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TECHNICAL SERIES No. 12, PART I.
U.S) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BURHAU OF' BIN TZOMC LOGY.
L.O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

CATALOGUE

RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDA.

eo Is GG. SANDERS, M- A.

Assistant.

IssuED JuNE 5, 1906.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., April 16, 1906.
Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
Catalogue of Recently Described Coccide (Scale Insects), prepared by
Mr. J. G. Sanders, of this Bureau. Owing to the economic impor-
tance of this group of insects and the scientific interest attached thereto,
I recommend that it be published as Technical Series No. 12, Part I,
of the Bureau of Entomology.
Respectfully, C. L. Maruatr,
Acting Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILson,
Secretary of Agriculture.

II

CONTENTS.

Page.
Mion NNGH ope WIN taser a2 o5.c Secs che eis fen tot al cinco oes cc cele ales 2
ae mnie Malo AmOGIn ie Se ie = eee ea st) ae towne cee eelteis + cheig = one oe 2
SILIP an TASH VEU A Tin oe Ce a a2 oe a 2
Srabaeer neal iva ONG Niels paiiice sinc este a otic are oie Side Sretnasee Sram Winks aie oe ows wea els = Sen 3
EeemMnlive ACh vLO PHM. a 285 9202 th ee esas satis Soe Se. fees wd ede Sewta 3
SeisiamiihvaPachandinees tt nec oo Saks ae ele cot cee ace Se oo akice wins cea 6
SOAR BLINN OCCU nee a ee eee. GE eee a te Slee Pau ase mem ae esac 6
Subfamily Miaspime’ —.. 2.205... o062. 25 RS Tl ee age hay i EE ep Set 10

I

U.S. D; A., B. E. Tech: Ser, 12; Pt. I. June 5, 1906,

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDZ.

By J. G. Sanpers, M. A., Assistant.

Since the publication, in March, 1903, of Mrs. Fernald’s Catalogue “
many new genera, species, and varieties of Coccide from various
regions have been described by enthusiastic entomologists. Nine
genera, 6 subgenera, 137 species, and 22 varieties comprise the follow-
ing catalogue, which is fairly complete to date. The majority of the
references are to publications which have appeared since March, 1903;
however, a few previous to this date are cited, which were overlooked
by Mrs. Fernald in the stupendous task of preparing her most useful
contribution to coccidology.

The Bureau of Entomology maintains a complete bibliography, by
the card-index system, of all publications pertaining to Coccidee, both
economic and systematic. At the suggestion of Prof. T. D. A. Cock-
erell, and with his valuable assistance, the writer has prepared a sup-
plementary catalogue of new species only, which he hopes to publish
annually hereafter. In this work the writer respectfully begs the
assistance of all authors by the sending of separates or notices of pub-
lication, and specimens, if possible, to this Bureau, where they will be
properly cared for and recorded.

The large national collection of Coccide, containing 1,038 identified
species, of which number 660 are types and cotypes—besides much
unidentified material from Australia, India, China, and Japan—has
been carefully arranged alphabetically in cases built especially for the
purpose. Each specimen is carefully wrapped in lens paper and put
into a small telescopic pasteboard box, 50 by 75 mm. and varying from
10 to 50 mm. in depth, properly labeled on the edge. Five rows of
these boxes, card-index style, fill the regulation insect drawer; and,
with the drawers labeled, but a moment is necessary to find any speci-
men desired. Locality cards, giving all known data for each specimen,
are also filed in alphabetical order.

The writer once more begs the assistance of all workers on Coccidee
in publishing annually a complete bibliography of all new species and
in the maintenance of a complete bibliographical card index of all pub-
lications relating to scale insects.

«Bul. 88, Hatch Exp. Sta., Mass. Agric. Coll. A Catalogue of the Coccide of the

World. By Mrs. Maria E. Fernald.
1

2 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Subfamily MONOPHLEBINZ.

Monophlebus stebbingii mangiferze Green.

Monophlebus stebbingii mangiferx ‘‘Green,’’ Stebbing, Jn. Linn. Soc. Lond., xxrx, p.
142 (1904).
Habitat—Lahore, India.
On Mango.

Monophlebulus townsendi Ckll.

Monophlebulus townsendi Ckll., Proce. Dav. Ac. Sci., x, p. 127 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
Mimosicerya, new section of Jcerya; Ckll., The Entom., xxxv, p. 233 (1902). Type,
hempeli.
Icerya candida Ckll.
Icerya candida Ckll., Proc. Dav. Ac. Sei., x, p. 128 (1905).

Habitat—Philippine Islands.
‘‘On cultivated tree with large oblong-ovate rough leaves.”’

Icerya colimensis Ckll.

Icerya colimensis Ckll., Mem. Soe. Cient. Ant. Alz., x1x, p. 81 (1902).
Habitat— Mexico.
On undetermined shrub.

Icerya littoralis tonilensis Ckll.

Icerya littoralis var. tonilensis Ckll., Mem. Soc. Cient. Ant. Alz., x1x, p. 80 (1902).
The Entom., xxxv, p. 318 (1902).
Habitat—Mexico.

Icerya rileyi larrez Ckll.

Icerya rileyi var. larrex Ckll., Mem. Soc. Cient. Ant. Alz., xx, p. 82 (1902).
Habitat—Mexico.
On Larrea.

Subfamily MARGARODINZ.

Ultracelostoma, n. subg. of Celostomidia; Ckll., The Entom., xxxy, pp. 114, 258
(1902). Type, assimilis.
Xylococcus matumuree Kuwana.

Xylococcus matumure Kuwana, Insect World, rx, 3, March (1905). Fig.

Subfamily ORTHEZIIN A.

Polyocellaria “ n. gen., Imhof, Biol. Centralblatt, xx, p. 527 (1900).
Kirkaldy, Can. Ent., xxxviu, p. 10 (1906).

Arctorthezia, n. sect. of Orthezia; Ckll., The Entom., xxxy, pp. 114, 259 (1902).
Type, occidentalis.

«Described from Switzerland as a two-winged insect with hooked halteres, 10-
jointed antennze, 8 and 12 eyes and single-jointed tarsi. It is without much doubt a
male Orthezia, but can not be an aphide, asconsidered by Kirkaldy.

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCID. 3

Orthezia galapagoensis Kuwana.

Orthezia galapagoensis Kuwana. Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soe., x, p. 28 (1902). Fig.
Habitat—Galapagos Islands.
On Cordea lutea; Scalesia microcephala.

Orthezia olivacea Ckll.

Orthezia olivacea Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxvu, p. 136 (1905).
Habitat—Colorado.
In nests of Lasius sp. under rocks.

Orthezia solidaginis Sanders.

Orthezia solidaginis Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, rv, p. 94 (1904). Fig.
Pr. Ohio Ac. Sci., Iv, sp. papers No. 8, Coccidze of Ohio,
p- 82 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ohio.
On Solidago canadensis; Solidago sp.

Subfamily CONCHASPINZ.

Conchaspis fluminensis Hempel.

Conchaspis fluminensis Hemp., Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, v, p. 312 (1904).
Habitat— Rio de Janeiro.
On an unknown shrub.

Subfamily DACTYLOPIIN.2A.

Bambusaspis, n. sect. of Asterolecanium; Ckll., The Entom., xxxy, p. 114 (1902).
Type, miliaris.
Asterolecanium greeni Marchal.
Asterolecaniuin greeni Marchal, Bul. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., vit, p. 455 (1904). Fig.

Habitat—France (in greenhouse); Ceylon.
On Iheedia lateriflora.

Asterolecanium pustulans sambuci Ckll.
Asterolecanium pustulans var. sambuei Ckll., The Entom., xxxvi, p. 112 (1903).

Habitat—Egypt.
On Sambucus.

Asterolecanium rehi Rubsaamen.
Asterolecanium rehi Rubs., Marcellia, 1, p. 62 (1902).

Habitat—Madeira Islands.
On Globularia salicina.

Phenacobryum Ckll., The Entom., xxxv, p. 114 (1902).
. Synonym of Antecerococcus Green (1900).

Eriococcus sordidus Green.

Eriococcus sordidus Green, Victorian Naturalist, xx1, p. 68 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Australia.
On Helichrysum ferrugineum.

4 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Eriococcus tricarinatus Fuller.

Eriococcus tricarinatus Fuller, Notes on Coccidzee W. Austr., p. 8 (1897).
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 442 (1899). Fig.
Eriococcus simplex dealbata Fernald, Catalogue of Coccidee, p. 78 (1903).
Habitat—Western Australia.
“On Eucalyptus gomphocephala, on galls of Maskellia globosa Fuller.”’

Genus AMELOCOCCUS Marchal. Type, alluaudi.

Amelococcus Marchal, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, uxxitt, p. 557 (1904).

Amelococcus alluaudi Marchal.

Amelococcus alluaudi Marchal, Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr., uxxiu, p. 557 (1904).
Speiser, Zeits. f. wiss. Insekt., 1, 12, p. 520 (1905).

Habitat— Madagascar.
On. branches of Euphorbia intisy.

Sphzrococcus pustulans Green.
Spherococcus pustulans Green, Victorian Naturalist, xxu, p. 7 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—A ustralia.
On Eucalyptus goniocalyx.
Phenacoccus cockerelli King.
Phenacoccus cockerelli King, Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 195 (1905).
Habitat—Colorado.
On Amelanchier.

Phenacoccus kuwane Coleman.

Phenacoceus kuwane Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 0, p. 62 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On lichen on Picea breweriana.

Phenacoccus ripersioides W. & T. CkIll.

Phenacoccus ripersioides W. & T. Ckll., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., xxix, p. 112 (1903).
Habitat—New Mexico.
With Lasius niger (8,000 feet altitude).

Genus TRABUTINA Marchal. Type, elastica.

Trabutina Marchal, Bul. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., vir, p. 448 (1904).

Trabutina elastica Marchal.

Trabutina elastica Marchal, Bul. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., vu, p. 448 (1904). Fig.
Speiser, Zeits. f. wiss. Insekt., 1, 12, p. 520 (1905).
Habitat—Algeria.
On Tamarix articulata.

Trionymus hordei Lindeman.

Westwoodia hordei Lindeman, ;
Korbuly, Csanad: Banhegyes (Kaszaper) (1886).
Horvath, Magyar, K. A. Roy. A. Koz., Jelentes, (1) 8, p. 96 (1892).
Sajo, Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkr., rv, p. 151 (1894).

Trionymus hordei Ckll., Ent. News, xv, p. 40 (1904).

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDA. 5

Trionymus nanus Ckll.

Trionymus nanus Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxvir, p. 186 (1905).
Habitat—Colorado.
On roots of grass under stones.

Pseudococcus andersoni (Coleman).

Dactylopius andersoni Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 62 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On Cupressus goveniana; Libocedrus decurrens.

Pseudococcus crotonis (Green).

Dactylopius crotonis Green (sine descr. ), Tropic. Agric., xxrv, p. 44 (1905).
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Castilloa sp.
Pseudococcus dudleyi (Coleman).

Dactylopius dudleyi Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 63 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On Cupressus macnabiana.

Pseudococcus elongatus (Reuter).
Dactylopius elongatus Reut., Medd. Soc. Faun., Fennicze, 66, 251 (1903).
Pseudococcus ephedre var., Ckll.
Pseudococcus ephedrex var., Ckll., Mem. Soc. Cient. Ant. Alz., xvi, p. 145 (1902).
Habitat— Mexico.

On agave.
Pseudococcus lilacinus Ckll.

Pseudococcus lilacinus Ckll., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci., x, p. 128 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
On cultivated orange.

Pseudococcus tayabanus Ckll.

Pseudococcus tayabanus Ckll., Pr. Day. Ac. Sci., x, p. 129 (1905).
Habitat— Philippine Islands.
On cultivated cacao.

Pseudococecus vagabundus {Von Xchilling).

Dactylopius vagabundus Von Schill., Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vir, p. 805 (1903).
Giard, Bul. Soc. Ent. France, pp. 232, 233 (1903).
Reh, Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., rx, p. 36 (1904).
“¢ —aq mixture of Pulvinaria camellicola. Phenacoccus acerisy P. xesculi, and P. mespili=
pruni.’’? —Giard.
Pseudococcus virgatus yar., Ckll.
Pseudococcus virgatus (Ckll.) var., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sei., x, p. 128 (1905).
Habitat—Philip pine Islands.

On cultivated Croton.

Antonina australis Green.

Antonina australis Green, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., pt. 3, p. 463 (1904). Fig.
Habitat— Australia.
On Cyperus rotundatus.

27586—06 2

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

(oP)

Subfamily TACHARDIINA

Tachardia albizzize Green.

Tachardia albizzie Green (sine deser.), Ind. Mus. Notes, v, p. 98 (1903).
Habitat—Ceylon.
Tachardia aurantiaca Ckll.

Tachardia aurantiaca Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 65 (1905).
Habitat—Java.
On grape fruit ( Citrus).
Tachardia cerulea Hempel.

Tachardia cerulea Hemp., Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, v, p. 314 (1904).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro.
Tachardia fici Green.

Tachardia fici Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, v, p. 97 (1903). Fig,
Habitat—India.
On Ficus religiosa; FF. bengalensis.

Tachardia giomerella Ckll.

Tachardia glomerella Ckll., Ent. News, xvi, p. 52 (1905).
Habitat—New Mexico.
On Gutierrezia glomerella.

Subfamily COCCINZE.

Pulvinaria coulteri Ckll.

Pulvinaria coulteri Ckll., Zool. Anzeiger, xxix, p. 414 (1905).
Habitat—Colorado.
On Rosa sp. (wild).
Pulvinaria goethei King.

Pulvinaria goethei King (sine deser.), Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vir, p. 460 (1903).
Habitat—Germany.
On Alnus glutinosa.,
Pulvinaria grabhami Ckll.

Pulvinaria grabhami Ckll., The Entom., xxxvi, p. 261 (1903).
Hahbitat— Madeira.
On leaves of Jossinia tinifolia, attended by Iridomyrmex humilis.

Pulvinaria innumerabilis betheli King.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis var. betheli King, Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 195 (1903).
Habitat—Colorado.
On Alnus.
Pulvinaria maxima Green.

Pulvinaria maxima Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xu, p. 206 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Java.

On stems of Erythrina lithosperma.

Pulvinaria polygonata Ckll.

Pulvinaria polygonata Ckll., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci., x, p. 131 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
‘*On a cultivated shade tree.”

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDA.

Pulvinaria psidii philippina Ckll.

Pulvinaria psidii philippinu Ckll., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci., x, p. 1382 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
On a cultivated Ficus.
Pulvinaria rehi King.

Pulvinaria rehi King (sine descr.), Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vir, p. 460 (1903).
Habitat—Germany.
Pulvinaria tyleri Ckll.
Pulvinaria tyleri Ckll., Pr. Day. Ac. Sci., x, p. 182 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.

On ‘‘cadena de amor.’’

Pulvinaria vitis opacus King.

Pulvinaria vitis var. opacus King (sine descr.), Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vim, p. 461 (1903).
Habitat —Germany.
Pulvinaria vitis sorbuse King.

Pulvinaria vitis var. sorbuse King (sine deser.), Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vir, p. 461 (1903).
Habitat—Germany.
Pulvinaria vitis verrucose King.
Pulvinaria vitis var. verrucose King (sine descr. ), Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vr, p. 461 (1903).
Habitat—Germany.
Eriopeltis coloradensis Ckll.
Eriopeltis coloradensis Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxvu, p. 136 (1905).
Habitat—Colorado.
On stems of grass.
Ceroplastes sanguineus Ckll.
Ceroplastes sanguineus Ckll., Ent. News., xvi, p. 162 (1905).
Habitat—Parcguay.
On Maytenus sp.
Ceroplastes schrottkyi CkIll.

Ceroplastes schrottkyi Ckll., Ent. News, xvi, p. 162 (1905).
Habitat —Paraguay.
On Salix chilensis.

Ctenochiton serratus Green.

Ctenochiton serratus Green, Victorian Nat., xx1, p. 67 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Australia.
On Styphelia sp.

Eucalymnatus subtessellatus (Green).
Lecanium subtessellatum Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 111, p. 206 (1904). Fig.

Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of undetermined tree.

Genus STICTOCOCCUS CkKIl. Type, sjostedti.
Stictococcus T. D. A. Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 64 (1903).

8 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Stictococcus sjostedti T. & W. CkIl.

Stictococcus sjostedti T. & W. Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 64 (1903).
Habitat—Cameroons, Western Africa.

Coccus arundinariz (Green).

Lecanium arundinarizx Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 220 (1904). . Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Arundinaria sp.
Coccus bicruciatus (Green).
Lecanium bicruciatum Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 1, p. 214 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Memecyclon umbellatumn; Nothopegia colebrookiana; Eleagnus latijolia; Calophyl-
lum sp.; Hugenia sp.

Coccus capparidis (Green).

Lecanium capparidis Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. m1, p. 187 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Capparis moonii.

Coccus diversipes Ckll.
Coccus diversipes Ckll., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci. x, p. 130 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
“*On cultivated fern ‘ parasite.’ ”’

Coccus frontalis (Green).
Lecanium frontale Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 192 (1904). Fig.

Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of ‘‘kina’’ (Calophyllum sp. ).

Coccus incisus King.

Calymnatus incisus King, Rey. Chil. Hist. Nat., vi, p. 255 (1902).
Habitat—South America.
On nutmeg.

Coccus marsupialis (Green).
Lecanium marsupiale Green, Coce. of Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 212 (1904). Fig.

Habitat—Ceylon.
On Piper nigrum; Pothos scandens; Anona sp.

Coccus signiferus (Green).

Lecanium signiferum-Green, Coce. of Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 197 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Caryota urens; Alpinia nutans; Begonia sp. (cult.).

Mesolecanium inflatum Hempel.

Mesolecanium inflatum Hemp., Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, v, p. 316 (1904).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro.
On Myrtaceee.

Eulecanium curtisi Kirkaldy. (Not valid.)

Eulecanium curtisi Kirkaldy, The Entom., xxxvu, p. 257 (1904).

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDZ.

Eulecanium folsomi Ckll.

Eulecanium folsomi Ckll., Can. Ent., xxxv, p. 195 (1903).
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vi, p. 129 (1905).

Habitat—Illinois.
On Paw-paw (Asimina triloba).

Eulecanium liistneri (King).
Lecanium listneri King, Allg. Zeits. f- Ent., vir, p. 409 (1903) (sine descr. ).
Eulecanium pulchrum (King).
Lecanium pulchrum Wing, Allg. Zeits. f. Ent., vin, p. 410 (1903) (sine descr. ).

Paralecanium calophylli (Green).

Lecanium (Paralecanium) calophylli Green, Cocc. Ceylon, pt. m1, p. 240 (1904). Fig
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Calophyllum sp.
Paralecanium expansum javanicum (Green).
Lecanium expansum var. javanicum Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xu, p. 205 (1904).
Habitat—Java.
On Anomianthus heterocarpus.
Paralecanium expansum metallicum (Green).
Lecanium expansum var. metallicum Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xu, p. 205 (1904).
Amn: Mag: Nats selist.; (7); tvs ps 3a
(1904).
Habitat—Java; Malay Peninsula.
On Myristica fragrans.
Paralecanium expansum quadratum (Green).
Fig.

Lecanium expansum var. quadratum Green, Coec. of Ceylon, pt. 1, p. 236 (1904).
Habitat—Ceylon.
On cultivated nutmeg; undetermined tree.

Paralecanium expansum rotundum (Green).
Lecanium expansum var. rotundum Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., x1, p. 206 (1904).
Habitat—Java.
On Rhizophora mucronata.
Paralecanium peradeniyense (Green).
Lecanium ( Paralecanium) peradeniyense Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 241 (1904). Fig
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Piper nigrum (cult. ).
Paralecanium zonatum (Green).
Lecanium (Paralecanium) zonatum Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt..11, p. 245 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.

On Garcinia spicata.
Saissetia discrepans (Green).
Lecanium discrepans Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 204 (1904). Fig.

Habitat— Ceylon.
On tea plant, in nest of Cremastogaster dohrni or exposed.

10 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Saissetia psidii (Green).
Lecanium psidii Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. m1, p. 225 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Psidium guava; Mangifera indica; Artocarpus integrifolia; Eugenia sp.; Fagrex;
Myristica moschata, Often inclosed in nests of Gicophylla smaragdina.

Saissetia punctulifera (Green).
Lecanium punctuliferum Green, Coce. Ceylon, pt. 11, p. 205 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Michelia champaca,; Arna lanata.

Physokermes concolor Coleman.
Physokermes concolor Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, pp. 72, 77 (1903).
Habitat—California
On Abies concolor.
Physokermes taxifolize Coleman.
Physokermes taxifolie Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, pp. 78, 77 (1903).
Habitat—California.
On Pseudotsuga taxifolia.
‘*Lecanium”’ insolens King.
Lecanium insolens King, Rey. Chil. Hist. Nat., v1, p. 255 (1902).
Habitat—Brazil.
On Philodendron.
‘*Lecanium” limnanthemi Goury.“
Lecanium limnanthemi Goury, Feuille des Jeunes Nat., Feb., p. 62 (1905).

Habitat—France.
On submerged petiole of Limnanthemum nymphoides.

‘*Lecanium’”’ tenebricophilum Green.

Lecanium tenebricophilum Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xi, p. 204 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Jaya.
Within tunnels in branches of Hrythrina lithosperma.

Subfamily DIASPINZE.

Chionaspis angustata Green.
Chionaspis angustata Green, Victorian Nat., xx1, p. 67 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Australia.
On Leptospermum levigatum.

Chionaspis candida Green.
Chionaspis candida Green, Victorian Nat., xxu, p. 6 (1905). Fig.
Habitat— Australia.
On Callistemon salignus.
Chionaspis cinnamomi Green.

Chionaspis cinnamomi Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 354 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Cinnamomuim.

“No description was given. It is very improbable that it is a Coceid.

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCID. ibal

Chionaspis coronifera Green.

Chionaspis coronifera Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 3858 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Cey lon.
On undetermined tree.

Chionaspis decurvata Green.

Chionaspis decurvata Green, Ind. Mus. Notes, v, p. 63 (19038). Fig.
Habitat—India.
On rice ( Oryza sativa).
Chionaspis formosa Green.

Chionaspis formosa Green, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W., pt. 1, p. 462 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Australia.
On leaves of Hucalyptus tereticornis.

Chionaspis gleditsize Sanders.

Chionaspis gleditsivx Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, m1, p. 413 (1902). Fig.
Pr. Ohio Ac. Sci., rv, sp. papers No. 8, p. 46 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, District of
Columbia.
On Gleditsia triacanthos.

Chionaspis ortholobis bruneri CkIll.

Chionaspis ortholobis bruneri Ckll., Can. Ent., xxx, p. 133 (1898).
A synonym of Chionaspis salicis-nigre (Walsh ).

Chionaspis subcorticalis Green.

Chionaspis subcorticalis Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 351 (1905). Fig.
Hahbitat—Cey lon.
Under loose bark of Artocarpus integrifolia.

Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders.

Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, rv, p. 95 (1904). Fig.
Pr. Ohio Ac. Sci., Iv, sp. papers No. 8, p. 46 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, District of
Columbia.
On Nyssa sylvatica.
Howardia lobulata Del Guercio.
Howardia lobulata Del Guercio, Bul. Ent. Soc. Ital., xxxiv, pp. 179, 185 (1902).

Leonardi, Ann. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Portici, v, pp. 1-5 (1903).
Synonym of Rhopaloaspis ricce (Targ. ).

Diaspis cordiz Rubsaamen.

Diaspis cordiw Ribs., Marcellia, tv, 5, p. 122 (1905).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro.
On Cordia curassavica.

Diaspis squamosus Newst. & Theobald.

Diaspis squamosus Newst. & Theob., 2d Rep. Ec. Ent. Br. Mus., p. 185 (1904). Fig.
Habitat— Egypt.
On peach and pear.

12 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Phenacaspis bupleuri (Marchal).

Chionaspis ( Phenacaspis) bupleuri Marchal, Bul. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat., vi, p. 454 (1904).
Speiser, Zeits. f. wiss. Insekt., 1, 12, p. 520 (1905).
Habitat—Algeria.
On Bupleurum gibraltaricum.

Phenacaspis ceratoniz (Marchal).

Chionaspis ( Phenacaspis) ceratoniz# Marchal, Bul. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. vir, p. 452 (1904).
Fig.
Speiser, Zeits. f. wiss. Insekt., 1, 12, p. 520 (1905).
Habitat—Algeria.
On Ceratonia siliqua.

Phenacaspis strobilanthi (Green).

Chionaspis strobilantht Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 352 (1905). - Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On Strobilanthus sp.

Hemichionaspis thez ceylonica (Green).

Chionasp's thex var. ceylonica Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 354 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
Hemichionaspis townsendi Ckll.

Hemichionaspis townsendi Cklil., Pr. Day. Ac. Sci., x, p. 155 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
On bark of Gossypium sp.

Leucaspis corsa Lindinger.

Leucaspis (Huleucaspis) corsa Lind., Zool. Anzeiger, xxix, 8, p. 252 (1904).
Speiser, Zeits. f. wiss. Insekt., 1, 12, p. 520 (1905).
Habitat—Corsica.
On Pinus laricio.
Leucaspis cupressi Coleman.
Leucaspis cupressi Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 71 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On Cupressus govenianda.
Leucaspis Kelloggi Coleman.

Leucaspis kelloggi Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 68 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On Pseudotsuga taxifolia; Abies magnifica; A. grandis; A. concolor; A. shastensis.

Leucaspis kermanensis Lindinger.

Leucaspis (Salicicola) kermanensis Lind., Zool. Anz., xxix, 8, p. 253 (1904).
Speiser, Zeits. f. wiss. Insekt., 1, 12, p. 520 (1905).
Habitat—Corsica.
On Salix persica; S. zygoslemon; Populus ewphratica.
Leucaspis leonardi Ckll.
Leucaspis pint Berl. & Leon., Cherm. Ital., Fasc. 1, No. 19 (1895).
Leucaspis leonardi Ckll., Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 84 (1903).
Habitat—Italy.
On Pinus picea.

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDA. 13

Fiorinia bidens Green.

Fiorinia bidens Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 351 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.

“On leaves of undetermined tree.’’

Genus RHOPALOASPIS Del Guercio. Type, ricce.
Rhopaloaspis Del Guercio, Bul. Soc. Ent. Ital., xxxiv, pp. 185-188 (1902).
Rhopaloaspis riccee (Targ.) = Leucaspis ricce Targ.
Aspidiotus californicus Coleman.

Aspidiotus californicus Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Sov., x1, p. 64 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On Pinus sabiniana; =P. ponderosa; P. lambertiana; P. attenuata.

Aspidiotus capensis Walker.

Aspidiotus capensis Green, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), x1v, p. 375 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Cape Colony.
On undetermined plant.
This species, which is in the British Museum, has been redescribed and restored
to science by Mr. E. E. Green.

i)

Aspidiotus capsulatus Green.

Aspidiotus capsulatus Green (sine deser.), Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soce., xvi, p. 348 (1905).
Habitat—Java.
On Piper nigrum.

Aspidiotus coniferarum shaste Coleman.

Aspidiotus coniferarum var. shaste Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 67 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—California.
On Cupressus macnabiana.

Aspidiotus cuculus Green.

ca)

JS

Aspidiotus cuculus Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 341 (1905). Fi
Habitat—Ceylon.

In abandoned galls of Amorphococcus mesux Green.
Aspidiotus ehrhorni Coleman.

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ehrhorni Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soe., x1, p. 68 (1903).
Fig.
Habitat—California.
Under lichens on Abies concolor; Libocedrus decurrens.
Aspidiotus florencize Coleman.
Aspidiotus florenci# Coleman, Jn. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x1, p. 66 (1903). Fig
Habitat—California. °
On Pinus ponderosa.
Aspidiotus immaculatus Green.
Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) tmmaculatus Green, Victorian Nat., xx1, p. 65 (1904). Fig.

Habitat—Australia.
On Styphelia virgata.

14 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Aspidiotus moreirai Hempel.

Aspidiotus moreirai Hemp., Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, v, p. 320 (1904).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro.
On leaves of Drymus sp.

Aspidiotus ohioensis York.

9»

Aspidiotus ( Diaspidiotus) ohioensis York, Ohio Naturalist, v, p. 325 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ohio.
On Asculus glabra.

Aspidiotus oxycoccus Woglum.

Aspidiotus oxycoccus Woglum, Can Ent., xxxvin, p. 73 (1906). Fig.
Habitat—New Jersey.
On Cranberry ( Oxycoccus).

Aspidiotus piceus Sanders.

Aspidiotus piceus Sanders, Ohio Naturalist, tv, p. 96 (1904). Fig.
Pr. Ohio Ae. Sci., 1v, sp. papers No. 8, p. 66 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Ohio.
On Liriodendron tulipifera.

Aspidiotus pisai Hempel.

Aspidiotus pisai Hemp., Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, v, p. 320 (1904).
Habitat—Rio de Janeiro.
On leaves of Drynius sp.

Aspidiotus pseudospinosus Woglum.

Aspidiotus pseudospinosus Woglum, Can. Ent., xxxviu, p. 75 (1906). Fig.
Habitat— Florida.
On saw-palmetto.
Aspidiotus pustulans Green.

Aspidiotus pustulans Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xu, p. 31 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Java.
On Erythrina lithosperma.

Aspidiotus rivere Ckll.
Aspidiotus rivere Ckll., Ent. News, xvi, p. 161 (1904).
Habitat—Chile.
On stems of Chusquea.

Aspidiotus subfervens Green.

Aspidiotus ( Targionia) subfervens Green, Victorian Nat., xxr, p. 66 (1904). Fic.
Hanitat—Australia.
On Acacia sp.; Pomaderris sp.

Aspidiotus subrubescens corticoides Green.

Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) subrubescens var. corticoides Green, Victorian Nat., XXII, p. 3,
(1905). Fig.
Habitat—Australia.
On Eucalyptus globosus.

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDZ. LS

Aspidiotus tayabanus Ckll.

Aspidiotus tayabanus Ckll., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci., x, p. 183 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
“‘On cultivated plant called ‘rosal’ or

‘campopot.’”’

Cryptophyllaspis bornmiilleri Rubsaamen.

Cryptophyllaspis bornmiilleri Rubs., Marcellia, 1, fase. i-ii, p, 62 (1902).
Habitat—Canary Islands; Madeira.
On Globularia salicina.

Cryptophyllaspis occultus elongatus (Green).

Aspidiotus (Cryptophyllaspis) occultus var. elongatus Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe.,
XvI, p. 345 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Cey lon.
On leaves of Grewia sp.

Pseudaonidia curculiginis (Green).

Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) curculiginis Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xu, p. 208 (1904). Fig.
Habitat—Java.
On leaves of Curculigo recurvata.

Chrysomphalus cistuloides (Green).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) cistuloides Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 342
(1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Cinnamomum.

Chrysomphalus malleolus (Green).

Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) malleolus Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvt, p. 842 (1905).
Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Mimusops hexandra.

Chrysomphalus pedronis (Green).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) pedronis Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 841 (1905).
Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
‘On leaves of undetermined tree.”’

Chrysomphalus quadriclavatus (Green).

Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) quadriclavatus Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 343
(1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Murraya exotica.

Chrysomphalus taprobanus (Green).

Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) taprobanus Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 344 (1905).
Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Phyllanthus myrtifolius.

16 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Targionia phyllanthi (Green),

Aspidiotus (Targionia) phyllanthi Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 344 (1905).
Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On stems and twigs of Phyllanthus myrtifolius.

Odonaspis penicillata Green.

Odonaspis penicillata Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 346 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Cey lon.
On a large bamboo ( Gigantochloa aspera).

Aonidia ebeni ‘‘ Green’’ Leonardi= Aonidia crenulata Green. Green in litt., July 6,
1905
ae Je

Aonidia echinata Green.

Aonidia echinata Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 347 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Cey lon,
On Hemicyclia sepiaria,

Aonidia javanensis Green.

Aonidia javanensis Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., x1, p. 31 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Java.
On leaves of Myristica fragrans.

Aonidia pulchra Green.

Aonidia (Greeniella) pulchra Green, Victorian Nat., xxu, p. 4 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—A ustralia.
On leaves of Callistemon salignus.

Aonidia pusilla Green.

Aonidia pusilla Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 347 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Carissa spinaruin.

Gymnaspis spinomarginata Green.

Gymnaspis spinomarginata Green, Jn. Bomb, N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 348 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Mesua ferrea.

Genus MYTILELLA Leonardi. Type, carinata.
Mytilella Leonardi, Annali di Agr., v, p. 120 (1903).
Genus AONIDOMYTILUS Leonardi. Type, concolor.
Aonidomytilus Leonardi, Annali di Agr., v, p. 102 (1903).
Genus FERNALDIELLA Leonardi. Type, indentata.
Fernaldiella Leonardi, Annali di Agr., v, p. 105 (1903).
Lepidosaphes cockerelliana Kirkaldy. (Not valid.)

Lepidosaphes cockerelliana Klidy., The Entom., xxxvu, p. 257 (1904).
Synonym of L. alba Ckll.

CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDA.

Lepidosaphes bicornis (Green & Lidg.).

Mytilaspis bicornis Green & Lidg., Victorian Nat., xvu, p. 9 (1900). Fig.
Leonardi, Annali di Agr., v, p. 85 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—Victoria, Australia.
On Eucalyptus globulus.

Lepidosaphes cassiniz Green.

Mytilaspis cassinie Green, Victorian Nat., xxu, p. 4 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Victoria, Australia.
On Cassinia aculeata.
Lepidosaphes corrugata Green.

Lepidosaphes corrugata Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xu, p. 209 (1904).
Habitat—Java.
On stems of Coffea arabica.

Lepidosaphes ficifolii ( Berlese).
Mytilaspis ficifolii Berlese, Atti del R. Inst. d’Incorrag. (5), v (1903) :
Habitat—Italy.

On leaves of Ficus carica.

Fig.

Lepidosaphes hymenanthere (Green).

Mytilaspis ( Coccomytilus) hymenantherze Green, Victorian Nat., xx11, p. 5 (1905).

Habitat—Victoria, Australia.
On Hymenanthera banksii.

Lepidosaphes intermedia victoriz (Green).

Mytilaspis intermedia var. victorie Green, Victorian Nat., xxi, p. 5 (1905).
Habitat—Victoria, Australia.
On Acacia montana.

Lepidosaphes multipora (Leonardi).

Mytilaspis multipora Leon., Annali di Agr., v, p. 87(1903). Fig.
Green, Victorian Nat., xxu, p. 6 (1903).
Habitat—New Zealand.
On Pittosporum undulatum.

Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus Ckll.

Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus Ckll., Pr. Dav. Ac. Sci., x, p. 185 (1905).
Habitat—Philippine Islands.
On cultivated Eugenia malaccensis.

Lepidosaphes ungulata Green.

Lepidosaphes ungulata Green, Ent. Mo, Mag., xu1, p. 30 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Java.
On Syzygium pseudo-jambolanum.

Lepidosaphes wilga (Green).

Mytilaspis wilga ‘‘ Green’’ Leonardi, Annali di Agr., v, p. 43 (1903). Fig.
Habitat—Australia.
On “ Wilga.”’

ily

Fig.

18 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Opuntiaspis javanensis Green.

Opuntiaspis javanensis Green, Ent. Mo. Mag., xii, p. 28 (1905). Fig.
Habitat—Java.
On Agave mexicana.
Euparlatoria Leonardi, Ann. R. Sc. Sup. di Agr. Portici, v, p. 15 (1903).
To include banksix, calianthina, cingala, myrtus, parlatoriz, pergandii, proteus, and
thee.
Parlatoria atalantie Green.

Parlatoria ( Websteriella) atalantix Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soc., xvi, p. 350(1905). Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Atalantia zeylanica.

Parlatoria pergandii phyllanthi Green.

Parlatoria pergandii var. phyllanthi Green, Jn. Bomb. N. H. Soe., xvi, p. 350 (1905).
Fig.
Habitat—Ceylon.
On leaves of Phyllanthus myrtifolius.

Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Lindinger.

Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Lindgr., Insekten Borse, xxu1, 33, p. 131 (1905).
Habitat—India.
On orchids ( Vanda hookeriana and JV. teres).

Genus CRYPTOPARLATOREA Lindinger. Type, l/eucaspis.
Cryptoparlatorea Lindgr., Insekten Borse, xx, 33, p. 182 (1905).
Cryptoparlatorea leucaspis Lindinger.

Cryptoparlatorea leweaspis. Lindgr., Insekten Borse, xxu, 33, p. 132 (1905).
Habitat—Japan.
On needles of Juniperus sp.

TECHNICAL SERIES No. 12, ParT Il.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREHAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L.O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORTES

OF SOME

FLIES OF THE FAMILY TABANIDAL

By JAMES S. HINE,
Of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

IssuEp Avaust 29, 1906.

Mere he Ty,
aN aaa Msiitup,
a

"x

JAN B1 1907

_
‘

National Wie

WASHINGTON:
@QOVERNMENT PRINTING: OFFICE.
1906.

“TECHNICAL Series No. 12, ParT Il.

bas DErPAkd MENT OF: AGRICULTURE,

BURBAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L.O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES

OF SOME

FLIES OF THE FAMILY TABANIDAL.

By AVES SS] EPENGE,

Of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Issumep Auausr 29, 1906.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. -
1906:

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BurEAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., July 11, 1906.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
paper entitled ‘* Habits and Life Histories of some Flies of the Family
Tabanide” (horseflies), prepared by Prof. James S. Hine, of the Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio. As is well known, the insects of
this family are injurious and annoying to human beings, and especially
to horses and cattle, from their bites; but aside from this, and what is
of much greater importance from an economic view-point, there is
reason to believe that they sometimes act as agents in the transmission
of infectious diseases. Every contribution to a knowledge of their
habits and life histories is, therefore, of especial value. The present
paper embodies the results of original investigations begun by Pro-
fessor Hine during the summer of 1904 while a special field agent of
this Bureau, and I recommend its publication as Part II of Technical
Series bulletin No. 12.

Respectfully, L. O. Howarp,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

II

CONE E Nel Ss

Page.
The black-striped horsefly ( Tabanus lasiophthalmus Macq.)...-.-.----------- 19
hiemutumn orsetlys (Labanus sulcimons Macq:)\2-----------.--.---------4- Ze
The black and white horsefly ( Tabanus stygius Say)..--.-------------------- 28
‘ng mihyere Inorg hiyy (Gkaloemors Oude Os Sb) soaedeecoss. skaseseaeeeseee sees eae 32
mhesolacks horsetly (abanus atratus abs). - 22 +ssee a-Si oe cts tae ee oe 3
siirermarshreartliva (Chrysops mosnens Walk, \see=-- 3225522 - 2 eee sees Sees eee 36
Pee ease ko Ae Osan Ss
Page.
Fig. 1. Tabanus lasiophthalmus: male and female adults, larva, pupa and

Geta Ss marmeren tae em eee ome ee ge Nn AR ee Sekt Yl ent Na ek eee 21
2. Tabanus sulcifrons: male and female adults, pupa and details_-.-.---- 23
SUMIACSD UICC CH aC UI Gee eran = mea ANE ee ol ee eS 26
4. Tabanus stygvus: eggs on leaves in usual location. ..-...------------- Ze)
5. Tabanus stygius: eggs on leaf in unusual location...--.-------------- 30

Os alin SH MSS. SMAI 225 ase eceoeees saseose aE Seeoeesnenelor 3

eee KC OOMRUSESt OUI sa UoesAm Cece bell Si apseee- e es Sere ee oe ol
8. Tabanus vivax: male and female adults, larva, pupa and details... --- 32
oh Labanus atratuss maleand temale adults. 2. -...--22-----5-4------- 30
OReeiabamustaiatusce pupa am decd e ball Ses sero seme ssa are aera 36
Wl, (CUPS OS TCARAOS? GOO NOwal CBN ee See on oe aoe See sees sso Seoseeee Oo”
I2enChrysopsimerens: eco massesion) leat. a. s25-5-22555-5-6. ooo ce 38

is Dw

2 ON Ben

Wass D) AY, Bak. Lech. Ser. 12, Pt. iL: August 29, 1906.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF SOME FLIES OF THE FAMILY
TABANIDZ.

By James 8. Hine, Columbus, Ohio.

THE BLACK-STRIPED HORSEFLY.

(Tabanus lasiophthalmus Macquart. )

This species was reared from the egg to the adult. The fly is one
of the earliest of its genus to appear in the spring, adults having been
taken at Columbus, Ohio, as early as May 20, and it is common during
the first half of June. The eggs are placed in masses on various plants
that grow in low, wet ground, but I have not observed them over
water. The masses are pure shining black when fully colored, rather
small for members of the genus, only slightly convex, and accompanied
with an unusual amount of cementing material, which nearly obscures
the form and arrangement of the individual eggs. The mass in place
suggests somewhat a drop of tar or other black substance fastened to
the surface of a leaf of the common cattail reed (Zypha latifolia), a
sedge, or some other plant.

The eggs are usually deposited after the 10th of June, and the speci-
mens from which larve for rearing hatched were taken in Medina
County, Ohio, on a common sedge found growing near the outlet of a
small spring. They were collected June 28 and hatched the next day
and the day after. As I had not been successful up to this time in
keeping very young larve for any length of time, it was decided to
try different methods of treatment in order to find out, if possible,
which is best suited to their requirements. Some were placed ina jar
containing water only; others in a jar containing water with a couple
of inches of sand in the bottom. A third jar in which larvee were placed
contained wet muck, while the fourth lot were placed in a jar contain-
ing moist sand to the depth of about 3 inches, covered over the top
with a quantity of fine leaves of water plants. In all the breeding jars
were placed plenty of small crustaceans and other minute invertebrates
procured from water by means of a fine-meshed sieve.

19

20 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

It was soon observed that the larvee in breeding jar No. 4 fed on
the crustaceans and at the end of a few days showed a distinct increase
in size. Those in the jars containing water soon died, and jar No. 3
did not appear to be a success, so all but No. 4 were abandoned. The
larvee in this last, however, were separated and placed in similar jars,
one specimen in each, and reared to full size, the adult fly being pro-
cured the following spring.

Since, as stated, three of the four jars started with were soon aban-
doned, what is said hereafter regarding the method used in rearing
pertains to the single one retained. A glass jar was selected so that
the actions of the larve could be observed through it; a small jar
seemed desirable because the larvee are predaceous and eat their own
kind as readily as anything else, for which reason it is necessary after
a short time to place only a single specimen ina jar; also, evena small
receptacle furnishes plenty of room, and the long series, which it is
desirable to have, takes as much space in the insectary as one cares to
give toasingle species. Only the quantity of sand and other material
necessary to success should be placed in the breeding jar, as it is de-
sirable once in a while to look this material over carefully in order to
locate the very small specimens and find out what they are doing.

All things considered, half-pint jelly glasses were found to be well
suited for the purpose and easily obtainable. Covers proved to be
desirable in order to prevent too rapid evaporation of moisture, but
a small perforation or two in them was necessary to furnish ventila-
tion. As the muck which was tested as soil for the jars grew much
mold, clean lake sand was chosen as decidedly preferable for the pur-
pose. The covering of plant material mentioned furnished a rest-
ing place for the small crustaceans offered for food, and the larvee
themselves seemed to choose to remain in it in preference to burrow-
ing into the sand, although they were apt to be found in any part of
the jar. Algze made good material for covering, but only a small
amount could be used, and too much water was detrimental, as either
in excess tended to develop decay, and consequently a bad odor, which
was observed to be unfavorable to the insects. The principal point in
favor of the alge, as compared with some other things, was that they
contained no hollow stems or large pieces into which the larvee could
crawl, but still, because composed of small soft particles, furnished a
mat in which they could hide. When it was desired to locate these
larvee it was easily done by picking the mass to pieces. As odors,
which are often fatal to the larvee, were likely to develop from the
material put in for food and also from other sources, it was found
necessary to watch the jars continually, giving them a thorough cleans-
ing once ina while, and perhaps putting in fresh sand and plant material
occasionally.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANIDA. 21

Larve when first hatched were about 2 mm. in length; they grew
rather slowly, but in fifteen days after hatching had doubled their
length. They fed readily on the small crustaceans which were given
them. It was impossible to give these small crustaceans their proper
surroundings, so many of them died, and it was observed that the
young larve fed on these as well as on the specimens which they
killed themselves. The larvee could be seen crawling about in the
jars; they appeared to remain very near the upper surface of the sand
most of the time, and when food was scarce did much crawling, but
when food was plentiful satisfied their appetites and hid among the
plant material, where they remained quiet.

A difference in size in the various larve soon became apparent,
and the older they
became the greater
this difference. On
July 23, twenty-five
days after hatching,
some specimens
measured as much as
7 mm., while others
measured only 3mm.
At this date angle-
worms were given
for food and were ac-
cepted readily, and
appeared to be as
satisfactory as the
crustaceans, but it
would seem that the
latter are preferable Fig. 1.—Tabanus lasiophthalmus: A, male; B, Asnale: C, pupa; D, ter-
for the stage just minal abdominal teeth of pupa; E, undersized larva. All enlarged
after hatching. eae

July 27 some of the larvee were 10 mm. in length, and August 2 the
same specimens measured 12 mm.; thus at this stage they grew more
rapidly than when they were younger. They fed actively till about
the middle of September, when they had become apparently full
erown, or 25 mm. long. Length in the larvee of tabanids is not a
satisfactory means of indicating the size, for the segments telescope
on one another in such a way that it is difficult to take two measure-
ments exactly alike, but an endeavor was made in this case to make
the different measurements similar, so I am satisfied that those given
are sufficient to indicate the comparative sizes of the different ages.
After the 15th of September the few specimens remaining alive buried
themselves in the sand of the breeding jars and were quiet most of the
time until the 10th of March, when one pupated, the adult emerging

92 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

on the 25th of the same month; the others died before the pupal stage
was reached. I have noted that larve of various species of tabanids
taken from their natural habitats during the winter did not produce
adults in spring much before the same species appeared naturally, but
in this case, where the specimen was kept under artificial conditions
during its entire life, the adult appeared almost two months earlier
than is normal in nature.

The mature larva (fig. 1, BE) is not notably different from those of other species of
Tabanus so far as form and appearance are concerned. The color is a dirty white
with a pinkish shade over most of the body; the prolegs are not so prominent as in
many species, and on this account specimens appear somewhat maggot-like. On
either side of the body is a longitudinal row of very small black spots or specks, one
to each segment and located just above the ventral prolegs; these spots are lacking
on some of the anterior and some of the posterior segments; their presence appears
to be characteristic of the species, at least so far as my acquaintance with different
larvee goes. Mature specimens are about 25 mm. in length.

I have not taken the larva of this species in its natural habitat, there-
fore can not say anything as to where it is to be found, but suspect it
lives in débris, or in the ground around low places near where the
egos are laid.

The pupa (fig. 1, c) is somewhat dusky in coloration, the thorax being almost
black. The terminal teeth of the abdomen (fig. 1, D) are quite different from those
of any species studied so far, and these differences alone make its determination
easy. The dorsal and lateral teeth are much larger than the ventral, the lateral
being much larger than any of the others; the ventral teeth point almost directly
backward, while the direction of the others is largely upward. The thoracic spiracle
is rather small and nearly longitudinal, its rima is curved, but no distinct hook is
formed at the posterior end. Length, 18 mm.

The adult (fig. 1, A, B) measures from 13 to 15 mm. Eyes pilose, ocelligerous
tubercle present, wings hyaline, cross-veins and furcation of the third vein margined
with brown, abdomen broadly red on the sides; female subcallus denuded and shin-
ing black, frontal callosity also shining black, as wide as the front and separated
from a denuded spot above by a pollinose interval, front slightly widened above;
male subcallus not denuded, eyes very plainly pilose, head about equal in size to
that of the female.

THE AUTUMN HORSEFLY.
( Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart. )

This is one of the common species of its family over a wide range.
It is not so generally distributed as some of the other species, but
~where it occurs is apt to be abundant and very injurious to all kinds
of stock. I have studied the species in several localities, but most of
my knowledge of its habits was gained in Summit and Medina
counties, Ohio, where it is a pest of the first magnitude. This coun-
try, where the ground is highest, has an elevation of 1,000 to 1,200
feet, and is more or less broken by gullies crossing here and there,
and through each flows a stream of clear water of larger or smaller

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANIDZ. 23

dimensions. These streams are fed by small springs and therefore
contain water the year round, forming in their beds pools and riffles
over which the sexes of su/cifrons may be seen flying much of the
time.

I am not fully prepared to say why this particular species is so
abundant in these counties and entirely absent in other counties of
the same latitude in the western part of the same State; but it appears
that there is present some condition which is necessary to its success-
ful existence. The statement may be made in this connection that
the autumn horsefly appears to prefer high ground, such as described,

Fig. 2.—Tabanus sulcifrons: A, iemale; B, male; c, terminal abdominal teeth of pupa;
D, pupa. All enlarged (original).

to low bottom land where many other horseflies find conditions exactly
to their liking.

The adult (fig. 2, A, B) is a large brown fly 18 to 21 mm. in length. Palpi brown-
ish, antennee nearly black, with each third segment brownish at the base; legs dark,
bases of the tibive lighter, the front pair black with the exception of the bases of the
tibiz and therefore much darker in general coloration than the others; wings with
a distinct brownish tinge, cross-veins at the end of the discal cell, and the furcation
of the third vein plainly margined with dark brown, first posterior cell open.

Female: Front of moderate width, sides parallel, frontal callosity shining brown,
not quite as wide as the front, nearly square and with a linear prolongation above.
Segments of the abdomen above with prominent, gray hind margins which expand
into large gray triangles at the middle; usually a black marking on the anterior
part of each of the second and third segments at the apex of the gray triangle.

Male: Division between the large and small facets of the eye prominent; head
somewhat more convex than in the female, but of nearly the same size. Coloration
in its entirety as in the other sex.

3619—No. 12, pt 2—06——2

24 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

In Ohio the first specimens of the species usually appear about July
20 and specimens have been taken as late as the middle of September,
but the period of greatest abundance is the first three weeks of August.

The adults are most in evidence when the sun is shining most
brightly. As evening approaches they become less active and seek ¢
resting place among foliage, on some tree trunk, ona fence or post,
or in some similar place, where they remain quiet until the sun
appears the following morning. These flies have a tendency to collect
in certain favorable places in large numbers at evening, and if the
collector or observer finds sucha place, a visit to it by 7 o’clock in
the morning will give an opportunity to procure plenty of specimens
of both sexes, or abundance of notes on habits. When the sun has
warmed the atmosphere somewhat, the flies begin to run over the
objects on which they passed the night, or to fly from one perch to
another. Both sexes are plentiful, the males often more plentiful
than the females, and there is no difference in habits that makes it
possible to readily distinguish the sexes. Specimens are easily taken,
for by using care they may be picked up with the thumb and fingers,
or if it is desired to use a net, it is not difficult to procure large num-
bers in a few minutes.

The only times I have observed copulation in the Tabanide were in
places similar to the one just described and always about 8 o’clock in
the morning. Ina paper by the writer on the ‘t Tabanidee of Ohio” ¢ it
is recorded (p. 8) that on the 18th of August, between 8 o’clock and half
past 8, several pairs of 7. sulcifrons were observed in couple on the
fence, and several pairs taken. The male in instances observed clung
to the edge of a rail, and the female, with legs and wings motionless
and touching nothing, hung suspended. My observations at this time
led me to think that the opportunity for studying the mating habits
of the species in question, and also of some others of its family, is con-
fined to a particular time of day, and subsequent observations have
not made it necessary to alter this opinion. On August 17 of the fol-
lowing year, about the same hour and near the place where the obser-
vations mentioned above were made, I captured nine pairs of the
species, most of which were on the fence. At this time an effort was
made to add to the data obtained before. It was then observed that
when pairs were disturbed sufficiently to cause them to leave, the male
did all the flying and proceeded only a short distance before alighting,
either on the ground or on low-growing foliage, or it flew in a curve
and soon returned to the fence. Coition in no case observed lasted
over ten minutes, and all the pairs were taken within a quarter of an
hour, after which time no more could be found.

As the hour became later fewer and fewer specimens were to be
seen, and long before noon nearly all of the flies had left the places

@Ohio State Academy of Science, Special Papers, No. 5, May 1, 1903.

-

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANID A. 25

where they were so abundant earlier in the day. Either they had
gone in search of food—the females to different animals for the pur-
pose of sucking blood and the males to various places where they could
find nectar and other liquid substances to their liking—or else they
had gone to the water, over which could be seen both sexes flying in
abundance, now and then striking the surface with their abdomens, but
flying so rapidly that the observer had difficulty in determining: the
nature of their actions or what was accomplished by them. However,
if the day was dark and cloudy there was not much activity among
them, and on some of the cooler days or when it was raining they
were hardly ever seen at all. An acquaintance with their habits at
such times revealed the fact that they were passing the time among
the foliage, usually on the underside of a leaf, where they remained
quiet until pleasant weather appeared again.

The habits of the sexes while flying over water have been investi-
gated a great deal, but after all there are some points not fully under-
stood. There appears to be no choice as to the kind of water, for
running brooks are chosen as well as stagnant ponds. At first there
was some question in my mind as to whether both sexes have the habit
of striking the surface in their gyrations over water, but observation
soon proved that one sex as well as the other visits ponds and streams
regularly, and so far as I could see there is no difference in their
habits so far as the dipping is concerned, and specimens taken in the
act bear out this statement. Over a small pond in which there was
an abundance of aquatic vegetation in parts and open water in other
parts, I observed many of the insects flying. Specimens, after flying
about for a time, often came to rest on the foliage and sometimes on
the surface of the open water. Under such circumstances the sex
could be determined readily. Along swiftly flowing streams speci-
mens found favorite resting places on the stones that protruded above
the water, or else on the bank near the water’s edge.

The food habits of the adults are of especial interest, and every
opportunity for studying these was utilized. I am thoroughly con-
vinced that the females take much other food than blood and do not
believe it would be overstating the facts to say that specimens of this
sex may pass the period of adult life without taking bloodat all. Both
sexes of sulc/frons run over foliage a great deal and often have been
observed sipping up water that forms on the leaves as dew. This
dew in many cases carries nourishment in solution, and on trees
infested by aphides, scale insects, and various other species, espe-
cially of the order Hemiptera, much food material is included. Many
leaves become coated with honeydew dried to a semisolid state. The
water that collects on these leaves during clear nights dissolves some
of this material and makes it available as food for horseflies. I have
watched many specimens on wet stones and damp sand along brooks.

26 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

They move from one place to another, stopping now and then to sip
up any small amount of liquid that they find, and if one watches
closely he may see this liquid disappear from small depressions where
they have introduced their sucking mouth parts. I have examined
many specimens of both males and females and found their alimentary
tracts filled with a liquid slightly yellowish in coloration, indicating |
that it contained something besides clear water. In Summit County,
Ohio, some cucumber trees (J/agnolia acuminata) were found to be
thoroughly infested with a species of scale of the genus Eulecanium.
Male and female flies visited these trees in numbers and fed on the
honeydew excreted by the scale insects.

A number of species of the family Tabanidee, aside from the one
under consideration, have been observed feeding on the excretions of
insects. At Sandusky, Ohio, within a few minutes I took the sexes of
no less than six species of the genera
Chrysopsand Tabanus feeding on honey-
dew from an aphis, which was abundant
on Phragmites, a large species of aquatic
oTass.

The various species of Tabanidee have
a great many natural enemies and _s7//-
cifrons is no exception in this regard.
Aside from certain species of birds which
are known to devour the flies occasion-
ally, I have observed that the common
bald-faced hornet (Vespa maculata L.,
fig. 3) is very active in capturing both
sexes, either for food for itself or for its
young. Around the cucumber trees

Leite ea ee enlarged = mentioned above the flies were abund-

oe ant, and while located under one of
these one afternoon I saw something come tumbling down through
the branches to the ground. When in position to see what it was, I
found it to be a horsefiy which was being held bya hornet. The matter
was interesting, and I watched to see what transpired. The fly was
too heavy for the hornet to carry, but the latter, equal to the occasion,
immediately began to dismember the former, cutting off such parts as
were not wanted. With its scissor-like mandibles, and otherwise well
prepared for what was to follow, the hornet soon got into position
and first clipped the slender neck of its victim, thus separating the
head from the rest of the body. Legs and wings came next in order,
and finally the abdomen; so that nothing was retained but the thorax.
After lacerating this somewhat :and disposing of some of the outer
chitinous covering, it rolled the remainder into a sort of a ball and

>?

flew away with it—I suppose to its nest.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANID&. 27

After one example of this kind had been observed, watch was made
for others, and it was found that the occurrence was common. The
hornets could be heard buzzing in all parts of the tree, and when one
had the opportunity it pounced upon a fly and, holding on with its
feet, came down with its prey to the ground, both insects making an
abundance of noise with their wings.

August 6 under a single tree I saw the hornets kill three males and
a female of the tabanid within the space of half an hour. At other
times during succeeding days the occurrence was watched until it was
proven that the habit is a natural one for this particular species of
hornet.

Some variations in the actions of the hymenopteron were noted. In
some cases, after cutting off the head and some of the appendages of
‘the fly, it flew to one of the lower branches of the tree with the
remains and finished the trimming while clinging to a twig by one
hind leg and using the other legs to hold and manipulate its victim.

The possibility that the hornet stung its prey, when it first pounced
upon it, was considered, and although there was no definite way of
proving that such is not the fact, results of observation do not seem to
indicate such a procedure. In one or two instances observed the pair
came down into the water of a brook that flowed beneath the tree.
Under these conditions the hornet became confused and released its
hold on the fly, the latter flying away apparently unharmed.

Various species of spiders occasionally catch flies of this species,
either by netting them in their webs or by jumping upon them from
concealment.

The use of insecticides against adult horseflies has been more or less
unsatisfactory, and whatever good has been accomplished has come
almost entirely as a result of using some substance that acted as a
repellent to the flies; for they are so retiring in their habits that as
soon as anyone approaches with a sprayer an animal they are troubling,
they are apt to leave and consequently do not usually receive a direct
application. Effort on the part of different investigators to bring out
an effective repellent has resulted in the testing of many substances
which have penetrating odors. I have used a mixture prepared in the
proportion of 1 pint of carbolic acid and 1 quart of pine tar to 3 gallons
of kerosene. Application was made with a hand sprayer or atomizer,
with the view of testing its effects on the adults of Zabanus sulcifrons.
It was satisfactorily demonstrated that the mixture has properties as
a repellent, but of such short duration that it could hardly receive
practical consideration. When specimens were given a direct applica-
tion they were readily affected and as a first result flew away a short
distance and then dropped to the ground.

I have spent much time in an endeavor to work out the life his-
tory of this species, but my efforts have not been fully rewarded.

28 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS

Although the eggs have been procured in many stages of development
by dissecting the females, the habits of oviposition have not been
observed. The form of the eggs and the number produced by a single
female are as in other species of its size. Specimens containing eggs
almost fully developed were taken in various places, but I could not
get any clue as to where oviposition occurred by dissecting the females
where they were collected, as I had hoped to do; therefore all that can
be said at this time is, we hope to be able to obtain full information on
the life history of the autumn horsefly in the future.

The pupa case (fig. 2, D) of the species was procured by locating a
female which had just emerged. The place where this pupa case was
taken is on a side hill, about 75 feet above the bed of a small stream.
The description follows:

Length 26 mm., diameter 6mm. Color yellowish brown, the thorax being nearly
the same color as the abdomen. Tubercles of the head region well marked and dis-
tinetly darker than the surrounding parts. Prothoracie spiracular tubercle brown
in color, elevated, narrow, ventral half oblique, dorsal half turned directly forward,
thus forming a distinct bend near the middle of the length; rima nearly straight
from outer end to the middle and evenly curved for the remainder of its length,
inner tip curved backward, thus forming a well-defined hook. First abdominal
spiracle nearly round; its rima following the posterior curvature, very narrow, but a
little widened above; remaining abdominal spiracles a little smaller than the first
one, each with a short, slightly curved or straight rima. Terminal abdominal seg-
ment with several small spines near the middle of its length and six larger spines at
its apex (fig. 2, c). These spines are all brown in color, with the apex of each
approaching black. Six apical spines of nearly the same size; the dorsal pair point
upward, outward, and slightly backward, the lateral one on each side outward and
backward, while the ventral pair extend almost directly backward. These six spines
mark the corners of a hexagon with nearly equal sides, but the ventral pair are a
little nearer together than the dorsal pair.

THE BLACK AND WHITE HORSEFLY.
( Tabanus stygius Say.)

This horsefly is very common in the vicinity of the Lake Labora-
tory, at Sandusky, Ohio, where most of my observations on the
species were made. The adults appear about the Ist of July each
season, and are on the wing for several weeks thereafter. The
females were often observed biting cattle and horses, and are known
to be important stock pests. The males were often seen in the
marshes, on grasses infested by aphides, and it is known that this
sex, and occasionally the females also, feed on honeydew which these
insects excrete. The species oviposits principally on the leaves of
Sagittaria standing in shallow water, habitually placing the eggs just
above the point where the petiole meets the expanded part of the
leaf (fig. 4). The precision with which this habit is followed becomes
a matter of much interest. Out of hundreds of masses of eggs

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANID. 29

observed, only a very few were placed on other species of plants or in
a different position on the leaf (fig. 5). The female (fig. 6) is occupied
for a half hour or more in placing the several hundred eggs composing
a single mass, and during this time the observer can take a position
close by and watch the proceedings without frightening her away,
but species of Tabanus are more particular about the approach of
intruders than are various Chrysops.

/ The egg mass (figs. 4, 5) is white when first placed but turns brown
shortly; it is very convex, and is composed of about five layers, one
above the other. Individual eggs are of nearly the same size as those

Fic. 4.—Eggs of Tabanus stygius, showing the location, with reference to the leaf, in which they are
usually found. From a photograph; reduced (original).

of the black horsefly (Zabanus atratus Fab.), and are similar to them
inform. Hatching, as observed, occurred in seven days after ovi-
position. From a careful study of microscopic sections of eggs killed
as soon as laid it was concluded that development does not begin until
after oviposition, consequently the time given is the entire incubation
period.

When first hatched the larve contain a considerable amount of
unused yolk, which furnishes them food for a time; it is therefore
unnecessary for them to eat anything for a few days. This is advan-
tageous no doubt, for food is not always just at hand, and in case it is

30 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

not, the fact that nourishment is furnished naturally gives them an
opportunity to investigate their surroundings.

At hatching time nearly all the larve that come from a single mass of
eges appear at the same time and when they have freed themselves from
the shells go tumbling down into the water, scattering more or less and
sinking to the bottom, where it is difficult to observe their further actions.

I proved to my satisfaction that
horsefly larve are palatable to
the small catfish (Amdurus melas),
although Tam not fully informed
of how much value the fish is in
destroying them under natural
conditions. From a large num-
ber of these larvee, hatched July
21, 200 were counted out on the
morning of the 25d, and placed
ina quart jar of water containing
two young fishes slightly more
than an inch in length. Before
noon of the same day all the larvee
had been devoured. At another
time 300 larve were put into an
aquarium with 12 of the catfish,
with the result that the former
disappeared within the space of
an hour or two.

July 21a number of larvee just
hatched were placed in a breed-
ing jar containing damp sand
covered over the top with fine
plant material, and small crusta-
ceans were put in for food. The
larvee took kindly to the sur-
roundings, accepted the food
offered, and began to grow from
the start. After a couple of
weeks, as angleworms were much

Fig. 5.—Eggs of Tabanus stygius, showing a position : ;
in which they are notoftenfound. From a pho- easier to obtain, these were sub-

pete p a eueiua): stituted for the crustaceans, with

no bad effects on the larvee, which continued to grow, though rather
slowly. The largest attained a length of about 10 mm. by the
beginning of winter, when they ceased eating. They appeared to
be in good condition in the spring, but for some reason died without
further increase in size.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANIDZ. 31

August 2, of the same year, I took a large larva of this species in
Summit County, Ohio, from under a flat stone along a brook that ran
from a spring. When taken this specimen measured over 40 mm. in
length and had every appearance of being mature, but it continued to
eat the angleworms given it until late in the
fall. It then ceased feeding until the fol-
lowing spring, when it took a small amount
of food and entered the pupal stage about
the middle of May, the adult, a male, issuing
June 14. :

From what I have learned of the life cycl
of the species it seems hardly possible that
it passes all its transformations in a single
year, for the larve reared from eges were
not over 8 mm. long when the specimen over
40 mm. long was collected; and as the latter
did not produce the adult until about the
normal time for adults to appear under natu-
ral conditions, it does not seem possible that
the first-mentioned larvee could have reached

f Fic. 6.—Adult female of Tabanus
maturity and produced adults before the sec- —stygius. From a photograph:
ond year. enlarged (original).

Larva, when first hatched, 4 mm. long; entirely light colored; form as in older
’ ? 3D) a c= ’
specimens. As growth continues size is the only noticeable change.

The mature larva has been figured and described in detail by Hart
in his paper, ‘*On The Entomology of the Illinois River and Adjacent
Waters.” 4

Pupa (fig. 7,4) 29mm. long; color dark, approaching fuscous; prothoracic spiracle
strongly bent at the middle; rima oblique and straight for the outer half of its length,
remainder gradually curved, with a broad hook at the inner end. Teeth at the end
of the abdomen (fig. 7,B) six in number, nearly equidistant from one another, of
nearly the same size, with the extreme tips slightly turned inward.

“é
Fic. 7.—Tabanus stygius; A, pupa; B, terminal abdominal teeth of same. En-
larged (original).

The pupa of stygius is much like that of sw/cifrons, but there is some
difference in the prothoracic spiracles and in the abdominal teeth.

@4Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. VI, pp. 239-240, Pl. XI, figs. 47, 48,
1895,

32 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Adult 20 to 22 mm. in length. Third segment of the antenna reddish at the base,
blackish at the apex; legs black, the front tibiee reddish at base; wings yellowish
brown, cross veins and furcation of the third vein margined with darker; abdomen
uniformly black. Female, thorax plainly white pollinose; male, thorax uniformly
grayish brown.

The species is nearly related to 7. nigrescens, which has the thorax
of the female almost uniformly black.

THE RIVER HORSEFLY.
(Tabanus vivax Osten Sacken. )

I have never observed this species to be especially common, but it
is widely distributed, having been taken in a number of the Eastern

Fic. 8.—Tabanus vivax: A, male; B, female; c, pupa; D, terminal abdominal
teeth of pupa; E, larva. All enlarged (original).

States. Since specimens are not plentiful they are not often observed
around stock, but it is known that they have the same habits in this
regard as the other members of the family. The male has been taken
fully as often as the female, on protruding stones in swift-flowing
streams, and in sunny spots in woods near such streams. The species
is on the wing during the last half of June.

Adult (fig. 8, 4, B) from 14 to 16 mm. in length, slightly elongate; antennz black,
first segment partially reddish in the female; thorax with five gray stripes separated
by black; wings hyaline; legs black in general color, with the basal part of each
tibia yellowish; abdomen with a prominent middorsal row of gray triangles and gray
spots on each side.

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANIDA. oo

Female: Palpi light yellow; front wider above than below, frontal callosity shining
black, almost as wide as the front and with a narrow extension above. Abdomen
with three rows of gray spots extending for its whole length; in this sex the gray
spots are small but well defined.

Male: Palpi nearly black, much darker than in the female. The general arrange-
ment of colors on the abdomen is the same as in the other sex, but the lateral gray
spots are larger.

Eggs are placed on stones that project above the water in rifles of
streams. They do not differ in particular from the eggs of other
species of the genus, but the masses observed were not so convex as
those of the black horsefly, and being placed on stones of a color simi-
lar to themselves are rather difficult to see. Females have been
observed ovipositing as early as June 8, but most often eggs are
deposited after this date.

Larve occur in the streams in the fall. In September and October
each year we collect the larvee of the dobson fly (Corydalis cornuta 1.)
for study in the laboratory. Whether we obtain these larve by turn-
ing stones at the edge of swift riffles, or by means of a net stretched
across the riffles to catch such specimens as are dislodged by turning
stones behind the net in the stream, we find plenty of the larve of
this horsefly. I have collected much in streams, but the larva of the
river horsefly is the only tabanid larva taken in rifles so far. I have
not found it difficult to rear these larve, when taken at the season
mentioned, by placing them in damp sand and feeding them on angle-
worms. As winter approaches they refuse to eat and take up a posi-
tion in the sand and remain quiet until the following spring; then they
feed actively for a few days and change to the pupa. Like other
tabanid larvee they are not particular as to their food; all that appears
to be necessary is that they obtain small, soft-bodied animals. Crus-
taceans serve them as well as insects and their own species as well as
some other species—whatever, in fact, is in the sand of the breeding
cage.

Larva (fig. 8, ®), when full grown, about 25 mm. long. General color yellowish
white, anterior margin of each thoracic segment and a narrow band, including the
prolegs, on the anterior half of the first seven abdominal segments opaque, and
appearing darker than the other parts, which are more or less shining and usually
finely striate longitudinally. Prothoracic segment divided by longitudinal grooves
into four nearly equal parts, which may be called the dorsal, ventral, and lateral
areas. The lateral areas are shining and finely striated on the posterior third and
opaque on the anterior two-thirds; the dorsal and ventral areas are opaque on about
the anterior fourth and distinetly shining on the remaining parts. The ventral space
is plainly divided into two equal parts by a longitudinal groove. In order to see the
character of this segment, it must be fully extended. The mesothoracic and metatho-
racic segments have a number of longitudinal grooves, some of which are very nar-
rowly bordered by opaque darker coloring, which proceeds backward from the narrow
anterior border of these segments. Each of the first seven abdominal segments has
on its anterior part a transverse row of eight tubercles which encircle the segment.
These all bear short spines or claws at the apex, excepting a dorsal pair on each of

34. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

the first three or four segments. They may be called prolegs, since they have the
parts necessary to such organs and, what is more, are used as prolegs. On the pos-
terior dorsal border of most of the abdominal segments there may be a narrow,
irregular, opaque marking of the same color of the narrow band in the region of the
prolegs; eighth segment on each side with two narrow, curved markings which have
the appearance of being composed of contiguous punctures. These markings are of
the same shade of color as the other darker areas, and the lower one is more than
twice as long as the upper.

Pupa (fig. 8,c) 18 mm. long and 4 mm. in diameter. Light brown in color, thorax
somewhat paler than the abdomen. Antennal and other tubercles of the head and
thorax prominent and darker than the surrounding parts. Prothoracic spiracular
tubercle slightly elevated, reniform, obiique; rima uniformly curved for nearly its
whole length; but just before the anterior end the curvature is stronger, although no
hook is formed. First abdominal spiracle nearly round; rima almost uniformly
curved, posteriorly very slightly widened just at the end, anteriorly slightly nar-
rowed and curved so as to forma short hook. The other abdominal spiracles agree
with the first one in general, but there is slight variation in the enlargement and
curvature of the extreme ends. Terminal teeth (fig. 8, pb) prominent, shining brown
in color, darkest at the extreme tips. Dorsal pair of teeth smallest and closer
together than the ventral, lateral teeth longer and larger than the ventral and located
much beneath the dorsal, in fact they are nearly midway between the dorsal and
ventral.

THE BLACK HORSEFLY.

( Tabanus atratus Fabricius. )

The eges of this horsefly —male and female adults of which are shown in
figure 9—are placed in masses of various sizes on the leaves and stems of
erasses and sedges and other plants growing in marshy or wet ground,
but not necessarily in the water. A single mass may contain as many as
500 eges, but often they are smaller and they may be larger; they are
white when first placed, but soon turn brownish. The mass is very con-
vex and composed of several layers, one above the other, the bottom
layer being attached to the surface of the leaf or stem and the other
layers each to the one that was placed before it. Each egg is elongate
spindle shaped, between 2 and 3 mm. in length and narrowed at each
end. <A female was observed ovipositing June 23 at 11 o’clock. The
egos were taken and kept in a room out of the sun, where they hatched
on the morning of July 2 before 6 o’clock, thus requiring an incubation
period of nearly nine full days. It has been proven that the eggs of
tabanids hatch more quickly when exposed to the sun during the day,
as where they are usually deposited; therefore, the time given is proba-
bly too long for eggs under natural conditions.

There is no definite way, so far as observed, of telling the eggs of the
black horsefly from those of other species of its genus, but being a
large species the masses are much larger than in some others, and are
more convex than usual. The particular place of oviposition is in a
measure characteristic.

Larvee, when first hatched, are about 3mm. in length, white, and with
a narrow darker shade at the union of each twosegments. As soon as
they drop to the ground they begin to burrow and are soon beneath

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANIDZ. dD

the surface, where they can not be seen. At first these larve are very
hard to see on account of their small size; consequently not much has
been learned of their habits under natural conditions; but when
nearly grown they are to be found in a variety of places. Walsh was
the first to make reference in writing to this species in the larval stage.
He found specimens in floating débris and rotten logs and on one oceca-
sion under a log on dry land. I have taken them while digging in the
ground in the vicinity of ponds, from under stones on ditch banks,
from the water with dip nets, and occasionally in most unexpected
places. However, if one is looking for them he is likely to meet with
more or less disappointment, as the finding of one specimen does not
indicate necessarily that others may be taken under the same conditions.

Fic. 9.—Tabanus atratus: Adult male at left, female at right. From a photograph; enlarged
(original).

The fact that specimens have been taken from floating logs and
débris suggests that they may be transported for longer or shorter
distances in this way, and during high water stranded upon ground
which, when the flood subsides, is high and dry and far removed from
the bed of the stream. Since the species in all its habits is closely
associated with water and wet ground, this seems to be the only way
of explaining the appearance of larvee in dry soil and in places remote
from where the eges are laid.

Full-grown larva nearly 2 inches in length. General color yellowish white, with
wide dark brown bands at the union of each two segments. Prothoracic segment on
each side with two lateral grooves, which do not quite reach the posterior border
of the segment, and a dorsal groove continued for the entire length. These grooves
-and a number of irregular dots on the posterior part are dark colored, while the
remainder of the segment is light. Mesothoracic segment, on each side, with four
longitudinal grooves, which reach nearly the entire length. The dark markings on
this segment include a narrow anterior border, the lateral grooves, and a number of

36 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

irregular dots near the posterior margin. The metathoracic segment is like the last,
except that the dark color on the anterior margin is wider and the posterior, instead
of being dotted, is uniformly brown. The abdominal segments are each similar to
the metathoracic, but the dark markings in the region of the lateral grooves are more
or less abbreviated. Last abdominal segment with two pairs of dark markings; the
ventral pair extend the whole length of the segment and are connected just behind
the anal prominence by a cross-band; the dorsal pair are oblong, somewhat irregular
in outline, and extend from the anterior margin to beyond the middle of the length.
At the anterior ventral border of each of the first seven abdominal segments is a
transverse series of prolegs, three on either side of the midventral line. These pro-
legs are located within the dark transverse bands, but are lighter in color than these
and prominent enough to be seen easily. Above the prolegs on either side of the
middorsal line is a small swelling which appears as a rudimentary proleg; before the
two is a distinct transverse light spot still within the dark area.

The head of the larva is very small for so large an insect and the mouth parts are
minute. The mandibles consist of two strongly chitinized pieces, and work by being
pushed endwise backward and forward. When drawn in, the anterior ends point
directly forward, but when protruded, these same ends point downward and back-
ward, thus forming a pair of hooks by means of which the prey is held. The larva
is able to protrude its mandibles very quickly and to use them very effectively on
soft-bodied invertebrates on which it is known to feed.

Pupa (fig. 10, B) about 14 inchesin length. Color brownish yellow. Antennal and
other tubercles of the head darker than the surrounding parts. Prothoracic spiracle

Fie. 10.—Tabanus atratus: B, pupa; A, terminal abdominal teeth of same. Enlarged
(original).

slightly elevated, clear brown in color, reniform and oblique, rima gradually curved
tonear the dorsal end, where a distinct hook is formed by a sharp bend. Abdominal
spiracles nearly round; rima of the first short and gradually curved and with a slight
hook at the dorsal end. Terminal teeth (fig. 10, 4) arranged in pairs, a ventral
pair and a pair on each side formed by a dorsal and a lateral tooth. The distances
between these teeth is variable; the two dorsal are nearest together, then follows the
distance between a dorsal anda lateral, the distance between the two ventral, while
the distance between a ventral and a lateral on each side is greatest of any.

THE MARSH EARFLY.

Chrysops merens Walker.
YSO}

The marsh earfly is a common species in the marshes near the Lake
Laboratory, at Sandusky, Ohio. The adults appear each year during
the latter part of June and are abundant by the 10th of July. They
continue to be common all through the latter month and August, and a
few are to be found in September. Eggs were first observed during
the first days of July and were present in varying numbers during the
following two months.

During the time the female is ovipositing she is not easily disturbed;

HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TABANID. Bi

consequently one has an excellent opportunity to watch the procedure.
The accompanying illustration (fig. 11) was made from a photograph
of a living specimen which was found in the act of egg-laying and
carried, with the leaf, to the laboratory where the picture was taken.
During the whole time she continued ovipositing without showing any
signs that she was aware of what was going on or that she had any
concern for the welfare of her eggs.

The method of placing the eggs is similar to that recorded for C.
callidus in my paper on ‘*The Tabanide of Ohio,”” pages 4 and 5.
The female alights on the leaf with her head downward and begins the
process by pushing the tip of her abdomen for-
ward toward the under part of the thorax and
placing the protruding end of an egg against
the leaf. The end sticks fast in consequence of
the glue-like substance which accompanies it,
and she then moves the tip of her abdomen back
to its normal position, thus freeing the ege.
By similar movements one or two eggs are
placed to one side of the first, and two or three
to the other side of it. The unfinished end
soon becomes V-shaped; she moves slowly for-
ward and lifts the tip of her abdomen to one
arm of the V and places eggs along down until
the apex is reached; then changes to the other
arm of the V and places eggs along down to the
apex on this side. It was noted in specimens
of this species observed that sometimes a female
would place as many as three rows of eggs on
one side, one after the other, before changing
to the opposite side. It is only necessary to
study a mass of these eggs in order to see the
precision, in reference to one another, with
which the different specimens are arranged.

The eggs (fig. 12) are placed on various aquatic
plants, oftentimes standing in rather deep water
and at times as much as 20 rods from shore. I
have always found them on scattering plants F!6. 1.—Chrysops —merens

. ovipositing. From a liv-
around the edges of grassy areas and not back ineepecinien: (arisen
among the dense growth; consequently they are
easily seen, not only on account of conspicuous location, but also
because of their shining black color, which contrasts strongly with the
green leaves to which they are attached.

It has occurred to me that, on account of the uniform methods of
placing the eggs followed by various species and the strong contrast
of these eggs with their surroundings, there are times when hand

«Ohio State Academy of Science, Special Papers, No. 5, May 1, 1903.

388 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

picking might be of consequence, although I realize that in most cases
such procedure would not be practicable. In order to demonstrate
what could be done in the way of gathering eggs of this species, on
the morning of July 17 I went out in a small rowboat and collected
for an hour. At the endof this time a count showed 433 masses, and
an average of 250 specimens to each mass—a result obtained by count-
ing several and striking the average—gives a total of 108,250 single
egos taken as a result of the hour’s work.

Eggs laid from 8.45 to 9.30 o’clock on
the morning of July 13 hatched before noon
of July 19, thus making the incubation
period six days in length. This is the
shortest incubation period I have observed
for any of the species of the family.

