a variety in his lifetime
without his consent.

9. The name of a deceased person shall not be applied to a variety ex-
cept through formal action by some competent pomological body, preferably
that with which the deceased was most closely associated.

METHODS OF WORK IN SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 93

II. Priority, Usage and Duplication

10. The name first published for a variety shall be the accepted and
recognized name except when contrary to the provisions of this code; but
names established by usage in American pomological literature may be
retained even though they do not conform to these rules.

11. A name once used shall not be used again for a variety of the same
kind, except that a name once established through long usage for two or
more American varieties shall not be displaced for either or radically modi-
fied unless a well-known synonym can be used in its place; or when no
such synonym is available, the varieties bearing identical names may be
distinguished by the addition of the name of the author who first described
each, or by some other suitable distinguishing term.

III. Publication, Description and Citation

12. Publication consists in: (1) The public distribution of a printed
name and description or characterization of the fruit; (2) the publication
of a new name for a variety described elsewhere under a different name,
number, or other untenable designation, the synonym being given.

13. Publication of a name may be made in any book, bulletin, report,
trade catalogue or periodical of public distribution and bearing date of issue.

14. But a varietal name may be established by current usage in the
locality of its origin, when well-known, and shall be considered as pub-
lished and have precedence over a later printed name for the same variety.

15. Complete description of a variety consists of a detailed account of
the characteristics of the plant, foliage, flowers, fruit, and habit of growth,
so as to distinguish it from other varieties of similar appearance.

16. The type of a variety is the fruit of the original plant; and type
descriptions or illustrations shall be made from material produced by the
original plant, or when this is not available, from a plant as near as possible
to the original in asexual reproduction, and preferably grown in the same
pomological region.

17. The full citation of a variety name consists of the name of the author
who first described the variety, and the name, page, and date of the pub-
lication in which the description first appeared. An author-citation fol-
lowing a name refers to the author of the original description of a variety:
e.g., Turley, C.P.C. Names of authors and published works may be abbre-
viated, in accordance with the usages of this Society.

Adopted November 8, 1923, at the
New York meeting of the Society.

138. Fruit exhibits. — Wherever fruits are grown in com-
mercial quantities or widely for home use, competitive exhibi-
tions are held that varieties may be better evaluated. These
exhibitions give pomologists opportunities to see new fruits, and

94 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

to identify, dcscrilx', classify, and make (M)nij)aris<)ns of the
products of llic orcliai'd. Here, students in a<::ricuit ui-al colleges
and schools and j)r()fessi()nal i)oni()lo|^ists <,Min technical i)erfee-
tion in the appraisement of varieties. The exercise of jud<^inj^
fruits at these exhibitions is in voj?ue in colleges and schools
as a part or as a substitute for a course in systematic pomoh)gy.
Kxcellent in itself, such fruit judgin«i- should not take the place
of work covering: a niuch wider field. The student in jud«^ing
ai)i)i-aises but a few characters of the fruit, none of the tree, and
has no opportunity to study tlie pomological and botanical rela-
tions of fruits. Fruit judginj^ is excellent practice for persons
who have completed a course in systematic pomology, but is a
poor substitute.

In fruit exhibitions as now conducted the country over the
standing of the displays entered are gauged by comparisons.
Decisions are reached by deciding whether this fruit or this
collection is better than that or than any number of other ex-
hibits in the same class. The display which carries off the palm
of merit is usually awarded a prize. ]\Iost experienced judges
carry the comparisons they must make in the mind but some
use a score-card, the footings . on which determine where the
prizes shall go. In student contests the score-card is indis-
pensable, and those controlling exhibitions usually suggest or
insist that the judges follow a particular score-card for the
entries in their exhibit. Score-cards are many and almost as
varied as the fruits and the regions in which fruit is grown,
but the principle is the same in all, and it must suffice for this
text to set it down and then give a typical example of the cards
now in common use.

139. Score-cards for fruit exhibits.— A score-card is a tabu-
lated form giving the chief features of a fruit, in which a
number of points is stated for each, the total summing 100, or
1000 for perfection. The judge appraises the characters of the
entries against the scale of perfection. Thus, as in the score-
card printed in the next paragraph for a plate of apples or
pears, form counts 15, size 15, color 25, uniformity 25, freedom
from blemishes 20, total 100. The judge decides what rating
a plate of fruit should have within the limits set for the five
features named. The plate scoring the highest number of points

METHODS OF WORK IN SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 95

is awarded the prize. The Society for Horticultural Science
recommends the following score-cards for use in the United
States and Canada.

SCOEE-CARDS FOR FRUITS

Single Plate Score-Cards for Fruit of a Given Variety
Apple and Pear Peach and Cherry

Form 15 Form 10

Size 15 Size 20

Color 20 Color 25

Uniformity 20 Uniformity 20

Freedom from blemish 30 Freedom from blemish 25

Total 100 Total 100

Quality when scored. ... 25 Quality when scored 25

Plum Quince

Form 10 Form 15

Size 25 Size 20

Color 20 Color 15

Uniformity 20 Uniformity 20

Freedom from blemish 25 Freedom from blemish 30

Total 100 Total 100

Quality when scored 25

Grape

Form of bunch 10

Size of bunch 15

Size of berry 10

Color 10

Uniformity 10

Freedom from blemish 20

Quality 20

Firmness 5

Total 100

Collection of Fruits with Specified Number of Plates

Value of varieties for purpose stated 50

Condition of fruit (Average of individual plate score) 50

Total 100

Largest and Best Collection

Numbers of varieties 33 1/3

Value of varieties for purposes stated 33 1/3

Condition of fruit (Average of individual plate score) 33 1/3

Total 100

96

^' YS TKMA TIC rOMOLOii Y

SCORE-CARD FOR SWFF^PRTAK KS PRIZES

Or Othkr CoMPP-.TiTioNs Between DirrERENT Variktik?; of Packed Fruit

Box

Toxturo and flavor ....

Value of variety

Size and form

Color

rniforniity 100

Froodoni from l»lonii.slirs. . 130
Total

100
100

ion

120

650

Box

Material 30

Marking 10

Solidity ( Mailing cleats,

etc.)' 10

Total

50

Barrel

Texture an<l flavor 100

Value of variety 100

Size aiul form 100

(\)lor 100

Uniformity 100

Freedom from Idemishes. . l.'O

Total

650

Barrel

Staves 10

Hoops 10

Heads 10

Nailing 20

Marking 20

Total

70

Box

Bulge or swell 100

Alignment 20

Height of ends 60

Compactness 80

Attractiveness and style of

packing 40

Total

300

Barrel

Facing 80

Tailing 50

Pressing 70

Eacking 80

Total

280

1000

1000

For Barrels and Boxes of a Gi\t:n Variety
Box Barrel

Texture and flavor 100

Size and form 100

Color 150

Uniformity 150

Freedom from blemishes. . 150

Total

650

Texture and flavor 100

Size and form 100

Color 150

Uniformity 150

Freedom from blemishes. . 150

Total

650

Box

Material 30

Marking 10

Solidity (Nailing, cleats,

etc.) 10

Total

50

Barrel

Staves 10

Hoops 10

Heads 10

Nailing 20

Marking 20

Total

70

METHODS OF WORK IN SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY 97

Box Barrel

Bulge or swell 100 Facing 80

Alignment 20 Tailing 50

Height of ends 60 Pressing 70

Attractiveness and style ... 40 Racking 80

Compactness 80

Total 300 Total 280

1000 1000

Definition of Terms

Form in all cases refers to the normal type of the variety, region of
growth considered.

Size. The most acceptable commercial size for the variety should be
the ideal. This should be somewhat above the average size for the variety
in regions where it is well grown. Extremely large size should be dis-
couraged.

Color. In red, blushed or striped pomaceous fruits high clear color is
desirable. In typically green or uncolored fruits a blush shall not be
considered either favorably or otherwise. In drupaceous and vine fruits
the highest color is the most acceptable.

Uniformity. This factor infers that all fruits shall be uniform in form,
size and color.

Quality. When scored shall include texture, juiciness, flavor, aroma and
any other characters that may give pleasure to the palate.

CHAPTER X
METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION

Systematic botany, of which systematic pomolo^ry is a part,
is concerned with naming:, describing, and chissifying i)lants in
groups. The orderly arrangement of plants is classification.
Several systems of classification have been in use, and others
proposed, but the one which now meets with the approval of
scientific workers has as its basis the theory of evolution. It
is assumed for the foundation of this system that all plants have
descended from a few original forms, or one form, and that the
relationships of these descendants can be shown in classification.
In this evolutionary scheme the most prominent and the most
peculiar structures of the plants are considered with the view of
grouping together those which are most similar in a number of
structures, taking it for granted that plants nearest related to
each other in descent will fall into the same group. This is the
Natural System in contradistinction to Artificial Systems in
which one structure, or set of structures, serves as a basis of
grouping and in which there is no attempt to express rela-
tionships.

The groups employed in the Natural System of classification
are : —

140. Individuals. — A single or particular plant as distin-
guished from a group is an indimdxial. If the seeds of an apple
are sown, several individual apple-trees may result, which,
though never identical, are similar in root, branch, flower, and
fruit. Seeds sown from apples grown on another tree bring
forth similar plants, showing greater unlikeness from those of
the first sowing than the offspring from the seeds from any one
apple. Differences between trees become greater until eventually
the unlikenesses become more apparent than the likenesses, and
another group is proposed, as the pear, possibly, for one set of
variants and the crab for another. Such groups, perhaps arti-

METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION 99

ficially and arbitrarily created to aid in classifying, are species.
As the usual unit in botanical classification, this group must have
more particular consideration.

141. Species. — A species is a continuing succession of like in-
dividuals. This definition seems to give species a permanency
which they do not possess, and must be qualified by the state-
ment that all species are derived from other species and from all
may develop still other species. A species may not be a natural
but a man-made group delimited from series of plants in the
attempt to classify in accordance with the best light at the
moment, but with the expectation that when more is known
about the plants the groups called species may be reformed.
The only object in making species is to group the plants on the
earth so that those who work with them, whether agriculturist,
forester or botanist, may do so more conveniently. The word
species is either singular or plural.

142. Varieties. — Individuals in a species are assumed to show
close similarity in all essential characters. No two of them,
however, as has been said, are exactly alike. Variation is found
in all species. When there are groups of variant forms in a
species growing in the wild, such an assemblage is a botanical
variety; or, and more particularly when the variation is well
marked and certainly known to be hereditary, a sub-species.
Thus, in Prunus americana, the American plum, a group is
readily distinguished by the amount and character of pubescence
on the leaves and is, therefore, set off as a botanical variety,
P. americana mollis, the w^oolly-leaved plum. Classifiers often
differ as to whether a certain group should be called a species
or a variety. There is no way of settling the disputes. Usually
the opinion is accepted of the man who is considered the best
authority on the plants classified.

Those who cultivate plants use the name variety to distinguish
seed and vegetative variations from botanical varieties, often to
the confusion of those employing the terms. Strongly marked
variations of farm and garden crops coming true to seed are
seed varieties. Sorts of onions, peas, beans, wheat, corn, or
clover are listed in seedsmen's catalogues as varieties. These
seed varieties are commonly annuals or sometimes biennials.

The sorts of tree, bush, vine, and small-fruits, as well as many

100 SYSTEMATIC I'OMOhOGY

tiiborous-rootcd plants, of wliidi the jjotato and dalilia are ex-
ainplcs. do not as a rnlc conu' true to seed l»nt aiT j)r()pa^'"at('d
by division of vcjifctativt' i)arts, — from euttin^^s, dons, buds,
offsets, bulbs, and tubers, — and are hence ealled vegetative
varieties. Differenees between vej^^etative vai-ieties seem to be
permanent tlirou^di lon^ series of {i:enerations. Heredity is ap-
parently eomi)lete in vegetative varieties, exeej)t in the rare eases
of bud-variations wliieh on trial prove to eome true as the nec-
tarine from tlie peach.

\'arieties are the units in the classification of fruits just as
species are in botanical classifieation, with the advantage for
varieties that they are far less variable and do not shade off
from one form into another as do many species. Nearly all
varieties of fruits come from seeds, but rarely they arise as
mutations from buds, in which case they are called hud-varieties;
or more commonly among pomologists they are known as sports,
which is not so precise a term, as the latter may arise from seeds
as well as buds.

143. Genera. — Just as individuals may be grouped in species,
so the latter may be put into more comprehensive assemblages.
Groups of closely related species form genera. Species are com-
monly brought together in a genus in accordance wdth similari-
ties in the form, arrangement, and number of parts of the flower
and fruit. The peach and common plum belong to distinct
species and differ from each other markedly in tree, leaf, fruit,
and in the size and color of their flowers, but the form, arrange-
ment, and number of parts of their flow'ers are so nearly alike
that the two species are put in the same genus by most botanists.
In some genera there are many species, in others few, and still
others are re})i"esented by only a single si)ecies.

144. Orders, classes, and divisions of plants. — There are still
greater groups, more comprehensive assemblages, than genera.
Just as species are grouped into genera, genera in turn are
brought together in orders or families. In English parlance
family is preferred, as Family Rosaceas; popularly, a botanist
would write the Rose Family. Orders having characters in
common are assembled into Classes, and when classes have dis-
tinctive characters that are similar \h^y are finally grouped into
Divisions.

METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION 101

These several assemblages may be subdivided into suh -species,
sub-genera, sub-orders, sub -classes, and sub -divisions.

145. Botanical names of plants.— The formal or scientific
name of a plant consists of two Latin words, the first that of the
genus and the second that of the species to which the plant
belongs. Thus, Primus is the name of the genus to which all
plums belong; Primus doniestica is the common plum from
Europe, and P. americana of a conspicuous native plum. All
botanical names are Latinized ; those of genera are of one word,
a substantive; those of species also one word, commonly an
adjective, which must agree with the generic name in grammati-
cal form. The names of botanical varieties, always modifiers,
follow the specific names, until recently Avith the prefix var.
but now frequently without; as Primus americana mollis. This
system of nomenclature is in use b}^ all biologists and is called
the Binomial System, although in botanical varieties the name
is a trinomial, particularly when written without the inter-
mediate var.

146. Publication and priority. — Botanists record new species
in some recognized text or periodical, and as the same species is
often named differently by separate persons, to prevent con-
fusion the one who names and describes a new species has his
name or an abbreviation of it affixed to the Latin binomial ; as,
Prunus americana, Marsh., a botanist by the name of Marshall
having first described this plum. In monographs of species and
similar formal texts it is usual to cite the book, the volume, page,
and date of printing showing where and when a species was first
described.

147. Pomologioal names of varieties are seldom Latinized and
usually consist of one or two names which commonly record a
character of the plant or commemorate a person or place; as,
Yellow Transparent, Bartlett, Concord. Rules governing the
publication of descriptions and names of pomological varieties
are given in the code of nomenclature of the American Pomologi-
cal Society on page 92. These rules are not as well standardized
nor so well recognized by workers in pomology as those in use
by botanists, but they are being adopted more and more to the
great profit of pomology and the industries that have to do
with it.

\(y2 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

148. The importance of Latin binomial names. — Practioal

workers in a^riciill iirc and liorl icult iii-c ai'c sometimes eon-
temptuous of Latin iiaiiics under llic hclict' thai they are need-
lessly pedantie. Tliere are, however, several advantajj:es in Latin
binomials as plant names. Speeies often have many common
names to the great eonf usion of those who seek to know them ;
there can be but one accepted binomial name. It is best that the
name be Latinized as Latin has for centuries been the commonest
lang:uage used by botanists and other biologists. The Latin
name is, therefore, most common to many different languages.

There is a third great advantage in the specific name in the
binomial; it is usually descriptive and so imparts information.
The specific name may describe some character; as Prunus
pumila (dw^arf plum). It may indicate distribution of the
species; as P. americana (American plum). It may show what
a former generic name was; as P. Mahaleh (]\Iahaleb cherry);
or it may commemorate the name of a friend or fellow worker
as in P. Munsonianw (Munson's plum). Very often the name
suggests the habitat of a species as P. rnaritima (seaside plum).

CHAPTER XI
THE ORDER ROSACEA

Four important groups of commonly grown fruits belong to
the Order RosacecW These are the pome-fruits, represented by
the apple, pear, and quince; the drupe-fruits, to which belong
the apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum; the brambles,
which include many species of blackberries, dewberries, and
raspberries; and strawberries.

149. Characters of Rosaceae. — The plants in the Rose Family
are trees, shrubs, or herbs, often thorny and sometimes climbing
or trailing, as in the dewberries and blackberries. The leaves
in all the pomological plants are alternate, and either simple as
in the pome- and drupe-fruits, or compound as in some brambles
and the strawberry, and with stipules in all. There are several
kinds of flower-clusters in the Family, as will be seen in the
description of genera, the many different sorts of inflorescences
being one of the peculiarities of Rosaceae. The flowers are regu-
lar and perfect in all the cultivated fruits excepting the straw-
berry in some of which there are imperfect flowers. There are
five sepals in the calyx, united at the base, and as many petals
which are distinct and inserted with the stamens on the edge of
a disk which lines the calyx-tube. The stamens are numerous.
The carpels are one to many, separate and superior, or united
and inferior. The ovaries bear one to many ovules. The fruits
of pomological plants are pomes, drupes, or achenes.

It is interesting that, while there is no plant of importance to
the farmer as a fodder crop or as a vegetable, by far the most
valuable edible fruits for the temperate zones belong to Rosaceie.
The fruits in this Order encircle the earth in the cultivated parts
of temperate climates.

There are about 90 genera and 1500 species in Rosacea^, which
authors variously' divide into six to ten tribes with a tendency
on the part of some modern botanists to make each of these tribes

103

104 SYSTEMATIC J'OMOLOdY

a family. I'oniologists are eunc'crnt'd with but four of these
tribes.

150. Tribe Pomae, the pome-fruits. — The pomaceous plants in
the Kose Family are clistiiiguished by fiowei-s with few carpels,
mostly two to five, uhiually firmly united, and borne witliin an
urn-like depression in the enlarged summit of the flower-stem
with which it is also united, the whole forming a fleshy fruit.
All of the pome-fruits are trees or shrubs with small deciduous
stipules which are free from the petiole.

There are twenty to thirty genera with several hundred
species of wide geographical distribution mostly in the north
temperate zone. Of these but two genera are of great impor-
tance in fruit-growing: namely, Pyrus, to which belong apples
and pears; and Cydonia, the quince. Four other genera are of
lesser importance ; ^lespilus, the medlar ; Eriobotrya, the loquat ;
ChjEnomeles, the Japanese quince; and Amelanchier, the june-
berry. The fruits of Crataegus, the hawthorns or thorn-apples,
allied to medlars in the structure of the fruit, are edible, and
several species offer possibilities for domestication, but none is
noW' cultivated in North America.

KEY TO CULTIVATED GENERA OF POMACES

Mature carpels bony Cratwgus (hawthorns and thorn-apples)

Mature carpels papery or leathery.

Pome with open top Mespilus (medlar)

Pome with closed top.

Ovules one in each cavity Amelanchier (juneberry)

Ovules usually two in each carpel.

Leaves deciduous Pyrus (apple and pear).

Leaves persistent Eriobotrya (loquat).

Ovules many in each carpel Cydonia (Quince).

151. Tribe Prunese, the drupe-fruits. — In this tribe the ovary
is superior and is not inclosed in the calyx-tube at ma-
turity. The pistil becomes at maturity a drupe- or stone-fruit.
The style is terminal. The plants are trees or shrubs, with
alternate petioled mostly serrate leaves. The bark of all the
representatives of these drupe-fruits exudes a gum, and bark,
leaves, and seeds are very bitter and mostly contain small
quantities of prussic acid, sufficient in the leaves to poison
animals occasionally. There is but one genus, Prunus, to which

THE ORDER ROSACEA 105

belong almonds, apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches and
plums, of which some forty odd species are more or less culti-
vated, an assemblage of natural esculents probably unsurpassed
by any other genus in variety and value of its products. Most
of the drupe-fruits are natives of the north temperate zone.
Some botanists divide the genus Prunus into several genera.

152. Tribe Rubeae, the brambles. — In this division of Rosacea
the pistils are several or numerous and become drupelets at
maturity. While there are two ovules, the seed is usually soli-
tary, one ovule aborting. The plants are perennials or in a few
species soft-wooded biennials. The plants are erect, decumbent,
trailing, or in one or two species climbing, and, with but few
exceptions, thorny or prickly. Only one genus, Kubus, is put
in this division of Rosaceae, but here belong blackberries, dew-
berries, and raspberries, and several less well-known sorts, which
pass under the general name of brambles, the fruits of which
are called berries, although they are not true berries but aggrega-
tions of drupelets. The brambles are of wide geographical dis-
tribution, most of which, however, are in the north temperate
zone.

153. Tribe Potentilleae, to which belongs the strav^berry. — The
members of this tribe differ widely from the three other divisions
of Rosaceae in which fruit-growers are interested. The carpels
are many and ripen into dry achenes which are not inclosed at
maturity. Of the several genera commonly put in the tribe,
pomologists are interestsd in but one, Fragaria, the strawberry,
which is separated from the other plants in the group by its
pulpy and much enlarged receptacle. The differences between
the low herbaceous strawberry and the pomes, drupes, and
brambles in plant and fruit would seem to separate the genera
to which they belong so widely as to put Fragaria in quite
another division of the plant kingdom, but the similarities in the
structure of the flowers bring them all into Rosace®.

CTTAPTEK XTT

THE POME-FRUITS

The older botanists placed the apple, pear, quince, medlar,
and jiine])erry in one g:eniis, P\tiis. Most botanists now, how-
ever, put tliese several fruits in distinct prenera somewhat in
accordance with their common names. There is still, however,
P'eat diversity of opinion as to what plants should be placed in
Pyrus, particularly as to whether the apple and pear should be
in one or two g:enera. Both are here kept in Pyrus under the
belief that the differences are not sufficiently marked to justify
placing them farther apart than in two sections of one genus.
The quince belongs to Cydonia ; the medlar to Mespilus ; the
loquat to Eriobotrya ; and the juneberry to Amelanchier.

154. The genus Pyrus. — Pyrus is the Latin name of the pear-
tree. This genus of many diverse plants contains from fifty to
sixty species widely scattered throughout the north temperate
zone, most of them in south-central and eastern Asia. In North
America the genus is represented by five species, while eight or
nine are wild in Europe.

Woody plants, trees or shrubs, with smooth or scaly bark. Leaves simple,
or sometimes lobed, alternate, usually serrate, deciduous with deciduous
stipules which are free from the petiole. Flowers perfect, regular, borne
in compound terminal cymes; torus urn-shaped, adnate to the ovary and
inclosing it with thick succulent flesh at maturity; calyx-lobes 5, acuminate
and reflexed, persistent in some and deciduous in other species; petals 5,
white, pink or red, inserted on the thickened border of the disk; stamens
15-20, in three rows; styles 2-5, free or united below; carpels 2-5, inferior,
cro%vned by the styles, usually 2-seeded. Fruit an ovoid, oblate, or pyriform
pome; seeds 2 in each cell, brown or brownish, lustrous, mucilaginous on
the outer surface.

155. The apple distinguished from the pear. — In the orchard
or in the market the apple and pear are easily distinguished in
tree or fruit, but there are outlying species and varieties so

106

THE POME-FRUITS 107

similar that one cannot tell at a glance which of the two fruits
they may be. Some or all of the following characters distinguish
apples from pears :

The trunk of the apple-tree is shorter and sturdier than that
of the pear, and the bark sheds in irregular scales or plates
detached at both ends, while the bark of an old pear-tree is
checked in squares which do not curl at the ends in shedding.
The leaves are usually very different but it is impossible to make
generalizations that will hold for all species and varieties of the
two fruits. The flowers of apples are red, pink, rose-color, and
sometimes white and borne in fasicles; those of the pear are
white and borne in corymbs. The ovary in the apple is three-
to five-celled; that of the pear, five-celled. The styles in the
apple flower are more or less united at the base; those of the
pear flower are usually free. The apple fruit is more or less
globular with a distinct depression at both ends; that of the
pear is usually pyriform, sometimes subglobose, and is more
often than otherwise conical at the base. The flesh of the apple
is without grit-cells; that of the pear has grit-cells, especially
when ripened on the tree.

The Apple

The true apple is the fruit of Pyrus Mains, but the name
apple is applied to thirty or more species if the crab-apple is in-
cluded. Apple is also a part of the name of many other edible
fruits, as may-apple and rose-apple. Of the thirty species of
Pyrus that properly pass as apples, only two are prominent
pomological subjects, as all of the others remain wild or are
cultivated in a small way for fruit or flower. The two species
with which fruit-growers are chiefly concerned are P. Mains,
from which comes most of the varieties of the common apple,
and P. haccata, parent of most of the very small cultivated crab-
apples. There are many hybrids of these two species under
cultivation of which the large-fruited crab-apples, as Hyslop,
Florence, and Excelsior are examples.

156. The common apple and the crab-apple distinguished. —
The fruit-grower distinguishes between the common and crab-
apples by the size, shape, flesh, and flavor of the fruits, but there
are many hybrids and varieties in which it cannot always be told

108 SYSTEM. \ri(' rnMOLony

wlu'tluT cliarat'liTs (•!" /'. Mains or lliose of J\ bacaiid predomi-
nate. Trees and leaves are I'aii-ly but not always dislinct in the
two species, but there is one chai-acter of the fruit which always
separates the species: The calyx jiei-sists on the rijx'ned fruit of
the connnon apple; it falls from the ripe fruit of the true crab-
aiijile, /*. baccdta.

157. Pyrus Malus, the common apple, described. — The sys-
tematist is saved niucli confusion in studyinjj: lyix's if he has
before him the botanical characters of the species to which
cultivated varieties are referred by different botanists. This is
particularly true of the apple, since several species and several
botanical varieties are given by different authors as the wild
form from which the domesticated sorts have sprung. The char-
acters of the species in which the common apple is put in this
text are given, therefore, in detail.

1. Pyrus Malus, Linn. (Plate I) Plant a large bush or a tree attain-
ing a height of 60-70 feet with a trunk 1-2 feet in diameter which divides
into stout spreading branches forming a round open head; bark separating
into large, thick, ashy-brown persistent scales; branchlets and twigs
glabrous or slightly pubescent, usually bright red-brown and dotted Avith
scattered conspicuous lenticels. Leaves oval, ovate or orbicular-ovate,
usually pointed at the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, with serrate
margins, dull in color, soft in texture, borne on stout petioles. Flowers
large, white, pink or red, borne in close terminal cymose clusters on short
pedicels; appearing with the leaves; calyx-lobes 5, acuminate; petals 5,
inserted, remotely contracted into narrow claws, usually pink. Fruit ex-
ceedingly variable in size, shape, color, flavor and time of ripening, with
a cavity about the stem, the calyx persistent and set in a well-marked basin ;
flesh thick, succulent and homogeneous. Seeds brownish, glossy, mucilagi-
nous, usually two in each of the five carpels forming the core.

158. Habitat and history of the apple. — P. Mahis has been
known as a wild plant in temperate Europe and Asia throughout
historic times, but unquestionably its fruits were used long
before history began, and no doubt also the plants were dis-
tributed by the prehistoric dwellers in the two continents. Stu-
dents of the origin of cultivated plants now think the species
to be indigenous in the northwestern Himalayas, where there are
vast forests of wild apples ascending the mountains to a height
of nine to ten thousand feet in regions to w^hich man could
hardly have introduced the plant.

THE POME-FRUITS 109

The apple has been cultivated from remote times in India,
Cashmere, and northern China. Carbonized apples are found
in the ancient lake habitations of Switzerland, showing that they
must have been known in Europe by prehistoric peoples. The
apple is mentioned by the earliest writers on agriculture in
China, India, Greece, Italy, France, Germany, and England. It
was introduced by the first colonists in all temperate parts of
the New World. It is now^ the most valuable fruit-plant of the
temperate regions of the world, and by selection and hybridiza-
tion several thousand varieties have been obtained.

159. Distribution of apples in North America. — Apples may
be grown in every part of North America where general agri-
culture is an industry, excepting subtropical parts of the Gulf
States and California. In all of this vast territory they are the
commonest fruits of farms and gardens. Apple-growing as an
industry is much more localized. Commercial plantations of this
fruit are found in numbers that constitute an industry only in
about half the states of the Union and less than half of the
provinces of Canada. The apple is of most importance, com-
mercially, in North America in Virginia, Pennsylvania, New
York, the New England states, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Michigan,
Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, the northern states in the Rocky Moun-
tains, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and in some parts
of California.

160. Botanical varieties of Pyrus Malus. — Possibly the culti-
vated varieties came from two original species; some of the
Russian apples seem distinct enough to constitute a distinct
species. Varieties have been so fused by hybridization that it is
now impossible to separate them into species, although some
authors attempt to do so. Others divide P. Malus into botanical
varieties. Most of these are groups of ornamental plants, but
three are recognized which are of interest to pomological stu-
dents. These are:

Var. sylvestris, Linn. This variety is characterized by trees with
glabrous shoots and leaves whereas those in the type species are pubescent ;
the calyx-lobes are glabrous outside but pubescent within. The habitat
of the variety is west and central Europe. The distinction between this
variety and the species would be hardly worth making, were it not that some
European botanists give it the rank of a species and refer most or all of
the pomological varieties to it.

11(1 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Var. innnila, llfiirv. To this Itotanical variety, described as a species
by some authors, most of tlie cultivated a|)i)]es are now referred by the
leadinj; autliorities on Pyrus, The trees are lar^e or small, sometimes
busli-like. witli the youn^' branches, pedicels, calyx-tul)e, both surfaces of
the calyx lobes and the under surface of the leaves j)rominently tomentose.
The Paradise and Doucin apples, used as dwarfing stocks, are probably
dwarf forms of Var. pumila. This botanical variety is native to south-
eastern P^urope and western Asia, although found wild as an escape wherever
the apple is cultivated.

Var. astracanica. Loud. It is probable that several pomological varieties
belong to this botanical variety, which is cliaracterized by large coarsely
serrate or double serrate leaves, tomentose beneath, and by the long pedicels;
it is a native of Asia, and it is probable that the Russian sorts of apples
belong here or are hybrids between it and one of the other two botanical
varieties.

161. Strains of varieties. — A ^-oup of plants within a variety
whie-h differs from the type in one or at most by but a few
characters, is a strain. Usually a strain retains the varietal
name with a modifying word; as, Red Spy, CoUamer Twenty
Ounce, and Bank Gravenstein, all red-fruited strains of three
well-known apples. These strains are all improvements on the
parents, for while they answer the same purposes and are
adapted to the same fruit regions, they sell better in the markets
because of their brighter color. Many real strains have no
greater, if as great, value as the parent variety; as, Russet
Baldwin and Russet Bartlett.

The strains now recognized in American apple orchards are
bud-mutations — that is, they originated from a bud of the parent
variety. No strains are on record as having been i:)roduced by
continuous bud selection. Color of fruit seems to be the only
character mutating from which strains have been selected. Out
of about 1200 varieties grown by the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station in the last thirty years, eight are strains
which have originated as bud-mutations.

i\Iany strains are not real but fanciful and were introduced
without the originator having taken the trouble to prove whether
the supposed mutation would come true. His fancied strain
was a variation which appeared and disappeared in an indi-
vidual tree. Such strains are usually sent out with the word
"Improved" before the varietal name; Improved Wagener,
Improved Rome, Improved Vandevere and so on. Twenty

o-*

THE POME-FRUITS 111

apples with the modifier "Improved" prefixed have been tested
under the eyes of the writer in the past few years, every one of
which was literally a "chip of the old block" — not a whit
different. Usually they have been sent out with what the intro-
ducer calls a "pedigree," with the statement that the improved
strain was produced through selection.

162. The classification of varieties of apples. — The first
formal attempt to classify apples was made by Valerius Cordus,
a German, nearly 400 years ago. Cordus died in 1542, although
his History of Plants, in which appeared his discussions of
varieties of fruits, was not printed until 1561. Many attempts
at a classification of apples followed in Germany, chief of which
are those of Jonston in 1668, Manger 1780, Diel 1792, and Diel-
Lucas 1856. Only two Americans have published classifications
worth noting; namely, Thomas, 1849; and Warder, 1867. Two
good classifications have also come from England, those of Hogg
1876, and of Bunyard 1920. Besides these major classifications
there are many minor ones printed and in manuscript — probably
most of the men who have studied varieties of apples have at-
tempted some sort of classification.

All classifications of varieties of apples prove more or less
serviceable, but none has been sufficiently satisfactory to assure
either permanence or wide use. After recurring periods of
studying and using the several systems of classifications of
apples, and man}^ attempts to improve them, the writer is forced
to the conclusion that a comprehensive classification of all apples
for all regions is quite impossible. Tree and fruit are so variable
under different conditions, and man}^ varieties are so similar,
that distinctions of general application cannot be made. This
failure in classification of varieties is the great hindrance to
systematic work with cultivated apples. It can be overcome
only by having a classification for apple regions of comparatively
small territory throughout which varieties are approximately
the same in tree and fruit.

In pomologies containing many varieties in many regions, one
may choose between two rather unsatisfactory arrangements of
varieties. One may arrange them alphabetically as did Downing
in his F) nits and Fruit Trees of America^ and as did the present
writer in his Cyclopedia of Hardy Fruits; or in a few arbitrary

\V2

N)-.s'7/;.l/.I TIC J'OMOLOdY

divisions as did Tiioiiias in his Anuriain Fruit Cultiirist; in
tilt' latter case one may use a more or less artificial key as in
the present text. The key should help the reader with an un-
known api)le in hand to determine the variety by reading the
descriptions of only a few instead of all varieties as he might
have to do when they are arranged alphabetically.

The following' (]osc'rii)tion blank for the apple sets forth most of the
characters students and fruit-jjjrowers will use in describinj; pome fruits.

DESCRIPTION BLANK FOR THE APPLE

Name.

Orchard Row ,

No,

Date,

19,

Tree

Large, medium, small

Vigorous, medium, weak

Upright, spreading, drooping

Tall, low, dense

Open, vase-formed, round-topped

Slow growing, rapid growing

Hardy, half-hardy, tender

Very productive, productive

Medium, productive, unproduc-
tive

Regular bearer, uncertain bearer
Trunk

Stocky, medium, slender

Smooth, medium, shaggy
Branches

Thick, medium, slender

Smooth, medium

Shaggy, zigzag

Red, brown, gray, green
Lenticels

Numerous, medium, few

Large, medium, small
Leaves

Length Width

Large, medium, small

Wide, medium, narrow

Long, medium, short

Oval, ovate, obovate

Abruptly pointed, taper-pointed

Thick, medium, thin

Light, medium, dark green

Smooth, rugose
Margin

Glandular, crenate

Finely serrate, coarsely serrate
Petiole, length

Long, medium, short

Thick, medium, slender

Flowers

Date of bloom

Early, medium, late
Large, medium, small
White, pink
Fertile or sterile

Fruit

Date of Ripening

Length of Season

Hangs Well or Drops

Large, medium, small
Uniform, variable
Roundish, oblate, conical
Ovate, oblong, truncate
Oblique, ribbed, irregular
Symmetrical, sides unequal
Uniform

Stem

Long, medium, short
Thick, medium, slender

Cavity

Obtuse, acute, acuminate
Shallow^, medium, deep
Narrow, medium, broad
Russeted, smooth
Symmetrical, furrowed
Compressed, lipped

Calyx

Open, closed
Large, medium, small
Lobes
Separated at base
Long, medium, short
Broad, medium, narrow
Obtuse, acute, acuminate

THE POME-FRUITS

113

Fruit, continued

Basin

Shallow, medium, deep
Narrow, medium, wide
Obtuse, abrupt, smooth
Furrowed, corrugated
Symmetrical, compressed

Skin

Thick, medium, thin
Smooth, rough
Eusset, waxen
Glossy, dull, bloom

Color

Dots

Numerous, medium, few
Large, medium, small
Gray, russet
Submerged, areolar
Flesh

White, yellow, red

Firm, coarse, medium, fine

Crisp, tender, tough

Dry, juicy, sweet, subacid

Sour, aromatic, sprightly
Quality

Best, very good, good

Fair, poor, very poor
Core

Large, medium, small

Open, closed

Axile, abaxile
Core-Lines

Clasping, meeting
Calyx-Tube

Long, medium, narrow

Wide, medium, narrow

Funnel-shaped, conical, urn-
shaped
Seed

Large, medium, small

Flat, plump, oi3tuse

Acute, acuminate, tufted
Use — Dessert, kitchen, market,
home

Remarks

The Crab-apple

Originally any small apple was called a crab-apple and that
use of the word still persists in England. In America, however,
the name is employed for any of several species of apples having
small fruits, which have long petioles, a bitterish acid taste, and
which are used chiefly for jellies and preserves. In the species
from which most of our cultivated crab-apples come, P. haccaia,
the calyx is deciduous but it is persistent on all of the native
species. Some of the species of crab-apples have been hybridized
with the common apple, and the offspring sometimes fall in with
the large apples, sometimes with the smaller crab-apples. Thus,
Wealthy is supposed to be a hybrid with a crab, and, as noted
before (p. 107), Martha, Hyslop and several other of the best
crab-apples are undoubtedly hybrids. One wonders why the
name "crab" is applied to an apple; there seems to be no very
satisfactoiy explanation of its applicability, although it is prob-
ably used in reference to the roughness and harshness of flavor —
a "crabbed apple" in much the same sense one speaks of a
"crabbed man."

114 SYSTEM ATir POMOLOGY

163. Pyrus baccata, the crab-apple, described. — Proceeding

now to tlif ci-ali-aj)])!!' ol' Aiiici'ifaii ixmiolo^ists, il sccins safe to
say tliat all the varieties of this fruit of present commercial
iiH|)ortance l)elon«;' lo P. baccata oi* are hybrids with this species
and /'. Mains. In citliei- case they are often called Siberian
crabs, althoujrh this name belongs more ])roj)erly to pure-hred
varieties of I\ baccata.

L\ Pyrus baccata, Linn. Plant a small round-headed tree attaining a
height of 30-40 feet, with a trunk 10-12 inches in diameter, which divides
into many rather slender branches forming a compact head; vigorous, hardy
and productive; \v(kh1 hard and tough, bark much less rough and tree
smoother in all of its parts than in the common apple. Leaves ovate, ovate-
lanceolate or ovate-acuminate, thin, glabrous, bright green; petioles slen-
der; margins finely and evenly serrate. Flowers large, white, very fragrant,
handsome ; a})pearing with the leaves ; pedicels very slender, greenish ; style
usually longer than the stamens, glabrous or lightly pubescent, calyx-lobes
long, narrow acuminate; calyx falling away before maturity. Fruit from
%-l inch in diameter, yellow or red; borne on long and slender stems;
basin shallow or none, often wrinkled or having mammiform protuberances ;
flesh yellow, very firm, subacid, astringent, translucent. Seeds small, short,
wide, obtuse, dark brown.

164. Botanical varieties of crab-apples. — There are several
botanical forms of P. baccata, but to which of these the culti-
vated crab-apples belong students of the species do not agree.
No doubt, there are a number of wild hybrids, as there cer-
tainly are of domesticated ones. Among these botanical varieties
are twenty or more oriental flow^ering crab-apples, some of which
have been more or less cultivated for their edible fruits, or used
as stocks for the common apple in China and Japan. Several
of these Asiatic crab-apples are promising, also, for hybridiza-
tion with the common apple and the Siberian crab.

165. Habitat and history of the crab-apple. — The crab-apple
probably came originally from Siberia, northern China, and
^lanchuria but has been cultivated for its fruit and flowers in
China and Japan from time immemorial. The species and some
of its botanical varieties were early introduced into Europe,
although little grown there until the last century for its fruit.
While they may have come earlier as ornamentals, these crabs
seem not to have been mentioned as fruit-trees in America until
toward the close of the eighteenth century. Since nurserymen

THE POME-FRUITS 115

did not list crab-apples until toward the middle of the nineteenth
century, this fruit must be considered as a newcomer in this
country.

166. The place of orab-apples in American pomology. —
Hybrid and pure-bred crab-apples, cultivated for their fruits,
number some twenty odd, with probably quite as many more
varieties grown in this country as named ornamentals. These
crab-apples are the hardiest of the tree-fruits, grow with great
rapidity, thrive in many soils, and bear year after year with
increasing abundance. They are most valuable additions to the
apple flora of America, and particularly, because of great hardi-
ness, promise much for cold regions. The species does not thrive
as well as might be wished in southern apple regions, where its
usefulness is also much curtailed by its susceptibility to fire-
blight. Crab-apple trees are used in all cold climates as stocks
upon which to graft the common apple, for which purpose they
are in most respects very desirable. The fruits are much used
in jellies, preserves, and ciders. No attempts have been made
to classify the few varieties^ although a rough guide to their
identification is offered in the key to varieties in Chapter XX.

167. Native crab-apples. — Five species of native crab-apples
grow in northern America. None of these is of sufficient merit
to recommend for regions in which the common apple grows,
but one, the Soulard crab, P. Saulardi, Bailey, probably a nat-
ural hybrid betAveen P. Mains and P. ioensis, is grown in the
upper Mississippi Valley where only trees of great hardiness
withstand the cold. A typical variety of this species is described
as the Soulard crab by botanists. There is some promise of
further amalgamation of the common apple and the native crab-
apples to secure greater hardiness of tree and longer keeping
qualities of the fruit. At present, however, consideration of
native crabs belongs to botany rather than pomology.

The Pear

Nearly all of the innumerable pears belong to P. communis,
of which probably more than 5,000 cultivated sorts have been
named. In the author's The Pears of New York about 3,000
varieties are described, of which all but a score or thereabouts
belong to this species, the small number remaining being a part

IIH SYSTEMATIC POMOhOGY

of P. serotiiia, the Chiiiose Sand pear, or liybrids Ix'tweon the
two species, of wliich the well-known KielYer is a typical one.
A third species, /*. nivalis, the Snow pear, is grown sparingly in
Europe for cider but is not cultivated for its fruits in America,
nor does it seem to have sufficient value to warrant its introduc-
tion to the pomology of the country. Some European pomolo-
gists think that P. nivalis is a hybrid parent of several pears
cultivated in European orchards as varieties of P. communis.

168. Pyrus communis, the pear, described. — The two species
of pears in whit'h poniologists are interested are so well differen-
tiated in their botanical characters that varieties of both may
be recognized without difficulty when the salient characteristics
of the species are known.

3. Pyrus communis, Linn. (Plate II). A vigorous upright tree attain-
ing a height of 80 feet and a diameter of 4 feet, usually with an oblong
or pyramidal and rather compact top; bark on old trees rough with rather
large persistent scales. Leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, oblong-
ovate, thin, hard and veiny; upper surface dark green, glabrous; lower
surface light green, glabrous; apex acuminate; margin, crenate-serrate or
entire, never setose-serrate; petiole 1-2 inches long, becoming glabrous.
Flowers 1-2 inches across, white, appearing with the leaves, borne in 4-12
umbel-like clusters on slender pedicels; calyx persistent or rarely decid-
uous; stamens 15-20. Fruit exceedingly variable under cultivation, usually
pyriform, sometimes round-conic, turbinate or occasionally round-oblate;
green, yellow, red or russet, or combinations of these colors; flesh of fruits
ripening on the tree with few or many grit -cells. Seeds 1-3 in a cell, some-
times abortive or wanting, large, brown or brownish, often tufted at the
tips.

Pomologists classify European, as distinguished from Asiatic
pears, under this type species. Botanists, however, describe
several botanical varieties into w^hich they would put some of
the orchard pears, but for the purposes of pomological classifica-
tion the species may as well be kept intact.

169. Habitat and history of the European pear. — Pyrus
comnnini-s now grows naturally in all but the coldest and ^varm-
est parts of Europe and Asia. It probably came originally from
the Caucasian countries and northern Persia, where, in elevated
regions, there are now forests of wild pears ; or, possibly, the
original center of distribution w^as in Cashmere and the north-
western Himalayas, where there are also pear forests. The tree

THE POME-FRUITS 117

^ows spontaneously as an escape from orchards in nearly all
regions where the pear is generally cultivated, but sparingly in
North America, because kept down by pear-blight.

The common pear has been cultivated from time immemorial.
The ancient Greeks had several varieties; Pliny, the Roman
naturalist, describes forty-one. The pear is mentioned in
France, Germany, and Great Britain almost with the first
written records of agriculture, and it came to America with the
earliest permanent settlers in the eastern states. The French
brought the pear to Canada and Michigan, and pear-trees said
to be two hundred years old are yet standing about mission sites
of the French along the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes to
Detroit, Michigan.

Pear-growing began in America as an avocation for men of
means. Its period of gi^eatest activity was early in the nine-
teenth century and passed before the close of the century, during
most of which time the pear w^as the center of interest in
American fruit circles. In the first half of the last century many
new varieties of pears w^ere introduced from Europe, and a con-
siderable number originated on this side of the Atlantic. In
1859, T. W. Field in his Pear Culture gave a list of 854 pears,
of which 686 originated in Europe and 168 in America.

For many years past, however, the pear, in comparison with
the apple, peach, plum, or cherry, has been losing in popularity.
There are now few good collections in the country; nurserymen
list fewer and fewer varieties ; and the pear is less and less eaten
as a dessert fruit, the product being largely used for canning.
Pear-culture is failing in America because the pear is not well
adapted to the American climate, cultural and commercial condi-
tions make it more difficult to grow and sell than other fruits,
and the formidable disease, blight, remains unchecked by any
of the remedies now in use.

170. Cultivation of the pear in North America. — The pear is
cultivated in the temperate regions of the world wherever agri-
culture is an industry. In North America, pears thrive par-
ticularly well only in the states north of IMaryland, west to
Wisconsin and on the Pacific. The climate of the southern
states is uncongenial to this fruit, being too hot, while that of
the Mississippi Valley and Great Plains is too hot in the summer

118 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOay

and too cold in the winter, lili^dit, also, is more virulent in
tlu'sc n'jrions than in those first named, and makes pear-eulture
])reearious even where elimale Taxors. Calil'dnna and New
York are tlie leadin;^^ pear-growinj^ states, in i)oth of which tlie
industry is handicai)j)ed \)y l)li^''ht. The introduction of the
Sand i)ear from China, and its hybridization with the European
si)ecies, promises to extend the culture of this fruit in the South
and Midtlle West, where, because of blight, it is now hardly
l)ossible to grow pears.

171. The Sand pear. — A second species, P. scrot'ina, the Sand
pear from China, funushes to the industry in America perhaps
a score of varieties. The Sand i)ear produces handsome fruits
in ofreat abundance wliicli can be kept much longer than the
European pears, but the fruits are scarcely edible uncooked and
are of inditferent (juality in culinary preparations. The Sand
pear, however, is of much more importance for its hybrids than
for its pure-bred varieties. The hybrids of the Asiatic with the
European pear are remarkable for vigor, hardiness, productive-
ness, and freedom from blight. These hybrids, of which Kieffer
is best known, are suitable for culinary purposes, and when
properly ripened may be used a-s dessert fruits.

4. Pyrus serotina, Eehd. (Plate IT) Tree vigorous, upright, attain-
ing a height of 20-50 feet, the branehlets becoming glabrous. Leaves
ovate-oblong, sometimes ovate, 3-5 inches long, rounded at the base, long-
acuminate, sharply setose-serrate; lower surface cobwebby but becoming
glabrous. Flowers white, borne in 6-9 flowered umbellate-racemose clus-
ters; calyx-lobes long-acuminate, glandulose denticulate; petals oval, short-
clawed; stamens about 20; styles 4 or 5, glabrous. Fruit subglobose, russet-
brown; stalk slender; calyx deciduous.

Pomologists are interested in the type species, which comes
from central and western China, only as a possible source of
blight-resistant stocks for varieties of the common pear. Stocks
from the species were introduced some years ago on the Pacific
slope, but have proved unsatisfactory because difficult to bud,
very susceptible to leaf-blight, and not immune to pear-blight.
There are two botanical varieties to one of which the Sand pear
belongs. This variety is described as follows :

Yar. culta, Eehd. Sand Pear. Japanese Pear. Chinese Pear. Tree
strong and rapid in growth, with strong thick shoots. Leaves very large,

THE POME-FRUITS 119

often 6 inches long and 3-4 inches broad, broadly ovate, long-pointed, very
dark green; margins setose-serrate, the teeth very sharp, almost bristle-like.
FloAvers very large, appearing somewhat in advance of the foliage. Fruit
apple-shaped or pyriform, more or less rough, with a well-marked cavity
about the stem; calyx usually deciduous; flesh tough, gritty and poor in
flavor.

The Sand pear differs from the type in its larger and differ-
ently shaped fruits and much larger, greener leaves. The pear
came to America from Japan, where it must have been early
introduced from China, and where it is now the most common
fruit-tree with the exception of the persimmon. There are
several pomological varieties in Japan, although they differ less
from each other than varieties of the European pear. The fruits
are little liked by those who can grow the common pear, although
they are attractive in appearance, long keepers, and not un-
palatable in some culinary preparations. Several Japanese pears
have been introduced into America, and their apple-like fruits
are not uncommon, being readily distinguished from apples by
their deciduous calyces, rough skins, long stems, gritty flesh, and
potato-like flavor.

172. Hybrid pears. — These Sand pears from Japan hybridize
freely with the common pear, and several valuable hj^brids are
now widely and commonly grown in North America, Kieffer,
Le Conte, and Garber, in the order named, being the best known.
These hybrids are much stronger, more blight-resistant, more
productive, and more rapid in growth than the common pear;
the fruits are more pyriform and of much better flavor than
those of the oriental parent ; the calyx in the hybrid is some-
times persistent and sometimes deciduous. They do not make
good stocks and intergraft but poorly with the common pear.
Of all pear-trees, these are handsomest in growth, and make
excellent ornamental plants. American pomologists look for-
ward to the development of many valuable varieties of these
hybrids.

173. The classification of varieties of pears. — Classifications
of pears are fewer and even less satisfactory than for the apple.
Pomologists and nurserymen seldom go further than to list
varieties under the two species with a third group of hybrids.
Most nurserymen divide pears into standards and dwarfs which

VJO SYSTEMATIC f'oMOf.oCY

of course is no classification at all. Somct lines thoy are divided
in accordance Avith season and sha])e as in .1. .1. Thomas's Amcri-
Ciin Fruit CuKurist. Lucas, the (Jcrnian, whose classification of
the apple is one of the hest, tried to classify pears hy both a
natural and an artificial system. In the natural system he made
fifteen groups to which he gives names and fairly full descrip-
tions. In his artificial system he jrroups the varieties he knows
in accordance with season, form, color, and as to whether the
calyx is open or closed. Thus arranged his varieties fall into
108 groups. Waugh has a similar classification in which va-
rieties are classified as to form, color, and season. In attempts
to classify pears, the same difficulties mentioned under apples
are found, which are even more marked, and the author has had
to content himself w^th a simple key for finding the names of
pears.

The Quince

The quince is a pome-fruit which all modem botanists put in
the Genus C\ydonia, so closely related to Pyrus that formerly
the two were sometimes united, the quince under the name
P. Cydonia. There are, however, marked differences between
the quince and the apple and pear, fruits which now constitute
Pyrus, as Avill be seen in a comparison to be made when the
botanical characters of species have ])een given.

174. Botanical characters of the quince. — Cydonia contains
only the species now to be described, to w^hich belong all of the
true, as distinguished from the Japanese quinces.

Cydonin ohlonga, Mill. Small trees or shrubs 15-20 feet in height, with
slender unarmed branches. Leaves alternate, oblong-oval, entire, pubescent
beneath, petioled, stipulate, 2-4 inches long. Flowers white or tinged with
pink, large, 2 inches in diameter, showy, terminal on short leafy branchlets;
petals 5; stamens numerous; styles 5, free; ovary with 5 cells each con-
taining many seeds. Fruit large, round or pear-shaped, yellow, woolly,
with hard yellow flesh which becomes pink after cooking.

175. The quince distinguished from the apple, pear, and
Japanese quince. — The quince differs from the apple and pear
in both tree and fruit sufficiently to put it in a separate genus.
The differences in the fruits are those which the pomologists
would account most noteworthy. Thus, the pomes of Cydonia

THE POME-FRUITS 121

are harder than those of Pyrus ; the quince has a woolly surface
while that of the apple and pear is smooth ; the sepals at the
apex of the quince are more leaf-like than those of the apple
and pear ; the five carpels of the quince contain many seeds, those
of species of Pyrus but few; the testa of quince seeds abounds
in a gum having mucilaginous and demulcent properties, while
there is little or no gum in seeds of the apple and pear ; the stem
of the quince is so short as to appear to be wanting, while the
stem of the apple and pear is distinct, usually slender, and often
long.

The Japanese quince is distinguished from the common sort
by its serrate or crenate papery leaves, those of the latter being
nearly or quite entire, thick, and heavily pubescent beneath;
the plant is smaller and not nearly so robust; the flowers are
brighter colored and their styles are united at the base whereas
they are free in Cydonia. The Japanese quince was long in-
cluded in Cydonia or Pyrus but is now put by all botanists in
Chasnomeles.

176. Habitat and history of the quince. — The quince is a
native of the Mediterranean and Caucasus regions, and in
ancient times grew abundantly in Crete, deriving from Cydon
in that country the name Cydonia. From ancient Greece it was
taken to Rome before the Christian era, for the writers of the
first century mention it as if it were a common fruit. The
Romans knew^ the quince as the cotonea, a name in old English
as well as in Latin. Spreading from Italy, it was soon culti-
vated, as agriculture advanced step by step, throughout the
mild climates of Europe. In 812, its culture Avas enjoined by
Charlemagne in France under the name caing. Chaucer speaks
of the quince in the latter part of the fourteenth century in
England, calling it coine from the French. Early Spanish,
English, French, and Dutch settlers brought the quince to
America, where it has been sparingly cultivated in gardens, home
orchards, and commercial plantations from the earliest settle-
ment of the continent.

177. Pomological status of the quince. — The quince is of but
secondary importance in fruit-growing, since it is only sparingly
used for culinary purposes. Both the apple and the pear were
widely planted in Europe and America when first grown for

\'2-2 SYSTEMATIC PnMoi.OCy

cidor-makinpT; tlu^ (juiiicc dcirs not make ^rood cidrr, anothor
reason for its l'ailin"r to ac(iuii-(' llic ijopiilarity of the other
pome-fruits. The fruit deserves, liowevei-, iiiiirh more attention
than is priven it in (h)niostic eeononiy, for it is second to no other
for marniahides, jellies, and conserves of all kinds, and is much
used for flavoring: preparations of apples and i)ears. There
are but few varieties and there seems to be little or no interest
in increasing: the number, although the quince offers prreat pos-
sibilities in hybridization within the species and with the Jai)a-
nese quince, while interesting hybrids between the (juince and
the pear are recorded. Quince stocks are much used whereon
to grraft the pear, to dwarf the tree and increase the size of
the fruit and hasten its bearing.

There are not more than thirty or forty varieties of quinces
and no attempt seems to have been made to classify them.
Indeed, the fruits of the few varieties are so similar in season,
form, color, and quality that it would be almost impossible to
make a serviceable classification. A crude attempt is sometimes
made by nurserymen who list quinces as *' apple-shaped," * 'pear-
shaped," and "orange-shaped."

The Japanese Quinces

178. Japanese quince described.— Four species of Ch^nomeles
are grown for their handsome flowers, and one, C. lagen-aria, is
of some value for its fruit and offers a good field for the plant-
breeder. Through hybridization and selection, it is possible that
other species of the genus might be made to yield fruits of value.

Chcenomclcs lagcnaria, Koid. Shrub 3-6 feet high, with spreading spiny
branches. Leaves sub-persistent or deciduous, alternate, oblong-ovate,
glossy above, papery, 1 1/1.-3 inches long. Flowers in clusters of 2-6, red or
reddish, 11/1-2 inches across; calyx-lobes entire or serrate; petals 5; stamens
numerous; styles 5, united at the base. Fruit o-celled, each cell with many
seeds; globular or ovoid; yellowish-green, stem lacking.

There are many ornamental forms, most of which bear quinces
esteemed for jellies, conserves, and other culinary purposes.
The dark green fruits are very hard, but contain a rich,
aromatic, lemon-like juice which makes a jelly of very pleasing
flavor. The fruits are further characterized by a strong dis-

THE POME-FRUITS 123

tinctive odor, to most persons very pleasant, which it imparts
to other fruits when cooked with them. The species is a native
of China and Japan, but has long been cultivated in Europe
and America for its flowers.

CHAPTER XTII

THE DRIPE-FIWITS

The apricot, cherry, peach, nectarine, plum, and the almond,
wliieh passes as a nut rather than a fruit, constituting the drupe-
fruits, belong to one genus, Pruiuis, of the Order Rosacete.
Perhaps no other genus contains as many distinct natural
esculents as Prunus. There are in the genus between forty and
fifty species of fruits cultivated widely and commonly enough
to be of commercial importance. Perhaps there are a hundred
more which have possibilities for further domestication either
for their own products or for hybridization. Some students of
the drupe-fruits divide the genus by putting peaches and
almonds in a group by themselves, making the genus AmygdaluSy
but nearly all pomologists prefer to place all of the drupes in
Prunus.

179. The genus Prunus is sharply distinguished from any
other genera in Rosacea^ and from all other cultivated fruits.
The conspicuous characters of Prunus are :

Trees or shrubs with astringent properties. Leaves conduplicate or con-
volute in the bud, alternate, simple, serrate, petiolate, deciduous or per-
sistent; stipules free from the petiole, lanceolate, glandular, deciduous.
Flowers solitary, in corymbs or racemes, appearing from separate buds
before, with, or after the leaves; calyx five-lobed ; tube obconic or tubular,
deciduous; stamens 15 to 20, inserted with the petals in three rows; pistils
with one carpel or rarely with two or more carpels; ovary inserted in the
bottom of the calyx-tube, one-celled. Fruit a drupe, with a glaucous or
pubescent outer covering, a pulpy, dry or leathery flesh covering a bony,
smooth or rugose pit or stone which is one- or rarely two-seeded.

180. The several fruits in Prunus distinguished. — As one
names the drupe-fruits, — apricot, cherry, peach, nectarine, and
plum — it would seem that no pomologist could possibly mistake
any one of them for another, but some species of Prunus are
cherries to some and plums to others; and some w^estern desert

124

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 125

forms are almonds to the botanist and peaches to the pioneer,
and even cultivated varieties of these two fruits are not always
distinguished at a glance. While the fruit-grower could hardly
be confused by the common varieties of the drupe-fruits, he
very surely would be by some of the uncommon ones. Hence
the need of definite distinctions for the six drupe-fruits belong-
ing to Prunus. The following key serv^es to distinguish suffi-
ciently well all the forms which fruit growers are likely to see.

KEY TO THE DEUPE-FEUITS

Surface of fruit velvety (except in the nectarine) ; stone pitted
or furrowed.
Flesh soft, thick, juicy.

Fruit velvety Feach

Fruit smooth Nectarine

Flesh hard, thin, dry Almond ^

Surface of fruit glabrous or nearly so.
Flowers clustered; stone usually smooth.

Fruit usually large, sulcate, and covered with bloom; stone
compressed, longer than broad, grooved on the dorsal and

winged on the ventral suture Plum

Fruit usually small, round, bloomless; stone turgid, round,

usually shorter than broad, ridged on the ventral suture. . .Cherry
Flowers solitary or but two; stone smooth or sometimes pitted. .4pricoi

The Peach

The peach constitutes but one species in Prunus, whereas
there are several each which furnish cultivated varieties of
apricots, cherries, and plums. The species has, however, been
divided by some botanists into several varieties, notably one to
include the nectarine and another the Peento peach. However,
these two fruits are not more distinct from the type species than
the red-fleshed sorts, the snowball varieties, the Yellow Trans-
vaals, the nippled peaches, those that are cleft and those that
are beaked, winter peaches, or the pot-grown dwarfs from China.
The nectarine, the Peento, and all the other variations of the
type probably originated as mutations under cultivation and all
probably came from the wild species, Prunus Persica.

181. Prunus Persica, the peach, described. — There are many
varieties, possibly 3000, of the several pomological groups named

1 Cultivated for its nut-like stones, scarcely a pomological product, hence not
to be further considered in this text.

126 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

in the precodiiifr paraprraph, tho characters of whicli aro becom-
ing interniinal)ly confused hy hyhi'idization. A (h'scription of
the species must include the most ])rominciit cliaracters of the
different prroups of cultivated peaches, and is, therefore, jriven
in more detail for the pomologist than would be needful for
the botanist.

Prinuwi Prrsica, Stokes. (Plates III, IV.) Tree low and difTuse, branches
spreading, slender; twigs slender, glabrous, glossy green changing to shades
of red, with numerous conspicuous lenticels. Leaves 4-7 inches long, 1-2
inches wide, oblong-lanceolate; upper surface pale, with little or no
pubescence; margin serrate or crenate, tipped with glands or glandless;
petioles V4-1 inch long, grooved, glandless or with 1-8 globose or reniform
glands. Flowers from wood of a previous season; of two sizes, the smaller
size ranging under 1 inch in diameter, the larger 1M> inches; the floral color
pure white, pink, or red; pedicels very short, glabrous, green. Fruit sub-
globular; surface usually distinct; cavity well marked, abrupt; apex with
a mamelon or mucronate pit ; color varying from greenish-white to orange-
yellow, usually with a red cheek, sometimes covered with red; very pubes-
cent except in the nectarine ; skin adherent or free from the pulp ; flesh
greenish-white or yellowish, often stained with red at the tip, occasionally
red, sweet or aciduous, aromatic; stone free or clinging, elliptic or ovoid,
compressed, pointed ; outer surfaces wrinkled and flutedj inner surfaces
polished; ventral and dorsal sutures grooved or furrowed, sometimes
winged; the seed almond-like, aromatic, and bitter.

182. Habitat and history of the peach. — The peach comes
from eastern Asia, where it noAV ^ows wild, and where it has
been cultivated at least as long as the earliest Chinese written
records, — centuries before the beginning of the Christian era.
The word "peach" and most of its equivalents in the countries
of Europe are derived from Persia, as it was supposed that the
fruit originated in Persia, a statement probably first made by
Pliny, the Roman naturalist, in Christ's time, and republished
by every historian of pomological plants from then until recent
years. Some botanists have supposed the peach to be a modified
almond, but there can be little doubt that the two fruits came
into cultivation from two wild species.

The peach was brought to the New World by the Spaniards
probably on the second or third visit of Columbus. It found
such congenial surroundings and won so high favor with the
settlers and natives that it spread rapidly and wddely, in the
wild and under primitive cultivation, and became so common

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 127

as an escape that three centuries later botanists thought the
peach to be a native of America. In the fruit areas of North
America, after two centuries of orchard cultivation, the peach
is so plentiful that it is found fresh, canned or evaporated in
nearly every home on the continent. In the author's The
Peaches of New York, 2181 varieties of peaches are described,
of which the larger number have originated on this side of the
Atlantic, these numbers testifying to the popularity of the
peach in North America.

183. Variability of the peach. — The peach is an exceedingly
variable fruit, which implies that it is capable of being molded
to fit many conditions of soil, climate, and cultivation ; and that
it may still be greatly improved by the plant-breeder. Yet,
paradoxically though it may appear, many of the forms breed
true to type : thus, the several races and two or three thousand
varieties must be put in one species ; many varieties come true
to seed; and seedlings seldom revert to worthless forms as do
those from almost all other fruits. However, students of the
peach must always take variability into account, a character so
prominent in this fruit that it may profitably be illustrated by
examples.

Americans know^ varieties with many combinations of round,
flat, and beaked fruits, which may have smooth or velvety skins ;
red, yellow, or white skins and flesh; free or clinging stones;
sweet, tart, or bitter flavor; and which ripen in summer or
autumn. The Chinese have peaches with all of these characters
and several others unknown to Americans. Thus, a Chinese
peach is reported the fruits of which weigh a pound apiece ;
another, of the Honey type, is borne on a tree the maximum
height of which is eight feet; the leaves of a Chinese variety
are extraordinarily long and narrow ; a white-stoned sort is
reported from China; and the Feichen peach is said to keep
from late September until February. The skin peels readily
from a peach raised in the West Indies. The Yellow Transvaal
peach in South Africa is said to grow among granite boulders,
as a hedge, and beside ditches of running water. A peach with
flesh of peculiar fragrance and another with very firm flesh are
described as growing in several parts of Asia, in which con-
tinent this is a favorite fruit.

128 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOCY

184. Classification of varieties of peaches. -Scv.Tal attempts
liavt* l)t't'n made to airan^^c tlic peaches grown in Anieriea in
natural {.rr()ui)s. The Europeans liave done litth' in classifying
this fruit, and none of their efforts is eomprehensive enough to
take in more than a very few of the varieties grown in America,
nearly all of which originated on this side of the sea and some
of tlie types of which are unknown on the other side. Onderdonk
and Price, both of Texas, toward the close of the last century,
grouped the varieties then grown in five natural races. These
races may have been distinct at the time of their introduction
to this country, but through hybridization became so blended
that the groups established overlapped in so many characters
tliat few excepting type sorts could be placed satisfactorily.
Year by year the fusion by hybridization has proceeded until
it is useless to try to keep the races proposed as a basis of
classification. These races of Onderdonk and Price are of
interest, however, as they show very well what and whence were
the progenitors of American peaches. The following groups,
modifications of Onderdonk 's and Price 's races, serve to show the
types of peaches that have been introduced in North America.

(1) The Spanish race is characterized by small compact
trees, late, rather small round fruits which are streaked and
mottled with red; flesh yellow, white, or red; quality good, the
flavor often having a suggestion of pineapple. Cabler, Co-
lumbia, Florida, Indian, La Reine, Lula, Texas, and Victoria,
none of them very valuable, are typical of the Spanish Race.
The progenitors of this race were probably brought to America
by the first Spanish discoverers.

(2) In the Persian race Onderdonk and Price put several
types so distinct that it is impossible to define the limits of the
group clearly. To name well-known varieties in this compre-
hensive race will serve to show the characters the group is sup-
posed to contain and at the same time how hopeless is a natural
classification of peach varieties. One or another of those who
defined this group placed in it the Crawfords, Chairs, Alexander,
Heath Cling, Oldmixon, Champion, Salwey, Crosby, and Wager,
each sort so different from any other that any one of them might
be the type of a distinct group. Progenitors of this group were
brought to America by early English settlers.

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 129

(3) The North China or Chinese Cling race was at introduc-
tion a well-defined group but is now hopelessly submerged in
the mixture of cultivated peaches. The trees of the original
varieties were very vigorous, broad-headed, open; leaves large,
flat, dark green; flowers very large, usually creamy white and
beautifully blushed ; flesh predominatingly white, melting, very
good ; season early. Chinese Cling, Belle, Greensboro, Waddell,
Hiley, Carman, and Elberta are of this race although several
are not pure to type, notably Elberta. Chinese Cling, the
parent, came to England in 1844 and was brought to America
in 1850.

(4) The South China or Honey race is better defined than
the three preceding. The trees are small, compact, tender
to cold, very productive. The fruits are small to medium,
oblong-oval, tapering at the apex into a nipple or a beak, with
a distinct suture; creamy white, washed and dotted with red;
flesh creamy white, red at the pit, melting, with a honey-like
flavor ; pit free ; requiring a long season. The original tree was
probably brought to this country by Downing about 1860.
Honey peaches are grown only in the Gulf States, the com-
monest sorts being Honey, Climax, Pallas, Triana, Florida Gem,
and Taber (Plate IV).

(5) The Peento race was originally quite as distinct as the
Honey peaches, but by hybridization with the latter group is
more and more losing its identity. The trees are vigorous with
large willowy branches, very tender to cold; leaves long and
narrow; fruit small, flattened endwise in Peento but not so
in any of its cultivated progeny; color creamy white, mottled
with red; flesh white, red at the pit, melting with a rich sweet
flavor. The Peento peaches are now grown profitably only in
the Gulf States. Peento, the first of the race, was brought to
America previous to 1828 when it was first described; the
original home was southern China.

If worth Avhile to attempt a natural classification of peaches,
the few groups of Onderdonk and Price should be divided.
There are, for example, twenty or more firm yellow-fleshed
clings grown in California for canning; twelve or fifteen of
the snowball peaches; as many more of the red-leaved red-
fleshed sorts; eighteen or twenty sorts that trace back to the

130 srsTKM iTjr rnMOLocY

Albcr^'o and Mclocotoii i)t'a('lit's of Kiii-oix'; tlic nectarines form
a distinct ^n-oup; several varieties of the Chinese crooked peach
have been i^-rown in America; Russian sorts of which Hokara
is the type form a distinct ^'roup ; and several dwarf peaches
have been introduced in recent years. Hybridization, however,
shuffles the characters so rai)idly in modern jx'ach breeding that
further attempts at natural ^n-oui)in;^' are hardly worth while.
185. Description blank. — The accomj)anyin«r description
blank for the i)each sets forth most of the characters students
and fruit-growers will use in describing drupe-fruits.

DESCRIPTIOX BLANK FOR THE PEACH

Name Orchard

Date

Row-

in

No.

Tree

Large, medium, small

Vigorous, medium, weak

Vpright, spreading, drooping

Dense, open

Vase-formed, round-topped

Hardy, half-hardy, tender

Very productive, productive

Medium productive, unproduc-
tive
Regular bearer, uncertain bearer
Trunk

Stocky, medium, slender

Smooth, medium, shaggy
Branches

Stocky, medium, slender

Smooth, medium

Shaggy, zigzag

Red, brown, gray

Green, glossy, dull
Lenticels

Numerous, medium, few

Large, medium, small
Leaves

Length Width

Large, medium, small

Oval, ovate, obovate

Acuminate, lanceolate, spatulate

Abruptly pointed, acutely
pointed

Thick, medium, thin

Light, medium, dark green

Smooth, rugose
Margin

Glandular, crenate

Finely serrate, coarsely serrate

Petiole

Long, medium, short

Thick, medium, slender
Glands

Average number

Opposite, alternate

Large, medium, small

Globose, reniform, mixed

Red, green

Position

Stipules

Flower-Buds

Hardy, half-hardy, tender

Large, medium, small

Long, medium, short

Obtuse, conic, pointed, plump

Appressed, free

Pubescent
Flowers

Date of bloom

Early, medium, late

Large, medium, small

Pink, salmon

Fruit

Karly, midseason, late

Date of Ripening

Keeping Quality

Shipping Quality

Length. . . Greatest diameter.

Large, medium, small

Regular, irregular

Oval, ovate, roundish

Oblate, cordate, oblong

Truncate, conical

Plate VII. Japanese plum — The Hale.

THE DRUPE-FRUITS

131

Fruit, continued

Shipping Quality, con'hnued

Compressed long or opposite

sutures

Halves equal or unequal
Cavity

Deep, medium, shallow

Wide, medium, narrow

Eegular, irregular

Flaring, abrupt

SUTTJRE

Shallow, medium, deep

Distinct, indistinct

A mere line, lacking
Apex

Prolonged tip, short tip

Eoundish, flattened, depressed
Color

Red, yellow, green

Crimson, white

Mottled, blushed, striped
Pubescence

Long, medium, short

Thick, medium, thin

Skin

Thick, medium, thin

Tough, medium, tender

Adherent, semi-free, free
Flesh

Red, white, green, yellow

Juicy, medium, rather dry

Coarse, fine-grained, stringy

Firm, melting

Sweet, subacid

Sour, sprightly, aromatic
Quality

Best, very good, good

Fair, poor, very poor
Stone

Free, semi-cling, cling

Large, medium, small

Ovate, roundish, flattened

Obovate, oval, plump

Conspicuously winged, grooved

Pointed, blunt, oblique

Smooth, corrugated, pitted
Use

Dessert, kitchen

Market, home

Remarks

186. The nectarine. — The nectarine is a smooth-skinned peach
(Plate V). Some botanists put it in a distinct species; thus
DeCandole called it Persica Icevis. Many botanists prefer to
make it a botanical variety of the peach under the name Prumis
Persica var. nucipersica, but nectarines often come from seeds
of peaches, and peaches arise from seeds of nectarines; so, too,
peaches are often borne on nectarine trees and nectarines on
peach trees, so that either may originate from the other by means
of bud-variation. The trees of the nectarine differ not at all
from those of the peach, and, apart from the smooth skin, the
only distinguishable marks between the fruits are smaller size,
firmer flesh, and a distinct and richer flavor in the fruits of
the nectarine. Dryness of flesh, aroma, and the flavor seem to
be correlated with the smooth skin.

In the nectarine, as in the peach, there are free-stone and
cling-stone sorts ; both fruits have varieties with red, yellow, or
white flesh ; the flowers of both may be large or small ; nectarine
leaves in one variety or another show all of the variation in
glands and serrations known in the peach ; the stones and kernels

132 .S'y.s'77":.V.177r' PoMOLOdY

are iiulistingiiishal)lt' in the two Iruits; ])i'a('lies and nectarines
are a(lai)ted to the same soil and eliniatie conditions, and wher-
ever tlie peach is grown the nectarine may he raised. A draw-
back to the culture of the nectarine is tliat the smooth-skinned
fruits are more susceptible to fungous diseases and to the
curculio than ai'c the velvety-skinned i)caclics. The liistory of
the nectarine goes back over two thousand years and then merges

into that of the peach.

The Apricot

In tree and fruit the apricot is an intermediate between the
peach and the plum. The relationship of the three fruits is so
close that they may be intergrafted readily, and the apricot
has been hybridized with both the peach and the plum. A
hybrid between the apricot and plum is called a plumcot; be-
tween the peach and apricot, peach-apricot. Evolution in the
fruit seems to progress from the smooth-skinned plum to the
slightly hairy apricot, a further development of which is the
velvety peach.

187. The apricot distinguished from the plum and peach. —
The flowers of the apricot are solitary; those of the peach and
plum are two or more. The flowers of the apricot and plum
are white when fully out; of the peach, usually pink. The
blossoms of the apricot appear much earlier than those of either
peach or plum and the fruits ripen earlier. The stone is smooth
in most apricots like that of the plum but in a few kinds is
pitted much as in the peach. The dorsal suture of the stone is
soft and previous, a character not found in either peach or
plum. The fruit of the apricot is much like that of the peach
in shape and color but is less juicy and the flesh is yellower
and the flavor richer and sweeter. The leaves are broad, almost
circular, more or less cordate, smooth and shining, very different
from those of either peach or plum. The kernels of some apri-
cots are sweet, of others bitter; those of peach and plum are
usually bitter.

188. Prunus Armeniaca, the common apricot, described. —
Three species of Prunus are known as apricots: P. Armeniaca,
the common apricot ; P. Mume, the Japanese apricot ; and P.
dasycarpa, the black apricot. The apricot-plum, P. Simomi, is
more closely allied to the plums and is classified with them.

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 133

1. Prunus Armeniaca, Linn. Tree small, with a round spreading top
and in color of bark resembling the peach. Leaves round-ovate, thin;
margins finely serrate; teeth obtuse; upper surface smooth, bright green;
lower surface smooth or nearly so; petioles ^/^-l inch long, with one to
several glands. Flowers light pink in bud, white when open, 1 inch across,
borne singly, nearly sessile, opening before the leaves. Fruits earlier than
those of the peach and plum ; variable in size and shape, smaller than those
of the peach, usually compressed; pubescence fine and short or nearly
lacking; yellow with more or less red; flesh yellow, sometimes tinged with
red, firm, dry, sweet and rich; stone clinging or free, obovate, flat, smooth,
ridged or sulcate on one suture.

189. Habitat and history of the apricot. — The wild form of
the apricot grows spontaneously over a wide area in western
and central Asia and as far eastward as Pekin, China. Alex-
ander the Great is said to have brought the apricot from Asia
to Greece, from which country it was carried to Italy, being
first mentioned as a Roman fruit by Pliny in the time of Christ.
From Italy, its culture spread slowly northward in Europe,
reaching England about the middle of the fourteenth century.
There seems to be no mention of the apricot in North America
earlier than 1720, when it was said to be growing abundantly
in Virginia. In 1792 Vancouver saw apricots in the mission
orchards of California. Commercial plantations were not made
in the United States until the middle of the past century.

190. Cultivation of the apricot in North America. — The apri-
cot is popular in America only in California and in a few
favored spots in the Rocky Mountains and westward. Farther
east the crop is destroyed by spring frosts too frequently to make
apricot-growing a safe venture. Moreover, the curculio takes
too great toll unless combated by rather expensive treatments.
Also, the fruit and its requirements are little known in the East.
California has a monopoly of commercial apricot-growing for
the world, at least nowhere else does the industry attain so
great importance. The fruits are preeminently well adapted
to canning and evaporating, and California seems to have cap-
tured this trade in apricots, an industry which requires more
than 3,000,000 trees. Apricots are grown in a small way, how-
ever, wherever peaches thrive.

191. Russian apricots. — The Russian apricot is a strain of the
common apricot, although it is thought by some to be a distinct

134 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOdY

species to wliidi the name /*. sibirica lias \\vvu ^'ivcii. This race
differs from the type in having a narrower and darker colored
leaf and in bearing smaller and poorer fruits. They are sup-
posed to be hardier than the common apricots, but on the grounds
of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva,
New York, they have not proved so. The blossoms come out
quite as early as do those of other apricots and are as often
caught by frost. The Russian sorts are unique in manner of
fruit-bearing, — the small, round, handsome fruits hang in
clusters or ropes on the fruit-bearing branches. This race was
introduced in the Middle West by the Russian Mennonites soon
after the middle of the last century.

192. Japanese apricots. — The Japanese apricot, P. Mume is
more often grown as an ornamental than for its fruit. Two or
three varieties are cultivated in the United States for their
small yellow fruits, which are so poor in quality, however, that
they have little value except as they add variety. This species
is more tender to cold than the other two, and the blossoms
open so early that there is not much certainty of success north
of citrus-fruit regions, though occasional crops are produced as
far north as Geneva, New York. The Japanese grow many
varieties, gathering the fruits while green for pickling in a salt
solution. Even in Japan, however, these apricots are grown for
their flowers, the fruits being of secondary importance. A com-
parison of the descriptions of the two species shows wherein they
differ.

2. Prunns Mume, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree small, round, spreading, in shape
and size resembling the common apricot, but with bark grayish-green and
green branchlets. Leaves smaller than those of the common apricot, duller
in color, narrower and long-pointed; lower surface pubescent on the
veins ; petiole short, % inch, pubescent, glandular ; margin finely serrate ;
teeth obtuse. Flowers large, handsome, fragrant, sessile. Fruits small,
round, yellow or greenish, flesh firm, dry; poor in quality; stone clinging
tightly to the flesh, small, ovate, pitted.

193. The black apricot grows wild and is cultivated in Man-
churia, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan. The tree has
long been grown in Europe and the United States, but the fruit
is small, unattractive in color, and poor in quality. The species
is represented only in horticultural collections. In tree and

TRE DRUPE-FRUITS . 135

fruit, the black apricot shows close relationship to the plum, its
fruits being easily mistaken for dark-colored round plums. The
tree is hardier than that of the other apricots. The following
brief description distinguishes this species from the other two
apricots. Some authors consider it to be a hybrid.

3. Prunus dasycarpa, Ehrh. Tree a little larger and more upright
than that of the common apricot or of the peach. Leaves long-ovate, thin,
dull green; margins finely serrate; petiole usually glandless. Flowers
large, showy; pedicel long. Fruit small, round, smooth, plum-like; stem
adhering, dark purple or nearly black; flesh soft, subacid; juicy, poor;
stone small, ovate, fuzzy, clinging to the flesh; kernel sweet.

The Plum

The tree and fruit of many species of Prunus are called
plums. Twelve or more wild species of plums grow in North
America, five of which have few or many cultivated varieties,
while five foreign species are under cultivation in this country.
The names and relationships of these ten plums are shown in
the following key :

A. Flowers single or in twos. (Three in P. salicina.)

Old World plums.

B. Leaves drooping.

C. Shoots and pedicels pubescent.

D. Fruit large, more than 1 inch in diameter,

variable in shape 1. P. domestica.

DD. Fruits small, less than 1 inch in diameter,
oval or ovoid 2. P. insititia.

CC. Shoots glabrous or soon becoming so, pedicels
glabrous.

D. Flowers single; leaves hairy along the mid-
rib on the under side 3. P. cerasifera.

DD. Flowers in threes; leaves glabrous 4. P. salicina.

BB. Leaves upright, peach-like, glabrous, veins very
conspicuous, under side barbate at axils of veins;
separated from other plums by the large, flattened,
brick-red fruits 5. P. Simonii.

AA. Flowers in clusters of 3 or more. American plums.
B. Leaves broad, mostly ovate or obovate.
C. Flowers white.

136 SYSTKMATir PoMOlJXiY

D. Lonf serrations plandloss, acute; jtrtiole
usually jjlandless; stone turpid, large, jiointed
at the aj)ex ^'. /'. omrricana.

DD. Leaf -serrations, glandular, wavy-crenate ;
petioles glandular; stone turgid, small, pro-
longed at the ends 7. P. hortnlana.

CC. Flowers fading to pink: leaf -serrations coarse,
rounded, glandular only when young; petioles bi-
glandular; stone flat, large 8. P. nigra.

BB. Leaves narrow, lanceolate-ovate, folded upward.
C. Fruits small, V2 inch in diameter, cherry like;
petiole bi-glandular; stone small, ovoid, turgid,
cherry-like; rarely a tree, tender 9. P. an guati folia.

CC. Fruits large, 1 inch in diameter, plum-like;
petioles with from 1 to 6 glands; stone com-
pressed and pointed at both ends; usually trees;
hardy 10. P. Munsoniana.

Domestica plums.

The Domestica, or European plum, is the common plum of
fruit-growers in Europe and North America. Its many varieties
are the best known, have been cultivated longest and are most
widely distributed, and in number, quality of product, and in
most of the characters which make a tree a desirable orchard
plant, Domestica plums far surpass those of any others of the
ten cultivated species.

194. Prunus domestica described. — Some authors make from
P. domestica two or three species and others divide it into several
botanical varieties, but to pomologists there seem to be no suffi-
ciently definite lines of cleavage between the many cultivated
varieties to make it desirable to divide the species.

1. Prunus domestica, Linn. (Plate VI) Tree vigorous, open-headed,
round-topped; trunk attaining 1 foot or more in diameter; bark thick,
nearly smooth or roughened with transverse lines. Leaves large, obovate,
elliptical, thick and firm ; upper surface dull green, rugose, glabrous or
nearly so, the lower one paler with little or much tomentum, reticulated;
margins coarsely and irregularly crenate or serrate, often doubly so; teeth
usually glandular; petioles % inch in length, stout, pubescent, tinged with
red; glands usually 2, often lacking, sometimes several, globose, greenish-
yellow. Flowers appearing with or after the leaves, 1 inch or more across,
white; borne on lateral spurs or sometimes from lateral buds on one-year-
old wood, 1 or 2 from a bud in a more or less fascicled umbel; pedicels ^
inch or more in length, stout, green. Fruit globular or sulcate, often

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 137

necked, blue, red or yellow; stem ^/^ inch or more in length, stout, pubes-
cent ; cavity shallow and narrow ; apex variable, usually rounded ; suture
prominent, a line or indistinct ; dots small, numerous, inconspicuous ; flesh
yellowish, firm, sweet or acid and of many flavors; stone free or clinging,
oval, flattened, blunt, pointed or necked, roughened or pitted; walls thick;
one suture ridged, the other grooved.

195. Habitat and history of Domestica plums. — Domestica
plums came from the region about the Caucasus ^lountains and
the Caspian Sea. What seems to be the wild form of this species
is found in this region. Here the Huns, Turks, Mongols, and
Tartars, flowing back and forth in tides of war-like migration,
maintained in times of peace a crude agriculture long before
the Greeks and Romans tilled the soil. The plum was one of
their fruits and the dried prune a staple product. Here, still,
plums are among the common fruits, and prunes are ordinary
articles of trade. At about the time of Christ, or somewhat
before, communication had been opened between the Romans
and the countries about the Caspian Sea, and a few centuries
later hordes of Asiatics came westward and without doubt
brought the plum with them. Plums were introduced into
America by the first colonists, but were not much grown in
this country^ until toward the end of the eighteenth century.
Certainly, during the first two centuries of colonization in the
New World, there were no such plantations of the plum as there
were of the apple, pear, and cherry. Among the first importa-
tions of plums were those made by the French in Canada, in
Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and in favored
situations such as the L 'Islet County and the Island of ^lontreal
in the St. Lawrence River. In Massachusetts plums were
planted by the Pilgrims, according to Francis Higginson, writing
in 1629. The plum was early introduced in several of the south-
ern colonies ; so say Beverly, writing in 1722 of Virginia, and
Lawson in his history of North Carolina, written in 1714.

196. The cultivation of Domestica plums in North America.
— Domestica plums have not attained in America the relative
importance among fruits that they hold in Europe. The plum
is grown less in this country than the apple, pear, peach, or
cherry, while in Europe it is a question whether it does not rank
first or second amongr the tree-fruits. The restricted area which

138 SYSTEMATIC POMOT.OGY

tlie Domestica j)luins now orcupy in America is due to tlie fact
tliat they are not a(laj)te(l to tlie trans-Atlantie environment,
'i'lie j)Ium llii'ives hesi in an ('(juahle climate like that of eastern
and southern Hurope and of western America, and cannot en-
dure such extremes of heat and cold, wet and dry, as are found
in eastern and central America. Plant and fruit suffer also
from several ])arasites, as curculio, hlack-knot, leaf-blight and
plum-pocket.

In North America, therefore, Domestica plums are confined to
favored localities on the Atlantic seaboard, the Great Lakes
regions, and the Pacific coast. In the first-named area they
thrive to a limited degree in Nova Scotia and parts of Quebec,
somewhat in central New England, and particularly well in the
fruit-growing sections of New York. South of New York but
few plums of this species are grown. The Domestica plums are
planted with indifferent success in southern Ontario and in
^Michigan. In the great Valley of the Mississippi and in the
states of the Plains, this plum is hardly known. Westward in
the irrigated valleys of the Rocky Mountains and the Great
Basin, the climate is favorable and European plums are well
known.

It is on the Pacific slope that the foreign plum reaches its
highest development in the New World. The trees in California,
Oregon, and Washington are \Qry thrifty, and the plums are of
large size, handsome appearance, and high quality. Both tree
and fruit in this favored region are free from most of the insect
and fungous troubles with which eastern plum-growers must
contend. Curculio and black-knot, scourges of eastern orchards,
are not troublesome on the western coast. In this region the
Domesticas, practically the only plums cultivated, succeed on
either irrigated or naturally watered lands.

197. Groups of plums. — Plums fall into five natural groups,
more distinct than those of the peach, but becoming less so
as breeders of new varieties cross and recross them. These
groups help materially in classification and all of them are
readily recognized by plum-growers.

(1) The Reine Claude or Green Gage plums. — This group is
so distinct that it is often given as a sub-species, and fruit-
growers speak of its varieties as Green Gages as if it were quite

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 139

a distinct fruit from other Domestica plums. The trees are low
with compact round heads; bark dark in color and breaking
into deep fissures; shoots thick and do not lose their pubes-
cence. The leaves are broad, wrinkled, coarsely crenate, and
sometimes doubly serrate, a character not usually found in
domestica plums. The fruit is round or oval, green or yellow,
sometimes with a faint blush, stems short and pubescent, suture
shallow, bloom thin, texture firm, quality the best, stone free
or clinging. The leading varieties are Reine Claude, Bavay,
Spaulding, Yellow^ Gage, Washington, McLaughlin, Hand,
Peters, and Imperial Gage.

(2) The prunes. — A prune is any plum that can be cured,
without removing the pit, into a firm long-keeping product.
This classification throws all plums with a high percentage of
solids, especially of sugar, into this group. The trees are vari-
ous, the distinguishing characters of the group being in the
fruits which are large, oval, with the one side straighter than
the other, usually much compressed with a shallow suture, blue
or purple, with a heavy bloom, flesh greenish-yelloAV or golden,
firm, quality good, stone free. Typical varieties of this group
in America are Italian, German, Agen, Tragedy, Tennant, Sugar,
Giant and Hungarian.

(3) The Perdrigon plums constitute an old but comparatively
unimportant group. The name comes from an ancient geo-
graphical division of Italy. The trees are various, mostly large,
spreading, vigorous and hardy. The plums are of medium size,
round or oval, dark blue with a heavy bloom, firm flesh, quality
rather poor, stone free or clinging. Few of these Perdrigons
are grown in America, of which Goliath, Late Orleans, and
Royal Tours are best known ; even these, however, are now repre-
sented only in collections.

(4) The Imperatrice plums might almost be combined with
the Perdrigons. The chief differences are in the larger and
more oval fruits, and the smaller, more compact, more produc-
tive and hardier trees. The name comes from the old Impera-
trice plum now little grown, but formerly of note as one of
the first of the blue plums to receive recognition. This poorly
defined assemblage contains a greater number of varieties than
any of the divisions outlined for the reason that the color, size

140 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOdY

and shaiH' of tlio plums arc all jjopular cliaraclci's with p'owers
and consunuTs. The hcsl known varieties in the group are
Diamond, Areh Duke, Monareh, Siiii)per, Aretie, Quaekenboss
and Smith Orleans. All are characterized by hardy, thrifty,
productive trees which l)ear thick-skinned firm-flcshed plums of
rather poor (piality in which the stones usually cling.

(5) The Lombard plu)}is. — The reddish and mottled varieties
of plums are usually thrown into this group. These plums differ
but little from those in the preceding section except in the color
of the fruits which have also more obovate shape, a more marked
suture, are smaller, and even poorer in quality, though there are
a few exceptions. The trees are even hardier and more produc-
tive, characters which make varieties of this group popular in
northern climates and for the general fruit-grower. The follow-
ing well known sorts l)elong here : Lombard, Bradshaw, Pond,
Duane, Victoria, Middleburg, and Field.

(6) The Yellow Egg plums are a gi'oup of few^ varieties, all
of wdiieh are very distinct and some the largest and handsomest
plums known. The group is readily distinguished by the tall,
upright-spreading, vigorous trees, nearly all of which are tender
to cold and capricious as to soils. The fruits are the largest
size, long-oval in shape, more or less necked, yellow^ or purple,
with firm yellow flesh, free or clinging to the stone ; the quality
is usually poor although there are one or two exceptions. The
best known varieties in the group are Yellow Egg, Red Magnum
Bonum, Golden Drop and Monroe.

Insititia plums.

198. Prunus insititia described. — The Insititias are small
round firm plums of various colors and flavors of which the
well known Damsons are the best representatives. Some botan-
ists put them in P. domestica, usually as a botanical variety,
but to the writer the several groups and many varieties form
a very distinct species in tree and fruit.

2. Prunus insititia, Linn. (Plate VI) Tree dwarfish; bark gray,
smooth, with transverse cracks. Leaves small, obovate; apex obtuse or
abruptly pointed; base cuneate or narrowed and rounded; margins closely,
sometimes doubly serrate or crenate, glandular; thin and firm; upper sur-
face rugose, dark green, hairy ; lower surface paler, pubescent ; petioles V2

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 141

inch long, slender, pubescent, tinged with red; glands few or glandless.
Flowers 1 inch or less in size; borne in lateral umbel-like clusters, 1, 2 or
rarely 3 from a bud; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous, tinged with red.
Fruit globular or oval, often necked, less than 1 inch in diameter, bluish-
black or amber-yellow, with a heavy bloom ; skin thin, tough ; stem slender,
y^ inch long; cavity shallow, narrow; apex roundish or flattened; suture
indistinct or a line; flesh firm, yellow, juicy, sweet or acid; stone clinging
or free, turgid, ovoid, smooth, ridged on one edge and grooved on the other.

199. Insititia distinguished from Domestica plums. — The In-

sititia plums are readily distinguished from the Domestica sorts
in having" a dwarfer and more compact habit of growth ; smaller
and more ovate leaves, with more closely serrate margins;
branches more slender, with shorter joints, and bearing spines-
cent spurs; a more abundant and a more clustered inflorescence,
with smaller flowers; a glabrous instead of a pubescent pistil
and calyx-tube ; reflexed calyx-lobes, whereas in Domestica they
are often erect ; and flowers which appear nearly a week later.
The fruits are smaller, more nearly round or oval, more uniform
in shape and never strongly compressed as in Domestica, with a
less distinct suture and more often wdth a pronounced neck.
The color is usually the Damson purple or the Mirabelle yellow,
with no intermediate colors as in Domestica. The plums are
sweet or sour, and have a very much smaller range in flavor in
the Insititias. The stones are smaller, more oval, and much
more swollen.

Insititia plums are much less variable than the Domesticas.
These plums have been cultivated over two thousand years, yet
there is seemingly little difference between the sorts described
by the Greeks and Romans at the beginning of the Christian
Era and those now grown. Also, one often finds half-wild
chance seedlings with fruit indistinguishable from varieties
under the highest cultivation. This pronounced immutability
of the species is one of its chief characteristics.

200. Habitat and history of Insititia plums. — Wild plums of
this species are found in nearly all temperate parts of Europe
and Western Asia, probably as escapes from cultivation except
in southeastern Europe and the adjoining parts of Asia. The
recorded history of the Insititia plums is older than that of the
Domesticas, going back to the sixth century B. C. Pliny, the
Roman naturalist of Christ's time, wrote of an Insititia under

1-lJ SYS'JKMA I IC J'()M(fLO(iY

tlie iianit' Daiiiascnc and says of it "lon^- since introduced into
Italy/' The Damson plums of this species were introduced by
the earliest Kn«ilish settlers in the New World, and references
to i)lum-<j:ro\ving in America before the Revolution were nearly
all to the Damsons. The reason for this early ])reference to
Damsons by the colonists is that they come fairly true to seed
while the Domesticas do not.

201. Cultural status of the Insititias in America. — The hardi-
ness, thriftiness, and productiveness of the varieties of this
species connnend them to those who cannot give the care re-
quired for the less easily grown Domesticas. In America, as in
Europe, these plums are to be found in almost every orchard,
and in many communities half-wild, thriving with little or no
care. The fact that they are easily propagated, growling readily
from suckers and coming true to seed, is an added reason for
their general distribution. The Insititia plums do not seem to
Hybridize freely with other species, — at least there are no re-
corded offspring of such hj^brids, though some think the Reine
Claudes to be a hybrid group between this species and the
Domesticas, and possibly the French Damson and some of the
Mirabelles are part Domestica.

202. Groups of Insititia plums. — The species may be subdi-
vided into four groups rather more distinct than those of
Domestica plums because of the lack of variability in the species
and the difficulty with which these plums are hybridized. The
four groups are the Damsons, Bullaces, Mirabelles and St.
Juliens, of which, possibly eighty or more varieties have been
described.

(1) The Damsons. — The description given the species fits this
group very closely. The distinguishing characters are the oval,
blue, sour, and slightly astringent plums.

(2) The Bullaces. — The tree characters of Damson and Bul-
laces are identical and the fruits of the two groups are so nearly
alike that a distinction between them is hardly worth making.
Insititias with round fruits are called Bullaces. There are no
cultivated varieties of importance in this group.

(3) The Mirabelles. — The trees in this group differ but little
from those of other Insititias, except, possibly, in being more
dwarf. The fruits are round or oval, yellow, about half an inch

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 143

in diameter, Avitli free stones. The fruits are of much better
quality, especially for dessert, than any other Insititias. Un-
fortunately these delicious Mirabelles are hardly known in
America.

(4) The St. Juliens grown in America are vigorous, hardy,
healthy Insititias used as stocks upon which to grow other plums
both Domesticas and Insititias. In fruit and tree, the St.
Juliens are so similar to the Damsoms that they can be said to
be but a vigorous Damson used as a stock, although the fruits
are occasionally sweet, while Damsons are always sour and
astringent.

The Myrobalan plum.

Myrobalan as a name of a plum was used as early as the last
half of the sixteenth century, but Avhy applied to this plum
is not known. Myrobalan had long before been employed, and
is still, as the name of several plum-like fruits of the East
Indies, not of the genus Prunus, which are used in tanning,
dyeing, ink-making, and embalming.

203. Botanical description of the Myrobalan plum. — For-
merly placed by different botanists under several specific names,
the Myrobalan plum is now called by all P. cerasifera.

3. Prunus cerasifera, Ehrh. Tree 25 feet in height; branches upright,
slender, twiggy, unarmed or sometimes thorny. Leaves small, short-ovate;
texture firm, light green, glabrous on both surfaces at maturity, margins
finely and closely serrate; petiole V2 or % inch long, slender, glandless,
glabrous. Flowers large, % inch in diameter, expanding with the leaves.
Fruit small, ^/^ inch in diameter, cherry-like, red or yellow; skin thin and
tender; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, pleasantly flavored; stone oval, short-
pointed at both ends, turgid, ridged on one suture and grooved on the other.

204. Distribution and use of Myrobalan plums. — This species
is generally distributed wherever plums are grown, because of
its use as stocks for other species. For this purpose it is held
in high esteem the world over. It is now employed more than
any other stock, and may commonly be fruiting here and there
from plants set for or used as stocks. It does not sprout as
badly as other stocks, is adapted to many soils, and the young
trees grow well and are readily budded, giving at the start a
strong and viaorous orchard tree.

144 sy;s'ii:matic pomology

J a pa fuse plums.

Japanese ])lunis a;-e now cullivalcd wherever plums ai-e ^rown.
The wild form is not known. It is, however, almost eertainly
a native of China, tliou^di the liabitat of the species cannot be
determined accurately until western and southwestern China
have Iteen explored by l)o1anists.

205. Botanical description of the Japanese plum. — Long
known as /'. trijloni, or the Ti-ifjora plums, it was but recently
learned that the first tenable botanical name given this group of
fruits is l\ salicin<i'.

4. Prunus salicinu, Lindl. (Plate VII) Tree 20-30 feet in height; bark
thick, rough, reddish or cinnanion-brovvn, peach-like. Leaves small, ob-
long-obovate; margins closely serrated, sometimes in two series; teeth
usually glandular; petioles i/^ inch in length, tinged with red; glands few
or several, usually globose, greenish. Flowers first of plum blossoms to
appear, % inch in diameter; 3 springing from each flower-bud. Fruit
1-2 inches in diameter, globular, heart-shaped or conical; cavity deep; apex
pointed; suture prominent; color bright red or yellow, never blue or purple,
lustrous, with little or no bloom; dots small, numerous, conspicuous; skin
thin, tough, astringent; flesh red or yellow, firm, fibrous, juicy; stone cling-
ing tenaciously or free, small, rough, oval, one edge grooved, the other
ridged.

206. Botanical differences between Japanese and other
plums. — The botanical differences between these Asiatic plums
and those from Europe and America are most interesting. In
general aspect, the trees of the Japanese plums in summer or
winter are much more like those of the American species than
those from Europe or west Asia; so, also, the fruits are more
alike in appearance and in quality, and the peach-like foliage of
the Japanese might easily be mistaken for that of the native
varieties of Hortulana or iMunsoniana. In the manner in which
the buds are borne and in vernation, the resemblance of the ori-
ental species to the Americanas, Hortulanas, and Munsonianas is
again most striking. In Asiatic and American species the buds are
borne in twos and threes, while in the European species they
are more often single or double. As might be expected from
their nearness of kin, the Japanese plums hybridize readily with
the American species and especially with the Hortulanas and
Munsonianas, species which they most resemble, and between
which there are several valuable hybrids.

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 145

207. Status of Japanese plums in American pomology. — In

spite of the fact that these plums have been grown in America
less than a half century, no less than ninetj^-two varieties are
under cultivation. At first they were considered desirable only
for the southern states, but most of them prove to be nearly
as hardy as the Domestica plums in the northern states, and they
are now widely distributed north and south. Undoubtedly the
most valuable attribute of Japanese plums is wide realm of
adaptability, it having turned out that they are adapted to a
much wider range of conditions than the Domesticas. Even
where both types of plums succeed, the newer plum introduces
several very desirable features. Thus, as a species, the Japanese
are more vigorous and productive than the Domestica plums,
earlier in coming in bearing, and freer from diseases, espe-
cially black-knot and leaf-blight. They are also less subject
to curculio than the native and European species ; the fruits
keep longer than those of the better-known Europeans, and
ship as well. As compared with native varieties, the plums
from Japan are larger, handsomer, and better flavored, and keep
and ship better.

Some disadvantages are that Japanese plums blossom so early
as often to be caught by spring frosts; they are subject to
brown-rot; for the most part they are clingstones; the species
is less hardy to cold than the Domestica plums; lastly they are
inferior in quality to the varieties from Europe. The last
fault is so serious that, though the average for the Japanese
plums is high, making them unquestionably more desirable in-
habitants of the orchard than any of the native species, they
cannot compete Avith the Domesticas where the two types can be
equally well gi^own.

Simom 's plum.

This plum came to France from China about 1867, thence to
America shortly after. The wild form has not been found.

208. The botanical characters of Simon's plum. — The follow-
ing description is of plants as they grow in American orchards :

5. Frunus Simonii, Carriere. Tree small upright, dense, hardy, unpro-
ductive. Leaves folded upward, oblong-lanceolate, narroAv, long ; upper
surface dark green, smooth, shining ; lower surface pale green, with promi-

146 SrS'l KMA'I IC POMOlAXiY

nont niidrili; mar^nn cronato; pctiolo sliorl, thick, with 4 lar^c ploV)ose
plands on the stalk. FU)\vers appoariiif^ very early, siiiall, pinkish-white;
borne singly or in pairs. Fruit early; \'']\ by 2 inches in size, oblate, com-
pressed; cavity deep, wide, russet ed; suture swollen near the apex which
is depressed; purplish-red, overspread with waxy bloom; stem thick, char-
acteristically short; skin tough, bitter; flesh yellow, juicy, tough, firm,
mild subacid with a peculiar aromatic flavor; stone clinging, round, turgid,
with rough surfaces; ventral suture narrow, with distinct wing; dorsal
suture blunt or acute, not grooved.

209. Horticultural characters of Simon's plum. — The {general
aspect of the tree of this species is more tliat of the peach than
of the plum, and the drupes are as much like apricots or nec-
tarines as plums; hut, when all characters are considered, the
fruit can be classed better Avith the plums than ^vith any of
the other stone-fruits named. Simonii is widely grown in
America for its fruits, but has not become popular, only one
variety of the species being now under cultivation. The plums
lack palatability and the trees are subject to too many pests.
P. Simonii has been successfully hybridized with P. salicina,
and, as secondary crosses, its blood has been mingled with that
of some of the native species as well. Most of its hybrid oif-
spring have more value than the parent, for nearly all of them
are free from its disagreeable taste.

Americana plums.

The Americana is the predominating native plum both in the
wild and under cultivation. It flourishes in nearly all soils and
exposures, and is wild or cultivated from Maine to Florida, and
northward from INIexico along the eastern slope of the Rocky
Mountains, well into Canada. There are many varieties under
cultivation.

210. The botanical characters of P. americana. — Since there
are several native plums now to be described, the botanical
characters must be given in detail.

6. Prunus americana, Marsh. (Plate VIII) Tree attaining a height of
30 feet; bark grayish-brown, shaggy with large scales giving a charac-
teristic aspect; branches crooked, long, often pendulous at the extremities,
more or less thorny; lenticels numerous, large and distinct. Leaves oblong-
obovate, acuminate at the apex and rounded at the base, becoming coria-
ceous; margins sharply serrate, the coarse and double serrations charac-

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 147

teristic; glabrous or slightly pubescent, coarsely veined; petioles slender,
2/3 inch in length, usually glandless. Flowers 1 inch in diameter, two- to
five-flowered; pedicels % inch long, slender, glabrous. Fruit globose,
conical, oval, or oblique-truncate, 1 inch in diameter, red or yellowish, dull,
with or without bloom; dots pale, numerous, conspicuous; cavity shallow
or lacking; suture a line; skin thick, tough, astringent; flesh yellow, juicy,
fibrous, sweet; stone clinging or free, turgid or flattened, apex pointed,
ridged on the ventral and grooved on the dorsal suture; surfaces smootli.

211. Horticultural characters of Americana plums. — The
fruit is red or orange with red varieties predominating. Wild
or cultivated, the fruits of the Americana plums vary greatly
in season, size, shape, and flavor. In the orchard, the period
of maturity covers a range of several weeks, beginning in
August and ending in October. The size of the cultivated
sorts ranges from that of a Damson to that of some of the
Gages ; the shape is round-oval, sometimes oblique and sometimes
truncate, and often more or less compressed. The fruits have a
pleasant flavor, — when fully ripe the flesh of some sorts is sweet
and luscious, hardly surpassed by the best Domesticas. The
skin is usually thick and astringent; this with the tenaciously
clinging stones is the chief defect although some sorts have an
astringent flavor.

The trees are not very manageable in the orchard. They
make a slow growth and are hard to control, producing at
maturity many leaning trunks that are often crooked, as are
also the branches. Nearly all of the varieties over-bear, and
unless thinned the fruits are small ; not infrequently trees die
from over-bearing. A few varieties are unfruitful because of
defective pollination. Nearly all sucker badly on their own
roots, and, except in cold regions, should be grown on other
stocks. There are fewer pests to combat with these than with
European plums, yet they are far from being exempt and require
as much spraj^ng as do other plums.

All Americana plums are hardy, and some of the varieties can
be grown as far north as general agi'iculture is practiced. This,
with the Nigras, will probably always be the chief group for dry
cold regions between the Great Lakes and the Rocky Mountains.
The flower-buds as well as the trees are hardy, having been
kno^\^l to withstand a temperature of forty degrees below zero.
Since the blossoms open comparatively late, there is less damage

148 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

from spriiijr frosts lluni in most oilier spooies, cvon of tlie
natives.

212. The woolly-leaved Americana plum. — Primus americana
hinata, Suilw., is a wi'sttTii and soul li western form of P. ameri-
cana, tlie sub-species being distinguished from the species by
tlie amount and eharaeter of the pubescence on the leaves and
shoots. The leaves, petioles and shoots of this plum are soft-
pubeseent, almost tomeutose, the tomentum being pale in
color and usually very dense; the ealyx-lobes are pubescent on
both sides and the pedicels are appressed and densely pubes-
cent. Two varieties of this sub-species, Wolf and Van Buren,
are in general cultivation in regions in which Americana plums
are grown.

Hurtulaua plums.

A valuable plum, P. horiidana, is wild in the southern and
central Mississippi Valley. These Hortulanas, of which there
are about twenty named sorts, are adapted to a wide range of
climate and soil and serve a somewhat distinct purpose in pom-
ology, that of a very good jelly-making plum.

213. Botanical characters of P. hortulana. — Study of the P.
hortuhnia in the descrii)tion which follows, made from wild and
cultivated plants, shows that it is one of the most distinct
of the native plums.

7. Prunus hortulana, Bailey. Tree 30 feet in height; branches rough
and shaggy; spreading, twiggy, slender, thorny; lenticels few, large, raised.
Leaves 1% inches wide, 3 to 5 inches long, long-oval with a tapering acumi-
nate apex, thin; margins serrate, sometimes in a double series, glandular;
veins very pubescent, with characteristic orange color ; midrib very promi-
nent; petioles slender, 1 inch in length, tinged with red; glands 2-8, small,
globose. Flowers blooming later than any other cultivated plum, % inch
across; clusters borne from lateral buds on one-year-old wood only, char-
acterizing the species; 2-6 flowers from a bud; pedicels -^ inch long, slen-
der, glabrous. Fruit very late, globose, oval, 1 inch in diameter; red or yel-
low; dots numerous, small, conspicuous; suture shallow or a line; skin thick,
tough, astringent; flesh yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous, firm, sweet, astringent
at the pit, aromatic ; stone clinging to the flesh, turgid, long-oval, small, pro-
longed at the ends, the surfaces rough and reticulated.

214. Pomological characters of Hortulana plums. — The

Hortulanas are particularly suited to the ^lississippi Valley
and southern states, and fruit \vell as far north and east as

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 149

New York. The product of Wayland, Kanawha, and Golden
Beauty, best known of the plums belonging to this species, is
especially suitable for preserves, spicing, and jelly. The fruits
are too acid and the flesh clings too tenaciously to the stone
for dessert plums or even for ordinary culinary purposes. These
plums ship and keep well, and, since they are the latest of the
native sorts in ripening, extend the season for this fruit very
materially. The Hortulana plums hybridize freeL with other
native species, and their hybrids are such as to commend this
species very highly to plum-breeders.

215. The Miner plums. — Prunus hortulana Mineri, Bailey,
(Plate IX), is a sub-species which differs from the species in
having shorter stiffer branches ; leaves smaller, thicker, rougher ;
the blossoms of the sub-species open a few days earlier; the
fruits are larger, lighter red, have more bloom, ripen earlier,
yet later than those of any other species, and are quite different
in flavor, having more nearly the taste of the fruit of P. ameri-
cana; the stones are very different, being in the sub-species
larger, broader, flatter, smoother, scarcely clinging so much,
and less pointed.

The chief representatives of the Miner-like plums under cul-
tivation are Miner, Forest Rose, Prairie Flower, and Clinton.
In the orchard, the Miner plums behave much like the Ameri-
canas. In some respects the fruits are an improvement on
those of the Americana varieties. The skin is usually less tough
and brighter in color; and the flavor is better. These plums
seem to be nearly or quite as hardy as the Americanas, and
are adapted to as wide a range of soils. The trees of the Miner
plums are more amenable to domestication than those of P.
americana, having straighter trunks, less unkempt tops, and
making larger trees. The fruits ripen so late as to make the
varieties of this group especially valuable in prolonging the
season for plums in regions in which native varieties are grown
exclusively.

Nigra plums.

Nigras are the most northern native plums. They are im-
portant pomologically because they can be grown in colder re-
gions than any other plums of this continent.

150 sysri':M.\Tir roMoLoav

216. Botanical description of P. nigra. — In fruit and tree,
Ni^ra i)lunis arc similar to the Amcricauas l)ut tliere arc several
marked ditt'erences, as the de.seription sliows.

8. Prunus nigra, Ait. Tree small, seldom exceeding 20 feet in height;
bark thin, rough, but not shaggy ; branches upright, stout, armed with stout
spiny spurs. Leaves large, broad-oval, with a long-acuminate apex and
cuneate or subcordate base; margins doubly crenate-serrate, with teeth
tipped with glands which disappear as the leaves mature; upper surface
glabrous, the under surface pubescent when young; petioles 2/3 inch long,
stout, with two large dark red glands near the blade. Flowers IVi inches
across; borne in three- or four-flowered umbels on glabrous red pedicels V2
inch in length. Fruit early; round-oblong, 1 inch in diameter, red, orange
or yellow in color, with little bloom; skin thick, tough, astringent; flesh
yellow, firm, acid or astringent; stone clinging, large, oval, thick -walled,
with a sharp ridge on the ventral and a groove on the dorsal suture.

217. Pomological characters of Nigra plums. — The trees not
only endure more eold than those oi the last-named group, but
their tough wood enables them to stand better the weight of
snows and the stress of winds. Earliness in ripening, also, pro-
longs the season for this type of fruit; and, in regions where
the season is short, the Nigras may be grown with more certainty
than other groups. About forty varieties of this species are
under cultivation.

Angii^ti folia plums.

The Angustifolia plums are native from southern Delaware
to Florida and westward to the Panhandle of Texas and southern
Oklahoma. They usually grow in rich soils, but are found as
well in worn-out fields and pastures, most often in thickets
of small trees or thorny shrubs or scraggly bushes, producing
under the latter conditions small fruits so like cherries as to
give it the name in some localities of "Mountain Cherry" (Mary-
land), and in others of "Wild Cherry" (Louisiana).

218. Botanical characters of P. angustifolia. — The species
has long been known, and is near at hand to fruit-growers, with-
out many of its offspring coming under cultivation. Neither
trees nor fruits are promising for the cultivator, but two sub-
species have furnished some six or more sorts each.

10. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh. Plant usually forming a distinct trunk
with a twiggy bushy top ; branches slender, zigzag with long thin thorns

'W

J0

Plate VIII. An Americana plum — The Wood.

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 151

or spine-like branchlets. Leaves folded upward, oblong;laiiceolate, pointed
at both ends, thin, membranaceous; margins closely and finely serrate; teeth
tipped with glands; 2/3 inch wide and 1-2 inches long; petioles ^2 inch
long, slender, bright red with two red glands near or on the base of the leaf.
Flowers small, less than % inch across, umbels subsessile, 2- to 4-floAvered.
Fruit ripening early; ovoid, % inch in diameter, bright red, sometimes
yellow, glossy, with little or no bloom ; dots numerous, very conspicuous ;
skin thin; flesh tender, juicy, yellow, subacid; stone small, clinging, ovoid,
turgid, roughened, cherry-like, edges rounded, the dorsal one grooved,

219. The Sand plum. — Pnmus angtistifolia Watso7ii, Waugh,
the Sand plum, is an inhabitant of southern and southeastern
Nebraska, central and western Kansas, and possibly passes into
western Oklahoma. The wild plums are held in high esteem
for dessert and culinary purposes, and are occasionally trans-
planted to the garden or orchard. From such transplantings a
half dozen varieties have arisen. The productiveness, hardiness
to heat and cold, and the size and quality of the fruits attract
plum-growers in the region of its habitat and experimenters else-
where as well. The Sand plum differs from Angustifolia in its
dw^arfer habit; shorter- jointed, zigzag, ashy-gray branches;
smaller but thicker leaves; large, thicker-skinned, and better-
flavored fruit, which ripens later; and in a smaller and some-
w^hat differently marked stone w^hich does not cling as tightly
as in the species.

220. The Variable plum. — Pnmus angustifolia vanans,
Wight and Hedrick, in the wild forms dense thickets, the larger
specimens attaining a height of ten or twelve feet. When
grown in the orchard, the plant is a small tree wdth spreading
branches, sometimes armed with slender spinescent branchlets.
The sub-species is distinguished from the species by more robust
habit; the young twigs less reddish; by pediceled flowers; and
by the stone in most cases being more pointed at the apex.
It occurs locally from southern Oklahoma through eastern Texas
southward to the Colorado River, and westward to the Pan-
handle region. The fruit is superior to that of the species.
Hybrids between this form and P. Munsoniana occur freely
both in the wild state and under cultivation. The varieties
Eagle and El Paso have probably originated in this way.
Nearly all of the plums belonging to this species, some twenty
in all, are tender to cold, and none succeeds in the North.

152 S YS TEM A TIC PO M O LOG Y

African, Cluck, Jennie Liieas, and Yellow Transparent may be
named as representative varieties.

M u n so n ia mi pi ii ms.

Pomol()«j:ieally the Munsoniana i)lums constitute the most im-
portant group for the South containing a greater number of
cultivated varieties than any other native species excepting P.
anwricana, no less than sixty sorts, some of which are deservedly
the best known of the native plums for either home or market
use. The species is widely distributed in the wild in the south-
ern states.

221. Botanical description of P. Munsoniana. — Long con-
fused with P. any list i folia, a comparison of the descriptions
shows well-marked differences.

11. Primus Munsoniana, Wight and Hedrick. (Plate X) Tree 20-30
feet in height; bark grayish-bro^^^l, shaggy, furrowed; branches spreading,
slender, zigzag, little or not at all thorny. Leaves li/4 inches wide, 4 inches
long, oblong-lanceolate; apex tapering, rounded at the base, texture thin;
margins closely and finely serratej teeth with small dark red glands;
petioles % inch long, reddish, usually with two glands at the base of
the leaf -blade. Flowers late; about % inch across; 2 or 4 flowers in a
cluster; pedicels I/2 inch long, slender, glabrous. Fruit early; globose, 1
inch in diameter; bright currant -red, rarely yellow; bloom thin; dots con-
spicuous; cavity shallow, narrow; suture a line; apex rounded; flesh light
yellow, juicy, soft, fibrous, sweet; aromatic; stone clinging, prolonged at
the apex, obliquely truncate at the base, roughened, grooved on the dorsal
edge, thick-margined and grooved on the ventral one.

222. Pomological characters of Munsoniana plums. — For des-
sert or the kitchen the fruits are i)articularly valuable, having
a sprightly vinous flavor which makes them pleasant to eat out
of hand or w^hen cooked. Their bright colors, semi-transparent
skins, and well-turned forms make them very attractive in ap-
pearance. Unfortunately, nearly all of the varieties of this
species are clingstones. This group hybridizes more freelj^ than
any other of the plums, and there are a great number of promis-
ing hybrids. Of all plums, these are most in need of cross-
pollination, some of the varieties being nearly, or, as in the
case of Wild Goose, wholly self-sterile. While these plums are
especially valuable in the southern states, some of them are de-
sirable in the North as well, w^here all will grow^ at least as far

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 153

north as central New York. The leading varieties under cultiva-
tion are Arkansas, Pottawattamie, Robinson, Newman, Wild
Goose, and Downing.

Cherries

All of the commonly cultivated cherries, now several hundred,
although possibly 1500 have been described, belong to two
species or are hybrids between the two. Four other species are
of interest to pomologists for cultivated varieties of minor im-
portance or for use as stocks. Botanists enumerate more than a
hundred wild cherries, some of which may prove of value when
domesticated or for hybridization. The two species of prime im-
portance to pomologists are P. CerasiiSy the sour cherry, and
P. avium, the sweet cherry.

KEY TO CULTIVATED SPECIES OF CHEREIES
A. Plants trees.

B. Flowers in few-flowered branching clusters; leaves
much longer than broad.

C. Leaves small, short, ovate or obovate, firm, short-
pointed 1. P. Cerasus.

CC. Leaves large, long, oblong-ovate, soft, taper-
pointed 2. P. avium.

BB. Flowers in many-flowered umbel-like clusters;
leaves small, very broad, nearly round, firm, shining,
perfumed 3. P. Mahaleh.

AA. Plants very dwarf and bush-like.

B. Under surface of leaves tomentose 4. P. tomentosa.

BB. Under surface of leaves glabrous or nearly so.

C. Leaves less than 2 inches long, narrowly oblanceo-
late, thin; petiole glandless 5, P. pumila.

CC. Leaves more than 2 inches long, broadly ob-
lanceolate, thick; petiole usually with 1 or 2 small
globose glands 6. P. Besseyi.

Sour cherries.

Because the trees are hardy, relatively free from disease, easy
to care for, and very productive, the sour cherry is grown and
esteemed in temperate climates the world over. In all northern
fruit regions in North America it is a favorite for home and

1.54 SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOGY

marki>t i)Iantatioiis; its j)()[)ula!-ity is clu'cked only because in
many localities the cherry crop is the exclusive property of birds
of whicli the r()l)in is the chief offender.

223. Prunus Cerasus, the sour cherry, described. — The sys-
tematic standing of this group is imicli confused, various authors
having divided what is here considered one species into two or
more or subdivided it into several botanical varieties. Pomolo-
gists, however, follow the botanical usage which puts all sour
cherries in this species.

1. Prunus Cerasus, Linn. (Plate XI) Tree reaching a height of 30
feet, round-topped; bark reddish-brown, smooth; branches spreading, slen-
der. Leaves resinous at opening, 3-4 inches long and %-2 inches wide,
obovate, firm in texture; margins finely serrate, often doubly so; teeth
tipped with small dark glands; petioles from %-2 inches long, slender,
grooved; glands 1-4. Flowers 1 inch across, white; borne in scaly clusters
on one-year-old wood; pedicels Mj-1V^ inches in length, slender. Fruit
round-oblate or cordate, sides compressed; suture indistinct; color light to
dark red; stem slender, i/^-2 inches in length; flesh dark red, with dark
colored juice or pale yellow with colorless juice, tender, melting, acidulous,
sometimes astringent; stone free or clinging, round, smooth; ventral suture
ridged.

224. Habitat and history of the sour cherry. — The species is
so frequent an escape from cultivation that it is difficult to tell
where its wild form grew. Probably it is truly wild in south-
eastern Europe and southwestern Asia, where at least it now
seems most common and at home in the wild form. Wherever
cultivated the sour cherry escapes and is multiplied from seed
distributed by birds or by growing from suckers which spring
so freely from the roots that the species is unfit for a stock in
orchard work. The cherry antedates the Christian era — how
long it is difficult to tell. Certainly it grew in Rome a few
centuries before Christianity and by that time was probably well
distributed in every part of Europe where agriculture was
practiced. It was grown in Greece and neighboring countries
many hundreds of years before it was taken to Rome. The
earliest settlers brought the cherr>^ to North America, and
pioneers found it easiest to grow^ and one of the most acceptable
fruits as the agriculture of the continent was developed. About
300 varieties are under cultivation.

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 155

225. Groups of cherries. — Sour cherries cultivated for their
fruits are divided into two groups, each of which has many
varieties. A third section is g-rown for the manufacture of a
liqueur. The gi'oups cultivated for their fruits vary greatly
in tree and fruit, but have one character on which the division
is made ; the juice in the fruits of one gi^oup is red, in the other
it is colorless.

(1) The Amarelles. — Cherries with colorless juice are called
Amarelles, from the Latin amanis, hitter, a name probably first
employed by the Germans but now in general use wherever
cherries are grown. These Amarelles are pale red fruits, more
or less flattened at the ends. Despite the derivation of the
name Amarelle, they have less bitterness than the other group
of varieties of the sour cherry. They are also less acid than the
darker colored cherries, and are therefore more suitable for
eating out of hand, the dark-colored sorts being almost exclu-
sively culinary fruits. The common representatives of this
group are Early Richmond, Montmorency, and the various
cherries to which the word Amarelle is affixed, as King Amarelle
and Spate Amarelle.

(2) The MoreUos. — The second group, the Morellos, are
varieties with reddish juice and usually with very dark fruits,
which are more spherical or cordate in shape than the Amarelles,
the Morellos of several languages or the Griottes of the French.
The first term has reference to the color, the word Morello com-
ing from the Italian, meaning hlackish; while Griotte, from the
French, probably is derived through agriotte from aigre, mean-
ing sharp, in reference to the acidity of the fruits. Weichsel
is a German group name for these cherries, less commonly used
than the other two terms. The trees of the Morello-like varie-
ties are usually smaller, bushier, and more compact than those
of the Amarelles. The branches, as a rule, are more horizontal,
often drooping, are less regularly arranged and more slender.
The leaves, in typical varieties, are of a darker green, smaller,
thinner, and pendent, while those of the Amarelles are either
horizontal or inclined to be upright ; the leaves are also toothed
less deeply and more regularly. The typical varieties of this
group are English Morello, Ostheim, Olivet, Brusseler Braune,
Vladimir, and Riga.

156 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

(8) The Marascas. — A third division of the species is the
Marasca cherry from whicli is made maraschino, a distilled
li(}ueur much used in Eurojje as a drink, and in Europe" and
America in the manufacture of maraschino cherries. The
Marasca cherry is a native of the province of Dalmatia, in South-
ern Europe, where the trees p:row wild, and are now sparin^rly
cultivated. Botanists include this cherry in the species under dis-
cussion as P. Cerasus marasca. Marasca cherries differ from the
other cultivated forms chiefly in the ^eater vigor of the trees,
relatively finer serrations of the leaves, longer stipules, and
a more compact inflorescence. The fruits are much smaller than
in the common sour cherries, are deep red or almost black in
color, and have intensely red flesh and juice. The cherries are
very acid, with a bitter taste that gives flavor to the maraschino
made from them.

Sweet cherries.

The botany of the sweet cherry is variously interpreted by
botanists and pomologists; but if there are distinct species, as
there seem to be subspecies, they have been hopelessly mixed by
hybridization under cultivation. Botanists and pomologists now
agree in putting all cultivated sweet cherries in the type species,
the description of which follows.

226. Pninus avium, the sv^eet cherry, described. — P. avium
is everywhere known in temperate climates as the sweet cherry.
Wild forms are variously called Mazzard, Bird, Wild, Crab, and
Gean cherries.

2. Primus avium, Linn. (Plate XII) Tree reaching a height of 40
feet, upright-spreading, with a central leader; branches stocky, smooth.
Leaves resinous at opening; drooping, 4-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide,
oblong-ovate, thin; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole
1% inches long, slender, dull red, with 1-3 small, globose, reddish glands
on the stalk. Flowers white, l^A inches across; in clusters of 2 or 3 ;
pedicels 1 inch long, slender, glabrous. Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter,
cordate; suture a line; yellow, red or purplish-black; dots numerous, small,
russet; stem 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; flesh yellow, red, or
dark purple with colorless or colored juice, sweet; stone semi-clinging, %
inch long, elliptical, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

227. Habitat and history of the sweet cherry. — While now
thriving in many parts of Europe, Asia, and northern Africa,

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 157

the original home of the species was probably southern and cen-
tral Europe and Asia Minor, where it grows in moderately dry
soils and seldom in the shade, preferring always warm sunny
sites, such as gravelly or stony hillsides. The predilections
cling to the species in its cultivated varieties. The sweet cherry
has been cultivated in all parts of Europe as far back as written
records go. From what is known of the histories of hardy
fruits, one may surmise that the sweet cherry was one of
the first to come under cultivation; certainly the wild product
of no other of these fruits would be as enticing to beginners in
agriculture. The first colonists who came to America from all
of the European countries brought the sweet cherry, and have
taken it with them in all of their migi-ations from older to
newer parts of the continent. The number of cultivated varie-
ties of sweet cherries is about 600.

228. The sweet cherry as a stock. — Under the name ]\Iazzard,
the sweet cherry, usually grown as a seedling, is almost uni-
versally used as a stock, in North America competing with the
Mahaleb for this purpose. Three characters commend Mazzard
stocks : the trees are very vigorous and make strong nursery
and orchard plants; they do not sucker as do nearly all other
cherries; and when well grown, the stocks are easily budded.
Faults are : the seedling trees are not hardy enough for cold
climate; and the foliage in the nursery is very susceptible
to fungi. In most climates, Mazzard is the best stock for sweet
cherries, and sour cherries usually make a larger growth on it
than on the Mahaleb which is being more and more used in
eastern America at least.

229. Groups of sweet cherries. — Wherever sweet cherries are
grown, two pomological groups are recognized, the distinguish-
ing characters of which are soft and firm flesh. Each of these
groups is divided into two subgroups in accordance with color
of fruit and juice.

(1) The Geans. — Sweet cherries with soft tender flesh form
a group known by the French name Guigne or the English
Gean. These are also for the most part the Heart cherries
of common parlance. These soft-fruited cherries may be divided
into dark colored varieties with reddish juice and light colored
sorts with colorless juice. Typical light colored Geans are Coe,

15S SYSTEM ATir VOMOLOGY

Ida, Elton and Waterloo; dark coloicd ones arc l>lack Tartarian,
Early Purple and Ea^^le.

(2) The Bigarrcaus. — The second group is distinguished by
the firm breaking flesh of the fruits, — the Bigarreaus of several
languages, the name originally having reference to the diverse
colors of the fruits. This group is further divisible in accord-
ance with color of fruit and juice into black and light Bigar-
reaus. Chief of the black cherries falling into this division
are Windsor, Schmidt and Mezel; of the light ones, which are
much more numerous, Yellow Spanish and Napoleon are repre-
sentative sorts.

IlyhrUI or Duke cherries.

230. Hybrid cherries. — The Duke cherries, long placed by
most pomologists and botanists in a botanical variety of P.
avium, are hybrids between the sweet and the sour cherry. A
study of the characters of the varieties of Duke cherries shows
all gradations between P. Cerasus and P. avium, though, in the
main, the hybrids resemble the sweet more than the sour cher-
ries, differing from the former most noticeably in having acid
flesh.

Sterility is a common attribute of hybridism. In this respect,
the Dukes behave like hybrids ; most of the seeds are sterile, and
in none are the seeds so fertile as in varieties know^n to be pure-
bred as to species. Also, shrunken pollen-grains indicate hybrid-
ity. A study of the pollen of Duke cherries shows many grains,
the greater proportion, to be abnormal, a condition not found
in the pollen of varieties true to species. Crosses between sw^eet
and sour cherries at the New York Experiment Station have
given many Dukes. May Duke, Reine Hortense, and Late Duke
are the leading hybrid varieties.

There are dark-colored Duke cherries with reddish juice and
light-colored sorts with uncolored juice, just as in the two
parent species. May Duke is a typical variety with colored
juice, while Reine Hortense is probably the best-known cherry
among these hybrids with uncolored juice. There are about
sixty-five cherries listed as ''Dukes." The name Duke comes
from the variety May Duke, which is a corruption of Medoc,
a district in France, whence this variety came. The cherries

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 159

of this group are known as Dukes only in England and the
United States; in France, the name Royale is given to them.

The Mahaleh cherry.

The Mahaleb is never grown for its fruits, but it now fur-
nishes the stocks upon which nearly all the cherries grown
in eastern America are propagated and a large part of those
of the Pacific states.

231. Prunus Mahaleb described. — The following brief de-
scription should enable any student to identify the Mahaleb
cherry, a fruit quite different from the edible-fruited species :

3. Prunus Mahaleh, Linn. (Plate XIII) Tree small, slender; branches
roughened, ash-gray over reddish-brown. Leaves numerous, 1 inch in
length, IVi inches wide, obovate, thick, leathery; margin finely crenate,
with reddish-brown glands; petiole ^/^ inch long, slender, greenish, with 1-3
small, globose, greenish glands. Flowers small, % inch across, white, fra-
grant; 6-8 scattered on stem 1 inch in length; terminal pedicels i^ inch
long and basal pedicels ^ inch long. Fruit very small, round-ovate;
suture a line ; apex pointed, with stigma adherent ; color black ; flesh
reddish-black, astringent, sour, not edible; stone free, small, ovate; ventral
suture prominent.

232. Habitat of the Mahaleb cherry. — The Mahaleb, known
also as the St. Lucie and the Perfumed cherry, is a wild inhab-
itant of all southern Europe as far north as central France,
southern Germany, Austria-Hungary; and eastward through
Asia Minor and Caucasia to and within the borders of Turkestan.
Wild or cultivated, the Mahaleb is a shallow-rooted plant, a
fact that must be taken into consideration in its use as a stock.
The Mahaleb is a common escape from cultivation in eastern
North America, especially about the nursery centers of central
New York. This is called the Perfumed cherry because every
part of the plant emits a powerful odor somewhat like that of
clematis.

The Tomentose cherry.

233. Pomological characters. — This shrub-like cherry from
central Asia is very generally cultivated in China and Japan
for its fruit and as an ornamental. It has been introduced in
many widely separated places in North America, and appears to
be promising for cold regions. The plant is twiggy, close-

160 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

jointed, usually with many stems springing from the ground
which bear branches quite to the l)ase. Frequently these low-
growing branches bend to the ground and take root, forming new
plants. The bushes are thickly clothed with leaves densely
tomentose on the under side, — in this respect and in shape very
unlike the foliage of common cultivated cherries. The fruit
ripens in midscason, setting profusely from the many blossoms.
The cherries are a half-inch in diameter, bright currant-red,
covered with inconspicuous hairs, are pleasantly acid, and very
juicy. The tomentose cherry is a most promising plant for
domestication and has particular merit for small gardens.

234. Prunus tomentosa described. — A botanical as w^ell as
a pomological description is needed to give a complete mental
picture.

4. Prunus tomentosa, Thumb. (Plate XIII) A dwarf bush-like plant,
vigorous, hardy; trunk and branches stocky; branches smooth, grayish-
brown. Leaves numerous, 2% inches long, l^/^ inches wide, obovate, velvety;
upper surface dull, dark green, rugose; lower surface thickly pubescent,
with a prominent midrib and veins; margin serrate; petiole 3/16 inch
across. Flowers small; borne singly or in pairs; pedicels short, thick,
glabrous. Fruit l^ inch in diameter, round ; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt ;
suture shallow; apex depressed, with adherent stigma; color currant -red;
dots numerous, small, gray, obscure; stem i/4 inch in length; pubescent;
skin thick, tender, covered with light pubescence; flesh light red, with
light red juice, stringy, sprightly, sour; stone clinging, pointed, with
smooth surfaces.

The Sand cherry.

The sand cherry of eastern America is found on sandy inland
shores from Maine to the District of Columbia and northwest-
ward to the Lake of the Woods in Canada. It grows in light
sands, — a fact which suggests its use in arid regions and espe-
cially on poor soils in cold climates. As yet there seem to be
no named varieties of this cherry, since its nearly related spe-
cies, P. Besseyi, offers greater opportunities to the fruit-grower.
Both plants and fruits are so variable, the size, color and qual-
ity of the crop on some plants being quite attractive, that it is
certain that an opportunity is being overlooked to domesticate
a worthy native plant. The species ought to have value as a
stock on which to work other cherries for sandy soils, dwarf
trees, and exacting climates. Recently the sand cherry has been

THE DRUPE-FRUITS 161

separated into two species, P. piimila proper of the Great Lakes,
and P. depressa the more eastern plant ; the differences have
not been worked out pomologically, however, and present treat-
ment may follow traditional lines.

235. The Sand cherry described. — A full description is given
that the species may be told readily from the closely related
P. Besseyi.

5. Frunus pumila, Linn. Plant a shrub 5-8 foet in height, decumbent;
trunk slender, smooth except for the raised lenticels; branches slender,
smooth, twiggy, dark, dull reddish-black with a tinge of gray. Leaves
hanging late in the season, small, 1% inches long, 1 inch wide, flat, pointed,
narrowly oblanceolate, thin; lower surface thinly pubescent on the midrib
and veins; midrib small, straight; veins very minute; margin serrate, with
teeth tipped Avith very small glands; petiole short, 1% inches in length,
glandless. Flowers small, in 2- to 5-flowered umbels, white; pedicels slender,
^2 inch in length. Fruit round, pendulous, purple-black, without bloom,
% inch in diameter; flesh thin, sour and astringent; season late; stone
turgid, round.

The Western Sand cherry.

The western sand or Rocky Mountain cherry is found on
the prairies from Manitoba and Minnesota to southern Kansas
and westward into Montana. In its natural range, it undoubt-
edly runs into that of the eastern sand cherry and some botan-
ists believe that the two species grade into each other; but the
two are as distinct as are many other of the more or less indefi-
nite species of this genus.

236. Prunus Besseyi described. — The following description
should be compared carefully with that of the eastern sand
cherry.

6. Prunus Besseyi, Bailey. Plant a small spreading shrub, 1-4 feet in
height; trunk slender, smooth; branches slender, smooth, brownish-black,
with numerous lenticels. Leaves hanging late, numerous, small, 2% inches
long, 1 inch wide, thick, stiff; apex with a short taper-point, broadly
lanceolate; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface with
teeth tipped with indistinct glands; petiole thick, % inch in length, gland-
less or with one to tAvo small globose glands; stipules leaf -like. Flowers
in sessile umbels, small, white. Fruit l^ inch in diameter, globose, oblong-
pointed, yellow, mottled or purple-black; more or less astringent; stone
large, globose, flattened.

237. Pomological characters of the Western Sand cherry. —
Although this cherry has received attention less than a quarter

i(i2 sysri:M.\ri(' roMoumy

century, it has aroused niucli interest, best indieated \)y the fact
tliat now several vai'ieties are uu(k'r eultivation. The flesh is
tender and .iuie\\ and, while i^enerally astringent, plants bear-
injr aroinatie and i)alatable cherries are often found growing
wild, and some of the domesticated plants bear very well-
flavored fruits. The western sand clierry is remarkably produc-
tive, and has unusual capacity to withstand the vicissitudes of
the exacting climate in wliich it grows. Fruits from different
plants vary in size, color, and flavor, — a fact which suggests that,
under cultivation, amelioration will proceed rapidly. The
plants of this species root freely from layers or root-cuttings,
and are, therefore, easily j^ropagated and multiplied.

The sand cherry makes a good stock for peaches, apricots,
Japanese and native plums; and, while it does not consort so
readily with the true cherries, yet it can be used as a stock for
them. On the other hand, larger fruits of the sand cherry can
be grown when it is budded on stocks of the American plum,
P. amcrivana.

238. The Western Sand cherry a parent in many hybrids. —
The student in systematic pomology will find many hybrids of
the drupe-fruits in which the western sand cherry is one of the
parents. There are now hybrids under cultivation between this
species and the sand plum (P. angustifolia Watsoni), the Hortu-
lana plum (P. hortulana) , the Simonii plum (P. Simonii), the
Japanese plum (P. salicina), the American plum (P. ameri-
cana), the cherry plum (P. cerasifera) , the sweet cherry (P.
avium), the peach (P. Persica), the apricots (P. Arr,ieniaca and
P. Mume), and the common plum (P. domestica) . This species
seems to be the '*go-betw^een" of the many varied types of the
genus Prunus.

CHAPTER XIV

THE GRAPE

Grapes belong to Vitis, the most important genus in the Vine
family (Vitace«), less notable plants in which are Virginia
creeper and several species of Cissus. Pomologists, however,
are interested onl}^ in Vitis in this family, the chief characters
of which are now to be given.

239. The genus Vitis. — It is difficult to determine how many
species should be recognized in Vitis, as botanists divide the
genus differently. Probably all would agree that there are forty
to fifty species widely distributed in the temperate and sub-
tropical regions of the northern hemosphere. Of these, eleven
are more or less cultivated in North America for their fruit,
for stocks, or have been used in grape-breeding. There are,
however, but five species with cultivated varieties of present im-
portance in propagation or hybridization. The fruits are so
different as to furnish a usable key.

Plants chmbing or trailing, rarely shrubby, with woody stems, and mostly
with coiling naked-tipped tendrils. Leaves alternate, simple, palmately
lobed, round-dentate, or heart-shaped-dentate. Stipules small, falling early.
Flowers polygamous-dioecious (some plants with perfect flowers, others
staminate with at most a rudimentary ovary), five-parted; petals separated
only at the base and falling off without expanding; disk hypogynous with
five nectariferous glands which are alternate with the stamens. Berry
globose or ovoid, few-seeded, and pulpy. Seeds usually 4, bony, pyriform,
and beak-like at the base.

KEY TO CULTIVATED SPECIES OF VITIS

A. Skin separating from the pulp.

B. Clusters with 3-15 berries; bunch globular; berries

falling from the bunch at maturity 1. V. rotundifolia.

BB. Clusters with more than 15 berries (at least
under cultivation); bunch oblong; berries cling-
ing to the bunch at maturity.

163

164

SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOdY

C. Berries V-l- im'l> <>r inorc in (li.'iiin'tcr ; purplt"
black, reddish brown, j^roenisli yellow ; foxy tnste

and odor 2. V. Lahrusca.

CC. Berries less than % inch in diameter; with
little or no foxy taste or odor.
D. Color of berries purple black, with heavy
bloom; sharply acid; seeds notched; chalaza
narrow-oval; raphe a groove ,3. V. rulpin-a.

DD. Color of berries purplish or reddish; with
medium bloom ; more or less astringent ; seeds
not notched; chalaza oval; raphe a ridge... 4. V. cBstivalis.
AA. Skin and pulp firnily adhering in the ripened fruit 5, V. vinifcra.

240. Description blank for grapes. — The following blank con-
tains most of the characters students and fruit-growers will use
in describing the grape :

Name.

DESCRIPTION BLANK FOR THE GRAPE
Vinevard Row .

No.

Date.

Vine

Vigorous, medium, weak
Upright, horizontal
Straggling, dense, open
Tender, half-hardy, hardy
Very productive, productive
Medium productive, unproduc-
tive

Trunk

Large, medium, small
Stocky, medium, slender
Bark
Loose, adherent
Smooth, shreddy

Canes

Long, medium, short
Numerous, medium, few
Thick, medium, slender
Ash-gray, yellow, green
Red, brown

Sinuous, straight, zigzag
Nodes

Enlarged, angular, flattened
Internodes

Long, medium, short
Tendrils
Continuous, intermittent
Thick, medium, slender
Long, medium, short
Simple, bifurcated, trifurcated
Smooth, warty

19.

Flowers

Fertile or sterile

Date of bloom

Early, medium, late
Stamens

Upright, reflexed
Leaves

Large, medium, small

Cordate, roundish

Thick, medium, thin
LTpper surface

Light, medium, dark green

Dull, glossy

Smooth, medium, rugose
Lower surface

Pale green, bronze

Bluish, whitish
Pubescent, downy, hairy
Woolly, cobwebby
Lobes

Number

Terminal lobe
Obtuse, acute, acuminate
Petiolar sinu^

Deep, medium, shallow

Wide, medium, narrow

Closed, overlapping
Basal sinus

Deep, medium, shallow

Wide, medium, narrow

TRE GRAPE 165

Vine, continued

Leaves, continued Light or dark green

Lateral sinus Amber, yellow, white

Deep, medium, shallow With thick, medium, thin bloom

Wide, medium, narrow Skin

Margin Thick, medium, thin

Serrate, dentate, crenate Tough, medium, tender

Teeth Adheres or separates from pulp

Shallow, medium, deep Flesh

Wide, medium, narrow White, greenish, red

Fruit Transparent, translucent

Date of Ripening Meaty, medium, soft, melting

Season Tender, tough, stringy

Early, medium, late Juicy, medium, dry

Keeping Quality Clear, pink, wine-colored

Shipping Quality Sweet, subacid, sprightly

Cluster Sour, vinous, musky

Large, medium, small Spicy, foxy

Long, medium, short Quality

Broad, medium, slender Best, very good, good

Roundish, tapering, cylindrical Fair, poor, very poor

Regular, irregular Seeds

Single, double-shouldered Separate from pulp

Loose, medium, compact easily, with difficulty

Peduncle Average number

Long, medium, short Large, medium, small

Thick, medium, slender Long, medium, short

Pedicel Broad, medium, narrow

Long, medium, short Notched, rounded

Thick, medium, slender Blunt, pointed, beaked

Warts Brown, yellow

Brush Raphe

Long, medium, short Obscure, medium, cord-like

Wine, pink, yellow Chalaza

Berry Above center, median, below

Strongly or medium adherent, center

shells Circular, oval

Large, medium, small Distinct, obscure

Uniform, variable Raised, sunken

Roundish, oval, oblate Use

Black, blue Dessert, kitchen

Light or dark purple Market, home, raisin
Light or dark red

Remarks

ROTUNDIFOLIA GrAPES

Fruits of wild plants of Rotundifolia have been used since
the first settlements on the mainland of North America, but
it is only within comparatively recent years that cultivated
varieties, or at least more than two or three, have taken a place
in the pomology of the South. Now there are a score or more
pure-bred Rotundifolias and a few hybrids, and the species,

166 srs'i i'.mahc roMoUHiy

though long known 1lin)u«rh a few vai-ictics, is becoming more
and more promincnl.

241. Vitis rotundifolia described. — This grape is easily dis-
tinguished fi-oin other cult i\a1('(l s|)('('ies by marked difTcrenees
in wood, foliage, and fruit. It is variously known as the
Museadine, Bull, Bullet, Bushy, Bullaee, Seuppernong, and
Southern Fox grape.

1. Vitis rotundifolia, Miclix. (Plate XIV) Vine very vigorous, often
sending out aerial roots; bark smooth, without prominent warty lenticels;
siioots short-jointed, angled, with fine scurfy pubescence; diaphragms ab-
sent; tendrils intermittent, simple. Leaves small, broadly cordate or round-
ish ; petiolar sinus wide, shallow ; margin with obtuse wide teeth ; not lobed ;
dense, light green, glabrous above, pubescent along veins below. Cluster
small, loose; peduncle short; pedicels short, thick. Berries large, globular,
black or greenish-yellow; skin thick, tough and Avith a musky odor; pulp
tough; ripening unevenly and dropping as soon as ripe. Seeds flattened,
broadly notched; beak very short; chalaza narrow, depressed with radiating
ridges and furrows; raphe a narrow groove.

242. Habitat of the Rotundifolia grapes. — The habitat of this
species is southern Delaware, west through Tennessee, southern
Illinois, southeastern Missouri, Arkansas (except the northwest-
ern portions), to Grayson County, Texas, as a northern and
western boundary to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf on the east
and south. It becomes rare as one approaches the western limit,
but is common in many sections of the region outlined, being
most abundant on sandy well-drained bottom lands, along river
banks in swampy woodlands. Some ten or twelve Rotundifolia
grapes are well known in southern vineyards of which Seup-
pernong, James, Thomas, Flowers, and ^lemory are probably
the most typical.

243. Pomological characters of Rotundifolia grapes. — The
fruit of Rotundifolia is very characteristic. The skin is thick,
adheres strongly to the flesh, and is marked with lenticel-like
russet dots. The flesh is tough, but the toughness is not local-
ized around the seed as in Labrusca. The fruits are character-
ized by a strong musky aroma. The most promising outlook for
Rotundifolia varieties is for culinary purposes. Rotundifolia
does not produce fruit suitable for shipping or dessert as the
berries ripen unevenly, and when ripe drop from the cluster.
The juice which exudes from the point where the stem is broken

THE GRAPE 167

off causes the berries to become smeared and gives them an unat-
tractive appearance. Under favorable conditions, the vines
attain great size and when grown on arbors without pruning,
cover a large area. Rotundifolia is remarkably resistant to the
attacks of all insects and fungal diseases. Phylloxera do not
attack its roots, and it is as resistant as any other American
species to this pest. The vines are grown from cuttings only
with difficulty, and this prevents the use of this species as a
resistant stock. There is great difficulty in crossing Rotundi-
folia with other species, but several hybrids are now on record.

Labrusca Grapes

By far the greater part of the native grapes grown in North
America belong to V. Labrusca. The berries of this species are
largest, most attractive in color, and best flavored. The habitat
is in the part of America where agriculture first advanced to the
state in which fruits were wanted. The domesticated forms of
this grape have recently been separated as V. Lahniscana, the
Labruseans.

244. The botanical characters of V. Labrusca. — This is the
Fox and the Skunk grape of the eastern part of North America
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Alleghany Mountains from
Maine to Georgia. Occasionally it breaks out of its usual range
and is found west of the region outlined. As a species, V.
Lahriisca is very distinct although sometimes confounded with
Y. cestivalis, from which, however, by comparing the descrip-
tions it can be distinguished easil}^

2. Vitis Lalirusca, Linn. (Plate XV) Vine vigorous, stocky; shoots
cylindrical, densely pubescent; diaphragms thick; tendrils continuous, bifid
or trifid. Leaves with long cordate stipules; leaf -blade large, thick, broadly
cordate or round; entire or 3-lobed, frequently notched; sinuses rounded;
petiolar sinus V-shaped; margin with shallow, acute-pointed, scalloped
teeth; upper surface glabrous when mature; lower surface covered wjth
dense pubescence, more or less Avhitish on young leaves, dun-colored when
mature. Clusters usually shouldered, compact; pedicels thick; peduncle
short. Berries round; skin thick, covered with bloom, with strong foxy
aroma. Seeds two to four, large, distinctly notched, beak short ; chalaza
oval, indistinct, showing as a depression; raphe a groove.

Two types of the species may be distinguished. Vines are
found in the woods of New Engrland which resemble Concord

Kis sYsn:MAUc roMoLocy

or Nia«;:ara vci-y closely in hoth vine and fruit, except that the
grapes are mucli smaller in si/e and more seedy. There are also
the hirjjre-fruited foxy Lahriiseas, usually with reddisli ])erries,
represented by such cultivated varieties as Northern Muscadine,
Dracut Amhei-, Lutie, and others. Labrusca is peculiar amongst
American grapes in showing black-, white-, and red-fruited
forms of wild vines.

245. The pomological characters of the Labrusca grapes. —
The grapes of Labrusca are large and usually handsomely
colored. The skin is thick, covering a layer of adhering tiesh,
which gives the impression of its being thicker than it actually
is; the berry is variable in tenderness, sometimes tough, but in
many cultivated varieties is so tender that it cracks in trans-
portation. The skin of this species usually has a peculiar aroma,
generally spoken of as foxy, and a slightly acid astringent taste.
The center of the berry is occupied by dense pulp, more or less
stringy, with considerable acid close to the seeds. ]\Iany object
to the foxy taste and aroma of the grapes of this species, but,
nevertheless, the most popular American varieties are more or
less foxy.

Labrusca submits well to vineyard culture, is fairly vigorous,
and generally productive. It grows readily from cuttings,
and in hardiness is intermediate betw-een Vulpina and ^sti-
valis. The roots are soft and fleshy, and in some localities sub-
ject to attacks of phylloxera. In the w^ild vines, the fruit is
inclined to drop when ripe. This defect is know^n among grape-
growers as ''shattering" or "shelling," and is a serious weak-
ness in some varieties. Labrusca is said to be more sensitive
to mildew and black-rot than any other American species. In
the South, and in some parts of the ^liddle West, the leaves
of all varieties of Labrusca sunburn and shrivel in the latter
part of the summer.

246. Classification of Labrusca grapes. — Of the 2000 native
grapes that have been named in North America, possibly 1500
are Labrusca or contain so much Labrusca blood that they are
put in this species. It is seemingly impossible to classify these
varieties. About all that can be done is to divide them in
groups in accordance with the color, flavor, size, and season
of the fruits.

THE GRAPE 169

The Vulpina Grapes

The Vulpina grapes are adapted to a great variety of soils
and climates, and fruit from wild vines is often attractive in
appearance, though small, and of good quality. For these rea-
sons grape-growers have expected much from the species. Ex-
pectations have not been fulfilled, however, as after more than
a century of grape-breeding there are but few pure-bred varie-
ties of Vulpina of value, and it falls far short of two other
native grapes in its hybrids.

247. Habitat and botanical characters of V. vulpina. — This
species is found in Canada north of Quebec, and thence south-
ward to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic coast west-
ward to the Rocky Mountains. Usually it grows on river banks,
on islands, or in upland ravines. Its wide range and popularity
are indicated by the number of common names, as: Winter,
River, Riverside, Riverbank, and Sweet-scented grape. To many
pomologists this grape is best known as V. riparia.

3. Vitis vulpina, Linn. (F. riparia, Michx.) (Plate XA^I) Vine very-
vigorous, climbing; shoots cylindrical or angled, smooth, slender; dia-
phragms thin; tendrils intermittent, bifid. Leaves with large stipules;
leaf -blade large, thin, entire, 3- or lower ones 5-lobed; sinuses shallow,
angular; petiolar sinus broad, shallow; margin with incised sharply serrate
teeth ; light green, glabrous above, glabrous but sometimes pubescent on
ribs and veins below. Cluster small, compact, shouldered; peduncle short.
Berries small, black with heavy blue bloom. Seeds 2-4, small, notched,
short, plump, with very short beak; chalaza narrowly oval, depressed, in-
distinct; raphe a groove, sometimes distinct.

248. Pomological characters of Vulpina grapes. — Several re-
markable physiological characters serve systematists in distin-
guishing Vulpina grapes. Thus, the species shows greater adap-
tations to soils and climates than most other sorts. In particular,
it withstands high degrees of heat and low degrees of cold,
thriving alike where American summers are very hot and winters
are very cold. Vulpina blooms among the earliest if not the earli-
est of cultivated grapes. Roots and leaves of Vulpina are highly
resistant to phylloxera. The foliage rarely suffers from fungi
but is much liked by the leaf-hopper. The vines grow readily
from cuttings and make good stocks for grafting.

170 SYS'irMATir roMnj.ncY

Several '•liaractci-s of plant and fiMiit which do not apjiear in
the botanical (lescrii)ti()n are noteworthy. The vine is remark-
ahle for its ^n-cat vi^or. The roots are small, hai-d, numerous,
hranch fi-eely, feed elose to the surface, and do not seem to be
well adai)te{l to forcinp: their way throuprh heavy elays. The
berries are small, but thei'e are occasioTial varieties with fruits
of medium size or above. The clusters are of medium size or
above, but if jud«ied from the standpoint of number of berries,
mi^rht frecpiently be ealled large. The flavor is sharply acid but
free from foxiness or any disagrreeable wild taste. If eaten in
quantity, the acidity is likely to affect the lips and the tip of
the tonfrue. The flesh is neither puli)y nor solid, and dissolves
in the mouth and separates readily from the seed.

Clinton, Canada, and Bacchus are probably the best-known
varieties of the Vulpina type, all of which are black. Quite as
well known are Noah, Taylor, Rommel, and Elvira, white grapes
which show a preponderance of Vulpina blood.

The ^Estivalis Grapes

In no other cultivated species is there as much confusion as in
V. cestivaHs. The tyi)e species is distinct and readily distin-
guished from the other grapes by the reddish fuzz on the under
side of the leaves. The two botanical varieties to which nearly
all of the vineyard grapes belong are much mixed. Var.
Bourquiniand, known only in cultivation, is probably a group
of hybrids of the type species with V. vinifera; var. Linsecomii
in some vineyard forms is so similar to ^stivalis as doubtfully
to be separated from it, and in others is so distinct as to seem
to warrant raising the variety to the rank of a species.

249. Habitat and botanical characters of V. aestivalis. — The
t.ype species is confined to the southeastern part of the United
States from New York to Florida and w^estward to the Missis-
sippi. In one locality or another in this region it is known as
the Blue, Bunch, Summer, Little, Duck-shot, Swamp, Chicken,
and Pigeon grape.

4. Vitis cestivalis, Michx. (Plate XVTI) Vine vigorous, shoots pubescent
or smooth; diaphragms thick; tendrils intermittent, usually bifid. Leaves
with short broad stipules; leaf -blade large, becoming thick; petiolar sinus
deep, narrow, frequently overlapping; margin usually 3- to 5-lobed; teeth

Plate IX. A Mineri plum — Purest Rose.

THE GRAPE 171

dentate, shallow, wide; upper surface dark green; lower surface with more
or less reddish pubescence which shows in patches on the ribs and veins;
petioles pubescent. Clusters long, with long peduncle. Berries small, with
moderate amount of bloom, astringent. Seeds two to three, of medium
size, plump, smooth, not notched; chalaza oval, distinct; raphe a distinct
cord-like ridge.

250. Pomological characters of .ffistivalis grapes. — The ber-
ries are destitute of pulp, have a comparatively thin tough skin
and a peculiar spicy flavor; they hang to the bunch when ripe
much better than do those of Labrusca. The fruit usually has
a tart taste, due to the presence of a high percentage of acid,
but there is also a large amount of sugar.

The leaves are seldom injured by the sun, and they resist
attacks of insects, such as leaf -hoppers, better than any other
American species under cultivation, ^stivalis is rarely injured
by black-rot or mildew. The hard roots enable it to resist
phylloxera, and varieties with any great amount of the blood
of this species are seldom seriously injured by this insect. An
objection to ^stivalis is that it does not root well from cuttings.
Varieties of this species bear grafting well.

There are no pure-bred varieties of the type species under
cultivation although there are many varieties showing yEstivalis
blood of which Norton, Cynthiana, and Ives are good
representatives.

251. Habitat and botanical characters of Linsecomii grapes.
— This botanical variety of ^stivalis inhabits the eastern half
of Texas, western Louisiana, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and southern
Missouri on high sandy laud, frequently climbing post-oak trees ;
hence the name Post-oak grape, by which it is locally known. It
is also called the Pine-Avood and Turkey grape.

Vitis cestivalis Linsecomii, Munson. Vine vigorous, sometimes climbing
high upon trees; canes cylindrical, much rusty wool on shoots; tendrils
intermittent. Leaves very large, almost as wide as long; entire or 3-, 5-,
or rarely 7-lobed; lobes frequently divided; sinuses deep, smooth above,
and with more or less rusty pubescence below. Fruit small to large, usually
larger than typical ^stivalis. Seeds pear-shaped; chalaza roundish.

252. Pomological characters of Linsecomii grapes. — This is
a promising form from which to secure cultivated varieties for
the Southwest. The qualities which recommend it are : vigor,

172 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

capacity to withstand rot and mildew, hardiness and capacity
to endure hot and dry summers without injury; and the large
cluster and berry which are found on certain of the wild vines.
The fruit is characteristic because of its dense bloom, firm yet
tender texture, and peculiar flavor. The cultivated varieties
give satisfaction in many sections of the central and southern
states. Like .Estivalis, it is difficult to propagate from cuttings.

T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, did much to improve this wild
grape, his best known varieties being America, Bailey, Beacon,
and ^lunson.

253. Pomological and botanical characters of Bourquiniana
grapes. — Bourquiniana is known only in cultivation. It includes
many southern varieties, the most important of which are
Ilerbemont and Lenoir. The only northern variety of any im-
portance supposed to have Bourquiniana blood is Delaware.
Bourquiniana can be propagated from cuttings more easily than
the typical ^Estivalis. Many of the varieties of Bourquiniana
show^ a marked susceptibility to mildew and black-rot. The roots
are hard, branch rather freely, and are quite resistant to
phylloxera.

Vitis (Fstivalis Bourquiniana, Bailey. Bourquiniana differs chiefly from
the type in having thinner leaves; the shoots and under side of the leaves
are only slightly reddish-broAvn in color; the pubescence usually disappears
at maturity; the leaves are more deeply lobed than is common in .fstivalis;
and the fruit is larger, sweeter and more juicy.

The Vinifera Grapes

Vinifera is the w^ine-making grape of the temperate parts of
the world. In North America it is at present grown well only
on the Pacific slope and in the Rocky Mountain regions. In
other grape sections of the continent it has failed in the past
because the plants do not withstand fungi and phylloxera. Now
that fungi and insects are so readily controlled by spraying there
are no reasons why varieties of this species cannot be grown
wherever native grapes are cultivated in North America, unless,
perhaps, in the coldest parts, for Vinifera grapes are more tender
to cold than other cultivated species. At present its hybrids
wdth native species are among the best of the cultivated varieties
of the country.

THE GRAPE 173

254. Botanical characters of V. vinifera. — In fruit and plant
V. vinifera is very distinct from native species, yet a comparison
of the botanical description which follows does not show great
differences. It is in its pomological characters that it stands
forth from other grapes. In American literature this species
appears most commonly as the European or as the Old World
grape.

5. Vitis vinifera, Linn. (Plate XVIII) Vine not so high climbing as
most American species; tendrils intermittent. Leaves round-cordate, thin,
smooth, shining, frequently more or less deeply 3-, 5-, or even 7-lobed;
usually glabrous but sometimes hairy and even downy when young; lobes
rounded or pointed; teeth variable; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, usually
overlapping. Berries variable in size and shape, usually oval. Seeds mostly
notched at the upper end and characterized always by a bottle-necked
elongated beak ; chalaza broad, rough, distinct ; raphe indistinct. Eoots
large, soft and spongy.

255. History and habitat of Vinifera grape. — This is the
grape of ancient and modern agriculture in the Old World. It
is the vine of the Bible and of all ancient literature. When
mankind reads, speaks, or thinks of the grape it is this Old
World fruit that presents itself. Its history goes back to pre-
historic times; its recorded history is interwritten with that of
man.

The region about the Caspian Sea is the probable habitat of
the Old World grape. Writers do not agree as to the climate
desired by Vinifera, for all the varieties in this variable species
do not require the same climatic conditions. There are certain
phases of climate, however, that are well agreed on ; the species
requires a dry climate and is more sensitive to change of tem-
perature than American species. Varieties of this species can
be grown successfully in a wide range of soils, being much less
particular than American sorts.

256. Pomological characters of Vinifera grapes. — Characters
of Vinifera not present in native species are : the skin, which
adheres tightly to the flesh and which is never astringent nor
acid, can be eaten with the fruit; the flesh is firm, yet tender,
and uniform throughout, differing in this respect from American
grapes, which have a tough and more or less acid core at the
center; the flavor has a peculiarly sprightly quality known as

174 SYSTKMATIC POMOlJXiY

xnnous; the berry adheres lirnily to tlic pedieel, the fruit seldom
'^shattering" or "siielling" from llie duster; the sugar-eontent
averages higher; and the grapes keep lunger and ship better.

In hybrids between Ameriean and Vinifera varieties, it is
found that the desirable qualities of Vinifera are inherited in
about the same proportion as the undesirable ones. The fruit
is improved as compared with that of the native parent in the
hybrid, but the vine is weakened; quality is usually purchased
at the expense of hardiness and disease-resisting power.

CHAPTER XV
THE BRAMBLES

Although any prickly shrub may be called a bramble, the
name is applied more particularly to species of the genus Rubus.
Since there are not less than 400 species of Rubus in the world,
to which about 3000 Latin names have been applied, with a
thousand or more cultivated varieties, the systematist whether
in botany or pomology has in the brambles a task to tax his
ingenuity in classification. The task is made more difficult by
many natural and cultivated hybrids, some of which are hard to
put in their proper places. Twenty or more species of brambles
are found in gardens and orchards, the commonest of which are
the raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and loganberries.

257. The genus Rubus. — With the pomes, drupes, and straw-
berries, the brambles belong to the order Rosaceae and are
closely related to the roses. The cultivated species of Rubus
come from temperate Europe and North America, but some
promising forms grow wild in temperate Asia, and several fur-
nish wild food in temperate South America. Even the tropics
in both hemispheres are enriched by a few edible brambles, none
of which, how^ever, is cultivated. The chief characters in this
variable genus are :

Plants evergreen or deciduous; shrubby, climbing, or running; thorny,
prickly or rarely unarmed; variously pubescent or glabrous, sometimes
glandular; tips of canes usually recurving. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
stipulate; simple or compound, usually palmately lobed or palmately com-
pound; stipules free or jointed to the base of the petiole. Flowers some-
times solitary but usually many-flowered in corymbs or racemes; white,
pink, rose-colored or red; calyx composed of a little cup with 5 persistent
sepals crowning it; petals 5, conspicuous, deciduous; stamens numerous,
inserted on the margin of the cup; pistils many, inserted on the rising bot-
tom of the cup, becoming juicy drupelets in all of the cultivated species.

Botanists divide the genus into several sub-genera, of which
the pomologist is interested in but two : Idaeobatus, the rasp-
berries ; and Eubatus, the blackberries and dewberries.

175

17(i SYS'I i:MA'n(' POMOLOGY

lihrobatus. — Kcd, purjik', blat-k, wliite or yrllou rasiiberries, the fruit
composed of coherent drupelets and coming loose from a moist torus; the
cultivated species, erect or ascendent shrubs; flowers mostly in short clusters.

Euhatus. — Very dark red, black, or rarely white, blackberries and dew-
berries, the drupelets adhering to the torus; cultivated species erect, trail-
ing or climbing; liowers panniculate or racemose.

Raspberries

Three species of raspberries are cultivated for their fruits,

American red, European red, and tlie black-cap. Hybrids

between these species, called purple-canes, constitute a fourth

^roup. A siini)le key shows the relationship of the three species.

KEY TO CULTIVATED SPECIES OF RASPBERRIES

A. Fruit dark red or light red, never black, sometimes
yellow or white; propagating by tips or suckers; canes
bristly.
B. Stems stiff and erect ; fruit borne more or less

continuously throughout the season 1. ^. idceus.

BB, Stems more drooping and slender; fruit borne less
continuously throughout the season; inflorescence

glandular 2. E. strigosus.

AA. Fruit purple-black, never red, rarely yellow; prop-
agating by tips; canes glaucous, with hooked spines,
not bristly 3. R. occidentalis.

258. Description blank for raspberry. — Most of the charac-
ters necessary for describing bramble-fruits are listed in the
following blank : —

DESCRIPTION BLANK FOR THE RASPBERRY

Name Plat Row No ... .

Date 19. .

Plants

Tall, medium, dwarf Pubescent , glabrous

Vigorous, medium, weak glaucous,

Upright, spreading, drooping With glandular tips

Prop, by Suckers Tips.... Spines or prickles

Hardy, half-hardy, tender Thick, medium, slender

Very productive, productive Strong, medium, weak

Medium productive, unproduc- Straight hooked

tive Sharp blunt

Suckers Numerous, medium, few, none

Numerous, medium, few, none, Distribution

or many Color

Canes Leaflets

Stocky, medium, slender Number

Red, brown, yellow Large, medium, small

Green, gray, purple Lanceolate, ovate, obovate

Dull glossy Oval, oblong, wedge, roundish

THE BRAMBLES

177

Plants, continued
Leaflets, continued
Upper surface
Light, medium, dark green

Dull glossy

Smooth or 'roughened
Lower surface
Whitish, greenish

Pubescent glabrous

Tomentose
Margin
Dentate, crenate, serrate
Even or uneven
Single or double series
Jagged, hairy
Lobed, glandular
Petiole
Long, medium, short
Thick, medium, slender
Spiny .... prickly .... thorny . .

Pubescent glabrous

glandular

Flowers

Date of bloom

Season early, medium, late
Large, medium, small

White rose

Glandular, pubescent, glabrous
Fruit

Early, midseason, late

Date of Eipening

Length of Season

Borne How

Keeping Quality

Shipping Quality

Picking Quality

Adherence

Strong, medium, weak

Large, medium, small

Uniform or variable

Retains size through season,
drops

Regular, irregular

Long, medium, short

Broad, roundish, conic

Bloom

Styles

Drupes

Large, medium, small

Numerous, medium, few
Coherence

Strong, medium, crumbly

Whitish, yellow, amber

Light, medium, dark red

Purple, black

Dull glossy

Juicy, medium, not juicy

Tough, medium, tender

Firm, melting, seedy

Sweet, insipid, subacid

Sprightly, sour

High-flavored, aromatic
Quality

Best, very good, good

Fair, poor, very poor
Use

Dessert, kitchen, market

Home, drying
Desirability

Remarks

European raspherry.

Only one species of raspberry is much ^own in Europe, a
red berry ; the black and purple berries are scarcely known in
the Old World.

259. The European raspberry described. — That it may be
distinguished from the American red, the botanical and po-
mological characters of the European should be noted carefully.

1. R. idcpus, Linn. Canes stiff and upright, light colored, glandular
when young, beset with nearly straight slender prickles. Leaves compound
with 3-5 leaflets which are oblong-ovate, pointed, irregularly serrate, downy-
white underneath, lateral ones sessile, usually more or less wrinkled. Flowers

178 SYSTKMA'IIC I'OMOLOdY

small, \vliite, borne in Imi;; intcrruiitod clusters; peduncles dividing into
2 or 3 pedicels; the thiwerin^ shoots as well as the petioles and midribs
finely pubescent an<l sparin^'ly furnished with firm recurved prickles; calyx
velvety, sometimes with a few prickles; petals as long as the sepals. Fruit
oblong or conical, light or dark red, white or yellow, borne more or less
continuously throughout the season.

260. Habitat and history of the European raspberry. — Rubus

idcfus is a native of Europe from Greeee and Italy, north into
Scandinavia and far eastward into Asia. It was named for
]\rount Ida, in Asia Minor, and was possibly more or less culti-
vated in southern Europe in ancient times, although a cursory
search does not reveal statements to that effect. In En^rland,
Turner, the herbalist, in 1538, stated that it grew in English
gardens, and in 1629, Parkinson, another herbalist, mentioned
both white and red varieties.

It was early brought to America by colonists from Europe,
and prior to the middle of the nineteenth century was the only
raspberry commonly cultivated in this country, as many as sixty-
seven varieties being described in 1867. Pure-bred European
raspberries are now practically driven from cultivation by the
hardier, healthier, and more productive American species. No
doubt there are some hybrids with American raspberries. The
species is occasionally wild in northeastern United States as an
escape from cultivation. Antwerp, Fastolf, Franconia, Orange,
and Vermont are typical varieties still found in an occasional
garden in the United States. The species is propagated from
suckers.

American red raspberry.

Most of the raspberries grown in America, in acreage and in
number of varieties, are of the American red gi'oup. AVere it not
for several serious cultural troubles, as the mosaic and leaf-curl
in particular, which now threaten the very existence of this
species, this red raspberry would rival the strawberry in popu-
larity for home and market plantations.

261. The American red raspberry described. — The following
description shows the differences in morphologj^ betAveen the
European and the American red raspberries, but does not ex-
plain why one succeeds and the other fails in the tw^o continents.
Perhaps it suffices to say that one succeeds best in the extremes

THE BRAMBLES 179

of cold and heat, of wetness and dryness of America while the
other, almost identical in plant and fruit, succeeds only in the
more equable climate of Europe.

2. B. strigosus, Michx. (Plate XIX) This species is much like the
last, and many botanists combine the two. They are separated, however,
by several marked differences. Thus, the habit of growth of the American
species is more open; the canes are more slender, are darker in color, more
glaucous, and the prickles are stiffer; the leaves are thinner; the flowering
shoots, petioles and calyx are beset with gland-tipped hairs and bristles;
the calyx is less pubescent; the flower-clusters are more open; the fruit is
a lighter red, white- and yellow -fruited forms are much rarer; and the
tendency to fruit continuously is lacking.

Students of this variable genus have separated several other
species and at least two botanical varieties from R. strigosus,
of which but one other form, var. alhus, Fuller, is of importance
to pomologists. This variety bears amber-white fruits, and to
it have been referred some of the white-fruited varieties under
cultivation.

262. Habitat and history of the American red raspberry. —
The species is common in northern United States and southern
Canada, westward to the Rocky Mountains, and on the Pacific
coast northward to Alaska. It is found also in Asia. The red
species is hardier and ranges farther north than the black
raspberry, with which it is often associated in northern United
States. Cuthbert, Marlboro, June, and Loudon are typical
varieties. Propagation is by suckers.

Named varieties of the American red raspberry were not in-
troduced until about 1860, although it now appears that at least
two and possibly three varieties of this species had been passing
for some years previous as offspring of R. idceiis. The cultiva-
tion of this fruit, however, received its first impetus with the
introduction of the Cuthbert in 1865. Pomological literature
contains records of no less than 150 varieties that have been
introduced since 1860, although probably not more than forty
or fifty kinds are now offered by nurserymen.

The black raspberry.

The black raspberry does so well under cultivation that until
the beginning of the present century it was probably more

ISO SYSrEM.iriC I'OMOLOGY

widely cultivated than tiie native red rasplx-rry. Its adaptability
for evaporation, because of firm flesh and because the crop
ripens in a short season, also gives stimulus to its cultivation.
However, fun«xous diseases, especially blue-stem and anthracnose,
take so great toll from the black raspberry, and evaporated fruit
is giving way to the canned product so rapidly, that the black
raspberry is now much less popular than the red, with the pros-
pect that the purple-cane varieties will soon overtake both. Po.s-
sibly no fruit is more easily improved, however, than the black
raspberry so that the introduction of better varieties may give
the cultivation of this fruit new impetus. The black raspberry
is quite as commonly called "black-cap" and is not infrequently
known as the ''thimbleberry."

263. The black raspberry described. — No other species of
cultivated brambles can be confused with the black raspberry,
as a comparison of the following description with that of other
raspberries will show : —

3. B. occidentaJis, Linn. (Plate XX) Canes strong, erect, glaucous,
not bristly, beset with hooked spines; recurving and rooting at the tips.
Leaves compound with 3 or rarely 5 leaflets which are ovate, pointed,
sharply serrate and notched, white beneath; petioles armed with prickles;
lateral leaflets usually stalked. Flowers borne in small, dense, prickly
clusters; petals shorter than the sepals. Fruit black or sometimes amber-
white, rather small, hemispherical, firm ; ripens later than the red raspberry.

264. Habitat and history of the black raspberry. — The black
raspberry ranges south from New Brunswick and southern
Quebec to Georgia and Missouri, and westward to Oregon,
Washington, and British Columbia. A botanical form, var.
pallichis, Bailey, wdth yellow-amber fruits, is sometimes found
growing w41d. This species is usually in fence-rows, in copses,
and along roadsides, a common and useful food-plant, although
sometimes a pestiferous weed in vast regions throughout the
extensive territory in which it is native. Gregg, Ohio, Kansas,
and Cumberland are typical black raspberries.

Nicholas Longworth, an early horticulturist of note in Cin-
cinnati, cultivated the first named black raspberry, the Ohio
Everbearing, a variety which long remained a standard. The
growing of black raspberries hardly became an established in-
dustry until after 1850, wiien H. H. Doolittle, Oaks Corners,

THE BRAMBLES 181

New York, introduced the Doolittle. The spread of this variety,
together with the discovery that black raspberries could be
easily cured into dried fruits, established the cultivation of this
berry.

Pur pi e rasp h e rries.

The purple raspberries are placed in a separate species,
R. neglectus, Peck, by many botanists, but all now agree that
they are hybrids between the red and the black species. These
hybrids are found in the wild and frequently occur whenever
the red species and the black one are cultivated in close prox-
imity. The native red is the berry with which the black has
most frequently hybridized, but the European red Avill as readily
hybridize. There are some thirty or forty named purple rasp-
berries. Shaffer and Columbian are now most cultivated. These
hybrids may be propagated either by tips or suckers.

265. Purple raspberries compared with the parent species. —
While exceedingly variable, sometimes resembling the black and
sometimes the red parent, the purple varieties chosen for culti-
vation have fairly well-marked characteristics. The plants are
more vigorous and more productive than those of either parent ;
the fruit-clusters contain more berries and are more open and
straggling; the berries are larger and juicier and range in color
from yellow to red and dark purple. While the named varieties
of purple raspberries usually may be distinguished as belonging
to this group by the marks given, not all are so characterized;
for example, Philadelphia, almost certainly a hybrid, and its
numerous seedlings, are much more like the red than the typical
purple plant, and the berries are very like red raspberries only
of a darker color.

266. History of purple raspberries. — Purple raspberries have
been cultivated since 1835, in which year the Philadelphia was
found wild near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Shaffer, still one
of the good commercial purple sorts, was discovered near Scotts-
ville. New York, in 1871. This type of raspberry has recently
received a great impetus through the development of the canning
industry, for the purple varieties are preeminently the best for
canning, jams, and conserves. In addition, vigor, health, and
productiveness commend them more and more to growers.

182 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

BLuVCKBERRIES

Tlie cultivated blackberry is almost wholly an American fruit,
derived from several native species. Two sorts only, neither of
much importance, the Oregon Evergreen and the Himalaya,
belong to Old World species. The blackl)erry is one of the
newest cultivated fruits. ]\Iost of the varieties are not more
than a generation from the wild, and the domestication of plants
from the woods is still under way. Nevertheless, the classifica-
tion of the few varieties is difficult for the pomologist as is that
of the native species for the botanist.

267. Species of cultivated blackberries. — There are many
variations in wild blackberries out of which botanists have
made many species, and have variously defined the few- species-
types that have been given general recognition. Species cross
and recross in the wild and in the garden. With present
knowledge of Rubus, it is almost impossible to classify varieties
with reference to the species from which they came; therefore,
in a pomological work, it is needless to describe the species that
are now represented in cultivated blackberries. It is best to
attempt only a brief characterization of well-recognized species-
types from which pomological blackberries are derived.

1. Buhus argutus, Link. The prevailing group of wild blackberries in
eastern America is represented by B. argutus which is widely distributed
from Canada to North Carolina and westward to Iowa. Several cultivated
varieties come from this species of which Early Harvest is the commonest
representative. The plant is erect and stout with very prickly stiff stems;
leaves small, with short-pointed leaflets, ribs and petioles thorny; flower-
clusters short and usually glandless.

2. Bubus allegheniensis, Porter. This is a high-bush blackberry with
canes medium in height or tall, but more or less recurving, with the old
canes purplish and armed with stout slightly curved prickles ; the leaflets
are ovate, often glandular, pubescent beneath; flower-clusters mostly elon-
gated but not leafy; fruit generally subcylindric, ratlier small, with many
small druplets, and of very good flavor. This species is often known as
B. nigrobaccus.

White blackberries, usually amber-colored fruits, while occa-
sionally occurring in other species, most often belong to
B. allegheniensis. The habitat is from Canada to North Caro-
lina and westward to Illinois. A sport of this species with dry

THE BRAMBLES 183

abortive fruits is not uncommon. Most of the commonly culti-
vated blackberries, as Eldorado, Agawam, Snyder, Ancient
Britton, and Early Cluster belong wholly or in part to this
species.

3. Euhus frondosus, Bigel. The plants of this species are of but medium
height, with canes erect or arched-recurving, and with stout straight or
slightly curved prickles; the leaflets are broad, becoming glabrous above,
velvety-pubescent beneath, flower-clusters cylindrical, elongated, provided
for more than half their length with ovate-oblong, petiolate, very per-
sistent bracts; pedicels scarcely or not at all glandular; fruits subglobose,
falling before the bracts and with rather few drupelets.

The habitat of R. frondosus is from Canada to Virginia and
westward to Kansas. This species and perhaps a closely related
one, R. recurvens, Blanchard, are probably the parents of the
short-cluster berries, as Blowers, Lawton, and Mersereau.

268. European blackberry described. — The following species
is exotic and of little commercial importance in America.
Varieties, however, have been widely advertised, and while
probably never to become important as garden blackberries, are
likely to be represented permanently in America. The species
is very distinct from native blackberries, through its perennial
canes, and flowers usually borne on terminal shoots.

4. I^iihufi Inciniatus, Willd. Cut-leaved Blackberry. Evergreen
Blackberry. Oregon Evergreen Blackberry. Plants vigorous, trailing,
half-hardy, very productive; canes long, the lower part perennial and be-
coming 2 or 3 inches in diameter, dark red, few branches, with long stout
somewhat recurved prickles. Leaflets 3, broad-ovate, divided into several
linear sharply toothed divisions, ribs and petiole prickly, evergreen in mild
climates. Flowers in terminal panicles, 1% inches in diameter, light pink
or white, 8 to 10 inches long, open, leafy, prickly clusters. Fruit late,
ripening over a long season, medium in size or small, black, of indifferent
quality.

269. Habitat and history of the European blackberry. — This
blackberry is without doubt a native of Europe. It seems to
have been widely scattered at least as long as a century ago, and
it has now run wild in several islands in the Pacific Ocean and
on the Pacific slope of North America. It is grown for its fruit
and as an ornamental in the regions named, but does not thrive
in colder climates and nowhere has great value as a commercial

1S4 SYSTEMATIC J'OMOLOGY

variety. Its very late and lon<:: season gives it importance for
home plantations. The i)lants are deep rooted, hence probably
more resistant to drou«i:ht than any other blackberry. The plants
root at the tips, the chief method used in propagating. The
canes are so heavily armed with thorns that picking is a most
unpleasant task.

A variety grown more or less in New Jersey, variously known
as Diamond, Black Diamond, Star, Wonder, Ewing Wonder, and
Athmtic Dewlicrry, is probably a seedling of this species. The
much advertised Himalaya blackberry is a related species.

De\vherries

270. Dewberries and blackberries compared. — A dewberry is
a trailing blackljcrry with the following differences : Dewberries
ripen earlier than blackberries and they are further separated
by the flower- and fruit-clusters. In true dewberries, the flowers
are few and scattered; in the true blackberries, the clusters are
dense. This distinction in flower-clusters does not always hold,
and there are hybrids between the two in which these characters
are confused. A further distinction is in the method of propa-
gation. Dewberries, in nature or under cultivation, are propa-
gated from tips, while blackberries naturally reproduce them-
selves from suckers, and under cultivation are propagated from
suckers or from root-cuttings. Here, also, there are exceptions
as the Evergreen and Himalaya blackberries (which, however,
are not true blackberries) and several hybrids between the black-
berries and dewberries are propagated from tips. There are many
intermediate forms, making it difficult to separate the two fruits.

271. History of cultivated dewberries. — Dewberries are
American fruits recently domesticated, for their cultivation as
commercial crops did not begin until toward the close of the
nineteenth century, although named varieties go back to the
middle of the century. It is hardly correct to speak of them as
domesticated plants, for many of the varieties have been
brought to the gardens from woods and fields, and in the garden
they behave more like wild than domesticated subjects, — the
most uncertain and unmanageable of all small-fruits. However,
the dewberry is a most important addition to pomology, as the
fruits ripen earlier, and are larger, handsomer, and better

THE BRAMBLES 185

flavored than blackberries, while the plants are usually more
productive. When hardier varieties have been selected, which
at the same time are less capricious to soils and less dependent
on cross-pollination between varieties, the place of dewberries in
home and commercial plantations will be established. At
present, several species and a rapidly increasing number of
varieties are under cultivation.

272. Species of dewberries. — Of the many species of black-
berries and dewberries from which cultivated varieties are cer-
tainly derived, pomologists distinguish four as dewberries.

1. Euhus flagellaris, Willd. (Plate XXI) This species is characterized
by woody canes several feet long, becoming prostrate, usually stoutly
armed with recurved prickles; leaflets usually narrowed at the base, nearly
or quite glabrous, membranaceous; flowers in leafy racemes; fruit sub-
globose to short-cylindric with few to many large juicy drupelets.

This is the dewberry of dry open fields from Maine westward
and southward. Var. roribaccus, Bailey, is a well-marked sub-
species from West Virginia, of which the plant is stronger, the
flowers larger, with more elongated pedicels and with larger
fruits. There are several cultivated varieties of the sub-species,
of which the old and well-known Lucretia is the best representa-
tive. B. flagellaris is the most important type of dewberry in
cultivation. It has been known as E. villosus and R. proctim-
hens.

2. Bubus invisus, Brit. This species is similar to the last and seems
to have about the same range. The canes are stouter, less procumbent,
often making mounds or piles of canes and herbage, not so well armed;
leaves more coarsely toothed; pedicels longer, and with large and leaf -like
sepals. Several cultivated dewberries are derived from this species of which
Bartel is best known and most representative.

3. Bubus trivialis, Michx. Southern Dewberry. This species is quite
distinct from 1 and 2 and so variable as to be most perplexing to sys-
tematists. The canes are very long, usually wholly trailing, slender, armed,
as are also the petioles and often the peduncles, with flattish, short, hooked
prickles; leaflets leathery, of three kinds, those on fruiting shoots rather
small and nearly or quite evergreen; peduncles 1-3-flowered; fruit cylin-
drical with many drupelets which are sometimes dry and seedy but usually
juicy and excellent.

The habitat of E. trivialis is from Virginia to Florida and
Texas near the coast. Of the few varieties of this species under

1S6 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

cultivation, IManatee is probably the oldest and best known.
This is the common de\vl)erry or running blackberry of the
southern states, which often becomes a pest, sometimes as an
escape from cultivation.

4, Bubm vitifolius, Cham. & Schlecht. Western Dewberry. Caljfor-
NiA Dewberry. This species is characterized by trailing, sometimes erect,
slender pubescent canes with straight or recurved slender prickles; 3-5
evergreen leaflets, about 2 inches long, ovate, doubly serrate, exceedingly
variable; flowers often imperfect, the jtetals of staminalo flowers longer than
those of the pistillate ones; fruit black, red in the loganberry, oblong, of
medium size, sweet and pleasant ; the drupelets more or less pubescent.

The western dewberry is an inhabitant of California along
streams and in moist places. Of the several cultivated
varieties belonging to the species, Aughinbaugh was long
best known, but recent investigations show that the widely
cultivated loganberry, long considered a hybrid between this
species and the European red raspberry, is a cultivated form
of this species. Laxton, Mahdi, Mammoth (Lowberry of some),
Phenomenal, and Primus are hybrids with or pure-bred varieties
from the western dewberry, which by virtue of these valuable
offspring becomes a species of prime importance to pomologists.

CHAPTER XVI
CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES

Several species of Ribes are cultivated in cold temperate and
even subarctic climates under the names currants and goose-
berries. The two fruits are often grouped as groselles, from the
French groseilles, a word now applied to gooseberries, which,
however, at one time included currants as well. Originally, the
word currant was applied to small seedless raisins, produced
from several varieties of grapes in the Levant, the name coming
from Corinth, w^hich was the center of the industry. The dried
currants of modern as well as of ancient commerce are these
seedless grapes, adding to the confusion in the nomenclature of
the two fruits.

Currants and gooseberries are very different in aspect of
plant, and in appearance and taste of fruit, yet their close rela-
tionship is show^n not only by similarities in the botanical char-
acters on which classifications are founded, but also by the
hybridization of species of the two fruits and the ease of inter-
grafting, Ribes is probably an Arabic name for Rheum Rihes,
but is supposed by some to be the Latinized form of rieJ)s, an old
German word for currant. Ribes belongs to SaxifragaceiB, the
Saxifrage family, closely related to the Rose family.

273. Saxifragaceae compared with Rosacese. — All of the
fruits so far studied, except the grape, are members of the Rose
family, but currants and gooseberries belong to the Saxifrage
family distinguished from the former, so far as pomological
characters are concerned, by having opposite as well as alternate
leaves ; usually no stipules ; the stamens mostly definite in num-
ber; the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, separate or
combined into a compound pistil ; calyx either free or adherent,
usually persistent; and stamens and petals almost always in-
serted on the calyx. The currant and the gooseberry are the
only cultivated fruits among the saxifrages.

187

18S sysiKMATIC J'OMOlJfCY

274. The genus Ribes. — 'Va ihis ^n'lms hrlong the red, white,
Mack, and «r<)lcl('n currant.s of tlic "gardens, representing several
si)eL'ies; cultivated g()o.sel)erries eoiiiin^- from two or three
species; and a dozen or more species cultivated as ornamentals
for their flowers, fruits, or foliage. There are about 150 species
of Ribes well distributed throughout the north temperate re-
gions of both hemispheres and of South America. Many species
not now cultivated offer possibilities for the garden. The fol-
lowing characters of the genus are of importance to pomologists :

Low prickly or unarmed shrubs. Leaves deciduous or rarely evergreen,
alternate, palniately lobed, often fascicled on the branches, mostly plaited
in the bud. Flowers perfect or sometimes dia?cious in ornamental species
only, 5-parted, borne in few- to many-flowered racemes, in edible-fruited
species greenish, reddish or yellow and mostly insignificant ; calyx-tube
cylindric to rotate, usually colored ; petals smaller tlian the sepals, often
minute; ovary inferior, 1 -celled; styles 1 or 2. Fruit a many-seeded pulpy
berry, crowned by the remains of the calyx, red, white, purple, scarlet, yel-
low or greenish, the edible species ripening their fruits in early summer.

KEY TO CULTIVATED SPECIES OF RIBES

A. Branches thornless and spineless; flowers in racemes.
(Currants)
B. Leaves not resinous dotted below.

C. Flower flat or saucer-shaped ; fruit light red or
white.

D. Flowers very flat, with a fleshy ring between
the stamens and style; fruit-racemes markedly
drooping ; berries borne freely around the main

stem 1. B. sativum

DD. Flowers less flat, without a fleshy ring ; fruit-
raceme more spreading ; berries borne on one

side of main stem 2, E. ruhrum

C. Flower broadly campanulate, pink or reddish,
without ring ; sepals ciliate ; berries darker red,

more acid 3. R. petrceiim

CC. Flowers tubular yellow ; fruit black or yellow . . A. B. odoratum.
BB. Leaves resinous dotted at the back; flowers cam-
panulate; fruit black; plants of a disagreeable

smell 5. B. nigrum.

A A. Branches Avith thorns or spines. (Gooseberries)

B. Fruit smooth ; spines generally solitary and slender 6. B. hirtellum
BB. Fruit prickly, glandular, hairy or pubescent ;

spines in threes, stout 7. B. Grossidaria

275. Pomological classification of currants and gooseberries.

— There are no other pomological plants with which currants
and gooseberries can be confused, and the species constitute

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES

189

natural groups so distinct that one can hardly be mistaken for
another. It is difficult, however, to make sure of the horticul-
tural varieties of the several species. The pomolog-ical nomencla-
ture of these fruits is in a state of confusion. Varieties of
both currants and gooseberries are often so nearly alike that it
is almost impossible to distinguish them. Nurserymen have
been remiss in renaming old sorts, and frequently substitute one
kind for another; varieties of currants, at least, come nearly
true to seed; and few good descriptions have been published of
varieties. Those interested in these fruits, therefore, in order
to identify varieties, must be well informed as to the differences
in species and varieties.

276. Description blank for currant. — The characters neces-
sary in describing currants and gooseberries are set forth in the
following blank : —

DESCRIPTION BLANK FOR THE CURRANT

Name Plat . . .

Plants

Large, medium, small
Vigorous, medium, weak
Upright, spreading, drooping
Tall, medium, dwarf
Very productive, productive
Medium productive, unproduc-
tive

Susceptibility to

Insects

Diseases

Suckers

Numerous, medium, few, none

Canes

Stocky, medium, slender
Rough, medium, smooth
Long, medium, short
Straight, angular
Red, broAvn, green
Gray, dull, glossy
Internodes
Long, medium, short

Leaf-Buds

Large, medium, small
Long, medium, short
Obtuse, conical, pointed
Plump, appressed or free

Leaves

Large, medium, small
Roundish, cordate, oval
Ovate, obovate, wedge
Abruptly pointed, taper-pointed

Row .

Date.

19.

Number of lobes

Lobes deep or shallow
Wide, medium, narrow
Long, medium, short
Light, medium, dark green
Glossy, dull
Rough, medium, smooth

Pubescent glabrous. . .

Margin

Crenate, serrate, hairy
Petiole

Long, medium, short
Thick, medium, slender
Color

Flowers

Date of bloom

Early, medium, late
Large, medium, small

Calyx

Bell or saucer-shaped
Red, green, purple, yellow
Receptacle red, green

with or without tleshy ring

Fruit

Early, midseason, late

Date of Ripening

Length of Season

Picking Quality

Keeping Quality

Shipping Quality

IPO SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fniit, continued

Susceptibility to Skin

Insects Thick, medium, thin

Diseases Opaque, translucent

Clusters Flesh

Lonp, medium, short Juicy, medium, rather dry

Comjtact, loose Colorless, pinkish

Well filled or not Firm, meltinp, seedy

Lax or held out stiffly Sweet, subacid, sour

Cluster-Stems Sprightly, aromatic

Lonfjf, medium, short Quality

Thick, medium, slender Best, very pjood, good

Berries Fair, poor, very poor

Numerous, medium, few Use

Lartje, medium, small Dessert, kitchen

Uniform, variable Market, home

Black, red, whitish, dull, glossy Desirability

Remarks

Red Currants

Cultivated red currants come from at least three wild species.
These are: Rihes ruhi'um, R. sativum, and R. petrceum. White
currants are albinos of the red species; R. sativum X R- ruhrum
furnishes most of the wliitc varieties.

277. Ribes sativum described. — This is the common red or
garden currant ; at least most of the red currants belong here.

1. Biles sativum, Syme. (Plate XXII) Upright shrubs attaining a
height of 6 feet; young growth pubescent and glandular. Leaves thin,
cordate or subcordate, 3-5 lobed, with short-ovate serrate lobes, yellowish-
green^ more or less folded upward, nearly hairless, 3 inches across. Flowers
in long racemes, markedly drooping; rachis glabrous; pedicels filiform,
glandless; calyx-tube yellow-green, saucer-shaped; sepals oval; petals nar-
rowly cuneate; a high, narrow, fleshy ring between the stamens and the
cleft style. Fruit round, red or white.

The species has been divided into several botanical varieties,
but pomologists are interested only in the type species and var.
macrocarpum, Bailey. This variety differs from the type in its
irregular growth, due to the fact that the lateral branches often
have blind terminal buds; larger leaves, more deeply cordate,
with a very large middle lobe ; racemes usually without leaves
at the base ; and larger fruits. To this botanical variety belong
the large-leaved and large-fruited sorts of which Cherry is

Plate X. A Munsoniana plum — Wild Goose.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES 191

typical. The Macrocarpum currants are more tender to cold
than the garden sorts belonging to R. sativum.

278. Habitat and history of the Sativum currant.— i^/5es
sativum is a native of western Europe, being wild in Great
Britain, France, and Belgium. It is a fruit of cold and tem-
perate regions, and its cultivation was not attempted in the
warmer parts of Europe; therefore, the species was not do-
mesticated until agriculture was well advanced in northern and
vrestern Europe. Its cultivation was no doubt begun in the
fourteenth or fifteenth century; at least it is mentioned as a
commonly cultivated fruit in the garden books of the sixteenth
century and not previously as a garden plant. This currant was
brought to America by the earliest settlers in New England.

279. Ribes rubrum described. — This is the northern red cur-
rant, and while it is not always easy to distinguish it from the
preceding species, there is but little difficulty in separating most
of the varieties from those of R. sativum.

2. Bihes rubrum, Linn. Upright shrub attaining a height of 6 feet;
young growth more pubescent than in E. sativum. Leaves rarely subcordate,
3-5 lobed, usually tomentose beneath; smaller and thicker than those of
B. sativum and held more laxly, 3-4 inches across. Flowers greenish or
brownish, in spreading racemes, borne on rather stiff short pedicels on one
side of the bunch, whereas those of sativum swing freely around the bunch ;
held out at right angles from the stem, those of B. sativum being pendulous;
calyx-tube more bell-shaped than in B. sativum and without the ring inside.
Fruit usually red.

Botanists describe several botanical varieties of which var.
puhescens, Schwarz, and var. scandicum, Hedl. are given as
progenitors of cultivated varieties. Several natural hybrids
between this and the preceding species are named, and from it
come most of the small-fruited hardy garden varieties, either as
pure-breds or as hybrids with the two other species under
cultivation.

280. Habitat and history of the Rubrum currants.— This
species is native of central and northern Europe and Asia east-
ward into Siberia and ^lanchuria. How, where, and by whom
the species was domesticated is not known. It is rather less
promising in the wild than R. sativum; there are fewer varieties
showing its blood; and since it is not found in regions which
came so early under agriculture as those in which R. sativum

192 SYSTKMATIC POMOLOGY

grows wild, it is safe to say that 1\. rubrum came under cultiva-
tion at a later date.

281. Ribes petraeum described. — This speeies is combined with
one oi' the two other red currants described by many botanists.
It has, however, good botanical standing, and pomologists find
it quite distinct in its fruits which are more acid, darker red,
and ripen later.

3. IRihes petrcpum, Wulfen. Stout upright shrubs attaining a height of
7 feet; shoots usually reddish and glabrous; bush larger than in the other
two species. Leaves roundish, subcordate, stout, 3-lobed, middle lobe long-
est, acute, very dark green, usually puckered or blistered, rugose, 3-4 inches
across. Flo^vers in dense racemes, appearing later than those of the other
two species, pink or red to claret red; pedicels short; bracts very small;
calyx-tube broadly campanulate, "with short, rounded, ciliate sepals; petals
nearly half as long as sepals, with a callosity below the base.

Several botanical varieties are distinguished from which
garden varieties, it is generally agreed, come ; one of which, var.
buUatum, crossed with R. rubrum, produced the well-known
Prince Albert.

282. Habitat and history of the Petraeum currants. — This
species comes from the mountains of central and southern
Europe, north Africa, Caucasus and from northern Asia, where
it does not seem to have early attracted the attention of gar-
deners, although it must have been seen by civilized men long
before the Christian era. It began to be pictured and described
accurately enough in the herbals by the middle of the sixteenth
century, so that its domestication can be said to date from about
that time. No doubt the hybridization of this species with the
other two began through natural means as soon as the three
types were grown in the same gardens.

The Golden Currant

Several varieties of currants are grown in gardens, chiefly in
the South and Middle West, under the group names Golden
currant, Buffalo currant, and Missouri currant. All of these
belong to R. odoratum, although put by some in R. aureum.
Golden currant is a misnomer, for the fruits are more often
black than golden.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES 193

283. Ribes odoratum described. — The habitat of this species
is banks of streams, from Minnesota to Missouri and Arkansas
westward. The golden currant is just coming under cultivation,
only one variety, the Crandall, introduced in 1888, being com-
mon in gardens. Three or four other sorts of less repute are
occasionally grown.

4. Eihes odoratum, Wendl. A spineless shrub attaining a height of 8-10
feet, young branches pubescent. Leaves 3-5 lobecl, coarsely dentate,
glabrous, ovate, rarely cordate, 1-3 inches broad; petioles pubescent, shorter
than the blade. Flowers golden-yellow, fragrant, borne in 5-8-tlowered
racemes; tube % inch long, stout; sepals half as long as the tube, spreading
or revolute; petals half as long as sepals, more or less red. Fruit round
or ovate, yellow or black, 1/3 inch in diameter.

Black Currants

In plant and fruit the black currant of pomology is so distinct
from the red currants that it might w^ell be given another name.
It belongs to a species as closely related to the gooseberry as
to the red currant. Possibly the relationship is closer, since the
black currant inter-grafts and hybridizes with the gooseberry,
while it has not been found that it will do so with the red
currant.

Black currants are used for medicinal purposes and in cookery,
but are little liked as a dessert fruit. The black currant is held
in high esteem in Great Britain and parts of western Europe,
but has never found favor in America, possibly because of the
bitter taste and aroma, described by an old herbalist as ''of
a stinking and somewhat loathing savour." There are several
species of currants with black berries, but only one, R. nigrum,
is commonly cultivated.

284. Ribes nigrum described. — Botanists describe several nat-
ural varieties, one with yellow, another with green fruits. There
are also botanical varieties with cut leaves, and still others with
variegated foliage. None of these botanical divisions is of espe-
cial interest to pomologists, who are concerned only with a dozen
or more horticultural varieties derived from the type species.

5. Bihes nigrum, Linn. Black Currant. Stout upright shrub attain-
ing a height of 8-10 feet; stem, foliage, flowers, and fruits having a strong
unpleasant odor. Leaves cordate, 3-5 lobed, more or less pubescent and
bearing resinous dots beneath; margins serrate; lobes broad, irregular,

194 SysTKMATIC J'OMOLOdY

acute. Flowers borne in loose racemes; calyx tube broadly canipanulate;
petals greenish-purple or dull whitish, half as lonp as sepals; calyx and
ovary pubescent and glandular. Fruits round or subglobosc, 1/3 inch in
diameter, black, with a strong odor and taste.

285. Habitat and history of the black currant. — This black
currant is a native of Europe and nortli and central Asia. The
American hhick, R. anicricanum, is similar to R. nigrum in
plant and fruit, but differs much in the flower; it is found from
Nova Scotia to Virginia and westward to the Rocky Mountains,
furnishing wild fruit to those who care to pick it. Were it not
for the cultivated black currant from Europe, this native species
might well be domesticated. The European black currant is a
fruit of modern times, its culture dating back not more than
two centuries. The more northern the latitude, the higher the
esteem in which it is held.

Gooseberries

American gooseberries belong for the most part to one species,
R. hirtellum, but probably there are hybrids with two or three
other species, as will be noted, one or two of which may have
pure-bred representatives under cultivation. European goose-
berries all belong to one .species, R. Grossularia.

286. Ribes hirtellum described. — Under the name American
gooseberry this is the species commonly cultivated in the north-
ern fruit regions of this continent.

6. Eihes hirtellum, Michx. (Plate XXIII) A shrub 3-5 feet high;
branches slender, drooping, armed with small spines at the base of shoots
or with few or many Avhitish prickles. Leaves broader than long, rather
thin, 1-2 inches broad, dentate or crenate-dentate, cuneate at the base, in-
cisely 3-5 lobed, pubescent underneath, Avith some glandular hairs on the
petiole. Flow;ers 1-3, borne on very short peduncles and pedicels; ovary
glabrous; calyx-tube campanulate; sepals greenish or purplish, glabrous;
petals whitish; style pubescent. Fruit 14 inch in diameter, round, ovate,
or oblong; skin smooth; greenish or purple.