In a previous paper I suggested that ker-
osene might be of consequence 1f used on
the surface of stagnant water over which
egos are in place, in order that the larvee
when they hatch and drop to the water
ust pass through a film of the oil. Data
on this point are very difficult to obtain in
the natural breeding grounds of the flies,
for it is almost impossible to find the very
small larvee after they have dropped from
the eggs and have become more or less
scattered among the débris which is usually
plentiful in these places. I undertook to
test the matter by the use of a tank of
water on the surface of which kerosene
was placed at the rate of half a pint to each
square yard of surface. Spharganium
leaves to which eggs were attached were
brought in from the marsh and put into a
bottle, as one would arrange a bouquet, and
this placed on the bottom of the tank so
that the parts of the leaves to which the
Hire 19. Wape of Chyeopstmarens» Coos IVCEe attached were a foot or more
Four masses on short section of above the surface of the water which con-
Fee ena From tained the layer of kerosene. Even under

these conditions an exact count could not
be obtained, because the kerosene appeared to affect different speci-
mens differently. Some were killed very quickly, some died after an
hour or more, while others did not appear to suffer particular incon-
venience from the treatment. Further observation is necessary in
order to be able to give conclusive statements regarding the matter.

O

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;

a
f

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12, PART III.

BUREHAU OF

U.S, DEPARTMENT. OF ' AGRICULTURE,

HNTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE

OF THE

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNTA.

By DUDLEY MOULTON

>
Engaged in Deciduous- Fruit Insect Investigations

Issuep Aprit 5, 1907.

>
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RAKES

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(A ~ ira
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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1907.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DepartMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., February 5, 1907.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
paper by Mr. Dudley Moulton, special agent in this Bureau, entitled
**A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Thysanoptera of California.”
This paper embodies the results of some work carriedon by Mr. Moulton-
while a student at the Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto,
Cal., and forms part of a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in
the Department of Entomology at that institution. It contains keys
and descriptions for the identification of the various species of thrips
found to oecur in California. The group of insects treated is one of
economic importance, containing, as it does, species which are injuri-
ous to various field crops, fruit trees, and ornamental plants. I recom-
mend the publication of the paper as Technical Series. No. 12, Part II,
of this Bureau.
: Respectfully, L. O. Howarp,

Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

II

RIES A CE:

The systematic treatment of the Thysanoptera of California, which
is presented in this paper, is the direct outgrowth of an investigation
of the pear thrips (Luthrips pyr? Daniel) which was undertaken in the
Santa Clara Valley of California during the period from January,
1905, to April, 1906. This insect has become a serious fruit-tree pest
in the deciduous-fruit sections around the San Francisco Bay. An
important phase of the investigation was to learn the insect’s distribu-
tion and the number of its food plants, both wild and cultivated. In
looking for Huthrips pyri on various plants, naturally many other
species of thrips were found, and much of interest learned regarding
the life habits of several of them. It is the object of this paper to
bring together these various observations and also the results of the
more technical part of the work, leaving the economic treatment of
the pear thrips for a separate paper.

The investigation of the pear-thrips problem in the Santa Clara
Valley, as also the collecting of specimens described herein, was made
possible by the very liberal attitude of the Santa Clara County board
of supervisors, who granted everything necessary for a thorough and
scientific study. The very careful and efficient work of the writer’s
two assistants, Mr. Karl L. Morris and Mr. C. T. Paine, must also be
acknowledged. To Prof. Vernon L. Kelloge, professor of entomology
in the Leland Stanford Junior University, the writer wishes to express
his gratitude for encouragement, helpful suggestions, and friendly
criticism.

Dee

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List of California Thysanoptera and their food plants --...--..--------------
EES Reaet Orns.

Prats I. Fig. 1.—Orothrips kelloggii: head and prothorax of female....-.-.---

Fig. 2.—Orothrips kelloggii: left antenna of female -.--...----.-----

Fig. 3.—Orothrips kelloggwi: right fore wing of female ...-....-.----

Fig. 4.—Orothrips kelloggu: fore tarsus of female..-....-..---------

Fig. 5.—Holothrips kuwanaii: head and prothorax of female -.-----

Fig. 6.—Holothrips kuwanaii: right antenna of female ...-.-.------

Fig. 7.—Holothrips kuwanaii: right fore wing of female.......--.---

Fig. 8.—2Holothrips kuwanaii: fore tarsus of female ..........------

Fig. 9.—Sericothrips reticulatus: head, prothorax, and mesothorax

ORTCMID Cl to ene sre = Si RA SE SS eae tee

Fig. 10.—Sericoihrips reticulatus: end of abdomen of female.....-----

Il. Fig. 11.—Sericothrips stanfordii, female -.-.--.------- i eee

Fig. 12.—Heliothrips fasciatus: head and prothorax of female... ~~ ---

Fig. 13.—Heliothrips fasciatus: right antenna of female...-.--.-.----

Fig. 14.—Heliothrips fasciatus: end of abdomen of female .....------

Fig. 15.—Luthrips orchidii: head and prothorax of female ......----

Fig. 16. —Euthrips orchidii: ‘right antenna of female ......-.--------

Fig. 17.—Euthrips orchidii: end of abdomen of female ....-.--------

Fig. 18.—Huthrips orchidii: right fore wing of female. ......-...----

VI
Puate III.
LV:
y
VI.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fig. 19.—Euthrips pyri: head and prothorax of female..----.--.--
Fig. 20.—Luthrips pyri: head and prothorax of female from side. -
Fig. 21.—Huthrips pyri: right antenna of female—.--.-.--- SAR Oe
Fig. 22.—Huthrips pyri: end of abdomen of female from side .----
Fig. 23.—Euthrips pyri: fore tarsus of female ......-.-- See see at
Fig. 24.—Euthrips pyri: right fore wing of female ..--......-----
Fig. 25.—Euthrips ehrhornii: head and prothorax of female -..-.--
Fig. 26.—Huthrips ehrhornii: right fore wing of female -.-....-.--

g. 27.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: head and prothorax of female-

Fig. 28.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: left antenna of female...-.--.
Fig. 29.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: right fore wing of female-.---
Fig. 30.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: fore leg of female -....------
Fig. 31.—EHuthrips ulicis californicus: end of abdomen of male ..--
Fig. 32.—Euthrips minutus: head and prothorax of female -......
Fig. 33.—Euthrips minutus: right fore wing of female ......-..---
Fig. 34.—Thrips madronii: head and prothorax of female .....---
Fig. 35.—Thrips madroni: right antenna of female .--....-------
Fig. 36.—Thrips madronti: right fore wing of female -...-...-----
. Fig. 37.—Thrips bremnerti: head and prothorax of female -...-..--
Fig. 38.—Thrips bremneru: end of abdomen of female. -.--.---.--
Fig. 39.—Thrips bremnerii: right fore wing of female.....---.----
Fig. 40.—Trichothrips dens: head and prothorax of female -....--
Fig. 41.—Trichothrips dens: left antenna of female -_-------------
Fig. 42.—Trichothrips dens: right fore wing of female ......------ :
Fig. 43.—Trichothrips dens: end of abdomen of female .....------
Fig. 44.—Trichothrips femoralis: right antenna of female .-....---
Fig. 45.—Trichothrips femoralis: head and prothorax of female . - -
Fig. 46.—Trichothrips femoralis: end of abdomen of female -....--
Fig. 47.—Trichothrips ilex: head and prothorax of female -..--.-.
Fig. 48.—Trichothrips wex: left antenna of female .._.-..--------
Fig. 49.—Trichothrips ilex: base of right fore wing of female ---..-
Fig. 50.—<Acanthothrips doaneti: head and prothorax of maile --...
Fig. 51.—Acanthothrips doaneii: left antenna of male......-.-----
Fig. 52.—Acanthothrips doaneii: end of abdomen of male -....-.---
Fig. 53.—Megalothrips hesperus: head and prothorax of female- - --
Fig. 54.—Megalothrips hesperus: right antenna of female....--.-.--
Fig. 55.—Megalothrips hesperus: end of abdomen of female. .-.----
Fig. 56.—Megalothrips hesperus: end of abdomen of male ....-.----

Wa5.D> As. BH. Pech. ser: 12) Pt. Tike D. F. I. I., April 5, 1907.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE THYSANOPTERA
OF CALIFORNIA.

By Duptrey Moutron, Special Agent.

INTRODUCTION.

Upon undertaking a study of tne life history of the pear thrips
(Luthrips pyr?), and incidentally of other thrips as they came to notice,
the writer was impressed by the great deficiency in our knowledge of »
these insects. In California it seemed, indeed, that new species could
be collected on almost every side, and when trying to classify these
specimens it was found that the individuals possessed most of the char-
acteristics which would place them readily in any certain genus, but
that there would often be found striking though minor differences.
In several cases it has been necessary to extend the original generic
descriptions to include California forms.

In a short published account of California thrips,“ Miss Daniel
states that previous to that time (1904) four species of thrips were
known to exist in California. To this number her paper would add
five. The writer finds, however, that one of her species, Ca/iothrips
woodworthi, is the already described //eliothrips fusciatus of Per-
gande. Thus only eiyht were known previous to 1906. The writer
has been able to gather abundant specimens of all of these thrips
and now adds sixteen more new species and two varieties, making a
total of twenty-six. It has been necessary to erect a new genus to
include the species Orothrips kelloggiz. The genus Megulothrips, rep-
resented by Megalothrips hesperus, has not before been recorded as
found in America.

Economically considered, the thrips constitute an important group
in California, because of the ravages of several species. Growers
of deciduous and citrus fruits and of garden truck and nurserymen
and florists have suffered at times very considerably, but not until

«New California Thysanoptera. By 8S. M. Daniel. Ent. News, Vol. XV, No. 9,
pp. 293-297, November, 1904.

40 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

the conditions in the Santa Clara Valley became so grave that some-
thing had to be done was any very serious study given to these insects.

Orange growers in southern California were made very apprehensive
afew years ago by the appearance of small brown spots on their
oranges, caused by the feeding of the grass thrips (Luthrips tritic/
Fitch). The injury was, however, superficial, as a spot only was pro-
duced on the orange peel, the quality of the fruit being in no way
injured nor its qualities of keeping affected. Yet because of the spots
many of the best oranges had to’be passed out as culls. ‘This same
thrips has been reported injuring alfalfa by its feeding within the
blossoms. The damage was hardly noticed when the alfalfa was cut
for hay, but for seed purposes the crop was an almost absolute failure.
The grass thrips is everywhere present in wild and cultivated flowers
and in blossoms of most of the indigenous trees. The writer has often
been able to collect hundreds of specimens of this thrips with a single
sweep of the net from the blossoms of the California sage (Artemisia
californica), and from the manzanitas, especially Arctostaphylos tomen-
tosa. This thrips is perhaps seen most commonly in our garden
flowers—roses, lilacs, ete.—and does little or no apparent injury.
Often, however, one finds ill-shaped and partly dead outer petals of
rose buds or even full-blown roses. This injury, when not caused by
mildew, can be quite easily traced to the grass thrips, which feeds in
the tip of the bud on the outer end of the petals, just before or while
the petals are spreading. This injury is common, but as roses unfold
‘apidly, the larger, inner petals are not injured, and the outer, smaller,
imperfect ones may be picked off and the rose left apparently perfect.
This species is perhaps the most widespread of all the thrips. Only
at intervals does its injury render it a pest. Its appearance is very
like that of the pear thrips (Huthrips pyr7), and to the casual observer
either species could easily be mistaken for the other.

The feeding injuries of //eliothrips hemorrhoidalis are limited
largely to azaleas, cherry laurel, and laurestina, and to greenhouse and
other ornamental shrubs. The writer has found in greenhouses azalea
plants which have been completely killed by these insects. Affected
laurestina plants produce contorted, ragged, and pale leaves.

The injury of 7richothrips ilex on the Christmas berry (//eteromeles
arbutifolia is noticeable wherever that plant grows. This insect has
been found only on the one plant, and it is interesting to note that the
plant is indigenous only*to limited areas in the Coast Range region
near San Francisco Bay. The Christmas berry is one of the
showiest of California shrubs when, from November to January, it
displays its fine clusters of crimson berries. When the plants are
badly infested with thrips the leaves are deformed and ragged and
the weakened blossoms produce small and imperfect berries. The

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 41

berries have no special value commercially, but in their perfect state
are used extensively for Christmas decorations.

The onion thrips (Z7/rips tabaci Lind.) finds an almost ideal habitat
in the extensive onion-seed farms in California, and its injury to this
plant in some sections and during some years is almost prohibitive of
onion growing.

Especially to be mentioned, however, is the injury caused by the
pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel). This is strictly a fruit-tree pest,
attacking as it does nearly all varieties of deciduous fruits. No other
thrips is recorded as having done so much damage as has this one, and
the problem for its control is a difficult one to solve. The writer’s
experience has been that, outside of purely cultural methods, we have
no effective artificial means for checking it. Its natural insect enemies
are few, and from the very nature of the pest’s life habits it can not
be controlled effectively by those beneficial forms which are already
present. A parasitic fungus has for the time being proved a quite
effective check, but the weather conditions, moist and warm for two
years past (during 1905 and 1906), have been almost ideal for the
growth of such fungi, and it is extremely doubtful if this check
would prove at all effective under other conditions. The pear thrips
is limited in its distribution to the deciduous-fruit areas around San
Francisco Bay.

It is interesting to note the relations of some of the California
thrips to their food plants. Ovothiips kellogg7i is found only in blos-
soms of manzanita and madrona—both trees peculiarly Californian—
whose cup-shaped blossoms afford an ideal home for this striking
thrips. dolothrips huwanaii is common only in the wild California
lilac. Zrichothrips ilex is peculiar to the Christmas berry, and has
thus far been collected from no other plant. Authrips pyri is limited
in its feeding to cultivated fruits. Cryptothrips californicus is most
often found under the old shells of the brown apricot scale (Lecanium
armeniacum) and the black scale (Sazssetza olex). It has been taken
from these places mostly during the winter, and it may be that it is
under the old shells only for protection, but the writer suspects that
it may be a scavenger.

In preparing this paper the writer has introduced descriptions of
genera only when it has been necessary to extend the characters to
include California species. For other generic descriptions the reader
is referred to Hinds’s monograph of the North American forms.@

The already recognized characters of ovipositor, wings, antennee,
and mouth appendages are the principal ones here used in the keys for
classifying the species. In describing new thrips the writer has made

“Contribution to a Monograph of the Insects of the Order Thysanoptera Inhabit-
ing North America. By Warren Elmer Hinds. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. XX VI,
No. 1310, pp. 79-242, Pls. I-XI, December 20, 1902.

23668—07 2

49 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

the customary measurements, and, in addition, has reduced the lengths
of antennal segments to microns. In most other respects the plan
adopted by Hinds has been followed. The writer has redescribed the
three species of Miss Daniel (Cryptothrips californicus, Huthrips pyri,
and Sericothrips apteris) to make their descriptions conform with the
others.
CLASSIFICATION OF CALIFORNIA THYSANOPTERA.
KEY TO THE SUBORDERS AND FAMILIES.

I, Female with a saw-like ovipositor. Terminal abdominal segment of female coni-
cal, of male usually broadly rounded. Wings usually present; fore pair
strongest, with more or less well-developed veins; double fringed behind.
Membrane of wings with microscopic hairs. ------ Suborder TEREBRANTIA.

A. Antenne with nine segments. Fore wings broad and rounded,
with prominent ring vein and cross veins. Ovipositor up-
G@UTVEG te scene to ean aera e (A) Family AZoLoTHRIPID®.

B. Antenne with six to eight (nine?) segments. Wings present or
absent; when present usually narrow and pointed at tips. Ovi-
positon downcunryedssecssee = fener (B) Family Trripm®.

Il. Female without ovipositor. Terminal abdominal segment tubular in both sexes.
Wings usually present, both pairs similar; front pair with only a rudi-
mentary, median, longitudinal vein; wings with simple fringe on both
margins except fore wing, which is double fringed on posterior edge near
tip by a few hairs; membrane of wings without microscopic —hairs.
Antennee eigiht-seomented_ =: 225. - 2.5.25 se-- 22-242 Suborder TuBULIFERA.

(C) Family PHi@oruririp®.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

(A) Family AoLorHripPip».
1. All segments of antennee freely movable and diminishing in size grad-
ually at tip. Maxillary palpi seven-segmented, labial palpi four-
Seom enited® = =) uy Sed Se wets el so eee (1) Orothrips, new genus.
2. Last four segments of antenne closely united and together shorter than the
fifth. Maxillary palpi three-segmented, labial palpi four-segmented.
(2) Molothrips Haliday.
3. Caliothrips Daniel. @
(B) Family Turipips.
1. Antenne with eight segments (nine?).
a. Wings wanting; prothorax almost as large as pterthorax; body with or
without reticulated structure........- (3) Genus Sericothrips Haliday.
a’. Wings fully developed.
». Body with markedly reticulate surface; last segment of antenna
drawn out and very much longer than the seventh.
(4) Genus Feliothrips Haliday.
b’. Body without reticulate structure; eighth antennal segment only
a little longer than the seventh.
(5), Genus Huthrips Targione-Tozzetti.

« Caliothrips woodworthi, new genus and species, was described in Entomological
News for November, 1904 (Vol. XV, No. 9, pp. 296-297). The writer of the present
paper has been unable to see the type specimen, but from the description believes
that it will prove to be none other than the male of Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande, or
a closely related species,

THE FHYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 43

(B) Family Taripip.2—Continued.
2. Antennze with seven segments.
a. Fore wings broad, reticulated and without front fringe.
(6) Genus Parthenothrips Uzel.
a’, Fore wings narrowed near tip; fringe present on anterior margin.
(7) Genus Thrips Linnzeus.
(C) Family Paia@orHrRipip®.

imvleadvaboutiasilonovas broad! 222.22. os oot (8) Genus Trichothrips Uzel.
2. Head markedly longer than broad.
a. Fore femora armed with tooth at tip....(9) Genus Acanthothrips Uzel.

a. Fore femora without such tooth.
b. Head more than twice as long as wide; males with prominent
clasping organs projecting from the side of sixth segment; very

hare ey Ghia pse seer se ote 45- ee soe (10) Genus Megalothrips Uzel.
b’. Head about one and one-half times as long as wide; males without
suchiclasping organs. ===2)- 222 25=- (11) Genus Cryptothrips Uzel.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Genus Orothrips, new genus.

Represented by one species. .-:.--...-..-.-------- (1) O. kelloggii, new species.
2. Genus .Lolothrips Haliday.
Represented by one species and a variety......--- (2) A. kuwanaii, new species.

(3) A. kuwanaii robustus, new variety.
3. Genus Sericothrips Haliday.

a. Body very dark brown, nearly black; pterthorax yellow; legs brown.

(4) S. apteris Daniel.

b. Body uniform brown; surface of body strongly reticulated; legs yellow.

(5) S. reticulatus, new species.

e. Body and legs uniform brown; four stout spines on the dorsal side of seg-
ACO as” <= eee ee eee (6) S. stanfordu, new species.

4. Genus Leliothrips Haliday.

a. All legs yellow; antennze twice as long as head; wings slender, with one dis-.
tinct longitudinal vein in center; small darkened area near
base. Food plants are azaleas, laurestinas, dahlias, ete.

(7) H. hemorrhoidalis Bouché.

b. Legs brown, with tips of femora, both ends of tibiee, and tarsi light-brown to
yellow; antennze one and one-half times as long as head; wings
gray-brown with two transparent-white cross-bands, one at
base and one at three-fourths the wings’ length; two longitu-
dinal veins, the second branching from the first near the
broadened base of the wing, the first uniting with the costa to
form the fore part of a strong ring vein.

(8) H. fascidtus Pergande.
5. Genus Huthrips Targioni-Tozzetti.
a. Without prominent spines on fore angles of prothorax; longitudinal veins
not regularly set with spines.

bh. Head noticeably wider than long; sense cones on segments of antennz
very long and slender; general color of body light lemon-yellow.
(9) E. orchidii, new species.

b’. Head about as wide as long; general color of body brown.
| ¢ Basal segment of antenna concolorous with head and with segment 2;
postocular spines wanting; two spines on posterior part of
thorax dividing the hind margin into equal portions; about six-
teen spines on hind vein of fore wing; general color brown
tordarkelorpyn sess ss os see ee See (10) E. pyri Daniel.

aia Pe

44 MISCELLANEOUS: PAPERS.

5. Genus Euthrips Targioni-Tozzetti—Continued.
ce’. First segment of antenna of a lighter color than head and lighter than
segment 2; postocular spines present and -of medium length;
three small spines bordering hind margin of prothorax on
either side; posterior vein of wing with about twelve spines.
(11) E. ehrhornii, new species.

a’. With spines on fore angles of prothorax; longitudinal veins set regularly

with spines.
b. Fore tibia armed at end with tooth..(12) FE. ulicis californicus, new species.
b’. Fore tibia without such tooth.
ce. General color of body brown to dark brown; individuals small, total
length less than 1mm.; with several quite long spines but with
no short ones along posterior margin of prothorax.
(13) FE. minutus, new species.
ce’. General color of body yellow to brown; with a circlet of several large
and several small spines bordering posterior margin of pro-
thorax.
d. Fifth antennal segment about five-sixths as long as 4.
a(14) E. occidentalis Pergande.
d’. Fifth antennal segment about two-thirds as long as 4.
@(15) E. tritici Fitch.
6. Genus Parthenothrips Uzel.
Represented: by ‘one species’. <2). 42522 oss 2S. seek (16) P. dracenx Heeger.
7. Genus Thrips Linnzeus.

a. Head noticeably wider than long.

b. Body color dark brown, thorax and other parts often orange tinted, inner
crescents bordering ocelli orange-red; wings light brown with

lighter colored area near base; body length about 1.25 mm.
(17) T. madronii, new species.
b’. Body color light yellow to light brown, inner crescents of ocelli light
brown; wings uniform light colored; body length about 1 mm.
(18) 7. tabact Lindeman.

a’, Head as long or longer than wide; body long and slender; color almost
transparent, sometimes shaded light brown.

(19) 7. bremnerii, new species.
8. Genus Trichothrips Uzel.

a. Postocular spines wanting; all prominent spines on thorax and abdomen with
blunt tips; antennze about two and one-half times as long as
head; each fore tarsus armed with a large tooth. -

(20) 7. dens, new species.

a’. Postocular spines prominent; body spines normal; antennze not over twice

as long as head; each fore tarsus armed with a small tooth.
b. Sides of head almost straight; fore femora of males greatly enlarged;
fore tibize and tarsi and segments 3 to 6 of antennz yellow.
(21) T. femoralis, new species.
b’. Sides of head slightly arched; fore femora of males not more than twice
as broad as tibize; all tarsi and segment 3 of antennz yellow.
(22) T. ilex, new species.
b/’. All tarsi gray-brown and only base of segment 3 of antennie yellow.
(23) T. ilex dumosa, new variety.

«Many specimens of these two species have been examined and the yariations in
size, color, and relative lengths of antennal segments are so great that no sharp
dividing line between the two species can be drawn.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 45

9. Genus Acanthothrips Reuter.

Represented by a single species ...-.-..---------- (24) A. doaneii, new species.
10. Genus Megalothrips Uzel.

Represented by a single species. .....----.------- (25) M. hesperus, new species.
11. Genus Cryptothrips Uzel.

Represented by a single species ---...:--...-------- (26) ©. californicus Daniel.

Family ZOLOTHRIPIDZ.“

The antenne are nine-segmented. Ocelli are present in both sexes.
The maxillary palpi are three to seven segmented; labial palpi are four
or five segmented (sometimes two segmented in European forms).
The wings are large, broad, and rounded at the outer ends. Each fore
wing has a heavy ring vein and two longitudinal veins extending from
base to near tip; each fore wing has from three to five cross-veins; the
fore wings are without a fringe on the front margin. Both sexes bear
a peculiar thumb and fore-finger-like hook on the outer side of the
second segment of each fore tarsus. The ovipositor of the female is
upturned. Males have the first abdominal segment much longer than
the second. The members of this family have very long legs.

1. Genus OROTHRIPS, new genus.

Head wider than long. Ocelli present in both sexes. Antenne
nine-segmented, all sutures freely movable; third and fourth about
equal in length. Maxillary palpi geniculate, seven-segmented; labial
palpi five-segmented. Prothorax about one-third wider than long, its
hind margin bordered with several quite strong spines on either side.
Legs long and slender; fore femora thickened in both sexes; all tibize
armed. Second fore tarsal segment in both sexes with hook-like
appendage. Wings present in both sexes, broader in distal third,
narrower near base. Anterior part of ring vein and two longitudinal
veins thickly set with stout spines. Fore wing with two broad,
darkened cross-bands near center and tip respectively, also darkened
area near base.

(1) Orothrips kelloggii, new species. (PI. I, figs. 1-4.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.16 mm., width 0.22 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.16 mm., width 0.28 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.48 mm.;
abdomen, width 0.41 to 0.50 mm.; total body, length 1.80 mm.
Antennee: 1, 364; 2, 54; 3, 1144; 4, 108m; 5, 60u; 6, 455 7, 42y;
8, 24; 9,33; total,0.51 mm. General color dark brown, sometimes
light brown, prothorax and abdomen shaded with orange.

flead about one-fifth wider than long and about as long as and
retracted into prothorax; cheeks strongly arched; back of head trans-
versely striated and clothed with small spines, a single pair posterior
to ocelli, largest. yes large, black, with light posterior margin,

“It has been necessary to extend the characters of the family Aolothripidee as
given by both Uzel and Hinds in order to include California forms.

46 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

pilose, with large prominent facets. Ocel//7 orange colored, granu-
lated, separated, and margined inwardly with dark orange-brown
crescents; posterior ocelli approximate to but not bordering inner
margin of eyes. MJouth-cone short, reaching about halfway. across
the prothorax, maxillary palpi geniculate, seven-segmented, first seg-
ment very large and almost as long as the other six; labial palpi five-
seomented. <Andéenne nine-segmented, uniform dark brown except
tip of segment 2, which is light brown, and base of 3, which is yellow;
all segments quite uniformly clothed with short dark hairs; segments
3 and 4 each with two elongated, light-colored, membranous sense
areas on outer side, one dorsal and one ventral; segments 5 and 6 each
with a simple sense cone on under side near tip.

Prothorax about one-third wider than lone, constricted in the center
of sides, very faintly cross-striated, uniformly covered with numer-
ous spines; circle of twelve quite stout spines on posterior margin.
Mesonotum striate-reticulate; with several stout spines, two on each
side, two near center, and two on posterior margin. Mesothorax
largest, quite smoothly and evenly rounded at union with metathorax;
sides converge gradually toward the posterior. Legs unicolorous with
body, except trocbanters, tips of fore tibize, and fore tarsi, which shade
to yellow; fore cox and femora thickened, other legs long and slender,
legs thickly covered with short spines; fore tarsi each with thumb
and forefinger-like hook; all tibiz: armed-with spines near tip, hind
tibiz with several and a double row on inner side. Fore w/ngs broad-
est near tip, narrower near base; anterior margin broadly rounded at
tip, posterior margin nearly straight outward from scale; fore wings
with a ring vein, two longitudinal and five cross veins; longitudinal
veins and anterior part of ring vein thickly and regularly set with short
spines. These spines are dark except on inner light area, where they
are white. Fore wéngs without anterior fringe and with hairs on the
posterior margin which do not average as long as the width of the
wing; wines clear white with three darkened areas, one at base, one
at tip, and a large irregular area near center. All cross veins are
included in or margin on this central darkened area. Scales at base
long and slender, each bears seven spines. Hind wings clear white
and without veins; margined in front with short and behind with long
simple fringe.

Abdomen ovate, or strongly spindle-shaped when distended; fourth
and fifth seements largest, tapering gradually from fifth to the tip;
segments 1 to 7 with a few short inconspicuous hairs on prominent
angles; segment 8 with a single pair of stout spines; segment 9 with
three long and several short pairs.

Mates are similar, but with long, slender bodies.

Described fron nine females and six males.

Food plants: Manzanita and madrofia blossoms.

Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, California.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 47

2. Genus ZHOLOTHRIPS Haliday. /

Head about as broad as long. Ocelli present in both sexes.
Antenne nine-segmented, the last four segments closely joined and
together shorter than the one preceding; the third segment longest.
Maxillary palpi three-segmented and geniculate. Prothorax about as
long ora little longer than the head, without large bristles. Lees
very long and slender; fore femora somewhat thickened in both sexes;
fore tibiz usually unarmed, although sometimes armed; second fore
tarsal Segment in both sexes with hooklike appendage. Wings usu-
ally present in both sexes; fore wing somewhat narrowed before the
middle; fore part of ring vein furnished with very short hairs, which
hardly overreach the edge of the wing and which increase in length
toward the tip. Fore wings white, with dark cross or longitudinal
bands. First abdominal segment in the males is much longer than the
second, and the ninth is drawn out at the hind angles into short clasp-
ing organs or hooks.

(2) Holothrips kuwanaii, new species. (PI. I, figs. 5-8.)

Measurements; Head, length 0.13 mm. (varying to 0.16 mm.), width
0.17 mm. (to 0.18 mm.); prothorax, length 0.16 mm., width 0.20 mm. ;
mesothorax, width 0.30 mm.; total body, length 1.66 mm. Antenne:
Sofia sole ose 4. Blue. OU: 6, 7, 8, and 9, blu: total: 0:34
mm. Color of insect brown—sometimes dark brown—with conspicu-
ous red pigment blotches, this red showing especially vivid through
the membranous parts between the segments.

Head about as wide or only a little wider than long, rounded in front
and only slightly elevated between basal segments of antenne; cheeks
arched; back of head faintly cross-striate with one especially prom-
inent line near posterior margin; with several not prominent spines.
Hyes prominent, black; with large facets, pilose. Ocel/z present,
placed well forward on anterior part of head, posterior ocelli contig-
uous with inner margin of eyes, orange-yellow and margined inwardly
with deep orange crescents. Mouth-cone long, reaching to posterior
margin of prothorax, pointed bluntly; maxillary palpi three-segmented,
basal segment large, terminal one very small. Antenne nine-seg-
mented, two and one-half times as long as head; brown, unicolorous
with body except segment 3, which is lemon-yellow shaded light-brown
at tip; all segments except basal one thickly and uniformly clothed
with short spines, those on tip of 2 are stoutest, spines on segments 1,
2, 4, and 5 are brown, those on 3 and style are white; sense area on 3
long and slender, on 4 a similar larger area; a simple sense cone on
lower side of segment 6 near tip.

@Genus modified to include California forms. —Holothrips kwwanaii differs only in
minor details from the Molothrips of other writers, so that it seems best to extend
this genus rather than to create a new one.

48 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Prothorax a little wider than long, and only slightly larger than
head, with an emargination and thickening of the wall near center of
each side; clothed with numerous small spines. J/esothorax largest;
metathorax with sides almost straight and parallel except near poste-
rior edge, where they turn abruptly inward. Legs dark brown, fore
femora thickened, fore and second tibiz armed at tip with two strong
spines, last tibizee with several spines at tip, and with two rows of
smaller ones on inner side; each fore tarsus armed with a stout hook
and tooth; all legs thickly set with small spines. Fore wzngs broadly
rounded at tips, with two longitudinal veins which unite with ring
vein near tip; with three cross veins and the vestige of a fourth;
second longitudinal vein set with about twenty-six short, dark spines;
spines also present on first longitudinal vein, but white and not con-
spicuous. Anterior margin of wing without fringe; hind margin with
long, double fringe. Wings clear white, with dark brown longitudinal
band covering posterior half from near base to near tip. Microscopic
hairs on light-colored area white, those on darkened area brown.
Hind pair of wings clear white, excepting a small, light brown longi-
tudinal area near base; without veins; margined in front with short
and on hind edge with Jong simple fringe.

Abdomen elongate-ovate, about one-third as wide as long. All seg-
ments uniform brown, with light brown intersegmental membrane,
splashed conspicuously with red pigment; segments 2 to 7, inclusive,
each with a dark cross line near anterior margin. Segments | to8
without conspicuous hairs or spines; segment 9 bears eight long and
several smaller spines along posterior margin. The three last seg-
ments form the sheath for the large upturned ovipositor.

Males are much smaller, with antennze almost uniform brown and
abdomen furnished with large clasping organs at tip.

Described from nine females and three males.

Food plant: California lilac (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus).

Habitat: Saratoga, Santa Clara County, Cal.

(3) Holothrips kuwanaii, variety robustus.

Measurements: Head, length 0.16 mm, width 0.20 mm; prothorax,
length 0.20 mm, width 0.23 mm; width of mesothorax 0.38 mm; total
body length 2.4 mm. Antenne: 1, 36; 2, 604; 3, 1l4y; 4, 69h; 5,
69; 6, 7, 8, and 9, 514; total 0.88 mm. Color quite uniform dark
brown, with conspicuous red, pigment blotches; the third antennal
segment is light brown, with a touch of purple pigment at its base.

A single specimen of this insect, which is about one-third larger
than A. kawanaii, has been taken from an apricot tree near Cupertino,

Cal.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 49

Family THRIPIDZ.
(3) Genus SERICOTHRIPS Haliday.

Body broad and having a silky luster, due to the presence of numer-
ous minute spines on the abdominal segments. Head fully one and
one-half times as wide as long. Eyes large and protruding; ocelli pres-
ent in both sexes. Antenne eight-segmented. Maxillary palpi three-
segmented. Prothorax much longer than the head, without long spines
at hind angles. Legs, especially hind pair, quite slender. Wings
either reduced or fully developed; when present the fore wing is
broad at basal fourth, the remainder being very narrow; only one longi-
tudinal vein developed; fore fringe long; spines on veins numerous
and moderately developed; abdomen in some species strongly arched
and its segments broad and short; tip of abdomen conical in both sexes;
abdomen of male much more slender throughout. (After Hinds.)

To include California forms this genus must be extended as follows:

Head may be almost as long as wide; ocelli wanting; maxillary
palpi two or three segmented; head may be as long as prothorax; legs
medium stout. The three California forms now recognized are wingless.

(4) Sericothrips apteris Daniel.

Measurements: Head, length 0.13 mm., width 0.16 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.13 mm., width 0.2 mm.; length of pterthorax 0.08 mm., width
0.26 mm.; width of abdomen 0.40 mm.; total body length 0.65 to 1.0
mm. Antenne: 1,184; 2,39; 3, 45; 4, 39m; 5, 864; 6, 54u; 7, 1d;
8, 18; total, 0.25 mm. General color very dark brown, pterthorax
lighter, abdomen almost black.

Head rounded in front, elevated between bases of antenne; back
of head cross-striate, with a spine on each side just inward from each
eye and several posterior to eyes; cheeks arched, sides roughened.
Hyes prominent, not pilose; together they occupy about one-half the
width of the head. Ocel/: wanting. Mouth cone long, extending to
mesothorax, tipped with black; maxillary palpi three-segmented.
Antenne eight-segmented, basal joints widely separated; first two seg-
ments broadest; suture near tip of segment 6, which often makes the
antenne appear nine-segmented; spines prominent; color quite uniform
brown.

Prothorax ot even length with head, sides evenly arched, witha few
not prominent spines; pronotum faintly reticulate-striate; color dark
brown. Pterthorax not nearly so long as head, narrow in front, diverg-
ing posteriorly; color orange-yellow to light brown; surface marked
with transverse reticulating wrinkles; wings wanting. Zegs moder-
ately stout; hind femora with spines at tip; color brown, tibia and
‘tarsi shading yellow.

Bee 23468--07-—3

,

50 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Abdomen broadly oval; segments 2 to 7, with an irregular row of
about twelve spines along posterior margin; spines on last two seg-
ments short but quite strong; color very dark brown to almost black.

Redescribed from namerous specimens including several cotypes
kindly furnished by Miss Daniel.

Food plant: Grass.

Habitat: Counties about San Francisco Bay, California.

This species is described in Entomological News for November, 1904,
page 295. I have taken specimens from grass on the campus of the
University of California, at Berkeley, Cal., where it was first found,
and from the same food plant in the Niles Canyon, Alameda County,
and on the campus of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Palo
Alto, Cal. It is easily distinguished from the other species of the
genus in that the pterthorax is decidedly lighter colored than the rest
of the body, which is very dark brown to brown-black.

(5) Sericothrips reticulatus, new species. (PI. I, figs. 9, 10.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.16 mm., width 0.20 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.18 mm., width 0.26 mm.; abdomen, width 0.48 mm.; total
body length 1.41 mm. Antenne: 1, 21; 2, 484; 3, 544; 4, 54455, 514,
6, 69; 7, 124; 8,21; total, 0.336 mm. Color brown, head and thorax
lighter, and abdomen shading to dark brown at tip; legs yellow. Body
_increasing in size gradually from head to sixth abdominal segment,
from where it tapers abruptly to the small ninth and conical tenth.
[ead small as compared with other segments of body; cheeks arched,
edges roughened; frons with two prominent darkened angles directly
above basal segments of antenne and with an intermediate angular
depression. Head surface strongly reticulate, with no conspicuous
spines and with but few very small hairs. “yes large, prominent,
with coarse facets, not pilose, with light-colored outer borders, pig-
ment very dark purple. Ocel/7 absent. Mouth cone broad, pointed
blantly at tip; maxillary palpi two-segmented. Antennx eight-seg-
mented, slightly more than twice as long as head, segments almost
uniform brown, sense hairs light colored and inconspicuous.
Prothorax but slightly longer than head. It bears a few very small
hairs, but no spines. J/esothorax smallest segment of body excepting
the last two of the abdomen, with metathorax only a little larger, and
together they are wider, although not so large, as the prothorax.
They bear no conspicuous hairs or spines. Vo wings or wing-pads
are present. All /egs are medium stout, unarmed, and with only a
few inconspicuous hairs; color yellow, tarsi tipped with brown.
Abdomen brown, shading darker toward the tip; broadly oval; seg-
ments 1 to 4 increasing in size gradually; segments 4, 5, and 6 about
equal, segment 7 tapering, 8 abruptly tapering to meet the very small
ninth and conical tenth. Entire upper surface of abdomen reticuiate.

Tech. Series 12, Part III, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, PLATE I.

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA.

Fig. 1.—Orothrips kelloggii, bead and prothorax of female. Fig. 2.—Orothrips kelloggitt, left antenna
of female. Fig. 3.—Orothrips kelloggii, right fore wing of female. Fig. 4.—Orothrips kelloggii,
fore tarsus of female. Fig. 5.—.Eolothrips kuwanati, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 6.—
Holothrips kuwanait, right antenna of female. Fig. 7.—olothrips kuwanaii, right fore wing of
female. Fig. 8.—olothrips kuwanaii, fore tarsus of female. Fig. 9.—Sericothrips reticulatus,
head, NET and mesothorax of female. Fig. 10.—Sericothrips reticulatus, end .of abdomen
of female.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 51

Segments 1 to 8 have each several very small hairs, segments 9 and 10
each with six or eight quite long, conspicuous spines.

Described from one female.

Food plant: Grass.

Habitat: Campus of the Leland Stanford Junior University, Cali-
fornia.

This species has many characters in common with the Prosopothrips
vejdovskyt described by Uzel.”

(6) Sericothrips stanfordii, new species. (PI. LI, fig. 11.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.12 mm., width 0.16 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.13 mm., width 0.21 mm.; width of abdomen 0.36 mm; total
body, length 1.25 mm. Antenne: 1, 21yu; 2, 36m; 3, 36u; 4, 394: 5,
334; 6, 484; 7, Ou; 8, 154; total, 0.24 mm. Color brown, tips of tibive
yellow, tarsi yellow, with brown tips.

[lead rounded in front, cheeks almost straight, roughened; surface
of head cross-striate almost to a reticulation; a spine just inward from
and two or three posterior to each eye; none, however, are prominent.
Eyes medium, with light-colored inner and outer borders; -slightly
pilose, not protruding. Ocel/i absent. J/outh-cone broad at base, blunt
and dark-brown at tip; maxillary palpi three-seemented. Antenne
eight-segmented; twice as long as head; brown, segment 3 light brown.

Prothorax bears no prominent spines and but few short inconspicu-
ous hairs; sides slightly arched; surface faintly cross-striate. J/eso-
thorax and metathorax resemble abdominal segments; the mesothorax is
the smaller; they bear no conspicuous spines or hairs; cross-striate on
upper surface. Color uniform brown with rest of body. Wo wings
are present. Legs medium stout, third pair armed with spines; tips of
tibie yellow, tarsi yellow, each with a conspicuous brown spot at tip.

Abdomen dark brown, with light-colored bands on posterior edges of
all segments excepting last two; these bands have small longitudinal,
wavy thickenings; intersegmental membrane light brown or yellow.
Body elongate-ovate; third, fourth, and fifth segments largest, taper-
ing gradually to tip (segments cross-striate, especially on their ante-
rior parts). Segments 1 to 7 each with several regularly placed small
hairs; on last three segments, and especially on the last two, these
hairs become quite strong, prominent spines.

Described from four females.

Food plant: Grass.

Habitat: Campus of the Leland Stanford Junior University, Cali-
fornia.

4. Genus HELIOTHRIPS Haliday.
(7) Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché and (8) H. fasciatus Pergande.

For descriptions of these two species see Hinds’s Monograph of the
Thysanoptera of North America, pages 168 and 174, respectively.

“Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera, page 166.

59 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis is one of the commonest thrips in
greenhouses, where it feeds on azaleas, ferns, and dahlias; out of doors
it feeds and becomes very destructive on laurestinas.

Heliothrips fasciatus (P\. 1, figs. 12-14) has been taken from oranges
in Colusa County by Mr. E. K. Carnes, from pea vines in Santa Rosa
by Mr. O. E. Bremner, and the writer has taken it from wild vetch
sweepings in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Clara County, Cal.

5. Genus EUTHRIPS Targione-Tozzetti.

Ocelli usually present, but sometimes more or less rudimentary.
Antenne eight-segmented. Maxillary palpi three-segmented. Pro-
thorax as long or somewhat longer than head, with two long spines on
each hind angle and one similar spine on each anterior angle in many
species, but this is wanting in others. Legs usually unarmed, but in
a few species with a stout tooth on the under side of fore tibia at end.
Wings usually fully developed, but sometimes reduced; when present
they are moderately broad, and in those species which have a spine at
the fore angle of the pronotum both longitudinal veins are closely
and regularly set with spines for their entire length. Spines on the
abdomen are moderately stout, anal spines are long and slender.
‘These species are usually active and most of them have the power of
springing.

(9) Euthrips orchidii, new species. (PI. II, figs. 15-18.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.15 mm.; prothorax,
Jeneth 0.10 mm., width 0.18 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.22 mm.; abdo-
men, width 0.25 mm.; total body, length 0.88 mm. Antenne: 1, 18/4;
2, 30M; 38, 484; 4,484; 5,48; 6, 54; 7, 12M; 8,214; total, 0.28 mm.
Color yellow, head and all legs light lemon-yellow, wings light brown.

[Head one-third wider than long, retracted into prothorax, angular
in front, with concave depressions receiving basal joints of antenne;
spines inconspicuous: cheeks almost straight; head broadest across
eyes. yes relatively large, occupying about one-half the length
of the head, prominent; pigment granular and from deep red to
purple; facets of eye as large as ocelli, eyes pilose. Ocel/z subap-
proximate, margined inwardly with orange-red crescents. J/outh-cone
short, reaching hardly beyond posterior margin of head, pointed and
with a brown spot at tip; maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antenne.
eight-segmented, light lemon-yellow, with tips of segments 4, 5, and
6 shading to light brown; segments 3, 4, and 5 of about the same
length, segment 6 longest; forked sense cones on segments 3 and 4
long and slender, a short and a long simple sense cone near tip of
segment 5, a similar pair on 6; on this latter segment the inner long
cone is very long and reaches almost to tip of antennee. All spines
and sense cones are pale and inconspicuous.

Tech. Series 12, Part Il!, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

>
SSS

TLS

SS

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA.

Fig. 11.—Sericothrips stanfordii, female. Fig. 1
female.- Fig. 13.—Heliothrips fasciatu
end of abdomen of female.
Euthrips orchidii,
female. Fig. 18.—

2,—Heliothrips fasciatus, head and prothorax of
s, right antenna of female. Fig. 14.—Heliothrips fasciatus,

Fig. 15.—Euthrips orchidii, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 16.—
right antenna of female. Fig. 17.—Euthrips orchidii,

end of abdomen of
Euthrips orchidii, right fore wing of female.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 53

Prothorax almost twice as wide as long, all angles broadly and
evenly rounded; a prominent line across the posterior part which
might easily be mistaken for the hind margin; with two short and
quite stout spines on each posterior angle; all spines light colored and
not readily seen. Jlesothorax largest, sides of metuthoraxr almost
parallel and very slightly arched. Zegs uniform light yellow; all
tibize with a spine at tip, hind tibiz with a row of regularly placed
spines on upper inner side; all tarsi with a brown spot at tip. Wrngqs
present and fully developed; fore wings light brown, with two white
areas, one near base and one at tip. <A single rudimentary vein at
base of each fore wing; spines of wing few and scattered, except two
groups of three each near base and five on scale; wing broadest at
base, anterior margin bowed, posterior margin straight from base to
near tip, where it curves forward to form a scythe-like tip: both
anterior and posterior fringes long and sparse.

Abdomen ovoid, tip conical, segments 9 and 10 drawn out, -and
spines on these last two are long and prominent.

Described from four females.

Specimens collected from orchids in greenhouse, Fruitvale, Alameda
County, Cal., by Mr. O. E. Bremner.

(10) Euthrips pyri Daniel. (PI. III, figs. 19-24.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.13 mim., width 0.15 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.13 mm., width 0.2 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.28 mm.: abdo-
men, width 0.31 mm.; total length 1,.26mm. Antenne: 1, 33; 2, 4544;
BOok; 4, D4; -5 3d; 6, 66; T, Iu; 8, 126: total,0.31 mm. © Color
dark brown, tarsi ight brown to yellow.

[lead slightly wider than long, cheeks arched, anterior margin angu-
lar, back of head transversely striate and bearing a few minute spines
and a pair of very long prominent spines between posterior ocelli.
Eyes prominent, oval in outline, black with light borders, coarsely
faceted and pilose. Oce//7 areapproximate, yellow, margined inwardly
with orange-brown crescents, posterior ones approximate to but not
contiguous with light inner borders of eyes. J/outh-cone pointed,
tipped with black; maxillary palpi three-segmented; labial palpi
two-segmented, basal segment very short. Antenne eight-segmented,
about two and one-half times as long as head, uniform brown except
segment 3, which is light brown; spines pale: a forked sense cone on
dorsal side of segment 8, with a similar one on ventral side of seg-
ment 4. ;

Prothorax about as long but wider than head; a weak spine at each
anterior and two large, strong ones on each posterior angle: other
spines are not conspicuous. JMesothorax with sides evenly convex,
angles rounded; metanotal plate with four spines near front edge, inner
pair largest. The mesonotal and metanotal plates are faintly striate.

54 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Legs moderately long, uniform brown except tibie and tarsi, which
are yellow. Spines on tip of fore and middle tibie weak; several
strong spines on hind tibie. Wings present, extending beyond tip of
abdomen, about twelve times as long as wide, pointed at tips; costa of
fore wings thickly set with from twenty-nine to thirty-three quite
long spines; fore vein with twelve or fifteen arranged in two groups
of three and six respectively on basal half of wing and a few scatter-
ing ones on distal part; hind vein with fifteen or sixteen regularly
placed spines; costal fringe on fore wing about twice as long as costal
spines.

Abdomen subovate, tapering abruptly toward the tip from the eighth
segment; longest spines on segments 9 and 10; abdomen uniform brown,
connective tissue yellow.

Redescribed from many specimens, including several cotypes from
Miss Daniel.

Male unknown.

Food plants: Apricots, apples, almonds, cherries, figs, grapes, pears,
prunes, plums, walnuts. The insect is found mostly on deciduous
fruits.

Habitat: San Francisco Bay region, California.

(11) Euthrips ehrhornii, new species. (Pl. II], figs. 25, 26.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.11 mm., width 0.13 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.14 mm., width 0.18 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.23 mm.; abdo-
men, width 0.29 mm.; total body length 1.2 mm. Antenne: 1, 24/4;
2, 89m; 8, 484; 4, 45; 5, 86 u; 6, 54; 7,645 8,9; total, 0.26. mm.
General color brown, head light brown, thorax a litle darker. abdomen
brown to dark brown.

Head slightly longer than wide; front of head angular, and with
concave depressions to receive basal segments of antenne; cheeks
roughened; posterior part of head faintly cross striate. Spines
between ocelli prominent; postocular spines present but small. yes
large, oval, slightly protruding, with an emargination on the side of
the head between cheek and eye; pigment purple. Oce//7 separated,
margined inwardly with orange-red crescents. Mouth cone long and
pointed; maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antenne subapproximate ;
uniform brown except segment 1, basal half of 3, and tip of 4, which
are gray-brown.

Prothorax widest across posterior part; all angles rounded. Two
large spines on each posterior angle with several smaller ones along
posterior margin; of these latter the inner ones are the larger; large
spines on posterior angles are dark brown; no conspicuous spines on
anterior angles. Sides of both mesothorax and metathorax slightly
arched; pterthorax may be of a darker shade of brown than prothorax.
Legs uniform brown, except all trochanters, which are white, and tibie,

Tech. Series 12, Part III, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA.

Fig. 19.—Euthrips pyri, head _and_prothorax of female. Fig. 20.—Euthrips pyri, head and pro-

thorax of female from side. Fig. 21.—Euthrips pyri, right antenna of female. Fig. 22.—
Euthrips pyri, end of abdomen of female from side. Fig. 23.—Euthrips pyri, fore tarsus of
female. Fig. 24.—Euthrips pyri, right fore wing of female. Fig. 25.—Euthrips ehrhornii, head
and prothorax of female. Fig. 26.—Euthrips ehrhornii, right fore wing of female. Fig. 27.—
Euthrips ulicis californicus, head and prothorax of female.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 55

which are light brown; each hind tibia armed at tip with a spine; all
tarsi with a brown spot at tip. Wrngs fully developed, uniform light
eray-brown, all veins weak. Fore margin and hind vein set regularly
with conspicuous dark brown spines, about twenty-six on fore margin
and thirteen on hind vein; fore vein with twelve spines arranged in
two groups of three and four on basal half of wing and five scattered
spines on distal half.

Abdomen elongate-ovate, pointed at tip. Spines at sides increasing
in prominence toward tip, those on 9 and 10 largest and most con-
spicuous of any on body. Hairs in comb-like structure on posterior
margin of segment 8 closely placed.

Described from two females.

Food plant: Grass.

Habitat: Alum Rock Canyon, Santa Clara County, Cal.

This species is very close to Huthrips pyr’.

(12) Euthrips ulicis californicus, new variety. (PI. IL], fig. 27; Pl. IV,
figs. 28-31.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.13 mm., width 0.17 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.21 mm., width 0.25 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.36 mm.; abdo-
men, width 0.40 mm.; total body, length 1.33 mm. Antenne: 1, 30/4;
2,45; 3, (5; 4, 66; 5,48; 6, 664; 7,154; 8,18; total, 0.36 mm.
Color dark-brown, except tarsi and fore tibiz, which are light brown
or yellow.

Hlead slightly wider than long, deeply set in prothorax; cheeks
straight, parallel; front of head broad and quite straight, having only
a small elevation between bases of antenne; head noticeably square in
front; back of head transversely striate; large spine on back of head
just inward from each eye and anterior to each posterior ocellus; a
pair of small backwardly curved spines on apex of head; four or five
spines posterior to each eye, the outer one of each group being promi-
nent on the side of the cheek. Ayes medium, prominent, but not
protruding; pilose; with light inner borders, pigment deep red to
black. Ocelli large, separated, orange colored, with orange brown
crescents, posterior ones almost contiguous with light borders around
eyes. Mouth cone pointed, maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antenne
eight-segmented, about two and one-half times as long as head; brown,
unicolorous with body except segment 3, which is yellow, and 4, which
is light brown; forked sense cones are found on segments 3 and 4
and a pointed sense scale set in a transparent area near tip of seg-
ment 6. Segments 3 and 4 constricted near their tips.

Prothoraz noticeably larger than head, sides convex; a short spine
on each anterior angle and two long prominent spines on each pos-
terior angle. JJesothoraxr largest, anterior angles broadly rounded,
posterior ones slightly constricted to meet the smaller metathorax.
Sides of metathorar almost straight and parallel posterior angles

56 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. é

rounded, Legs brown, concolorous with body except fore tibia,
which are yellow, shading to brown on sides, fore tarsi, which are
yellow, and other tarsi which are yellow to light brown. Fore femora
thickened. Fore tarsi armed each with a stout tooth, and near this is
a protuberance on which is set a sharp spine. Wings present; fore
wings brown, except basal fourth, which is white; costa and both longi-
tudinal veins set with long, conspicuous brown spines, twenty-six on
costa, twenty on fore vein, sixteen on hind vein, five on scale.

Abdomen ovate; third to sixth segments largest and about equal;
the seventh to tenth tapering gradually to form the conical tip.
A few quite prominent spines along sides of abdomen, but long and
slender ones only on segments 9 and 10, a circlet of eight on segment
% and six on segment 10.

Males smaller than females; antenne, legs, and wings with similarly
placed spines; fore femora thickened, fore tibiz armed with teeth.
Tip of abdomen with prominent spines, penis upturned; antenn with
segments 1 and 5 to 8 brown, and 2, 3, and 4 yellow.

Described from three females and four males, specimens taken from
vetch sweepings near Wrights Station, Santa Clara County, Cal.

The species here described corresponds in almost every respect to
the Physopus ulicis Haliday, as described by Uzel in his Monographie
der Ordnung Thysanoptera, page 115. The genus name Physopus
has since been changed to Luthrips by Hinds in his Monograph of the
Thysanoptera of North America. I therefore have called this species
Euthrips ulicis californicus. The Physopus ulicis of Uzel is recorded
as found in England (Haliday), in Finland (Reuter), and in Bohemia
(Uzel).

(13) Euthrips minutus, new species. (PI. IV, figs. 32, 33.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.096 mm., width 0.14 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.105 mm., width 0.17 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.21 mm.;
abdomen, width 0.24 mm.; total body, length 0.838 mm. Antenne:
1,21; 2, 30m; 3, 894; 4, 8364; 5, 804; 6,424; 7,94; 8,124; total, 0.21
mm. Color uniform dark brown, wings gray-brown.

Head about one and one-half times as wide as long, retracted into
thorax; anterior margin of head almost straight, being but slightly
and smoothly elevated in front; cheeks straight, diverging posteriorly;
no conspicuous markings on head. A weak spine close in front of
‘ach posterior ocellus and one behind each eye; other spines very
inconspicuous. yes moderately large, not protruding, pigment of
a deep red. Ocelli widely separated, posterior ones contiguous with
light inner margins of eyes; considerably larger than facets of eyes;
orange-yellow; margined inwardly with large orange crescents. J/outh-
cone short; maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antenne inserted a little
below the margin, slightly more than twice as long as head, quite
uniform brown.

——eete

Tech. Series 12, Part III, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

WRK
WOSSSss

—

x

OY RN i

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA.

Fig. 28.—Euthrips ulicis californicus, left antenna of female. Fig. 29.—Euthrips ulicis californicus,
right fore wing of female. Fig. 30.—Euthrips ulicis californicus, fore leg of female. Fig. 31.—
Euthrips ulicis californicus, end of abdomen of male. Fig. 32.—Euthrips minutus, head and pro-
thorax of female. Fig. 33.—Euthrips minutus, right fore wing of female. Fig. 34.—Thrips
madronii, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 35.—Thrips madronii, right antenna of female.
Fig. 36.— Thrips madronii, right fore wing of female.

Bees

ret as

ine

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 5’

Prothorar noticeably larger than head, without conspicuous mark-
ings; anterior angles straight, posterior broadly rounded. A large
spine on each anterior angle and a second on anterior margin on either
side about half way between the first spine and the median line; three
large spines on posterior margin on either side about equidistant apart,
the outer one being the conspicuous spine on the posterior angle; other
spines extremely small. d/esothorax widest, sides arched, evenly
united with metathorax; sides of metathorax almost straight, but
widening toward the abdomen. Thorax slightly orange colored.
Legs medium, brown, except fore tibize and all tarsi, which are light
brown. Hind tibix and tarsi armed each with a sharp spine. Wings
present, reaching to tip of abdomen; gray-brown, each with a small,
white, transparent area about one-fifth the wing’s length from its
base. Two longitudinal veins, fore vein extending from base to near
tip, hind vein appears close after the white area and fades before the
end. Fore margin of wing and longitudinal veins set regularly with
short, sharp-pointed brown spines, twenty-three on fore margin,
eighteen on fore vein, twelve on hind vein.

Abdomen with prominent spines only on last few segments; a weak
comb-like arrangement of spines on the posterior margin of segment 8.

Described from one female.

Food plant: Grass.

Habitat: Berkeley, Cal.

(14) Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, and (15) Euthrips tritici Fitch.
For descriptions of these species see Hinds’s Monograph of the
Thysanoptera of North America, pages 152 and 148, respectively.”

6. Genus PARTHENOTHRIPS Uzel.

(16) Parthenothrips dracene Heeger.
For description see Hinds’s Monograph, page 176. Specimens taken
from draceena in greenhouse in San Francisco, by Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn.

7. Genus THRIPS Linnzus.

(17) Thrips madronii, new species. (PI. LV, figs. 34-36.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.11 mm., width 0.15 mm.; prothorax,

length 0.13 mm., width 0.20 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.33 mm.; abdo-

men, width 0.33 mm.; total body, length 1.25 mm. Antenne: 1, 27;

2, 39m; 3, 60m; 4, 544; 5, 45; 6, 54; 7, 214; total, 0.8mm. © Color

“The writer has taken specimens of these two species of Huthrips (occidentalis
and tritici) from the most of our wild and cultivated flowers. They are commonly
found together. The variations in size, color, and in the relative lengths of se&-
ments of the antennze (in each of the two species) are so great that the writer has
been unable to draw a sharp line of distinction between them.

58 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

uniform brown, usually dark brown; wings gray-brown, lighter at
base; tibize and tarsi sometimes light brown.

Head almost as long as wide, front of head angular, basal segments
of antennz set in concave depressions in front of head; cheeks arched,
sides roughened; posterior part of head cross-striate. No prominent
spines on head, although there is a row of small spines on each side
immediately back of the eyes, the inner ones of which are the larger.
Eyes prominent, slightly protruding, pilose, margined inwardly with
light borders; pigment black. | Oce/// subapproximate, separated from
inner margin of eyes; light orange colored and margined inwardly with
deep orange-red crescents; usually with circular thickening connecting
anterior ocellus with outside of posterior ones, and included within
this, on either side of the anterior ocellus, is a small spine. d/outh
cone long, pointed; maxillary palpi three-segmented; labial palpi two-
seomented, first very short, second very long and slender. Antenne
with all segments of uniform width and color, except 2, which is
somewhat wider and a little darker brown; sometimes segment 3 is
also a little lighter brown.

Prothorax about as long as head but somewhat wider; all angles
rounded; a pair of prominent spines on each posterior angle, with a
smaller pair on posterior margin near center; sometimes a third quite
prominent spine is present near larger ones on posterior angles. _d/eso-
thorax largest; metathorax smaller with sides almost straight, hind
angles rounded. All segments uniform brown. Legs medium, con-
colorous with body; hind tibiw armed with several stout spines. Wengs
fully developed, noticeably broader at base and gradually narrowing
toward the tip, light brown, except basal one-fourth, which is light
eray-brown. Costal and longitudinal veins prominent oply on basal
half of wing; costa with about twenty-six regularly placed spines; fore
longitudinal vein with two groups on basal half, first group of four
and second of three; three other spines on distal half; hind vein with
twelve regularly placed spines. |

Abdomen uniform dark-brown, with a darker brown line across
anterior margins of segments 2 to 7; connective tissue brown; stout
spines on sides of all segments, these becoming longer near the tip
with the longest on segments 9 and 10. Comb-like arrangement of
spines on posterior margin of segment 8.

Males much smaller than females and with large light-colored oval
areas on ventral sides of segments 3 to 6.

Described from twenty-one females and three males.

Food plants: Blossoms of madrofia, California laurel, and California
lilac. .

Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, California.

This species in a general way resembles Huthrips pyri, and either.
one at a casual glance could be easily mistaken for the other.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 59

(18) Thrips tabaci Lindeman.

For description see Hinds’s Monograph, page 179.

Thrips tabaci is common everywhere in wild and cultivated flowers,
but its principal food plant is the onion. It has been very destructive
on several large seed farms where onions are grown for seed pur-
poses. It is commonly known as the onion thrips.

(19) Thrips bremnerii, new species. (PI. V, figs. 37-39.)

Measurements: Head, length 0-1 mm., width 0.10 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.12 mm., width 0.14 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.18 mm.; ab-
domen, width 0.21 mm.; total body, length 1.08mm. Antenne: 1,21);
2, da; 3, 42; 4, 386; 5, 383s 6, 39; 7,15; total, 0.21 mm. Color
uniform light lemon-yellow, shading to light brown; abdominal see-
ments often shaded brown on dorsal side. Body long and slender.

flead about as long as wide, angular in front, basal segments of
antenne received in concave depressions on upper front side, back of
head faintly cross-striate; cheeks arched but little. A spine on either
side of anterior ocellus and one immediately behind each posterior
ocellus, the spines light, concolorous with head and not conspicuous.
Eyes prominent, protruding, pilose, black or deep purple by trans-
mitted light, red by reflected light. Oce//c subapproximate, very
light and margined inwardly with light-brown crescents. J/outh cone
shading dark brown toward the end and tipped with black; maxillary
palpi three-segmented, labial palpi two-segmented, terminal one very
long. Antenne quite uniform light brown, basal segment often
lighter or second segment darker.

Prothorax but little larger than the head; all angles rounded, and
if the body is distended, together with the light colored interseg-
mental membrane, the prothorax is quite round; two large brown
spines on each posterior angle, with a row of three on each side along
the hind margin, the inner one being the larger. Prerthorax some-
what darker than prothorax; sides of mesothorax rounded, sides of
metathorax narrowed in front, forming a quite noticeable concave
depression on either side. Legs medium, concolorous with or some-
what lighter than body, hind tibiz alone armed with spines, a dark-
brown spot on the tip of each tarsus. — Wengs fully developed, though
not reaching to tip of abdomen, broad at base; uniform white with
brown spines. Veins are either very rudimentary or, as in some
specimens, highly developed. In these latter the two longitudinal
veins may be seen extending to and joining the margin on either side
of the tip; also there are two cross veins, one at about one-third, and
a second at about two-thirds the wing’s length from the base; they
connect costa and fore. longitudinal vein. Costa with twenty-five
spines; fore vein with twelve, arranged as follows: Two groups of
four and three, respectively, on basal half of wing, and five others
regularly placed on distal half; twelve on hind vein.

~

60 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Abdomen long and slender; segments 3 to 8-with a brown line near
anterior margin; spines on last segments not noticeably long.

Described From twenty-five females.

Food plant: Figs. Specimens taken from the inside of ripe figs.

Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, California.

Family PHL@OTHRIPIDZA.
8. Genus TRICHOTHRIPS Uzel. 2

(20) Trichothrips dens, new species. (PI. V, figs. 40-43.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.26 mm., width 0.25 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.15 mm., width 0.31 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.35 mm., abdo-
men, width 0.40 mm.; tube, length 0.17 mm.; total body, length 1.5 mm.
Antenne: 1, 804; 2, 604; 3, 90u; 4, 78 5, 54; 6, 545 7, 485 8, 2405
total, 0.44 mm. Color brown, with conspicuous red pigment blotches
on body and lees.

Head about as long as wide, broadly rounded in front; frons ele-
vated only slightly between basal segments of antenne. Cheeks
arched, converging posteriorly; with edges roughened; bearing a few
short, stout spines which are raised on small tubercles. Red pigment
on head is conspicuous. A pair of short, inconspicuous, postocular
spines are present. /’yes large, with small facets, black by transmitted
hight, with light inner borders and light lemon-yellow, transparent
outer borders; not pilose. Oce//7 present, subapproximate, margined
inwardly with dark crescents, anterior one on apex of head. J/outh
cone pointed, reaching beyond posterior margin of prothorax. Antenne
eight-segmented, one and two-thirds times as long as head; brown,
unicolorous with body, except that the base and tip of segment 3 and
bases of segments 4 and 5 shade to light brown or lemon-yellow.
Segment 1 truncate; 2 constricted at base into a broad stalk and fitting
ball-and-socket-like into a depression in segment 1; 3 to 6 inclusive
each with a slender stalk at base, each also somewhat constricted at the
distal end; 7 cylindrical-ovate and very closely and evenly united with
8, which is conical. A dark spot on segment 2 is probably a sense
area; segments 3 to 6 inclusive each with three simple sense cones,
with one cone on segments 5 and 6 rudimentary; 7 and 8 bear each a
simple sense cone and a fringe of eight or nine sense hairs on their
inner margin.

Prothorax about half as long as head but wider than head is long. It
bears no hairs other than a single, stout, transparent, knobbed pair on
the hind angles and a similar smaller pair on the anterior angles. d/eso-
thorax and metathorax about equal in width and slightly wider than pro-
thorax; with sides almost parallel; they bear no conspicuous spines or
hairs. Each fore cova projects considerably beyond margin at sides of
prothorax and forms what appears to. be the prominent angle; each
bears a short, stout, transparent, knobbed hair on prominent angle.

eee

—— eke LL LAY

:

H)

V)

' HL
4 see TTT

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA.

Fig. 37.— Thrips bremnerii, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 38.—Thrips bremnerit, end of
abdomen of female. Fig. 39.— Thrips bremnerii, right fore wing of female. Fig. 40.— Tricho-
thrips dens, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 41.—Trichothrips dens, left antenna of female.
Fig. 42.—Trichothrips dens, right fore wing of female. Fig. 43.—Trichothrips dens, end of
abdomen of female. Fig. 44.— Trichothrips femoralis, right antenna of female.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 61

Fore femora enlarged; fore tarsi stout and each armed with a stout
tooth. Other than a single row of stout spines on the hind tibiz, the
legs bear no conspicuous spines and only a few small hairs. = Wrnags
reach to base of tube; both pairs equal; edges parallel; with simple
fringe of long, straight hairs on both margins. Fore wings double
fringed on posterior margin near tip by seven or eight hairs. Mem-
brane of wings transparent, shaded gray-brown near base. Fore wines
each with a single median rudimentary vein and center of wing along
vein shaded light brown. Base of wing bears three knobbed hairs,
one long and two short ones; costal margin near base with wavy
thickenings.

Abdomen about as wide as thorax, last three segments tapering
abruptly; tube slender and about two-thirds as long as head; terminal
hairs as long as tube. The abdomen is brown and red, unicolorous
with the thorax and head. Each posterior angle of all segments except
the first bears a stout, transparent, knobbed hair, these increasing in
length from the second to and including the ninth. Other smaller
hairs are also found on the prominent angles.

Described from one female; male unknown.
Food plant: Apricot.
Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, California.

(21) Trichothrips femoralis, new species. (Pl. V, fig. 44; Pl. VI,
figs. 45, 46.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.21 mm., width 19 mm., prothorax,
length 0.20 mm., width 0.33 mm. (including coxa); mesothorax
width 0.38 mm.; abdomen, width 0.40 mm.; tube, length 0.16 mm.;
total body, length 1.7 mm. Antenne: 1,334; 2, 48; 3, 66; 4, 66.4;
5, 664; 6, 63; T, 634; 8, 48; total, 0.52 mm. Color uniform dark-
brown, except fore tibie and tarsi and segments of antennz, 3 to 6
inclusive, which are yellow; middle and hind tarsi light brown.
Orange-colored pigment may be seen in lighter colored specimens.

Head slightly longer than wide, rounded in front; frons elevated
between basal segments of antenne; cheeks almost straight and
parallel; margins roughened; back of head with ¢ross_ striations.
Postocular spines prominent; other small spines not conspicuous. yes
occupying about one-third the length of the head, with small facets,
not pilose; with light, irregular, orange-tinted inner borders and light
lemon-yellow narrower outer borders. QOce/// present, anterior one
on apex of head, posterior ones orange-tinted and contiguous, with
light inner borders of eyes. Mouth cone small, no longer than width at
base, tip bluntly pointed; rudimentary chitinous thickening on either
side about halfway between base of cone and eyes, equally well
developed on both sides. Antenne eight-segmented, slightly more
than twice as long as head; basal segment brown; 2 brown, shading to

62 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

yellow; 3 to 6 inclusive are yellow, with 5 and 6 shading to gray-brown
at tips; 7 and 8 brown. Dark-brown area on inner margin of seg-
ment 2 probably a sense area; simple sense cones on segments 3 to 8.

Prothorax almost as long as head and about one-third wider than
long; it bears ten prominent spines, a pair on anterior margin, one on
each anterior angle, one midway on each side, and two on each posterior
angle. Sides of mesothoraxv almost parallel and united evenly with the
sides of the metathorax, which latter converge posteriorly. The fore
core are protruding and form what appear to be the prominent sides
of the prothorax; each is tipped with a long spine. Fore femor:
enlarged; fore tarsi each armed with a very small tooth. Wngs reach-
ing nearly to base of tube, both pairs similar, clear white, with a long
simple fringe on both anterior and posterior margins.

Abdomen about equal or slightly wider than the mesothorax; seg-
ments 2 to 7 inclusive taper uniformly, with hind angles prominent.
Abdomen uniform brown with the thorax and head; red pigment con-
spicuous. Segments 1 to 7 each with two long spines on each side
near posterior margin, the outer ones in each case appearing as the
spine on the outer prominent angle; the spines approach each other
and the margin on segments 7, 8, and 9 to forma pair on the promi-
nent angles. Segments | to 7 have each two pairs of strong, incurved
spines at about one-fourth the width of the abdomen from the margin
and in each case the hinder pair is the stouter; these spines function in
holding the wings when at rest. Tip of tube bears six long spines
about as long as the tube itself, and several shorter ones. Scales
present on last segments of females.

Males are similar to females in most respects, but possess the very
greatly enlarged fore femora and do not have scales on the last abdomi-
nal segments.

Described from one female and two males.

Food plant: Wild mullein.

Habitat: Neweastle, Cal.

(22) Trichothrips ilex, new species. (Pl. VI, figs. 47-49.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.21 mm., width 0.20 mm.; protho-
rax, length 0.13 mm., width, including coxa, 0.32 mm.; mesothorax,
width 0.38 mm.; abdomen, width 0.50 mm., length of tube 0.16 mm.;
total length of body 1.70 mm. Antenne: 1, 304; 2, 514; 8, 60"; 4,
60H; 5, 60m; 6,54u; 7,544; 8, 30M; total, 0.85 mm. Color very dark
brown, almost black; all tarsi and tips of fore tibize and segments 3 and
4 of antennze shading to yellow.

Head about as long as wide, broadly rounded in front, frons pro-
jecting between basal segments of antenne; cheeks slightly convex,
and with edges roughened, back of head with transverse striations.
Postocular spines prominent. /Yyes medium, with small facets, not

‘THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 63

protruding, not pilose, with light-yellow outer margin and a light,
irregular inner border. Oce///_ present, granulated, anterior one on
apex and posterior ones bordering inner margins of eyes. Aouth cone
about as broad as long, reaching nearly to posterior margin of pro-
sternum, pointed at tip; chitinous thickenings between base of mouth-
cone and eyes very rudimentary and about equally well developed.
Maxillary palpi two-segmented; basal segment very small, second
segment long. Labial palpi two-segmented, basal segment shortest.
Antenne eight-segmented, about twice as long as head; color brown,
except segment 3 and basal parts of segments 4, 5, and 6, which are
vellow. Segment 2 with darkened sense area on dorsal surface; 3 to
7 have simple sense cones; 7 and 8 have a row of sense hairs.

Prothorax about twice as wide as long; it bears ten long spines,
two on anterior margin, one on each anterior angle, one near
middle of each side, and two at each posterior angle. Sides of pfer-
thorax slightly convex, converging both anteriorly and posteriorly.
Fore cox apparently immoyably set and forming the outer angles
of the prothorax; fore femora somewhat enlarged; all tarsi with a
brown spot at tip and armed with a small tooth. W/ngs reaching
nearly to tip of eighth segment, both pairs similar; first pair ight
brown, hind pair gray; each with a long, simple fringe on both mar-
gin® tip of fore wing double fringed behind by about twelve hairs;
with three prominent spines at base and a wavy thickening near ante-
rior margin at base; wings without veins.

Abdomen broadly ovate, segments 1 to 7 inclusive about equal;
eighth tapering abruptly to meet the smaller ninth and very narrow
tenth; segments with two long and several shorter spines on promi-
nent angles, these spines increasing in length toward the tip. See-
ments 1 to 7 each with two pairs of inwardly curved spines about one-
fourth the width of the abdomen from the margin; the posterior pair
in each case is the larger. Tip of tube bears six long and several
short hairs. Females with scales on last segments of abdomen.

Described From namerous specimens.

Male similar to female, but without scales on abdomen.

kood plant: Christmas berry (/leteromeles arbutifolia).

Habitat: Coast region of California.

(23) Trichothrips ilex dumosa, new variety.

The members of this variety are very similar to the species, differ-
ing only in minor details. The two insects are about equal in size;
the head is somewhat longer in 7. /lev dumosa, the antennex are brown,
with only the base of segment 3 yellow; all tarsi are gray-brown to
brown. The food plant is the scrub oak, Quercus dumosa,

Habitat. —Saratoga, Santa Clara County, Cal.

64 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

9. Genus ACANTHOTHRIPS Uzel.

(24) Acanthothrips doaneii, new species (Pl. VI, figs. 50-52.)

Measurements. Head, length 0.87 mm., width 0.25 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.20 mm., width, including protruding coxa, 0.45 mm.; meso-
thorax, width 0.50 mm.; abdomen, width 0.50 mm.; tube, length 0.28
mm.; total body, length 2.4mm. Antenne: 1, 48; 2, 69; 3, 126;
4, 120M; 5, 1144; 6, 814; 7, T8u; 8,454; total, 0.633 mm. Color very
dark brown, except tips of tibie, tarsi, and basal and distal parts of
segments 3 to 6, inclusive of antenne, these parts shading to yellow.

[lead about one-third longer than wide; cheeks converging posteri-
orly; frons elevated between basal segments of antennee; back of head
with cross striations, roughened and set with small spines raised on
conspicuous tubercles. yes large, shghtly bean-shaped, not pilose,
finely faceted, each with an orange-colored inner border and a light
lemon-yellow, uniform outer border. (Ocel/7 present, anterior one
near apex of head, posterior ones contiguous with central concave por-
tions of inner margins of eyes. J/outh cone pointed, reaching almost
to posterior margin of prosternum. Antenne eight-segmented, scarcely
twice as long as head; segments 1, 2, 7, and 8 dark brown, 3 to 6
inclusive brown, shading light brown or yellow at either end; seg-
ment 1 cylindrical; 2 subclavate, 3 to 6 inclusive constricteg to
broad stalks at base, and constricted abruptly at their distal ends where
they receive sense cones, two on segments 3 and 7, three (one rudi-
mentary) on 5 and 6, four (two rudimentary) on segment 4.

Prothorax about twice as wide as long, reticulate, bearing a single
pair of short spines on anterior angles and a long pair of knobbed
hairs on posterior angles; surface faintly covered with short incon-
spicuous hairs. J/esothorax with front margin almost straight, pro-
jecting beyond sides to form a short, rounded shelf where the segment
is widest; sides almost parallel, constricted after the middle, posterior
angles rounded. J/etathorax with sides evenly convexed, roughened,
and reticulate; mesonota and metanota also reticulate. ore core pro-
truding beyond and not readily distinguished from sides of prothorax;
fore femora greatly enlarged and armed on inner margin of distal part
with a stout tooth, each fore tarsus also armed with a tooth; other
legs long and slender. W7ngs fully developed, both pairs alike, with
regular fringe of long, closely arranged hairs on either margin; a
wavy thickening along anterior margin at base of fore wing, upon
which stand one long and two short knobbed hairs; distal anal wing
margin double fringed with about twenty-four hairs.

Abdomen about as wide as mesothorax and slightly wider than the
metathorax. Sides of seements 1 to 5 almost equal and parallel, other
segments tapering gradually to meet the tube; a pair of knobbed hairs
on each prominent angle; tip of tube bears six long and several short
hairs.

Tech. Series 12, Part Ill, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE VI.

THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA

Fig. 45.—Trichothrips femoralis, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 46.—Tvrichothrips femoralis,
end of abdomen of female. Fig. 47.—7richothrips tlex, head and prothorax of female. Fig 48.—
Trichothrips ilex, left antenna of female. Fig. 49.—Trichothrips ilex, base of right fore wing of
female. Fig. 50.—Acanthothrips doaneii, head and prothorax of male. Fig. 51.—Acanthothrips
doaneii, left antenna of male. Fig. 52.—Acanthothrips doaneii, end of abdomen of male.
Fig. 53.—Megalothrips hesperus, head and prothorax of female. Fig. 54.—Megalothrips hesperus,
right antenna of female. Fig. 55.—Megalothrips hesperus, end of abdomen of female. Fig. 56.—
Megalothrips hesperus, end of abdomen of male.

On

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 6

Described from one male.
Food plant: Grass.
Habitat: Atam Rock Canyon, Cal.

10. Genus MEGALOTHRIPS Heeger.

(25) Megalothrips hesperus, new species. (Pl. VI, figs. 53-56.)

Measurements: Head, length 0.58 mm., width 0.26 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.25 mm., width 0.46 mm.; metathorax, width 0.83 mm.; abdo-
men, width 1 mm.; tube, length 0.83 mm., width 0.11 mm.; total body,
length 4.66 mm. Antenne: 1, 75; 2, 844; 38, 315m; 4, 234; 5, 195 p0;
OrdOQ eT 1D Ms 8, 90; total, 1.17mm. Color dark brown, with orange
or red pigment; all tibize and tarsi shaded to yellow; bases of antennal
segments 3, 4, 5, and 6 are lemon-yellow.

flead more than twice as long as wide, greatest width across eyes;
cheeks roughened, almost parallel, slightly concave close behind eyes,
constricted at union with prothorax; frons elevated between bases of
first segments of antenne; back of head transversely striate and with
a few short spines set on very small tubercles. yes large, with con-
spicuous light-yellow outer borders; with small facets and very faintly
pilose. Ocelli present, anterior one on apex of head, posterior ones
contiguous, with indistinct, light inner margins of eyes. J/outh cone
broad and short, with blunt tip, and reaching hardly halfway across
prosternum. Maxillary palpi two-segmented, basal segment very
short; labial palpi very small. Antenne eight-segmented, about twice
as long as head; segments 1, 2, 7, and 8, and tips of 4,5, and 6 brown;
tip of 3 light-brown; segment 3 with a long, narrow stalk; segments 4
and 5 similar, but with shorter stalks. Darkened sense area on seg-
ment 2; one sense cone on segment 6, two on segments 3 and 5, four
on 4, and a row of sense hairs on segment 8.

Prothorax about one-half wider than long, transversely striate; it
bears six prominent spines, two on anterior margin, a pair on anterior
angles, and a larger pair on the posterior angles. J/esothorax with
prominent, square, anterior angles; sides almost straight and parallel,
with edges roughened, united evenly with metathorax. Jletathorax
with posterior angles broadly rounded. Zegs long and slender; all
femora dark-brown; tibiz yellow, shaded with brown near the middle;
tarsi yellow tipped with brown; trochanters with red pigment. All
legs armed with long, stout, yellow spines; these are especially prom-
inent on femora; fore coxe protruding, forming the prominent angles
of the prothorax. Wrngs present, reaching to tip of fourth abdominal
segment; membrane white; both pairs with long, simple anterior and
posterior fringes of closely arranged hairs; anterior wings double
fringed along their posterior distal margin for about half their length;
each wing with a single rudimentary vein.