287. Habitat and history of R. hirtellum. — This species is wild
from Newfoundland to Maryland and AVest Virginia, and west-
ward nearly to the Rocky Mountains. There are several Ameri-
can garden sorts w^hich are pure-bred varieties of this species, of
which Pale Red is best known. Downing and Houghton, leading
gooseberries, are hybrids between this and the European species.

CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES 195

Wild gooseberries were used by the Indians before Europeans
came to the New World, as they are now by the tribes in the
West and North. Trappers and early settlers have always eaten
the fruit. While the first settlers from England brought the
European gooseberry with them, only to fail in its culture, none
tried the native species in the garden until the nineteenth
century was well advanced. In 1833, Abel Houghton, Lynn,
Massachusetts, planted several English varieties near a plant
from the woods. Seeds were saved from fruit of this native, and
from it came the Houghton, which, however, was not dissemi-
nated until 1848. The domestication of the native gooseberry
has, therefore, taken place within less than one hundred years.

288. Little-known species of American gooseberries. — Until
recently it was thought that R. oxyacanthoides, Linn., was the
parent of the score or more American gooseberries, but all these
are now put in R. hirtellum, or as hybrids of this and the
European gooseberry with a few exceptions to be noted.
R. Cynoshati, Linn., R. inerme, Rybd., R. setosum, LindL, and
R. missouriensis, Nutt., are represented, either as hybrids or
pure-breds, among American gooseberries. These and possibly
still other native species offer much for the plant-breeder. All
of the native species named should be hybridized with the
European gooseberry, which bears a much larger, handsomer,
and better-flavored fruit, in order to produce varieties capable
of withstanding the varied climate and soil conditions of the
several native species.

289. Ribes Grossularia described. — This is the European
gooseberry, a comparison of the botanical description with that
of the American species showing it to be quite a different plant.

7. Bihes Grossularia, Linn. (Plate XXIII) An upright, or spread-
ing, seldom drooping shrub 2-4 feet high; spines mostly in 3's, stout, some-
times bristly. Leaves cordate to broadly cuneate, pubescent or glabrous,
thick 1-3 inches broad, crenate or dentate, 3-5 lobed. Flowers solitary,
rarely 2; ovary pubescent or often glandular; calyx-tube campanulate, its
lobes oblong, smooth or pubescent, sometimes glandular or bristly, green,
yellow or red.

290. Habitat of R. Grossularia. — The original form of the
cultivated European gooseberry is found in Europe, North
Africa, and the Caucasus. In this vast region there are several
botanical varieties, but the cultivated gooseberries seem to have

IflG SYSTEMATIC rOMOLOGY

been derived chiefly from the type form. AVhih' cultivated
somewhat on the continent, this fruit l)ch)n|^s almost wholly to
Great Britain, where several hundred varieties liave been intro-
duced in England, AVales, Scotland, and Ireland. There are but
few places in America where the species thrives, as the climate
is uncongenial and the gooseberry mildew proves a veritable
scourge. There are now, however, a number of hybrids between
this species and the American gooseberry which promise much
for pomology.

291. History of the European gooseberry. — The gooseberry
is not mentioned by ancient agricultural writers, and seems
first to have come into prominence as a cultivated plant in Eng-
land. Tusser, the farmer-poet, mentioned it in 1557. Turner,
the English herbalist, wrote of it in 1573; as did Gerard in
1597 ; and Parkinson, in 1629, named eight varieties. For the
last two hundred years, the gooseberry seems to have been the
fruit of fruits in England, and many societies have been or-
ganized to bring it to its best estate, and many voluminous
articles and books have been devoted to its culture.

CHAPTER XVII
THE HEATH-FRUITS

Several heath-plants are favorite wild fruits in all quarters
of the ^lobe. These are variously called blueberries, bilberries,
huckleberries, cranberries, whortleberries, whinberries, bil-
berries, moorberries, deerberries, farkleberries, cowberries,
foxberries, and dangleberries. These plants belong to as many
species as there are common names, or more, as some of the
common names are applied to more than one species. All are
members of two genera in the heath family, Vaccinium and
Gaylussacia, both of which are composed of Avoody plants pre-
senting all gradations from slender, delicate, trailing vines to
sturdy shrubs. Both genera are of social habit, most of the
species, wherever found, covering extensive tracts; both prefer
the humus of peat-bogs, swamps, woods, or heath.

292. Common names of fruits in Vaccinium and Gaylussacia.
— There is much confusion in the common names of species of
Vaccinium. AVhile those in the botanies, as given on this page,
may have been used by English-speaking persons somewhere
or sometime, they are now seldom heard in America. Heath-
fruits pass under three common names in North America —
cranberries, blueberries, and huckleberries. Red-fruited species
of Vaccinium are almost universally called cranberries, with
such qualifying adjectives as large, small, low-bush, or high-
bush. It is not so easy to define the use of blueberry and huckle-
berry. In most parts of the United States, the two names are
employed without distinction, but in the North Atlantic and
New England states blueberries are fruits of the genus
Vaccinium in which the seeds are numerous but so small as not
to be noticed in eating, while huckleberries are fruits of the
genus Gaylussacia, the berries of which contain ten large hard
seeds. In some of the central states, huckleberries are the
produce of the high-bush dark-fruited Vacciniums, while the

197

19S S) STHMATIC l'()M(HJH,y

iHM'ries of low-growin*; spccit's ari' callrd blueberries. Tlic New
Enp:land usage of blueberry for spceios of Vaeeinium and
luiekleberry for Gaylussacias is l)(^st, and tbe names will be so
aj^plied in this text.

293. The genus Vaeeinium deseribed. — Vaeeinium is much
more the imi)ortant of the two genera of lieath plants which have
furnished cultivated fruits. Its chief characters are as follows:

Erect or traiHnjj: woody plants. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, alternate,
leatliory or succulent. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, clustered or
raccmed; white or reddish; corolla variously shaped, 4-5 cleft; sepals 4-5
or obsolete; stamen 8 or 10; anthers opening by a hole at the apex. Fruit
a berry, 4-5 celled, many seeded, sometimes 8-10 celled by a fake partition
from the back of the cell to the placenta; capped by the persistent calyx.

294. Distribution of Vaeeinium. — The value of the wild fruits
of this genus and its prospective importance under domestica-
tion are indicated by its wide distribution and its many species.
The genus is represented by more than a hundred species which
encircle the globe in the north temperate zone, a few being found
in the south temperate zone. In the northern hemisphere,
species are native from the mountains of the tropics to wtII
within the Arctic Circle. Vacciniums are most common in
temperate North America and the mountains of central and
southern Asia.

Cultivated cranberries belong to two species of Vaeeinium.
Both are slender, trailing, evergreen bog-plants, bearing vari-
ously shaped light or dark-red berries in great profusion. The
name comes from the fancied resemblance of the bud just before
opening, with its slender curving pedicel, to the head and neck
of a crane, whence cranelierry, shortened to cranberry.

295. Vaeeinium maeroearpon, the large eranberry, deseribed.
• — The large cranberry is grown on thousands of acres in widely
separated regions in North America, and is one of the most
specialized and interesting of all pomological crops.

1. Vaeeinium mareroearpon, Ait. Stems slender and creeping, but com-
paratively stout, 1-4 feet long, the flowering branches ascending. Leaves
oblong-elliptic, 1/3 to ^ inch in length, 1/6-1/3 inch broad, blunt or
rounded at the tip, flat or inclined to be revolute at the margin, evergreen,
leathery, dark green and glossy above, whitened beneath, glabrous. Flowers
pale rose-colored, nodding, 1-10, borne on long filiform pedicels, in early

THE HEATH-FRUITS 199

summer ; corolla 4-partecl ; filaments scarcely one-third the length of the
anther. Fruit maturing in the autumn; 1/3-1 inch in diameter; oblong,
round, ovate or obovoid in shape; light red to dark red; more or less
astringent.

296. Habitat of the large cranberry. — The large cranberry is
an inhabitant of open bogs, swamps, and damp heaths from
Newfoundland to Wisconsin and southward to West Virginia
and Arkansas, being more common in the northeastern quarter
of its range. In cultivation, its range is extended to the Pacific
Coast, where Oregon and Washington have a considerable num-
ber of cultivated bogs.

297. History of cranberry culture. — The early settlers in the
New England and North Atlantic states were not slow in dis-
covering that cranberries made an excellent sauce to accompany
the fare of game on which they chiefly subsisted, but cranberry-
culture did not begin until the nineteenth centurj^ was well
started, 1810 being the date given for the establishment of the
first artificial bog. The abundance of the w^ild crop obviated the
necessity of domesticating the cranberry. Also, as there were
no bog-plants under cultivation for fruit, methods of treatment
had to be invented; the fruit-growdng lore of centuries and
even the tools for cultivation w^ere useless in beginning the
cultivation of the cranberry. The Cape Cod peninsula was the
home of the pioneers in cranberry-culture, and still holds first
rank among the several cranberry districts of the continent. At
first there w^ere no named varieties of this fruit, but cranberries
vary gi'eatly in size, color, and shape, so that types soon came
into existence, the earliest being the Bell, the Bugle, and the
Cherry. Later, about 1890, named varieties began to appear,
since which time a score or more, most of which are still under
cultivation, have been introduced.

298. Vaocinium Oxycoccus, the small cranberry, described. —
The small cranberry is little cultivated, but the wdld fruits are
an article of commerce, and no doubt it would be found under
cultivation that this species could be grow^n in soils and climates
w^here the large cranberry does not thrive. No one seems to
have given attention to the hybridization of the large and the
small cranberry, although the two would no doubt hybridize,
possibly giving a better flavored fruit in the offspring than in

200 ^YS'IKMATIC J'OMOl.odV

eitlier of \\w \)iivo\\\s. It is an inlial)itMiit of temperate, sub-
arctic, and ali)in(^ rc^idus of tlic ( )lcl and Xew Worlds, and is
usually found in spha«^nuni s\vanii)s.

2. ]'(U'cinium Oxycoccus, Linn. Stems very slender, almost hair-like,
erect or ascending, more slender and shorter than those of V. macrocarpon.
Leaves oblonjj or ovate, acute, ^/4 inch long, strongly revolute margins,
leathery, evergreen, dark green and glossy above, conspicuously whitened
beneath; pedicels 1-4, terminal, the pale rose-colored flowers nodding;
corolla 4-i)arted ; filaments one-half as long as the antiiers. Fruit maturing
in lati- autumn; smaller than in the last, V^-Vj inch in diameter; round-
ish aiul less variable than in the last; red and acid but considered superior
in flavor to the large cranberry of more common cultivation.

299. Blueberries and huckleberries. — Several species of blue-
berries and huckleberries are now under process of domestica-
tion, though all attempts in the past to bring these fruits under
cultivation have failed. Failure seems to have been due to the
fact that two peculiarities in the nutrition of these plants were
not recognized. Heath-plants will not grow in soils with an
alkaline or neutral reaction ; nor without the companionship of
a beneficial root fungus. It has been known for many years
that these plants will grow only in acid soils, but only recently
was the discovery made that there is an association between
them and a root-fungus which is indispensable to their well-
being. With an acid soil and proper conditions for the root-
fungus, it is demonstrated that these fruits can be cultivated
profitably. There is noAV little question that sometime there
will be numerous varieties of cultivated blueberries and huckle-
berries to enrich pine plains, mountain lands, swamps, heaths,
and gardens that have proper soil conditions. Cultivated blue-
berries and huckleberries would add much to fruit-growing, for
these are among the best of small-fruits, and by far the most
valuable wild fruits of this continent, the crop selling for sev-
eral million dollars annually.

Blueberries

Several species of Vacciniums are worthy of consideration by
the fruit-grower for the blueberries they produce. Two of
these, V. corymbosiim and V. pennsylvanicum now have culti-
vated varieties so that descriptions must be given them in this

THE HEATH-FRUITS 201

text. V, atrococcum and V. virgatum are similar to Y. corym-
bosum and probably have the same pomological possibilities,
while V. canadense and V. vacillans are closely related to V.
pennsylvamciim with presumably the same value for fruit-
growing. These species are widely distributed in North Amer-
ica; all yield valuable wild blueberries; and all give promise
for domestication, so that it is not too much to say that the blue-
berry may sometime become a major pomological fruit.

300. Vaccinium corymbosum, the high blueberry, described.
— The high blueberry is the species to which most attention has
been given in attempts at domestication and as such merits first
attention.

3. Vaccinimn corynribosum, Linn. (Fig. 44) Plants tall, 4-12 feet high,
with yellowish green warty branchlets. Leaves 1^/^-3 inches long, ovate
to elliptic-lanceolate, smooth or slightly hairy beneath, the margins entire,
half -grown at flowering time. Corolla white or pinkish, Y-i^-Vi inch long,
ovoid to cylindric -urn-shaped. Fruit blue-black with bloom, l/3-i/^ inch in
diameter; flavor sweet, rich, excellent.

301. Habitat of the high blueberry. — This species inhabits
bogs and moist woods, and is sometimes found on heaths and in
pastures from Maine to Minnesota and southward. This is an
exceedingly variable form, which authorities variously divide
into species and natural varieties, or, on the other hand, com-
bine with one or two other species. It is probable that there
are many natural hybrids between this and other species. It is
commonly considered that the high blueberry grows best in
swampy situations, but it is often found on dry lands and in
bogs and swamps, and the land must be dry in the root-forming
period of summer and autumn. In cultivation, this species does
not thrive in land permanently water-logged ; on the other hand,
it requires moderate soil-moisture throughout the season.

302. Pomological characters of the high blueberry. — The
fruit of the high blueberry ripens from August to late Septem-
ber, and is most variable in shape, size, color, and flavor. The
plants range from handsome shrubs ten to twelve feet high in
boggy places to low bushes four or five feet high in heaths and
pastures. This variability in fruit and plant bodes well for
improvement under cultivation. The writer knows of a locality
in which plants with large black berries, pleasantly piquant,

202 SYSJ KMAHC J'OMoLoay

may l)t' found; near at liaiid arc l)iisli('s willi hluc hcrrit's, rich
and swi'ct. a1 least a lialf-inrli in diannMcr; while another form
has blue fruits with very heavy bloom and a delieate flavor so
sweet as to be almost honeyed. These and other forms might
easily be iiybridi/ed with in the speeies, or with forms of other
species, to the great imi)rovement of blueberries. The fruits
of the high blue!)erry are borne on the extremities of branches
of the past season's growth. This species is a handsome
ornamental.

303. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, the low blueberry, de-
scribed.— The low l)lueberry furnishes most of the market prod-
uct of this fruit, but seems not to yield to cultivation so readily
as the high blueberry, though attempts to cultivate it have not
been as numerous or as ardent as wdth the other species.

4. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Fig. 45) Plant dwarf, i4-2 feet
in height; stems and branehlets green and warty, glabrous or pubescent
northward. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, serrulate with bristle-pointed
teeth, bright green, smooth and glossy on both sides, sometimes hairy on
the midrib beneath. Flowers borne on short pedicels; corolla eylindric-
bell-shaped, short, greenish-white. Fruit large, bluish-black, black, some-
times red, or rarely dull white, with or without bloom; sweet and pleasant
in flavor; earliest to ripen.

304. Habitat of the low blueberry. — The low blueberry covers
great areas in dry heaths, pine barrens, and mountain lands
from Newfoundland to Saskatchew-an, and southward to Vir-
ginia and Illinois. The species is most variable, but only two
natural varieties are described ; var. angiisiifoUum, Gray, is a
dwarf northern or high-mountain form with narrower leaves;
and var. nigrum, Wood, called the low black blueberry, has
firmer leaves, blue-green, glaucous, with very black bloomless
berries. This variety is often associated with the species, or
may be found by itself. It is more of a wilding, preferring
rocky heaths, pine woods, shady places, and mountains, Avhere
often it thrives in soil an inch or two in depth.

305. Pomological characters of the low blueberry. — The ber-
ries of the low blueberry ripen in July in central New York,
a month earlier than those of the high blueberry, and are the
most pleasantly flavored of all the blueberries, having a delieate
sugary taste. They are, however, soft and easily bruised, and

THE HEATH-FRUITS 203

must be handled with care for distant shipment, but are well
suited for canning and drying. Most of the crop canned in New
England and Michigan is of this species; the industry of can-
ning them is now extensive. The berries hang on the bushes
until all are ripe, so that pickers can harvest them with great
rapidity. The aborigines set the example to early settlers of
sun-drying and smoke-drying this blueberry for winter use,
and the practice of drying in the sun still survives. This spe-
cies may sometime be domesticated, in its many forms, for the
very poorest soils or for shady places.

Huckleberries

306. Botanical characters of huckleberries. — The huckleberry
belongs to the genus Gaylussacia, plants closely allied to Vac-
cinium, in which genus they were at one time included. Generic
differences for separating the two are found in the structure
of the fruit and in the leaves. Fruits of Vaccinium are four-
or five-celled, with many small seeds, while those of Gaylussacia
are ten-celled and contain ten rather large hard-walled seeds
which are really nutlets. The leaves of Gaylussacia are liberally
besprinkled with resinous dots; those of Vaccinium have no
dots. Five species are found in North America, of which four
yield fruits esteemed as they come from wild plants, and which
give promise of valuable domesticated fruits. These species are
G. haccata, Koch., the black huckleberry; G. frondosa, Torr. &
Gray, the blue huckleberry; G. ursina, Torr. & Gray, the bear
huckleberry; and G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray, the dwarf huckle-
berry.

307. Pomologlcal characters of huckleberries. — The huckle-
berry is not so popular as the blueberry because of the hard
seeds, which are objectionable in eating. There is, however,
great variation in the size and hardness of the seeds, and under
cultivation forms could be selected with fewer, smaller, and
softer seeds. Except for the seeds, huckleberries are as pleas-
antly flavored and as palatable as blueberries, and in spite of
the seeds find ready sale in the markets. There are no data on
which to form an opinion as to whether huckleberries will yield
readily to cultivation. Presumably, the difficulties of domesti-
cation will be no greater than with the blueberry. In the wild,

204 .s}N77';.l/.177r' POMOLOGY

huckleberries respond markedly to environment; the fruits of
the several species siiow ^n-eat ditVerences in size, color, and
flavor in accordance with soil, moisture, li<iht, and individual
plants, indicating that the opportunities will be great for im-
provement by cultivation and selection. Like the blueberries,
huckleberries grow best in bog or heath and are impatient of
lime.

CHAPTER XVIII

THE STRAWBERRIES

All of the strawberries belong to one genus, Fragaria, a
member of Order Rosacege. The fragrance of the fruit gives
the Latin name to the genus. Fragaria is widely distributed,
no continent or large body of land, excepting Australia, being
without an indigenous species. While the genus grows most
abundantly in temperate climates, yet forms are found in the
tropics, and, if not in arctic regions, at least to their very borders.
Thus widely diffused, the species are exceedingly variable, and
no fewer than 150 names have been applied to the different
forms.

308. The genus Fragaria described. — The strawberry is a
low creeping perennial herb, thus sharply distinguished from
all other hardy fruits in Rosaceas, since all others are woody
and either trees or shrubs. The conspicuous characters of
Fragaria are :

Plant a stemless herbaceous perennial with a scaly rootstock; rooting
from runners. Leaves palmately three-lobed, toothed; springing from a
crown. Flowers white or reddish, borne in corymb-like racemes on slender
leafless scapes; calyx five-lobed and having five sepal-like bracts; petals 5,
obovate, elliptical or orbicular; stamens many, short; pistils many, on a
conical receptacle. Fruit the enlarged pulpy receptacle which bears small,
hard, persistent achenes.

309. The Virginian strawberry described. — The first straw-
berry to be cultivated in America was the Virginian as it was
early called. While no pure-bred variety of this species is now
under cultivation, its blood may be traced in several garden
sorts and it is not uncommon as a wild plant.

1. Fragaria virginiana, Duchesne. Plant small, slender, erect, with
slender, wiry, deeply-set roots; runners numerous, long, appearing with
and after the blossoms. Leaves radical; leaflets large, thin, light green,
glabrous at maturity, 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate. Flowers

205

206 SYSTKMATIC POMOLOCY

small; borne in a few-flowered cynio :it tlio top of a long, slender, weak,
slightly villous scape; calyx sniaii. Fruits small; globular or oblong-
conical, usually markedly necked; color light scarlet, sometimes white;
flesh usually pink, sprightly acidulous, aromatic; seeds yellow, sunken
deeply in angular pits.

310. Habitat of the Virginian strawberry. — Probably no
other fruit grows ^vild under sueii varied conditions and over
such an extended area in North America as this wild straw-
berry. It is found in every state in the United States, in the
mountains of Mexico, and far north into Canada. Naturally
plastic, when spread over this vast territory the species runs
into many forms, several of wliich liave received specific names
from one or another botanist. Among these, var. illinoensis,
Gray, a larger, more robust plant than the type with scapes
and pedicels more hairy, and larger berries, is the only one
which has noteworthy pomological characters different from
those of the species.

311. Cultivation of the Virginian strawberry. — This species
has been more or less cultivated almost from the settlement of
North America. It was mentioned by Parkinson as under
cultivation in England in 1629, though it was little improved
either at home or in Europe until early in the nineteenth cen-
tury. About 1820, several improved varieties made their ap-
pearance, such as Early Hudson, Hudson's Bay, Methven Scar-
let, Large Early Scarlet, and Crimson Cone. These and other
varieties of this species held the markets until the middle of
the century, when improved hybrid sorts began to take their
places.

312. The common garden strawberry described. — For a half
century after varieties of the strawberry now gi'own in Ameri-
can gardens appeared, botanists and pomologists could not agree
as to the species from which they came, but the present opinion
is that these varieties come from the species next to be described :

2. Fragaria chiloensis, Duchesne. (Plate XXIV) Plant large, low,
stocky, with thick, fleshy, shallow roots; runners short, stout, appearing
after the fruit has matured. Leaves radical; leaflets, 3, large, obovate-
wedge-f orm ; round-toothed; thick, leathery, smooth and glossy above, to-
mentose below, strongly reticulate. Flowers white; borne in loose cymes on
erect silky scapes; calyx leafy. Berry large, globular or conic, firm; dark-

THE STRAWBERRIES 207

red ; more or less hairy ; flesh white, with a hollow core ; flavor mild, musky ;
seeds brown, raised or in shallow pits.

313. Habitat of the common strawberry. — This is the usual
wild strawberry from Alaska to California in North America,
and from Peru to Patagonia in South America. As would be
expected from its great range in latitude, there are many marked
variations. The North American form has as yet given no
valuable varieties, although it has been used in breeding by
several workers, but the South American form is represented
in the lineage of nearly all varieties now cultivated in America.
To the Chilean strawberry, in particular, is due the large size of
modern strawberries.

314. History of the American garden strawberry. — This
strawberry was introduced into France in 1712 by Frezier, a
French officer, who found it in Chile, both wild and cultivated.
In 1727, it was introduced into England, but seems not to
have found general favor. The Pine strawberry, the name re-
ferring to the pineapple fragrance, now considered the progeni-
tor of cultivated varieties, made its appearance in Europe about
the middle of the eighteenth century, but its origin must ever re-
main a mystery ; it is now thought by some writers to be a hybrid.
One of the first of the large-fruited strawberries was Keene's
Seedling of the Pine strain, originated by an Englishman in
1819. Soon after, this and similar large-fruited varieties were
introduced in America, and the cultivation of this group of
strawberries was begun in the New World.

315. The Alpine strawberry described. — This species was in-
troduced in America as early as 1750, and while there are now
no pure-bred varieties of it under cultivation in this country, it
is an occasional escape from domesticated plants of the past and
merits a description.

3. Fragaria vesca, Linn. Plant low, erect ; runners long, slender, rather
numerous. Leaves radical; leaflets thin and light green as compared Avith
the foregoing species; silky when young, glabrous at maturity; margins
serrate, the teeth very sharp. Flowers small, borne irregularly in loose
racemes on weak erect scapes longer than the leaf -stalks; calyx small and
recurved. Berries small, firm, round, or round-conic, sometimes pointed ;
flesh white, rich and delicate, aromatic; seeds small, many, prominent,
raised.

20S SYSTEMATIC I'oMOLOGY

316. Habitat of the Alpine strawberry.— Tli is is the wild
strawberry of tlie Old World, wliicli apparently passes without
shari> denin real ion into var. umcricnna. Porter, of the New
AVorhl. The American form is more slender, with thinner leaves,
with more ovoid or eonieal fruits, which are usually more dis-
tinctly necked ; its petioles and scapes are sparinj?ly hairy rather
than hairy-pubescent. The true F. vesca is an escape from the
garden in eastern United States. The species is found in all
parts of the north temperate zone in the Old World, while the
New World form is native from Newfoundland to North Carolina
and westward to the Great Plains. This is the strawberry men-
tioned by ancient writers as a wild plant, but, while possibly
cultivated in the medieval period, seems not to have been con-
sidered a garden subject until the sixteenth century, when it
began to appear in all European books on cultivated plants.
Until the advent of F, chilocnsis and F. virginiana to garden-
culture in the eighteenth century, this was the chief if not the
only cultivated strawberry in Europe.

317. Everbearing strawberries. — Under some conditions of
temperature and moisture, nearly all varieties of strawberries
bear fruit from early summer to late autumn. Thus, in the
Gulf states and on the Pacific slope, the season of most varieties
may be made to extend over several months. This tendency is
much more marked in certain varieties, and in some of these the
season is extended, or a fall crop is produced in the North and
East. These ever-bearcrs of the East, having the everbearing
character fixed, constitute a distinct strain. They are descend-
ants of Pan American, which originated in 1898 with Samuel
Cooper, Delevan, New York. W^hether Pan American origi-
nated as a bud-sport or from a seed is in doubt. There are now
a score or more so-called everbearers of more or less value, in all
of which there is still much to be desired.

The Alpine strawberry, F. vesca, of Europe, often gives ever-
bearing varieties which are cultivated in Europe, but these are
so unproductive, and the berries run so small that they find
little favor in America. AVith these Alpine sorts, as with varie-
ties of common cultivation, much depends on climate, soil, and
care as to whether the season may be extended or a double crop
harvested.

THE STRAWBERRIES

209

318. Description blank for the strawberry. — The following
blank sets forth most of the characters students and fruit-
growers will use in describing strawberries :

DESCRIPTIO'N BLANK FOR THE STRAWBERRY

Name Plat . . .

Plants

Numerous, medium, few
Vigorous, medium, weak
Tall, medium, dwarf
Very productive, productive
Medium productive, unproduc-
tive
Spring-bearing, everbearing
Susceptibility

Insects

Diseases

Runners thick, medium, slender
with long, medium, short in-
ternodes
Leaves

Large, medium, small
Light, medium, dark green
Rugose, smooth
Glossy, dull
Petiole thick, medium, slender
Flowers

Perfect, semi-perfect, imperfect

Date of bloom

Early, medium, late

Length of blooming season ....

Size : diameter

Large, medium, small
Petals

Number

Large, medium, small
Stamens

Numerous, medium, few, none
Receptacle

Large, medium, small
Fruit -stems
Long, medium, short
Thick, medium, slender
Erect, semi-erect, prostrate
Pedicels
Long, medium, short
Thick, medium, slender
Fruit
Season

Early, midseason, late

Date of Ripening

Length of Season

Remarks

Row .... Date .

19.

Picking Quality

Shipping Quality

Large, medium, small

Retains size, drops in size

Uniform variable

Regular, irregular, furrowed

Oval, conic, roundish

Oblong, oblate, wedge

Cockscomb, necked
Apex

Pointed, obtuse, indented

Green-tipped

Hard, undeveloped
Surface Color

Light, medium, dark red

Duh, glossy

Unattractive, attractive

Colors evenly or unevenly
Calyx

Large, medium, small

Raised, flat, depressed

R'eflexed, leafy

Color

Adherence to fruit

Sepals

Long, medium, short

Broad, medium, narrow
Seeds

Numerous, medium, few

Raised, sunken
Flesh

Light, medium, dark red

Whitish toward center

Juicy, medium, not juicy

Stringy, firm, medium, tender

Sweet, subacid, sour

Sprightly, high-flavored, aro-
matic
Quality

Best, very good, good

Fair, poor, very poor
Use

Dessert, kitchen, canning

Market, home
Desirability

CHAPTER XIX
VARIETIES OF APPLES

Less than 200 varieties of apples can be obtained from Ameri-
can nurserymen and the tendency is to cut down lists. Probably
more than 2500 varieties are mentioned in American literature,
and twice as many more have appeared in European pomologies.
In this text, only standard sorts to the number of 114 are listed.
The varieties chosen for description here are those which stu-
dents in systematic pomology are likely to find in modern
orchards the country over.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF APPLES

Synonyms Are in Italics

Akin, 406
Akin Bed, 406
Albemarle, 385
Alexander, 361
Aporta, 361
Arkansas, 392
Arkansas Black, 392
Autumn Bough, 319
Autumn Strawberry, 355
Bailey Sweet, 326
Baldwin, 400
Banana, 383
Banks, 373

Banks Gravenstein, 373
Bell flower, 375
Ben Davis, 407
Benoni, 341
Bietigheimer, 369
Bismarck, 425
Black Ben Davis, 408
Black Gilliflower, 409
Blue Pearmain, 413
Boiken, 378
Bonum, 356
Buckingham, 426
Canada Bed, 422

Carolina Bed, 334

Charlamoff, 339

Chenango, 343

Chenango Strawberry, 343

Collamer, 367

Constantine, 353

Cooper Market, 398

Cortland, 360

Deacon Jones, 427

Delaware Winter, 391

Delicious, 410

Duchess, 342

Duchess of Oldenburg, 342

Dyer, 348

Early Harvest, 331

Early Joe, 340

Early Strawberry, 337

Esopus Spitzenburg, 429

Fallawater, 414

Fall Pippin, 374

Fall Queen, 370

Fall Strawberry, 355

Fameuse, 358

Fanny, 364

Gano, 408

Genet, 393

210

Plate XI, A sour cherry— English Morello.

VARIETIES OF APPLES

211

Gideon, 347

Gilliflower, 409

Gloria Mundi, 380

Golden Delicious, 377

Golden Eusset, 432

Golden Sweet, 320

Grand Duke Constantine, 353

Gravenstein, 372

Greasy Pippin, 346

Green Newtown, 385

Grimes, 390

Grimes Golden, 390

Grosh, 363

Haas, 370

Hawley, 351

Eendrick Sweet, 328

Hibernal, 371

Holland Pippin, 350

Holland Winter, 382

Horse, 370

Howard's Sweet, 326

Hubbardston, 423

Hurlhut, 329

Jacobs Sweet, 323

Jefferis, 365

Jersey Sweet, 322

Jewett Red, 416

Jonathan, 402

June, 334

King David, 395

Lady, 424

Lady Sweet, 327

Large Bamho, 363

Late Strawberry, 355

LawA^er, 391

Liveland, 336

Lowell, 346

Lowland E'aspberry, 336

Mcintosh, 359

Magnum Bonum, 356

Maiden Blush, 349

Mammoth Black Twig, 392

Mann, 388

Missouri Pippin, 399

Mother, 354

Newtoivn Pippin, 385

Nodhead, 416

Northern Spy, 428

Northwestern Greening, 381

Oldenburg, 342

Ontario, 404

Opalescent, 418

Ortley, 376

Paragon, 417

Parry White, 332

Patten, 389

Patten Greening, 389

Peck, 387

Peck Pleasant, 387

Pewaukee, 412

Poninie Grise, 430

Pomme Boyale, 348

Porter, 352

Pound, 380

Pound Sweet, 324

Primate, 333

Pumpkin Sweet, 324

Ealls, 393

Ramsdell Sweet, 329

Eed Astrachan, 335

Red Canada, 422

Red June, 334

Rhode Island Greening, 384

Eibston, 368

Eihston Pippin, 368

Eome, 396

Rome Beauty, 396

Eomna, 371

Roxbury Eusset, 431

Salome, 394

Seek-no-further, 401

Smokehouse, 405

Snow, 358

Spy, 428

Stark, 419

Stark Delicious, 410

Stayman, 421

Stayman Winesap, 421

Steele 's Bed, 422

Summer Eamho, 363

Swaar, 379

Sweet Bough, 319

Sweet Winesap, 328

Tallman Sweet, 325

Tetofsky, 345

Titovka, 344

Tolman Sweet, 325

Tompkins King, 415

Tulpahocken, 414

Twenty Ounce, 366

Victoria Sweet, 321

Wagener, 403

212 SYSTEMATIC J'OMOLOCiY

Wealthy, 357 Winter Banana, 883

Wosttie'ld, 401 Wolf River, 362

White Pippin. 386 Yellow Bellflower, 375

Williams, 338 Yrllow Bouph, 319

IViniains luirbt, 338 Yellow Newtown, 385

IVilliarns Red, 338 Yellow Transparent, 330

Windsor, 307 York Imperial, 411
Winesap, 420

KEY TO varietip:s of apples

A. Apples, sweet.

B. Ripening early, before or with Oldenburg;;

greenish-yellow; round-conic; stem short ... 319. Sweet Bough.
BB. Ripening midseason, with or Just before
Mcintosh.
C. Color yellow; early-midseason ; round;

stem long, curved; skin smooth and waxy. 320. Golden Sweet.
CC. Color red.

D. Stem short, thick; dots conspicuous;

late midseason 321. Victoria Sweet.

DD. Stem long; dots inconspicuous; early

midseason 322. Jersey Sweet.

BBB. Ripening late, after Mcintosh.
C. Color yellow.
D. Stem short.

E. Blushed and waxen; dots obscure;

midwinter 323. Jacob Sweet.

EE. Not blushed ; stem very short,

lipped; early winter 324. Pumpkin Sweet.

DD. Stem long, slender ; suture line dis-
tinct ; midwinter 325. Tolman Sweet.

CC. Color red.

D. Shape round or round-conic.

E. Stem short ; stripes and dots con-
spicuous; early winter 326. Bailey Sweet.

EE. Stem long.

F. Calyx closed; dots conspicuous,

late winter 327. Lady Sweet.

FF. Calyx open; dots scattering; late

winter 328. Sweet Winesap.

DD. Shape oblong; bloom heavy; dots

conspicuous 329. Ramsdell Sweet.

AA. Apples, sour.
B. Ripening early, before or with Oldenburg.
C. Color yellow\

D. Stem long; round-conic; dots obscure.. 330. Y'ellow Transparent.
DD. Stem medium; round-oblate; dots

conspicuous 331. Early Harvest.

DDD. Stem short.

E. Skin and flesh very white; round-
oblate 332. Parry White.

EE. Skin yellow blushed: round-oblate. 333. Primate.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 213

CC. Color red.
D. Stem long.
E. Shape round.

F. Fruit dark red, not striped; small. 334. Red June.
FF. Fruit .lighter red, striped or
splashed.
G. Flesh brisk subacid; heavy

bloom 335. Red Astraehan.

GG. Flesh mild subacid; waxen... 336, Lowland Raspberry.
EE. Shape oblong-eonic.
F. Flesh yellow; stem often clubbed. . 337. Early Strawberry.
FF. Flesh white.

G. Fruit dark red, obscurely

striped 338. Williams.

GG. Fruit light red, splashed and

streaked 339. Charlamoff.

EEE. Shape oblate-conic; small; flesh

yellow. 340. Early Joe.

DD. Stem short.
E. Shape round.

F. Size small to medium ; mild sub-
acid; round-oblong-conic 341. Benoni.

FF. Size medium to large; brisk sub-
acid; round-oblate 342. Oldenburg.

EE. Shape oblong; medium to large.
F. Fruit ribbed; mild; very aro-
matic ; very conic 343. Chenango.

FF. Fruit not ribbed; sour; not aro-
matic ; sometimes roundish 344, Titovka.

EEE. Shape oblate or round-oblate;

small to medium 345. Tetofsky.

BB. Ripening midseason, with or just before
Mcintosh.
C. Color yellow.
D. Stem long.

E. Golden-yellow, greasy; stem oblique, 346. Lowell.
EE. Yellow with blush ; stem upright.
F. Round-conic; bright blush; rather

sour 347. Gideon.

FF. Round-oblate ; brownish blush ;

mild ; aromatic 348. Dyer.

DD. Stem short.
E. Flesh white.

F. Fruit bright red blush; oblate;

medium size 349. Maiden Blush.

FF. Fruit faint brownish blush ;

round-oblate; large .^. 350, Holland Pippin.

EE. Flesh yellow.

F. Shape round-oblate-conic; waxy

yellow 351. Hawley.

FF. Shape oblong-conic; glossy yellow 352, Porter.

214 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

CC. Color red.
D. Stem lon^^

K. Shapes rnuiulconic ; very lar«,rp; flesh

white 353. Constantine.

EK. Shape obk)iijr ; lU-sh yeUow.

F. Oblon^-ovate ; hite iiiidseason. . . . 3r)4. Mother.
FF. Oblong-conic ; early niidseason . . 355. Late Strawberry
EEE. Shape oblate; very large; flesh

white 356. Bonum.

DD. Stem short.

E. Flesh snow-white, often stained red.

F. Bloom light ; subacid 357. Wealthy.

FF. Bloom very heavy; mild; very
aromatic.

G. Fruit small to medium 358. Fameuse.

GG. Fruit medium to large.

H. Dull red ; round-oblate ; early

winter 359. Mcintosh.

HH, Brighter; more oblate;

later 360. Cortland.

EE. Flesh yellow.
F. Shape round.

G. Fruit large to very large.

H. Round-conic 361. Alexander.

HH. Round-oblate; larger and

later than Alexander 362. Wolf River.

GG. Fruit small or but medium in
size; round-oblate.
H. Dots very conspicuous; basin

oblique; fruit medium 363. Grosh.

HH. Dots inconspicuous; basin
symmetrical; fruit small.

I. Splashed and striped with

light red; early midseason. . 364. Fanny.

II. Splashed and striped with

dull red; late midseason ... 365. Jefferis.
FF. Shape round-oblong-conic.

G. Fruit large to very large; flesh
coarse; quality fair.
H. Stripes and splashes on yel-
low 366. Twenty Ounce.

HH. Much redder than 366 367. Collanier.

GG. Fruit medium; flesh fine, aro-
matic; quality good 368. Ribston.

FFF. Shape oblate or round-oblate.
G. Flesh yellowish; fruit very

large ; coarse ; quality poor .... 369. Bietigheimer.
GG. Flesh yellowish; stained with

red; size medimn ; astringent ... 370. Haas.
GGG. Flesh deep yellow; size
medium.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 215

H, Flavor rather sour, astringent,
poor 371. Hibernal.

HH. Flavor mild, aromatic, very
good.

I. Fruit orange striped with

red 372. Gravenstein.

II. Fruit brightly colored
Gravenstein 373. Banks.

BBB. Eipening late or in winter after Mc-
intosh.

C. Color yellow.
D. Stem long.

E. Shape round or round-oblong; trun-
cate; large; early winter or fall ' 374. Fall Pippin.

EE. Shape oblong-conic.

F. Fruit lemon-yellow, waxen, bright

blush ; acid 375. Yellow Bellflower.

FF. Fruit pale-yellow; similar to 375. 376. Ortley.
FFF. Fruit golden-yellow ; dull blush ;
mild subacid; stem very long and

slender 377. Golden Delicious.

EEE. Shape oblate or round-oblate.
F. Fruit light yellow with bright

blush ; sour 378, Boiken.

FF. Fruit dull yellow with bronze

blush and russet dots 379. Swaar.

DD. Stem short.

E. Shape round-conic.

F. Flesh yellow; large or very large;
quality poor.

G. Size very large; bronze blush. . . 380. Gloria Mundi.
GG. Size large; faint pink blush.. . 381. Northwestern Green-
ing.
FF. Flesh white; medium to large... 382. Holland Winter.
EE. Shape round-oblate.

F. Fruit golden-yellow with brilliant

blush 383. Winter Banana.

FF. Fruit greenish-yellow with faint
blush.

G. Size large or very large; green-
ish ; bronze blush 38-t. Rhode Island Green-
ing.
GG. Size medium to large; yellow;
pinkish blush.

H. Axis oblique; dots incon-
spicuous 385. Yellow Newtown

HH, Axis normal; dots large,

white 386. White Pippin.

EEE. Shape oblate.

F. Fruit waxen-yellow with orange-
red blush; stem fleshy 387. Peck Pleasant.

.s)"N7/-;.l/.l I IC J'OMOLOGY

FF. Fruit ^ni'ui.sli yellow.

G. Dots vi-ry i-oiispic-uous; iaic

winter :vS8. Mann.

GG. Dots inconspicuous 389. Patten.

EEEE. Shape round-oblong; truncate;

golden-yellow 390. Grimes Golden.

CC. Color red.
D. Stem long.

E. Shai)e round-oblate.

F. Stamens median; late winter;
flesh yellow.

G. Core open 391. Lawver.

GG. Core closed 392. Arkansas.

FF. Stamens marginal; late winter;

flesh white 393. Ralls.

FFF. Stamens basal; early winter;

flesh yellow 394. Salome.

EE. Shape round-conic.

F. Skin red without stripes; small to

medium 395. King David.

FF. Skin striped ; medimn to large.
G. Stamens marginal; very late;

core open 39G. Rome Beauty.

GG. Stamens median.

H, Flesh white; dots very large. 397. Windsor.
HH. Flesh yellow; dots smaller.

I. Core open; very late 398. Cooper Market.

II, Core closed; early winter.. 399. Missouri Pippin.
GGG. Stamens basal.

H. Fruits medium to large.

I. Round-conic to oblong; stem
medium to long; dark red;

dots small; late winter .... 400. Baldwin.

II. Round-conic to oblate;
stem long ; light red ; dots very-
large ; early winter 401. Westfield.

HH. Fruits small to medium ;
brilliant red; dots minute; yel-
low flesh stained red; aromatic;

very good 402. Jonathan.

EEE. Shape oblate.

F. Fruit markedly ribbed.

G. Size medium; bright red effect. 403. Wagener.
GG. Size large; duller red Avith

much green 404. Ontario.

FF. Fruit faintly ribbed or not at all ;
size variable.
G. Size medium to large; dull red.

(Stem sometimes short) 405, Smokehouse.

GG, Size medium to small; bright

red 406. Akin.

VARIETIES OF APPLES

EEEE. Shape conic-oblong; smooth,
glossy.
F. Basin smooth or nearly so.

G. Fruit striped; light red 407.

GG. Fruit scarcely striped ; dark

red ' 408.

FF. Basin deeply furrowed or
crowned.

G. Nearly black with much scarf-
skin 409.

GG. Striped with bright red; no

scarf-skin 410.

DD. Stem short.

E. Shape round-oblate.

F. Axis oblique 411.

FF. Axis normal.

G. Stem fleshy and cavity lipped. . . 412.
GG. Stem and cavity normal.

H. Bloom abundant; bluish cast. 413.
HH. Bloom scant or none.

I. Fruit large to very large.

J. Pinkish red with much
scarf skin 414.

J J. Deep red; without scarf
skin 415.

II. Fruit medium in size.

J. Scarf-skin abundant .... 416.
JJ. Scarf-skin scant or none 417.
EE. Shape round-conic.

F. Fruits large to very large.

G. Skin brilliant abundant red on

yelloAv background 418.

GG. Skin dark scant red on green-
ish background 419.

FF. Fruits medium.

G. Flesh sprightly subacid,

H. Veins stained with red;

stamens marginal 420.

HH. Veins not stained ; stamens

median 421.

GG. Flesh mild subacid or almost
sweet.

H. Dots very conspicuous; mid-
winter; conic; medium in size. 422.
HH. Dots inconspicuous; early
winter ; ovate-conic ; medium to

large 423.

EEE. Shape oblate.

F. Fruit very small 424.

FF. Fruit medium to large.

G. Flesh white ; sour ; early winter . 425.

217

Ben Davis.
Black Ben Davis.

Black Gilliflower.
Delicious.

York Imperial.
Pewaukee.
Blue Pearmain.

FallaAvater.

Tompkins King.

Jewett Red.
Paragon.

Opalescent.
Stark.

Winesap.
StaA-man.

Eed Canada.

Hubbardston.

Lady.

B:smark.

218 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

GG. Flesh yellow; mild; late win-
ter -iLJfi. Buckinfrham.

EEEE. Shape oblon^-conie.

F. Fruit very larpje ; often lipped.... 427. Deacon Jones.
FF. Fruit medium to larpje.

G. Stamens basal; fruit medium

to larfTc 428. Northern Spy.

GG. Stamens median; fruit me-
dium 429. Esopus Spitzenburg.

CCC. Color russet.

D. Fruit very small ; cheek striped with

red 430. Pomme Grise.

DD. Fruit medium to large.

E. Size large; dots conspicuous; back-
ground greenish -yellow 431. Roxbury Russet.

EE. Size medium; dots inconspicuous;

background golden yellow 432. Golden Russet.

DIVISION A. SWEET APPLES
Section I. Early Apples

Fig

Group 1. Yellow Apples

319. Sweet Bough (Fig. 46). Autumn Bough. Yellow Bough.
— Sweet Bough is the best summer sweet
apple. The fruits are large and handsome,
and the trees are all that could be desired,
falling short only in hardiness. The apples
are too tender for distant shipment, but
they are ideal for home use or local market.
Sweet Bough is an old variety of American
origin, described first in 1817, and now w^ell
distributed throughout the United States.

46. Sweet
Bough.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, uni-
form in size and shape, round-conic or ovate, with broad and flat base,
regular, sides often unequal; stem short, thick, usually not exserted; cavity
acuminate, deep, broad, sometimes furrowed, smooth; calyx small, closed
or partly open ; lobes often leafy, long, narrow, acute ; basin small, shallow,
narrow, abrupt, smooth or wrinkled ; skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow,
sometimes faintly blushed ; dots numerous, small, sometimes russet ; calyx-
tube long, wide at top, conical; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells
closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels round or cordate, emarginate,
tufted; seeds light brown, small, plump, acute; flesh white, firm, fine, crisp,
very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic; good to very good; August.

VARIETIES OF APPLES

219

Section II. Midseason Apples

Group 2. Yellow Apples

320. Golden Sweet (Fig. 47).— This is
variety for home use. The fruits are sur-
passed by those of few other sweet apples
in richness and sweetness of flavor; while
of only medium size, they are very attrac-
tive in appearance, being uniform in size
and shape and having a handsome clear yel-
low color. The variety is at least a century
old, probably from Connecticut, but now
grown in all apple regions.

a standard early

Fig.

47. Golden
Sweet.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading or drooping, dense. Fruit large, uniform
in size and shape, round, round-oblate or ovate, regular or faintly ribbed;
stem very long, thick; cavity acute, of medium depth and width, sym-
metrical, usually partly russeted, often with outspreading russet rays;
calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse,
smooth, symmetrical, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, waxy, pale yel-
low; calyx-tube medium in width, cone-shape; stamens median; core
small, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, open; core-lines clasping the
funnel cylinder; carpels ovate; seeds small, narrow, angular, acute, brown;
flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very sweet, aromatic; good to
very good; mid-August to late September.

Group 3. Red Apples

321. Victoria Sweet (Fig. 48). — The fruits are easily identi-
fied by their dark red color and large con-
spicuous dots, which call to mind varieties
in the Blue Pearmain group. In quality,
while a little coarse, the apples are good to
very good for either culinary uses or dessert.

Victoria is now grown only in New York, in
Fig. 48. V i c t o r i a , . , . ^ ^ . , ' ,^

Sweet. which state it came to notice about 1840.

Tree vigorous, spreading, with short, stocky, crooked branches. Fruit
of medium size, round-conic, flattened at the base, faintly and broadly
ribbed; stem short, thick; cavity deep, broad, often lipped, yellow-russet
often overspreading the cavity; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes

220 SYS'l 1^:MA'1 IC J'oMOLOdY

short and not scp.-iriitcil :it liasc, acute; basin narrow, al)-ui)t, wrinkled;
skin tou^'h, sniootli, yellow, Mnslied and mottled witli dull red and marked
with numerous narrow strijtes of deeper red; dots or Hecks conspicuous,
jjray or russet; ealyx-tube short, conical; stamens median; eore abaxile;
cells closed or partly ojjen; core-lines elaspin^^ the cylinder; carpels round-
cordate, concave, tufted; seeds numerous, dark, tlat, acute; Hesh yellow,
firm, coarse, very tender. Juicy, sweet; good to very good; October to
January.

322. Jersey Sweet (Fig. 49). — There is mut-h in the fruit of
Jersey Sweet to eomnu'nd it for home use
and local markets. Its faults are: suscepti-
bility to the scab-fungus, early decay, and
failure to color well in most environments.
The quality is of the best, making a good
sweet apple for either dessert or cooking.

Fig. 49r^eTsey 1'^i<^ tree characters are excellent. The
^^'^^t. origin of the variety is unknown, but it has

been listed in pomologies since 1845.

Tree large, vigorous, upright or round-topped, open. Fruit medium size,
rourd-ovate, conic or oblate-conic, sides unequal; stem long, slender; cavity
acute, deep, medium in width, russeted ; calyx small, closed ; lobes long,
narrow, acute; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, ribbed and wrinkled;
skin fine, tender, yellow washed and mottled with brownish-red and overlaid
with narrow stripes of carmine; dots inconspicuous, greenish, submerged;
calyx-tube narroAv, conical, often with tleshy pistil point projecting into
the base; stamens median; core large, axile; cells symmetrical, usually
closed ; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder ; carpels elongated-ovate,
tufted; seeds large, acute; flesh yelloAv, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy,
sweet; good to very good; September to December.

Section III. Late Apples

Group 4. Yellow Apples

323. Jacobs Sweet has many of the qualities which have
made Sweet Bough a universal favorite. The fruits are very
tender, crack easily, and are susceptible to the scab-fungus.
Add to these faults, unreliability in keeping and great variabil-
ity in season, and it may be seen why Sweet Bough is thought
to be the better apple. The variety is best known in New Eng-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 221

land, where it originated at Medford, Massachusetts, about
1860.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large,
round, inclined to conic, sometimes oblate, symmetrical ; stem short ; cavity
wide, deep, acute, sometimes furrowed or compressed, seldom russeted;
calyx closed or partly open; basin often abrupt, round, medium in width
and depth; skin tough, waxen, glossy, yellow with a bright blush; dots
obscure white or russet; calyx-tube cone-shape; stamens median; core large,
abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or partly closed; core-lines clasping;
carpels large, round to broad-obovate; seeds numerous, acute; flesh yellow,
firm, coarse, very tender, crisp, juicy, aromatic, very sAveet; good; October
to April.

324. Pumpkin Sweet (Fig. 50). Potmd Sweet.— Thk is the
standard sweet apple of its season. The fruits are esteemed
for baking, canning, and stewing, but are
too coarse for dessert. In the markets the
variety is generally known as Pound Sweet.
The trees are very satisfactory excepting in
hardiness, as they suffer both from winter-
injury and from sun-scald. This variety

has been much confused with other sweet _ ^^ „

-,. . -IT, • 1 f^iG. i)0. Pumpkin

apples, but can be distinguished by its large Sweet,

fruits, of greenish-yellow color, sometimes
bronzed on the cheek, but never marked with red nor with russet
except about the cavity. It originated in the orchard of S. Ly-
man, Manchester, Connecticut, early in the nineteenth century.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long stout branches.
Fruit large or very large, round-conic, sometimes prominently ribbed; stem
very short, stout, often inserted under a lip or having a fleshy protuber-
ance; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, often furrowed or lipped, sometimes
russeted; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base, short, broad, acute;
basin small, deep, narrow, abrupt, often furrowed or wrinkled; skin thin,
tough, smooth, yellow marbled with greenish-yellow, with stripes of white
scarf-skin radiating from the cavity; dots conspicuous, white, often areolar
with russet center; calyx-tube wide, conical; stamens median; core large,
axile; cells closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels thin, broadly round,
but slightly emarginate if at all, often tufted; seeds small, wide, plump,
acute, light brown, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, crisp and juicy, sweet with a
peculiar flavor ; good ; October to January.

325. Tolman Sweet (Fig. 51). Tallman Sweet. — This is the
leading sweet apple of this continent. The fruit characters

222

SySTt:MATI(' POMOLOGY

Fig

51. Tolnian
Sweet.

whicli coMimcnd it arc attractive ai)|)carancc, fair size, and good
(|uality. 'I'lic \aricty is easily (listiii*ruishe(l
by a suture line wliicli runs from tlic cavity
to the basin. The trees are hardy, healthy,
vij^orous, productive, lon«j^-lived, hold the
crop well, and come into bearing early.
The origin of this best of all sweet apples
is unknown. It was brought to the atten-
tion of fruit-growers in 1822. Tolman is
grown in all the leading apple regions of

America.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, drooping, open; branches long, stout,
curved and drooping. Fruit medium to large, round-conical, often elliptical
or obscurely ribbed; stem medium to long, slender; cavity obtuse, broad,
deep, often russeted, obscurely furrowed; calyx small, open or closed;
lobes long and acuminate; basin small^ often oblique, shallow, abrupt, fur-
rowed, wrinkled; skin tough, marked by a suture line extending from the
cavity to the basin; color pale yellow, sometimes blushed; dots incon-
spicuous; calyx-tube urn-shape; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells
symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels flat, broadly round, emargi-
nate, tufted; seeds wide, plump, acute, tufted; flesh white, firm, fine, dry,
sweet; good to very good; October to March.

Group 5. Red Apples

326. Bailey Sweet. Iloivard's Sweet. — Bailey Sweet is
largely grown in many parts of America
because of its rich sweet fruits. The trees
lack vigor, health, and hardiness, — defects
offset by productiveness and regularity in
bearing. The fruits do not keep well, are
often malformed, and are not uniform in
size. The variety was disseminated from
Perry, New York, about 1849.

Tree upright-spreading, open; branches slender. Fruit large, round-
conic, ribbed obscurely, symmetrical, sides elliptical, uniform in size and
shape; stem short; cavity acute, deep, furrowed, often with thin golden-
brown russet ; calyx closed, small with short obtuse lobes ; basin shallow,
narrow^, obtuse, corrugated, often with mammiform protuberances; skin
tender, smooth, clear bright yellow covered with irregularly netted mark-
ings and dots; calyx-tube funnel-shape, wide limb; stamens median; core

Fig. 52. Sweet
Winesap.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 223

axile, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptic, emarginate; seeds large,
long, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet; very
good in quality; October to January.

327. Lady Sweet. — The fruits are superior in size, color,
flavor, and keeping qualities. The trees come in bearing young
and bear regularly and heavily, though they are not vigorous, are
short-lived, and often suffer from winter-injury. Lady Sweet
originated near Newburgh, New York, and was brought to notice
by Downing in 1845. It is a general favorite in the North
Atlantic states and the Middle West.

Tree upright-spreading, vigorous. Fruit large, uniform in size and
shg.pe, round-conic, often approaching oblong-conic, irregularly elliptical,
often ribbed, symmetrical; stem short; cavity acute, deep, narrow, some-
times wide, gently furrowed, often russeted, sometimes lipped; calyx small,
closed, pubescent; basin small, narrow, shallow, abrupt, furrowed; skin
thin, smooth, yellow overspread with bright red splashed with carmine,
mottled and striped with white scarf-skin about the cavity; dots con-
spicuous, pale areolar with russet point or submerged; calyx-tube conical;
stamens basal; core small, axile to abaxile; cells not uniformly developed,
closed; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels broad, round to round-
ovate, mucronate, sometimes emarginate, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, with a distinct and pleasant aroma; very good
to best; November to May.

328. Sweet Winesap (Fig. 52). Hendrick Sweet.— The fruits
are a handsome red, large, well-turned, symmetrical, and uni-
form; excellent for dessert or culinary uses; and sufficiently
firm of flesh and tough of skin to stand marketing and storage.
The trees are lacking in vigor and hardiness, but are usually
healthy, long-lived, and productive. It seems to have been
described first in 1854.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium
to large, round-conic, wide and flattened at the base, regular or elliptical,
symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity acuminate, shallow, wide, sym-
metrical or gently furrowed, sometimes partly russeted; cnlyx open; lobes
long, acuminate; basin large, often oblique, round, deep, wide, abrupt;
skin tough, smooth, pale yellow overspread with bright red, plainly marked
with long narrow carmine stripes, covered with a thin bloom and often
with thin light gray scarf-skin; dots small, scattering, white or russet;
calyx-tube funnel-shape with broad yellow limb and narrow cylinder;
stamens median ; core small, axile or sometimes abaxile ; cells closed or
partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels flat, broadly elliptical, emarginate;

V2A

SYSTKMA Tir POMOhOCT

seeds small, plump, obtuse; Hesh wliitc, firm, (iric, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet;'
^'oo(i to very ^ood ; November to March.

329. Ramsdell Sweet. Hurl but. — Ramsdcll Sweet was once
popular because of the handsome red color and good quality
of the apples. The trees are not fruitful enou^rh to give the
variety value for commercial plantations. Ramsdell Sweet was
brought to notice by Rev. H. S, Ramsdell, Thompson, Connecti-
cut, about 1838. Its cultivation is confined to the East and
North.

Tree vigorous, upright, open. Fruit medium or large, variable in size,
round-conic, often faintly ribbed; stem short, slender, often red; cavity
acuminate, deep, broad, symmetrical, often russeted ; calyx small, closed or
open; lobes narrow, abrupt, faintly furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin,
tough, smooth, yellow, overspread with dark red, with obscure splashes
and stripes of carmine, overspread with bloom; dots many, distinct, large,
pale yellow or gray, often submerged; calyx-tube large, long, cylindrical;
stamens median; core small, axile or abaxile; cells closed or open; core-
lines clasping; carpels ovate; seeds small, narrow, plump, acute; flesh
yellow, firm, fine, tender, juicy, sweet; good to very good; October to
February.

DIVISION B. SOUR APPLES

Section IV. Early Apples

Group 6. Green Apples

330. Yellow Transparent (Fig. 53). — Earliness is the chief
asset of the variety, though, if not over-ripe, the apples are very
good culinary fruits, and at the proper
stage of maturity are acceptable for dessert.
The apples are above medium size, and have
a clear yellow color. The chief faults are :
the fruits on old trees run small and uneven
in size and shape ; the tender flesh shows
bruises readily ; and the fruits can never be
kept long nor shipped far. The trees are
small and lack health and productiveness,
but come in bearing very early and are extremely hardy. The
variety was imported from Russia in 1870, and is now grown
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Fig. .53. Yellow
Transparent.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 225

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright becoming spreading, dense, with
short, stout, crooked branches filled with short spurs. Fruit sometimes
large, uniform in shape and size, round-oval, round-conic or oblate-conic,
ribbed, sides unequal; stem long, thick; cavity acute, deep, narrow, some-
times lipped, russeted; calyx closed; lobes broad; basin shallow, narrow,
abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, waxy, pale
yellow changing to yellowish-white; dots numerous, light colored, often sub-
merged; calyx-tube conical; stamens marginal; core medium in size; cells
partly open to wide open ; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly ovate ; seeds
wide, flat, obtuse; flesh white, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid, with a pleasant but not high flavor; good, July and
August.

331. Early Harvest (Fig. 54). — As the earliest summer
apple, Early Harvest should hold a welcome
place in every home collection. Much of the
fruit is too small to be marketable, and the
apples bruise badly in handling, so that the
variety is suitable only for nearby markets.
The trees are above the average in vigor, pro-
ductiveness, hardiness, and healthfulness.
Early Harvest was described as long ago as Fig. 54. Early
1806, and is probably of American origin.

Tree medium size, moderately vigorous, upright-spreading or roundish,
open. Fruit medium, uniform in size and shape, nearly round, regular or
slightly angular; sides unequal; stem thick; cavity acuminate, shallow,
narrow to broad, russeted, with outspreading broken russet rays; calyx
small, closed; lobes long, narrow; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, Avrinkled;
skin thin, tender, smooth, clear pale waxen-yellow, with deeper yellow on
exposed cheek, sometimes slightly blushed; dots numerous, large and small,
submerged or russet; calyx-tube short, funnel-shape; stamens median; core
medium, abaxile; cells closed or slightly open; core-lines clasping; carpels
obovate; seeds small to large, narrow, long, plump, acute; flesh white, fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, at first briskly subacid but becoming mild; good to
very good; late July and August.

332. Parry White. — The fruit of Parry White is unique in
the coloring of both skin and flesh, the former being pale yellow
or waxen and the latter pure white. The crop ripens early,
following Yellow Transparent closely. It is supposed to have
originated in Pennsylvania about the close of the Civil War,
and its cultivation is confined to that state, New Jersey, and
Delaware.

226

SYSTEM A TIC I'OMOLOr.Y

Tree of nicdium size and \ i^^or, upri^^ht -spreading, somewhat drooping,
dense. Fruit nu'dium to lar^e, globular, oblate or ovate, regular; stem
short, slender; cavity acuminate, medium in d('])th and width, smooth,
symmetrical; calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin very shallow,
narrow to broad, obtuse, smooth or wrinkled, symmetrical; skin thick,
tough, pale waxen-yellow, occasionally blushed; dots small, ])ale, numerous,
depressed; calyx-tube short, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens marginal;
core small, abaxile; cells open; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels
round, emarginate; seeds acute, light brown; flesh white, firm, fine, tender,
juicy, subacid; good; August through October.

333. Primate (Fig. 55). — This is considered about the best
variety of its season, by reason of high
(liiality of fruit and trees that grow vigor-
ously and bear reliably and abundantly.
The variety fails in commercial plantations
because the crop ripens over a period of
several weeks. Primate grew as a seedling
on the farm of Calvin D. Bingham, Camillus,
New York, about 1840.

Fig. 55. Primate.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium, round-
conic, often ribbed; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, furrowed;
calyx closed; lobes long, narrow; basin shallow, abrupt, furrowed and
wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, light green or yellow, blushed; dots
scattering, numerous, small, submerged or russet; calyx-tube large, long,
broadly conical; stamens median; core large, axile or abaxile with hollow
cylinder in the axis; cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels cordate; seeds
large, wide, plump, acute; flesh white, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy, sub-
acid, aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; August and September.

Group 7. Red Apples

334. Red June (Fig. 56). Carolina Red June. — Red June
is characterized by its small deep red round apples of
uniform size and shape. The flesh is
white, rimmed and stained with red, juicy,
sprightly, refreshing, rich, and very good.
The variety is grown in full perfection only
in the South and parts of the West. Red
June is supposed to have originated in
North Carolina, ha\'ing been first described
^^ 1348. Fj(5_ 56_ Red June.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 227

Tree vigorous, spreading, with short, stout, curved branches. Fruit
small, round-ovate or oblong, sides usually unequal; stem commonly long,
slender; cavity small, acuminate, shallow, narrow, symmetrical, sometimes
compressed; calyx large, leafy, closed or open; lobes long, narrow, acumi-
nate; basin small, shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth or waxy; skin thin,
tender, smooth, glossy, pale yellow, overspread with deep red, very dark
red on the exposed cheek; dots numerous, very small, light; calyx-tube
short, wide, conical ; stamens median ; core large, axile or somewhat abaxile ;
cells open or sometimes closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate;
seeds dark brown, numerous, small, plump, acute; flesh white, fine, tender,
juicy, brisk subacid; good to very good; July to October.

335. Red Astrachan (Fig. 57). — The apples are beautiful in
color and shape when well grown, but are
often poorly colored and lack in uniformity
of size and shape. The trees come into bearing
young and bear regularly and abundantl}^
but are short-lived and subject to most of the
ills that apple-trees are heir to. The apples
cannot be handled or stored, and therefore, the
variety has small place as a market fruit. ^^^- trachan^^ ^^'
Red Astrachan is a Russian apple introduced

into America in 1835, and is now grown in all the apple regions
of this continent.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large,
round-oblate, conical, ribbed, sides unequal; stem slender, bracted; cavity
acute, deep, broad, often russeted with greenish -russet, sometimes lipped;
calyx large, open, or closed; lobes long, broad; basin shallow, narrpw,
obtuse, wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth, pale yellow often overspread
with light and dark red, splashed and irregularly striped with deep crimson
or carmine and covered with heavy bloom; dots numerous, white; calyx-
tube long, funnelform; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells closed
or open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly ovate, tufted; seeds small,
wide, plump, obtuse; flesh white often tinged with red, fine, crisp, tender,
juicy, brisk subacid, aromatic; good to very good; July to September.

336. Lowland Raspberry. Liveland. — Lowland Raspberry is
an early Russian apple very popular in the Great Plains. The
fruit is beautiful and of very good quality for an early apple,
but the skin is so tender that the fruit is suitable only for
home use and local market. The variety was introduced from
Russia about 1880.

22S SYSTKMATIC P()M()]A)(iY

Tree vigorous, not large, upright, very hardy, jjroductive. Fruit medium
to large; color waxen-white, striped, shaded and niarl)led with light car-
mine; flesh white, often stained with red, fin(\ very t(Mnler, pleasant, mild
subacid, almost sweet; August or with Yellow Transparent.

337. Early Strawberry is characterized by fruits with crisp,
tender, spri«rlitl.v, aromatic flesh; and hardy, healthy, early-
bearing, fruitful trees. The apples are too delicate to ship, so
that the variety is not a g:ood general market sort. It was first
known in the City of New York, where it probably originated
about 1800 or a little later. It is now widely distributed in
eastern America.

Tree medium in size, upright-spreading, hardy, healthy, productive
biennially. Fruit medium, uniform in shape and size, oblong-conic or
round, regular or somewhat ribbed, sides often unequal; stem long and
slender, often clubbed; cavity acute, deep, broad, symmetrical, sometimes
with faint radiating rays of russet; small, shallow, narrow, obtuse, fur-
rowed; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, yellow, covered with rich dark
red, mottled and irregularly striped and splashed with deeper red; dots
minute, grayish; calyx-tube short, wide, conical with fleshy pistil point
projecting into the base; stamens median; core large, axile or abaxile;
cells open, sometimes partly closed; core-Hnes meeting; carpels elliptical,
concave, emarginate; seeds wide, plump, obtuse, dark brown; flesh yellow
often with streaks of red, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic,
sprightly; very good; August.

338. Williams. Williams Early. Williams Red. — Beautiful
bright red color and rich agreeable flavor characterize the fruits
of AVilliams, but they do not stand shipping well and cannot
be kept long. Ordinarily, the apples are large, but with a heavy
crop many of them may be small and uneven in size, and they
ripen so unevenly that more than one picking is required. The
trees are only moderately vigorous, but are healthful and fruit-
ful. Williams originated in Roxbury, Massachusetts, about
1750 and for a century and a half has been a favorite in New
England and the Middle Atlantic states but is losing in popu-
larity now.

Tree small, upright -spreading, dense. Fruit medium or large, oblong-
conic or round-conic, broadly ribbed, sides often unequal; stem medium
to long, thick; cavity obtuse, shallow, broad, furrowed, sometimes russeted;

VARIETIES OF APPLES 229

calyx closed; lobes long; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, furrowed; skin
thick, tender, smooth, pale yellow overlaid with bright deep red, striped
with dark red; dots numerous, inconspicuous, gray or russet; calyx-tube
long, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens marginal; core large, axile; cells
closed; core-lines clasping; carpels ovate; seeds narrow, long, plump, acute,
dark brown; flesh white sometimes tinged with red, firm, coarse, crisp,
tender, juicy, becoming dry w^hen over -ripe, pleasant mild subacid, aro-
matic; good; August and September.

339. Charlamoff is a Russian variety of the Oldenburg type,
suitable for the cold climate of the northern parts of the Great
Plains and Canada. It ripens a little earlier than Oldenburg,
but is not so good in quality, and remains in condition for only
a short time. To offset these faults of the fruit, the trees come in
bearing young and yield large crops biennially. It was intro-
duced about 1880.

Tree rather small, compact, very hardy, spreading, productive, bearing
biennially. Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, oblong-conical; skin
pale yellow, splashed and streaked with purplish -red ; dots few, distinct;
cavity deep, of medium width; stem medium long, stout; basin shallow,
wrinkled; calyx open; flesh white, coarse, juicy, mildly subacid, pleasant;
quality good; August or just before Oldenburg.

340. Early Joe. — The crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, richly-
flavored flesh of this apple is universally liked. Unfortunately
the tree is slow of growth, attains only medium size, is seldom
fruitful, and produces many undersized and otherwise unmar-
ketable apples. It is not a market sort. Early Joe grew from
a seed planted in 1800 by Heman Chapin, East Bloomfield, New
York.

Tree vigorous, flat, spreading, dwarfish with short, stout, crooked
branches. Fruit small, uniform in size and shape, oblate-conic to conic,
ribbed, symmetrical; stem long, slender; cavity acute, shallow, broad, sym-
metrical, sometimes thinly russeted; calyx closed or slightly open; basin
small, shallow, medium in wndth, abrupt, smooth or wrinkled; skin thin,
tender, smooth, pale yellow, irregularly and obscurely striped and splashed
with dull dark red; dots russet, w'hite; calyx-tube wide, broadly conical;
stamens median; core small, axile; cells open or closed; core-lines clasping;
carpels broadly obcordate, concave; seeds small, wide, short, obtuse; flesh
yellow, fine, crisp, very tender, very juicy, mild subacid; very good to
best; August to September,

230

sYsi KM.\ lie r()M(fiJ)(:y

341. Benoni ( Fi^'. r)8) falls short ol" bcin^ an exct'lk'iit iiiar-
Uct and lioinc apple throu^'h the siiiallness
of the I'ruils, and the unprodiu'tiveness and
hicniiial hcarinjj^ lial)it of the trees. When
well {jfrowii it is a beautiful and delicious
dessert a])ple. The variety originated at
Dedhani, Massachusetts, sometime before
1S;J2. It is now chiefly grown in Illinois,
Missouri, and neighboring stai;es.

Tree large, vigorous, erect or round-topped, dense. Fruit medium or
small, round-conic, faintly ribbed to^vard the apex, sides unequal; stem
short or very short, slender; cavity acute, narrow, deep, waxy, greenish-
russet; calyx small, partly open, pubescent; basin medium in width and
depth, abrupt, Avrinkled; skin smooth, orange-yellow, partly covered with
red striped with carmine; dots scattering, minute, white; stamens basal;
core small, axile; cells closed; core-lines meeting; carpels round, elongated,
emarginate ; seeds few, dark brown, medium in size, plump, obtuse ; flesh
yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to
very good ; August and early September.

342. Oldenburg (Fig. 59). Duchess. Duchess of Oldenburg.
— The apples are handsome and well fla-
vored, being especially suitable for culinary
uses. The trees, while neither large nor
long-lived and quite susceptible to disease,
come in bearing early, are hard and produc-
tive, and are especially fitted for planting
as fillers among permanent trees. The va-
riety thrives north and south, east and west,
on many soils. Oldenburg was imported to America from Eng-
land in 1835.

Tree medium in size, upright-spreading. Fruit medium to large, round-
oblate or oblate, regular, symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity acute,
deep, broad; calyx large, usually closed; lobes broad, acute; basin deep,
wide, abrupt, smooth or with small mammiform protuberances; skin thick,
tender, smooth, pale yellow, covered with irregular splashes and stripes
of bright red, mottled and shaded with crimson; dots scattering, small,
light-colored; calyx-tube long, wide, funnel-shape with broad truncate
cylinder; stamens median; core large, axile; cells closed or open; core-
lines clasping; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate; seeds large, wide, obtuse,
plump, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly
subacid, aromatic; good to very good; August and September.

Fig. 59. Oldenburg.

Plate XII. A sweet cherry — The Schmidt.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 231

343. Chenango (Fig. 60). CJienango Strawberry. — The fruits
begin to mature in September and con-
tinue, in storage at least, until November.
Chenango is too delicate to send to market,
but no apple can give more pleasure to those
who grow fruit for their own use. The trees
are early and regular bearers, hard}^,
healthy, long-lived, fruitful, and annual
in bearing. The history of this apple is ^^^ ^^ Chenango.
not known, but it probably originated in

Chenango County, New York. It was first described in 1854.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with short, stout,
curved branches. Fruit medium to large, oblong -conic, ribbed; stem short,
thick; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow, often furrowed and compressed;
calyx large, partly open or closed; lobes often separated at the base, long,
broad, obtuse; basin small, shalloAv, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, wrinkled;
skin tough, smooth, glossy, yellowish-white, overspread and mottled with
pinkish-red, conspicuously striped and splashed with carmine; dots few,
inconspicuous, light-colored, often submerged; calyx-tube long, funnel-
shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile ; cells often unsymmetrical,
wide, open or closed ; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly ovate, smooth ;
seeds small, wide, plump, obtuse; flesh Avhite, firm, tender, juicy, mild sub-
acid, very aromatic; good to very good; latter part of August and through
September.

344. Titovka is valuable in all regions where hardiness must
be taken into account. The apples, which are large and hand-
some, are suitable for culinary use, but scarcely so for dessert.
The trees are vigorous, healthy, and productive. The variety
was imported from Russia in 1870 by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

Tree dwarfish but vigorous, upright, dense, with stout twiggy branches.
Fruit large, oblong symmetrical; stem short, not exserted; cavity acumi-
nate, very deep, sometimes russeted ; calyx of medium size, closed ; segments
small, convergent; basin shalloAv, very abrupt, wrinkled; skin smooth, yel-
low, shaded and striped with bright red and overspread with light bloom;
calyx-tube elongated-cone-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile;
cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round or obovate, emargi-
nate; seeds few, small, plump; flesh white, coarse, crisp, juicy, subacid;
good to very good; August and September.

345. Tetofsky is the standard early apple in the noirthern
limits of apple cultivation. The fruits are attractive in color

232 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

and pleasantly acidulous in flavor. The apples arc small, how-
ever, and fall short of several other summer ai)ples in the «rreat
fruit regions. Tetofsky is a j)ioneer Russian variety, having
been imported in 1835 by the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.

Tree (Iw.-irfish, vij^orous, very erect, dense, with stout branches, filled
with small spurs. Fruit small, oblate or round, sometimes conic, regular;
stem short or medium, slender; cavity obtuse, medium to deep, broad,
usually symmetrical, gently furrowed; calyx large, closed; lobes long,
broad; basin shallow, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth,
waxy, greenish-yellow, more or less striped and splashed with bright red,
overspread with faint bloom; dots inconspicuous, pale, submerged; calyx-
tube long, wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core large, axile; cells
open ; core-lines clasping ; carpels broadly round, concave ; seeds short,
plump; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, sub-
acid; fair to good; late July to September.

Section VI. Midseason Apples
Group 8. Yellow Apples

346. Lowell. Greasy Pippin. — This is preeminently an apple
for the home orchard, since it furnishes fruit for dessert or
cooking from late summer to early winter. The flesh is pleas-
antly flavored, and the large bright-yellow apples, with a most
perceptible coating of wax, are very attractive. It has been
under cultivation for at least a century and is generally dis-
tributed throughout the East and North.

Tree large, vigorous, upright -spreading, open. Fruit large, round-ob-
long, conic, irregular; stem long, thick, deflected to one side; cavity acute,
shallow, broad, often russeted; calyx large, closed or partly open; basin
shallow, medium in width, abrupt, often furrowed and wrinkled ; skin thin,
tender, smooth or with occasional russet dots and flecks, waxy, rich yellow,
greasy; dots numerous, brown, russet or submerged; calyx-tube long, wide,
conical; stamens median; core large, axile to abaxile; cells closed; core-
lines meeting or clasping; carpels obovate, emarginate; seeds dark brown,
medium in size, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, very
juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; August to October.

347. Gideon. — The clear waxen-yellow color, heightened by
a bright pinkish blush, makes the fruits of Gideon beautiful ;
but the quality is not good, and the flesh passes rapidly from
maturity to decay. The greatest assets of the variety are hardi-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 233

ness, vigor, and fruitfulness. Gideon was grown by Peter
Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, about 1880 from a seed of a
crab-apple.

Tree vigorous, spreading and open. Fruit medium to large, round-conic
or ovate, sometimes oblong^ angular; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep,
broad, sometimes russeted ; calyx small, closed ; lobes narrow, acute, re-
flexed; basin small, shallow, narrow, obtuse; wrinkled, usually with narrow
ridges; skin thin, glossy, waxen yellow, with pink blush on exposed cheek;
dots light, submerged, inconspicuous, except where the skin is blushed;
calyx-tube short, narrow, often funnel-shape with very short truncate
cylinder; stamens marginal; core axile or abaxile; cells closed or open;
core-lines meeting the limb or clasping the cylinder; carpels round, broadly
ovate, or elliptical, emarginate, tufted; seeds large, irregular, long, acute,
tufted, light brown; flesh yellow, soft, coarse, crisp, juicy, subacid; fair
to good; October.

348. Dyer. Pomme Royale. — The fruit of Dyer is the quin-
tessence of the apple-orchard. Unfortunately the trees bear
only biennially, and are not fruitful, vigorous, healthy, or hardy.
The variety was cultivated during the Revolutionary War, and is
supposed by some to be the old French sort, Pomme Royale. Its
culture is confined to the East and i\Iiddle AVest.

Tree vigorous in the nursery, dwarf in the orchard; comes in bearing
young, but is short-lived; productive biennially. Fruit medium or some-
times large, round-oblate, regular or obscurely ribbed ; stem long, slender ;
cavity small, acute, deep, sometimes lipped; calyx small, closed; lobes long,
recurved; basin small, shallow to deep, furrowed; skin smooth, pale yellow,
more or less flecked and marbled with a brownish blush on one cheek;
dots dark or russet; core of medium size; cells open or closed; core-lines
clasping; seeds numerous, plump, short, small, pale; flesh yellow, fine,
very crisp, tender, aromatic, sprightly, mild subacid, highly flavored; very
good to best ; September and October.

349. Maiden Blush (Fig. 61).— This old
favorite attained and holds its popularity
chiefly by virtue of its very handsome
crimson-cheeked lemon-yellow apples. The
fruits are not high enough in quality to
relish out of hand, but are very good for
cooking, evaporating, and for the markets. pio. 61. Maiden
The crop does not mature uniformly, is very Blush,
susceptible to the scab-fungus, and does not keep well in either
ordinary or cold storage. The trees are above the mark in most

234 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

characters. The variety was very popular in Philadelphia as
long ago as 1S17. It is j)robably as widely disseminated in
America as any other ap})le.

Tree vij^orous, s{)readinfi, open. Fruit niediuin, sometimes large, oblate,
sometimes conic, symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity large, acute,
medium to wide, shallow; sometimes russeted ; calyx closed; lobes sepa-
rated at base, broad, acute; basin shallow, medium to wide, obtuse, regu-
lar, smooth or furrowed, symmetrical; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale waxen-
yellow with crimson blush ; dots numerous, white, submerged or areolar ;
calyx-tube small, narrow, conical; stamens median; core of medium size,
axile or somewhat abaxile, broad-elliptical; cells closed or slightly open;
core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels broad-ovate; seeds brown, wide,
long, plump, acute; flesh white or with yellow tinge, fine, crisp, tender,
very juicy, subacid; good; September to December.

350. Holland Pippin is often confused with Holland Winter
and Fall Pippin. The following dilferences distinguish it from
these two : Holland Pippin is a fall apple, while Holland Win-
ter is in season in winter. Holland Pippin is a culinary fruit,
while Fall Pippin is a choice dessert apple. Holland Pippin is
the earlier, going out of season soon after Fall Pippin begins to
ripen. Holland Pippin is the greener fruit of the two, Fall
Pippin being fit to use only when it is a golden-yelloAV in color.
The stalk of Holland Pippin is short and set in a wide cavity,
w^liile that of Fall Pippin is long and in a narrow cavity.
Holland Pippin has been grown in America over a century,
its cultivation extending from the Atlantic westward to ^lichi-
gan and Indiana.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading or round-topped. Fruit large or very
large, oblate-conic, obscurely ribbed ; stem short, slender ; cavity acute,
shallow, usually covered with thick outspreading russet; calyx pubescent,
small, partly open; lobes long, acute; basin deep, narrow, obtuse, ridged
and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow with brownish-red
blush which is marked with large irregular areolar dots; dots numerous,
large and small, often submerged; calyx-tube wide, broadly conical;
stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells unsymmetrical, open; core-lines
meeting or clasping ; carpels broad, narrowing toward base and apex,
emarginate, tufted; seeds narrow, acute; flesh white, coarse-grained, crisp,
tender, very juicy, brisk subacid; good to very good; September to October.

351. Hawley. — Few apples surpass Hawley. The fruits in
quality become quite preeminent, being characterized by tender-
ness, crispness, juiciness and fineness of flesh, and richness of
flavor. The apples cannot be kept long; are frequently water-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 235

cored or rotten at the core ; the trees are unproductive ; and fruit
and foliage are susceptible to the scab-fungus. Hawley origi-
nated from seeds planted by Mathew Hawley, New Canaan, New
York, about 1750.

Tree large, vigorous, hardy, long-lived, comes in bearing late, moderately
productive. Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, globular, oblate or
conic, ribbed; stem slender; cavity acute, deep, wide and with outspreading
russet rays; calyx large, partly closed; lobes reflexed, wide, acute; basin
deep, very abrupt, often furrowed; skin smooth, waxy, thin, pale green
deepening to yellow, sometimes showing a faint brown blush, with scattering
russet dots and flecks toward the cavity; calyx-tube large, wide, cone-
shape, yellow or brown ; cells closed ; core-lines meeting ; carpels flat, tufted,
round, emarginate; seeds few, obtuse, medium in size, often abortive; flesh
yellow, soft, tender, fine-grained, juicy, rich, mild subacid; very good;
September to November.

352. Porter. — If the fruits are judged by quality, the variety
would rank as one of the best of its season, but the apples are
too tender in flesh to ship, the season of ripening is long and
variable, and the crop drops badly. Porter originated about
1800 with Rev. Samuel Porter, Sherburne, Massachusetts.

Tree large, vigorous, round or spreading. Fruit large, oblong-conic,
truncate at base and with apex oblique and ribbed; stem short, thick, some-
times knobbed, curved; cavity acute, deep, narrow, compressed, usually
faintly russeted ; calyx large, closed or open ; lobes separated at base, short,
narrow, acute; basin deep, shallow, narrow, abrupt, broadly furrowed
and wrinkled; skin thin, smooth, glossy, yellow with faint blush, marked
with scattering red dots; dots small, submerged, green with white center,
sometimes russet; calyx-tube short, wide, broadly conical; stamens median;
core large, axile or abaxile; cells partly open or wide open; core-lines
meeting; carpels broadly ovate, mucronate; seeds large, plump, rounded,
acute; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly;
good to very good; September to November.

Group 9. Red Apples

353. Constantine (Fig. 62). Grand Duke
Ccmstantime. — Constantine is very similar to
the better-known Alexander, from which it
differs in that the fruit ripens a week later,
keeps longer, hangs later, cracks less, and
is a little better in quality. The trees are ^^^ ^^ Constan-
not so large as those of Alexander and may * "tine.

•A6

SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOGY

be planted more closely. Constantine was first described in
Europe in 1873, in America in 1880.

Tree small, sjiroadinp, open, with short, stout, curved branches. Fruit
very larg^e, round conic, symmetrical; stem long; cavity large, acuminate,
very deep, broad, symmetrical, russeted and with outspreading rays of
greenish-russet; calyx open; lobes medium in width and length, acute;
basin narrow, abrupt, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, greenish-
yellow, mottled, marbled and blushed with bright red over nearly the whole
surface, with wide broken stripes of carmine radiating from the cavity;
overspread with thin bloom ; dots white or pale russet ; calyx -tube long,
wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core abaxile; cells open or closed;
core-lines clasping; carpels cordate, emarginate; seeds wide, short, thick,
plump, obtuse, dark brown; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy,
sprightly subacid ; fair to good ; September to November.

354. Mother (Fig. 63) is valued for its
handsome appearance and its tender, rich,
well-flavored flesh. The trees are seldom
satisfactory and should be top-worked on a
more vigorous stock to obtain vigor and
thrift. Mother was described first in 1848
Fig. 63. Mother, from Worcester County, Massachusetts.

Tree small, slow grower, upright-spreading, open. Fruit large, round,
round-conic, obscurely and broadly ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity
acute, shallow, broad, often russeted, sometimes furrowed, compressed or
lipped; calyx small, closed or nearly so; lobes narrow, acute; basin shallow,
narrow, abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, smooth, golden-yellow
covered with bright deep red, marbled and striped with carmine; dots in-
conspicuous, yellow, submerged; calyx-tube long, funnel-form Avith wide
limb and narrow cylinder; stamens marginal; core small, abaxile; cells
open or partly so ; core-lines clasping ; carpels broad-ovate to round, emargi-
nate, mucronate; seeds dark, plump, acute; flesh yellow, fine, tender, juicy,
mild subacid, aromatic; very good to best; September to January.

355. Late Strawberry (Fig. 64). Autumn
Strawberry. Fall Strawberry. — The true
Late Straw^berry is one of the best dessert
apples of its season. Its reputation has suf-
fered because of confusion in nomenclature,
several distinct sorts being grown as Late
Strawberry. The variety is debarred from
commercial plantations because of the small
size of the fruit and the long period of maturit}^, which makes

Fig. 64. Late

Strawberry.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 237

several pickings necessary. It originated at Aurora, Cayuga
County, New York, and was first described in 1848.

Tree medium to large, vigoroils, upright-spreading, hardy, healthy, long-
lived, yielding regularly and heavily. Fruit small, round, or oblong -conic,
sometimes strongly ribbed, irregular; stem long, slender, often curved;
cavity acuminate, deep, broad, furrowed, sometimes with thin radiating
streaks of light russet mingled with carmine; calyx large, open; lobes
often separated at base, short, acute, erect or reflexed; basin deep, wide,
abrupt, furrow^ed and wrinkled; skin pale yellow often almost entirely
overspread with bright red, dotted and streaked with purplish-carmine;
dots inconspicuous, light colored; calyx -tube wide, conical; stamens basal;
core small, axile to abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines meeting; carpels
obovate; seeds large, fiat, obtuse; flesh yellow, fine, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly, aromatic, subacid; very good; September to December.

356. Bonum. Magnvmi Bonum. — Bonum is a standard
variety in the South, valued for its productive trees and the
rich flavor of its apples, qualities w^hich it attains only when
grown under favorable conditions. It originated in Davidson
County, North Carolina, about 1840.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading or round-topped, open. Fruit medium
to large, oblate, regular; stem long, slender, green; cavity large, deep,
regular, often Avith a little green-russet; calyx large, closed; basiu shallow,
wrinkled; skin smooth, yellow, mostly covered with crimson and dark red,
striped; dots distinct_, large, light with some having a dark center; calyx-
tube funnelform; stamens marginal; core small; cells closed; core-lines
meeting; carpels ovate; seeds numerous, large, plump; flesh white, often
stained next to the skin, firm, fine, tender, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid;
very good; September to November.

357. Wealthy (Fig 65). — This variety is indispensable in
cold regions and valuable wherever apples are grown on this
continent. The fruits are handsome in ap-
pearance, color, size, and shape ; the quality
is good, the flesh being especially crisp,
juicy, and refreshing; the fruits stand
handling and storage; the trees bear early
and abundantly and at first are thrifty and
healthy. Faults are : the trees are never of fig. 65. Wealthy.
larze size; the apples run small and uneven

on old trees, and there is some loss from dropping. Wealthy is
an ideal apple for planting as a filler among permanent trees.

238 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOdY

It originated from seed of the Cherry Crab planted by Peter M.
Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, about 1860.

Peter differs from Wealthy in having yellowish flesh and in
ripening a little later.

Tree dwarfish, vigorous, upright -spreading, open and drooping, with
short, stout, curved branches. Fruit medium to large, round-conic, flat-
tened at base, regular ; stem short, slender ; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow,
russeted; calyx closed or partly open; lobes broad, obtuse; basin narrow,
abrupt, smooth; skin thin, pale yellow^ blushed and marked with narrow
stripes and splashes of red; dots numerous; inconspicuous, pale or russet;
calyx-tube conical; stamens median; core small, axile or sometimes
abaxile; cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels small, round, narrowing
toward base and apex, smooth, flat; seeds dark brown, acute; flesh white,
sometimes stained with red, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, agreeable sub-
acid, sprightly, aromatic; good to very good; October to January.

358. Fameuse (Fig. G6). Snow. — Few apples are more beau-
tiful and more refreshing than those of Fameuse. If the tender
skin of light and shaded red is cut through,
flesh of snowy whiteness rimmed and stained
with crimson is exposed, beautiful to sight
and delectable to smell and taste. Fameuse,
commonly called Snow, belongs to high alti-
tudes and northern latitudes, where, alone,
Fig ~66 Fameuse. ^^^^ apples reach perfection, and the trees
attain vigor, health, and longevity. The
variety has several faults; the apples are small and keep only
until Christmas ; fruit and tree are inviting prey to apple-scab ;
and the trees are fastidious as to soils. Fameuse is of Canadian
origin, "svith a history of at least two hundred years.

Tree vigorous, upright -spreading, dense, with long stout branches.
Fruit medium size, round-conic, sometimes oblate, regular, uniform, sym-
metrical; stem short, slender; cavity acute, deep, wide, often gently fur-
rowed, smooth and red or green; calyx small, closed; basin abrupt, ob-
scurely furrowed or wrinkled, often having mammiform protuberances;
skin thin, tender, smooth, bright red deepening to dark red, striped toward
the apex ; dots few, scattering, light ; calyx-tube narrow, f unnelf orm ;
stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping; carpels
symmetrical, round or elliptical, emarginate, mucronate; seeds dark, long,
narrow, acute; flesh white, streaked or stained with red, very tender, juicy,
subacid becoming mild subacid, aromatic; very good; October to mid-
winter.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 239

359. Mcintosh (Fig. 67).— The fruits of Mcintosh are
uniquely beautiful, outwardly and inwardly, the flavor is hardly
surpassed, and the whole apple is most agreeably perfumed.
The bright deep-red color is made more at-
tractive by a heavy and characteristic
bloom. When the apples are cut, flesh of
snowy whiteness rimmed and stained with
red is exposed — firm, fine, crisp, tender,
and juicy, with a rich, delicious, and very
distinctive flavor. The trees are vigorous, Fig. 67. Mcintosh,
hardy, and healthy. Tree faults detract

from its value as a commercial fruit : apple-scab fungus seriously
disfigures fruit and foliage ; the crop ripens unevenly ; and the
apples seldom hang until sufficiently mature. The variety
originated in Dundas County, Ontario, on the Mcintosh home-
stead, from which its distribution was begun about 1870.

Tree vigorous, round or spreading, with numerous small slender laterals.
Fruit large, uniform in shape and size, round-oblate, regular; stem short,
stout, slender, often with irregular protuberances; cavity large, acuminate,
wide, broadly furrowed, often partly russeted; calyx small, closed or partly
open; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin pubescent, small, narrow, abrupt,
smooth or obscurely furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, readily separat-
ing from the flesh, pale yellow washed and deeply blushed with bright red
and striped with carmine ; overspread with bloom ; dots white or yellow,
small; calyx-tube short, conical, with broad limb; stamens median; core
abaxile; cells wide open; core-lines meeting, carpels elliptical, smooth,
concave; seeds brown, large, acute; flesh white, sometimes veined with red,
firm, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, perfumed, sprightly subacid; very
good to best; October to December or later.

360. Cortland. — The fruits of Cortland are so similar to those
of Mcintosh that the two varieties are certain to be confused,
but each is distinct and the differences are all in favor of Cort-
land so that the apple is better than that of Mcintosh, impossible
as it may seem. The fruits of Cortland ripen later than those
of Mcintosh, hang on the tree much longer, keep longer, bruise
less in handling, are larger, and brighter in color. The shape,
taste, and flesh-characters of the two are almost identical. The
trees are much the same. Cortland is an improved Mcintosh
and as such is sought for in New York and New England where
Mcintosh is chiefly grown. The variety is a cross between Ben

240

SYSTEM A TIC POMOT.OCy

Fig. G8. Alexander.

Davis and Mclntosli mailf at the New York A«ri-i('ultural Experi-
iiH'iit Station in 1S!)8. Tlie variety was disti'il)ul('cl in liil.") and
now j)r()niist's to Ix' a close competitor or to take the place of
Mclntosli where the latter is grown.

361. Alexander (Fig. ()8). Aporia. — Merits of the trees are
vigor, hardiness, productiveness, earliness and regularity of
bearing; of the fruits, large size and hand-
some appearance. The chief fault of the
tree is susceptibility to blight. The apples
are suitable only for culinary purposes;
they ripen unevenly ; droj) prematurely ;
and do not keep well in either common or
cold storage. The variety is much used
as a filler in some apple regions, and as a
permanent tree where hardiness is a determinant. Alexander
was introduced into England in 1817 ; when into America is not
known.

Tree large, vigorous, with long stout branches, upright-spreading, open,
droo})ing. Fruit large, round-conic to oblate-conic, broadly angular, sym-
metrical; stem short, thick; cavity acute, deep, broad, symmetrical, occa-
sionally lipped, russeted, with broad conspicuous outspreading russet rays;
calyx large, open; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin small, deep, narrow,
abrupt, smooth, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy, waxen, pale
yellow deepening to orange-yellow^ in the sun, overspread with lively red
or striped and splashed with carmine; dots inconspicuous, scattering; calyx-
tube long, wide, conical; stamens median; core small, usually axile; cells
closed or slightly open; core-lines clasping; carpels elliptical, emarginate ;
seeds wide, short, plump, obtuse; flesh faint yellow, firm, coarse, crisp,
tender, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good; September to November.

362. Wolf River (Fig. 69) is of note chiefly for its very large
apples. The fruits resemble those of the
better-know^n Alexander in color, shape,
and quality ; but average larger and are
rounder and less conical. The tree is
very hardy and thrifty, but is only mod-
erately productive. In the West, many pre-
fer tree and fruit to the Alexander, — not so
in the East. The variety originated on the
farm of W. A. Springer, Wolf River, Wisconsin, and was first
described in 1875.

Fig. 69. Wolf River.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 241

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open, drooping. Fruit very large, broad
and flat at the base, conic or round, often irregular; stem short, thick;
cavity acuminate, deep, wide, heavily russet ed; calyx large, open or closed;
basin deep, narrow, abrupt, usually smooth, broadly furrowed; skin thick,
pale yellow, mottled and blushed with bright, deep red and marked with
conspicuous splashes and broad stripes of bright carmine; dots numerous,
large, areolar, depressed, pale or russet; calyx-tube conical; stamens
median; core large, abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping;
carpels broadly cordate, emarginate, tufted; seeds dark brown, wide, short,
plump, obtuse; flesh white tinged with yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy,
subacid, aromatic; fair to good; September to December.

363. Grosh. Large Bamho. Summer Ramho. — While the
apples are handsome when well-colored, they are not high in
quality; and the trees, though good in most characters, have
the fault of not being able to carry the crop, much of which
drops prematurely. The variety is at its best in Ohio, where
it is reputed to have originated about 1840.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit medium large, round-
oblate to conical, regular or elliptical; stem short, thick; cavity acuminate,
deep, wide, often compressed, smooth and green or russeted, symmetrical
or gently furrowed, sometimes lipped; calyx large, open disclosing the
yellow calyx-tube; lobes separated at the base, long, often leafy, acute;
basin often oblique, large, abrupt, somewhat furrowed; skin thick, tough,
waxy, greenish -yellow becoming bright yellow, washed and mottled with
bright red and striped and splashed with carmine; dots numerous, large,
gray or russet, often areolar or white and submerged; calyx-tube large,
wide at the top, conical; stamens basal to median; core small, axile or
abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells closed or partly open; core-
lines clasping; carpels ovate, emarginate, often tufted; seeds numerous,
dark brown, often abortive, wide, obtuse; flesh slightly tinged with yel-
low, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic; good to very
good; September to January.

364. Fanny. — The fruits of Fanny are beautiful and most ex-
cellent in quality, and the trees are very satisfactory; but the
apples are so deficient in size and ripen over so long a period that
the variety is of value only for the home orchard. Fanny origi-
nated at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with John K. Eshelman, pre-
vious to 1869, when Downing called attention to its merits.

Tree vigorous, flat, spreading, open, with long stout branches. Fruit
medium size, uniform in size and shape, round-oblate, oblong or ovate,
regular or slightly ribbed; stem short, slender; cavity acute, sometimes

242 ,SY;sTKMATIC P()M()lJ)(iY

russotcd; calyx small, closed or partly open; lobes short, narrow, acute;
basin shallow, wide, abrujjt, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth, yellow
overlaid with ])ri^ht red indistinctly strijjcd with carmine; dots small,
yellow; calyx-tul)e wide, funnelform with i)istil point projecting into the
base; stamens median; core below medium, abaxile; cells open; core lines
clasping; carpels broadly ovate, emarginate; seeds large, wide, flat, ])lump,
acute; flesh yellow, firm, fine, very tender, juicy, mild sul)acid; good to
very good ; September to November.

365. Jefiferis is one of the best fall apples; the fruits are
tender, pleasantly acidulous, rich, delicious. The trees also are
satisfactory in all respects, but the api)les rii)en unevenly, are
not attractive in color, and lack both size and uniformity. Jef-
feris orio'inated with Isaac Jetferis, Chester County, Pennsyl-
vania, and is first recorded in 1848. It is grown in all the
eastern states.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, open. Fruit small, uniform in
size and shape, round-oblate, conic, regular or obscurely ribbed; stem short,
thick; cavity acute, medium in depth, broad, symmetrical; calyx small,
closed or open; lobes short, broad, acute; basin shallow to deep, wide,
abrupt, smooth, symmetrical; skin thin, tough, pale yellow, blushed and
mottled with dull red overlaid with narrow splashes and stripes of carmine;
dots small, scattering, submerged or russet ; calyx-tube narrow, conical ;
stamens marginal; core small, axile; cells open; core-lines clasping; carpels
elliptical, emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds numerous, large, wide, long,
flat, very irregular, obtuse; flesh yelloAvish-Avhite, firm, fine, crisp, tender,
very juicy, mild, subacid; very good; September to January,

366. Twenty Ounce (Fig. 70). — The apples are large, hand-
somely colored with stripes and splashes of
red on a rich yellow background, and while
the quality is not good enough for a dessert
apple, the fruits are scarcely surpassed for
culinary uses. The trees bear early and
abundantly, hold their crop Avell, but fall

short in being susceptible to winter-injury
Fig. 70. T w e n t y , , „ . , . . ., • • ^

Ounce. and canker-fungi and in not attaining large

size. Twenty Ounce Avas brought promi-
nently to notice by Downing in 1845, but the origin of the
variety remains a mystery.

Tree vigorous, upright becoming round-topped, dense, with branches long
and stout. Fruit very large, round-conic, sometimes broadly ribbed; stem

VARIETIES OF APPLES 243

deep set, short, thick or slender; cavity acuminate, very deep, sometimes
lipped, sometimes russeted; calyx closed; basin often oblique, shallow, nar-
row, abrupt, broadly and deeply furrow^ed; skin thick, tough, green be-
coming yellow, washed, mottled and splashed with bright red or deepening
to dark or purplish-red, with carmine stripes; dots gray or russet, small,
often raised, sometimes submerged; calyx-tube large, long, wide, conical,
extending to the core; stamens usually basal; core large, axile or abaxile;
cells mostly closed, sometimes wide open ; core-lines clasping the cylinder ;
carpels elongated-ovate, emarginate, tufted ; seeds narrow, obtuse, variable ;
flesh yellow, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid; good; late September to early
winter.

367. Collamer. — This variety is a sport of the well-known
Twenty Ounce, from which it differs in bearing fruits more
solidly covered with red, more regular in shape, and less ribbed.
The brighter color of Collamer makes it a more valuable com-
mercial apple than Twenty Ounce. The variety originated at
Hilton, New York, in the orchard of J. B. Collamer, about
1895.

368. Ribston. Rihston Pippin. — The apples are not attrac-
tive in appearance, but have a fine rich flavor, a pleasant aroma,
and firm, fine, crisp flesh that fit them admirably for dessert.
The trees are hardy, vigorous, and long-lived, come in bearing
young, and are annually fruitful, though not sufficiently produc-
tive to make a market variety. The Ribston originated in York-
shire, England, over two centuries ago, and has been grown for
at least a century in New York, New England, and Canada.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, with stout stocky branches.
Fruit large, round, broad and flattened at the base, narrowing toward the
basin, often broadly and obscurely ribbed; stem pubescent, short, thick,
sometimes irregularly sAvollen or inserted under a lip; cavity large, acute,
deep, wide, russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed
or partly open; lobes separated at the base, erect, tips usually reflexed;
basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin
smooth or roughened with russet, yellow overspread with dull red which
in highly-colored specimens deepens to bright red, with obscure carmine
stripes and splashes; dots scattering, conspicuous, pale, often areolar with
russet center; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens basal; core small, axile
or with a narrow hollow cylinder at the axis; cells regular, closed; core-
lines clasping; carpels emarginate, tufted; seeds light and dark brown,
large, wide, long, obtuse, sometimes slightly tufted; flesh yellow, firm,
very crisp, juicy, pleasantly aromatic, rich, sprightly subacid; very good;
September to December.

244 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

369. Bietigheimer. — The fruits are of largest size, for which
the variety is remarkable. On tlie other hand, the apples are
coarse, ix)or in quality, and droj) badly. The trees are hardy
and healthy, and come into bearing early, but are among the un-
manageables of orchard and nursery, and are seldom fruitful.
The variety was introduced from Germany about 1870, and is
now more or less grown in the colder parts of America.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with drooping laterals.
Fruit very large, round-oblate, with broad flat base, somewhat irregular;
stem short, thick; cavity large, acute, wide, shallow, occasionally lipped,
often much russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed,
with narrow acute lobes; basin shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt,
wrinkled, often marked with mammiform protuberances; skin thick, tough,
smooth, pale yellow, washed with pinkish-red, obscurely splashed with deeper
red; dots numerous, small, yellow or russet; calyx-tube broadly conical;
stamens basal; core medium to large, axile; cells partly open; core-lines
clasping; carpels cordate or broadly roundish, tufted; seeds numerous,
large, wide, broadly acute, light brown; flesh white, firm, very coarse,
crisp, tough, juicy, subacid; fair to good; September and October.

370. Haas (Fig. 71). Fall Queen. Horse. — Because of early
bearing, thriftiness, hardiness, and pro-
ductiveness in tree, Haas has been widely
planted in America, and is still in favor in
parts of the South. It might be a universal
favorite, were it not for the poor quality of
the fruit. Haas originated over half a cen-

FiG. 71. Haas. ^^^.^ ^^^ ^^ ^^le farm of Gabriel Cerre, St.
Louis, ^Missouri, where it is chiefly grown.

Tree large, very vigorous, tall and upright, becoming spreading, with
long slender branches. Fruit medium to large, oblate-conic, ribbed, sides
unequal; stem short, thick, often partly red; cavity acute, deep, broad,
symmetrical, covered with thin greenish-russet; calyx small, closed; lobes
separated at base, short, narrow, acuminate; basin narrow, deep, abrupt,
smooth or furrow'ed and wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, yellow, mottled,
washed and covered with bright red or brownish-red, striped and splashed
with carmine; dots large, inconspicuous, numerous, pale or russet; calyx-
tube variable, long and wide, conical; stamens median; core medium,
abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or closed; core-lines clasping; carpels
round to elliptical; seeds dark brown, large, plump, acute; flesh white,
often stained with red, firm, fine, a little tough, juicy, sprightly subacid,
aromatic, a little astringent; poor in quality; October to early winter.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 245

371. Hibernal. Romna. — Hibernal ranks among the best Rus-
sian apples in rigorous climates in the United States and Can-
ada. The fruit is but mediocre but the tree is vigorous, healthy,
and productive, making an excellent orchard plant either to
produce its own fruit or upon which to graft less hardy or less
vigorous varieties. The variety was imported from Russia be-
tween 1870 and 1880.

Tree vigorous, spreading, drooping. Fruit large, usually oblate-conic,
often with sides unequal; stem short and stout, pubescent; cavity large,
acute, deep, wide, furrowed, occasionally lipped, russeted; calyx large, open
or partly closed; lobes broad, acute; basin large, often oblique, narrow,
abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, roughened with flecks
of russet; color pale yellow, with thin bloom, blushed and striped with
bright carmine; dots numerous, pale yellow or gray, conspicuous; calyx-
tube long, wide, funnel-shape; stamens median; core small, axile; cells
closed; core-lines meeting; carpels round-ovate, emarginate, tufted; seeds
small, short, plump, obtuse, dark broAvn; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, juicy,
brisk subacid; astringent; fair to good; September to January.

372. Gravenstein (Fig. 72).— All lovers of fruits value Grav-
enstein for its crisp, tender, sprightly, juicy,
richly-flavored, aromatic apples. The trees
are vigorous but subject to sun-scald and
apple-canker, and do not hold their load
well. Unfortunately, the variety is fastidi-
ous as to both soil and climate, and is grown
in highest perfection in but few localities. ^^^- ^stein^^^^^°
Nova Scotia, where it becomes a winter apple,

seems best suited to its needs. Gravenstein is an old German
apple which has been in America probably a hundred years or
more.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open. Fruit large, oblate or
round, somewhat irregular, broad at the base, angular, narrow to broad,
irregularly russeted; calyx large, open or closed; lobes large, long, very
broad, acute; basin irregular, wide, obtuse to abrupt, wrinkled; skin thin,
tender, rough, greenish-yellow or orange -yellow overlaid with broken stripes
of light and dark red; dots few, small, light; calyx-tube large, conical;
stamens median; core medium in size, strongly abaxile; cells open; core-
lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels broad-ovate, emarginate; seeds
large, long, plump, acute, brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender,
juicy, sprightly subacid,, aromatic; very good to best; late September to
November.

24 6 N ) ' S 7 KM A I IC J' U M ULOiiY

373. Banks. Hunks Oravenstein. — Banks is a briglit red
Gravenstt'iii, clill'ering in no other imj)ortant particular than
color. Banks is a bud variation of Oravenstein, first propa-
gated by C. E. Banks, Berwick, Kings County, Nova Scotia,
about 1880.

Section VII. Late Apples
Group 10. Yellow Apples

374. Fall Pippin (Fig. 73).— Though one of the oldest Ameri-
can apples, it is doubtful whether Fall
Pippin is properly appreciated. The name
is inapt, as in the North the fruit keeps well
into midwinter. The color is a beautiful
golden-yellow, and the flesh is tender, rich,
crisp, aromatic, and of delectable quality

^o -r^ „ x^. . either for dessert or for culinarv uses. The
Fig. 73. Fall Pippin. ^ ^ , , , i " i- -,

trees are hardy, healthy, long-lived, and

very large. The habitat of the variety is New England, where

it has been grown for at least a century and a half.

Tree large, very vigorous, spreading, with long branches which become
drooping. Fruit large, round to round-oblate, sometimes oblong and
truncate, obscurely ribbed; stem long, thick; cavity acute, wide, sym-
metrical or compressed, russeted; calyx large, open; lobes separated at
the base, long, narrow, acuminate; basin wide, abrupt, wavy, wrinkled;
skin thin, smooth, clear yellow, sometimes blushed; dots numerous, small,
pale and submerged or russet; calyx-tube large, wide, long, conical;
stamens median; core medium size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or
partly open; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels round, emarginate,
tufted ; seeds dark brown, acute, plump ; flesh yellow, firm, fine, tender,
very juicy, agreeably subacid, aromatic; very good; late September to
January.

375. Yellow Bellflower (Fig. 74). B ell flower. —YeWow Bell-
flower is distinguished by its unique fruits. The apples are
oblong-conic with very prominent ridges at the apex, and with
a smooth, delicate, pale, lemon-yellow, waxen skin beautifully
blushed on the cheek to the sun. The fruits are not suitable for
dessert, the flavor being a little too austere, but are unsurpassed
for culinary purposes. Fruit and foliage are very susceptible

VARIETIES OF APPLES 247

to injury by the apple-scab fungus. The
trees are vigorous, healthy, hardy, long-
lived, and productive in warm, well-drained,
fertile soils. The most suitable regions for
its cultivation are the coast valleys of Cali-
fornia. In 1817, Coxe reported that the
original tree was still standing near Cross-
wicks, New Jersey. ^^«' ^\o^vilr'' ^'"'

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit large, oblong-conic, with
prominent ridges at the apex, sides unequal; stem long^ slender; cavity
large, acute, deep, wide, furrowed, sometimes lipped, with broken rays of
brownish-red in the sun which deepens to a blush; calyx closed or partly
so; lobes narrow, acuminate, pubescent; basin small, oblique, abrupt, nar-
row, shallow, ridged and wrinkled; skin smooth, bright, pale lemon-yellow,
with a shade of brownish-red in the sun; dots white or russet^ small toward
the basin, large, irregular toward the cavity; calyx-tube elongated funnel-
shape ; stamens median ; core large, long, remarkably abaxile ; cells open
or partly closed; core-lines clasping; carpels round-obovate, much tufted;
seeds large, long, obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, aromatic; very good; October to March.

376. Ortley is probably a seedling of Yellow Bellflower. The
essential differences between the two are : the fruits of Ortley
are paler in color and have less acidity than those of Yellow
Bellflower, and the trees are less productive. Ortley is an old
variety first described in Coxe in 1817. It is a favorite on the
Pacific slope.

Tree vigorous, medium in size or large, with long slender shoots^ spread-
ing. Fruit large, oblong-conic and flattened at the base or round-conic,
regular or obscurely ribbed ; stem long, slender ; cavity large, acute, deep,
narrow, partly russeted, furrowed; calyx small, closed or open; lobes long,
acute, usually converging and reflexed; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt
and wrinkled or furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, waxy, yellow, rarely
with a faint blush; dots inconspicuous, white and submerged; calyx-tube
funnelform, often elongated and extending to the core; stamens median;
core large, widely abaxile; cells wide open; core-lines clasping the funnel-
like cylinder ; carpels round-ovate, elongated, emarginate ; mucronate ; seeds
numerous, small and pointed, round, plump, light brown; flesh yellow, fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly; very good; October to January.

377. Golden Delicious is now being introduced as a yellow
dessert fruit, with the expectation that it will rank with the

24.S srs'iKMATir roMOf^nny

best red aj^ples. The cxjx'ctalions jiuiy Ix- I'calized, for no
other yellow ap])le is handsomer or of Ix'tter ((iiality. The
trcM's ar(» hardy, \i^n)r()us, licalthy, and pi'oduetive, with no
marked fanlts that have ai)i)eared as yet. (Joldcn Delicious
ori.Lrinated ns a chance seedlinj]: in West Virginia in the orchard
(.1" A. II. .Miilliiis iihoiit tliirty years iv^o.

Trees hardy, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit large, 3Vi inches
broad, 3% inches long, oblong-conic, uniform in size and shape, sym-
metrical, distinctly ribbed; stem 1^4 inches long, slender, curved; cavity
acuminate, broad, very deep, smooth, gently furrowed; calyx large, closed;
basin narrow, al)rupt, furrowed; skin golden-yellow, tliin, smooth; dots
numerous, small, conspicuous; russet and submerged at the apex; core
large, open, abaxile; core-lines distinct, clasping; calyx-tube long, wide,
funnel-shaped; carpels round-oval, tufted; seeds large, plump, acute; flesh
firm, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, aromatic; quality very good
to best for dessert and cooking ; autumn to May.

378. Boiken. — This variety is remarkable for the vigor, health,
productiveness, hardiness, and early ])earing habit of the trees.
The leaves are distinctive because of their great size, rich green
color, and immunity to apple-scab. Unfortunately, the fruit
is so austere as to be hardly fit to eat out of hand. The apples
are in demand at evaporators, the cured product being remark-
able for its light color. The variety is grown chiefly in cold
regions, and where an early-bearing sort is wanted. Boiken
came to America from Germany.

Tree vigorous, spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, uneven in size,
oblate, broad at the base, conical, often ribbed, symmetrical; stem long;
cavity obtuse, very broad, furrowed, sometimes compressed, partly colored
with thin brownish-russet; calyx large, closed or open acute lobes; basin
oblique, wide, abrupt, deep, furrowed and wrinkled; skin tough, smooth,
waxy, pale yellow, often with sharply contrasting brilliant red blush ; dots
numerous, small, often red-areolar, with white or russet center, often sub-
merged; calyx-tube large, funnelform, often extending to the core; stamens
median; core large, open, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical; core-lines
clasping; carpels concave, very broad, elliptical, emarginate, tufted; seeds
plump, obtuse to acute, dark; flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained,
very juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid; good; November to March.

379. Swaar is distinguished by greenish-yellow fruits, cov-
ered with dots and flecks of russet, which have heavy aromatic
flesh of uncommonly rich flavor. The trees are neither long-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 249

lived nor hardy, suffer much from apple-canker, lack vigor, are
shy bearers, and lose a large part of the crop as drops or culls.
Swaar was early produced by the Dutch settlers in the Hudson
River valley, and has long been a favorite in that region.

Tree of medium size^ vigorous^ round to spreading^ dense. Fruit medium
to large, round-oblate, often ribbed, regular, symmetrical; stems long to
medium in length, slender; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, often furrowed,
usually russeted; calyx small, closed or open; lobes broad, obtuse, usually
eonnivent; basin small, shallow, obtuse, wide, furrowed and wrinkled; skin
tough, roughened with dots and flecks of russet, yellow, often shaded with
a bronze blush; dots numerous, green or russet; calyx-tube cone-shape;
stamens median; core small, axile, with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells
closed or partly open; core-lines clasping; carpels thin, tender, broadly
round, emarginate, mucronate, sometimes tufted; seeds numerous, broad,
plump, obtuse, light brown; flesh yellow, firm, tender, fine-grained, juicy,
mild or very mild subacid, aromatic, rich; very good to best; November
to April.

380. Gloria Mundi. Pound. — Gloria IMundi is of interest be-
cause its fruits are the largest of cultivated apples, fit, however,
only for culinary uses. All that is known of its history is that
it was cultivated in the states of the Northeast very generally
before 1804.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, long-lived, but not very produc-
tive. Fruit large, round with truncate ends, conical, ribbed, sides un-
equal; stem short, thick; cavity large, acuminate, deep, broad, furrowed
and compressed, sometimes russeted; calyx large, open or partly closed;
lobes separated at base, short, narrow; basin large, deep, wide, abrupt;
skin yellow, sometimes with faint bronze blush; dots small, often areolar
with russet center, or light colored and submerged; calyx-tube very large,
long, wide, broadly conical extending to core; stamens median; core large,
usually abaxile; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines usually clasping; car-
pels broadly roundish to elliptical, tufted; seeds dark brown, small, narrow,
short, plump, obtuse, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, coarse, crisp, tender,
juicy, mild subacid; fair or good in quality; October to January.

381. Northwestern Greening (Fig. 75).

— Possessed of a constitution which enables

it to endure as much cold as any other apple

excepting a few Russian sorts. Northwestern

Greening has found a niche in the apple

flora of the cold Northwest. The tree grows

with rapidity and vigor and eventually be- ^ „^ ^^ .

^ •^ » . *" Fig. 75. Northwest-

comes a reliable and productive producer. ern Greening.

250 SYSTEMATIC I'l^MOLOCY

Th<' apples are incdiocre in (piality. North wostoni Grooning
originated in Waui)aea County, Wisconsin, and was first de-
scribeil in 1895.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, ^vitll long, stout, crooked
branches. Fruit large or very large, round, oblong or oblate, often conic,
more or less irregular, sometimes elliptical, sometimes ribbed; stem short;
cavity small, acute, narrow, deej), often compressed or lipj^ed, with out-
spreading russet; calyx variable, small, closed or open; basin small, narrow,
abrupt, deep, furrowed and wrinkled; skin smooth, waxy, pale yellow, some-
times faintly blushed; dots small or large and irregular, usually white and
submerged, sometimes gray with russet point; calyx-tube wide, conical or
urn-shaped; stamens median; core large, axile; cells symmetrical, closed
or open; core-lines meeting; carpels broadly round, mucronate; seeds small,
often abortive; flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, mild subacid; fair to good;
November to April.

382. Holland Winter. — Several apples pass under the name
Holland Winter. The one which is supposed to have received
the name first, and which is here described, is very similar to
Rhode Island Greening. The variety probably came from Eng-
land, and has been long grown in eastern America.

Tree vigorous, spreading, open. Fruit large, round-conic, symmetrical,
regular; stem short and thick; cavity acute, large, furrowed, occasionally
with thin outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed or open; basin
shallow, occasionally deep and abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled; skin tough,
waxy, smooth, pale green often with a faint dull blush ; dots numerous,
large, conspicuous, submerged, white, mingled with a few fine russet points;
calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shape; stamens median; core of medium
size, abaxile; cells symmetrical, open or partly closed; core-lines clasping;
carpels round to elliptical, broad, tufted; seeds short, plump, obtuse; flesh
white, firm, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, with mild pleasing aroma ;
good; December to May.

383. Winter Banana. Banana. — The fruits are large, shapely,
clear pale waxen-yellow with a delicate blush which sometimes
deepens into a bright red. The flavor is a mixture of sweet and
sour, wiiile the aroma has a suggestion of musk exclusively the
property of this apple. The trees are hardy, fairly vigorous,
bear young, almost annually, and are usually fruitful. The
fruits are so easily bruised that they seldom reach the market
in good condition. AVinter Banana is said to have originated
in Cass County, Indiana, but the writer has seen fruit brought

r*^

m- '■--_ -

I ■^-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 251

from Holland, name unknown, which leads him to believe this to
be an Old World apple that has somehow found its way to the
New World.

Tree vigorous, spreading, open. Fruit large, round-conic, oblong-conic,
or sometimes oblate, flat at the base ; stem short to long ; cavity large, acute,
shallow, broad, gently furrowed, sometimes lipped, smooth or russeted; calyx
small, partly open or closed; lobes short, obtuse; basin small, often oblique,
shallow, narrow or wide, obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled; skin smooth, thick,
tough, waxy, pale yellow, often Avith a blush; often a suture line extends
from the basin to the cavity; dots numerous, white and submerged or with
fine russet point; calyx-tube wide above, short, cone-shape; stamens median;
core small, abaxile; cells open, sometimes closed; core-lines clasping; car-
pels elongated-ovate, narroAv, emarginate, tufted; seeds small to large,
obtuse, dull, dark brown, sometimes tufted; flesh pale yellow, firm, coarse,
crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very good; October to
March.

384. Rhode Island Greening (Fig. 76). — In color, the apples
are a mellow^ shade of yellow wdth a dull blush or occasionally
a pale red cheek. They are substantially large, never coarse, and
very uniform in size and shape. The flesh
is tender, very juicy, and has the mellow yel-
low tint of the skin. The flavor is rich, pleas-
antly acidulous, ahvays refreshing, and as
the apples ripen they develop a delightful
aroma. The trees are of largest size, have
wide-spreading drooping branches, rejoice "r Rb d

in health and vigor, load themselves w^ith island Greening.

fruit, and are long-lived. The faults of the
fruits are that they bruise rather easily, are often disfigured by
apple-scab, and scald badly in cold storage. The trees fail in not
holding their load well, in susceptibility to apple-scab, and in
tenderness to cold. The name commemorates the state of its
nativity. Its cultivation elates back nearly two hundred years.

Tree large, vigorous, wide-spreading, drooping. Fruit large or very
large, round-oblate, sometimes obscurely ribbed, sides slightly unequal;
stem green, pubescent; cavity acute, symmetrical or rarely lipped, smooth,
sometimes russeted and with narrow outspreading russet rays; calyx large,
closed, pubescent ; lobes long, acute ; basin small, shallow, obtuse, regular
or furrowed; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, green or yellow, sometimes
with broAvnish-red blush which rarely deepens to red; dots greenish-white

252 SYSIKMA'/JC POMOLOGY

or russet, especially niiniorous toward Iho basin and often submerged; calyx-
tube wide, cone shape witli fleshy pistil point projecting into the base;
stamens median; core small, al)axile; cells uniform, closed or partly open;
core-lines meeting; carpels thin, tlat, emarginate, round-cordate, sometimes
tufted; seeds few, large, narrow, long, acute, sometimes tufted; flesh yel-
low, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid; very
good in quality; November to March.

385. Yellow Newtown (Fig. 77). Albemarle. Green Newtown.

Newtown Pippin. — This apple can be grown in perfection only

in certain sections, as : Ilood River, Oregon ;

the Albemarle region, Virginia; and along

the Hudson River, New York. By virtue

of high quality, long-keeping and beauty of

fruit, together with good tree characters,

Yellow Newtown has high standing in re-

^ — ,, „ gions where it thrives. Yellow Newtown is

Fig. I I. bellow '^ _

Newtown. an American apple. The original tree came

into bearing early in the eighteenth century,
and the variety was soon widely grown. Some pomologists
maintain that there is a Green Newtown, a distinct variety from
Yellow Newtown ; but the differences in color are due to soil or
climate — two varieties do not exist.

Tree vigorous, roundish, dense. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size
but variable in form and coloring, round-oblate and more or less angular,
with an oblique axis; stem short; cavity deep, acuminate, broad or com-
pressed, often with rays of russet; calyx small, closed or nearly so; lobes
small, acute; basin furrowed and often wrinkled; skin tough, smooth or
roughened with brownish -russet dots, grass-green at fruit harvest but yel-
low later, often showing brownish-pink especially near the base; dots sub-
merged, numerous toward the eye, white scarf-skin over the base; calyx-
tube long, funnel-shape; stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells sym-
metrical, closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly roundish or round-
obcordate, emarginate, tufted; seeds tufted, dark, narrow, acuminate; flesh
yellow, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained, juicy, sprightly, with a fine aro-
matic subacid flavor; best; February to May.

386. White Pippin. — Because of similarity in color and in
having an oblique axis, fruits of this variety are often con-
founded with those of Green Newtown Pippin, but here the
similarities end ; for, in flesh and flavor, the last-named apple
is much superior, while in tree character White Pippin is usually
the better. The fruits of White Pippin are larger, and the

VARIETIES OF APPLES 253

blush is not so well marked, nor do they keep so long. The
variety is gradually passing out of cultivation. Its origin is
not known, but since the fruits were described from old trees
in 1848, it must be more than a century old.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large,
round or round-oblate, irregular or angular; stem short; cavity large, acute,
deep, narrow, often waxy, partly russeted; calyx small, closed or partly
open; lobes long, narrow, acuminate; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt,
furrowed and wrinkled; skin pale yellow, blushed, mottled and striped with
thin brownish -red ; dots small, characteristically white and submerged, or
green with fine russet point, scattering, russeted toward the cavity; calyx-
tube long, narrow, elongated conical; stamens median; core small, abaxile
with hollow cylinder in the axis; cells closed or open; core-lines clasping;
carpels round to ovate or elongated and narrow, sometimes emarginate,
tufted; seeds small, plump, narrow, elongated, acuminate, brown to dark
brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly sub-
acid; good or very good; November to April.

387. Peck Pleasant. PecA;.— The tender-fleshed perfumed
fruits are pleasantly flavored and beautiful and unique in color.
The trees are subject to root-rot and canker and seldom bear
large crops or a high percentage of first-class fruit. Peck
Pleasant is distinctly for family use. The variety originated in
Rhode Island early in the nineteenth century.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading or round, dense. Fruit
medium to large, oblate or round, often ribbed, sometimes with furrow on
one side; stem short, thick or fleshy; cavity obtuse, wide, shallow, often
lipped or compressed, sometimes russeted; calyx pubescent, large; lobes
long, open or closed, obtuse; basin broad, obtuse, symmetrical, furrowed
or wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, waxen yellow with orange-red blush;
dots numerous, white and submerged or with russet point; core small,
abaxile to axile; cells closed or slit; core-lines clasp the funnel cylinder;
carpels tender, broadly round, often truncate, emarginate, mucronate; seeds
nmnerous, dark, long, narrow, acute, sometimes tufted ; flesh yellow, firm,
tender, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant subacid, aromatic; very good
to best ; October to January.

388. Mann (Fig. 78).— The trees are vig-
orous, hardy, healthy, and productive, and
the fruit keeps and ships well, but the apples,
of the Rhode Island Greening type, are but
mediocre in quality. The variety originated
in the orchard of Judge Mooney, Granby, fig. 78. Mann.

254 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

New York, about 1870, and lalci- was introduced into Niaj^ara
County by Or. Mann, who <;-d\'c it liis name. It is commonly
grown in New York.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium to large,
round-oblate, symmetrical, regular, faintly ribbed, uniform in size and
shape; stem short; cavity acuminate, narrow, deep, russeted and often
with outspreading broken russet, furrowed; calyx small, closed or partly
open; lobes acute; basin abrupt, narrow, usually symmetrical, furrowed
and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, green, often with a brownish-red blush
tinged with olive-green but late in the season yellow; dots numerous, large,
areolar, white with russet center; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens
median; core small, usually axile; cells symmetrical, closed, sometimes
open; core-lines meeting; carpels smooth, broad, narrowing towards the
base and apex; seeds numerous, wide, obtuse, dark; flesh yellow, coarse,
juicy, at first hard but becoming tender and crisp, subacid; fair to good;
March to April.

389. Patten. Pattest Greening. — Patten is a seedling of Olden-
burg, whiuh it resembles in shape and flavor of fruit and in tree
characters. The color of the fruit, however, is green. The
variety is much grown in cold regions. Patten originated from
seed of Oldenburg planted by C. G. Patten, Charles City, Iowa,
about 1885.

Tree vigorous, spreading, dense, flat, with long, stout, curved, drooping
branches. Fruit medium to large, oblate or round-oblate, sometimes conic,
symmetrical; stem short, thick; cavity acuminate, deep, broad or com-
pressed, russeted and with outspreading russet rays; calyx large or very
large, closed or open; basin deep, abrupt; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale
greenish -yellow, sometimes blushed and occasionally faintly striped; dots
small, numerous, pale and submerged; calyx-tube conical; stamens median;
core small, axile or abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping;
carpels round, irregular; seeds dark brown, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow,
firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good; October to January.

390. Grimes Golden (Fig. 79). Grimes. —
This is a favorite wherever it can be growai.
The outstanding merits of the fruits are :
beautiful rich golden color, well-molded form,
firm but crisp and tender flesh, pleasantly
acidulous flavor, and most pleasant aroma.

^'^- Golden^""'"" The variety has many faults. The apples do
not develop size, color, or quality elsewhere

than in a few regions, and, wherever grown, they scald badly in

VARIETIES OF APPLES 255

storage. The trees, also are but moderately vigorous. Grimes
Golden originated in West Virginia more than a century ago.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, drooping, dense. Fruit medium to
large, round-oblong, often flattened at the ends, sometimes conic, regular,
frequently obscurely ribbed; sometimes oblique, symmetrical, uniform,
sides often unequal; stem short; cavity broad, deep, acute, often russeted;
calyx large, closed; lobes long, reflexed, often separated at base; basin
abrupt, deep, wide, furrowed; skin tough, deep yellow with scattering pale
yellow or russet dots; calyx-tube yellow, very broad at the top, conical,
deep; stamens basal; core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or open;
core-lines meeting; cells roundish, emarginate, concave; seeds numerous,
tufted, plump, acute; flesh yellow, very firm, tender, crisp, coarse, juicy,
subacid, rich, aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; November to Feb-
ruary.

Group 11. Bed Apples

391. Lawyer. Delaware ^Yinter. — Lawver retains a place in
pomology because of the attractive appearance and long-keeping
quality of the fruit. The apples are, however, but mediocre in
quality. The trees come in bearing early, and yield large crops
biennially. The variety is at its best in southern latitudes.
Fruit and foliage are subject to apple-scab. Lawver is said
to have come from Parkville, Missouri, soon after the Civil War,
and to have been reintroduced from Delaware under the name
Delaware Winter.

Tree vigorous, round-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, round
or oblate; stem long and slender; cavity acute or acaminate, deep, large
and broad with outspreading russet rays; calyx small, closed or open, often
leafy; lobes separated at the base; basin wide, flat and obtuse, deep and
abrupt, gently furrowed, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, covered with
bright red which deepens about the base and is often mottled and streaked
with dull gray scarf-skin, toward the apex lighter red; dots white or russet,
small and numerous about the basin, large and scattering toward the cavity ;
calyx-tube long, narrow at top, f unnelf orm ; stamens median; core abaxile,
open; core-lines clasping; carpels concave, round to obcordate, tufted;
seeds dark, large, wide, obtuse, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, breaking, fine,
crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, aromatic; fair to good; January to
May or June.

392. Arkansas. Mammoih Black Twig. Arkansas Black. —
Arkansas is a large, dull, deep red, striped, late-keeping winter-

25(1 SrSTFMATIC POMOLOnY

a])iile of «^()()tl (luality, iiiucli {j:r()\\n in tiic South and Southwest.
Arkansas was raised from a seed phintrd in ]s:\:\ near Kliea
Mills, Arkansas. It rescnihlcs Winesap, of which it may be a
srcdlin.ir, and Paraj^on, lo which it is similar.

Tree larj;o, vigorous, upright-.sproadinjx ; branches large, crooked, stout,
open. Fruit large, uniform in size, round, sometimes oblate, broadly
ribbed, uniform in shape; stem long, stout; cavity acute, wide, green,
russoted, indistinctly furrowed; calyx small, closed; basin abrupt, wide,
deep, waxy; skin smooth, dull green, often becoming deep yellow, over-
spread with a dull deep red, obscurely striped with darker red; dots small,
russet; calyx-tube conical; stamens median; core axile, closed; core-lines
clasping; carpels broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, tufted; seeds few,
variable, long, narrow, acute, tufted; flesh yellow, very firm, fine-grained,
tender. Juicy, subacid, crisp; good; December to May.

393. Ralls. Genet. — The apples are not large, nor are they
attractive in shape or color; but they are excellent in quality,
and this has given the variety high place in the South. The
young trees annually bear large crops of apples of fair size, but
the old trees are biennial in bearing, and the apples are small.
The variety is noted as one of the latest to bloom, so that it often
escapes unfavorable weather at blooming time. Ralls came to
the notice of fruit-growers about 1800 on the farm of Caleb Ralls,
Amherst County, Virginia.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium
in size, round-oblate or round-conic, symmetrical; stem long and slender;
cavity obtuse, deep; calyx small, open; basin often oblique, wide, shallow,
abrupt, wrinkled ; skin smooth, yellow blushed and mottled with red, indis-
tinctly striped with carmine, overspread with light bloom which with broken
stripes of thin scarf-skin gives the fruit a dull appearance; dots numerous,
small, white or russet; calyx-tube broad cone-shape; stamens marginal;
core axile or abaxile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; carpels
flat, broadly round, emarginate, tufted; seeds narrow, plump, acute, dark;
flesh white, firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, pleas-
ant ; very good ; November to April.

394. Salome is a very good apple in the southern Mississippi
Valley. The characters commending the fruits are : ability to
stand handling well, long-keeping qualities, and freedom from
apple-scab. The outstanding characters of the tree are : hardi-
ness, healthfulness, vigor, productiveness, early and nearly an-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 257

nual bearing. Salome originated about 1853 in Ottawa, Illinois,
in which state it is chiefly grown.

Tree vigorous, large, upright, dense. Fruit medium in size, round-oblate,
obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical; stem long, slender; cavity large,
acute, deep, broad, often compressed or obscurely furrowed, thinly rus-
seted; calyx small, closed; basin often depressed, narrow, furrowed and
wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow mottled and blushed with
red and obscurely striped with carmine, marked toward the cavity with
gray scarf-skin and covered with bloom; dots conspicuous, pale gray, often
areolar with russet point; calyx-tube small, cone-shape; stamens basal;
core large, abaxile; cells open, sometimes closed; core-lines meeting; car-
pels thin, smooth, concave, broadly round, sometimes emarginate; seeds
numerous, wide, obtuse, light and dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-
grained, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; No-
vember to March.

395. King David (Fig. 80). — The apples are about the size
of those of Jonathan and even better colored,
as beautiful as any in the orchard ; for, added
to the deep solid red color are rotundity in
shape and uniformity in size. The apples
hang long on the tree, but for late keeping
should be picked as soon as overspread with
red. The flesh is firm, crisp, tender, spicy, t- • o-
and juic}^ The chief fault of the fruit is a * David,
tendency to decay at the core when over-ripe.

King David was found in a fence-row in Washington County,
Arkansas, in 1893.

Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, productive. Fruit of medium size, round-
conic, slightly ribbed; stem long to medium, slender; cavity moderately
deep and broad, usually russeted; calyx small, closed; basin medium in
depth, someAvhat abrupt, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth; color pale
greenish-yellow, almost entirely overspread with a very attractive deep
dark red, changing to scarlet; core rather large, open, abaxile, with clasp-
ing core-lines; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shaped; flesh distinctly
yellow, firm, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid, spicy and
aromatic; quality good to very good; November to February.

396. Rome Beauty (Fig. 81). Rome. — Rome Beauty is a
desirable commercial apple in all apple regions except north-
ern ones, where it is precariously hardy. The trees, while of
but medium size, are vigorous, come in bearing early, load with

2r).s

SYSIKMAIIC J'UMULOllY

Fui. SI. li o m e
Hrauly.

fruit annually, and in hii^Hi winds the apples persist on tlie long
stems and llexihle brandies better than those
of almost any other variety. Tlie apples are
large, smooth, handsome, uniform in size and
shape, thick-skinned, and therefore, ship and
keep well, but are of only mediocre quality.
Rome Beauty originated with II. N. Gillet,
Lawrence County, Ohio, who brought it to
the attention of fruit-growers in 1848.

Troe vit,forous, small, at first upri^lit but later spreading and drooping,
with slender lateral branches. Fruit large, round, round-conic, or oblong,
regular or faintly ribbed; stem slender, often oblique; cavity large, obtuse
and smooth, shallow, wide, often gently furrowed, green or red, never
russeted; calyx small, closed or open; lobes converging above but separated
toward the base; basin small, shallow, narrow, abrupt, furrowed or wrinkled;
skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow mottled with bright red which in highly-
colored specimens deepens to sohd red on the exposed cheek, striped with
bright carmine; dots numerous, white or brown, small; calyx-tube cone-
shape, often with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base; stamens
marginal; core medium to large, abaxile; cells open; core-lines meeting;
carpels round, narrowing toward base and apex, mucronate seeds numerous,
plump, acute, light and dark brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained to
coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid; good; November to May.

397. Windsor (Fig. 82) has recently come to the notice of
northern apple-growers as a good variety
for rigorous climates. The trees come into
bearing early, bear regularly and heavily,
and hold their crop well. The apples are
somewhat conspicuous by reason of the
large areolar dots centered Avith russet,
which mingled with flecks of russet, plenti-
fully besprinkle the rather dull red skin.
The flesh is somewhat coarse, but is juicy,
aromatic, and well-flavored. The variety was first described
in 1889.

Fruit above medium, round-conic, broad, flat at the base, often one-
sided and faintly ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity large, obtuse to acute,
wide, deep or shallow^, russeted and with coarse russet rays; calyx small,
closed or partly open ; lobes small, connivent, acute, pubescent ; basin
abrupt, wide, furrowed, wrinkled ; skin thick, smooth, waxy, pale yellow
or greenish, blushed with thin dull red obscurely striped with dull carmine;

Fig. 82. Windsor.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 259

dots large, dull, pale, mingled with flecks of russet; calyx-tube funnel-
form; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed; core-lines clasping
the funnel cylinder; carpels broad, narrowing toward base and apex, tufted;
seeds narrow to wide, obtuse or approaching acute, tufted, light brown;
flesh white, tinged with green or yellow, firm, fine-grained, juicy, aromatic,
mild subacid becoming nearly sweet; good to very good; October to March.

398. Cooper Market. — For nearly a century Cooper Market
was a standard commercial apple in northern regions. Its merits
are capacity to keep, attractive color and form in the fruit, and
vigor, hardiness, healthfulness, and productiveness in the trees.
The variety is now passing from cultivation because the apples
are small and their quality is poor. It was first described in
1904.

Tree vigorous, upright, lateral branches long, slender and drooping.
Fruit medium or large, round-conic, flattened at the base and often nar-
rowing sharply towards the apex, symmetrical; stem long, slender; cavity
acuminate, deep, narrow, sometimes furrow'ed, russeted; calyx small, closed,
pubescent ; basin small, oblique, shallow, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, wrinkled ;
skin tough, smooth, glossy, greenish-yellow, mottled and blushed with red,
conspicuously splashed and striped with bright carmine and covered with
light bloom; dots white or with a russet point, numerous and small towards
the cavity, scattering, large and irregular towards the basin; calyx-tube
small, short, cone-shape; stamens median; core distant, truncate, abaxile;
cells open, often unsymmetrical; core-lines clasping; carpels round, emargi-
nate, tufted ; seeds numerous, dark, short, plump, acute ; flesh yellow, very
firm, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; fair to good; January to June.

399. Missouri Pippin is one of the standard commercial apples
in Missouri and neighboring states. The qualities which give
it standing are : attractive appearance and long keeping qual-
ity in the fruit, and earliness, reliability, and heavy bearing in
the trees. The apples are only second-rate in quality and the
trees are usually short-lived. Missouri Pippin originated on
the farm of Brinkley Hornsby, Kingsville, Missouri, from seed
planted about 1840.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, with long, slender, curved branches,
characteristic on account of its numerous slender twigs. Fruit medium
in size, round-conic; stem slender; cavity acute, wide, deep, faintly rus-
seted; calyx closed or nearly so; lobes long, narrow; basin medium to deep,
wide, abrupt, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy, thinly coated
with bloom; color pale yellow overspread with bright red, striped with
dark red; dots conspicuous, russet, or large, pale gray; calyx-tube funnel-

2G0

SYSTEM A TJC POMOLOCY

Fig. 83. Baldwin.

form with widi' limh, sDiiietimcs broiully euuical; stamens mediau; core
small, a\ili\ nr nearly so; cells symmetrical, open; core-lines clasping;
carpels smooth, round-elliptical, sometimes emar^inate; seeds small, obtuse,
dark brown; Uesh yellow, firm, fine-^^rained, brisk subacid; fair to good in
(pKility; October to January.

400. Baldwin (Ki^'. 83). — This is the standard winter apple of
eastern Anu'iica. It takes its higli rank from several eliarac-
ters, ehiei' of wliieh is achipt ability to a great diversity of soils

and eliniates. Other good (pialities are: the
fruits keep long; are uniformly large;
wiieii well grown, are attraetive in eolor;
the quality is good; and the apples stand
handling and shipping well. The trees are
vigorous, long-lived, healthy, and remark-
ably productive, and the crop is usually
uniform. . The trees are faulty in bearing
biennially, in falling a little below the average in hardiness, and
in being susceptible in fruit and foliage to the apple-scab fungus.
Baldwin originated about 1740 on the farm of John Ball, Wil-
mington, Massachusetts.

Tree large, very vigorous, upright-spreading; branches stout. Fruit
large, round-conic to round-oblong, uniform in shape ; stem medium to
long ; cavity acute, deep, broad, often furrowed, sometimes lipped, russeted
with outspreading rays of russet or green; calyx small, closed or open, with
long lobes, acuminate; basin abrupt, narrow to wide, often furrowed,
corrugated; skin tough, smooth, light yellow, blushed and mottled with
red, striped with deep carmine; dots gray, depressed, small and numerous
toward the basin, conspicuous towards the cavity; calyx-tube conical, short
and wide with projection of fleshy pistil point into its base; stamens basal;
core medium, axile, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; carpels
round-ovate, emarginate, tufted ; seeds variable, large, long, acute, dark
brown; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, agreeably subacid,
sprightly, aromatic; good; November to April.

401. Westfield. Seelx-no-furilier. — AVestfield is distinguished
by its dessert fruits of a full rich flavor and a pleasing aroma.
The trees are exceptionally hardy, vigorous, and long-lived, but
are productive only on Avarm, well-drained, fertile loams. The
variety is said to have originated at Westfield, Massachusetts,
and was under cultivation as early, at least, as the Revolutionary
War. It is well known in New England, New York, Ohio, and
Michigan.

VARIETIES OF APPLES 261

Tree large, vigorous, spreading or roundish. Fruit medium, round-
conical, obscurely ribbed; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, deep,
narrow, russeted with green- or yellow-russet; calyx small, partly open;
lobes short, reflexed, obtuse; basin small, shallow, narrow, obtuse; skin
tough, smooth, deep yellow, splashed with dull red, striped with carmine;
bloom thin; dots large, pale yellow, gray or russet, often areolar with
russet center; calyx-tube wide, cone-shape; stamens basal; core medium,
axile; cells open; core-lines meeting; carpels elliptical, mucronate; seeds
numerous, small, plump, acute; flesh pale yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender,
breaking; juicy, mild subacid, rich, peculiarly aromatic, sprightly; very
good to best; October to March.

402. Jonathan (Fig. 84). — TLese apples by general consent
are placed among the very best in both appearance and quality.
The brilliant red skin, indistinctly striped with carmine and
underlaid with pale yellow, and the shapely, round-conic,
smoothly and regularly turned form, make
it one of the most attractive apples. The
flesh is firm, crisp, tender, juicy, and not
especially rich in flavor, but peculiarly
sprightly and refreshing, and has a distinct
and most pleasing aroma. Unfortunately,
when kept long in either common or cold Fig.~84. Jonathan,
storage, dark spots develop in the skin
which greatly mar the apples. The trees are hardy, vigorous
and productive, and very accommodating as to soils and
climates. Jonathan is grown best in parts of the Middle
West and the Pacific Coast states. The variety originated
on the farm of Philip Rick, Ulster County, New York,
about 1800.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, round or spreading, drooping, dense.
Fruit small, round-conic to round-ovate, often truncate, regular, uniform
in shape and size; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep to very deep,
abrupt, narrow; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow striped with carmine,
covered with red which deepens on the sunny side, often showing contrast-
ing bits of pale yellow about the cavity; dots inconspicuous; calyx-tube
small, funnel-shape; stamens basal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical,
usually closed; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels concave,
round to round-cordate, emarginate, smooth; seeds large, long, acute, dark,
numerous; flesh yellow, sometimes with a tinge of red, firm, fine, crisp,
tender, juicy, very aromatic, sprightly subacid; very good to best; Novem-
ber to January.

262

SY.^ri':M.\ TIC pnMOT.nnr

Fig. 85. Wag»^uor

403. Wagener (Fig. 85) is most reiiKirkal)ie for prcoocioiisness
in bearing?. Tiie trees hear annually and heavily and are hardy,

hut ovcrlojid, are short-lived, subject to
hli.uht, and, vi^jjoi-ous at first, beeome very
weak in p^rowth with advaneing age. The
apples are attractive in appearance because
of their bright red color. The quality is
much above the average either for dessert
or cookery. Wagener came from seed
planted in 171)1, near Penn Yan, New York.
It has been widely planted in all northern apple regions.

Tree dwarf, at first vigorous But soon dwarfing, round to spreading,
open. Fruit medium to large, oblate, broadly ribbed; sides often unequal;
stem short to long, slender; cavity variable, acute, deep, often angular
or furrowed, thinly russeted ; calyx small, closed or partly open ; lobes small,
short, acute, connivcnt, reflexed; basin medium in width and depth, abrupt,
furrowed; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, bright red striped with car-
mine and mottled and streaked with thin scarf-skin over a clear pale yellow
background; dots numerous, white or russet; calyx-tube long, narrow,
funnelform, often elongated and extending to the core; stamens median;
core large, abaxile with hollow cylinder in the axis, or nearly axile; cells
closed or open; core-lines clasping the cylinder; carpels broadly round,
smooth, mucronate ; seeds numerous, small, short, wide, obtuse, light brown,
often abortive; flesh firm, fine-grained, crisp, tender, very juicy, subacid,
aromatic, sprightly; very good to best; October to February.

404. Ontario (Fig. 86) is an intermediate between its parents,
Northern Spy and Wagener. The apple has
the oblate shape and the prominent ribbing
of Wagener, but the deep cavity and the
color of Northern Spy. Usually the fruits
are larger than those of either parent, but
inferior in both color and flavor. Ontario
has been widely distributed, but is now^here
largely grown except in Ontario, where it

was produced, in the town of Paris, by Charles Arnold. It was
first described in 1874.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit large to very
large, oblate or round-conic, distinctly ribbed or angular; stem medium in
length and thickness; cavity large, acute, deep, wide, with rays of russet;
calyx small, closed; lobes narrow, acute; basin small; deep, narrow, abrupt,
often furrow^ed and wTinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow, bright

P^iG. 86. Ontario.

VARIETIES OF APPLES

263

red striped with carmine, often coated with white bloom and mottled and
streaked with scarf-skin; dots numerous, small, white; calyx-tube narrow,
funnelform; stamens median; core small, abaxile with a large hollow
cylinder at the axis; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels smooth,
round, narrowing toward the apex, often truncate at the base, emarginate;
seeds wide, obtuse, dark; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy,
sprightly, brisk subacid, aromatic; good to very good; November to March.

405. Smokehouse (Fig. 87) is passing out because the apples
lack high character in both flavor and ap-
pearance. The trees are vigorous, hardy,
healthy, productive, come into bearing
young, and hold their crop well. The
variety originated on the farm of William
Gibbons, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
and was first brought to notice in 1848.

Fig.

87. Smoke-
house.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, wide-spreading, dense; lateral branches
willowy, slender. Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular, symmetrical;
stem long, slender ; cavity acute, deep, narrow, often thinly russeted ; calyx
large, open; lobes often flat, convergent, separated at the base; basin
shallow, wide, abrupt, wrinkled; skin thin, tough, smooth, or roughened
with capillary russet lines and russet dots; color yellow mottled with dull
red, indistinctly mottled, striped and splashed with carmine; dots con-
spicuous, irregular, gray or russet; calyx-tube wide, short, obtusely cone-
shape; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed or open; core-lines
meeting; carpels flat, broadly elliptical to round or cordate, usually smooth;
seeds few, very dark, large, narrow; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender,
juicy, mild subacid, delicately aromatic; good; October to March.

406. Akin (Fig. 88), Akin Red.— Akin is
a handsome dark red late winter apple of
medium size and very good quality, adapted
to southern regions. It succeeds best on rich
warm soils. The variety originated from seed
planted near Lawrenceville, Illinois, in 1831,
by W. J. Akin.

Fig. 88. Akin.

Tree upright-spreading, dense, vigorous j branches long, stout. Fruit
medium, oblate; often irregular, slightly ribbed, sides sometimes unequal;
stem long, slender; cavity obtuse, broad, shallow, often distinctly furrowed
and corrugated; skin tough, smooth, yellow, blushed and striped with
bright deep red, almost completely red; dots small, white; calyx-tube
conical; stamens median; core abaxile, open or partly closed; core-lines
meeting; carpels elliptical, emarginate; seeds dark brown, long, narrow,

264 SrSTFMATir POMOLOCY

acute, nuimTous; tU-sh vcllow, crisji, ectarsr, tender, very juicy, subacid,
aromatic; ^'ood to very ^ood ; .January to June.

407. Ben Davis [Fig. S!)) is least of all api)los subject to local
])rejiulices as to soils and climates, about the latest in season,
and stands shippinjr and handlinjj: better than any other .stand-
ard ai)i)le. Nurserymen like the variety be-
cause the young trees make a rai)id and pre-
sentable frrowth. The trees are vigorous,
tln-ifty, hardy, healthy, bear young, annually,
and abundantly, blossom late, and arc ideal
in every respect except that they are short-

FiG SO. Beu Davis, lived and produce small apples as they grow
old. The apples are large, uniform in size
and shape, and are handsomely mottled, striped and splashed
with bright red on a yellow background. The fruits are poor
in quality, acceptable only for cooking. Ben Davis has been
cultivated in parts of the South since about 1800.

Tree medium in size, very vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium
to large, conic to oblong, broad, rounded at the base, sides sometimes un-
equal; stem long, slender; cavity acute, deep, symmetrical, often with rays
of thin greenish-russet; calyx closed, with short, acute lobes; basin abrupt,
medium in width and depth, obtuse, oblique; skin tough, waxy, bright,
smooth, glossy, yellow, mottled and washed with bright red, striped and
splashed with carmine; dots inconspicuous, scattering; calyx-tube short,
cone-shaped, with a long cylinder, frequently with a fleshy projection of
pistil point into its base; stamens median; core axile, closed or partly open;
core-lines clasping; carpels flat, obovate, emarginate, mueronate; seeds
large, long, irregular, wide, plump, acute, dark brown; flesh yellow, firm,
coarse, aromatic, juicy, mild subacid; good; January to June.

408. Black Ben Davis. . Gano.— Black Ben Davis is either a
seedling or a bud-mutation of Ben Davis, from which it differs
in bearing dark red apples scarcely broken in color, whereas in
Ben Davis the red fruits are striped, splashed, and mottled.
Despite the fact that the evidence seems to show that they are
of distinct origin, Black Ben Davis and Gano may be con-
sidered identical. The variety is said to have originated on the
farm of M. Black, Washington County, Arkansas, about 1800.
Its culture as an apple of commerce is restricted to its native
and nearby states.

VARIETIES OF APPLES

265

Fig. 90. Black
Gilliflower.

409. Black Gilliflower (Fig. 90). Gilliflower.— This variety,
threatened with oblivion, is again being
planted. The distinct form, color, flavor,
and aroma of the apples mark it as an
unusual and attractive fruit, fit for dessert,
and excellent for cookery. The apples,
eaten out of hand or cooked, have a most
agreeable flavor and aroma. They are
usually perfect, uniform in size and shape,
and keep very well in either cold-storage or
the cellar. The trees are vigorous, healthy,
and fruitful. Black Gilliflower was known in New England as
early as the Revolutionary War.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit medium to large, oblong-
conic, ribbed; stem long, thick; cavity acuminate, wide, lipped but usually
symmetrical, with red-russet outspreading rays; calyx closed; basin shallow
and furrowed and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow, almost black,
obscurely striped with darker crimson and with streaks of scarf-skin, giving
the effect of dull bloom; dots numerous, gray, small, rough; calyx-tube
large, wide, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, axile, closed; core-
lines clasping; carpels long-ovate, tapering both ways, emarginate, tufted;
seeds often abortive, acuminate, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, tender, coarse,
juicy becoming dry, mild subacid, rich, peculiarly aromatic, good; October
to February.

410. Delicious (Fig. 91). Stai^k Delicious. — No new apple of

recent times has been more widely planted,
or better received by consumers and grow-
ers. Introduced in 1895, its culture has
spread throughout the apple district of the
United States. In the orchards of the West
and Northwest, it has been extensively
planted and is proving a commercial suc-
cess. The rich distinctive flavor of the
apple is its chief asset, although it has size
and beauty as well. The trees are nearly

perfect orchard plants. The variety was found in 1881 by Jesse

Hiatt, Peru, Iowa.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive. Fruit large, uniform,
oblong-conic, ribbed; stem long, medium thick; cavity deep, broad, often
furrowed, flaring, greenish; calyx medium, nearly closed, with long, nar-

FiG. 91. Delicious.

266 MN'//;.i/.i//r roMnLOGY

row, acute lobes; basin deop, wide, abrupt, very stroiij^ly furrowed and
corrugated; skin very thick, toufjh, sni(»f)th; color li^jlit yellow, overspread
with dark red, splashed and mottled with carmine; dots numerous, small,
yellow; core medium in size, axile, closed with clasping core lines; calyx-
tube long, wide funnel-shaped; seeds of medium size; flesh yellowish, firm,
tender, juicy, aromatic, pleasant subacid; good to very good; December to
last of February.

411. York Imperial (Pi^. 02) is a popular southern apple,
easily recognized by its bright red color,
indistinctly striped with carmine, and by
the shape of the fruit; both ends are dis-
tinctly truncate and the axis is very oblique.
The tiesh is coarse and the flavor not invit-
ing. The apples keep and ship exceedingly

well. These qualities give the variety its
Fig. 92. York Im- i • r? i xi, i .i . i.

perial. chicf value, though the trees are very sat-

isfactory in soils and climates to which they
are adapted. In the North, the apples are deficient in size, color,
and quality. The variety takes its name from York, Pennsyl-
vania, where it originated soon after the Revolutionary War.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large, round-
oblate, with an oblique axis; stem short; cavity large, acuminate, deep,
broad, smooth and green or partly russeted; calyx small, closed or partly
open; basin large, abrupt, deep, wide, often furrowed; skin tough, bright,
smooth, yellow blushed with light red and striped with carmine; dots pale
or russet, conspicuous, numerous toward the eye, scattering, very large and
elongated toward the cavity where they are often mingled with narrow
broken streaks of gray scarf-skin; calyx -tube elongated-cone-shape; stamens
median; core small, axile; cells closed or partly open; core-lines clasping;
carpels broadly round, emarginate, sometimes tufted; seeds few, dark, wide,
flat, obtuse, compactly filling the cells; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, coarse,
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, becoming mild subacid, aromatic; good;
November to April.

412. Pewaukee. — The apples are distinguished by bluish
bloom, characteristically rounded basal end, and a short stem
inserted under a large lip. The flesh is coarse in texture and
austere in flavor. The trees, however, have health, vigor,
longevity, early bea/'ing, great productiveness, and remarkable
hardiness to commend them. Pewaukee is a cross between
Northern Spy and Oldenburg made by George F. Peffer, Pewau-

VARIETIES OF APPLES 267

kee, Wisconsin, about 1870. It is gi'own only where hardiness
is a prime requisite.

Tree vigorous, large, upright-spreading or round, open, with stout curved
branches. Fruit large, round-oblate, sometimes round-ovate, characteris-
tically rounded toward the cavity, ribbed, more or less irregularly elliptical ;
•stem short, often fleshy, inserted under a lip; cavity large, sometimes
scarcely developed, narrow, very shallow, often furrowed and sometimes
thinly russeted; calyx large, open or closed; basin usually abrupt, wrinkled;
skin smooth, thin, tough, yellow washed and mottled with orange-red or red
striped and splashed with carmine, covered with bloom; dots conspicuous,
pale gray or white; calyx-tube funnelform; stamens median; core large,
axile to abaxile; cells irregularly developed, usually closed or slit; core-
lines clasping the funnel cylinder; carpels obcordate, tufted; seeds numer-
ous, large, long, narrow, acute, plump, tufted, light brown; flesh white,
firm, coarse, tender, very juicy, subacid, aromatic; fair to good; November
to April.

413. Blue Pearmain (Fig. 93) is characterized by fruits
with bluish bloom, purplish color, ribbed
or sometimes furrowed surface, thick skin,
and mild pleasant flavor, and the hardiness
of the trees. The fruit does not keep
well, and the quality is not sufficiently high
to make the variety worthy except when
hardiness is necessary. Blue Pearmain f'iG. 93. Blue Pear-
is known to be at least a hundred years

old. The variety is widely grown only in New England.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large, round to oblate, irregular,
often obscurely ribbed, sometimes furrowed from the cavity nearly to the
basin; stem short, thick; cavity deep, obscurely furrowed, usually covered
with greenish-russet; calyx partly open, acute lobes; basin medium in
depth and width, with concentric gray or russet lines, obscurely furrowed;
skin rough, yellow, washed and mottled with red, often deepening on one
side to nearly solid red, splashed and striped with deep purplish-carmine
and overspread wilh bloom ; dots numerous, small, pale, mingled with
others which are very large, gray with russet center; with irregular lines
or flecks of dull green or russet; calyx-tube elongated-conical; stamens
basal; core large, axile, closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels broad,
elongated or round, tufted; seeds long, acuminate, light brown; flesh yel-
low, firm, coarse, juicy, mild, subacid, agreeably aromatic; good; October
till March.

414. Fallawater. Tulpahocken. — The fruits of Fallawater are
unique, easily recognized by their large size, globular form, and

2fis sysrr':M.\Tir pomology

tlie nnl)roken i)iiikisli-iT(l color on a yellow hackpn'ound. The
flosh is coai-si*, witiioiit (listinctive flavor. The tree characters
arc usually satisfactory. Fallawater is at least a century old,
having originated in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.

Tree large, vigorous, upright. Fruit large to very large, globular, some-
times oblate, symmetrical, often slightly irregular and faintly ribbed, uni-
form in size and shape; stem very short; cavity acuminate, deep, narrow,
furrowed; calyx large, closed or open; lobes variable; basin shallow to
deep, abrupt, sometimes furrowed, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth, waxy,
blushed and striped with pinkish red, often streaked with thin grayish
scarf-skin; dots conspicuous, white, areolar with russet point; calyx-tube
wide, short, cone-shape; stamens basal; core abaxile to axile, large; cells
unsymmetrical, open or closed; core-lines meeting or clasping; carpels
tufted, long, narrowly ovate, mucronate; seeds few, long, narrow, acumi-
nate, tufted; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid to mildly
sweet; fair to good; November to April.

415. Tompkins King (Fig. 94) is one of the most widely
planted apples in home orchards, and in either home or foreign
market sells well. The fruits are red on a
yellow background, uniformly large and
symmetrical ; while the flesh is rather coarse,
it is crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, and
richly flavored. The trees lack in hardiness,
healthiness, longevity and productiveness,
suffer much from apple-canker, sun-scald,
Fig. 94. Tompkins ^^^^ collar-rot. The variety originated in
King. Warren County, New Jersey, whence, about

1804, it was brought to Tompkins County,
New York, and given its present name. It is most commonly
grown in New York, where it ranks fourth in commercial
importance.

Tree vigorous, spreading, open; lateral branches slender and drooping.
Fruit large, round, sometimes conic, regular or obscurely ribbed; stem
short to long, sometimes thick and swollen; cavity large, obtuse, deep,
narrow, furrowed or wavy, often russeted, sometimes with fine outspreading
russet ; calyx large, closed or open ; segments long, acuminate ; basin small,
narrow, shallow, deep, abrupt ; skin smooth or roughened with russet dots,
yellow, mottled and washed with orange-red, often shading to deep red,
striped and splashed with bright carmine ; dots numerous, conspicuous,
white or russet; calyx-tube small, cone-shape; stamens median; core large,
abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines meeting; car-

VARIETIES OF APPLES

269

Fig.

95. Jewett
Red.

pels ovate or obovate, tufted_, mucronate, slightly emarginate if at all;
seeds few, large, long, irregular, obtuse, often abortive, tufted; flesh yellow,
coarse, crisp, tender, aromatic, juicy, subacid; very good to best; October
to April.

416. Jewett Red (Fig. 95). Nodhead. — ^Jewett Red is an early
winter apple of the Blue Pearmain type, _
highly esteemed in parts of New England.
The apples are handsomely colored, and the
quality is excellent, the flavor being a pleas-
ing mingling of sweet and sour. The trees
are precocious in bearing, but grow slowly
and are seldom productive. The variety
originated at Hollis, New Hampshire, early in
the nineteenth century ; by wiiom is not known.

Tree small, spreading, open. Fruit of medium size, uniform in size and
shape, round-oblate, sides unequal, obscurely ribbed, often irregular; stem
short; cavity variable, acute, shallow, wide, furrowed obscurely, green or
russeted, sometimes lipped; calyx small, open or partly closed; lobes broad,
short, obtuse; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, obscurely furrowed and wrinkled;
skin thin, tough, smooth, dark red over yellow background, often deepening
to purplish-red and obscurely marked with broken stripes and splashes of
carmine; dots numerous, conspicuous, pale yellow with characteristic scarf-
skin overspreading the base; calyx-tube narrow, funnelform; stamens
median; core axile; cells closed or open; core-lines clasping; carpels oval,
elongated, emarginate; seeds numerous, clear reddish-brown, small; flesh
yellow, fine, tender, juicy, pleasantly aromatic, mild subacid; good to very
good; October to February.

417. Paragon (Fig. 96) is probably a seedling of Wine-
sap, which it greatly resembles in tree
and fruit. It is not easily distinguished,
either, from Arkansas, which is also thought
to be an offspring of Winesap. The va-
riety thrives only in regions where Winesap
grows well, and is inferior to the older
sort. Paragon originated on the farm of

Major Rankin Toole, Fayetteville, Tennessee, about 1830.

Fig. 9G. Paragon.

Tree vigorous, round-spreading, inclined to droop, dense, with short,
stout, twisted branches. Fruit medium or large, round or sometimes
oblate, sides often unequal; stem medium in length and thickness; cavity
obtuse, shallow to wide and deep, symmetrical, often furrowed or com-

270 SYSTEM ATIC POMOLOGY

pressed, occasionally lipped, with russet rays; calyx small, closed; basin
shallow, obtuse, often furrowed and wrinkled; skin toup;h, smooth, yellow,
covered with dull red and indistinctly striped with darker red; dots gray
or white, small; calyx-tu])e small, eonical; stamens median; core small;
cells partly open; core-lines claspin<j:; carpels concave, round varying to
cordate, emarginate; seeds large, long, acute, dark, often abortive; flesh
yellow, firm, coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic; good to very
good ; January to May.

418. Opalescent (Fig. 97). — The fruits are large, shapely, uni-
form in size, and covered with brilliant red
on a yellow background. The quality, while
not the best, is good. The trees are hardy,
vigorous, productive, hold their load well,
and are remarkably free from insect and
fungous pests. Opalescent is a comparatively
new variety introduced about 1899 from

Fig. 07. Opalescent. Xenia, Ohio.

Tree vigorous, round-topped, open. Fruit large to very large, round-
conic, obscurely ribbed ; stem short, slender ; cavity large, acuminate, very
deep, sometimes russeted, compressed; calyx small, partly open; lobes
small, obtuse, reflexed; basin small, often oblique, narrow, deep, abrupt,
sometimes furrowed; skin thick, tough, glossy, pale yellow overspread with
dark deep red with scarcely perceptible streaks of carmine; dots numerous,
small, red, yellow or russet, often submerged ; calyx-tube small, cone-shape ;
stamens median; core small, abaxile; cells closed; core-lines meeting; car-
pels smooth, round or broadly obcordate; seeds acute, medium in size, form
and color; flesh yellow, firm, tender, coarse, juicy, mild subacid, aromatic;
good to very good ; X-ovember to March.

419. Stark. — Tlie trees are vigorous, hardy, healthy, produc-
tive, and ver}' accommodating as to soils. The fruits are large,
smooth, Avell-turned in shape, uniform, and keep well, but are
dull and unattractive in color and not good enough in quality
for a dessert fruit, though they are well liked for culinarj^ pur-
poses and are prime favorites for drying. The flesh is firm and
the skin thick and tough. The variety probably originated in
Ohio, having been described first in 1867 as coming from that
state.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, with long strong branches.
Fruit large, round-conic, sides sometimes unequal; stem short, stout; cavity
acuminate, deep, wide, occasionally lipped, sometimes with outspreading
russet; calyx large, closed or partly open; basin shallow, obtuse, wide.

.k'M

Plate XIV. A Rotundifolia grape — The James.

VABIETIES OF APPLES 271

wrinkled; skin smooth or roughened with russet dots, pale yellow more or
less blushed and mottled with red and indistinctly striped with darker red;
calyx-tube wide^ truncate cone-shape with fleshy pistil point projecting into
the base; stamens median; core small, axile; cells closed or partly open;
core-lines meeting; carpels thin, tender, flat, broadly round to obcordate,
emarginate, mucronate, tufted; seeds few, long acute, tufted; flesh yellow,
firm, fine, breaking, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid; fair to good;
November to April.

420. Winesap (Fig. 98) thrives on both the Atlantic and
Pacific seaboards and in most of the apple regions that lie be-
tween. Its adaptability to various soils and climates is the chief
asset of the variety, but it has excellent
qualities of fruit and tree besides. The
apples are bright deep red, striped and
blotched with dark purple, Avith smooth
glossy texture and soft bloom. The coarse
yellow flesh, with veins tinged with red, is
distinctive, as is, also, the sprightly subacid p^^ ^os^'winesap
flavor. The apples keep and ship well,
though they often scald in cold storage. The trees are vigorous,
come in bearing early, and on light, rich, deep, well-drained
soils are remarkably productive and regular bearers ; they are
precariously hardy and will grow only where the season is long.
The origin of the variety is unknown, but it dates well back into
the Colonial period.

Tree vigorous, round-spreading, straggling and open. Fruit medium to
large, usually conical, sometimes round, truncal 3 at base, regular or
obscurely ribbed, symmetrical; stem short, slender; cavity small,
acute, narrow, deep, furrowed, often lipped, russeted or with russet rays;
calyx large, closed; lobes long, narrow, acuminate; basin small, often
oblique, shallow, narrow, distinctly furrowed, wrinkled; skin tough, smooth,
glossy, bright red indistinctly striped and blotched with dark red over a
yellow ground-color, overspread with faint bloom; dots small, scattering,
white; calyx-tube variable, conical; stamens marginal; core small, abaxile
with a hollow cylinder in the axis, narrowing toward the apex; cells open
or nearly closed; core-lines clasping; carpels broadly round, concave,
mucronate; seeds wide, plump, obtuse; flesh yellow, veins sometimes red,
firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid; good to very good; October
to March.

421. Stayman (Fig. 99). Stayman Winesap. — Stayman is a
seedling of Winesap, which it resembles, but surpasses in several

essential.'

I>l). Stnyniai

SYSTFMATir POMOLOny

tlius, tliL' fruits arc larycr and better-flavored; the
trees are more produetive and adapted to a
wider ran{^e of soil and eliniate. The eulti-
vation of Stayman is limiK'd to regions hav-
ing a long season, for in northern latitudes
the apples fail to attain perfection in size,
color, or flavor. Tlie variety was grown
from seed of Winesap phmted in 1866 by
Dr. J. Stay man, Leavenworth, Kansas.

Tree vigorous, spreading, open. Fruit medium to large, round-conic,
flattened at the base and rounding toward the basin, sides sometimes un-
equal; stem short; cavity large, acuminate, deep, often gently furrowed,
russeted, sometimes with outspreading, broken, russet rays; calyx small,
closed; lobes long, acute; basin small, shallow, narrow and obtuse to deep
and abrupt, furrowed, wrinkled; skin smooth, thick, tough, yellow, often
covered with dull red and indistinctly striped with carmine; dots light
gray and russet, large; calyx-tube cone-shape; stamens median; core small,
abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines clasping the cylinder; carpels thin,
tender, concave, elliptical, emarginate; seeds long, obtuse, plump, often
abortive; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, breaking, juicy, aro-
matic, sprightly, pleasant subacid; good to very good; December to May.

Fig. 100. Red Can-
ada.

422. Red Canada (Fig. 100). Canada Red. Steele's Red.—
The apples are characterized by firm, crisp, fine-grained, juicy,
aromatic, richly flavored flesh; they are
medium to large, deep red, striped with
deeper red on a background of yellow; the
whole surface is conspicuously marked with
large fawn-colored dots. The trees are pre-
cariously hardy, lack in vigor, fastidious as
to soils, and are seldom sure or annual
bearers. Red Canada originated in New
England a hundred or more years ago, and has been most largely
planted in New England, New York, and Michigan.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright. Fruit medium to large, round-
conic, flattened at the base, sometimes obscurely ribbed and with sides a
little unequal; stem slender, pubescent; cavity large, acuminate, deep, wide,
often russeted and with radiating green or russet rays, sometimes fur-
rowed; calyx small, closed or partly open, pubescent; basin small, narrow,
shallow, abrupt, often oblique; skin tough, smooth toward the cavity, rough
about the basin, light yellow overspread with a deep red blush, indistinctly

VARIETIES OF APPLES

273

striped with deeper red; dots conspicuous, gray or fawn-colored; calyx-tube
elongated-cone-shape; stamens marginal; core sessile, axile, small; cells
symmetrical, closed or slit ; core-lines clasping ; carpels smooth, round,
mucronate ; seeds numerous, angular, long, wide, plump, obtuse ; flesh yellow,
firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, aromatic, rich, agreeably subacid;
good to best; October to March.

423. Hubbardston (Fig. 101).— The fruits are of large size,
handsome color, good enough for dessert,
smooth, uniform, and are produced abun-
dantly on a vigorous tree. Unfortunately,
the variety is so variable on different soils
and climates in both tree and fruit char-
acters as to be unsatisfactory. It takes
its name from Hubbardston, Massachusetts,
where it originated at least a century ago.

Fig. 101. Hubbard-
ston.

Tree vigorous, large, erect, spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large,
round-ovate to round-conic, symmetrical, often obscurely ribbed; stem
short; cavity deep, acute, symmetrical, sometimes furroAved, russeted; calyx
small, open or closed; basin narrow, shallow to deep, furrowed; skin smooth
or roughened with dots, flecks and fine veins of russet, covered with faint
bloom ; color yellow, blushed and mottled with red which varies from dull
brown to bright red, more or less marked with carmine; dots pale or russet,
often large and irregular; calyx-tube broad, cone-shape; stamens median;
core small, abaxile; cells symmetrical, closed or partly open; core-lines
meeting or clasping ; carpels broad, round, emarginate, tufted ; seeds num-
erous, small, short, plump, acute, light brown; flesh yellow, firm, breaking,
fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, aromatic, rich, at first sprightly but be-
coming mild subacid ; very good to best ; October to January.

424. Lady (Fig. 102). — This variety is known wherever apples
are grown. Its popularity is due to its
beautiful miniature fruits which are of high-
est quality, most suitable for dessert and for
decorative purposes. The apples are in great-
est demand during the holiday season. The
trees are small, very dense in growth, unpro-
ductive, and come in bearing late. Lady has
been in cultivation in France for over three hundred years, and
was one of the first European apples to be brought to America.

Tree vigorous, dwarf, dense, erect. Fruit very small, uniform in size
and shape, oblate to round-conic, obscurely ribbed, symmetrical; stem

Fig. 102. Lady.

274 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOar

slender; cavity large and widr, (ddiisi-, jjlialKtu, ^tutly furrowed, sometimes
thinly russeted; calyx small, closed; lobes small, acute; basin wide, shallow,
obtuse, narrowly ridged and wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy
with a deep red blush which is often irregularly and shari)ly outlined
against the pale yellow groundcolor; dots white or with russet points,
inconspicuous; calyx-tube conical with short truncate cylinder; stamens
marginal; core small, axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines clasping;
carpels smooth, round or elliptical, emarginate, mucronate; seeds plump,
wide, obtuse, completely filling the cells; flesh white, firm, fine-grained,
crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, mild subacid; good to very good; December
to May.

425. Bismarck is of the type of the better-known Alexander.
Tlie trees l)e«riii bearing as soon as established, often in the
nursery row; they are also hardy, healthy, produetive, and
annual in bearing; and have a dwarf habit, scarcely attaining
the dignity of a tree, a fact which fits them for fillers and for
close plantings. The apples are large and handsome, but too
poor in quality for even a good culinary fruit. Bismarck
originated in New Zealand, and was introduced into America
about 1895.

Tree dwarf, spreading, open with very short stout drooping branches.
Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round oblate, flattened at the base,
regular, sides often unequal; stem short, thick; cavity large, acuminate,
wide, deep, often compressed, green or russet with outspreading russet
rays; calyx large, open, with short, broad, obtuse lobes; basin large, sym-
metrical, deep, wide, abrupt, sometimes broadly furrowed and wrinkled;
skin thick, tough, smooth, yellow washed, mottled and striped with two
shades of red becoming solid dark red on the exposed cheek, overspread
with thin bloom and often marked with scarf-skin about the base; dots
minute, russet or large and pale gray; calyx -tube wide, broadly conical;
stamens basal; core small, axile to abaxile; cells closed or open; core-lines
meeting; carpels flat, broadly ovate, tufted; seeds few, often abortive,
wide, short, pluuip, obtuse, brown; flesh white, firm, coarse, tender, juicy,
subacid; fair to good; October to early winter.

426. Buckingham (Fig. 103) is a south-
ern apple, attaining on the Atlantic seaboard
perfection in form and color, and having
a rich pleasant flavor. In the North, the
apples do not develop high color nor good
quality, and the trees are unproductive
^''' ^^hai^'''^'''^" and irregular in bearing. Buckingham has

VARIETIES OF APPLES 275

been grown in Virginia and North Carolina for a century and
a half.

Tree a moderate grower. Fruit large, oblate, irregular, obscurely ribbed,
sides sometimes unequal; stem stout, short; cavity large, acuminate, wide,
deep, with heavy outspreading russet; calyx large, closed or open; basin
large, abrupt, wide, deep, furrowed, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, pale yellow
or pale green washed and mottled with red, striped and blushed with
bright carmine; dots numerous, small, light or russet, mingled with others
which are large, gray and areolar; calyx-tube conical; stamens median;
core small, axile; cells symmetrical and open or closed; core-lines clasping;
carpels concave, round, emarginate, smooth; seeds dark, large, plump, wide,
obtuse; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, crisp, juicy, with distinct aroma,
mild subacid; fair to good; November to April.

427. Deacon Jones. — The fruits of Deacon Jones are of large
size and handsome ; hang exceptionally well to the tree ; there
is almost no waste from windfalls and culls; and they are uni-
form in size and shape. The quality is much better than that of
Ben Davis, but hardly as good as that of Baldwin. A tough
skin and firm texture make the apples good shippers. The tree
in nursery and in orchard is thrifty, comes into bearing young,
is very productive, and is an annual bearer. The variety
originated in Pennsylvania some time previous to 1890; it is
chiefly grown in New York.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading. Fruit very large, oblong-conic, ribbed,
axis sometimes oblique; stem short; cavity obtuse, deep, smooth, often
prominently lipped; calyx small, closed or partly open, often leafy; basin
shallow to deep, narrow, distinctly furrow-ed and wrinkled; skin thick,
tough, smooth, waxen yellow, mottled and blushed with red and with irregu-
lar dashes of carmine; in highly colored specimens deep red, with a bloom
which gives the fruit a dull appearance; dots conspicuous, small and large,
white, many areolar with russet point, numerous toward the eye; calyx-
tube urn-shape; stamens median; core abaxile; cells symmetrical, wide open,
very large; core-lines meeting; seeds numerous, small, dark brown, plump,
obtuse, irregular; carpels much tufted, emarginate, mucronate, elongated
and broadly ovate; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, mild sub-
acid, aromatic; fair to good; November to March.

428. Northern Spy (Fig. 104). 8pi/.— Delectable quality,
great beauty in color and form, and the fair size of the fruit,
with hardiness, healthfulness, reliability in bearing, vigor

276

SyST?:MA TIC J'OMOIJH,)

Fig. 104. Northoiu
Spy.

and prodiu'tiveness in the tree, make NoitlxM-n Sj)y one of
tile leading Ameriean apples. Faults are:
the skin is Ihiii and tender, making eareful
liandling- neeessary; when poorly grown, the
flavor deteriorates; the trees are most ca-
pricious as to soils; come in bearing only
after several years of care, and are an
inviting prey to apple -scab. This apple
was grown from seeds planted by Ileman
Chapin about the year 1800 in East Bloom-
field, Ontario County, New York.

Tree large, vigorous, upriglit, dense, becoming round-topped, with "vvil-
lowy, slender, drooping laterals. Fruit large, oblong-conic, flattened at
the base, symmetrical, ribbed ; stem thick ; cavity large, acute, very wide
and deep, broadly furroAved; calyx small, closed; lobes short, broad, obtuse;
basin small, narrow, deep, abrupt, furrowed; skin thin, tender, smooth,
glossy, the pale yellow ground-color nearly concealed with bright red,
mottled and splashed with carmine and overspread with thin bloom; dots
small, scattering, Avhite, gray or russet ; calyx-tube large, long, narrow
f unnelf orm with very narrow cylinder ; stamens basal ; core large, abaxile ;
cells open ; core-lines clasping the funnel cylinder ; carpels concave, broadly
round, emarginate, tufted; seeds small, wide, plump, obtuse, dark, tufted;
flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic,
subacid; very good to best; November to April.

429. Esopus Spitzenburg (Fig. 105) is one of the leading
Ameriean apples. The fruits are unexcelled in quality, and are
most pleasing in appearance. The apples are
of the best to eat out of hand, and very good
for all culinary purposes as well; they with-
stand the usages of marketing and keep in
cold storage until June. Esopus Spitzenburg,
however, falls below the mark through lack
of vigor and health in the tree, and because
of decided local prejudices to soil and climate Fig. 105. Esopus
which make it suitable only to favored locali-
ties. The variety originated in Esopus, New York, some years
previous to 1800, and has long been grown from the Atlantic
to the Pacific.

Tree open and spreading, upright, the lateral branches slender and
drooping. Fruit medium to large, uniform in size and shape, broad and

VARIETIES OF APPLES 277

flat at the base, varying from oblong to conic, obscurely ribbed; stem
medium ; cavity acuminate, deep, wide, red or yellow or with outspreading
rays of thin yellowish-russet; calyx small, closed or open; basin often
oblique, abrupt, narrow, shallow, sometimes compressed, furrowed and
wrinkled; skin tough^ waxy, roughened by the russet dots, deep rich yellow
covered with bright red, inconspicuously striped with darker red, marked
with pale yellow and russet dots numerous toward the basin, larger and
much elongated toward the cavity; calyx-tube elongated, cone-shape;
stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical and open
but sometimes closed; core-lines clasping; carpels large, round-ovate,
mucronate, tufted; seeds large, long, wide, acute, dark shaded with light
brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, aromatic, sprightly
subacid; very good to best; November to February.

Group 12. — Russet Apples

430. Pomme Grise. — The fruit of Pomme Grise is distin-
guished by small size, golden russet color, and crisp, tender, fine-
grained, sprightly, aromatic flesh. The trees are hardy, healthy
and annually produce fruit in great abundance. The variety
had its origin and finds greatest favor among the French in the
valley of the St. Lawrence.

Tree vigorous, dense, round or spreading. Fruit small, oblate, sym-
metrical; stem slender, pubescent, often streaked with reddish-brown;
cavity large, obtuse, deep, wide; calyx small, closed; lobes long, narrow,
acuminate, pubescent ; basin pubescent, narrow, shallow, obtuse, furrowed ;
skin thick, tough, yellow covered with russet, the cheek often smooth and
yellowish-brown, mottled and striped with red; dots gray or white, scatter-
ing and inconspicuous; calyx-tube cone-shaped; stamens basal; core
abaxile ; cells closed or partly so ; core-lines clasping ; carpels round, emargi-
nate, mucronate, smooth or tufted; seeds plump, irregular, obtuse, tufted;
flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, rich, subacid, aromatic ; very
good to best ; November to April.

431. Roxbury Russet (Fig. 106).— The
rough, tough-skinned, yellowish-brown, rus-
seted fruits are known by all. The flesh,
also, is distinct in its yellow-green color, its
tenderness, and its pleasing sprightly flavor.
The variety does best in rich intervale soils,
and is most popular in New England and Fig. lOG. Roxbury
Westward into Michigan. Roxbury is sup-
posed to have originated in Roxbury, ]\Iassachusetts, nearly
three hundred years ago.

278 SrsTEMATir POMOLOGY

Tree niedium to larj^e, vigorous, r()lul(l-sj)rl■:l(lin^^ Fruit large, oblate
or oblate-conic, often broadly and obscurely an^ailar and sometimes re-
markably elliptical, sides unequal; stem short, thick or swollen, pubescent,
often red on one side; cavity acute, deep, wide, sometimes li])ped; calyx
large, pubescent, closed or partly oj)en; lobes long, obtuse; basin narrow,
obtuse, furrowed and often wrinkled; skin tough, covered with yellowisli-
brown russet, colored specimens developing a bronze blusli which rarely
deepens to red; dots russet or gray; calyx-tube large, wide, with fleshy
pistil point projecting into the base, conical; stamens basal; core axile;
cells closed; core-lines meeting; carpels flat, elongated and narrowing
toward the apex, mucronate, tufted; seeds few, long, plump, acute, tufted;
flesh yellow, firm, coarse, tender, breaking, juicy, sprightly subacid; good
to very good ; December to May.

432. Golden Russet. — The fruits of Golden Russet are smooth,
uniform, sutt'er little from pests, and are most excellent for
dessert, culinary uses, evaporating', and, of all varieties, best for
cider. The trees are hardy, vigorous, and usually fruitful.
Golden Russet is at least a century old in America, but when
and from where it came is not known.

Tree large, vigorous, ui)right -spreading, dense. Fruit medium to large,
round-oblate to conic, smooth, uniform in shape and size ; stem short to
very short, stout ; cavity wide, acuminate, often deep green with numerous
paler green or grayish dots; calyx large, closed or open; lobes long, acute,
often reflexedj sometimes separated at the base ; basin oblique, round, abrupt,
shallow, somtimes plaited or ribbed; skin thick, tender, sometimes with
patches and flecks of russet, becoming golden russet with bronze cheek;
dots gray or russet, becoming golden russet with bronze cheek ; dots gray
or russet, inconspicuous; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; stamens basal;
core medium, abaxile, or having a w'ide hollow cylinder for the axis ; core-
lines meeting ; carpels broadly-ovate, elongated, sometimes tufted ; seeds
light brown, small, plump, obtuse, sometimes tufted; flesh yellow, fine-
grained, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, subacid, aromatic; very good; December
to April.

CHAPTER XX

VARIETIES OF CRAB-APPLES

The introduction of new crab-apples in the cold Northwest,
where the cultivation of hardy fruits becomes more and more
prominent, increases the number of varieties of this fruit from
year to year. Twenty-four crab-apples were listed in the nursery
catalogues for 1923, but possibly three times as many are de-
scribed in the pomological literature of North America. De-
scriptions of crab-apples in trade publications are so scant and
fragmentary that they are of small use to the systematic
pomologist, and the varieties in this chapter are, therefore,
mostly those growing under the writer's observation on the
grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station at
Geneva, New York. The descriptions are almost verbatim as
published in the author's Cyclopedia of Hardy Fruits}

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF CRAB APPLES

Cherry, 445 Minnesota, 435

Excelsior, 436 Orange, 434

Florence, 443 September, 446

Gibb, 441 Transcendent, 442

Hyslop, 438 Van Wyck, 433

Large Red Siberian, 440 Whitney, 439

Martha, 444 YelloAV Siberian, 437

KEY TO VARIETIES OF CRAB-APPLES

A. Apples sweet 433 Van Wyck.

AA. Apples sour.

B. Flesh salmon-yellow 434. Orange.

BB. Flesh white.

C. Flavor mild subacid or nearly sAveet :

September and October 435. Minnesota.

CC. Flavor subacid; September; large 436. Excelsior.

BBB. Flesh yellow.

C. Fruit round-ovate or not oblate.

D. Color golden-yellow 437. Yellow Siberian.

» Hedrick. U. P. Cyclopedia of Ilnrdii Fruits. 11)22.

279

2S0 S) SIKMATIC J'OMOLUUY

DD. Color rod or strij)i>(i with rod.

K. Skin scarcely striped 438. Ilyslop.

EK. Skin striped with red.

F. P'lavor niihl subacid; August.... 430. Whitney.
FF. Flavor subacid and astringent ;

Se{)tenil)er 440. Large Red Siberian.

CO. Fruit round-oblate or not ovate.
D. Skin scarcely striped with red.

E. Stem short; blushed with dull red;

flesh very yellow 441. Gibb.

EE. Stem long; fruit brilliant red;
flesh yellowish.

F. With stem bracted, stout 442. Transcendent.

FF. With stem not bracted, slender.

G. Season early — August 443. Florence.

GG. Season late— October 444. Martha.

DD. Skin striped with red.

E. Fruit small; stem very long bracted. 445. Cherry.
EE. Fruit large ; stem medium 446. September.

433. Van Wyck. — Although this sweet crab-apple originated
in Duchess County, New York, it is now seldom found in eastern
United States, but is advertised by western nurserymen. Its
only value is that it is one of a few sweet crab-apples. It seems
to have been first described by Downing in 1872.

Fruit large for a Siberian crab-apple, whitish shaded with bright red,
covered with bloom; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich; core small,
closed; quality good; August and September.

434. Orange. — This is an old eastern crab-apple, at one time
a favorite, but now seldom grown east of the Mississippi.
Nurserymen on the Great Plains list it and speak well of it. Its
origin is not known, but it seems to have been first described by
Downing in 1869.

Tree round-topped, spreading, dwarfish, rather slow in growth, hardy,
long-lived, productive, bearing annually. Fruit of medium size, round
or slightly oblate; stem very long, slender; cavity open, deep, acute, with
a trace of russet; calyx closed; basin very shallow, wrinkled; skin orange-
yellow, often netted with russet ; dots -svhite, obscure ; core open ; flesh light
salmon-yellow, rather dry, mild subacid with a sweet aftertaste; quality
good; September to November.

435. Minnesota. — In the northern part of the Great Plains,
where the hardy crab-apple is a favorite fruit, Minnesota finds
favor ; elsewhere it is hardly knowTi. The variety is an old one,
having originated in Minnesota some time previous to 1872.

VARIETIES OF CRAB-APPLES 281

Tree small, compact, spreading, moderately vigorous and productive.
Fruit very large, round; skin i)ale yellow, blushed or mottled on the sunny
side and overspread with thin white bloom; tiesh white, firm, crisp, juicy,
fine-grained, mild subacid or nearly sweet, slightly astringent; quality good;
September and October.

436. Excelsior (Fig. 107) is one of the few good dessert crabs,
if, indeed, it should be called a crab, for its

maternal parent was Wealthy and the other
the Cherry crab. Besides being a good des-
sert fruit, it is excellent for culinary pur-
poses. The trees are exceptionally vigorous,
hardy, healthy, and come in bearing young,
but are productive only in alternate seasons.
The crop ripens earlier than that of any other fig. 107. Excelsior,
crab. The variety originated with Peter
Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, and was first described in 1880.

Tree large, spreading, dense, with long stout branches. Fruit very large,
round-ovate to round-oblate, symmetrical; stem long and slender, sometimes
bracted; cavity small, acute, narroAv, shallow, often russeted; calyx large,
closed; lobes reflexed; basin shallow, broad, obtuse, furrowed; skin smooth,
yellow, shaded and splashed with red; dots numerous, russet; calyx-tube
wide, cone-shape; stamens median; core large, abaxile; cells unsymmetrical,
wide open ; core-lines clasping ; carpels elongated-ovate, sometimes tufted ;
seeds long, narrow, acute, tufted; flesh white, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy,
subacid, with Siberian crab flavor; good to very good; early September.

437. Yellow Siberian is almost identical with Red Siberian,
except in color and size of fruit. The fruits are larger than
those of Red Siberian and of clear golden-yellow color. The
trees come into bearing young and are reliable croppers, yielding
very heavy crops annually. The trees are very hardy but some-
times suffer from blight. The season is September.

438. Hyslop has long been one of the standard American crab-
apples, and is widely distributed and extensively cultivated.
The apples are a brilliant dark red with heavy blue bloom, and
are thickly borne in large clusters. The flesh is yellow with a
tinge of red next the skin, firm, fine-gi'ained, juicy, but eventu-
all becoming dry and mealy. The trees are vigorous, hardy, and
fruitful. The origin of the variety is unknown ; Warder first set
forth its good qualities in 1869.

282 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Trco vigorous, ui)ri<iht spreadiii}^, open. Fruit niediuin to large, round-
ovate or obovate, synunetrical ; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, small,
shallow, narrow, often russeted ; calyx closed; lobes long, narrow, acumi-
nate, retlexed ; l»;isiii .shallow, widc^ furrowed and wrinklctl; skin pale yel-
low overspread with dark red and covered with thick bloom; dots small
numerous, pale; calyx-tube short, narrow, cone-shape to urn shape; stamens
median; core axile; cells symmetrical, closed; core-lines meeting; carpels
elongated-ovate, emarginate; seeds small, narrow, short, plump, obtuse,
brown; flesh yellow, firm, fine, subacid, astringent; very good; late Sep-
tember and October.

439. Whitney ripens in late August, too early to meet the de-
mand of housewives. For those who want a crab-apple for
dessert early in the season, Whitney is about as good as any.
The variety was grown from seed by A. E. Whitney, Franklin
Grove, Illinois, and was first described in 1869.

Tree of medium size upright-spreading, with stout, long, curved branches.
Fruit large, uniform in size and shape, round-ovate ; stem slender ; cavity
narrow, deep, obtuse ; calyx medium to large, closed or open ; basin broad,
shallow, wrinkled ; skin light yellow shaded and striped with red ; flesh yel-
low, crisp, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; late August and early
September.

440. Large Red Siberian. — This old sort, an improvement on
Red Siberian, is, in its turn, being superseded by varieties
having larger and handsomer fruits. Large Red Siberian differs
from Red Siberian in being larger in tree and fruit, with coarser
foliage and longer and more slender twigs. Both varieties are
from the Old W^orld, but when and by whom introduced does not
appear.

Tree very hardy, healthy. Fruit of medium size, round to round-ovate,
regular; stem long, slender; cavity acuminate, shallow, broad, often fur-
rowed, russeted; calyx closed; lobes long, narrow, acuminate; basin shal-
low, obtuse, wrinkled, having mammiform protuberances; skin thin, tough,
smooth, bright red and marked with obscure narrow stripes of dark red;
dots small, light, inconspicuous; calyx-tube short, wide, urn-shape; stamens
median; core medium size; axile; cells closed; core-lines meeting; carpels
ovate, emarginate; seeds glossy, dark brown, small, short, wide, obtuse;
flesh yellow, firm, subacid, astringent ; good ; September and Octobr.

441. Gibb is another cross between the common apple and the
crab-apple, with characters that make it somewhat doubtful wdth
which of its parents, Yellow Siberian and Fall Greening, it

VARIETIES OF CRAB-APPLES 283

should be placed. The fruits are large, yellow, blushed with
dull red, with remarkably yellow flesh, which is juicy, pleasantly
acidulous, and very good. The trees are slow-growing but
eventually attain large growth, and are very hardy and fruitful.
Gibb originated with George P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wisconsin.
The variety was first described in 1884.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, slow in growth, very hardy and very
productive. Fruit large, round-oblate; stem short, thick; cavity wide,
deep, regular; calyx of niedimn size, open; basin very wide, shallow,
wrinkled; skin thin, yellow, blushed with dull red; dots white, minute;
flesh remarkably yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant acid, astringent,
sprightly; fair to good; early.

442. Transcendent (Fig. 108). — For many years Transcend-
ent was the most popular crab-apple in
America, its beautiful color and high
quality commending it. The trees, also,
are vigorous, hardy, and very productive.
It is, however, a little too early in season
for either home or market, and, with the
.advent of later and even handsomer and
better flavored varieties, its popularity be-
gan to wane. It seems first to have been Fig. 108. Tran-
mentioned in 1844, but it was grown long

before this. How long, or where it originated is not known.

Tree large, very spreading^ drooping, dense, with stout, curved and droop-
ing branches. Fruit large, round or round-oblong, flattened at the ends,
ribbed; stem long, stout, bracted; cavity narrow, shallow, obtuse; calyx
large, closed; lobes long, leafy, reflexed; basin shallow, wrinkled; skin
thin, yellow with bright red cheek, overspread with bloom, bright red;
calyx -tube conical; stamens marginal; core medium size; cells closed;
flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, fine, somewhat astringent, subacid; very good;
late August to the middle of September.

443. Florence is remarkable for the beauty and high quality
of its fruit and the fruitfulness of its trees and is desirable in
every way for an early crab for either home or market planta-
tions. Possibly the fruits fail somewhat in being more or less
austere and astringent, but nevertheless they are rated by all as
good in quality. This is another of Peter Gideon's crabs and
was first described in 1886.

284 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree vigorous, upriglit, drooping. Fruit niediuni in size, oblate, faintly
ribbed; stem very long, slender; cavity acute, deep, syninietrieal, russeted;
calyx small, closed; basin very shallow, wide, obtuse, furrowed; skin thin,
tough, smooth, yellowish -white, overspread with brilliant red, covered with
faint bloom; dots minute, white; calyx-tube long, wide, urn-shape or funnel-
form; stamens marginal; core large; cells closed; core-lines clasi)ing; car-
pels broadly obovate, emarginate; seeds small, wide, flat, obtuse; flesh yel-
low, coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, very brisk subacid, astringent; good; late
August and early September.

444. Martha (Fiy. 109).— The large fruits, handsomely col-
ored witli bright red on a yellow background, and the uniformity

in size and shape, make Martha one of the
most prepossessing of all crabs. The yellowish
Hesh is so crisp, juicy, and well-flavored that
one is tempted to say that this is the very
best crab for culinary purposes. The trees,
while of but medium size and vigor, are
Fig. 109. Martha, bardy, come into bearing young, bear an-
nually, and are usually fruitful. Further-
more, the season, late fall, makes this one of the most desirable
crabs for home or market. This is another of Peter Gideon's
crab-apples first described in 1839.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, open, drooping. Fruit large
round or oblate, sides sometimes unequal; stem long, slender; cavity acute,
broad, often thinly russeted ; calyx small, closed or partly open ; basin shal-
low, wide, obtuse, smooth; skin thin, tough, smooth, pale yellow with bright
light red overspread with bloom; dots numerous, light-colored, small; calyx-
tube short, narrow, very small, conical; stamens median to marginal; core
of medium size, axile; cells closed; carpels round or obovate, tufted; seeds
narrow, acute; flesh yellow, firm, coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid; good
to very good; September to November.

445. Cherry. — This crab is remarkable for the large size, pro-
ductiveness, and regularity in bearing of the trees, which may
be further distinguished by their long, slender, curved branches.
The fruits are small, red, and rather too coarse to be wholly
acceptable. Cherry is an old variety of unknown origin.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, with long, slender, curved
branches. Fruit small, oblate-round, ribbed; stem long to very long, slen-
der, bracted; cavity broad, shallow, obtuse, russeted; calyx medium to
large, usually closed, eventually deciduous; basin wide, shallow, obtuse,

VARIETIES OF CRAB-APPLES 285

wrinkled; skin pale yellow striped with carmine and overspread with thin
bloom; dots distinct, numerous, large, white or russet; calyx-tube funnel-
form; stamens marginal; core large, axile; cells closed; carpels broadly
round or elliptical, emarginate, mucronate; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy,
crisp, mild subacid, astringent; fair; August to October.

446. September. — This variety, also, comes from Peter Gideon,
but is not as desirable as several other of his crab-apples, though
the fruits are handsome and of good quality for either dessert
or culinary uses. The trees, though vigorous, have short, stout,
crooked, twisted branches, — serious defects which make the
variety much more difficult to manage than several of its orchard
associates. The variety is said to be a seedling from the Cherry
crab.

Tree vigorous, open, with short, stout, crooked branches. Fruit medium
to large, round-oblate to oblong, ribbed, sides usually unequal; stem long,
slender; cavity obtuse, shallow, broad; sometimes russeted; calyx large,
closed or partly open; basin mammillate, shallow, deep, obtuse; skin thin,
tender, smooth, pale yellow, striped with red, overspread Avith bloom; dots
small, scattering, gray or brown; calyx-tube short, broadly funnelform.
pistil point persistent; stamens median; core medium size, axile or abaxile;
cells closed or wide open; core-lines clasping, carpels round, elongated;
seeds of medium size, wide, short, acute, light dull brown; flesh yellow,
tender, juicy, subacid; good to very good; September.

CHAPTER XXI

VARIEriEti OF PEARS

Pears are ^vcll grown in but few parts of the United States,
and nowhere thrive as they do in temi)erate Europe. .Iud«i:ed by
the nunil)er of varieties offered l)y nurserymen, the pear is not
now as popuhir as it onee was in Ameriea. In 1872 the nursery-
men of the eountry offered more than 300 sorts of this fruit ; in
1925 it is doubtful whether seventy-five varieties can be pur-
chased. American fruit-books have described more than 1000
varieties of pears, while the Europeans have listed upwards of
5000 sorts. In this text are described only the kinds common
in the fruit regions of the country.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF PEARS
Synonyms Are in Italics

Angouleme, 457

Anjou, 471

Bartlett, 447

Beiirre Anjou, 471

Beurre Bosc, 454

Beurre Clairgeau, 470

Beurre Hardy, 455

Bloodgood, 453

Bosc, 454

Boussock, 450

Clairgeau, 470

Clapp Favorite, 449

Cornice, 463

Congress, 448

Doyenne Boussock, 450

Doyenne du Coniice, 463

Duchesse d 'Angouleme, 457

Elizabeth, 451

Flemish Beauty, 466

Hardy, 455

HoAvell, 465

Josephine de Malines, 474

Kieffer, 468

Lawrence, 475

Lincoln Coreless, 472

Louise, 459

Louise Bonne de Jersey, 459

Malines, 474

Manning's Elizabeth, 451

Mount Vernon, 456

Pitmaston, 458

Pound, 473

Seckel, 462

Sheldon, 464

Souvenir, 448

Souvenir du Congres, 448

Sudduth, 469

Tyson, 452

Vermont Beauty, 461

White Doyenne, 467

Winter Nelis, 476

Worden, 460

Worden Seckel, 460

286

V ABIE TIES OF PEABS 287

KEY TO VARIETIES OF PEARS

A. Ripening in summer, with or before Bartlett.
B. Shape oblong-pyriform.

C. Stem-end obtuse, surface wavy; sides

equal 447. Bartlett.

CC. Stem-end acute; surface smooth; sides

unequal 448. Souvenir du Congres.

BB. Shape obovate-obtuse-pyriform.

C. Fruit large; stem long, curved, fleshy;

blushed; flesh yellow, sweet; midsummer. 449. Clapp Favorite.
CC. Fruit medium; stem medium; very
thick; seldom blushed; flesh white, acid;

late summer 450. Doyenne Boussoek.

CCC. Fruit small; stem curved; brightly

blushed; flesh yelloAv, sweet; early summer 451. Elizabeth.
BBB. Shape round-acute-pyriform.

C. Stem long; fruit slightly or not rus-

seted 452. Tyson.

CC. Stem short; mottled with russet 453. Bloodgood.

AA. Ripening in autumn, after Barlett and be-
fore Beurre Clairgeau.
B. Shape oblong-pyriform.

C. Surface overspread with russet.

D. Neck very long ; stem long 454. Beurre Bosc.

DD. Neck medium ; stem short 455. Beurre Hardy.

DDD. Neck short or almost wanting;

stem medium 456. Mount Vernon.

CC. Surface yellow or greenish -yellow or
with little russet.

D. Fruit large to very large ; cheek not
blushed.
E. Stem-end obtuse; surface waxy;

flesh white; mild 457. Duchesse d'Angou-

leme.
EE. Stem-end acute; surface smooth;

flesh yellow ; acid 458. Pitmaston.