66 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Abdomen with segments 2, 3, and 4 widest and about equal; other
segments tapering evenly to base of tube. Tube long and slender
and about seven times as long as wide. Segments 2 to 7, inclusive,
each closely transversely striate, with a dark transverse line near
anterior border. Intersegmental membrane brown, with net struc-
ture. When the abdomen is distended the connecting tissue is almost
as wide as the segment itself. Segments each with two or three
prominent spines on angles.

Male: Uead, length 0.58 mm., width 0.23 mm.; prothorax, length
0.23 mm., width 0.42.; metathorax, width 0.73 mm.; abdomen, width
0.72 mm.; tube, length 0.63 mm., width 0.10 mm.; clasper, length 0.66
mm.; tofal body, length 4.66 mm. As long but somewhat smaller
than female. Wingspresent. <A long tube-like clasper projects from
either side of segment 6; thisis black at the base and shades to yellow-
brown, and on the tip it bears a short bulb-like hair. Segments 7 and
Seach havea similar though smaller side projection near the posterior
edge; the pair on segment 8 is the larger and is thumb-shaped. Seales
present, tube tipped with eight long, clear lemon-yellow hairs and
several smaller ones. Posterior half of abdomen and the tubes are
very dark brown.

Described from two females and one male.

Food plant: Unknown.

Habitat: Stanford University, Cal.

11. Genus CRYPTOTHRIPS Uzel.

(26) Cryptothrips californicus Daniel.

Measurements: Head, length 0.26 mm., width 0.16 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.15 mm., width, including prominent coxa, 0.25 mm.; meso-
thorax, width 0.33 mm.; abdomen, width 0.38 mm.; total body, length
1.7 mm. -Antennee: 1, 24u; 2, 514; 3, (ou; 4, 694; 5, S14; 6, 45;
7, 424; 8, 27; total, 0.85 mm. General color black, often dark
brown under the microscope, with purple pigment.

lead cylindrical, one and one-half times as long as wide; front of
head strongly prominent between basal segments of antennee; sides
almost straight and parallel, roughened, converging only slightly pos-
teriorly; back of head transversely striate; head without conspicuous
spines, except a single one posterior to each eye. yes large, promi-
nent, but not protruding, with rather small facets; not pilose. Ocell
situated far forward, anterior one on tip of prominent apex. d/outh
cone broad at base, short, reaching only a little past the middle of the
pronotum; maxillary palpi three-segmented and quite long and slender.
Antenne with eight segments, separated at base by prominent pro-
longed vertex; segments 1 and 2 dark brown, unicolorous with head, 3
and base of 4 yellow, others shading brown toward the tip.

THE THYSANOPTERA OF CALIFORNIA. 67

Prothorax small, about as long as width of head; sides straight, but
extending outward posteriorly, with a prominent blunt spine on each
hind angle; the protruding fore coxe form what appear to be the
prominent angles. Pterthorax hardly as wide as abdomen, sides
almost straight, narrowed abruptly in front, gradually behind. Legs
long and slender and unicolorous with body; fore cox greatly enlarged.
Wings extending to seventh abdominal segment; both pairs alike, clear
white and with long simple-fringe on both anterior and posterior mar-
gins, excepting fore wings at tips, which are double fringed behind by
about six hairs.

Abdomen \ong and slender; it tapers gradually from second to
eighth segments; the ninth segment is small; the tenth, the tube, is
very small and slender. Hairs on prominent angles of segments 7,
8, and 9 long and slender; several long and several shorter ones on
end of tube. Protruding scales on last abdominal segments of males.

Males similar to but usually somewhat smaller than the females.

Redescribed from many specimens. For original description see
Entomological News, 1904, page 293.

This thrips has been found almost exclusively under the old shells
of the brown apricot scale (Lecaniun armeniacum Craw) and the
black scale (Sadssetia olee Bern.) and probably feeds on the remains of
the old scales.

Habitat: Central and southern California.

LIST OF CALIFORNIA THYSANOPTERA AND THEIR FOOD PLANTS.

Species. Food plants.
(1) Orothrips kelloggii, new species. - - - -- Manzanita and madrona blossoms.
(2) olothrips kuwanaii, new species.... California lilac ( Ceanothus thyrsiflorus).
(3) Aolothrips kuwanaii, variety robustus. (Found on apricot tree.)
(4) Sericothrips apteris Daniel... -------- Grass.
(5) Sericothrips reticulatus, new species.. Grass.
(6) Sericothrips stanfordii, new species... Grass.
(7) Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché... Azaleas, ferns, dahlias, cherry laurel,
laurestina.
(8) Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande. ...--- Oranges, pea vines, wild vetch.
(9) Huthrips orchidti, new species. ...... Orchids.
10) Buthrips pyrt Daniel’: 2.22222... Apricots, apples, almonds, cherries, figs,
grapes, pears, prunes, plums, walnuts.
(11) Futhrips ehrhornii, new species. .---- Grass.
(12) Euthrins uliciscalifornicus, new variety Vetch.
(13) Euthrips minutus, new species... .-. Grass.
(14) Euthrips occidentalis Pergande. ...- -- Most wild ana cultivated flowers.
ely eins trie, Bitch: 2. 222 -s5Sn2- Grass, alfalfa, California sage (Artemisia
californica), manzanitas (especially Arc-
tostaphylos tomentosa), oranges, roses,
lilaes, ete.
(16) Parthenothrips dracene Heeger... -- - Draceena.
(17) Thrips madronii, new species. -..-- -- Blossoms of madrona, California laurel,

and California lilac.

68 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
. Species. Food plants.
(18) Thrips tabaci Lindeman ...--....-.- Wild and cultivated flowers, onion.
(19) Thrips bremnerii, new species - - ---- - Figs. %
(20) Trichothrips dens, new species. ---- -- Apricot.
(21) Trichothrips femoralis, new species... Wild mullein.
(22) Trichothrips ilevx, new species. ------- Christmas berry ( Heteromeles arbutifolia).
(23) Trichothrips ilex dumosa, new variety. Scrub oak ( Quercus duimosa).
(24) Acanthothrips doaneti, new species... Grass.
(25) Megalothrips hesperus, new species... Unknown.
(26) Cryptothrips californicus Daniel. - - - - - Unknown (This species has been found

under the old shells of the brown apricot
scale (Lecanium armeniacum Craw ) and
the black scale (Saissetia ole Bern.)
and probably feeds on the remains of
the old scales. )

TECHNICAL SERIES No. 12, PART IV. (Supplement to Technical Series No. 1.)

eS VEPART MENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININ ,

WEEE A

REVISED TABLE OF GENERA.

By L. O. HOWARD, Pru. D.

IssuED JULY 12, 1907.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DepartMeNT or AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Enromovocy,
Washington, D. C., April 9, 1907.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit the manuscript of a paper con-
cerning certain important parasites of scale insects, which, on account
of its technical character, I recommend for publication as Part TV
of Technical Series No. 12 of this Bureau.
Respectfully,
L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wison,
Secretary of Agriculture. =

II

CONTENT 5.

FMOCUGLO Mpameeen se eee aad eee eae ee 2 Pe a ee
SO RATN ye SAY Oe TE SS ae eS PS ee eee wet
SACRO MEU DOS emt nein ee enue sean ee en oe ot ee
Be egelee ATO NUM Ta ee tae ee eee en Pere ee ee ee
iilerotee ene rae 6-2 Mee cite ao oe Fe 8 Bee

Tribe li, Pteroptricimia == = 1s BE, = | Ve Be eee nee Oe, “oe ae

Table of genera

CEPTS RE eI caitutee element ee ee
RV TIS TNS ee aS i eToys my
EY STITT” ENGAGE eS wk yg ee ee ge ee
Genus Enearsia
PAD CuO ters) CCGG meee a5 oy See ae ot ee Ne Se Dae
CCRT Sm ROS |) cuir ee ee we RS ie Re ee ese
CeMMism © OCCOM MAC Seeacee Srna toeh ee iree eyo 8 2 28s ee oe ee ee
CETIUSIR(O) sl Se eee ele nee eee eee Ce eee Os ee oe ee
RECENT SS Os 1 Ss ee ee ee ae a el BS ee ee eA eS
NEvCOTIN SMES eas CVG Nl eee eee ae EL Bee Us ee Se ee Es eo eS
“STDS ANTES ss i eas ae Se eng ee
Beings TERI OO STs ee aa ee ee se eee ees
FEY E USS SOE (Sy GYEV GS CSS a SE et a ee ee

Iil

Irig. 13.

14.
15.
16.
ire
18.
19.
20.

ZANs

99

LWT REO INS:

Marlattiella prima: Antenna, fore wing, and middle leg of female_

WAESUOKIOD CGT ROOMS: IiMevaoka ler 2
Azotus capensis: Female, and antenna of male___________
EROSHAUG MaAGlakh. Wena eee ee eee
Coccophagus longifasciatus: Female
Coccophagus zebratus: Female
Cales noacki: Antenna, fore wing, and middle leg of femal

Cea

Casea chinensis: Fore wing, antenna, and middle leg of female__
Bardylis austratiensis: Antenna of female, and antenna, hind leg,

and. tore. wane Of mMaless==5. 2 eee
Artas koebelei: Antenna, fore wing, and hind leg of female

TV

U.S: }. A., B. B-Pech. Ser. 12, Pt. Iv. Issued July 12, 1907.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININA, WITH A REVISED
TABLE OF GENERA.

By L. O. Howarp, Ph. D.

INTRODUCTION.

Technical Series, No. 1, published in June, 1895, comprised a con-
sideration of the Aphelinine of North America, together with some
mention of the insects of this group found in other parts of the
world. In that publication the species of thirteen genera were con-
sidered, and twenty-six species were described. The economic im-
portance of the group was pointed out and tables of host relations
were printed. It was shown that economically these minute para-
sites are by far the most important of the parasites of the Diaspine,
and in the twelve years that have elapsed since the publication of
the bulletin their economic importance has become even more evident.
It is claimed in California that the San Jose scale is held in subjec-
tion by these creatures, and in point of fact observations by Johnson
and others in the East have shown that under certain conditions
Aphelinus fuscipennis How. may multiply to such an extent as to
produce a very high percentage of parasitism of this scale isect.
Whether these parasites in the eastern United States will ever become
as effective as in California, however, seems doubtful, on account of
the longer breeding season on the Pacific coast, and as a matter of
fact the opportunity to test the question does not exist, so universal
and so effective has become the use of the lime-sulphur sprays in the
eastern States.

In the twelve years since the publication of Technical Series, No. 1,
many different species of Aphelinine have been reared in one part
of the world or another, and most of them have been referred to the
writer for study. Very few, however, have been described; these
are as follows: .

Myiocnema (n. g.) pallida Ashmead. Canadian Entomologist, XXXII, No. 11,
Nov., 1900, p. 349. Reared by A. Craw from Saissetia oleew Bernard
(Lecanium olew), collected by Geo. Compere, Brisbane, Queensland.

69

70 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Aphelinus simplex Zehntner. Med. y. h. Proefst. Oost-Java, n. s., No. 36, 1897,
pp. 19-20, Pl. I, figs. 18, 19. Reared by L. Zehntner, Java, from Chionaspis
sacchari-folii Zehutner.

Enearsia planchonize Howard. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, No. 1092, 1896,
pp. 685-636. Reared by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from Astero-
lecanium delicatum Green (Planchonia delicata).

Enecarsia aonidiz Howard. Ibid., p. 636. Reared by E. Ernest Green, Pundu-
loya, Ceylon, from Aonidia corniger Green.

Mnearsia flaviclava Howard. Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond., XXV, 1894, No. 97.
Collected on St. Vincent, B. W. I., by H. H. Smith.

Coccophagus orientalis Howard. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, No. 1092, 1896,
pp. 6338-634. Reared by E. Ernest Green, Punduloya, Ceylon, from Cero-
plastes actiniformis Green, Coccus viridis Green (Lecanium viride), Sais-
setia hemispharica Targioni Tozzetti (Lecaniwm coffee Signoret), and
Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti (Dactylopius adonidum).

Coccophagus flavescens Howard. Ibid., p. 634. Reared by E. E. Green, Pundu-
loya, Ceylon, from NSaissetia hemispharica Targioni Tozzetti (Lecanium
coffee Signoret).

Coccophagus fletcheri Howard. Bul. 7, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric.,
1897, p. 63. Reared by J. Fletcher from Hulecanium fletcheri Cockerell,
Ottawa, Canada.

Prospalta tristis Zehntner. Med. v. h. Proefst. Oost-Java, n. s., No. 29, 1896,
pp. 11-12, pl., figs. 17-21. Reared by L. Zehntner from Aleyrodes bergi on
sugar cane.

Prospalta berlesei Howard. Ent. News, XVII, No. 8, Oct., 1906, pp. 291-293.
Reared by A. Berlese, Florence, Italy, from Diaspis pentagona Targioni
Tozzetti, received from Washington, D. C., U. S. A.

Ablerus aureonotus Howard. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., XXNVI, 1896, p. 157.
Captured by H. H. Smith, Balthazar, Grenada, B. W. I.

Ablerus (Azotus) pulchriceps Zehntner. De plantenluizen van het suikerriet
op Java, VIII, IX. (Med. v. h. Proefst. West-Java, No. 38, 1899, pp. 10-11,
Pl. Il, figs. 15-17.) Reared by L. Zehntner on Aleyrodes on sugar cane,
Java. Belongs to Acotus Howard.

Physcus flavidus Zehntner. De plantenluizen van het suikerriet op Java.
(tfed. v. h. Proefst. West-Java, No. 37, 1898, pp. 5-7, pl., figs. 11-16.)
R- red by L. Zehntner, Java, from Chionaspis madiunensis Zehntner.

Aneris.1s (n. g.) ceroplaste Howard. Can. Ent., XX VII, No. 12, 1895, p. 351.
Reared by T. D. A. Cockerell, Jamaica, B. W. I., from Ceroplastes sp. on
BHuphorbia hypericifolia.

Azotus (n. g.) marchali Howard. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, No. 2, 1898, pp.
1388-139. Reared by Paul Marchal, at Paris, France, from Epidiaspis
piricola Del Guercio (Diaspis ostrewformis Signoret) ; and by W. M. Maskell
from Aspidiotus hederw Vallot (Aspidiotus nerii Bouché), Sidney, N. S. W.

Archenomus (n. g.) bicolor Howard. Ibid., pp. 137-138. Reared by Paul Mar-
chal, Paris, France, from Hpidiaspis piricola Del Guercio (Diaspis ostree-
formis Signoret).

The present paper comprises a description of twenty new species
and five new genera. Nearly all of these were received from other
parts of the world, but some of them have no doubt already been
established in this country. In fact, in looking over the material that
has accumulated since the publication of Technical Series No. 1, it
becomes obvious that the Aphelinine fauna of the United States, par-

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININA. 71

ticularly of the eastern United States, has been undergoing a change.
Species that were abundant eight or twelve years ago have become
‘searce, and introduced species have taken their places. It is indeed
difficult to decide whether any of our Aphelinine are natives of the
United States. The introduction of plants from abroad, including
very many different kinds of hothouse plants bearing scale insects,
has resulted in the introduction not only of new scale insects, but of
a number of species of scale-insect parasites. These parasites have
undoubtedly in some instances attacked native scale insects and have
increased in number. It seems very possible that Coccophagus lecanii
Fitch and Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron are native species. The
same, too, is probably the case with E'retmocerus corni of Haldeman,
but it seems probable that of the remaining species the great majority
are of foreign erigin.

In order to facilitate the recognition of genera, the descriptions of
the new forms contained in this paper are prefaced by a catch table
of genera. This table apphes only to females. The males of many
genera are not known, and as a rule females are reared in infinitely
greater abundance than males, affording a strong suspicion that alter-
nation of generations accompanied by parthenogenesis may hold with
a number of the species. With the present paper and with Technical
Series No. 1, and particularly where the observer has access to von
Dalla Torre’s catalogue, there should be no very great difficulty in
recognizing described species and in deciding whether species reared
have been described.

Subfamily APHELININZ Howard.

TABLE OF TRIBES.

EES igo =] ONC UNO ware ee ee ee es Tribe I. Aphelinini Ashmead.
Myre Ab OUT Cla = eee ee Se eee Tribe II. Pteroptricini Ashmead.

Tribe I. APHELININI.

TABLE OF GENERA

Females.

1. Fore wings with an obliquely transverse hairless line below stigma______ 2Z,
Hors wings without such an oblique hairless line 92-2 8

Se, ANUAMIENaM ee EES opr nt SO Ae 2 PI ae SC Me ana DL Ra ge 3
AST NNLG€S TEVA om Gea] ONT esl ea ee ee ea es Ue ee Ths oR el at Te) Ngee a Oe 4
ENUSTRTORES "ST ONT elle SS eGR SAE AS ica a es 7

3. Scape long, slender; pedicel swollen; funicle joint very minute; club long
SUT CEG DE Oe (eee an eee ee ee PU eat Varlattiella, new genus.

4. Ovipositor exserted to from one-fifth to one-third length of abdomen______ 5
Oviposionmot at alleorbut shichtly exserted2. ews ee 6

@1n the middle tarsi of Encarsia luteola and EB. quaintancei the 2 terminal
segments of the middle tarsi have coalesced, making them appear 4-jointed.

To), MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

». Notal sclerites normal, wings lhyaline___----=-"— == Centrodora Foerster.

Mesopostscutellum acutely triangular, fore wings with an irregular pattern

of dark limesior Spots 22 22 ae ee eee Perissopterus Howard.
Wings hyaline, or with a slight fuscous patch, eyes naked_Aphelinus Dalman
Antennal club 3-jointed, the 2 funicle joints longer than broad and subequal

inlene th a ee ee ee SS es ee Mesidia Foerster.
8: Antenne G-jointed 225 S— 2. woe we a eee Se ee ee eee 9
Antennze (jointed = tes ee ee Se eae 2 ee eee 10
Amitennee:, S-jOmbveds —— 22 Shes 2 aes RD a ee eee 13
Antenne with a scape, pedicel, 3 ring joints (funicle), and a moderately
Longe Glues 22. 25 S222 ee Se eS Thysanus Haliday.
(Plastocharis Foerster.)
10. Club 1-jointed ; ovipositor extruded to one-half length of abdomen ___—__~ 11
Club 2-jomted!: “ovipositor scarcely extruded ese ee 12
11. Stigmal vein squarely truncate at tip_____________________. Ablerus Howard.
Stigmal vein with a swollen and rounded tip____-_________. Azotus Howard.
12. First funicle joint shorter than second and third _________ Physcus Howard.
13! Antennal! club: 2-jointed] 22s. 2 = sa 2s ee ee eee 14
Antennal: -clubzs=joimtedis S22. Sk ee eee ee ee 15
14. Hind tibiz armed with very stiff black bristles________: Wyiocnema Ashmead.
labbayelagloreey 1¥oyn Se) A ypetele ee 22 eee ee Encarsia Foerster.

15. Stigmal vein lacking; wings with a very long fringe.
Aspidiotiphagus Howard.
Stigmal vein present; marginal cilia comparatively short______________ 16
16. Marginal vein shorter than submarginal________________ Prospalta Howard.
Marginal vein as long as or longer than submarginal___________________ i
17. Antennal scape short, flagellum strongly flattened; hind tibiz flattened and

pb.

6.

with a row of short bristles above____.___--__________- Aneristus Howard.
Antennal scape not especially short, flagellum subcylindrical; hind tibize

NOTIN Vie = Po eee 2 Le ee ee Coccophagus Westwood.
Tribe II. PTEROPTRICINI.
TABLE OF GENERA.
Females.
Antennss, 5-] OINted 2. 22 ss ee ee eee 2
Antennse with More Gna > JOSS = ee eee 3)
YU CLE OUEST Te ay OTN Se ee Bretmocerus Haldeman.

Funicle joint 1 very short; joint 2 slender, four times as long as joint 1.
Cales, new genus.

Anténnse f=jOinted! se Se PS ee Ba ed i ee ee eee 4
Antennse%6-jJonmted!: £0 2035) 2 ee a ee ee ee ee 5
Antenne S-jOmtedie + i «22a 2 Se ee a ee ee eee ee 6
. Tarsal joints of middle leg short and subequal in length; middle tibial spur
as long as first two tarsal joints together_______________ Casca, new genus.
First tarsal joint of middle leg as long as joints 2 and 38 together; middle
tibial spur not quite as long as first tarsal joint_______ Bardylis, new genus.

Club of antenna 3-jointed, joints subequal in length; only one funicle joint.
Artas, new genus.

Club of antenna 2-jointed; wings spotted_____________Marietta Motschulsky.
Sub 3-jointed; funicle joints 1 and 2 very short, 3 longer than 1 and 2
together and much wider than either________________ Pteroptrix Westwood.

Club apparently 2-jointed; funicle joints 1 and 2 very short, 3 and 4 each
longer than and!2*torether._ 22 ee eee Archenomus Howard.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININA, ta
Genus MARLATTIELLA, new genus.

Female.—Tarsi 5-jointed. Wings with an oblique hairless streak
extending from stigma backward to near base of wing; the disc
otherwise uniformly and rather densely ciliate; marginal vein much
longer than submarginal; stigmal evident and plainly furnished
with a rounded knob at tip; fore wing obtusely rounded at tip.
Antenne 4-jointed; scape inserted near mouth border, long, slender,
reaching to top of head; pedicel considerably swollen, longer than
broad; the single funicle joint very small, almost like a ring joint
and rather oblique; club long and broad, rather blunt at apex, longer
than scape, pedicel, and funicle together, and with sparse longitudinal
striations. Axille of mesoscutum very narrow. Middle tarsi with
first joint nearly as long as second and third together; middle tibial
spur about as long as corresponding first tarsal joint. Hind tarsi
longer than middle tarsi.
‘Ovipositor somewhat ex-
truded. Eyes hairy.

Male.—Unknown.

Type.—The following
species :

Marlattiella prima, new
species. (Fig. 13.)
Female. — Length 0.84
mm.; expanse 1.54 mm.;
greatest width of fore
wing 0.24 mm. General
color dull orange-yellow ;
eyes reddish brown: ocelli
carmine; closed mandibles
dusky; all legs uniformly
light yellow. Wings hya-
line, veins faintly dusky.

Male. Unknown. Fig. 13.—Marlattiella prima: Antenna, fore wing, and middle
aT AY a ] ffemale. Great] le d (original).
Type. N 0. 10297 A ve a eg of female reatly enlarged (original)

National Museum. Described from 10 female specimens bred from
Leucaspis japonica Cockerell, collected by C. L. Marlatt, October 11,
1901, at Tientsin, China, on a “ bush with variegated foliage,” pos-
sibly a Croton.
Genus MESIDIA Foerster.
Mesidia Foerster. Hymenopterologische Studien, Heft II, 1856, p. 30.
: ‘\ 5 . :
This genus, hitherto known only through Foerster’s brief charac-

terization, is intermediate between A phelinus and Coccophagus, hav-

30383—No. 12, pt. 407

2

74 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

ing the oblique hairless line on the fore wing, extending from stigma
to near base of wing, of A phelinus and having the three joints before
the club of the antenne of equal length, as with Coccophagus. Other
female generic characters may be derived from the new species de-
scribed below. The ovipositor is strong and well extruded. The
femora are slightly swollen. The antennal club is ovate and flat-
tened; funicle joints 1, 2, and 3 subequal in width and each somewhat
shorter than the basal joint of the club; pedicel triangular, rather
broader and longer than first funicle joint; club with sparse longi-
tudinal strive, as in Coccophagus. Eyes densely hairy, but with very

Fic. 14.—Mesidia mexicana: Female. Greatly enlarged (original).

short hairs. Marginal vein of fore wings as long as submarginal;
stigmal obscure and almost lacking.
Type.—The following species:

Mesidia mexicana, new species. (Fig. 14.)

Female.—Length 0.68 mm.; expanse 1.4 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.24mm. General color dark brown, nearly all of mesoscu-
tellum except anterior border yellowish; all coxee, femora, and an-
tenne brownish; tibiee and tarsi whitish; wing veins dusky. All of
mesonotum, except ght portion of scutellum, finely and closely
aciculate, as is also the mesoscutum.

Type—No. 10298, U. S. National Museum. Described from 9
female specimens reared from an Aleyrodes collected on * Palo de
Gusano ” by C. H. T. Townsend at S. Francisco del Peal, Tabasco,
Mexico, July 1, 1887.

Genus AZOTUS Howard.
Azotus Howard. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. IV, No. 2, 1898, pp. 138-139.

This interesting genus was described in the male sex only in the
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vol. IV,

Fic. 14, correction.—The figure of Mesidia mexicana (entire insect) is incorrect
in that it does not show the ‘‘oblique hairless line on the fore wing, extend-
ing from stigma to near base of wing.’’ This is shown correctly in the
above figure of the fore wing of the insect.

75

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININA. oa

No. 2 (1898), pp. 188-139, the type species being A. marchali Howard
reared by Dr. Paul Marchal at Paris from /’pidiaspis piricola Del
Guercio (Yiaspis ostrewformis Signoret) and subsequently by W. M.
Maskell from Aspidiotus hederw Vallot (Aspidiotus nerii Bouché)
received from Sydney, N.S. W.

Of the species described below a good series of females is before
the writer and the following generic characterization of the female is
therefore presented :

Female.—Ovipositor apparently normally extruded to from one-
third to one-half the length of abdomen. Antenne 7-jointed, there
being no suture dividing the club into the two segments of which it is
evidently homologically composed. (In the original description of
the male antenna it was called 8-jointed, although no true suture

Fic. 15.—Azotus capensis: Female, and antenna of maje. Greatly enlarged (original.)

occurs with the club in that sex.) Club nearly as long as last 3
funicle joints together; funicle joints 1, 2, and 4 nearly equal in
length, 1 rather the shorter of the three; funicle joint 3 much
shorter, although not so disproportionately short as in the male. All
tarsi 5-jointed; joint 1 nearly as long as the others together; middle
tibial spur about half as long as first tarsal joint. Marginal vein of
fore wings not as long as submarginal; marginal cilia not especially
long.

Azotus capensis, new species. (Fig. 15.)

Female.—Length 0.9 mm.; expanse 1.8 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.24 mm. General color black, with greenish metallic
reflections on notum; antenne brown, with base and tip of scape, tip
of pedicel, and all of funicle joints 2 and 4 nearly white; all coxee and
femora brown, femora light at tips; trochanters white; front tibie

76 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

brown, light at tips; middle and hind tibiz nearly white, with two
brown bands; front tarsi hght brown, terminal joint dark brown;
middle and hind tarsi nearly white, the last joint brown. Eyes
crimson. Marginal vein of fore wings brown; wings hyaline, with a
transverse brown patch below marginal vein and another one nearer
tip of wing; an oblique shade at point where submarginal vein turns
upward to costa.

Male.—Length 0.6 mm.; expanse 1.8 mm.; greatest width of fore
wing 0.24 mm. Antenne uniformly hght brown. Legs as in female,
except that middle and hind tibie are uniformly brown, light at
extremities, and that all tarsi are brownish. In the fore wings the
brown shade below the marginal vein is present, but the outer brown
shade is much fainter.

Type—No. 10299, U. S. National Museum. Described from 12
male and 17 female specimens bred from an Asterolecaniuwm on
Euryops tenuissimus, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, by C. P.
Lounsbury, October, 1898.

Nore.—A blerus pulchriceps Zehntner (De Plantenluizen van het
suikerriet op Java, VIII, TX, pp. 10, 11, Plaat i, figs. 15, 16, 17),
reared from Aleyrodes longicornis Zehntner in Java, belongs to this
genus and greatly resembles this species, judging from Zehntner’s
well-drawn figures.

Genus ENCARSIA Foerster.

Encarsia Foerster. Kleine Monographien, 1878, pp. 65-66. (Type, Encarsia tri-
color Foerster. )

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Females.

1. Tarsi of middle legs 4-jointed; joints 4 and 5 apparently coalesced___--~~_ 2
Middle tarsi ‘plainly 5-jointed 22 =. -2_ == eee eee eee 3
2. Pedicel and first funicle joint subequal in length-__-_______ luteola Howard.

First funicle joint shorter than pedicel and than second funicle joint.
quaintancei, new species.

3° Chubalattened: =. =. 5 2522 Boek eee ee eee flaviclava Howard.
Not: flattemed es Seo ee ay Sh srg Ao i Sey ee 4

A I MbesTe viqQunonKe aq KovoNmtsh cold (0 ee ee angelica Howard.
Not. Swollen: c= 2b 22h Sa ee ee ee ee ee eee 5

5, Pedicel and first funicle jomt subequal’ in length) 222222 6
Pedicel shorter! than ihirst shumicle soins ee ee ees 8
Pedicel longer than first funicle joint, which is distinctly shorter than
second 22s 225 AMP 2 oe i ee ea ee a ee 10

6. Funicle joints 1 and 2 subequal in length; flagellar striations barely dis-
eérnible.2- 2... 2 2 ee ee ee Se eee ee ee Tf

Funicle joint 2 considerably longer than 1; striations close and distinct.

planchonie Howard.
Fore wings with dise closely and completely ciliate_portoricensis, new species.
Fore wings with a round bare space below stigma__pergandiella, new species.

=]

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININZE. (aw

See enuncle joumts subequal.and concolorouss-2- 2. 222535) 2 ee 9
Funicle joint 1 nearly as long as 2 and 3 together; the latter subequal and
Winter JOIntelsand: thexelub plack= == es a diaspidis, new species.

9. Terminal joint of club shorter than basal joint____________ aonidiw Howard.
Ciibsomnissequaleimmlent hss Set 2 ee coquillettii Howard.

10. First funicle joint distinctly shorter than sec ond Sa townsendi, new species.

Encarsia diaspidis, new species.

Female.—Length 1.6 mm.; expanse 3.6 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.5 mm. Eyes markedly hairy. Antennal scape robust ;
pedicel somewhat longer than broad; Ist funicle joint twice as long
as pedicel; joints 2 and:3 much shorter and subequal in length and
width; club rather slender and pointed, longer than funicle joints 2
and 3 together; all joits, including scape, plainly hairy. General
color orange-yellow; antenne black, joints 2 and 3 of funicle white:
eyes reddish; dorsum of abdomen and metanotum infuscated, except
for tip of abdomen, which is yellow; all legs uniform honey-yellow ;
wing veins yellowish.

Male.—The male E’ncarsia has not been described; but I have a
slide from Lounsbury containing male specimens reared from the
same host, in the same locality, and at the same time as the female
described above, and these are probably the males of /. diaspidis.
They are described as follows, generic characters included: Length
1.08 mm.; expanse 2.4 mm.; greatest width of fore wing 0.44 mm.
Antenne 8-jointed ; scape mat long, shghtly swollen in middle; pedi-
cel short, only as long as broad; 1st funicle joint long, 6 times as
long as broad ; funicle joints 2 and 3 subequal in length and width
and each Stat one-half as long as joint 1; club 3-jointed, the seg-
ments as distinct as those of funicle; club joints 1 and 2 about equal
in length to funicle joints 2 and 3; terminal joints shorter and rather
obtusely pointed at tip; all flagellar joints strongly longitudinally
striate. First joint of middle tarsus longest; middle tibial spur
about as long as first tarsal jot. General color very dark brown,
nearly black; antenne uniformly dark brown; femora brown, hind
femora darker than front and middle femora; trochanters light yel-
low; all tibiz dusky, hghter at tips; tarsi yellowish, with their ter-
minal joints brown.

Type—No. 10300, U. S. National Museum. Described from 6
female and 6 male specimens, reared July, 1897, from a Diaspis on
Acacia horrida at Bathurst, Cape Colony, South Africa, by C. P.
Lounsbury.

This species is probably not a true Lncarsia.

Encarsia portoricensis, new species.

Female.—Length 1 mm.; expanse 1.84 mm.; greatest width of
fore wings 0.28 mm. Antenne rather stout, with flagellum uniformly
hairy, longitudinal striation only faintly discernible; scape uni-

78 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

formly slender; pedicel very slightly longer than broad; 1st funicle
joint about as long as pedicel; joint 2 very shghtly longer than 1
and about equal to joints 8 and 4 and each of the two club joimts.
Submarginal and marginal veins about equal in length, stigmal very
short and entering the wing at a small angle. Middle tarsi and
tibial spur as with the preceding species. General color lemon-
vellow; ocelli dark crimson, eyes very dark crimson; antenne and
legs dusky; abdomen with a brownish dorsal central patch. The
specimen from Porto Rico has the abdomen entirely brown above
and the pronotum and anterior portion of mesoscutum brownish.

Male.—Unknown.

Type—No. 10301, U. S. National Museum. Described from 3
female specimens reared January, 1899, by Mr. A. Busck from
Aleyrodes sp. on a climbing vine, Bayamon, Porto Rico (Bur.
Entom. No. 8423°) and 1 female specimen received March, 1907,
from Mr. E. K. Carnes of the California Board of Horticultural
Commissioners, labeled “ on Aleyrodes sp. Mexico.”

Encarsia pergandiella, new species.

Female.—Length 0.58 mm.; expanse 1.46 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.14 mm. Antenne long, slender, and faintly hairy;
pedicel and first funicle joint subequal in length; remaining funicle
joints increasing gradually in length; basal jomt of club shghtly
longer than terminal joint and the preceding funicle joint. Ovi-
positor slightly extruded. First tarsal joint of middle legs long and
slerider, nearly as long as the remaining 4 joints together; middle
tibial spur about one-half length of Ist tarsal joint. Front wings
rather narrow, with a considerably longer fringe than usual; discal
cilia rather sparse, and a round perfectly hairless spur below stigma.
General color uniform honey-yellow; eyes and ocelli red.

Male.—Unknown.
Type—No. 10302, U. S. National Museum. Described from 7

female specimens reared by Mr. Theo. Pergande from an Aleyrodes
on Xanthium strumarium, Washington, D. C., September 25, 1900
(Bur. Entom. No. 9321°). Also reared by Mr. Pergande at Washing-
ton, D. C., November 20, 1894, from an Aleyrodes on blackberry
(Bur. Ent., No. 6452).

Encarsia townsendi, new species.

Female.—Length 0.66 mm.; expanse 1.56 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.22 mm. Antenne with numerous hairs, but with very
faint striation; scape not especially long; pedicel longer than wide;
first funicle joint about as long as wide, shorter than pedicel and
only one-half as long as second funicle joint; second and remain-
ing funicle joints subequal in length and width, as is also basal
joint of club (terminal joint of club missing on all specimens).

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININ. 79

Middle tarsi with joint 1 as long as 2 and 3 together; middle tibial
spur as long as joint 1. Ovipositor considerably extended. Face
and vertex orange-yellow; ocelli carmine; eyes dark red; mesoscu-
tellum dull lemon-yellow; remainder of notum and dorsum of abdo-
men light brown; tip of abdomen yellowish; antennx dusky ; legs and
antennal veins dusky; fore wings with a faint dusky shade below
marginal vein.

Male.—Unknown.

Type—No. 10303, U. S. National Museum. Described from 5
female specimens reared June 19, 1897, from an A/eyrodes on a coarse
grass taken at Sangrillo del Chico, Tabasco, Mex. (Bur. Ent., No.
741), by C. H. T. Townsend.

Encarsia quaintancei, new species.

Female.—Length 0.66 mm.; expanse 1.4 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.18 mm. Middle tarsi 4-jointed as with /uteola, the fourth
and fifth segments apparently coalesced. Pedicel of antennz twice
as long as broad; joint 1 of funicle somewhat longer than broad,
shorter than pedicel and shorter than second funicle joint; second,
third, and fourth funicle joints increasing gradually in length;
club joints subequal in length. Fore wings with a small rounded
hairless space below and beyond stigma, not extending to one-half
the wing breadth. Eyes hairy. Mesoscutum delicately hexagonally
reticulated; axille delicately reticulate. General color brown;
mesoscutellum wholly lemon-yellow; tips of abdomen and flagellum
of antenne yellowish; all legs faintly yellowish; wings hyaline.

Male—Unknown.

Type—No. 10304, U. S. National Museum. Described from 1
female specimen reared August 29, 1900, by Theo. Pergande from
Aleyrodes sp. on Polygonum, Bladensburg road, D. C.

The species is named for Prof. A. L. Quaintance in recognition of
his excellent work on the Aleyrodide.

Genus PROSPALTA Howard.

Prospalta Howard. Insect Life, Vol. VII, 1894, p. 6. (Type, Prospalta
aurantii Howard.)

Prospalta maculata, new species. (Fig. 16.)

Female.—Length 1 mm.; expanse 2.24 mm.; greatest width of fore
wing 0.31 mm. Comes rather close to P. murtfeldtii How., but the
antenne are not so strongly clubbed. The color is as follows: An-
tennal club brown, whitest at tip; scape and funicle joints 2 and 3
whitish; general color of body and legs light yellow; middle and
hind tibizw each with two brown bands; first tarsal joint of middle
and hind legs brown; first, fourth, fifth, and sixth abdomine] seg-

,

80 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

ments with a complete brown cross-band; second and third with a
brown cross-band interrupted in the middle. Mesosecutum with two
longitudinal brown bands; axilla brown; mesoscutellum with two
large brown spots. Wings hyaline.

g LEZ 2
LL <S Vr Sting =" A

Fie. 16.—Prospalta maculata: Female. Greatly enlarged (original).

Type.—No. 10305, U. S. National Museum. Described from 1
female specimen bred by Mr. E. K. Carnes from Lepidosaphes beckit
Newman (W/ytilaspis citricola Glover), sent to California from China
by Mr. George Compere.

Genus COCCOPHAGUS Westwood.

Coccophagus Westwood. Philosoph. Mag., Vol. III, 1833. (Type, (Hntedon)
scutellaris Dalman. )

Coccophagus subochraceus, new species.

Female—Length 1.1 mm.; expanse 2.6 mm.; greatest width of fore
wing 0.48 mm. Differs from C. ochraceus in having the entire body,
including the mesopleura and the terminal segments of the abdomen,
ochraceous,

Male—Ditters from C. ochraceus in having the axille and the
entire dorsal surface of the abdomen black and the metanotum dusky.

Type—No. 10306, U. S. National Museum. Described from 5
female and 25 male specimens bred from a Lecanium on Leucos-
permum attenuatum, at Zuurberg, Cape Colony, South Africa, by
C. P. Lounsbury, 1897.

Coccophagus longifasciatus, new species. (Fig. 17.)

Female.—Length 0.78 mm.; expanse 1.56*mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.26 mm. Antenne stout, moderately clavate, with plain

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININ”E. 81

longitudinal stria. Surface of body smooth, impunctate. General]
color of body light lemon-yellow ; eyes and ocelli bright carmine; all
legs pallid; antenne and wing veins slightly dusky; a broad lateral
brown band extending down either side of the body from the pro-
notum to the tip of the abdomen.

Male.—tIn the male the brown band is not so perfect, but the pro-
notum, the anterior border of the mesoscutum, the axille, all of the

metanotum, and the sides and tip of the abdomen are brown.
Type—No. 10307, U. S. National Museum. Described from 4

Fic. 17.—Coccophagus longifasciatus: Female. Greatly enlarged (original).

male and 4 female specimens bred from Sadssetia nigra Nietner
(Lecanium nigrum), at Manaar, Ceylon, by E. Ernest Green, 1897.

Coccophagus zebratus, new species. (Tig. 18.)

Female.—Length 1.34 mm.; expanse 2.4 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.32 mm. Body smooth, flat, impunctate; antenne with
only very slight indications of longitudinal striae; hind femora and
coxe considerably swollen. Club of antenne dark brown; scape,
pedicel, and funicle joints 1 and 2 of a rather lighter brown; funicle
joint 3 white. Vertex, occiput, pronotum, and mesonotum lemon-
yellow, metascutum brown; face and remainder of thorax whitish;
all femora and coxe whitish and front tibia as well; middle and
hind tibie slightly brownish at base; first joint of middle and hind
tarsi brown. Abdomen whitish, with a broad brown transverse band
on each segment. Wing veins dusky.

Male—Unknown.
Type.—No. 10308, U. S. National Museum. Two female speci-

mens bred from Aclerda distorta Green, MS., Punduloya, Ceylon, by
E. Ernest Green.

82 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Genus CALES, new genus.

Female—tTarsi 4-joimted; first and last joints of middle tarsus
much longer than second and third; middle tibial spur not as long
as first tarsal joint; joints of hind tarsus subequal in length. An-
tennee 5-jointed; bulla very long and slender, scape somewhat swollen ;
pedicel not greatly swollen, nearly three times as long as broad;
funicle joint 1 short and slender, about as long as broad (this joint
may possibly be found to be double on examination of additional
specimens). Second funicle joint slender, more than four times as
long as joint 1; club ovate, undivided, and longer than funicle and
pedicel together. Eyes naked. Fore wings narrow, with subparallel
fore and hind borders: marginal cilia long; discal cilia very sparse
and placed in two long horizontal rows and part of a third; marginal

Fic. 18.—Coccophagus sebratus: Female, Greatly enlarged (original).

vein somewhat longer than submarginal; no differentiated stigmal.
Ovipositor shehtly extruded.

Male.—Unknown.

Type.—The following species:

Cales noacki, new species. (Fig. 19.)

Female.—Length 0.52; expanse 1.44 mm.; greatest width of fore
wing 0.12 mm. General color lemon-yellow; eyes reddish brown;
antenne uniformly yellow; legs slightly dusky. Legs long and slen-
der; body rather slender and graceful; abdomen rather short and
triangular. Wings hyaline, veins dusky.

Type.—No. 10309, U. S. National Museum. Described from one
female specimen reared by Fritz Noack, Campinas, Brazil, from an
undetermined species of Orthezia. (Bureau of Entomology No.
818301.)

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININ AS. 83
Genus CASCA, new genus.

Female—Comes rather close to Bardylis, from which, however, it
may be easily separated by tarsal, antennal, and wing characters.
All tarsi 4-jointed, the tarsal joints of middle leg all short and sub-
equal in length; apical spur of middle tibia as long as first two tarsal
joints together; hind tarsi longer than middle tarsi, but the joints
are subequal in length as with the middle. Marginal vein of fore
wing rather shorter than submarginal; stigmal evident; disk uni-
formly ciliate, but more sparsely than with Bardylis; hind border of
wing slightly excavate be-
yond anal angle, tip regu-
larly rounded; marginal
cilia long, longest at lower
wing tip. Antenne [-

AJL AY
anes LEZ
jointed, somewhat clavate, WY. CZ
the club rather long and ; v WZ
but shghtly swollen, ta- wae SS
S 3 \ SS. ———
P08 ] +] 1 REAM =
pering to a point and with 4 SSS ~——
as : MAQQ_QOQCOCQ0O SS&&
the joints subequal in \ Siow
length; second funicle POSS
joint shorter than first,
but of same width and — s a
only shghtly longer than Sa
ie, © \ WS :
wide, much shorter and SS a
narrower than first club <

joint ; first funicle joint Fig. 19.—Cales noacki: Antenna, fore wing, and middle leg of
about twice as long as female. Greatly enlarged (original).
wide, as long as, but narrower than pedicel. Flagellum hairy and
club with longitudinal strizw. Eves hairy.

Male.—Unknown.

Type.

The following species:
Casca chinensis, new species. (Fig. 20.)

Female.—Length 0.86 mm.; expanse 1.34 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.16 mm. Head and face orange-yellow, occiput dusky;
ocelli and eyes carmine, the eyes darker than the ocelli; antenne
hght dusky yellow; all legs pallid; pronotum, abdomen, and meta-
scutum brown; mesoscutum also brownish at anterior border: re-
mainder of mesoscutum yellowish and remainder of mesonotum and
mesopleura pallid. Fore wing with a pronounced dusky cloud
below marginal vein.

~Male—Unknown.

Type—No. 10310, U. S. National Museum. Described from 2

female specimens reared in California by Mr. E. K. Carnes from

84 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Lepidosaphes beckii Newman (JMytilaspis citricolu Glover) collected
in China by Mr. George Compere.

Genus BARDYLIS, new genus.

Female.—All tarsi 4-jointed; first tarsal joint of middle leg nearly
as long as second and third joints together; middle tibial spur not
quite as long as first tarsal joint. Marginal vein of fore wing a
trifle shorter than submarginal; stigmal short but evident; wing disc
very closely and evenly ciliate; margin with long cilia from stigma
to anal angle, gradually lengthening from stigma to lower distal point
and thence rapidly de-
creasing in length to
anal angle; margin of
wing evenly curved
from anal angle to
costa. Antenne 7-
jointed, pronouncedly
clavate; club ovate,
with its joints of sub-
equal length; the two
funicle joints about
equal in length and
width, each slightly
shorter than pedicel
and first club joint; the
whole surface of the
flagellum furnished
with minute hairs.
Eyes hairy.

Matle—Antenne
more elongate, 8-jointed, all scape joints subequal in length and
width, except terminal joint of club, which comes to a rounded point.
The tarsi are longer than in the female and the first funicle joint is
not as long as the second and third together.

Type.—The following species:

Fic. 20.—Casca chinensis: Fore wing, antenna, and middle leg
of female. Greatly enlarged /original).

Bardylis australiensis, new species. (Tig. 21.)

Female.—Length 0.5 mm.; expanse 1.34 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.18 mm. Color: Head, pronotum, mesoscutum, tegule,
and abdomen brown; mesoscutellum, metascutum, mesopleura, and
metapleura dull orange-yellow; antenna, cox, and femora light
brown; wing veins dusky; fore wings-with a dusky cloud below mar-
ginal vein; eyes dark red. Occiput closely and finely aciculate ; meso-
scutum faintly aciculate.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININ#. 85

Male.—Ditfers from female only as pointed out in generic diag-
nosis, except that the clouded portion of the fore wing is lighter than
in the female.

Type.—No. 10311, U.S. National Museum. Described from many
male and female specimens reared by Mr. Geo. Compere, evidently
from scale insects, at Swan River and Perth, West Australia. —(Com-
pere’s numbers 774, 855, 871, 873, 923, 925, 944, and 1026.)

Also from a number of specimens reared by A. Koebele, September
99, 1899, from an Aspidi-
otus on Hakea sp., at Syd-
ney, New South Wales.
(KXoebele’s No. 1998.)

Genus ARTAS, new genus.

Female.—TYarsi 4-joint-
ed; antenne 6-jointed;
scape and pedicel normal,
the single funicle joint
about as long as the first
club joint and shghtly
more slender; club joints
subequal in length, the
terminal joint tapering to
a point. Fore wings very
obtusely rounded and al-
most bare, having very
few discal cilia; four
long hairs arising from
marginal vein. and a Fia. 21.—Bardylis australiensis:; Antenna of female, and an-

tenna, hind leg, and fore wing of male. Greatly enlarged
(original).

series of very long margi-
nal hairs beginning at
the tip of the marginal vein and extending around to the middle
of the lower margin, slightly longer at lower tip; marginal vein
equal in length to submarginal; stigmal lacking as in Aspidiotipha-
gus. 'Tarsal joints of middle tarsi subequal in length, tibial spur
longer than the first two tarsal joints together.

Male.—Unknown.

Type—tThe following species:

Artas koebelei, new species. (Fig. 22.)

Female—Length 0.38 mm.; expanse 1 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.13 mm. General color dull yellow; mesoscutellum light

ler)

8

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

lemon-yellow; eyes and ocelli dark red; wing veins dusky; prono-
tum, front of mesoscutum, axille, and sides of metanotum dark
brown; dorsum of abdomen dusky.

Male.—Unknown.

Ic. 22.—Artas koebelei: Antenna, fore wing, and hind leg of female. Greatly enlarged

(original).

Type.—No. 10312, U. S. National Museum. Described from 11
mnmale specimens reared from Chionaspis vitis Green, Hongkong,
China, by A. Koebele.

Genus PERISSOPTERUS Howard.

Perissopterus Howard. Tech. Ser. 1, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1895, pp.
20-21. (Type, P. pulchellus Howard.)

Male.—In the original description of this genus” the male is not
described, the description of the male P. pulchellus having been made
from a dry mount with shriveled antenne. The important fact has
since been discovered that with the male of Perissopterus the antenne
are only 5-jointed, viz, scape, pedicel, 2 ring joints, and club; the club
being long, oval, and more or less flattened. With P. pulchellus the
male in other respects resembles the female.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

WS BVO UNA DT ye e e A e 2 e e epee 2
yes malvediac. 222 SR oo oe ee ee ere a ee 3
Po NOUV Oo) Olek = sa = noumeensis, new species.
Jsamerovnraul Cley oy jowWhGle = A ee capillatus, new species.

@Tech. Ser., No. 1, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., pp: 21—22.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININE. 87

8. First four tarsal joints of middle leg white, including tibial coronet of

SOWIE S as Se ee ee ee ee eee busekii, new species.
INOtavEn Lest OLA Conon e te Lac keene ass SS a eS ee 4

4, Wirst and fifth tarsal joints black, rest white___________ jJavensis, new species.
First and fifth and at least part of the second tarsal joint black____ ha ee 5

5. General color white, tinged in spots with dark reddish orange, dotted with
| kee ee ee eS ee ee pulchellus Howard.

General color light orange-yellow, with black dots (no red or white).
mexicanus Howard.

Perissopterus capillatus, new species.

Female.—Length 1 mm.; expanse 2.16 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.36. Eyes closely and plainly hairy. Eyes well sepa-
rated; ocelli at angles of obtuse-angled triangle. Vertex and occiput
faintly reticulate, thorax smooth. The fore wings appear spotted
with patches of dark cilia, the spots not connected in a reticulate pat-—
tern as with P. pulchellus and P. mexicanus. Wead uniform orange-
vellow, eyes red; mesonotum lemon-yellow, metanotum darker; abdo-
men marked with alternating transverse bands of hght yellow and
honey-yellow; antenne light yellowish; legs very hght in color,
femora dusky at tip; middle and hind tibiw dusky at tips and with
two other dusky spots on bands; first and fifth tarsal joints dusky.

Male.—Unknown.

Type.—No. 10313, U. S. National Museum. Described from 11
female specimens reared by Mr. Koebele from Lepidosaphes pallens
Maskell (Mytilaspis pallens) on XNanthorrhwa, Sydney, New South
Wales, December 20, 1895.

Perissopterus noumeensis, new species.

Female.—Length 0.86 mm.; expanse 1.9 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.8 mm. Eyes with numerous fine black hairs. General]
color dingy yellowish white; antennal club dark brown, nearly black:
scape, pedicel, and funicle lighter; lower face orange; sides of
mesoscutum with a thin line of brown; abdomen with alternating
dark brown and whitish bands; femora slightly brownish above,
tibie brownish at tips; middle tarsi entirely brownish yellow; hind
tarsi with first joint pallid, rest yellowish.

Type—No. 10314, U. S. National Museum. Described from one
female specimen, bred October, 1899, from Aspidiotus sp. on cocoa
palm, Noumea, New Caledonia, by A. Koebele.

Perissopterus busckii, new species.

Male.—Length 0.76 mm.; expanse 1.7 mm.; greatest width of fore
wing 0.8 mm. Eyes naked. Markings of fore wings reticulate, not
arranged in spots. General color uniform orange-yellow; antennal
club brownish, lighter at tip; scape whitish, pedicel dark above,
hght below; metascutellum darker at sides; legs pallid; all femora
with two dark spots below; tibie with four equidistant brown spots

88 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

on bands; terminal tarsal joints dusky; basal tarsal joint of hind
leg also dusky.

Female.—Unknown.

Type.—No. 10315, U. S. National Museum. Described from one
male reared from Asterolecanium aureum Boisduval, collected at San
Juan, Porto Rico, February 21, 1899, by A. Busck.

Perissopterus javensis, new species.

Female.—Length 0.72 mm.; expanse 2.2 mm.; greatest width of
fore wing 0.28mm. Eyes naked. Pattern of fore wings of the reticu-
late type. Ovipositor we'l extruded. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum
delicately hexagonally reticulate-punctate. General color orange,
sides of thorax and abdomen marked with whitish; abdomen with
more or less perfect cross-bands of brownish. Legs pallid; femora
with two narrow bands of brown; tibie with three broad brown
bands, breader on middle than on hind tibia, and with a narrow
brown tip; first and fifth tarsal joints brownish, others pallid.
Antenne with club brown, yellowish at tip; third funicle joint
brown, white at tip; first and second funicle joints (ring joints)
brown; pedicel brown at base, white at tip.

Male—Smaller. Color about as with female, but with small white
thorax. Entire club brown except somewhat lighter at tip; pedicel
whitish at tip.

Type.——No. 10316, U. S. National Museum. Described from 7
male and 8 female specimens reared February, 1900, from a species
of Tachardia on an ornamental plant at Singapore, Straits Settle-
ments, by A. Koebele (Koebele’s No. 2005).

O

er
Ko
© TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12, PART V.

i = DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF BHNTOMOLOGY.

L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist ahd Chief of Bureau

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

THE MORE IMPORTANT ALEYRODID AL
INFESTING ECONOMIC PLANTS.

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
INFESTING THE ORANGE,

By AS de. UAIIN TANCE,
In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.

IssuED OcToBER 21, 1907.

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GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. ISAS

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Page

lin nROGnN@ Nes = =a Se ee ee eee ee eee oe 89
Heonomic plants and the more important Alevrodidze infesting them —_ —- 89
Mopaccoe = se = ete ea he ie og LD We RE a A ee ee Eee 89
SUE RG Ve) SOS et ee eee | eo Sh ie et A fet a 9)
Onange=2 22". ee ee eas See ee a stat eee 90
Cotkon==- 5 i oe = Dr es Aa gee EE eee Secy Re Deere “ 92
Guava 2 = ‘Wes ee DA Aes he Se: SS ee eee 92
CWOGORMMDIY Sle Se eee eee eee OS a yr te Rue Nes 2 92
GustandsapplenGA7Owa-SpWs)) === ee a eee CS 93
Sle aliyy0 CIGE ae eee ee De) a Ne ee ee ee Se edt = 93
Gabbagcele sta: a As a ees Ss ye eS ane 93
Greenhouses lAmtSe sea. hos eet ee eS Devoe Mean ay ae ees 93
LO RES TES 19 [a ee ee Se ae Se 94.
Currants == 52 aee 2 Ses OP ge NE bak Re ae ek Sb Le Le 94
FF LUTULES MEST) eh ea et ne ee ee eb Spo ak Ly ere ha. F 94
TET 6 2 eS A ps eg PSN Be ee Se eg eee ee pete Mt Pd Ee 94
Bam DOOr 2 saase Sea eee aes ee Lt Le od gen LI Dee ar eae 94.
Nin Ghig Opes =e. ees ee rey At ee eS A Ee A ed, 94
Retela re = =e ee ae ee ees ee, Bae! 94
51221] eee arene re Dr ee eS 94.

IIL

Hig: 23:

24.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE,
A . Page
PrLate VIT. Economic Aleyrodidie. Fig. 1.—Aleyrodes howardi, on orange.
Fig. 2.—Aleurodicus anone. Wig. 3.—Aleyrodes vaporario-
PUNOe. OV AO O NGO E = = a eee Sus 5 Se OaPT age eee 92
TEXT FIGURES.
Aleyrodes howardi, showing copious secretion from pupze, on lower
surface of orange leaf__________ 2 SIE Se ee, Aas 2 pa ae eee 91
Aleyrodes howordi- Rupa case and. detailS= =e ae 92

Iv

tes: D. A. BoE. Tech. Ser312, Pt. Vv. Issued October 21, 1907.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

THE MORE IMPORTANT ALEYRODIDZH INFESTING ECONOMIC
PLANTS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES INFESTING
THE ORANGE.

By A. L. QUAINTANCE,

In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
INTRODUCTION.

Systematically the Aleyrodid occupy a position between the Coc-
cide and Aphididee, two families of insects containing many serious
pests of agricultural and horticultural crops. Species of Aleyro-
did are, however, with a few exceptions, not at present of especial
economic importance, though many of them occur in some numbers
on useful plants. Also, with few exceptions, so far as known the
injurious species of this family are not yet generally distributed over
the world, as are so many scale insects and aphides, possibly from the
fact that the Aleyrodide feed exclusively on the leaves of their host
plants and are thus not so hkely to be distributed in shipments of trees
and plants as if occurring on the twigs and branches. When once
established in a locality an introduced species, as compared with
scale insects, would disseminate more rapidly, since the adults of both
sexes are winged, though they are not strong fliers.

The Aleyrodide are most abundant in tropical or semitropical re-
gions, though species of Aleyrodes in the United States are fairly
abundant in the Transition zone. Species of Aleurodicus, however,
are almost exclusively tropical, and with one exception are known
thus far only from the Western Hemisphere, whence it is not im-
probable that this species was distributed.

The family contains only two genera—Aleyrodes and Aleuro-
dicus—and 143 species have been described to date. The literature
dealing with these insects is so widely scattered that it has seemed de-

sirable to comment briefly on the species known to infest economic
plants, so that their introduction or dissemination may be better
guarded against.

ECONOMIC PLANTS AND THE MORE IMPORTANT ALEYRODIDZ
INFESTING THEM.

Tosacco.—Tobacco is attacked by two species of Aleyrodes—namely,
A. nicotianw Maskell, from Mexico, and A. tabaci Gennadius, from
Greece. The former is apparently not ef much economic importance,
as shown by the condition of infested leaves from Mexico. A. tabaci
is, however, more injurious, according to Targioni-Tozzetti, who

. 89

90 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

gives a very full account of the species in his ** Animali ed Ensetti del
Tobacco.” The insect was first noticed in 1889 on leaves from Arau-
cania, where it was said to be spreading more and more. In the work
just cited it is remarked that, save possibly for a decrease in dimen-
sions, the leaves do not show signs of alterations, but from the
quantity of insects which remain on the dry leaves the tobacco is
rendered unfit for use. No method of treatment is suggested.

SuGAR CANE.—No aleyrodids have as yet been recorded from sugar
cane in this country, but abroad certain species are pests of impor-
tance. Aleyrodes bergii Signoret was described in 1867 from the Isle
of Mauritius, where it was found on sugar cane. In Java this same
species is at present a serious pest of cane, and there it has been care-
fully studied by Dr. L. Zehntner and reported on in the Archief Java
Suikerindustrie for 1896. Two other species infest sugar cane in
Java—namely, Aleyrodes longicornis Zehntner and A. lactea Zehntner,
the former being quite destructive. These species have also been fully
treated by Zehntner in the “Archief ” for 1899. The remedial meas-
ures practiced consist in cutting off and burning the infested leaves,
and spraying with milk of lime, which is said to destroy the immature
insects, but not the developed parasite within the pupa case—A dlerus
pulchriceps Zehntner, which attacks /ongicornis. Aleyrodes lactea 1s

also attacked by the fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber, or a very
similar species, which attacks Aleyrodes citré in this country. <Aley-
rodes sacchari Maskell occurs on sugar cane in Fiji, and A. barodensis
Maskell was received by Maskell from Baroda, India, with the advice
that the insects were rather damaging to sugar cane in those parts.
Orance.—Of the several aleyrodids attacking the orange, Aley-
rodes citri Riley and Howard is much the most important. In
Florida especially this species at the present time is doubtless the
most important of all of the insect pests of this crop, and it is also
the subject of frequent complaint from southern Louisiana and to a
less extent from southeastern Texas. The literature of this species is
considerable, and its life history has been carefully worked out.
Some important papers are: “ The Orange Aleyrodes,” by Riley and
Howard (Ins. Life, Vol. V, p. 219); “Sooty Mold of the Orange
and its Treatment,” by H. J. Webber (Bull. 13, Div. Veg. Phys. and
Pathol., U. S. Dept. Agric.) ; “The White Fly,” by H. A. Gossard
(Bull. 67, Fla..Agric. Exp. Sta.), and “White Fly Conditions
in 1906, etc.,” by E. W. Berger: (Bull. 88, Fla. Agric. Exp. Sta.).
At the present time the insect is the subject of a special investigation
by the Bureau of Entomology. <Aleyrodes floridensis Quaintance,
more common on guava in Florida, also occurs on the orange, but on
this latter plant it has not yet proved to be of special economic
importance. In Arizona Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has found on
orange a form of Aleyrodes mori Quaintance which he has given the

THE MORE IMPORTANT ALEYRODID4. 91

‘arietal name arizonensis. Aleyrodes aurantii Maskell was described
from specimens on orange from the northwest Himalayas, the leaves
received by Maskell being thickly covered with the pupa cases.
Aleyrodes marlatti Quaintance occurs on orange in Japan, and A.
spinifer Quaintance on Citrus sp. and rose in Java.

For the past three or four years the Bureau of Entomology has
received from Cuba orange leaves infested with an undescribed species
of Aleyrodes, the description of which is given herewith :

Aleyrodes howardi n. sp.
(Plate VII; text figs. 23, 24.)

Bog.—Uniform brownish in color, without reticulations, curved; size about
0.18 0.09 mm. Stalk short, eggs lying prostrate
on leaf, arranged more or less in circles or curves.

Larva.—Color and structure essentially as in
pupa case.

Pupa case.—Size about 0.90.55 min., subellip-
tical in shape. Many. specimens with more or less
evident indentures on cephalo-lateral margin of
case, with cephalic end obtusely pointed. Color
on leaf under hand Jens with secretion removed,
yellowish brown varying to blackish ; under trans-
mitted light yellowish to brownish yellow. There
is a distinct marginal rim all around, with wax-
tubes distinct, the incisions acute and tubes
rounded distally. From margin of case all around
arises a short rim of wax, composed of individual
wax threads, serrated on margin as seen under a
high power of microscope. Case usually quite
covered by a very copious secretion of grayish, Fig. 23.—Aleyrodes howardi, show-

curling wax rods, which is very conspicuous on ing copious secretion from pup,
badly infested leaves, quite hiding the insects be- on lower surface of orange leat.

neath (Pl. VII, fig. 1; text fig. 28). Denuded of = (O7#™*!?

secretion, pupa case is seen to be at first almost flat, but later becoming rather
convex as the insect develops, with segments distinct.

Dorsum with pair of strong sete on first abdominal segment, a pair at vasi-
form orifice, and a pair at caudal margin extending some distance beyond
margin of case. Vasiform orifice relatively small, subcordate, the rim dark
brown, from 6 to 8 strong setze or spines arising from caudal margin; operculum
largely filling orifice, the distal margin with 2 faint notches; lingula not
distinguishable (see fig. 24).

Adult female.—Usual; body yellow, wings immaculate; length of body about
0.84 mm.; hind tibize, 0.85 mm.; fore wing, 1 mm. long by 0.36 mm. wide. Hind
tarsus, 0.16 mm.

JIale.—Not seen.

Food plant.—Orange. Collected at Artamisa, Cuba, February 5,
1905, by C. L. Marlatt, and at Habana, Cuba, February 19, 1903, by
K. A. Schwarz. Received from Dr. Mel. T. Cook, June 6, 1905, from
Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.

Judging from the abundance of this insect on orange leaves re-
ceived from the above-mentioned sources, this is a very serious pest

92 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

of the orange, perhaps rivaling the so-called white fly of Florida
( Aleyrodes citri Riley and Howard). i

Described from numerous infested leaves, pupa cases in balsam
mounts, and two females.

Type.—No. 10821, U. S. National Museum. Named for Dr. L. O.
Toward.

Corron.—Aleyrodes gossypii Fitch, described in Fitch’s Third
Report, is known only frem the single type specimen on Gossypium
religiosum from Ningpo, China. The second species is Aleyrodes
abutilonea Haldeman, of which «<l: fitchi Quaintance appears to be
a synonym. This species has been found on cotton at Harrisville,
Miss.; Selma, Ala., and Columbus, Tex. At the place first mentioned
the insects were very abun-
dant, the lower surface of the
leaves being covered with the
pupa cases. The insect was
also taken by Riley on cotton
growing in his garden at
Washington, D. C., and in
Delaware, Maryland, and Vir-
ginia it occurs very abun-
dantly on Abutilon abutilon,
probably its native food plant,
which it greatly injures, and
is thus beneficial, since this

| plant is a troublesome weed.
Fig. 24.—Aleyrodes howardi: Pupa case and details. Guava.—In Florida, Aley-

baa Maa lg er cla ae rodes Horidensis Quaintance is
quite common on the guava, the under surface of leaves sometimes
being quite covered with the pupa cases. In Brazil Aleyrodes hor-
vidus Hempel and A. goyabe Géldi occur on this plant, the latter
often by hundreds, constituting a serious pest. ullewrodicus cocois
Curtis infests guava in Trinidad, Venezuela, and Brazil. Guava is
also infested-by l. cocherelli in Brazil, and by A. holmesit Maskell in
Fiji, which Cockerell thinks has there been introduced from America
along with its food plant.

Cocoanut.—In Demerara and Barbados the cocoanut palm for
many years has been seriously injured by Aleurodicus cocois Curtis,
which, in company with a scale insect, was held responsible for a
widespread disease of the trees on the latter island. This species
was the subject of an article by Riley and Howard in Insect Life,
Volume V, page 314 (1893). At the time this article was written,
the introduction of this species into southern Florida on cocoanut,
and guava, which it also infests, was considered only a matter of
time, if not already accomplished. Thus far, however, nothing has
been recorded of its occurrence in that State.

Tech. Series 12, Part V, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

ECONOMIC ALEYRODIDA.

Fig. 1.—Aleyrodes howardi, on orange. Fig. 2.—Aleyrodes anone. Fig. 3.—Aleyrodes vaporariorum,
§ ] § y 1
on tobacco.

THE MORE IMPORTANT ALEYRODID®. 93

CusTarD APPLE (Anona spp.).—In Demerara Anona muricata and
A. squamosa, and in Trinidad A. reticulata, are often seriously
infested with Aleurodicus anonw Morgan, and this same species has
been reported on Anona from Pernambuco, Brazil. This species is
remarkable from the large amount of cottony substance secreted,
the under surface of badly infested leaves being thickly covered with
it (see Pl. VII, fig.2). A. mérabilis Cockerell occurs on Anona sp. in
Mexico, and Aleyrodes lacerdw Signoret is recorded from Anona
sylvatica, the locality not being stated.

StrrawsBerry.—A leyrodes packardi Morrill is troublesome to straw-
berries, according to Morrill, and occurs in Ohio, Kentucky, south-
eastern New York, and Connecticut. Until the investigations of
Doctor Morrill this species had been referred to A. vaporariorum
Westwood, which it resembles. This and the greenhouse Aleyrodes
(A. vaporariorum) are the subject of a valuable paper by Morrill
published as Technical Bulletin No. 1 of the Massachusetts Hatch
Experiment Station. A. fernaldi Morrill is also recorded from straw-
berry, though more abundant on Spiree. In Europe A. fraguriw
Walker occurs on strawberry, according to Walker, in myriads during
July, but in France, as stated by Signoret, it 1s less numerous.

Cappace.—In Europe Aleyrodes brassicew Walker has long been
known as more or less injurious to cabbage, kale, and other members
of this family. According to C. W. Dale, and reported by J. W.
Douglas, it is common on the indigenous wild cabbage which grows
on the coast of the Isle of Purbeck, and the species is not to be
regarded as imported and naturalized on cabbage cultivated in
gardens. In Brazil, State of Sao Paulo, Aleyrodes youngi Hempel
infests cabbage, the injury being considerable, as the infested leaves
become yellow, wilted, and covered with a white powder, and are
thus rendered unfit for use.

GREENHOUSE PLANTS.—Several species of aleyrodids are known to
infest plants in greenhouses, notably Aleyrodes vaporariorum West-
~wood, which in some sections of the North, as Massachusetts and Con-
necticut, constitutes a serious drawback to the growing under glass of
such vegetables as tomatoes, cucumbers, and melons, and to such flower-
ing plants as Ageratum, Lantana, and heliotrope. This species is a
very general feeder, attacking plants representing several botanical
families (see Pl. VIT, fig. 3). An undetermined species having banded
wings infests tomatoes and other vegetables under glass, and to some
extent out of doors, in Florida. Aleyrodes nephrolepidis Quaintance
occurs on a fern, Vephrolepis, thus far reported only from the con-
servatory of the Pennsylvania State College, where it evidently has
been introduced. According to Professor Butz the adults were very
abundant, flying around in the conservatory. Other aleyrodids occur-
ring on ferns are Aleyrodes filicium Goéldi, on Asplenium cuneatum,

94 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

and other Brazilian ferns, in the botanic gardens at Rio de Janeiro;
und the same species has been reported on Oleander articulata and
Pteris quadriolata 1 the Fern House, Kew Gardens, in England.
Aleyrodes asplent Maskell occurs on Asplentum lucidum and other
ferns in New Zealand, though whether in conservatories or not is not
indicated. Aleyrodes citri Riley and: Howard is fairly common on
citrus plants in greenhouses, though rarely troublesome. In Florida
A. rolfsii Quaintance infests geranium in injurious numbers out of
doors, and might become a pest to this plant in greenhouses if there
introduced.

Rusus spp.—A leyrodes ruborum Cockerell seriously infests a cul-
tivated Rubus, R. trivialis, in Florida, and occurs scatteringly on a
wild blackberry, 2. cuneifolius. In France, Signoret found a species
occurring in numbers on 22, fruticosus, which he described as A. rubi,
and in England A. rvbicola has been described by Douglas, infesting
a Rubus growing in a sheltered situation.

Currant.—A leyrodes ribium Douglas occurs on red and black cur-
rants in England. This is possibly the same species which infests
Vaccinium uliginosum 1 Germany.

Prunws spp.—Peaches and plums are at times infested with A/ey-
vodes pergandei Quaintance, the only aleyrodid recorded from these
plants. It also occurs on Crategus and wild crab-apple, though it
is never injurious so far as yet reported.

Fic.—No aleyrodids are recorded from the cultivated fig, /7cus:
carica, but in India Aleyrodes alcochi Peal occurs very abundantly,
especially after the rainy season, on young plants of Ficus indica
and F’. religiosa. These plants, from the fact that they take root on
old buildings and similar situations, become a nuisance, and the in-
sects are therefore regarded as beneficial by Mr. Peal, who expresses
regret that the pup are so badly parasitized by a small yellow chal-
cidid fly.

Bampoo.—Various species of bamboo in the vicinity of Calcutta
are infested with Aleyrodes bambusw Peal. As a rule, according to
Mr. Peal, only a few leaves in a bamboo clump are attacked, but the
insect sometimes occurs in large numbers, killing the leaves.

Inpico.—A leyrodes leakii Peal occurs on Indigofera tinctoria and
I. arrecta, Behar, India, bemg more common on the latter plant.
Need for its control is considered likely with the increased cultiva-
tion of these plants for commercial purposes.

3erEL.—Piper betle, a pepper, the leaves of which are chewed by
natives of Eastern countries with the betel nut, is attacked in Bakar-
ganj, India, by Aleyrodes nubilans of Buckton, by whom it is re-
ported as doing considerable injury.

Grapr.—An undetermined A/leyrodes has recently been received on
vinifera grape from Fred. W. Maskew, Marysville, Cal.

O

my am Wa Worl Gt Ph hE
DIV.INSECTS.
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12, PART VI.

Past AR EMEN FE - OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

A RECORD OF RESULTS FROM REARINGS AND
DISSECTIONS OF TACHINID A:

Dye ir Abu ws Ey TD. LOW NSEND,
Expert in Charge of Dipterous Parasites, Gipsy Moth Laboratory.

IssuED SEPTEMBER 18, 1908

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1908.

GOWNsE EEN Ss

Eiepnaripa scuteiaia, Robmeau-Desvoidy 22222-22222... 2.2522 fe ccee- eke
Mee aH Oy CIC N gr yan anne Sauer ae eee ok te eee see cece cee Saue
DEE EE UNEGUA ERAN SEN OVA) tte aes SP USA Nae a RE ie a Pe hs
Probability of an extra maggot stage in leaf-ovipositing species ..........----
The deposition of living maggots by tachinid flies ..............-...-...-.-.
Dexodes nigripes Fallen and Compsilura concinnata Meigen ..--.--------------
MM CeIchia Mmagniconius Levterstedta.. - = saeascces est eas. oscc sss secs een ess
BR OUT IOLCOL GLOW SENOS =o. cnn an eck eee Soe Piast ae eh ee Ac
Zygobothria gilva Hartig and Carcelia gnava Meigen ....-..------------------
MECC SCOTLOULE LLOUGADI = sas =s figs .255-2ch seca os oe aoe se selec c ete
Bee iran @ua lioness jase ee ese cere ctenc cee aee ate ot os see mee ene akedine Se
Meme iCisiOcampe LOWMSCNOr= Hcl oa- s.-scsai swiss 2 SS - wo eS eee cece e ee
Japanese representatives of European species. .-....-.---------------+------
Importance of studying the uterine eggs of Tachinide -.........----..------
meproduchye- capacity OF Pachimidee <5. 20.2 essce7 toes] 3 Seceecteeteseus- ee
Mire rears of Dachinidzein confinement 222-2. .225-2-2--2-2t252-6-2--5--2 5
An improvement in the method of colonizing Tachinidee-.......-.-.-------:
New alternate hosts for introduced tachinid flies --.....-.------------------
improvements in the outdoor rearing cage....--.-.....2--------+-2------5
Peencnine the puparia, Of Lachinidse 2.22.2 22.2- cs fo-cSss-5 ces seece secs
Recults from dissections of native Tachinids .......-.------=--2------------
Summary of reproductive habits now known in the Tachinidee..........----
MM Teen ier, eee ae 2 ae i Na Se Se eet SSS Dae

Page.
95
97
99
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100
101
101
102
1038
105
105
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107
109
110
111
Ie
als}
115
115
ia Ly/
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Fix

‘

Te

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Outdoor cage for rearing Tachinidz, with vestibule................-
Outdoor cage for rearing Tachinide, showing disposition of ‘‘tangle-
footed?’ trays within thecage s:.---2 a5 oe. ase ee ee oe
Eupeleteria magnicornis: First-stage maggot attached to leaf, awaiting
approach of a caterpillar; enlarged mouth-hook of maggot... ~~ ---
Outdoor cage for securing oviposition of Japanese Tachina, covered
about the door with paper to prevent the flies from congregating at
that point.< 2 oo. Lo 2oe se ee Ae eee oe ae ee eee

. Glass cylinders in use in rearing Tachinidze and wire-screen recep-

tacle for inclosing flies with caterpillars on foliage..........--.----
Parachxta sp.: Uterine egg with chorion removed, showing structure
of the fully formed maggot from below:.-222.2.52.c-222 22205 sees

TV;

GSD AL bs ee Dech. ser 12. 92t. Wi. Issued September 18, 1908.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

A RECORD OF RESULTS FROM REARINGS AND DISSEC-
TIONS OF TACHINIDZ.

By CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND,

DBapert in Charge of Dipterous Parasites, Gipsy Moth Laboratory.
INTRODUCTION.

It seems opportune to present, for the benefit of those interested, a
preliminary announcement of some of the results secured in the course
of the work connected with the rearing of Tachinide, carried on
under the direction of Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of
Entomology, at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, Melrose Highlands,
Mass. Credit is due to assistants for carrying out the details of much
of the work, as well as for some originality on certain points. Mr.
W. R. Thompson has made all the dissections and prepared all the
early-stage material for permanent preservation, both microscope
shdes and alcoholics, all of which work has been performed most
admirably. He perfected the method of bleaching the puparia so as
to show the anal stigmata to the best advantage in a slide mount. He
has also done all the photographic work. Mr. D. H. Clemons has
been continuously employed on the investigation of the reproductive
havits of the various species in the outdoor cages, in which work he
has shown much ability. He made the startling discovery of the leaf-
larviposition habit of H'upeleteria magnicornis. Mr. 'T. L. Patterson
has attended continuously to the Japanese Tachinas, and secured from
them the maximum day’s record of oviposition.

As this work was entirely new, practically nothing having ever
before been attempted in the way of systematically rearing tachinids
from ege to fly, it called for considerable ingenuity and much origi-
nality of method. It further developed, almost at the outset, that
the various species were by no means uniform in their habits of re-
production; in fact, so greatly did they differ in this respect that a
method adapted to one was by no means sure to succeed with another.
The first two species studied furnish an apt illustration of this point.
They were Parexorista chelonie Rond. and Blepharipa scutellata
R—D. The former is practically confined to Huproctis chrysorrhoma
L. and the latter to Porthetria dispar L. Both are single brooded.

95

96 _ MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

It was found necessary, in order to secure proper mating and
oviposition in confinement, to devise a cage that would approximate
natural conditions. Such an one was constructed out of doors, and
consisted of just enough wooden framework to support a wire-screen
inclosure 7 feet in three dimensions with a canvas top for protection

Fic. 25.—Outdoor cage for rearing Tachinide, with vestibule. (Original.)

against sun and rain. Into this cage (see figs. 25 and 26) were put
several hundred flies of the above two species. The “ tanglefooted ”
trays devised by Mr. W. F. Fiske, containing young caterpillars
of Euproctis chrysorrhea and Porthetria dispar, were strung on
wires within. The caterpillars can not get out of these trays, which

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDA. 97

are open above, and the flies have free access to them. The invention
of this tray is what made success possible with this cage. Food was
provided for the flies in the shape of bananas and other fruit cut
and sprinkled with sugar, and wet sponges supplied them with
requisite moisture. This cage, thus furnished, proved to be a per-
fect success, although some supplementary devices were found neces-
sary for certain species as the work progressed. The flies mated
freely therein and were apparently as much at home as im the open.

Fic. 26.—Outdocr cage for rearing Tachinide, showing disposition of “ tanglefooted ”
trays within the cage. (Original.)

PAREXORISTA CHELONIZ Rondani.

No difficulty was encountered in securing oviposition on the part of
Parexorista cheloniw, which deposited its elongate, cylindrical,
whitish, thin-shelled, and pediceled eggs freely on the small cater-
pillars of Luproctis chrysorrhea just out of the nests. The maggots,
upon the hatching of the eggs, penetrated the caterpillars and a good

98 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

number of them were reared to the puparium in the trays. The
four stages of the maggot were secured by opening some of the cater-
pillars from time to time. Thus the entire life-history was worked
out for the species, so that now the egg, any stage of the maggot, and
the puparium as well as the fly can be identified. The entrance of
the newly hatched cheloniw maggot into the young chrysorrhaa
saterpillar was observed through a binocular microscope.

It must be stated here that, as a preliminary to the rearing work,
the puparia of the various species were carefully studied, and it was
found possible to identify them by the characters of the anal stigmata,
which are very constant in the same form and furnish a variety of
design in the various species that was totally unlooked for. By this
means the puparia were sorted into species before the issuance of the
flies. ty

The last stage of the maggot of Parexorista chelonie can always be
told by the similarity of its anal stigmata to those of the puparium.
The first stage, newly hatched from the egg, is very similar in the
various forms of the true tachinids in having the body segments fur-
nished with rows of minute, posteriorly directed spines, which aid the
maggot in progression over the skin of the caterpillar and in entrance
through the same. Its anal stigmata are not the same as those of the
last-stage maggot. The second stage is characterized by the absence
of a large proportion of the spines, especially those of the middle
segments, and its anal stigmata begin to look like those of the last
stage. The penultimate stage is the most interesting of all, and de-
velops an unusual feature, hitherto not understood. The maggot of
the first two stages derives no air from the outside, but in the penulti-
mate stage it protrudes the pointed anal end through the skin of the
caterpillar. This anal end of the penultimate-stage maggot is highly
chitinized by virtue of its exposure to the air, and terminates in a
pointed tube, which is curved in some species, and within the base of
which lie the anal stigmata. Through this extruded tube the maggot
procures air. Certain observers had already noted that some tachinid
maggots protrude the anal end through the skin of the host, but it
was supposed that certain species had this habit in all stages of the
maggot, while others had not, since maggots are often found free
inside the host.

The truth, however, is that the penultimate stage of many tachinid
maggots, and this stage only, possesses this peculiarity. The last-
stage maggots of these species live free inside the hosts, their cast,
penultimate-stage, chitinized anal skins remaining én situ in the skin
of the caterpillar at the point where they passed that stage. We have
repeatedly dissected these anal skins from caterpillars containing last-
stage maggots. _The description of the maggot stages given above
applies well to Pareworista cheloniw. A few species, which will be

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINID&. 99

noted later on, not only remain as last-stage maggots within the
chitinized anal skin of the preceding stage, but even transform to
puparia therein, inside the caterpillar skin.

BLEPHARIPA SCUTELLATA Robineau-Desvoidy.

It was naturally inferred at this stage of the work that the repro-
duction of Blepharipa scutellata would be found as simple as that of
Parexorista cheloniw. Such inference was wide of the mark. All
efforts to observe oviposition on the part of scutellata or to secure
the deposited egg proved futile. The flies mated freely, remaining
in copula four or five hours in some cases, but the females, unlike
those of cheloniw, paid no attention to the caterpillars. They even
manifested alarm when the caterpillars were placed near them. In
several instances they were observed to touch the ovipositor feebly to
the surface or edge of the leaves upon which the caterpillars in the
trays had been feeding. The supply of scutellata flies was limited,
and it was not until this supply was exhausted that the truth dawned
upon us. By dissecting dead females we secured the eggs, which were
found to be minute and black, with a thin chitinized chorion, and
about one-fortieth or one-fiftieth the size of those of Parasetigena
segregata Rond., although the fly is ordinarily considerably larger
than that species. The whole experiment recalled the observations
of Sasaki® made twenty-two years ago on the Uji parasite (Cvrosso-
cosmia sericarie Corn.) of the silkworm in Japan. Sasaki’s state-
ments had been received with considerable incredulity by European
students, but no longer seemed so improbable to us in the ght of
our investigation of scutellata, which, by the way, is extremely closely
related to the Uji parasite. Every circumstance in connection with
the strange behavior of the females of scutellata pointed directly to
a habit of leaf-oviposition, the eggs to be swallowed by the cater-
pillars and hatched within their alimentary canal. When this con-
clusion had been definitely reached, no eggs of scutellata were on hand
for experimental purposes. The conclusion had come very slowly,
and was at first only doubtfully and reluctantly accepted.

PALES PAVIDA Meigen.

Soon after this, however, a similar case was encountered in Pales
pavida Meig., a summer-issuing, two-brooded species, the flies of which
began to emerge from the early-summer importations of puparia from
Europe. The females of pavida acted in exactly the same way as did
the females of Blepharipa scutellata. No deposited eggs could be se-
cured, but the females were opened as they died and the eggs found

*Sasaki, C.—On the Life History of Ugimya sericaria Rondani. Journ.
Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, Vol. I, pp. 1-89, Pls. I-VI. Tokyo, 1887.
54070—No. 12—0O8

2
Zz

100 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

to be practically the same as those of scutellata. Some of these eggs,
taken from a dead and dried female, were placed on pieces of leaf and
fed to several species of caterpillars. The excrement of these cater-
pillars was carefully examined the next day and many of the eggs
found therein, most of them empty, but two from the excrement of an
arctian had passed through entire. The bits of leaf that this arctian
(Diacrisia virginica Fab.) had swallowed with the eggs were in many
cases six to eight times as large as the egg, conclusively demonstrating
that these minute tachinid eggs can be swallowed entire by cater-
pillars with their food without injury to the egg. The arctian was
opened nine days after, and a small pavida maggot, probably in its
second stage, was found in the midst of a fat body next the alimentary
canal. Thus the first step was gained toward a verification of the
existence of this remarkable and hitherto reluctantly credited leaf-
ovipositing habit in certain tachinids, including the removal from
Sasaki of the stigma under which his startling observations had
placed him.

ZENILLIA LIBATRIX Panzer.

A second step, which, in our opinion, practically removes all lnger-
ing doubt of the truth of our conclusions, was taken when Zenillia
libatriz Panz. was studied. This is another summer-issuing, double-
brooded species, whose eggs are quite similar in all characters to those
of Pales pavida and Blepharipa scutellata. Although our supply of
the flies was extremely limited, yet the very few females under ob-
servation, while they did not reach the point of actual oviposition,
lived long enough to give us a decided insight into their habits.

We have found that female tachinids, when nearing their oviposit-
ing period, will attempt oviposition and simulate with the ovipositor
the action of an ovipositing female. In many instances we have
observed ovipositing females make repeated attempts, thrusting
the ovipositor at the caterpillars several times before actually
depositing an egg. The last two of the lébatrix females—which,
by the way, had manifested the same alarm at the proximity of
caterpillars as had the females of P. pavida and B. ‘scutellata—
were seen to touch the ovipositor excitedly as many as thirteen
successive times to the newly eaten edge of a leaf where cater-
pillars had just been feeding. No egg was deposited, but the action
showed the intent and, in our opinion, conclusively indig¢ates the
habit. About 150 mature eggs of Z. libatrix were secured from the
last two females, after these died, and were fed on pieces of leaf to
caterpillars of Huvanessa antiopa L., Melalopha inclusa Hbn., and
Schizura concinna 8. & A. The result of this experiment remains to
be seen, but I hazard the prediction that Z. libatrix, P. pavida, and
B. scutellata will all be found to possess the leaf-ovipositing habit.

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINID&. 101

Two other European species—as yet undetermined, but which I refer
doubtfully to Afasicera and Phorocera—both reared from EL'uproctis
chrysorrhea, have similar eggs and doubtless have the same habit.

PROBABILITY OF AN EXTRA MAGGOT STAGE IN LEAF-OVIPOSIT-
ING SPECIES.

It should be mentioned here that in all probability Blepharipa
scutellata, Pales pavida, Zenillia libatrix, and the other flies belong-
ing to this group have an additional maggot stage over other tach-
inids, since the newly hatched maggot is so very much’ smaller in
size than are those of the latter. It ranges from one-tenth to one-
fiftieth the size of the newly hatched maggots of those species which
deposit eggs or maggots on the caterpillars, or maggots on the leaves,
and yet is often much larger in the last stage than are they. In such
case its second stage would correspond to the first stage of the other
tachinid maggots, and would not show the last-stage type of anal
stigmata. This is the case with the maggot of ?. pavida above men-
tioned, which is evidently in its second stage and whose anal stigmata
do not yet show the four shts of the last-stage maggot. Each anal
stigma appears as a bifid plate with scalloped edge, indicating a fur-
ther split of each half at the next molt, which would produce the last-
stage type.

THE DEPOSITION OF LIVING MAGGOTS BY TACHINID FLIES.

We come now to another phase of tachinid reproduction. It has
long been known that Sarcophaga and its immediate allies deposit
living maggots. It was not definitely or generally understood, how-
ever, that many true tachinids do the same thing. A remark made
by Lowne in his Anatomy of the Blowfly, to the effect that both Sar-
cophaga and Tachina (these names evidently used in the wide sense)
deposit living maggots, and the records cited by Brauer in Die
Zweifliigler des kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien, Volume III, that
Echinomyia grossa, Miltogramma conica, and Triva are larviparous,
are the only references I have seen to this fact. We found before we
had gone very far, however—in fact, this poimt developed with
Parexorista chelonie—that female tachinids of certain species may
deposit eggs practically undeveloped, or at any stage of the develop-
ment of the embryo, or perhaps may even deposit living maggots.

It should be stated here that the eggs of muscoidean flies originate
in tubes called the egg-tubes, a cluster of which forms an ovary. The
ego-tubes of each ovary open through a single tube into the oviduct.
The eggs, upon reaching full size, pass from the egg-tubes of an ovary
through the single tube into the oviduct, at the lower end of which
they are fertilized by the male element proceeding from the minute

102 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

long tubules which lead to the three spermathecs or seminal vesicles.
The latter receive the male fluid at the time of union of the sexes.
The point of opening of the spermatic tubules marks the termination
of the oviduct, immediately below which begins the long, tube-like,
coiled uterus.

Upon dissecting dead females of Parexorista chelonia the uterus of
certain of them was found to be packed not only with eggs but also
with living maggots. The latter occurred at the lower end of the
uterus next the ovipositor. As many as three hundred such eggs and
maggots were found in the uterus of one cheloniw. This explained
why no definite period of time could be ascertained for the hatching of
the egg of cheloniw after its date of deposition. Some of the eggs
hatched almost immediately after being laid upon the caterpillars,
while others did not hatch for a week. After making this observation
we realized that some of our species might be expected to deposit
living maggots.

DEXODES NIGRIPES Fallen and COMPSILURA CONCINNATA Meigen.

The expectation that some species of Tachinide would deposit
living maggots was immediately realized in the next species taken up,
Dexvodes nigripes Fall., a common sumimer-issuing species reared from
both Luproctis chrysorrhaa and Porthetria dispar. The uteri of the
females of nigripes were commonly found to contain living maggots,
and these were apparently deposited, not on, but inside the skin of
raterpillars of both 2. chrysorrh@a and Hemerocampa leucostigma
S. & A., and reared to the puparium in both. <A very similar
species, Compsilura concinnata Meig., apparently has the same habit
of depositing living whitish maggots inside the skin of the cater-
pillars, and was reared in small caterpillars of chrysorrhewa from
cold storage, not only to the puparium, but to the fly as well, thus
proving at least three broods in one season for this species. It should
also be stated that the above puparia of Dewvodes nigripes similarly
gave issuance to the flies, thus proving that it also has at least three
broods.

The very remarkable point brought out in the investigation of these
two species is that the females of both are provided with a long curved
sheath, into the base of which the ovipositor fits, and which tapers
to a microscopically sharp point. With this organ the females evi-
dently puncture the skin of the caterpillars at the moment of larvipo-
sition, introducing the living maggot within the skin of the host.
Such a habit was never suspected in the Tachinidx. We have exam-
ined native species which are furnished with the same sheath and
must have the same habit.

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINID&. 108
EUPELETERIA MAGNICORNIS Zetterstedt.

One of the next species taken up was L'upeleteria magnicornis Zett.,
which proved to be most remarkable as regards startling deviations
from the previously known manner of reproduction among tachinids.
The females of this species were most carefully labored with for a
week or more in the attempt to secure their oviposition, using all
kinds of caterpillars available. All efforts were in vain. Some dead
females had been dissected and found to contain elongate, whitish,
slightly curved eggs. It was not realized at the time that these
females were immature so far as the development of the eggs in the
uterus was concerned, and thus it was inferred that the species would
deposit large elongate eggs on the cat-
erpillars. It seemed quite inexplicable,
therefore, when the females proved to
be as much alarmed at the close prox-
imity of caterpillars as were the fe-
males of Blepharipa scutellata, Pales
pavida, and Zenillia libatrix. From
the nature of the eggs it was impos-
sible that they could be deposited on
the leaves and eaten by the caterpillars.
But why, then, should the females be
so alarmed when brought face to face
with the caterpillars? After much
patient observation and experiment
this question was answered. The flies
were found to deposit living maggots,
not on or in the caterpillars, but, most Highs Oa enineletentaanaqniconneee

remarkable to relate, on the green a, First-stage maggot attached to
Sts 2 leaf, awaiting approach of a
shoots, leaf-stems, leaf-ribs, and even Caterpillar» bp enlareed® mouth:
sometimes on the surface of the leaves! Hoge oF eeoae ; , Greatly ae
5 arged; Db, 1ighly magnified.

The females would hover in the (Original.)

air about the shoots after the man-

ner of syrphid flies, looking for caterpillars. They gave pref-
erence to the stems in depositing their maggots, and usually placed
them where a silken thread had been left by a caterpillar as it
climbed along a stem or over a leaf. Perhaps the sense of smell
guided them in their larviposition on these silken threads. Several
species of caterpillars were used with equal success, and it was found
that the females would not deposit their maggots on shoots where
caterpillars were not present. In fact it seemed necessary that cater-
pulars should have first crawled over the stems and leaves. The
maggots are securely attached to the surface of the leaf or stem at the
moment of deposition, by a thin membranous case, which is cup-shaped

104 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

and surrounds the anal end of the body. Attached to the leaf or stem
by this base, the maggot (see fig. 27) 1s able to reach out in all direc-
tions as far as its length will permit—and it 1s much more slender and
elongate than those maggots which hatch from deposited eggs. It is
constantly in motion when it feels the proximity of a host. As the
maggot 1s deposited on the silken thread with which a webworm or
raterpilar of Hwproctis chrysorrhwa marks its trail as it leaves the
nest, the caterpillar is sure to pick it up-in following its thread back.
Doubtless the flies larviposit only on freshly laid strands, which have
not lost the odor of the caterpillar. When the maggot is left undis-
turbed for a time it appresses its body longitudinally to the surface of
the stem or leaf-rib to which it is attached. But the moment it is
touched by any object it immediately becomes extremely active, striv-
ing to attach itself to the looked-for host. As soon as it lays hold on
a caterpillar the motion of the latter and the exertions of the maggot
itself pull it loose from the membranous cup-shaped base, which re-
mains where it was attached.

It is probable that this habit of larviposition in Hwpeleteria magni-
cornis has been developed on account of the advantage gained thereby
in the certainty of attachment of the maggot to a caterpillar. Being
deposited where the caterpillar must pass over it, the maggot can
attach itself with great ease to the legs or underside of the caterpillar,
where the hairs are few and short. It would be much less certain of
attachment if the female attempted to deposit it directly on the
raterpillar. The fly is large and would unduly alarm the caterpillar,
which would make frantic efforts to shake the maggot off. In this
it would often succeed before the maggot could find its way through
the barbed hairs that protect the upper and lateral surfaces of the
raterpillar’s body.

The maggot of Lupeleteria magnicornis, as might be expected, in
view of its deviation in habit from the maggots of those species pre-
viously studied, has the integument quite different in character, since
it must remain for a considerable time outside the host. The species
which deposit living maggots on the caterpillars, as well as those
which deposit eggs, have a whitish, thin-skinned maggot. The maggot
of magnicornis, however, has a tougher skin and is quite dark in color.
In the opinion of the writer, it is one of the most specialized tachinid
maggots known, although the body shows 13 very distinct segments.
The integument, both dorsal and ventral, is furnished with minute,
shehtly chitinized, scale-like plates, save only the median ventral
region. Those of the dorsal region are distinctly larger and more
chitinized than are those of the lateral ventral region, but the median
ventral surface of each one of the body segments except the anal is
entirely without them, being furnished instead with a band of minute
black spines, which are entirely lacking on the dorsal surface. Thus

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDA. 105

it is readily seen that this maggot is especially well adapted both to
remain a very considerable time in the air and to cling to and make
its way over the skin of the caterpillar as soon as the latter presents
itself,

This species possesses the further peculiarity of transforming to its
last maggot stage inside the chitinized anal penultimate-stage skin,
and also of changing to the pupa within the same, the whole remain-
ing inclosed in the caterpillar skin. As a consequence the puparium
is very thin and light colored, since it is protected from the action of
both light and air by the caterpillar skin as well as by the penulti-
mate-stage maggot skin.

ZYGOBOTHRIA NIDICOLA Townsend.

Zygobothria nidicola Towns. is another species which has exactly
the same habit of last-stage maggot and puparium as that just de-
scribed for /’. magnicornis. It is an extremely interesting species in
many ways. The two sexes are so different in appearance that they
might be taken for distinct species or even genera. The males, in our
experiments, began issuing from the puparia much in advance of the
females. The species has been reared from Huproctis chrysorrhea
only, and then under such conditions as to indicate that the females
oviposit on the young caterpillars in the fall, the young maggots
hibernating in the chrysorrh@a nests with the young caterpillars.
For this reason it was named nidicola. Though the sexes are so
different, the fact that they belong together has been proved by their
issuance from puparia having the same anal stigmata. No oviposi-
tion was secured, but by dissecting females the ovarian eggs were
found to be elongate, whitish, and much like the unhatched uterine
eggs of Hupeleteria magnicornis.

ZYGOBOTHRIA GILVA Hartig and CARCELIA GNAVA Meigen.

Zygobothria gilva Hartig is a close relative of the preceding spe-
cies, but has been reared by us from Porthetria dispar only. Its egg,
which has been found by dissecting the female, is quite similar to that
of Zygobothria nidicola.

Of somewhat the same character is the egg of Carcelia gnava Meig.,
which has been reared from both Huproctis chrysorrhea and
Porthetria dispar. The deposited egg of gnava has been secured.
The fly places its eggs on the caterpillar. The egg is not as slender
as that of gilva.

PARASETIGENA SEGREGATA Rondani.
The last group of species with which we have to deal is charac-

terized by depositing, on the caterpillars, eggs more or less oval in
shape, of comparatively large size, with one exception whitish in color,

106 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

and having a moderately or quite thick chorion. The first of these
species that we took up was Parasetigena segregata Rond., which
issued from hibernating puparia along with Blepharipa scutellata.
For a time it was confused with the latter species, since only a dozen
or so specimens issued and these were not at first examined with a
lens. The radical difference in the behavior of the females soon at-
tracted our attention to their distinctness from scutellata. The fe-
males were not alarmed at the close proximity of large caterpillars
of Porthetria dispar, but, on the contrary, were highly excited to
oviposition by them, repeatedly and most enthusiastically and ener-
getically ovipositing upon them whenever the caterpillars were placed
near. This is apparently a single-brooded species.

TACHINA AND ALLIES.

Tricholyga grandis Zetterstedt, Tachina larvarum ULinneeus, and
Tachina utilis Townsend are closely related to each other and all
deposit very similar eggs, which are much like those of Parasetigena
segregata, but somewhat narrower and more elongate in shape and
with a thinner chorion. They are all deposited very freely upon cat-
erpillars. The species of 7Zachina are at least double-brooded, and
the second generation of 7’. grandis has been recently reared by us to
the fly, showing it to be three-brooded.

The egg of an undetermined European species, which I refer
doubtfully to Zemimasicera, is similar to these in all characters except
that it is of a decidedly light-yellow color. The eggs of this group of
species are normally deposited in a practically undeveloped stage of
the embryo.

Two Japanese species of Zachina, representing in Japan the Kuro-
pean 7. larvarum and 7. utilis, but specifically distinct from them,
have the same character of eggs and belong in the group with
Parasetigena segregata, just mentioned. What has been said of this
group applies to them.

TACHINA CLISIOCAMPZ Townsend.

An American species of Tachina, which I identify as clistocampa,
also deposits the same kind of eggs. It has been reared from both
Euproctis chrysorrhwa and Porthetria dispar. An interesting point
has recently been determined in connection with it. It oviposits very
freely on large caterpillars of dispar over the greater part of the
dispar-infested area from Rhode Island to Maine. Last season great
numbers of its eggs were found on the dispar caterpillars, a great
many of which were brought into the laboratory for rearing. Not
a single tachinid puparium was secured from them. The fact that no
puparia could be reared from caterpillars covered with eggs seemed
inexplicable. The explanation was found this season, when many

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDZ. 107

more such caterpillars were collected for rearing. In repeated in-
stances the newly hatched maggot was observed as it escaped from
the eggshell, and in none of the observed cases was the young maggot
able to penetrate the tough skin of these large dispar caterpillars;
the maggots were watched repeatedly through a binocular in their
vain efforts to do so. This species, being a native, has not yet adapted
itself to dispar. It has been reared from it to a considerable extent,
but it is quite certain that in most of the cases the egg was deposited
upon the smaller and younger caterpillars, whose skins are not so
tough as are those of the large ones. A very few puparia were se-
cured this season from many thousands of dispar caterpillars col-
lected, showing that hardly any of the deposited eggs of the species
took hold, for these eggs were common and numerously deposited.
When the species does become adapted to dispar as a host, which it
undoubtedly will eventually, it will prove a most efficient help in
checking the increase of the latter.

It is very interesting to note that the Japanese Tachinas greatly
resemble clistocampe, the American form. Both differ from the
European larvarum im having a very decided, general golden tinge
to the body bloom, especially that of the head and thorax. This
bloom is quite distinctly silvery in larvarum.

JAPANESE REPRESENTATIVES OF EUROPEAN SPECIES.

Several representatives in Japan of European species have been
recognized in the puparia secured from Japanese specimens of Por-
thetria dispar, a considerable quantity of such puparia having been
imported from Japan the present season. The Japanese Tachinas
have been mentioned above. Cvossocosmia sp. has been plentifully
received from Japan, where it represents the European Blepharipa
scutellata and has the same leaf-oviposition habit. The fly has been
reared of a Japanese Pales near pavida, which greatly resembles the
European form and has the same habit. A Japanese species corre-
sponding to that doubtfully referred (p. 106) to Hemimasicera has
issued from the puparium, and differs from the European form in its
darker coloring and golden instead of silvery bloom. Species repre-
senting Compsilura concinnata, Zygobothria gilva, and Carcelia
gnava have also been found in the Japanese puparia.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING THE UTERINE EGGS OF TACHINIDZ.

It has developed during the progress of the work that a study of
the uterine eggs of tachinids is of primary importance in the inves-
tigation of the various species. Certain very positive deductions may
be drawn from them as to habit of reproduction. Before securing

108 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

oviposition—and it has been seen that one is often baffled for a con-
siderable time in effecting this—the females can be opened and the
uterine eggs obtained. Those eggs contained in the upper extent of
the uterus are of course the most recently fertilized and the least
developed of the uterine eggs. If they have a very thin shell it is
probable that they hatch within the uterus, and that the female there-
fore deposits living maggots. Such is the case with Dexodes nigripes,
Compsilura concinnata, and Lupeleteria magnicornis, and with such
dexiine and macronychiid flies as we have studied; and from the char-
acter of the eggs such is possibly the case with Zygobothria gilva
and Z. nidicola, though only ovarian eggs of the last have as yet been
secured. Furthermore, if the hatched uterine maggot is furnished
with a membranous encasement of its anal end, it shows that this
maggot is not to be deposited on the caterpillars, but is to be at-
tached to the stems or leaves. Such is the case with magnicornis.
The uterine maggots of nigripes and concinnata have no such anal
membrane of attachment, and are introduced into the caterpillars.
If the uterine eggs are slender and very elongate it is quite cer-
tain that they hatch in the uterus. Such is the case with the dexiine
and macronychiid flies.

If, however, a thin-shelled egg is furnished with a pedicel, this is
proof positive that the egg is intended to be deposited as such, but
the thin shell indicates that it is normally deposited at an advanced
stage of development of the embryo. Such is the case with Parexo-
rista cheloniw, whose eggs have a pedicel, and should normally hatch
soon after deposition. The few occurrences of hatched maggots in
the uterus of cheloniw were doubtless due to an abnormal hatching
of the eggs after the death of the females. No doubt, however,
cheloniw is in process of transition from an ovipositing to a larvipos-
iting habit. It is greatly to the advantage of the species that the egg
should hatch shortly after deposition, for this guards against its loss
by molting. We have found that a large percentage of the eggs are
molted off by the caterpillars. Those species which deposit lving
maggots derive a still greater advantage in this direction. Those
egos which have a thick shell are intended to withstand atmospheric
conditions for some time, and may be deposited a week or more before
the embryo is fully developed. Such is the case with Parasetigena
segregata, Hemimasicera sp. (%), Tricholyga grandis, Tachina larva-
rum, T. utilis, T. clisiocampe, and the Japanese Tachinas. That the
eges of these are large shows that they are to be deposited on the
caterpillars.

Again, if the eggs are minute it is quite certain that when matured
they will be black and highly chitinized, and each character points
directly to a habit of leaf-oviposition. The chitinization indicates
that the eggs are intended to withstand exposure to the elements and

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDA. 109

to be swallowed. Equally indicative is minuteness, for otherwise the
eggs could not be swallowed entire. It is probable that such eggs,
deposited on leaves and intended to be swallowed, remain unchanged
without losing their vitality for a very considerable period of time,
until they are swallowed by the caterpillars. It is equally probable that
such eggs are not deposited until the embryo is nearly or quite fully
developed, and that the digestive juices and conditions which the
ege@ encounters in the alimentary canal of the caterpillar act upon
the chitin and cause the shell to weaken so as to release the maggot.
It is certain that such eggs must hatch within a very few hours after
being swallowed, otherwise they will pass out with the excrement.
One of the fed eggs of Pales pavida, above noted, passed through :
dispar caterpillar in about four hours. A minute egg can not have a
thick chorion and is therefore provided with a chitinized thin one,
which withstands atmospheric conditions equally as well as, or better
than an unchitinized thick one. Furthermore, the chitinization
strengthens the egg and thus lessens the chance of injury to it while
being swallowed. Still further, we have found that the chorion
of all these eggs possesses a minute raised reticulation, which we con-
sider is intended as a framework to strengthen it so as to protect the
egg still more fully from injury in being swallowed. Such are the
eggs of the Blepharipa scutellata group above described, which in-
cludes Pales pavida and Zenillia libatrix. The chorion reticulation of
chelonie and other tachinid eggs is not so thickened and raised.

Enough has been said to show how very largely the reproductive
history of the species may be read from the uterine eggs, which can
be dissected from almost any female fly, collected or otherwise. It
is only necessary that the female be fertilized. Even the ovarian
eggs from unfertilized females show a great deal, for we have noted
that the ovarian eggs of Parexorista cheloniw show the pedicel while
still enclosed within the egg-tubes.

pa)

REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF TACHINIDA.

The capacity for reproduction in the females of the various species
of Tachinide is another very interesting subject, of which surprisingly
httle is known. The greatest number of eggs that we have noted in
the uterus of Parevorista chelonie is about 300, but this number may
not represent the full capacity of the females for reproduction.
After the uterus is well filled, further eggs may reach it from the
ovaries until its extreme limit of distension is finally attained, and
still more may follow as the contents are deposited. The uterus
of a female of Hupeleteria magnicornis which had begun larviposi-
tion was found to contain, at a conservative estimate made from
actual count of a portion, 3,200 eggs and maggots. This did not
represent the full capacity of the female, for the ege-tubes in the

110 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

ovaries still contained ova. The uterus in this specimen was very
long and coiled, and greatly distended by its contents. This is a high
record of reproductive capacity. It is quite probable, however, that
Blepharipa scutellata exceeds even this record, for the fly is large and
the egg minute. Besides, a habit of leaf-oviposition would presup-
pose a lavish productiveness of eggs. Sasaki estimates a capacity of
over 5,000 for Crossocosmia sericariw, and some of our native. species
having the same habit equal this estimate. Zachina and its close
allies deposit a great many of their comparatively large eggs, but
their capacity does not seem to much exceed 100, judging from those
we have opened. The other species that we have so far studied have,
upon dissection, shown from 100 to 5,000 uterine eggs. The uterus
of a native macronyehiid fly, Iicrophthalma trifasciata Say, which
deposits living maggots, was found by us to contain some 2,000 eggs
and maggots. Native species having the leaf-larviposition habit com-
monly show from 2,000 to 3,000 uterine eggs and maggots, and those
having the leaf-oviposition habit run up to 5,000 uterine eggs. The
genera of these are given farther on.

THE REARING OF TACHINIDA IN CONFINEMENT.

It had currently been supposed that the oviposition of tachinids in
confinement was a most difficult thing to secure. With proper facili-
ties at hand, such is by no means the case. The Riley rearing cage,
large or smali, is not at all adapted to the work, yet some species may
be induced to oviposit in it, and even in the very restricted space
under a jelly glass. The proper cage for this work is our large out-
of-doors wire-screen cage, which is shown in figures 25 and 26. For
indoor rearing of single caterpillars bearing eggs or containing mag-
gots we have adopted the glass cylinders shown in figure 29. These
have the top covered with cheesecloth, and are placed on a stand
which consists of a simple cloth-covered frame 5 inches square. ‘Two
opposite sides of the frame are made higher than the other two, for
the completed stand to rest on, so as to allow circulation of air be-
neath. Cheesecloth will not do for the covering of the frame, since
the mesh will permit tachinid eggs and small maggots, or even small
caterpillars, to escape. For the same reason cheesecloth will not do for
the bottom of the “ tanglefooted ” trays. We have known full-grown
maggots to work through it with ease. For both frames and trays
a more closely-woven cloth should be used. Flies also can be placed
in the glass cylinders, but a little dry sugar and a bit of wet sponge
should be included with them. Many species will live for two or
three weeks in this way. These cylinders are especially adapted to
rearing tachinid maggots in single caterpillars, either indoors, or,
during warm weather, in one of the large cages outdoors, which may
advantageously be furnished with shelves for this purpose.

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDA. telet

In our large outdoor cages we have been greatly struck with the
extreme docility of the ovipositing female tachinids. They can be
handled and caused to oviposit quite at the will of the operator in
most cases.

AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE METHOD OF COLONIZING TACHINIDA,

The extreme ease with which oviposition was secured in the cases
of Tricholyga grandis and the Japanese and European Tachinas in
the outdoor cages suggested the feasibility of an improvement in the
method of colonization hitherto practiced. Until this season only the
flies themselves had been liberated, but recently the plan has been
adopted of colonizing caterpillars upon which the tachinids have been
induced to oviposit, in conjunction with the liberation of the flies.
Egg colonization, or the colonization of the caterpillars with the eggs
on them, is a step in advance of fly colonization, and thus gives
greater assurance of success in the establishment of the species. It
has proved very easy of accomplishment. Over 1,000 webworms
were colonized in July with eggs of the Japanese Tachinas on them.
Oviposition was secured in an outdoor cage by one assistant at the
rate of 200 to 300 eggs per day during favorable weather, these being
furnished by but little over a dozen ovipositing females. These flies
were afterwards liberated. The cage used is shown in figure 28.

Early in August a new lot of Japanese Tachinas had become ready
for oviposition in this cage, and one assistant in one day, working six
hours, secured 335 eggs from them on young caterpillars of H’uproctis
chrysorrhaa from cold storage, one egg on a caterpillar. This lot of
eges came from not over 20 ovipositing females. This is a very high
record of oviposition—almost an egg a minute—for it must be remem-
bered that the caterpillars had to be exposed, one at a time, to the flies.
These eggs, with others secured on other days, were colonized by
placing the caterpillars on new oak growth near the laboratory,
where defoliation by Porthetria dispar had occurred early in the
season. This second lot of Japanese flies was afterwards liberated,
over a thousand eggs having been secured from them on young
chrysorrhwa, and colonized. Some of the advantages of egg col-
onization before liberation of the flies are the provision in the
outdoor cages of food and caterpillars for oviposition, and pro-
tection from enemies preceding and during a part of the ovipositing
period. Furthermore, after fly colonization, if we find eggs of the
flies in question on caterpillars in the vicinity, we naturally consider
the establishment of the species to be more or less assured. If, how-
ever, we colonize the caterpillars themselves with the eggs of the flies
already on them, we have this assurance at the moment of coloniza-
tion, which must be considered a very great advantage.

EY MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
NEW ALTERNATE HOSTS FOR INTRODUCED TACHINID FLIES.

An important problem in the process of establishment of imported
summer-issuing species of tachinids is that new alternate hosts must be
found for themin thiscountry. The caterpillars of Porthetria dispar
and of Luproctis chrysorrhewa have mostly pupated by midsummer,
both here and abroad, and are thus not available as hosts after that
time. Therefore the late summer generations of these tachinids
develop in certain alternate hosts which occur in their native coun-
try. Those alternates are not present here, and new alternates
must be provided for them from our native species. Fortunately
tachinids are quite amenable to a change of host. Gratifying
results have been obtained in this direction. Tussock caterpillars
(Hemerocampa leucostigma S. & A.), have proved very acceptable
to Dexvodes nigripes, Compsilura concinnata, Tricholyga grandis,
and other species, but they are not sufficiently abundant after mid-
summer to be of use for egg colonization on a large scale. Cater-
pillars of Datana, Basilarchia, Huvanessa, Anisota, Schizura, Melalo-
pha, and others have been found acceptable to the flies in most in-
stances, but likewise none of these is sufficiently abundant at the right
time. We were at first very much at a loss for suitable alternate host
caterpillars in sufficient number. It was therefore most gratifying to
find that the newly hatched fall webworms (/Zyphantria cunea Dru.)
just coming en, which were abundant and easily obtained, were admir-
ably suited to the purpose. Profuse oviposition was secured on these
from the Japanese Tachinas, and also from 7richolyga grandis, Tach-
ina larvarum, and others. The webworms, as soon as they had been
oviposited on, were put back in the webs in large colonies to insure
their prosperity. The females of Hupeleteria magnicornis indus-
triously deposited their maggots on webworm-infested shoots, placed
with the flies inside the wire-screen receptacle shown in figure 29.

To make success more certain in the egg colonization of the Japa-
nese and European Tachinas, oviposition was also secured on young
chrysorrhea caterpillars that had been kept in cold storage until
about the Ist of August. Had it not been for the fact that a great
amount of new and tender oak foliage was available, where complete
defoliation by dispar had occurred during the early summer, these
chrysorrhea caterpillars could not have been used. The old and
matured leaves are not suited to the young caterpillars just out of the
nests, but the latter flourish on the new oak growth.

Thus the question of alternate hosts in this country was satisfac-
torily answered, not only for purposes of eg@ colonization, but also
for the needs of the liberated flies. The flies of Tricholyga grandis
and the first lot of fhles of Japanese 7Zachina, all of which had, so to
speak, been trained to webworms through much oviposition on them,
were colonized in separate webworm localities. Thus it was certain

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDAE. ei 33

not only that their wits had been sharpened for webworms but that
they would find plenty of these on which to oviposit.
Similarly, the second lot of flies of Japanese Zachina, which had
been trained to oviposition on chrysorrhea entirely, was furnished at
the time of liberation with a good supply of native cold-storage chrys-
orrhaa caterpillars of fair size, placed on new and tender oak growth,
the chrysorrhwa of the vicinity being little more than hatched

Fic. 28.—Outdoor cage for securing oviposition of Japanese Tachina, covered about door
with paper to prevent the flies from congregating at that point. (Original.)

at the time and too small to furnish it with proper host material.
Some of these caterpillars were dissected about a week later and 20
per cent of them showed living maggots of 7achina.

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE OUTDOOR REARING CAGE.

Experience with the outdoor cage described on page 96 has sug-
gested two improvements, which will be put into practice the coming
season. It is often highly desirable to be able to admit all the sun-
light and warmth available in the Massachusetts climate. For this

114 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

purpose the canvas roof should be capable of being shifted completely
to one side, so as to admit the sun, and swung back over the cage
again during bad weather and at mght. The cage used for the
Japanese 7Z'achina was made without any roof, being open to the sky
through the wire screening. Tarred roofing was placed over it
when needed. This proved to be a very great advantage.

The second improvement will consist in a raised cement floor to
extend a foot all around outside the wire screen, this outside portion
to contain a shallow trench that should be kept constantly supplied
with a httle kerosene on water. This will obviate all difficulty from
ants, carabids, and spiders, which will often kill the flies if not care-

Fic, 29.—Glass cylinders in use in rearing ‘'achinidwe, and wire-screen receptacle for
inclosing flies with caterpillars on foliage. (Original.)

fully watched. The floor can be sloped slightly inside the cage, so
as to drain off through a pipe to be carried beneath the kerosene
trench. Next season there will also be erected a separate cage of this
description fitted with shelving to accommodate the numerous glass
cylinder stands necessary for the rearing of the different stages of
tachinids separately in caterpillars, which can be accomplished much
better under out-of-door conditions.

Attention should be called to the wire-sereen vestibule with which
our first outdoor cage was furnished (shown in fig. 25). This was
found quite necessary in order to prevent the flies from escaping while
the experimenter is going in and out of the door, certain species being

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDE. sip 5)

extremely active during warm, sunny weather. Figure 26 is intro-
duced to show the disposition of the “* tanglefooted ” trays within this
cage. Figure 28 shows the outdoor cage used in securing oviposition
of Japanese Tachina, which, in default of a vestibule, was covered
about the door with paper to prevent the flies from congregating
there. Figure 29 shows the glass cylinders in use and the wire-
screen receptacle for inclosing flies with caterpillars on foliage that
can be kept green for a considerable time.

We further have in mind for next season a compound outdoor cage
on these lines, 30 by 15 feet floor space, arranged with five compart-
ments on each side of a passageway, each compartment to be 6 by 6
by 6 feet, so as to allow one experimenter to work separately with 10
species of flies at a time. The whole will be fitted with canvas roof
and drop curtains, in sections, capable of being completely rolled up
or lowered, as desired. A small table, with microscope and work
materials for the use of the experimenter, will be placed at one end
of the passageway. The other end of the latter will open outside by ¢
screen door, and each compartment will open into the passageway
only. The vestibule can thus be dispensed with, since the passageway
will serve the purpose.

BLEACHING THE PUPARIA OF TACHINIDA.

One point connected with the preparation of early-stage tachinid
material for permanent preservation deserves mention. It has already
been stated that the anal stigmata of the puparia show excellent char-
acters for the separation of the various forms. It 1s highly desirable
to present photomicrographs of these along with the taxonomic re-
sults derived from a study of them, but no practical mounts for this
purpose can be made of them in their natural condition. A series of
bleaching experiments has therefore been instituted, and the puparia
have been successfully bleached with chlorine water to any desired
degree. The result is a slide mount from which either drawings or
photographs may be made with ease.

RESULTS FROM DISSECTIONS OF NATIVE TACHINID.

Tam able to include here some interesting results obtained from dis-
sections of females of native tachinids. We have secured the uterine
egos of some seventy species, and the results are a_ revelation.
Bombyliomyia abrupta Wiedemann, /chinomyia algens Wiedemann,
3 species of Peleteria, 3 species of Archytas, Panzeria sp., Varicheta
sp., Copecrypta (Trichophora) ruficauda van der Wulp, and Jficro-
palpus sp. show uterine maggots similar to those of wpeleteria
magnicornis, thus proving the abundant presence of the leaf-larvi-
position habit in our native fauna. The maggots of some of the
forms differ in the details of the spines and plates. We now know
thirteen species, therefore, that have this habit.

116 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The great fecundity and consequent importance of Blepharipa scu-
tellata and Crossocosmia sp. as parasites of Porthetria dispar is
strongly-suggested in a native species of Paracheta, whose uterus we
found to contain some 5,000 minute black eggs similar to those of
scutellata. Some of these uterine eggs, upon being slightly pressed
beneath a cover glass, disclosed the fully formed maggots, which fact

proves our supposition that eggs of the leaf-ovipositing species are.

ready to hatch at the time of deposition. Sasaki has shown this to be
the case with the Uji parasite. Furthermore, the structure of the mag-
got itself, as well as that of the chorion, shows that the former may
remain quiescent within the latter for a considerable period until the
egg is swallowed by a caterpillar. The newly-hatched maggots of this
group are quite as specialized as are those of the
magnicornis group, but in a totally different di-
rection. Those above mentioned were found to
be broad-oval, considerably flattened, the an-
terior end shghtly narrowed and pointed, and
with the spines chiefly disposed on the anterior
segments. ‘There are 12 rows of spines, each
segment except the last having a row, but the
rows of the middle segments are very short. The
first four rows, on segments 1 to 4, are complete
and continuous on all sides; the next seven rows,
Fic. 30.—Paracheta sp.:_ on segments 5 to 11, are incomplete, showing

eee eee wt, from 4 to 8 spines in the middle on the ventral

showing structure of surface only, segments 6 to 9 having the least;

the fully formed mag- Bey : Npesien Rea ate
cot from below, tHe last row, on the preanal segment, 1s complete.

Mighty magnified ‘The spines of the first three dorsal rows are espe- —

(original). 2 : c
aga eal cially strongly hooked and claw-like, the hook

process of each pointing backward so as to hold the maggot in pier-
cing the walls of the alimentary canal of the caterpillar. The spines
of the other rows are also claw-like, but the hooks are less strongly
developed. Last, but especially suggestive, is the fact that the lateral
portions of the maggot show a row of large fat globules on each side
just inside the skin, which are no doubt designed to sustain the
maggot until the egg is swallowed. (See fig. 30.)

Gonia frontosa Say, Pseudogermaria sp., Blepharipeza leucophrys
Wiedemann and a second species, Paracheta sp., Latreillimyia sp.
(aberrant form from Pennsylvania), 7’riachora unifasciata Desvoidy,
two species doubtfully referred to Masicera, Hxorista sp., Husisyropa
blanda Osten Sacken, Sisyropa sp., and two species near H'ustsyropa
(Laboratory Nos. 1979, 2322) have all been found to have minute eggs
similar in size to those of Blepharipa scutellata. Thus, at the very
first examination of our native species we find fourteen different forms
that we can say positively have the leaf-oviposition habit. Five of

.

REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF TACHINIDA. i bs Liv

the two dozen European species that we have studied are to be added
to these, making a total of nineteen American and European species
now known to have this habit. It is therefore evident that, while
Kuropean and American students were industriously engaged in eriti-
cising and discrediting Sasaki’s statements, abundant proof of them
was right at hand on both continents, had anyone stopped to look for it.

The uterine eggs of the other native forms dissected indicate a habit
of oviposition on, or larviposition in or on the host. The dexiine flies
appear so far to deposit hving maggots, slender and pointed like those
of the macronychiid flies. Theresia tandrec Coquillett (non Robineau-
Desvoidy) deposits the same kind of a maggot, except that its anal
end is bifid into two slender processes in which the trachez terminate.
The pseudodexiine flies deposit a maggot somewhat less elongate,
and some of the masiceratine and phoroceratine flies, one still more
shortened. One species near J/asicera, but with stout discal macro-
chete, was found to contain uterine maggots that were shortened
and plump, with strongly marked complete rows of spines on the
segments, greatly resembling certain cestrid maggots (@strus and
Gastrophilus). Hemyda aurata Desvoidy gave us only ovarian eggs.
which are elongate but do not seem to indicate larviposition. So far
the leaf-oviposition habit seems confined to certain masiceratine, willis-
toniine and gontine flies and their near relatives, which seem to form
two or three compact taxonomic groups. The habit of leaf-larvi-
position seems confined to the echinomyiine and _ hystriciine flies.
An immense amount of this dissecting work must yet be done, how-
ever, before any generalizations can be made.

As might be expected, there is considerable diversity of type in the
structure of the chorion of the minute eggs. This may, or may not,
imply independence of origin. For example, the European species
doubtfully referred to Phorocera (p. 101) has the exposed chorion
(the part not attached to the leaf surface) limpet-shaped and show-
ing concentric rings instead of the ordinary reticulation; and the
exposed chorion of Sisyropa sp. (Laboratory No. 1975) is reticulate,
but shows a remarkable, irregnlar, Hght-colored fringe around the
edge, pierced with microscopic shot-holes. Both of these forms of
egg, placed on the leaves, would greatly resemble extremely sinall
miniatures of certain coccids!

SUMMARY OF REPRODUCTIVE HABITS NOW KNOWN IN THR

TACHINIDA.

From what has been recorded in this paper it will be seen that we
now know five different styles of reproductive habit in the Tachinide.
These may be summarized as follows:

Reproductive habits. Examples.

(Gl PeEOSt-OVvIpOSition=". = == 5 ss = Tachina larvarum.
C2)imleat-OvipoOsitlons === ee Blepharipa scutellata,
(3) Supracutaneous host-larviposition____ Dexiine flies and allies.
(4) Subcutaneous host-larviposition______ Compsilura concinnata,

(nneentalarvipOsitiOMs = oe Le Hupeleteria magnicornis.

118 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

This is certainly an excellent showing for adaptation and variety of
habit in a family as compact in character as the Tachinide, which
does not include the macronychiids, muscids, or phastids, and in
which a certain unity of habit was long supposed to obtain. It may
be further remarked that we have in one instance dissected two female
specimens, separated with difficulty on slight external characters,
and appearing at first to be the same species, and have found one
to have the habit of leaf-oviposition and the other, a habit of either
host-oviposition or host-larviposition. This aptly illustrates the
necessity for a most careful study of external adult characters and a
nice sense of discrimination—in other words, the zoological sense—
in order to distinguish the many distinct but often closely similar
forms of these flies. Shght differences in shade of pollinose cover-
ing, in width of front, in strength of frontal bristles, in hairiness of
eyes, and in thoracic and abdominal lines—all of these easily over-
looked—were the only external characters that enabled us to pro-
nounce the two specimens distinct species. The character of the
uterine eges, however, at once demonstrated the very marked dis-
tinctness of the two forms, which can not be referred to the same
genus, nor even to the same tribe, and perhaps not even to the same
subfamily.

The five classes of reproductive habit mentioned above are arranged
in the order of their probable antiquity, host-oviposition being con-
sidered the oldest and leaf-larviposition the most recent. This order
not only seems natural from the reproductive standpoint, but is borne
out by a study of the external characters of the flies themselves, prin-
cipally the character of the facial plate.

CONCLUSION.

The results of all this work on European, Japanese, and American
tachinids point to the very great importance of Blepharipa scutellata
and Crossocosmia sp. as parasites of Porthetria dispar. The great
capacity for reproduction, possessed by these species, and the fact
that all of their eggs must be eaten by the caterpillars wherever
dispar is abundant, place them in the lead of parasites.

No two species can be so relied upon as parasites of L'uproctis
chrysorrhea, but the Japanese Tachinas, 7'richolyga grandis, Comp-
silura concinnata, Dewodes nigripes, and Parexorista cheloniw seem
to be among the most important here.

All of the other imported species mentioned will prove of much
importance as aids in the control of one or both of these moths. The
ereat majority of them are parasitic on both hosts.

O

.
|
|

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12, PART VII.

Urs. DEPART MEN EF OF AGRICUL DURE,

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

bee ORANG HT EER EPS.

Ty | DAs MEO Ea OuN:

Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
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ISSUED FEBRUARY 11, 1909.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
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Remedies - -
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Description

Piatt VIII

il

RE Sep ON Ss

PLATE,

. Work of the orange thrips (Huthrips citri n. sp.). Fig. 1.—
Injury to tender orange shoot. Fig. 2.—Orange buds in
axils of leaves killed back as fast as formed, preventing
further growth. Fig. 3.—Scab injury at stem-end of
orange, due to work of thrips shortly after blossoms fell.
Fig. 4.—Secab injury at distal end of orange, due to work
OL thrips laterin! S6aSsonese >. tls Se ee eee

Page.

UaiSaDA.;, BiH. Tech: Ser. 12, Pt: Vil: Issued February 11, 1909.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

THE ORANGE THRIPS.

By DupLEY MOULTON,

Engaged in Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
INTRODUCTORY.

The orange thrips, Huthrips citri, a new species, described in this
article, has become a very important orange-tree pest in the southern
San Joaquin Valley of California and has been the subject of special
investigation. The writer has been able to talk with many orange
growers and packers, and with men who have developed extensive
nurseries, and the following notes have been gathered largely from
these sources.

DISTRIBUTION.

The San Joaquin orange belt extends along the western border of
the Sierra foothills from a point about east from the city of Fresno,
southward to a short distance below Porterville, with some orchards
as far south as Bakersfield. The belt is not at all continuous, but is
broken in many places because of improper soil conditions, frosts,
and the lack of water for irrigation. The thrips is distributed every-
where throughout this belt, but is not found, so far as I have been
able to learn, in any other orange section of California.

EXTENT AND NATURE OF INJURY.

The orange groves in the San Joaquin belt are wonderfully profit-
able, for as much as $2,000 per acre has been realized in a single
year from full-bearing orchards. This thrips problem is, therefore,
a very important one when we consider the large area which is
planted and is being planted.

Curled and thickened leaves and marked oranges, the characteristic
signs of the thrips, have been known for from ten to fifteen years, but
only recently have these injuries been attributed to the thrips. The
thrips has been increasing rapidly in numbers, until now the annual
loss to the orange growers amounts to many thousands of dollars.

: ORS

120 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The writer recently visited a packing house where oranges from
thrips-infested orchards were being graded and boxed, and found
that about 30 per cent were passed from fancy (first grade) to choice
(second grade), which means a difference in price of about 40 cents
per box; and that about 5 per cent of the crop was being passed out
as culls, due entirely to the scablike markings of the thrips. While
the quality of the fruit is not noticeably impaired, as the injury 1s
present only on the surface of the skin, oranges are graded and also
sold largely on appearance, and this scab produces a very unpresent-
able fruit. (See Pl. VIII, figs. 3, 4.)

The thrips feeds also on the foliage and tender branches, and the
damage to these is serious, although not so noticeable as on the fruit.
Only newly unfolding and tender leaves and buds are attacked; as
the feeding is mostly confined to the surface no part of the leaf tissue
is killed outright, but there follows the “ silvering,” characteristic of
thrips and other surface-feeding insects. The leaves become cup-
shaped and wrinkled and the tissues noticeably thickened. (Pl. VIII,
figs. 1,2.) Orange trees in this section have four growths annually,
so that there is always an abundance of new foliage present when the
thrips is above ground.

LIFE-HISTORY NOTES.

There are apparently two broods of this species. Adults of the
first brood appear just before the blossoms in February, March, and
April, and a second brood appears in July, August, September, and
October. Adults and larve of the first brood feed on the small
oranges just as the petals are being thrown off, the larve usually
under the protection of the sepals, and on the first growths of the
foliage. The second brood feeds on the nearly mature oranges and
on the third and fourth growths of the foliage. All varieties of
oranges and lemons are attacked, but the very noticeable scabbing
on the fruit is common only on the navel orange; it is less conspicuous
on the Valencia.

SOIL CONDITIONS AS AFFECTING PREVALENCE.

It has been noticed that the thrips is not so prevalent on trees
planted in sedimentary or loam soils as where the soil is of a clayey
or adobe texture. This fact may be explained as follows: This
thrips, like most others of its group, presumably spends the last of
its larval, its pupal, and its early adult life in the soil underneath
the trees, and would naturally, then, be more or less affected by the
texture of the soil and by cultivation. Orange groves are usually
irrigated several times during the summer and are cultivated
throughout the year. Sedimentary soils break to pieces readily

Tech. Series 12, Part VII, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.

WORK OF THE ORANGE THRIPS (EUTHRIPS CITRI, N. SP.).

Fig. 1.—Injury to tender orange shoot. Fig. 2.—Orange buds in axils of leayes killed back
as fast as formed, preventing further growth. Fig. 3.—Scab injury at stem end of orange,
due to work of thrips shortly after blossoms fell. Fig. 4.—Scab injury at distal end of orange,
due to work of thrips late in season. (Original.)

THE ORANGE THRIPS. 121

when thus moistened and cultivated, and thrips in this ground would
probably be broken from their small cells, if indeed they were able
to make cells at all in this soil, and many of them would be killed by
the cultivator and by the grinding together of the soil particles
during cultivation. On the other hand, in clay lands the particles
of soil pack closely together and form clods, and during cultivation
any number of thrips within these clods might be repeatedly turned
over and over without injury. In this soil, too, it would be possible
for the thrips to make a strong, well-lined cell.

Another fact in the cultivation of orange groves should be men-
tioned in this connection. After the trees have become large and
the fruit-laden limbs hang over and drag on the ground it seems
impossible to cultivate thoroughly close up to the tree, and there
may be an area of several square feet that is not disturbed during the
entire summer. This offers an ideal breeding place for the thrips.

REMEDIES.

We are not able at this time to say what spray can be used to con-
trol this thrips, but a strong tobacco extract will doubtless prove
effective and will not hurt the tree. Some of the cheaper soap washes
ought also to be effective.

ENEMY.

It may be mentioned that a 7riphleps, presumably 7. insidiosus
Say, is found everywhere feeding on the larve of this thrips.

DESCRIPTION.

The following description of the female of 2. cétr7 has been made
after examination of many specimens. No males have yet been col-
lected. The insect is called citri because, so far as we know, it feeds
on citrus trees only.

Euthrips citri n. sp.

Measurements: Head, length 0.75 mm., width 0.15 mm.; prothorax,
length 0.09 mm., width 0.18 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.24 mm. ; abdo-
men, width 0.25 mm.; total body, length 0.86 mm. Antenne: 1, 12,:
2, 36u; 3, 389u3 4, 39n3 5, 380n5 6, 84u; 7, 64; 8, 12; total, 0.205 mm.
Color, yellow to orange-brown, with thorax and segment 2 of antennx
more noticeably orange-brown.

Head twice as wide as long, retracted considerably into the pro-
thorax, broadly rounded in front, with only slight depressions to
receive the basal joints of the antenne; two spines on anterior mar-
gin, other spines not conspicuous; cheeks almost straight and parallel.
Eyes large, occupying almost one-half the length of the head,

122 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

prominent; pigment deep red to purple; facets of eyes large, eyes
pilose. Ocelli subapproximate, margined inwardly with. yellow-
brown crescents. Jfouth-cone short, reaching almost to posterior
margin of prothorax, broadly rounded and with black stop at tip;
maxillary palpi 3-segmented. Antenne 8-segmented, with segment
2 orange-yellow, other segments uniformly hght brown; segments
2, 4, 5, 6 almost equal in length; style about one-half the length of
seoment 6. All spines inconspicuous; sense cones transparent.

Prothorax about twice as wide as long, posterior angles broadly
rounded; with long brown and outer sntall spine at each posterior
angle, other spines not conspicuous. J/esothorax largest and with
anterior angles broadly rounded. Legs light yellow-brown, with
tarsi hghter but dark brown at the tips; spines on legs brown.
Wings present and fully developed, fore-wings broadest near base
and pointed at tips; with a ring vein and a single longitudinal vein
which divides at about one-third the length of the wing from the
base, the anterior part running parallel and approximate to the
anterior part of the ring vein and ending abruptly near the tip, the
posterior paralleling and approaching the posterior part of the ring
vein. and ending about one-half the wing’s length from the end, each
branch with a dark-brown marking immediately at its tip. The costa
bears a row of about 29 regularly placed spines. Other spines placed
as follows: A group of 5 near base of median longitudinal vein; 2 on
either side of where second vein branches from the first, and 3 scat-
tered spines about equidistant on each branch vein and in each case
one of these spines immediately at the end of the vein; several rather
long spines on scale. Veins of the fore-wing unusually strong and
conspicuous, somewhat orange colored near base but fading to yellow
near tip. Membrane of wings transparent.

Abdomen ovoid, tip conical, all spines, excepting a very few at tip,
inconspicuous.

Described from many female specimens collected from orange
foliage and fruit at Exeter, Tulare County, Cal.

O

Se
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12, PART VIII.

EOE ART MENT OF “AGRICULTURE,

BUREHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE SPECIES OF
APHIDIDAK.

By JOHN JUNE: DAVIS:
Of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Il.

Issurep Frsruary 20, 1909.

JY

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1909.

COUNTER Noe

Page.
Imtroduction! 225: 22> Sh. Cake cas oo Soe e eee ee Boe ee ee 123
Phe-corn:root-aphis (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes) .2.2252-- 25-2222 = 2-5-2 123
General account: 2.5222, see eee LEG a aon ee ee ee 123
“hood: plants: 24: 5200s ee Se Sid oe eee ee ee ee Ce ee ee 124
fiife history siesta 124
Wescriptions= as 22.5 ea eee rer ees Ss ee LSU na fy Beary Rae sta te te oy 2 134
Bibliographly=se hs once tela eee ELE Aa Shy apa Nee ae ea 137
‘Thevcornleal-aphis( Aphis maidis Bitch) ss. {2o.ceccc ase a ee ee eee 144
General accoumt. + 5: S22 fees fsa S ok ke eee eee Fee ot ee 144
Mood plamtss.ue. ees San sca" s ce SRR at Eee eee eee 145
Tnideshistory. fc Hae. te Me gee eek Come SAW ee eee eee See ens Ses me = 146
Desenipiions: 200 Wisse. LE ce ee Sei A EN eee ee 149
Bibliography cc 5. t se ease se’ ie eek ae Seek ee Se eee 2 ye ce ee 151
The sorghum aphis (Sipha [Chaitophorus] flava Forbes).........---.--.----- 156
hide ‘history. 2.252 52. < fe ate a SSS ca ieee ae Say Se ne 156
Descriptions): S225 2st ee es Lee ee eee a ee 163
Bibliogmiphly 222 sue oa ee ee ee eee ee ee er 167

IL EWS TRY LEON S:.
Page.

Fig. 31. Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidi-radicis, 1906_--. | 127
32. Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidi-radicis, 1906.--. 127
33. Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidis, 1906... ..----- 147
34. Periods and succession of generations in Sipha flava, 1907 ----------- 158

II

Dees: DeeAe B: H. Tech. Ser: 12; Pt: VILL. Issued February 20, 1909.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE SPECIES OF APHIDIDA.

By JOHN JUNE DAVIS,

Of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Til.
INTRODUCTION.

This paper deals principally with the biology of three of our com-
moner species of aphides, and includes descriptions of the different
forms in all their various stages, as well as a complete bibliography
of these species.

I have carried on these rearing experiments for the past two years
in the insectary of the State entomologist of Illinois, Dr. S. A. Forbes.
Practically all of the data here given, however, were obtained in 1906.

I am especially under obligations to Doctor Forbes, under whose
direction I have made the experiments—those relating to Aphis
maidi-radicis while serving as his assistant; to Dr. J. W. Folsom;
who has aided me on all parts of this paper, and to Prof. F. M.
Webster, who read the manuscript and made helpful suggestions.

THE CORN ROOT-APHIS.
(Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes.)

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

.

The corn root-aphis was first recognized by Benjamin Dann Walsh,
who found it, in 1862, at Rock Island, Ill., where it was doing consid-
erable damage to a small field of corn. At that time it was supposed
by Mr. Walsh to be a root form of the common corn leaf-aphis
(Aphis maidis Fitch), which lives on the upper parts of the corn
plant, while the corn root-aphis, as the name would indicate, lives on
the roots.

Dr. S. A. Forbes first began the study of this root-aphis in 1883,
and most of the facts now known relating to its life history, ecology,

123

124 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

and economic control have been obtained by him or under his super-
vision. When he began the study of this aphis, it was believed to
be merely the root form of the corn leaf-aphis. Failing after many
elaborate experiments to breed either from the other, and repeatedly
tracing the complete life history of the root-aphis year after year
with no appearance of the leaf-aphis at any time in the series, he
regarded the corn root-aphis as a distinct species, and described it as
such in 1891, in the Seventeenth Report of the State Entomologist
of Illinois.

The insect has, of late years, become of great economic importance,
not only in Illinois, but also in many other States of the corn belt.
Outside of Illinois it has been reported as injuring corn in New York,
New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Min-
nesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kentucky, Mississippi, Louisiana,
and Colorado.

FOOD PLANTS.*

Although corn is its principal food plant, the corn root-aphis
attacks also sorghum and broom corn; has been reported as attacking
the roots of squash vines in Delaware and Ohio, and what is at pres-
ent considered as this species has been found on the roots of numerous
weeds and grasses, namely, smartweed (Polygonum incarnatum),
knotweed (P. persicaria), crab grass (Panicum), purslane (Portulaca
oleracea), dock (Rumea crispus and F. altissimus), Setaria glauca,
S. viridis, S. germanica, fleabane (EHrigeron canadense), mustard
(Brassica nigra), sorrel (Oxalis stricta), plantain (Plantago major
and P. rugellii), pigweed (Amarantus hybridus), and ragweed
(Ambrosia trifida). In May, 1907, Mr. E. O. G. Kelly found it on
wheat roots in a field which had been in corn the previous year. It
has also been collected on the roots of cultivated aster, upon which I
have found it to be of much economic importance in Illinois.

LIFE HISTORY.

Last year (1906) I obtained the complete life history of this corn
root-aphis from the egg stage in spring to the egg in autumn. The
vivaria which I used for the rearing and observation of this root
aphis consisted of 8-dram or 10-dram glass vials, each containing a
ball of moist cotton in the bottom and plugged at the top with a piece
of cotton. In this cage a sprouting corn plant was placed, a reserve
supply of these food plants being constantly kept for use. The first
young and the last young of each generation were placed on corn roots
in separate vials, and these vials were kept in closed boxes to exclude

«The scientific names of plants throughout this paper are given according to
the nomenclature of Gray, in deference to the author’s wishes.—Eb.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 125

light, thus giving conditions probably most favorable to the optimum
development of the aphis. As soon as the plant began to wilt it was
replaced by a fresh one, the aphides being transferred thereto by
means of a camel’s-hair brush.

During the life cycle of this aphis there appear five different forms,
namely, winged viviparous females, wingless viviparous females, ovi-
parous females, males, and eggs. Briefly, the life history is as fol-
lows: From the eggs, which have been found hatching in the field be-
tween April 87 and May 22, from 10 to 22 generations may follow.
These generations are all viviparous from spring until the latter part
of September or in October, according to conditions of temperature,
etc. The last generation of the season is known as the oviparous gen-
eration, and consists of males—wingless only, so far as known—and
Oviparous wingless females. The males and females pair, and the
females lay eggs, usually during the months of October and Novem-
ber, the eggs not hatching until the following spring.

Now follows a detailed account of the life history as worked out
by me in 1906. Eggs collected at Elhott, Ill., April 12, 1906, in the
nests of the common brown ant (Lasius niger L., var. americanus
Emery) were placed in a cage in our insectary April 16. They were
first noticed to be hatching April 17. Young aphides hatching April
18 and 19 were placed on corn roots in the previously-described vials,
and two lines of generations were thus started, both of which were
carried through to the egg in the fall. These stem mothers—that is,
the aphides hatching from the egg—produced their first young May 1
and 4, respectively, and their last young May 18 and 14, respectively.
Taking the first young of the first young all the way through the
series, 22 generations were obtained, counting the oviparous genera-
tion as the last. (See Tables I and II.)

“Tn 1906 Mr. E. O. G. Kelly, a field assistant of the State entomologist of
Illinois, searched for eggs and young of A. maidi-radicis in the fields, beginning
the Ist of April. He did not find eggs until April 12, and on April 17 he found
the young stem mothers in the field. The following year Mr. Kelly first found
eggs March 24 (these hatched in the insectary March 26), and young stem
mothers were found in ants’ nests as early as March 29. April 15 he found the
young with their beaks inserted in old corn roots, this probably being occasioned
by the fact that large numbers of the weeds upon which the aphis usually feeds
at this season had been killed by the very cold weather of the preceding week.

126 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

TaBLE I.—Line of generations of Aphis maidi-radicis from egg to oviparous
generation, 1906.

2 oh 77 ob 3 | a ae e S.S 5 eo)

5 g ae 5 3/8 2 Be 1.5 eats io

= : 5 Soceaits 8 oe o jas 241 82 | 3

ere re ae my tb He Ee to S| Bas |B és a

a & a5 n >A 7) ¢ | S a= = bolt} to

3 80 = us) a A 5 & 5 oe = BH lofts ae) pete a

3° 3 =e 3 0 ne So} ah | 2 ees sia ale ee

@ ® © ® SS 2 Zo g |EREIDoR) of 3S

8 3 8 3 % 3 ors 5S |PS8lepc| sd =

ie) =) A a) <4 QA Ay | Za |< | a) a
Days Days.| Days Days
We Saaisce Apr. 18} Apr. 30 | May 1 13 | May 18 17 2 96 | 5.6 10 | May 20 32
Vind =aelee May 1] May 12 | May 13 12 | May 27 14 6 74 | 5.3 10 | June 2 32
Seteeece May 13} May 19 | May 21 8 | May 30 9 1 53 | 6.6 9 | May 31 18
Amy tees May 21 | May 27 | May 29 8| June 4 6 0 Sail |) 5583 7 | June 6 14
Dieaces: May 29| June 5 | June 6 8 | June 24 18 8 89 | 4.9 9| July 2 34
(EE aatae June 6) June 14 | June 15 9} July 2 17 9 76 | 4.4 7| July 11 35
yiseeanee June 15 | June 22 | June 23 8 | July 25 2 0 We soHtO 4| June 25 10
eee JUIMEV23) |e see nee June 30 7 | July 15 15 0 74/49 CT dualyekS 22
(2) oe ae ee June 30 | July 7] July 8 8 | July 11 3 0 BRAN ea} 7| July 11 11
ION July 8 | July 14} July 15 7 | July 23 8 0 53 | 6.6 7 | July 23 15
ih Cee July 15 | July 22 | July 22 7 | July 24 2 0 CN rosy os eee July 24 9
1p Saree July 22; July 29} July 30 8 | Aug. 8 9 1 OLS a: 8 | Aug. 9 17
1b eee July 30; Aug. 5| Aug. 5 6 | Aug. 9 5 0 24/;48 6] Aug. 9 15
1s Aug. 5 | Aug. 12 | Aug. 12 7 | Aug. 16 4 0 17 | 4.2 6 | Aug. 16 11
Se cerser Aug. 12 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 19 7 | Aug. 24 6 0 33 | 5.5 8 | Aug. 24 13
16S ATIE ILO Bosse caer Aug. 27 8 | Sept. 9 14 0 66 | 4.7 10 | Sept. 9 22
Loree JAUIES 23} |b a Soogaose Sept. 5 8 | Sept. 8 3 0 13} 4+ 6 | Sept. 8 11
ee Septiw dulncosecemee Sept. 12 7 | Sept. 20 9 1 23/3 + 6 | Sept. 21 ily
i eae Sept. 13 | Sept. 19 | Sept. 20 7 | Sept. 27 8 1 41);5+ 9 | Sept. 28 16
20 sae Sept. 21 | Sept. 28 | Sept. 30 OnnOCt: | G2 3 0 10|3 + 4S OCt eZ 12
VA Peer ereHe Sept. 30 | Oct: A134) Octy 714 14 | Nov. 2 19 5 71a ae ae enecae ee 7 \ 38

= Oov.22-

22a... Oct. 14 | OCG Dil Seno ect lcs eee aes ce es alneeees eeelcee lee eeiee aoe eee eee \ Nov. 93 f 39

a Oviparous generation.

TABLE II.—Line of generations of Aphis maidi-radicis from egg to oviparous
generation, 1906.

1 Ss > al bs! fe = Po
5 oof) BB Seg eS pe Sele a
mS = 843 a sq|} 7 alo eee eeanleeranlsh = Sq iia
i= os wo |S wb | Po | web % |RSS) SA ss | tp
a ; 2 oa ine s °6/aqg|°? 1 & 80 La ag
Qo = au 6g | °8 og se |) 23/28 lobeolea io os
ge 3 a or dee 2 @/ 35) 49 |SSkias te |
So i) SS Sth > U4, | Re |SUsloo. a =
5 g 2s g od | 2 oe ops ES S| aie aan
5 oC oS 3 tet) 3 ial s > ao SSs a oO
o A A A < =) Oy 4 Aen 4 A a
Days Days. |Days. Days.
les Sas Apr. 19 | May 2{|May 4 15 | May 14 10 1 36 | 3.6 6 | May 15 26
Demet May 4] May 15 | May 16 12 | June 4 19 5 64 | 3.4— 8 | June 9 36
O38 eee s May 16] May 23 | May 24 8 | June 2 9 0 50 | 5.5+ 8 | June 2 17
Aiea oe May 24/| June 1/] June 2 9| June 9 7 1 41 | 5.8— 7 | June 10 17
a oeeee June 2] June 8] June 9 7 | June 17 8 1 40 | 5. 8 | June 18 16
6200 June 9 | June 17 | June 18 9 | June 29 11 0 58 | 5.2+ 8 | June 29 20
emer June 18 | June 26 | June 27 9| July 8 11 0 65 | 5.9+ 8| July 8 20
Sees June 27 | July 3) July 4 ON ibye 2S: 9 0 38 | 4.2+ 5 | July 13 13
(2 Pere July 4] July 11] July 11 7| July 14 3 0 12 | 4 6 | July 14 11
1) See July 11) July 18 | July 19 8 | July 31 12 0 66 | 3.3 8 | July 31 20
Ti Pes 23 July 19 | July 25 | July 26 7 | Aug. 10 15 3 70 | 4.7— 8 | Aug. 13 25
1 ae ae July 26] Aug. 1 | Aug. 2 7 | Aug. 10 9 1 46 | 5.14 8 | Aug. 11 16
Ne Sees Aug. -2| Aug. 8} Aug. 9 7 | Aug. 21 14 1 63 | 4.5 6 | Aug. 22 22
yee See Aug. 9] Aug. 15 |} Aug. 16 7 | Aug. 27 12 0 58 | 3. + 8 | Aug. 27 19
iG eaaes AuIp a aGaleseesen=e Aug. 22 6 | Aug. 24 3 0 13} 4. + 6 | Aug. 24 9
1 ace Aug. 22 | Aug. 29 | Aug. 30 8 | Sept. 7 9 1 42 | 4.64 7 | Sept. 8 18
IA ae oe Aug. 30 | Sept. 6 | Sept. 7 8 | Sept. 23 17 0 40 | 2. + 5 | Sept. 23 25
1Ste. Ses Sept. 7 | Sept. 13 | Sept. 14 7 | Sept. 21 8 2 13} 1. + 5 | Sept. 23 17
1 ae ee Sept. 14 | Sept. 21 | Sept. 22 8 | Sept. 23 2 0 4| 2. 2 | Sept. 23 10
OE cteers Septi.220|(Octa, Oct. 12 10 | Oct. 22 13 16 29) 2. + 4] Nov. 7 39
PE eee Oct.) 2 ete a Octal 15 | Oct. 29 PS etter 29)1. — il eee sac (@)
” ct. 24
2a ...-| Oct. IA Noe 75 he ceraeb Secor [cee cece eet eal ae 26 (reece eee eee ee

a Oviparous generation. These aphides were removed to other cages when they became adult.
61 oviparous female. c2 male. d Not less than 30 days.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDID. Are

On the other hand, beginning with the last to be borne by the aphis
which hatched April 18, and following down the series of the last
borne of each generation, there were but 11 generations. From this it

=a e7aEe
————

2 a
30

Fic. 31.—Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidi-radicis, 1906.

follows that the mean number of complete generations for the year is |
164. The first generation extended over a period of 31 days, from
April 18 to May 20; the second, 34 days; and the third, 36 days (figs.

S|
8
9
[10 |
i
[24
[15
[16
Eta
|18
[19 |
[20 |
[21

Fig. 382.—Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidi-radicis, 1906,

31,32). The fifteenth generation proved to be the longest, continuing
for 129 days. Then the period of each generation diminished gradu-
ally. These data, however, were taken from only one line of genera-

128 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

tions—that is, the generations obtained from a single stem-mother,
isolated in the spring. If we take into consideration the time during
which eggs have been found hatching in the field—from April 8
until May 22, a period of 44 days—it will be seen that each of the
generations might occur in the field much longer than my insectary
experiments would indicate. On May 1 individuals of the first 2
generations coexisted in the insectary; on June 1, 4 generations, from
the second to the fifth, inclusive; on July 1, 6 generations, from the
fourth to the ninth; on August 1, 7 generations, from the seventh to
ihe thirteenth; on September 1, 10 generations, from the eighth to
the seventeenth; on September 12, 11 generations, from the ninth to
the nineteenth; and between September 30 and October 24 there were
12 generations in existence, from the tenth to the twenty-first, this
being the largest number of generations in existence at any one time.
(See figs. 31, 82.) From that date on, the number of generations in
existence at any one time rapidly diminished until December 21, at
which time all of the aphides were dead. The latest date of birth in a
viviparous generation was October 7, and the last survivor of this
generation died November 28. The first record of the bisexual ovip-
arous generation in the insectary, in 1906, was October 2, and eggs
were found a few days later. Young of this generation were born as
late as November 4, and aphides were still alive December 21. How-
ever, in 1905 I found individuals of this oviparous generation as early
as September 5; also, they were observed in copula, and eggs were
found as early as September 30. Bisexual forms may appear in any
generation, providing the environmental conditions are such as to
favor their development. Thus, in the insectary sexual forms ap-
peared in October and November from 12 different generations, vary-
ing from the eleventh to the twenty-second, inclusive, thus indicating
that the appearance of the sexes may be conditioned by the tempera-
ture. This is illustrated by the occurrence of sexual forms on Sep-
tember 5, 1905, at which time the weather was quite cool for that time
of the year, although in 1906 the sexual forms did not appear until
October 2, the weather up to that time being milder than in 1905.
- Between April 2, 1890, and January 17, 1893, Prof. M. V. Slinger-
land carried Myzus achyrantes Monell through 62 generations by
keeping the temperature uniform. Although further experiments
would be necessary for positive proof, still, from what is now known,
it appears that with the necessary conditions for the development of
young—food and heat—the aphides would be able to reproduce par-
thenogenetically for an indefinite period. Numerous records were
made by me of instances in which the first young were viviparous and
the last oviparous. In these cases it was noticed that after the pro-
duction of viviparous forms the aphis would rest a few days before
beginning to produce the sexual forms.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDE. 129

VIVIPAROUS GENERATION.

In 1906, between April 18 and October 3, 128 individual experi-
ments were carried on with viviparous females, and the following
averages are taken from the entire number of experiments (see Table
PLT) :

TABLE III.—Data of individual experiments with Aphis maidi-radicis, viviparous
generation, 1906.

| | | |

ee es|) 2 | fe |-s fae ee E

5 =| 5 2 3 3 Be | aS =

3 2 ) 2 @ Melos 2 S = ; 3

Si; Po 2 ob ae Sr et ae ES ag fe q

Date of ss % a¢ : wea | 3 es | 50 3 =

Pees | 2 (ees | 4) se \S8 |) 4 | bBo) Bs) 2 | g

= eeales’ |i s Be ae Net eul eee] oe? alee

2 ize | 8 | 2 19 | 8 |es2/82/ 2 | 3

S ii —

A A <4 A Oy 4 a |< =i a a
Days Days. |Days. | Days.
Apr. 18] Apr. 30] May 1 13 | May 18 17 2 96} 56+] 10] May 20 32
Apr. 19| May 2/{|May 4 15 | May 14 10 1 36; 3.6 | 6 | May 15 | 26 -
May 1| May 12 | May 13 12 | May 27 14 6 74/ 5.3 —| 10; June 2 | 32
May 4] May 15 | May 16 12 | June 4 19 5 64 | 3.4 —| 8| June 9 36
May 13] May 19|} May 21 8 | May 30 9 1 53 | 66+ 9 | May 31 18
May 14] May 23} May 24 10 | June 1 8 1 385) 4 — 7| June 2} 19
May 16 Gors-= Le dOssse. 8| June 2 9 0 50 | 5.5 +) 8 |Sa-doze-2: 17
ISK? OS eee ee May 26 8 | June 4 9 0 42} 46+] 10} June 4 17
May 21/| May 27 | May 29 8 Hee GOseses 6 0 ol | 523 + 7}June 6 14
MO) June 2 9 | June 15 13 0 58 | 4.4 +] 7 | June 15 22
Dore. .|) June 1 doz2=- 9| June 9 7 1 41) 5.8 — 7 | June 10 17
May 26/| June 4; June 4 9 ese Ossaee 5 0, 33 | 6.6 8 | June 9 14
May 29/ June 5] June 6 8 | June 24 18 8 89 | 4.9 +) 9| July 2 34
Waves! |f2- 2.25.8 June 8 8 | June 19 1 0 34) 3 +) 7 | June 19 19
June 2/)| June 8| June 9 7 | June 17 8 1 40} 5 8 | June 18 16
June 3/ June 9/| June 10 7 | June 16 6 2 24) 4 5) (222d O----- 15
June 4/| June 12 | June 14 10 | June 29 15 2 73} 4.8+/ 10] July 1 27
June 6 June 14 | June 15 9| July 2 17 9 il 44+|/ 7| July 11 35
June §8| June 17 | June 18 10 dos: 14 0 62 | 4.4 +4 9| July 2 24
mane, 9)'|.-do..... ved Ossee. 9 | June 29 11 0 58 | 5.3 —| 8 | June 29 20
Line) 0) Bees leeadosese: Sy doOleees 11 2 51 | 464+ 7| July 1 21
Doz June 19 June 20 10 | July 1 il 8 48) 4.34 7| July 9 29
Do....| June 18 | June 19 9 | June 30 11 2 72 | 2 11 | July 2 22
June 14 | June 21 | June 22 Sips doe. 8 0 53 | 6.6 +) 10} June 30 16
June 6) June 16 | June 18 12 | June 25 7 0 21 | 3 6 | June 25 19
June 18/| June 27 | June 27 9; July 4 tf 3 37 | 5.2 +} 8| July 7 19
One| dine: 26) |=. -do..-.. 9} July 8 11 0 65] 5.94 8| July 8 20
DOs ses | poeeceaees | June 26 8| July 2 6 i 45) 7 + 9| July 3 15
Dome e| June 25) |25-do-..5. 8 | July 1 5 0 ZOU: Sieai, LON dutliya st 13
June 19/| June 26 | June 28 9 | July 13 15 0 44/3 — 8 | July 13 24
Omen GO. 22. June 27 8| July 5 8 1 51} 63+] 10/ July 6 17
TIE 20 |S 2 - ic5j- | June 28 8| July 8 10 1 50 | 5 8| July 9 19
June 22) June 29 | June 30 8 | July 11 11 | 0 62 |} 5.6 +] Syidiulys | ld
Jt) Eee eee d0:-=-- Uf |Waoa lye als} 15 0 74 | 4.9 +) 7| July 15 22
hits = 770 July 4 7 | July 10 6 0 29) 4.8 +| 8 | July 10 13
Wore.) aly Silt doen. (| dulyes13 9 0 38) 4.2 + 8 | July 13 13
Dots duly 2'|\July 3 6 | July i 13 0 59 | 45 + Oy eeidoreee: 19
June 28; July 6] July 6 8 | July 15 9 1 48) 5.34 7 | July 16 18
June 30/ July 7| July 8 8 | July 11 3 0 22) 73+] 7] July 11 11
July 3) July 10} July 11 8 | July 20 9 0 44) 4.9 +) 7 | July 20 17
July 4]| July 11) July 12 i |/SuoGlO sans 8 1 42) 5.2 + 8 | July 21 17
July 6} July 12] July 13 7| July 24 ill 1 62) 47+ 7| July 25 19
July 8 | July 13 | July 14 6 | July 27 13 10 64) 4.94 8 | Aug. 6 29
o....| July 14} July 15 7 | July 23 8 0 53 | 6.6 + 7 | July 23 15
Do 1dos= 5. July 14 6 | July 25 11 0 56) 5 + 9 | July 25 17
July 11) July 17 | July 18 7 | July 24 7 if 49 | 7 10 jaadoses-e 14
Do....| July 18 | July 19 8 | July 31 12 0 66 | 3.3 8 | July 31 20
ivereel2)|---d0.-2: doses. 7| July 28 9 0 54 | 6 8 | July 28 16
July 13} July 21} July 21 7 | July 29 8 1 44) 5.5 7 | July 30 16
Do July 18 | July 19 Gul dorae. 10 2 45 | 4.5 7| July 31 18
July 14! July 21} July 21 7 | July 27 6 0 25 | 41+ 8 | July 27 13
WOR ales GO = <5. July 22 8 | Aug. 1 10 0 62] 6.2 10} Aug. 1 18
July 18} July 23] July 24 6 | July 29 5 0 29 | 5.8 8 | July 29 11
July 19} July 25 | July 26 7 | Aug. 10 15 3 70 | 47 8 | Aug. 13 PA
Wore |= --d0.--- do.2=2- 7 | Aug. 4 9 1 55 | 61+ 7| Aug. 5 17
au Esa loa do=-55 @ | Aug. 5 10 0 51 | 5.1 @\ne2GOuese- 17
July 21/| July 28 | July 28 7 | Aug. 6 9 2 47| 5.24 8 | Aug. 8 18
Do.. pedOans = July 29 8 | Aug. 3 5 0 30 | 6 9| Aug. 3 13
Mislyen 2 |= 2. d0...-.|-=.do:---. 7 | Aug. 6 8 0 46 | 574+ 8| Aug. 6 15
Do....! July 29 | July 30 | 8| Aug. 8 ) 1 da |) WHA 8 | Aug. 9 17

61017—No. 12, pt 8——2

130 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Taste ITI.—Data of individual experiments with Aphis maidi-radicis, viviparous
generation, 1906—Continued.