DD. Fruit medium ; blushed ; sweet and

aromatic 459. Louis Bonne de Jer-
sey.
BB. Shape obovate, turbinate, or round-pyri-
form.
C. Stem-end acute.

D. Cheek solid bright red 460. Worden Seckel.

DD. Cheek mottled and dotted with

pinkish-red 461. Vermont Beauty.

CC. Stem-end obtuse.

D. Surface russeted more or less.

E. Fruit obovate-pyriform ; small to
medium 462. Seckel.

288 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

EE. Fruit roinul-obovato ; iiu'dium to
large.
F. Side une(|u;il; j):itt'lu's and uettinjjjs

of russet, greenish under ground.. 4G3. Doyenn^' du Cornice.
FF. Sides equal; overspread with rus-
set, yellow under ground 4(14. Sluddon.

DD. Surface scarcely russeted or not at
all.
E. Fruit obovate-pyrif orin ; medium to

large 405. ITowell.

EE. Fruit round-obovate ; medium to

large 400. Flemish Beauty.

EEE, Fruit obovate-turbinate; small to

medium 467. White Doyenne.

EEEE. Fruit round-oval; yellow with

bright blusli 468. Kieffer.

EEEEE. Fruit round-oblate; greenisli-

yellow without blush 469. Sudduth.

AAA. Ripening in winter, with or after Beurre
Clairgeau.
B. Stem -end acute.
C. Fruit medium to large in size ; stem short.
D. Cheek heavily blushed; neck marked;

early winter 470. Beurre Clairgeau.

DD. Cheek scarcely or not blushed ; neck

hardly nmrked ; mid-winter 471. Beurre Anjou.

CC. Fruit enormous in size; stem long.
D. Color greenish -yellow with bright

blush ; seeds abortive 472. Lincoln Coreless.

DD. Color golden-yellow with bronze

blush ; seeds normal 473. Pound.

BB. Stem-end obtuse.

C. Flesh tinged with pink 474. Josephine de Ma-
lines.
CC. Flesh yellow.

D. Color golden-yellow Avith little russet ;
stem-end markedly truncate; early win-
ter 475. Lawrence.

DD. Color greenish-yellow with much rus-
set; late winter 476. Winter Nelis.

Section I. Summer Pears

Group 1. Ohlong-pyriform Pears

447. Bartlett (Fig. 110) leads all other pears in number of
trees in America, because of its great adaptability to different
climates, soils and situations, and because, barring frosts or
freezes, the trees bear full crops j^ear after year. The trees are

VARIETIES OF PEARS

289

Fig. 110. Bartlett.

vigorous, attain large size, bear young, live long, and are easily
managed in the orchard. The pears are large, handsome, of
good but not of the best quality, and keep
and ship remarkably well. Bartlett is not
without faults, however : the trees are not
above the average in resistance to blight ; they
are not as hardy as those of some other va-
rieties; and more than those of any other
standard variety the blossoms require cross-
fertilization. It is the most desired of all
pears by the canning trade. This pear was
found as a wilding at Aldermaston, Berk-
shire, England. It was first introduced to
this country in 1797 or 1799 under the name
of Williams' Bon Chretien. In 1817 Enoch
Bartlett, Dorchester, Massachusetts, allowed the pear to go out
under his own name. Henceforth it became known in America
exclusively as Bartlett.

Tree medium in size, with age becoming tall and pyriform, upright.
Fruit matures in September; large, 3% inches long, 2% inches wide, ob-
long-obtuse-pyriform, tapering slightly toward the apex, uniform; surface
wavy; stem 1% inches long, often curved, thick; cavity small, usually
lipped, with thin light streaks of russet, acute, shallow; calyx partly open;
lobes separated at the base, narroAv, acute; basin very shallow, narrow,
obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, tender,
smooth, often dull, the surface somewhat uneven;
color clear yellow, with a faint blush on the exposed
cheek, more or less dotted with russet and often
thinly russeted around the basin; dots many, small,
greenish-russet ; flesh fine-grained, slightly granular
at the center, melting, juicy, aromatic; quality very
good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines;
calyx -tube long, wide, funnel-shaped; seeds wide,
plump, acute.

Fig. 111. Souvenir
du Cougres.

448. Souvenir du Congres (Fig. 111).
Congress. Souvenir. — Souvenir du Congres
hardly merits a place in American pomology.
Yet since the crop ripens between those of
Clapp Favorite and Bartlett, and because the fruits are larger
and often handsomer, the variety may be worthy a place in col-
lections. The tree is remarkable for vigor, hardihood to cold,

290 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

and liealthfiilness, and bears so abundantly that the crop must
be thinned to i)revent breaking of branches. Souvenir du Con-
gres originated with Prangois Morel, Lyons, France, about 1852.

Tree medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, very
productive. Fruit ripe in September; large, 3 7/lG inches long, 2 11/16
inches wide, quite uniform in size and shape, oblong-acute-pyriform, sym-
metrical, with unequal sides; stem 1 inch long, short, thick, curved; cavity
obtuse, almost lacking, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed, often with the
stem inserted beneath a pronounced irregular lip; calyx open; lobes sepa-
rated at the base, narrow, acute; basin wide, obtuse and flaring, furrowed,
symmetrical, smooth except for the thick russet covering; color yellow,
with a reddish blush on the exposed cheek, covered with nettings of russet
and yellow patches; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh white,
tinged Avith yellow, firm, granular, tender, very juicy, sweet, musky;
quality good ; core closed, with clasping core-lines ; calyx-tube short, wide,
conical; seeds long, wide, plump, acute.

Group 2. Ohovate-ohtiise-pyriform Pears

449. Clapp Favorite (Fig. 112) is the standard late summer
pear to precede Bartlett, which it much resembles in size, shape,
color, and flavor. The chief fault of the fruits is that they soon
soften at the center after ripening, to obviate
which they should be picked at least ten days
before they would ripen on the tree. The
trees are nearly perfect except that they go
down quickly when blight is epidemic. Two
good characters of the trees redeem the va-
riety from failure because of blight. After
those of Flemish Beauty and Tyson, the trees
of this variety show greater hardihood to cold
than those of any other standard sort; and
of all pears in America the trees of Clapp
^^' rllorite^^''^^ Favorite are most fruitful. Clapp Favorite
is one of the half-dozen leading sorts of the
country. This variety originated with Thaddeus Clapp, Dor-
chester, Massachusetts. It was mentioned as a promising new
fruit in 1860.

Tree large, upright-spreading, round-topped, productive. Fruit ripe in
early September; large, 4 inches long, 314 inches wide, obovate-obtuse-

Plate XV. A Labrusca grape— The Concord.

VARIETIES OF PEARS

291

pyriform, symmetrical; stem IV^ inches long, thick, curved, fleshy; cavity
shallow, narrow, lipped, with a fleshy ring around the stem; calyx large,
open; lobes separated at the base, narrow, acuminate, erect and very stiff;
basin shallow, wide, obtuse, wrinkled; skin thick, tough, smooth, glossy;
color pale lemon-yellow, mottled and dotted with bright red, deepening in
highly colored specimens to a crimson blush, with faint traces of russet ;
dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow, very
granular and gritty at the center, tender and melting, buttery, juicy, sweet,
rich, vinous, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed, with clasping
core-lines; calyx-tube long, narrow, funnel-shaped; seeds medium in size
and width, plump.

450. Doyenne Boussock (Fig. 113). Boussoclx.
were better in quality and kept longer, this
variet}^ would take rank among the best com-
mercial sorts, for the pears are handsome and
the trees are nearly flawless. The pears are
above medium in size and are sometimes large
or very large. The trees are large and vigor-
ous, as hardy to cold as those of any other
pear, little susceptible to blight, and remark-
able for their prominent buds and large,
thick, glossy green leaves, which turn deep
red in the autumn. This pear is supposed to
have been raised by the Belgian, Van Mons,
at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

If the fruits

Fig.

113. Doyenne
Boussock.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, tall, hardy, productive. Fruit
matures in early September; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform,
obtuse-obovate-pyrif orm ; stem 1 inch long, very thick ; cavity obtuse, shal-
low, broad, often russeted, furrowed, lipped; calyx large, open; lobes sepa-
rated at the base, broad, acute; basin shallow, wide, obtuse, furrowed and
wrinkled; skin thin, tender, smooth except for the russet nettings; color
pale yellow, occasionally with a mottled pinkish-red blush, more or less
netted with russet; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh white,
tender and melting, very juicy, briskly acid; quality good; core large,
closed, axile, with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube very short, wide, broadly
conical; seeds black, narrow, long, flattened, often abortive.

451. Elizabeth. Manning's Elizabeth. — Elizabeth is among the
best summer pears for eastern America. The characters which
commend it are : handsome well-flavored fruits ; and vigorous,
hardy, productive trees, which are as resistant to blight as those

2fl2 SYSTEM A'l fC roMOLOGY

of any otlier European pear, and whicli conie in l)earin}»' early and
bear annually. Faults are : the fruits are small ; a little coarse in
texture of flesh, which is a little too <iritty; and the flavor is not
sweet and rich. The trees fail, if at all, in not attainin*? sufficient
size. Elizabeth is a Belp:ian jx'ar which originated with. Van
^lons early in the nineteenth century.

Tree small, uprijjht, dense-toi)i)ed, hardy, very productive. Fruit ripe
iu late August; 2% inches long, 2^4 inches wide, obovate-obtuse-pyriforni,
symmetrical, uniform; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity acuminate,
shallow, narrow, symmetrical, often lipped; calyx large, almost closed;
lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acuminate ; basin shallow, obtuse,
gently furrowed and Avrinkled; skin tough, characteristically rough, glossy;
color bright yellow with a beautiful, lively, pinkish-red cheek, mottled,
mingled with brownish minute specks; dots numerous, very small, con-
spicuous, russet or brown; flesh tinged with yellow, slightly granular under
the skin, strongly granular at the center, tender and melting, very juicy,
sweet, vinous, aromatic ; quality very good ; core large, closed, with clasp-
ing core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, plump, acute.

Group 3. Round-acide-pyriform Pears

452. Tyson. — In every character of fruit and tree excepting
size and color of fruit, Tyson excels Clapp Favorite with Avhich
it competes. The flesh is melting- and juicy with a spicy-scented
sweetness that gives the fruits individuality. The pears keep
longer and ship better than those of Clapp Favorite. Unfortu-
nately, the fruits are but medium in size, and are often poorly
colored. The tree is the most nearly perfect of that of any pear
grown in America. It is as hardy as that of any other variety
if not hardier, and resists better than that of any other sort
the black scourge of blight. Add to these notable characters,
large size, great vigor and fruitfulness, and it is seen that the
trees are nearly flawless. Tyson is a seedling found about 1794
on the land of Jonathan Tyson, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.

Tree very large, vigorous, upright -spreading, tall, dense-topped, hardy,
productive. Fruit matures in late August ; medium in size although some-
what variable, 2% inches long, 1% inches wide, roundish-acute-pyriform;
stem 1% inches long; cavity very shallow, obtuse, roughened, usually draw-
ing up as a lip about the base of the stem; calyx open; small; lobes sepa-
rated at the base, short, narrow, acute ; basin shallow, narrow, flaring,
slightly furrowed, compressed; skin tough, smooth, slightly russeted, dull;

VARIETIES OF PEARS

293

color deep yellow, usually without blush; dots numerous, very small, obscure;
flesh tinged with yellow, granular around the basin, otherwise rather fine-
grained, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality very
good; core small, closed, with clas^Ding core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide,
conical; seeds medium in size and width, plump, acute.

453. Bloodgood. — The fruits are meritorious for flesh of fine
texture, which is melting, juicy, and has a rich, sweet, perfumed
flavor. The trees are resistant to blight, healthy, hardy, bear
young and regularly, are long-lived, and attain large size. The
variety has little value in commercial plantations, but is prized
for home use. Bloodgood seems to have been brought to notice
about 1835 by James Bloodgood, Flushing, Long Island.

Tree upright, dense, slow-growing, productive. Fruit matures in late
August; 2 inches long, 2l^ inches wide, roundish-pyriform to acute-pyri-
form, with equal sides; stem % inch long, thick; cavity russeted, lipped,
drawn up in fleshy folds about the stem ; calyx open, small ; lobes separated
at the base, short, broad, obtuse; basin narrow, obtuse, smooth; skin thick,
roughish; color bright yellow, with patches and nettings of russet, produc-
ing a mottled russet effect; dots many, small, russet; flesh tinged yellow,
granular, melting, rich, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality very good;
core small, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, narrow,
conical; seeds small, short, plump, acute.

Section II. Autumn Pears

Group 4. Ohlong-pyriform Pears

454. Buerre Bosc (Fig. 114). ^osc.— The
fruits of Buerre Bosc at once receive appro-
bation from all who see them by virtue of
their uniquely beautiful color and shape.
The quality is very good or best, Seckel alone
surpassing it as a dessert fruit. The flesh is
tender and melting, very juicy, with a rich
piquant flavor and a pleasing aroma. The
characters of the trees fall far short of those
of the fruits; they make a poor growth in
the nursery and must be humored in soil and
climate. While slow in coming in bearing,
after fruiting begins the trees bear regularly
and abundantly. Buerre Bosc may be recom-

FlG.

114. Buerre

Kosc.

204

sysri^:M.\ tic j'omolocy

mended I'or the lioiiie, for local and j^eneral markets and for ex-
portation. This pear is a native of Belgium, liaving been raised
from seed in ISO? by l)i-. \'.in Mons.

Tree medium in size, not very vigorous, uprij^ht-spreading, hardy, pro-
ductive. Fruit ripe in November; large 3% inches long, 2% inches wide,
uniform in size, acute-obovate-pyriform, with a very long tapering neck,
uniform in shape and very symmetrical ; stem 1 V2 inches long, curved ;
cavity very obtuse, wrinkled, russeted, with a fleshy ring folded up around
the stem, slightly lipped; calyx open, small; lobes short, broad, obtuse;
basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, symmetrical; skin granular,
tender, roughened by russet, dull; color dark yellow, overspread with thick
dark russet, laid on in streaks and patches, with a cheek of solid russet ;
dots small, light russet, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, slightly granular,
tender and melting, buttery, very juicy, with a rich aromatic flavor; quality
very good to best; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube
short, wide, conical; seeds wide, short, plump, obtuse.

Fig. 115. Buerre
Hardy.

455. Buerre Hardy (Fig. 115). Hardy. —
The fruits are usually large, handsome, and
the flesh and flavor are exceptionally fine.
Unfortunately, the fruits do not keep well,
having a tendency to soften at the core.
When poorly grown the pears are quite
astringent. Tlie trees, while not large, are
vigorous, hard}^, productive and healthy ex-
cept in being susceptible to blight. Buerre
Hardy does especially well in eastern United
States. This is a French pear raised about
1820 by M. Bonnet at Boulogne-sur-]\Ier.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, rapid-growing,
hardy, productive. Fruit in season late September and early October;
large, 3 inches long, 2^/4 inches wide, oblong-obtuse-pyriform, with a long
neck ; stem % inch long, thick, curved ; cavity obtuse, shallow and narrow,
russeted, often uneven and gently furrowed, lipped; calyx large, open;
lobes broad, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, gently furrowed; skin
granular, tender, russet ; color dull greenish-yellow, overspread with thin
brownish-russet, without blush; dots numerous, russet, small, very con-
spicuous; flesh granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, richly aro-
matic and somewhat vinous; quality very good to best; core large, closed,
with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide,
long, plump, acute.

VARIETIES OF PEARS

295

Fig.

116. Mount
Vernon.

456. Mount Vernon (Fig. 116). — The top shape and red
dish-russet color make this a unique pear
in appearance, and the greenish-yellow,
granular, spicy, piquant flesh constitute
very distinct characters in the quality of
the fruits. Lack of uniformity in shape
and small size are the chief defects. The tree
is vigorous but has a small dense head with
numerous short stocky branches, many of
which droop, the aspect given the top by these
peculiarities being quite distinct. The va-
riety is worthy when a winter pear is wanted
whether for home or market. Mount Vernon
originated from a chance seedling in the gar-
den of Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Massachusetts, about 1847.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, with many drooping branches, dense-
topped, hardy, productive, long-lived. Fruit late October and November;
medium in size, 2^ inches long, 2% inches wide, uniform in size, oblong-
pyriform, with unequal sides; stem 1 inch long, thick, usually curved;
cavity obtuse, shallow and narrow, russeted, furrowed, often heavily lipped;
calyx open; lobes short, narrow, acuminate; basin narrow, obtuse, smooth,
symmetrical; skin granular, roughened by russet, dull; color light russet
overspreading a greenish -yellow ground, with a brownish-red blush on the
exposed cheek, dotted and netted with russet; dots numerous, small, russet,
obscure; flesh with a faint tinge of yellow, granular, tender and melting,
juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good to very good; core large, closed, with
clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds variable in size,
wide, long, plump, acute, many abortive.

457. Duchesse d'Angouleme (Fig. 117).
Angoideme. — The fruits of Duchesse d'An-
gouleme excite admiration by their enormous
size. They may be known by their size, squat
pyriform shape, and uneven knobby surface.
AVell grown, the flesh is melting with a rich
flavor ; but poorly grown, and on unfavorable
soils, the flesh is coarse-grained and nearly
devoid of the richness that characterizes the
fruits in happier situations. The trees are
vigorous, hardy and healthy, bear abundantly
under favorable conditions, and succeed either as standards or

Fig. 117, Duchesse
D'Angouleme.

296

SYSTEM A TIC POMOLOGY

dwarfs. On either stock, the tree makes a beautiful and sym-
metrical pyramid, and comes in bearing early and bears regu-
larly. The original tree of Duchesse d'Angouleme was a wild-
ing growing in a garden near Angers, France. It was intro-
duced about 1812.

Tree vigorous, upright, becoming spreading, dense-topped, slow-growing,
productive. Fruit ripe October-November; large, often very large, 3%
inches long, 2^4 inches wide, oblong -pyriform with irregular and uneven
surface and with sides often unequal; stem II/2 inches long, very thick,
curved; cavity acute, deep, furrowed, irregular, often lipped; calyx partly
open, small; lobes short, narrow, acute; basin medium to deep, abrupt,
furrowed and uneven, often corrugated; skin thick, granular, roughened
with russet ; color dull yellow, streaked, spotted and netted with dull russet ;
dots numerous, russet, conspicuous; flesh white, firm, melting, tender,
granular, juicy, sweet, rich; quality good to very good; core closed, with
clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds small, narrow,
flat, acute, often abortive.

458. Pitmaston (Fig. 118). — In appearance, the pears are un-
surpassed. On warm soils or in warm sea-
sons, the flavor is choicely good, but in cold
soils and seasons, the flavor is often austere
or even acid and astringent. The subacid
flavor makes this one of the very best pears
for culinary purposes. The fruits keep and
ship well. The trees have fewer faults than
those of most of the standard varieties. They
are hardy, vigorous, fairly immune to blight,
and while but moderately productive, bear
annually, and the large size of the fruits
make them high jnelders. Pitmaston was
raised by John Williams, Pitmaston, Eng-
land, in 1841 ; it reached America about 1870.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, dense-topped. Fruit ripe in October ;
large, 3^/4 inches long, 2^2 inches wide, oblong-pyriform, symmetrical;
stem 1 inch long, thick, often curved; cavity very shallow and very narrow
or lacking, the flesh drawn up in a wrinkled fold around the base of the
stem, often lipped; calyx closed, large; lobes long, broad, acute; basin
shallow, obtuse, furrowed and wrinkled; skin thin, granular, smooth, tender,
dull; color pale lemon-yellow, dotted and patched with light russet, without
blush; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh tinged with yellow,
firm, somewhat granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, piquant and vinous;

Fig. 118. Pitmas
ton.

VARIETIES OF PEARS 297

quality good to very good; core large, closed, with clasping core-lines;
calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds narrow^, long, flat, acute, very often
abortive.

459. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Louise. — The variety has many
excellent qualities of fruit and tree. The fruits are medium to
large, handsome, of excellent quality and keep and ship well.
The trees are precariously hardy and somewhat subject to blight,
but very vigorous, productive and long-lived. This pear is a
standard for home collections, and finds favor in many com-
mercial orchards. The parent tree of this pear was raised from
seed about 1780 by M. de Longueval, Avranches, Normandy.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, very tall, dense-topped, hardy, productive,
long-lived. Fruit matures in October; medium to large, often 2% inches
long, 21/4 inches wide, oblong-pyriform, irregular, stem 1 inch long, slender,
usually curved; cavity obtuse, shalloAv, narrow, furrowed and wrinkled,
often lipped, the flesh folded up around the stem; calyx open, large; lobes
broad, acute; basin obtuse, furrowed and uneven; skin granular, smooth;
color pale yellow, marked on the exposed cheek with a dull pinkish-red
blush and with streaks of russet; dots numerous, small, grayish or russet,
conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, tender and melting, very juicy; sweet,
aromatic, rich; quality very good; core closed, with clasping core-lines;
calyx-tube short, wide, conical ; seeds large, wide, long, plump, acute.

Group 5. Ohovate-turhinate, or Eound-pyriform Pears

460. Worden Seckel (Fig. 119). ^Vorden.
■ — Well grown, the fruits of Worden Seckel
are voluptuously handsome in form and color.
They are smooth, glossy, trim of contour,
commonly uniform, with a beautifully
blushed cheek on a handsome yellow back-
ground. When the crop is thinned so that
the fruits attain large size, no pear is hand-
somer or will bring a higher price on the

E^G. 119 Worden fi*uit-stands. The crop comes in with

Seckel. Seckel, but keeps longer. The tree is very

hardy and bears 3^oung. Worden Seckel

was raised by Sylvester Worden, Minetto, New York, about 1881.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rapid-growing, very productive.
Fruit ripe in late September-October; medium in size, 2^/^ inches long, 2%

298 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

inches wide. o])ovate-obtuse-pyriform ; stem % inches long, thick; cavity
very shaUow and ohtuse or lacking, the flesh folded up around the base
of the stem and often lipped; calyx open, large; lobes narrow, acute;
basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth or gently furrowed; skin thin, tender,
smooth, glossy ; color pale golden-yellow, well ])lushed on the exposed cheek
with solid bright red; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; flesh yellowish;
fine-grained near tlie skin, granular at the center, tender and melting, but-
tery, very juicy, spicy and aromatic; quality very good; core closed, axile,
with meeting core-lines; calyx-tube conical; car])els ovate; seeds wide,
plump, obtuse.

461. Vermont Beauty. — The bright-cheeked pears are as allur-
ing to the eye as those of any other variety, and they are almost
as delectable as the fruits of Seckel which they resemble in shape.
The crop ripens a little later and keeps longer than that of
Seckel. The trees are preeminent among their kind by virtue of
large size, rapidity of growth, productivity, and hardiness.
They rejoice in vigor and health as do those of almost no other
variety, and while hardly as productive as those of Seckel, yet
because of larger fruits fill the basket nearly as quickly. The
variety is supposed to have originated in the nursery of Benja-
min Macomber, Grand Isle, Vermont, more than forty years ago.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy, productive. Fruit
ripe in late October; medium in size, 2% inches long, 2 inches wide, obo-
vate-acute-pyrif orm ; stem % inch long, curved; cavity small or lacking,
the flesh folded around the base of the stem, occasionally lipped; calyx
small, open; lobes separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shal-
low, narrow, obtuse, smooth; skin thick, tough, smooth, or with slight russet
markings; color clear pale lemon-yellow, with a broad and brilliantly
blushed cheek mottled and dotted with pinkish-red, fading at the sides into
pinkish-red dots; dots numerous, very small, light russet, conspicuous;
flesh tinged with yellow, fine-grained, tender and melting, very juicy, with
a rich vinous flavor; quality very good; core closed, axile, with meeting
core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, plump, acute.

462. Seckel (Fig. 120). — Among the several hundred pears
that grow on this side of the Atlantic, Seckel stands almost
alone in vigor of tree, productiveness, and immunity to blight,
and is equalled by no other variety in high quality of fruit.
The fruits are small, not highly colored, but are attractive
because clean and trim in contour. The flesh is melting, juicy,
perfumed, and most exquisitely and delicately flavored, with the

VARIETIES OF PEARS

299

Fig. 120. Seckel.

curious character of having much of its spicy aromatic flavor
in the skin. The reddish-brown color of the
fruit is another distinguishing character of
Seckel. The trees are as hardy as those of
any other pear, and are remarkable for their
large, compact, broadly pyramidal tops. The
tree is further distinguished by its short-
jointed,, stout, olive-colored wood, and its
habit of bearing fruits in clusters on the ends
of the branches. There are several faults of
fruit and tree: fruit and foliage are suscept-
ible to scab; the pears are too small for com-
mercial canning; and the trees are late in
coming in bearing. Seckel is supposed to have originated as a
chance seedling soon after the Revolutionary War near Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania.

Tree very large, very vigorous, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy,
very productive, long-lived. Fruit ripe in October; small, 2 inches long,
lYs inches wide, uniform in size and shape, obovate-pyriform^ symmetrical;
stem ^2 inch long, short, thick, often curved; cavity obtuse, with a shallow
narrow depression, symmetrical; calyx small, partly open; lobes separated
at the base, short, variable in Avidth, acute; basin shallow, narrow, strongly
obtuse, symmetrical; skin smooth, dull; color yelloAvish -brown, lightly
marked with pale russet and often with a russet-red cheek; dots numerous,
very small, russet or grayish; flesh white, with a faint tinge of yellow,
slightly granular, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, with an exceedingly
rich, aromatic, spicy flavor; quality very good to best; core small, closed,
with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, conical; seeds small, short, not
very plump, obtuse.

463. Doyenne du Cornice (Fig. 121).

Cornice. — The fruits are very large, smooth,
except for russet markings, clear handsome
yellow, sometimes brightened by a delicate
blush, with yellow fine-grained flesh, which is
tender, melting; very juicy, sweet, piquant,
perfumed. The trees make a poor growth in
the nursery; must be humored in soil, cli-
mate, and care; they are subject to blight;
while usually productive, they are not al-
ways so ; lastly, they are below the average in hardihood to cold.

Fig. 121. Doyenn§
du Cornice.

300 sYsri':MArir pomology

The variety tliriv(>s on llie Pacific slope where it is a valuable
commercial pear. The parent tree was taken from the fruit-
garden of the Cornice Ilorticole, An«rers, France.

Tree vigorous, upright, dense, usually productive. Fruit ripe in Novem-
ber; large, 3 inches long, 2% inches wide, round-obovate, with unequal
sides; stem 1^4 inches long, very thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow,
narrow, russcted and wrinkled, often Avith a fleshy ring around the base of
tlic stem; calyx open; lobes separated at the base, long, narrow, acuminate;
basin wide, obtuse, furrowed; skin smooth except for the russet markings,
dull; color clear yellow, often with a faint russet-red blush, the surface
covered with patches and nettings of russet; dots many, small, dark brown;
flesh yellow, fine-grained, melting, tender, very juicy, sweet and vinous,
aromatic; quality very good to best; core closed, with clasping core-lines;
calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, rather plump, acute,
often abortive.

464. Sheldon (Fig:. 122).— The fruits of Sheldon, while not
large, are of sufficient size to meet the demands of a good dessert
fruit. The shape is a perfect turbinate, trun-
cated at tlie base, and is usually symmetrical
and uniform. In color, the pears are very
distinctive, the whole fruit being more or less
russcted, with a handsome ruddy cheek. The
flesh is melting, juicy, sweet, vinous, and
higlily perfumed wath a pleasant musky
aroma. The fruits keep and ship w^ell, and
are esteemed both for dessert and culinary
Fig. 122. Sheldon, purposes. The trees, w^hile large, vigorous,
and hardy, are not productive, blight as badly
as any pear in the orchard, are reluctant in coming in bearing,
and seldom hold their crop well, so that in exposed positions the
wdnd takes great toll. This pear is a native of Huron, Wayne
County, New York, having sprung from seed planted about 1815.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, rapid-growing, hardy, productive.
Fruit matures in October; large, 2% inches long, £1^ inches wide, uniform
in size and shape, round-obovate, symmetrical; stem % inch long, thick,
straight; cavity obtuse, deep, furrowed, occasionally lipped; calyx large,
open; lobes very broad, obtuse; basin wide, obtuse, symmetrical; skin
thick, granular, tender, roughish; color dull greenish-yellow with a faint
brownish-red blush overspread with russet nettings and streaks; dots num-
erous, small, russet; flesh whitish, somewhat granular, tender and melt-

VARIETIES OF PEARS

301

Fig. 123. Howell.

ing, very juicy, sweet and vinous, with a rich and pleasantly aromatic
flavor; quality very good to best; core large, closed, with clasping core-
lines; calyx-tube short, Avide, conical; seeds acute.

465. Howell (Fig. 123).— The trees are
not above the average in vigor, healthful-
ness, hardiness, and fruitfulness, but their
spreading tops make them desirable orchard
inhabitants and handsome dooryard orna-
mentals. The fruits cannot be praised for
appearance or quality, but they are uni-
form and are freer from the ravages of
the scab fungus than those of almost any
other pears. Howell seems to be better
suited to the middle western than to the
eastern states. About 1830, Thomas Howell,
New Haven, Connecticut, planted pear
seeds; one of the trees resulting was named Howell.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped. Fruit ripe in late Sep-
tember; medium in size, 2% inches long, 2^4: inches wide, obovate-pyriform,
symmetrical; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, very shallow
and narrow, symmetrical; calyx open, small; lobes separated at the base,
short, narrow, obtuse; basin obtuse, but slightly furrowed, nearly sym-
metrical; skin smooth, dull; color pale lemon-yellow with a trace of blush
and Avith tracings of russet; dots many, small, russet, very conspicuous;
flesh yellowish-white, firm but tender, granular, melting, very juicy, sweet,
with a rich vinous flavor, aromatic; quality very good; core rather large,
closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds long,
plump, acute, frequently abortive.

466. Flemish Beauty (Fig. 124).— At one

time Flemish Beauty was a leading com-
mercial variety in eastern America, but it
has been supplanted by other sorts because
the toll of blighted trees is too great, and
the fruits are too often disfigured by the scab-
fungus. To offset these defects, the trees
are unusually fruitful, and as hardy as those
of any other variety. The fruits are nearly
perfect if scab-free, and properly matured.
The parent tree was a wilding in a wood near
Alost, Belgium, about the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Fig. 124. Flemish
Beauty.

302

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, drooping branches, rapid-
growing, harily, productive. Fruit ripe early October; large, nearly 2%
inches long, 2\U inches wide, uniform in size and shape, obovate, with
nearly equal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick; cavity acute, shallow, nar-
row, russeted, a little furrowed; calyx open; lobes partly separated at the
base, short, obtuse; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt; skin thick, roughish,
dull; color clear yellow, overspread on the exposed cheek with a dotted
and marbled reddish blush; dots numerous, russet, small, conspicuous;
flesh yellowish-white, firm, becoming melting and tender, granular, juicy,
sweet, aromatic, with a musky flavor; quality very good; core closed, with
clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds rather long,
plump, acute.

467. White Doyenne (Fig. 125) is being discarded because
the small and unattractive fruits fail to satisfy commercial de-
mands. A more serious fault is that the
fruits and foliage are inviting prey to the
scab-fungus which often cracks and scabs the
•j^ears and defoliates the trees. Except in sus-
ceptibility to scab, the trees are nearly flaw-
less when grown in the soil which they pre-
fer,— a rich clay which should be heavy rather
tlian light. On such soil, tree and fruit at-
tain perfection. The faults named have made
the variety an outcast, but it should still re-
ceive attention for the superb quality of its
fruits where scab can be controlled. This

pear is one of the oldest of all varieties. It is impossible to say
whether it originated in France or was brought to that country
from Italy.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, hardy, very productive. Fruit
matures in early October; medium in size, 2i/i inches long, 2V& inches
wide, uniform, obovate; stem % inch long, thick, slightly curved; cavity
obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, usually symmetrical; calyx small, open
or closed; lobes short, narrow, obtuse; basin shallow, obtuse, nearly smooth;
skin thick, tough, smooth, dull ; color clear pale yellow with a small amount
of bright red blush; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh yel-
lowish-white, granular, firm at first but becoming melting when fully ripe,
juicy, sweet, with a rich aromatic flavor; quality very good; core closed,
with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds wide, plump,
obtuse.

468. Kleffer (Fig. 126). — Although the most pretentious cheat
in the orchard, Kieffer is grown more commonly than any other

Fig. 12.'). White
Doyenn6.

VARIETIES OF PEARS 303

pear in North America excepting Bartlett. Nurserymen like it
because of all pears the trees of Kieffer are most easily grown ;
and in the orchard they are uniformly the
most vigorous, fruitful, endure heat best, are
least susceptible to blight, and withstand best
the ravages of San Jose scale. On the other
hand, the trees are tender to cold, in some
soils refuse to set fruit, are often self -sterile,
and sometimes with the best of care bear only
pears of small size. Worthless for dessert,
cooking removes the disagreeable natural
taste of the raw pear, and leaves a good prod-
uct. Canned, the pears retain their shape, fig. 126. Kieffer.
color, and flavor well ; therefore, and because
of white and inviting flesh, Kieffers are preferred by commercial
canners. Peter Kieffer, who lived near Philadelphia, grew the
original Kieffer tree which fruited first in 1863.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, dense-topped, hardy, very pro-
ductive. Fruit matures in late October and November; above medium to
large, 2% inches long, 21^ inches wide, oval, narrowing at both ends; uni-
form; stem 1 inch long, thick; cavity very small, smooth; calyx open; lobes
separated at the base, short, narrow, acute; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse,
smooth; skin thick, tough, smooth; color yellow, occasionally blushed with
dull pinkish-red; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-
white, very granular and coarse, crisp, juicy; not sweet, often astringent;
quality poor; core large, closed, wdth clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short,
wide, conical; seeds wide, plump, acute.

469. Sudduth is a standard sort in parts of the Mississippi
Valley. The characters which give it a place are : remarkable
freedom from blight ; hardiness to cold and heat ; capacity to
withstand drought; early bearing; and great productiveness.
The fruits are neither attractive in appearance nor high in
quality, but they do very well for all culinary purposes. The
pears do not keep well, as they soften at the center soon after
becoming edible. The trees are nearly as hardy as those of the
wild crab-apple. Sudduth originated from seed planted by
Thomas Constant in 1820, in Sangamon County, Illinois.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive.
Fruit ripe in late September-October; medium or below in size, 2i/4 inches

304

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

long, 2% inches wide, roundish-dljlate, slightly coniciil toward the apex;
stem % inch long, slender; cavity acute, deep, narrow, smooth, sometimes
lipped; apex large, open; lobes separated at the base_, long, acute; basin
very shallow, narrow, obtuse, occasionally wrinkled ; skin thin, tough,
smooth, dull; color light green, without blush; dots very small, russet or
greenish, very obscure; flesh greenish-white, firm, crisp, rather dry, sub-
acid; quality medium to poor; core large, closed, axile, with meeting core-
lines; calyx wide, conical; carpels ovate; seeds variable in size, wide, flat,
obtuse.

Section TFT. Winter Peaks

Group (). Pears with Stem-end Acute

470. Buerre Clairgeau (Fig. 127). Clairgeau. — Buerre Clair-
treau is one of the mainstays in American pear-growing because
of excellent tree characters. The fruits, while
handsome, are of mediocre quality. The tree
is second only to that of Buffum in vigor,
liealth, and productiveness. They bear young
and usually annually. The fruits are large,
smooth, uniform in shape, wdth a handsome
ground color of rich yellow at maturity and
a bright crimson cheek. Here praises end, for
the handsome coat covers rather coarse granu-
lar flesh which is sometimes good but more
often commonplace. The core is very large,
and the flesh surrounding it often softens pre-
maturely. The pears are heavy and often
drop before maturity ; hence the trees should not be set in wind-
swept situations. The original tree of Buerre Clairgeau appears
to have grown by chance about 1828 at Nantes, Prance.

Tree vigorous, unusually upright, dense, slow-growing, hardy, productive,
a regular bearer. Fruit in season late October and November; large, 3%
inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-acute-pyriform, with a long tapering
neck, uniform iu shape; stem % inch long, short, very thick and fleshy;
cavity obtuse, very shallow and narrow, with practically no depression,
fleshy around the base of the stem, russeted, lipped; calyx open, large;
lobes separated at the base, long, broad, acute or acuminate; basin shal-
low, narrow, obtuse, furrowed, often compressed; skin thick and granular,
tough, smooth, glossy; color yellow, with bright pinkish-red blush, nearly
crimson in highly colored specimens; dots many, small, russet, conspicuous;
flesh white, quite granular, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet, aro-

•iG. i:

Buerre

Clairgeau.

VARIETIES OF PEARS 305

matic, with a rich vinous flavor; quality very good to best; core large,
closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large,
wide, long, plump, acute.

471. Buerre d'Anjou (Fig. 128). Anjou. — Buerre d'Angou is
a standard market pear for late fall and
early winter, its season lasting until well
into January. The pear is of a distinct type,
— large, very uniform, the sides slightly un-
equal, smooth of skin, yellow, marked and
dotted with russet, with a faint blush^ and
borne on a very short thick stem. The yel-
lowish-white flesh is firm but tender, slightly
granular, very juicy, sweet and spicy, with

a rich vinous flavor. The trees are vigorous,

IT .-n J . T . Fig. 128. Buerre

hardy, grow rapidly and come m bearmg d'Anjou.

early, but have the serious fault of being un-
certain croppers. It is an old French pear, the origin of
which is obscure.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, an uncertain bearer. Fruit ripe
November-December; large, 3i/4 inches long, 3 inches wide, oblong-obovate-
pyriform, with surface irregular in outline, sides slightly unequal; stem
1/4 inch long, short, very thick and woody; cavity obtuse, shallow, slightly
russeted and furrowed, usually lipped; calyx open; lobes separated at the
base, long, narrow, acuminate; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse, smooth, sym-
metrical and regular; skin thin, tender, smooth, dull; color greenish be-
coming quite yellow, clouded with russet around the basin and occasionally
with very fine russet lines and markings; dots many, small, russet, con-
spicuous; flesh white, firm but granular, tender, very juicy, sweet and
spicy, with a rich aromatic flavor; quality very good; core large, closed;
core-lines clasping; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long,
j)lump, acuminate, tufted at the tips.

472. Lincoln Coreless. — This variety receives attention only
because it is a curiosity. The fruits are enormous in size, out-
weighing all other pears unless it be those of the Pound. They
are unique in having a very small core and few or sometimes
no seeds. They are further characterized by very late maturity ;
they ripen later than any other pear and keep until April.
While usually rather dull greenish-yellow in color, the cheek
is often enlivened by a bright blush which makes the fruits at-

306 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

tractive despite their grossness. Lincoln Coreless originated in
Lincoln County, Tennessee, about 1830.

Tree nicdiuin to small, vigorous, upriglit, very dense, pyramidal, hardy,
an uncertain bearer. Fruit ripe in February; very large, 5V4 inches long,
3 inches wide, uniform in size, obovate-acute-pyriform, somewhat ribbed,
Avith unequal sides; stem 1% inches long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse,
shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed, often lipped; calyx open, large; lobes
separated at the base, narrow, acute; basin very shallow, narrow, obtuse,
furrowed; skin very thick, tough, coarse and granular, smooth, dull; color
greenish-yellow, Avith a handsome pinkish-red blush on the cheek exposed
to the sun; dots many, brownish-russet, very conspicuous; flesh yellowish-
white, very firm, granular at the core, crisp, tough, medium juicy, rather
bitter and astringent; quality poor; core closed, with clasping core-lines;
calyx-tube long, wide, conical; seeds few, narrow, often abortive, acute.

473. Pound is grown in collections for its monstrous fruits.
The pears not infrequently weigh three pounds, and one is noted
Aveighing four pounds, nine ounces. The pears are coarse in
form, texture, and flavor. The pears keep well, and are fairly
good for culinary purposes. The trees are unusually satisfac-
tory, because of which the variety should make a good parent
from which to breed. This is a very old pear, possibly dating
back to Pliny, who wrote about eighty years after the beginning
of the Christian era.

Tree upright, dense-topped, hardy, very productive. Fruit matures in
February; large, 4 inches long, 2% inches wide, obovate-acute-pyriform,
with unequal sides; stem long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narrow,
russeted, furrowed, draAvn up in a fleshy ring about the stem; calyx large,
open; lobes separated at the base, obtuse; basin shallow, narrow, obtuse,
slightly furrowed, symmetrical; skin thick, tough, dull, roughened by the
dots and by russet markings; color golden-yellow, often marked on the
exposed cheek with a bronze or pinkish blush; dots numerous, russet, very
conspicuous; flesh yellowish, firm, granular, very tough, subacid, inferior
in flavor; quality very poor; core large, closed, axile, with meeting core-
lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; carpels pear-shaped; seeds very
large, brownish-black, wide, long, acuminate.

Group 7. Pears with Stem-end Obtuse

474. Josephine de Malines (Fig. 129). Malines. — This is one
of the few good winter pears. The fruits have a marked pe-

VARIETIES OF PEARS

307

culiarity; cut through the shaded yellow-russet skin, flesh with
a faint rosy tint is displayed. It is the
quality of the fruits that commends the va-
riety most. The flesh is buttery, juicy,
sweet, and perfumed. In the orchard, the
trees are satisfactory, but nurserymen find
them difficult to grow; this, no doubt, is the
chief reason for the neglect of this excellent
pear. The trees thrive in almost any soil or
situation suitable to pears, and are fruitful,
hardy, and resistant to blight. This pear ^''^de'Maiines.^'''"
originated about 1830 in the seed-beds of
Major Esperen, the well-known pomologist of Mechlin, Belgium.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, tall, dense-topped, rapid-growing, hardy,
very productive. Fruit ripe December-February; medium in size, turbi-
nate, inclined to truncate; stem long, very thick; cavity obtuse, shallow,
narrow, slightly furrowed; calyx large, open; lobes short, broad, obtuse;
basin narrow, obtuse, smooth; skin thick, tough, dull; color pale greenish-
yellow, netted and patched more or less with russet; dots numerous, small,
brown or russet, conspicuous; flesh pinkish -white, firm, granular, melting,
very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality good; core large, closed, axile, with
clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide; carpels pyriform; seeds large,
wide, long, plump, acuminate.

475. Lawrence (Fig. 130). — The tree is hardy, moderately
vigorous and fruitful, an early, annual, and
uniform bearer, and has the reputation of
being one of the longest lived of all pear-trees.
The fruits are of medium size, but are trim in
contour and distinctive in shape because of
the rounded truncate stem-end, and in color
are a bright clean lemon-yellow, marked with
patches of russet and faintly blushed on the
side to the sun. The fruits come in season in
early winter and keep well under ordinary
care for a full month or longer. The melting
flesh bounds with a rich, sugary, perfumed
juice, by virtue of which it is justly esteemed
as the best flavored pear of its season. Law-
rence is a chance seedling, a native of Flushing, Long Island,
and was introduced in 1843.

Fig. 130. Lawrence.

308 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree vigorous, spreading, with drooping ]>ranehes, very hardy, productive.
Fruit ripe November-December; 2% inches long, 2Vs inches wide, obovate-
obtuse-pjTiform, often with sides unequal; stem 1 inch long, thick, curved;
cavity small, obtuse, shallow, narrow, russeted, furrowed and irregular,
often lipped; calyx large, partly open; lobes separated at the base, long,
broad, acute; basin Avide, obtuse, furrowed and sometimes corrugated; skin
thick and granular, tough, roughish; color lemon-yellow, marked with occa-
sional patches of russet and with a faint russet-red blush; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, firm, granular, tender
and melting when fully mature, juicy, rich, sweet; quality very good; core
large, closed, with clasping core-lines; calyx-tube short, wide, conical;
seeds large, long, plump, acute.

476. Winter Nelis (Fig. 131) is the standard winter pear in
the United States. The fruits are small, and are often so poorly
colored as to be unattractive, but well grown
they are sufficiently large for dessert fruits.
The flesh is tender, melting, juicy, luscious,
with a rich, sweet, aromatic flavor. The fruits
keep, ship, and sell well. The trees are small
with straggling wayward tops and habits of
growth so self-assertive that no art nor skill
of the pruner can bring the branches under
control. Notwithstanding the poorly-shaped
tops, the trees are often enormously produc-
tive. They bear almost annually: come in
Fig. 131. Winter , . "^ 4? • i i / i

Nelis. bearing young; are fan-ly hardy; and are

adapted to almost any soil or situation, pro-
vided that the soil is fertile ; and are as nearly immune to
blight as those of any other European pear. Winter Nelis was
raised from seed by Jean Charles Nelis, Mechlin, Belgium, early
in the nineteenth century.

Tree medium in size and vigor, spreading, hardy, very productive. Fruit
ripe November to January; medium in size, 21/4 inches long, 2^/4 inches
wide, uniform in size and shape, obtuse-obovate-pyriform; stem 1% inches
long, thick, curved; cavity obtuse, shallow, narroAv, russeted, gently fur-
rowed, occasionally lipped; calyx large, open; lobes separated at the base,
short, broad, acute; basin shallow, obtuse, lightly furrowed; skin thick,
tender, roughened with russet, dull; color yellow, with many russet streaks
and patches, the exposed cheek blushed with light red; dots numerous, small,
russet, conspicuous; flesh yellowish-white, granular, tender and melting,
buttery, very juicy, sweet, aromatic; quality very good; core large, closed,
axile; calyx-tube short, wide, conical; seeds large, wide, long, acute.

CHAPTER XXII

VARIETIES OF QUINCES

Never represented by a great number of named varieties,
probably not more than a half-hundred in any country at one
time, the quince is now discarded from many nurserymen's
catalogues and appears under two, three, or at most, a half-
dozen names in others. Eight varieties are listed in this text,
but it is doubtful whether all could be purchased true to name
from American nurserymen or be found in the quince planta-
tions of the country.

INDEX TO VAEIETIES OF QUINCES

Champion, 482 Rea, 478

Fuller, 480 Rea's Mammoth, 478

Meech, 483 Smyrna, 481

Orange, 477 Van Deman, 484
Pineapple, 479

KEY TO VAEIETIES OF QUINCES

A. Fruits orange-shaped.
B. Shape globular.

C. Size medium; early midseason 477. Orange.

CC. Size large to very large; late midseason.

D. Flavor of quince 478. Rea.

DD. Flavor of pineapple 479. Pineapple.

BB. Shape round-oblate; neck thick, short; very

early 480. Fuller.

BBB. Shape round-oblong; lemon-yellow; surface

furrowed 481. Smyrna.

AA. Fruits pear-shaped.
B. Shape obtuse-pyriform.

C. Size medium to large ; late 482. Champion.

CC. Size large to very large; midseason 483. Meech.

BB. Shape obovate-pyrif orm ; very large 484. Van Deman.

477. Orange (Fig. 132) is a group rather than a varietal
name. The type seems to come nearly true from seed, which

309

310 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

accounts for the several strains. These Orange quinces belong
to the North, where they ripen late in the
season in cool weather. In the South, they
ripen too early, and are inferior in size, qual-
ity, and color to several other varieties. When
or where the name was first used is not known.
Orange is the leading commercial quince in
the United States.

Tree very vigorous, hardy, productive, and as free
Pig. \o2. Orange. ^g ^^y from blight. Fruit early midseason, nearly
round with a very short thick neck, faintly ribbed;
cavity broad, very shallow with indications of a small undeveloped neck,
russeted; basin broad, abrupt, deep, furrowed; calyx medium in size; very
pubescent; color golden yellow or sometimes greenish-yellow; flesh pale
yellow, tender, fine, juicy, mild subacid, becoming a beautiful dark red when
thoroughly cooked; core medium in size, wide open; quality very good.

478. Rea. Rea's Mammoth. — Rea is a strain of Orange char-
acterized by very large quinces and a strong-growing productive
tree, with foliage a little darker than that of the true Orange.
The fruit ripens a little later and keeps well after maturity.
The history of the variety goes back to Coxsackie, New York,
whence it seems to have been disseminated by Joseph Rea. The
trees are tender to cold in the North and, therefore, in disfavor
in the quince-growing regions of New York and New England;
they are also lacking in vigor, need high culture, and the crop
should be thinned.

479. Pineapple is a comparatively new variety originated by
Luther Burbank and sent out by him in 1899. The originator
says that the variety is the result of an effort to secure a quince
which on cooking would become tender as does the flesh of the
apple. The flavor is suggestive of the pineapple, hence the name.
In appearance the quince resembles the Orange, but is smoother
and more globular, lighter in color, and a little larger. The
tree is described as a strong grower and as productive as that
of the Orange.

480. Fuller is probably the best of the early quinces. It is
also characterized by the beauty of its fruits, which are rich
golden-yellow. Unfortunately, the trees are a little more subject

Plate X\T:. A Vulpina grape — The Clinton.

VARIETIES OF QUINCES 311

to blight than other varieties, and, since early quinces are not
much in demand, are now seldom found in commercial planta-
tions. Fuller was discovered about 1868 by A. S. Fuller, Ridge-
wood, New Jersey, and disseminated by him.

Tree of medium size, lacking in vigor, productive, subject to blight.
Fruit very early, medium to large, apple-shaped but with a neck which
gives some specimens the shape of a pear; surface ridged; heavily covered
with pubescence; calyx set in a deep wide basin; stem set in a shallow
cavity; flesh light yellow, juicy, tender, free from granules, very aromatic,
mildly subacid; quality good to very good.

481. Smyrna is a new variety introduced from Smyrna in-
1897 by G. C. Roeding, Fresno, California. It seems to have
found a place in California, but as yet is hardly tested in the
East. The plant is a handsome ornamental.

Tree a rapid and very vigorous grower with many large leaves. Fruit
large, round-oblong; surface lightly furrowed, lemon-yellow; season about
that of Orange, the fruit keeping well; flesh tender, very aromatic, mild
subacid; quality good to very good.

482. Champion (Fig. 133) is one of the
three or four standard varieties of Ameri-
can quinces. The fruits are very large and
handsome, with flesh almost as tender as
that of an apple, delicate in taste and odor,
which are imparted to any other fruit with
which the quinces are cooked. The trees
are large and vigorous, bear young, and
are very productive. The fruit ripens late
and keeps long. Champion is of American
origin, its history dating back to about 1870.

Fig. 133. Cham-
pion.

Tree vigorous, productive, early in bearing. Fruit large or very large,
obtuse-pyriform, smooth or faintly ribbed; stem set obliquely in a slight
depression; basin deep, narrow with deep narrow furrows; color greenish-
yellow; pubescence very heavy; core large, open; flesh pale yellow, juicy,
but firm, not spongy like that of Orange, slightly astringent, aromatic,
mild subacid; quality good.

483. Meech (Fig. 134). — Many pomologists believe Meech to
be a strain of the better-known Champion. A review of the
history and characters of the two varieties shows that Meech is

312

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

the older of tlie two quinces; ripens its crop two weeks earlier;
is much less subject to blight; the trees are
hardier, more vigorous, and more productive ;
and, all in all, the true Meech is a better va-
riety than the true Champion. IMeech seems
to have been in cultivation in Vineland, New
Jersey, about the middle of tlie nineteenth
century. Coming into the hands of Rev.
W. W. Meech, it w^as disseminated in 1883.

Fig. 134. Meech. Tree very vigorous, hardy, productive and compara-

tively free from blight; comes in bearing early.
Leaves large, broad in proportion to their length and luxuriantly green.
Flowers very large and attractive. Fruit midseason, very large, obtuse-
pyriform, smooth or occasionally slightly ribbed; stem set obliquely in
a slight depression; basin rather narrow, smooth or somewhat furrowed;
color bright golden-yellow; very pubescent but becoming smooth at ma-
turity; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, fine-grained, highly aromatic, tart;
quality good.

484. Van Deman (Fig. 135) is a compara-
tively new quince from Luther Burbank,
Santa Rosa, California. Its value remains to
be determined, although it has already found
favor in some regions.

Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific, coming in bearing
early. Fruit ripens just before Orange; very large,
pear-shaped, with a short obtuse neck, making the
shape obovate-pyrif orm ; surface smooth ; basin of
medium width and depth; stem set obliquely in a shallow calyx, sometimes
surrounded by a short neck-like protuberance; calyx open, with leaf -like
lobes ; color pale orange ; without much pubescence ; flesh pale yellow, rather
coarse, slightly astringent, aromatic, pleasant, subacid, juicy, becomes deep
red when cooked; quality very good; core large, wide open.

Fig. 135. Van De-
mau.

CHAPTER XXIII

VARIETIES OF APRICOTS

California has a monopoly of the apricot industry, furnishing
America with fresh fruits and the whole Avorld with the cured
and canned product. Elsewhere in the United States the apri-
cot is grown for the occasional crop the trees may produce, but
chiefly as an ornamental. Apricot cultivation is confined to
California on this continent because the blossoms appear so
early — first of all tree-fruits — that elsewhere they are usually
caught by spring frosts. The Russian apricots are not so often
injured by frosts at blooming time, but the fruits are hardly
worth having after they are in hand. Only twelve varieties of
this fruit are described, and these less satisfactorily to the
author than the varieties of any other fruit.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF APEICOTS

Blenheim, 493 Moorpark, 490

Budd, 486 Royal, 492

Early Moorpark, 489 St. Ambroise, 496

Hemskirke, 491 Shense, 485

Large Early, 495 Shipley, 493

Large Early Montgamet, 494 Smyrna, 487
Luizet, 488

KEY TO VARIETIES OF APRICOTS

A. Fruits borne in clusters. (Russian apricots)
B. Size large; round, compressed; flesh yel-
low 485. Shense.

BB. Size small; oval, sides unequal; flesh

orange 486. Budd.

AA. Fruits borne singly. (Common apricots)
B. Shape round or nearly so.

C. Kernel sweet; skin pale yellow; flesh

yellow 487. Smyrna.

CC. Kernel bitter.

D. Color deep yellow with crimson blush

and dots; flesh yellow; season early... 488. Luizet.
DD. Color orange; flesh orange.

313

314 SYSTEMATK' roMfU.OCY

E. Season early; size small 4S!», Karly Muorpark.

EE. Midseason or late; size lar^e.
F. Apricots deep oranjre with brown
dots; llesh deej) orange.
G. Fruit usually more than 2 inches
in diameter; sides often rii)en

unevenly 400. Moorpark.

GG. Fruits usually under 2 inches

in diameter; sides ripen evenly. 491. Ilemskirke.
FF. Apricots light orange, almost
yellow, usually with red dots; flesh
light orange.

G. Size medium to large; stone al-
ways free 492. Royal.

GG. Size large; stone often cling-
ing; deeper orange in skin and

flesh than Royal 493. Blenheim.

BB. Shape oblong or longer than wdde; sea-
son early.
C. Kernel sweet ; stone large, very broad,

thick, and rough 494. Large Early Mont-

CC. Kernel bitter. garnet.

D. Apricots oblong-oval, often oblique ;

skin and flesh orange 495. Large Early.

DD. Apricots oblong-elliptical; skin and

flesh rich yellow 496. St. Ambroise.

485. Shense (Fig. 136). Acme. — Shense is the hardiest Rus-

sian apricot; the tree is vigorous, handsome,
productive, and the fruit large and of good
quality in Iowa and Nebraska. In the last-
named state, the variety is grown under the
name Acme. Shense originated from a stone
brought from China about 1883.

Fruit early; large, 2 inches in diameter, round.

Fig. 130. Shense. compressed; suture distinct; color pale yellow, the

half exposed to the sun overspread with intense red

deepening to purple; flesh deep yellow, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant; good

in quality; stone large, free, ovate.

486. Budd has the doubtful recommendation of producing
the best fruits of all the Russian apricots. The crop ripens
very early, and the fruits have a sweet peaeh-like flavor that
recommends them to those looking for variety. Budd is grown
only in the Middle West, where it Avas introduced a generation
ago by J. L. Budd, the noted authority on Russian fruits.

VARIETIES OF APRICOTS

315

Tree vigorous, upright, hardy, productive. Leaves glandular. Fruit
very early; small, oval, flattened; suture deep; halves unequal; skin golden-
yellow, tinged with red on exposed sides ; flesh bright orange, coarse, stringy,
juicy, firm, sweet, peach-like in flavor; good; stone cling or half -cling,
rather large.

487. Smyrna is grown on the grounds of the Experiment
Station, Davis, California. The following description of the
fruit is sent by Lloyd Austin, a specialist in apricots:

Fruit midseason; large, round-oval^ slightly conical, sides compressed;
cavity shallow; suture medium to deep; color yellow; flesh pale yellow;
flavor distinctive and very pleasing; stone free, medium in size, oval,
plump; kernel sweet.

488. Luizet (Fig. 137) is an old French
sort little grown in America, but offered by
several American nurserymen. Wickson stated
that it was approved in the upper San Joa-
quin Valley, California.

Fruit early; very large, round-ovate, sides a little
compressed toward the apex; suture prominent, divid- Fig. 137. Luizet.
ing a swollen ridge; halves of the fruit unequal; cav-
ity broad, deep; color a deep rich yellow with a crimson blush and dots of
crimson; flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, aromatic, sweet, rich; very good in
quality; stone large, round-ovate, free, rough, variable in thickness; kernel
bitter.

489. Early Moorpark (Fig. 138) is one of the standard early
apricots East and West, and is very popular with the apricot-
growers in southern California. The fruits
resemble those of Moorpark, best known of all
apricots, in shape, color, and quality, but are
smaller and appear three weeks earlier; they
are choicely good in quality but are a little
too small for the market. The trees are very
productive, but are tender to cold, and the
crop ripens unevenly in some situations. This
is a good variety to try in the East because

of extreme earliness. Early Moorpark is an old English va-
riety.

Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive, with strong luxuriant shoots.
Fruit very early; small, round-oval, with a well-marked or deep suture ex-

FiG. 138. Early
Moorpark.

316

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fio

139. Moor-
park.

tending from base to apex; skin leiiion-yellow, fluslied and dotted ■with
bright reddish-orange; very juit-y, sweet and rich; of best quality; stone
free from the flesh, round-oblong, rough ; kernel bitter.

490. Moorpark (Fig. 139) is probably the
most widely grown of all apricots. The merits
of the variety are chiefly in the fruits, wliicli
are large, handsome, and of best quality.
The trees have several faults: they are
tender to cold; uncertain and irregular
bearers; and the crop ripens unevenly.
Moorpark is an old English variety, but is
said to have been introduced from France to
England at an early date.

Tree very large, with long strong shoots, tender to cold, sometimes very
productive, but often shy and uncertain and not always healthy. Fruit
large, more than 2 inches in diameter, round with truncate base and com-
pressed sides; cavity small; suture shallow^, dividing the fruit into unequal
halves; color deep orange with brown dots; flesh deep orange, firm, juicy,
sweet, rich; best in quality; stone free, large, rough, thick, kernel slightly
bitter.

491. Hemskirke (Fig. 140).' — This variety is a strain of
Moorpark, which it surpasses in hardiness
of tree. The tree resembles that of Moor-
park in wood and foliage, but is a more
regular bearer; unfortunately it does not
hold the crop well. The fruit, also, re-
sembles that of Moorpark, but ripens evenly
on both sides, as Moorpark often does not.
The variety is widely grown in California.
It is an old English sort.

Tree large, spreading, very hardy and "healthy, regular and productive
bearer. Flowers large, nearly pure white. Fruits midseason; large, nearly
2 inches in diameter, round or round-oblate, sides compressed, bulged on
one side of suture near the apex; suture distinct; apex mucronate ; color
orange with brown spots, blushed toward the sun; skin thick, adhering;
flesh golden-orange, tender, juicy, rich; very good in quality; stone oval,
small, free; with a pervious channel; kernel bitter.

492. Royal (Fig. 141) is now the leading apricot in the
great apricot-growing regions of California. In quality of
fruit, it is somewhat inferior to Moorpark, but the trees do

Fig.

140. Hems-
kirke.

VARIETIES OF APRICOTS

317

not have the several serious faults of Moorpark. In addition to
the variety, there seem to be two quite dis-
tinct strains of Royal in California. The
Derb}^ Royal is like the type variety, but is
two weeks earlier. White Royal is lighter
in color and flesh ; this strain is not liked
by canners. Royal and Blenheim are al-
most indistinguishable, though the latter is
larger. The variety is an old European sort.

Fig. 141. Royal.

Tree large, vigorous, regular in bearing large crops which ripen uni-
formly. Fruit midseason; large, oval, sides compressed; suture shallow
but distinct; color yellow or orange with orange cheek tinged with red
with a few red dots; flesh rich, dull, yellow, firm, juicy, vinous; very good
in quality; stone large, free, round-oblong, thick, rough; kernel bitter.

493. Blenheim (Fig. 142). Shipley.—
Blenheim is one of the popular apricots in
California for canning, standing in popular-
ity next to Royal, which it closely resembles.
It is grown in every apricot section of the
state. This is an old sort raised by a Miss
Shipley, Blenheim, England. Loose and
Knobel are selected strains growing in Santa
Clara Yalley, California.

Fig. 142. Blenheim.

Tree vigorous, a regular and productive bearer, hardy. Fruit midseason;
2 inches in diameter, round-oblong or round-oblate, sides compressed ; suture
well marked, deep at cavity; apex rounded; color golden-orange with a
deep red blush; pubescence short, fine, obscure; stem very short; skin thin,
tender, free; flesh deep yellow or orange, juicy, mild, sweet but not rich;
stone of medium size, flat, ovate, free or clinging somewhat; pervious chan-
nel; kernel bitter.

494. Large Early Montgamet. — This is probably a European
sort renamed. It is offered for sale by California nurserymen
and is to be found occasionally in eastern America.

Fruit early; large, 2 inches or more in diameter, round-oval, sides com-
pressed, irregular, ribbed, truncate; cavity large and deep; suture distinct,
dividing a prominent swollen ridge; color rich yellow or orange, mottled or
blushed with red; flesh deep yellow, juicy, firm, sAveet, rich; quality very
good; stone large, free, nearly as broad as long, thick, rough, very dark
in color; kernel sweet.

318

SYSTEM. \rir POMOLOGY

Fig.

143. Large
Early.

495. Large Early (Fig. 143).— This is an
especially valiiahlc variety because of the
earliness, large size, attractive appearance,
and high quality of its fruits. The variety
is a favorite in nearly all apricot-growing
regions. A fault is that the tree is some-
times an uncertain bearer. Large Early is
an old French variety.

Tree vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive but sometimes uncertain in
bearing. Leaf large, broader than long; margin coarsely serrate; petiole
% inch long, Avith 1 to several globose glands. Flowers white, often with
6 petals. Fruit very early; nearly 2 inches in diameter, oblong-oval, com-
pressed, often oblique; suture well marked; apex terminating in a sharp
point; color light orange, darker orange next to the sun with some red;
fine obscure pubescence; flesh orange, firm, juicy, sweet, rich; very good
to best; stone free, oval, flat with sharp point; kernel bitter.

496. St. Ambroise (Fig. 144).— The tree of
St. Ambroise is accredited as being most pro-
ductive and very good in other characters as
well, but the fruits are a little coarse, lacking
in richness of flavor, and not well adapted
for either canning or drying, although they
ship well in the fresh state. St. Ambroise
is an old European variety.

Fig. 144. St. Am-
broise.

Tree vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive.
Fruit early; large, more than 2 inches in diameter,
oblong-elliptical, sides compressed, suture side swollen,

ribbed at base ; suture distinct ; color deep rich yellow, blushed next the sun ;
a few reddish dots; flesh rich yellow, firm, a little stringy, melting, juicy,
perfumed ; very good in quality ; stone free, very large, rough, elliptical,
flat, winged.

CHAPTER XXIV

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

The cherry, of all hardy fruits, excepting, perhaps, the In-
sititia plums, is most fixed in its characters: as a consequence,
the differences between tree and fruit in the varieties are less
marked, and sorts come more nearly true to seed. In spite of
these facts, there are a great number of varieties, — the author
described 1145 in The Cherries of New York. The cherries in-
cluded in this chapter are now under common cultivation.

INDEX TO VAEIETIES OF CHERRIES

Bing, 502 Large Montmorency, 514

Black Eagle, 509 Late Duke, 522

Black Bepublican, 501 Louis Philippe, 519

Black Tartarian, 511 May Duke, 517

Brusseler Braune, 516 Montmorency, 513

Coe, 507 Napoleon, 497

Coe's Transparent, 507 Reine Hortense, 521

Early Purple Guigne, 510 Republican, 501

Early Richmond, 512 Boyal Ann, 497

Elton, 504 Royal Duke, 520

Empress Eugenie, 518 Schmidt, 499

English Morello, 515 Schmidt 's Bigarreau, 499

Governor Wood, 506 Windsor, 500

Ida, 505 Wood, 506

Knight Early Black, 508 Yellow Spanish, 498

Lambert, 503

KEY TO VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

A. Cherries sweet.

B. Flesh firm (Bigarreaus)

C. Skin and flesh light-colored (Light
Bigarreaus)
D. Shape long-cordate, longer than wide ;

• reddish at pit 497. Napoleon.

DD. Shape short -cordate, shorter than

Avide ; flesh not red at the pit 498. Yellow Spanish.

CC. Skin and flesh dark-colored (Dark
Bigarreaus)

319

320 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

D. Shape long-cordate.

E. Fruit luidseason; stone oblique 409. Schmidt.

EE. Fruit late; stone symmetrical 500. Windsor.

DD. Shape round-cordate.
E. Stem short and stout.

F. Suture a groove; late; stone

small, ovate .lOl. Republican.

FF. Suture a line; midseason; stone

large, oval .■)02. Bing.

EE. Stem long and slender ; stone

large, oblique 503. Lambert.

BB. Flesh soft (Hearts, Geans, or Guignes)
C. Skin and flesh light-colored (Light
Hearts)
D. Fruit long-cordate, pointed; bright red

tinged Avith amber 504. Elton.

DD. Fruit round-cordate, blunt; light red;
not tinged with amber.
E. Stem long, slender.

F. Size of fruit medium; early 505. Ida.

FF. Size of fruit large; midseason.. 506. Wood.

EE. Stem medium, stout ; early 507. Coe.

CC. Skin and flesh dark in color. (Dark
Hearts)
D. Fruit round-cordate.

E. Ventral suture of stone flat with

central groove 508. Knight Early Black.

EE. Ventral suture of stone raised with

central ridge 509. Black Eagle.

DD. Fruit long-cordate.

E. Stem very long; stone broadly oval,

symmetrical 510. Early Purple Guigne.

EE. Stem medium; stone ovate, oblique. 511. Black Tartarian.
AA. Cherries sour.

B. Flesh and juice light-colored. (Amarelles)

C. Skin dark red, fruit small, early 512. Early Eichmond.

CC. Skin light red; fruit medium to large,
midseason.
D. Fruit medium in size, borne in pairs,

globose 513. Montmorency.

DD. Fruit large, borne singly, round

oblate 514. Large Montmorency.

BB. Flesh and juice dark-colored (Morellos
or Griottes)

C. Stem short; suture a well-marked groove. 515. English Morello.
CC. Stem very long; suture scarcely dis-
tinct 516. Brusseler Braune.

AAA. Cherries mildly acid (Duke or Hybrid
cherries)
B. Flesh red with colored juice.

C. Fruit small, % inch in diameter.

VABIETIES OF CHERRIES 321

D. Flesh dark red; stone free, round;

early 517. May Duke.

DD. Flesh pale red; stone clinging, ovate,

oblique 518. Empress Eugenie.

CC. Fruit large, 1 inch in diameter; flesh

light red; stone free, ovate; midseason... 519. Louis Philippe.
BB. Flesh yellowish or amber.

C. Fruit small, early; flesh and juice tinged

with red 520. Eoyal Duke.

CC. Fruit large, midseason or late; flesh not
tinged red.

D. Shape oblong-conic, amber red, mid-
season; flesh pale yellow 521. Reine Hortense.

DD. Shape round-cordate, dark red, very

late ; flesh amber 522. Late Duke.

DIVISION A. SWEET CHERRIES

Section I. Firm-fleshed Cherries (Bigarrk4Us)

Group 1. Light-colored Bigarremis

497. Napoleon (Fig. 145). Royal Ann. — Napoleon is the
leading firm-fleshed sweet cherry, by virtue of
the large size, handsome appearance, and high
quality of the fruit, and the phenomenal pro-
ductiveness of the trees. The rich sweet
flavor, with abundant juice and firm crack-
ling flesh, makes this a most delicious cherry
for dessert, and, with the great size and at-
tractive color, give it preference over all other
sweet cherries for canning. The trees come
in bearing early, and are vigorous, hardy, and
healthy. They may be known by their up-
right growth and large sturdy limbs. Napo-
leon is not, however, Avithout its faults. The
cherries crack badly in wet weather and the
tree is fastidious as to soils. Early in the
eighteenth century Napoleon was grown by
Germans, French, Dutch and English, — proof
that it is a very old variety. It has been in America for at least
a century.

Fig. 145. Napoleon.

322

STSTEMA TIC POMOLOGY

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive.
Fruit midseason; over one inch in diameter, long-cordate, compressed;
cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a distinct line; ajtex much pointed; color
varying shades of bright red over a yellowish background, mottled; dots
obscure; stem slender, more than one inch long, adherent to the fruit;
skin thin, adherent; flesh white with a faint yellow tinge, with colorless
juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; good to very good in quality;
stone semi-clinging, small, ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth surfaces.

498. Yellow Spanish (Fig. 146). — For centuries Yellow Span-
ish was the best of all the Bigarreaus, and it is only in recent
years that it has had rivals. The trees are
the largest of all the varieties of sw^eet cher-
ries, and have an upright-spreading top,
which gives a large bearing surface and forms
a canoi)y of excellent foliage; they are vigor-
ous, bear abundantly and regularly, and come
in bearing young, wnth the crop well dis-
tributed. The cherries do not come up to the
trees in points of superiority ; they are smaller
than those of Napoleon, and are more subject
to attacks of brown-rot. In fruit Yellow
Spanish is rather the handsomer of the two
cherries ; in quality it is the better of the two,
having tenderer flesh and a sweeter and
richer flavor. Yellow Spanish is so old and
so wddely disseminated that its origin can
only be conjectured. The variety w^as im-
ported to America from London by the Princes, Flushing, Long
Island, in the year 1802.

Tree very large and vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, produc-
tive. Fruit midseason ; 1 inch or over in diameter, cordate, compressed ;
cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a mere line, apex rounded; color bright
amber-yellow with a reddish blush, slightly mottled; dots numerous, small,
light russet, obscure; stem ll^ inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh white, wuth colorless juice, tender,
meaty, crisp, aromatic, sprightly, sweet; very good to best in quality;
stone free, ovate, flattened, oblique, with smooth surfaces.

Fig. 14G. Yellow
Spanish.

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

323

Group 2. Dark-colored Bigarreaus

499. Schmidt (Fig. 147). Schmidt's Bi-
garreau. — The characters which entitle
Schmidt to a high place in the cherry list
are: the fruits are large, being unsurpassed
in size by any other black cherry; they are
glossy black in color ; the flesh is dark ruby-
red under the skin, which makes the cherry
as pleasing inwardly as outwardly ; and they
are free from brown-rot, in this respect ex-
celling any other market sort. The trees are
vigorous, healthy, productive, and charac-
terized by abundant large leaves of dark
luxuriant green. Schmidt originated with
Herr Schmidt, Casekow, Prussia, about
1841. It eventually found its way to
America, but when and how is not known.

Fig. 147. Schmidt.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped and productive.
Leaves obovate; margin serrate, glandular. Fruit midseason, one inch in
diameter, long-cordate, compressed, often oblique; cavity deep, wide, flar-

fing; suture indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color
purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet,
obscure; stem slender, 1^2 inches long; strongly
adherent to the fruit ; skin tough, separating from
the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark colored juice,
crisp, firm, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone semi-
clinging, ovate, oblique, with smooth surfaces.

500. Windsor (Fig. 148) is the standard
late Bigarreau. The fruits are firm and
stand harvesting and shipping well; and at
a season of the year when brown-rot is usu-
ally rife, Windsor is fairly free from this
scourge of the sweet cherry. The quality is
good, equalled but not surpassed by others
of its class. The trees have the reputation
of being the hardiest of the Bigarreaus, of
thriving in many soils and of being fruitful,
but to offset these merits, they do not come

Fig. 148. Windsor,

324

S YS TKM A TIC POMOLO C, Y

into boarin«»' early; are tall and upriji^lit in j^^rowth, beinp: almost
fastigiate, so tliat it is cliffieiilt to harvest the crop; and the load
of fruit is not well distributed. Windsor originated on the farm
of James Dougall, Windsor, Ontario, and was introduced to
fruit-growers in 1881.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive.
Fruit late midseason; one inch in diameter, oblong to conical, compressed;
cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex rounded; color very dark
red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure; stem
slender, 1V4 inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, adhering to the
pulp; flesh light red, with reddish juice, tender, crisp, mild, sweet; good to
very good in quality; stone semi-free, ovate, flattened, blunt pointed, with
smooth surfaces.

501. Republican (Fig. 149). Black Re-
publican.— The cherries are rich in flavor,
firm of flesh, and have an abundance of re-
freshing juice, a pleasing rotundity of shape,
and a beautiful dark red, almost black,
glossy color. In size of fruit, the variety often
falls short. The trees are large, spreading,
and vigorous, but are susceptible to the shot-
hole fungus and exceedingly capricious as to
soils. The cherry is, at most, of only local
value. This variety originated about the
middle of the nineteenth century in the or-
chard of Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon.

Tree large, vigorous, open-topped, very produc-
tive. Fruit late; one inch in diameter, wide, vari-
able in shape, cordate or round-cordate, compressed,
with angular and uneven surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a shal-
low groove, often extending around the fruit ; apex with a depression at
the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, dark russet; stem
thick, 1% inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin; flesh purplish -red,
with dark colored juice, tender, crisp, mild, sweet or with slight astringency;
of good quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, blunt, with smooth
surfaces.

Fig. 149. Repub
lican.

502. Bing (Fig. 150). — The fruits are almost unequalled in
size, attractiveness, and quality. Other characters commending
the variety are that the crop hangs w^ell on the trees and ripens

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

325

at one time, so that the harvest consists of one picking. The
trees are not so vigorous, healthy, or produc-
tive as they should be in a commercial va-
riety of first rank. Seth Lewelling, Milwau-
kee, Oregon, grew Bing from the seed of
Republican in 1875.

Tree large, vigorous, erect, upright-spreading,
open, productive. Fruit midseason or later; 1 inch
in diameter, round-cordate, somewhat compressed,
slightly angular; cavity deep, of medium width,
abrupt, regular; suture a dark line; apex rounded
or slightly depressed; color very dark red, almost
black; dots small, russet, inconspicuous; stem li/4
inches long ; skin tough, adherent to the pulp ; flesh
purplish-red with dark purple juice, rather coarse,
firm, brittle, sweet; of very good quality; stone
semi-free, large, oval, blunt, with smooth surfaces. Fig. 150. Bing.

503. Lambert (Fig. 151).— In appearance, the fruits of
Lambert are like those of Black Heart, having much the same
shape and color, but are larger, more rotund,
smoother, and brighter. The flesh is purplish-
red marbled with lighter red, firm, meaty,
and juicy, with a sweet rich flavor. The tree
is strong, vigorous, healthy, and usually fruit-
ful and regular in bearing. The fruit sets
in large loose clusters, often a dozen to the
fruit-spur. Lambert originated as a seedling
under a Napoleon tree, about 1848, in the
orchard of J. H. Lambert, Milwaukee, Ore-
gon.

Tree medium to large in size and vigor, upright-
spreading, very productive. Fruit midseason; 1 inch
in diameter, round-cordate, compressed ; cavity deep,
flaring; suture shallow, often a mere line; apex
rounded, depressed at the center; color very dark red
changing to reddish-black; dots numerous, small, rus-
set, obscure; stem tinged with red, slender, li/4 inches long, adherent to the
fruit; skin thin, adhering to the pulp; flesh dark red, with scant dark red
juice, firm, pleasantly flavored, sweet, rich, and refreshing; of very good
quality; stone clinging, large, wide, ovate, flattened, blunt, oblique, with
smooth surfaces.

Fig. 151. Lambert.

326

SYSTEM A Tir roMOLOdY

Section II. Flesh Soft (Hearts)
Group .V. Light -colored Hearts

504. Elton (P'ig. 152) is distinguished by
the form, color, flesh, and flavor of its fruit.
The cherries are oblonp:-heart-shaped ; the
color is dark red, mottled with amber, very
bright, clear, and glossy ; the flavor is pecul-
iarly rich and luscious. The trees may be
recognized readily by the unusually dark
red color of the petioles of the leaves. Brown-
rot, the scourge of the sweet cherry, attacks
this variety more aggressively than almost
any other sort and for this reason Elton
must remain a varietj^ for the home orchard.
This is a cherry from Thomas Andrew
Knight, who fruited it first about 1806. It
was brought to America in 1823.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-
topped, very productive. Fruit early; about 1 inch
long, % inch wide, cordate,
conical, somcAvhat compressed
and oblique; cavity abrupt,
regular ; suture indistinct ;
apex distinctly pointed; color
dark red with an amber tinge,
numerous, small, light yellow,
1% inches long, skin thin, ten-
der, separating from the pulp, flesh white with a tinge
of yellow, with colorless juice, slightly stringy, tender,
very mild, sweet ; of good quality ; stone free, long-
ovate, flattened, with smooth surfaces.

505. Ida (Fig. 153) is a general favorite in
home orchards. It can never take a high
place among commercial kinds, because the
cherries are too soft to handle well, show
bruises plainly, are susceptible to brown-rot,
and come when good cherries are plentiful.
The trees are vigorous and hardy, and bear fig. 153. Ida.

Fig. 152. Elton.

faintly mottled; dots
obscure; stem slender.

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES 327

full crops regularly and in various environments. The variety is
readily recognized by the upright habit of growth and by the
large lenticels on the trunk and branches. E. H. Cocklin, Shep-
herdstown, Pennsylvania, grew this variety about 1870.

Tree large, vigorous^ upright, open-topped, vasiform, very productive.
Leaves obovate, thin; margin doubly crenate. Fruit early; % inch in
diameter, cordate, slightly compressed, cavity deep, flaring, regular; suture
a distinct line; color amber overspread with light red, mottled; dots numer-
ous, large, yellowish, conspicuous; stem 1^2 inches long; skin thin, sepa-
rating readily from the pulp; flesh white, with colorless juice, tender and
melting, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free or semi-free, round, flat-
tened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

506. Wood (Fig. 154). Governor Wood. — Wood is pre-
eminently a sweet cherry for the amateur. The trees are tender
to cold, are not quite productive enough to

make the variety profitable and are somewhat
fastidious as to soils, but to offset these de-
fects, they are vigorous and healthy and bear
early. The cherries will not stand handling
in harvesting and shipping, and are very sus-
ceptible to brown-rot. The flesh separates
readily from the skin, is tender, juicy, with an
abundance of colorless juice, and a flavor that
has given it the reputation of being one of the
best in quality. Wood was raised by J. P.
Kirkland in 1842, at Cleveland.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open, productive.
Fruit early midseason, 1 inch in diameter, roundish-
cordate, compressed ; cavity wide, flaring ; suture dis-
tinct, wide ; apex roundish ; color crimson on a yellow-
ish-white background; dots numerous, small, light rus-
set, conspicuous; stem slender, 1% inches long, adher-
ing well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating ^^^- l^"^- Wood.
from the pulp, flesh whitish, juice colorless, tender,

mild, sweet; very good; stone clinging, large, roundish, blunt, with smooth
surfaces, with a broad ventral suture.

507. Coe (Fig. 155). Coe's Transparemt. — Coe is the first
of the light-colored cherries to ripen, and is an excellent fruit
in quality and appearance. The tree characters are in the

328

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

main very g^ood. TIk' variety can be distinguished by the large
spreadiiiji: tree; by liardiness, vi«(or, health-
fulness, and fruitfulness. Curtis Coe, Mid-
dletown, Connecticut, «irew tliis variety early
in the nineteenth century from a pit of Ox
Heart.

Tree large, vigorous, upright -spreading, open,
very productive. Leaves numerous, 4i/i inches long,
2^4 inches wide; margin coarsely serrate, with small
black glands; petiole 1% inches long, grooved,
hairy, with 2-3 large, reniform, greenish-yellow or
reddish glands. Flowers midseason, l\i inches
across, white; borne in dense clusters, in twos and
threes. Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter, round cor-
date, compressed; cavity regular, abrupt; suture in-
distinct; apex blunt-pointed or slightly depressed;
color pale amber faintly mottled with red; dots
small, light yellow, inconspicuous; stem slender, lY^
inches long, adherent to the pulp; flesh pale yellow,
with colorless juice, tender, meaty, mild, sweet;

good to very good in quality; stone semi-free or free, flattened, Ijlunt,

with smooth surfaces.

Fig. 15.^. Coe.

Group 4. Dark-colored Hearts

508. Knight Early Black (Fig. 156).—
Possibly Knight Early Black is found in
home gardens in eastern United States as
often as any other sweet cherry. The char-
acters which give it popularity are chiefly
those of its fruits, which are excellent in
quality and handsome in appearance. The
cherries are of a glossy dark purple color,
and are uniform in color, shape, and size.
Knight, in size, color and flavor of fruit is
much like Black Tartarian, but the cherries
are smaller and ripen earlier. The trees are
about all that could be desired in a sweet
cherry; these are characteristically marked
by smooth bark dotted with large lenticels.
Knight came from T. A. Knight, Downton
Castle, Wiltshire, England, about 1810.

Fig. 150. Knight
Early Black.

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES 329

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive.
Fruit early; % inch in diameter; cavity wide, rather abrupt; suture indis-
tinct, apex flattened, with a small depression at the center; color dark
reddish-black, obscurely mottled ; dots numerous, small, russet, obscure ;
stem slender, I14 inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark-colored juice, tender,
meaty, mild, sweet; of good quality; stone free, small, round-ovate, -with
smooth surfaces.

509. Black Eagle. — In many respects Black Eagle is one of
the best varieties of its species. The trees are usually fruitful ;
ripen their fruit at a good time in the cherry season, and are
as hardy, healthy, and vigorous as those of any sweet cherry. It
is high quality of fruit that gives Black Eagle such merit that it
ought not to be forgotten. The fruit-stems of this variety are
characteristically long. Black Eagle was grown about 1806 by
Thomas Andrew Knight, Downton Castle,

Wiltshire, England.

Tree large, vigorous, upright -spreading, dense,
unproductive at first, but improving with age. Fruit
midseason; 1 inch in diameter, oblate, round-cordate,
compressed ; cavity regular, flaring ; suture a faint
groove; apex pointed or slightly depressed; color
dark red almost black; dots small, russet, medium
in number, obscure ; stem slender, 2 inches long ;
skin thin, tender; flesh dark red, wdth wine-colored
juice, meaty, tender, crisp, pleasantly flavored, mild
sweet; very good to best in quality; stone free ex-
cept along the ventral suture, small, ovate, slightly
flattened, blunt, Avith smooth surfaces.

510. Early Purple Guigne (Fig. 157) is
a valuable cherry on account of the earli-
ness, attractiveness, and high quality of its
fruits. The trees bear well and regularly
after having become established in the or-
chard, but are poor growers in the nursery.
Early Purple Guigne is the Early Purple of
Ray in 1688. The variety was brought to Fig. 157. Early
America over a hundred years ago. ^^ ^ "^^

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very productive.
Fruit very early; 1 inch in diameter, long-cordate, compressed; cavity
regular; suture a faint line; apex pointed; color purplish-black; dots num-

330 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

erous, small, grayish, obscure; stem tinged ^vith red, slender, 2 inches
long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the
pulp; flesh dark reddish-purple, AN-ith dark colored juice, tender, melting,
mild, sweet; of very good quality; stone free, large, broadly oval, com-
pressed near the apex, with smooth surfaces.

511. Black Tartarian (Fig. 158) is a favor-
ite dooryard and roadside sweet cherry. The
meritorious characters which give it high place
in cherry culture are : the elasticity of its con-
stitution, whereby it adapts itself to w^idely
different soils and climates; the fruitfulness,
healthfulness, and robustness of the trees,
Avhich also bear regularly, live to an old age,
and grow to a prodigious size; comparative
freedom from brown-rot; lastly, the cherries
though not large, are tempting to the eye, and
are a delight to the palate, the handsome pur-
plish-red flesh being firm and crisp, yet juicy,
with a sweet rich flavor. Black Tartarian was
introduced into England in 1794 from Cir-

FiG. 158. Black

Tartarian. cassia.

Tree characteristically large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, productive.
Fruit early; 1 inch in diameter, long-cordate, compressed; cavity inter-
mediate in depth and width, flaring; suture indistinct; apex pointed and
slightly depressed; color purplish-black; dots numerous, small, russet,
obscure; stem slender, l^^ inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin,
separating readily from the pulp; flesh purplish-red with dark colored
juice, firm, meaty, crisp, pleasant flavored, mild, sweet; of very good
quality; stone free, ovate, slightly flattened and oblique, with smooth
surfaces.

DIVISION B. SOUR CHERRIES

Section III. Flesh Light Colored (Amarelles)

Group 5. Dark-skinned Amarelles

512. Early Richmond (Fig. 159) has long been the leading
sour cherry of its season. It is not a remarkable variety in its
fruit characters, for the cherries are only medium in size,
mediocre in quality, and not handsomer than those of other

Plate XVII. An ^stivalis grape — Delaware.

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

331

Amarelles with which it belongs. The tree thrives in varied

soils and climates from the St. Lawrence to the Carolinas and

from the Atlantic to the Pacific — everywhere

vigorous, healthy, and fruitful. This variety

was early brought to America, where it became

known as Early Richmond, as the first trees

were grown at Richmond, Virginia.

Tree of moderate size, vigorous, upright-spreading,
dense, round-topped. Fruit early; % inch in diameter,
round-oblate, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; su-
ture indistinct; apex flattened; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, russet; stem slender, 1 inch long,
adherent to the fruit ; skin thin, tough, separating
from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with light pink juice,
stringy, tender and melting, sprightly; good to very

good in quality; stone free, small, round-ovate, pointed, tt- ikq t? i

1^ IG. -Loy. Hi a r 1 y
with smooth surfaces. Richmond.

Group 6. Light-skinned Amwrelles

513. Montmorency (Fig. 160) is the most popular sour cherry
grown in America. It is surpassed by no other in vigor, health,
and productiveness of tree. No other sour
cherry is adapted to a greater diversity of
soils than Montmorency, which fact, with its
capacity to stand heat and cold, makes it
suitable to wide variations in environment.
The fruit has the advantage of being pre-
sentable in appearance and fit for culinary
purposes several days before it is fully ripe,
and this adds to the value of the variety for
market. Montmorency falls short in the size
of the tree, which is seldom more than me-
dium, but the head is spreading and much
branched, and the fruit is borne in clus-
ters thickly, so that the total yield from a
tree is greater than would be thought.
The variety originated in Montmorency Val-
ley, France, several centuries ago. It has been cultivated in
America under various names for at least a century.

Fig. 160. Mont-
morency.

332

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped, productive. Fruit
midseason; % inch in diameter, round-oblate, slightly compressed; cavity
abrupt ; suture very shallow ; apex rounded ; color light to rather dark red ;
dots numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, usually with a faint
tinge of red, 1 inch long, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with a reddish tinge, with
abundant light pink juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart ; of very
good quality; stone free, small, round-ovate, flattened, pointed, with smooth
surfaces which are tinged with red.

514. Large Montmorency (Fig. 161) is easily distinguished
by several marked eharacters from the common Montmorency,
with which it is often confused. Its fruits
fK are more often borne singly, are larger,

T have a shorter, thicker stem, are more oblate,

/ and ripen a little earlier. The trees are

more upright, with stouter branches, and
are far less fruitful. The flesh characters
of the two kinds are much the same; the
flavor in both is particularly refreshing to
those who like the acidity of the sour
cherry. Large Montmorency came to Amer-
ica from England early in the nineteenth
century.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproduc-
tive. Fruit midseason; % inch in diameter, oblate,
compressed; cavity wide, flaring; suture shallow^;
apex flattened or depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, conspicuous; stem thick, 1 inch
long, adhering to the fruit; skin thick, separating from the pulp; flesh
white, showing distinctly the fibers in the pulp, with abundant colorless
juice, tender and melting, sprightly, pleasantly flavored, tart; of very good
quality; stone free, round, plump, with smooth surfaces, tinged with red.

Fig. 161. Large
Montmorency.

Section IV. Flesh Dark Colored (Morellos)

Group 7. Short -stemmed Morellos

515. English Morello (Fig. 162) is the standard late sour
cherry in North America. The cherries are handsome in ap-
pearance, bear harvesting and shipping well, are resistant to
brown-rot, and hang long on the trees. The trees are hardy

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

333

but not always healthy, and are not adapted to a great diversity
of soils. The variety probably originated in
Holland or Germany, whence it was intro-
duced into England and later into America.
Wragg is thought by some to be identical with
this cherry, and if not, it differs but little.

Tree small, upright-spreading, with drooping
branches, dense-topped. Fruit very late; about % inch
in diameter, round-cordate, compressed ; cavity shallow,
narrow, flaring, regular, suture a shallow groove ; apex
rounded, with a small depression at the center; color
dark red becoming almost black; dots numerous, small,
dark russet, conspicuous; stem slender, 1 inch long,
adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separat-
ing from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored
juice, tender and melting, sprightly, tart ; of good
quality; stone free, small, ovate, flattened and pointed, p , -...-, p ,. .
with smooth surfaces, tinged with red. * Mo'rello.

Group 8. Long-stemmed Morellos

516. Brusseler Braune (Fig. 163) has little value for com-
mercial planting. The trees are uncertain in
bearing; the cherries are small, sour, and as-
tringent; and the crop ripens very unevenly.
It is of the English Morello type but is far in-
ferior to this well-known sort. The variety has
two marked peculiarities : the leaves on the two-
year-old wood are very small, and the fruit
stems bear a small leaflet at their bases. No
doubt Brusseler Braune originated more than
a hundred years ago in Holland.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, but
with drooping branchlets, dense, round-topped, unpro-
ductive. Fruit very late, 1 inch in diameter, variable in
size, round-cordate, compressed; cavity of medium
depth, narrow, abrupt ; suture very shallow, indistinct ;
apex rounded, with a small depression at the center;
color dark red; dots numerous, small, dark russet, in-
conspicuous; stem 214 inches long, with small leaflet at

i7«,^ 1/30 T> 1 the base, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin thin, ten-

FiG. IbS. Brusseler ' .^ ,^,,^,J

Brauue. der, separates readily from the pulp; flesh dark red,

334 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOaY

with dark-colored juice, lender and iiieltin^^ somewhat astringent; sour;
of fair quality; stone free, round oval, plump, Idunt pointed; surfaces
smooth.

DIVISION C. MILDLY ACID CHERRIES (DUKES)

Section IV. Red-flecked Cherries

Group 9. Small Dukes

517. May Duke [Fi^. 164) is one of the oldest and most
popular chei-ries ; the fruit is finely flavored, especially when
prepared for the table, and even before ripe ;
it is also delicious to eat out of hand if the
cherries are dead ripe; and it may be left to
hang for a month or six weeks, becoming daily
sweeter and more aromatic. Despite tender
flesh, the fruits ship w^ell, although grown only
for local markets, since the long period of
ripening makes necessary several pickings.
The trees are as fruitful as any ; are hardy,
vigorous, and healthy ; and few cherries thrive
in greater variations of soil and climate. The
fruit is well distributed in dense clusters on
trees characteristically upright and vasiform,
which bear a dense canopy of dark-green luxu-
riant foliage. May Duke is supposed to have
originated in a district in France known as
]\Iedoc, and the name to have been derived
by the English from the place.

Tree large, upright, vasiform, very productive. Fruit early; % inch
in diameter, cordate to conical, compressed; cavity abrupt, regular; suture
indistinct; apex rounded with a small depression at the center; color dark
red; dots numerous, russet, obscure; stem slender, l^/^ inches long, adhering
strongly to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating from the pulp; flesh
dark red with pinkish juice, tender and melting, sprightly, subacid, pleas-
antly flavored ; of very good quality ; stone nearly free, small, round, with
smooth surfaces.

518. Empress Eugenie (Fig. 165). — This old French cherry
does not thrive in the new world as well as could be washed.

Fig

May

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

335

yet is worth planting. The two faults that
condemn it are : the cherries ripen very un-
evenly, and the trees are so small that, though
loaded with fruit, the total yield is not large.
The short stem also prevents easy picking.
The cherries are of the best. This variety
appeared in 1845 as a chance seedling near
Paris, France.

Tree small, not very vigorous, upright, becoming
round-topped, very productive. Flowers midseason,
1^/4 inches across, white; borne in very dense clusters
in threes and fours. Fruit midseason; % inch in
diameter, round-conic to oblate-conic ; compressed ;
cavity narrow ; suture very shallow, indistinct ; apex
flattened or depressed ; color dark red ; dots numerous,
small, dark russet, obscure; stem 1^4 inches long,
adherent to the fruit; skin tough, separating from
the pulp, flesh pale red with pink juice, tender, meaty,
sprightly, pleasantly flavored, tart; of good quality;
with smooth surfaces.

Fig. 165. Empress
Eugenie.

FtG

Group 10. Large Dukes

519. Louis Philippe (Fig. 166).— Some writers call Louis
Philippe a Duke, while others place it with
the Morellos. The fruit shows many charac-
teristics of the Morellos, but the tree appears
to be a Duke, so that it is probably a hybrid
between the two groups. The fruit is large,
globular, deep red, glossy, with a rich, vinous,
subacid flavor ; eaten out of hand it would be
rated as a very good Morello or a somewhat
mediocre Duke. It is one of the earliest of
the Morello-like cherries, and this advantage
may give it a place in the cherry flora of the
country. The trees are large and vigorous,
and their much-branched round tops would
seem to give the maximum amount of bear-
Philippe, iiig surface, but the cherries do not set abun-

336 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

dantly. Elliott, the American poniolojrist, imported Louis
Philippe from France in 1846.

Tree vigorous, upright -spreading, open-topped. Fruit midseason or later,
1 inch in diameter, round-ovate; cavity abrupt; suture very shallow to a
mere line; apex flattened, depressed; color very dark red; dots numerous,
unusually small, obscure; stem li/i-lVo inches long, adhering to the fruit;
flesh light red, uith much wine-colored juice, fine-grained, tender and
melting, sour at first, becoming pleasantly tart at full maturity; good in
quality; stone separates readily from the flesh, small, round-ovate, plump.

Section V. Yellow-fleshed Dukes

Group 11. Small Dukes

520. Royal Duke (Fig. 167) has a place in the cherry orchard
to follow May Duke, and to precede Late
Duke. It is so nearly like these two sorts, ex-
cept in season, that there is much difficulty in
getting the variety true to name. Royal
Duke differs from May Duke in being a little
later in season, while the cherries are larger,
lighter in color, and do not hang so thickly,
but are scattered along the branches, often
singly, and are more oblate. The trees are
markedly upright and the foliage is dense.
The origin of this variety is unknown, but it
dates back at least a century and a half in
Europe; it was brought to America in the
first half of the nineteenth century.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform.
Fig. IGT. Royal unproductive. Fruit early; % inch in diameter,
Duke. oblate, compressed; color bright red becoming darker

at maturity; dots few, small, obscure; stem lYj inches
long, adhering to the fruit ; skin thin, tough, separating from the pulp ;
flesh pale yellowish-white with tinge of red, pink juice, tender, sprightly,
pleasantly acid; good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate,
slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces.

VARIETIES OF CHERRIES

331

Group 12. Large Dukes

521. Reine Hortense (Fig. 168) takes high rank among hybrid

cherries. The fruit is excellent in qual-
ity, its flavor being a commingling of the
refreshing acidity of the sour cherry and
the richness of the sweet cherry. The fruits
are also handsome, being large, round,
bright glossy red, with a shade of amber,
and very uniform in size, color, and shape.
The chief faults of the variety are in the
trees, which are of medium size, not pro-
ductive, and at their best only in choice
cherry soils. M. Larose of Neuilly-sur-
Seine, France, grew the original tree early
in the nineteenth century. It was brought
to America about 1850.

Tree of medium size, upright -spreading, unproduc-
tive. Fruit midseason, 1 inch in diameter, oblong-
conic, compressed; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt,
often lipped; suture indis-
tinct; apex rounded with a
small depression at the cen-
ter ; color amber-red ; dots nu-
merous, light russet, conspicuous; stem tortuous,
slender, li/4 inches long, adherent to the fruit;
skin tender, separating from the pulp; flesh pale
yellow, with colorless juice, tender and melting,
sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone free,
large, oval, flattened, blunt, with smooth surfaces.

522. Late Duke (Fig. 169) is a variant
of the well-known Ma}^ Duke, ripening from
two weeks to a month later. The cherries
are not quite so sweet as those of May Duke,
a little more marbled in color or skin, and
ripen through a longer season. The trees
are readily distinguished from those of the
earlier Duke, being more open and spread-
ing, scanter of foliage, with more slender
branches and fruit more thickly clustered

Fig. 168. Reine
Hortense.

Fig.

169. Late
Duke.

338 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

along: the branchlots. The tree is hardy and its blossoming-time
is late, so the variety is well adapted to northern latitudes.
Late Duke has been cultivated in Europe for more than a
century, and has been in America nearly that length of time.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive. Fruit very
late; 1 inch in diameter, blunt -cordate, compressed; cavity wide; suture
shallow; color dark red; stem slender, IVo to 2 inches long, deeply in-
serted; flesh amber-colored, with abundant juice, tender, rich, sprightly
subacid; stone semi-clinging, medium to large, round-ovate, compressed.

CHAPTER XXV

VARIETIES OF NECTARINES

The nectarine is not an orchard fruit of importance in any
part of North America excepting California, and in that state
is of minor consequence. The lack of cultivation is due not to
inferiority in the product, but to the fact that nectarines are
not profitable because the fruits are too delicate to meet the
demands of commerce, bruising and decaying before the crop
can be put in the hands of consumers. It is, however, an excel-
lent fruit for the home orchard in any climate on any soil
where the peach thrives. For these reasons, there has been
small demand for new varieties of nectarines; scarcely a score
are under cultivation in the United States, of which ten are
described in this chapter.

INDEX TO VAEIETIES OF NECTARINES

Boston, 532 Humbolt, 530

Cardinal, 523 Lord Napier, 525

Downton, 527 Newton, 529

Elruge, 528 Pineapple, 531

Hardwicke, 526 Victoria, 524

KEY TO VARIETIES OF NECTARINES

A. Color of flesh greenish-white.

B. Stone clinging, large, ovate; very early 523. Cardinal.

BB. Stone free.

C. Kernel sweet or scarcely bitter 524. Victoria.

CC. Kernel very bitter.

D. Flesh white to the stone 525. Lord Napier.

DD. Flesh with more or less red at the stone.
E. Skin dark purplish-red, especially on the

cheek 526. Hardwicke.

EE. Skin greenish-white with a bright red

cheek 527. Downton.

EEE. Skin creamy -white with a crimson cheek;

sunfreckled Avith red 528. Elruge.