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bo Fy 45 . . ~ a [) Lm G

gz 2 g a 3 |2 ie onan ne =

q = S ray 3 = too | og aS)

I} S a) 2 2 ete 3 Lo a °

Date of Se | 2 ae 2 5) ie ae ae | B65 S ra

i | os 7A) Sa 7] BS nl

birth. | <3 & aS = Ee |pctetelies a | FS ss et

2 S | 3h | s SPS Pll se ee) een |) voceamie

2 2 5 2 Slo) eee eaese a

3 3 3 2 |S 5S |boa| se 3 3

a) =) < =) Ay 4 Z < ap A a
Days. Days. |Days. Days.
sulye) 26; | Aue. 1) Acie. — 2 7 | Aug. 10 9 1 46} 5.1 + 8 | Aug. 11 16
(0) ee Oeene dOzee== 7 | Aug. 8 7 0 49 | 7 8 | Aug. 8 14
Do ese Ozsses Got-s-- 7| Aug. 9 8 | 0 43 | 5.3 4 9| Aug. 9 15
Uialys 27 Ane. +2 dos @SSs0-es5n 8 0 46 | 5.7 +] 10 ACIS 5-3 (4
dinky: Coy eessee ass = Aug. 5 8 | Aug. 14 9 0 46 | 5.1 +) 6 | Aug. 14 17
duliyy 29) Auge 4 oo dor--. 7 | Aug. 11 6 1 385 | 5.8 +) 8 | Aug. 12 14
July 30) Aug. 5 (" {6K} 5555 6] Aug. 9 5 0 24) 4.8 6] Aug. 9 15
July 29) Aug. 4 \les2doz---- 7 | Aug. 18 13 0 55 | 4.2 +] 9 | Aug. 18 20
Aug Up Auge 77, |) Aes “7 6 | Aug. 13 6 1 37 | 6 + 8 | Aug. 14 13
Aug. 2) Aug. 8/ Aug. 9 tin ANU eee 14 1 637) 455 6 | Aug. 22 22
Do....| Aug. 7 | Aug. 8 6 | Aug. 15 7 0 45 | 64 + 9 | Aug. 15 13
Aug. 5] Aug. 13} Aug. 13 8 | Aug. 22 9 0 44) 4.8 + 8 | Aug. 22 17
DORs Auge 2s Ee Oseees 8 | Aug. 19 7 0 31} 4.4 + 5; Aug. 19 14
Doss. Anges 11s) eAae= 12 7 | Aug. 22 10 0 54] 5.4 8 | Aug. 22 V7
Wolse=|24-G0---.5 G0:2.-2 7 | Aug. 18 6 1 35} 5.8 + 8 | Aug. 19 14
Aug. 7 | Aug. 15 | Aug. 15 8 | Aug. 26 11 0 50 | 4.5 +) 9 | Aug. 26 19
INGE.) leaxokoesaoe Aug. 16 7 | Aug. 24 8 0 41) 514 8 | Aug. 24 15
Do.. Ok S55 GlO)-h5- 7 | Aug. 27 12 0 903) et 8 | Aug. 27 19
Do.. Aug. 17 | Aug. 17 8 | Aug. 23 6 0 31] 5.1 +} 7 | Aug. 23 14
Aug. 12 | Aug. 19 | Aug. 19 7 | Aug. 29 10 0 48 | 4.8 7 | Aug. 29 17
PATTIE eau eee Oleioe Aug. 20 Calbe Kelas. 9 0 60 | 6.6 + 9) 5-205 2eee 16
Aug. 12) Aug. 18 | Aug. 19 7 | Aug. 24 6 0 SOO) 8 | Aug. 24 13
Aug. 15) Aug. 21 | Aug. 22 7 | Sept. 2 WW 0 51 |} 4.6 + 9 | Sept. 2 18
Aug. 16 | Aug. 22 Ug 23 u acd Oeecee 10 0 56 | 5.6 7 Sd Ozeeee 17
Aug. 17 | Aug. 23 (ol oka Gn eedoleese 10 0 47 | 4.7 7 Koloyseice 16
ID Osea) aac (eee GOzsaae (al eSepteae 11 0 49 | 4.4 4 6 | Sept. 3 18
Aug. 19] Aug. 26 | Aug. 26 7 | Sept. 5 10 0 Aq Y4n7 7) Sept. 5 17
Do.. Rowe Aug. 27 8 | Sept. 15 19 0 A |) DG) ze 8 | Sept. 15 27
Die see we does 8 | Sept. 9 14 0 66 | 4.7+| 10] Sept. 9 22
Aug. 20 | Aug. 25 | Aug. 26 6 | Sept. 3 8 0 | 42 | 6 7 | Sept. 3 14
Aug. 22] Aug. 29} Aug. 30 8 | Sept. 8 9 | 1 50 | 5.5 +| 6 | Sept. 9 18
DOs see donee dos 8 | Sept. 7 9 1 42| 46+) 7| Sept. 8 18
Aug. 23] Aug. 31 | Aug. 31 8 | Sept. 10 10 2 iit | al 7 | Sept. 12 20
IDOLS sale -edOteces e2doutes. 8 | Sept. 6 7. 2 34) 4.8 4 7 | Sept. 8 17
DORR Sa IER Sea aee ce Sept. 2 10 | Sept. 15 13 1 56 | 4.2 +] 7 | Sept. 16 24
NU OA Roe oe oe acdOsses5 9; Sept. 8 6 0 27 | 4.5 6 | Sept. 8 15
INAS 26u |b eo staece adoueese 7 | Sept. 10 8 0 40/ 5 8 | Sept. 10 15
Aug. 28} Sept. 4] Sept. 4 7 | Sept. 9 5 0 24) 4.8 5 | Sept. 9 12
Aug. 30) Sept. 7 | Sept. 7 8 | Sept. 12 5 0 22] 4.5 7 | Sept. 12 13
Osco tse (8 esol soee 8 | Sept. 23 16 0 40) 244 5 | Sept. 23 24
Aug. 31) Sept. 7 | Sept. 8 8 | Sept. 19 11 0 23 | 2 + 6 | Sept. 19 19
Do....| Sept. 8 | Sept. 9 9 | Sept. 21 12 0 23) 2 — 5 | Sept. 21 21
Sept. 2 Sept. 10 | Sept. 11 9 | Sept. 16 5 0 23 | 4.6 5 | Sept. 16 14
IDYOS = oolas eases eee COneee= 9 | Sept. 17 6 1 33) || ano 7 | Sept. 18 16
Sept. 4 | Sept. 11 |...do..--.. 7 | Sept. 28 17 2 49) 2.8 + 6 | Sept. 30 26
IDO..-.5d|| GeO @RSa82 ed Ole ee 7 | Sept. 19 8 1 37 | 4.6 + 6 | Sept. 20 16
Sept wosleenceces se Sept. 12 7 | Sept. 20 9 1 238i) vor ee 6 | Sept. 21 17
Sept. 7 | Sept. 14 | Sept. 15 8 | Sept. 25 10 0 41) 4.1 7 | Sept. 25 18
Sept. 11 | Sept. 18 | Sept. 19 8 | Sept. 26 7 0 30) fo 9 | Sept. 26 15
Do Sept. 19 |...do 8 | Sept. 24 6 0 30 | 5 9 | Sept. 24 14
Sept, Usilbeedo.-5-- Sept. 20 7 | Sept. 27 8 1 41); 5 + 9 | Sept. 28 16
Sept. 15 | Sept. 22 | Sept. 23 8 | Oct. 6 14 0 32 | 2.2 -+ 5 | Oct. 6 22
Sept. ¢al6ils=-G0----- Sept. 22 6)|sOcts 7 16 | 6 23] 1.4 + 41! Oct. 13 28
Sept. 17 | Sept. 25 | Sept. 25 8. Oct. 15 20 6 28 1.5 4 | Oct. 22 34
Sept. 18 | Sept. 24 |...do-..-.. (ROCs 14 | 2 25 L7+ 4! Oct. 10 23
Sept. 19 | Sept. 25 | Sept. 26 7 Edoesee 13 3 20 L5+ 5 | Oct. 11 23
(0) .| Sept. 26 | Sept. 27 Sm eOCtempl7 20 a 56 | 2.8 TNOCt ar 35
Sept n 20 Sentero 7lasadosees 7 | Oct. 15 18 1 BO) O88 221) Fol Octad6 26
septa 22) "Oct. Vi Oct. 22 10 | Oct. 22 20 18 29 144+ 4| Nov. 7 48
) Sept. 30 | Oct. 1 9 | Oct. 17 16 3 21} 1.3 + TOcty 21 28
Do Sept. 29 |.-:do.--.-- 9 | Nov. 2 32 1 30°) 2+ 4 | Nov. 3 42
Sepi, 20 \2Ock. W/|Oct. 19 12) Oct. 31 22 8 26 1.2 4+ 4 | Nov. 9 42
Sept. 30] Oct. 13 | Oct. 14 14 | Nov. 2 18 5 29) 1.6 +4 4 | Nov. 7 36
Sept. 267|@ct.. (5 | Oct. 6 10 | Oct. 24 14 3 21) 15 3) | Oct. 27 27
Oct 2a\LOCte lo POCte ain 15 | Oct. 29 1 eee ae 29| 2.4 4 Siac eeerene 27
Do Oct. W3il Oct. 15 13 | Oct. 24 9 2 22) 2.4 + 4 | Oct. 26 24
Doe S24) (Oct= 14552 sdoses | 13 |-- 2d Ossce2 9 0 23 | 2.5 + 5 | Oct. 24 22
Oct. Bu KOCws On eOCt wha 14 | Nov. 26 40 2 49 124+ 3 |-Nov. 28 56
‘Rotalee #s|s= sehen. Ja [eee eae 1) gli O-EA i Poke apm ohare SGT aleeeeee 556515 || ToO8S2) bce soe eee aces 2,573
AVerage al bseaee ace Samet | Sole secu ee LONG =|-|Saeese 44, 1+ 4: Ales au cell eee 20. 1+

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. 131

The immature stage was found to be quite variable in length,
covering from 6 to 15 days, with an average of 8.1+ days. This is
approximately the same as that obtained from experiments of 1905,
in which, from 97 records, the average length of this nymphal period
was 8.3-++ days. During the first few generations and also the last
generation the time from the birth of an aphis until the birth of its
first young was much longer than it was during the warmer summer
months. The time between the birth of the first and that of the last
young likewise varied considerably, being from 3 to 40 days, the
period being noticeably longer in early spring and in the fall. The
average for the entire year was 10.6+ days. Usually the female
would live several days after the production of her last young. The
entire length of life of the aphis varied between 11 and 56 days, with
an average for the year of 20.1+ days. During the summer months
the aphides, as a rule, had a shorter life and produced more young
than in the cooler days of the year. The average number of young per
female for the year was 44.14. The variation in the number of young
was from 20 to 96, the latter number being the largest number pro-
duced by a single female. For the year the average number of young
brought forth by an individual female in a single day was 4.4-+1, the
largest number being 11. However, in 1905 as many as 12 were born
in one day from one female. The average number of young from
April 18 until September 1 was, in 102 experiments, 4.9+-; from
September 1 to October 3 the average for 26 experiments was 2.4-+
young per day, or one-half as many. It may be noted, in passing,
that, as the records made in 97 experiments in 1905 vary only slightly
from those obtained in the 128 experiments of 1906, the figures here
given are probably sufficiently accurate for any year.

In 1905 a very interesting incident was observed. A wingless aphis
taken in the field June 23 was placed in an insectary cage, and within
the next few days gave birth to 6 young. It then discontinued the
production of young for several days, then molted, became winged,
and produced 21 more young.

Buckton, in his “ Monograph of British Aphides,” Volume I, page
87, says:

Several early observers have erroneously stated that the female aphis is at
different periods of her life both viviparous and oviparous. The acuteness of
Newport failed him when he concluded “ that aphides ’”’—meaning the same in-
dividual—* deposit at one time true ova and at others produce living young,
* * * Jt may be pretty certainly asserted that the viviparous aphis is never
oviparous, and that the converse also is true.

bb]

In one experiment in 1906 an aphis born October 6 became adult
October 24 and gave birth to a single young November 2, but did not
produce any more young, and soon died. Upon an examination of
her body only eggs were found.

132 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

All my aphides which were reared individually, in vials, were
wingless. Other aphides, however, of the same mothers, and placed
In cages containing many other aphides as well as a less abundant
food supply, often became winged. In Science, Volume X XI, Janu-
ary 27, 1903, pages 48-49, Prof. M. V. Slingerland gives an account
of rearing individually 62 generations of M/yzus achyrantes during a
period of 2 years and 10 months, only wingless agamic females being
produced. From these and other evidences obtained it may be in-
ferred that the development of the winged forms among aphides is
largely caused by an insufficient food supply.

The number of molts is invariably four, the time of occurrence of
the different molts being shown in Table IV.

TABLE LV.—Periods of molis of Aphis maidi-radicis, viviparous generation, 1906,
o )

Age at
Age at Age at Age at Age at -8
Date of birth. first second third fourth eee
molt. molt. molt. molt. young.
| Days. Days. Days. Days. | Days

OTL S Me oes ors oe Ae eo eee 4 8 10 12 13
U/ Nya a0) Kel ho PRS acer arte teen ieee Gre ume ae et eee Pee Wet 5 8 10 13 15
Mary Meee tie sake aisle OE See wea aE EEE Se Soiee Skee eae 2 4 7 11 12
IMG Vaid zene oe eS orotate ne Sree eA eee pee te 3 6 8 11 12
Mii yg Se ie a spree onion ae eons oe ees ad ae 2 3 4 6 8
May io Feo e ee aes et Len cecics Sees eeciend cess ee emeee 2 3 4 6 8
ALTO Tsp eyo eae EEG Soe Seer Roemer ee 1 2 4 6 7
UTC ZR Sse 3 fas 5c Slayers ie voere Mee ein Se eee wc eee 1 3 6 8 8

As a rule, reproduction did not begin until the next day after the
fourth molt, though it sometimes occurred within a few hours after
the molt. “Often in the last generations, in autumn, reproduction
did not begin until two days after the last molt.

OVIPAROUS GENERATION,

The oviparous generation was found in the insectary, in 1906, from
October 2 to December 21. Records of 47 individuals of this genera-
tion were obtained (Table V) ; the records, however, are not complete
in all cases. The length of the immature stage—from birth to
adult—varied from 10 to 39 days, this latter being a very exceptional
record.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDID. 133

TABLE V.—Data of individual experiments with Aphis maidi-radicis, oviparous
generation, 1906. ;

e Neat
Date of Age at um- | ber of | Total
4 Date of | Age at | ber of | eggsin| num-
Date of birth. ae tae death. | death. | eggs fede ber of Sex.
ea: Ne laid. at eggs.
death
Days. Days.
MetopenriG<5..-.5-5-.4--- Oct. 21 15 | Nov. 5 30 10 1 11 | Female.
IDG tore Hee aaa Oct») 922 LGN eee dozeess SO eee = |e. sepeten | Reem ea Male.
MotoberS2 5.2.5 feck Oct. 24 16 | Nov. 14 37 4 2 6 | Female.
WOE ee ss neces Ink Sa cee 16 | Nov. 10 Soh | Lee osm ec eeee oellema cae Male.
MEO WET Os see a rae eee Oct. 22 13 |aOct. 26 DiL7e (Be cemcs |Se ae eee eee Female.
Oya dade dese sae eee ae dOteer ens 13 |aNov. 2 BY eek ee ae (Oe ieee ne ete Do.
‘OVCUO 012 a eee eee Oct 31 16 | Nov. 28 44 7 2 9 Do
WCLODEN 7 ac cs = Sens oes Oct #20 13) Oct. 22 i | Ps serc cies | ore tom ee ees Do
Wretohenilo- = 2. -- 2.5.52: Nov. 3 19 jaNov. 23 OBO eters e alt [Neon ere Male
Metowen U7 2. = j..2222= -6 2 - Nov. 5] 19} Nov. 8 DAN ore el eee [eae ee Do.
WCLODeEWOs sees = sens, Oct. 31 | 16 |aOct. 31 LO les eaeicl her eaacee tetececass Do
IDO Ses eS eee ee dopa. - 16 |aNov. 2 UC Ee esas |ABe orean sasenods Do
1D YO). 7 ee See ees Nov. 1 17 |aNov. 9 UP Ae See ee 8 ae ee Do.
WeLODEE MSs 225-322 o6- -|| Oct. 27 14 Nov. 12 Bo 1) eae toe [ae | [PCa ot Do.
October 29......- Serenity Nov. 24 26 | Dec. 11 ASUS Sec ate ae | al SU Ses] eee ae ge Female.
Wetoberilos: = S252. =. 5: =| Oct. 29 14] Nov. 15 31 3 2 5 Do.
(OGG Si ep eee Nov. 11 20 | Nov. 26 Bay) RaSea ose lenoseete teeeaane Male.
Meter WS i5~- 4.2 -J22525- Oct. 23} 10 |aOct. 29 UN Tullstaceee |Baeeaeas Sa aesae Female.
ORR Ne L Soe ses ..-do } 10) || -donaz-.2 5
@Wetoper 20. 2 =... =.-----= Nov. 7 18 | Nov. 12
October 19. —....--- 5. -- Oct 29 10 |@Nov. 2
Wrerobe4nr202 26535 22 a5. Nov. 1-2 12-13. |..do.@._..
Wetaher2. 2. fea! soesse SE t0lesdeeree 12-13 |..do.@....
Mctoben Zs. = 2 2h<25-22 = 2 Nov. 17 22) Dees
1D Ds aC Soe See ee eeoeee Dec. 4 39 | Dee. 15
Mictoberi242 2520-22 she. Nov. 7 14 | Nov. 30
Wetomer ols <4 26s.) jess Noy. 8-9 18-19 |aNov. 14
100) Gee area ERB ae ese Seon ee ee 18-19 |..do.@....
Wetober 242. 2.25222 s2s... Nov.10-11 | 17-18 |..do.@....
ee aes ceeiie ceee Nov.16-17 23-24 | Dec. 5
November 2-22. ..---2-- Nov. 21 | 19 | Dee. 5
Oscessoeepsstapesess eed Ore 19) Dee. 19
WR LOWETOcr jaa has sca. Oct. 20 14 |aOct. 25
Qo tace eae edo 14 aOct. 26
ID ec eee ae Seer eaidosst=: 14 |aOct. 27
ID Mee sarees sees S ECON a aeaee 14) donase--
(CY CHSI OTE OY Cee een ee Pee dOseee eee 13 | Nov. 21
Mctopen Gen. .c4o-- 55 - seer Oct. 21 12 |jaOct. 28
WOME Pena aoe eas Gomeess 12 | Nov. 12
ee acs Oct. 24 15 |aOct. 29
nl eect ees do.. 15ye = do. aes.
ME ois ice Suisse Sie do.. 15 |..do.a
SORDOTe SRE E erate do-. 15 | Oct. 3
Bo ae ace do... 15 |aNov. 3
Cty ye ae do 15) Pad ONGene
US Cea aE ae (OO eeesce 12 | Nov. 23
B45 ee eee Oct 31 15h eee GOteees
D eoreaisioe che ae a Noy. 3-4 16-17 | Dec. 1

« Removed. b’ Age when removed.

The average of 47 records is 16+ days. The average total life of
38 individuals was 30.9-+ days, with a maximum (1906) of 50 days.
In 1905 one aphis of this oviparous generation lived to the age of
61 days. A few records were made as to the number of eggs laid
by individual females, and this was found to vary up to 10, which
was probably not far from the actual number that is ordinarily laid,
though 4 was the average number in the counts made. Eggs were
found in the bodies of nearly all the females after death; the poten-
tial reproductive capacity of the female seems to exceed her vitality.

It is easy to distinguish immature males from oviparous females
after the second molt by their color. The males have a distinct
reddish hue, while the females have a greenish color.

134 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

The number of molts in the oviparous generation is four, as in
the viviparous generation. From Table VI, showing the periods
between the molts, it appears that the males are more deliberate in
their growth and require a longer time than the females for their
full development.

TABLE VI.—Periods of molts of Aphis maidi-radicis, oviparous generation, 1906.

Ageat | Ageat | Ageat | Age at vercd
Date of birth. oe second third fourth Y Sex.
first molt. birth
molt. molt. molt. hay aaleil

Days. | Days. Days. | Days. Days.

Octoberlils £3255. 42 sone so eece See see ul 5 9 | 13 13 | Female.
SD) Ose See te he eye Bee eee wee | 3 | 5 9 13 13 Do
IDNs en ee ee oe Rao ees 3 5 9 14 14 | Do

MetobenwGekaoe es Soe xk See eee 4 | 6 11 20 20 | Do

Octobershia tees so-so ae eee ee 2 5 9 13 13 Do
ID) Oa eS Ee ce re eeee 3 | 6 10 21 21 | Male

Octoberi2l 2 << srs kee adesnosds ses ects 4 | 9 14 | 217} 21 Do.
1D) OV a a eee Me eee See 3 8 14 | 23 23 Do.

October Zoe err yes ey cose ne eae 5 | 9 13 | 16 16 | Female.

DESCRIPTIONS.”
Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes.
VIVIPAROUS GENERATION.

Before first molt and less than 1 hour old.—General color pale pea-
ereen. Legs and antenne colorless and transparent. Eyes red.
Measurements: Length of body, 0.882 mm.; width, 0.400 mm.;
antenna, 0.327 mm.

After first molt and not more than 24 hours old—General color
pea-green. Antenne almost transparent, excepting last segment,
which is darker. Only 5 noticeable segments in the antenne. Eyes
red. Tip of beak darkened. Legs almost transparent, excepting
tarsi, which are almost black. Cornicles small, shghtly darkened at
tip. Measurements: Length of body, 0.927 mm.; width, 0.509 mm.;
antenna, 0.559 mm.

After second molt and 72 to 96 hours old.—General color pea-green.
Ultimate segment of antenne dark. Eyes reddish brown. Legs
darker than body color. Tip of abdomen dark. Cornicles dark,
being darkest at apex, short and very slightly incrassate in mid-
dle. Measurements: Length of body, 1.418 mm.; width, 0.709 mm.;

“Tn giving the number of segments of the antenne I have not, as most writers
do, counted the filament as a separate and distinct segment. There is certainly
no articulation between the thickened basal portion and the filament of this last
segment; and, thus, they can not be referred to as distinct segments.

The measurements, and the observations on colors, were taken from live
specimens unless otherwise stated. Color terms are according to Ridgway’s
“ Nomenclature of Colors.”

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. Ie)

antenna (alcoholic specimen), I, 0.040 mm.; II, 0.040 mm.; ITI,
0.101 mm.; IV, 0.050 mm.; V, basal, 0.061 mm.; filament, 0.098 mm.;
total, 0.890 mm.

After third molt—General color light chromium-green. Head
with pale brownish tint. Ultimate and part of the penultimate seg-
ments of the antenne darkened. Antenna with only 5 distinct seg-
ments; a slight constriction in the third shows the commencing of
the formation of another segment. Eyes reddish brown. Legs dark,
the tarsus and distal ends of the femur and tibia being almost black.
Tip of abdomen dark, as are also the cornicles, which are darkest at
the apex. Cornicles noticeably longer than in preceding stages;
basal half more or less swollen and the tip slightly dilated. Measure-
ments: Length of body, 2.063 mm.; width, 0.981 mm.; cornicles,
0.127 mm.; antenna (alcoholic specimens), I, 0.064 mm.; II,
0.064 mm.; IIT, 0.183 mm.; IV, 0.067 mm.; V, basal, 0.071 mm.; fila-
ment, 0.112 mm.; total, 0.561 mm.

Adult wingless viviparous female—Head black. Thoracic and
first abdominal segments with median transverse black markings,
the prothorax being almost entirely black. On each side of the ab-
domen are 2 parallel rows of minute black markings—one on each
side of the cornicle. These rows are not constant, the upper one some-
times being indistinct or wanting. Posterior 3 segments of abdomen
with black transverse median markings. Eyes reddish brown. All of
antenna dusky except the third segment. Cornicles and tips of style
black. Cox, most of the femora, apex of tibiae, and the tarsi black.
Measurements: Length of body, 2.09 mm.; width, 1.036 mm.; antenna,
1e0:036 mm.; TH, 0.054 mm.; IL, 0.181 mm.; IV, 0.091 mm.; V,
0.091 mm.; VI, basal, 0.109 mm.; filament, 0.118 mm.; total, 0.680 mm.

Winged viviparous female——Head black, thorax blackish, abdo-
men pale green, with a black marking on each side of the second,
third, and fourth segments; transverse black markings on the last
2, and sometimes last 3, segments; a black ring around each cor-
nicle, and a few small black markings irregularly scattered over
abdomen. Antenne dark; usually 7 or 8 sensoria on the third seg-
ment, sometimes only 6; 1 sensorium near the apex of each of the
fourth and fifth segments; several more or less distinct sensoria at
the apex of the basal portion of the sixth. Eyes dark reddish-brown.
Cornicles and style as in wingless pseudogynes. Measurements (alco-
holic specimens): Length of body, 1.468 mm.; width, 0.605 mm.;
length of wing, 2.33 mm.; antenna, I, 0.036 mm.; IT, 0.055 mm.;
IIf, 0.187 mm.; IV, 0.095 mm.; V, 0.106 mm.; VI, basal, 0.099 mm.;
filament, 0.194 mm.; total, 0.772 mm.

136 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

OVIPAROUS GENERATION,

Before first molt and less than 24 hours old.—General color pea-
green. Beak not reaching beyond the coxe of the third pair of legs,
apical segment dark. Antenne colorless, except last segment, which
is darker than the remainder. Eyes black. Legs pale, except the
tarsi, which are black. Measurements: Length of body, 0.954 mm.;
width, 0.486 mm.; antenna, I, 0.038 mm.; II, 0.038 mm.; III,
0.114 mm.; IV, 0.153 mm.; total 0.343 mm.

After first molt and 5 to 6 days old.—General color dirty pea-
green, with very slight tinge of red. Last segment of antenna dark.
Tarsi black. Measurements: Length of body, 1.145 mm.; width,
0.573 mm.

Oviparous female after third molt—Color of head and first
thoracic segment very dark green. Remainder of body slate-gray,
with a reddish tint. The bloom which covers the body gives to the
aphis the grayish color. Tips of antenne dark. Tarsi black. Cor-
nicles darker than body color, with a black ring at the base of each.
Measurements: Length of body, 1.985 mm.; width, 1.050 mm.

Adult wingless oviparous female——General color plumbeous, which
is due to the bloom covering the body. Head black, and first thoracic
segment very dark beneath the bloom. Abdomen tinged with pink.
In alcoholic specimens from which the bloom has been removed, the
markings as in the pseudogynes, except that the black markings
on the last 8 abdominal segments are not present. Antenne dark,
with one large circular sensorium near the apical end of the fifth
segment, and several at the apical end of the thickened base of the
sixth. Beak reaching beyond the middle coxe. Eyes black. Legs
dark; the hind tibie noticeably swollen and thickly covered with
small circular sensoria. Cornicles black and of the same shape as
in the pseudogynes. Apical half of style dark. Measurements:
Length of body, 2.201 mm.; width, 1.218 mm.; antenna, I, 0.038 mm.;
IT, 0.047 mm.; III, 0.172 mm.; IV, 0.076 mm.; V, 0.095 mm.; VI,
basal, 0.100 mm.; filament, 0.154 mm.; total, 0.682 mm.

Male after third molt—Head and first thoracic segment pale green,
between pea-green and sage-green. Abdomen drab. Measurements:
Length of body, 1.546 mm.; width, 0.687 mm.

Adult wingless male-—Head black. Thoracic segments each with
a transverse black marking, this giving the thorax a blackish appear-
ance. Similar but shorter markings occur on the first 3 and the
last 8 abdominal segments. The spots on the sides of the body are
arranged in more or less uniform rows. Third antennal segment
with 12 or more sensoria irregularly distributed, most numerous near
the apex; fourth with 5 to 7 sensoria; fifth with 2 to 4 similar
sensoria and a larger one near the apex; and several at apex of the
basal part of the sixth. Eyes black. Antenne, legs, and cornicles

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. oe

black. Measurements (alcoholic specimens) : Length of body, 1.636—
1.745 mm.; width, 0.909—0.945 mm.; antenna, I, 0.081 mm.; IT, 0.054

?

mm.; III, 0.200 mm.; IV, 0.136 mm.; V. 0.100 mm.; VI, basal, 0.109
mm.; filament, 0.181 mm.; total, 0.861 mm.; cornicle, 0.082 mm.
Eggs.—"Elliptical-oval, yellow or greenish when first laid, grad-
ually darkening to a jet-black. In spring just before hatching the
egos change from black to pale green. Length, 0.782 mm.; width,

0.391 mm.
BIBLIOGRAPHY .®

1862. WALSH, B. D.—Plant-lice—the corn-root louse. A new enemy to the corn.
<Journ. Ill. State Agr. Soc., Springfield, pp. 8-13, figs. I, III, IV.

Aphis maidis (7?) infests the roots of young Indian corn as well as the stems
of the roasting ears. This is the first notice of the occurrence of the root form.

1862. WatsH, B. D.—On the genera of Aphids found in the United States.
<Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Philadelphia, Pa., Vol. I, pp. 300-301, figs.
Pie Ve

Aphis maidis (?) root form. Compares it with the aerial form. Food
plant, maize.

1865. WALSH, B. D.—Plant-lice—the corn-root louse. A new enemy to the corn.
<Trans. Il. State Agr. Soc., Springfield, Vol. V, pp. 491-497, figs. I,
SEV

A reprint of the article in Journal of the Illinois State Agricultural Society
(loe cit.).

1876. THomMaAs, Cyrus.—Notes on the plant-lice found in the United States.

<Trans. Ill; Hort. Soc., Chicago, Vol. X, n. s., p. 167.

General notes on root and aerial forms of Aphis maidis Fitch.

1878. THomas, Cyrus.—List of the Aphidini of the United States. <M]. State
Lab. Nat. Hist., Bloomington, Vol. I, Bul. 2, p. 12.
Lists Aphis maidis as being found on the tassel, ear-stalks, and roots of
Indian corn.
1878. THOMAS, Cyrus.—Seventh Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1877, Springfield, Vol. XV, pp. 75-
78, fig. 18 (I, III, 1V). Separate: Springfield, Ill., 1878.
Gives characteristics of the aerial and root forms as presented by Fitch and
Walsh, and also a description of specimens which he obtained the previous, sum-
mer from a different part of the plant (tassels). Possible treatment against
aphides in small patches of corn is given. Appends notes from correspondents

concerning serious damage done to corn in 1874 and 1877 in Menard and Stark
counties, Illinois.

1879. THomMaAs, Cyrus.—Highth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1878, Springfield, Vol XVI, pp. 89—
91, fig. 14 (I, III, IV). Separate: Springfield, 011., 1879.

Same as in Seventh Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, except that
no remedies are mentioned (loc. cit.).

“This bibliography is practically complete, and contains a number of refer-
ences not found in the Bibliography of Economic Entomology, by Henshaw and
Banks. Those titles which have been inaccessible are marked with an asterisk.
Those which are considered the most important have the date preceding them in
italics.

61017—No.12, pt S——3

138

1880.

1882.

1S84.

d 885.

1886.

1886.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

THOMAS, Cyrus.—Ninth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1879, Springfield, Vol. XVII, pp. 2-3.
Mentions both aerial and root forms (especially the latter) of the corn aphis
as being quite injurious the past season (1879). Recommends rotation of crops,
thorough fall plowing, and turning under strong lime.
BoarRDMAN, HE. R.—Corn-aphis. <Stark County (Ill.) News, December
2A, P8882:

General life history of the root form; remedies.

. BoarpMAN, E. R.—Economic Entomology. <Stark County (Ill.) News,

December 28, 1882.

Additional notes on the life history of the corn root-aphis.

S3. Forpes, S. A.—A lecture on insects affecting corn. <Bloomington, I11.,

pp. 12-14, figs. I, III, IV.

Gives known life history of both aerial and root forms of the corn aphides ;
also relation of ants to the corn root-aphis.

. Forses, S. A.—Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois

<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1882, Springfield, Vol. XX, pp. 5-6, 44.

The corn plant-louse (probably referring to the root form) was destructive
to corn the previous year (18838). Transferring of Aphis maidis by ants is
mentioned.

. Forses, S. A.—Thirteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.

<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1883, Springfield, Vol. XXI, pp. 46-50,
Pl. IV, fig. 18. Separate: Springfield, Ill., 1884.

The root-aphis makes its first appearance upon corn underground late in
May or early in June, attacking not only the roots, but likewise the sprouting
stem underground. Winged root form was collected May 22 and at several
dates in June. It continues to be abundant throughout the month of July.
Obtained on sorghum roots July 26 and 31. October 8 was the last date at
which it was found. Next year (1883) the first winged root-aphides were

obtained June 7 and again July 29. Rotation is given as a remedy.

Forses, S. A.—Circular on the corn root-aphis and Hessian fly. <Ill.
Crop Prospects, Springfield, May, 1854, p. 48. Reprint: Farmers’ Re-
view, Chicago, Ill., June 5, 1884. See Prairie Farmer, Chicago, III.
June 14, 1884.

Requests for information concerning injuries by Aphis maidis (?), root form.

GARMAN, H.—A contribution to the life history of the corn plant-louse.
<Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. [1l., Springfield, pp. 23-83. Same: Trans,
Dept. Agr. Il]., Springfield, [ll., Vol. XXII, 1885.

Previous literature, descriptions of the root and aerial forms, life history,
parasitic and predaceous insects, and artificial remedies.

TForpes, 8S. A.—Notes on the past year’s work. <Can. Ent., London, Ont.,
Vol. XVIII, p. 176. Also: Ent. Amer., Brooklyn, N. Y., December, 1886,
Vol. tees ps 275.

Notes on Aphis maidis, root form.

GARMAN, H.—A second contribution to the life-history of the corn plani-
louse, Aphis maidis Fitch. Miscellaneous Essays on Heonomic Ento-
mology by the State Entomologist and his Assistants. <Trans. Dept.
Agr. Ill. for 1885, Springfield, Vol. XXIII, pp. 46-48.

First record of the occurrence of the oviparous female (October 7), root

form, and descriptions of it. Also notes on relation of the root-aphis and
ants. ;

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 139

1886. Hunt, THomMas I'.—Partial economic bibliography of Indian corn insects.
Miscellaneous Essays on Economic Entomology by the State Entomolo-
gist and his Assistants. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Il., Springfield, Vol.
XXIII, pp. 117-118. Separate: Springfield, Ill, 1886.

Gives a bibliography, partially analytical, of Aphis maidis (root and aerial
forms).

1886. Wespster, F. M.—Insects affecting the corn crop. <35th Ann. Rep. Ind.
State Bd. Agr. for 1885, Indianapolis, Vol. XX VII, pp. 183-184.
Bibliography of the corn aphis, Aphis maidis Fitch (root and aerial forms).
Notes and general discussion, including observations on the relation of corn
root-aphis and ants.

1887. Comstock, J. H.—Relations of ants and aphids. <Amer. Nat., Philadel-
phias, Pa., Vole Xexa p. 382.

Reference to the dependence of the corn root-aphis upon the ant.

1887. Forbes, S. A.—Relations of ants and aphids. <Amer. Nat., Philadelphia,
Pa., Vol. XXI, pp. 579-580.
Eggs of Aphis maidis (7), root form, found in a nest of Lasius alienus.

Ants rear young aphides, before ground is planted to corn, upon the roots of
Setaria and Polygonum, transferring them afterwards to corn.

*1S887. Weep, C. M.—Insects affecting corn. <Weekly Press, Philadelphia, Pa.,
September 21, 1S87.

Aphis maidis (?), root form, hibernates in the egg stage.

1888. Comstock, J. H.—An introduction to entomology. <Ithaca, N. Y., pp.
168-169.

Mentions observations of Forbes with regard to the relations of ants and
corn root-aphides.

1888. WEBSTER, F’, M.—Report on the season’s observations, and especially upon
corn insects. <Ann. Rep. U. 8S. Comm, Agr. for 1887, Washington, D. C.,
pp. 148-149.

Rhopalosiphum maidis; considerable damage done by the root form in
Louisiana and Mississippi. Found it on roots of grass (NSetaria glauca).
Three species of ants attend these aphides, viz, Lasius flavus, Formica
schaufussii, and I’. fusca. Remedies: Proper fertilizers applied to the soil are
a general preventive.

1888. WessTER, F’. M.—Relation of ants to the corn aphis. <Insect Life, U. S.
Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. I, pp. 152-153.
Reply to an article by Professor Comstock in American Naturalist. Explains

in detail the part played by the ant in the distribution of the corn root-aphis
and the care of the eggs of the latter by the ant.

1888. WEED, C. M.—On the occurrence of apterous males among the Aphididz.
<Amer. Nat., Philadelphia, Pa., Vol. XXII, p. 70.

Aphis maidis, root form, has apterous males.

1889; ALwoop, W. B.—The corn plant-louse. <The Southern Planter, Rich-
mond, Va., August, 1889, pp. 116-117.

Article in response fo an inquiry from a farmer in that State (Virginia)
who had found the aerial and root forms of the corn aphis troubling his crops.
Gives life history, and suggests remedy by destruction of fodder and stalks,
the plowing up of all stubble in the fali, and the putting of the field to small

grain next year.
°

140 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

1889. Forres, S. A.—Fifteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois for
1885-1886. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1885, Springfield, Vol. XXIII,
pp. 5-6. Separate: Springfield, I11., 1889.
Brief notes on the injuriousness of Aphis maidis, and observations made on
the winter history of the root form.
1889. Marten, J.—The corn-root aphis. <Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Il., Octo-
ber 12, 1889, p. 660, + figs.

Short general account of Aphis maidis (root and aerial forms).

1889. WEED, C. M.—The corn root louse. < Amer. Nat., Philadelphia, Pa., Vol.
XXIII, pp. 1105-1106.
Reference to articles on Aphis maidis (?), root form, in the Fifteenth
and Sixteenth Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
1890. Forses, S. A.—Sixteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois for
1887 and 1888. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Il., Springfield, Vol. XXVI, p.
XII. Separate: Springfield, f11., 1890.

Notes on injuries done by corn root-aphis.

1890. Weep, C. M.—Corn insects: An important matter. <(Ohio Farmer, Cleve-
land, Ohio, January 25, 1890, p. 57.

Notes on damage by the corn root-aphis.

1890. Weep, C. M.—Insects affecting cern. <Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta., Columbus,
second series, Vol. III, No. 4, pp. 185-136, fig. 20.

Brief notes on the life history of the corn root-aphis.

1891.—¥Forees, 8S. A.—Seventeenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois

for 1889 and 1890. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., Springfield, Vol. XXVIII,
pp. 64-70, colored plate “B,” figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Separate: Springfield,
Tll., 1891.

Aphis maidi-radicis, n. sp. Proposes name for the root form of the corn
aphis, and gives a full account of the life history, covering, as points of special
interest, time and place of oviposition, stage and place of hibernation, relations
of root-aphis to leaf-aphis of corn, other food plants, and the relations of the
root-aphis to ants. Economic measures are suggested. ;

1891. Fores, S. AA—A summary history of the corn root-aphis. <Insect Life,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. III, pp. 233-2388.

Covers the same points in the life history of the corn root-aphis as in the
citation above.

* 1891. Osporn, H.—The corn root-aphis. <Orange Judd Farmer, Chicago, II1.,
April 25, 1891, p. 260.

Gives suggestions made by Doctor Forbes as to the methods to be used in
diminishing the injury by this aphis.

1891. Pearson, J.—Destructiveness of the corn-root plant-louse in Nebraska.

<Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. IV, p. 142.

In Nebraska some farmers lost as much as one-third of their crop. He sug-
gests rotation of corn with small grain.

1891, Weep, C. M.—Sixth contribution to a knowledge of the life history of
certain little-known Aphidide. <Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist.,
Urbana, Vol. III, art. 12. (Written December, 1887.)

Aphis maidis (?), root form. Summary of known life history. Hatching
of aphides from eggs in spring. True sexes produced in fall and eggs are

laid which are cared for by ants through the winter. Descriptions of the
wingless male and the egg.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDID®. Ast

1891. Weep, C. M.—Insects and Insecticides. <Hanover, N. H., pp. 209-210,
fig. 110.

The corn root-aphis (Aphis maidis ?). General life history; gives the
rotation of crops as the only known successful remedy.

1891. WittiaMs, T. A.—Host-plant list of North American Aphidide. <Special
Bul. 1, Univ. Nebr., Dept. Ent., Lincoln, pp. 10, 14, 16, 21, 28.

Lists of food plants of Aphis maidis, feeding on roots, as dock (Rumew

altissimus), NSetaria glauca, S. viridis, knotweed (Polygonum persicaria),

plantain (Plantago major), ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), and smartweed
(Polygonum sp.).

1892. Bruner, L.—Report of Entomologist. <Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board Agr.
for 1891, Lincoln, pp. 300-804, fig. 77.

Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes. Gives descriptions of all forms. Quotes the
life history from that given by Professor Forbes.

1892. Ritry, C. V., and Howagp, L. O.—Review of Professor Forbes’s Sixth
Report. <Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. IV,
Nos. 9 and 10,-p. 298.

Mentions that it contains a summary history of the corn root-aphis and a
colored plate of same.

1892. WEBSTER, F. M.—Early published references to some of our injurious
insects. <Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. IV,
Nos. 7 and 8, p. 264.

Gives references to the original descriptions of Aphis maidis, root and
aerial forms. Gives reference to a note in American Farmer, Vol. IV, p. 71.
May 24, 1822, from Mr. Tho. Emory, of Poplar Grove (State not given),
relating to a disease of wheat known as “ sedging,’”’ who says, ‘‘ I believe this
insect is the same as that known by the name of the root-louse in corn, so
frequently found in that plant,” ete.

1892. Ritey, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—The corn root-aphis. <Insect Life,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. IV, Nos. 7 and 8, p. 285.

Short review of Doctor Weed’s article on the corn root-aphis, published as
a bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

1893. Ritry, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—The corn-root plant-louse. <Insect
Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. VI, p. 32.

Crop of corn in Maryland owned by E. P. Thomas was damaged 50 per
cent last year by this aphis; also injury this year (June 27, 1893).

1894. Forsres, S. A.—Highteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1893, Springfield, Vol. XXXI, pp. 57, 58-85,
Pl. VII, figs. 5, 6, Pl. VIII, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5. Separate: Springfield, I11.,
1894.

The corn root-aphis (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes). Injury to corn and to
other plants; life history; relation to the corn leaf-aphis; natural enemies ;
economic procedure; discusses in full (1) rotation, (2) fertilizers and insecti-
cides, (3) breaking up the ants’ nests in fall by plowing, etc., (4) early
spring plowing, etc. Descriptions of wingless, winged, and pupa of vivip-
arous female, wingless oviparous female, wingless male, and egg.

1894. OsBorn, H.—Corn insects: Their injuries and how to treat them. <Iowa
Agr. Exp. Sta., Des Moines, Iowa, Bul. 24, pp. 994-995, fig. 1.
Mentions Aphis maidi-radicis as an important corn insect, although as yet

it hardly seems probable that the species has become very much distributed in
Iowa,

ey MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

1894. Semprrs, F. W.—Injurious insects and the use of insecticides. <Phila-
delphia, Pa., p. 157.

Short account of the corn root-aphis, with remedies. ‘* No artificial remedy
is known for this pest. In small garden patches kerosene emulsion might be
used for drenching about the roots, but treatment with this insecticide has
not been regarded as practicable on a large scale.”

1895. Comstock, JoHN Henry, and Comstock, ANNA Botsrorp.—Manual for
the Study of Insects. <Ithaca, N. Y., p. 158.

Mentions dependence of root-aphis upon ants as given by Forbes.

1896. Forses, S. A.—Insects injurious to the seed and root of Indian corn.
<Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., Urbana, Bul. 44, pp. 287-257, figs. 33-387,

Largely a recapitulation of the account given in the Highteenth Report of
the State Entomologist of Illinois.

1896. SmirH, J. B.—Economic entomology. <Philadelphia, Pa., p. 134.
Mentions the corn root-aphis and methods to be used against it.
1896. Horxins, A. D., and RumMsry, W. E.—Practical entomology. <W. Va.
Agr. Exp. Sta., Charleston, Bul. 44, p. 279.

Short and general account of the life history of Aphis maidi-radicis. It
was found to be exceedingly common and destructive to corn in Jackson,
W. Va., in May, 1891. Remedies are given. —

*1898. Wrsster, F. M—Entomology. <Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, Ohio, Septem-
ber 1, 1898, p. 148.

Notes on Aphis maidi-radicis.

1899. Kine, Gro. B.—China asters infested by a coecid. <Psyche, Cambridge,
Mass., Vol. VIII, p. 312.

Reports that Aphis maidi-radicis is found on roots of asters in Massachu-
setts.

1900. LuccrrR, O.—Bugs injurious to cultivated plants. <Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
St. Paul, Bul. 69, pp. 184-155, fig. 1543.

Quotes Osborn in regard to the corn root-aphis.

1900. Smiru, J. B.—Insects of New Jersey. <Supplement to Twenty-seventh
Ann, Rep. State Board Agr. N. J. for 1899, Trenton, p. 104.

Lists Aphis maidis Fiteh and speaks of it as often causing serious injury ~

to the young plants by its attacks on the roots.
1901. Bruner, L.—Corn-root insects. <Nebraska Farmer,-Lincoln, Nebr., Feb-
ruary 14, 1901, figs.
General account of the life history of the corn root-aphis, with suggested
remedies.
1901. Hunter, W. D—The Aphidide of North America. <Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, Bul. 60, pp. 9S—99.
Lists Aphis maidi-radicis from Towa; gives other States in which it is

found; food plants and bibliography of literature.

1901. SanpeRson, E. D.—The corn root-louse. <Twelfth Ann, Rep. Del. Agr.
Exp. Sta. for 1900, Wilmington, p. 211.

Sweet and sugar corn worse affected than field corn. Aphides common on
weeds early in the season and were found on squash roots in June.

1902. Sanperson, HB. D.—Insects injurious to staple crops. <New York, N. Y.,
pp. 134-141, figs. 74-76.

The corn root-louse (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes). A general description
of the aphis; distribution ; food habits; life history; care by ants; remedies.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 143

1902. WASHBURN, F. L.—Insects notably injurious in 1902. <Seventh Ann.
Rep. State Ent. Minn., St. Anthony Park, p. 64, fig. 155. Also as Bul.
77, Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., November, 1902.
. Brief notes on Aphis maidis Witch (root and aerial forms) as occurring in
Minnesota ; remedies.
*1904. STEDMAN, J. M.—Common corn insects. <Mo. State Board Agr., Bul.
a No: dt pp. wale :

Notes on the eorn root-aphis in Missouri.

7905. Forses, S. A.—Field experiments and observations on insects injurious
to corn. < Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., Urbana, Bul. 104, pp. 102-123.

Discuss experiments made in 1904-1905 to control the corn root-aphis:
by means of treatment of the soil before planting. Also gives additional
notes on the life history.

1905. Forses, S. A.—Injurious insects of corn. A conference on the corn insects
of [llinois, at the Tenth Ann, Meeting of the Il. Farmers’ Institute, at
Joliet, I]. <(Springfield, [1]. Plate. Also in Rep. Hl. Farmers’ Insti-
tute, Springfield, Vol. X, pp. 385-45.

Gives account of the corn root-aphis and experiments made in the past
year. Questions and answers. One colored plate of the corn root-aphis and
the root-aphis ant.

1905. Fores, S. A.—The principal insects injurious to the corn plant. <Re-
port Ill. Farmers’ Institute, Springfield, Vol. X, pp. 240-251, figs. 17-22.

Injury to corn and to other plants; life history ; relation to ants; economic
procedure.

1905. Kouuer, A. R.—Insects injurious to corn. <Iowa Agriculturist, Ames,
Iowa, Vol. VI, No. 3, pp. 84-85.

Short account of the corn root-aphis.

1905. Perrit, R. H.—Insects of the garden. <Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., Agricul-
tural College, Bul. 238, p. 538. Also in Nineteenth Ann. Rep. Mich. Agr.
Exp. Sta., Agricultural College, 1906, p. 204.
Mentions Aphis maidi-radicis as a corn insect, but that thus far it has not
been observed in Michigan.
1905. Symons, T. B.—Common injurious and beneficial insects in Maryland.
<Md. Agr. Exp. Sta., College Park, Bul. 101, pp. 160-161.

The corn root-aphis. Short notes and remedies.

1906, Davis, J. J—The corn root-louse (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes). <Illinois
Agriculturist, Urbana, Vol. X, March, pp. 213-218, 6 figs. Abstract:
Wallace’s Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa, Vol. XXXI, May 11, 1906, p. 637,
6 figs.

General account of habits, life history, etc., and remedies.

1906. Forsres, S. A.—The corn root-aphis and its attendant ant. <U. S. Dept.

Agr., Bur. Ent., Washington, D. C., Bul. 60, pp. 29-41.

A complete account of the corn root-aphis. Discusses economic importance,
life history, the attendant ant, relation of ant and aphis, injury to corn,
natural checks on increase, practical economic measures, and a preventive
routine.

1906. KirKALDY, G. W.—Catalogue of the hemipterous family Aphid, with
their typical species, together with a list of the species described as
new from 1885 to 1895. <Can. Ent., London, Ont., Vol. XX XVIII, p. 13.

Lists Aphis maidi-radicis Worbes.

144

1906,

1907.

1907.

1907.

UOC

1907.

1908.

1908.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

SANBORN, C. E.—Kansas Aphididie, with catalogue of North American
Aphidide, and with host-plant and plant-host list. Part 2. <Kansas
Univ. Sci. Bul., Lawrence, -Vol. III, No. 8, p. 258.

Lists food plants of Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes as Amarantus hybridus,
Brigeron canadensis, Oxalis stricta, Plantago major, Portulaca oleracea,
Rumex crispus, Setaria italica germanica ochloa, and corn.

CHITTENDEN, F. H.—Insects injurious to vegetables. <New York, pp.
189-190, fig. 121,

Short account of the corn root-aphis, including economic treatment.

Forses, 8S. A.—The corn root-louse. <Fayette County Democrat, Effing-
ham, I]l., Vol. XLVII, No. 19, March 6, 1907; Bureau County (TIIl.)
Record, March 6; The Weekly Pantagraph, Bloomington, I1l., Vol. XC,
No. 12, March 22. Also in many other [Illinois newspapers.

Gives detailed accounts of the new oil-of-lemon treatment, which he has
found to be the most effective method of controlling the corn root-aphis.

Stout, J. P.—Control of the corn root-aphis. <TIllinois Agriculturist,
Urbana, April, pp. 245-247, 4 figs.

Gives methods which have been successfully used to combat the corn root-
aphis, including the oil-of-lemon treatment, which Doctor Forbes has proved
to be the most practical method of controlling this root-aphis.

Wesster, F, M.—The corn leaf-aphis and corn root-aphis. <U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent., Washington, D. C., Cir 86, May 6, 1907, figs. 3, 4.
Gives general description and discusses: Root-aphis and the little brown

ant; life history and habits; natural enemies; preventive and remedial
measures,

Forpes, S. A.—Insects in relation to health. <Rept. Il]. Farmers’ Inst.,
Springfield, vol. 12, pp. 263-265.

In a few introductory remarks, preceding a lecture on ‘ Insects in relation
to health,’ Doctor Forbes reports on the success of the oil-of-lemon treatment
for corn seed to protect it from the attacks of the corn root-aphis. Methods
of treating the seed are given.

I'orBes, S. A.—Experiments with repellents against the corn root-aphis.
<Journ. Econ. Ent., Concord, N. H., vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 81—83.

Abstract of a paper read by Doctor Forbes at the 20th annual meeting of
the Association of Economic Hntomolegists. Gives in detail results of field
experiments, in 1906, against the corn root-aphis by treatment of the seed
with oil of lemon, carbolic acid, formalin, and kerosene.

Forses, S. A.—Experiments with repellents against the corn root-aphis.
<Orange Judd Farmer, Chicago, Ill, vol. 44, No. 16, April 15, pp.
501, 504.

Gives results of field experiments, in 1906, against the corn root-aphis by a
treatment of the seed with oil of lemon, carbolic acid, formalin, and kerosene.
Several farmers who used the oil-of-lemon treatment in 1907 reported injury
by the treatment. Mentions that further experiments will be made in Illinois
in 1908.

THE CORN LEAF-APHIS.
(Aphis maidis Fitch.)

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

The corn leaf-aphis was first found injuring corn by Dr. Asa Fitch,
and in his Second Report of the Insects of New York (1856) he de-
scribes it, and proposes for it the name of Aphis maidis, giving an

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. 145

account of its injuries to corn. Although since that time considerable
work has been done on this aphis, we do not yet know how it spends
the winter. In 1862 Mr. Benjamin D. Walsh found an aphis living
on the roots of corn about Rock Island, Ill., and, although he was
doubtful as to its identity, he distinguished it by calling it the root
form of Aphis maidis. From that time until 1891 these two forms
were supposed to be the same species, until Doctor Forbes, who had,
since his first knowledge of them, regarded them as probably two dis-
tinct species, named the subterranean form Aphis maidi-radicis in the
Seventeenth Report of the State Entomologist of Hhnois.

Aphis maidis has always been considered more or less injurious to
corn, sorghum, and broom corn, although it seldom becomes seriously
so. In some cases, however, it injures the corn ears by sucking the
sap from the silk and killing it, thus preventing fertilization of the
kernels. Only rarely, however, does it stunt the growth of the plant,
at least in Illinois, the reason probably being that in this State the
aphis does not commence its attacks upon the plant until the last part
of June or the first of July, at which time the plant is strong enough
to withstand the drain made upon its sap supply by the aphis. This
aphis sometimes does considerable injury to the quality of the brush
of broom corn by discoloring it, the discoloration being ‘“ due
to a bacterial affection following upon the plant-louse punctures ”
(Forbes).

This aphis has a very wide distribution, being found in all parts of
the United States where corn is grown; that is, from Maine to Cali-
fornia and Texas. Prof. F. M. Webster has reported finding it on
sorghum in Australia, where, he says, it is sometimes quite obnoxious,
and in a recent circular he says that “ the insect is also known from

Japan.”
FOOD PLANTS.

Though the usual food plants are corn, sorghum, and broom corn,
this species feeds also on various other plants, as barley, Setaria
glauca, and Oxalis. At Urbana, Ill., September 7, 1906, in an in-
fested cornfield, I found Aphis maidis also breeding on Panicum
crus-galli and Panicum sanguinale.

In our insectary, in 1906, plants of Panicum crus-galli and Pani-
cum sanguinale, which had accidentally grown up in some unused
pots, became almost covered with Aphis maidis. Numbers of these
aphides were placed in a Comstock cage containing the common weeds
found around cornfields, namely, Setaria glauca, Panicum crus-galli,
Polygonum pennsylvanicum, Panicum proliferum, Panicum sangui-
nale, broom corn, sorghum, and corn. When examined two days later
(September 10, 1906) the aphides were breeding freely on all plants
except corn, which was at that time just sprouting. November 4,
aphides were on all plants except Panicum crus-galli, Polygonum

146 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

pennsylvanicum, and Panicum proliferum, which plants were then
dead. December 9, there were a few on the sorghum and corn, these
being the only plants alive at that time. When examined about a week
later all plants in the cage were dead and no aphides could be found.
It might be mentioned that this cage was kept at the outdoor tem-
perature. This aphis shows a decided preference for broom corn over
Indian corn and sorghum. Both in the field and in the insectary
aphides which had been living on sorghum plants for a number of
generations alivays changed to broom-corn plants when these were

placed in the cages.
LIFE HISTORY.

As stated above, we do not know where and how this aphis passes
the winter. In Illinois it first appears in midsummer, the earliest
date being June 26, 1906, at which time Mr. E. O. G. Kelly found it
quite numerous on broom corn at Mattoon, in central Illinois. We
know that it reproduces parthenogenetically from the time of its
first appearance in the fields until its disappearance in the fall. In
the fall, so far as has yet been observed, these aphides gradually
die off as freezing weather comes, leaving neither eggs nor hibernat-
ing adults upon or about the corn plants. I did not make any ob-
servations in the field in 1906, but in 1905 (a more severe season than
1906) I found living Aphis maidis on sorghum as late as October 28,
and all found at that date were either winged or the pupex of winged
viviparous females. Numerous experiments have been made by
Doctor Forbes and his assistants to determine the manner in which
this species hibernates, and whether or not there is a sexual generation
in the fall, as is usually the case with aphides. Since these investi-
gations were thorough, it seems possible that the aphides may not
spend the winter in the egg stage, at least in central or northern
Uhnois. There are at least two permissible suppositions as to the
winter history of these insects. They may hibernate as adults in
the warmer States, or even in southern Illinois, and, as the summer
progresses, gradually diffuse themselves to the North with the ad-
vance of the season and infest the plants in these northern States.
This supposition is plausible, inasmuch as this species has been found
in Mississippi on barley in January; but the fact that aphides are
probably unable to travel great distances is against it. No work
has been done as yet on this line of investigation, and it is possible
that if one began his search for this aphis in the far South—even
in the southern part of Illinois—he would find it at a much earlier
date than it has heretofore been reported, and that he could follow
its gradual diffusion northward. The other and more likely theory
is that, like many aphides, it has an alternate food plant on which
it passes the winter and spring.

aes

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDID&. 147

I have worked out in the insectary (1906) the summer history as
regards the number of generations, rate of multiplication, number
of young, etc. Aphis maidis was collected by Mr. Kelly June 26,
and specimens sent in by him were reared on sorghum and broom
corn. From that date until killed by the cold weather in the fall a
maximum of 17 generations was obtained. (See Table VII and
fig. 33.)

—
©
Ss

g. Sept. | Gct. | Nov. Dee ea

|__|
eer ener er ee ee ae
(sR eres rea em
(oe Deere te
[2 Rah tl RE eee erences raceme Al a

[AS SG meee erat eee 0 an

2

esas Sia toe a

eS Pe eet ae

Eeaeea ee

peatinien sr ieee a

ace |

| o
nm
“I

Fie. 33.—Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidis, 1906.

TABLE VII.—ZLine of generations of Aphis maidis, June 26—November 22, 1906.

' Hw | . . re | x Bb » 3
& Pat S |elas js | a s
I Sb BAGO em es, oh Sela
Bras Sg Pidacig” .| Bs ate o q
=| Date of Dateot S5 poe CF © |w lo Sidacis 2 | death or = | Food plant
<5 birth. s > aS & |2{(560/48| “8 | disappear-| 2 used.
$0 young. | $= | young. > Dl Blo WS S ance o
RA 4 S |2ispolSs7| ¥ : =
q 2 | 3S |g |eselPes| 2 g
oO fo¥) =A ; SPUS|A hO 3 iS)
peo) 4 Ay A lx A & a
1906. Days. Days. Days. Days.
{June 28-
1 jaJune 26 June 29 [fortes ceeeeeeeeefoce ee (hl Ropes Sscnsal tecoce |asaneseesers Eosase Sorghum
2 | June 29} July 6 Madalyn LZ 7 | 18 | 2.6— 3 On} Julysd2e-. 2) 14 Do.
3 | July 9-11} July 15! 56] Aug. 4/ 20] 38/1.9 5 13 | Aug.17-...| 39 | Broom corn.
4| July 15] July 21 6 | Aug. 8 18 | 44 | 2.44 5 11 || Aug. 19 _ 35 0.
5 | July 25 | July 31 6 | Aug. 18 18 | 35/2 — 3 6 | Aug. 24.. 30 Do
6 | July 31/ Aug. 7 7 | Sept. 2 26 | 38 | 1.5— 4 0 | Sept. 2... 33 Do
(ewe leans. 13) 6 | Sept. 6 24 | 47 | 1.94 5 1 | Sept. 8... 31 Do
8 | Aug. 13 | Aug. 19 6 | Aug. 30 12 | 36] 3 4 0 | Aug. 30.. 18 Do
9) Aug. 19 | Aug. 25 5| Sept. 6] 12] 29] 2.44 4 0 | Sept. 7... 17 Do
10 | Aug. 25] Sept. 2 8 | Sept. 12 LO] Le 7, 2 0 | Sept. 12.. 18 Do
11 | Sept. 2] Sept. 9 i \POct.) UL 32 | 52 | 1.6+ 4 A\tOcts 15s. - 43 Do
12 | Sept. 9] Sept. 16 7 | Sept. 23 7 | 20 | 2.8+ 3 0 | Sept. 23.. 14 Do
13 | Sept. 16 | Sept. 24 8 Oct. 15 21 | 33 | 1.5+ 3 01) Oct. 15: =~ 29 Do
14 | Sept. 24| Oct. 4] 10] Oct. 4 PF Np sila ery «| nae 0 | Oct. 4..<.- 11 Do
15) Oct. 4] Oct. 16 D2 Oct.. 17, CTW: 9 Keto [eS eer Oct. 17-22. 14 Do
16 | Oct. 16) Nov. 1 15) Oct. 2 11 | 2 Mier | Se he pee WENOVeoees-||) 16 Do
im ONO Men ella ere Se coee [eee celh. = spe ancl sc/-e ac leraelger sao sase Scns hate ete eee aes |
| J

a Collected on broom corn.
b Became adult November 22, but disappeared before giving birth to any young.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

148

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BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 149

Although no exact figures can be given as to the minimum number
of generations (breeding always from the last born of each genera-
tion), still, from my experiments, it may be definitely said that there
were not more than 9 generations after June 26. The aphides were
kept in the unheated insectary greenhouse, and thus the temperature
was approximately the same as that out of doors. The last date
recorded for living aphides was December 21. The immature stage
covered from 5 to 24 days, varying with the season; thus, in the
warmer parts of the year, from the last of June until the middle of
September, the average for 30 experiments was 6.6 days, while from
the middle of September until the 1st of November for 10 experi-
ments the average was 12.8 days. The average for the entire 40
experiments was 8.1+ days. (Table VIII.)

The length of the period for producing young varied up to 48
days, with an average, for the entire series of experiments, of 19
days. The mother usually lived a few days after the birth of her
last young. The entire length of life averaged 31.6+ days. The
average number of young produced by a single aphis, in the 33 ex-
periments of which record was kept, was 33.5-++-, while the largest
number was 65. Individual aphides in some cases produced as many
as 6 or 8 young per day, but the usual number was 2. The number
of molts is invariably 4. Table IX gives the records of a few indi-
viduals, showing the number of molts and the time between each molt.

TABLE [X.—Periods of molts of Aphis maidis, viviparous generation, 1906-7.

2
; Age at Age at Ageat | Age at Roe
Date of birth. first second third | fourth At
molt. molt. molt. | molt. young.

Days. | Days. Days. | Days. | Days.

LAA GER TUDO Saat en ee ae ee | 2 | 3 5 8 | 9

IDs 6 Sao hesess Gea OCR DEE EEO S TES Bete ea ee 2 4 5 6 | a
arrive 24a ul 0b se sworn eees sae ee ee Se ol Ee ea 1 3 5 a i
{TUR ZAG, TOO Se ee eh ar ee Se) ¥ 3 | 4 6 7
SOUT US ese hO OD) tee Aria mete eee ae naie ce le iat soe Al 1 | 3 4 6 | 6
PANTSUITS UROL OG orig arate ete ee aS eee ee are aoe 1 2 4 6 | 6
ENTE TSS TEED, “TAC els ee ce ae re | 2 3 4 6 | 6

DESCRIPTIONS.
Aphis maidis Vitch.
VIVIPAROUS GENERATION.

Before first molt and less than 1 hour old—General color light
pea-green. Eyes red. Antenne transparent, only 4 distinct seg-
ments, or 5 if the filament be counted, the third having a slight con-
triction, which is the beginning of a division of that segment. Legs
transparent. Cornicles vasiform. Measurements: Length of body,
0.545 mm.; width, 0.236 mm.

After first molt and 24-48 hours old—General color between pea-
green and chromium-green. Eyes red. Antenne as in the earlier

150 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

stages, but not transparent, while the constriction of the third seg-
ment is more distinct, and there is a sensorium at the apical end of the
third segment. Fore part of head darker than body color. Legs
paler than body color, except parts of the femur and tarsus, which are
darker; the tip of the abdomen also is darker. Cornicles longer and
more distinct than before first molt. Measurements: Length of body,
0.927 mm.; width, 0.363 mm.; antenne, 0.325 mm.

After second molt and 48-72 hours old.—General color chromium-
green, the sides being slightly darker. Head and first thoracic seg-
ment bottle-green. . yes dark red. Antenne pale green, with black
tips. What was spoken of in the earlier stages as the third segment

is now divided into two distinct segments; otherwise, except as to.

size, the antenne are the same as in the earlier stages. Tips of legs
black. Tip of abdomen dark chromium-green. The black cornicles
are surrounded at their bases by dark green patches. Measurements:
Length of body, 1.090 mm.; width, 0.454 mm.; antenne, 0.342 mm.

After third molt and 96-120 hours old—General color chromium-
green. Head and first thoracic segment darker green. Eyes dark
red. First and last segments of the antenne black. As yet only 5
distinct segments, or 6 if the filament be counted. Tarsi black;
femora of the posterior pairs of legs partly black. Tip of abdomen
dark green; penultimate segment with a stripe of dark green nearly
covering the entire segment. Cornicles black, with dark-green basal
spots. Measurements: Length of body, 1.254 mm.; width, 0.527 mm.;
antenne, I, 0.044 mm.; II, 0.037 mm.; IIT, 0.182 mm.; IV, 0.061 mm.;
V, basal, 0.057 mm.; filament, 0.117 mm.; total, 0.448 mm.

Adult wingless female-—Head black. Antenne black, excepting
third segment. Eyes very dark reddish brown. Beak dark, its apex
black, shading to brown. General color of body blue-green. Fore
segments and tip of abdomen very dark green. Legs black, excepting
middle portion of femur. Cornicles black, shghtly incrassate at the
base and with a dark-green basal patch. The adult gradually be-
comes darker in color as it grows older, and when it has about finished
vith the production of young it is almost black in color, having a
shghtly greenish and brownish tint. Measurements (from alcoholic
specimens collected on broom corn at Mattoon, Ill., July 6, 1906):
Length of body, 2.863 mm.; width, 1.091 mm.; antenna, I, 0.067 mm. ;
IT; 0,054 mm. 3 LLY, 0.193, mm.; LV,0M 15 mimes WV 40st moms a
basal, 0.077 mm.; filament, 0.176 mm.; total, 0.793 mm.; cornicles,
0.203 mm.; style, 0.101 mm. The specimens reared in the insectary
were somewhat smaller than the above.

Adult winged female.—Head black. Antenne black, and with 6
segments, or 7 1f the filament be counted. Antennal sensoria cir-
cular, 16 to 20 on ITI, 4 on IV, several at apical end of V, and
also at apical end of the basal part of VI. Eyes dark brown or

easier ihe ese aan a

a).

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 151

black. Thorax and legs black. Abdomen pale bluish green. Three
black spots on each side of the body and anterior to the cornicles,
and a black basal spot surrounding each cornicle. Posterior to the
cornicles are 2 black spots, one on each side, and also 3 more or less
distinct transverse black bands. Cornicles black, slightly incrassate
at middle, dilated at apex. Distal half of dorsally curved style
black, and the remainder margined with black to the base. Measure-
ments (alcoholic specimens): Length of body, 1.709 mm.; width,
0.618 mm.; wing expanse, 5.786 mm.; antenne, I, 0.065 mm.; II,
0.057 mm.; ITI, 0.293 mm.; IV, 0.154 mm.; V, 0.154 mm.; VI, basal,
0.106 mm.; filament, 0.228 mm.; total, 1.057 mm.; cornicles, 0.130
mm.; style, 0.081 mm.

Pupa of winged female.—Body pale green. Head dark brown,
with a more or less distinct median white line. Antenne darker.
at either end. Antenne with a sensorium at the end of V, and 2 or
more at the distal end of the basal portion of VI. Wing-pads, tip of
abdomen, and cornicles black. Legs dark, almost black. Cornicles
noticeably incrassate at middle and slightly dilated at the tip. Meas-
urements (alcoholic specimens): Length of body, 1.999 mm.; width,
0.799 mm.; antenne, I, 0.067 mm.; II, 0.057 mm.; III, 0.183 mm.;
TV, 0.125 mm.; V, 0.098:-mm.; VI, basal, 0.084 mm.; filament,
0.159 mm.; total, 0.773 mm.; cornicles, 0.155 mm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1856. Fircw, ASA.—The maize aphis. Aphis maidis, n. sp. <Second Report,
Ins. New York State, Albany, pp. 318-320.

Describes the larva and the wingless and winged viviparous females. Food
plant, maize.

1862. WatsH, B. D.—Plant-lice—the corn-root louse. A new enemy to the
corn. < Journ. Ill. Agr. Soc., Springfield, pp. 8-13, Figs. I, ITI, IV.

Reports finding an aphis on roots of corn which agreed “ tolerably well”
with Aphis maidis Fitch, and therefore he concluded that the root and
aerial forms were probably the same species.

1862. WatsnH, B. D.—On the genera of Aphidze found in the United States.
<Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Philadelphia, December, 1862, Vol. I, pp. 300-
SOse Mesias WET TV.

Describes root-aphis as Aphis maidis (?), comparing with Fitch’s descrip-
tion of that species.

1865. WatsH, B. D.—Plant-lice—the corn-root louse. A new enemy to the
corn. <Trans. Ill. Agr. Soc., Springfield, Vol. V, pp. 491-497, Figs. I,
PSV

A reprint of the article in the Journal of the Illinois State Agricultural
Society. (Loc. cit.)

1876. THoMAsS, Cyrus.—Notes on the plant-lice found in the United States.

<Trans. Hl. Hort. Soc., Chicago, Vol. 10, n. s., p. 167.

General notes on the root and aerial forms of Aphis maidis Fitch.

1s MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

4)

IS78. THOMAS, Cyrus.—List of the Aphidini of the United States. <Ill. State
Lab. Nat. Hist., Bloomington, Vol. I, Bul. 2, Art. 1, December 138, 1877,
Daw2:

Lists Aphis maidis Fitch as being found on the tassel, ear-stalks ,and roots
of Indian corn.

1878. THOMAS, Cyrus.—Seventh Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1877, Springfield, Vol. XV, pp. 75-78,
fig. 18 (I, III, IV). Separate: Springfield, I1]., 1878.
Aphis maidis Fitch is different from the aphis infesting Indian corn in
Europe. Gives characters as presented by Fitch and Walsh, and describes
wingless and winged individuals he found on corn tassels. Possible treat-
ment against aphides in small patches of corn given.

7879. THOMAS, Cyrus.—Eighth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1878, Springfield, Vol. XVI, pp. 89-91,
fig. 14 (I, III, IV). Separate: Springfield, I1l., 1879.
Same as in Seventh Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois except
that no remedies are mentioned. (Loc. cit.)
1880. THomAsS, Cyrus.—Ninth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<App.: Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1879, Springfield, Vol. XVII, pp. 2-3.
Mentions both aerial and root forms, especially the latter, of the corn
aphis as being quite destructive the past season (1879).
* 1881. Osporn, H.—Plant-lice. < Western Stock Journal and Farmer, June,
Vol. II, pp. 129-130.
Notes on Aphis maidis.

1882. BoarpMAN, H. R.—Corn aphis. <Stark County (11l.) News, December 21,
1882.
General account of the root and aerial forms of the corn aphis, and remedies
suggested.
1SS2. BoarpMAN, E. R.—Economic entomology. <Stark County (Ill.) News,
December 28, 1882.
Additional notes on life history of the aerial and root forms of the corn
aphis, and insects predaceous and parasitic upon the corn leaf-aphis.
1883. Forses, 8S. A.—Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, for
1882. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1882, Springfield, Vol. XX, pp. 5-6,
41, 44. Separate: Springfield, Ill., 1883.
Found traces of aphides which were evidently A. maidis in the stomachs of
Hippodamia maculata, H, convergens, and H. glacialis. Mentions the trans-
ferring of the aphis by ants.
1883. Forpes, 8S. A.—A lecture on insects affecting corn. <(Bloomington, II1.,
pp. 12-14, Figs. I, III, IV.

Gives known life history of both aerial and root forms of the corn aphides.

1883. PorpeNor, E. A.—Third Biennial Report Kansas State Board Agriculture,
Topeka, p. 617.

Aphis maidis found in Kansas upon the upper sheaths of many stalks of
cane in association with larve of flies, Mesograpta polita and Allograpta
obliqua.

1884. Forses, S. A.—Thirteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, for
1888. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1888, Springfield, Vol. X XI, pp. 46-50,
Pl. III, fig. 5, and Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2. Separate: Springfield, Tll., 1884.

Aphis maidis: Discusses both the root and aerial forms, giving descriptions
of the winged and wingless forms, life history—so far as known—injuries,
natural enemies, and remedies.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. W538

1885. GARMAN, H.—A contribution to the life history of the corn plant-louse.
<Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill. for 1884, Springfield, pp. 23-33, Pl.
XII, fig. 4. Same: Trans. Agric. Soe. Ill. for 1884, Springfield, vol. 22.
Review of previous literature and knowledge of the root and aerial forms of
Aphis maidis ; nomenclature; descriptions; life history ; insects parasitic and
predaceous upon it; including a description of a new ichneumon-fly (Adialytus
maidaphides n. sp.) parasitic upon this aphis; remedies.
1886. Forsrs, S. A.—Notes on the past year’s work. <Can. Ent., London, Ont.,
Vol. XVIII, August, 1886, p. 177. ,
Brief notes on the corn aphis, including damage by it the past year.

1886. GARMAN, H.—A second contribution to the life history of the corn plant-
louse, Aphis maidis Fitch. Miscellaneous Essays on Economic En-
tomology by the State Entomologist and his Assistants. <Trans. Dept.
Agr. Ill. for 1885, Springfield, Vol. XXIII, pp. 46-48. Separate: Spring-
field, I1]., 1886.

Notes on the occurrence of Aphis maidis, aerial form, on crab grass
(Panicum).

1886. Hunt, THomMAs F.—Partial economic bibliography of Indian corn insects.
Miscellaneous Essays on Heonomic Entomology by the State Entomolo-
gist and his Assistants. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill, Springfield, Vol.
XXIII, pp. 117-118. Separate: Springfield, Ill., 1886.

Gives a partial analytical bibliography of Aphis maidis (root and aerial
forms).

1886. OESTLUND, O. W.—List of the Aphidid of Minnesota. <Fourteenth Ann.
Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. of Minn., St. Paul, p. 41. Separate: St.
Paul, Minn., 1886.

Lists Aphis maidis Fitch from Minnesota on Indian corn.

1886. WesBstTER, F’. M.—Insects affecting the corn crop. Thirty-fifth Ann. Rep.
Ind. State Board Agr. for 1885, Indianapolis, Vol. XX VII, pp. 183-184.

Bibliography of the corn aphis, root and aerial forms. Notes and general
discussion.

1887. OEsSTLUND, O. W.—Synopsis of the Aphididse of Minnesota. <Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., St. Paul, Bul. 4, p. 56.
Gives a description of the winged viviparous female of Aphis maidis Fitch.

1888. ASHMEAD, W. H.—Entomological section. <Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Jackson-
ville, Bul. 2, June, p. 6.

Notes on the appearance of the corn aphis observed on the station grounds,
where it was checked by its natural enemies. Description of the winged and
wingless viviparous females. Notes on its natural enemies, including descrip-
tions of two new species of internal parasites (Aphidius flavicora and
Pachyneuron maidaphidis) of Aphis maidis. A remedial experiment with a
mixture of white hellebore, flour, and water.

1888. WEBSTER, IF’. M.—Report on the season’s observations, and especially upon
corn insects. <Ann. Rep. (U. 8.) Comm. Agr. for 1887, Washington,
D. C., pp. 148-149, Also in Separate Edition, Report of the Entomologist.
Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch. Occurrence in Mississippi and Louisiana in
June and July.
1889. Atwoop, W. B.—The corn plant-louse. <The Southern Planter, Rich-
mond, Va., August, 1889, pp. 116-117.

Article in response to an inquiry from a farmer in this State (Virginia)
who had found the aerial and root forms of the corn aphis troubling his crop.
Gives life history and suggests remedy by destruction of fodder and stalks, the
plowing up of the stubble in the fall, and the putting of the field in small
grain the next year.

154 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

1889. Forses, S. A.—Fifteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Tlinois, for
1886. <Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1886, Springfield, Voi. XXIV, pp.
5, 6. Separate: Springfield, Ill., 1889.
Mention of Aphis maidis as being very injurious to corn, and observations
made on the winter history of the root form.
1889. Marten, J.—The corn-root aphis. <Prairie Farmer, Chicago, I11., October
12, 1889, p. 660, 4 figs.
Short genera] accounts of both the root and aerial forms.

e
1889. WEBSTER, F’. M.—Notes on some injurious and beneficial insects of Aus-
tralia and Tasmania. <Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington,

DAC Vola NOM 2 p62.
Aphis maidis observed in conspicuous numbers on sorghum plants growing

on the farm of the Agricultural College of South Australia. It is sometimes
so abundant on plants as to render the latter obnoxious to stock.

1890, Forbes, 8. A.—Sixteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois,
for 1887 and 1888... <Trans. Dept. Agr. I11., Springfield, Vol. XXVI,
p. XII. Separate: Springfield, I1J., 1890.

Notes scarcity of aerial form of the corn aphis the past two years.

1890. Kent, G. H.—Notes of the season from Mississippi. (Roxie, Miss.)
<Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. II, No, 9, p. 288.

The corn aphis was observed in large groups on corn and sorghum plants.

1891. ForBEes, S. A.—Seventeenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill.. Springfield; Vol. XXVIII. Separate: Spring-
field, Ill., 1891.

Colored plates of pupa, winged, and wingless forms of Aphis maidis Fitch.

1891. McCartHy, GERALD.—Some injurious insects <N. C. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
Raleigh, Bul. 78, p. 18.

Brief notes on the corn plant-louse.

1891. Weep, C. M.—Insects and insecticides. <Hanover, N. H., pp. 216-217,
fig. 10.
Brief account of known life history of Aphis maidis, with insects parasitic
upon it. Remedies.
1891. WitLiAMs, T. A.—Host plant list of North American Aphidide. <Univ.
Nebr. Dept. Ent., Lincoln, Spec. Bul. 1, pp. 9, 19, 23.
Lists the food plants of Aphis maidis Fitch as corn, cultivated Ovalis, and
cultivated sorghum.
1892. Bruner, L.—Report of the Entomologist. <Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board
Agr. for 1891, Lincoln, pp. 299-800, fig. 75.
Aphis maidis Fitch attacks corn in overwhelming numbers at times. Gives
characters distinguishing it from the root-aphis (Aphis maidi-radicis).
1892. Osporn, Herpert.—Catalogue of the Hemiptera of Iowa. <Proc. Ia.
Acad. Sci., Des Moines, Vol. I, pt. 2, p. 129.
Lists Aphis maidis Fitch and mentions that it has been reported to him as
infesting corn in Iowa.
1892. WerssterR, F. M.—Early published references to some of our injurious
insects. <Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C., Vol. IV,
Nos. 7 and 8, p. 264.

Gives references to the original descriptions of Aphis maidis, root and
aerial forms.

1893.

1894.

1894.

1895.

1895.

1896.

1900.

1900.

1901.

1902.

1903.

1904.

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDID®. 155

Osporn, H., and Srrreing, F. A.—Notes on Aphidide. <Proc. Iowa Acad.
Sci. for 1892, Des Moines, Vol. I, pt. 3, p. 98.

Aphis maidis Fitch, abundant on corn, broom corn, and sorghum in Iowa.