EEEE. Skin greenish-yellow, marbled with

brownish-red ; cheek sometimes crimson 529. Newton.

339

:U0 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

AA. Color of flesh yellow or orange.

B. Fruit oblong-oval ; season late 530. Humbolt.

BB. Fruit round-oval ; midseason.

C. Suture distinct ; flesh orange yellow 531. Pineapple.

CC. Suture a line ; flesh yellow 532. Boston.

523. Cardinal (Fi^. 170). — This new nectarine seems to have
been tested only in greenhouses in America.
It is considered one of the best both here and
abroad for forcing and for pot-culture. The
variety might well be tried as an extra early
nectarine out-of-doors, for, although it is a
clingstone, its trim contour, delicately marked
coloring, and piquant refreshing flavor make

Fig. 170. Cardinal, it a most inviting dessert fruit. Cardinal is
an English nectarine first mentioned about
1890, and brought to America a few years later.

Tree rather small, round-headed, compact, hardy, productive. Fruit
extra early, medium to small in size, oval; suture shallow but distinct;
apex depressed with a well-marked abrupt tip; color greenish-yellow,
marbled with a distinctive salmon-red, with white spots covered with net-
like lines; flesh greenish-white, juicy, melting, piquant, refreshing; quality
good ; stone clinging rather tenaciously, large, ovate.

524. Viotoria. — On the grounds of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, Victoria Is one of the
most satisfactory of all nectarines. The trees are as hardy as
those of any other varieties and the fruits are very good, —
as luscious as those of any other fruit grown. The variety
seems to have originated in England about 1860.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, compact, tender to cold, productive.
Fruit large, round-oval, heart-shaped at the base ; color pale green, purplish-
red or almost violet in the sun; flesh white, melt-
ing, sweet, rich, aromatic, delicious; quality very
good; stone rather large with a kernel similar in
taste to that of the sweet almond.

525. Lord Napier (Fig. 171) is the main-
stay in commercial orchards as the earliest
nectarine. The tree in California is re- ^^^ ^^ Lord
ported to be a heavy and regular bearer, Napier.

VARIETIES OF NECTARINES 341

and the fruit is pronounced about the best. The variety is
grown as commonly as any other in eastern America either in
the greenhouse or in the garden. This variety came from
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England.

Tree rather large, vigorous, as hardy as any, regular and productive
in bearing. Fruit early, large 2^2 inches in diameter, ovate, regular;
cavity wide and rather deep; suture wide and shallow; apex depressed
with a nipple in the depression; color pale cream, mottled and streaked
with blood-red, with a dark crimson cheek on the side to the sun; flesh
white, very tender, melting, juicy, without red at the stone, piquant 4
quality good; stone free, rather large, ovate, pointed, corrugated, slightly
pitted.

526. Hardwicke. — In southern California, Hardwicke is the
favorite nectarine, being the heaviest and most dependable
bearer. The fruits are said to make a most excellent dried
product, as the cured nectarines have a rich flavor, and the
flesh becomes almost translucent and of a beautiful amber tint.
Eastern nurserymen do not offer the variety, and it is doubtful
whether trees can be found in the East. It is an old English
nectarine introduced into the United States sometime previous
to 1850.

Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, productive. Fruit midseason, very
large, round or sometimes round-oval; color pale green almost covered with
dark purplish-red which becomes a solid color on the sunny side; flesh
greenish, stained with red at the stone, tender and melting, juicy, rich
and sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, free, ovate.

527. Downton is a staunch commercial variety wherever this
fruit is widely grown, vigor of tree and great productiveness
recommending it. It is a second early sort, ripening at Geneva,
New York, early in September. The original plant was raised
by the famous pomologist, T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, Here-
fordshire, England.

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive. Fruit
midseason, 2 inches in diameter, round-oval; cavity medium in width and
depth; suture shallow; apex a sharp tip; color greenish -white, with a clean
lively red cheek next to the sun; flesh pale green, red at the stone, juicy,
tender, fine-grained, sweet mingled with some piquancy, rich, aromatic;
quality very good; stone free, ovate medium in size, corrugated.

342

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

528. Elruge (Fig. 172) is a time-honored landmark in the
evolution of nectarines, and at the same
time one of the best of its species. The fruit
is volui)tnously inviting in appearance, by
reason of its trim contour, smooth flesh-col-
ored skin, and crimson cheek, which, with its
I'ich flavor, make it an alluring dessert fruit.
Elruge is said to have originated with a
nurseryman in P]ngland named Gourle in
the time of Charles the Second.

Fig. I

Kli-iige.

Tree of medium size, compact, hardy, very productive. Fruit midseason,
1% inches in diameter, round-oval, regular; cavity of medium width and
depth ; apex a swollen point ; color creamy-white with a crimson cheek,
sometimes sun-freckled with red; skin thin, adherent; flesh white, red at
the pit, juicy, tender, piquant, aromatic; quality very good; stone free,
small.

529. Newton (Fig. 173). — The fruits are large, handsome,
richly flavored, with flesh of almost jelly-
like transparency^ almost flawless, the con-
summate product of the peach family. New-
ton originated in England, with Rivers of
Sawbridgeworth, about the middle of the
last century.

Fig. 173. Newton.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open,
hardy, productive; branches and branchlets reddish,
short-jointed, Avith rather inconspicuous lenticels.

Fruit late, large, 2^2 inches in diameter, oval; cavity medium in width and
depth; suture shallow; apex depressed with an abrupt tip; color greenish-
yellow, marbled with brownish-red and crimson with some pale spots; tiesh
pale green with faint red radiating from the stone,
almost transparent, with a rich almond-like flavor;
quality very good; stone free, ovate, reddish.

530. Humbolt (Fig. 174).— Pomologists
in California speak of Humbolt as one of the
best nectarines for some locations in that
state. The large deep-rose flowers are so
beautiful that the variety is well worth cul-
tivating as an ornamental. This is one of

Fig. 174. Humbolt.

VARIETIES OF NECTARINES 343

the many nectarines which originated with Rivers, the famous
nurseryman, Sawbridgeworth, England.

Tree large, vigorous, hardy, usually productive, often bearing the second
year out. Fruit late, large, 2i/^ inches in diameter, oblong-oval; cavity
rather shallow; apex a swollen point, slightly depressed; suture shallow or
a hair-line; color yellow-orange, stained, streaked, mottled with dull red
and sometimes sun-flecked on the cheek to the sun; flesh yellow, almost
orange, tender, juicy, red at the pit, sweet, rich and aromatic; quality very
good; stone free, obovate to ovate, pointed, corrugated, pitted, brown.

531. Pineapple (Fig. 175) is probably fit only for forcing;
it is a favorite for this purpose in England,
and is occasionally found under glass in
America. English pomologists say that
it is too tender for out-of-doors, and it
seems not to have been tried in orchards
in America. The variety has individuality
in its orange-yellow flesh and its rich pine-
apple flavor. Pineapple seems to have ^^^* ^Jpj^ ^^°^"
been cultivated for a half-century at

least. The description is compiled from English catalogues.

Tree rather small, tender, free in bearing. Fruit midseason, large,
round-ovate; suture distinct; color deep orange with a bright crimson
blush; flesh orange-yellow marbled with red next the stone, firm, aromatic,
with a rich pineapple flavor; quality very good; stone free, small, with
deep corrugations.

532. Boston. — The fruits are large and handsome, but, while
they have a pleasant distinctive flavor, are not quite so accept-
able for dessert as those of several other varieties. A peculiar-
ity is that the stone is small and pointed. Boston was raised
from a peach-stone planted by T. Lewis, Boston, Massachusetts,
early in the last century.

Tree small but vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; branches
smooth, slender, dark red, with numerous conspicuous lenticels. Fruit late
midseason, 1% inches in diameter, round-oval, irregular, halves unequal;
cavity rather deep, wide; suture shallow or but a line; apex depressed,
mucronate; color yellow blushed with crimson, sometimes mottled and
sun-flecked; skin nearly free; flesh yellow, moderately coarse, sweet, aro-
matic, pleasant and distinctive; stone small, ovate, free, pointed, brown,
corrugated; quality good.

CHAPTP]R XXVI

VARIETIES OF PEACHES

The g:rcat numlier of varieties, not less than 500 having been
cultivated in America, attests the variability of the peach. The
kinds ean be distinguished through differences in size, shape,
skin, flesh, flavor, aroma, stone, and season ; and, if fruit is
lacking or insufficient for identification, the leaf, flower, and
tree offer nearly as many distinguishing characters. A hundred
or more kinds of peaches can be purchased from nurserymen,
and about 300 sorts are now in fruit in the hands of the author
at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Of these
many varieties twenty-nine are selected for this text as being
most representative and most commonly grown.

INDEX TO VAEIETIES OF PEACHES

Alexander, 533 J. H. Hale, 550

Belle, 539 Late Crawford, 555

Belle of Georgia, 539 Muir, 548

Blood Cling, 558 Pallas, 561

Canada, 534 Peento, 559

Carman, 536 Phillips Cling, 544

Champion, 538 Eochester, 551

Chili, 556 St. John, 547

Chinese Flat, 559 Salwey, 557

Climax, 560 Sellers Cling, 545

Crosby, 554 Stevens, 541

Early Crawford, 552 Stevens Eareripe, 541

Elberta, 549 Triumph, 546

Gold Drop, 553 Tuscan Cling, 543

Greensboro, 535 Tuskena, 543

Hiley, 537 Waddell, 540

Hill's Chili, 556 Yellow St. John, 547
Iron Mountain, 542

KEY TO VARIETIES OF PEACHES

A. Flesh mildly acid, not honey sweet; fruits globose.
B. Color of' flesh white.
C. Stone clinging; early.

D. Fruit round; suture shallow; very early... 533. Alexander.

344

VARIETIES OF PEACHES 345

DD. Fruit round-oblate; suture rather deep;

very early 534. Canada.

DDD. Fruit oblong-oval; oblique; early;

suture deep at the cavity 535. Greensboro.

CC. Stone free or nearly so.

D. Eipening early; brilliant red on a white

background 536. Carman.

DD. Eipening midseason, after Greensboro
and with or before Champion.
E. Shape of fruit oblong-conic, bulged at

the apex 537. Hiley.

EE. Shape of fruit round-oval.

F. Fruit truncate; halves equal; late mid-
season; quality very good 538, Champion.

FF. Fruit compressed.

G. Halves equal; midseason; quality

poor 539. Belle.

GG. Halves unequal; early midseason;

quality good 540. Waddell.

DDD. Eipening late, after Champion or
Elberta.

E. Fruit round-oval; sides equal; late 541. Stevens.

EE. Fruit oblong-oval; sides unequal; very

late 542. Iron Mountain.

BB. Color of flesh yellow.
C. Stone clinging.

D. Fruit round-oval ; early 543. Tuskena.

DD. Fruit round-oblong; midseason or late.
E. Eipening midseason; striped and blushed

with red more or less 544. Phillips Cling.

EE. Eipening late; without stripes and

scarcely blushed 545. Sellers Cling.

CC. Stone free.

D. Eipening early, with or before Greensboro.
E. Fruit pale yellow overlaid with dark

red; very early; quality poor 546. Triumph.

EE. Fruit golden-yellow blushed with bright

red; early; quality very good 547. St. John.

DD. Eipening midseason, after Greensboro
and before Crosby.
E. Fruit lemon-yellow and little or not at

all blushed ; late midseason 548. Muir.

EE. Fruit yellow, more or less blushed.
F. Shape round-oblong; compressed; late

midseason ; suture well marked 549. Elberta.

FF. Shape sphere-like; suture a line;

earlier than Elberta 550. J. H. Hale.

FFF. Shape round-oblate; early midsea-
son; pubescence heavy 551. Eochester.

FFFF. Shape round-oval; compressed;

sides unequal ; midseason 552. Early Crawford.

346 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

DDD. Ripening late, with or after Crosby.
K. Fk'sli golden-yellow to the pit; scarcely

blushed 553. Gold Drop.

EE. Flesh tinged red at the pit ; cheek
blushed with red.
D. Fruit round-oblate, compressed, small,

halves unequal 554. Crosby.

DD. Fruit round-oval, compressed, halves un-
equal 555. Late Crawford.

DDD. Fruit oblong-conic, angular, com-
pressed, halves unequal, very pubescent 556. Chili.

DDDD. Fruit round cordate, compressed;
greenish yellow with a brownish red blush;

very late 557. Salwey.

BBB. Color of flesh red 558. Blood Cling.

AA. Flesh honey sweet; fruits oblate or globose and
beaked.

B. Fruit and stone markedly oblate 559. Peento.

BB. Fruit round-oval; more or less beaked.

C. Shape oval ; sides unequal ; beak curved 500. Climax.

CC. Shape oblong-oval; sides equal; beak

straight 5G1. Pallas.

DIVISION A. FLESH MILDLY ACID ; FRUITS GLOBOSE

Section I. Flesh White

Group 1. Stone Clinging

533. Alexander is one of the notable early peaches, hardiness
and vigor of tree contributing with earliness to make the variety
popular. Unfortunately, the peaches run small, the flesh clings
to the stone so that the two can be separated only with dif-
ficulty, and the quality is poor. The trees are unproductive.
The fruits are very susceptible to brown-rot, but to offset this
weakness, the trees are resistant to leaf -curl. Alexander origi-
nated soon after the Civil War, on the farm of 0. A. Alexander,
Mount Pulaski, Illinois.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, unproductive. Fruit very-
early; 21/4 inches in diameter, round, compressed, with sides nearly equal;
cavity deep, flaring ; suture shallow ; apex depressed ending in a mueronate
or small mamelon, recurved tip ; color greenish-white becoming creamy white,
blushed and blotched with dark red, mottled; pubescence short; skin sepa-
rates readily from the pulp; flesh greenish-white, juicy, stringy, sweet, very
mild; fair to good in quality; stone clinging, oval, plump, faintly ringed,

VARIETIES OF PEACHES 347

abruptly pointed at the apex, with slightly pitted surfaces, and with a few
grooves.

534. Canada. — A standard early peach in the northern states,
the variety has few characters to commend it, except earliness
and hardiness, though the trees are often loaded with fruit.
The peaches are small but are attractive in color, which is bright
red on a light background. The fruits are about the poorest of
all peaches in flavor, but are firm and ship well for a white-
fleshed sort. The variety originated more than a quarter century
ago with A. H. High, Jordan, Ontario.

Tree large, upright -spreading, open-topped, hardy, productive. Fruit
very early; 2^ inches in diameter, round-oblate, compressed, with unequal
sides; cavity wide, flaring; suture deep; apex ending in a mucronate re-
curved tip, color creamy-white blushed with red and mottled and splashed
with darker red; pubescence short, thick; skin thin, tender, separates from
the pulp; flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, tender, sweet yet sprightly; fair
in quality; stone clinging, round-oval, plump, abruptly pointed, with small
grooves in the surfaces.

535. Greensboro (Fig. 176) takes high place among peaches
because of its showy fruits and its large, vig-
orous, healthy, early-bearing, and prolific
trees. The peaches, while handsome, are in
no way remarkable, the quality being rather
inferior, so that it is the tree that gives
Greensboro its standing. The peaches are
less susceptible to brown-rot than most other
varieties of Greensboro's season, but to offset
this advantage there are many cracked pits ^^^' ^ bm-o.^^^^°^'
and accompanying malformations. Greens-
boro was grown by W. G. Balsey, Greensboro, North Carolina,
about 1891.

Tree very large, spreading, hardy, very productive. Fruit early; 2^
inches in diameter, oblong-oval, often oblique, bulged at one side, com-
pressed, with unequal sides; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow,
deepening toward the cavity; apex rounded, witlf a small mucronate tip;
color creamy-white, blushed with red, with a few stripes of darker red
intermingling; pubescence heavy, nearly tomentose; skin tough, separates
from the pulp; flesh white, very juicy, tender, mild, sprightly; fair in
quality; stone semi-clinging, ovate, strongly bulged along one side, with
short grooves on the surfaces.

348

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Group 2. Stone Free or Nearly so

536. Carman (Fi^. 177). — The chief asset of Carman is a con-
stitution which enables it to withstand trying climates and to
accommodate itself to a great variety of soils.
While of only medium size, the peaches are
pleasing in appearance ; the color is brilliant
red splashed with darker red on creamy-white
background ; the shape is nearly round, and
its trimness and symmetry make the peach,
especially when packed in box or basket, one
scarcely surpassed in attractiveness. The
habit of growth is excellent; peaches are
borne abundantly; brown-rot takes compara-
tively little toll; and in tree or bud the variety is remark-
ably hardy. Carman grew from a seed planted in 1889 by J. W.
Stubenrauch, Mexia, Texas.

Fig. 17

Carman.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, open-topped, hardy, very productive. Fruit
early; 2^^ inches in diameter; round-oval, compressed, with unequal sides,
bulged near the apex; cavity flaring, tinged with pink, and with tender
skin; suture shallow, becoming deeper at the cavity; apex round or de-
pressed, with a somewhat pointed mucronate tip; color creamy-white more
or less overspread with light red, with splashes of darker red; pubescence
very thick, short ; skin thin, tough, adherent to the pulp ; flesh white, red
at the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, mild, pleasant; very good in quality; stone
free, plump, with thickly pitted surfaces.

537. Hiley (Fig. 178). — Two characters make Hiley notable
in its class; it is the earliest commercial
free-stone white-fleshed peach; and it is
better in quality than most of its com-
petitors. The peaches are large in size and
handsomely colored, but they are not quite
so uniform in either size or color as could
be desired. The trees are neither large nor
sufficiently hardy and vigorous to make
an ideal commercial sort. The fruits are
easy prey to brown-rot. Hiley originated
with Eugene Hiley, Marshallville, Georgia, about 1886.

Fig. 178. Hiley.

VARIETIES OF PEACHES 349

Tree medium in size, upright-spreading, very productive. Fruit midsea-
son; 2y2 inches in diameter, oblong-conic, bulged near the apex, with
unequal halves; cavity abrupt, the skin tender and tearing easily; suture
shallow, deepening toward the apex; apex pointed; color greenish-yellow
with a dull blush over one-half the surface, more or less mottled; pubes-
cence thick, fine, short; skin thin, tough, separates from the pulp when
fully ripe; flesh creamy -wliite stained red at the pit, stringy, firm but
tender, with a distinct pleasant flavor, sprightly; good in quality; stone
free, pointed at both ends, with nearly smooth surfaces.

538. Champion (Fig. 179) is rightly used to gauge the qual-
ity of all other white-fleshed peaches. The
fruits are nearty as attractive to the eye as
to the palate; but, unfortunately, run small
and off-color in all but choicely good soils.
The tree is almost perfect, few others sur-
passing it in height and girth, and none

equalling it in quantity and the luxuriant

o '. £ T mi -4- F"iG. 179. Cham-

green 01 its roliage. The variety surpasses ^i^^^

most of its orchard associates in productive-
ness, but the peaches are inviting i)rey to brown-rot, and the
trees are defoliated with leaf-curl. The original seed was planted
about 1880 by I. G. Hubbard, Nokomis, Illinois.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, very productive. Fruit
midseason; 2i/4 inches in diameter, round-oval, truncate, with halves usually
equal; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring, contracted; suture shalloAv; apex
rounded, with a recurved tip; color pale creamy-white, with splashes of car-
mine, mingled with a blush of darker red; pubescence short, thick; skin
tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, red at the pit, very juicy, tender,
sweet, pleasantly flavored; very good; stone free, oval, long -pointed^ with
deeply grooved surfaces.

539. Belle (Fig. 180). Belle of Georgia.— Belle elicits praise
because of the great beauty of its fruits,
which are large, trim in contour, creamy-
white, with a beautiful crimson cheek. The
fruits are as enticing to the eye inwardly
as outwardly, for the white flesh is deli-
cately marbled, tinted with red at the pit,
and flesh and pit part cleanly. Appear-

ance misrepresents quality ; for the variety,
Fig. 180. Belle. , ., . n ,. ^ ^ - n a ^l

while good, falls short m flavor and the

350 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

flesh is striiifry. The trees are hirjre, open-lieaded, a little
straggling, fast-growing, and hardy, though like most of their
type easy prey to leaf -curl. Belle came from a seed of Chi-
nese Cling planted in 1870 by L. A. Rumph, Marshallville,
Georgia.

Tree large, vigorous, spreadmg, open-topped, hardy, very productive.
Fruit midscason; 2 inches in diameter, round-oval, bulging near the apex,
compressed, with halves nearly equal; cavity abruptly flaring, red, with
tender skin ; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex ; apex round with
mucronate tip; color greenish-white changing to creamy-white, blushed
with red, with faint stripes and splashes of darker red, mottled; pubescence
short, fine, thick ; skin thin, tender, adherent to the pulp ; flesh white, tinged
with red at the pit, and with radiating rays of red, juicy, stringy, tender,
sweet, mild; good in quality; stone free, oval, bulged near the apex, blunt
at the base with a short sharp point at the apex, and with pitted surfaces.

540. Waddell (Fig. 181) is an early midseason white-fleshed

semi-cling peach from Georgia, now widely
esteemed as a commercial sort. Its chief com-
petitor is Carman, compared with which the
fruit ripens a few days earlier; is handsomer,
of rather finer texture of flesh, better fla-
vored; and is a better shipper. It is a par-
ticularly pleasing peach and ought to be con-
sidered for every commercial plantation
Fig. 181. Waddell. where a variety of its season is desired.
Waddell is a chance seedling found by Wil-
liam Waddell, Griffin, Georgia, about 1890.

Tree medium in size, vigorous, spreading, hardy, productive. Fruit early
midseason; 2^4 inches in diameter, round-oval, compressed, with unequal
halves; cavity deep, abrupt, with tender skin, tinged with pink; suture
shallow, deepening toward the apex, and extending beyond; apex rounded,
with a small mucronate tip; color creamy-white blushed with red and with
dull splashes of darker red; pubescence thick; skin tough, separates from
the pulp; flesh white, stained with pink near the tip, juicy, stringy, firm,
sweet but sprightly, aromatic; good in quality; stone semi-free to free,
ovate; ventral suture deeply grooved along the sides, faintly winged.

541. Stevens (Fig. 182). Stevens Rareripe. — Stevens is a
large, white and red, white-fleshed, freestone peach. In quality,
the fruits are extra good, the flesh characters pleasing in every
respect. The flavor is a pleasant mingling of sweet and sour

Plate XVIII. A Vinifera grape — Muscat Hamburg.

VARIETIES OF PEACHES

351

Fig. 182. Stevens.

not found in many other peaches so late in the season. The

appearance is as alluring as the taste, the

fruits being almost perfect in color and

shape. The variety has the reputation of

being hardy in both wood and buds. Stevens

originated about 1858 on the farm of B.

Stevens, Morristown, New Jersey.

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive.
Fruit late; 2% inches in diameter, round-oval, with
nearly equal sides ; cavity deep, wide, abrupt ; suture
deep, often extending beyond the tip ; apex rounded,

with a strongly mucromate and recurved tip; color greenish-white overlaid
with purplish-red, often mottled or splashed with darker red; pubescence
short, fine; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh white, tinted
with red near the pit and red underneath, the deepest surface blush, juicy,
coarse, sweet, sprightly; good in quality; stone nearly free, obovate, flat-
tened at the base, plump, with grooved surfaces.

542. Iron Mountain (Fig. 183).— Hardiness is the outstanding
character which has brought Iron Mountain into prominence.
It is a very late, white-fleshed, freestone
peach, well adapted for extending the com-
mercial limits in regions where fall frosts
hold off sufficiently long for the fruit to
ripen. The tree characters are very satis-
factory, and the peaches serve very well for
culinary purposes, but are not sufficiently
attractive for a dessert fruit. There seem
to be two varieties passing under this name,
much alike in fruit; one is large-flowered,
the other small-flowered. Iron Mountain originated in New
Jersey about 1890, but nothing is known of its parentage or its
originator.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, not always productive. Fruit
very late; 2% inches long^ 2i/2 inches thick, oblong-oval, often bulged on
one side, compressed; cavity contracted, below medium in depth, flaring;
suture shallow, extending only to the tip; apex distinctly mucronate or
rounded; sometimes tapering; color creamy-white, occasionally with a light
blush ; pubescence heavy ; skin medium to thin^ tender, adherent to the pulp ;
flesh white, stained brown next to the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, mild; quality
good; stone semi-free, wedge-like at base, obovate, plump, long-pointed
at the apex, winged, with large, wide and deep grooves in the surfaces.

Fig. 183. Iron
Mountain.

352 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Section II. Flesh Yellow
Group 3. Stone Clinging

543. Tuskena. Tuscan Cling. — By common consent, Tusk-
ena is one of the best early clingstone varieties for canning and
shipping in California, where it is usually known as Tuscan
Cling. The trees are exceptionally vigorous and produce heav-
ily. The variety originated in Mississippi sometime previous
to 1873.

Tree large, open, vigorous, healthy, productive. Fruit early, large, round-
oval; suture distinct; apex round, depressed; cavity deep, abrupt; skin
yellow with a dark red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, firm, sweet but
vinous, rich; quality very good to best; stone large, clinging.

544. Phillips Cling is the most popular yellow-fleshed cling-
stone grown in California for canning. The fruits ripen pro-
gressively, so that picking covers from tw^o to three weeks.
Canners like the product because the peaches are of even size,
of the same color from skin to stone, have a small pit, and the
flesh is exceedingly rich in flavor and very highly colored. The
trees are large, vigorous, and heavy producers. The variety
originated with Joseph Phillips, Sutter County, California,
sometime previous to 1889.

Tree very large, upright, vigorous, healthy, very productive. Fruits 3
inches in diameter, round-oblong; cavity deep, wide, abrupt; apex rounded,
usually with an erect tip; skin golden-yellow with faint stripes of red and
blushed on the sunny side; pubescence short, fine; skin thin, tender, ad-
herent ; flesh yellow, juicy, fine-grained, firm, sweet and rich ; quality fair
to good; stone bulged at apex, flattened at the base, ovate, rather large,
clinging tenaciously.

545. Sellers Cling. — Canners in California recommend Sellers
Cling as one of the best midsummer varieties for their trade.
The variety finds favor with the growers because of the great
productiveness of the trees. The peaches are handsome in color,
uniform in size, and ripen at a favorable period of the canning
season. The variety originated on the ranch of S. A. Sellers,
Contra Costa County, California, sometime previous to 1889.

VARIETIES OF PEACHES 353

Tree large, very vigorous, upright-spreading, one of the most productive
of all peaches in California. Fruit late, very large, round-oblong, somewhat
flattened; suture distinct; apex rounded with well-marked tip; skin rich
golden, sometimes with a faint tinge of red; flesh deep golden from skin
to stone, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet and rich; quality good to very
good; pit of medium size, plump at the point, flattened at the base, cliaging
tenaciously.

Group 4. Stone Free
Sub-group 1. Early Peaches

546. Triumph is an extra early yellow-fleshed peach so in-
ferior in appearance and quality of fruit, and so subject to
brown-rot, that it is not worth growing in any but the most
northern peach regions, where, because of great hardiness in
wood and bud, it becomes valuable. It is grown more or less,
however. North and South, because it is one of the earliest
yellow-fleshed sorts, and because the trees bear regularly and
abundantly. Small pits somewhat offset the small size of the
fruit. Triumph is one of several seedlings grown by J. D.
Husted, Vineyard, Georgia, about 1895.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, very productive.
Fruit early; 2 inches in diameter, round-oval, compressed, with unequal
sides; cavity deep, abrupt, with tender skin; suture shallow; apex rounded,
with a mamelon and recurved tip ; color pale yellow overlaid with dark red ;
pubescence thick and long; skin thin, adherent to the pulp; flesh yellow,
stained with red near the pit, juicy, firm, sprightly; fair in quality; stone
free, obovate, flattened, wedge-like at the base, bulged at one side near
the apex, plump, with deeply grooved surfaces.

547. St. John. Yellow St. John. — Unproductiveness and un-
certainty in bearing keep this yellow-fleshed dessert fruit from
being one of the most popular early peaches. The peach is one
of the earlist of the Crawford group, a perfect freestone, hand-
some in appearance, sweet, rich and delicious in flavor. The
fruits resemble those of Early Crawford in size and shape,
but are a little more rotund, somewhat smaller, not quite so
high in quality, and ripen several days earlier. The trees are all
that could be asked in size, vigor, and hardiness. The place and
time of origin of St. John are unknown; it is more than a
century old.

354 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOdY

Tree medium to lar^c, vigorous, uprislit-sj)rca(linf;, unproductive. Fruit
early; 2% inches in diameter, round-oviil, depressed, with oblique sides;
cavity wide, abrupt or flaring, often tinged with red; suture deep near
the tip; apex round or depressed, with a pointed tip; color deep yellow,
blushed and splashed with carmine ; pubescence thick and long ; skin thick,
tough ; flesh light yellow, tinged with red near the pit, juicy, tender, pleas-
antly sprightly, highly flavored; very good in quality; stone free, ovate,
plump, tapering to a long point, with rough surfaces marked by large and
small pits.

Sub-group 2. iMidseason Peaches

548. Muir (Fig. 184) is a late midseason yellow-fleshed, free-
stone peach much used by canners on the
Pacific slope. It should be more generally
grown for the same purpose in the East; for,
as a canned product, it is hardly surpassed
in a])pearance or quality. The trees are vig-
orous, productive, and little subject to leaf-
curl, but the fruits are often marred by peach-
scab. The variety was found about 1880 on

Fig. 184. Muir. ^j^g farm of John :\Iuir, Silveyville, California.

Tree vigorous, upright or somewhat spreading, hardy, productive. Fruit
midseason; 2% inches long, 2'/^ inches wide, round-cordate or oval, angu-
lar, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity shallow^, contracted about the
sides, flaring; suture medium in depth; apex pointed, with a large recurved
mamelon tip ; color lemon-yellow ; pubescence heavy, long ; skin thin, tough ;
flesh yellow, faintly tinged near the pit, dry, coarse, tender, sweet, mild ;
good in quality; stone free, ovate, flattened, wedge-shaped toAvard the base,
tapering to a long apex, with large pits and a few small grooves in the
surfaces.

549. Elberta (Fig. 185) leads all other peaches in America in
number of trees. The preeminently meritorious character of
Elberta is its freedom from local prejudices of either soil or
climate. Thus Elberta is grown with profit in every peach-
growing state in the Union, and in nearly all is produced in
greater quantities than any other market peach. The second
character which commends Elberta is f ruitfulness : barring frosts
or freezes, the trees load themselves with fruit year in and j^ear
out. Added to these two great points of superiority are ability

VARIETIES OF PEACHES

355

Fig. 185. Elberta.

to withstand the ravages of both insects and fungi, large size,
vigor, early bearing, and longevity in tree ;
and large handsome fruits which ship and
keep remarkably well. Elberta, however,
is not without faults. The trees are not
hardy in either wood or blossoms. The
peaches lack the richness of the Crawfords
and the sweetness of the white-fleshed Cham-
pion type. The stone is large but usually
wholly free from the flesh. Elberta was
grown by Samuel Rumph, Marshallville,
Georgia, from a seed of Chinese Cling planted in the fall of 1870.

Tree large, vigorous, upright spreading, very productive. Fruit midsea-
son; 2% inches long, 2^^ inches wide, round-oblong or cordate, compressed,
usually with a slight bulge at one side; cavity deep, flaring, often mottled
with red; suture shallow, deepening toward the apex; apex rounded, with a
mamelon or pointed tip; color greenish-yelloAv changing to orange-yellow,
from one-quarter to three-fourths overspread with red and with much mot-
tling extending sometimes over nearly the entire surface; pubescence thick
and coarse; skin thick, tough, separates from the pulp; flesh yellow stained
with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, firm but tender, sweet to subacid,
mild; good in quality; stone free, broadly ovate, sharp-pointed, bulged on
one side, with pitted surfaces.

550. J. H. Hale (Fig. 186).— The characters of J. H. Hale
can be set forth best by comparing it with Elberta. In size,
the fruit of J. H. Hale averages larger; the flesh is firmer and
heavier. In shape, the fruit is almost a
sphere, so that it is more shapely than the
oblong Elberta, and can be packed to better
advantage. In color there is no choice; both
peaches are voluptuously handsome. The skin
of the J. H. Hale is less pubescent and a little
firmer and tighter. There is but little differ-
ence in flavor, aroma, texture and juiciness.
J, H. Hale ripens its fruits a few days earlier
than Elberta, and its trees and buds are hardier. Which is the
more productive is not certain. This variety is a chance seed-
ling found by J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut. The
distribution of the variety was begun by Stark Brothers, Louisi-
ana, Missouri, in 1912.

356

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive. Fruit midseason; 3 inches
in diameter, regular, round, with e(iual halves; cavity deep, wide, regular;
suture a mere line, very shallow, or with almost no depression ; apex rounded,
with a small tip set in a depression ; color lemon-yellow oversj)read with
dark red and with mottlings and splashes of carmine; pubescence light; skin
thick, tough, separates but poorly from the pulp ; flesh yellow, red around
the pit, juicy, fine-grained, sweet or somewhat sprightly; good in quality;
stone free, oval, plump, flattened at the base, pointed at the apex, with
grooved and pitted surfaces.

551. Rochester (Fig. 187) precedes Early Crawford by sev-
eral days, ripening soon after the middle of
August. The peaches are large, yellow, with
a handsome over-color of mottled red, more
round than either of the two Craw^fords, —
qualities which make a strikingly beautiful
peach ; the flesh is thick and firm, marbled
yellow, stained with red at tlie pit, juicy,
rich, sw^eet. The variety came from a seed
planted about 1900 on a farm owned by a
Mr. Wallen, Rochester, New^ York.

Fig. 187. Rochester.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive. Fruit early mid-
season; 3-31/^ inches in diameter, round-oblate, compressed; cavity wide,
deep, flaring; suture shallow, becoming deeper near the tip; color orange-
yellow, blushed with deep, dark red, mottled; pubescence heavy; skin thick,
tough; flesh yellow, stained with red near the pit, very juicy, tender and
melting, sweet, highly flavored, sprightly ; very good in quality ; stone free,
oval, plump, flattened near the base, with rough surfaces marked by large
deep pits and short grooves.

552. Early Crawford (Fig. 188). — In its season the fruit is
unapproachable in quality by that of any
other variety. The peach has richness of
flavor, pleasant aroma, tender flesh, and abun-
dant juice. It is large, round oblong, slightly
compressed ; distinguished by its broad deep
cavity; color rich red, splashed and mottled
with darker red in the sun, golden-yellow in
the shade. The flesh is marbled yellow, rayed
with red at the pit, and perfectly free from
the stone. The trees are all that could be desired in health,
vigor, size, and shape, but are unproductive, uncertain and

Fig. 188. Early
Crawford.

VARIETIES OF PEACHES 357

tardy in bearing. Early Crawford came into bearing in the
orchard of William Crawford, Middletown, New Jersey, early
in the nineteenth century.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, unproductive. Fruit early mid-
season; 2y2 inches in diameter, round-oval, bulged near the apex, com-
pressed, with unequal halves ; cavity deep, wide, abrupt ; suture shallow ;
apex often with a swollen elongated tip ; color golden-yellow, blushed with
dark red, splashed and mottled with deeper red; pubescence thick; skin
separates from the pulp; flesh deep yellow, rayed with red near the pit,
juicy, tender, pleasantly sprightly, highly flavored; very good in quality;
stone free, oval or ovate, bulged along one side, medium plump, with small
shallow pits in the surfaces.

Sub-group 3. Late Peaches

553. Gold Drop (Fig. 189) has several distinctive peculiari-
ties which make it a pleasing variation.
Thus, its transparent golden skin and flesh
make it one of the handsomest of all peaches,
and it has a distinctive vinous, rich, refresh-
ing flavor. Gold Drop is further character-
ized by trees of great hardiness and remark-
able productiveness. The variety is also

about the least susceptible to brown-rot and ^^ ^ , ,

, „ 1 mi, ^ 11 ^ • ^ • E^iG. 189. Gold

leaf-curl. The trees are small, dainty m Drop.

habit, with clean fresh foliage, making them

attractive ornamentals. Gold Drop is an ideal variety for the

home garden. It is an old sort believed to be another variety

renamed.

Tree of medium size and vigor, spreading, open-topped, hardy, very pro-
ductive. Fruit late; 21^ inches in diameter, round-oval, bulged at one
side, with unequal halves; cavity deep, abrupt, twig-marked; suture very
shallow; apex rounded, with a mamelon tip; color golden-yellow, with a
dull blush on one side; pubescence thick, coarse; skin adhering to the pulp;
flesh pale yellow to the pit, pleasantly sprightly; good in quality; stone
free, broadly ovate, bulged at one side, with a pointed apex and deeply
grooved surfaces.

554. Crosby (Fig. 190). — Of the several virtues which entitle
Crosby to the esteem of fruit-growers, the most notable is hardi-
ness in tree and bud. Besides hardiness, the trees have to recom-
mend them vigor, health, and productiveness. The rich yellow

358

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

freestone peach is delicious to the taste either as a dessert or as
a culinary fruit. However, Crosby falls far
short in ai)pearance, as the peaches run
small, are somewhat irrej^ular, and are cov-
ered with dense tomentum. The tree is dis-
tinfjuishod by its willowy growth, small
leaves, and small flowers. Crosby was sent
out about 1876 by a Mr. Crosby, Billerica,
INIassachusetts.

Fig. 190. Crosby. Tree small, vigorous, spreading, unusually hardy,

very productive. Fruit late; 2% inches in diameter,
round-oblate, compressed, Avith unequal sides; cavity deep, flaring, some-
times splashed with red; suture shallow; apex rounded, with a sunken
mucronate tip; color orange-yellow, often blushed over much of the surface
with dull red, splashed and striped with darker red; pubescence long,
thick, coarse; skin thick, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh deep yellow,
stained with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, firm but tender, sweet, mild;
very good in quality; stone free, oval, plump, bulged near the apex, with
pitted and grooved surfaces.

555. Late Crawford (Fig. 191), a quarter-century ago, began
to give way to Elberta because of the greater productiveness
of the tree and the showier fruits, and now,
though widely distributed, is nowhere large-
ly planted. Unproductiveness and tardiness
in coming in bearing are the faults of Late
Crawford. The variety is possibly the best
of all peaches in fruit characters. The fruits
are more shapely tlian those of other peaches,
being more uniform, rounder, trimmer in
contour, and having a suture that scarcely
mars the symmetry. In color, it runs the
whole gamut of the soft tints of red and yellow that make the
Crawfords the most beautiful of all peaches. The trees are as
vigorous, hardy, healthy and as little susceptible to disease as
any of the varieties of kin. This excellent peach was raised by
William Crawford, Middletown, New Jersey, at least a hundred
years ago.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, not very productive. Fruit late;
2% inches in diameter, round-oval, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity

Fig. 191. Late
Crawford.

VARIETIES OF PEACHES 359

deep, medium to narrow, flaring; suture shallow, deepening toward the
apex; apex rounded with a slightly pointed and swollen beak-like tip; color
deep yellow, dully or brightly blushed, with the red cheek splashed with
darker red; pubescence short, fine; skin thick, tough; flesh yellow, stained
with red at the pit, juicy, firm, sweet, richly flavored; very good in quality;
stone free, ovate, flattened, bulged on one side, blunt-pointed, with surfaces
deeply pitted and grooved.

556. Chili. HilVs Chili. — Chili is now waning in popularity,
after having been for nearly a century one of the mainstays
of commercial orchards the country over. The peaches are not
attractive in size, color or shape ; are too dry of flesh to eat
with pleasure out of hand ; and are made less agreeable to sight
and taste by pubescence so heavy as to be woolly. The trees
are vigorous, very hardy, long-lived, and annually fruitful.
Chili came into cultivation early in the nineteenth century in
the orchard of Pitman Wilcox, Chili, New York.

Tree medium in size, compact, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, produc-
tive. Fruit late; 2^/^ inches in diameter, oblong-conic, angular, compressed,
with unequal halves; cavity uneven, shallow, contracted, flaring, the skin
tender and tearing easily; suture shallow, extending beyond the apex; apex
pointed ; color orange-yellow, with a dark red blush, splashed and mottled
with red; pubescence long, thick, coarse; skin thin, tough, separates from
the pulp ; flesh red at the pit, yellow, dry, stringy, firm but tender, mild,
sprightly; good; stone free, flattened at the base, obovate, winged, usually
without bulge, long-pointed at the apex with pitted surfaces.

557. Salwey is a yellow-fleshed freestone peach, one of the
best for canning, preserving, and evaporating. The trees are
vigorous, hardy, healthy, and very productive, but their crop
is so late in northern peach regions that the variety cannot be
depended on. Salwey is a standard sort in France, England,
and in America from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Can-
ada to the Gulf. It was raised in 1844 by Colonel Salwey,
Egham Park, Surrey, England.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, becoming drooping, very productive. Fruit
very late; 2^ inches in diameter, round-cordate, compressed; cavity deep,
abrupt, often splashed with red; suture shallow, often extending beyond
the tip ; apex usually a small elongated point ; color greenish-yellow, mostly
with a brownish-red blush, splashed with dark red ; pubescence short, thick,
fine; skin thin, tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh golden-yellow, faintly
tinged with red near the pit, juicy, tender, sweet, pleasantly flavored, arc-

360 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

matic; very good in quality; stone free, oval, very plump, pointed at the
base, with large pits and short grooves in the surfaces.

Section III. Flesh Red

558. Blood Cling is the favorite curiosity of the peach or-
chard. The fruit is pleasant to eat out of hand and is much
used for pickling and preserving, for which purpose it has
much merit. This is an American seedling raised many years
ago from the Blood Clingstone of the French. The fruit is
much larger than that of the parent, but otherwise is much the
same.

Tree large, vigorous, round, compact, hardy, unproductive. Fruit very
late; 1% inches in diameter, compressed, with unequal halves; cavity nar-
row, abrupt, usually white; suture shallow; apex round, with a mucronate
tip; color dull greenish-white, entirely overspread with dingy pink with
splashes and stripes of darker clouded red, mottled; pubescence long, coarse;
skin tough, adherent to the pulp; flesh red, becoming lighter colored at the
stone, juicy, stringy, tough and meaty, brisk, pleasantly flavored; fair in
quality; stone clinging, obovate, short-pointed, strongly bulged near the
apex, with grooved and pitted surfaces.

DIVISION B. FLESH HONEY SWEET ; FRUITS OBLATE
OR GLOBOSE AND BEAKED

Section IV. Fruit Oblate

559. Peento. Chinese Flat. — Peento was the first variety
of a group of peaches to which it gives its name, now common
in the Gulf regions. The peach is flattened endwise, with a
flat stone, so different from the fruits of other members of
Prunus as to make this about the most unique of all drupe-
fruits. Besides being remarkable for shape, the fruits are dis-
tinguished by a rich sweet flavor with a savor of the almond.
Peento came from Java to England, whence it was imported to
America in 1828 by William Prince.

Tree vigorous, tender in the North, productive. Fruit early; l^/^ inches
thick, 2^2 inches wide, strongly oblate; cavity shallow, very wide, flaring;
suture deep, wide, extending two-thirds around the fruit; apex depressed,
set in a large, wide, flaring basin; color creamy-yellow, mottled and
delicately pencilled with red, often blushed toward the apex; pubescence
short, thick; skin thick, tough, nearly free; flesh white, stained red at the
stone, juicy, stringy, tender and melting, sweet, mild, with an almond-like

VARIETIES OE PEACHES 361

flavor; very good in quality; stone clings, red, strongly oblate, with corru-
gated surfaces; ventral suture very deep at the edges, narrow at the base,
becoming wide at the apex; dorsal suture a wide deep groove, merging into
a line at the apex.

Section V. Fruit Globose and Beaked

560. Climax (Fig. 192) is a honey-sweet freestone peach
adapted only to the far South, where the
fruits are large and attractive. In the North,
the peaches are small, unattractive in color,
drop badly, are disfigured by peach-scab, and
have only honeyed sweetness to recommend
them. The variety was introduced by G. L.
Taber, Glen St. Mary, Florida, in 1896.

Tree small, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-
FiG. 192. Climax. topped, dense, productive. Fruit midseason; 2%
inches in diameter, oval, slightly compressed, with
unequal sides; cavity shallow, flaring^ splashed with red; suture shallow;
apex conic, with a long swollen often recurved tip; color creamy white,
occasionally with a blush or faint mottlings of red toward the base; pubes-
cence short, thick; skin thin, adherent to the pulp; flesh white stained
with red near the pit, juicy, stringy, melting, very sweet, mild; very good
in quality; stone semi-free to free, oval, plump, bulged on one side, long-
pointed at the apex, with pitted and grooved reddish-brown surfaces.

561. Pallas (Fig. 193) is one of the best of the several honey-
flavored beaked peaches. It is supposed to

thrive only in warm climates, but in New
York the trees are vigorous, appear to be
hardy, and differ from northern varieties, so
far as life events are concerned, only in
holding their leaves longer. The fruits run
small and lack uniformity in size, the
peaches are not attractive in appearance,
suffer terribly from brown-rot, and do not
ship well. In quality Pallas is almost un- Fig. 193. Pallas,

approachable, — so rich, sweet, aromatic, and
delicious as well to justify the sobriquet, *'Honeydew," bestowed
on it. Pallas is one of the many seedlings of Honey and origi-
nated in 1878 with L. E. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia,

362 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree medium iu vigor, upright -spreading, productive. Fruit early mid-
season; 2 inches in diameter, pointed-oval, compressed, with halves equal;
cavity shallow, flaring, with tender skin; suture shallow; apex a long
straight beak; color pale white, with a bright red blush with dull mottlings;
skin thick, tough; flesh white, scarcely stained at the pit, very juicy, sweet,
tender and melting, high-flavored; very good in quality; stone free, ovate,
slightly wedged-shaped at the base, plump, winged, long-pointed, with
pitted and grooved surfaces.

CHAPTER XXVII

VARIETIES OF PLUMS

Fifteen" species of plums and varieties to the number of more
than 2,000 are now under cultivation. Of all drupe-fruits plums
furnish the greatest diversity of kinds. Species and varieties
give a greater range of colors, forms, sizes, flavors, aromas, and
textures than any other hardy fruit. The plants are quite as
diverse as the fruits : some plums are true trees with stout trunks
and sturdy branches, while others are shrubs with slender
branches. In geographical distribution, wild and cultivated
plams encircle the globe in the north temperate zone, the species
and varieties being adapted to great diversities of soil and cli-
mate. Varieties to the number of thirty-four from twelve species
are described in this text, all of w^hich have come under the
author's observation as grown at the Experiment Station,
Geneva, Ncav York.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF PLUMS

Abundance, 590
Agen, 577
Arch Duke, 572
Bavay, 567

Bavay's Green Gage, 567
Bradshaw, 579
Burbank, 591
Coe's Golden Drop, 563
De Soto, 595
Fellenherg, 568
Forest Garden, 592
French, 582
French Prune, 577
German Prune, 569
Giant, 580
Giant Prune, 580
Golden Drop, 563
Grand Duke, 575
Green Gage, 566
Gueii, 573
Hungarian, 576
Imperial Epineuse, 581

Italian Prune, 568
Jefferson, 565
Lombard, 578
Miner, 593
Mirabelle, 584
Monarch, 574
October, 589
Ogon, 585
Pacific, 571
Petite Prune, 577
Pond, 576
Quackenboss, 570
Red June, 588
Reine Claude, 566
Satsuma, 586
Shropshire, 583
Silver Prune, 563
"Washington, 564
Wickson, 587
Wild Goose, 594
Willamette, 571
Yellow Egg, 562

363

364 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

KEY TO VARIETIES OF PLUMS

A. Plums green, yellow, or purple but not clierry-
red.

B. Size of fruits large, IMj inchea or more in
diameter. (Domesticas)
C. Color of fruits green or yellow.

D. Fruit large to very large; long-oval;
late or very late.
E. Stem long, with a fleshy collar; apex

round ; late 562. Yellow Egg.

EE. Stem short; apex depressed; very

late 563. Golden Drop.

DD. Fruit of medium size; round-oval.
E. Surface more or less mottled and
blushed with red.
F. Skin greenish-yellow, with green

splashes; blush faint 564. Washington.

FF. Skin bronze-yellow ; blush distinct . 565. Jefferson.
E. Surface not mottled or blushed with
red.
F. Skin yellow streaked and splashed

with green ; midseason 566. Reine Claude.

FF. Skin straAv -yellow, scarcely streaked

or splashed ; late 567. Bavay.

CC. Color of fruits black- or blue-purple.
D. Stone free.

E. Fruits markedly compressed and swol-
len on the suture side.
F. Medium to large; dots conspicuous;
stem 1 inch long, inserted on side of

base 568. Italian Prune.

FF. Medium in size; dots inconspicu-
ous; stem % inch long 569. German Prune.

EE. Fruits scarcely compressed and swol-
len on suture side.
F. Suture shallow and indistinct.

G. Shape round-oval; stem % inch

long; dots inconspicuous; late.... 570. Quackenboss.
GG. Shape ovate; stem i/o inch long;

dots conspicuous; midseason 571. Pacific.

FF. Suture broad, prominent; stone

necked 572. Arch Duke.

DD. Stone clinging.

E. Suture shallow and indistinct.

F. Shape ovate, halves equal; flesh

greenish-yellow; midseason 573. Gueii.

FF. Shape round-oval, halves unequal;

tlesh golden-yellow; late 574. Monarch.

EE. Suture wide and prominent; stone
not necked 575. Grand Duke.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 365

CCC. Color of fruits reddish-purple or reddish;
sometimes mottled.
D. Stone free.

E. Shape of fruit markedly obovate.
F. Fruit large to very large; flesh

golden-yellow 576. Pond.

FF. Fruit small to medimn; flesh

greenish-yellow 577. Agen.

EE. Shape of fruit oval or round-oval.
F. Fruit mottled light purple-red;
round-oval; stem slender, % inch

long 578. Lombard.

FF. Fruit dark purple-red; oval; stem

stout, 1 inch long 579. Bradshaw.

DD. Stone clinging; fruit obovate.

E. Fruit large, midseason; flesh golden-
yellow 580. Giant.

EE. Fruit medium to large, late; flesh

greenish-yellow 581. Imperial Epineuse.

BB. Size of fruits small, less than I'Vo inches in
diameter. (Insititias)
C. Fruits purple; tart.

D. Shape ovate; dull black; stem % inch
long; stone semi-free; flesh greenish-
yellow 582. French.

DD. Shape oval; purple-black; stem ^
inch long; stone clinging; flesh golden-
yellow 583. Shropshire.

CC. Fruits yellow; sweet; round-oval; stone

free 584. Mirabelle.

AA. Plums cherry-red or yellow, never purple.
B. Fruits more or less cordate; more than l^/^
inches in diameter, (Japanese plums)

C. Color yellow; stone free 585. Ogon.

CC. Color red; stone clinging.

D. Flesh dark red; round-cordate; suture

prominent 586. Satsuma.

DD. Flesh yellow.

E. Size of fruit very large; obliquely
cordate; apex prolonged; suture promi-
nent 587. Wickson.

F. Season very early; cavity very deep;

apex pointed 588. Red June.

FF. Season very late; cavity wide;

apex rounded 589. October.

FFF. Season early.

G. Shape of fruit round-ovate; cavity

shallow; apex pointed; flesh yellow 590. Abundance.
GG. Shape of fruit round-conic;
cavity deep ; apex rounded, flesh
deep yellow 591. Burbank.

366 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

BB. Fruits globular; not cordate; less than
IVj inches in diameter. (Native piinns)
C. Season late or very late. (Ilortulana plums)

D. Stem short ; flesh golden-yellow r)92. Forest Garden.

DD. Stem long; flesh amber-yellow r)93. Miner.

CC. Season early or midseason.

D. Shape of fruit round-oval; currant-red;
bloom thin; stem jointed (Munsoniana

plums) rj04. Wild Goose.

DD. Shape of fruit round, truncate at the
base; dark crimson; dots very numerous.
(Americana plums) 595. De Soto.

DIVISION A. FRUITS GREEN, YELLOW, OR PURPLE,
BUT NOT CHERRY RED

Section I. Fruits Large, I14 Inches in Diameter or ]\Iore

(DOMESTICAS)

Group 1. Fruits Green or Yellow

562. Yellow Egg (Fig. 194).— Producing the largest and
handsomest plums, Yellow Egg is worth con-
sideration by either the amateur or the com-
mercial fruit-grower. At best, however, the
fruit is fit only for cooking, and is none too
good for culinary purposes. The trees are
very satisfactory on all but very light soils.
It is an old European variety.

Tree large, vigorous, round-topped, open, hardy,
very productive. Fruit late, season short; 2 by 1%
inches in size, long-oval, compressed, halves nearly
equal; cavity narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, often a
line; apex roundish; color golden-yelloAv, with thick
bloom; dots numerous, white, inconspicuous; stem
slender, I14 inches long, pubescent, adhering well to
the fruit, surrounded at the cavity by a fleshy collar;
skin thin, astringent, separating readily; flesh golden-
yellow, juicy, coarse, firm, mild; good; stone semi-free or free, oval, flat,
acute at the base and apex, with roughened and pitted surfaces.

563. Golden Drop. Coe's Golden Diop. Silver Prune. — Well
grown, this variety produces large, handsome, and the best of
the yellow plums ; but in eastern America, trees of Golden Drop

Fig.

194. Yellow
Egg.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 367

lack vigor ; and, Avhile hardy, the fruit-buds are often caught by
cold; they are slow in growth: and have a precarious existence
because of insects and diseases. The fruits need a long season
to reach perfect maturity, often failing to ripen where other
plums mature well; they are used for all purposes to which
plums are put, — for dessert, cooking, canning, preserving, and
prune-making. Jervaise Coe, St. Edmunds, Suffolk, England,
raised Golden Drop from a seed about 1809.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading or roundish, open-topped,
hardy, productive. Fruit very late; 2 by 1^2 inches in size, long -oval,
tapering at the base to a short neck, compressed, halves equal; cavity
shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow and wide; apex depressed; color
golden-yellow with thin bloom; dots numerous, small, russet, conspicuous;
stem % inch long; skin tough, adherent; flesh light golden-yellow, juicy,
sweet, mild; good to very good; stone free, oval or ovate.

564. Washington (Fig. 195). — The fruits of Washington are
large ; handsome in form and color ; abundant in juice, yet firm
and meaty enough to keep and ship well ; and
very good in flavor. The trees are large,
hardy, vigorous, and healthy ; remarkable for
their broad, glossy, abundant leaves ; and bear
bountiful crops annually at a favorable pe-
riod of maturity. Defects are : the fruits are
subject to brown-rot ; the quality varies great-
ly in different locations and years; the trees
are slow in coming in bearing; and the crops
are small for some years after fruiting begins.
About 1790, the pits of twenty-five quarts ^^^- 195.^ Washing-
of Green Gage plums were planted by the
Princes at Flushing, Long Island. From one of these came
Washington.

Tree large, vigorous, round and open-topped, hardy, very productive.
Fruit midseason; 1% by 1% inches in size, round-oval, compressed, halves
equal; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring; suture shallow; apex roundish;
color greenish-yellow, with green stripes and splashes, occasionally with a
faint blush on the sunny side, with thin bloom; dots numerous, white, in-
conspicuous; stem % inch long, with thick pubescence, adhering strongly
to the fruit; skin thin, sour, separating readily; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy, firm, tender, sweet, mild, pleasant flavor; good to very good; stone
free, oval, turgid, roughened, somewhat blunt at the base and apex.

368

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

565. Jefferson

{Fig. 196) is one of the l)est of all dessert
plums. Grown under favorable conditions
and when fully ripe, the fruit is golden-
yellow with a delicate blush and bloom, and
is large for the Reine Claude group. It fails
as a market variety because the trees are late
in coming in bearing, a little particular as to
soils, and not quite hard3^ Jefferson was
raised by Judge Buel, Albany, New York,
about 1825.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading, open-
topped, hardy, productive. Fruit midseason; IV2
inches in diameter, round-oval, halves equal; cavity
Fig. 196. Jefferson. shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indis-
tinct; apex round; color bronze-yellow, sometimes
with faint pink blush on the exposed cheek; dots numerous, very small, gray
or reddish ; stem 1 inch long, thinly pubescent ; skin thin, tough, adhering ;
flesh deep yellow, juicy, firm but tender, sweet, pleasant; very good; stone
semi-free, flattened, broadly oval, abruptly tipped, with a short neck at the
base, blunt at the apex, with rough and pitted surfaces.

566. Reine Claude. Green Gage. — For the qualities that
gratify the sense of taste, — richness of flavor, consistency and
texture of flesh, abundance of juice, and pleasant aroma, the
fruits of Reine Claude are unsurpassed. When grown on thrifty
trees, the crop thinned, foliage and fruit kept free from pests,
and the fruit sufficiently exposed to the sun to color well, the
plums are beautiful. The trees are only of moderate size in the
orchard ; although small, they are productive and bear regularly,
the chief defect being susceptibility to sun-scald. Reine Claude
is still one of the most profitable plums grown, and, whether for
the commercial or home plantation, deserves a place in the
orchard. The variety is an old one from Europe.

Tree of medium size and vigor, round-topped, hardy, productive. Fruit
midseason; 1% by 1% inches in size, round-oval, halves equal; cavity
narrow, regular, abrupt ; suture shallow, broad ; apex pubescent, slightly
depressed; color yellowish-green, indistinctly streaked with green, becoming
golden-yellow at full maturity, overspread with thin bloom; dots very
numerous, small, grayish, conspicuous, clustered about the apex; stem
thick, % inch long, pubescent; skin tough, adhering to the pulp; flesh
greenish-yellow or golden-yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, mild; very good;

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 369

stone semi-clinging, oval, turgid, tapering at the base, blunt at the apex,
with thickly pitted surfaces.

567. Bavay (Fig. 197). Bavay's Green Gage. — Bavay is one
of the best green plums. The fruit is unex-
celled for dessert, and its delicious flavor is
retained in cooking, making the somewhat
rare combination of a first-rate dessert and
culinary plum. It is also a good market sort,
keeping and shipping well. The trees bear
young, annually, and heavily, sometimes too
heavily, and while not so hardy, large, ro-
bust, or long-lived as could be wished, yet in
these respects they are superior to most va-
rieties of Reine Claude plums. This is a
seedling of Reine Claude produced by Major
Esperen, Mechlin, Belgium, about 1832. ^^''- l^'- ^^^'^^'•

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy,
very productive. Fruit late; of medium size, round-oval, halves equal;
cavity abrupt; suture a line; apex roundish; color straw-yellow, obscurely
streaked and splashed; bloom light; dots numerous, small, gray, obscure,
clustered about the apex; stem thick, short, pubescent, adhering to the
fruit; flesh rich golden-yellow, juicy, fibrous, tender, sweet, pleasant; very
good; stone free, oval, necked, blunt at the apex, with pitted surfaces.

Group 2. Fruits Black- or Blue-purple

568. Italian Prune (Fig. 198). Fellen-
herg. — The fruit is finely flavored, whether
eaten out of hand, prepared for the table or
cured as a prune. In cooking, the yellow
flesh changes to a dark wine color, very at-
tractive in appearance, with a most pleasant
sprightly flavor ; as a cured prune, the flesh
is firm and meaty, yet elastic, of good color
and a perfect freestone. The prunes from
this variety are noted for long-keeping. In
the uncured state, the product keeps and
ships well. The trees are large, hardy, pro-
Priine. ^ ^^^ ductive, well-formed, and bear regularly ; yet

370 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

they are often capricious to soil and climate, do not always bear
well, seem to be susceptible to diseases, are preyed upon by
insects, and suffer from dry or hot weather. Italian Prune
originated in Italy at least a century ago.

Tree vigorous, upright, low-topped, hardy, productive. Fruit late; 2 by
1% inches in size, long-oval, enlarged on the suture side, compressed, halves
unequal; cavity very shallow and narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex
bluntly pointed; color purplish-black, with very thick bloom; dots numer-
ous, small, light brown, conspicuous; stem inserted at one side of the base,
1 inch in length, pubescent; skin thin, tough; flesh yellow, juicy, firm,
subacid, aromatic; very good to best; stone free, irregular-oval, flattened,
roughened and pitted, neck at the base, abruptly tipped at the apex.

569. German Prune (Fig. 199) is one of the oldest plums
under cultivation. The variety comes almost
true to seed, and is often propagated by
planting pits, a practice wiiich has produced
many strains. The most commonly grown
German Prune in the United States is the
Rochester strain, from trees of which the
following description was made. All Ger-
man Prunes are characterized by large,
hardy, vigorous, healthy, productive trees,
characters giving the variety its great value.
The fruit is excellent for all culinary pur-
poses. This variety is likely to remain a

^^ _ standard for some time, but will eventu-

FiG. 199. German „ , -, n i -, .

Prune. ally be superseded by one having a larger

fruit. German writers state that this variety

originated in Asia, whence it was brought during the Crusades

to Europe.

Tree large, vigorous, round, hardy, very productive. Fruit late, ripening
period very long; 1% by 1 inch, oval, swollen on the ventral side, halves
unequal; cavity very shallow, narrow, flaring; suture a faint line; apex
pointed; color purplish-black; bloom thick; dots numerous, small, brown,
inconspicuous, clustered about the base ; stem % inch long, adhering well to
the fruit; flesh yellowish-green, juicy, firm, sweet, mild, with pleasant
flavor; good to very good; stone free, flattened, obliquely long-oval, pointed
at the apex and base, with rough and pitted surfaces.

570. Quackenboss (Fig. 200). — The fruits of Quackenboss
possess to a high degree the characters which make a good mar-

Plate XIX. An American red raspberry — The Cuthbert.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS

371

ket plum : they are of large size ; round-oval, better for the
markets than the prune shapes; very pre-
possessing in color, — a handsome, dark purple
with heavy bloom ; and the flesh is tender,
juicy and sweet. The tree is large, vigorous,
hardy, with a round and spreading top, but is
unfruitful and fails as a commercial sort for
this reason. The variety has two peculiari-
ties; the petals are comparatively distinct
from each other, giving the flower, or a tree
in flower, an odd appearance ; and the leaves
are remarkably variable in size. Quackenboss
originated at Schenectady, New York, about
1828.

Fig. 200. Quacken-
boss.

Tree very large and vigorous, hardy, productive. Fruit late, season
short; 1% by 1% inches in size, round-oval, slightly compressed, halves
equal; cavity narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, often lacking; apex de-
pressed; color bluish-black, with thick bloom; dots numerous, yellowish-
brown, inconspicuous; stem % inch long, pubescent, adhering well to the
fruit; skin tender, astringent; flesh deep yellow, juicy, tender, sweet, mild;
good; stone free, flattened, irregular-oval, tapering to a long narrow neck
at the base, bluntly acute at the apex, with rough and pitted surfaces.

571. Pacific (Fig. 201). Willamette. — The purple plums of
Pacific are beautiful in color and shape, very
large, and few varieties of this color excel
them in quality. The trees are unusually
robust, hardy, and productive. It is Avell
worth general trial for home and market
plantations. This plum is badly confused
with the Willamette, the two sorts having
originated in Oregon about 1875.

Tree large, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy,
productive. Fruit midseason; 2 inches by 1% inches
in size, ovate, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow,
flaring; suture shallow, indistinct; apex bluntly
pointed; color bluish, overspread with thick bloom;
dots small, brown, conspicuous; stem thick, V2 inch
long, pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separating
readily; flesh pale golden-yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, spicy; good; stone
free, flattened, irregularly broad-oval, obliquely contracted at the base,
blunt at the apex, with rough and pitted surfaces.

Fig. 201. Pacific.

2 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

572. Arch Duke (Fig:. 202).— The qualities which give Arch
Duke liigh place among commercial varieties
are: large size; handsome color, — a rich dark
purple with thick bloom ; and firmness of flesh
and skin, so that it keeps and ships well. The
plum of Arch Duke compared with that of
Grand Duke is nearly as large, with neck
thicker, the same color, bloom heavier, qual-
ity higher, flesh firmer, stone free, and season
earlier. All the tree characters, like those of
the fruit, are good. Arch Duke was raised by
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England,
and was sent out in 1883.

Fig. 202. Arch ^ ^ ,. . . ^^ ^. ^ ,

Duke. Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, hardy,

very productive. Fruit late; 1% to 1^,4 inches, long-
oval, compressed, necked ; cavity shallow, narrow, compressed, abrupt ; suture
shallow, broad, prominent; apex elongated; color dark blue; bloom heavy;
dots numerous, small, brownish-russet, inconspicuous; stem often inserted
at one side of the base, % inch long, glabrous, adhering well to the fruit;
flesh deep golden-yellow, often reddish, juicy, coarse, firm, tender, sweet,
pleasant; good; stone free, the cavity larger than the pit, long-oval, necked,
abruptly tipped at the apex, reddish, rough.

573. Gueii (Fig. 203) ranks among the first six plums in
eastern America. Its popularity is due to

its being a money-maker, as few would care
to grow it in a home orchard. The quality
of the fruit is poor, but the trees bear early
and abundantly ; are large, vigorous, healthy,
and hardy; and the plums are hardly sur-
passed for shipping. The stone sometimes
clings rather tightly, and under other con-
ditions is wholly free. Gueii originated w4th
a Mr. Hagaman, Lansingburgh, New York,
about 1830.

Tree large, vigorous, open-topped, hardy, very
productive. Fruit midseason; medium in size, ovate,

halves equal; cavity abrupt, rarely sutured; apex _

bluntly pointed; color dark purplish-black, with ^^^- ^^^- ^^^"•

thick bloom; dots numerous, small, russet, clustered
about the apex; skin thiUj tender, separating readily; flesh greenish-yellow,

VARIETIES OF PLUMS

373

Fig. 204. Monarch.

changing to light golden-yellow, dry, firm, tender, sweet, mild, astringent
at the center; fair in quality; stone unusually clinging, large, ovate or
oval, blunt at the base and apex, roughened and pitted.

574. Monarch (Fig. 204). — The nicely
turned form and the rich purple color make
the fruits of Monarch handsome; while the
quality is not of the best, it is good as com-
pared with other purple varieties. Monarch
is not remarkable for its tree characters, yet
these average well with those of other plums,
and, with those of the fruit, make a variety
quite above the average, giving it a place
among the best (3ommercial sorts. Monarch
was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridge-
worth, England, and was introduced by the
originator in 1885.

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy,
productive. Fruit late; 2 inches by 1% inches in size, round-oval, halves
unequal; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex flattened; color
dark purplish-red, with russet flecks scattered over the surface, with thick
bloom; dots numerous, small, reddish-brown, conspicuous; stem thick, %
inch long, pubescent; skin thin, tender, astringent, separating readily; flesh
golden-yellow, juicy, fibrous, tender, aromatic; good; stone clinging, long-
oval, turgid, roughened and pitted, pointed at the base, blunt at the apex.

575. Grand Duke (Fig. 205) is the favorite late-shipping
plum in eastern America. Its popularity is
due to large size, handsome color, and firm
meaty flesh, which fits the fruits excellently
for shipping. The plum is not more than a
second-rate dessert fruit, although it is very
good in whatever way cooked. The trees
grow poorly in the nursery and in the or-
chard are seldom large and vigorous enough
to be called first class ; they come in bearing
slowly, but bear regularly and abundantly
and hold the crop well, the plums being
unusually free from rot and hanging in

good condition a long time. Grand Duke is
another of the many valuable plums produced by Thomas Rivers,
Sawbridgeworth, England.

Fig.

205. Grand
Duke.

374 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Tree medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive.
Fruit late; 2^2 by 2 inches in size, elongated-oval or slightly obovate,
halves unequal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture wide; apex flat-
tened, depressed or with a short blunt tip; color purplish-black, with thick
bloom ; dots numerous, small, brown ; stem % inch long ; skin separating
readily; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, mild; good; stone clinging,
sometimes tinged red, irregularly oval, slightly flattened, rough.

Graup 3. Fruits Reddish-purple or Reddish

576. Pond (Fig. 206). Hungarian. — Pond is preeminent
among plums for its large fruits, which are
distinguished also by their form and color,
both being pleasing as well as distinctive.
The eye is pleased w^ith the plum, but the
palate is sadly disappointed, for at best it is
not even second-rate. The fruits, however,
ship and keep well. The trees are satisfactory
in most regions, though small and not always
productive. This variety was obtained from
seed by a Mr. Pond, an English grower of
fruits, as long ago as 1831.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, hardy, va-

„ ^^^ _ riable in productiveness. Fruit late, season short ; 2

Fig. 206. Pond. • v, v i o, . , . . , ' . ^. .^,

inches by l-^ inches in size, obovate, frequently with

a neck, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt;
suture shallow, often a line ; apex roundish ; color reddish-purple to purplish-
red, overspread with thick bloom ; dots numerous, small, reddish-brown,
obscure; stem thick, % inch long, heavily pubescent, adhering well to the
fruit; skin tough, separating readily; flesh golden-yellow, dry, fibrous, firm,
mild, not highly flavored; fair in quality; stone semi-free to free, long-oval,
flattened, the surfaces roughened and deeply pitted, tapering towards the
base and apex.

577. Agen (Fig. 207). French Prune. Petite Prune. — Agen
is largely grown for prune-making, several qualities admirably
fitting the fruits for curing. The plum has a high percentage
of sugar and solids, so that it cures readily into a firm, sweet,
long-keeping prune, which, in cooking, needs little sugar; the
plums are uniform in size; the trees bear regularly and abun-
dantly ; and the crop hangs well on the tree. Besides making

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 375

excellent prunes, Agen is a very good dessert plum and ought
to be in every home orchard. Lack of size
in the fruit has kept it from being more
largely grown outside of prune-making re-
gions. The name is derived from Agen, a
region in France where the variety is ex-
tensively cultivated.

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, dense-
topped, hardy, very productive. Fruit late; 1^2 by
1 inch, obovate, the base necked, halves equal;
cavity shallow, narrow, flaring ; suture very shallow,
indistinct ; apex roundish or flattened ; color violet-
purple; bloom light, dots numerous, small, brown,
obscure; stem thick, 1 inch long, glabrous, adhering
to the fruit; flesh greenish-yellow, tender, sweet,
aromatic ; very good to best ; stone semi-free or free,
oval, flattened, with pitted surfaces, abrupt at the
base and apex. Fig. 207. Ageu.

578. Lombard (Fig. 208) is probably more widely grown in
America than any other plum. The meritorious characters are :
it adapts itself to widely different soils and
climates; the robustness, hardiness, healthi-
ness, productiveness, and regularity in bear-
ing of its trees; the fact that the fruits are
comparatively free from plum-curculio ; last-
ly, its showy fruits tempting to the eye and
readily salable. Canned, cooked, preserved,
or spiced, the product does very well, but as
a dessert fruit, Lombard falls in a category
with the Ben Davis apple and Kieffer pear,
"good-looking but poor." Lombard w^as

raised by Judge Piatt, Whitesboro, New York,
Fig. 208. Lombard. , . -loorv
about 1830.

Tree of medium size, round-topped, very hardy, productive. Fruit mid-
season; 1% by 1^2 inches in size, round-oval, compressed, halves unequal;
cavity narrow, abrupt, round; suture a line, apex flattened; color light to
dark purplish-red, overspread with thick bloom; dots numerous, small, light
russet; stem slender, % inch long; skin thin, tender, separating readily;
flesh yellow, juicy, fibrous, firm and sweet, mild; inferior in quality; stone
semi-free to free, dark colored, oval, flattened, roughened.

370

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig.

579. Bradshaw (Fig. 209). — A study of this variety does not
justify its great popularity. The trees grow
slowly and are tardy in coming into bearing,
the fruit is not especially higli in quality, and
in many regions is attacked by brown-rot too
freely for profitable orchard culture. To off-
set these faults, the trees are large, well
formed, bear regularly and heavily, are ro-
bust and healthy; and the plums are large,
attractive in appearance, and keep and ship
well, especially if picked a little green. The
origin of this plum is not known; it was
named by C. M. Hovey in 1846.

209. Brad-
shaw.

Tree large, vigorous, broad -vasiform, hardy, very productive. Fruit
midseason; 2 by 1% inches, oval, compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow,
narrow, abrupt, with a fleshy ring around the stem; suture very shallow;
apex flattened; color dark reddish-purple; bloom heavy; dots numerous,
small, russet, inconspicuous, clustered about the apex; stem thick, 1 inch
long, pubescent, adhering strongly to the fruit; flesh dull yellow, often with
a trace of red, juicy, fibrous, tender, sweet, pleasant; good; stone semi-free,
flattened, irregularly oval, necked at the base, blunt at the apex, strongly
roughened and pitted.

580. Giant (Fig. 210). Giant Prune.— The
fruit of Giant is distinguished by large size
and attractive color. The flesh is coarse,
fibrous, lacking in juice, clings more or less
to the stone, and rots quickly. The trees lack
somewhat in both vigor and productiveness.
Introduced as a prune, it was supposed that
this variety would prove a great boon, but it
does not cure well and is now hardly used for
drying. It is unfortunate that a plum so at-
tractive cannot be recommended, but the qual-
ity is too poor. Giant was grown by Luther
Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. Stock was
sale in 1893.

Fig. 210. Giant.

first offered for

Tree medium in size and vigor, round, dense-topped, hardy, productive.
Fruit midseason; 2 by l^^ inches, obovate, slightly necked, compressed,
halves unequal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow; apex

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 377

roundish or depressed ; color purplish-red ; bloom thin ; dots numerous, small,
russet, inconspicuous; stem 1 inch long, thinly pubescent, adhering to the
fruit; flesh light golden-yellow, coarse, fibrous, firm, sweet, mild; fair in
quality; stone semi-clinging, long -oval, flattened, with rough and pitted
surfaces.

581. Imperial Epineuse. — The fruits of Imperial Epineuse
are not surpassed in quality by those of any
other plum; moreover, they are most pleas-
ing in appearance, being large, beautiful in
shape, and made further attractive by a
handsome reddish-purple color which is
lighter or darker according to the exposure
to the sun. The tree is particularly large
and vigorous, its strong growth being a strik-
ing characteristic of the variety. Wherever
tried, fruit and tree are liked and the va-
riety is certain to grow in popularity in
eastern orchards for both home and market
plantations. Imperial Epineuse was found p^^ 211. French,
about 1870 near Clairac, France. It was
brought to the United States by Felix Gillett, Nevada City,
California, in 1883.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit late; large, obovate,
purplish-red, darker on the sunny side, mottled, overspread with thick bloom ;
flesh greenish -yellow, fibrous, tender, sweet, agreeable in flavor; very good;
stone clinging, irregular-oval, flattened^ obliquely but bluntly contracted
at the base, with pitted surfaces.

Section II. Fruits Small, Less Than I14 Inches in Diam-
eter. (Insititias)

Group 4. Purple Insititias

582. French (Fig. 211). This excellent Damson is largely
grown for the market, for good quality as well as size and ap-
pearance of the fruit aid in selling the product. The fruits have
but one defect, the pit is large for the amount of flesh. The
trees are large, hardy, bear abundantly and annually, and carry
their foliage so well that fruit and wood usually ripen perfectly.

378 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

The season is a little after that of the more commonly ^rown
Shropshire, in most years an advantajife. The origin is unknown,
but it is probably an old variety renamed.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, dense-topped, hardy, productive. Fruit
late; 1^2 by IVs inches in diameter, ovate, halves equal; cavity very shallow,
flaring; suture a line; apex roundish; color dull black; bloom thick; dots
numerous, small, inconspicuous; stem slender, % inch long, pubescent, ad-
hering well to the fruit ; flesh greenish, juicy, fibrous, tender, sweet, pleas-
ant, sprightly; good; stone variable in adhesion, oval, roughened, acute at
the base, blunt at the apex.

583. Shropshire (Fig. 212) is the best known of the Damsons.
The qualities which make it a favorite are for the most part those

of the tree, which is not surpassed by any
other Insititia in size, vigor, hardiness, and
health. The tree is enormously productive
and has but one defect, — unless sprayed the
foliage falls prej^ to fungi and drops early.
The fruit is of medium size, and, while in no
sense a dessert plum, may be eaten out
of hand with relish wiien fully ripe or
after a light frost. Shropshire originated
in England sometime in the seventeenth
century.

Tree vigorous, vasiform, hardy, productive. Fruit
late, season long; IV2 inches by 1 inch in size, oval,
compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow,
flaring; suture an indistinct line; apex roundish;
Fig. -V2. Shrop- color purplish-black, overspread with thick bloom;
shire. dots numerous, small, russet ; stem slender, V2 inch

long, glabrous, adhering to the fruit ; skin thin, ten-
der, adhering; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, firm but tender, agreeably tart,
pleasant; stone clinging, oval, acute at the base, blunt at the apex, with
nearly smooth surfaces.

Group 5. Yellow Insititias

584. Mirabelle. — In Europe, Mirabelle is one of the favorite
varieties, and its fruits are in great demand for canning, pre-
serves, compotes, tarts, and prunes. The trees grow very well,
producing fine crops of fruit wherever the Damsons can be
raised. The small, round, yellow fruits are attractive in appear-

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 379

ance and sweet and pleasant in flavor. The trees are small but
vigorous and healthy. Mirabelle was first noted by pomological
writers of the seventeenth century.

Tree small, round, open-topped, hardy. Fruit midseason; 1 inch in
diameter, round-oval, necked, compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow,
abrupt; suture indistinct; apex depressed, color light golden-yellow, with
thick bloom; dots numerous, small, white; stem slender, % inch long,
pubescent, parting readily from the fruit; skin thin, tough; flesh light
yellow, firm, tender, sweet, mild; good to very good; stone free, oval, blunt,
broadly ridged along one edge, rough.

DIVISION B. FRUITS CHERRY RED OR YELLOW,
NOT PURPLE

Section III. Fruits More or Less Cordate.
(Japanese Plums)

Group 6. Fruits Yellow

585. Ogon is one of the few varieties of P. salicina bearing
yellow fruits. It is further distinguished by being the only
freestone sort of its species under cultivation in America, and
by fruits having a flavor quite distinct, resembling that of the
apricot. The plums are not of high quality, crack badly on the
tree, and are unusually susceptible to the attacks of curculio.
The trees are small and unproductive. These faults preclude the
growing of Ogon in commercial plantations. Ogon was imported
from Japan about 1885.

Tree medium, vigorous, vasiform, dense-topped, unproductive. Fruit
early; l^^ by 1% inches in size, round-oblate, oblique, halves equal; cavity
narrow, regular, flaring ; suture variable in depth, prominent ; apex round-
ish or slightly flattened; color lemon -yellow, with thin bloom; dots numer-
ous, small, white, inconspicuous ; stem slender, i/o inch long, glabrous, sepa-
rating readily ; skin thin, rough, astringent, inclined to crack, adhering ;
flesh pale or amber-yellow, firm, sweet, mild; of fair quality; stone free,
round-oval, turgid, blunt but with a small short tip, oblique, slightly pitted.

Group 7. Fruits Red
Sub-group 4. Flesh Red

586. Satsuma. — There is a group of several varieties of Japa-
nese plums unique in having deep red flesh. While the fruit is

380 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

not so large nor so handsonu' in color as some of its offspring,
Satsuma is still one of the best of these red-fleshed varieties for
quality of fruit. The plums keep and ship well, and if of suffi-
eient size and allowed to eolor properly, make a good showing
on the markets. The trees are above the average for the species
in size, habit, health, hardiness, and productiveness, though they
bear sparingly when young. Satsuma was raised from seeds sent
to Luther Burbank by a Japanese agent in 1883 ; it was intro-
duced in 1889.

Tree medium to large, vigorous, upright-spreading, usually hardy, pro-
ductive, bearing heavier crops as tlie tree becomes older. Fruit midseason
or later; 2 inches in diameter; round-cordate, flattened at the base, com-
pressed, halves unequal ; cavity deep, narrow, abrui)t, compressed ; suture
prominent ; apex pointed ; color dark dull red, with thin bloom ; dots numer-
ous, russet, conspicuous, clustered about the apex; stem slender, % inch
long, glabrous; skin of medium thickness and toughness, bitter, semi-ad-
herent; flesh dark purplish-red, juicy, tender at the skin, tough at the cen-
ter, sweet, with an almond-like flavor; of good quality; stone clinging,
oval, strongly pointed, rough, red.

Sub-group 5. Flesh Yellow

587. Wickson (Fig. 213).— The fruit of Wickson is the largest
of the Oriental plums, if not the largest of all plums; it is of
handsome color and distinct form; the flesh
is firm and of a peculiar flavor, generally
considered pleasant. These characters and
the narrow upright tree, wdth its long lance-
olate leaves, mark the variety as a new and
a valuable addition to pomology. In the
East, Wickson is a little tender in tree and
bud, hardy only wiiere the peach can be
grown ; it blossoms too early to be safe from
frost ; it is susceptible to brown-rot ; the trees
Fig. 213. w ickson. ^j.g j^^g jj^ coming in bearing and are not
reliable in fruiting; the fruits ripen un-
evenly; and the trees are not of good form for heavy crops.
In California, Wickson is one of the leading Japanese sorts. It
is the best known of Burbank 's many plums. It was first de-
scribed in 1892.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 381

Tree medium to large, vigorous, with narrow upright head, dense-topped,
tender to cold, an uncertain bearer. Fruit early midseason; 2% inches in
diameter, obliquely cordate, halves unequal; cavity deep, abrupt, with con-
centric rings; suture prominent and deep, with a prolonged tip at the
apex; color dark red over a yellow ground, indistinctly splashed with darker
red, mottled with thin bloom; dots numerous, small, yellow, densely clus-
tered about the apex; stem thick, 11/16 inch long, glabrous; skin thin,
tender, separating easily; flesh amber -yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous, firm,
sweet, pleasant but not high in flavor; good; stone clinging, oval or ovate,
pointed, with pitted surfaces.

588. Red June is distinguished from all other plums by its
fruit characters; the fruits are distinctly cordate in shape with
a deep cavity and a pointed apex ; the color is a mottled garnet-
red overlaid with delicate bloom; the flesh is a light yellow,
peculiarly aromatic, SAveet, and not wholly agreeable in flavor;
the stone adheres tightly to the flesh. The trees are large, vig-
orous, spreading, hardy, healthy, and productive. Other good
qualities of the variety are that it blooms late ; the fruits are
very early, comparatively immune to curculio and brown-rot
and hang to the trees exceptionally well. The variety was im-
ported from Japan by H. H. Berger and Company, San Fran-
cisco, California, about 1887.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive, healthy. Fruit
early, l^^ by 1% inches in size, round-cordate, sides unequal; cavity large,
deep, narrow, regular, abrupt; suture deep, distinct; apex very pointed;
color garnet-red, mottled; bloom thin; dots numerous, small, russet; stem
Yn inch long, adhering to the fruit; skin tender^ astringent, separating
easily; flesh light yellow, fibrous, meaty, sweet except near the center;
good; stone clinging, irregular-oval; flattened, pointed at both ends, with
pitted surfaces.

589. October is the nearest approach to a good late plum in
its species, but because of several faults falls considerabty short
of filling the need. The fruits are large, attractive, suitable for
dessert, good for culinary purposes, hang well to the tree, and
keep and ship much better than those of the average Japanese
variety. The trees are well shaped, usually robust and healthy,
and the fruit is well borne on lateral spurs distributed over the
old wood; but they are tardy in coming in bearing, and cannot
be depended on to bear satisfactory crops regularly. October
was first fruited by Luther Burbank in 1892.

382

sysTKMA'i ic roMoLoay

Tree variahlo in size niKl vi^or, uprijrht siireadin;,^ open topped. Fruit
midse.iaon, rii>eninf; period lon^^ ; 1% inches in diameter, round-cordate,
halves unequal; cavity deep, wide, tlaring, with streaks radiating from
the cavity; suture a line; apex round to pointed; color dark red over a
yellow-green ground, wilh bloom of medium thickness; dots numerous,
large, russet, consi)icuous, clustered al)out the a])ex; stem slender, % inch
long, glabrous; skin thin, tough, sour, separating readily; flesh light yellow
tinged with red, very juicy, fibrous, sweet, mild; good; stone clinging,
round-oval, blunt but with a small tip, somewhat rough.

590. Abundance (Fi^. 214) is tho best known of the Japanese
plnms. The two assets which have given the
variety great popularity are adaptability to
a wide diversity of soils and climates, and,
as its name implies, abundance of fruit.
As a market plum, Abundance has several
faults; the fruits ship and keep poorly, are
subject to brown-rot, mature unevenly, and
drop rather too readily as they ripen. The
crop should be harvested before quite ripe,
as the plums develop in flavor best when
picked early, and the dropping and rot are

thus avoided. The variety is exceedingly
variable, and undoubtedly several well marked strains could be
selected. Abundance w^as imported from Japan by Luther Bur-
bank in 1884.

Tree large, vigorous, vasiform, hardy, very productive. Fruit early;
11/2 inches in diameter, round-ovate, slightly com-
pressed; cavity medium in depth and width, abrupt,
regular; suture shallow, distinct; apex pointed;
color dark red, mottled; bloom light; dots numerous,
russet, conspicuous; stem V2 inch long, glabrous,
parting easily from the fruit ; flesh yellow, very
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasantly aromatic; good;
stone clinging, oval, compressed, pointed, rough.

591. Burbank (Fig. 215). — Abundance
holds first i^laec among Japanese plums, but
Burbank is a close second, and in many lo-
calities has preference. Abundance is in the ^^i^. 21.5. Burbank.
lead because its trees are larger, better

formed, and bear more fruit than those of Burbank. To offset

Fig. 214. Abun-
dance.

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 383

the advantages of Abundance, the fruit of Burbank is of better
quality, more handsomely colored, keeps and ships better, is
less susceptible to brown-rot; and ripens a week or more later,
which in most seasons is a slight advantage. The trees are dis-
tinguished from those of all other plums by their low spread-
ing habit, flat top, and drooping branches. Burbank was pro-
duced from a plum pit sent to Luther Burbank by a Japanese
agent in 1883.

Tree large, vigorous, distinguished by its low sprawling habit and flat
open top, very productive, healthy. Fruit early; variable in size, large, 1%
inches in diameter, round-conic, halves equal; cavity deep, abrupt, regular;
suture shallow, apex roundish ; color dark red over a yellow ground, mottled ;
bloom heavy; dots numerous, large, russet, conspicuous; stem % inch long,
glabrous, parting readily from the fruit; flesh deep yellow, juicy, tender,
firm, sweet, aromatic; good; stone clinging, round-oval, turgid, blunt but
sharp-tipped, rough.

SECTION IV. FRUITS GLOBULAR, NOT CORDATE
(NATIVE PLUMS)

Group 8. Fruits Very Late

592. Forest Garden. P. hortulana Mineri. — Forest Garden is
widely distributed in the Central West, where both in tree and
fruit characters it seems adapted to the needs of climate and
soil. The fruit is late, maturing at a good time for shipping,
for which it is further adapted by tough skin and firm flesh ;
and, while not preeminently well fitted for dessert, it has a spicy
flavor that makes it pleasant eating and admirably adapted for
culinary purposes. This variety is from a wild plum found in
the woods near Cedar Rapids, Iowa, by Thomas Hare, about
1862.

Tree large, very vigorous, spreading, flat-topped, hardy, bearing young.
Fruit late; 1% inches in diameter, large, round-ovate, compressed, halves
equal; cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish or pointed;
color dark red; bloom light; dots numerous, russet, conspicuous; stem slen-
der, % inch long, glabrous; flesh dark golden-yellow, juicy, coarse, fibrous,
melting, sweet next the skin, sour toward the center, with a strong and
peculiar flavor, aromatic ; good ; stone clinging, oval, turgid, blunt, flattened
at the base, ending in an abrupt but sharp point at the apex, smooth.

384 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

593. Miner. /*. hortuUimi M uteri. — Miner is particularly
adapted to tlic iiorllicrii limits of the cultivation of its species.
The tree is robust, hraltliy, better in li;J)it of ^n-owth for orchard
manajrement than any other of the native plums, and usually
productive. The fruits are good in quality, attractive in appear-
ance, comparatively curculio-proof, and are especially suited for
culinary uses. In 1813, William Dodd found this plum in a
Chicasaw Indian plantation on the Tallapoosa River, Alabama.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, hardy, unproductive unless cross-polli-
nated. Fruit late; medium in size, round-ovate; cavity shallow, narrow,
regular; suture indistinct; apex pointed; color dull dark red, with thin
bloom ; dots numerous, minute, yellowish ; stem slender, long, astringent ;
flesh pale amber-yellow, juicy, tender, mild, aromatic; good; stone adher-
ing, small, rouud-oval, flattened, with nearly smooth surfaces.

Group 9. Fruits Early or Midseason

594. Wild Goose. P. Munsoniana. — Wild Goose was the first
native plum to be generally grown as a distinct variet3^ Good
qualities of the plum are : bright attractive color ; tender and
melting flesh with a sprightly and refreshing flavor ; a tough
skin which fits it well for shipment and long-keeping ; compara-
tive freedom from brown-rot and curculio. The trees are large,
hardy, healthy, and, when cross-pollinated, very productive.
About 1820 M. E. McCrance, Nashville, Tennessee, shot a wild
goose ; his wife, in dressing the goose, found a plum seed in its
craw, which, planted, produced the Wild Goose tree.

Tree very large and vigorous, wide-spreading, flat-topped, hardy. Fruit
very early; 1% by 1 3/16 inches in size, oval, halves equal; cavity small,
narrow, shallow, abrupt; suture an indistinct line; apex round or pointed;
color bright red, with thin bloom; dots few, light russet, conspicuous,
clustered about the apex; the stem attached to a stem-like growth from
the fruit-spurs gives the appearance on the tree of a jointed stem, very
slender, % inch long, glabrous, not adhering to the fruit; skin tough,
astringent, separating readily; flesh yelloAvish, juicy and fibrous, tender and
melting, sweet next the skin but sour at the center, sprightly; fair to good;
stone adhering, long and narrow-oval, flattened, slightly necked at the base,
acute at the apex, roughened.

595. De Soto (Fig. 216). P. americaim. — De Soto is better
suited to the orchard than other Americanas, having little of the

VARIETIES OF PLUMS 385

waywardness in tree of most sorts of its species. The trees, also,

are enormously productive. The fruits of

De Soto, while not so large nor so brilliantly

colored as those of some of the Americanas,

are not surpassed in quality by the product

of any, and keep and ship well. De Soto

was found on the bank of the Mississippi

River near De Soto, Wisconsin, by a ^Ir.

Tupper, in 1853.

Tree small, spreading, hardy, produces heavy crops
annually, bears young. Fruit midseason; l^/^ inches
in diameter, round, compressed, often strongly trun-
cate at the base ; cavity shallow, abrupt ; suture very
shallow or a line; apex round or somewhat pointed;

color dark crimson over orange-yellow ground ; bloom i" ig- - • e o o-
light ; dots very numerous, small, light russet, incon-
spicuous; stem slender, % inch long, sparingly pubescent; flesh golden-
yellow, very juicy, fibrous, tender, melting, mild; fair to good; stone
nearly free, oval, turgid, blunt -pointed, smooth.

CHAPTER XXVTTI

VARIETIES OF GRAPES

Ten species of native grapes have furnished about 2,000
varieties to American viticulture. Possibly twice as many more
are described in European viticultural literature from V. vinifera
alone, more than 300 of which have been tried in America. Few
other fruits otter so great a number of combinations of sizes,
color, flavors, aromas, and uses as the grape. The vineyard,
to fulfil its potentialities, should have a well selected assortment
of the kinds described.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF GRAPES

Agawam, 606
Barry, 619

Black Cornichon, 633
Black Hamburg, 636
Black Morocco, 635
Brighton, 605
Campbell Early, 611
Catawba, 609
Champion, 616
Chasselas Bore, 628
Chasselas Golden, 628
Clinton, 626
Concord, 617
Delaware, 623
Diamond, 601
Eclipse, 612
Elvira, 622
Emperor, 632
Empire State, 621
Flame Tokay, 631
Flowers, 599
Fontainehleau, 628
Green Mountain, 600
Gros Colmar, 637

Herbemont, 624

Herbert, 618

lona, 608

Ives, 620

James, 597

Janesville, 615

Lindley, 607

Lucile, 604

Malaga, 629

Memory, 598

Mission, 634

Moore Early, 614

Muscat of Alexandria, 630

Muscat Hamburg, 638

Niagara, 602

Norton, 625

Purple Cornichon, 633

Salem, 603

Seuppernong, 596

Sultanina, 627

Sweetwater, 628

Vergennes, 610

Winchell, 600

Worden, 613

386

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 387

KEY TO VARIETIES OF GRAPES

A. Skin of mature grapes separating from the
pulp. (Native grapes)

B. Berries in clusters not exceeding 10 to 20 ;
parting readily from the pedicels. (Rotundi-
folia grapes)
C. Color of berries greenish with an amber

tinge 596. Scuppernong.

CC. Color of berries red or purple.

• D. Shape of berries round, 4 to 12 in a

cluster, blue-black 597. James.

DD. Shape of berries round-oblong.

E. Number of berries 4 to 12 in a clus-
ter, almost jet-black 598. Memory.

EE. Number of berries 10 to 20 in a

cluster, purplish-black 599. Flowers.

BB. Berries in bunches of 20 to many; ad-
hering strongly to the pedicels.
C. Size of berries about as large as those
of Concord or larger. (Labrusca-like
grapes)

D. Color of berries green or greenish-
yellow.
E. Grapes green, rather small, round;

season very early 600. Winchell.

EE. Grapes yellowish, large, oval.

F. Clusters short, rather small; sea-
son early; pure flavor 601. Diamond.

FF. Clusters long, large; midseason;

flavor foxy 602. Niagara.

DD. Color of berries red or reddish.
E. Ripening early ; round ; dark red.
F. Clusters short, broad ; flavor

scarcely foxy 603. Salem.

FF. Clusters long, narrow; pulpy and

very foxy 604. Lucile.

EE. Ripening midseason; berries oval;
light or dark red.
F. Grapes light red; cluster large,

long, broad, loose 605. Brighton.

FF. Grapes dark red.

G. Cluster short, broad, tapering ;

stem medium long 606. Agawam.

GG. Cluster long, cylindrical; stem

long 607. Lindley.

EEE. Ripening late; berries oval; light
and dark red.

F. Berries amethyst -red ; clusters
shouldered, slender, tapering, loose. 608. lona.

388 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

FF. Berries dull purplish-red; clus-
ters broad, tapering 609. Catawba.

FFF. Berries mottled light and dark

red; clusters broad, cylindrical.... 610. Vergennes.
DDD. Color of berries purple-black.
E. Kipening early.

F. Shape of berries oval.

G. Clusters very large; berries very

large; brush reddish 611. Campbell Early.

GG. Clusters medium; berries me-
dium ; brush green 612. Eclipse.

FF. Shape of berries round.
G. Brush green or greenish.

H. Clusters large, long, broad,
tapering, compact ; medium

early 613. Worden.

HH. Clusters medium, cylindrical,

loose; very early 614. Moore Early.

GG. Brush red; cluster small, short,

cylindrical 615. Janesville.

GGG. Brush bronze; cluster me-
dium, blunt, compact, cylindrical. 616. Champion.
EE. Ripening midseason; brush green-
ish.

F. Shape of berries round, glossy-
black; clusters large, long, broad,

tapering 617. Concord.

FF. Shape of berries oval; clusters
short, very broad.
G. Berries more or less flattened,

dull black; season with" Concord. 618. Herbert.
GG. Berries not flattened, purplish-
black; later than Concord 619. Barry.

EEE. Eipening late; brush red; berries

rather small, jet-black 620. Ives.

CC. Size of berries as small as those of
Delaware or smaller.
D. Color of berries green.

E. Cluster large, long, slender, cyl-
indrical; flavor without foxiness. . . . 621. Empire State.
EE. Cluster medium, short, broad,

cylindrical; flavor foxy 622. Elvira.

DD. Color of berries red.

E. Season early; clusters small; berries

light red 623. Delaware.

EE. Season very late; clusters large;

berries reddish black 624. Herbemont.

DDD. Color of berries purple-black.
E. Cluster medium to large, short,
broad, tapering ; berries small, round-
oblate, jet-black; very late 625. Norton.

VARIETIES OF GRAPES

EE. Cluster small, slender, cylindrical;
berries round, purplish -black ; mid-
season 626.

AA. Skin of mature grapes adhering to the flesh.
(European grapes)
B. Color of berries green.

C, Grapes seedless, small, oblong-oval,

golden-yellow ; early 627.

CC. Grapes seeded.

D. Shape of berries round, golden-yellow,
depressed at blossom-end; cluster me-
dium, cylindrical ; very early 628.

DD. Shape of berries oval, large.

E. Berries yellowish-green to amber;

very large ; midseason 62

EE. Berries light green, oblong-oval,
with distinct Muscat flavor; midsea-
son 630.

BB. Color of berries red.

C. Berries oblong-oval; clusters large; very

compact ; midseason 631.

CC. Berries oval, variable in size; clusters

large, berries hanging free; late 632.

BBB. Color of berries black.

C. Berries characteristically long and

curved ; late 633.

CC. Berries round or oval.
D. Shape of berries round.

E. Size small or medium; cluster di-
vided into small clusters ; late 634.

EE, Size large or very large; cluster
not divided.
F. Cluster broad, almost round, very

compact ; late 635.

FF. Cluster very large, long, irregu-
lar ; late midseason 636.

FFF. Cluster very large with shoul-
der often as large as main cluster,
short, broad ; berry very large ; mid-
season 637.

DD. Shape of berries oval, small to large ;
cluster very large, long, broad, tapering,
loose; early midseason, with distinct
Muscat flavor 638.

389

Clinton.

Sultanina.

Chasselas Golden.

9. Malaga.

Muscat of Alexan-
dria.

Flame Tokay.

Emperor.

Purple Cornichon.

Mission.

Black Morocco.
Black Hamburg.

Gros Colmar.

Muscat Hamburg.

390 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

DIVISION A. SKINS SEPARATING PROM THE PULP
(NATIVE GRAPES)

Section I. Berries in Clusters not Exceeding 10 to 20

(ROTUNDIFOLIA GrAPES)

Group 1. Berries Greenish

596. Scuppernong is tlie eliief representative of Vitis rotundi-
foliii, which runs riot in natnral Inxnriance from Delaware and
IMaryhmd to the Gulf, and westward from the Atlantic to Arkan-
sas and Texas. The vines are almost immune to mildew, rot,
phylloxera, or other fungal or insect pests ; they give not only an
abundance of fruit, but on arbors and trellises are much prized
for their shade and beauty. The fruit, to a palate accustomed
to other grapes, is not very acceptable, having a musky flavor
and a somewhat repugnant odor, which, however, with familiar-
ity becomes agreeable. The pulp is sweet and juicy but is lack-
ing in sprightliness. The grapes are not suitable for the market
because the berries drop from the bunch in ripening and become
more or less smeared with juice, so that their appearance is not
appetizing.

Vine vigorous, not liardy in the North, very productive. Leaves small,
thin. Flowers very late; stamens reflexed. Fruit late. Clusters small,
round, unshouldered, loose. Berries few in a cluster, large, round, dull
green, often with broAvn tinge, firm ; skin thick, tough with many small
russet dots; flesh pale green, juicy, tender, soft, fine-grained, foxy, sweet
to agreeably tart; fair to good. Seeds adherent, large, short, broad, un-
notched, blunt, plump, surface smooth, brown.