Forbes, 8. A.—Highteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. for 1898, Springfield, Vol. XX XI, pp. 69, 70, 73,
74, 82. Separate: Springfield, Ill., 1894.

Aphis maidis Fitch. Distinguishes between this and the corn root-aphis ;
disappearance in the fall; earliest appearance (July 23, 1883); relation to
the corn root-aphis; transferring to roots of plants.

Ossporn, H.—Corn insects, their injuries, and how to treat them. <Iowa
Agr. Exp. Sta., Des Moines, Bul. 24, pp. 991-1005, fig. 9.

Brief notes on the corn leaf-aphis, with suggestions as to remedies.

CoweEN, J. H.—A preliminary list of the Hemiptera of Colorado. <Colo.
Agr. Exp. Sta., Fort Collins, Bul. 31, Tech. Ser. 1, p. 120.

Aphis maidis Fitch. Collected at Fort Collins, Colo., September 14, on
maize, and at Hotchkiss, Colo., July 27.

WEED, H. E.—Insects injurious to corn. <Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta., Agricul-
tural College, Bul. 36, p. 158.

Mentions that Aphis maidis can generally be found in the cornfields, though
it rarely occurs in numbers sufficient to cause extensive damage.

Hopkins, A. D., and RumMsry, W. E.—Practical entomology. <W. Va.
Agr. Exp. Sta., Charleston, Bul. 44, pp. 281, 808-809.

Mention of the leaf-aphis, and remedial measures.

Harvey, F. L.—Notes on the insects of the year 1899. <Sixteenth Ann.
Rep. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., Augusta, p. 30.

The corn aphis (Aphis maidis) was abundant on sweet corn in some parts
of the State.

Luccer, O.—Bugs injurious to cultivated plants. <Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
St. Paul, Bul. 69, December, 1900, p. 184, fig. 154.

Mentions the corn leaf-aphis as infesting the upper parts of corn plants,
with notes on the relations of the ants and root aphides. (Quotes Comstock.)

Hunter, W. D.—The Aphidide of North America. <Jowa Agr. Exp.
Sta., Ames, Bul. 60, September, 1901, p. 9S.

Lists Aphis maidis Fitch from Iowa; gives bibliography; States in which
it has been found; food plants.

WASHBURN, F. L.—Insects notably injurious in 1902. <Minn. Agr. Exp.
Sta., St. Anthony Park, Bul. 77, p. 64, fig. 155. Also as Seventh Ann.
Rep. State Ent. Minn.

Brief notes on Aphis maidis Fitch (root and aerial forms) as occurring in
Minnesota ; remedies suggested.

CLARKE, W. T.—A list of California Aphidide. <Can. Ent., London, Ont.,
Vols 2XEXSX6V, p. 25.
Lists Aphis maidis from Berkeley and Watsonville, Cal., on corn and
sorghum.

SANBORN, C. E.—Kansas Aphidide, with a catalogue of North American
Aphidids, and with host-plant and plant-host list. <Kans. Uniy. Sci.
Bul., Lawrence (pt. 1), Vol. III, No. 1, July, 1904, p. 58, fig. 66; (pt. 2)
Vol. I, No. 8, April, 1906, p. 258.

Description of winged viviparous female of Aphis maidis. Gives food
plants as Setaria glauca, Sorghum halepense, and Zea mays.

156 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

1904. SANDERSON, E. D.—Insects of 1903 in Texas. <U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Ent., Washington, D. C., Bul. 46, p. 93.

Aphis maidis received upon barley from Texas, which it had damaged in
January and May. In August it becomes abundant on corn, and later
on sorghum, and it sometimes does considerable damage.

1905. Forses, 8S. A.—Twenty-third Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<Chicago, pp. 123-133, figs. 115, 117.

The corn leaf-aphis (Aphis maidis Fitch). General descriptions of this
aphis and its effects on plants. Reported as a corn insect from New York to
Texas, Minnesota, and California. Gives in detail field observations and in-
sectary experiments made to determine the winter history, alternate food
plants, if any, ete., of the leaf aphis.

1905. Perrir, R. H.—Insects of the garden. <Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., Agricul-
tural College, Bul. 233, December, p. 55. Also Nineteenth Ann. Rep.
Mich. Exp. Sta., 1906, p. 206.

Mentions Aphis maidis as being sometimes injurious to sweet corn in
Michigan.

1907. Wrpster, F. M.—The corn leaf-aphis and corn root-aphis. <U. 8. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent., Washington, D. C., Cir. 86,.pp. 1-3, May 6, figs 1, 2.

Short review of the history; appearance and habits; field experiments.
Reports the occurrence of the leaf-aphis in Japan.

THE SORGHUM APHIS.
(Sipha [Chaitophorus]| flava Forbes.)

The sorghum aphis was first described by Dr. S. A. Forbes in 1883,
in the Thirteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois. Doc-
tor Forbes has further mentioned it in several of his reports as State
entomologist, but so far as I know nothing else has been written

about it.
LIFE HISTORY.

The life history was, until 1905, unknown, but during that year I
made some studies upon this insect and found, among other things,
that it passed the winter in the egg stage. In 1906 this aphis was
first collected June 28 at Mattoon, Ul, by Mr. E. O. G. Kelly, on
sorghum and Panicum crus-galli, and the life history from that date
until the ege stage in the fall was obtained. Eggs thus obtained
were carried through the winter and young hatching from them were
reared. The generations were continued during the entire summer
until the egg stage in the fall. During my absences in the summer
of 1907 the experiments were carried on by Messrs. M. C. Tanquary
and E. L. Dillon. June 28 is not the earliest at which this aphis has
been collected in the field, as Doctor Forbes has found it on grass
as early as May 7. I found 4 young aphides on timothy May 23,
1907, and these were bred on grass. They became winged adults as
follows: One on May 30, 2 on June 2, and 1 on June 4. Inasmuch as
I found these young aphides separately, and as no mother aphis was
found after a careful search, I had supposed them to be stem-
mothers, but, so far as I am able to learn, no record of stem-mothers

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. Ney

being winged has ever been made. The eggs began to hatch in the
insectary March 16 (1907), and it is probable that in the field the
hatching period is chiefly the month of April.

Sorghum and broom corn are the usual plants infested by this
species, and upon these it is sometimes abundant and destructive.
Doctor Forbes has reported it from sorghum, broom corn, Indian
corn, Setaria, Panicum, and wheat. My. Kelly first reported its oc-
currence on Panicum crus-galli, and in 1906 I reared it through a
number of generations on Panicum sanguinale, and collected it in the
field from blue grass, oats, and timothy. Mr. Paul Hayhurst, of the
Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, wrote me
of finding it on Setaria glauca. ‘Thus, so far as known, Sipha flava
feeds only on plants of the grass family (Graminexe). In Europe
there are at present 8 or 9 known species of the genus Sipha, and,
according to Del Guercio,* all, with the exception of one species,
Sipha bignone Macch., feed only upon the grasses of the families
Graminez and Juncacee. Sitpha bignonw is probably not a typical
Stipha, and it was originally doubtfully placed under the genus
Lachnus by Macchiati.” In America two species (S. rubifolii and
S. flava) have been placed under the genus Sipha. S. rubifolii is
found only on blackberry (ubus), but this species probably belongs
to an undescribed genus, and undoubtedly does not properly belong
under the genus Sipha of Passerini.

Heretofore this aphis has never been positively reported outside of
Illinois, but this year (1907) Mr. Hayhurst sent me specimens from
Minnesota, Virginia, and Oklahoma, and wrote me that he found
it also in New York, West Virginia, and Texas. It seems likely,
therefore, that it is distributed over the United States, more or less
generally, east of the Mississippi River. It will probably be found
to be more generally distributed in the South, because all of the
known facts regarding the distribution of this species, as well as of
the European species of Sipha, indicate that they are probably of
subtropical origin.

Young hatching from eggs March 18 were reared to adults and
successive generations obtained. In one case the first young of the
first young was taken all the way through the series, 16 generations
being obtained. (Table X.)

* GUERCIO, G. DEeL.—Contribuzione alla Conoscenza della Sipha Pass. ed alla
loro posizione nella Famiglia degli Afidi. <Redia, Firenze, Italy, Vol. II
(1904), pp. 127-153. :

>’ MaccHIATI, Luic1.—Fauna e flora degli Afidi di Calabria. <Bul. Soc. Ent.
Ital., Vol. XV (1883), p. 262.

158 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

TaBLe X.—Line of generations of Sipha flava from egg to oviparous generation,

1907.
| > : tae es :
eg Boe a | Sess le 4S Ie
Ds iS = Qe | iS)
cS) J Bees BCS See oe Meee alige
=) » og Y 2 5 AS # OD Ou q °
q- uy 7a) rail bo 1) a S op q awa =) co
ob A 4 = q 12 2 bol g |28 oO bp d
TS oO cay a = 5 > 3 = osP =| = 5 a Oy q wn
a*| 3 3S |Se| & | 8 | & wesge | eh] cf | = a
S 2 g 3 » us| G |S95/o a] © QB 3 =
D 3 3 5p a 2 3 |badclkou| & 3 = Ss
oS A A < 4 iat 4 |< 4 4 A = aw
Days Days. Days Days.
1 | Mar. 18 | Apr. 15 28 | June 6 52 48 | 0.9+ 4 12 | June 19 92 | Sorghum.
2| Apr. 15 | May 16 31 | June 24/] 39 81 | 2.0+ 5 6 | June 30 76 Broom corn.
3 | May 16 | May 29 13 | June 22 24 73 | 3.0+ 6 8 | June 30 45 Do
4| May 29 | June 11 13) aly 9 28 80 | 2.8+ 7 9 | July 18 50 Do
5} June 11 | June 21 10| July 11}; 20 80 4 7 10 | July 21 40 Do
6 | June 22} July 1 9} Aug. 12/ 42 56 | 1.3+ 5 0 | Aug. 12 51 Do
7| July 1] July 8 7| July 19] 11 37 | 3.3+ 4 0| July 19 18 Do.
8 | July 8} July 16 8 | Aug. 16] 31 63 | 2.0+ 5 17 | Sept. 2 56 Do.
9| July 16 | July 24 8 | Aug. 20 27 57 | 2.1+ 5 3 || Aug: 23 38 Do.
10 |} July 24 | Aug. 5 12 | Sept. 8 34 69 | 2.0+ 6 4 | Sept. 12 50 Do.
11 | Aug. 5] Aug. 13 8 | Sept. 16 34 SIL || Dyess 6 15y| (Oct. Fl 57 Do.
12 | Aug. 18 | Aug. 28 10 | Sept. 20 23 69 | 3 6 0 | Sept. 20 33 Do,
13 | Aug. 28 | Sept. 6 9| Oct. 7 31 74 | 2.3+ 7 235|\ Novel 63 Do
14 | Sept. 6] Sept 17 11 | Oct. 16 29 55 | 1.9— 5 47 | Dec. 2 87 Do.
15 | Sept. 17 | Oct. 2 15 | Oct. 22) 20 17 | 0.8+ 5 | 2) Oct. #24 37 Do.
CONGO Cts V2rle S22 ccs aes |2 occa lneeeeeceecisacmneclinee sce |eere-leeeees lheicoee |e sere an Meco |; has choses eee
|
| i

a Sexual generation.

On the other hand, beginning with the last to be borne by the aphis
which had hatched March 18, and following down the series of the
last born of each generation, there were but 7 generations in all.
From this it follows that the mean number of complete generations

;
5
E

Sa 19
aa) Sarees
a=
=
i=
2 aia
ae ee
GSS ae
Lees eae
Ceainr
—
aaa
aeees |
ae ol ae
el Eee
en eed

Fic, 34.—Periods and succession of generations in Sipha flava, 1907.

for the year is 113. The first generation lasted for 98 days, from
March 18 to June 19, the second extended over a period of 80 days,
the third 84 days, and the fourth 110 days. The sixth generation
was the longest-lived, continuing for 158 days, the period of the
latest generations diminishing gradually. (See fig. 34.) As in the
case of Aphis maidi-radicis, if the time during which eggs are prob-
ably hatching in the field is taken into consideration, it will be

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. 159

seen that each of the generations might occur in the field much longer
than these artificial experiments would indicate.
--On April 15 individuals of the first 2 generations coexisted in
the insectary; on May 15, the first 3 generations; on June 15, the
first 4 generations; on July 1, 6 generations, from the second to
the seventh, inclusive; on August 1, 8 generations, from the third to
the tenth; on September 1, 10 generations, from the fourth to the
thirteenth, and- between September 6 and October 8 there were 11
generations in existence, this being the largest number of generations
in existence at any one time. From that date on, the number of
generations in existence at any one time rapidly diminished until
December 2, at which time all of the aphides were dead. (See fig. 34.)
The vivaria used in rearing these aphides were simple, each con-
sisting of a pot of earth containing a young sorghum plant, over
which was placed a lamp chimney closed at the top with a fine-meshed
cloth. Individuals were transferred from one plant to another by
means of a soft camel’s-hair brush, and these would usually remain
in the same place, even though the leaf became wilted or dying, and
thus it was an easy matter to keep track of them and to obtain the
numbers of young from day to day. Likewise, in the field this species
migrates from one part of the plant to another only to a slight ex-
tent. The individuals are usually found on the lower surface of the
older and lower leaves, in groups, and the young are almost always
found feeding on the leaf around the mother aphis. Another
peculiarity of this species is that it 1s not attended by ants, as are
most of the aphides found in the field.

VIVIPAROUS GENERATION.

.

All the following data were obtained in 1906 and 1907, unless other-
wise stated. The length of time between the birth of an aphis and
that of its first young was between 7 and 31 days, and the average
for 79 experiments was 13.3 days.

TABLE XI.—Data of individual experiments on Sipha flava, viviparous gener-
ation, 1906-7.

| | |
Average
| Age at . | young | Length
Matson birth Hats of birth of Last ! pode | Number | per day | of life | 1 ake f
e young first young. jenigd |ofyoung.| of pro- | after last at hd
la z young. { I iu ductive | young. aes
| period.
| |
1906. | 1906. Days. 1906. | Days. | Days. | Days.
Mutya ne sone. 2 July 12 11 | July 18 | 6 14 2. 3+ 0 7
Maly: 9-102 se seco. | July 19 9-10 | July 25 6 | 15 2.5 0 | 15-16
ici, 1a Ce eee July 21 S= One domes 4 | Qo) Ope) 0 12-13
URIS Sa a le July 27 9 | Aug. 16 20 | 49 2.5— Dal 29
MT VaLO eee e eee Tale Goze. 8| Aug. 4 8 28 | 3.5 07 16
IRE DEA Sek Sg July 31 10 | Aug. 24 24 68 | 2.8+ ily] 34
SEIN Dee pees Aug. 4 8 | Aug. 26 22 | 65 2. 9+ 13 | 43
DOS Seats aemaennel Bee do: see 8 | Aug. 28 24 65 2. 7+ 27 59
Tulveslee nee ss: aoe. Aug. 8 8 ug. 30 22 59 2. 7+ 2 | 32
PAVIUSG As A. oo 8e oS Aug. 13 Ones. G0:case 27 80 3 0- 10 | 46

160

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

TABLE XI.—Data of individual experiments on Sipha flava, viviparous gener-
ation, 1906—7—Continued.

Age at
Date of : ;
Date of birth. first binuh er va
oung young
y young.
|
1906. 1906. Days. 1906
PSICUSTIONS seem o-fetor Aug. 15 9 | Sept. 9
ATIC USESteseccecece a. Aug. 16 8 | Sept. 16
AUISUS tel oeeeeeneeceae Aug. 21 8 | Sept. 13
AWSUSGNS Soe ser owe Aug. 23 8 | Sept. 20
AU gUSG IGes se seze a. - = Aug. 24 8 | Sept. 13
August 14-16........-. Aug. 22 6-8 | Sept. 11
August 21 sane a aae Aug. 30 9 | Sept. 23
PAI SUIS te 2 ee oe soccer Sept. 2 11) Oct. 4
INOS IGS eee onseosee Sept. 1 9 | Sept. 28
PASI STIS G2, 4e rete cls career Sept. 4 10) Oct. 3
INU G ee oseraaas Sept. 9 10 | Oct. 14
Neptemiber 2-e ea. a2 Sept. 10 8] Oct. 6
DOs 2s cs2 5-828 Sept. 11 9 | Sept. 30
Septemiber 6: ----...- Sept. 14 SyOcie ai
September 9........- Sept. 18 9 | Nov. 8
September 10....-...-. Sept. 19 9 | Sept. 29
September 10-11....- Sept. 23 12-13 | Sept. 29
September Il2---- ~~ Sept. 21 10 | Oct. 31
September 14... -...- Sept. 24 10 | Nov. 3
September IS see. s-e- Oct. 2 14 | Nov. 17
September 19....-..-. Sept. 30 11 | Nov. 20
September 21....-...- Oct. 4 13 | Nov. 10
1907. 1907. 1907
IManehi 18sec js sianaei Apr. 15 28 | June 6
Marchal Obes sae ooe Apr. 16 28 | May 14
JN ool Ge oeepeeeeeees May 16 31 | June 6
Mary S22. Seis aaicarecc May 26 13 | July 11
April Gee oases. este May 14 28 | June 28
I (Ch 7 OR rae May 29 12 | June 22
Mia yA2 Rhee acca June 11 14 | July 18
IMB Oe Scat eee sec June 13 15) July 8
Mavi SO tans sess | June 11 12} July 9
UMS WS ere 2s ter June 21 10 | July 11
ANB GY) Ihe eee ee June 23 10 | Aug. 3
Utne 24 SNe Seasons July 5 2a pee Osean
Af hale Seee eee June 27 10 | July 17
DUMOI23 202 ares seiner July 1 8 | Aug. 12
JMMERZ8 556 rae soa aec July 6 8 | July 29
Af PAE pe ees eee el July 9 7| July 28
MMU KASS oon stan Aug. 11 (| AST eke
UWI Gee eater ena July 12 7| Aug. 8
UU aieoye = see eee sa July 15 8 | Aug. 5
MAS Sse ase July 16 8 | Aug. 16 |
Nulive Oe 2 Sees ne July 19 9] Aug. 8
Only all ec cele ee = July 19 8 | Aug. 16
Sullivgnlilte es ae oe July 20 9 | Aug. 27
Afi hy/ills ae See omens a July 21 8 | Aug. 23
ilivalibescscece ose ease July 22 7| Aug. 24
put POSE Rewer ee aie July 24 8 | Aug. 20 |
JUL VAN9. a sacs 2 ne July 27 8 | Aug. 27
DON sss saeceee cae July 28 9 | Aug. 20
Uilye Zenon ceeoctyae July 29 7 | Aug. 27
WOe. sesaisas.= 2 July 30 8 | Aug. 22
lye 2a See oe Aug. 4 11 | Sept. 8
Muiliy 2Se eee cee cia Aug. 6 9 | Aug. 27 |
Tutliyg2 ee tees eo [Bee Onna 10 | Sept. 9 |
Uy 20 i beens acess 1 ANU ee 9 | Sept. 1 |
SuibyrOle es = jak sesee cee Aug. 9 9) Aug. 29
DULY 2ON ha. kgs cee Aug. 28 8 | Aug. 29
PNUPUSTION «c= eee aoe Aug. 13 8 | Sept. 15
UL USTION eee eee eee Aug. 14 8 | Sept. 9
ATIC TIS UO eee nee Aug. 18 9 | Sept. 8
ATISUSU A See cee essa Aug. 28 10 | Sept. 20
AUISTISt LOS aero ee: Aug. 29 TON eedoseeee
AI gUSt 24. eA seen. - Sept. 1 8 | Sept. 24
ATISUIST: 28 nec ace a Se: Sept. 6 9 5O Ct ae
August dlls -ooee soe Sept. 11 1) Oet., 222
September 3......... Sept. 14 AS Octet:
Septemiber 62-5 --22.. Sept. 17 11 | Oct. 16
September 14.........) Sept. 23 9} Oct. 30
IASVOTAPCSH Ss bee es 135294 = 57. ces

Average ., 7
young engt
Number |} per day | of life 1 ao
ofyoung.| of pro- |afterlast re
ductive | young. 2
period.
Days. Days
73 2.9+ 13 47
77 2. 5+ 14 53
78 3. 3+ 0 3l
89 3. 1+ 8 44
49 2. 5— 0 28
60 3 14 42
83 3. 44 21 54
83 2. 6— 15 58
79 2.9+ 27 63
67 2.3+ 1 50
63 1.8 31 76
75 2.8 27 61
58 30+ 1 29
69 3 13 44
58 ts 38 98
35 3.5 2 21
16 2. 6+ 0 18-19
50 1.2+ 51 101
44 1+ 24-25 74-75
32 - 64+ 28 94
56 1 + 31 93
56 1.54. 41 91
48 9+ 12 92
33 11+ 2 58
81 73 ar 5 76
78 1.64 0 59
50 114+ 5 78
73 3 0+ 8 44
76 2 + 14 65
80 3.2 11 51
80 2. 8+ ) 49
80 4 10 40
70 1. 7+ 2 53
59 Zt 13 54
52 2.6 22 52
56 1.3+ 0 50
70 30+ 14 45
66 3. 44+ 9 35
77 2. 44 10 49
85 3. 1+ 17 51
63 3 2 31
63 2 + ys 56
67 3.34 16 45
58 2) Se 17 53
50 1.34 10 |- 57
67 2+ 7 48
72 2.1+ 14 54
57 ! 2.14 4 39
69 | 2. 24+ 16 55
57 2. 44 0 32
75 2. 6— 9 45
68 | 2.9+ 2 33
69} 2 — 4 50,
70 3. 3+ 19 49
57 1.64 3 47
80 | 3.2 17 51
68 3.4 0 29
68 2.14 17 57
81 2. 4+ 15 56
86 3. 3+ 15 49
63 3 0 30.
69 3 0 33
51 2.34 0 32
52 2. 2+ 4 35
74 2. 3+ 24 64
69 1.64 0 52
61 3 + 3 34
55 1,.9— 39 79
41 1.14 2 48
61. 97+ 2.54 11. 5+ 49. 6+

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 161

As shown in Table XI, a longer time was required to reach ma-
turity in the cooler parts of the season. The average number of
days required for development during the first of the season—that is,
to July 1—was 15.9-+; during the warmer part of the year (July 1 to
September 1) it was 8.6+; while during the period between Sep-
tember 1 and 21 it was 10.3 days. Both the length of life and the
productive period vary in relation to temperature and season, being
longest in the cooler parts of the year. The maximum period for the
production of young, in my 79 experiments, was 52 days, while the
average was 27.6+ days. The maximum length of life of individ-
uals in these same experiments was 101 days and the average was
49.6+ days. Larger numbers of young are produced per day in the
warmer parts of the year than in the cooler and later months. The
total number of young produced by 79 females was 4,896—an aver-
age of 61.9+. The largest number of young per single female was
89, and the average number produced in one day was 2.5-+. The
largest number of young produced in one day by a single aphis was
9. Almost without exception, the mother aphis lived several days
after the production of the last young. The number of molts was
invariably 4, and, as will be seen in the accompanying table, they
occurred, almost without exception, every two days.

TABLE XII.—Periods of molts of Sipha flava, viviparous generation, 1906.

| |

Ageat | Ageat | Ageat | Age at bith of
Date of birth. first second third fourth first
molt. | molt. molt. molt. young.

Days. Days. Days. | Days. Days.
AUIS a eee ey ieee Sols nen Cine yr eee ei Me | hae

NWN e bt
Ce
2 > 2 Or
OIO AT
G0 00 < ~100

OVIPAROUS GENERATION,

The first individuals of the oviparous generation to be noticed
were born September 24, 1906, although in 1905 aphides of this gener-
ation were found as early as August 25. In all cases it required a
longer time for the individuals of this generation to become adults
than it did for those of the viviparous generations, excepting the
stem-mothers, this presumably being largely due to temperature,
growth being slower in the cooler parts of the year. The length of
the immature stages varied from 15 to 40 days, the latter time, how-
ever, being very exceptional in length.

162

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

TABLE XIII.—Oviparous generation of Sipha flava, 1906.

: Period Date of
Date it Dates of Total
. When from : death or
became F copulation, : length Sex. Remarks
born. birth to : ‘ disappear- : :
adult. Sabie if obtained. sae. of life
Days. 1906. Days
Oct. 16...| Nov. 3 18 {Nov. 7. ae aE? \Dee. gee Sie le Malena. =:
WNovel7 oo 22-5 f
RRO
DOvees. Nov. 7 22 Noon (peor) \Dec. lifes 61 | Female....| At least 5 eggs.
INOWs4e cena j
Oct. 12 Oct. 28 16 {Nev 1 eee Nov. 23... ADEE ae Gom2-=) At least 9 eggs.
Novy. 1652222.2
Oct. 14 Oct. 30-- 1 il PE a et Nov. let. Sa Malesse: 22
Doses NOVE22 = a2 TO Es Sects cease INOW. 285-5 45 | Female
Octal5se2|/ Octal LGN NOVAS 2225-2 Dees Se SLU Males. ee
DOs seek Nov. 1 174) Nova Se = Decs5b22-- 51 | Female....
Oct. 13 Oct. 28 15a) ANOVe4sSs-ceee Weeh2iesee 69) |S2e2 2 do 12 eggs.
Oct. 29 Dee. 8 AQ):|\ 52 Seapets ee sae Dee. 19... AG aera do
1907
Oct. 19 Nov. 16 BS | etee te mete eI Jan. 10 S3iiteeee do
1906.
Doss... Nov. 17... - 295 eee sescetescsen | Dee: 20. = (083¢| Pane see
Oct. 9...-| Oct. 23-27- PaaS) Ase elect Se Nov. 3.. 25 | Female....
Sept. 24..| Oct.8-15..| 14-21 {Not 77-77 7| Dec. 12.. ee do ....| 14eges.
Bo Snes Ss ae ce aga ae nl [ee pete eee Oct. 262- Boul eseaceee Seo 10 eggs.
Ovte2s eet aete
Do... --).- 22-22-2222 22222 eee {get a SF oas 355 Nov. 2. 39 | Female...-|! 41) three aphides laid
{Oct Grike vaya 1 at least 22 eggs and
WO rete leae ee oe sa A sees Nace pct 18. . Hostess do...-|+ 8 were found in
NAG Bee cas 1 their bodies.
IDO Seal eee tocsescd Memereseee Dec. 3 (45° F) ip Dec. ines 79) \iscee dose
Opi 2a s |
Oct. 2....] Oct. 18.. 16 9 ee rare ae ‘Dec. 21.. si |.....do....| At least 11 eggs.
Now. 5 oe -coeee
INOVe San eee
|(Figures in paren-
0 theses refer to num-
ct. 4 (4) e 17 (4) 0 (4) . ber of individuals.
Oct. 5(1) oct. 21 (5). 16 (1) Nov 3. ieee Nov. 3 (4) “1 77 (1) lpermale (6) Total number of
2 Oct. 2: Nov. 1 Dec. 21 (2).! :
Oatreqi) 4 oo: 2: =| 16.41) ere at -21(2)-!| 76 (1) If eggs laid, 31. One
individual laid at
least 10 eggs.
SASVOLAPO sae sion Seno tee WOE Ae asd: ae eee Seca O22 Sa sceie sale ee

The average time for the 21 cases in which an exact record was kept
was 19.5 days. The sexes were first observed in copula October 18,
and this was noted occasionally until December 3. At this latter date
the temperature in the room where the aphides were kept was 45° F.
In 1905 the’earliest record of copulation was October 17, and the first
eggs were found soon after. As a rule the eggs were laid on the
underside of the sorghum leaf, but as might be expected there were
some exceptions to this; for example, eggs were sometimes laid on the
side of a cage and on the stem of a plant. November 21, 1907, at
Urbana, Ill., I found oviparous females on grass, but eggs were not
found. This, with the fact that the earliest spring records of finding
them out of doors have been on grass, indicate that grass is the alter-
nate food plant to which the sexupare migrate in the fall to produce
the sexual forms. The number of eggs laid by this species varied, acc-
cording to my observations, up to 14, and in 19 cases the average was
8.3 eggs per female. There was no uniform period from the laying of

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDID. 163

one egg to that of another. Usually, however, the interval was one of
several days, temperature being the controlling factor. My aphides
always laid eggs until the temperature got down to 42° F. In a num-
ber of cases, upon the death of an oviparous female the body was
examined, and with only one or possibly two exceptions, eggs were
found therein. These facts show that there is no definite number of
egos for a sexual female to lay, but that eggs continue to be laid as
long as she lives, provided the temperature is not too low. Some indi-
viduals of this sexual generation lived until January 17, 1907, though
most of them died in November and December, 1906. During most of
the month of December the temperature was down to the freezing
point, and consequently the females were in a dormant state; as the
food plants were dead they certainly obtained no food during this
time. The length of life was found to vary up to 83 days, the aver-
age, however, in 17 cases, being 57.4 days. The number of molts is 4,
the same in this generation as in the viviparous. Table XIV shows
the periods between molts in the 7 cases of which record was made.

TABLE XIV.—Periods of molts of Sipha flava, oviparous generation, 1906.

Age at Age at Age at Age at
Date of birth. first second third fourth
molt. molt. molt. molt.

| Days. Days. Days. Days.
10 )

OCG bere Oeeeces rash ee Pyemrace 2 cence ee eaeece aes Saeeeer 3 6 16
NODC Ve Tea ry en ete ee ee ee Bey et ay ee ea as 35 5 9 15
OUD ETB eer eee eee renee ce hee secre oe seeder Silane cence 3 7 12 19
JOO) oes ot aeS Seb Osea 5 AES AEE EE ee ORE Ee ie eee Sea ae | 3 6 10 16
reine ran O ee eee ree see ew eee Sa owe Ae 6 11 17 28
Oe ee ae ae te ee eee Dare Sue sno seta c cee 6 12 18 29
October 29.....-.-- Bete a ane Sear ice ieee See ae So- oan hoses cies } 6 ll 23 40
PEVOLA Omer ets eer tas Sa arias han) Seas yer | ore Sia ee ella Boe eeel| Suse eae 23+

DESCRIPTIONS.
Sipha (Chaitophorus) flava Forbes.

This aphis does not belong to the genus Chaitophorus, which has
6 antennal segments (or 7, counting the filament), and should doubt-
less be placed in the genus Sipha of Passerini, which is described as
having 5 antennal segments, or 6 with the filament, the third segment
and filament longest; the cornicles tuberculiform.

- VIVIPAROUS GENERATION,

Before first molt and less than 24 hours old—Citron-yellow
throughout. Legs and antenne somewhat transparent and of a
lighter tint than the body color. Antenne apparently only 4-seg-
mented. One sensorium is present at the extremity of the third
segment. Eyes brownish red. Numerous tuberculate spines on the

164 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

body, which are regularly distributed in longitudinal rows, there
being 6 conspicuous rows in all, 4 dorsal and 2 lateral. Measure-
ments when not more than 2 hours old: Length of body, 0.618 mm.;
width, 0.290 mm.; antenna, 0.270 mm.; lateral spines, 0.072 mm.
Not more than 24 hours old: Length of body, 0.690 mm.; width,
0.309 mm.; antenna, 0.290 mm.; lateral spines, 0.072 mm.

The young from eggs differ from the above (those born alive) in
that the general color is a dark green, with black spinal markings
and with black rings around the cornicles.

After first molt and 48-72 hours old—General color citron-yellow.
Eyes brownish red. Antenne as before molt, except that there is
now a slight constriction near the distal end of the third segment,
where it later divides into 2 distinct segments; also, the circular
sensorium of the distal end of the third is on a tubercle or short stalk-
like process, and at the apex of the thickened base of the fourth seg-
ment is another circular sensorium. Five dark nes occur around the
openings of the inconspicuous cornicles. Markings as before. Meas-
urements: Length of body, 1.05 mm.; width, 0.49 mm.

After second molt and 60-84 hours old—General color canary-
yellow. Eyes brownish red. There are still only 4 distinct segments
of the antenne, and the constriction of the third segment is more dis-
tinct. Cornicles more distinct than in the earlier stages. Measure-
ments: Length of body, 145 mm.; width, 0.56 mm.; antenna,
0.43 mm.

After third molt and 124-148 hours old.—General color canary-
yellow. Eyes brownish red. The constriction of the third antennal
segment becomes more distinct. Cornicles more distinct and almost
as fully developed as in the adult. Measurements: Length of body,
1.96 mm.; width, 0.74 mm.; antenna, 0.63 mm.; abdominal bristles,
0.127 mm.

Adult wingless viviparous female—General color canary-yellow.
Eyes brownish red. Antenne of the same general tint as the body,
excepting the last segment, which is darkened; 5-segmented and
sparsely hairy, but the few hairs or bristles present conspicuous.
Beak short, not extending farther than the cox of the middle pair
of legs. Six conspicuous bristles project forward from the front of
the head and between the bases of the antennz. Several less con-
spicuous hairs are found below those just mentioned. Dorsally are
4 longitudinal curving rows of black transverse markings, 2 rows
on each side of the median line. Ten longitudinal rows of erect
tubercular bristles are present on the dorsal and dorso-lateral sides
of the thorax and abdomen. Cornicles short truncated cones, incon-
spicuous except for the dark ring around the opening. Measure-
ments: Length of body, 1.818 mm.; width, 0.763 mm.; antenna, I,

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDA. 165

0.049 mm.; IT, 0.049 mm.; IIT, 0.236 mm.; IV, 0.147 mm.; V, basal,
0.130 mm.; filament, 0.244 mm.; total, 0.855 mm.

Pupa of winged viviparous female—Head and thoracic segments
olive-yellow; abdomen pale yellow, with greenish tint. Eyes dark
red. Antenne 5-segmented, all except last segment concolorous with
head. Antenne and head with bristles, as in other forms. Thorax
with several dark-green patches from which arise tuberculate bristles.
Legs, excepting tarsi, which are black, concolorous with body.
Wing-pads light brown. Abdomen with 8 longitudinal rows of
tuberculate spines, each spine with a basal patch of dark green. A
longitudinal row of small transverse dashes occurs on each side be-
tween the first and second rows of spines, counting from the median
line. Cornicles as in the other forms, and with dark-green basal
patches. Measurements: Length of body, 1.953 mm.; width, 0.863
mm.; antenna, I, 0.058 mm.; II, 0.048 mm.; IIT, 0.194 mm.; IV, 0.135
mm.; V, basal, 0.107 mm.; filament, 0.214 mm; total, 0.750 mm.

Winged viviparous female—Head and abdomen lemon-yellow,
with the thoracic segments brownish. Eyes red. Antenne with
several more or less noticeable hairs, much less conspicuous than in
the wingless pseudogyne; all except the two basal segments and the
basal half of the third segment are dark; a single circular sensorium
at apex of fourth segment and several at the apex of the basal portion
of the fifth segment. Beak hardly reaching to the coxe of the second
pair of legs. Head and thorax with spinous tubercles much as in
the wingless pseudogyne. Legs concolorous with body, excepting
tips of tarsi, which are darkened. Stigma and cubitus pale yellow,
other wing-veins dusky. Abdomen with 8 longitudinal rows of
dark-green spots from which arise conspicuous tuberculate spines.
Between the first and second rows of spots from the median line, on
each side, is a row of small dark dashes. Cornicles tuberculiform,
and with dark-green basal patches. Style shghtly constricted in the
middle. Measurements: Expanse of wings, 5.744-6.477 mm.; length
of body, 1.641 mm.; width, 0.734 mm.; antenna, I, 0.065 mm.;
IT, 0.065 mm.; IIT, 0.277 mm.; IV, 0.196 mm.; V, basal, 0.147 mm.;
filament, 0.293 mm.; total, 1.043 mm.; style, 0.088 mm.

OVIPAROUS GENERATION.

Before first molt and 24-48 hours old, male or female—Color
sulphur-yellow. Head with a dark patch covering it almost entirely.
Eyes red. Antenne and legs transparent until a day old, gradually
darkening until they become concolorous with the darker markings
of the body. Antenne apparently only 4-segmented, a constriction
in the apical half of the third segment showing where this segment
later divides into two. At the distal end of the third segment is a

166 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

distinct sensorium, while at the apex of the thickened base of the
fourth are one or more indistinct sensoria. Thorax with dark patches
covering about one-half of the dorsal surface. Abdomen with dark
markings which appear only after the aphis is at least one day old.
Abdomen with 4 distinct dorsal rows of tuberculate spines, 2 on either
side of the median line, and at least 1 lateral row on each side. At
the base of each of these spines is a small darkened area. The small
indistinct cornicles are surrounded with dark circular patches. The
opening also is marked by a dark ring. Measurements: Length of
body, 0.763 mm.; width, 0.362 mm.

Female after second molt and 7 or 8 days old.—General color light
apple-green. Antenne lghter than body color excepting second
segment and tip of last segment. Spine spots bice-green in color.
Tarsi black. Measurements: Length of body, 1.331 mm.; width,
0.581 mm.; antenna, 0.537 mm.

Female after third molt.—General color apple-green, becoming
paler and with a yellowish tinge at the caudal end. Head lighter than
body color. Eyes reddish brown. Antenne pale, excepting the last
segment, which is darkened. That segment which in the earlier
stages represents the third is now indistinctly separated into 2 seg-
ments. {Che sensorium at the distal end of the fourth (the third of
the earlier stages) is quite distinct. The apex of the thickened base
of the last segment has numerous distinct sensoria. Legs pale,
excepting tarsi, which are black. Cornicles more distinct. Measure-
ments: Length of body, 1.775 mm.; width, 0.725 mm.

Adult wingless oviparous female-—Head, first 2 thoracic segments,
and tip of abdomen oil-green in color. Abdomen parrot-green, shad-
ing at extremities to oil-green. Eyes dark reddish-brown. Antenne
5-segmented; 1 sensorium at distal end of fourth and several at the
end of basal part of the fifth; bristles few but conspicuous, there being
2 on each of the 2 basal segments, 3 or 4 on the third, and 1 on the
fourth. Projecting forward from the head and between the bases of
the antennx are 6 distinct bristles. Beak short, not extending farther
than the cox of the second pair of legs. On the dorsal surface of
the body are 4 rows of small transverse dashes, 2 on each side of the
median line; also 8 rows of tuberculate bristles, 4 on each side of the
median line. Hind tibiz noticeably swollen and bearing numerous
circular sensoria. Style upcurved. Cornicles as in all the other forms
of this species. Measurements (alcoholic specimens): Length of
body, 1.67-1.92 mm.; width, 0.72-0.83 mm.; antenna, I, 0.065 mm.;
II, 0.065 mm.; III, 0.244 mm.; IV, 0.130 mm.; V, basal, 0.106 mm.;
filament, 0.236 mm.; total, 0.846 mm.; style, 0.078 mm.

Male after second molt and 8 or 9 days old.—General color citron-
yellow. Antenne 5-segmented. Sensoria at end of fourth and at

BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE APHIDIDZ. 167

distal end of the thickened base of the fifth segment. Measurements:
Length of body, 1.098 mm.; width, 0.469 mm.

Male after third molt.—General color sulphur-yellow, shading to
greenish at extremities. Eyes brownish red. Other markings as
in earlier stages. Measurements: Length of body, 1.603 mm.; width,
0.744 mm.; antenna, I, 0.067 mm.; II, 0.057 mm.; III, 0.162 mm.;
ITV, 0.183 mm.; V, basal, 0.095 mm.; filament, 0.191 mm.; total
0.705 mm.

Adult male——General color bright lemon-yellow. Eyes dark red-
dish brown. Antenne usually as long as body, the two basal segments
concolorous with the body and the others dark; antennee with a few
conspicuous hairs, there being 2 on each of the two basal segments,
5 on the third, and either 1 or 2 on the fourth; circular sensorias
numerous (at least 40) and irregularly placed on the third, 15 to
20 on the fourth, and a number at the distal end of the thickened
base of the fifth segment. Beak short, not reaching farther thar
the coxee of the second pair of legs; its tip dark, the rest concolorous
with the body. Six distinct bristles project forward from the front
of the head and between the bases of the antenne. On the dorsal
surface of the body are 8 rows of tuberculate bristles, 4 on each side
of the median line. There are also 2 rows of dark oval markings
on each side of the median line. Measurements (alcoholic speci-
mens): Length of body, 1.12-1.80 mm.; width, 0.45-0.50 mm.; an-
tenna, I, 0.081 mm.; II, 0.065 mm.; III, 0.407 mm.; IV, 0.220 mm.;
V, basal, 0.106 mm.; filament, 0.350 mm.; total, 1.229 mm.

Eggs.—Color, when first laid, pale green, with a small dark spot
of obscure form showing through the egg-shell at one end. The egg
gradually darkens until it becomes a jet-black. There is no notice-
able change in color just before the young hatch. Form elliptical-
oval. Measurements: Length, 0.652 mm.; width, 0.3015 mm.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1884. Forbes, S. A.—Thirteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois,
for 18838. <App. Trans. Ill. Dept. Agr. for 1883, Springfield, Vol. X-XI,
pp. 41, 4246, Pl. III, figs. 1-4. Separate: Springfield, Ill.
Chaitophorus flavus, n. sp. Describes wingless and winged viviparous
females and pupa; also injuries and natural enemies. Observed chickens
feeding on these plant-lice.
1885. Forsres, S. A.—Fourteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois,
for 1884. <App. Trans. Ill. Dept. Agr. for 1884, Springfield, Vol. XXII,
p. 70, pl. 6, figs. 14. Separate: Springfield, I].
Slight contribution to life history. Could find no root form.

1887. OrstLuND, O. W.—Aphidid:e of Minnesota. <Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey
of Minn., St. Paul, Bul. 4, p. 40.

Mentions it as not having been found in Minnesota.

168 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

1891. Wiii1AMs, T. A.—Host-Plant List of North American Aphididee. <Univ.
Nebr. Dept. Ent., Lincoln, Spec. Bul. 1, pp. 9, 25.

Lists of food plants of Chaitophorus flavus Forbes as corn and cultivated
sorghum.

1892. BruNEeR, L.—Report of the Entomologist. <Ann. Rept. Nebr. State
Board Agr. for 1891, Lincoln, p. 304.

Makes following note: ‘‘Chaitophorus flavus Forbes: This sorghum and
broom-corn louse has been taken while working on the roots of Indian corn;
at least a louse found here in the State was so determined at the time.”
In a letter from Professor Bruner he tells me that he has no further informa-
tion concerning this aphis, and that he does not have the specimens so de-
termined.

1901. Hunter, W. D.—The Aphidide of North America. <Ia. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, Bul. 60, p. 87.

Lists it as being found in Illinois on sorghum and Zea mays.

1905. Fores, 8S. A.—Twenty-third Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
<Chicago, pp. 210-211, figs. 220, 221.
Gives food plants as sorghum, corn, broom corn, foxtail grass (Setaria),
crab-grass (Panicum), and wheat. Latest date observed was in September.
1906. SaAnporn, C. E.—Kansas Aphididie with host-plant and plant-host list,
Pt. 2. .<Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., Lawrence, Vol. III, No. 8, pp. 2386,
200; 263.
=

Food plants of Chaitophorus flavus Forbes given as cultivated corn, culti-

vated sorghum, and Sorghum halpense L.

O

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12, PART IX.

USS PEPARIMENTSOr AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

A NEW GENUS OF ALEYRODIDA:,

WITH REMARKS ON ALEYRODES NUBIFERA BERGER,
AND ALEYRODES CITRI RILEY AND HOWARD.

Y a ——————

re ee
By AY TY QUAINTANCHE,
In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.

IssuED SEPTEMBER 1, 1909.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1909. /
20%\0%

CONTE Nass

Paraleyrodes, new genus

Page.
moraveyrodes*(Aleunodicus) persew Quaintances =.= =a. eee 170
Remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera Berger and Aleyrodes citri Riley and

Howard

173
[VLUST RATIONS:
Page.
Fig. 35. Paraleyrodes persee: Pupa on leaf, pupa-case and details______-_ nel!
36. Paraleyrodes persew: Antenna, right fore wing male genitalia,
and claw of third leg of adult

II

West DAG, Bo Ha TRech. Ser: 125 Pt Ix. Issued September 1, 1909.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

A NEW GENUS OF ALEYRODIDA, WITH REMARKS ON
ALEYRODES NUBIFERA BERGER, AND ALEYRODES CITRI
RILEY AND HOWARD.

By A. L. QUAINTANCE,
In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.

In 1900 the writer described” as Aleyrodes persew a species of
white fly found in the Bureau of Entomology collection, received
from Fort George, Fla., and collected April 22, 1880, on Persea
carolinensis. 'The adult of this species was at the time unknown. The
so-called pupa-case, however, exhibited the essential structural char-
acters of this stage for the genus Alewrodicus, and it was ventured
in the description that the adult when found would show the insect
to belong to this genus. Professor Cockerell,? for the reasons given,
referred this species to Alewrodicus, and this assignment seemed to
the writer well warranted. .

Dr. A. W. Morrill, in the course of his orange white-fly investiga-
tions in Florida during the past two or three years, has frequently
met with this insect on orange and other plants and has been able to
obtain the adult in quantity. He has kindly furnished the writer
with abundant specimens of all stages and copies of his notes. The
adult, contrary to what had been expected from the structure of the
pupa-case, is not an Aleurodicus, and presents certain peculiarities not
found in other genera of the family, thus necessitating the establish-
ment of a new genus, as follows:

PARALEYRODES, new genus.

With wing venation of Aleyrodes. Pupa-case of Aleurodicus
type. Fore wings with but a single vein, and a rudimentary branch
near basal fifth. Hind wings with a single unbranched vein. An-
tenne four-jointed, apparently due to coalescence into two segments

“Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 32.
> Catalogue of the Aleyrodidze of the World (Proceedings Academy Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, 1902, p. 279).
169

wal) MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

of joints 3 to 7. Pupa-case with the compound wax pores and large
protruding lingula of Aleurodicus.
Type, the following species:

Paraleyrodes (Aleurodicus) persee Quaintance.
REVISED DESCRIPTION.?

E'gg.—Elliptical, size about 0.24 mm. by 0.12 mm., with stalk unus-
ually long; smoky in color, the shell smooth; eggs deposited promis-
cuously in the white, flocculent secretion of the adults.

Larva, first stage—Size about 0.338 mm. by 0.18 mm., subelliptical,
very slightly narrowed caudad; yellowish white, with more or less
rectangular spots of orange in the abdominal regions, eye spots
reddish. There is a fringe all around of white wax; on the margin,
cephalad of eyes, are six sets, and on lateral margins of thoracic
region are three on each side. On caudal margin are six sete, the
middle pair of which is considerably longer than others. On ventral
surface, just within margin, all around, is a series of sparsely set,
small, tubercled sete. Legs and antenne well developed. Vasiform
orifice practically as in pupa-case.

Pupa-case.’,—Size about 0.86 mm. by 0.53 mm. (figs. 35, a and 0).
Subelliptical in shape, with shghtly undulate outline. Color, under
hand lens, yellowish brown; empty pupa-case colorless, very fragile,
soon falling from the leaf. On the margin, all around, is a fringe of
more or less curled, short, white wax ribbons, and over the case and
adjacent leaf area are many fragments of white wax rods, of variable
length, profusely produced from the seven pairs of dorsal compound
pores, which are situated, a pair on cephalic end and six pairs on the
abdominal segments, the cephalic two pairs of which are smaller and
nearer the median line. The margin, or rim, of each compound pore

4 Wxtended and corrected from Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. (1890),
Dero

>In the description of the waxy secretion, as originally given (1. ¢c.), this was
described as follows:

“There is a profuse dorsal exudation: First, a rather short, downward-cury-
ing fringe of pearly white wax, all around, arising from just within margin
and curling outward and downward over margin to near surface of leaf. This
fringe is hardly continuous but is more or less split apart into ribbons or bands.
Second, more dorsally curving columns. These occur in a triangle, one on each
side and one at end. These columns of white wax are about as high as pupa
case is wide. The pupa-case is almost obscured by this exudation, when viewed
from above.”

According to Doctor Morrill’s observations the secretion, as above described,
is abnormal to this species and is due to the effect of parasitism. Of many
specimens examined by him, showing the secretion of this character, all were
found to be parasitized; and, on the other hand, this type of secretion was never
found on pupa-cases not attacked by parasites. The normal secretion therefore
is as described in the text.

A NEW GENUS OF ALEYRODID. HErgIL

(fig. 35, a) is thickened, and from within the cup there arises a rather
large, fluted, cylindrical tube, extending upward about one-half its
length beyond the rim of cup. Within tube, at base, is a short conical

f

oy
iit)
y YY My
Hy THD)
y TTY
yy Wi

Fic. 35.—Paraleyrodes persee: a, Pupa on leaf, showing fragments of wax rods from
dorsal compound pores, enlarged; b, pupa-case, much enlarged, with highly magnified
compound pore at right; ¢, yasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula of pupa-case, highly
magnified. (Original.) :

elevation. The entire structure is brownish in color. Dorsum void
of well-developed sete, save a pair just within caudal margin. A pair
of minute sete occurs on margin near caudal end of case. There is,

72 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

however, just within margin on case, all around, a row of brownish-
colored, tubercled sete. WVasiform orifice subcordate (fig. 35, ¢), about
as long as wide. Cephalic margin straight, coinciding with cephalic
margin of operculum. Operculum subrectangular, the lateral mar-
gins somewhat rounded; considerably wider than long and with
caudal margin almost straight. Lingula relatively large, particularly
distally, where it becomes broadly spatulate; longer than orifice, and
bearing distally two pairs of sete. Abdominal segments moderately
distinct. Rudimentary feet and antenne very evident.

Fic. 36.—Paraleyrodes persee: a, Antenna of adult; b, right fore wing of adult; c, male
genitalia; d, claw of third leg of adult. Highly magnified. (Original.)

Adult—Body of living specimens buff or pinkish in color, marked
with white. Wings whitish, but clouded with dusky. These are held
almost flat along the dorsum, and do not meet along the middle line.
A copious amount of flocculent white wax is secreted, which becomes
scattered over the leaf surface, the sluggish adults resting in little
depressions here and there in the waxy covering. Antenne peculiar
and apparently of but four joints (fig. 36, a), due to the evident

A NEW GENUS OF ALEYRODID. 173

coalescence into two joints of the ringed segments 3 to 7. In the
fore wing there is a single vein, as in Aleyrodes (fig. 36, 6), with a
rudimentary branch or fold near basal fifth and a very obscure rudi-
mentary vein at very base of wing. Hind wings with but a single
vein. Genitalia in male forcipate, penis bifurcate (fig. 36, ¢). Claws
long and slender, with central spinous process (fig. 36, 2). In female,
length of body, 0.8 to 0.9 mm.; length of fore wing, 0.8 to 0.9 mm.;
width of fore wing. 0.3 to 0.88 mm.; length of antenna, 0.38 to 0.45
mm.; length of hind tibia, 0.25 to 0.83 mm. Male proportionately
smaller.

Food plants——Orange, Persea carolinensis, persimmon (?), avo-
cado pear. On orange this insect infests the older leaves, rarely or
never occurring on the new growth as is the case with Aleyrodes citri.

Doctor Howard has given to the parasite of this species, reared
by Doctor Morrill, the manuscript name L'ncarsia variegatus.

Remarks on ALEYRODES NUBIFERA Berger, and ALEYRODES CITRI
Riley and Howard.

The recent interesting discovery by Dr. E. W. Berger, entomolo-
gist of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, that the so-
called orange white fly (Aleyrodes citri) of Florida represents two
distinct though closely related species, led the writer to go carefully
over the material in the Bureau of Entomology collection in order to
determine to what extent the new species Aleyrodes nubifera Berger
might possibly be found. The results have been interesting, and, as
showing the distribution of the new species, are worth recording.
Specimens of nubifera are in the collection from the following
localities :

Pass Christian, Miss., August 23, 1889, on orange.

Raleigh, N. C., September 25, 1889, on orange.

Raleigh, N. C., October 7, 1889, on orange.

New Orleans, La., March 10, 1890, on orange.

Baton Rouge, La., February 23, 1895, on orange.

Crescent City, Fla., January, 1895, on gardenia.

Crescent City, Fla., January 30, 1895, host not indicated.

Crescent City, Fla., February 24, 1895, on orange.

Crescent City, Fla., March 1, 1895, on orange.

Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, March 7, 1905, on orange.

Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, May 6, 1905, on orange and other
citrus fruits.

Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, June 6, 1905, on tangerine orange.

Waco, Fla., October 21, 1908, on orange.

Florida (locality not given), November 23, 1908, on orange.

Florida (locality not given), January 18, 1909, on orange.

174 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

As will be noted, specimens of this species have been received at
different times since 1889. The material from Crescent City, Fla.,
was collected by Prof. H. G. Hubbard, and labeled by him as ciétré.
In fact, all of the Hubbard specimens in the Bureau collection are
nubifera, and it thus seems possible that Mr. Hubbard did not see
the true Aleyrodes citré at all.

The material from Cuba, collected by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, and also
sent in by Dr. Mel T. Cook, and provisionally referred by the writer
to citri, belongs, in fact, to nubifera, and our record of citri for Cuba
is incorrect. So far as we are aware, the insect does not occur on
the island at all. As to the origin of nubifera and the time of its
introduction, if from abroad, we have no information. Its affinities
are with Oriental species, and it is not improbable that it was intro-
dueed into Florida along with or about the time of the introduction
of citri.

Recently additional information has been obtained relative to the
occurrence of Aleyrodes citri in eastern Asia. The writer, at a meet-
ing of the Washington Entomological Society, October 4, 1908, ex-
hibited a specimen of .lleyrodes citri from Canton, China, on orange,
which had been found in the Bureau collection, without other data.
In June, 1908, specimens of lemon leaves from Peking, China, infested
with an aleyrodid were received by the Bureau from Mr. F. N.
Meyer. Eggs, pupa, and one adult were present, and with this series
of stages it was possible to definitely determine the insect as c7t77. In
July of the same year leaves of Gardenia from Japan, also infested
with Aleyrodes citri, were received through Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, and
somewhat later, in 1908, six lots of material, all infested with
Aleyrodes citri, were received through Mr. E. H. Carnes, four of
the sendings being from Nagasaki, Japan, and two from Shanghai,
China. Four lots were on orange, one on a citrus plant, and one
on an unnamed plant—possibly a Viburnum. The material from
Nagasaki had been collected in 1903; the balance in 1908.

In Maskell’s collection of Aleyrodide, recently secured with his
coccid collection by Doctor Howard from the New Zealand Institute,
was found what is evidently the type slide of Maskell’s Aleyrodes
aurantii, originally described in the New Zealand Transactions (1896),
page 431, as a variety of engeniw. Careful comparison of this insect
with Aleyrodes citri proves it to be the same species, and Maskell’s
name hence becomes a synonym of cit7? Riley and Howard. Maskell’s

“material was from the northwestern Himalayas in India, on Citrus
aurantium. The great similarity of ewgenie to citri was noted by
Mr. Maskell, but he attributed undue importance to the presence of
the three radiating patches, which, while occurring in c7tr?, were not
mentioned in the description by Riley and Howard.

O

INDEX.

/ Page

Abies concolor, Aspidiotus ehrhorni taken under lichens thereon...............- 13
foum plantol-Leucaspisikelloggies-. 22 2 12

WPI SORCTINES COMMON nent at eee 10

Grands, 1ood plamtiok Lewcus pis ‘kelloggtes:=-- 2-2-2202. .2--2--2 cee en ose 12
magniicn, ood plantror Leucaspis kelloggt. 0. .2 0. ete. 12
shastensis, 1000 plantfot Leucaspis'kelloggt- 22-2... bs SL el 12
PAu er SMC Mara CUOES MMeta DIC a Ne 3255-22. Bete ane oe LOSERS Se hee wis 72
aureonotus, references to original description......-..-...--......-..- 70
pulchriceps, parasite of Aleyrodes longicornis................-.--.-+--- 76, 90
reference to original description, host. ........-.......... 70

Abutilon abutilon, food plant of Aleyrodes abutilonea...........-.-......----.- 92
LACONIA 00d plant Ol Ditspis ips. Jeeeee ns te. chloe. Lede cd sec acess ial
montana, food plant of Lepidosaphes intermedia victoriv.........-.--.--- i

Spe LoodeplantvoledAsyrdrotiusisubfervenseno% =. sii sas ene ste te ee 14
acanthothrips, characters initable.¢< +). 2. 228852. 425. 8 2T2. Ae re 43
ACUI e OO CR DATS sae. << «Semmens Sten 5 TONE Ty Re Re SN Se 65, 68

TAMPA LOMAe MEENA = MMPs Peete eet eae eee Perk ee 45
Nnewrspecies,descripmlon'.e. bss 5.820 P Pe ee 64-65

Aclenmaistoria host ol1Coccophagus zebratus-._ 02.2522 22.22 81
Adialytus maidapidis, parasite of Aphis maidis...........:.-......-2--.----+- 153
mplotinipidce; characters im tabless 0... 5.5eeehecs teh. Sve. 42
GESCEWp iON epee. no eRe aes ne eM eS ee ey, 45

BOLahnepe® CHATACKCESaMtaDIes... 2.25. ee eae eae ee ow Oe Le Pe 42
SIBSIGTE Cte «Salt ga a 9 ena pal eee a aa 47

Van avy OOUk plat seese se SC UME Lee fee Soret s a eves oa Dez 48, 67

VOLS 8) [hn eaten Ren aT i le Ae en 43
walon@alifonnialilacenssswaeee:- Mec ec eae Cenee 41

Ne wispecies; Uescription= sss s-0s 2.2 Se 47-48

TOUtISLCSprTintaly Le} ” A Sameer: © es 2 AER es Sot SSE Ne 43

NEW Variety AG@eseripiiom verses sows e 8 48

varnalanata, tood plant of Saissetia: punctuliferas <= > 2222.20. .2s) 2 i Sect. 10
Aisculus glabra, food plant of Aspidiotus ohioensis...........----.-------2+---- 14
Myave, 1000 planiioL Fseudotoceus ephedrex ..cmss2= So. 2. et ey eke e see. 5
mexicana, food plant of Opuntiaspis javanensis...........-.---+.------ 18
Ageratum, food plant of Aleyrodes vaporariorum...............-.-.-2222020252- 93
CNBC CHOU AOM AGLONE: UT TCMO sais een et ee oe Se 2a yee a lees 93
RECLGHL CLG” =< SS Oe ee ee Pet ee Ey nes 93

SPD esse ses ae = Sete acs) 2 RU ee eee ae er Ses eo ae ae 93

SOUATVOSW <2 Senne Seis ether ein ars ie blsicta's Sipe eta s 93

CORRENEU TOME UV eee tt. . Ueemumee oe Doe eeu he ee roll 92

cocois and scale insect, cause of a widespread disease on cocoanut. . . 92
OUNCOCOADUIG. a trai 2 os as == = eet sare oe Stereos Satsleie re ereisyete 92

UA aera etara Stara e c's\2/o5e aemOPRMp aN ave ea vetcleveiarere sistavare 2 x0shera's 92

WOUIACSEy ON PLA. Ses. Ce ee ere ors Wok Sco ass See eb 92
AERCOULENTON “ANGKE ED.) o. cS, ee cee, te oo. oR Sree 93

persex. (See Paraleyrodes persex.)
63054°—12——2 175

176

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page.
Aleyrodes abutilonea on cotton and Abutilon abutilon..........2.-222+-------- 1, OR
alcocki on Ficus indica and Ficus religiosa, parasite...................- 94
aspleni on Asplenium lucidum and other ferns...............---.----- 94
aurantii— A leyt Odes Cit scan 22s PE Opa ek anal She eet ts 174
ONVOTAN Ce Sessler. 2 Se ee es ee ie ee eer Ro 91
barbus on: bamboo. 220 SA ee ees a Se Se ea 94
banodens1s On! SUPAT CANG. ie -.2 as sie ale oe UNS ae ee 90
bergit, host Of Erospaltairistis: sors 2a ee: Bete as eee ee cee 70
ON SUPATICAME? coe lake crits ih esi ae ees Se We ees ae 90
brassice on cabbage, kale, and other crucifers....................---- 93
curd, occurrence in: eastern Asia. .7¢2 22 pen, es ee GP ee 174
on citrus plants in.ereenhousess. 5.05. 2520 ae he eee 94
OLA GG Five eee rennet © nett atyetevel che eee ee pe eee ee eee 90:
eugenize var. aurantii=Aleynodes.cuimiern i) oe eee ee ee 174
jernaldi; on. strawberry.and j Spires sar 6. sees Lk ee ee ee 93
jilievum on. -Asplenium cunentuany.. 2 3ee 2% oS ea cites eee 93
Oleander articulates, .. toa deo ht ate ene eee 94
Pteris quadriolatiie a2. oon eee eae dee eee 94
fitch, synonym of Alayjrodes abutilonea:- ct Soe toe ee 92
loridensts oni Puawellt ce: «Tei ea Aa eke 2 ee ee 90, 92
C0) 29 019d ce ee RE ee ioe ran ARS. dee ees 90
JTAGOT2: OD BiLAW DOLE V2.5. se 32). eee ee eg ee eee 93
GOSS PT OD GOSS PULTE T CLQLOSUM 5. = 2 Miter: aioe ee Sens wees 92
GOURD: OM SUAN Eee Nola coy cae alae fs Oh rae ny ec ae 92
Rornidus;Om Cia yaa oe ES ok he et ta ee ah pe ae ee ae 92
howardi, new species, description, on orange.................------- 91-92
lacerdx on Anona syluaticds 3.26 2 25-28 sans, 3 Br ee ee 93
lacteq-on sugar cane, remedies:: «2/9 2:4 0e0 7 5a5. aes ee eee 90
leakit on Indigofera arrecta and Indigofera tinctoria...............-.-- 94
lonorcornis: Nostol Avlerus pulchiiconseaee 2 - se ee 76
Onl stigar came) remediesseht tes = eh a. Se A ee 90
marlatit: on Oranee ® ales ees: -6 ea ee eee 91
MOM: OFIZONeNsis; OW. OTANCEs 2. a asthe ee ee. Be ee 90-91
nephrolepidis on tern, Nephrolepis#. 262. — ase scenes 93
MICOTIONE: ON CODE CEO. Acro n e oi= «<j ae ce Wen Lr es ee 89
nubifera, Gistribuion, food plantsmees sic 2: os dae ee ene 173-174
nubelans on: Piper belles ie 00. «i eel, nk ape ee ee oe 94
packard = Aleyrodes vaporarioniim ses 2 wa Ae eer ea ee eee 93
ON StrawWerry,-:.c4os0.,)- Rae Bonin 3 ee ee 93
pergandei on peaches, plums, Crategus, and wild crab apple. ......... 94
persee. (See Paraleyrodes persex.)
fib on: red and blackicutrantie.c3-\ 2. 22.5 2 |. oe ee on eee 94
(?) on \Vaceinuimriliqi osm 2k = tee ee ee eee 94
FOUFSUON SOTAUAUME? sic: oe tyoh i oa eu Se ee ne eke peel ee 94
PUULCOLO OM Racbus Spi. ooo Les Jo ereke teh te, sae aaa ace 94
TUE OD JVUOUS JTUCICOSUSS ah oo ns Se heehee cp cle ee ee ed 94
ruborum on Rubus cuneifolius and Rubus trivialis...............----- 94
Sacclary: ON: SURAT MANES soe) 2 SR td Soe eee as ee ee 90
sp., on blackberry, host of Encarsia pergandiella..............-.---- 78
climbing vine, host of Encarsia portoricensis.........--...---+- 78
coarse grass, host of Hncarsia townsendi.......-....-.-.------ 79
erape (CVanijerd) 52s, - 0 tas pee sco ce aoe ee ea a a eee 94
“Palo de Gusano,”’ host of Mesidia mexicana. ..............- 74

INDEX. Dhar

Page.
Aleyrodes sp., on Polygonum, host of Encarsia quaintancet..........----------- 79
sugar cane, host of Ablerus ( Azotus) pulchriceps.....-.-------- 70
tomatoes:and other vecetabless : 2.22 2.22. 222222 2s 2522 2 22: 93
Spinbfer one Citrus ap: and rose. -Capemae > J. SENT g. IAM. 91
IBURCHOMMODACCOR- a: 22225... aes 8 LL. 89-90
vaporariorium, Aleyrodes packardii a synonym. ..........-...------- 93
on greenhouse plants and vegetables. ..............-- 93
HOUNOMODRCAD DAC Ee Lic 2.1. 5\- VSR Sere ea ET) Te a ae 93
mleyvrodids:-intestine: economic plants... SPR 320 5 Se. LA 89-94.
new genus belonging to the family..............-..-2.--..2.--.- 169-173
tain bya rtaTt ps CrutICl...... era ee eee Tk et OPTS See 40
Allograpta obliqua, association with Aphis maidis...............------------- 152
mUMonds food plantsoh Huth ps pyr... cereals SLES LU kee es 54, 67
Alnus, food plant of Pulvinaria innumerabilis betheli. ..........-------------- 6
glutinosa, food plant of Pulvinaria gwther.....2-.......2 5282-22-22 eee 6
Alpina nutans, food -plant of Coceus signiferus. 2/2202 2222 Ve... e eee 8
Amaranthus hybridus, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis..............--------- 124
Ambrosia trifida, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis............-...------------ 124
Amelancier, food plantiof Phenacoceus cockerelli. .....--.22.-+--2--222+-50555- 4
mamelococeus inveatalogue of-Coccides.. ......- eee <del ee 4
alluaudt an: eatalozwe of Coccidgems: - 22/2: 24 282924... see. 4
mminus melas ieeding on horsefly larvee..sseees S22 25. Se PP ee 30
Amor phococcus mesux, Aspidiotus cuculus taken in abandoned galls..........- 13
PANLCRISL San Characterswmitab lesa 3 202).)5j45 25 Memon aaa 1 teas SER Se ee 72
reference'to original descriptionazepes..22 22). P2232. one ee tee 70
ceroplastx, reference to original description, host................... 70
mMolewormetood<ol Nabanws SLyQuuUs sss. 2 Tee eon on ae ss reine ee ee ls 31
PAnisotd- alternate host.orsmtroduced Pachimideeseses 292" 952225. s.. 112
Anomianthus heterocarpus, food plant of Paralecanium expansum javanicum..... 9
Anona (see also Custard apple).
muricata, food plant of Aleurodicus anon#..--...2..-.--2...00022-000-- 93
reticulata, tood plantof Aleurodicus.anonz... -~.2:.0.2 020232. 2). 2.82. 93
ep, dood plant of Aleurodicus anone we he 222). IIe 93
WAT ODUTR REE So he ee AA ON sn 2 93
Coccismnarsitpialig aaa terme a nn ORES. O28 8
squamosa, food plant of Alewrodicusanone®s<2 223: <)s5e.2lense3------ 93
sylvatica, food plant of Aleyrodes lacerd#............-.-.--2-2.2-2--000- 93.
PERLECETOCOCCUS. I RCNALOUTYUML 2 SYNONYM... oc eee os See SeAISe . 2 nn. 3
Azioninea ausiralis wm catalogue of Coccidse-+-j22 1-22.56 See. send iceee ek... <- 5
Aonigs cornwge,, DoshiOt Hrcarsia QOnidie . 22. eon. = 3 - - s -SHee. L 70
rena, Aonidia.ebepi:@ Sy 0D yUisse ee eee 2s eres wets S27 92 = 2 a 16
ebent ‘‘Green.” Leonardi=Aonidia crenulata Green..................-. 16
ciinaig imvcatalorue of Coccids .- seegeee seis ek toes CHE8 tl aot 16
PAVOMEIISTS 1M CAUAO OILS Ol, COCCIO seats a ayncn acoiuais) aS Se A 16
pulchranm catalogue of Coccide: ... .. ae. -c:2u4 ee elowe. tees ded. 16
pusiia inucimlopue ot Coccide:. . . ..iees: sme We. te lates, Bee) 16
wonmomuliins im catalopueot Coccide:. . . .gesysy sete Fb Le re 16
Aphelinine, economic importance as parasites of scale insects....-......-.--. 69
new genera and species, with a revised table of genera... ....... 69-88
preponderance of females over males............................ 71
probable origin of species in United States... ..........22---.-- 71
species described since publication of Technical Series No. 1..... 69

Lablelor imbess ce. = a5... ~ - ee es) fee eth the eg) 71

178 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page
Aphelinini, charactersin table sence 2 ee Fe toad seceras bees epee ” 71
table of genera; females: 255, 12240 Ab bese ev eeeanagesee cs cee <2 ee 71-72
Aphelinus; characters intable. 5. vce. 2923 5 ee88 sb bee aed teen -s- cee es 72
fuscipennis, parasite of San Jose scale, effectiveness. ...........--- 69
mytilaspidis possibly a native species.........------.-----+------- 71
simplex, reference to original description, host.........-....------- 70
Aphides, Tabanus stygius feeding on honeydew therefrom..........-..--.---- 28
Aphididz, biological studies on three species. -......------------------+-- 123-168
Aphidivus flavicora, parasite of Aphis matdis....-<tesk< 3-3 39245-ceteeeas: mee 153
Aphis, corn leaf. (See Aphis maidis.)
root. (See Aphis maidi-radicis. )
MOUNTOMIAS 22) 5. 6 2G 2 eee ep oabee - See) > Bnet ceiver eee eee 123-144
bibliography =: -~2-.<-.- ceo -See 26 sabined-Ernteeke heeds 137-144
descriptions: :S3gse8 - iS Beco een: aoe de 34 e oe ee 134-137
distribution .2.2) 2: Sae3-- eee cnc Bee +k: Seed eee 124
cops, Gescripion 72 vs. dboa-< weppeey be ala boo 137
female, oviparous, adult wingless, description........-...-- 136
viviparous, adult winged, description. ............ 135
wingless, description. .........-. 135
food plants. ...-- 2... srereee spb ste ee epedeee oes 124
general account. 5.2. ebicco bbe aemestgtie ee Leetbe ane 123-124
generations, periods and succession..........---.------- 125-128
Tife: TshOry -6 sree By dad jce As aes ated = eee eee 124-134
male, adult wingless, description.............--....--.- 136-137
after third molt, description. J. 2522... <2 -2sceei9- - =~ 136
oViparotisip eneration. . S226 tee o: seedboedes <ecec hee 132-134
descrip tienes 2 -sedo%: Je bee eee 136-137
VIViparous Peneration., 2o5e2!)) Ine 4 - beets he See tee 129-132
deseriptionsy 32.52 ase ceesaboh aves 134-135
MOMs. - Neigh: 2022 edi’ eee eens eee eee eee 144-156
bibliography 32-2: 6.2 2telr) dae eee. eee4—--ebe eee 151-156
GescriptiOns. | 2.22: .22hreuac-- peeterast t~ Ledkerl- feed-Gee ree 149-151
distribution . .. : 22: Mie... 2. p cece gee beneelt. be ae3se pee -aee 145
focdaplanita:..3'* 2.2 RE Ce bile sto rence ert ee aE 145-146
CNENILES: 2. Sho Merah ate. . oe Bibbre ert be eee eer ese 152, 153
female; adult' winged; description: ': .2-!2. << 29252-2222 2 150-151
Wingless, descriptions ss: Jo. 2. J8S55./7t eee 150
general account. 3 oi Py: ... . eee 2 eee 144-145
generations, periods and succession.........------------------ 147-149
life history =* 722.l6.5. 7.22 - Paseo ee Se eee 146-149
pupa of winged female, description... 3... 2. 9.22.22. -3-2 see - 151
viviparous generation, descriptions. ......-..---------------- 149-151
sorghum. (See Sipha flava.)

SP. On sPATAGMRES NS one octets. hao OOO. oe DE AE See 26
Apple, food plant of Huthrips pyrt— so... 2. crate /ck ee 2 eA a 54, 67
Apricot, food plant of Huthirips pyre .. ....23 268 J. Ue ee ee 54, 67

LCROW TPS GENS «2a. Beene ee eee Ae ee 61, 68

tree, Zolothrips kuwanaii robustus taken thereon.......---..--------- 48, 67
Archenomiis, Characters tii: tables. 222 2.28 2 Lee St See ee Ee alae 72
reference to original descniptionast 2 5:20 eee eee eae one 70

bicolor, reference to original description, host....-.-------------- 70
Archytas.spp., uterine maggotae= 2. hs -.. Sasi tee. .cee. bee See 115

—<Arctorthezta in, catalogue of Coccide... 2... 22% .-=. 2+ =e seca ae pee er ee 2

INDEX. 179

Page
Arctostaphylos tomentosa (see also Manzanita).

food plantiof Mummapetritiet . 2. Jess s K258.2 220 2 40

PES, CH AEACLER TIM GAMES Seo 2 0. eee - Se te oe Soe ows aoe Fs Live
Hew Sens (esecishON.2.- 25... Sees JSD. a asf as. eS 85
kacheles new. Species) description . . veges. -- -- <=. F225 225-2 85, 86
Artemisia californica, food plant of Euthrips tritici. ....----------------+----- 40
Artocarpus integrifolia, Chionaspis subcorticalis found under bark... .--------- lis
feed: plant of Satsseimapoidtts 2. 2272 e522 S258. SS 2 10

Arundinaria sp., food plant of Coccus arundinariz...-.-.----------------------- 8
Aschersonia aleyrodis or similar species, fungous enemy of Aleyrodes lactea...--- 90
Asimina triloba, food plant of Eulecanium folsomi.....-.---.----------------- 9
Mapimartphaguis, characversian table’-<- -2aee--- 2-2 -S a= eas se a 1p.
Aspidiotus californicus in catalogue of Coccide. ....--.---------------------- 13
capensis in eartlorue: of Coecidsee.- sn + 228i 20 ie: Be ARS 13
capstlatus mm eatalorue' ot Coceids—_-. ==. 292 222 12-225. 42232- - 13
coniferarum shastx in catalogue of Coccide.........--..----------- 13
cunts yen catalopiie- of Coccid ier +t 25. 2222 us. 29a = 2 13
chrhornt 1m catalosue of Coccid@e...... 2. 220 he... 2s eee - 13
ferencie in eatalozue of Coccideees-= Wie 0222" 82 2252 22 ae. Sa- = 13
hederce “hiost, of -Azotus mar chalt. Saees Sis Ste PIES 3 PL Se ot Se 70, 75
ammaculatus in catalogue of Coceidee........-... 2-22-22 - 22222 ---- 13
morewar in: eatalocue of Coccidsa. = 2.2232 i220 5 #222828 2-28 oases. 14
TERE As pUnorUs Neder... See 2 22 2 SL 2 70, 75
giocnsis In eatalozue af Coccidaee 2 2 Seiten 1.22 22S wee. ee 14
orycoccusan catalogue of Coccidaemieut = imme Se 2 N8Sci .- PELE 2 ee: 14
paces Wi extaloeue Gt COCCI. - aaa aan aoe ae - eee tee 4. eee 14
Pisin ea erae er COCEIN.- scaereee nates oa S04 3a eee ae 14
pseudospinosus in catalogue of Coccidex........-..--..------------- 14
pustulans im catalogue of Coccidae2 J: 2-22-2224. ~------ pate Sede 14
riverse in catalogue of Coccid...2.-:-------2----+--- ee EE 14
Ap. Host of bardylis ausiralienstgnaie- = Pi oe2 SSS 2 2. 2 2 2 oe eo ea 85
BERISSO PICTUS NOUMNELIREES | 2225552 Sezer 22k - 2 SE a 87
subjervens.in-eatalogue of Coccidge..s2bext). ioe: . ue ieee eek 14
subrubescens corticoides in catalogue of Coccide.........-...-------- 14
tayabanus in catalogue of Coccide. . ke 2 Jue: se 15
(Aonidiella) taprobanus= Chr jsoumeieltes fapecb anes MPS Sth acy One 15
(Chrysomphalus) cistuloides=Chrysomphalus cistuloides......-.-.---- 15
malleolus=Chrysomphalus malleolus......-..------ 15
pedronis=Chrysomphalus pedronis.......-..------- 15
quadriclavatus=Chrysomphalus quadriclavatus ...- - 15

(Cryptophyllaspis) occultus var. elongatus=Cryptophyllaspis occultus =
Clanantis:-<) Reise 5). 5 ess oe Snhg eut . Blews oe: 15
(Pseudaonidia) curculiginis=Pseudaonidia curculiginis...-...------- 15
(Targionia) phyllanthi= Targionia phyllanthi.......-....---------- 16
Asplenium cuneatum, food plant of Aleyrodes filicitum..........-------------- 93
lucidum, food plant of Aleyrodesasplent....... 22.22.22. 220 022222. 94
mer jodduplany Olea pis maidi-radicis: . Sepe a... Oe ashe sees bl 124
Asterolecanium aureum, host of Perissopterus busckit........------------------ 88
delicatum, host of Encarsia planchoniz.... - - OD TE SITES 70
green’ in. catalogue of Coccidmaaett 20 21). Dosa. 2's 22 2 vee 3
pustulans sambuci in catalogue of Coccide..........---------- 3
reht in catalogue of Coccidee..........-...-------- 50s Beet 3
Bp, HOsL OL Azote copensistmeees= 9 oo 2 ee ee ss ole 76

180 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page
Atalantia zeylanica, food plant of Parlatoria atalantiz...... jj Sen bhid af wale at 18
Avocado (see also Persea).

food plant of Paraleyrodesperse?- 6220. 55. 0. See eee 173
Azaleas, food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis......................-.-- 40, 52, 67
Azotus, charactersin table: 2: 2. "5e5- |... Deapeee te ee ee 72
description.) .2< 22055 ae Re th eee Nee: bee eae ere 74-75
reference to,originalidesenipiion 2M esd se: coe hae. eee 70
capensis; new species, desemption -s55- Ja. Behe Wasb 22 ees 75-76
Tanchalt, NOStS! <2 2) ce eae Nee Sea Le OP epg ne pene ee ea 70
feference: to: orieimmal description see: =cGrs 2 > ee 8 meee 70, 75
pulehriceps— A blerus pulchnicepsns: | Sse eee 2 Me tants ae epee ae 70
Bamboo, Aleyrodids: infesting 16.22.20 2... _ 2. 2> Eee Ae Re eee 94
(Gigantochloa aspera), food plant of Odonaspis penicillata............ 16
Bambusaspis im cataloguerot Coccidr:. <2... :.\saies } hs eeee ee he eee ee 3
Bordylrs;,, characters in table... cogs seuss 9 RSE hs Ve uae at eee heer ee ee ke 72
new senus, descriptions: ta.) . JSR. AA WE eke aes See ee 84
australiensis, new species, description. =) s-2ere 4465.2 2eeebae ee 84-85
Barley, food plant of Aphis maidis: 22. ease Se 2 eee Ae ee ee 145
Basilarchia, alternate host of introduced Tachinide................22-...---- 112
Begonia, food: plant of, Coccusisigiiferius. ..- Bada maee eee ee eee age Sa 8
Betel,, Aleyrodide: infesting it.< --. ja28! 2 Fas sea ahcnt 42 nee eee ee 94
Birds, enemies of Tabanus suleifrons.._.. 22238. 56 ARs eee 26

Blackberry (see also Rubus).
food plantiot Aleyrodes'sp. 2. Lew As Fea trey Rebs Gee eee 78

wild. (See Rubus cuneifolius.)