Grmip 2. Berries Red or Purple

597. James is probably the best general-purpose variety of its
species. The vine is noted for vigor and productiveness, and the
fruits are large, well flavored, hang on the vines long after
ripening, and keep well after harvesting. The variety was
found by B. W. M. James, Pitt County, North Carolina.

Vine vigorous, healthy, productive. Canes slender, numerous, long,
slightly trailing. Leaves of medium size, thick, smooth, leathery, cordate,

Plate XX. An American blackcap — Gregg.

■'■tv

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 391

as broad as long, with a serrate margin. Flowers open late; stamens re-
flexed. Fruit ripens late, hangs on the vine for three weeks. Clusters
small, containing from 4 to 12 berries, irregular, loose. Berries large,
% to 1/4 inch in diameter, round, blue-black, marked with specks; skin
thick, tough; pulp juicy; sweet; good in quality.

598. Memory is one of the best of the Rotundif olia grapes for
the garden and local markets, and its fruits are especially good
for dessert. The variety is given credit for being the most pro-
ductive of the grapes of its species. Memory is probably a
seedling of Thomas, which it much resembles, and was found by
T. S. Memory, Whiteville, North Carolina, about 1868.

Vine very vigorous, healthy, productive. Leaves large, longer than broad,
thick, smooth with coarsely serrate margins. Flowers perfect. Fruit ripens
in September in North Carolina. Clusters large, with 4 to 12 berries which
hang unusually well for a variety of V. rotundif olia. Berries very large,
round-oblong, deep brownish-black, almost jet-black; skin thick; flesh
tender, juicy, sweet ; good to best.

599. Flowers is noted for its vigorous and productive vines,
its large fruit-clusters, and dark-colored grapes that cling in the
cluster unusually well for a variety of this species. The crop
is late, ripening in North Carolina in October and November.
The fruit is valuable only for wine and grape-juice, and has
little to recommend it for dessert purposes. Flowers was found
in a swamp near Lamberton, North Carolina, more than a hun-
dred years ago, by William Flowers.

Improved Flowers, probably a seedling of Flowers, was found
near Whiteville, North Carolina, about 1869. It differs from its
supposed parent in having a more vigorous and productive vine
and larger clusters, the berries of which cling even more
tenaciously.

Vine vigorous, healthy, upright, open, very productive. Leaves variable
but average medium in size, longer than broad, pointed, cordate, thick, dark
green, smooth, leathery; margins sharply serrate; flowers perfect. Fruit
very late. Clusters large, consisting of 10 to 20 berries. Berries large,
round-oblong, purple or purplish-black, clinging well to the cluster-stem;
skin thick, tough, faintly marked with dots; pulp white, lacking in juice,
hard, sweetish, austere in flavor; poor for a table-grape but excellent for
grape-juice.

392 SYSTEMATIC J'OMOLOGY

Section II. Berries in Bunches, 20 to Many
Group 3. Berries About as Large as Those of Coneord or Larger
Sub-p'oup 1. Berries Greenish-yellow

600. Winchell (Fi<r. 217). Green Mountain. — The vines of

AVincliell are vigorous, hardy, healthy, pro-
ductive, and the fruit is early, of high qual-
ity, and ships well. There are some minor
faults. The berries, and under some condi-
tions the bunches, are small, and the bunch
is loose, with a large shoulder. The grapes
shell when fully ripe. Again, w^hile the crop
usually ripens evenly, there are seasons
when two pickings are needed because of
unevenness in ripening. Lastly, the skin is

Fig. 217. Winchell. thin and there is danger in unfavorable sea-
sons of the berries cracking. The original

vine was raised by James Milton Clough, Stamford, Vermont,

about 1850.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive. Leaves large; lobes 3-5,
w-ith terminal lobe acute; petiolar sinus deep; basal sinus shallow; teeth
shallow, wide. Flowers fertile, midseason; stamens upright. Fruit early.
Clusters long, slender, cylindrical, often with a long shoulder, compact;
pedicel short, slender, with few inconspicuous Avarts; brush greenish-white.
Berries small, round, light green, persistent, soft ; skin marked with small
reddish-brown spots, thin, tender, slightly astringent ; flesh green, translu-
cent, juicy, tender, fine-grained, sweet ; very good to best. Seeds free, 1-4,
small, plump, wide and long, blunt, brown.

601. Diamond. — Few other grapes surpass Diamond in quality
and beauty of fruit. To its desirable fruit characters must be
added hardiness, productiveness, and vigor of vines, but the latter
are often unhealthy. The plant resembles closely that of its
American parent, Concord. Jacob Moore, Brighton, Ncav York,
grew Diamond about 1870 from Concord seed fertilized by lona.

Vine vigorous, hardy, productive. Leaves thick; lobes 3, indistinct;
petiolar sinus very shallow; teeth shallow. Flowers self -fertile, open early;
stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters medium to short, broad, blunt,
cylindrical, often single-shouldered, compact; pedicel short, thick with a few

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 393

inconspicuous warts; brush slender, pale green. Berries large, ovate, green
with a tinge of yellow, glossy, covered with thin bloom, persistent, firm;
skin thin, tough, adherent, astringent ; flesh pale green, transparent, juicy,
tender, melting, fine-grained, aromatic, sprightly; very good. Seeds free,
1-4, broad and long, sharp-pointed, yellowish-brown.

602. Niagara (Fig. 218) is the leading American ^een grape.
It is less valuable than Concord, and it is doubtful whether it
should be ranked much higher than several

other green grapes. In vigor and produc-
tiveness, Niagara and Concord rank the
same. In hardiness of root and vine, Ni-
agara falls short of Concord; it cannot be
grown without winter protection where the
thermometer goes much below zero. Both
bunches and berries of Niagara are larger
than those of Concord and are better formed,
making a handsomer fruit. The fruit shells
as badly as that of Concord and does not
keep longer. Both vine and fruit of Nia- fig. 218. Niagara,
gara are more susceptible to fungal diseases
than those of Concord. Niagara was produced by C. L. Hoag
and B. W. Clark, Lockport, New York, from seed of Concord
fertilized by Cassady, planted in 1868.

Vine vigorous, lacking in hardiness, very productive. Leaves large,
thick; lobes 3-5 with terminus acute; petiolar sinus of medium depth and
width; basal sinus shallow, wide, often toothed; lateral sinus wide, fre-
quently toothed ; teeth shallow, variable in width. Flowers self -fertile, open
in niidseason; stamens upright. Fruit midseason. Clusters large, long,
broad, tapering, frequently single-shouldered, compact ; jjedicel thick with a
few small inconspicuous warts; brush pale green, long. Berries large, oval,
pale yellowish-green with thin bloom, persistent, firm; skin thin, tender,
adherent, astringent; flesh light green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained,
tender, foxy; good. Seeds free, 1-6, deeply notched, brown.

Sub-group 2. Berries Reddish

603. Salem (Fig. 219) is the one of Rogers' hybrids of which
the originator is said to have thought most, and to which he
gave the name of his place of residence. The two chief faults,
unproductiveness and susceptibility to mildew, are not found in
all localities, and in favorable places, near good markets, Salem

394

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig. 219. Saleui.

ought to rank liigh as a commercial fruit. The vine is hardy,
vigorous, and productive, and bears hand-
some fruit of liigh quality. This variety was
christened Salem by Rogers in 1867.

Vine vigorous, hardy, variable in productiveness.
Leaves variable in size; lobes 1-3 with terminus acute;
])etiolar sinus deep, narrow, often overlapping; basal
sinus lacking; lateral sinus shallow, narrow, notched.
Flowers sterile, midseason ; stamens reflexed. Fruit
early. Clusters large, short, broad, tapering, heavily
shouldered, compact ; pedicel short, thick, with small
warts, enlarged at point of attachment to berry;
l)rush short, pale green. Berries large, round, dark
red, dull, persistent, soft; skin thick, adherent, with-
out pigment, astringent; flesh translucent, juicy, ten-
der, stringy, fine-grained, vinous, spriglitly; good to very good. Seeds 1-6,
large, long and broad, blunt, brown.

604. Lucile (Pig. 220). — In vigor, health, hardiness, and pro-
ductiveness, Lucile is not surpassed by any
native grape. The size, form, and color of
bunches and berries are good, making a very
attractive fruit, but the grapes have an obnox-
ious foxy taste and odor and are pulpy and
seedy. Lucile is earlier than Concord, the
crop ripening with that of Worden. Lucile
may be recommended when a hardy grape is
desired, and for localities in which the season
is short. J. A. Putnam, Fredonia, New York,
grew Lucile. The vine fruited first in 1890.

Vine vigorous, hardy, very productive. Leaves
large, firm; leaf with terminus acute; petiolar sinus
shallow, narrow, sometimes closed and overlapping;
basal sinus usually absent ; lateral sinus a notch when
present; teeth shallow. Flowers self -fertile, open

early; stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters large, long, slender, cylin-
drical, usually single-shouldered, very compact; pedicel short, thick, with
few inconspicuous warts; brush light brown. Berries large, round, dark
red with thin bloom, persistent, firm; skin thin, tender, astringent; flesh
pale green, translucent, juicy, tough, stringy, foxy; fair in quality. Seeds
adherent, 1-4, small, broad, short, blunt, dark brown.

605. Brighton (Fig. 221) ranks as one of the leading amateur
grapes in eastern America. Its good points are : for the fruit,

Fig. 220. Lucile.

VARIETIES OF GRAPES

395

productiveness,

high quality; for the vine, vigorous growth,
adaptability to various soils, and ability to
withstand fungi. Brighton has two serious
defects which keep it from taking high rank
as a commercial variety : the fruits deterio-
rate in quality very quickly after maturit}^;
and the flowers are self-sterile to a more
marked degree than in any other commonly
grown grape. Brighton is a seedling of Diana
Hamburg pollinated by Concord, raised by
Jacob Moore, Brighton, New York. The origi-
nal vine fruited first in 1870.

Vine vigorous, hardy, productive, subject to mildcAv.
Leaves large, thick; lobes 3 when present, terminal
one acute; petiolar sinus intermediate in depth and

■width; lateral sinus shallow; teeth narrow. Flowers open late, self -sterile ;
stamens refiexed. Fruit midseason. Clusters large, long, broad, tapering,
heavily shouldered, loose; pedicel thick; brush pale green with brown tinge,
thick, short. Berries irregular, large, oval, light red, glossy with heavy
bloom, persistent, soft; skin thick, tender, adherent, astringent; flesh green,
transparent, tender, stringy, melting, aromatic, vinous, sweet ; very good.
Seeds free, 1-5, broad, light brown.

Fig. 221. Brighton.

606. Agawam (Fig. 222). — The qualities commending Aga-
wam are large size and attractive appearance
of bunch and berry ; grapes of rich sweet aro-
matic flavor ; vigor of vine ; and capacity for
self-fertilization. The vine is vigorous, hardy,
and productive. The chief defects of the
fruit are a thick and tough skin, coarse solid
texture of pulp, and foxy flavor. The vine
is susceptible to the mildews, and in many
localities does not yield well. The vines pre-
fer heavy soils, and do better on clay than
on sand or gravel. This is one of the grapes
grown by E. S. Rogers, Salem, Massachusetts.

Fig. 222. Agawam.

Vine vigorous, hardy, productive. Leaves thick; lobes lacking; terminus
acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow; lateral sinus very shallow; teeth shallow,
wide. Flowers on plan of 6, nearly self -fertile, open late ; stamens upright.
Fruit midseason. Clusters medium to large, short, broad, tapering, loose;

30(1

SYSTKMA r/C roMOl.oCY

pediool short ; brush very short, pale ^rcen. Bi'rrics lar^o, oval, dark
purplish-red with thin Idooni, very persistent; skin thick, touj^h, adherent,
astriny:ent ; flesh pale preen, translucent, touph, stringy, solid, foxy; good.
Seeds adherent, 2-5, large, long, brown.

607. Lindley (Fig:. 223)
size and

Fig. 223.

—The bunches are of only medium
are loose, but the berries are well-
formed, of uniform size, and of an attractive
dark-red color. The flesh is firm, fine-grained,
juicy, tender, with a peculiarly rich aromatic
flavor. The skin is thick and tough but is not
objectionable in fruit fully ripe. The fruit
keeps and ships well, and the berries neither
crack nor shatter. The vine is vigorous,
hardy, healthy, but susceptible to mildew.
The chief defects of Lindley are self -sterility,
precariousness in bearing, and lack of adapta-
tion to many soils. In 1869, Rogers gave this
grape its name in honor of John Lindley, the
Lindley. English botanist.

Vine vigorous, usually hardy, susceptible to mildew. Leaves obscurely
3-lobed with terminus acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, often closed and
overlapping; teeth shallow. Flowers self -sterile, open in midseason;
stamens reflexed. Fruit midseason. Clusters long, broad, cylindrical, fre-
quently single-shouldered, the shoulder being connected to the bunch by a
long stem, loose ; pedicel short, slender, smooth ; brush short, pale green.
Berries large, round-oval, dark -red with faint bloom; skin tough, adherent,
unpigmented, strongly astringent; flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, fine-
grained, tender, vinous; good to best. Seeds adherent, 2-5, notched, brown.

608. lona (Fig. 224).— In flavor, the fruit
of lona has a rare combination of sweetness
and acidity, — pure, delicate, and vinous. The
flesh is transparent, melting, tender, juicy,
and of uniform consistency quite to the cen-
ter. The color is dark-red wine with a tint
of amethyst. The bunch is large but loose,
with berries varying in size and ripening un-
evenly. The fruit may be kept until late
winter. The vines are doubtfully hardy, and
in many parts of the North must have win-

FiG. 224. lona.

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 397

ter protection ; they are not vigorous and are inclined to over-
bear, to remedy which they must have close pruning. lona
originated with C. W. Grant, lona Island, New York, from seed
planted in 1885.

Vine weak, doubtfully hardy, unproductive. Leaves thick; lobes 3-5
with terminal one acute; petiolar sinus of medium depth and width; basal
sinus shallow; lateral sinus shallow, wide; teeth shallow. Flowers self-
fertile, open late; stamens upright. Fruit late. Clusters medium in size,
sometimes double-shouldered, slender, tapering, loose; brush pale green.
Berries uniform, oval, round, dull, light and dark red with thin bloom,
persistent, firm ; skin tough, adherent, slightly astringent ; flesh green,
translucent, juicy, fine-grained, tender, melting, vinous; very good. Seeds
free, 1-4, small, broad, plump, brown.

609. Catawba (Fig. 225) has long been the standard red
grape in the markets of eastern America,
chiefly because the fruit keeps well and is of
high quality. The vine is vigorous, hardy,
and productive, but the foliage and fruit are
susceptible to fungi. Catawba was intro-
duced by John Adlum, District of Columbia,
about 1823. Adlum secured cuttings from
a Mrs. Scholl, Clarksburgh, Montgomery

County, Maryland, in the spring of 1819.

T^ r? " ^1 1 • . • ,1 Fig. 225. Catawba.

Its further history is not known.

Vine vigorous, hardy, productive. Leaves large; lobes sometimes 3, termi-
nal one acute; petiolar sinus often lacking; lateral sinus narroAv; teeth
shallow, narrow. Flowers self -sterile, open late; stamens upright. Fruit
late. Clusters large, long, broad, tapering, single- or sometimes double-
shouldered, loose; pedicel with a few inconspicuous warts; brush short,
pale green. Berries of medium size, oval, dull purplish-red with thick bloom,
firm; skin thick, adherent, astringent; flesh green, translucent, juicy, fine-
grained, vinous, sprightly, sweet and rich ; very good. Seeds free, fre-
quently abortive, 2, broad-necked, distinctly notched, blunt, brown.

610. Vergennes (Fig. 226).— The most valuable attribute of
Vergennes is certainly in bearing. Vergennes is unpopular with
vineyardists because of the sprawling habit of the vines, which
makes them untractable for vineyard operations ; this fault is
obviated by gi^afting on other vines. The grapes are attractive,

398

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

the qunlity is jrood, flavor a<xroeal)lc, flesh tender, and seeds and
skin are not objectionable. The original
vine was a chance seedling in the garden of
William E. Greene, Vergennes, Vermont, in
1874.

Vine variable in vif^or, doubtfully hardy, produc-
tive, healthy. Leaves large, thin; leaf usually not
lobed with terminus broadly acute; petiolar sinus
wide; teeth shallow. Flowers semi-sterile, midsea-
son; stamens upright. Fruit late. Clusters of me-
dium size, broad, cylindrical, sometimes single-
shouldered, loose; pedicel with numerous small
warts; brush slender, short, pale green. Berries
large, oval, light and dark red with thin bloom, per-
sistent; skin thick, tough, adherent, astringent;

flesh pale green, juicy, fine-grained, somewhat stringy, tender, vinous; good

to very good. Seeds free, 1-5, blunt, brown.

Fig.

-L't;. Vergen-
nes.

Sub-group 3. Berries Purple-black

611. Campbell Early (Fig. 227). — The meritorious qualities
of Campbell Early are : the grapes are high in quality ; free from
foxiness and from acidity about the seeds ;
have small seeds which easily part from the
flesh ; are early, ripening nearly a fortnight
before Concord; bunch and berry are large
and handsome; and the vines are exception-
ally hardy. Campbell Early falls short in
not being adapted to many soils; the variety
lacks productiveness; the grapes attain full
color before they are ripe, and are, therefore,
often marketed in an unripe condition ; the
bunch is variable in size; and the color of
the berry is not attractive. George AV.
Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, grew this va-
riety from a seed of Moore Early. It bore first in 1892.

Fig. 227. Campbell
Early.

Vine vigorous, hardy, productive. Leaves large, thick; lobes 3, usually
entire, terminal one acute; petiolar sinus shallow, wide, basal sinus pubes-
cent; lateral sinus wide or a notch; teeth shallow, narrow. Flowers self-
fertile, open in midseason; stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters usually
large, long, broad, tapering, single-shouldered; pedicel short, slender, with

VARIETIES OF GRAPES

399

small warts; brush long, light wine-color. Berries usually large, oval, dark
purplish-black, dull with heavy bloom, persistent, firm; skin tough, thin,
adherent with dark red pigment, astringent; flesh green, translucent, juicy^
coarse, vinous, sweet from skin to center; good. Seeds free, 1-4, light
brown, often with yellow tips.

612. Eclipse (Fig. 228) is a seedling of Niagara, and, there-
fore, a descendant of Concord, which it resem-
bles, differing chiefly in earlier fruit which is
of better quality. Unfortunately, the bunches
and berries are small. The vines are hardly
surpassed by those of any other variety, being
hardy, healthy, and productive. The ripe
grapes hang on the vines for some time with-
out deterioration, and do not crack in wet
weather. The crop ripens several days earlier
than that of Concord. Eclipse originated with
E. A. Riehl, Alton, Illinois, from seed planted
about 1890; introduced in 1906.

Fig. 228. Eclipse.

Vine \agorous, hardy, productive. Leaves large; lobes wanting or 3
with terminal one acute; petiolar sinus narrow, often notched; teeth shallow,
narroAV. Flowers self -sterile, open in midseason; stamens reflexed. Fruit
early. Clusters of medium size, broad, tapering, frequently single-shoul-
dered, compact; pedicel short, thick, covered with small warts; brush
long, pale green. Berries large, oval, dull black with abundant bloom,
persistent, firm; skin tender, fine-grained, foxy, sweet; good. Seeds free,
1-4, short, broad, distinctly notched, blunt, brown.

613. Worden (Fig. 229).— Of the many offspring of Concord,
Worden is most meritorious. The grapes
differ from those of Concord in having bet-
ter quality and in being a week to ten days
earlier. The vine is equally hardy, healthy,
vigorous, and productive, but is more fas-
tidious in its adaptations to soil. The chief
fault of the variety is that the fruit cracks
badly. The fruit-pulp of Worden is softer
than that of Concord, there is more juice,
and the keeping qualities are not so good.
Early season is against Worden, for a com-
and, with the defects mentioned, prevents it

Fig. 229. Worden.
mercial variety.

400

SYSTKMA TIC POMOLOGY

takiiijjf the plact' of roncortl. Worck'ii was ori<rinat('(l by Schuy-
ler AVordeii, Minetto, New York, from seed i)lanted about
1863.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Leaves large, thick; leaf
usually not lobed; petiolar sinus wide, often urn-shaped; teeth shallow.
Flowers fertile, midseason; stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters large,
long, liroad, tapering, usually single-shouldered, compact ; pedicel slender
with a few small warts; brush long, light green. Berries large, round, dark
purplish-lilnck, glossy with heavy bloom, firm; skin tender, cracks badly, ad-
heres sliglitly, contains dark red pigment, astringent; flesh green, translu-
cent, juicy, fine-grained, tough, foxy, sweet, mild; good to very good. Seeds
adherent, l-.l, large, broad, short, blunt, brown.

614. Moore Early (Fig. 230) is the standard grape of its
season. Its fruits cannot be described better than by saying that
they are almost identical with those of Con-
cord. The vines, how^ever, are readily dis-
tinguishable from those of Concord, and dif-
fer chiefly in being less productive. The
bunches of ]\Ioore Early are not so large as
those of Concord, and are less compact : the
berries shell rather more easily, and the skin
cracks more readily. The flesh characters and
the flavor are essentially those of Concord,
although the quality is not so high as in the
older variety. Captain John B. Moore, Con-
cord, Massachusetts, originated this variety
from seed of Concord planted about 1868.

Fig.

230. Moore
Early.

Vine vigorous, hardy, unproductive. Leaves large,
thick; leaf usually not lobed, terminus acute; petiolar
sinus wide; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus a notch when present; teeth
shallow, narrow. Flowers fertile, open in midseason ; stamens upright.
Fruit early. Clusters medium in size, length, and breadth, cylindrical ; some-
times single-shouldered, loose ; pedicel short, thick, smooth ; brush short, pale
green. Berries large, round, purplish-black, firm; skin tender, adherent;
flesh green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained, tough with slight foxiness; fair
to good. Seeds 1-4, large, broad, plump, blunt, brown with yellow tinge
at tips.

615. Janesville (Fig. 231). — Endow^ed with a constitution
enabling it to Avithstand cold to which most other grapes suc-
cumb, Janesville has made a place for itself in far northern

VARIETIES OF GRAPES

401

Fig.

231. Janes-
ville.

localities. Moreover, the grapes ripen early, being about the

first to color, although they are not ripe

until some time after coloring. The vine

also is health}^, vigorous, and productive.

The fruit, however, is worthless where

better sorts can be grown. The clusters

and berries are small, the grapes are

pulpy, tough, seedy, have a thick skin

and a disagreeable acid taste. Janes-

ville was grown by F. W. Loudon, Janesville,

Wisconsin, from chance seed planted in 1858,

Vine vigorous^ hardy, healthy, productive. Leaves small, thin ; leaf
usually not lobed, with terminus acute; petiolar sinus narrow, often closed
and overlapping ; basal and lateral sinuses lacking ; teeth shallow. FloAvers
self -fertile, open very early; stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters small,
short, cylindrical, usually single-shouldered, compact ; pedicel short, slender,
covered Avith small scattering warts; brush dark wine color. Berries round,
dull black with heavy bloom, persistent, firm ; skin thick, tough, adherent,
with dark wine-colored pigment, astringent ; flesh pale reddish-green, translu-
cent, juicy, tough, coarse, vinous, acid; fair in quality. Seeds adherent,
1-6, large, broad, angular, blunt, dark brown.

616. Champion is a favorite early grape, although the poor
quality of the fruit should have driven it from cultivation long
ago. The characters which have kept it in the market are earli-
ness, good shipping qualities, attractive appearance of fruit, and
a vigorous, productive, hardy vine. The hardiness of the vine
and the short season of fruit development make it a good
variety for northern climates. The origin of Champion is un-
known. It was first grown about 1870 in New York.

Vine very vigorous, hardy and productive. Leaves large; lobes usually 3,
often obscurely 5, terminal one acute; petiolar sinus deep; teeth shalloAv.
Flowers self -fertile, early; stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters medium
in size, blunt, cylindrical, usually not shouldered, compact; pedicel short
with inconspicuous Avarts; brush white tinged with bronze. Berries medium
in size, round, dull black covered with heavy bloom, soft; skin thick, tender,
adherent, astringent; flesh light green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained,
tender, foxy; poor in quality. Seeds adherent, 1-5, broad, long, blunt, light
brown.

617. Concord (Fig. 232) is the most widely known of the
grapes of this continent. The preeminently meritorious char-
acter of Concord is that it adapts itself to varying conditions. A

402

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig. 232. Concord.

second character which commends Concord is f ruitfulness ; the
vine bears lar«j:e crops year in and year out. Added to these
points of superiority are hardiness, ability to
withstand the ravages of diseases and in-
sects, comparative earliness, certainty of ma-
turity in northern regions, and fair size and
handsome appearance of bunch and berry.
The variety is not, however, without faults:
the quality is not high, as the grapes lack
richness, delicacy of flavor and aroma, and
have a foxy taste disagreeable to many; the
seeds and skin are objectionable, as the seeds
are large and abundant and difficult to sepa-
rate from the flesh, and the skin is tough and unpleasantly as-
tringent; the grapes do not keep nor ship well, and rapidh^ lose
flavor after ripening; and the skin cracks and the berries shell
from the stems after picking. Seeds of a wild grape were planted
b}^ E. W. Bull, Concord, Massachusetts, from which plants
fruited in 1849. One of these seedlings was named Con-
cord.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Leaves large, thick; lobes 3
when present, terminal one acute; petiolar sinus variable; oasal sinus
usually lacking; lateral sinus obscure and frequently notched; teeth shallow,
narrow. Flowers self -sterile, open in midseason; stamens upright. Fruit
midseason. Clusters uniform, large, wide, broadly tapering, usually single-
shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered, compact ;
pedicel thick, smooth; brush pale green. Berries
large, round, glossy, black, with heavy bloom, firm ;
skin tough, adherent with a small amount of wine-
colored pigment, astringent ; flesh pale green, translu-
cent, juicy, fine-grained, tough, solid, foxy; good.
Seeds adherent, 1-4, large, broad, distinctly notched,
plump, blunt, brownish.

618. .Herbert (Fig. 233).— In all that con-
stitutes a fine table-grape, the fruits of Her-
bert are as near perfection as those of any
other American variety. The vine is vigorous,
hardy, and fruitful. Wliile the fruit ripens fig. 233. Herbert,
with that of Concord, it keeps much later and
packs and ships better. The variety is self -sterile and must be set

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 403

near other varieties. Herbert is deserving attention from com-
mercial growers who supply a discriminating market, and its
many good qualities give it high place as a garden grape. The
variety is one of Rogers' hybrids, named Herbert in 1869.

Vine very vigorous, productive. Leaves large, round; leaf entire, termi-
nus obtuse; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, closed, overlapping; basal and
lateral sinuses lacking; teeth shallow. Flowers self -sterile, open in mid-
season; stamens reflexed. Fruit midseason. Clusters large, broad, taper-
ing, 2-3 clusters to a shoot, heavily single-shouldered, loose; pedicel thick
with small russet warts; brush yellowish-green. Berries large, oval, flat-
tened, dull black, covered with thick bloom, persistent, firm; skin thick,
tough, adherent, astringent; flesh light green, translucent, juicy, tender,
fine-grained; very good. Seeds adherent, 3-6, large, broad, notched, long
with swollen neck, blunt, brown with yellow tips.

619. Barry (Fig. 234) is one of the best American black
grapes, resembling in berry and in flavor
and keeping quality of fruit its Euro-
pean parent, Black Hamburg. The ap-
pearance of berry and bunch is attrac-
tive. The vine is vigorous, hardy, and
productive, but susceptible to mildew. The
ripening season is just after that of Concord.
For the table, for winter keeping, and for
the amateur, the fruits of Barry may be
recommended highly. Barry was dedicated pj^ 284. Barry,
in 1869, by E. S. Rogers, who originated

it, to Patrick Barry, distinguished nurseryman and pomologist.

Vine vigorous, hardy, productive, susceptible to mildew. Leaves large;
lobes 1-3, terminus acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, sometimes closed
and overlapping; basal sinus usually lacking; lateral sinus shallow, narrow;
teeth shallow. Flowers open in midseason, self -sterile ; stamens reflexed.
Fruit midseason. Clusters short, very broad, tapering, often subdividing
into several parts, compact; pedicel with small warts. Berries large, oval,
dark purplish-black, glossy, covered with heavy bloom, adherent; skin thin,
tough, adherent; flesh pale green, translucent, tender, stringy, vinous,
pleasant -flavored; good. Seeds adherent, 1-5, large, deeply notched, with
enlarged neck, brown.

620. Ives has a high reputation as a grape for making red
wine and grape-juice, being surpassed only by Norton for this
purpose. The vine is hardy, healthy, vigorous, and fruitful.

404

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

The fruit is poor in quality, colors long before ripe, has a foxy-
odor, and the flesh is tough and pulpy. The bunches are com-
pact, with well-formed jet-black grapes, which make them attrac-
tive. Ives was grown by Henry Ives from seed planted in 1840
in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Vine vigorous, liardy, healthy, productive. Leaves large; lobes 3-5 when
present -with terminal one acute; petiolar sinus shallow; lateral sinus nar-
row; teeth shallow. Fruit late midseason. Clusters large, tapering, fre-
quently single-shouldered, compact, often with numerous abortive berries;
pedicel, slender with numerous small warts; brush short, slender, pale with
a reddish-brown tinge. Berries oval, jet-black, with heavy bloom, very
persistent, firm; skin tough, adherent, wine-colored pigment, astringent;
flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained, tough, foxy; good. Seeds
adherent, 1-4, small, often abortive, broad, short, blunt, plump, brown.

Graup 4. Berries as Small as Those of Delaware or Smaller

Sub-group 4. Berries Green

621. Empire State (Fig. 235) competes wdth Niagara and
Diamond for supremacy among green grapes. The variety is
as vigorous in growth, as free from parasites,
and on vines of the same age as productive as
those of the other sorts named, but the vines
are less hardy, and the grapes are not so at-
tractive in appearance. The fruits are very
good, approaching in flavor the Old World
grapes ; the slight wild taste suggests one of
the iMuscats. The grapes ripen early, hang
long on the vine, and keep well after picking
without losing flavor. Empire State origi-
nated with James H. Ricketts, Newburgh,
New York, and bore fruit first in 1879.

E^G. 235. Empire
State.

Vine vigorous, somewhat tender. Leaves small;
lobes 3-5 when present, terminal one acuminate; peti-
olar sinus deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping ;
basal sinus variable in depth and width; lateral sinus
deep, narrow, often enlarged at base; teeth deep, wide. Flowers self -sterile,
open late; stamens upright. Fruit midseason. Clusters large, long, slen-
der, cylindrical, frequently single-shouldered, compact ; pedicel slender with
small warts; brush short, light green. Berries medium or small, round pale

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 405

yellowish-green, covered with thin bloom, persistent, firm; skin thick, ad-
herent to the pulp, slightly astringent; flesh pale yellowish-green, trans-
lucent, juicy, fine-grained, tender, agreeably flavored; good to very good.
Seeds adherent, 1-4 small, broad, notched, short, blunt, plump, brown.

622. Elvira. — The qualities which commend Elvira are : great
productiveness; earliness; exceedingly good health and great
vigor; and almost perfect hardiness even as far north as Canada.
Its good qualities are offset by two defects : the grapes have thin
skins which burst easily and thus wholly debar them from dis-
tant markets; and their flavor and appearance are not suffi-
ciently good to make the variety a table-grape. Elvira origi-
nated with Jacob Rommel, Morrison, Missouri, from seed of
Taylor.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Leaves large, thin; lobes
wanting or 1-3 with terminus acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, sometimes
closed and overlapping; basal sinus usually lacking; lateral sinus shallow,
often notched; teeth deep, wide. Flowers self -fertile, open early; stamens
upright. Fruit midseason. Clusters short, cylindrical, usually single-
shouldered, compact; pedicel smooth; brush short, greenish -yellow with
brown tinge. Berries medium in size, round, green with yellow tinge, dull
with thin bloom, firm; skin very thin, foxy, sweet; fair in quality. Seeds
free, 1-4, medium to large, blunt, plump, dark brown.

Sub-group 5. Berries Red

623. Delaware (Fig. 236) is used wherever American grapes
are grown as the standard to gauge the quality. In addition to
high quality in fruit, the variety Avithstands
climatic conditions to which all but the most
hardy varieties succumb, is adapted to many
soils and conditions, and bears in most situa-
tions an abundant crop. These qualities make
it, next to Concord, the most popular grape
for garden and vineyard now grown in the
United States. Besides the qualities named,
the grapes mature sufficient!}^ early to make
the crop certain, are attractive in appear- Fig. 236. Delaware,
ance, keep and ship well, and are immune to

black-rot. Faults of the variety are : small vine, slow growth, sus-
ceptibility to mildew, capriciousness in certain soils, and small

40G SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

berries. Delaware is an especially desirable grape to cultivate in
small gardens because of its delicious handsome fruit, its compact
habit of growth, and its ample and lustrous green leaves, which
make it most ornamental. Delaware can be traced to the garden
of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, New Jersey, where it was
growing early in the nineteenth century, whence it was taken to
Delaware, Ohio, in 1849.

Vine weak, hardy, productive. Leaves small j lobes 3-5 in number, termi-
nal one acute; petiolar sinus narrow; basal sinus narrow and shallow when
present ; lateral sinus deep, narrow ; teeth shallow. Flowers self -fertile, open
late; stamens upright. Fruit early. Clusters small, slender, blunt, cyl-
indrical, regular, shouldered, compact ; pedicel short, slender, smooth ; brush
light brown. Berries uniform in size and shape, small, round, light red,
covered with thin bloom, persistent, firm; skin thin, tough, adherent, un-
pigmented, astringent; flesh light green, translucent, juicy, tender, aro-
matic, vinous, refreshing, sweet; best in quality. Seeds free, 1-4, broad,
notched, short, blunt, light brown.

624. Herbemont is grown in an immense territory, extending
from Virginia and Tennessee to the Gulf and westward through
Texas. The vine is remarkably vigorous, being hardly surpassed
in this character by any of the native grapes. The fruits are
attractive because of the large bunch and the glossy black of the
small berries, and are borne abundantly and with certainty in
suitable localities. The flesh characters of the fruit are good for
a small grape, neither flesh, skin, nor seeds being objectionable
in eating; the pulp is tender, juicy, rich, sweet, and highly
flavored. The ample lustrous green foliage makes this variety
one of the attractive ornamental plants of the South. Herbe-
mont was in cultivation in Georgia before the Revolutionary
War.

Vine very vigorous. Leaves large, round, entire or 3-7 lobed, nearly
glabrous above and below. Flowers self -fertile. Fruit very late. Clusters
large, long, tapering, prominently shouldered, compact; pedicels short with
a few large warts; brush pink. Berries round, small, uniform, reddish-black
or brown with abundant bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh tender, juicy; juice
colorless or slightly pink, sweet, sprightly. Seeds 2-4, small, reddish-brown,
glossy.

Sub-group 6. Berries Purple-black

625. Norton is one of the leading wine-grapes in eastern
America. The vine is hardy but requires a long warm season

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 407

to reach maturity, so that it is seldom grown successfully north
of the Potomac. The vines are robust, very productive, espe-
cially on fertile soils; as free, or more so, from fungal diseases
as any other native grape; and very resistant to phylloxera.
The bunches are of only medium size and the berries are small.
The grapes are pleasant eating when ripe — rich, spicy, and pure-
flavored — but tart if not quite ripe. The variety is difficult to
propagate from cuttings and to transplant, and the vines do not
bear grafts well. Norton has been under cultivation since before
1830, when it was first described.

Vine very vigorous, healthy, half-hardy, productive. Leaves large, irregu-
larly round; leaf usually not lobed, Avith terminus acute; petiolar sinus
deep, narrow, sometimes closed and overlapping; basal sinus usually absent;
lateral sinus shallow or a mere notch. Flowers self -fertile, late; stamens
upright. Fruit late. Clusters medium in size, short, broad, tapering, single-
shouldered, compact; pedicel slender with a fcAv warts; brush dull, wine-
colored. Berries small, round-oblate, black, glossy with heavy bloom, per-
sistent, soft; skin thin, free with much dark red pigment; flesh green,
translucent, juicy, tender, spicy, tart. Seeds free, 2-6, small, brown.

626. Clinton came into prominence because of vigor, hardi-
ness, fruitfulness, and immunity to phylloxera. A serious defect
is that the vines bloom early and in northern climates the
blossoms are often caught by late frosts. Other defects are : the
fruit is small and sour, and the seeds and skins are prominent.
The fruit colors early in the season, but does not ripen until late,
a slight touch of frost improving the flavor. Clinton is an old
sort, the Worthington, known as early as 1815, renamed; it
began to attract attention about 1840. It is now more or less
grown in all parts of northeastern United States.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Leaves hang until late in the
season, small, thin; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, urn-shaped; basal and
lateral sinuses shallow; teeth wide. Flowers self -fertile, open early;
stamens upright. Fruit midseason. Clusters small, slender, cylindrical,
uniform, single-shouldered, compact; pedicel short, very slender, smooth;
brush tinged with red. Berries small, round, oval, purplish-black, glossy,
covered with thick bloom, adherent, firm ; skin very thin, tough, free from
pulp with much wine-colored pigment, astringent; flesh dark green, juicy,
fine-grained, tough, solid, spicy, sour, vinous. Seeds adherent, 2, short,
blunt, brownish.

40S SYSTi:M.\ri(' roMoLoar

DIVISION i;. SKIX AI)ill<:KI.\(i TO THE PULP
(EIIR0PP:AN GRAPES)

Skction J I. Berries Seedless

627. Sultanina is one of tlio standard seedless p:rapes of the
Pacific sl()j)e, g^rown botli to eat out of liaiid and for raisins.
Probably it can be raised in home plantations in favored parts
of eastern America where the season is long and warm. The
following description is compiled.

Vine very vigorous^ very productive ; trunk large with very long canes.
Leaves glabrous on both sides, dark yellow-green above, light below; gen-
erally 3-lobed, with shallow sinuses; teeth short and obtuse. Bunch large,
conic-cylindrical, well filled, with herbaceous peduncles. Berries oval, beauti-
ful golden-yellow color; skin moderately thick; flesh of rather neutral
flavor; very good.

Section III. Berries Seeded
Group 5. Berries Greenish

628. Chasselas Golden. Chasselas Dore. Fontainehleau.
Sweetwater. — Several qualities have made Chasselas Oolden a
favorite grape wherever it can be grown. The variety is adapted
to widely differing environments ; the season of ripening is early ;
while not choicely high, the quality of the grapes is good, and
they are beautiful in color which is clear green tinged with
golden-bronze where exposed to the sun. Chasselas Golden is a
popular variety on the Pacific slope, and should be one of the
first Viniferas to be tried in the East.

Vine medium in vigor, very productive; buds open in midseason. Leaves
medium to above in size, slightly cordate; lobes 5, terminal lobe acuminate;
basal sinus broad and rather deep ; lower lateral sinus variable, usually
broad and sometimes deep; upper lateral sinus broad and frequently deep;
teeth large, obtuse to rounded. Flowers late; stamens upright. Fruit early.
Clusters large, long, broad, tapering, sometimes with a single shoulder,
compactness medium. Berries medium to above, round, pale green to clear
yellow, with thin bloom ; skin thin, tough, adherent, slightly astringent ;
flesh greenish, translucent, firm, juicy, tender, sweet; good.

629. Malaga.— The fruit of Malaga is one of the favorite
table-grapes in California, and is also much grown to ship to

VAEIETIES OF GRAPES 409

eastern markets. In some parts of southern California, where
the Muscats do not thrive, Malaga is much ^own, and in the
San Joaquin Valley its fruits are rather largely used in making
raisins. It requires a long season to mature its crop and prob-
ably could not be grown in eastern regions except in the most
favored localities. The description is compiled.

Vine very vigorous, healthy and productive; wood reddish-brown, short-
jointed. Leaves of medium size, smooth, leathery; light glossy green above,
lighter below; deeply lobed. Bunches very large, long, loose, shouldered,
sometimes scraggly; stem long and flexible. Berries very large, oval, yel-
lowish-green, covered with light bloom; skin thick; flesh firm, crisp, sweet
and rich ; quality good. Season late.

630. Muscat of Alexandria. — This is possibly the leading
table- and raisin-grape of the Pacific slope. From the literature
or from a visit to vineyards, one cannot make out whether one
or several varieties are grown under the name. Probably there
are several strains under the distinctive name "Muscat" which
is applied to these sweet, light yellow, musky grapes. This is
one of the standard sorts to force indoors, but requires too long
a season for out-of-doors in the East. The following description
is compiled :

Vine short, straggling, bushy, sometimes forming a bush rather than a
vine, very productive; wood gray with dark spots, short-jointed. Leaf
round, 5-lobed; bright green above, lighter green below. Bunches long and
loose, shouldered. Berries oblong, light yellow and transparent when fully
mature, covered with white bloom; flesh firm, crisp; flavor sweet and very
musky; quality good. Season late, the laterals producing a second, some-
times even a third, crop.

Group 6. Berries Reddish

631. Flame Tokay. — This is the leading shipping grape of the
Pacific slope, where it is everywhere grown under the name
"Tokay" with several modifying terms, as "Flame," "Flame-
colored," and "Flaming." The fruit is not especially high in
quality nor attractive in appearance, but it ships and keeps well,
qualities making the variety popular in commercial vineyards".
The description is compiled.

Vine very vigorous, luxuriant in growth of canes, shoots and leaves dark
green with a brown tinge; lightly lobed. Bunches very large, sometimes

410 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

weighing eight or nine pounds, moderately compact; shouldered. Berries
large, oblong, red when mature, covered with lilac bloom; flesh firm, crisp,
sweet ; quality good. Season late,

632. Emperor is one of the standard shipping grapes of the
Pacific sl()])c, and one of the mainstays of the ini;erior valleys.
On the coast and in southern California, the vine is irregular
in bearing, and on the coast the fruits often fail to ripen. It is
chiefly grown in the San Joaquin Valley. It could hardly be
expected to ripen even in the most favored grape regions in the
East. The following brief description is compiled :

Vine strong, healthy and productive. Leaves very large, with 5 shallow
lobes; teetli short and obtuse; light green in color, glabrous above, woolly
beneath. Bunches very large, loose, sometimes inclined to be straggling,
long-conical. Berries large, dull reddish-purple, oval; flesh firm and crisp;
skin thick; flavor and quality good. Ripens late.

Group 7. Berries Purple-hlack

633. Purple Cornichon. Black Cornichon. — By virtue of at-
tractive appearance and excellent shipping qualities of the fruit,
this variety takes high place among the commercial grapes of
California. Late ripening is another quality making it desirable,
while its curious long curved berries add novelty to its attrac-
tions. The fruit does not take high rank in quality. The
description is compiled.

Vine very vigorous, healthy and productive; wood light brown striped
with darker brown, short-jointed. Leaves large, longer than wide, deeply
5-lobed; dark green above, lighter and very hairy below; coarsely toothed;
with short thick petiole. Bunches very large, loose or sometimes scraggly,
borne on long peduncles; berries large, long, more or less curved, dark
purple, spotted, thick-skinned, borne on long pedicels; flesh firm, crisp,
sweet but not rich in flavor; quality good but not high. Season late.

634. Mission. — Of all grapes, Mission has probably played the
most important part in the \'ineyards of California. Its viticul-
tural value for table and wine-press w^as early appreciated by
Californian grape-growers, and its cultivation rapidly spread to
every county in the state adapted to grape-grow4ng. With vines
vigorous, healthy, and productive, bearing grapes of delicious
quality, Mission is a mainstay on the Pacific slope, surpassed by

Plate XXI. A dewberry — Liieretia.

VARIETIES OF GRAPES 411

few vineyard varieties for general usefulness. The description
is compiled.

Vine vigorous^ healthy, productive; wood short-jointed, grayish-brown,
dull, dark. Leaf, medium to large, slightly oblong, with large deeply-cut
compound teeth; basal widely opened, primary sinuses narrow and shallow;
smooth on both sides with scattered tomentum below, bright green above,
lighter below. Bunch divided into many small distinct lateral clusters,
shouldered, loose, sometimes very loose. Berries of medium size, round,
purple or almost black with heavy bloom ; skin thin, flesh firm, crisp, juicy,
sweet, rich and delicious. Seeds rather large and prominent ; season late.

635. Black Morocco very generally meets the approval of
grape-growers on the Pacific slope, without being a prime
favorite for either home use or commerce. The grapes are not
high enough in quality for a home vineyard, and, while they
ship well, are hard to handle because of the large size and
rigidity of the bunches. The chief asset of the variety is hand-
some appearance of fruit. Black Morocco is remarkable for the
number of second-crop bunches which it produces on the laterals.
The following description is compiled :

Vine very vigorous, productive. Leaves medium to small, very deeply
5-lobed; the younger leaves truncate at base, giving them a semi-circular
outline, with long sharp teeth alternating with very small ones; glabrous,
or nearly so, on both sides. Bunches very large, short, shouldered, compact
and rigid. Berries very large, round, often misshapen from compression;
dull purple, lacking color in the center of the bunch; flesh firm, crisp,
neutral in flavor, lacking in richness; quality rather low. Season late.

636. Black Hamburg is an old European sort, long the main-
stay in forcing-houses in Belgium, England, and America, and
now popular out-of-doors in California. The grapes are excel-
lent for the table and keep well, but the tender skin does not
permit their being shipped far, especially when grown out-of-
doors. Bunch and berry are as beautiful as in any grape. The
vine is subject to disease. The following description of the
fruit is made from grapes grown in the greenhouse :

Bunches very large, often a foot in length and weighing several pounds;
very broad at the shoulder and gradually tapering to a point; compact,
oftentimes too compact; berries very large, round or slightly round-oval;
skin rather thick; dark purple becoming black at full maturity; flesh firm,
juicy, sweet and rich; quality very good or best. Season late.

412 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

637. Gros Colmar has the reputation of producing the hand-
somest black table-jj^rape grown. It is one of the favorite hot-
house varieties in England and eastern America, and is com-
monly cultivated out-of-doors in California. The variety is
remarkable for large berries, borne in immense bunches, and for
the long-keeping qualities of the fruits, although the tender
skins sometimes crack. The following description is compiled :

Vine vigorous, healthy and productive; wood dark brown. Leaves very
large, round, thick, but slightly lobed ; teeth short and blunt ; glabrous
above, wooly below. Bunches very large, short, well filled but rather loose.
Berries very large, round, dark blue ; skin thick but tender ; flesh firm, crisp,
sweet and good; quality not of the highest. Season late.

638. Muscat Hamburg is an old European grape well known
in some parts of America in greenhouse graperies, since it is
one of the best for forcing. The fruits are delectable, containing
the quintessence of the flavors and aromas Avhich make the grape
a favorite fruit. The grapes keep long and retain almost to the
end their form, size, and color, and their rich delicate flavor.
This variety is a treasure to the amateur; and the professional
Avho wants another grape for local markets should try grafting
over a few vines of some native to this sort.

Vines vigorous, tender, need protection during the winter. Leaves me-
dium to large. Fruit ripens in October, ships and keeps well. Clusters
very large, long, broad, tapering, single- or double-shouldered. Berries
large, firm, oval, very dark purple, covered with lilac bloom, very persistent ;
skin thick, adheres strongly to the pulp ; flesh pale green, translucent, meaty,
very juicy, tender, vinous, musky, sweet, rich; very good to best. Seeds
separating easily from the pulp, large.

CHAPTER XXIX

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES

Varieties of raspberries run into the hundreds, but the num-
ber now in the nurseries is surprisingly small. About fifty red,
five purple, and thirty black sorts are offered in the catalogues.
In this text the varieties are arranged in two groups, the red
and hybrid kinds in one, and the black raspberries in another
group. It is now impossible to separate the red and hybrid, or
purple varieties, the types having become hopelessly confused.
Neither is it necessary to put the varieties of Old World and
New World red raspberries in separate groups. It is impossible
to make a key whereby varieties of the several species of rasp-
berries may be separated.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES

Bed and Hyhrid Easpberries Perfection, 653

Antwerp, 639 Ranere, 654

Brilliant, 640 Royal Purple, 655

California Surprise, 659, St. Regis, 654

Cardinal, 641 Shaffer, 656

Columbian, 642 Sunbeam, 657

Cuthbert, 643 Superlative, 658

Early Surprise, 659 Surprise, 659
Eaton, 644

Empire, 645 Blacic Easpberries

Hailsham, 646 Black Pearl, 660

Herbert, 647 Cumberland, 661

June, 648 Gregg, 662

King, 649 Hoosier, 663

Loudon, 650 Kansas, 664

Marlboro, 651 Ohio, 665

Ontario, 652 Plum Farmer, 666

RED AND HYBRID RASPBERRIES

639. Antwerp. R. idcetis. — Antwerp is one of the oldest
European varieties, supposed to have come from the Island of
Malta to Antwerp, Belgium. Nevertheless, it is still one of the

413

414 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

best of its kind, and is more or less grown in various parts of
America. Antwerp is a favorite on the Pacific slope, where it
is often planted as a companion of Ciithbert, than which it is
more productive. It is tender to cold and susceptible to crown-
gall.

Plants vijjorous ^vith long yellowish-green canes, glaucous, tinged with
purple; beset with dark brown bristles; bearing wood nearly smooth. Fruit
early, large, conical, dark red, firm^ rich and rather sweet; quality good.

640. Brilliant. R. sirigosus. — This variety is comparatively
new, and is grow^n commercially only in New Jersey and Dela-
ware, where it has the reputation of being one of the most
profitable red raspberries. It is a heavy yielder and is adapted
to a variety of soils, which, however, must be rich. Brilliant
originated at Bridgeville, Delaware, and w-as introduced in 1901.

Plants medium to tall, of medium vigor, upright or slightly drooping,
much branched, very productive, with many suckers, lacking in hardiness.
Leaflets rather small, yellowish-green, with characteristic tendency to lobe.
Fruit early midseason, just before Cuthbert, rather small, hemispherical,
downy, light bright glossy red; drupelets of medium size, rather dry, mild
and not particularly well flavored; quality not above good; seeds of medium
size.

641. Cardinal. R. strigosus X R- occidentalis. — Cardinal can
be grown farther north and south than any other purple sort,
and farther south than any other raspberry. The plants are
very productive, vigorous, and healthy. It is a valuable sort
for the Central West. The variety originated with A. H. Griesa,
Lawrence, Kansas, in 1895.

Plants vigorous, very hardy to heat and cold, productive. Fruits large,
uniform in size, broadly-hemispherical, rather dark purple, dull; drupelets
large, round, numerous; torus large, smooth, releasing the berry readily;
flesh juicy, firm but tender, sweet, rich, aromatic, resembling in flavor the
red raspberry; quality good to very good; seeds rather large.

642. Columbian. R. strigosus X R- occidentalis. — Columbian is
the most prized of the purple raspberries by virtue of the large
size, firm flesh, handsome appearance, and high quality of the
fruit ; and the hardiness, healthfulness, and phenomenal produc-
tiveness of the plants. It is now more largely grown for com-
mercial canning than any other raspberry, red, black, or purple.

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES 415

The fruit of Columbian is smaller, firmer, and hangs on the plant
longer than that of Shaffer with which it is often confused;
the plants are more vigorous and more productive, and the
fruiting season is later. Shaffer excels Columbian only in
greater hardiness of plant. Columbian originated from seed of
Cuthbert, a red, growing next to Gregg, a blackcap; the seed
was sown in the spring of 1885 by J. T. Thompson, Oneida,
New York.

Plants very tall, very vigorous, very productive^ lacking in hardiness,
upright-spreading; canes numerous, tall and stout, round, dull reddish-
brown, with numerous straggling straight prickles. Leaflets 3, large, oval,
rugose, glabrous, yellow-green above, greenish-gray and pubescent beneath.
Flowers 12-16 in a long, open, leafy, prickly cluster. Fruit midseason,
season long, large, broadly -round, dull purple; torus small, releasing berry
easily; drupelets large, round, numerous; flesh firm, juicy, mild and
sprightly, very aromatic; quality good; seeds rather large.

643. Cuthbert (Fig. 237). R. strigosus. —Cuthhert is the
most commonly grown red raspberry in America. The pre-
eminent character which justifies its popu-
larity is its freedom from local prejudices of
either soil or climate. While best adapted to
somewhat sandy land, Cuthbert thrives on a
wide range of soils, and is as hardy to cold
and endures heat as well as any other red
raspberry. The plants are healthy and pro-
ductive, and the crop ripens evenly over a
long season. The berries are of good red
color, firm of flesh, and fine in flavor. Cuth- Fig. 237. Cuthbert.
bert originated as a chance seedling on the

grounds of a Mr. Cuthbert, Riverdale-on-Hudson, New York,
and was introduced in 1865.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright, medium number of suckers, hardy, not
very productive; canes long, numerous, round, yellowish-brown, wdth a few
straight prickles. Leaflets 3-5, of medium size, dull dark green, rugose,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Fruit midseason, large, uniform, retains
size well through the season, conical; color dull dark red, with light bloom;
drupelets small, numerous, juicy, firm, sweet, rich; quality very good; seeds
rather small.

644. Eaton. R. strigosus. — Eaton is largely grown in New
England because of unusual productiveness and hardiness.

416 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Faults are : the berries crumble badlj- and do not separate easily
from the torus; the flavor is too acid to be pleasant; the plants
droop almost to the ground, making them hard to manage ; and,
except in New England, there are not enough canes to make the
variety productive. Eaton originated as a chance seedling with
Ulysses Eaton, Cambridge City, Indiana, in 1885.

Plants medium tall, of moderate vigor, drooping, with a distinct tendency
to branch, making few suckers, very hardy, productive only in New Eng-
land. Fruit midseason, clings to torus and crumbles when picked, round-
conical, the surface irregular and undulating, clear bright durable crimson ;
pedicel slender, beset with prickles; drupelets very large, broadly grooved;
flesh red, juicy, firm; flavor rather acid with an agreeable aroma; quality
good for culinary purposes only; seeds small.

645. Empire (Fig. 238). R. strigosus. — Empire is one of the
most promising new red raspberries, having as its chief assets
hardiness, productiveness, vigor of bush,
healthiness, and large, handsome, firm, well-
flavored fruits. The plants need no winter-
protection in New York ; equal any other va-
riety in productiveness; and are unusually
vigorous. The berries average larger than
those of the well-known Cuthbert, and are
about the same color, ripen a little earlier.
Fig. 238. Empire. and have a longer picking season. The fruits
are mild, rich and sweet. The texture is firm
and the berries stand shipment well and may be kept long. Em-
pire originated in 1904 with L. E. Wardell, Marlboro, New York.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright, with medium number of suckers, hardy,
very productive; canes smooth except for the few scattering short prickles,
stocky, long ; prickles short, few, becoming more numerous towards the base.
Leaflets large, wide, thick, dark green, rugose. Fruit early midseason, clings
well to the torus yet picks easily; large, uniform, retains its size well to
the close of the season, regular in outline, round -conical; bloom slight;
drupelets small, numerous, with strong coherence; color medium to dark
red, glossy; flesh juicy, firm, mild, high-flavored; very good in quality;
seeds medium in size.

646. Hailsham. B. idmus. — A few red raspberries fruit on
the first year's wood in the late summer. These are the ever-

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES

417

Fig. 239. Herbert.

bearing or autumn-fruiting varieties of the catalogues. Among
the best of these is Hailsham, an English variety which is being
grown somewhat in California. It is described as very distinct
in plant and berry. The plants are vigorous, with remarkably
large leaves, producing enormous, hemispherical, dark red ber-
ries of excellent quality, and bearing the main crop in autumn.
Picking must not be hurried, if color and taste are to reach the
condition where nothing requisite is wanting.

647. Herbert (Fig. 239). R. strigosus. — Herbert is one of the
best berries of its kind. The preeminent merits are : great vigor
and hardiness; comparatively few suckers;

and great productivity, being nearly twice as
productive as the old standard, Cuthbert. The
season is about that of Cuthbert, but usually
continues a few days longer. The berries are
similar to those of Cuthbert, but are more
sprightly in flavor, a little larger, rounder,
and a little softer. The berries are firm
enough to carry to nearby markets with or-
dinary care. Herbert is a chance seedling found in the garden
of R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Ontario, about 1891.

Plants vigorous, upright, hardy, healthy, very productive; canes inter-
mediate in size and smoothness, numerous, dull red; prickles medium in
length and number. Leaflets oblong-oval, dark green, rugose. Flowers
large; petals rather large, oval, tapering to short abrupt claws. Fruit ma-
tures late, about with Cuthbert ; large to very large, broadly ovate, with
medium to large coherent drupes, dark red, juicy, soft under unfavorable
conditions, pleasant flavored, sprightly; good in quality.

648. June (Fig. 240). R. strigosiis. — Several remarkable

characteristics of plant and fruit make June
worthy of extensive cultivation. The plants
are as hardy and as healthy as those of its two
well-known parents, Loudon and Marlboro,
and are more vigorous. The yield is heavy
and is well distributed over a long season,
which begins the earliest of all. The fruits
resemble those of Loudon in color, but are a
brighter handsomer red; they average larger
and are more spherical. The product ships unusually well

Fig. 240. June.

418 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

throughout tlie season, and is liiji^h in ciuality. June is the re-
sult of a cross made on the New York Station *^rounds in 1897
between Loudon and Marlboro.

Plants vigorous, upright, few suckers, hardy, very productive, healthy;
canes stocky, nearly smooth, roundish, often with considerable bloom ; spines
straight, short, few in number and distributed near the base. Fruit matures
very early, keeps and ships well, adheres well to the bushes, easily picked ;
berries very large, and holding their size unusually well until the close of
the fruiting season, firm, with large drupelets, bright, handsome red re-
sembling Loudon, mild subacid; quality very good.

649. King. R. strigosiis. — In the Northeast, King is not so
satisfactory as other standard sorts, but in West Virginia and
westward through the Central West it is considered one of the
best early red raspberries. It is most productive on clay loams.
King was grown from seed by T. Thompson, Richmond, Vir-
ginia, and was introduced in 1892.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive, hardy ; suckers numer-
ous. Leaflets rather small, somewhat lanceolate, more or less pubescent
on both surfaces. Flow^er-cluster long, loose, leafy, with 8-12 flowers.
Fruit early, of medium size, light red; receptacle small, releasing the berry
easily; drupelets rather small, cohering poorly, the berries crumbling rather
badly; flesh soft, tender, with rather insipid flavor; quality rather poor;
seeds of medium size.

650. Loudon (Fig. 241). R. strigosus. — Loudon is one of the
best red raspberries for the northern limits of this fruit, being

hardier than Cuthbert or Marlboro, with
which it must compete in raspberry regions.
The product is liked by canners, because it
holds its color well. The fruits are not so
good in quality as those of Cuthbert, and the

Fig. 241. Loudon. plant is very subject to crown-gall. Loudon
originated about 1890 with F. W. Loudon,

Janesville, Wisconsin.

Plants of medium height and vigor, stocky, upright, very hardy; with
numerous canes. Fruit midseason, bright red, medium to large, somewhat
larger than Cuthbert, conic; drupelets large with a well-marked suture,
adhering so that berries do not crumble; receptacle of medium size, re-
leasing the berry easily; flesh firm, tender, juicy, moderately sweet, pleas-
antly aromatic ; quality good ; seeds relatively small.

VARIETIES OF BASPBERRIES 419

651. Marlboro (Fig. 242). R. strigosus. — Marlboro is the
standard early red raspberry in many parts of the East, along
the shores of Lake Erie, and in Colorado. In
these regions the variety is prized for hardi-
ness; productiveness; its very large berries;
its handsome crimson fruits ; and because the
crop hangs on the bushes three or four days Fig. 242. Marlboro,
after maturity and is still marketable. Marl-
boro originated with A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New York, in
1882.

Plants of medium height and vigor, upright, hardy, very productive, with
numerous canes. Fruit early, large, regular, dark but bright red, conical,
downy; drupelets irregular, numerous, adhering well so that berries do not
crumble; receptacle smooth, releasing the berry easily; flesh firm, tender,
juicy, mild and rather poor in flavor; quality not above good; seeds small.

652. Ontario. R. strigosm. — Ontario has much to recommend
it for commercial plantations to precede Cuthbert and to follow
Marlboro, Perfection, and June. It is one of the most produc-
tive varieties ever grown on the grounds of the New York Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, and the berries are so large, hand-
some, and well-flavored, and keep and ship so well, that it is
certain to be a good commercial fruit. It was grown from seed
at the New York Station, Geneva, New York, first fruiting in
1911, and was introduced in 1919.

Plants medium to tall, very vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive;
canes numerous, stocky, reddish-brown, almost devoid of prickles. Fruit
early midseason, very large, uniform and retaining size throughout the
season, broad-conic, medium red; torus small, smooth, releasing berries
readily; drupelets large, adhering so that there is no crumbling; flesh firm,
juicy, mild subacid, pleasantly aromatic; quality very good; seeds small.

653. Perfection. R. strigosus. — There are two Perfection red
raspberries; one from Wisconsin, which is now grown little or
not at all; the other, a comparatively new variety from the
great small-fruit district of the Hudson River Valley. The latter
is the subject of this sketch. This variety, for the last few
years, has been the best-liked sort in eastern New York because
of great vigor, productiveness, and hardiness. Some find the
fruit a little soft and inclined to crumble. Perfection originated

-.Xx^^

420 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Avith A. II. Grefe, Marlboro, New York, in 1900 and was dis-
tributed in 1910.

Plants tall, vigorous, upriglit, very hardy and productive; canes numerous,
stocky, prickly, dull greenish-brown. Fruit early midseason, large, regular,
hemispherical, dull, rather dark red; torus large, rather rough, clinging a
little too tenaciously to the fruit; drupelets large, irregular, cohering weakly
so that the berries crumble; flesh a little soft, tender, sprightly, fair to
good; quality not above mediocre; seeds small.

654. Ranere (Fig. 243). K. strigosus. St. Regis. — Tntro-
duL-ed as an everbearing red raspberry, Ranere is chiefly valu-
able for spring-bearing, five-sixths of the crop being borne in

early summer and the remainder in the au-
tumn. Aside from its being a double-crop-
per, there is not much to recommend the
variety. The berries, while handsomely col-
FiG. 243. Ranere. ored, are variable in size, running rather
small, and are mediocre in quality. The
plants are hardy, but only moderately vigorous, and are very
susceptible to crown-gall. The variety was long grown in New
Jersey by a colony of Italians, and w^as generally distributed
about 1912.

Plants of medium size, vigor and productiveness, hardy; canes numerous,
slender, brownish-gray. Leaves rugose, glabrous above, pubescent beneath
with a spiny midrib which is glandular at its base. Flowers 5-6 in a long,
open, leafy cluster. Fruit early summer and autumn, rather small and
variable in size, light red, hemispherical; drupelets of medium size, round,
cohering poorly, the berries often crumbling; flesh rather soft, mild and
insipid; quality poor; seeds small.

655. Royal Purple. R. strigosus X -K. Occident alis. — While
the berries are not so inviting in either appearance or taste as
those of the standard Columbian, Royal Purple may have a
place in commercial berry-growing because of the great hardi-
ness of the plants and the lateness of the ripening period. The
crop ripens one to two weeks later than that of Columbian, and
has a remarkably long season, lasting until early blackberries
are ripe. The variety originated with G. H. Giston about 1898,
at Bristol, Indiana.

Plants vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive, very hardy; canes of
medium length, numerous, dark reddish-brown, with few thorns mostly at

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES 421

the base. Fruit late, medium in size, broad-ovate, dull purple; drupelets
small, numerous, round; flesh rather dry, firm, subacid, insipid; quality
rather poor; seeds small.

656. ShafiFer. R. stngosus X R- occidenfitalis. — Shaffer is the
oldest standard purple raspberry, and was for many years the
most prized. It is now being superseded by Columbian, which
resembles but surpasses it, as noted in the discussion of that
variety. It is still grown for canning. The propagation of
Shaffer is mostly by tips, as it does not sucker well. The plants
lack hardiness. The variety originated with George Shaffer,
Scottsville, New York, about 1871.

Plants tall, very vigorous, very productive, lacking in hardiness; canes
long, numerous, reddish -brown, with numerous stray prickles. Leaflets 3,
rugose, glabrous and dark green above, gray-green and pubescent beneath.
Flowers 12-14 in long, open, leafy, prickly clusters. Fruit late, large, dull
purple, broadly hemispherical; drupelets large, numerous, round; flesh
juicy, rather soft, sprightly, aromatic; quality good; seeds small.

657. Sunbeam. E. strigosus X- — Sunbeam is a new and very
hardy red raspberry which originated with N. E. Hansen of
the South Dakota Experiment Station, Brookings, South Dakota.
It is considered very promising for the northern Great Plains
region, where great hardiness and capacity to withstand summer
drought are required. The variety was introduced in 1913.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; canes very numerous,
dull reddish -brown, Avith many sharp slender prickles. Leaflets glabrous
above, pubescent beneath, terminal one lobed. Flowers 5-8 in short open
clusters with slender red prickles. Fruit late midseason, below the average
in size, variable, hemispherical, dark red ; drupelets of medium size, coher-
ing well; flesh soft, too acid except for culinary purposes; quality fair;
seeds small.

658. Superlative. R. klceiis, — Superlative is an old English
variety, now grown wherever the red raspberry is cultivated,
and regarded as a standard. Unfortunately the canes are not
sufficiently hardy, vigorous, or productive for the eastern United
States, but the variety is highly prized on the Pacific slope,
especially near San Francisco. It was introduced in England
in 1888, and was soon after brought to America.

Plants rather dwarf, not very vigorous, productive only in certain locali-
ties, tender to cold; canes slender, numerous; typical of B. idceiis in leaf

422 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

and flower. Fruit medium early, larjje to very larj^o, conical, dark red, too
dull to be attractive; druiielets large, round, cohering so that the berry
does not crumble; torus small, rough and adhering too tenaciously to the
berry; flesh soft, juicy, rich, sprightly, pleasantly aromatic; quality good
to best; seeds relatively small.

659. Surprise. R. idceus. Early Surprise. California Sur-
prise. — This seems to be the most remarkable red raspberry,
which so far as yet tested, thrives only in California, where it
is becoming the most popular variety of this fruit. On the
grounds of the New York Agi^icultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York, the plants are so tender to cold and suffer
so much from dry and hot weather that the variety is worthless.
In California, the fruit is described as being very like that of
Superlative, but the plant is very different. Thus, the plant
has the remarkable quality of bearing fruit every month in the
year in southern California ; bears the first season set ; is bushy
and almost Aveeping; and is reported to be much more produc-
tive than that of Superlative. Surprise originated with D. W.
Coolidge, Pasadena, California, about 1898, and was introduced
in 1904.

BLACK RASPBERRIES

660. Black Pearl (Fig. 244).— Although a new variety, Black
Pearl stands at the front of black raspberries. The plants are

about all that could be desired in hardiness,
healthfulness, and productiveness ; while the
berries are large and glossy black, very in-
viting in appearance, and of good quality,
falling short only in being a little too var-
iable in size. The season is early but some-
what short, the crop maturing a week or
more before the well-known Gregg. Black
Pearl is in favor with evaporators, especially
in cold climates, and where summer droughts
" Pearl. ^^ parch the land. The variety was found as

a chance seedling by Herman Krumris, St.
Joseph, Missouri, in 1905, and was introduced in 1907.

Plants vigorous, upright, very productive; canes numerous, stocky, dull
brownish-red, with heavy bloom; spines numerous, slender. Leaflets small,

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES 423

dark green, rugose, heavily pubescent beneath. Flowers early, 10-12, in
short, close, leafy clusters. Fruits early, large, hemispherical, glossy black ;
drupelets numerous, small, cohering strongly; flesh firm, rather dry,
sprightly, rich; quality very good; seeds small.

661. Cumberland. — Until a few years ago, Cumberland was
the most widely and commonly ^own black raspberry. Hardi-
ness and productiveness of plant and large size and high quality
of fruit were the assets Avhich gave it supremacy. It is now
hardly more popular than several other sorts, falling from
former popularity chiefly because of susceptibility to anthrac-
nose. Cumberland originated with David IMiller, Camp Hill,
Pennsylvania, and was introduced about 1898.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright, very hardy, very productive, susceptible
to anthracnose; canes medium in number, light reddish-brown, with straight
stray prickles. Foliage typical of the species. Flowers 12-14, in short,
close, leafy, compact, prickly clusters. Fruit midseason, large, conical,
glossy black; torus small, releasing the berry readily; drupelets large,
round; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich; quality very good; seeds small.

662. Gregg (Fig. 245).— At one time the leading black rasp-
berry, Gregg is gradually passing out. The plants are too
tender for northern climates; too susceptible
to the ills of the species; are not adapted to
many soils, and do not mature in a short sea-
son. Three meritorious qualities may be
named : the berries are large, handsome, and
of very good quality ; the plants are very pro-
ductive w^here they thrive; the raspberry is
one of the best for evaporating, a smaller
quantity of fresh fruit being required for a pj(. 245. Gregg,
pound of dried fruit than of almost any other

variety. The original plant was found wild on the Gregg farm.
Ohio County, Indiana, in 1866.

Plants of medium vigor, tender to cold, productive, spreading in growth;
canes rather few, brown, glaucous with a few strong straight prickles.
Leaflets 3-5, dark green above, greenish-gray and pubescent beneath.
Flowers 8-14, in short, close, leafy clusters on tips of the branches. Fruit
late, large, broadly hemispherical, black with tinge of purple and heavy
bloom; drupelets large, numerous, round, cohering strongly; flesh firm,
juicy, rich and highly flavored; quality good; seeds small.

424

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

663. Hoosier is a promising black raspberry for the Middle
West. It is a selection from a large number of seedlings grown
to secure a hardy and disease-resistant variety, but, on the
grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva, New York, it is neither hardier nor more resistant to
diseases than tlio average variety of its species; in fact, it is
marked as susceptible to anthracnose. Notwithstanding the
experiences noted, it is well spoken of by many. Hoosier
originated on the farm of John Dunn, Pekin, Indiana, about
1895.

Plants medium in size and vigor, productive, upright ; canes medium in
number, rather stocky, dull reddish-brown with strong straight spines.
Leaflets usually 3, large, dark green above, greenish-gray beneath. Flowers
10-12, in very short, compact, leafy clusters. Fruit midseason, large, hemi-
spherical, glossy black; torus small, releasing the berry readily; drupelets
large, numerous, round; flesh dark red, firm, juicy, subacid, rich, with
pleasant aroma ; quality good ; seeds large, hard.

664.

raspber

Kansas (Fig. 246). — Long a prominent commercial black
ry, Kansas is more often and better characterized by its
faults than by its virtues. Chief of the faults
is susceptibility to winter-killing, although de-
fective fruits, the berries being often imper-
fect and variable in size and shape, stand
against the variety as markedly as the defect
in the plant. Nevertheless, the variety finds
favor and is largely grown, although it is be-
ing replaced by Plum Farmer. The original
plant was a chance seedling on the farm of A.
H. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, found in 1884.

Fig. 246. Kansas. Plants medium in size and vigor, upright-spreading,

very productive, tender to cold ; canes numerous,
stocky, reddish-brown, with many strong prickles. Leaflets usually 3, rather
small, typical of the species. Flowers 10-12, in short, compact, leafy clus-
ters at the tips of branches. Fruit midseason, medium to large, broadly
hemispherical, variable in size and shape, wath many imperfect berries,
glossy black; drupelets rather small, numerous, round; flesh firm, rather dry,
subacid; quality good; seeds large, hard.

665. Ohio. — Before the coming of canning and quick trans-
portation of fruit, black raspberries were grown in great quanti-

VARIETIES OF RASPBERRIES 425

ties to evaporate, and Ohio was the variety best suited for this
purpose, yielding more pounds to a bushel of fresh fruit than
any other black raspberry, as the seeds are large and heavy and
the flesh is firm and dry. With the decline of the evaporation
of berries, Ohio is passing out. The variety originated about
1865 with Hiram Van Dusen, Palmyra, New York.

Plants of medium size and vigor, productive, upright-spreading, hardy;
canes stocky, reddish-brown, numerous, with slender spines mostly at the
base. Leaflets 3, small on the old canes, rather light green. Flowers 9-11,
in short leafy clusters. Fruit midseason, hemispherical, dull black; drupe-
lets of medium size, oval, numerous, cohering weakly; flesh firm, dry, mild
subacid; quality rather poor; seeds large, hard.

666. Plum Farmer. — It is difficult to judge the merits of
Plum Farmer, but the indications are that it is to become one of
the leading commercial black raspberries for eastern America.
While the plants are preeminently vigorous, hardy, healthy, and
productive, the chief merits are in the fruits, w^hich ripen early,
are large, beautiful, of high quality, and ship well. The first
plant was found by L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, New York, in a
shipment of raspberries from Ohio, about 1892.

Plants vigorous, upright, dense, hardy, very productive, healthy; canes
stocky, long, numerous, round, bright red, heavily overspread with dense
bloom; prickles large and long, thick, strong, straight, sharp, medium in
number; branches thick, long, numerous, reddish, densely coated with
bloom, with internodes of medium length. Fruit early, easily picked, ships
well, one of the best to withstand severe drought; berries large, very black,
covered with bloom, firm, uniform, sprightly at first, becoming mild at full
maturity, juicy; quality good; seeds small, hard.

CHAPTER XXX

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES

Nurserymen offer about a hundred sorts of blackberries and
dewberries, but each year sees new introductions of both groups,
so that, even with the inevitable discarding of old varieties,
there is likely to be an increase from year to year in named
sorts. The progeny of at least twelve species are to be found in
the cultivated blackberries and dewberries of this continent.
These have been crossed and recrossed until it is now quite im-
possible to classify varieties with reference to the species from
which they came. About all that can be done is to group black-
berries in one division and dewberries in another, not an easy
task, for the characters of the two fruits in the wild forms
intermingle, and by crossing have been further confused under
cultivation. It is impossible to separate the varieties sufficiently
well from their fruit characters to make a workable key to
varieties, as has been attempted for the tree-fruits.

INDEX TO VAEIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES

Blaclcherries Lowherry, 681

^^„ McDonald, 680

Agawam, 667 ^.u ao^

» • ^ T^ -J. ecQ Mammoth, 681

Ancient Briton, 668 Mersereau 682

Atlantic, 669 ' »„

-r., , ' , ^^n New Bochdle, 679

Black Diamond, 669 '

T>7 7 T T, ao-i Rathbun, 683

BlacJc Loganberry, QSl _, . '„,

■Di a'7rx Snyder, 684

Blowers, 670 „.-^ ' „

^ , ,' aoa Star, 669

Crananll, 686 _ ' ___

Dallas, 671 ^*y'°^V '^ fi««

Early Harvest, 672 T,^.f ^ E"l.y, 686

x^ 1 i^- ano Wilson Early, 687

Early King, 673 Wonder 669

Eldorado, 674 ^^ '''''^^''' ^^^

Erie, 675 -n i, •

77 • w ^ ceo Dewoemes

Ewings Wonder, 669

Giant Himalaya, 676 Aughinbaugh, 688

Iceberg, 677 Austin Improved, 692

Kittatinny, 678 Laxton, 689

Lawton, 679 Laxtonberry, 689

426

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES 427

Logan Blackberry, 690 Phenomenal, 693

Loganberry, 690 Premo, 694

Lucretia, 691 Primus, 695
Mayes, 692

BLACKBERRIES

667. Agawam (Fig. 247). — For many years Agawam was the
most prized of early blackberries, and it is still widely grown,
but not so commonly in commercial planta-
tions as formerly. Productiveness of plant
and high quality and earliness of fruit are the
chief assets. The faults are : the plants suffer
from winter-killing and the berries run too
small to make the variety wholly satisfactory.
The variety originated with John Perkins,
Ipswich, Massachusetts, between 1865 and
1870.

Plants of medium size and vigor, productive, up-
right-spreading; canes numerous, tender to cold, fur-
rowed, dark reddish-brown, covered wdth strong
straight prickles. Leaflets 3-5, long, with a tapering
apex, very pubescent beneath; margin finely, some-
times doubly serrate. Flowers 1 inch across, 12-16,
in long open prickly clusters. Fruit early, small, %
inch in length, broad-oblong, glossy black; drupelets ^^' ^^'^- Agawam.
few, large, round; core white, soft; flesh rather soft,
sweet and pleasant; quality very good; seeds of medium size, soft.

668. Ancient Briton is a prime favorite in northern regions,
Wisconsin and Minnesota particularly. The plants are very
vigorous, very productive, and the berries are of the best quality.
It is an old sort and a well-established standard for commercial
plantations. The origin of the variety is uncertain, but it came
into prominence in AVisconsin in the sixties of last century.

Plants medium in size and vigor, very hardy, very productive; canes
moderately numerous, roundish, brown, with numerous thick straight
prickles. Leaflets 5, palmate, oblong-oval, heavily pubescent above and
below; margin serrate and hairy. Flowers li/4 inches in diameter, 16-18,
in a long, open, prickly raceme. Fruit medium to late, medium to large,
long, rather narrow, tapering, glossy black; core white^ conical, soft;
drupelets large, numerous, elliptical; flesh tender, juicy, sweet but sprightly;
quality good.

42S SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

669. Black Diamond. Atlantic. E wings Wonder. Star.
^Vonder. This variety is listed as a de\vl)erry by some, but it
properly belongs with the Evergreen blackberry, with which it
is so nearly identical that it needs no separate description. It
is but half-hardy, and therefore of little value in the East, al-
though it is rather commonly gro"\vn in southern New Jersey,
but even there every cold winter takes its toll. The variety is
said to have originated with G. H. Liepe, Cologne, New York,
early in this century.

670. Blowers. — The plants of Blowers are so capricious, re-
sponding to every^ diversity in season, soil, and climate, and so
many of the berries are imperfect, even in locations suitable for
the plants, that it is worthless as a commercial variety. Never-
theless, many nurserymen offer it and report it successful in
parts of North America. It originated with H. W. Blowers,
Westfield, New York, about 1888.

Plants tall, very vigorous, not hardy, productive; canes moderately
numerous, stocky, furrowed, reddish-brown, with numerous strong straight
prickles. Flowers IVj inches in diameter, 8-10 in open, short, leafy clusters.
Fruit midseason, ripening over a very long period, 1 inch long, rather nar-
row, tapering, variable in size, glossy black ; core soft, conical ; drupelets
large, variable in size, round; flesh soft, sweet, mild; quality good; seeds
rather large.

671. Dallas is supposed to be a blackberry-dewberry hybrid,
although at Geneva, New York, it shows little if any dewberry
parentage. The variety has little to recommend it for the
North, but seems to find favor in Texas and Oklahoma. It is a
native of Texas, but where or when it originated cannot be
learned.

Plants very vigorous, drooping half-hardy, productive; canes long, with
numerous sharp spines. Leaflets 5, palmate, coarsely and deeply serrate.
Flowers very large, 2 inches in diameter, 5-7, in long, open, leafy, prickly
corymbs. Fruit early midseason, large, almost hemispherical; flesh firm,
juicy, sweet ; quality very good.

672. Early Harvest (Fig. 248).— One of the earliest black-
berries to ripen its crop, Early Harvest is valuable only for this

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES 429

reason. In the North, the plants are often winter-killed, and in
the South, where they are very productive
and ripen the crop extra early, they are sus-
ceptible to rust. The variety is prized in
parts of California. The original plant was
growing wild in Illinois some time previous
to 1880.

Plants moderately vigorous and productive, winter-
kill in the North; canes long, numerous, deeply fur-
rowed, with strong straight prickles. Leaflets 3-5, pal-
mate, ovate-lanceolate, deeply and sometimes doubly
serrate. Flowers l^/o inches in diameter, 8-10, in long
open racemes. Fruit early, ripening over a long sea-
son, medium in size, conical, glossy black; drupelets
round, numerous, rather small; flesh tender, sweet;
quality good; core soft, white; seeds small, hard.

Fig.

248. Early
Harvest.

673. Early King ripens a week later than Early Harvest, be-
ing the second earliest blackberry. The plants lack in hardi-
ness, and, like all early blackberries, are not very productive;
to which may be added a third fault, susceptibility to blackberry-
rust. The variety is worth growing only in mild eastern
climates.

Plants low, vigorous, half-hardy, moderately productive, prickles long
and numerous, susceptible to rust. Fruit early, with a short season, medium
size, glossy black, oblong-hemispherical, irregular, ripe as soon as black;
flesh soft, very sweet; quality good.

674. Eldorado. — For many years Eldorado w^as the first main-
crop variety to ripen; it has, with other notable virtues, great
hardiness and freedom from the blackberry-rust in the plant,
handsome appearance, and exceptionally high quality in the
fruit. The variety originated as an accidental seedling in
Preble County, Ohio, about 1880.

Plants tall, vigorous, very hardy, productive, healthy; canes numerous,
with many large prickles. Flowers 1% inches in diameter, 10-12, in long,
open, very spiny racemes. Fruit early midseason, ripening period very
long, elongated hemispherical, jet-black; drupelets large, round, few; core
soft, white, conical; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich; quality very good; seeds
small.

4:^0 N ys TKMA lie pomology

675. Erie. — With several eharaeters to reeommend it, Erie has
long been under general eultivation. The phints are very vig-
orous, hardy, produetive, and free from the dreaded blackberry-
rust. The berries are extraordinarily larjre, and the quality is
prood when the fruit is mature. The original plant of Erie was
found near Tallmadge, Ohio, al)out 1876.

Plants of moderate height, very vigorous, hardy, productive, upright-
spreading; canes numerous, stocky, deeply furrowed, with straight slender
prickles. Leaflets palmate, large, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent on both sur-
faces. Flowers very large, 1% inches in diameter, 8-12, borne in long,
open, leafy racemes. Fruit midseason, large, cylindrical, tapering irregu-
larly, glossy black; core cylindrical, rather soft; drupelets numerous, rather
small, round; flesh soft, juicy, sweet when fully ripe, rich; quality good;
seeds of medium size, hard.

676. Giant Himalaya (Fig. 249). — This much talked about
berry is probably an inhabitant of central Europe, which has

found its way to various parts of the Old

World, being rechristened as it was taken

from place to place. As advertised in the

United States it is the most pretentious cheat

in the berry garden, yet in some respects it

is a remarkable addition to edible brambles,

and therefore needs consideration. The

name is misleading. The story of its origin

r. ^,r. ^ . . is that an English traveler brought seed
Fig. 249. Giant ^. , ^^. , ^ , ?. , i

Himalaya. from the Himalayas to Luther Burbank

about 1898, from which the variety came.
However, the variety or its counterpart has been known in
Germany under the name Theodore Reimers.

The plants are too tender to cold for northern regions. In
the Pacific states, Himalaya is remarkable for vigor and produc-
tiveness, but in mild climates in the East, regions south of Penn-
sylvania, the plants are very vigorous but almost barren. In
ail regions, the plants need cross-pollination, and even so, pro-
duce many imperfect fruits. The berries at best are poor in
quality and uninviting in appearance. The long, trailing,
thorny, evergreen canes are almost unmanageable on trellis or
stake. The value of the variety seems to lie in the possibilities
it furnishes for hybridization. The several hybrids now known,

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES 431

of which it is one parent, promise much. Vigor and productive-
ness of plant are the characters for which it should be used in
hybridization.

677. Iceberg. — One of the few white blackberries worth try-
ing, Iceberg is little more than a curiosity in the East, but has
some value in California as a fruit for home use. At Geneva,
New York, the plants must be protected against winter-killing.
The variety originated with Luther Burbank about 1895. The
plant is described as much like that of Lawton, while the berries
in California are said to be large, amber-white, soft, and of
very good quality.

678. Kittatinny has an unbroken record of more than a half
century as a standard commercial blackberry in the United
States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Possibly no variety has
been or is more widely and largely grown. It equals the best
representatives of its kind in quality of fruit. Two faults mar
an otherwise excellent variety; the plants are not hardy in cold
climates, and are very susceptible to rust where that disease is
rife. Kittatinny comes from the mountains of the same name
in New Jersey, and was introduced by E. Williams about 1865.

Plants tall, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive, half-hardy; canes
numerous, stocky; furrowed, reddish-broAvn, -with long, strong, straight
prickles. Leaflets large, oblong-lanceolate, pubescent above and beneath.
Flowers l^/i inches in diameter, 6-8, in rather short, open, leafy racemes.
Fruit early midseason, medium size, oblong, variable in size and shape,
jet black; core cylindrical, soft; drupelets large, round; flesh sweet, rich;
quality very good; seeds small, soft.

679. Lawton. New RocheUe. — Lawton was the second va-
riety of this fruit introduced. It is still grown widely on the
Pacific slope and somewhat in the East, being especially well
liked for canning. It has lost commercial importance in the
East, however, because the plants do not withstand cold well and
are susceptible to rust. The fruit is not ripe until jet-black,
when the quality is of the best. Lawton was introduced by
William Lawton, New Rochelle, New York, about 1848.

Plants stocky, vigorous, productive, tender to cold, susceptible to rust,
with numerous large prickles. Fruit late midseason, large, jet-black, be-

4:V2 SYS'irM. {'//(' roMoLOCY

coming bronzed wlion overripe; core larj^^e ;iii<l ratlier liard ; flesh soft,
sweet, rieli ; <|unlity very good.

680. McDonald (Fig. 2r)0) is a l)lackberry-(li'vvl)erry iiyi)rid
miicli «rr<)\vn in the southwest. The plants are very vigorous,

remarkably productive, immune to rust, better
able to withstand drought than most other
brambles, and ripen their crop two weeks be-
fore the earliest blackberry. The canes trail
the first season, but send up strong drooping
Fig. 250 McDon- ^anes in succeeding years. The variety is self-
sterile and must be inter-])lanted with another
blackberry for a pollenizer. The berries are large, oblong, very
good in quality, and hang in good condition on the vines for
three or four days after ripening. The variety came into promi-
nence in the southwest about 1912.

681. Mammoth. Lowbernj. Black Loganberry. — This is an-
other blackberry-dewberry hybrid usually listed with blackber-
ries. Mammoth thrives only on the Pacific slope, being too ten-
der to cold for the East. The variety is remarkable for its
enormous berries and its long trailing vines, wiiich sometimes
attain a length of twenty-five or thirty feet. The canes are
stout and covered with small short spines ; they grow upright
several feet and then begin to trail. Eventually the tips take
root; tipping is the method of propagation. The leaves are
semi-evergreen in California. The berries, while soft for dis-
tant shipment, are excellent for local markets and home use.
The blossoms are self-sterile and the loganberry makes a good
pollenizer.

682. Mersereau has long been a dependable variety for both
market and home in the northern and eastern states. It fails
in the South because of susceptibilitj^ to rust. Mersereau is a
seedling of Snyder which it surpasses in vigor of plant and in
size and quality of berry. The variety originated with J. M.
Mersereau, Cayuga, New York, about 1890.

Plant tall, vigorous, upright, hardy, productive, susceptible to rust;
canes numerous, light red, furroAved, with long strong straight prickles.
Leaflets 3-5, palmate, oval-lanceolate, pale hoary pubescence beneath, with

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES 433

sharp narrow serrations in a double series. Flowers 1% inches in diameter,
8-10, in short, compact, leafy racemes. Fruit late midseason, season short,
large, oblong-conical, black, retaining color well after picking; drupelets
large, round; core soft, conical, white; flesh firm, but tender, juicy, sweet,
rich; quality very good; seeds small, soft.

683. Rathbun (Fig. 251).— The berries of Rathbun are flaw-
less but the plants leave much to be desired.
They are only moderate in vigor and product-
iveness, sucker too sparingly, are susceptible
to rust, winter-kill, and bear flowers which
must be cross-pollenized. Rathbun is a black-
berry-dewberry hybrid having the peculiarity
of rooting at the tips. It is well liked in mild
climates east of the Rocky Mountains. The
variety originated with Alvin Rathbun, Silver
Creek, new York, about 1885.

Fig. 251. Rathbun.

Plants of medium size and vigor, half-hardy, mod-
erately productive; canes few, angular, greenish, with
straight slender spines. Flowers 1% inches in diam-
eter, 3-7, in short, open, leafy racemes with a few

prickles, sterile or nearly so. Fruit early, very large, somewhat variable,
cylindrical, jet-black; core cylindrical, soft, white; drupelets large, round,
numerous; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich; quality very good; seeds large, soft.

684. Snyder (Fig. 252). — The fruit is not inviting in ap-
pearance and taste and turns red after picking, faults that con-
demn Snyder; but the plants rejoice in such
vigor, health, productiveness, and hardiness
that for seventy years the variety has been a
standard. It originated with Henry Snyder,
La Porte, Indiana, about 1851.

Plants tall, upright, very vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive; canes numerous, stocky, rough, furrowed,
reddish-brown, with many very large, thick, straight
thorns. Leaflets mostly 5, palmate, ovate-lanceolate,
narrow, pubescent above and beneath, apex acute,
sharply serrate in a double series. Flowers 1^2 inches
in diameter, 15-20, in long leafy racemes. Fruit mid-
of medium size, glossy black; core elongated, soft,

white; drupelets large, round; flesh firm, sweet, poorly flavored; quality

poor; seeds large, soft.

Fig. 252. Snyder.

season, season short,

434

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig. 253. Taylor.

685. Taylor (Fig. 253) has long been the favorite late black-
berry, and is prized also because of its hardi-
ness of bush, immunity to rust, and high qual-
ity of fruit. It is only moderately productive
in many localities. The plants are character-
ized by greenish-yellow canes, sometimes
tinted with red. It is an old variety, having
originated with a Mr. Taylor, Spiceland, In-
diana, in 1867.

l*lants tall, vigorous, very hardy, moderately pro-
ductive, immune to rust; canes numerous, slender, an-
gular or nearly round, greenish -yellow, sometimes red-
dish, with numerous straight prickles. Leaflets 3-5,
oblong-laneeolate, pubescent on both surfaces. Flow-
ers 9-15, in long, compact, leafy, prickly racemes.
Fruit late, medium in size, thimble-shaped, glossy

black; core soft, white; flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, rich; quality very

good; seeds of medium size, hard.

686. Texas Early. Crandall. — This variety is held in high
esteem in California, where the fruit matures early and ripens
during a long period. The high quality of the fruit also com-
mends it. Crandall originated in Texas, but when, where, and
by whom is not known. It was introduced in California about
1875 by J. R. Crandall, whose name it sometimes bears.

Plants vigorous, upright, productive, hardy at Geneva, New York; canes
numerous, resembling those of Lawton very closely, as do the leaves.
Flowers 6-8, in long, open, leafy, prickly racemes. Fruit very early, ripen-
ing period long, large; flesh firm, sweet, rich; quality very good.

687. Wilson Early. — Although not generally grown now, the
variety is still found in parts of the East. The plants are pre-
cariously hardy, not always productive, and bear many imper-
fect flowers, most of which are more or less doubled. Wilson
Early is probably a blackberry-dewberry hybrid. The variety
originated with John Wilson, Burlington, New Jersey, about
1854.

Plants upright or often semi-trailing, the trailing shoots rooting at the
tips, medium in vigor, half-hardy, variable in productiveness. Leaflets
3 to 5, broad-lanceolate. Flowers l^-y inches in diameter, often double and
imperfect, 4-6, in long, open, leafy racemes. Fruit very large, often irregu-

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES 435

lar and imperfect, tapering toward the apex; drupelets few^ very large,
round, variable in size ; flesh firm, sweet, rich ; quality very good.

DEWBERRIES

688. Aughinbaugh. — This variety is the chief representative
of the wild western dewberry, R. viUfolius, and probably is the
parent of the loganberry. Its cultivation is confined to Cali-
fornia, where, before the advent of the loganberry, it was much
grown. The flowers are pistillate, requiring pollen from an-
other variety to set fruit. The plant is lacking in vigor and
productiveness. It has been in cultivation since 1875.

689. Laxtonberry. Laxton, — Crosses between brambles are
destined to play an important part in the berry-growing of the
future ; a dozen or more already have enriched pomology both
as market crops and for the fruit-fancier. One of these of lesser
importance, which has attained some prominence in England,
and is grown somewhat on the Pacific slope, is the laxtonberry,
a cross between the loganberry and the Superlative red rasp-
berry. This interesting hybrid, having much the habit of
growth of the loganberry, is listed with dewberries. The berry
is much like that of the loganberry in color and flavor, but
separates from the receptacle somewhat like a raspberry. Its
blossoms are not wholly self -fertile, and the
variety must be planted in proximity to the
loganberry or a red raspberry.

690. Loganberry (Fig. 254). Logan
Blackherry. — The loganberry has a perma-
nent place in American pomology as a dis-
tinct type of fruit. There are remarkable
features in the plant which appeal to berry-
growers, but it is the product that makes the
loganberry one of the most valuable pomo-
logical introductions of the generation. The
fruit is prized for the fresh-fruit market ; it ' "berry,
is handsome and delectable as processed in

the canneries ; w^ell ripened, the crop gives a large proportion of
the dried product to the fresh fruit ; lastly, the fruit makes a de-

43G SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

licious nonalcoliolic beverage, for wliicli pinposc it is now more
used than for tlic other i)r()(Iiiets. So far, tlie h)<ianberry is sue-
cessfully grown only in parts of California, Oregon and Wash-
ington. The plants do not yield to tlie climates and soils of the
regions east of the states named, sueeumbing to cold in the North
and proving almost barren in the Soutli.

Variously ealled a blackberry, a dewberry and a hybrid be-
tween the western dewberry and a red raspberry, the loganberry,
by reason of its trailing canes, and habit of rooting at the tips,
is probably best classified with the dewberries, it being, as most
authorities now agree, a red-fruited variety of the western dew-
berry, R. vitifoUus. The original plant was discovered by Judge
J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, California, in 1881, and was consid-
ered a hybrid between the Aughinbaugh dewberry and a red
raspberry, a theory untenable in light of recent investigations.
Plant and fruit are sufficiently well described in the description
of R. vitifoUus, page 186.

691. Lucretia (Fig. 255) has attained high place because en-
dowed with a constitution fitting it for a great diversity of soils,

and for a range in latitude from the coldest to
the warmest in which dewberries can be
■z, -7 \ui NT- \ grown. The plants have the faults of being
1/ m\ ^^^v\ susceptible to anthracnose, and of producing
' — /\\\\^^ { many double blossoms with resultant sterility.
The quality of the fruit, while not the best, is
good, but the large jet-black berries are more
inviting in appearance than in taste. The
variety was introduced from Ohio about
1876.

Fig. 255. Lucretia. Plants vigorous, trailing, productive, half-hardy, re-

quiring winter protection; canes slender, long, numer-
ous, round, greenish-brown, with strong rather blunt prickles. Leaflets 3-5,
sometimes 7, oval, variable in shape, pubescent above and beneath, coarsely
serrate. Flowers nearly 2 inches in diameter, 3-5, in short, open, leafy,
prickly corymbs. Fruit early midseason, large, cylindrical, tapering slightly,
jet-black; core long, conical, soft; drupelets large, round; flesh firm, juicy,
sweet, rich ; quality good ; seeds large, soft.

692. Mayes (Fig. 256). Austin Improved. — Of the many dew-
berries and dewberry like brambles m Texas, Mayes is the lead-

VARIETIES OF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES 437

ing variety. It seems to be comparatively rare elsewhere, al-
though earliness and productiveness commend
it. The berries are handsome and of excellent
quality, but fail as commercial fruits because
too soft to ship well. The canes are vigorous
and productive, but subject to anthracnose
and double-blossom. The fruit ripens about
a week before that of Lucretia. The original
plant was found wild in Texas by John Mayes
about 1880.

Fig. 256. Mayes.

Plants vigorous, productive, subject to anthracnose
and double-blossom; canes trailing, long, slender, nu-
merous. Leaflets 3-5, mostly sessile, variable in size,
coarsely serrate in a double series. Flowers l^/^
inches in diameter, 4-6 in axils of leaves and terminal. Fruit early, large,
conical, broad at the base, jet-black; core medium to soft; drupelets very
large, round; flesh firm, juicy, sprightly; quality very good; seeds rather
large, soft.

693. Phenomenal. — This is a new fruit of the loganberry type,
introduced by Luther Burbank as a cross between a variety of
the western dewberry and Cuthbert red raspberry. It is so
similar to the loganberry that it is usually classed with it. The
essential difference in normal plants of the two varieties are : the
canes of Phenomenal are a little hardier; the blossoms open a
few" days later ; the berries are a little larger ; and, while the
flavor of the fruits of the two is similar, the juice of the logan-
berry makes the better beverage, the fruit of both being used
most largely for their juice. The variety was introduced in
1912.

694. Premo. — Except for a few trivial differences, Premo
might be said to be an early Lucretia, and is either a sport or
a seedling from that variety. The plants are very like those of
Lucretia, but ripen their crop a week or ten days earlier, are not
so productive, and bear more imperfect flowers. The berries are
smaller than those of Lucretia, but are just as firm in flesh and
as good in quality. This variety, a comparatively new acquisi-
tion, is becoming a favorite earl}^ fruit in many dewberry sec-
tions in the United States, especially in the South, and in North

438 SYSIKMATIC POMOLOdY

Carolina particularly. Data rc^^ardiii^r the (»ri<rin of tlio variety
arc lackiTi«r, but it has been under cultivation at least since 1905.

695. Primus. — Another variety of the loganberry type is
Primus, introduced alxtut 1S!)() by Lulhei- Burbank as a cross
between the western dewberry, R. viiif(d{n,s and R. cratcegifolhis.
Its chief claim for recognition by berry-jjrowers is that the crop
ripens before that of loj^anberry. The variety fails and is being
discarded because of several serious faults ; the blossoms appear
early and are caug^ht by frosts ; the berries cling and are bruised
in picking, and are dull and unattractive in appearance ; and
the plants are rather more unmanageable in the plantation than
those of other varieties of its type, all of which give trouble in
staking or trellising. In foliage and canes, Primus is very simi-
lar to the loganberry. The variety was introduced by Burbank
in 1893.

CHAPTER XXXI

VARIETIES OF CURRANTS

The currant plays an important part in the pomology of
northern climates; no less than seventy red, fourteen black and
five golden currants have been grown at one time or another in
the United States and Canada. Compared with other fruits,
these numbers seem small, but currants are relatively stable, and
improved varieties are obtained only with difficulty, so that the
several species are represented by only few varieties. The
botanical classification of currants is based on distinctions so
fine that pomologists will find it difficult to place cultivated
varieties of red currants in the several species. Thus it is im-
possible to make sure whether some varieties belong to R. sativum
or R. riibriim. Nor can a satisfactory key to varieties be made.
The author is forced to be content with putting all red currants
in one group, black sorts in another, and the golden currants in
a third.