Bleaching puparia of Tachinidee:.222~ 2... Ass he SINE ARES ee 115
Blepharipa:scutellata, eggs, uterine S225... =< Maes Se a ee ed ee oe 109
importance as parasite of gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar).. 118
life-history, notes: 2855252 5. ts ase ese, BAS ee 99, 101
parasite.of Porthetmia.dispards.@.. casei. 1 eee o- 95
reproductive capacit yas aemere set eae ee oe 110
habits: . Heed ee ee ae iia ly
Blepharipeza leucophrys, €ges, Wierme..<ee ies: Sees ees eee es 116
Bombyhomyia abrupta, Mageots “uterine +). SB202 5. 123 ee ee 115
Brassica nigra, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis.....-.....-.-.---------- nies 124
Broom corn, food plantof Aphis maidi-radicisels > Bote Gay eee ee 124
TALIS: SSSR eRe RS SSS | SRO A et ae 145
ISRPTGL FLAVOR Beene a AN iat Se Se SE oN 157
Bupleurum gibraltaricum, food plant of Phenacaspis bupleuri.........-.------- re
Burning against Aleyrodes longicornis and Aleyrodes lactea.......-....--------- 90
Cabbage} Aleyrodidse intestimeniie 9 5. Seo a oo ee eee 93
wild, food plant of Aleyrodes brassice in Europe. ...--.------------- 93
Cacao, cultivated, food plant of Pseudococcus tayabanus...........-.--------- 5
“Cadena de amor,’’ food plant-of\Rulwnariatileni 2 eS eee Tl
Cages for rearing Tachinides.- - Safes: 0S ee Sea te 96-97, 110-111, 113-115
Cales, characters:in tables 2 55e.skeee ss Sea ee 2 eRe See = se oe 72
new. genus, description. _ =: 22... - Se caeee Sate ae See te ee ee 82
noacki, Rew Species, UVescription=: ssek-eeeet es) -). Haye. Sete eee §2
Caliothrips woodworthi= Hehothrips fasciatusiz ===. 328 228. Se aheeees e 39, 42
Callistemon salignus, food plant of Aonidia pulchra..............-...--------- 16
Chionaspistrandidat. 58 2 eateries set 10
Calophyllum.sp., food plant: of \Coccis bicrmiatus. © 2S osseteinee Be eee oe ee 8

frOnES SES. SOE, TICE ae oc es 8

INDEX. 181

Page
Calophyllum sp., food plant of Paralecanium calophylli.....-........--------- 9
Calon naris Iiciae—COCCUS INCISUS ...... . . DEBE ss diye andes extents els 8
‘‘Campopot,’’ food plant of Aspidiotus tayabanus...-..........-.-.--------:-- 15
Gannibaliem inj Pabanws lasiophiialmus. . seep. a: ox bes cet ao osd se Aeets 20
DCE S sek Re... - - SOs Sage” sa ota Se Deeg 33
Capparis moonii, food plant of Coccus capparidis................---++++------- 8
Carbolic acid, pine tar, and kerosene against autumn horsefly ( Tabanus sulei-
REE CS eee eee ee epi, 25555 <2, a ee rn 3a Jodich 2. odes ene = 27
Carcelia gnava, parasite of Ewproctis chrysorrhea and Porthelria dispar, egg... .- 105
(?) from Japan, parasite of Porthetria dispar...............-.... 107
Carissa spinarum, food plant of Aomdia pusilla... ....2..-2222-2-2.2225222-05 16
Canjnotaurens food plant ol, Coccws-signifenusioer eri: ==. 20s2sci2 es Leec ln =o 8
Coscancharactersyleta plete aos/.d-2/-/---\ eee eo eet ck Keowee eo 72
New, CCHUs GESeripiOnls..s 1234». - Cesk: Semel -\-2 2x See Seren aE 83
chinensis. newaspecies; escription gee... <q. skis 2:3 aioe) ss sae 83-84
Cassinia aculeata, food plant of Lepidosaphes cassinix.........-.2-..222------- 17
Cashilloa sp), 100d ,plantjot P seudococcus crotamise sense ee. 22 eeee'se 2-22. 5
Catfish. (See Amiurus melas.)
Cattle (see also Stock, live).
hosts: ol abanits sigs sass 4205. - . eee. wes sais Soe eh sais cet 28
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. (See Lilac, California.)
Gentrodora, characters anuable >. i¢0- sc reecmens Seren erie kies oo. re 72
Ceratonia siliqua, food plant of Phenacaspis ceratomix.......------+++++-+------ 12
Ceroplastes actiniformis, host of Coccophagus orientalis ..............2-+-+-++++- 70
sanguincua inacatalogwe of Coccidamaah 2: Se ote: aie sh ore < i
schrotiye anicataloptie.of. Coccidsesheke= + ls 22! sey 2et-taheayiieem. if
Sp -uhostiot-Anenstus.ceroplaste ..\sstarme * de. ernie ere} eps Jat sete asa = 70
EL attO PhOTS POUE—9 UPN AVE 22: << 2m: - by ee See potas 2 AS alee - 156
Chalecidid fly, yellow, parasite of Aleyrodes alcocht.to... 5... 2sced 2 be. ouctyse ens. 94
berries, food. plants.of Ltinups: py ts,...0 A eeseees © Ab ee eine Lore J eye kere 54, 67
Cherry laurel, food plant of Heliothrips hamorrhoidalis. ...........-2...-------- 40
Shickens) chemies ol Sipie Have ......>. .. .ceeaees> Shee oases). Ns depeche 167
Chionaspis angustata in catalogue of Coccid#.......2- 22.322 22. etaseecee eee 10
condidasimucatalogue:ot Coccid hae pe es ose sk on tetiod. pee cele 10
cinnamomi in catalogue of Coccidee.......--- hoes ee ryice tec cobras 10
corondera in catalopue of Coccidwe seas. seat. se eysind eb jo pacts um
decuriaia.in- catalogue-of Coccideieeaaset tt see xtc tSciees wes 35 1]
jormosoun cxtalomie:of Coccid ares sarees int) 11
qluedtsie, in catalopie, of Coccidee waaaate gagastiae bs. 2 i. fees e258 11
madvinensis, host of Physcus. flavidusemt = +2ses rast «2-2 2ss24e26--- 70
ortholobis bruneri=Chionaspis salicis-nigrx......-..-..-------2++--- 11
inieatalooue, chi Coeewlee -: 2)... 822s eee eee ee V1
sacchari-folii, host of A phelinus simplex. .....2-e222.-----22----4-+- 70
salicis-nigre, Chionaspis ortholobis bruneri a synonym..........---- 11
sirobilanthi—P henucasprs strobilaniht-bse-8 2% 354 esskelie is eet ss 12
subcorticalis in: catalogue of Coccidge:: «<2 2.2 ss22--4 s2¢-seeneeeeees an]
sylvaticaan-catalogue.of Coccideesaaass 2). chem wees Bae bee 11
Wits NOstaOleAntas) KOebele? ..--..;. <- See ees eat eens» ss cai 86
Christmas berry. (See Heteromeles arbutifolia.)
Chrysomphalus cistuloides in catalogue of Coccide..........-....--.--------+-- 15
malleolus in. catalogue of Coceideevmns.oiuu. ¢Aeh. i. 2 en den bess E
pedronis. in.catalogue, of Coccidaess=) Seek. 2... =<. 2-52-25 15

quadriclavatus in catalogue of Coccide.........-..-.....------ 15

182 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page

Chrysomphalus taprobanus in catalogue of Coccide .................2...2---- 15

Chrysops merens, habitsiand: life history: <>. 53-6.. 220 ses ae ee 36-38

Chusqued, iood plant of Aspidiotus meres: S428 252 a ee ee 14

Cinnamomum, food plant of Chionaspis cinnamomi..........----.--..-------- 10

Chrysomphalus erstuloides=.2253 $< eee 15

Crirus, food plants:of Aleyrodes nubiferas cae Se 2 Fee Doe) eee es 173

aurantium (see also Orange).

food plant of Aleyrodes eugenix# var. aurantii..............- 174

in greenhouses, food plants of Aleyrodes citri.....................22-. 94

sp., ood planit-of Aleynodesspinijer it: prea ahaa IO, ee 2 ae 91

Coccide, catalogue of those recently described.....-...-..-.-....2.-22-----42. 1-18

National collection, scope and arrangement...........-...........-.-. 1

Woccinee in catalogue of :Coceides. 2 ....0-. :4 aes eRla apre ee 6-10
Coccomytilus hymenaniherex. (See Lepidosaphes hymenantherx.)

@occophagus, characters. im table... .2..... . . eek OS SS 72

reference to onginal-deseriptionee. 52435: 39. ied Seek. Se 80

flavescens, reference to original description, host...............-. 70

fletcheri, reference to original description, host.............-.-.- 70

lecani possibly aimativeyspecies: (:2.-<5.. 2443 eee eee fl

longifasciatus, new species, description..........20 52.22.2222... 80-81

orientalis, reference to original description, hosts...........-..... 70

subochraceus, new species, description......-.-.........2---...- 80

Rebratius mew, Species) descripimOneaees 11 cise ese oe ene mee 81

Coccusianundinane an: catalogueon Coccid ceewyens saa. tad ee eee 8

bicruciatus in catalogue of Coccide.......--- SANS REAR (RE: Mapes aR 8

capporndis in ‘cataloouejot- Coccidse: Hye ee ROS eee Fee eee oe 8

dimersipesiim, catalog ue.of, Coceidzes Ns). bie seek BS Wee eee 8

jrontals in catalogue, ol Coccidmya442 bc hae: - SER ee ee ee 8

incisus in Catalozue of Coceideetay 22 Cree, Se Ss IAes see es 8

marsupials im-catalosuc-olCoccide sa. 208s 2. e. psd See ee 8

sioniferus in catalogue of Cogcidzets ese. ae 2 Ek Te See esl ee 8

viridis, host of Coccophagus omentals .. 22.2 /..dci 2: USE. DS eee 70

Cocoanut Aleyrodidce intestingeiterc 452 Baas sees sees oe ee eee eee 92

Cocoa palm, food plant of Aspidiotus sp. . REE ee bits RE RAS eG oh ee 87

Coffea arabica, food plant of Lepidosaphes comune Pere ere M Eee a est nee 17

Colonization of Tachinide, improvement in method..................-..+... 111

Compsilura concinnata, eggs, uterine......... Herbs. oe NOS

importance as eet |: ic: Eu mae iieyooriaea 5 eee 118

life-history: notes) 22gese. 3.4: Saas Sse: os oe Oe

magcots; uterine: aes aoHe JO. Oe i 2 le 108

parasite of Huproctis chrysorrhea.......-.-22-.0.22-4--- 102

Hemerocampa leucostigma.......------+----- 112

reproductiveshabiteeteiesg ack Seek Lees ae = 117

(?) from Japan, parasite of Porthetria dispar............ 107

Gonchaspins: in catalogue: of Coccidée <.(. 22802. 5,f Oe: SA SS 3

Conchaspis fluminensis in catalogue of Coccide ...-...........-222--2-2------ 3

Copecry pta ( Trichophora) ruficauda, maggots, uterine............------------- 115

Copulation-in -Tabanus swheifnonssien.. «35. Ghaas, oe Wee et acts see 24

Cordea lutea, food plant of Orthezia galapogoensis ..........2-++----+-+-5+++-02- 3

curassavicea, food. plant.of-Diaspis cordie aie) 43149-5 See ee See iL

Com, food ‘plant of Aphis matdi-radicis: ches aee eee eee 2 ge eee 124

OUTS ais. i Ae Sp TT ES wk aautseeer sn cmicis oe. 145

Stipha flava: 255.002 ages Lasko), SEA eee re 157

INDEX. 183

Page
Gorudalrs commute, locationvotlarvee..).... Saeeease|- 22 228s ee AAs). Jes eek 33
Cotton (see also Gossypium).
Aleyrodidax intestine at-./|..s-.:. See. +s ces SEE ee 8S 92
Crab apple, wild, food plant of Aleyrodes pergandet..............------2+++--- 94
Cranberry (Oxycoccus), food plant of Aspidiotus oxycoccus...............2+-++--- 14
Gratzgus, food: plantiot Aleyrodes pergandet. «ares <a.’ accra dues so A 94
Cremastogaster dohrni, association with Saissetia discrepans..........----------- 9
Crossocosmia sericarix, parasite of silkworm, habits...................--- 99, 110, 116
reproductive. capaciigmeers .). si sities 2 os ci -algeeee. ¢ 110
sp., from Japan, habits, parasite of Porthetria dispar.........-.--- 107
importance as parasite of Porthetria dispar...... 118
Croton, cultivated, food plant of Pseudococcus virgatus............----------- 5
Crustacea, small, food of Tabanus lasiophthalmus.........-------------------- 20
OUST Mo. = ENS eR 33
erypcoparlatorca invcatalopue of. Coceidee..22eafecdse). 2. ei sot. eee 18
leticaspis in catalogue of Caceidesseusse 2. 122 3228 . 22s NSAE 18
Cryptophyllaspis bornmiilleri in catalogue of Coccide........--.-...22.522----- 15
occultus elongatus in catalogue of Coccide.................-- 15
Gy plarinips. Characters an) table. seh ei6 «cee se 3, eS SA SE 43
caljjornicis desert p tion:s..<.. Sa eek = UE ASI BEAL 66-67
Ty taller 2 sec b= ee SE SE Sead 45
under old shells of Lecaniwm armeniacum and Sais-
SEU OL CRI = SAMEEREN, £2 Beer Os OTe 8. bes 4]
Crenochiton, serraius.in catalocue.ot, Coccidaymeeie. &. Jo222e20 64. e ee eee. if
Cucumbers, food plants of Aleyrodes vaporariorum.........--------.+------+-- 93
Cucumber tree. (See Magnolia acuminata.)
Cupressus goveniana, food plant of Lewcaspis cwpresst......-..---------------- 12
Prendococcusandersonis OI... Sse 5
macnabiana, food plant of Aspidiotus coniferarum shaste..........-.. 13
PSCuUdOCOCGUS GUGLEY Uae» tern. 5
Curculigo recurvata, food plant of Psewdaonidia curculiginis........-..-------- 15
Suirrany.Aleyrodidcs intestine Mie n)ccs. Has eee ese ee. SESE Sy 94
Custard apple (see also Anona).
Aleyrodidse iniestingit. = 2 +. -Seeeee ee ae Sek Pl a 93
Cyperus rotundatus, food plant of Antonina australis..............-------.---- 5
Wzctylopiunce in: catalogue of Coccids. .. ....< PERE G8 ISSO) PONS 3-5
Dactylopius adonidum=Pseudococcus longispinus.......-.-------++++--------- 70
andersony—Pseudococcusiandersontz aseekies 22) eek 2 ES. 5
Crotonis—-P SCudOCOCCUS.CrOLONIS 2a Pee. Aas PSD WING 98 ec nw ee es 5
didlayi—P seudococtius:dudley.. eases += Sy. PEE. 8 5
clongatus—Esendococesiclongatisuesene. e213 eee 2 ee a. eee 5
vagabundus=Pseudococcus vagabundus.........-----------+--+------ 5
Dahlias, food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis..................---+------- 52,67
Datana, alternate host of introduced Tachinide. ..............24.-..-2------ 112
Davis, John June, paper, ‘‘ Biological Studies on Three Species of Aphidide ” . 123-168
DW Acodes DIO NES) COGS WERE 2 3 or- SL RS LG oS EE SE 108
importance as parasite of Huproctis chrysorrhea............-- 118
life-histany Notes =... 9t)2' See ee ATES ce 102
MAP COLES ULETING 2y-tn 5 SL MER ote ee, OS Pe AIR NS 108
parasite of Luproctisi chrysorrhmaces is. 2.2L Ue See 102
iilemerocanipa leweashigma:.... 25.2.2 202.232 =-- 112

(Rontheintin dis por aememennc = = A225 Aes oon ast 102

184 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. :

‘Paga.
Diacrisia virginica, experiment in parasitization by Pales pavida..............- 100
Diaspidiotus ehrhorni. (See Aspidiotus ehrhorni.)
ohioensis. (See Aspidiotus ohioensis.)
Diaspinee in catalogue of Coceid se eas.) eee al eee eee ee 10-18
Diasms cordix in. catalogue of Coeedes 23522 05a. ee Sete Ae ee 11
Diaspis ostrexformis=H pidias pis pumieola.. <aasee a2 SNORE Fe aie ee See ee 70, 75
pentagona, host of Prospaltaiberlestui=~ 2.3 2. 2220-222 8. eee 70
sp., on Acacia horrida, host of Encarsia diaspidis......-..------------- 77
squaniosus inca talogie om@occidse ee meaner ete rete ere aneee 11
Dobson fly. (See Corydalis cornuta.)
Dock. (See Rumex crispus and Rumez altissimus.)
Draczna, food plant of Parthenothrips dracen#.....-....-...-----+----++--++-- 57, 67
Drymus sp., food plant of Aspidiotus moretrat.......--.--------+2++-+222+-4-- 14
PRSO1 .. ERS I As fA ee eee 14
Earfly, marsh. (See Chrysops merens.)
Eehinomyia.algens,, maggots; uterine... .. tte --ee eet SE eee ee ee 115
grossa; larvaparous,halbitists 2 12 23. 1 Sees ay sees Oe eee _ 101
Eleagnus latifolia, food plant of Coccus bieruciatus ......-.---------+-++-+---- 8
Enearsia: characters in table. .. 22.522. foes 2 BL ne 72
table of species.......-.-- is So ER eI hae Be EE se ei)
angelica, characters in fable! > iano OS | SAY PN She 2 5 clk eet 76
aonidiz; characters'Instabless. go bevs. Jeo. Bee oes 2B eee 77
reference to original description, host:.........:.-.---..-- 70
coguillettn; characters In table...0ihiose ch: eee ale ee Pee eee 77
diaspidis; characters in tables iysss 2 see PS eee ht
new species, descriptiontssacc ws. ose NE 7p EROR MEN 77
flaviclava, characters in table. . specie or tid: DOS eee 76
reference to original deserqanitn 5 cE cece Sc 70
liéteola; charactersamitabler. 22:5 sAprasbo- 12 et: GR ee ee 76
pergandiclla.charactersan: table zo. a= nc lee 76
new-species, descriptiongss:\. 4: 232.5e2 c/a. eee ee 78
planchonix, characters in table.........--- PATS EL Ae eae 76
reference to original Leenatndion Tt te a ee Se ee Ph 70
portonicensis, charaeters,m: (alle Jaec. <= anise ee nee rer 76
New species; descriphonsscc. 55.92. AeA See 77-78
quainiancer,charactersun table: Sigee (ete. P eeere ese ree 76
new species, descripiion.icsssesn58s 5 eS eeee nese 79
townsend:, charaeters:in: tables. 2steecis 2 tes sce ae ee Ah

new species; descriptiomsciec: s.2esc28etel seek. (See
variegaia, parasite of Paraleyrodes persed... 2.2s..m2sts.ias2teieee<--.- PTS

Epidiaspis piricola, host of Archenomus bicolor........--.-----++-+-++++-+-++--- 70
AZotus Tar Chala age ai <8 SP EE ae ae 70, 75

iEretmocerus, characters'initable2.22. 2: os jed2saaes. 26 ees oe eae ee 72
cornii, possibly a native species hs $2 lux .nt notin Boao eas 71

Erigeron canadense, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis.....-...-+--+-+++-++++-++-+-- 124
Eriococcus simplex dealbata=Eriococcus tricarinatus.....----------++--+++++++-+- 4
sordidus In cataloeuieyor) Coccidess- soars Se eae eee nae 3
tricorinatus in"catalogue of Coceid&..s...26 -2h2meeiieee ee now ee 4

Eriopeltis coloradensis in catalogue of Coccide......-....-----:-+--++-++-++---- if
Erythrina lithosperma, food plant of Aspidiotus pustulans......-...----------- 14
‘*Tecanium” tenebricophilum...-.-.-------- 10

Pulvigagae macunas ts. -Le 3 eee ee 6

Eucalymnatus subtessellatus in catalogue of Coccidee........---.-----+-+---++-+---- 7

INDEX. 185

Page

Eucalyptus globosus, food plant of Aspidiotus subrubescens corticoides..........- 14
globulus, food plant of Lepidosaphes bicornis.................--.--- 1G
gomphocephala, food plant of Eriococcus tricarinatus..........--.-.- 4

goniocalyx, food plant of Sphxrococcus pustulans................-.. 4

tereticornis, food plant of Chionaspis formosa...............------- qa

Eugenia malaccensis, food plant of Lepidosaphes rubrovittatus................--.- 17
Bp, tooduplanitor Cocers Picruciatus gees «<2 24.5305 eles Eb edssslis. 8
ISLISSCOUL PSU. Aamee.. Saws F2 2ee SHR. oo 2 kee 10

wivlecanium curtis: incatalogue of Coccidse 4 eeeess 226i 2 sees ee ees ee

8
yletcherd, host: ot Coccophagis fletehenisok.. b20e... =... oe cee 70
jolzomramtcatalopne-of Coceidsssatem ie saat... 4..---.-.-.0.020- 9

lusinen imeantalopiue. of Coccidesmeestea.t kt Sade ck test eee 9
pulchrum toveatalopue of Coccidzewes ess ikea ed. oe seeses 2. 9
sp., honeydew eaten by Tabanus sulcifrons...................---- 26
Euleucaspis corsa. (See Leucaspis corsa.)
euepariaioria marcatalocue of Coccids <. .... Seen sis. )-. 2 se. -setestw Leet. oe 18
MAT PeElLeLCHL MAgniconins ;ekos ULerINOs... « ... Heer meeer sougaeos Jnectstebs S20. 108
lhieshistonyonotes .. Hepes ys tees 3). Byes seat Why S20 eh 103-105
MACHOLS, Uterine. amen a Ne ie ae nee OL oe tite aed) EOS
parasite of Euproctis chri ee See eee 104
Hy phantgngeunes a9 2 ah ee he Bd. 112
reproductive capacibyes-: 2-2. .22. 15... fea os 1090
habitsme eee rs ao ek bons cele Sco cud 117
Euphorbia hypericifolia, food plant of Ceroplastes sp......-.-....-------------- 7
intisy, food plant of Amelococcus alluaudi...........-....--.--2---- 4
epeproctis chrysorrhed,. host of Carcelia. gnavaie- tage se 3. 26 bebe dele woes 105
Compsilura continpiigeds. $5:1y <8 sag san ee 102
DEsOUCS TAGE DCSE ee 2s 2 Fas Ee ee A: ode 102
Bai pe lCleriahiNAGNiCOn nse. 22 S20 as ah, 52 104
masicera (2) = <5 ees en BF epee BAR AFP. Se 101
OREN OTiStO CRELO TEC AE Seat ae eee A oe 95, 97-98
horocera: (2) seyeeeaee ). aes ERIE 101
Lachine elistocwmprcs. 2 $i oS I wears Acs he ole 106
Wachinas; Huropeatiess cess aieeoeee sles a5 112
Japanese ee ei. wt te ties xia 111,118
LG GOOOUMUG TACOLPR RE 30 Bechet: So Fe ekg: - « 105
most important tachinid parasites...............-..---.- 118
Euryops tenuissimus, food plant of Asterolecanitum sp.........-.....----------- 76
Eusisyropa, two species near it, uterine eggs........-..--.--2...52--2-200 02 -ee 116
blondaeors Mideriiter 2.5.5. . eee 2258. P23 e 2 oes dhe ose 2 116
mm mnipencuarieters imraples.c. Sea8. .... > Meee eet be eis Baad ees 42
descriptions C8 CUE ates... Re Os Sos Ge ech reece See 52
citri. (See Thrips, orange.)
ehrhorntscharacters inwtables::s2s: sees) 25 Becks fa seta wee 44
LOO splamieereee sy iss.) ee Ce PS 2s 3 so SS Se D5: OF
MEW Hpecied, Cescription | Ree ens: .|. Jasmeaty - bee. eaten 5455
minutus characters umatablers 22°: [Sapp 5 ba ee eae ek eee 44
food Gplanits ema utrsy yas. eb der Fe adlane bettas: 22. 57, 67
new Speciesdeserip tion {2eresens? . = dsade-bast -.4--22:- 56-57
occidentalis, charactersin table. '... . . Jepeber ia. 6 ake bs S23) oe 44
R070 /3 NO) OF a Fel) Se a: Se UMA ne ee ae 67
orehidit. Characters tables oo. |... = 2 Same seis aE OY. Bhs lee Se-ycles 43
foads plagisa (oe 3) cs es eee. Sebi geed- 4isa% 53-67

186 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Page
Euthrips orchidit, new species, description. ...........52.0..-2-220205e0e08-0- 52-53
pyre: characters i, tables): Qo syeeeee ss be feel eam eee ce 43
descriptions \322 92S ss 28 SORE S2290 DOE LIRR SE eR Es (DSH
eCOHOMUIC TMpPurbAMee. ty HENS &. BS aed. Gee, See 4]
food"planita: =. 25 ORs, 22 Ds te Ee ese ee 54, 67
iritict, (chara.cterstime tab levae- i eee ss Pee SREY TARE gph eee ean 44
foodplante 32 Sue . 2 SEAR OSSRS Ao A De, Bee es 67
THUY WoOGrANSes ee... . NTRS Ne eee ie oo ee 40
ulicis californicus, characters In. tables. We see Ss eck aes ee eee 44
food plants 5-2). s.Reshe eres! to. ee 56, 67
nhew-vaniety:' deseniptrouae ek eee ee 55-56
Euvanessa, alternate host of introduced Tachinide ..............-....------- 112
antiopa, experiments in parasitization by Zenillia libatrix. .....-.-- 100
Evaspidiotus subrubescens var. corticoides. (See Aspidiotus subrubescens corti-
coides. )
Hrorisia, Gras, Wierines. 22.22 oe Fes ctw eae. salle Res ae ee ees Jee 116
Pagrexe, food plants‘of-Saissetia psidit:. . 2). eI Se 2 ee 10
Pernatdiella im catalogue’ of Goceid ee... . 022 is. PIS Pee. 3. se eee 16
ern ““parasite,”’ ‘Coccus diversipes taken thereon:/:!. 222228. - 3-222 eee =e 8
Ferns, Aleyrodidce infesting thems Sue + Sars Ne eee 2 Se ee ee 93-94
food plants of \Hehothnpshemorrhotdalis.\> 2 022 5.222525. 3 cece ences 52, 67
Ficus (see also Fig).
bengalensis, food plantiof ‘Wachkardia ici. 220.2 nea an raihe cee sae 6
carica, food plant of Lepidosaphes ficifolii........----.-- GEL colar via feels ay
cultivated, food plant of Pulvinaria psidii philippina...........------- 7
anudica; food. plant of-Aleyrodes alcocht noe Be 8). M2 Fase. Seal eee ser 94
religiosa; food: plant or -Ateyrodesialeockisy 15% Ace «2 Soccer seer 94
TAChAn dia fit Noe ee as ERS Bae eRe seen 6
Fig (see also Ficus). ;
Aleyrodadee infesting it... 5 sr the fo ocak 2 Re ee osin in en le cri 94
food plant of Luchrips bremment hc O21 eee ene te Se woe are aleve Bier tee 60, 68
DUT a Mee oe a. aR one 2 ara nie) eee eee 54, 67
Fiorinia bidens in catalogue of Coccide. )2. 22... .22 2.2.2 +6 .eset esse eecee eee 13
Fleabane. (See Hrigeron canadense.)
Formica fusca, association with Aphis maidi-radicis......-.--.-----+--++-++-+---- 139
schaufussi, association with Aphis maidi-radicis .-....----------+----- 139
Fungous enemy of Huthrips pyrt.: 22. 0 20se se. SME, oe Saw = oe ee eae 41
Garcinia spicata, food plant of Paralecanium zonatum......------++--+-+-+++---- 9
Gardenia, food plant of Aleyrodes citri. 22 Sees 2S Ps. TE See eee eer eee 174
TAWOUPETO tao on > ht eet Ae A eee 173
Geranium, food-plant of Aleyrodes rol js <2 =. - 2 «22 = Seis toe Se ee 94
Gigantochloa aspera, food plant of Odonaspis penicillata........-------------- 16
Gleditsia triacanthos, food plant of Chionaspis gleditsiw......-.-.--------+------ 11
Globularia salicina, food plant of Asterolecanium rehi.....-----------+++--++-- 3
Cryptophyllaspis bornmiillert........------- 15
Gonia frontosa, eges, Wterimes J. <<<... nates ee eet ie ee ele te ee 116
Gossypium (see also Cotton).
religiosum, food plant of Aleyrodes gossypti...-.-.------+---+------- 92
sp., food plant of Hemichionaspis townsendi......---------------- 12
Graminez, food plants of Sipha spp...--------- JERR RS Ie eeyeprNs oH 157
Grape, Aleyrodids: infesting Mt:.<... 2.2.22 as a. ~-- SP 0Ree eter see ee eee ree 94
food-plant of Huthmipsspynt... «252. 0. =< <0 tive Me teas sete 2 eeteeee 54, 67 ©

Grapefruit, food plant of Tachardia aurantiaca......-----------+------5 +2205? 6

INDEX. 187

Page.
Grass food plant of Acinthothrips doaneit . MRlaee: - 2. 28S. ye ee 2 SS Pee Bo 65, 68
ADRS TLOLAUTOGICLS .. - eeeeeme fae MIRC ers. NS e's 124
UBIO DEUS: COLOTAUCNSIS . MEE, - << 2/2, ae nee ea SN 7
EERTEDS CATROT UL. . . RMS = as NES 5 eC ee ne OY 55, 67
TATULLS °... .) ee ~ = Ee es es 57, 67
ISCMCOLNRUpS UPleris>.... errr TF. RT Nes, Se ns Ce 50, 67
PELICULAS See Sl eed OI A ee! Ler
stanfondit Sepa? CASES SAE su a eS 51, 67
PLOTUY TALS NATUUS <<, Se eae ae ee eo TE ee 5
eoarse, food plantiok Aleyrodes ep: = “ase moe. 12 NONI LPI8S 32 yes 79
crab. (See Panicum.)
Grasses. (See Graminez and Juncacez.)
Greenhouse plants, Aleyrodide infesting them.........-........----------- 93-94
Greeniella pulchra. (See Aonidia pulchra.)
Grewia sp., food plant of Cryptophyllaspis occultus elongatus.......---------- 15
Guava (see also Psidium).
Mevrodidsintestno ib. 2 2s. ae. sc ee To oe SS Pe ae 92
fooduplang of Aleyrodes flomdensis . . 2 Aeeasac 2S BPS A ee 90
Gutierrezia glomerella, food plant of Tachardia glomerella...............------- 6
Gymnaspis spinomarginata in catalogue of Coccidee...............22----2----- 76
HoLco eps 4000, plant: Ol-ASpiatorus sp. . oe ee SO ee ee, Sees 85
Hand picking against marsh ear fly (Chrysops merens)........-.------------- 37-38
Helichrysum ferrugineum, food plant of Hriococcus sordidus..........-----.--- &
RICO pS ecMatacters Mista ples sso 2... 22 ame SE wT! et SM ee) a eo 42
fasciatus, Caliothrips woodwortht a synonym .....-....----------- 39, 42
charactersun tablet erent bs La SERS Mie eS 43
ioodr platens 2 82. Ue RP LU CO AR 52, 67
hemorrhovdalis, characters in tables 22-225: =2-.222-2222-- = 3 - 43
TEEGINS IN[UTICSS 2. som sets eee NENT Nt): Ree 40
LOOUG PLANS: Le". yates Vee nee: ok. EI! 52, 67
Heliotrope, food plant of Aleyrodes vaporariorum......---..-------++---------- 93

Hemerocampa leucostigma, alternate host of Dexodes nigripes, Compsilura con-
cmnata, Tricholyga.grandis etal’ 2922 22 See ae

host of Derzodes' nigripese= 22.2. Se ees 102
Hemiberlesia immaculatus. (See Aspidiotus immaculatus. ,

Hemichionaspis thes ceylonica in catalogue of Coccidee..........-....---------- 12
townsend) im-catalogue-of Coccidesser ts 2 i ee Se 12
Hemicyclia sepiaria, food plant of Aonidia echinata............-.--..--2.------ 16
eRTUNaSICeNO. Sp. (ir )'COo, GEpOsthion= =... [Tee 20.8 SOLS 106
COS SIItETING eens... . 5 eemmeEee rote St) PERE E 2 SAS VES UOS
parasite: of Pordicerid disparene. 22.220 P 220s Ses 107
Heteromeles arbutifolia, food plant of Trichothrips ilex..........--.------ 40-41, 63, 68

Hine, James S., paper, ‘‘ Habits and Life Histories of some Flies of the Family
PULA CRU ur ee aca eee tT a's a EE S.C Me LC eae 19-38
Hippodamia convergens, enemy of Aphis maidis.............-..--+--.--------- 152
glarialis CueHiy Ol o4 piis MUGS tee. Ye. 2 kate eee ee ee 152
Maclin enemy OL Aphis miidisueeee =.) ana eee eset eee. = 102
CUNT CPON ONAL: oo 7.) >|. - ee kat ees te eh. Se ces 6 117
Honeydew of aphides; food of Tabanus stygius: 2220. 2.2-252.2 022.22. ee - 28

Hornet, bald-faced. (See Vespa maculata.)
Horsefly, autumn. (See Tabanus sulcifrons.)
black. (See Tabanus atratus.)
and white. (See Tabanus stygius.)

188 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

“Page.
Horsefly, black-striped. (See Tabanus lasiophthaimus.) 7
river. (See Tabanus vivav.)
Horseflies. (See Tabanide.)
Horses (see also Stock).
hosteol Pabenusnsivgimisese..... ../<cths sehen fee a eee ee eee 28
Host larviposition, subcutaneous, in Compsilura eumpinantistfitarte 2502 ae a 117
supracutaneous, in dexiine flies and allies. .............-. 117
oviposition jin. Pacha larvarum . 2. - seca oe ie oe eee ne Br
Howardia lobulata=Rhopdloas pis mice®. ...28 2. . ae eee Woah SS. ob ee 11
in cataloone. of Coccidve : 2. .de weheee 23 9.0 Fee eee 11
Howard, L. O., paper, ‘‘ New Genera and Species of Aphelinine, with a Revised
Table. of Genera” 2. 5.526. 3c s'5-(% - {AA eae baa eee eee 69-88
Hymenanthera banksii, food plant of Lepidosaphes hymenantherx.......-.-.---. 17
teerya candida im catalogue of Coccidee: . . .- feed. han head. oS eee ae 2
cohmensis in.catalogue of. Coceide:.. -2 48. 7:2 4-Lcalee 2S Lapa Beek ee 2
littoralis tonilensis in catalogue of Coccide.........-..-.-------.------ 2
rileyt larres im catalooue of Coccidee ...-- - .-- 522-32 -eetiet hg ee ee z
Indigo, Aleyrodide infesting it.........--- ancthapqeescteee tS oe, parler Beas 94
Indigofera arrecta, food plant of Aleynotes leabit. jaus Sa Be deta Sere aagy there nea eee 94
tinctoria, food plant of Aleyrodes leaki 2.522 125 2) sae eatiee goes 94
Iridomyrmex humilis, association with Pulvinaria grabhami.......-.-.-------- 6
Jossinia cinifolia, food plant of Pulvinaria grabhami .....-...---.---------+-- 6
Jumeaces, food plants of Sipha.sppicse~ nash toe teal) Rah eae eeeeree cee 157
Juniperus sp., food plant of Cryptoparlatorea leucaspis..........------+-+-++-+ 18
Kale, food plant of Aleyrodes brassiex...: Pismcie a= m:b obese © (tne 93
Kerosene against marsh earfly (Chrysops merens) ....-.-.-------------------- 38
carbolic acid, and pine tar against autumn horsefly (Tabanus sulci-
PRONE) eo Se he eh Sie ah = 5 ate al Bite a? gee = <i eee eee oe eee rae
‘*Kina.’’ (See Calophyllum sp.)
Knotweed. (See Polygonum persicaria. )
Lantana, food, plant of Aleyrodes vaporartorums..0- <= 2<- 4 5: 2s -les-tee $-. Se 93
Larrea, food .plant of Teerya.raleye larrese =: . S22 Bee hoa ee ee ae eee 2
Garvaposition in certain ‘Tachi: s- < Sa gee te ee ee 101-102
Lasius flavus, association with Aphis maidi-radicis .......-..=.----------++---- 139
niger, occurrence with Phenacoccus ripersioides ......-.-------+-+-+++-+- 4
var. americanus, association with Aphis maidi-radicis..........---- 125
Si,, Onthezia. Olaceb AM. TOSS «nd <5 are te oe = Fico te ne ee a 3
Latrelimyta sp:; eres, uterine... ...<i. 6 Sees 2 ae tee or ener 116
Laurel, California, food plant of Thrips MOON alist ee. Se 58, 67
Laurestina, food plant of Heliothrips hamorrhoidalis...........-.-.--+--++-- 40, 52, 67
Leaf larviposition in Eupeleteria magnicornis.....-.....---------------- 103-105, 117
Tachinid sone. Ss cs ee Aaa aoe See ees eae eae eee 117
oviposition im Blepharipa.scutellata.2<04 e+ 25. ete tee ee ee 117
Certain, bachinidse <3: Seen eee eet ee eae 99-101, 117
Crossocosmia-sp., fromplapaWs jt seeps = bee eee 107
Lecanium armeniacum, Cryptothrips californicus under old scales......-.-- 41, 67, 68
arundinariz = Coccusiarundindiaiarmn. he te Sab ee tee eee tare 8
bicruciatum = Coceus bicriiciaiusiies 202: 2 oo = ee ee ae eee 8
CUD POT UMS — COCCUSIEO p POTS +e ea iin Ae eee oe enias eee 8
coffex—Sarsserva hems plier \CG 2a hrm wis ee ete ce 70
discrepans—= Sarssetew AisCre Pangea ames ea a ose ere rae 9
expansum var. javanicum= Paralecanium expansum javanicum ....--- 9
metallicum—=Paralecanium expansum metallicum. ... - - 9

eee eee

INDEX. 189

Page.

Lecanium expansum var. quadratum=Paralecanium expansum quadratum....-.- 9
rotundum=Paralecanium expansum rotundum......-- 9

COMI C—O OCCUR MONTUIS >... Samper 3. Cos Caren agents cca 8

VEST I—PLCCON TUT, VUSENEN? «=< . WOMMMME 202-2 2 osc tails ae bee 9

Mars pitie—COCCUS MOANSU Pals... Seems cs. Lace.’ Se teri ee See: a &

RU GUANO IS USSCLUD TING fs. - AOE ee oyavin iS aee B o piel Bova eset ld 81

HDS SATA [et Oe, . SR TEARS Set ae ones Re 69

PSG IE —— SEEESRCOE DS UCL <a, -..1, 5-1 Sy ae SAN Fe. Canes 3a) 10

UL LCRTAL TE —OULCCOLL UND. DULL CRIT: aa. cree aac tyeta A'~ cue =) apa ace = 9
BUNCLULICMUN—SAISSCliG DUNCLULILERMeNe 9 2b: Sergei bale aon see 10

SU UICTALT UO OCCILE SIG TUL] CT US. oo eNO. iis @ PID ee ho ence ee 2 8

Sp sHOst.o1 Coecopnagus SUDOChT ACs es teen Sos ts Sa ctlac gcinct Sacked 80
subtessellatum=Eucalymnatus subtessellatus.............-.-.-.-.---- a

REO OCC NSLS oo io SNM ae in BM oes Beds Soc aot pe 70
zonatum=Paralecanium zonatum. : Sheps eseens 9
(Paralecanium) Eiominle —Paraleien elope. depen = <I Sint 9
peradeniyense=Paralecanium Pe eeaive UY CIUS Caper ee es 9

abecanuumn. insolens imscatalocue of Coccidgeaeersaeesesia454- hs eens. - s - 10
lmnanthent in catalogue/oi Coceideesss:: . 25 )2shecas. seee = am 10
tenebricophilum in catalogue of Coccide.................----+----- 10

Memon. 100d plant.of Aleyrodescriria.tii: os Se Se tied wis Dok Sted os Sake cies ons 174
Lepidosaphes alba, Lepidosaphes cockerelliana a synonym......-.....-.-.-+.---- 16
beck NostioCascanchinensts| jae aa ee ep ee. ee 84

PROS DOLL: MOCULCtiEe so Se TEE art anyone. kPa 80

inconnis mucaialooue of Coccid ieee. seaesaxe Ye o5--. 22 = Ja 2 2 dee Ale

Cassini im catalogue of: Coceidas. sepsis: ict. fis dns d ets qe gee 7
cockeneliiana-—Lepidosa phes GLb0) 2 4aee 28 Sects sae oe see eee. - 16

im caialopue of Coccidaetive syncs 5.5. Sal nniglieeue 5: 16

cormugata mcatalogue of Coccidee: sa saat. bSek ~ ace bokeh 2 shi 17

econ catloopueol Coccida@.. cance me sh aos Bo 2S SeRe Les oe 17
humenanthere in. catalogue’ of Coccitee: >. ue. 6: Meee eds. - iy

intermedia victorie in catalogue of Coccide-..........--------.--- iW

mulitpora. in. catalogue: of Coccides gactsisases 331-28 es tse Sosa LZ

pallens, host of Perissopterus: capillatiiss. 02 Mee. 2). biel cc oes. soe 87

rubrovittiatus in catilogue of Coceidmees 6 223 4-2. dsacle ne aeee 17

ungulata, im.catalogue. of Coccidzesasss +22 399: 4..8040,. aes Heise 2 17

wgu, W.catalogue of Coceida.. ... “Seema sees Sse U sks. Sea oes 17
Leptospermum lxvigatum, food plant of Chionaspis angustata.............-..-- 10
Mencispis corsd in catalogue of. Coccidse...... .... jst Reese as ed. See. Aahees 12
Cupressh an catalogue Of Coccide. .. 552 samen? 86 Sess eele avinSae 12

japonica, most or Martativella primase see. S285 lek eek see 73

kelloggr amscatalocue of Coccids . 2. Messees 2. GOR AL 2 casos 12
kermanensis in. catalogue of Coccidees-« si2g.2: Senses i9 Be sth dc 12
iconerd: in: catalogueiol Coccides ... 28s. Ces Oaaes 2G eis elas 12
TMi — ELMCUS Pte CONEnd te . 232).1!5. 5. e pee kites Jako RL ets yeas AS Ie 12

ECL, AO PAlOas pis: TICCE A SYDODY Mi sates bb Sk. 2. wise oe 13
Leucospermum attenuatum, food plant of Lecanium sp.......-.....-.---------- 80
Libocedrus decurrens, food plant of Aspidiotus ehrhorni....-..........---------- 13
Pseudococcus ameders0nt: 1.25 seu: ee sis 5

Lichen on Picea breweriana, Phenacoccus kuwane taken thereon..........-.-.--- 4
Lichens on Abies concolor, Aspidiotus ehrhorni taken thereon..............---- 138
Lilac, food plant of Luthrips tritici. . : age GUPUOR ME oo os 40
California, food plant of alodeins bunaeees Se Aes eis ea ae - ee 41, 48, 67

190 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 3

Page
Lilac, California, food plant of Thrips madrani = 0:28 2222). 20 See 58, 67
Lime, milk, against Aleyrodes longicornis and Aleyrodes lactea...........-.-.-- 90
Limnanthemum nymphoides, food plant of ‘‘ Lecanium” limnanthemi...-.-..--.- 10
Liriodendron tulipifera, food plant of Aspidiotus piceus.........-.-.----------- 14
Madrofia, food plant-of Orothrips kelloggii..cae= 222 a es ee 41, 46, 67
ERPUDS MAGKONN «aha pees oi. AS SI VS ee 58, 67
Magnolia acuminata, food plant of Eulecaniwm........-....-..--.2-2-+-222-++: 26
Mangifera indica, food plant of Saissetia psidin_.......-.-- 0-2. 282 eee 10
Mango, food plant of Monophlebus stebbingvi mangifere.............--.-.------ 2
Manzanita (see also Arctostaphylos tomentosa).
food plant of Orothrips kelloggi..2 = 22 ssua2ek Sh28 | ee 41, 46, 67
Margarodinee in /catalogue ef Coceidée: < Y: {Pa RSUa aE Pee 2 es eee 2
Marietta; charactets im table-.2..822. 5222 Sees 72
Manlathiella, charactersanttable 2-2... 5: - = saseess = ee ee ee 71
new genus; description... See SAS ae eee 73
prima; new species, descriptions: . = 12. 2vk 2...) See 73
Masicera.(?); maccotssubenmes.2. 22200: YESS Se ee a ee 117
parasite of Huprociis chrysorrh@a? /.2)-2 62 ae. YS SS 101
two species, eggs uterine. ee 200i PINS. 82 Se ee 116
Maskellia globosa, galls, Eriococcus tricarinatus taken thereon..........-..------ 4
Maytenus sp., food plant of Ceroplastes sanguineus.........-.--.--------------- 7
Megalothrips; characters'im tables..22: . .. SS 422. SO Lee 43
not:-hitherto‘recorded from Amieriea:2<.2002). 55.2002 eee eee 39
hesperiis In-tables . 22202. SOL, 2 2 eo 45
new species, descriptions: 9 tee208 eee ee 65-66
Melalopha, alternate host of introduced Tachinide.............-...-.-------- 112
inclusa, experiment in parasitization by Zenillia libatrix..........-. 100
Melons;.food,plants.of: Aleyrodes:vaporarionumi 22es = 213s 25-2 a 2 eo pee 93
Memecyclon umbellatum, food plant of Coccus bicruciatus............---------- 8
iMesidia. charactersin table... <2... +3. Saat ae 2S es sae ee ee 72
deseription.2226%. 5.2.63. ahs) SA ee ee 73-74
MeBicand, NEw. Species descriptionteeecee 4... 5 Seaaee Se See eee 74
Mesograpta polita found in association with Aphis maidis ..............-.------ 152
Mesolecanum inflatum ini catalogue of Coccidsess.28so02 2. S528 shesie 22238 8
Mesua ferrea, food plant of Gymnaspis spinomarginata..............----------- 16
Michelia champaca, food plant of Saissetia punctulifera..........--.---+--+----- 10
Micropalpus sp., maggots, uterine. .... cae ress 04 ee eee ee 115
Microphthalma trifasciata, reproductive capacity............-----.-++--.--+-5: 110
Mailtogramma conica, larviparous habits...235- e622: «2 2asaee Se et eee 101
Mimosicerya.im catalogue\ot Coccide: -~. [eARPeseek 12 See Eee) eee 2
Mimusops hexandra, food plant of Chrysomphalus malleolus...........---------- 15
Monophlebinse im. catalogue of Coccide:. -Saesa.. 22.4 See ebeeee see 2
Monophlebulus townsendi in catalogue of Coccide..........-..--.----+-+-------- 2
Monophlebus stebbingii mangifere in catalogue of Coccide.........-...-.------ 2
Moulton, Dudley, paper, ‘‘A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Thysanop-
teraof Califonmaijes 6: s<c.2- te cee eee teee eens 39-68
i The. Orange Mhrapay’ji- 222.8. oad hennint aes 119-122
Mullein, wild, food plant of Trichothrips femoralis. ...........--.----+-+++---+-- 62, 68
Murraya exotica, food plant of Chrysomphalus quadriclavatus............------- 15
Mustard. (See Brassica nigra.)
Miyocnema, characters ingtablle:- 56.4. eee ee eee. eee eee eee 72
reference) to.original description? .< -J/2-20-6--euo: J5 eee ee 69

pallida, reference to original description, host................-.-- 69

INDEX. 191

Page

Myristica fragrans, food plant of Aonidia javanensis.............---22-+------ 16

Paralecanium expansum metallicum..........-- 9

moschata, food plant of Saissetia psidii......-.. Bree te 10

Myrtacex, food plants of Mesolecaniwm inflatum.........-......------- eget 2) 8

Mytilaspis bicornis=Lepidosaphes bicornis........---- » Sel a. Bel 22 leptin t-6e 1%,

COSSTIEP —e POS DNES COSSUNUE. .. LIN oo steel leila: yy Seeeaye DINK - 17

ciircola—epidosaphes beckit: >. ..-apmame }. hist cl: dasa. 1anbdeys. 2 80, 84

GEG OLLI — ep IAOSADNeS JUCLLOUN «eM Ein o.c oo ce cw c'g anne ng enteee WZ

intermedia var. victorix = Lepidosaphes intermedia victorie........---- Le

multipora—Lepsidosaphes mulitponmaa.. 62 2stias- eos . > ax eualageys < + - 17

pauens—Lepdosapnes pollens ss. ase. oats eis. Honda bie . 8g He 87

De — eI OSE PRES ADULOG ... en wa km SS. hee 22 ae 17

(Coccomytilus) hymenantherx=Lepidosaphes hymenanther®.......... 17

Moccia am-catelopue! oh Coceideen.® 2.2... AeeR ese sc soe os ts 2 8a/Se\enieln- +. 16

Myzus achyrantes, generxtions, number produced experimentally. ............ 128

Nephrolepis, food plant of Aleyrodes nephrolepidis.........-.-...-..-...2+2+++- 93

Nothopegia colebrookiana, food plant of Coccus bieruciatus ..........--.-..---- 8

Rimmer, 100d plamivor \Coccus1ncisuse..... Upmemsaates a:b aisticcducmea-- 2... 8

Paralecanium expansum quadratum.........-+++--+--++++ 9

Nyssa sylvatica, food plant of Chionaspis sylvatica..........-...2..2222-5+------- 11
Oak, scrub. (See Quercus dumosa.)

Odonaspis penicillata in catalogue of Coccideis....2-.:.2.0222+-2-------+---2-- 16

(Ecophylla smaragdina, association with Saissetia psidii...............-..-.--- 10

Oleander articulata, food plant of Aleyrodes filictum..............--...----.-+-- 94

Orionrsiocaspn ol limps iQ0acs... . -. =... ameeeeigeeiaeia te sj. kerils-- +2 >. es 41, 59, 68

Opuntiaspis javanensis in catalogue of Coccide. ....:.----+-22.)-----2+-5+0-- 18
Orange (see also Citrus aurantium),.

Re TOCIC ce MUMPeSE UNCP ieee 522 <<! cine ARM a ont few me ine Here eee Se 90

food ian OL AlCHTOMeSIGIT).....-.- = aR erik oe S =< s andlte sn 2 = 174

FLO UCT a fy ee eee SS oo = Be ae

TTC OUT PSE OSCLOUS Tic 8 ee pe Hee ee Mcrae. 3s pos ae-a eich 52, 67

orange thrips: (Luthripsasciigeer: <aetenseeeq--2--:--+--- 119-122

Poraleynodes per sec...” maeepiy. sere ee 2 ees 2 173

PP SCUAOCOCEUS LULACUIVUS ae SE eee 8 eee ea ae 2 5

MATIC TOMMY DN TE CULATUDSHEMIUICE. -o.<. - - «em oR gene gs ak oun) eee 40

irene doodnaaAnts Ob L UCnTI ps OTChid i... 3 eppee ee cise cle steivies ~~ 2 2 oe os 53, 67

(Vanda hookeriana and Vanda teres), food plants of Parlatoria pseuda-

YOO Hee Se Ge ee oS, = ee ees eee, SE 18

Grape. *Coaracrers IN TAINO. 622. 0.5.2 5 3, -). NOR oe + aoa yds aie) = +2 42

MEW AERIS CeSCEUOIIOD. oc... . - 2 see <a> dices Kiss ace ence 45

REN OGA TC LOOM MOLATIGS re Mala... : 5 + ts Bc etek Gah eels as 46, 67

in blossoms of manzanita and madrofia.............-...-- 41

(SY OS VER a tel 3 MMI... - alire S a a eRe 43

new Species, Gescription. seme. << sc sek eek oh eos a oe 45-46

Onikena galapagensis in catalogue of Coccide2 a.) ....-.5. 4252-2 -5-s2222ese 8: 3

alimaceotarcaimlorne OF WOCCIde:. - . Seer ateisneyeeeso- 2s. e eee cs 3

soladginis im. catdloctie of COccide. 2m ness. oe salon as b= sd as 8 =c 3

Bp MRCS ING OER MORE eo occ) 6.a:0n + <p tes ines Meo cca na 2's = 82

Ortheziinrs in eatalorwe of Coccide-: ... . .....- mee sey ae 2cth= 25 <a segejse ees see 2

Oryea sativa, food plant of Chionaspis decurvati. oo. o-.-- 22,262 - ee nine se es Bt

eri sR GiaMtG OLPA PINS TIRES... == one. = = EE eh ee Bee aickae a wage wale oh 145

stricta, food plemt.of Aphis maidi-radicts.. 2. 6.22... 522s me seen en eee 124

Oxycoceus. (See Cranberry.)
63054°—12 3

192 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. -
_ Page.
Pachyneuron maidaphidis, parasite of Aphis maidis ................2----------- 153
Pates' pavida, Og gs, UbOPIMe 32: PMR Tic. JETRO ARNON Sy en's oe ee 109
life-history. notes... ca... J/S4 Sees ess MA ERUE SOM. OME 99-100, 101
sp., near pavida, habits, parasite of Porthetria dispar............-.---.--- 107
Palo de.Gusano,’’. food plant of -Aleyrodes.spr saat 25) geen eh mes oan 74
Pameim, tood plant of Aphis mardi-radicis... piss) 2 Se ees =e eee 124
crus-gallt, food. plant ot, Aphis matdisen o: Sone Seer. eee 145
Sipha. flav s Fea. See LEO Exe 157
protiferum, food. plant OGvA phis maid is: ves ete. «Se Meee eee Ae: 145
sanguinale,.iood plant of Stpha flava:.2 sok wae eee 157
PAnzeria: Sp, MAGZOS, UWLELING. < cis2 en -.tars sO RIE: See SE eee en 115
Parachxta Sp, C228, WCPING. << coder 23 mere ee ae ee 116
Paralecanium calophylli in catalogue of Coccide..................+--2.------ 9
expansum javanicum in catalogue of Coccidee................+.-- 9
metallicum in catalogue of Coccidee................--- 9
quadratum in catalogue of Coccide......-........-.-- 9
rotundum in catalogue of Coccide................)..- 9
peradeniyense in. catalogue of Coccidee.....:...2..-22.20 2222222 9
ZONOtuM mca tal oo tlevOIn COGCIGec a= saa aes ae ee 9
Poraleyrodes, new genus,. descriptions: 2238... 2 ete Sear ee 169-170
persex#, adult, description. ...2a2-. <'-. acs e oye ae eee ae 172-173
description. -revised !s22220 1 1s SLR SHS eee ae 170-173
egg: descriptions: . Sent.) a: LO Tae OT Nee 170
food plants... (fe) Jey. 2 a DO ae 173
hostiotvHncarstawvarvegatdee == 9955 ae eee lio
larva. iret stace, descrip tlones-- = a 0) seman eee eens 170
pupaccase, descriptions 5.92250 es ae Beer ee DEAE ee 170-172
Parasétigena segregata, eggs, -Wterine. 2. 2225245/ 2222-132) SU ee ee (0)
life-history notes. .¢2:2 495 5e0 22 Sap Wah SOE A 105-106
parasite of Porthetriadispatie. 8 Pr. 2. ae Soe ee ee 106
Parexorista chelonizx, eggs, ovarian and uterine..............---..---------- 108, 109
importance as parasite of Euproctis chrysorrhwa.....-..-. 118
lsfe-historymotes....t.cSer eee See ees eee eseee 97-99
parasite of Buproctts Chrysor7 ned 29°F. 2 8: ne A os 95. 97-98
perhapstlarviparous pepe te ae ee ten ee 102
reproductive: capacity ssc. ess) 9s ee ee 109
Parlatorio atalantiz im cataloewe'ot Coceidee: --2-- 2.2222 22 eee 18
pergandei phyllanthi in catalogue of Coccide..............-...------ 18
pseudasprdiotus in. catalogue of, Coccidee:.--. 22222822. 2). 225 ee 18
Parthenothrips,.characters.im table... 73 ses is ee ee ee eee 43
dracenz, foodeplant. 07 meee http aete een tee ae ee eee ae 57, 67
Tinta lens sade e sake A) ee ee eer rare eer er eee 44
Onn RaceiGr. 3S ae Soe Seer opel ae 57

Pawpaw. (See Asimina triloba.)

Peach, food plant of Aleyrodes: perganide: ee oss: ee ee ee ee 94
DiGS DUS" SORATTO SUS eA a2 ea) a pee eee ee 11
Pear, food plant of \Diaspis squamosus : Pe. en ot eer coterie ila
FUME DS PUTIN: SAIS SROs Se oe rar eee oe eee oe 54, 67
Pea vines, food plants of Helwothrips fasciatugo>2~ 2222222222 ee ee meteor 52, 67
Peleteria.spp Mage ots; uilewmMes.--. Pee Soe AC ne eae ae oo ecle eeericiere 115
Perissopterus, characters im talble!:.: . . cee nS 2 ns oa ae ene cree ers einer 72
table ofispeciesiees) 522 c\a teeters one See cor Sree eee ee 86-87

buscki. characters ta bleseeseemee eee eee eee eee eee 87

INDEX. 193

Page
Perissopterus, busckii, new species, description....:...-..........2-2-----+--- 87-88
capiliatus. characters in tableweeeee = 2.2.25 Je Pes es 86
new apecies; descuypmon.\2.'...2 Jes peel Peek. 87
javensis ucharacters in-table simmers 26. YS LES JS ee) 2 87
Newespecies; Ceschipaigeees& OcSt. LSD Sloe 88
menicaniusacharactersiin: tablesaeee. sene4- sane Be ee es eee Cee 87
nowumernsis, characters. in tableme....298 So20e).. 2. es 86
new: species; descmipbiomhsavie ils. St Jie JA 87
pulcheties, charactersamstabiegene .)2 2:15) dia) .g2e 000 50Wk Lae 87
Persea (see also Avocado).
carolinensis, food plant of Paraleyrodes persex..........--....-.------ 169, 173
Persimmon (?), food plant of Paraleyrodes persex.........-.-- 2-22-2022 22 eee 173
Phenacasps bupleun im catalogue of Coccidse 22 s-e.i2.)... 22 so.) 2 2 12
CONALOne ADE cabal op ueroh Cocertceeemaes 42 se sere 2s) ee ee 12
strobilanthi.in* cataloguevol Coeetdees.ccsi2 220). hs See ae 2 See 12
PRCHACODT UML — ANLECCTOCOCEILS= <4 1-2 . . SENN. Ne = wee a ee 3
im CataloeueiorCoccidee: {eee a. S208)... ete es 3
Phenacoccus aceris, Pseudococcus vagabundus a synonym...................-.- 5
xsculi, Pseudococcus vagabundus a synonym...............--.---- 5
cockerellz im cafpalague.o& Coccidaam. (oes soa a he os eck ee. Mo 4
kovmoane inccatalopuevor Coccid saa seseneee re. e eseee 4
MES PU — TE RCNACOCeUs OnU ny Ae te e We eS ee 5
pruni, Pseudococcus vagabundus a synonyMm............-.---.----- 5
mipersioues in catalogue:-of Coceiezein oe 52052 .. 2 25. 22a. ose ks 4
(Phulosendron.tood plant of Lecanwum insolense2 e220 fi... 2s. ee ee 10
olecathrpida: characters anatable.......3. Saeco 42
aE GLOGCME (us MCP OMMILCIING Ceceeeee s DALTA,. 2.2 see ee Dk se ae wee ee we la
Parasite, of, Luprocis chrysorrhwaseeaen 2a we, Wee ee 101
eiragmites: food plant, of ama pais -\. 28) aioe sales <1. 28 SEU ASS SS ae 26
Phyllanthus myrtifolius, food plant of Chrysomphalus taprobanus.............-. 15
Parlatoria pergandei phyllanthi........-. 18
Largtoniarphy lanthi ss 2 9.2 EPIL. 16
He hyscusaCharacterselogta lease teckel eee ae ie OP Lee PI SNR 8 0
flavidus, reference to original description, host....................... 7
Physokermes concolor. inveatalogue of Coccidaetseeie. 22 22 1 PIP 10
faxijolia im catalogue of. Coccidae S232 5223 2782 Ve I 10
USO US WILUEIS— HAE DS. ULUCLS aoc 2 ee pee SOLE uP ee J SOS 56
Picea breweriana, Phenacoccus kuwanx taken on lichen thereon..............-- 4
Pigweed. (See Amaranthus hybridus.)
Pine tar, carbolic acid, and kerosene against autumn horsefly (Tabanus sulci-
EPI S08.» Spe eo pCR Mn SO OS A a Aa a 27
Pinus attenuata, food plant of Aspidiotus californicus..................--.---- 13
lambertiana, food plant of Aspidiotus californicus..................----. 13
lariersstoodsplant)of Lewcaapis: corsa 20s 1 URED UP PIII ec ek 12
picestood plant of Leucaspis leonardis see ee. 2 82 PON OI aoe oe 12
ponderosa, food plant of Aspidiotus californicus.............---....---. 13
NGC = See Ee ee 13
sabiniana, food plant of Aspidiotus californicus...........-.-.--------. 13
Riper ociles teoe plantot Aleyrodes nubilans: 2e25s- 20. Lee 94
magrum, tood plant of Aspidiotus capsulatus... 22.2. 222 13
GCC AT SU PIdlineres. - oo ae oon oc ok 8
Paralecaniuim: peradeniyense..... eee ee 9
Pittosporum undulatum, food plant of Lepidosaphes multipora.......-..-.---- 17

194 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page

Planchonia delicata=Asterolecanium delicatum..........---+-+-++-+22--+-+---- 70

Plantago major, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis...................-.------- 124

rugellin, food plant cf Aphes mardimativctstsace eS 2 eee Seer. 124
Plantain. (See Plantago major and Plantago rugellii.)

Plastocharis== T hysanius. 2202s See: 2.3 ee! a he SE eee ke 72

Plum, food plant of Aleyrodes pergandet. cto Aaeseneh Tae ns 2 94

EUHE PS, DUT Sas - - 2S OO EEA) LOR Ce ne a 54, 67

Polygonum, food plant of Aleyradesse: : 2a yaks eee = ko ee ee Reese aese 79

incarnatum, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis..............------ 124

pennsylvanicum, food plant of Aphis maidis........-........----- 145

persicaria, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis. ...........----.------- 124

Polyocellana im catalozue ot Cocerdzes_x. =3 2 Sen gReeee >) Fe ee ee a ee 2

Pomaderris sp., food plant of Aspidiotus subfervens...........------222------- 14

Populus euphratica, food plant of Leucaspis kermanensis............---------- 12

Porthetria dispar, host of Blepharipa-scutellaiqges). S822 B se NL A ees 95, 118

Carcelig, QnOUG: ... Tse «5c eee Ee ee Cee aera ae 105

Carcehavonapa(?) trom Japanese 22 esse ee 5. eae 107

Compsilura concinnata(?) from Japan......--..-.----- 107

CrOSSOCOSNANSDP 2S SES Sete oe SSeS ee EE 107, 118

Derodesniignipestspee..« 2 ESS aes Tee Ne eo ees 102

Hemumasicend(? ieee a2 20 eeeree Ae See ee ee 107

Pales'sp.,. Wear pavidaasess see ease eee ee 107

ParasetigQenaesegregalaneea se: Sees eee ee 106

Taching chistocampes 2 said oh eek Tee epee ee 106-107

Tachinas® Japaneseses a2e28 25= sees LE SHES Gee 107, 111

Zygovothria gilya <1 22 ee) icl, Se CESS eee 105

Zygobothria gilva(?) from Japan. ...........2.-...2.- 107

Portulaca oleracea, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis. ..........2.....--...--.- 124

‘Pothos scandens, food plant ot Coccus marsupialiste- 946 8 eee Jae eee 8

Prosopothrips vejdovskyi, resemblance to Sericothrips reticulatus.......---..---- 51

Prospalia, characters anctablel, tes < costs ee oe Sasa ee eee eee 72

reference to onipimalidescripilons=ssssesee ee ae ose eee eee 79

berlesei, reference to original description, host. .............-.----- 70

maculata, new speciessdescriptionle toe ere a2 can es ae 79-80

tristis, reference to original description, host................--.---- 70

Prune; food plant of Hutkrips pyr... Saar ee: o: date Bae eee 54, 67

Pranus spp.; Aleyrodid& infesting them: 22-2. 7-2 2...55als ee eae eee eee 94

Pseudaonidia curculiginis im catalogue of Coctidee=.- 2.0.2: 2¢s02.24. -22eeeciese 15

Pseudococcusandersoni in’ catalogue of Coceidserss4---0-- 25425 52554. ee eee ee 5

crotonis in catalogue of Coccide............--.---- bast se teatetees LE 5

dudleyy an cataloguecof ‘Coceideels=--. Saas es seen eeeee eee oeee 5

elongatus in ‘catalogue, of Coccidaes « ice): a7 Jee Sees RS ee 5

ephedrx in catalogue-of, Coceidaee hh... .2: sna ecbesk pene eon ase 5

lilacinusnn catalogue ot Coccidsess--—--- = 4- = See eee 5

longispinus, host of Coccophagus orientalis. .....---..----------- 70

tayabanus in catalogue of Coccidseres.5-- 26-5 eee oe eee eee 5

vagabundus im catalogue ofiCoceidee:-------s-seee eee esse ee eee 5

@mrgatus im! catalosne, of Coccidsae ree ee Seere eee eee ee 5

Pseudogermariva sp ;, kes, Wherine sae. - > es ee ee eye eee ee 116

Pseudotsuga taxifolia, food plant of Leucaspis kelloggii.....-.-.....----+---+-- ei 12

Physokenmes tavifolvxe a2: =.= s222sece sees 10

Psidium (see also Guava).
guava; food ‘plant of Saissetia: psidits- es bec b. toe (eeee eee eee 10

INDEX. 195

Pieris quadriolata, food plant of Aleyrodes jficium...........----.-----2+----- 94
Preropiricind;emaracters in tables... ....-Saseee EEA an Be 71
fablerot cenerastemales ° Cea Ole 2 A ee ee i ow 72
Picropiriacecharaerers 1m tablemees. |... .- 2 SaMe 2 2 base eee dee gedse tl eso. i

Pulvinaria camellicola, Pseudococcus vagabundus a synonym...-.--..-.---------

coultenin-catal opwevot) Coccidsesemsee.- - 2 15S. PULL ee.

geine in Catalosueroh Coccide:: time. 25 2222929 ee FYI TES. 2c esse

gqravhamt in-catmorue of Coccidzetemee -. 22 22232 2222252 ee

betheli im. catalogue of Coccides eames... 2 2800222022 IP a

maxima imecatalooue ol Coceidsewaeeen | ohana 2... Seal eee

pougonaman catalopue of Coectdge se]: .2l2is222 [Elbe RES

psidi philippina im catalogue of Coccide.--.........-2.2-22.-22----

reniam catalosue of Coccidie: “ewe hes PY. 2 8222S.

hilersinieatalogueof Coccidae: seers hs 2) SI Pe eee

mus opacus im catalogue or Cocemzes. 2. SP 2S8 8 6.2 bs Pde et

sonbusenmeatalocue oi Coceidees = 2: 2922 2 Ser 22022 Te

ob

NNN NN NDDDADAHD SH

Purslane. (See Portulaca oleracea.)
Quaintance, A. L., paper, ‘““A New Genus of Aleyrodide, with Remarks on
Aleyrodes nubifera Berger, and Aleyrodes citri Riley
AMGMEO ward: aaa sae a eee EE es 169-174
““The more Important Aleyrodide Infesting Eco-
nomic Plants with description of a New Species

intestine the: Omnser 7-280). 52.1 SUPE ee 89-94

Quercus dumosa, food plant of Trichothrips ilex dumosa...........--------7.--- 63,68
Ragweed. (See Ambrosia trifida.)

Henne lachiniga am conmmement. 2... <2 Seas oc esa eee ee acta 110-111

Rearings and dissections of Tachinide, results therefrom...............-.-.-.- 95-118

reproductive capacity of Tachimide ss. 5-22.2525-2--- 2222s SPY 272... 2 109-110

Rheedia lateriflora, food plant of Beane GUCCI eee ee Aas ER ERs: ONES: 3

Rhizophora mucronata, food plant of Paralecanium expansum rotundum........- 9

ho patos prim catatorue of Coecid- -2o a. vanes. 2s. e sete chess ee sees: 13

PEC — POS USPUCC LE ee ee ee eee ew ee IL ae 13

irimcat logue Ol COCClace. sae eee ns a. foes Veo bes ce Sted 13

Howard tabulata'a synonym sss 2220 222 Nees eS ie ane 11

Rhopalosiphum maidis. (See Aphis maidis.)
Rice. (See Oryza sativa.)

SHKosal- food plant Of Aspidtoles TayaDaNUS: 2.2226. - ees S22 See. eee k tet 15
Rosa (see also Rose).
APs MGGduplAl OLLL WUE NAN COULLETL coca s ee wees Skee lee eee foe. eee 6
Rose (see also Rosa).
Hood planiiol Aleynbdes SPIT Cre: -- Seta ote. 222s lS l ee eee reese ae ee 91
SORTA TRIPLE ol) o/h ein =. Nea Wetec gt 2 A ar ae i al 40
Rubus (see also Blackberry).
fot LAMiOD StpRe TOU Ole. t ts. 4. amc et Seek re Ae 157
cunetfolius, food plant of Aleyrodes ruborum......----...-------------- 94
PRUEPCOSUS NOOO WAL Or AicyTOUes TUUIenee 2 oe se ek 2 ee kee 94
Sp AGoU pint OL At ICIROUCs TUDICOUL. ome Soe eee sec tans tee acess 94
Sop Aley toate Ilene {Nent.. 0 sees 2... 0-2-2 e ne ees see ae Se oe 94
iinnalis. 100d plant ot Aleyrodes ruborum..2-*-.22 5 2)F 0-2. 94
Rumezx altissimus, food plant of Aphis maidi-radicis............-..+----------- 124
crigpus food plat of Apis mordi-radicis=- 222 2:...-52.220 052-020 52..... 124

Sage, California. (See Artemisia californica.)

196 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page

Sagittaria leaves, place of oviposition of Tabanus stygius............--......-- "28

Saissetia.discrepans in catalopue-ei@occide 24455 - - sising-t vos eens eee 9

henisphexrica, host of Coccophagus flavescens...........------.------- 70
omenialise: < kta. ak dete Meee 70

nigra; host of Coccophagus longifasciatus.. < 2.642 asco5- met ye aeey-e Boe 81
olex, Cryptothrips californicus found under old scales.............-- 41, 67, 68
host.of Miyocnemanpallida. < esses no Se Gp hae oe ae ee 69
padu,.in catalogue.of Coceidee. . . hy -scte beet Se ae eee oe 10
punctulifera 1m. cataloemerol,Coccidtes sae mes ae! ot. ee ee ee 10

Salicicola kermanensis. (See Leucaspis kermanensis. )

Salix chilensis, food plant of Ceroplastes schrotthyi-. ies be a ee ee TE
persica, food plant.of Leucaspis kermanensts.i oe oe 222 2022028 Se seinen: 2: - 12
zygostemon, food plant of Leucaspis kermanensis..............-----+++---- 12

Sambucus, food plant of Asterolecanium pustulans sambuci...........+++.----- 3

Sanders, J. G., paper, ‘Catalogue of Recently Described Coccide”.........- 1-18

Sorcophaga, larviparous nabits-s22t 55.2: 36. ja tg ee =e 101

Saw-palmetto, food plant of Aspidiotus spinosus..............---+2.+--++++--- 14

Scale, black. (See Saissetia olex.)

brown apricot. (See Lecanium armeniacum.)

SanwWiose. host ofA phelinws: (auscrce D3 nate oe Se ae oe Se in ee 69
Scalesia microcephala, food plant of Orthezia galapagoensis ...........-...---- 3
Schizura, alternate host of introduced Tachinidx..............-.....---------- 112

concinna, experiment in parasitization by Zenillia libairiv.........-- 100
Sericophrips, characters in table. s.2¢¢ cee. 1g epee a t= oss eee ee 42
description... .o55: kak «bots = eae te 4a Seep eee 49

apteris, charactersumtable 2.5.2.0. -2e eats 5 eee ee 43

descrip tlott. os... ./t. ee Peo a a eee eee 49-50

food yp lam sot os whee = api A a ee ce eee 50, 67
meliculatiusweharactens) Un: tall epee meses tas Ser ee ee nee 43

foodsplaiits.... :s8 ieee: bp ee ee eee 51, 67

NeW, SPECIES, deSeripiONe tons foe Oe eee eee 50-51

stanjordii,.characters.in table-toe. a seen Pei eee 43

- food jplanitisieis. 4.220 Area cos ee oS rN ae SION

Me wespecies«d eseripwOME <+ W445. 8 os eres ae ee 51

Selaria; food plant Of Sipha lave fa: .s5- Sa Beem SOS ee ee 157
glauca, food plant of Aphis maidi-radieis....- =... -- <2 de ee ie wee 124

WHOLIS ee oe sat as, ers oy aa 145

Sipha flavd...czmaressé <8 cin 3t 34a: Sa em

viridis, food plant ofA phis:maidi-radiers. .-- - -- 2 ee = ee eee 124

Shade tree, cultivated, food plant of Pulvinaria polygonata..........----.-..- 6

Silkworm, hostiof Crossocosmasericania=: 2225. - 2 936 22 32 See ee eee 99

Sipha bignonzx, food plants; nota typical Sipha ...............:2.2-+..-+-+-- 157
flava, bibliography, eer meee = =-- eee eee eee 167-168

deseriptionss.cal2 aurea. . <2 eee ns 32 5. eee eee 163-167
distribittione:. hee. eh oe... Ga ed oe ee 157
egps, descriptions ise >... (ieee. be See a eee et eee 167
female, oviparous, adult wingless, description..............-.-.--. 166
after second: molt, description.:.-...2.-.-.:---: 166

third molt; description: <2). 242.5 9-65 ete 166

viviparous, adult winged, description...........--....--. 165
wingles @- description -../5.4 922.2 .1.30 164-165

foodtnoTamits se. oer. 7 ct ee Oe eye eine ee ie eee 157

generations, periodsiand succession<2.....-.4 -» tees 4 eee 157-159

INDEX. 197

Page.
IS Pc tar ble ISOM me cscs os 26s nis, -/< ghnte b e eee e ndes 156-163
males adilipgdeserip tion =. -6- eaeemer. - se eeeeneais aseeraes 6G sos es 167
aitensecoudanolt,descripiionut. . .. 2) oj oeets Jase ==... 166-167
third molt, _ - AE BERGE eee Hate ret AS 167
Ovaparousiconeratlom...2 5:5... -taReee? 22-cisembelod. =e eee eames - TOI-163
descrip tionsmeeee: aL) i teeta BS sees - 165-167
pupa of winged viviparous female, description. .................-- 165
Viv IpArOUsPeMeratON:. = 1c. Re) ee aeePekes scl er iemmese le. 159-161
descriptions.......- areneeh I Lente 2 uses) 63165
rubifolv on blackberry (Rubus); nota “oe Sime Sess ese shack 249 28 GSEs 157
Sisyropa sp., eggs, uterine.......... Oo Pe ORE ODEO E Oop Dera ALrerny: rom! lo SI LEC)
Smartweed. (See Polygonum incar ea re
Nerpimesnenaea nai Orange Thrips. .....- cee mot eWardt 2.2.2 kee See 121
Solidago canadensis, food plant of Orthezia solidaginis.............-.----------- 3
Spr poodeplantiomOrihecid BOLO Giatsmae a. <5 aE ees ae wen eed. 3
NOnghuDE ood. plantiol Apne, Mata -TAdicis sea oe 3) aro eso ein BSS Ss oa 2 124
TOUTS Ey. SIO AY ERG oe cece AES
DOF Oy (LOA a RN es ER et oe 157
halpense, food planizot Sinha flaides...s25-. . <= abate: xg. se - 168
Sorrel. (See Oxalis stricta.)
Spierococcus pustulans an catalogue:of Coccidees e.ss ei Pare) eee yee. . a 4
Spharganium leaves, place of oviposition of Chrysops merens...........-.---- 38
Spiders, enemuies:of eLabanis suleiyronss.. se tie. tsse i o28WE- 6 2 S222 ts 27
Spree. lood plants or Aleyrodes fernaldt...cchem eon 2% <n 00.2 HERS. 522 onsen ce: 93
Squachiniood plantiol Aphis mardicradicis: .asetas. Ps sstS.-22--2-ca.0- 2A
meracaccusancatalogae: ot Coccides: 2254s: eee s 2 = ele ee oe ek esa 7
SjOstede imMca ial OCMelOIs CO CCl cases semen eee Sa -18 ree. ae 8
Bideks live, Hosts of Tabane sulcy1T Ons =. c0.' «sean es! SER aoe ge. 220 22
HON < Ss em ae amt: cree sf. samy bh > rhe P 53 and 32
Strawberry, Aleyrodide infesting it...........- Ben Sees i= Meat Ds s '. 93
Strobilanthus sp., food plant of erenaca as pis SOLALihe Ne Se ele 12
Stphela sp, food plant of Crenochiton serratussiessn. 525255. 2s. es we
virgata, food plant of gee UU UALS rete t. cet bys - Devs . 5.5 2 13
Sugar cane, Aleyrodide infesting it. . ete tmeiiegn: es, 8 Enel potencies’ - 5 5.4. 90
food plant.of Aleyrodes igi pe apc eeeamneeey Bt pve Ses eh tN Lee! oepe s c. a
GPE -sy.\-/-5) See eees See arene tases cd 70
Syzygium pseudo-jambolanum, food plant of Lepidosaphes ungulata.........-.- 17
Tabanide, habits and life histories of certain species...................------ 19-38
imams atratus, habits and lite history... .< 4..cqasase tee aes as sat nase «os 34-36
larva. full-orowal,.descriptioneesaspe.cse2ud-/.. += 22 ace 26-2. BD=90
Ita Gescn pilONag.n5 2... yo ee. ta sf ecidee tyazids ASoNorddae 36
lamo phthalmasaguli, description jqyatses « okcyo 5x! S.J. toe ya Seach -25t 22
habitsiandilife histamypar: 5... a:-cstclas- a2 Gdisk. nee 19-22
larva, maitre, Cescripmon. Sack «e204. sc aaseiase ued +. - 22
pupa, description . ages ciaawige ho heey tack 24 ors 22
ShyOriss AGU GesenipliOn): . 2)... ies: \oehabak Be ape etnias = eters’ 32
habitsandeluie history... Seam. 22. oe: aptePak te vce, nasty a) ae 28-32
larva, newly batched, description... <<.j:!..1 4b asehaexate.wa 31
pupa, descniption os an: Meera) cs 5 eed Gas sao bepee ss 31
Suleyrons adult, description =)... seeeeiMtes!. <4 2c,A30 nea fs < costa hls 23
habits andtlite history. neers o. -.< ere bast: = oc bees ce 22-28
pupsaicse desenption..25 geese ao einen pears os ois 2 a ecis wie 28

Dpar. SAUL, GESCTI PON. o.5 ..0ic'=.5 SAA oi CUR cides < ieee 32-33

198 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

& Page

Tabanis vivex, habits and life history... . 22522. .f220 7: 4222s eee 32-34

larva, description....... wots eens BO So SR ER Ee 33-34

pupa, description 2a.. /¢ 0a os Se ee 34

Tachardva albiezix im catalogue-of Coecide se.) Se 2k oes a eee 6

aurantiaca in catalogue of Coccide.......-. SA TNE AR St 6

cexrulea in catalogueco Coceideest@i-Besentee.. 2 oa eee ee eee 6

jfici in catalogue of Coccidae. 2..)): See ee Jott JO wa tie Noe 6

glomerelia im: catalopue on@occidwe.. cine. Bee se2 eee 6

sp.; host of. Perissopterus javensisuer.: Sater a oct sas ae tee ee 88

Pachardiins in catalooue:of Cocetdeer. }. << 2s: Sates: “eae Se 6

Taching and-allies, reproductiveveapacitiy:. <...:525s9aeece Sasdee te) eee 110

clisiocampz, ‘egos, utermet.-.. -.. . ss SE ee ee 9 Se ee 108

life-history alotes. -...... .. cine s+ ae Hee oh et ee 106-107

parasite of Huproctis chrysorrhea and Porthetria dispar. . 106-107

larvaruin, coos, ULEFING sso... See octane cee ae ees ese 108

habiltes.tesee ss: . . RI Se ae Bs AE, 106

parasite: of Hy phanirad cuneMe . APRS so. Si sa ee 112

reprodlictiverhablts...... tee... sos See: = eee 117

utilis, espa sutenne joes) J280.. SSSR ie. Se SR ee sone 106

habitss.4 2 eh Sa ee. . es ce a Le ee 106

Tachinas, European, important parasites of Huproctis chrysorrhea........ 112, 113, 118

Japanese; egg colonization. -- Veer s Stee Fe. BUelse SEO, See 111

eves, uterine: 5.08. — ee OS ee ae Bare 108

habitsecs {os nate... Pe Fe Ss 106

parasites of Hy phantria, Cumemer 22s Rabee dee Se oee ones We

Porthetria-dis pane gase i se Rae ee ee 107

Tachinide, alternate hosts, new, for introduced species.................--- 112-113

bleaching the puparia......0 725 <0 RSE. Ve RES 115

colonization, improvement in method.....................-+--+- lil

dissections ‘and rearings; results: -cante ns) Ue. eee ee 95-118

Conclusions: : 3821(.29932.008 SN 118

of nativespecies; resultaek West) 2) fA AE oa SE 115-117

eggs, uterine, importance of their study.....................--- 107-109

larviparous habits of certain species. ........2....25222..222225 101-102

probability of extra maggot stage in leaf-ovipositing species. ....... 101

rearing them in confinement teeseSe- S325. = 2) ee os 2 eee eee 110-111

rearings’and dissections: results? [4215 220... Sse eeae ae ae 95-118

conchisions. 742). 2 2S. 2 ee 118

reproductive capacity... 0572. Ree et. Bee ee 109-110

habits; summary ese {eet BU AER. eee 117-118

Tamariz articulata, food plant of Trabutina elastica..........-..2222+2-22+---- 4

Tangerine; feod: plant of Aleyrodes:nubifera Paes... ON sae ee eee Ws

Targionia phyllanthi in catalogue of Coccidse............2222..222222 cece teens 16
subfervens. (See Aspidiotus subfervens. )

Tea plant, food ‘plant of Sarssetta discrepanss 254 So ee See ss eee 9

Terebrantia,- characters. in tables... . .2.22eEe. hE Se, 42

Theresia tandrec; egg: uterine:.2 222 -so0. Rs A PP. cio ee iil?