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF CURRANTS
Bed Currants White Currants

Cherry, 696 White Dutch, 709

Diploma, 697 White Grape, 710

Giant Red, 698 White Imperial, 711

Fay, 699

London Market, 700 Black Currants

Perfection, 701

Boskoop Giant, 712
Champion, 713
Naples, 714

Prince Albert, 702
Red Cross, 703
Red Dutch, 704

^^^y' ^^^ Golden Currants

Versailles, 706

Victoria, 707 Crandall, 715

Wilder, 708 Deseret, 716

RED CURRANTS

>. Cherry (Fig. 257). — Bunches and berries are large, and,
as they are borne on vigorous plants, the variety becomes one

439

440

^9 1\9 TEM A TIC rO M OLOG Y

Fig. 257. Cherry.

nf the most prodiu'tive of the hn-fre-fruited currants. The ber-
ries are a beautiful brij,dit red, very large, and
well flavored. Defects are that the plants do
not sucker freely, so that the bushes sometimes
have too few stalks ; there is a tendency in the
canes to "go blind," that is, to lack the termi-
nal shoot ; and the short-stemmed bunches are
borne so close to the wood that the crop is
difficult to pick. The variety was introduced
into America by W. W. Falk, Flushing, Long
Island, in 1846.

Plants large, vigorous, upright -spreading, dense,
productive; suckers few. Leaves cordate, lobes ovate,
rugose, pubescent, margin crenate ; petiole 2 inches
long. Flowers early, B. sativum type. Fruit early;
clusters short, thick, loose, 10-14 berries; stem short, making fruit difficult
to pick; berries very large, cling well, round, dark red; skin smooth, tough,
transparent; flesh red, medium juicy, firm, mild subacid; quality good;
seeds large, rather numerous.

697. Diploma (Fig. 258) is a new currant
w^idely grown in New York, but still on trial
in other currant-growing regions. The va-
riety is easily distinguished by its light red
fruits, which are more transparent than those
of any other currant, the seeds and segments
showing distinctly through the thin skin. The
fruits are juicier than those of most other
currants, therefore especially desirable for
jellies ; for the same reason the crop must be
picked and handled wdth care. The flavor is
mild almost sweet. Diploma originated with
Jacob Moore, Brighton, New York, in 1885.

Plants large, vigorous, upright -spreading, dense,
hardy, productive, healthy; canes numerous, stocky,
long, somewhat angular, reddish-brown; blooms in
midseason. Fruit midseason, period of ripening short ;
pedicels of average length and thickness; berries

large, round, adhere tenaciously to the pedicels, bright light red which
changes but slowly after picking ; skin very thin, very transparent, the seg-
ments, veins and seeds unusually distinct; flesh semi-transparent, tinged

Fig. 258. Diploma.

VARIETIES OF CURRANTS

441

with red, tender, very juicy, sprightly subacid becoming mild; quality good
to very good; seeds numerous, large.

698. Giant Red. — This is a new currant with a reputation yet
to make in commercial plantations. On the grounds of the Ex-
periment Station, Geneva, New York, it is surpassed by several
older varieties of its type, that of Versailles, of which it is a
seedling. Giant Red was grown by E. P. Powell, Clinton, New
York, from seed planted in 1895.

Plants very tall, upright, productive, healthy; canes stout. Leaves large,
milky-green, thick, held nearly flat. Flowers midseason, slightly tinged
with red. Fruit midseason; clusters of medium length, compact, well filled
to the end; stems long, making picking easy; berries medium to large,
bright red; flesh firm, medium juicy, sour, too acid for pleasant eatiiig;
seeds large, numerous.

699. Fay (Fig. 259) is one of the best of the large-fruited red
currants. Clusters and berries are large and

very uniform in size, making a most attractive
product. The cluster-stems are long, there-
fore harvesting is easy. The berries are dark-
red, sprightly, juicy, and thin-skinned, quali-
ties that make the fruit one of the best for
canning and jellies. The bushes are not large,
and the yield is not so heavy as with some
other varieties, unproductiveness being the
chief defect. Fay originated in 1868 with
Lincoln Fay, Portland, New York.

Plants of medium size and productiveness, healthy,
spraAvling in habit. Leaves large, very rugose, point-
ing dowmvard, olive-green. Flowers early, green
tinged with red. Fruit early midseason; clusters
large, 12-15 berries, loose, with long stem, uniform; ^^' "^ * ^^'

berries cling well, large, round, rather dark red; flesh

reddish, firm, juicy, subacid, mild and pleasant; quality very good; seeds
small, rather numerous.

700. London Market is considered the best red currant in
man}^ parts of the ^Middle AVest. Its chief commendatory char-
acters are ability to Avithstand hot dry weather, and resistance
to currant-borers, and diseases. It is said to be also the most

442

srsTKM.iTic j'(>M(Uj)(;y

resistant of all red currants to llic i)in('-l)list<'r rust. The his-
tory of the variety is obscure.

IM;iiits tall, upright, vigorous, fairly productive. Leaves small, thin,
liglit green, late in opening, very abundant. Flowers open in midseason.
Fruit late; clusters long, medium compact, tips well
filled, 12-20 berries; l)erries of medium size, variable,
round-oblate, dark red ; flesh red, firm, juicy, sprightly;
quality good ; seeds medium in number, large.

701. Perfection (Fig. 260).— The outstand-
ing characters of the plants are vigor, hardi-
ness, healthfulness, and productiveness; of
the fruit, large clusters of uniformly large
berries borne on a long stem, so that picking
is easy. The berries are bright clear red, and
in flavor superior to those of most other cur-
rants. The fruit is borne on the old wood in
a manner peculiar to the variety. Perfection
originated with Charles G. Hooker, Rochester,
New York, in 1887.

Plants large, vigorous, upright -spreading, hardy,
productive, healthy; branches stocky, smooth, long,
straight, numerous, brownish, dull and with little red;
foliage deep green, healthy; season of bloom early.
Fruit midseason; very easily picked, ships well; clus-
ters long, compact, cylindrical, slightly tapering; stems long, of medium
thickness; pedicels short, thick; berries roundish, uniformly large, cling well
to the pedicels, bright handsome red; skin thin but tough ; flesh juicy, tender,
sprightly subacid; quality good; seeds intermediate in size and number.

702. Prince Albert is an old European currant, valued for its
very late fruits, which are of large size, have thin skins and a
most pleasing piquancy of flavor. The bushes are vigorous and
upright, but only moderately productive. The fruit is well liked
by canners and in the home for preserves and jellies. The va-
riety is one of the latest to flower as well as to ripen its fruits.

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, very dense, medium produc-
tive; suckers of medium number; canes tall, rather slender; young shoots
tinged red. Leaves cordate, taper -pointed, dull green, very rugose; held
stiffly upright ; petiole 3 inches long, pubescent ; flowers late. Fruit very
late; clusters long, well-filled; stems and pedicels short; berries cling well,
of medium size, round-oblate^ bright red; skin thin, smooth, tough, translu-

FlG.

260. Perfec-
tion.

VARIETIES OF CURRANTS 443

cent; texture firm, juicy; flavor sour, highly flavored; quality good for
dessert purposes; seeds of medium size, numerous.

703. Red Cross. — This variety is hardly above the ordinary,
and is excelled by several others of the large-fruited currants.
Moreover, in the Hudson River Valley, where it was at one time
rather largely planted, the berries crack badly. Red Cross origi-
nated with Jacob Moore, Attica, New York, in 1894.

Plants large, vigorous, spreading, dense, fairly productive. Leaves large,
milky -green, held nearly flat. Flowers midseason; type of E. sativum.
Fruit midseason ; cluster of medium length, tips filled poorly ;
berries large, round, bright red; flesh red, juicy flavor mild
subacid; quality good; seeds large, numerous.

704. Red Dutch (Fig. 261) is now generally dis-
carded in eastern commercial plantations, but is
grown in the Middle West. The variety is passing
from cultivation by reason of the small berries,
which, however, are excellent in quality. It is an
old European sort.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, very productive ; canes
and shoots slender. Leaves rather large, dull green, soft,
hairy beneath. Flowers midseason, of B. rubrum type.
Fruit early; cluster long, slender, 10-18 berries, cling well,
small, round, bright red; flesh red, juicy, firm, sprightly;
quality of the best; seeds medium in size and number.

Fig. 261. Red

705. Ruby. — Two currants are sold under this Dutch.

name, one an early and the other a late sort. Plants
on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Geneva, New York, secured from the originator, Jacob
Moore, Attica, New York, show the early sort to be the true
Ruby. Neither fruit nor plant recommends the variety very
highly. It was introduced about 1895.

Plants dwarfish, upright, medium in vigor and productiveness. Leaves
rather large; upper surface yellow-green; lower surface milky-green, pubes-
cent. Fruits early; clusters short, tips well filled, 10-12 berries; berries
of medium size, uniform, round, dark red; flesh firm, medium juicy, rich,
sprightly; quality very good; seeds numerous, medium in size.

706. Versailles is now giving way to newer and better cur-
rants. There are other large-fruited sorts with larger and more

444

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

uniform clusters and ])errios of Ix'ttcr (juality. It is almost im-
possible to distin^'uish Versailles from Cherry. As grown at the
Geneva Iv\))eriment Station, Geneva, New York,
Versailles has a lonp^er bunch, darker fruit, and
less tendency to "go blind," that is, to lack the
terminal bud. Versailles is an old European sort
brought to America more than a half century ago.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, not very productive;
shoots stout, easily broken, many "blind." Leaves large,
milky-green, held nearly flat. Flowers early, R. sativum
type. Fruit midseason; chisters short length, 8-12 berries,
well filled to tip; berries medium to large, round, dark red;
flesh firm, juicy, red, mild subacid; quality good; seeds
rather numerous, large.

707. Victoria (Fig. 262).— This variety is
rather widely grown in Canada and the United
States. Its small berries condemn it for com-
mercial plantations. The plants are very vigor-
ous and productive ; the fruit is of excellent
quality, and keeps longer on the bushes than that
of any other variety.

Plants very large, upright^ vigorous, healthy and productive. Leaves
large, yellowish-green, thick, soft, under surface very pubescent. Flowers
midseason, sepals tinged with red, i?. ritbrum type. Fruit
late midseason; clusters short to medium, filled to the tip,
10-20 berries; stem yellow, downy; berries cling well, held
on stem to one side, small to medium, round-oblate, bright
red; flesh red, firm, juicy, rather too sour for dessert;
quality fair; seeds large, rather numerous.

708. Wilder (Fig. 263).— In the great currant
regions of New York, Wilder is now the favorite
variety, and in the race for commercial suprem-
acy, continues to increase its lead. The fruits are
handsomer, higher in quality, and hang longer
after ripening than those of any other commercial
sort. They are not ahvays uniform in size.
Wilder is said to have originated w4th E. G.
Teas, Irvington, Indiana, about 1878.

Plants large, upright-spreading, vigorous, healthy, productive. Leaves
large, nearly flat, milky -green, thick. Flowers early, R. sativum type. Fruit

Fig. 262. Vic-
toria.

Fig. 263.
Wilder.

VARIETIES OF CURRANTS 445 '

late; clusters long, compact, tips filled rather poorly; fruit-stems long;
8-10 berries which are large, variable in size, round-oblate, dark red; flesh
red, firm, juicy, mild subacid; quality good; seeds large, numerous.

WHITE CURRANTS

709. White Dutch (Fig. 264).— The fruits of White Dutch
are the earliest and sweetest white currants, characters which
help to distinguish the variety; they are a little

darker in color than those of White Grape. Un-
fortunately, the berries are not very large and are
not uniform, to offset which fault they are most
excellent in quality. White Dutch is an old Euro-
pean currant.

Plants vigorous, upright-spreading, very productive;
suckers numerous. Leaves cordate, taper-pointed, rugose,
pubescent, with margins nearly serrate; petiole 21^ inches
long; flowers midseason. Fruit early; clusters short, me-
dium compact, tips poorly filled, with berries small to
medium, cling well, round-oblate, yellowish -white ; skin
thin, smooth, tender ; flesh white, rather dry, fine-grained,
mild subacid, almost sweet ; quality excellent ; seeds small,
rather numerous.

Fig. 264.

710. White Grape is distinguished by having White Dutch,
the largest cluster and berry of all white-fruited

currants. The quality of the fruit is not so good as that of
White Dutch, being sourer and not so rich. Because of its hand-
some fruits and fill-basket qualities, it is the best commercial
white currant. Its history is unknown, except that it came
from Europe and has long been grown in America.

Plants of medium size and vigor, spreading, sometimes sprawling, pro-
ductive; canes and branches rather slender. Leaves of medium size, thick,
soft, pubescent on lower surface, yellowish-green. Flowers midseason, B.
rubrum type. Fruit midseason; clusters long, tips filled poorly, loose,
berries 8-16; berries large, round-ovate, clear translucent white, not creamy
as is White Dutch; flesh firm, juicy, subacid; quality good; seeds large,
numerous.

711. White Imperial. — The fruits of White Imperial are rated
as best in quality of all currants. The rich, almost sweet flavor,
makes it a choice dessert fruit. The plant characters are not

446

SysTI':M.\l IC POMOLOGY

so good as those of several other wliitc vaiietics, and tlie currants
are not so attractive in apix'araiicc. 'i'lic vai'icty was sold and
strongly rcconmicndcd by the late S. 1). Willard, Geneva, New
York, l)c^nnnin<: al)out 1890.

Plants rather small, spreading, medium in vigor and productiveness.
Leaves and tlowers of the 1\. rubrum type; flowers midseason. Fruit mid-
season; clusters medium to long, well filled to the tii)s; fruit-stems long,
making easy work in i)icking; berries medium to large, creamy-white,
roundish; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich; quality excellent; seeds medium
in size and number.

BLACK CURRANTS

712. Boskoop Giant (Fig. 265) is rated as quite the best all-
round black currant. The characters w^hich recommend it are
very large, sweet, richly-flavored berries, and
vigorous productive bushes. The plants flower
late, but the fruit ripens early. The crop can
be gathered at one picking, and the berries hang
long on the bushes after ripening. The variety
was imported into England from Holland in
1896, and was soon after brought to America by
several nurserymen.

Plants large, vigorous, upright, productive; canes nu-
merous, rather slender. Leaves large, dull green, with nu-
merous aromatic glands on the under surface; margin
coarsely serrate; petiole short. Flowers late. Fruit mid-
season ; clusters large, loose, not well filled ; stem long,
glandular; berries 8-14, large, cling well, round, black;
skin glandular, thin, opaque; flesh greenish, tinged red at
skin, fine-grained; juicy, rich and sweet, aromatic; quality
excellent ; seeds small, numerous.

Fig. 265.

Boskoop

Giant.

713. Champion. — This black currant has long been grown in
this country, where it is liked for its vigorous productive bushes
and large mild-flavored currants. It seems to have been brought
to the United States from England about 1880, but how long
it has been cultivated in the Old World does not appear.

Bushes large, vigorous, spreading, productive; canes numerous, rather
slender. Leaves large, dull green, pubescent, resinous on the under side;
margins hairy, coarsely serrate. Flowers late. Fruit late; clusters rather
short, loose, tips well filled; berries 6-10, cling well, medium to large, round,

VARIETIES OF CURRANTS 447

black; skin opaque, glandular^ thin; flesh firm, rather dry, yellowish, tinged
red at the skin, sprightly, rich, aromatic; quality very good; seeds small,
numerous.

714. Naples (Fig\ 266). — An old variety, long a standard in
Europe, Naples is being discarded abroad, but
is still one of the commonest black currants in
America. It should give way to better sorts
on this side of the Atlantic, as the fruits are
exceedingly variable in size, the clusters small,
and the flavor rather too strong to be pleasant.
It is mentioned by Kenrick as a new impor-
tation to America in 1832.

Plants large, very dense, vigorous, rather unproduc-
tive. Leaves rather large, light green, appearing very
early. Flowers very late, strong disagreeable odor.
Fruit latest of all black currants; clusters short, 4-10
berries, tips well filled; berries small to large, var-
iable, round, black; pedicel with one or two bracts ^i^- 266. Naples,
w^here attached to berry ; skin glandular, thick, tough ;

flesh greenish, juicy, tart, strongly flavored, aromatic; quality fair; seeds
small, numerous.

GOLDEN CURRANTS

715. Crandall is the sole representative of R. odoratum widely
distributed throughout the country, being a familiar inhabitant
of dooryards and parks as an ornamental. The tough skin and
unpleasant flavor condemn it as a garden plant. The variety is
often sold under the name Flowering Currant. There is said
to be a productive strain on the market.

Plant 8 feet in height, very vigorous, hardy, unproductive. Leaves round-
ish-cordate, 3 inches broad, thin, pubescent on both surfaces ; margins
coarsely serrate ; petiole short, slender. Flowers late, yellow, few ; pedicels
short, pubescent, green. Fruits borne in clusters of 1-5, drop when ripe,
% inch in diameter, round-oblate, black, glossy, smooth; flesh greenish-
yellow, rather dry, sprightly, very aromatic; quality fair; seeds many.

716. Deseret. — Deseret, Golden, and Jelly are other named
sorts of the golden currant which occasionally appear in cata-
logues from the Middle West and Rocky Mountain regions,
where the Europeans grow but poorly or not at all. No one of
the three is as worthy of cultivation as Crandall.

CHAPTER XXXII

VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES

The gooseberry is a much neglected fruit in America. Two
kinds, Houghton and Downing, are cultivated almost to the
exclusion of other sorts, many of which are as easily grown and
nearly all of whicli produce larger, handsomer, and better-
flavored fruits. The gooseberry also suffers from another spe-
cies of neglect in this country. Americans seldom use the ripe
fruits and, therefore, do not know how refreshing and delectable
a well-ripened gooseberry is. Were any of the several good
sorts described in this text groAvn, and the product allowed to
ripen, this fruit might receive the attention and attain the
esteem it merits and holds in all European countries. Culti-
vated gooseberries are derived from two species, Rihes hirtelliim
and R. Grossularia, all American sorts excepting Pale Red, pure-
bred from R. hirtellum, being hybrids between the two, while all
of the European kinds are varieties of R. Grossularia.

INDEX TO VAKIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES

Carrie, 717 Industry, 723

Chautauqua, 718 Lancashire Lad, 724

Columbus, 719 Oregon, 725

Crown Bob, 720 Pale Red, 726

Downing, 721 Poorman, 727

Houghton, 722 Red Jacket, 728

717. Carrie. R. hirtellum X ^- Grossularia. — In Minnesota,
Wisconsin, and neighboring states, where only the hardiest
fruits can be grown, Carrie is becoming the most popular goose-
berry. It is much like Houghton but distinct, although some
maintain that it is identical. The variety originated with
Wyman Elliott, Minneapolis, Minnesota, from seed planted in
1892.

Plants very large, spreading, dense, productive; canes long, slender,
willowy; spines slender, short, few. Leaves large, thick, dull green, glossy,
free from mildew. Flowers midseason, singly or in clusters of 2, 3, or 5.

448

VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES

449

Berries small, round-oval, purplish-red, conspicuously veined, grayish
bloom; pedicel slender; flesh green, firm, juicy, translucent, pleasantly sub-
acid; quality good to very good; seeds small, rather few.

718. Chautauqua (Fig. 267). B. Glossidaria. — Chautauqua is
a fine gooseberry of the European type, almost free from mildew,
and easily grown wherever the comparatively
worthless Houghton and Downing will thrive.
The original plant was found by Lewis Roesch,
Fredonia, New York, in 1876. It is probably a
pure-bred European and possibly an old Eng-
lish sort renamed. Freedom, Columbus, Por-
tage, Triumph, Duplication, Wellington, Glory,
and Careless are all very similar, and no doubt WV
some of them are identical.

Plants medium large, vigorous, stocky, upright-spread-
ing, rather dense, very productive, with but little mildew ; FiG. 267. Chau-
suckers few, smooth, straight, rather long, with short
internodes, dull light gray; spines thick, strong, numer-
ous, long, very sharp, in ones, twos and threes. Leaves obovate, taper-
pointed, thick; upper surface glossy, light green, smooth, glabrous; lower
surface olive-green; margin blunt-crenate ; petiole about % inch long,
slender, pubescent. Flowers midseason. Fruit midseason; large in diam-
eter, round-oval, silvery green; pedicels % inch long, pubescent; skin
smooth, covered with bloom, thick, tough, translucent ; flesh pale green,
juicy, firm, sweet; quality good; seeds large, nu-
merous.

719. Columbus (Fig. 268). R. Grossularia.
— Very similar to Chautauqua, or identical
with it, Columbus is offered by several nur-
serymen as distinct. If it differs from Chau-
tauqua, it is in the fruits, which seem to some
authorities to be larger and yellower. On
the assumption that it does differ in fruit, it
is well to let the variety stand, as it is one of
the best of the English gooseberries for Ameri-
It was introduced by Ellwanger & Barry, Roch-
ester, New York, sometime previous to 1890.

720. Crown Bob (Fig. 269). R. Grossularia. — Crown Bob is
one of the best gooseberries in quality of fruit, its rich vinous

Fig. 268. Co-
lumbus.

can conditions.

450

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

flavor making it particularly delectable. To have the fruit at its
best, i)icking must not be hurried. Industry,
to which Crown Bob is similar, is much freer
from mildew and should be i)lanted in pref-
erence to this variety for markets. Crown
Bob is an old English sort long grown in
America.

Plants dwarfish, spreading, vigorous, very produc-
tive. Fruit early, dark red, medium to large, nearly
round; skin thin, somewhat hairy; flesh firm, juicy,
rich, sweet; quality good.

721. Downing (Fig. 270). R. hirfeUiun
X R' Grossularia. — Downing is the standard
gooseberry derived from a native species, al-
though it is now agreed by all that it is a
hybrid with the European gooseberry. The vines are remark-
ably vigorous, healthy and productive, and the fruits, although
small, are smooth, thin-skinned, attractive in ap-
pearance, and of very good quality. It is grown
more widely in America than any other goose-
berry. The fruit must be picked as soon as full
size, since decay sets in soon after maturity.
Downing originated from seed of Houghton
sown by Charles Downing, Newburgh, New
York, about 1860.

Fig. 269. Crown
Bob.

Fig. 270. Down-
ing.

Plants medium in size, very vigorous, very productive,
upright, dense-topped; canes stout, somewhat resembling
those of European gooseberries. Leaves large, glabrous;
margin crenate, somew^hat hairy. Flowers midseason, American type, green
tinged with red. Fruit midseason, small, round-oval, pale green with light
bloom; skin thin and smooth; flesh soft, juicy, rich^ sweetish but sprightly;
quality very good; seeds small, numerous.

722. Houghton (Fig. 271) R. hirtelliim X R- Grossidaria.
— After Downing, Houghton is the most widely and commonly
planted gooseberry in America. However, the variety has sev-
eral faults and does not deserve its popularity. Faults are : the
fruits are very small and uninviting in appearance and taste;
the foliage is susceptible to mildew and aphis; and canners, to

Plate XXIII. European and x\merican gooseberries — Crown Bob
and Do-\vnincr.

VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES

451

whom gooseberries are mostly sold, do not like the fruit. Good
characters are: the plants are very hardy, vigor-
ous, and productive; the variety thrives under a
great diversity of conditions; the berries are rich,
sweet, and of excellent quality. This is the oldest
American gooseberry of note, having originated
with Abel Houghton, Lynn, Massachusetts, in 1833.
It is probably a hybrid between a European and an
American gooseberry.

Fig.
Ho I lull ton

Plants medium in size, spreading, very vigorous, very

271. productive; canes rather slender, drooping. Leaves large,

dark green, glabrous or nearly so; margin crenate, hairy.

Flowers midseason, American type. Fruit midseason, very

small, round-oval, dark red with light bloom; skin thin, smooth; flesh firm,

juicy, sweet and rich; quality very good; seeds small, numerous.

723. Industry (Fig. 272). R. Grossiilaria.— Industry is given
the place of honor as the best of the European gooseberries in
America. It is one of the most vigorous va-
rieties of its class; rather more productive
than any other European; and it often
passes through a season without mildew.
The large claret-red berries, rich, sweet, and
piquant, are the most inviting of all goose-
berries to eye and palate. Picking must
not be hurried, if color and taste are to
reach the condition where nothing requisite
is wanting. It is an old English sort.

Plants of medium size, vigorous, upright, produc-
tive; canes rather straight and stout. Leaves of
medium size, thick, dark green, glabrous except on
ribs and veins. Flowers midseason, large, borne
singly. Fruit early, large, 1^/4 inches in diameter,
round-oblong, sometimes pear-shaped, smooth or
nearly so, deep claret -red with lines of light flecks ;
firm, juicy, mild subacid, nearly sweet ; quality good ; seeds medium in
size, numerous.

Fig. 272. Industry.

flesh yellowish-green.

724. Lancashire Lad. R. Grossularia. — This variety must be
named among the half-dozen best European gooseberries for

451

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

American cultivation. The fruits stand shipment well and are
ploasin*^ in flavor, but must be permitted to mature eompletely.
The most important consideration is that the phints are com-
paratively little int'eeted by mihlew. Lancashire Lad is an old
English sort long- grown in America.

Plants small, erect, compact, a little lacking in vigor, fairly productive.
Fruit midseason, medium to large, round or round-oblong, dark red, with
lines of light flecks, skin hairy; flesh firm, juicy, mild subacid; quality
good; seeds rather small.

725. Oregon. R. hirfdiiim X R- Grossularia. — Resembling
Downing, this variety appears to have merits not i^ossessed by
its parent. Thus, it is strongly recommended in the Pacific
Northwest and in Indiana. It is similar in plant and fruit to
Downing, differing in the plants being slightly more productive,
while the fruits are yellower at maturity and later in season.
The description of Downing answers for this variety, except
in the characters named. The variety originated with 0. D.
Dickinson, Salem, Oregon, sometime previous to 1880.

726. Pale Red (Fig. 273). R. hirtellum.— F ale Red is worthy
of notice only because it is the sole pure-bred representative of

R. hirtellum. The vigorous productive plants and
the tender sweet berries commend the variety. The
berries, however, are quite too small for present de-
mands, and if Pale Red has any value, it is as a
parent to cross with some large-fruited sort to pro-
duce a variety of high quality. Pale Red has been
growm for at least a century.

Fio. 273.

Pale Red.

727. Poorman (Fig. 274). R. hirtelhtm X R.
Grossularia. — At once attracting attention on
account of the vigor and i)roductiveness of the
bushes and the handsome appearance and high
quality of the fruit, plants and berries of Poor-
man give it a place as the leader among gooseber-
ries grown in America. The vigor of the variety
is so great that the plants must be set farther
apart than with most kinds. The berries are
larger than those of Downing, more oval, and red

VARIETIES OF GOOSEBERRIES

453

instead of green; their quality is excellent. The variety origi-
nated about 1890, with W. H. Craighead, Brigham City, Utah.

Plants large, vigorous, upright-spreading, dense, hardy, very produc-
tive, not susceptible to mildew; branches stocky, rough, long, usually
straight, resembling those of Downing; spines thick, strong, long, less
numerous and thicker than those of Houghton, variable in number; foliage
healthy. Fruit matures early, period of ripening long, readily picked,
ships well; berries over 1 inch long, nearly 1 inch through, oval to slightly
obovate, semi-transparent, silvery-green changing at full maturity to pink-
ish-red; quality good; seeds numerous, small.

728. Red Jacket (Fig. 275). R. hirtellum X R. Grossularia.
— Red Jacket has excellent plant characters, but
the berries are quite too small for the variety to
have value for commercial plantations. The ber-
ries are of especially high quality, being juicy,
rich and fragrant. Red Jacket is a hybrid be-
tween Houghton and Red Warrington, a Euro-
pean sort; the cross was made by William

Saunders, London, Ontario, about 1876.

' ' Fig. 275. Red

Plant vigorous, productive, healthy, being practically Jacket,

free from mildew. Fruit small to medium, round-oblong,
reddish-green, becoming pale red; skin smooth; flesh firm, juicy, trans-
parent, sweet, rich; quality very good; seeds small, numerous.

CHAPTER XXXIII

VARIETIES OF CRANBERRIES

Some thirty odd varieties of eranl)erries are grown in the
United States and Canada. Most of the product is sold by
the American Cranberry Exchange under eighty or more
brands. These brands are established in accordance with va-
riety, color, and size. Thus, Early Black, a leading variety, is
sold under six brands in New England and three in New Jersey.
Varietal names are as lasting and stable as those of other fruits,
but the names of brands may change from season to season.
The following are the leading varieties :

INDEX TO VARIETIES OF CEAXBERRIES

Bell and Bugle, 729 Jersey, 737

Bell and Cherry, 730 McFarlin, 738

Bennett Jumbo, 731 Plum, 739

Centennial, 732 Pride, 740

Centreville, 733 Prolific, 741

Chipman, 734 Searles Jumbo, 742

Early Black, 735 Smalley, 743

Howes, 736 Wales Henry, 744

729. Bell and Bugle. — This so-called variety is a mixture of
two types which has been under cultivation in Wisconsin for
the past thirty years. The Bell type in this mixture is much
the same as in the better-kno^^^l Bell and Cherry variety to be
described next. The bell-like berry is a longer fruit than that
in the Bell and Cherry group; the bugle-like berry is still fur-
ther prolonged wdth much less bulge than that in the bell type.
The Bell and Bugle berries are a little larger than those of the
Bell and Cherry. The berries are of a uniform bright red
color, ready for shipment about Octcber 10, and keep and ship
w^ell. Bell and Bugle is becoming unpopular in Wisconsin owing
to its susceptibility to ''false blossom," a condition in which
fruits apparently set but fail to develop.

454

VARIETIES OF CRANBERRIES

455

730. Bell and Cherry. Natives (of Wisconsin). — The stand-
ard cranberry in Wisconsin is a mixture of the bell and cherry
types, giving the trade name of Bell and Cherry, though grow-
ers usually call the mixture ** Natives." In acreage, this is the
principal variety, if the mixture can be called a variety, grown
in Wisconsin. It is the original cranberry found on the marshes
of central Wisconsin, and has been the commonest group under
cultivation for the last thirty years.

Vines vigorous, productive, without the dense matting of McFarUn,
which is a standard named variety of this type. Leaves averaging smaller
than those of McFarlin. Fruit of the bell type, tapering at the stem-end
and larger at the blossom-end which is flat; fruit of the cherry type,
round with both stem- and blossom-ends flattened with slight indentations;
color of both types uniformly red without distinct markings; size 7/16-%
inch in diameter; usually ready for shipment soon after October 5.

731. Bennett Jumbo (Fig. 276). — This variety is character-
ized by late long-keeping cranberries, of the jumbo

type, which are olive-shaped and of large size. The
plants are very vigorous, productive, and blossom
late, thereby escaping late spring frosts; the blos-
soming season is from June 20 to July 15th. Ben-
nett Jumbo is considered one of the best late va-
rieties in Wisconsin. This was found by A. C.
Bennet, Grand Rapids, Wisconsin, about 1890.

Fig. 276.

Bennett
Jumbo.

Vines very vigorous and productive, more so than those
of the Bell and Cherry. Leaves larger and of the same dark
olive-green color as those of Bell and Cherry. Flowers late.
Fruit large, 7/16 of an inch in diameter, %-l inch long, olive-shaped; red-
ribbed on green or light gray, approaching white at maturity, but when
very ripe bright red with ribs of darker red; ready for shipment after
October 20.

Fig. 21

Cen-

tennial.

732. Centennial (Fig. 277).— All agree that the
fruits of this variety are unsurpassed in appear-
ance and in table qualities. Centennial is not
grown largely in Massachusetts ; is hardly knoAvn
in AVisconsin ; but is highly prized and much
grow^n in New Jersey. The variety originated
with George Batchelder, Hollister, Massachu-
setts, about 1876.

456 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Vines coarse, with many runners and poorly suiterl for scoop-picking;
foliage rather dark green; about as productive as Harly Black, averaging
5'^ barrels to the acre. P^uit late, ripening about October T), on Cape Cod;
large, oO-OO berries 1o the half-pint, uniform rounrl ; uniformly red, becom-
ing dark red when very ripe; with four rather prominent ridges forming a
rough cross; flesh rather thin ])ut extra fine in table quality; seeds 14-26.

733. Centreville. — This variety is described by all as produc-
ing fruit that is particularly handsome, of extra fine flavor, and
as very desirable for the fancy trade of eastern and central
markets. Notwithstanding its fine fruit, Centreville is grown
only in a limited way in IMassachusetts and New Jerse}', and
scarcely at all in Wisconsin. Chipman and Matthews are very
similar in vine and fruit but hardly as desirable. The variety
originated with T. Fuller, Centreville, Massachusetts, about
1882.

Vines coarse with many runners; yielding about 55 barrels to the acre;
poorly suited for scoop-picking. Leaves dark green in the summer; very
similar to those of Howes. Fruit late, ripening in Massachusetts about
October 5; berries very large, 60-90 to the half -pint cup; elongated with
both ends conical; uniform in size and shape; medium red, becoming dark
red; fruits coloring poorly in storage; not easy to clean, and do not keep
or ship well; table quality superior; seeds 9-13.

734. Chipman (Fig. 278).— The fruits of Chipman are of
bugle shape, similar to those of Centreville.
The berries are of extra fine flavor, and ready
for shipment after October 20. The quantity
grown is small, and the variety is compara-
tively unimportant. The origin of Chipman

Fig. 278. Chipman. ^^^^^^ j^^^ to be known.

735. Early Black (Fig. 279) is the standard early cranberry
in Massachusetts and New Jersey. Early in the season the
crop is sold as Early Black; but the berries

keep so well that cranberry dealers find it profit- /^f^^^^^^^^^^"^

able to call it Late Red during the last of the r,/ — \ (^~\\

season. The fruit is very suitable for long- W \\ J j

distance shipment. The variety is rather sus- Wvj, L^ /

ceptible to the fruit-worm. It seems to have ^v__.^,,^.^^^

originated about 1835 with Capt. Cyrus Ca-

^ n n 1 1, Fig. 279. Early

noon a Lape Lod cranberry-grower. Black

VARIETIES OF CRANBERRIES

457

Fig. 280. Howes.

Vines comparatively slender, producing uprights rather than runners;
productive, averaging 55 barrels to the acre. Leaves comparatively small,
light green in the summer, reddish in the winter. Flowers white, but little
marked with pink. Fruit very early. Black Veil alone ripening earlier;
berries small, 89-150 to the half -pint; when full seeded the berries are
round with the stem-end slightly conical, but oblong when seeds are few;
pinkish-white, then red and when very ripe almost black; colors well in
storage Avhen picked green; flesh firm, good for keeping, shipping and
the table; easily cleaned; seeds 7-17.

736. Howes (Fig. 280) is the standard late cranberry in
Massachusetts and New Jersey, attaining popu-
larity chiefly because of the excellent keeping-
quality of the fruit. Unfortunately, the variety
is not always productive. The fruit is especially
prized for long-distance shipments. Pointed
Howes seems to be a strain grown in New Jersey.
The variety originated with James P. Howes, East
Dennis, Massachusetts, sometime prior to 1880.

Vines rather coarse, with many uprights and compara-
tively few runners; not as productive as Early Black,
averaging 40 barrels to the acre in Massachusetts; rather susceptible to the
rose-bloom and to the blackhead wire-worm. Leaves large, dark green in the
summer, very dark red in the winter. Flowers white, much marked with
pink. Fruit late, ripening in Massachusetts about October 5 ; berries a
little under medium size, 80-140 to the half-pint cup; round when well
seeded, oblong when poorly seeded, symmetrical; red and indistinctly striped,
becoming dark red; colors exceptionally well in storage; flesh very firm, ex-
cellent for keeping and shipping, fair for the table; easily cleaned; seeds
7-15 as an average.

737. Jersey. — Under this name the wild cranberry of New
Jersey is offered by the American Cranberry Exchange. It is
said that more of these "natives" are grown in the cultivated
bogs of the state than of any distinct named variety. The ber-
ries are variable in size, shape, and color. They are usually
ready for market after October 15. The fruit is of long-keeping
and good-shipping qualities and very desirable for distant ship-
ment. A large percentage of the crop of this variety is shipped
uncleaned, the product keeping better when packed and stored
in this manner.

738. McFarlin (Fig. 281) is one of the few cranberries gro^vn
in both the East and the West. It is rather more highly prized

458

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig. 281. Mc
Farliii.

Wisconsin and ni llic I'acific states tlian on the Atlantic sea-
IxKird, altliough at one time it was one ot the
three heading varieties in the eastern states.
The variety originated with T. H McParlin,
Soutli Carver, Massachusetts, about J 874.

Vines coarse with many runners, poorly suited for
scoop-picking; about as productive as Early Black, bear-
ing 55 barrels to the acre. Leaves medium green, rather
large. Flowers distinctly marked with pink. Fruit
midseason, usually ripening about September 20; berries
large, 65-95, in half -pint cup; round-oblong, flower-end
conical; lacking in uniformity, size and shape; red becoming dark red when
very ripe; flesh tender, extra fine in flavor; variable in keeping and shipping
quality; seeds 9-23.

739. Plum (Fig. 282).— This cranberry is
grown only in New Jersey, and is named Plum
because of the size and shape of the berries.
There has never been a large acreage of Plum
planted, nor is it increasing. The crop is ready
for market about October 15, and is especially
desirable for the extra fancy trade in eastern
markets. The berries are extra large, hand-
somely colored, and excellent in flavor. p^^ 282, Plum.

740. Pride (Fig. 283) is a new sort, strongly recommended
because of the great productiveness of the vines, which are said
to be half again as productive as those of Early
Black, a variety long regarded as the stand-
ard. At present Pride is grown only on a few
bogs in ]\Iassachusetts. It originated with

Benjamin F. Vose, Rochester, Massachusetts,
Fia. 283. Pride. ^^^^^ ^gg^

Vines coarse with many runners, enlarged at the juncture of branches,
the fruiting uprights producing one or more branchlets the season they
fruit; very productive, about 80 barrels to the acre; poorly adapted to
scoop-picking; susceptible to the cranberry fruit-worm. Leaves light green.
Fruit midseason, ripening about September 15 in Massachusetts; berries of
medium size, varying greatly; bell-shaped, the calyx-end being rounded
and the stem-end conical, variable; white with pink blush when partly
ripe, becoming solid red and then dark red when very ripe; flesh fairly

VARIETIES OF CRANBERRIES

459

Fig. 284. Pro-
lific.

firm, keeping and shipping well and of a good flavor; not easily cleaned;
seeds 7-15.

741. Prolific (Fig. 284).— This variety is finding favor in
the cranberry region of central Wisconsin, and

in the Michigan districts where cranberries are
grown. The berry is large, cherry-shaped,
ripens early and is of excellent flavor. Be-
cause of handsome appearance, early season
and good flavor of berries, the American Cran-
berry Exchange offers the crop as a fancy
and an extra fancy fruit. The variety is said
to have originated with C. D. Leach, Walton,
Michigan, in the late eighties of the last century.

Vines vigorous, approximately the same as those of Bennett Jumbo,
fairly productive. Flowering season early, usually from June 10-July 4.
Fruit %-% inches in diameter, sometimes larger, cherry-shaped; color a
uniform red becoming dark red; finely flavored and less tart than later
varieties; one of the earliest berries grown in Wisconsin, being ready for
shipment about October 1.

742. Searles Jumbo (Fig. 285).— This is a cranberry of the
Jumbo type similar to Bennett Jumbo. The
fruit is about the same size as that of the lat-
ter, is of the same shape, but in color is more
uniformly red. The vine is more vigorous and
slightly more productive than that of Bennett
Jumbo. It is a medium season variety, the crop
ripening just a little later than that of the

^''''Jumbo.'''^^^ Bell and Cherry and Early Black. Searles
Jumbo was propagated by A. Searles, Grand
Rapids, Wisconsin, toward the close of last century.

743. Smalley (Fig. 286).— This variety seems to be de-
scribed only by the American Cranberry Exchange. The
fruits are round or bell-shaped; ready for ship-
ment about October 15. The quantity grown is
said to be small, and is sold under the Chipmunk
brand, in which the berries are of medium red
color and medium to large size; and the Poca-
hontas brand, the berries of which are well col-
ored, of average size and of good quality. Smalley.

Am

SYSTKMATir POMOLOCY

744. Wales Henry (Fij^. 287). — This variety is described as
a most i)romising cranberry, now grown on
only a few bogs in IMassacliusetts. Produc-
tiveness of vines, and berries that may be
cleaned easily, keep and ship exceptionally
well, and of excellent flavor, are the qualities
that recommend Wales Henry. The variety
originated with W. A. Andrews, North Car-
ver, Massachusetts, about 1885.

Fig.

287. Wales
lleury.

\inos ratlicr coarse, with many uprights and few
runners; very productive, bearing 60 barrels to the
acre; well adapted to scoop-picking. Leaves dark
green. Fruit midseason, usually ripe about Septem-
ber 20, medium in size, round ; uniform in size and
shape; indistinctly striped with varying shades of red, coloring well in
storage; flesh firm, keeping and shipping well; excellent in flavor; easily
cleaned; seeds 12-18.

CHAPTER XXXIV

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES

The strawberry has been under cultivation in America only
a short time, the commercial industry having begun with the
introduction of the Wilson in 1854, but progi-ess has been so
rapid that the number of sorts introduced in America exceeds
2000. Few of these are now under cultivation, for the list of
varieties changes every ten or fifteen years. In 1923 more than
300 varieties were listed for the United States and Canada. In
every part of the continent in which agriculture is practiced,
strawberries are grown; no other fruit is more widely distrib-
uted. The growing of strawberries is a great commercial in-
dustry of the country, and each region in which growers spe-
cialize in this fruit has a list of varieties suited to its needs.

INDEX TO VAEIETIES OF STRAWBEKEIES

Aroma, 745 Kellogg Prize, 759

Belt, 773 Klondike, 760

Big Joe, 758 Lupton, 761

Campbell, 746 Marshall, 762

Chesapeake, 747 Missionary, 763

Chipnian, 748 Nieh Ohmer, 764

Clark, 749 Pan American, 765

Crescent, 750 Peerless, 766

Dr. Burrill, 751 Progressive, 767

Dor nan. 111 Prolific, 768

Dunlap, 752 Rough Rider, 769

Ford, 753 Senator Dunlap, 752

Gandy, 754 Superb, 770

Glen Mary, 755 Uncle Jim, 771

Good Luck, 756 Warfield, 772

Haverland, 757 William Belt, 773
Joe, 758

745. Aroma. — This variety is grown in the INIiddle West from
Missouri and Kentucky to Wisconsin and Michigan and also
in Ohio, West Virginia, and as far east as Delaware. The

461

462

SYSTEM. \rjr POMOLOGY

plants are resistant to disease, very productive; and are adapted
to a variety of soils. The berries keep and ship Avell, are attrac-
tive in appearance and of hi«jjh dessert quality. Aroma ori^-
nated with E. W. Cruse, Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1889.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, healthy; make runners freely; calyx medium,
adherent. Fruit midseason to late, large, globose-conic or short wedge-
shaped, firm; bright crimson with light red flesh; mild
subacid, core white, solid ; quality good ; seeds prominent.

746. Campbell (Fig. 288).— Prized for its
great productiveness, Campbell is largely
grown in New Jersey. The fruits are large,
inviting in appearance and taste, very uni-
form in shape, and ship particularly well.
Campbell w^as introduced by W. B. Kille,
Sw^edesboro, New^ Jersey, in 1916.

Fig. 288. Camp-
bell.

Perfect. Plants very vigorous, healthy, making many
runners. Fruit early, medium to large, retain size
throughout season; globose to globose-conic; rich
crimson color ; flesh firm ; subacid ; quality very good ; seeds large, yellow.

747. Chesapeake (Fig. 289) has several distinctive characters,
chief of which are vigor and healthfulness of plants, and beauty
and attractiveness of fruit. The plants do
not multiply so rapidly as those of most varie-
ties, and therefore should be set thickly. The
surface of the berries is characteristic of the
variety, being unbroken by furrows or irregu-
larities and unusually plump and glossy. The
dark red flesh is aromatic, mildly acid, and
very good in quality. This variety originated
with J. W. Parks, Nanticoke, Maryland, about
1904.

Fig.

289. Chesa-
peake.

Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, usually healthy but
with a tendency to mildew, productive; leaves above

medium in size, wide, thick, usually branched, semi-erect ; season of bloom
late; calyx large, leafy, attractive green, slightly dejjressed. Fruit mid-
season or later, easily picked, ships well; berries large, dropping in size as
the season advances, round-conic to wedge-shaped, the surface plump, un-
broken by furrows or by irregularities, with conical apex which becomes
seedy in appearance in the smallest berries, beautiful glossy scarlet; flesh

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES

463

very firm, variable in color, mildly acid, juicy, pleasant flavor; very good
to best in quality; seeds conspicuous, often markedly raised, numerous.

748. Chipman. — This new variety is now the leading straw-
berry in the Virginian part of the Chesapeake Peninsula.
Earliness and productiveness are the two characters that make it
valuable. It was introduced in 1907 by W. S. Todd, Green-
wood, Delaware,

Perfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves
of fair size, dark green; leaf -stems medium to long, slender; fruit-stems
long, thick, often branched, prostrate; blooms early; calyx large, some-
times leafy, light green, flat. Fruit large, early, wedge-shaped or round-
conic, sometimes elongated, surface irregular, light and dark scarlet, be-
coming duller as the season advances; flesh light in color, medium in firm-
ness and juiciness, mild acid, pleasant but not high flavor; fair to good;
seeds sunken.

749. Clark (Fig. 290) is a standard variety
in the Pacific Northwest. It has little value in
other regions. The plants require much mois-
ture, and except under irrigation are seldom
productive. The berries have the reputation of
standing shipment better than those of any other
variety, and are liked by canners because of
their firm red flesh. The variety originated in
Portland, Oreoron, with F. E. Clark, about 1880.

Fig. 290. Clark.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, healthy, erect, make runners freely ; leaf -
and fruit-stems short. Fruit midseason, of medium size, globose or globose-
conic, very firm; color dark crimson with dark red
flesh; brisk subacid or acid; core solid; quality good;
seeds bright yellow, raised.

750. Crescent (Fig. 291).— Long one of
the standard strawberries, Crescent is still
found in the eastern states. Its great merits
are productiveness, and strong vigorous
plants which make many runners. The
plants rust badly, however, and the berries
are deficient in color, firmness, and qual-
ity. The variety originated in 1870 with
William Parmalee, New Haven, Connecticut.

Fig. 291. Crescent.

404

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Imperfect. Plants tall, vigorous, productive; runners very numerous;
fruit -stalks erect, branching. Fruit early midseason, of medium size,
round-conic usually with a depression in the apex, bright scarlet; calyx
recurved, easily detached; flesh light red, medium in firmness; core solid
pink; flavor subacid, mild, aromatic; quality fair; seeds numerous, slightly
raised.

751. Dr. Burrill (Fig. 292) is most promising in its plants,
but rather disappointing in tlie quality of its
berries, which, however, are large and well
colored. Berry-growers in southern Illinois
find it a very acceptable new sort. Dr. Bur-
rill originated with J. R. Reasoner, Urbana,
Illinois, and was introduced in 1916.

Perfect. Plants numerous, intermediate in vigor,
healthy, productive; leaves rugose, glossy; flowers
early midseason; fruit-stems raised, with reflexed
sepals, attractive green. Fruit late midseason; large,
regular, conical, strongly necked, medium to dark red,
glossy; apex pointed; flesh medium red throughout,
variable in juiciness and flavor, firm, subacid; quality
fair to good; seeds sunken.

Fig. 292. Dr. Bur
rill.

752. Dunlap (Pig. 293). Senator Dunlap. — The high quality
and handsome appearance of the berries make
Dunlap a great favorite for the garden and
local markets in the northern states east of
the Rocky Mountains. In the northern Mis-
sissippi Valley, it is grown almost exclusively.
Besides the characters named for the fruits,
the variety has to its credit hardy, healthy,
productive plants. Dunlap originated with
J. R. Reasoner, Urbana, Illinois, about 1890.

Perfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous, healthy,
very productive ; leaves of medium size and color ;
leaf -stems long, slender; fruit-stems long, slender,
usually single; blooms in midseason; calyx large, re-
flexed, usually on a slight neck. Fruit very large,

midseason, drops in size as the season advances, round-conic or elongated,
often with a neck, glossy, light and dark scarlet; flesh well colored, firm,
mild, pleasant flavor; quality good; seeds large, sunken.

753. Ford. — This is a new strawberry which gives promise of
being one of the best late varieties. The berries are very large,

Fig. 293. Dunlap.

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES 465

attractive dark red, and of most excellent quality. Another
valuable asset is lateness in blooming, whereby spring frosts are
escaped. Ford is a chance seedling found by Granvill Brewing-
ton, about 1913, in Winomico County, Maryland.

Perfect or semi-perfect. Plants numerous, extremely vigorous, healthy,
very productive; leaves of largest size, very thick, markedly dark green,
rugose; flowers very late; fruit-stems very long, thick, erect, branching into
many long pedicels; calyx unusually large, flat, very leafy, attractive green.
Fruit very late, of largest size, regular, blunt-wedge to blunt-conic, attrac-
tive, glossy, medium to dark red, coloring somewhat unevenly; apex obtuse;
flesh red throughout, unusually juicy, firm, mild, sweet; quality good.

754. Gandy (Fig. 294) has long been a standard sort in parts
of Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey, and

is more or less grown throughout northern
United States. Its outstanding qualities are :
handsome, deep red, firm fruit of very good
quality; and late season, reaching the market
at the very close of the strawberry season. The
plants require moist heavy clay soils to pro-
duce sufficiently well ; they should be fruited
only one season. Gandy originated with W.
G. Gandy, Newport, New Jersey, in 1885. pi(j_ 294. Gandy.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, low, spreading, somewhat susceptible to dis-
ease, productive, make runners freely; fruit-stems long and prostrate;
calyx large, easily detached. Fruit late, large, globose-conic, irregular;
color deep crimson; flesh firm, juicy, brisk subacid; quality good; core hol-
low; seeds numerous, raised.

755. Glen Mary. — Once widely grown. Glen Mary is still
prized in New York and New England for its productive vines
and its handsome well-flavored fruits. Several faults mar the
variety : the fruit-stems are too slender to hold the fruit off the
ground; the foliage is susceptible to leaf -spot; the plants thrive
only on very heavy and enriched soils ; and the blossoms are not
self-fertile. The variety originated with J. A. Ingram, East
Bradford, Pennsylvania, in 1896.

Partially perfect. Plants rather small, spreading, fairly vigorous, some-
what susceptible to rust; runners moderate; leaves small, leaf -stalks slender;
fruit-stems slender, long, prostrate; calyx of medium size, flat, often dis-
colored. Fruit midseason, medium to large, conic, sometimes necked, irregu-

466

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

lar; color dull crimson often with white tips; flesh red, rnther soft, subacid;
core solid; quality IZ" od ; seeds larfje, raised.

756. Good Luck (Fig. 205). — Growers agree that Good Luck
ranks among the best new late strawberries. Its IVuits are
distinguislied by flesh so firm tliat they are
liardly surpassed in standing transportation.
Anotlior outstanding character is that the
plants are not susceptible to leaf-spot. The
fruits are large, handsome, and very good in
quality, having sprightliness and a most
distinctive flavor. A little too acid for des-
sert, canned or cooked, the berries are hardly
surpassed in flavor. The calyx is large, leafy,
and a beautiful green. Good luck origi-
nated with Elwood Pedrick, Cumberland

Fig. 20.'.. Good
Luck.

County, Maryland, in 1904.

Perfect. Plants numerous, large, vigorous, healthy, very productive;
leaves medium in size and thickness, with crenate margins; leaf -stalks long;
flowers medium in season of bloom; fruit-stems long, thick, semi-erect,
branching. Fruit late; large, retains size well to close of season, distinctly
wedge-shape, with some cockscombs in the first picking; calyx large, attrac-
tive green, often surrounded at the base by small fleshy protuberances;
apex a pointed wedge, inclined to green tips unless picked with care; color
attractive, medium red; flesh well colored to the center, juicy, firm,
sprightly; good in quality; seeds both raised and sunken.

757. Haverland (Fig. 296). — For many j^ears Ilaverland was
considered one of the best strawberries, and
is still in gardens in the northeastern states.
The berries are too soft and light in color for
distant markets, but are often grown for near
markets where the variety proves profitable
because of great productiveness. The crop
ripens over a long season. The variety has
the reputation of being very hardy, and its
blossoms are said seldom to be injured by
frost. Haverland originated in 1882 with B.
H. Haverland, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Imperfect. Plants large, upright, vigorous, healthy, ^^^ 290. Haver-
very productive; leaves abundant, light green; run- land.

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES 467

ners few; fruit-stalks rather short, often too weak to hold up the fruit.
Fruit midseason, medium to large, long-conic, sometimes necked, light
scarlet; flesh light red, medium firm; core pink, solid; flavor mild sub-
acid; quality good; seeds numerous, large, raised.

758. Joe (Fig. 297). Big Joe. — This variety is a favorite in
Maryland, New Jersey and Delaware, and is
grown more or less in all parts of the United
States. Its outstanding merits are large,
handsome, well-flavored berries, suitable for
either home use or the markets. It is a de-
sirable kind for intensive culture. Joe origi-
nated with Black, Son & Co., Hightstown,
New Jersey.

Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, healthy, productive
Fig. 297. Joe. when planted close; leaves medium to very large,

dark green; leaf -stems long, thick; fruit-stems long,
thick, usually double, semi-erect; blooms late; calyx often large, leafy,
usually flat. Fruit large to very large, midseason, blunt, round-conic or
irregular wedge, surface furrowed, glossy dark scarlet; flesh dark red, firm,
sprightly, good in quality; seeds numerous, raised.

759. Kellogg Prize (Fig. 298).— The plant habits of this new
variety seem to be exceptionally good, and
the berries make a fine showing in size and
color, and ship very well. It is worth trying
as a late strawberry. The variety is a chance
seedling found by R. M. Sears, La Grange,
Illinois; it was introduced in 1913.

Imperfect. Plants medium or below in number, in-
termediate in vigor, healthy, productive; leaves of
medium size and color, thick, dull, rugose; flowers
early midseason; fruit-stems thick, prostrate, branch-
ing; calyx large, raised, leafy. Fruit matures late;
above medium to large, blunt-conic to blunt -wedge,
necked, medium to light red; apex slightly pointed;

flesh light red throughout, juicy, firm, sprightly; Fig. 298. Kellogg
quality fair to good; seeds raised.

760. Klondike (Fig. 299).— A general favorite in a large part
of the United States, Klondike is grown almost exclusively in
the South Atlantic and Gulf states for distant shipment. Its

468 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

popularity is due to its healthy foliage and the firm flesh and
deep red color of the berries. The quality is
W not of the best, and the hulls do not part

readily from the berries. Klondike originated
with R. S. Cloud, Independence, Louisiana.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, healthy, productive;
leaves large, dark green; leaf -stems long; fruit-
stems long and thick, often single, erect ; blooms in
midseason; calyx large, reflexed, strongly tinged with
dull red, flat or sunken. Fruit large, midseason, re-
tains size as the season advances, blunt, round-conic,
dark, dull, scarlet ; flesh dark red, very firm, acid ;
Fig. 299. Kloiulike. rather poor in quality.

761. Lupton. — Grown in southern New Jersey for the Phila-
delphia market, Lupton has to recommend it remarkably hand-
some fruits which ship well. The berries are so coarse and dry
in flesh and so uninteresting in flavor that the variety is one of
the poorest in quality of all strawberries. The foliage is suscep-
tible to leaf -spot. This is a comparatively new^ kind introduced
by M. D. Lupton, Newport, New Jersey, in 1915.

Perfect. Plants large, vigorous, productive, susceptible to leaf -spot;
make runners freely. Fruit midseason, very large, often double; color
bright red, glossy, seldom turning dark after picking; flesh firm, dry, mild;
quality poor.

762. Marshall. — Long a commercial variety of high standing
in the northeastern states, Marshall fails south of Delaware and
Pennsylvania. Wherever grown, the berries are a standard of
excellence in quality. The plants require heavy rich soils and
intensive culture to force the foliage sufficiently to withstand
leaf-spot. The plants produce large crops of handsome well-
flavored berries. Marshall originated with M. F. Ewell, Marsh-
field Hills, Massachusetts.

Perfect. Plants medium in number, productive; leaves large, light to
dark green; stout, usually double, prostrate; blooms in midseason; calyx
of medium size, discolored, depressed. Fruit very large, midseason, round-
conic, surface often irregularly furrowed, dark scarlet; flesh well colored,
firm, juicy, pleasant acid, of high flavor; very good; seeds large, raised.

763. Missionary. — This new variety is the leading commercial
sort in central Florida, and is more or less grown in eastern

VARIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES 469

North Carolina, the Norfolk region of Virginia, and in eastern
Maryland. Earliness is its chief commercial asset, although the
berries stand shipping well, and the plants are free from disease.
Missionary was sent out by E. W. Townsend & Company, Salis-
bury, Maryland, in 1906.

Perfect. Plants numerous, vigorous, healthy; leaves light green, smooth;
season of bloom early; fruit-stems long, prostrate, branching; calyx small,
raised. Fruit early; above medium in size, blunt-conic, often necked, very
dark dull red, colors evenly, apex somewhat pointed; flesh well colored to
center, juicy, very firm, tart, not pleasant in flavor; fair in quality; seeds
small, sunken.

764. Nich Ohmer is considered desirable because of productive
plants and very, large, firm, attractive berries. The berries run
small after the first picking, however, and are not always good
in quality; but in spite of these faults the popularity of the
variety is increasing. Nich Ohmer originated with J. F. Beaver,
Dayton, Ohio, about 1895.

Perfect. Plants large, vigorous^ productive, somewhat susceptible to
leaf -spot, make runners freely. Fruit midseason, large, round-conic, dark
crimson, glossy; flesh red, mild subacid, insipid in some localities and in
others well flavored ; quality ranging from poor to very good.

765. Pan American (Fig. 300) is a claimant for recog-
nition as the first of the everbearing straw-
berries, and as one of the parents of many
later ones. The vines are not productive,
make few plants, and the fruit is none too
good, for which reasons the variety is being
discarded. Pan American originated wdth
Samuel Cooper, Delevan, New York, in
1898.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, variable in productive-
ness; leaves small, dark green; leaf -stems short,
slender; flower-stems short, stout, erect, double; calyx piG. 300. Pan
small, deeply set. Fruit of medium size, round- American,

conic, obtuse, dull scarlet; flesh pale red, firm, aro-
matic, subacid; quality good; seeds very numerous, raised, but not very
conspicuous.

766. Peerless. — Of the several everbearing strawberries on
probation, one of the most meritorious is Peerless, a recent in-

470 Sys'IKMATIC J'OMolJXiY

troduction from Samuel Cooper, Delovau, New ^'ork. Il is very
similar in plant and fruit to the wcIMxiiown Supei'l), hut the
herries are larj^^'r in size, of hetter (lualily, and the plants are
more produetive. The variety is adapted to conditions under
which the older vai'iety thrives. Under most conditions Peer-
less is a better strawberry than Superb and should replace it
in most strawberry repfions.

767. Progressive. — Of the score or more everbearing straw-
berries introduced in recent years, Progressive is the most widely
known. Its outstanding characters are hardiness, freedom from
disease, and handsome well-flavored fruits. The plants pro-
duce in the spring as well as the fall. The variety is adapted
only to northern climates. Progressive originated with Harlow
Rockhill, Conrad, Iowa, in 1908.

Perfect. Plants few, vigorous, productive, healthy; leaves dark green,
smooth; season of bloom early; fruit-stems variable in length, thick, much
branched; calyx flat, reflexed, attractive green and often with pink tinge.
Fruit matures early; varies considerably in size ranging from large to
small, blunt -wedge to blunt -conic, glossy, medium to dark red, colors evenly;
apex obtuse; flesh well colored to center, firm, subacid, mild; good in
quality; seeds prominent, raised.

768. Prolific (Fig. 301). — This variety originated on the
grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station and

w^as distributed in 1908. Because of the vigor
and productiveness of its plants, and the at-
tractiveness of its large, handsome, well-fla-
vored berries, the varietj^ gives promise of
taking high rank as a commercial sort. Un-
fortunately, the plants are somewhat suscep-
tible to leaf-spot.

Perfect. Plants very numerous, vigorous, unusually
productive, yielding on the Station grounds as high
as 14,502 quarts to the acre; foliage somewhat sus-
ceptible to leaf -blight in unfavorable seasons; leaf-

FiG. 301. Prolific. stems long, thick; fruit-stems stout and usually sin-
gle, semi-erect; blooms and ripens in midseason;

calyx depressed. Fruit very large, retains size well as the season advances,

round-conic to blunt wedge, attractive bright scarlet ; flesh firm, good color,

agreeably acid; quality good; seeds numerous, raised.

p.
Q

VABIETIES OF STRAWBERRIES 471

769. Rough Rider. — With only few characters of the plant to
recommend it, Rough Rider is nevertheless a desirable late
strawberry on account of the large size, bright color, and high
quality of the fruit. The variety is grown only in New York
and New England. It was introduced by L. J. Farmer, Pulaski,
New York, in 1900.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, productive, making numerous runners; leaves
of medium size, dark green; leaf -stems long, slender; fruit-stems slender,
stout, double; calyx small, leafy, reflexed. Fruit late, large, retaining its
size throughout the season, round-conic, dark scarlet; flesh firm, light red,
well-flavored; good in quality; seeds depressed.

770. Superb (Pig. 302). — After Progressive, Superb is prob-
ably the most generally gi'own of the everbearing strawberries.
It has to recommend it hardy and healthy

plants and handsome richly-flavored berries.
It needs an abundant supply of moisture,
hence is well adapted to the irrigated regions
of the Northwest, although it is grown in the
Northeast as well. It originated in New York
about 1908.

Perfect. Plants large, productive, healthy, make
runners freely. Fruit midseason, large, round or
round-conic, dark crimson when fully ripe; flesh light
crimson, soft to firm, mild subacid; quality good ex-
cept late in the season in cool weather. Fig. 302. Superb.

771. Uncle Jim. Dornan. — Despite unattractive color of ber-
ries, which, besides, are often too coarse to be inviting, this
variety is rather commonly grown in some parts of IMichigan
and neighboring states. It originated with J. F. Dornan, Glenn,
Michigan, in 1898.

Perfect. Plants of medium number, vigorous, healthy, productive; leaves
very large, dark green; leaf -stems long, slender; fruit-stems long, thick,
double, prostrate, blooms midseason; calyx large, sometimes leafy, often
discolored, variable in position. Fruit large to medium, retains size well
in late pickings, wedge-shaped or round-conic, surface furrowed, dull, un-
attractive light and dark scarlet; flesh medium red, firm, mild; quality
fair to good ; seeds sunken.

472

SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Fig. 303. Warfield.

772. Warfield (Ki-. ;U):i). — For many
years a standard sort, Warfield i.s now dis-
carded except in the northern j)art of the
IMiddh' West, where it is still grown, being
prized for its hardy, healthy, and productive
plants. The fruits are especially well liked
by canners, as they retain their color, shape,
and flavor very well. The variety originated
in Illinois in 1882.

Imperfect. Plants large, vigorous, healthy, pro-
ductive and make runners very freely. Fruit early
tu midseason, medium in size, round or round-conic,
dark crimson, glossy; flesh soft or fairly firm, dark
red, acid, well flavored ; quality very good.

773. William Belt (Fig. 304). Be/f.— William Belt has long
been a favorite in New England and New
York because of the productiveness of its
vines and its handsome dark-red, w^ell-flavored
fruits. The berries are not firm enough for
the market. The variety originated with Wil-
liam Belt, Mechanicsburg, Ohio, about 1888.

Perfect. Plants vigorous, fairly healthy; runners
numerous. Fruits medium to late, large, irregular,
globose-conic or wedge-shaped; flesh rather soft, outer

color dark crimson with dark red flesh ; core pink,

hollow; mild subacid; quality very good to best; p^^ ^q^ William
seeds prominent. Belt.

GLOSSARY

Ahaxile. Said of the core of a pome when the walls of the carpel are

distant from the axis.
Abrupt. Suddenly narrowed.
Acaulescent. Stemless or apparently so.
Achene. A hard dry, one-seeded indehiscent fruit, especially one in which

the pericarp very closely envelops the seed.
Acuminate. Tapering at the end.
Acute. Terminating with a sharp angle.
Adaptation. The fitness or fitting of any organ or organism to perform

certain functions or to live in certain conditions.
Adventitious. Said of buds, or of shoots, which appear in abnormal or

unaccustomed places or numbers, rather than at nodes and in definite

number.
Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud.
Alternate (of leaves, etc.). Not opposite on the axis, but arranged singly

at different heights.
Annual. Of only one year 's duration.
Annular. In the form of a ring.
Anther. The pollen-bearing part of a stamen.
Apetalous. Having no petals.

Apex. The end of a fruit most distant from the stem.
Appressed. Lying close and flat against.
Areole. A small space marked out upon a surface.
Articulate. Having a node or joint.

Ascending. Rising somewhat obliquely, or curving upward.
Attenuate. Slenderly tapering; becoming very narrow.
Axil. Angle above the junction of a leaf-blade, petiole, peduncle, or

pedicel, Avith the branch or stalk from which it springs.
Axis. The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs.

Base. The point of attachment of a fruit.

Basin. In pomological writings, the depression in the apex of a pome.

Beaked. Ending in a prolonged tip.

Berry. A fruit, the whole pericarp of which is fleshy or pulpy.

Biennial. Of two years' duration.

Bifid. Two -cleft.

Bisexual. Having both stamens and pistils.

Blade. The expanded portion of a leaf, etc.

Bloom. The delicate, white substance on the surface of some fruits; or

on the canes of vine and bramble-fruits.
Blush. An unbroken red tint on the surface of a fruit.
Bract. A modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence.
Bractlet. A secondary bract, as one upon the pedicel of a flower.

473

474 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Brush. The liundle of fil)crs coniu'd iii^ tlio pcilici'l willi the berry of the

^^rape.
Bud. The rudimentjiry state (»f a stem or l)i:iiich; an iiiiexpandeci flower.
Bullatc. Blistered or puckered.

Callus. A liard protuberance or callosity.

Calyx. The outer series of the periautli of the flower; the sepals considered

together.
Campanulatc. Bell-shaped; cup-shaped with a l»road base.
Cane. A shoot which bears but once, particularly one which arises from

the crown or root.
Cainllary. Hair-like.

Carpel. One of the separable or integral parts of a coni])ound pistil.
Cavity. The depression in the stem-end of a pome.

Cell. One of the minute vesicles of which plants are formed. Any struc-
ture containing a cavity, as the cells of an anther, ovary, etc.
Cellular. Composed of short, transparent, thin-walled cells.
Chalaza. The place where seed-coat and kernel of a seed connect.
Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Cion (Scion). A cutting set into a plant ratlier than in soil; graft.
Close-fertilization. Self-fertilization.
Compound. Composed of two or more similar parts united into one whole;

example, a compound ovary.
Compound leaf. One divided into separate leaflets.
Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally.
Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.
Confluent. Eunning into each other.
Connivent. Coming into contact.
Convolute. Rolled up longitudinally.
Cordate. Heart-shaped, with the point upward.
Core. The ovary of a pome-fruit ; the central part of a fruit.
Coriaceous. Leathery in texture.

Corolla. The inner perianth, of distinct or connate petals.
Corrugate. Wrinkled or in folds.

Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster.
Corymbose. In corymbs or corymb-like.
Cotyledons. The foliar portion or first leaves (one, two, or more) of the

embryo as found in the seed.
Crenate. Dentate, with the teeth much rounded.
Crenulate. Finely crenate.

Cross. The offspring of any two flowers which have been cross-fertilized.
Cross-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species.
Crossing. The operation or practice of cross-pollinating.
Cross-pollination. Transfer of pollen to pistil of another flower.
Crown. An outgrowth from the throat of the perianth; corona; also the

top of a bulb or corm, or of an upright rootstock ; also that portion

of a plant at the surface of the ground.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped ; triangular, with the acute angle downward.
Cyme. A usually broad and flattish determinate inflorescence, i.e., with

its central or terminal flowers blooming earliest.
Cymose. Bearing cymes or cyme-like.

GLOSSARY 475

Deciduous. Not persistent; not evergreen.

Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion.

Definite. Of a constant number, not exceeding twenty.

Dehiscence. The mode of opening ; applied especially to fruits and anthers.

Dehiscent. Opening regularly by valves, slits, etc., as a capsule or anther.

Dentate. Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.

Denticulate. Minutely dentate.

Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.

Diaphragm. The woody tissue which interrupts the pith at the node in a

grape-vine.
Diffuse. Widely or loosely spreading.
Digitate. Compound, with the members arising together at the apex of the

support.
Dioecious. Unisexual, with two kinds of flowers on separate plants.
Dissected. Cut or divided into numerous segments.
Distinct. Separate; not united; evident.
Divaricate. Widely divergent.
Divided. Lobed to the base.
Domestication. The state or condition of being adapted or inured to

cultivation, or the act of adapting or inuring to cultivation.
Dorsal. The back or outer surface of an organ.
Drupaceous. Resembling a drupe.
Drupe. A fleshy or pulpy fruit wdth the inner portion of the pericarp

(1-celled and 1-seeded, or sometimes several-celled) hard or stony.
Drupelet. A diminutive drupe.

Echinate. Beset with prickles.

Elliptical. Applied to oblong leaves which gradually taper both ways

from the middle.
Emarginate. Having a shallow notch at top.
Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed.
Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.
Entire. Without toothing or division.
Environment. The sum of the physical conditions in which an organism

lives.
Epicarp. The outer layer of the pericarp or matured ovary.
Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells.
Exfoliating. Cleaving off in thin layers.
Exocarp. Outer layer of a pericarp.

Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as stamens from a corolla.
Extrorse. Facing downward.
Eye. The calyx of a pome-fruit; a compound bud of a grape.

Family. A natural assemblage of plants placed together because of

resemblances.
Farinaceous. Containing starch; starch-like.
Farinose. Covered with a meal-like powder.
Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster.
Fasciculate. In close bundles or clusters.
Fastigiate (branches). Erect and near together.
Female. Fertile; pistillate.

470 SYS'IKMATIC POMOLOGY

Fertile. Capable of proiliu-in^ fruit ; or pruductivi*, as a flower having a
pistil, or an anther with pollen.

Fcrtilicadoit.. Action of the pollen on the e^^-cell of the embryo-sac,
resulting in the formation of the embryo; impregnation; fecundation.

Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers.

Fibrous tias-ur. A tissue formed of elongated thick -walled cells.

Filament. The part of a stamen which supports the anther; any thread-
like body.

Filamentous. Composed of threads.

Fill form. Thread-shai)ed.

Flaeeid. Without rigidity.

Flexuous. Zigzag; bending alternately in opposite directions.

Flora. The plants of a region; also a book treating of the plants of a
region.

Floret. A small flower, usually one of a dense cluster.

Floriferous. Flower -bearing.

Foliaceous. Leaf -life in texture or appearance.

Forked. Divided into nearly equal branches.

Foxiness. The peculiar smell and taste in some grapes, particularly the
Native Labruseas.

Free. Not adnate to other organs.

Fructification. The act or organs of fruiting.

Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; swollen in the middle and narrowing toward
each end.

Genus. A group comprising a greater or less number of closely related

species; plural genera.
Glabrous. Smooth; not rough, pubescent or hairy.
Gland. A secreting surface or structure.
Glandular. Bearing glands or of the nature of a gland.
Glaucous. Covered with a bloom.
Graft. A cutting set into a plant ; cion.

Habit. The general appearance of a plant.

Habitat. The place in which an organism lives.

Heart-shaped. Ovate with two rounded lobes and a sinus at the base.

Herb. A plant with no persistent woody stem above ground.

Herbaceous. Having the character of an herb.

Hermaphrodite. Bisexual,

Hilum. The scar or point of attachment of the seed.

Hirsute. Pubescent with rather coarse or stiff hairs.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close pubescence.

Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.

Hybridization. The state or condition of being hybridized, or the process

or act of hybridizing.
Hybridizing. The operation or practice of crossing between species.
Hypogynous. Situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from

it and from the calyx; having the petals and stamens so situated.

Imbricate. Overlapping.

Imperfect. Lacking either gyncecium or androecium.

GLOSSARY 477

Incised. Cut sharply and irregularly and more or less deeply.

Included. Not at all protruded from the surrounding envelope.

Incomplete flower. One from which any of the four series is missing.

Indefinite. Inconstant in number or very numerous.

Indehiscent, Not opening by halves.

Indigenous. Original to the region.

Inferior. Lower or below; outer or anterior.

Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, flower-cluster; more ac-
curately the mode of flowering.

Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.

Insertion. Method of attachment.

Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes.

Introduced. Brought intentionally from another region for purposes of
cultivation.

Introse. Turned inward or toward the axis.

Involucre. A circle or collection of bracts surrounding a flower-cluster
or head.

Involute. Rolled inward.

Irregular. Showing inequality in the size, form or union of its similar
parts,

Laciniate. Slashed; cut into narrow pointed lobes.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than wide,

broadest above the base and narrowed to the apex.
Latent. Said of a bud which remains dormant.
Leaflet, A single division of a compound leaf.
Lenticular. Of the shape of a double-convex lens.
Linear. Long and very narrow, with parallel margins.
Lol)e. Any segment of an organ, especially if rounded.
Lobed. Divided into or bearing lobes.

Male. Sterile; staminate.

Mammiform. Said of fleshy nipple-like protuberances.

Median. Said of stamens in the middle of the calyx-tube.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Monoecious. With stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.

Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip.

Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro.

Nectary. Any place or organ which nectar secretes.

Nerve. An unbranched vein or slender rib.

Node. The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or whorl of
leaves.

Nut. A hard indehiscent 1-celled and 1-seeded fruit, though usually result-
ing from a compound ovary.

Nutlet. A diminutive nut, but not necessarily of the same morphology.

Oblique. Unequal sided or slanting.

Oblong. Longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides.

Obovate. Inverted ovate.

Obsolete. Not evident: rudimentary.

478 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.

Opaque. Dull; neither shining nor traiishu-ent.

Orbicular. Circular.

Organ. A part of a living; ])ody directly associated with the vital func-
tioning.

Oval. Broadly elliptical.

Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules.

Ovate. Egg-shaped; having an outline like that of an egg, with the broader
end downward.

Ovoid. A solid with an oval outline.

Ovule. The body which after fertilization becomes the seed.

Palmate (leaf). Radiately lobed or divided.

Palmately. In a palmate manner.

Panicle. A loose irregularly compound inflorescence with pedicellate flowers.

Panicled, paniculate. Borne in a panicle ; resembling a panicle.

Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the base.

Pedicel. The support of a single flower in a cluster.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. A primary flower-stalk, supporting either a cluster or a solitary

flower.
Pedunculate. Borne upon a peduncle.
Pellucid. Clear, transparent.
Pendulous. More or less hanging.
Perennial. Lasting year after year.
Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens.
Perianth. The floral envelope, consisting of the calyx and corolla (when

present), whatever their form.
Pericarp. The matured ovary.
Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and therefore around the ovary and

not at its base.
Peripheral. On or near the margin.
Persistent. Long-continuous, as a calyx upon the fruit, leaves through

winter, etc.
Petal. A division of the corolla.
Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.
Petiolate. Having a petiole.
Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf.

Pigment. The coloring matter in the skin of a fruit.
Pilose. Hairy, especially with soft hairs.
Pinnate (leaf). Compound, with the leaflets arranged on each side of a

common petiole.
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft.
Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary,

stigma, and style when present.
Pistillate. Provided with pistils, and, in its more proper sense, without

stamens.
Pitted. Marked with small depressions or pits.
Plicate. Folded into plaits, usually lengthwise.
Plumule. The bud or growing point of the embryo.

GLOSSARY 479

Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther.

Pollination. The act or fact of conveying pollen from anther to stigma.

Polliniferous. Bearing pollen.

Polygamous. Hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers variously mixed upon
the plant.

Polypetalous. Having separate petals.

Pome. A fleshy fruit of which the apple is a type.

Posterior. In an axillary flower, on the side nearest to the axis of in-
florescence.

Prickle. A small spine from the bark or rind.

Procumbent. Lying on the ground or trailing but without rooting at the
nodes.

Prostrate. Lying flat upon the ground.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft and down-like.

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or with translucent internal glands or
colored dots.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped.

Quality. The combination of characters in a fruit which makes it pleasant
to the palate.

Baceme. A simple inflorescence of pediceled flowers upon a more or less

elongated axis, opening from the base,
Eacemose. In racemes; or resembling a raceme.
Eadiate. Spreading from or arranged around a common center.
Badical. Belonging to or proceeding from the root or base of the stem

near the ground.
Ramification. Branching.

Eaphe. The ridge which runs from the hilum to the chalaza in a seed,
Beceptacle. The more or less expanded portion of an axis which bears the

organs of a flower or the collected flowers of a head.
Recurved. Curved downward or backward.
Re flexed. Abruptly bent or turned dowuAvard.
Regular. Parts all uniform in shape or structure.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Reticulate. In the form of network ; net-veined.
Retrorse. Directed back or downward.
Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.
Revolute. Rolled backward from the margins or apex.
Rib. A primary or prominent vein of a leaf ; a ridge on a pome-fruit.
Root. The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourishment.
Rosette. A much-shortened stem bearing a dense cluster of leaves.
Rostrate. Having a beak.

Rotate. Wheel-shaped; flat and circular in outline.
Rugose. Wrinkled.
Runner. A filiform or very slender stolon.

Salver-shaped. Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb.
Scabrous. Rough to the touch.

Scape. A peduncle which arises from the ground, is simple, or nearly so,
not jointed, and destitute of foliage.

480 SYSTEMATIC J'OMOLOGY

Scarfslin. The rou^lioiuMl outi-r skin of :i poiiu' fruit.

Scarious. Tliin, dry, and nienihranaccous, not ^rcen.

Seed. The ripened ovule, consist iufx of the embryo and its coats.

Seedling. A i)lant growinj; directly from seed, without the intervention

of grafts, layers or cuttings.
Segment. One of the parts of a leaf or other like organ that is cleft or

divided.
Self-eolored. Of one color ; not striped or particolored.
S elf -f (Utilisation. Action of pollen upon a i)istil of the same flower; close-
fertilization.
Sepal. A division of a calyx.
Serrate. Having sharp teeth pointing forward.
Sessile. Without footstalk of any kind.

Shrub. A woody perennial, smaller than a tree, usually with several stems.
Silky. Covered with close-pressed soft pubescence.
Simple. Of one piece; not compound.
Sinuate. With the outline of the margin strongly wavy.
Sinus. The cleft or recess between two lobes.
Smooth. Without roughness or pubescence.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.
Species. The unit in classification ; used either as singular or plural.
Spine. A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem.
Spinose. Spine-like.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing organs of the flower.
Stellate, stelliform. Star-shaped; said of star-like dots on the apple.
Stem. The main ascending axis of a plant.
Sterile. Unproductive, as a flower without pistil, or stamen without an

anther.
Stigma. That part of a pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is

eflected; the part (usually apex) on which pollen is deposited.
Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of the stigma.
Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its

insertion.
Stolon. A runner, or any basal branch that is disposed to root.
Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Striate. Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.
Style. The usually attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the stigma

and ovary.
Succulent. Juicy ; fleshy.
Sucker. A sprout or shoot arising from an underground root or stem;

also, an adventitious shoot in the top of a plant, especially a vigorous

shoot.
Suffrutescent. Slightly or obscurely shrubby.
Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.

Superior. Said of the ovary when it is free; above, in position.
Suture. A line of dehiscence.
Symmetrical (flower). Regular as to number of its parts: having the

same number of parts in each circle.

Tendril. The coiled thread-like organ by which some vines clasp an object.
Testa. The outer, commonly hard and brittle seed-coat.

GLOSSARY 481

Tomentose. Densely pubescent with matted wool.

Torus. The receptacle of a flower.

Triiid. Three-cleft.

Trifoliate. Having three leaves.

Trifoliolate. Having three leaflets.

Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off transversely.

Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely conical.

Umbel. An inflorescence in which the peduncles or pedicels of a cluster

spring from the same point and are of approximately equal length.
Umbellate. In or like an umbel.
Undulate. With a wavy surface.
Unisexual. Of one sex, either staminate or pistillate only.

Valvate. Opening by valves, as a capsule; in gestivation, meeting by the

edges without overlapping.
Variety. A form which, in the judgment of any writer, is considered to

be subordinate to the species in classifieatory importance.
Veins. Threads of fibrovascular tissue in a leaf or other organ, especially

those with branch.
Venation, Veining.
Ventral. Belonging to the inner face of an organ; the opposite of dorsal.

INDEX

(Numbers refer to pages. An index to varieties will be found at
the beginning of the chapter on each fruit.)

Blueberries, 200; color of, 79.

Blueberry, high, pomological charac-
ters, 201; low, habitat of,
202; low, pomological charac-
ters, 202.

Bramble-fruits, color of, 74; flesh,
75; shapes, 74; size, 74.

Brambles, 175; core, 74; fruits of,
73; leaves, 37-38.

Brush of grape, 76.

Bud, defined, 22.

Bud-scales, 22.

Bud-variations, 26.

Budding, 22.

Buds, adventitious, 25 ; appressed
and free, 26; classified as to
arrangement : alternate, op-
posite, 25; classified as to
position: accessory, axillary,
dormant, latent, lateral, rest-
ing, supernumerary, terminal,
23-24; kinds of: compound-
flower, fruit, main, mixed,
secondary, 23; stalked and
sessile, 26; time of opening,
26.

Bundle-scars, 21.

Bush-fruits, leaves, 38.

Achenes, 79.

Andraecium, 40.

Annual rings, 18.

Annuals, 8.

Anther, 41.

Apex of drupes, 69.

Apple, 106; descriptive blank, 112-
113 ; distinguished from crab-
apple, 107 ; distinguished
from pear, 106 ; habitat and
history, 108.

Apples, classification of varieties,
111 ; distribution in North
America, 109; index to va-
rieties, 210; key to varieties,
212-218.

Apricot, 132; black, 134; cultiva-
tion of in North America,
133 ; distinguished from plum
and peach, 132; habitat and
history, 133.

Apricots, index to varieties, 313 ;
Japanese, 134; key to va-
rieties, 313-314; Russian, 133.

Axial sac in pomes, 63

B

Bark, color and bloom, 20; defined,
19 ; parts of : bast, corky
layer, epidermis, inner, mid-
dle, outer, 19.

Basin, in pomes, 56.

Beak of grape seed, 77.

Berries, defined, 76.

Biennials, 8.

Binomial names, 102.

Binomial system, 101.

Blackberries, 182; index to varieties,
426.

Blackberry, European, 183 ; Euro-
pean, habitat and historv,
183.

Bloom, of bark, 21 ; on pome-fruits,
57.

C

Callus, 25.

Calyx, 40, 44 ; in pomes, 57 ; kinds
of: gamosepalous, polysepal-
ous, 44.

Calyx-lobes, 44.

Calyx-tube, 44 ; of pomes, 66, 67.

Cambium, 19.

Canes, 10, 14.

Carpels in pomes, 62.

Cavity, of drupes, 69 ; in pomes, 56.

Chalaza of grape-seed, 77.

Cherries, 153; Amarelles, 155; Bi-
garreaus, 158; Dukes, 158;
Geans, 157; hybrid, 158; in-
dex to varieties, 319; key to
cultivated species, 153; key

483

484

iM)i':x

to varieties, 319-321; Maha-
leb ; Marascas, 15(5; Morellos,
155; sour, ^Toups of, 155;
sweet, 156; sweet, groups of,
157.

Cherry, Mahaleb, habitat of, 159;
perfumed, 159; Sand, KiO;
sour, hal)itat and liistory, 154;
St. Lucie, 159; sweet, as a
stock, 157 ; sweet, liabitat and
history, 156; tomentose, 159;
western Sand, 161 ; western
Sand, characters of, 161 ;
western Sand a parent of hy-
brids, 162.

Chtenonieles la^ennria, 122.

ChiniEera, periclinal, 7.

Classes, defined, lOU.

Classification, methods of, 98.

Core-cavity in pomes, 63.

Core-line in pomes, 63.

Cores of brambles, 74; of pomes, 62.

Corolla, 40, 45; kinds of: gamope-
talous, polypetalous, 45.

Correlations, 85.

Coryml), 42.

Crab-apple, 113, 114; habitat and
history, 114.

Crab-apples, in American pomology,
115; botanical varieties, 114;
index to varieties, 279; key
to varieties, 279 ; native, 115.

Cranberries, index to varieties, 458.

Cranberry, history of culture, 199.

Cranberry, large, habitat of, 199.

Cross-breeds, 49.

Cross-pollination, effects of on fruits,
49.

Currant, descriptive blank, 189-190;
Sativum, habitat and history,
191.

Currants, black, 193 ; black, habitat
and history, 194; fruits of,
77; index to varieties, 439;
Petrseum, habitat and his-
tory, 192; red, 190; Rubrum,
habitat and history, 191.

Cuttings, defined, 25.

Cyme, 42.

Description, requisites of a good, 89.
Descriptions, necessity for full, 89;

two methods of making, 89.
Descriptive blanks, 90.
Descriptive pomology, defined, 2 ;

terminology of, 90.

Dewberries, 184; history, 184; index
to varieties, 426-427.

Disease, resistance to, 83.

Divisions, defined, 100.

Dots, on pomes, 60.

Drupe, 67; stems of, 69; suture of,
70.

Drupe-fruits, 124; key to, 125.

Drupelet of brambles, 68.

Drupelets, adherence to the recep-
tacle, 74.

Drupes, apex of, 69 ; cavity, 69 ;
color, 70; flavor, 72; flesh,
71; season, 73; shapes, 68;
size, 68 ; skins, 71 ; stems, 72.

Endocarp of drupes, 67.
Knvironment, adaptation to, 84.
Epicarp of drupes, 67.
Exfoliation, 20.
Exicarp of drupes, 67.

Families, defined, 100.

Fertilization of flowers, 47.

Filament, 41.

Flavor, of drupes, 72; of pomes, 61;
of strawberry, 81.

Flesh of bramble-fruits, 75 ; of
drupes, 71; of pomes, 60; of
strawberry, 80.

Floral envelope, 44.

Floral organs; arrangements of,
epigynous, hypogynous, pe-
rigynous, 46.

Flower, defined, 39-40.

Flowers, distinguished from shoots
and leaves, 39; fertilization
of : close-fertilized, cross-fer-
tilized, selfed, 47 ; parts of,
39 ; pollination of : cross-
pollinated, self -pollinated, 47 ;
scent, 50 ; sex in : bisexual,
dioecious, hermaphrodite, im-
perfect, moncecious, perfect,
polygamous, pistillate, stami-
nate, 47.

Fragaria, 205.
chiloensis, 206.
vesca, 207.
virginiana, 205.

Fruit exhibits, 93.

Fruit, defined, 51; spurs, 17.

Fruits, abnormal, 48 ; currant, 77 ;
drupes, 71; gooseberry, 77;

INDEX

485

grape, 76; heath-fraits, 78;
kinds of: accessory, aggre-
gate, collective, multiple, sim-
ple, spurious, 52; pomes, 52;
self -fertile, 48 ; self -sterile,
48; strawberry, 79.

G

Gaylussaeia, 203.
baccata, 203.
dumosa, 203.
frondosa, 203.
ursina, 203.

Genera, defined, 100.

Gooseberries, 194; index to va-
rieties, 448.

Gooseberry, European, history, 196;
fruits, 79.

Grape, 163; brush, 76; seeds, 76;
stems, parts of : arms, canes,
diaphragm, fruit-spurs, head,
laterals, shoots, spurs, 10-11.

Grapes, ^stivalis, 170; ^stivalis,
pomological characters, 171 ;
descriptive blank, 164-165 ; in-
dex to varieties, 386; key to
varieties, 387-389; Labrusca,
167; Labrusca, classification
of, 168 ; Labrusca, pomologi-
cal characters, 168; Linse-
comii, pomological characters,
171; Eotundifolia, .165; Ro-
tundifolia, habitat, 166; Eo-
tundifolia, pomological charac-
ters, 166; Vinifera, 172;
Vinifera, history and habitat,
173; Vinifera, pomological
characters, 173; Vulpina, 169;
Vulpina, pomological charac-
ters, 169.

Gyncecium, 41.

H

Hairs, 15.

Hardiness, 82.

Heading-back, 24.

Heart-wood, 18.

Heath-fruits, 78, 197; seeds, 79.

Hilum of grape seed, 77.

Huckleberries, 200, 203; pomological

characters, 203.
Hybridization, 49.
Hybrids, 49.

Individuals, defined, 98.
Inflorescence, 40 ; kinds of : c^nnose,
determinate, indeterminate,

racemose, 42; parts of
bracts, flowers, pedicels, 42.

Inflorescence-scars, 21.

Insects, resistance to, 83.

Kernel of drupes, 68.

Layering, 14.

Leaf, definition, 27; parts of: blade,
lamina, petiole, stalk, 28.

Leaf -veins, kinds of : digitately-
veined, feather-veined, net-
veined, palmately-veined, par-
allel-veined, pinnately-veined,
reticulate-veined, 29-30.

Leaf-blade, plane, 33.

Leaf-glands, 36.

Leaflets, 32.

Leaf-lobing in grapes, 36.

Leaf-margins: outlines of, cleft, cre-
nate, dentate, entire, incised,
lobed, saw-toothed, serrate,
sinuate, undulate, wavy, 32.

Leaf -scars, 21.

Leaf -venation : conduplicate, convo-
late, folded, plaited, plicate,
rolled, 33-34.

Leaves, arrangement on stems, 33 ;
color, 35 ; compound, 32 ; fall,
35; insertion, 33; kinds of:
foliage, scale, seed, 27-28;
palmate, pinnate, 32; shapes
of apex and base: acuminate,
acute, cordate, emarginate,
heart-shaped, kidney-shaped,
macronate, reniform, obtuse,
pointed, taper-pointed, trun-
cate, 31 ; shapes of as to the
outline of the blade: cuneate,
cuneiform, elliptical, lanceo-
late, oblanceolate, oblong,
oval, obovate, ovate, 30-31 ;
simple, 32; size and thick-
ness, 31; stalks, 34; stipulate
and exstipulate, 28 ; surface,
37; time of appearance, 35;
veining, 29; texture, 30.

Lenticels, 32.

Longevity, 83.

M

Mammiform appendages, 53.
Mesocarp of drupes, 67.
Mutations, 26; from root-cuttings,
7; on shoots, 26.

486

INDEX

N

Nectarine, 131,

Nectarines, 50; index to varieties,

339, key to varieties, 339-340.
Nonienclature, code of, 92; pomo-

logical, 91.

O

Orders, defined, 100.
Ovary, position of: inferior, su-
perior, 46.
Ovules, 41.

Panicle, 42.

Parthenocarpy, 49,

Parthenogenesis, 49.

Peach, 125; descriptive blank, 130-
131; habitat and history, 126;
North China race, 129;
Peento race, 129; Persian
race, 128; South China or
Honey race, 129; Spanish
race, 128; variability, 129.

Peaches, classification of varieties,
128; clingstone, 73; free-
stone, 73; index to varieties,
344; key to varieties, 344-
346.

Pear, 115; cultivation of in North
America, 117; European,
habitat and history, 116;
Sand, 118.

Pears, classification of varieties, 119;
hybrid, 119; index to va-
rieties, 286; key to varieties,
287-288.

Pedicel, 40.

Peduncle, 40.

Perennials, 8; herbaceous, 8; woody,
8.

Perianth, 44.

Pericarp of drupes, 67.

Petioles, 34.

Physiological characters, 82,

Pistil-point, 48; in pomes, 67.

Pistils, 41, 46.

Pit of drupes, 67.

Pith, 18.

Plant, habits of growth, 14; size, 14.

Plants, botanical names of, 101 ; re-
productive organs of, 39;
vegetative organs of, 39,

Plums, 135; Americana, horticul-
tural characters, 147 ; An-
gustifolia, 150; Bullaces, 142 ;
Damsons, 142 ; domestica.

cultivation of in North Amer-
ica, 137; domestica, groups,
138; domestica, lialiitat and
history, 137; Green Gage
group, 138; Hortulana, pomo-
logical characters, 148; index
to varieties, 363; Insititias
in America, 142; Insititia
distinguished from Domestica,
141; Imperatrice group, 130;
Insititia groups, 142; In-
sititia habitat and liistory,
141; Japanese, 144; Japanese
distinguished from other, 144 ;
Japanese, status, 145 ; key to,
135; key to varieties, 364-
366; Lombard groups, 140;
Perdrigon group, 139; Prune
group, 139; Miner, 149; Mira
belles, 142; Munsoniana, 152;
Munsoniana, pom o logical
characters, 152; Myrobalan,
143; Myrobalan, distribution,
143; Nigra, 149; Nigra, po-
mological characters, 150;
Eeine Claude group, 138 ;
Sand, 151; Simons, 145;
Simons, horticultural charac-
ters, 146; St, Juliens, 143,
variable, 151 ; woolly-leaved,
148; Yellow Egg group, 140.

Pollen, 41.

Pollination of flowers, 47.

Pomse, 104.

Pomaceae, key to genera, 104.

Pome, 52.

Pome-fruits, 104, 106.

Pomes, aroma, 61 ; basin, 56 ; calyx-
tubes, 66, 67; carpels, 62;
cavity, 56; color, 58; cores,
62; cutting to show internal
structures, 60 ; flavor, 61 ;
flesh, 60; pistil-point, 67;
quality, 61; seeds, 64; shapes,
63 ; stamens, 65 ; stems, 53 ;
styles, 66; surface characters,
57 ; vascular bundles, 64.

Pomological names, 101.

Pomological plants, rooting habits,
8.

Pomologv, relations of to botany, 3.

Potentillese, 105.

Prickles, 15.

Priority, in publication, 101.

Pruneae, 104.

Prunus, 124.
americana, 146,
americana lanata, 148.

INDEX

487

Prunus,

angustifolia, 150.

angustifolia varians, 151.

angustifolia Watsoni, 151.

armeniaca, 132.

avium, 156.

Besseyi, 161.

cerasifera, 143.

Cerasus, 154.

Cerascus marasca, 156.

domestica, 136.

Jiortulana, 148.

hortulana Mineri, 149.

insititia, 140.

Mahaleb, 159.

Munsoniana, 152.

nigra, 150.

Persica, 125.

pumila, 161.

salacina, 144.

Simonii, 145.

tomentosa, 160.
Pruniis, fruits of distinguished, 124.
Publication of names, 101.
P2/r2<s, 106.

haccata, 114.

communis, 116.

Ma?ws, 108.

Malus, botanical varieties of, 109.

Malus astracacanica, 110.
pumila, 110.
sylvestris, 109, 110.

nivalis, 116.

serotina, 118.
culta, 118.

Quality of strawberry, 81.

Quince, 120; botanical characters,
120; distinguished from other
pomes, 120; habitat and his-
tory, 121; Japanese, 122;
pomological status, 121.

Quinces, index to varieties, 309; key
to varieties, 309.

Racemes, 42.

Raphe of grape seed, 77.

Raspberries, 176; index to varieties,
413 ; key to cultivated species,
176.

Raspberry, American red, 178,
American red, habitat and
history, 179; black, 179;
black, habitat and history,
180; descriptive blank, 176-

177; European, 177; Euro-
pean, habitat and history,
178; purple, 181; purple, his-
tory, 181.
Receptacle, 40, 43.
Eihes, 188.

americanum, 194.
Cynosbati, 195.
Grossularia, 195.
hirtellum, 194.
inerme, 195.
missouricnsis, 195.
nigrum, 193.
odoratum, 193.
oxycanthoides, 195.
petrceum, 192.
ruhrum, 191.
pubescens, 191.
scandicum, 191.
sativum, 190.

macrocarpum, 190.
setosum, 195.
Ribes, key to cultivated species, 188.
Ring-scars, 21.
Rings, annual, 18.
Root systems, 5.

Roots, adventitious, 6; distinguished
from stem, 5 ; duration, 8 ;
fleshy, 6; main, 6; modified
by environment, 8; primary,
5; secondary, 6; tap, 5; use
of in classification, 7.
Rosaceae, characters, 103.
Rubeae, 105.
Subus, 175.

alleghenieuMs, 182.
argutus, 182.
flagellaris, 185.

roribaccus, 185.
froiidosus, 183.
idcpus. 111.
invisus, 185.
laciniatus, 183.
nigrobaccus, 182.
occidentalis, 180.

pallidus, 180.
recurvens, 183.
strigosus, 179.

a/bws, 179.
trivalis, 185.
vitifolius, 186.
Runners, 12.

S
Sap-wood, 18.

Saxifragaceae, compared with Rosa-
ceae, 187.
Scarf skin in pomes, 57.

488

INDEX

Scars: bundle, inflorescence, leaf,
rin^, stem, 21.

Score-cards for fruit exhibits, 94-97.

Season of drupes, 73 ; of pomes, 07.

Seeds, 41; grapes, 7G; heath-fruits,
79; pomes, 64; strawberry,
81.

Self-fertility, 48.

Self-sterility, 48.

Sepal, 40.

Sex in hardy fruits, 47.

Sinuses in grape leaves: basal,
petiolar, terminal, 37.

Skin of drupes, 71.

Species, defined, 99.

Spines, 15.

Sports, 26 ; from root-cuttings, 7.

Stamens, 40, 45 ; of pomes, 65.

Stem, defined, 10.

Stem-scars, 21.

Stems, arborescent, 12; branching
of, 17; climbing, 12; drupes,
69; grapes, 10; growth,
length, 10; kinds of in hardy
fruits, 12; pome-fruits, 53;
shapes, 17; shrubby, 12; tex-
ture, 12.

Stigma, 41.

Stipules, 28, 36.

Stolons, 13.

Stone of drupes, 67, 72.

Strains, defined, 110.

Strawberries, Alpine, habitat, 208
index to varieties, 461 ; Vir
ginian, cultivation, 206
Virginian, habitat, 206.

Strawberry, 205 ; achenes of, 79 :
apex, 80 ; color, 80 ; common
habit, 207 ; descriptive blank
209; everbearing, 208; flavor
81; flesh, 80; fruit char
acters, 79 ; fruits, 79 ; gar
den, history, 207; shape, 80

Style, 41.

Styles of pomes, 66.

Suckers, 13, 24.

Suture of drupes, 70.

Systematic pomology and plant-
breeding, 4.

Systematic pomology and fruit-
growing, 3.

System.'itic pomology, defined, 2;
materials for work, 88; meth-
ods of work, 88.

Tendrils, characters, 16; defined, 16.
Thorns, 15.
Trees, shapes, 17.
Turions, 13.

Vaccininm, 198.
atrococcum, 201.
canadcnse, 201.
corymbosum, 201.
macrocarpon, 198.
Oxycoccus, 199-200.
pennsylvanicnm, 202.
vacillans, 201.
virgatum, 201.
Variations, caused by climate, 86;
caused by cultivation, 87 ;
caused by soils, 86; caused by
stocks, 87.
Varieties, botanical, 99; bud, 100;
defined, 99 ; permanence, 84 ;
seed, 99; strains, 110; vege-
tative, 100.
Variety-hybrids, 49.
Vascular bundles of pomes, 64.
Venation, 29.
Vitis, 163.

OBstivalis, 170.

cestivalis Bourquiniana, 172.
cestivalis Linsecomii, 171.
Lahrnsca, 167.
rotundifolia, 166.
vinifera, 173.
vulpina, 169.
Vitis, key to cultivated species, 163-
164.

W

Water-sprouts, 24.

1 New York Botanical Garden Library

SB355 .H42 gen

Hedrick, U. P./Systematic pomology

3 5185 00122 3989