Phripidee,-characters.in' tawle.2 se 17222): PRR ee eee eee es ne 42

Fhrips; onaracters in-table.<: 22252... +). eeinse Bees cee eee eae Sec eeee 43,

bremmnerii, characters in table. ; . 26c2ne.08 SE ee ee 44

food plant 2% : 2...) 22 2 SE eee ee eee 60, 68

new species; description (igs I ee cee Peer 59-60

grass. (See Huthrips tritici.)

INDEX. 199

Page
iisips madroni. characters an table... : SMRRBEe . . 2st see See 2. De, 44
LOOMMpIAMESe sec. Oe I 3 cdl oe ee TE PBL 58, 67
new. species, descr ptionesmeee<..- /..ks tans eh mee SS. yee 57-58
onion. (See Thrips tabaci.)
OUI Ne SS a Se Se oe — <\ A oe AE haga 119-122
deseription of female’. i vz. Ayes See). | ee I wh 121-122
GEBEEUO UI GEO INS oie ao. cis, oe CE LR CEC Oe SON 119
injury, natureiand extent -sehee....82 Gee elie... s eons 119-120
life -histom ROLES! Li leNe sepa Os +. 2 Saved |. 2h eh 120
TOMA CGT CS ns ore pon fa cid REI 2. WA Ake erie 121
prevalence as affected by soil conditions.................... 120-121
pear. (See Huthrips pyri.)
ibact..characters.in. table ..........ceereaes 22 Se a, co deiel2g Deel, 44
fiavel oleae een: jc. . 2 oe eG de 59, 68
ING Mag C OMOM LON Sy jrciore nis. ---t eRe oe Be tee ESE 52k Nand oes 4]
Thysanoptera, contribution to a knowledge of those in California............. 39-68
economic importance: . eRe eeeee se baat) pete ad bels 39-41
oLCaliiomia key tovcencraceee > se o0N. Sewanee ie od ae 42-43
Speciekamee ene Sor ety le Aas od 43-45
suborders and families. .............-...- 42
miiysanus characters im tables < 4-06. ~ EEE SOR SR OP eI leek. 72
Mopacco, Aleyrodides: infesting. it... 0... FRE. SSS, A 89-90
extract against tobacco. thrips: . alsa ee2 So... 22 FI Lo 121
Tomato, food, plant of. Aleyrodes:vaporariorums J 3.).25 222 A 828 93
Townsend, Charles H. T., paper, ‘‘A Record of Results from Rearings and Dis-
SoS OSH OTH ALES THN T0 ty SHCeN SS Se ROE ESL”. Ey 8 Ce geet) aed as Se 95-118
Weaouting. in cataloaueot.Coceidee......1...iid aeons poi te O81 ORS DOI DPS 4
clasiica.inecatalozuelon Coccidiem@ 2 Seraaate o's (OSS oe a 4
Tray, ‘‘tanglefooted,’’ use in rearing Tachinide..................... 96-97, 110, 115
Triachora unifasciata, eggs, uterine. ....-.... SAS IRN Se, SOT Shs 116
ARCOLA GHERATS, CLIS 5 ULCELINC Eh ooh na ariavacs A TE HO SUSE. wiclw a valence owiels 108
oe gl PSS ee a See) ca See a os ae 106
important parasite of Huproctis chrysorrhea..............-. 118
parasite of Hemerocampa leucostigma...........-..++++---- 112
PAUP RANT CUICD I AONE Sein wis 6 <<'e's e'nid's's 55.0" 112
Trichophora ruficauda. (See Copecrypta ruficauda.)
iechoririps characters: tablere ss. «= abepeees oe es eae 43
dens, Charactersimimable. >... Sareea yee ee. 2s ooo 44
LOOMD AM beers eee = «|< eee yee eo id Se Lee 61, 68
new speciessdesenipti ona as ee ee 60, 61
jemoralis. characters mitable: 58 ass SSI NE se ce ie es 44
fooglsplanis sees a... ce ie oes ME oh. 8 ees be 62, 68
New. Species MesCripiimer sea ae se seh cee eeeleee ee 61-62
Her icnaracters in Galehe 3c... EE ciao 2 cbc los dos Seek eal vey 44
TO DUMDLAINGS ee. tee. alts eee 63, 68
injury to Christmas berry (Heteromeles arbutifolia)............ 40-41
new species, descriptions Meee. eo Sek die ae sete ane = Fs 62-63
Ginieniecnarac bers 4N table ee. &. cleo cee ose Mee Secs 44
100 PIANt) <.3< sc. ae eros Naess oer SE es ioe 2 63, 68
newavariety, desctipwomen:.- 2222288105... -ss.c-55- 63
Tronpnus horde: in catalogue of Coccide:. -geete.. . oo le a +
nanusan catalosuetol-Coccidse: . Semesters .o hose. oe es eee ks 5

200 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page
Triphleps, presumably insidiosus, enemy of Huthrips citri..-.......--.------- 121
Tnga, larviparous habits se. 2S se .- =< =) oe geen ee onde ES ey een 101
Dabulifera, charaeters inutable.:s 22 ....... Seep Cees eRe eee Je oe 42
Typha latifolia, egg mass of Tabanus lasiophthalmus on leaf.............------ 19
Woumiya “servearia—Cr0ss0 COSMIG ISCTICOTI 2. 2 HE ewe rie = ew ee 99
Uji parasite of silkworm. (See Crossocosmia sericarix.)
Wltracelostomaincataloeue.of Coceidee ........- 222/21 a.cee - - Seu eee 2s ae 3
Vaccinium uliginosum, food plant of Aleyrodes ribium (?).....--------------- 94
Vanda hookeriana, food plant of Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus...........-.------ 18
teres, food plant of Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus.......-......------------ 18
Vornchxta sp. smaccots py Uberinesaeesiern lato GS ele es id ee eae ee 115
Vespa maculata, enemy of Tabanus sulcifrons..... 4.2226 22.0802 F- 22 |. ee - 26-27
Vetch, food plant .of Authmpsulieiscalifornicuss .. . 2hes! Gi... -2) se ee 56, 67
wild, food plant of Hehothrips fasciatusae 5. a2 52-12 -2eeee! Saas == - 52, 67
Viburnum (2) dood plantjol Aleyrodes citrt ....2o.5- 1... AP tisk Soe see a= 174
Walnuts, food plants:ofwiuthrips pyris|> }. . 2a. 28 4. 62 ans ieee). Agee 54, 67
Websteriella atalantizx. (See Parlatoria atalantiz.)
Westwoodia hor det— "Er onymmusOndeteis. - - serps = ase = eles ef ee re 4
Wheat, tood'plant:of ‘Aphis maidi-radicts... .=aesocs.<--< - 26-32 emo scare 124
Supha guavas: Site «se bee don. LoS Ss oS cee ee eee 157
WWilga,, tood plant of Lepidosa phesvilgd 2 aie -eeece- ose ee eee 17
Xanthium strumarium, food plant of Aleyrodes sp.......-.---.--.-+----------- i
Xanthorrhea, food plant, of Lepidosaphes pallens:(2.)3 2-22.25! 252262 22242. - 87
Xylococcus matumurz in catalogue of Coccide........+.-2:.2-5--22i2-2-+--- 2
Zeniliadibatmavepea;niterme .<thitech 2s: teeeee! -wa-ee 2 ee eee). tae 109
life-history. notes:ss:...t=2, ARee ee e..; 2 5.32 See ee a oe 100-101
Mygovothnia quva neces: wterimes <b ..2 Se ee pene st aot Gee eer ae ree 108
parasite or Porthetria dispar weet 4... 2282s Ieee ee 105 ~
Zygobothria gilva (?) from Japan, parasite of Porthetria dispar........--.------ 107
nidicolawegge-OVAanIani: .) 2’asecncens el 322)! -Beee eee ose 108
life-history: motes... - 4. s¢2eeeerr eee See Ae eee ae 105
parasite of: Hwprochis chrysorrhet..- «+ -:jeis Se se 105

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TECHNICAL Series, No. 12.

Uses OE PAK TIMENG OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

SCONTRNIS @AND INDEX.

IssuED DECEMBER 31, 1912.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1912.

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 12.

Us: DEPARTMENT Or AGRICULTURE,

BUREHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

I. CATALOGUE OF RECENTLY DESCRIBED COCCIDA.

By J. G. SANDERS, M. A., Assistant.

Il. HABITS AND LIFE HISTORIES OF SOME FLIES OF THE FAMILY TABANIDA.
By JAMES 8S. HINHE, of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
If. A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE THYSANOPTERA
OF CALIFORNIA.
By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous-Fruit Insect Investigations.
IV. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF APHELININA, WITH A REVISED TABLE
OF GENERA.
By L. 0. HOWARD, Pu. D.
V. THE MORE IMPORTANT ALEYRODIDA INFESTING ECONOMIC PLANTS, WITH
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES INFESTING THE ORANGE.
By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Decidwous- Fruit Insect Investigations.
VI. A RECORD OF RESULTS FROM REARINGS AND DISSECTIONS OF
TACHINID.

By CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND, Ezpert in Charge of Dipterous Parasites, Gipsy-Moth Laboratory.

VU. THE ORANGE THRIPS.

By DUDLEY MOULTON, Engaged in Deciduous- Fruit Insect Investigations.

VIII. BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THREE SPECIES OF APHIDIDA.
By JOHN JUNE DAVIS, of the University of Illinois, Champaign, Iil.
IX. A NEW GENUS OF ALEYRODIDA, WITH REMARKS ON ALEYRODES
NUBIFERA BERGER AND ALEYRODES CITRI RILEY AND HOWARD.

By A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous-Fruit Insect Investigations.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1912.

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
©. L. Marztarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief.
R. 8S. Crrrron, Executive Assistant.
W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk.

. H. CurrreNpDEN, %n charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations.
. D. Horxins, in ‘clare of forest insect investigations.
. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.
. M. WessteER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.
. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations.
. F. Putiiies, in charge of bee culture.

. M. Roaers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work.

Routia P. Currie, in charge of editorial work.

MABEL Co.tcorp, in charge of library.

II

UP dab

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Untrep STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau ofr ENTOMOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., October 5, 1912.

Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as
Technical Series No. 12, of this bureau, nine papers dealing with the
classification, description, or habits and life history of various insects
belonging to groups of economic importance.

These papers, prepared by different employees of the bureau and
published separately during the years 1906-1908, are as follows:
Catalogue of Recently Described Coccide, by J. G. Sanders; Habits
and Life Histories of some Flies of the Family Tabanide, by James
S. Hine; A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Thysanoptera of
California, by Dudley Moulton; New Genera and Species of Aphe-
linine, with a Revised Table of Genera, by L. O. Howard; The More
Important Aleyrodide Infesting Economic Plants, with Description
of a New Species Infesting the Orange, by A. L. Quaintance; A Record
of Results from Rearings and Dissections of Tachinide, by Charles
H. T. Townsend; The Orange Thrips, by Dudley Moulton; Bio-
logical Studies on Three Species of Aphidide, by John June Davis;
A New Genus of Aleyrodide, with Remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera
Berger and Aleyrodes citri Riley and Howard, by A. L. Quaintance.

Respectfully,
L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.
Iil

CONTENTS?

Page.
Catalogue of recently described Coccide ...-....-...-.--------: J. G. Sanders. - 1
SubianuhysMonophlomines: . .... 2 aes. = = toe eros2. 32 5c a meth cok 2
Siiovieranall SUN goo bce ee — 2 eee a 2
Sib orewcaull bss (Oi ¢yey4 00 ea eee |. ea ese 2
Silolamuiy (Conchasnines sh)... 2s. sees i> atin sale fore a oe Hee 2 cee 3
SubiamlleMaeimeminn a: =<: 1) Piaeee ees ok Boi See os ns oe aacighamay 3
Simian, Machareainee. 2.1). <ei5 > Sere os a ata tcl wok cn 6
Suis y Cocoa need oo). ~~ Seale elas waste soc ee eas ties 6
Sul one agai Mga) Desi cil ee - e S eS ae ee 10
Habits and life histories of some flies of the family Tabanide .. James S. Hine. - 19
The black-striped horsefly (Tabanus lasiophthalmus Macquart).........-. 19
The autumn horsefly (Tabanus sulcifrons Macquart).........-.-----...--- 22,
The black-and-white horsefly (Tabanus stygius Say)..-.---.-----.------- 28
The river horsefly (Tabanus vivax Osten Sacken).........---.------------ 32
The black horsefly ( Tabanus atratus Fabricius)....-.-.............------- 34
The marsh.ear Hy (Chrysopsimerens Wallkker))«,...... --2- = ./42.25 <tc == moi 36

A contribution to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera of California, Dudley

CHET is teas CBO OSE Ra Bd oR = > — Ne Cn Ree ten ene 39
UCTVA ROME RTOS Sa aeeeec 3 he ee <= eae eee a 3
Classification of/@alifornia ‘Thysanopteras:« so 53..2- 05,42) 5 =a = are oe 42

Key totheisuiborders:and familiess ic afi. = ict eisiesice eee 24 oe ween = 42
ewarovine ene ra cent. sa ~ 52 = ee retrace etnies ee ys os 42
Mow lonuine spe Cles. mia: /25 5 7 Se SS ce a ay cet a oe teas 43
amare ALolaplarap ieee. io: 2 eee i oe ere cis hae Oh Eo os 45
USCoE A BOAT OL P53 on aE Oe ee a ae ae a ee 49
iHemublyy Teileegiimipicce s. 52 kc. eS 8 OE oe 5s oe HE tac ain eyes 60
List of California Thysanoptera and their food plants..................... 67
New genera and species of Aphelininz, with a revised table of genera, L. O.

ISAC ALYCIA = OANA SERS An: Cig PPE ee 5 Soa ee 69
Logi acre Cohn LSS ea Ae, oe eee a ae Seu 69
SubiamilywA phetinings.\Table-.of tribes 423.2220): foa-qa--nane asses. 3 71

Vehew: -Aphelinini) Table;of gemera tions: 5-625. 2-25.22 22 Ha bacins (al

Tubertl.=Pterophaemi: “Table of pemeray.2 1 = (022.0. - Seen ieeee-oe exe se 72
CROLL OUT E Le leo oe ee oe 5 ee a a or eR a 73
Rela US) EMA VCH tee oe ek le eR <n ee 73
Genus PA Zon See ee meme ee Be Miso: 2 Dai Ss i Shy oy et aA oe 74
AG DUD We CRE Ce Pa 2 le Mea Ne fh he PS eA Sk en 76
Genus ye tas pO) Aare as eee’... Ler er os tee alts ous eed ee 79
(ERIS) URE CON DIE Ve eee, 12 = aT. Sea ne a ae ee 80
Geniee acsk eer eerste eee dak cas aE. 82
(GreUNS, (COA IC9Ts Oe ieee Fc ee, Sk eA ee a ee 83
SITU 12 10 I Se ee geet ee, = Te Oe 2 NE ee 84
(CYSTS) 2 7 LS Raa eae ae a <2. ee og ee a ee 85
GeTHUies CBIR NEETUS Sey eae FS «el eR se ke tote ae 86

1 The nine papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on June 5, 1906; Aug. 29, 1906;
Apr. 5, 1907; July 12, 1907; Oct. 21, 1907; Sept. 18, 1908; Feb. 11, 1909; Feb. 20, 1909, and Sept. 1, 1909.

Vv

VI MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.

Page.
The more important Aleyrodide infesting economic plants, A. L. Quaintance. . 89
Introduction .. 222%... +... Sg ER 14. 8h ae ay See aise se a ee ere 89
Economic plants and the more important Aleyrodide infesting them. .... 89
A record of results from rearings and dissections of Tachinid#, Charles H. T.
POWNSONG,. ore Sats Horns Sate ora SEES SNCS ote eae car ot eee eg 95
Introduction: -. a:i2 52.2 ot as aes ci bate ne ee oe ee Cee eee 95
Paretorista chelonie, Ronda. 22a". . Fie AN WER eee ce seeps =e enna 97
Blepharipa scutellata Robineau-Desvoidy........-.--.---.--.-+2----2-5-- 99
Pales panda: Meigen'225 222 238s... : 22 Seep eee ee ee ee 99
Zemllia: bakit Panzer: oss. sec ote nat So eee ee ee eee eee 100
Probability of an extra maggot stage in leaf-ovipositing species. .......-- 101
The deposition of living maggots by tachinid flies ..................-.--- 101
Dexodes nigripes Fallen and Compsilura concinnata Meigen. ........------ 102
Eupeleteria magnicornis Aevterstedt-c .%.... Saeee cas een ee = ee eee 103
Zygobothria nidicola Townsend.......- “nd ee ce ce ee Sek aan Re Pee 105
Zygobothria gilva Hartig and Carcelia gnava Meigen..........------------- 105
Porasétigena segregata Rondant: .2-....... S285... / 2-2 Seen eer eee = 105
Tachino- and “allies...0. 221.4250 eee: 2. sates 2 see cee crete eae eee 106
Tochina.clistocampe LOwisend -..4-..<.- 224s ee a ee eee eee 106
Japanese representatives of European species. ..........---------------- 107
Importance of studying the uterine eggs of Tachinide. ........-..-..---- 107
Reproductive capacity of lachisidee. ia oa. 78 oe ees ee eee 109
The rearing of Tachinidee in confimement 2252.) <6 ee eee 110
An improvement in the method of colonizing Tachinide.................- Ge
New alternate hosts for introduced tachinid flies ..............-.-------- 112
Improvements in the outdoor rearine cages = 27-2. “22 SS Se eee 113
Bleaching the puparia of achimids 2202 Micke se ee ia See 115
Results from dissections of native Tachinide:-_.....2,/--252-2-...--22:-- 115
Summary of reproductive habits now known in the Tachinidee...........- 117
ConcluStomiet sco ie eee ec Se ote ee ate 118
The orance ‘thrips/(Buchrips clini nytsp:).- eee ee Dudley Moulton... 119
Introd wOtory.oss ek Ss ee ats ie oe Se eae ne ce rere Bee 119
Distributions 02-22 fone. Cote ese 2 She sateen a eer cee ee 119
Extent and mature ol imjiky2.- os 3022 2 ee a ee ee 119
Tote tnistory Moles a nee ae oe. Se Spade Jr Soa ee 120
Soil conditions as! affecting prevalence: 22a. 2.2... 26+ se. oe eee eens 120
Remedies: (5220 te Sosa. k Be tae oe ane ee ea Se ree ee ee eee 121
Mine niy 528 eee ee ee eee wae ee oe A ee IPA
Descriptions es ~ eae vl aoe hes ees re eS ee ee ee eee WA
Biological studies on three species of Aphidide.........- John June Davis... 123
Introductions: S252 Fs foe A ao ee Me cree s re eee 123
The corn root-aphis (Aphis maidi-radicis Forbes)..-.-.....---------------- 123
The ‘corm leaf-aphis (Aphis smaides Pitch) sess: 2: 22222 2hecee eee eee 144
The sorghum aphis (Sipha { Chaitophorus] flava Forbes)......------------- 157
A new genus of Aleyrodide, with remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera Berger and
Aleyrodes citri Riley and Howard.....--.--.-- sicesci set Ae Bs -Quainiancess 7? NGS
Paraleyrodes, mew Centige toto Se220 2 So eeeee ns 6 2 Se eee eee 169
Paraleyrodes (Aleurodicts) persee Quaintamce....:..-----..-.22t2-es--+ +" 170
Remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera Berger and Aleyrodes citri i Riley and
RG ward sc =the 2a re re Sek =n ace dete ere 173

Pind ex ‘x08 hf. Seats Lc of et a ee 2 se cis eee clove etc teerererercieeersinis 175

POLUS BRS IONS:

PLATES.

Puate I. Fig. 1.—Orothrips kelloggii: Head and prothorax of female.........
Fig. 2.—Orothrips kelloggii: Left antenna of female................
Fig. 3.—Orothrips kelloggii: Right fore wing of female.............
Fig. 4.—Orothrips kelloggii: Fore tarsus of female. . nes ees
Fig. 5.—olothrips kuwanaii: Head and prothorax a eoitells.
Fig. 6.—olothrips kuwanaii: Right antenna of female...........--
Fig. 7.—olothrips kuwanaii: Right fore wing of female...........
Fig. 8.—olothrips kuwanaii: Fore tarsus of female. - :
Fig. 9.—Sericothrips reticulatus: Head, prothorax, er rich ioe

OMMCINALGSE ess. . cee ears ate ee eyar ne ore a. oe A i

Fig. 10.—Sericothrips reticulatus: End of abdomen of female-.........

II. Fig. 11.—Sericothrips stanfordii: Female. . sales heen
Fig. 12.—Heliothrips fasciatus: Head and pains ae rato. ae
Fig. 13.—Heliothrips fasciatus: Right antenna of female.............
Fig. 14.—Heliothrips fasciatus: End of abdomen of female...........
Fig. 15.—Euthrips orchidii: Head and prothorax of female.........-.
Fig. 16.—Euthrips orchidii: Right antenna of female. ..........-....
Fig. 17.—Euthrips orchidii: End of abdomen of female. ......-....-
Fig. 18.—Euthrips orchidii: Right fore wing of female...........-.-.
III. Fig. 19.—£uthrips pyri: Head and prothorax of female.............
Fig. 20.—Euthrips pyri: Head and prothorax of female from side....
Fig. 21.—Euthrips pyri: Right antenna of female.. Bases eA et
Fig. 22.—Euthrips pyri: End of abdomen of feels) on ae are Stee
Fig. 23.—Euthrips pyri: Fore tarsus of female.........-..-.--..--..
Fig. 24.—Euthrips pyri: Right fore wing of female. ...............-
Fig. 25.—Euthrips ehrhornii: Head and prothorax of female.........
Fig. 26.—Euthrips ehrhornii: Right fore wing of female.............
Fig. 27.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: Head and prothorax of female.
IV. Fig. 28.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: Left antenna of female... .-...-
Fig. 29.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: Right fore wing of female. ....
Fig. 30.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: Fore leg of female. ....-.--..-.-
Fig. 31.—Euthrips ulicis californicus: End of abdomen of male... ...
Fig. 32.—Euthrips minutus: Head and prothorax of female. ........
Fig. 33.—Euthrips minutus: Right fore wing of female. .....-..-....
Fig. 34.— Thrips madronti: Head and prothorax of female......--...
Fig. 35.—Thrips madronii: Right antenna of female................-
Fig. 36.— Thrips madronii: Right fore wing of female.............--

VY. Fig. 37.—Thrips bremnerii: Head and prothorax of female. .........
Fig. 38.— Thrips bremnerii: End of abdomen of female..........-...
Fig. 39.— Thrips bremnerti: Right fore wing of female. ........-..--..-
Fig. 40.—Trichothrips dens: Head and prothorax of female...........
Fig. 41.—Trichothrips dens: Left antenna of female.........-...-.-.--
Fig. 42.—Trichothrips dens: Right fore wing of female.............-.

OU Or G1 St Ov Ov Ot Or St C1
BPNONWONONNNNN SC O&O

Cr Or Or ON
ee

60

VIIL MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Puate V. Fig. 43.—Trichothrips dens: End of abdomen of female. .......-.-.---
Fig. 44.—Trichothrips femoralis: Right antenna of female.....-...--
VI. Fig. 45.—Trichothrips femoralis: Head and prothorax of female. .- . --
Fig. 46.—Trichothrips femoralis: End of abdomen of female.....-..--
Fig. 47.—Trichothrips tlex: Head and prothorax of female.......-.---
Fig. 48.—Trichothrips ilex: Left antenna of female.........-.....---
Fig. 49.—Trichothrips ilex: Base of right fore wing of female.......- -
Fig. 50.—Acanthothrips doaneti: Head and prothorax of male. . ....-.
Fig. 51.—Acanthothrips doaneii: Left antenna of male. .........--.--
Fig. 52.—Acanthothrips doaneti: End of abdomen of male....-.------
Fig. 53.— Megalothrips hesperus: Head and prothorax of female. .- - - -
Fig. 54.— Megalothrips hesperus: Right antenna of female...........
Fig. 55.—Megalothrips hesperus: End of abdomen of female.......--
Fig. 56.— Megalothrips hesperus: End of abdomen of male......-.----
VII. Big: 1.—Aleyrodes howard?.on..0rangces....< 2322 mda h esos see eee
Big. 2A leur odtcuspa none. o,-'3- ape = = «leitch Soe aie oop ee
Fig. 3.—Aleyrodes vaporariorum on tobacco .....------------------

VIII. Work of orange thrips (Euthrips citri n. sp.).
Fig. 1.—Injury to tender orange shoot. ........-.-.-..------------
Fig. 2.—Orange buds in axils of leaves killed back as fast as formed,
preventing further crowtWer ox... 2 236 a a Se eee
Fig. 3.—Scab injury at stem end of orange, due to work of thrips
shortly after blossoms-telle aes. 2... 58 oe ee eee
Fig. 4.—Scab injury at distal end of orange, due to work of thrips
late: 1 Season) acon. a-Si om 2-year eee
TEXT FIGURES.

Fie. 1. Tabanus lasiophthalmus: Male and female adults, larva, pupa and
Metall ys. Ouaae We SOFIE 1S Ue ANS SSE A Se eae
2. Tabanus sulcifrons: Male and female Srivis pupa and details........
35) Ves pameacniata AGIs 2G Dsus FAO RES SECS aeons
4. Tabanus stygius: Eggs on leaves in usual location. ............-. aoe
5. Tabanus stygius: Eggs on leaf in unusual location..............-. aes
6. Tabanus'stygius: Bemaleradullt). 2 s2h,.40222 520.2: acer Arse ETE 8
1... Labarus styguus: HPupapanddetails:2e 2 ae ye 2 Pee Se Re Senin
8. Tabanus vivax: Male and female adults, larva, pupa and details......
9. Tabanustatratus: Male and female adultss $2.) 22 222322. oe ee
10; Rabanusatratus: sPupa-and detailsseee:: ees. onic, o Gee 5
lL. (Chrysops merens: Adult ovipositine yee: oS. 2 ess. 2 eee SES oer
12... Chrysops' merenss Her imasses: oni leaiv ss: 522.8 sree ee eee
13. Marlattiella prima: Antenna, forewing, and middle leg of female oe ee
14. Mesidia mexicana: Female....... DUA AWE) CA ae ae RE se
15. Azotus capensis: Female, and antenna of male............-...-...--

» Lrospatia snaculatazF emales,..:\ 15 abey . eee ee eer Lee eee
~ Coccophagusilongijasciatis: wh ema lentes sc as eee eee ene
Coccophagusizebr.aiiis hems css). pee eee eee eee eee ae
. Cales noacki: Antenna, forewing, and middle leg of female ..........
. Casca chinensis: Forewing, antenna, and middle leg of female ......
. Bardylis australiensis: Antenna of female, and antenna, hind leg, and

forewang of malexseit 3 45222 ).8 RAN Se A Se Ne ee eee

. Artas koebelei: Antenna, forewing, and hind leg of female-............-
. Aleyrodes howardi: Showing copious secretion from pupz, on lower

surface-of orange, leatoceas 20) cee ee tee See eee

82

Fia@. 24.
25.
26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.
32.
33.
34.
30.
36.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Aleyrodes howardi: Pupa case and details...............22--.0.-20-00:
Outdoor cage for rearing Tachinide, with vestibule..................
Outdoor cage for rearing Tachinidee, showing disposition of ‘‘ tangle-
LOGtedemtrny Ss Wathin! the Cage... Segeee es -5..s nase s ailse eee
Eupeleteria magnicornis: First-stage maggot attached to leaf, awaiting
approach of’a caterpillar; enlarged mouth-hook of maggot.........-
Outdoor cage for securing oviposition of Japanese Tachina, covered
about the door with paper to prevent the flies from congregating at

Glass cylinders in use in rearing Tachinidze and wire-screen recep-
tacle for inclosing flies with caterpillars on foliage. .
Parachexta sp.: Uterine egg with chorion removed, shure ing emacs
ofthe fully tormed: macecot trom belowzeeess-=5 4-24-22. ohe eee
Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidi-radicis, 1906... - .
Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidi-radicis, 1906... .-
Periods and succession of generations in Aphis maidis, 1906........--
Periods and succession of generations in Sipha flava, 1907. ......-.--
Paraleyrodes persex: Pupa on leaf, pupa case and details.............
Paraleyrodes persex: Antenna, right forewing, male genitalia, and claw
Olethird lesob adults tne Ss seer eosin «SUE ee eee

103

113

114

116
127
127
147
159
171

172

ERRATA.

Page 18, line 9 from bottom, for Parlatoria read Parlatorea.
Page 70, line 24, for bergi read bergit.
Plate VII, facing page 92, for Aleyrodes anonx read Aleurodicus anonx.
Page 93, line 19, for Spirex read Spirxe.
Page 105, line 7, after chitinized insert comma and omit anal.
Page 116, line 3, for is read are.
Page 122, line 5, for stop read spot.
Page 153, line 8, for maidaphides read maidaphidis.
D6

por

ree TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 13.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU oF HN TOMOLOGY.
L. 0. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHID.E

DNL PED) Se Avda eS.

. NATHAN BANKS,

Assistant Entomologist.

IssueD NovemBer 14, 1906.

WASHINGTON: &
4 , GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. | (5 ; 7
1906. a GA

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

_ L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
CO. L. Maruarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in absence of Chief.
R. 8. Ciirron, Chief Clerk.

H. CuirrenDEN, in charge of breeding experiments.

D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations.

. D. Hunter, in charge of cotton boll weevil investigations.

M. WessteEr, i charge of cereal and forage-plant insect investigations.
L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous-fruit insect investigations.
ANK BEnTON, in charge of apicultural investigations.

M. RocErs, in charge of gipsy and brown-tail moth work.

A. W. Morriiu, engaged in white fly investigations.

OH b tab

FE. A. Scuwarz, D. W. Coquitiert, TH. PerGANDE, NATHAN Banks, Assistant Ento-. _

mologists.

E, 8. G. Trrus, Auaust Buscx, Orro HrrpEMANN, R. P. Currin, J. G. SANDERS, A. N.
CAuDELL, F. D. Coupren, E. R. Sasscrer, J. H. Bearris, I. J. Conpit, Assistants.

Lintan L. Howenstern, FREDERICK Knap, Artists.

Maser Coxcorp, Librarian. 5

H. E. Burke, W. F. Fiske, J. L. Wess, Je F. Srrauss, engaged in forest insect investi-
gations.

W. E. Hinps, J. C. Crawrorp, W. A. Hooxer, W. W. Yoruers, A. C. MoreGan,
W. D. Pierce, F. C. BisHopr, C. R. Jones, F. C. Pratt, C. E. Sansorn, J. D.
MircHett, Witmon NEwe tt, J. B. Garrett, C. W. Frynn, A. W. Buckner, R. A.
CusHMaAN, W. H. Gitson, engaged in cotton boll weevil investigations.

G. I. Renves, W. J. Purvuips, C. N. Ainsiin, engaged in cereal and forage-plant insect
investigations.

Frep Jounson, A. A. GirauLtt, DupLEY Mouton, engaged in deciduous-fruit insect
investigations.

EK. F. Puruirs, J. M. RAngin, engaged in apicultural investigations.

C, J. Gruuiss, T. A. Ketener, W. A. Kevener, engaged in suk investigations.

,

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 13.

tas OP ePAREMENT: OF AGRICUETURE,
BURHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY.
L.O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDAL

PONE Dp Sah AES.

NATHAN BANKS,

Assistant Entomologist.

IssuED NOVEMBER 14, 1906.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

LETTER OF FRANSMITTAL.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
Washington, D. C., September 10, 1906.
Str: I have the honor to submit herewith a manuscript entitled
‘*A Revision of the Tyroglyphide of the United States,” prepared by
Mr. Nathan Banks, assistant entomologist. Mites belonging to the
family Tyroglyphide are destructive to a variety of stored products
and other commodities, certain species injure living plants, while
others are useful because they destroy certain injurious insects. The
group is therefore one of very considerable economic importance.
This paper by Mr. Banks should prove a valuable contribution to the
study of these mites and greatly facilitate the determination of the
different species; [ therefore recommend it for publication as Technical
Series, No. 13, of this Bureau.
Respectfully,
F. H. CHITTENDEN,
Acting Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.

to

CONTE N ES:

Haitsiand economic tmportance 2. = sos. oS aces woe ee Sos o-oo
Siaercipienll: CMRI eWeRINOS) 2 Gen he = sess sce noe Sse 5s sees co oe ene sea aaa -
‘TU saa eShV OVA COAT TOY eae SES ie oe Phe ee em ee Ee ee ie ae are
Previous work on species occurring in the United States -...--...--.--------
Occurrence of European species in the United States -.----.-.---------------
Genera Orbe byrorhyphides .ns- 2s .Lc aoe e aca taee Seo eee Ao vets) a
itablerotulbe eenerats ep oc ase ees Se ee se ne 2 aim
(emiGe ISiOstOma seme eee oan eee aan eels seine eee Se
Rabletotmie:specles es 2 ee pate eels cere Sasa eS ste
CemuseGivcipnagicea nse Stil c meee Qe serge cic Se Sane So ae co
(Genmg Arita hqol naa See ee aaah BS Oe em Se eae ne ene eae eee
sia leroh Pie) AD CCLES: Wee 28 = Pee eee eine aie semen ae ots a
GemuchunZorlypWUs en oe 2a ests 2 encloses Sop sR a
PabplevomiWempeclessoeaes- i= aateeaaer es ec Sac Sek a Se os 1S Sea
Genisevlomie7ielll ase see seas eo pt eee ee ee ele yep aol Wh eet
Ral evomtMerepecied dase Se ieeee Aoet oeeeekcm. Ss MI Eat DME 5

Genus Canpor typist: cea ne 35 ae ages ote cine a ioe ei sie

fe PT LEIGH OLATSUS Sean a eo eee ne ys oar So AE ee oe eis: 2 oe =
Bain@cnapliyae eet ns een eek: Ane ee ete ek = een eid = = se ee
WanGlaxe 2 SSS Shs SR SSE SES ce Sed 5 2 Seo oben Se ene oes CoUS ee ose ponee a eerasoEe

Puate I. Fig.

10,

IBAL,

Ve

V.

VI.

PLATES.
l= Glyctphagus TObustus <2. 5 ease oo eee ae aoe ee
ig. 2: Glyciphagus, obesus: “leg Ul s Ssa5 aos ee eee
Rig.’ 3:=-Glyciphagus obesus= <2 saa. Saco a see eee
Fig. 4.—Mistiostoma americanum: tarsus I ......-----.---------
Fig. 5&—Glyciphagus obesus: genital plate........--------------
His)” 6:—Aistiostomaamentcanum= tarsus UVisee-2- = sse2 eee
Fig. 7.—Histiostoma americanum: mouth parts...--------------
Hig. -8:—istiostoma brempes: palpus.2-=-S2c2- = 22 se 22 soe ae
Big. £9: — Histiosioma,graciipes. 2 os eee aes cs ee ne eee
Fig. 10.—Aistiostoma.brempes: tarsus EV 22 2-2 222 Soe eee ee
iow —Histiostomoatbreuijoess: tarsusal ss s— sees eee eee
Figs 12:— Aisthiostoma oracilipes: tarsus So) 22 ooo laelo steerer
Fig. 13.—Monieztellalongipes: +. osa=- so seo 2 a ao ee ees
Fig. 14.—Tyroglyphus farine and tarsus IV of male ...-...-.----
Higgs. 15.—Monveziella an guskt <5. eee ne 2a eee aie eee
Fig. 16.—Tyroglyphus farine: venter of male ...-.----.---------
Fig. 17:—Tyroglyphus farine leg I ofimalers 2-2-5. 2 2ec sean
Fig. 18.—Monteziellabreuttarsis - ata ane Saree a ene eee
Fig. 19.—Monieziella brevitarsis: male yventer and mandible ~~. ---
Hic, 20:—Tyroghyphus;ameneanus acme oni ao ee een
Fig. 21.—Tyroglyphus americanus: genitalia .....----------------
Fig. 22.—Tyroglyphus americanus: tarsi I and IV..-.----.---------
Lika 2p MOOS DINGS ONE oa asa ae Beso es eas ooo eac
Fig. 24.—Tyroglyphus lintneri: tarsus IV of male........--------
Fig. 25.—Tyroglyphus lintneri: genitalia of male....--- ---------
Hie. 26:—Tyroglhyphusterminatis; leg le 12222 ae eee
Fig. 27.—Tyroglyphus terminalis: tarsus lV ....----.------------
Fig. 28.—Tyroglyphus terminalis: vulva...-..----------------- ae
GT 9 OGL Uy ID URUS TULTOLTUCT#O meet eee rey eae en
Rigs 30:—Tiyroglyphus breviteps ee 25-22 oss eo ae
Fig. 31.—Tyroglyphus breviceps: tarsus 1V -.-.--.----------+----
Fig. 32.—Tyrogluphius brevicepss leg Ve Sse sate
Fig. 33.—Tyroglyphus cocciphilus: vulva and anal suckers. -- - - - --
Fig. 34.—Tyroglyphus cocciphilus: male aperture ..---.----------
Fig. 35.—Tyroglyphus cocciphilus: tarsus [V—male and female -- --
Fig. 36.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus: tarsus IV ...--------------
Fig. 37.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus: leg III of male -.-.---------
Fig. 38.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus: tarsus I_..----.--------- ae
Fig. 39.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus: male ..--.----------------
Fig. 40.—Canpoglyphus passularum <.: =.- <2. 2-3 322 4225-2
Fis; 41:—Tyroglyphus armipes:-tarsus LV 2222). 222-2 ee oe
Fig, 42.—Tyroglyphus armipes: tarsus 1 5.222522 2222-22 eee
Fig. 43.—Tyroglyphus armipes: vulva ....------ ee Say es
Fig. 44.—Tyroglyphus longior: tarsi I and IV, and body hairs----
Fig. 45.—Rhizoglyphus tarsalis: tarsus I ....--------------------
Fig. 46.—Rhizoglyphus tarsalis: tarsus I1V......-----------------
Fig. 47.—Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi: leg III of male.-......--------
Fig. 48.—Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi: tarsi I and IV _.--.-.---------
Fis: 49:— Rhizoglyphus hyacimthia 25-2. 2 ose eee ee eee
Hig. 50.—Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus: .- 2. 2-=--=-2-<---- 2-2 oe
Fig. 51.—Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus: tarsus I .....---------------
Fig. 52.—Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus: tarsus IV .....-.------------
Hig..53:—— RMZOGUpRUs CLONGONUS 2am = a aiae Moe =o mane ae eee
Fig. 54.—Rhizoglyphus elongatus: tarsus ]....-.-----------------
Fig. 55.—Rhizoglyphus longitarsis: tarsus IV .....--.------------
Fig. 56.—Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus: male venter .......---------
Fig. 57.—Rhizoglyphus phylloxere: tarsi [V—male and female-.- -
Fig. 58.—Rhizoglyphus longitarsis: tarsus I.....-.---------------
Fig. 59.—Rhizoglyphus phyllowere: tarsus 1 .....----.-----------
Fig. 60.—Rhizoglyphus phylloverx: leg III of male .....---------
Fig. 61.—Rhizoglyphus phylloxerx: half of front of body. --- -----

LVS DRA DION.

Page.

Pea eSlON OF THE: LYROGLYPHIDA: OF THE
CESS AES:

HABITS AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

From an economic standpoint the Tyroglyphide are one of the most
important groups of mites. But owing to their small size and pale
color they have often been overlooked and the damage accredited to
some larger insect which happened to be present. By their rapidity
in breeding they make up for their minute size, so that articles, such
as flour and sugar, are often so badly infested that the whole mass of
the substance appears to be in motion. It is chiefly thru their ravages
to stored foods that they are inimical to human effort. Dried fruits,
dried meats, and grain in mills are perhaps most seriously affected by
them. Their frequency in cheese and sugar has won them the names
of ‘‘cheese mites” and ‘‘sugar mites,” while the disease known as
‘‘orocer’s itch” is due to their presence on the hands of persons
handling infested products. A list of materials attacked by tyro-
elyphids would include cheese, flour, sugar, hams, dried meats, hair
in furniture, mattresses, and pillows, grains in mills, cereal foods,
many drugs, wine, dried fruits, seeds of all kinds, bulbs, roots of
plants, mushrooms, feathers, hay, scale-insects, pinned insects of the
entomologist’s collection, and even the human corpse. Some species
are, however, of little economic interest and occur in the nests of mice,
moles, and ants, in decaying bark of trees, in sap from wounds in
trees, and a few are attached to certain insects. The species of the
genus Monieziclla do some good by feeding on scaie-insects. The
‘**bulb mite” or ‘* Kucharis mite,” /?hizoglyphus hyacinthi, has long
been a prominent enemy to hot-house cultivation. It burrows into
the healthy tissue of bulbs and roots, thus giving entrance to destruc-
tive fungi and bacteria. This is the species infesting Bermuda lily
bulbs; and it has lately been shown that an allied species does great
damage to the roots of the vine in Europe. Another species has been
described that caused injury to the stems of carnations. Still another
Rhizoglyphus has been found to eat through the grafting wax on
grafted plants, bore beneath the bark, and so prevent the union of
graft and stock. The mushroom mites, both in this country and in
Europe, are prominent obstacles to successful mushroom culture.
Cellars apparently clean in the beginning of the season may be so
badly infested by Christmas that crops are impossible.

5

6 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDA.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS.

The Tyroglyphide are pale-colored, soft-bodied mites, devoid of
trachee; with small, appressed palpi; usually with prominent chelate
mandibles; with moderately long legs} ending in one claw, and often
a sucker or caroncle; and with a body about twice as long as broad,
and broadest behind the middle. There is commouly a distinct suture
between cephalothorax and abdomen. There are no eyes, unless cer-
tain spots on the front margin of certain Hypopi and on Carpoglyphus
represent these organs. ‘The dorsum bears a few, usually long, hairs,
in size and arrangement constant for each species. The legs have
bristles, fine hairs, and sometimes distinct spines, the more prominent
of which are constant in position for each species. One long bristle
near tip of the penultimate joint is especially prominent; another is
a thickened or clavate hair near base of tarsi I and II, and is probably
a sense organ. The latter is always upon this joint, altho several
authors have figured it on the penultimate joint in some species. On
the venter are two apertures; the genital is usually elongate and
situate between hind coxe, and there are often U-shaped marks each
side of it known as the genital suckers, which can be protruded. The
anal opening is toward the tip of the body, and is often but an elongate
slit, with a sucking disk each side of it. In the genus Glyciphaqus
these openings are much larger, and the genital sometimes occupies
the entire area between the coxe.

There are but slight differences in structure between the sexes; but
in some cases the male has one pair of legs enlarged, or there may be
two forms of the male. In some species the male has two little suckers
on the hind tarsi; in others there is a curved plumose bristle on the
basal part of front legs. The males are smaller than the females, and
have a less tumid abdomen.

TRANSFORMATIONS.

The transformations of the Tyroglyphide are among the most mar-
velous of the animai kingdom. All tyroglyphids lay eggs, often of
large size, which are scattered haphazard over the infested material.
The young on hatching have six legs and at molting obtain two more.
Thenceforward their life history may take the simple and direct path
to the adult condition, but often passes through a stage called the
Hypopus. This ypopus is a very different creature than that from
which it developed—the octopod nymph. Its body is hard and chiti-
nous, there is no mouth orifice, and no distinct mouth parts; the legs
are short and ill adapted to walking. On its ventral surface near the
tip is an area separated from the general surface and provided with

PREVIOUS WORK ON SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES. t

several circular marks or sucking disks. By means of these suckers
the Hypopus attaches itself to an insect or other creature, and is trans-
ported to another locality, where it may find a suitable breeding place.
The /Typopus is therefore a stage in the life of a tyroglyphid fitted for
migration. The //ypopus, upon reaching a suitable locality, molts into
an octopod nymph, which will feed and develop into an adult mite.
The causes that will induce a nymph to transform toa //ypopus are
yet unknown; Méenin supposed that dryness of the air or a scarcity
of food were necessary causes, but Michael has shown that //ypopc
are developed in the absence of these conditions, and that this stage is
a natural and normal means of distributing the species. The structure
of the /Typopus is characteristic for each species; but it has not yet
been found in all species, and in Glyciphagus the hypopial stage is
only partially developed, so that species should not be described from
this stage alone.

In the early days of acarology //ypopus stood for a separate genus,
allied more to Gamasus than to Tyroglyphus. Dujardin, in 1850, con-
cluded that Typopus was the pupal stage of Gamaside. As investi-
gation proceeded, //ypopus was so frequently found in association with
Tyroglyphus that views were advanced as to their relationship. One
was that //ypopus was a ferocious parasite, devouring the Zyroglyphus
from within; another, that //ypopus was the male of Zyroglyphus,;
and a third, that //ypopus was the real adult of certain species of
Tyroglyphus. The ‘* Hypopus question” disturbed acarologists for a
long time, but was finally settled by the work of Mégnin and Michael.

PREVIOUS WORK ON SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE UNITED STATES.

The Tyroglyphide of the United States have never been investigated
ina systematic manner. The principal economic species have been called
Tyroglyphus siro or T. longéor, bat without comparison with European
specimens. Fitch, in his Third Report (1856), described a mite, Acarus
ribis, which may be a tyroglyphid. In 1868 Shimer described a mite
as Acarus malus; this was interpreted by Riley and some Euro-
pean authors as a tyroglyphid, but from the description it is evidently
what Ligniéres describes as //em/sarcoptes coccisugus. Riley, in 1874,
described a Tyroglyphus phylloxere as destroying the grape Phyllox-
era. I have identified as this a common species of PAczoglyphus.
Riley’s opinion of the predaceous habit of this species was erroneous,
as it undoubtedly feeds on the roots of infested plants. In 1884 Haller
described Tyroglyphus crassipes and T. curtus from ** Amerika.” I
have not recognized them, and do not know whether they were from
the United States or not. In 1893 Osborn described a mite infesting
mushrooms as 7yroglyphus lintneri. I have seen numerous specimens

8040—06 2

8 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHID.

of this species, which is allied to what Canestrini has called Zyrog-
lyphus siro. In 1896 Felt described a mite injuring the roots of car-
nations as Zyroglyphus heteromorphus. ‘This species I have seen also,
and retain it in the genus Zyroglyphus.

OCCURRENCE OF EUROPEAN SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

As regards the occurrence of European species in this country, I
have had great difficulties in arriving at definite conclusions, owing to
the fact that few European writers have appreciated the importance
of minute characters in classification. They have identified as one
species forms totally different and treated under different names forms
closely allied or identical. The greatest trouble centers around Zyro-
glyphus siro, the type of the genus. Several European acarologists
have figured this species. Michael is later than the others, and men-
tions the other figures in his references. Canestrini has figured more
bristles than the others, and they are longer. The pair on dorsum of
abdomen behind middle, according to Michael, are very short; with
both Canestrini and Berlese they are long. Canestrini and Michael,
however, agree and differ from Berlese in showing a pair of short
bristles near the larger humeral bristles. Michael figures the male
hind tarsus rather short and with the two suckers barely more than
their diameter apart, while, according to Berlese, this joint is very
much longer and the two suckers are very remote from each other.
Canestrini’s figure shows the peculiar thickened hair of the anterior
tarsi as arising from the preceding joint. Several European writers
(especially Robin, Pagenstecher, Karpelles, and Murray) have identi-
fied specimens of Aleurobius farine as T. sive, and Doctor Oudemans
writes me that he does not know 7. s¢ro, that the specimens formerly
placed by him in that species are Aleurobius farine. Berlese has
suggested that these two species are one, the spurred male of Alew-
robius being a dimorphic form. The habitat gives no clue to the
species. Specimens of a Zyroglyphus are referred to elsewhere in
this paper which were taken from Limburger cheese, and doubtless of
European origin. These are not the 7) s¢vo of any author, but more
related to 7. mycophagus Mégn. Ina collection of mites obtained by
the Department of Agriculture from Doctor Berlese is a slide labeled
by him as 7. dongéor. The specimen seems to be 7? sro as figured by
Canestrini and himself; the hind tarsi are not nearly as long as they
figure for 7. longéor, and I can not see any hairs or pectinations on
the large bristles of the body. In the same collection is a slide
labeled 7. krameri by Berlese. Michael considers this form to be what
he calls 7: mycophagus Mégn. Their figures show a species with very
short abdominal bristles, and the inner cephalic ones much shorter
than the outer pair. The slide has three specimens, all females, with

TABLE OF THE GENERA. 9

four subequal bristles on the cephalothorax, and the bristles at tip of
abdomen are as long as body; moreover, these bristles are provided
with fine, short hairs. In fact, it agrees very well with Michael’s
figure of 7. longior, except that the abdominal bristles are not quite
so long. Michael, however, figures the tarsus of this species as much
shorter than figured by Canestrini and in my specimens of 7. longior.

Michael, in detail figure of Alewrobius fur/ne, male leg I, shows the
clavate hair arising from tip of tibia, whereas it should be from basal
part of tarsus; at least it is so in my specimens and so figured by
Berlese. Michael figures Alevrobius furine with but two long poste-
rior bristles on the cephalothorax; Canestrini shows four of these,
but no long humeral bristle, as in Michael. My specimens have the
humeral bristle like Michael’s figure and the cephalic as figured by
Canestrini. Berlese figures six cephalic bristles, besides the frontal, on
this species. Berlese figures the hind tarsi of male Alewrobius farinee
with suckers far apart. My specimens agree with Michael in this
respect. Michael considers that his Carpoglyphus unonymus is the
same as Phycobius anonymus of Canestrini and Zrichodactylus anony-
mus of Berlese; yet Michael’s figures show numerous differences from
their figures. Michael, for example, shows short spines on the body,
while they figure simple hairs.

In view of these and other discrepancies among European authors,
I have been sorely tempted to abandon all attempts at identification
and describe everything as new. However, I believe that we have
Tyroglyphus longior, T. (Aleurobius) farine, and Carpoglyphus pas-
sularum in this country, and I should like to think that what I have
described below as 7. americanus was the real 7. s¢ro, but it certainly
is not the 7. sro of Michael, the latest writer on the European fauna.

GENERA OF THE TYROGLYPHIDZ.

The genera known to me as occurring in the United States may be
separated by the following table. Various other genera are known
in Europe, and some of them, and possibly new genera, will be found
in our country when it is examined more thoroly for these mites.
The forms thus far collected are mostly of economic value, and have
been sent to this Department by various persons during the past
twenty-five years.

TABLE OF THE GENERA.
1. Dorsal tegument more or less granular; claws very weak, almost invisible;

some hairs of body plainly feathered; ventral apertures very large. - Glyciphagus.
Dorsal tegument not granular; claws distinct; no prominent feathered hairs;

PeMiraleMentuher SUMAN Eee wed <u oe ac ee cate Hee stot cians wba se 2
2. Mandibles not chelate, elongate and toothed below; body without long hairs;
palpi enlarged at tip and provided with two divergent bristles. - - - - Fistiostoma.

Mandibles chelate; palpi not enlarged at tip, nor with the two bristles.....- 3

10 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHID.

3. No clavate hair on base of tarsi I and II; no suture between cephalothorax

and abdomen; living on bees or in their nests_...--..----------- Trichotarsus.
A clavate or thickened hair on base of tarsi I and II....--.......--.:------ 4

4. The bristle on penultimate joint of legs arises from near the middle; no suture
between cephalothorax and abdomen.....-----.--.------------ Carpoglyphus.

The bristle on penultimate joint of legs arises from near tip; a suture between
cephalothoraxand) abdomen acc J. sk SS Soba ee: Lae eee ores 5

5. Cephalothorax with four distinct and long bristles in a transverse row; tarsi
I and II about twice as long as preceding joint.-.....-.---...---- Tyroglyphus.

Cephalothorax with but two long, distinct bristles (beside the frontal pair),
but sometimes a very minute intermediate pair; tarsi I and II usually short

and. not. twice.as long ias;preceding yoint. ose see, So es ee 6
6; Larsi with: some stout sspines <= - 2-22. Sc eee eee oe ee oe ere Rhizoglyphus.
Tarsicwithronly. tine shales. s2 ee bok aes ee ee Monieziella.

The hypopial stages are known for very few of our forms; it would
therefore be of little use to tabulate them. These mites (excepting
possibly Zrichotarsus) should be studied solely from the mature adult
and not described from the hypopial stages.

Genus HISTIOSTOMA Kramer.

Mandibles not chelate, but elongate, and toothed below; palpi
enlarged at tip and bearing two distinct divergent hairs; a distinct
suture between cephalothorax and abdomen; male without anal
suckers; tarsi with distinct claws; cuticle not granulate; ventral
apertures small; rarely with long bristles on body; no long promi-
nent bristle at tip of penultimate joint of legs.

Type.— HT. rostroserratus Mégn. (pectineum Kramer).

The peculiar mouth parts of this genus separate it rather sharply
from all the other Tyroglyphide. It, however, has a well-developed
hypopial stage, indicating affinity with Zyroglyphus. ‘The species are
variable in habits, but none, so far, has become of economic
importance.

The three species which have been found in this country may be
classitied by the following table:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

1. Tarsi I four or five times as long as broad; very slender ........-----.------- 2
Tarsi I scarcely three times as long as broad; body broad, especially
loye\ah hols hae ee Ree Re eee ae awe ees eRaCGe ato oaSC brevipes.
2. Body about twice as long as broad, with several humps above on the abdo-
1015) 0 an eet eee ene SO ne Pane a en aI Pt se een oR eS eal eh eea americanum.
Body scarcely one and one-half times as long as broad, without humps on
abdomen’: 3-<..[328 S25 S5 al Ss te Rae SE Oe eee ee rere gracilipes.

Histiostoma gracilipes n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 9.)

Body hardly one and one-half times as long as broad, sides of abdo-
men evenly rounded, and without humps above, emarginate behind;
at posterior third of body there is a short curved hair, a similar hair
at each posterior corner and on each humerus, and two or three sub-

HISTIOSTOMA AMERICANUM N. SP. st

median pairs on the dorsum; all of these hairs are very short, curved,
and often invisible. Legs rather large and long; the tarsi very slen-
der, tarsus I (PI. I, fig. 12) nearly three times as long as penultimate
joint, above with two short spines near base, and before middle one
more, below with two rather beyond middle, and with several at tip,
and a long curved hair about three-fourths the length of tarsus; hind
tarsus fully three times as long as penultimate joint, with a short spine
above near base, a pair below beyond middle, and several near and at
tip, but no long hair. Hairs on tip of palpi much shorter than in other
species.

Leneth, 0.30 to 0.35 mm.

Numerous specimens on decayed leaves, Washington, D. C., August.

Histiostoma brevipes n. sp.

Body about one and one-fourth times as long as broad, subpyriform
in shape, broadly rounded behind, without very distinct humps, but
the posterior margin undulate; behind with four simple bristles, each
about as long as tarsus, and a pair of similar bristles on the posterior
sides; a similar humeral bristle each side. Legs rather short, first
pair heavy, provided with short spines; tarsus I (PI. I, fig. 11) about
two and one-half times as long as broad, with two spines below near
middle, one above before middle, and near it is the sense hair (instead
of at the base); at tip above is a spine, and near by is a fine apical
hair, two-thirds the length of the joint; tarsus IV (PI. I, fig. 10) is
fully three times as long as the penultimate joint, with a spine above
near base, and one below near middle, and a few at tip. The palpus
(Pl. I, fig. 8) has the usual two bristles, the apical one very long, longer
than tarsus I, and much longer than in allied species. |

Length, 0.28 to 0.33 mm.

Several specimens from dead and diseased larvee of Cyllene robinie
Forst. in locust at Arlington, Va., July (Hopkins).

Very distinct by short tarsi, position of sense hair, and long hair to
palpus. In appearance it is much like Michael’s //. pyriforme, but
without the long apical hairs to posterior tarsi.

Histiostoma americanum n. sp.

Cephalothorax divided into two parts, a broad posterior part and
a narrow, elongate anterior portion, in some specimens almost broader
in front than behind, and on its anterior margin are two long bristles;
below are situated the mouth parts (PI. I, fig. 7). Abdomen about
twice as long as broad, rather broader in front than behind, rather
rectangular in shape, almost straight across at base, weakly emargi-
nate behind; above with three large rounded humps each side, two
behind lower down on posterior surface, a median one at base
above, and less prominent ones on the lower sides; each of the larger
humps bears a short, stiff bristle. Legs quite short, with but few,

12 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHID®.

rather thickened, hairs; tarsus I (Pl. I, fig. 4) nearly four times as
long as broad, with sense hair at extreme base, a spine slightly beyond
and one near middle below, apical hair about one-half as long as joint;
tarsus IV (PL. I, fig. 6) four times as long as penultimate joint, with a
spine above near base and one below near middle, apical hair not
prominent. :

Length, 0.20 mm.

Taken at Washington, D. C., in decaying matter, together with a
species of Rhizoglyphus.

Genus GLYCIPHAGUS Hering.

Cuticle of body more or less granulate; claws very small and incon-
spicuous; some of the hairs of body plumose, or formed into foli-
aceous scales; the ventral apertures are very large and occupy all the
space between the cox; mandibles chelate, usually with a suture
between cephalothorax and abdomen; male without anal suckers;
female with the bursa copulatrix projecting slightly at tip of the
abdomen.

Type.—G. domesticus De Geer.

This genus is abundantly represented in Europe, but in this country
I have seen but few species or specimens. The genus should form a
tribe or subfamily in the Tyroglyphide on account of its wide diver-
gence in structure from the typical Zyroglyphus. These mites have
been found feeding on all sorts of substances, but the name indicates
that they are the true ‘‘ sugar mites,” and cause the disease known as
*‘orocer’s itch.” Two species are known to me.

Glyciphagus obesus n. sp. (PI. I, fig. 3.)

Body about one and one-half times longer than broad, parallel-
sided; pointed in front, broadly rounded behind. Dorsum with scat-
tered, irregular granules. Cephalothorax with four pairs of short,
simple bristles; two pairs in front, a submedian pair behind, and one
in each posterior corner; and a short, broad hair or scale near margin
over coxe II. Abdomen with a submedian pair of plumose bristles
on basal third, a pair of simple bristles nearer to margin on pos-
terior third; three simple bristles each side, and five each side at and
near the tip, the outer one the longest. Legs rather short and stout,
I (Pl. I, fig. 2) and II with a curved, plumose bristle near base of
third joint and near middle of fourth joint, the latter joint with a
long, simple bristle at tip; tarsi I and II one and one-half times longer
than preceding joint, tarsi III and IV twice as long as preceding joint.
Venter minutely granulate, genital aperture (PL. I, fig. 5) occupying
all the space between coxe and mouth parts.

Length, 0.33 to 0.38 mm.

Taken from a necktie that had been for some time in a drawer, at
Berkeley, Cal. (KE. J. Wickson.)

Tech. Series 13, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.

TYROGLYPHID MITES.

Fig. 1.—Glycipnaqus robustus. Fig. 2.—Glyciphagus obesus, leg I. Fig. 3.—Glyciphagus obesus.
Fig. 4 —Histiostoma americanum, tarsus I. Fig. 5 —Glyciphagus obesus, genital plate. Fig.
6.—Histiostoma americanum, tarsus IV. Fig. 7.—Histiostoma americanum, mouth parts.
Fig. 8.—Histiostoma brevipes, palpus. Fig. 9.—Histiostoma gracilipes. Fig. 10.—Histiostoma
Brevipess tarsus IV, Fig. 11.—Histiostoma brevipes, tarsus I, Fig. 12.—Histiostoma gracilipes,
arsus I,

ReThtath

re ree

wae a-4

;

: GENUS TYROGLYPHUS LATREILLE. 13

Glyciphagus robustus n. sp. (PI. I, tig. 1.)

Body short and broad, rather broader behind middle than else-
where, broadly rounded behind. Dorsum with many large, rounded
granules, irregularly arranged. A submedian pair of long, sparsely
plumose bristles on front margin; a still larger pair near the hind mar-
gin of the cephalothorax, as near to side as to middle; one bristle in
each posterior corner, and two shorter submarginal ones each side in
front of the last. Abdomen with about six pairs of long, discal, plu-
mose bristles, the subbasal pair not nearly as long as the others; and
six submarginal bristles each side, the two on the posterior margin not
nearly as long as the others. Legs rather short, but the tarsi are
slender; tarsi I and II twice as long as preceding joint; tarsus IV
more than three times as long as preceding joint; all with scattered,
simple hairs, a longer hair near tip of third and fourth joints of legs
I and IJ. Venter rather finely granulate; the large, broad genital
aperture occupies all the space between coxe II, III, and LV, but
does not extend forward between coxe I.

Length, 0.24 mm.

Specimens from Leetonia, Ohio, ina lot of seeds, from Mr. H. E.
Wolfgang.

Genus TYROGLYPHUS Latreille.

A suture between cephalothorax and abdomen; mandibles chelate;
tarsi with distinct claws; cuticle without granulations; ventral aper-
tures small; four distinct posterior bristles on the cephalothorax; tarsi
‘rather slender, in some species with spines; male with anal suckers;
in some cases there is a dimorphic imale, or the anterior legs of male
may be thickened.

Type.—T. stro Li.

Oudemans uses the name Acarus for this genus, but I think the
application is strained and that Michael is right in this matter. I
include in Tyroglyphus the genus Aleurobius, which is based on a male
character of not more than specific value.

There are doubtless a number of species in the United States. From
the materials at hand I separate the following nine species:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

1. Some bristles on tarsi I and II near middle are distinctly spine-like; the

sense-hair about its length from base of jpint ......./.....-......-.-.--.- 2
No spine-like bristles near middle of tarsi; sense-hair not its length from base
Ole] OL UG Seer eee eet ee Nrrey a eh mis SAR yet aca A I Se Se Sct ee +
2. Hind tarsi with two long hairs, one as long as the joint ..........-...- terminalis.
Etindetarsieywitho ute sic tslom Galanns ees Seca see eet, Geers Ae eee 5 ee 3
3., Male; with tiirdtlescentampeds seven he ees ee Ore ke ee aon heteromorphus.

Male: withomtenlanpedsthirdvessis csi ee es Sie Seat 2eo 3. Sele dee armipes.

LA A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHID A.

4. Of the terminal abdominal bristles at least six or more are very long, nearly
dslone as thethody 2.22 2: Oe Ao ee ee eae oe re eee oe si)

Of the terminal abdominal bristles only two are about as long as the abdo-

men; leg I of male greatly thickened, and with a spine at apex of femur

Lore’ Co) ce Meee ey na nm ae tes Sn) nk ae es eae Rhee Sint GES eRe Oe Ste farine.

5. Bristles of body distinctly plumose or pectinate; tarsi very long....------ longior.
Bristlesof body not pectimate's-< 264-27 2 hse eons ee ee hee eee 6

6. Cephalothorax very short; legs I and II of male stouter than usual... - breviceps.

-

Cephalothoraxplonger leg simor my cle ae eas eyes e a ee e

7. On living trees, usually with scale insects; third and fourth joints of hind

legs more than twice as long as broad; abdominal bristles long... ..- cocciphilus.
On mushrooms, or decaying matter; third and fourth joints of hind legs not
twice as long as broad; abdominal bristles very long-..---.----.------- lintneri.

In mills, stored foods, grains, ete.; third and fourth joints of hind legs scarcely
twice as long as broad; abdominal bristles shorter__...----.------- americanus.
Tyroglyphus farine De Geer. (PI. II, fig. 14.)

Cephalothorax with four long subequal bristles above in a trans-
verse row, a short pair in front over the mandibles; one on each
humerus, not as long as width of body, and a very short one near by;
two pairs on the middle of dorsum, rather farther back than usual,
the posterior pair the longer, but these not more than one-half the
length of the abdomen; two hairs on each posterior side, not one-half
the length of abdomen, and near the tip are two more pairs of bristles,
one of which is nearly as long as the abdomen, the other pair being
much shorter; a pair of short bristles near anus below (PI. I, fig. 16).
Legs rather short, and the front pair thickened; in the male very
greatly so, and the femur provided with a sharp, apical process
below at tip, and two small teeth on next joint. The long bristle on
penultimate joint is as long as the tarsus in all legs; tarsus I (Pl. I,
fig. 17) is scarcely twice as long as the preceding joint, tarsus IV
(Pl. II, fig. 14) more than twice as long as penultimate joint; the
third and fourth joints of the hind legs are about twice as long as
broad; none of the hairs on the legs is spine-like.

Length, 0.45 to 0.60 mm.

Specimens have been examined from various localities, all, however,
in the North, as Marblehead, Mass., Lancaster, Pa., Adrian, Mich.,
and Minneapolis, Minn., in mills, granaries, and seeds.

I keep this species in the genus 7yroglyphus, since the genus Aleu-
robius is based on a secondary sexual character; in other respects it is
atrue Zyroglyphus. If this genus is used, then other genera should
be made for 7: heteromorphus and T. armipes, which is, I think,
unnecessary.

Tyroglyphus longior Gervais.

Cephalothorax with four long, subequal bristles in a transverse row,
and two shorter bristles on front margin; two long humeral bristles;
two pairs of submedian bristles on dorsum, the anterior pair more
than one half the length of abdomen, the posterior pair as long as the

Tech. Series 13, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE II.

TYROGLYPHID MITES.

Fig. 13.—Monieziella longipes. Fig. 14.—Tyroglyphus faring and tarsus TV of male. Fig. 15.—Mon-
jeziella angusta. Fig. 16.—Tyroglyphus farine, venter of male. Fig. 17.—Tyroglyphus farine,
leg Lof male. Fig. 18.— Monieziella brevitarsis. Fig. 19.—Monieziella brevitarsis, male yventer and
mandible.

TYROGLYPHUS LINTNERI OSBORN. 15

entire body, behind toward tip are six pairs of bristles, most of them
fully as long as entire body; all these bristles of body are seen to be
hairy (Pl. V, fig. 44); the cephalic bristles show these hairs more dis-
tinctly toward tip. The basal joints of the legs are of the usual
length, but the tarsi are extremely slender; tarsus I (Pl. V, fig. 44)
is about as long as the three preceding joints together, while tarsus IV
(Pl. V, fig. 44) is about as long as the rest of the leg; the bristles on
legs are about as usual, fine and slender, but that at the tip of the
penultimate joint of leg IV is scarcely half as long as the tarsus; the
hair near tip of tarsus is rather short on all legs.

Length, 0.40 to 0.60 mm.

This species is readily known by the hairy bristles of body and by
its extremely long tarsi. It has been received only a few times, but
usually in great abundance and usually attended with some predaceous
mites— Cheyletus or Gamasus. Specimens have been examined from
grain in mill at Milwaukee, Wis.; from Winfield, Ontario, Canada, in
house and barn in great numbers, and Doctor Oudemans writes me
that he has seen it from California.

Tyroglyphus lintneri Osborn. (PI. III, fig. 29.)
Cephalothorax with four long, subequal bristles in a slightly curved

=5 '

transverse row; a pair on front margin, longer than the mandibles:
two long humeral bristles and a short one close by; two pairs of sub-
median bristles on the dorsum of abdomen, the anterior pair about
one-half the length of the abdomen, the posterior pair as long as abdo-
men; and six each side near tip, all very long except the inner one,
which is scarcely as long as abdomen, and a short pair on venter near
the anus. The legs have the usual bristles, the long one at end of
penultimate joint is plainly longer than the tarsi in all the legs; the
hind tarsi (Pl. II, fig. 24) are fully as long as the two preceding
joints together; there is a curved plumose bristle above on the third
joint of legs Tand II. (Male genitalia, see Pl. III, fig. 25.)

Length, 9.30 to 0.38 mm.

This mite is very similar in all respects to the 7) americanus, but
the bristles of abdomen are longer and somewhat differently arranged.
In the male the tubercle-like suckers on hind tarsi (Pl. ITI, fig. 24) are
farther apart than in 7. americanus, in the female the vulva (PI. II],
fig. 28) shows a broader emargination behind than in that species.
These differences, associated with the different habitat, demand some
recognition in nomenclature; therefore I consider the mushroom mite
as a distinct species. It differs at once from 7. /ongior in the simple
bristles of the body.

This species has been received from Freehold, N. J.; Hazelton and
West Chester, Pa.; and from York Corner, Me. It does enormous
damage to mushrooms, but appears to be a native species. Lintner
records it from Jamesport, Suffolk County, N. Y.

8040—06—3

16 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDA.

Tyroglyphus americanus n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 20).

Cephalothorax with four long, fine, equal bristles in a slightly
curved transverse row, a pair of shorter bristles on front margin;
two long humeral bristles, longer than width of body, a pair of sub-
median bristles each side on the dorsum, the anterior rather short, the
posterior very long, as long as abdomen; on posterior margin and
near the tip are six bristles each side, five of them about as long as
abdomen, the other much shorter and near the median line. Lees of
moderate length, like figures of 7. s¢vo, but the tarsi (Pl. III, fig. 22)
are more elongate and slender then in Michael’s figure of that species;
the usual bristles are present, none spine-like; that at tip of penulti-
mate joints is very long; there is a curved plumose bristle above on
the third joint of legs and II; the hair at tip of tarsus is not one-
half the length of the joint; in the male the sucker-like tubercles on
tarsus IV are but little more than their diameter apart. (Genitalia,
PELL, fig, 721.)

Length 0.27 to 0.30 mm.

This species is close to Michael’s identification of 7) s7vo, but has
much longer bristles and longer tarsi; indeed the hind tarsi are as long
as the two preceding joints together; however, it can not be 7? dongior,
since the bristles are not serrate. It may be that some European
writers have mixt this species with 7! /ongior, but I regard Michael’s
identification of 7. dongor as correct, that is, a mite with long serrate
bristles, and the same as the form I regard as 7° /ongzor in this paper.

There are many specimens of this species in the collection of the
Department of Agriculture, as follows: Washington, D. C., on rotten
plums; Paola, Kans., in flaxseed; Minneapolis, Minn., in wheat;
Savannah, Ga., in rice; College Station, Tex., in cotton seed; Racine,
Wis., in flax mill, and on decaying orange at Washington, D. C.

Many of the references to 7. stro and 7. longior in our economic
literature doubtless refer to this species.

Tyroglyphus cocciphilus n. sp.

Cephalothorax with four long bristles in a transverse row, the mid-
dle pair plainly longer than the outer pair, yet the latter is as long as
width of body; a short pair on the front margin, longer than the mandi-
bles; two pairs on dorsum, the basal pair about one-half the length of
body, the posterior pair about as long as entire body; two long humeral _
bristles each side and a short one near by; behind and near tip are 12
bristles, 8 on each posterior side and 3 each side near tip in a vertical
or longitudinal line, all about as long as abdomen or a little longer; a
short pair below near anus. Legs of moderate length, with the usual
bristles, none spine-like; the tarsus (Pl. IV, fig. 35) about as long as
two preceding joints together in all the legs, the bristle at tip of

Tech. Series 13, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

TYROGLYPHID MITES.

Fig. 20.—Tyroglyphus americanus. Fig. 21.—Tyroglyphus americanus, genitalia. Fig. 22.—Ty-
roglyphus americanus, tarsi Land 1V. Fig. 23.—Tyroglyphus lintnert, vulva. Fig. 24.—Tyro-
glyphus lintneri, tarsus TV of male. Fig. 25.—Tyroglyphus lintneri, genitaha of male. Fig.
26.—Tyroglyphus terminalis, leg 1. Fig. 27.—Tyroglyphus terminalis, tarsus IV. Fig. 28.—Ty-
roglyphus terminalis, vulva. Fig. 29.—Tyroglyphus lintnert.

TYROGLYPHUS TERMINALIS N. SP. wt
penultimate joint about as long as tarsus; third and fourth joints of
hind legs more than twice as long as broad; in the male the suckers on
hind tarsi (Pl. [V, fig. 35) are more than twice their diameter apart
and nearly as close to each end of joint as to each other. (Vulva and
anal suckers, Pl. IV, fig. 33; male aperture, Pl. IV, fig. 34.)

Length, 0.35 to 0.40 mm,

Specimens from Columbia, Pa., with Lecanium on plum; also with
oyster-shell scale on osage orange (probably from Missouri), with mealy
bug on guava at Rock Ledge, Fla., and on orange leaves at Sanford, Fla.

This species is very close to 7. /intnert Osb., and might have been
considered as only a variation of that species but for the totally differ-
ent habitat. The legs are rather more slender, but the hind tarsi are
no longer, and the hair at the tip of the penultimate joint is not as
long as in 7. /éntner/, nor as heavy.

Tyroglyphus breviceps n. sp. (Pl. IV, fig. 30).

Cephalothorax very short, in proportion to the length of the body;
four rather long, subequal bristles above in a transverse row, and a
short pair in front over mandibles; two moderately long humeral bris-
tles; two submedian pairs on the dorsum, the basal pair short, the
other scarcely as long as abdomen; six bristles each side and near tip,
rather widely separated at base, from two-thirds to fully the length
of the body; a short pair below near anus; tarsus about twice as long
as preceding joint, the bristle at tip of latter as long as tarsus on the
front legs (PI. IV, fig. 32), and three-fourths as long on the hind legs;
each tarsus with a fine bristle beneath near middle; hind tarsus (PI.
IV, fig. 31), with apical hair not one-half the length of tarsus; the
third and fourth joints in hind leg not twice as long as broad.

Length, 0.35 to 0.50 mm.

The hairs are a little shorter than in 7. americanus and the legs
rather stouter, and especially so in the front legs of the male.

Specimens from Victoria, Tex., taken from dead larve of the cotton
boll weevil.

Tyroglyphus terminalis n. sp.

Cephalothorax with four bristles in a transverse row, the outer pair
nearly twice as long as the inner pair, a pair of short bristles on ante-
rior margin; two humeral bristles, about two-thirds the width of the
body, two pairs of bristles above on abdomen, and five pairs near tip,
all about one-half the length of the abdomen except one pair each side
near tip, which are about as long as the abdomen; all are simple.
Legs rather stout, especially the anterior pair (Pl. III, fig. 26), the
bristles stout, and many of those on the tarsi are spine-like; tarsus I
is not twice the length of the penultimate joint, while the hind tarsi
(Pl. IL, fig. 27) are about as long as two preceding joints together;

18 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHID.

the hair near tip of tarsus is very long in all legs, but the hind tarsi
have two long hairs near tip, one of them longer than the tarsus.
(Vulva, PI. II, fig. 28.)

Length, 0.50 mm.

Specimens from Limburger cheese, Washington, D. C. (Dr. G.
Marx).

This species is near Michael’s tigure of Zyroglyphus mycophagus, at
the mite is not so slender, the bristles are longer, and those on tarsi
are longer. I am not certain that Michael has correctly identitied
Méegnin’s species.

Tyroglyphus heteromorphus Felt.

Male (PI. IV, fig. 39).—Cephalothorax with four long bristles in a
transverse row, but the inner pair is not one-half as long as the outer
pair; a pair of short bristles on anterior margin; two bristles on each
humerus, one short, the other as long as width of body; two pairs of
submedian bristles on dorsum, each about two-thirds the length of the
abdomen; a rather long bristle on the middle each side, another long
one behind this, then a short one, and three long ones each side near
tip, each but little shorter than abdomen. Legs with the usual bris-
tles, that at apex of penultimate joint scarcely as long as tarsus; the
sense hair on tarsi I (Pl. IV, fig. 88) and IL is about its length from
the base; most of the tarsal bristles are distinctly spine-like; the hair
at tip of tarsus IV (PI. IV, fig. 36) is not one-half the length of the
joint, the bristle at tip of penultimate joint of leg 1V is not one-half as
long as tarsus, the latter joint as long as two preceding joints together ;
leg III (PI. IV, fig. 37) enlarged, as in figure, ending in a large claw
and two very long bristles.

The female differs in having the bristles of body shorter, especially
the abdominal ones; there are four at tip which are not one-half as
long as width of body; the tarsi, especially the bind tarsi, are shorter
than in the male. The abdomen is, of course, broader, and larger in
proportion to the cephalothorax.

Length 0.60 to 1 mm.

A peculiar species, which I have seen only from decaying asparagus
roots from near Washington, D. C. It was described as injuring the
roots of carnationsat Berlin, Mass. The RAdzoglyphus agilis Michael,
1903, may be a synonym; however, there are several minor differences
which may possibly be due to Michael’s inaccurate figures.
Tyroglyphus armipes n. sp.

Cephalothorax with four long bristles in a transverse row, but the
inner pair is not half as long as the outer pair; a pair of short bristles
on front margin. Male with two bristles on each humerus, one short,
the other nearly as long as width of body; three pairs of bristles on.
dorsum, basal pair very short, the others long and reaching beyond tip

Tech. Series 13, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

TYROGLYPHID MITES.

Fig. 30.—Tyrogluphus breviceps. Fig. 31.—Tyroglyphus breviceps, tarsus TV. Fig. 32.— Tyroglyphus
breviceps, leg I. Fig. 33.—Tyroglyphus cocciphilus, vulva and anal suckers. Fig. 34.—Tyrogly-
phus cocciphilus, male aperture — Fig. 35.—Tyroglyphus cocciphilus, tarsus 1V—male and female.
Fig. 36.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, tarsus IV. Fig. 37.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, leg III of
male: Fig. 38.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, tarsus J. Fig. 39.—Tyroglyphus heteromorphus,
male.

GENUS RHIZOGLYPHUS CLAPAREDE. 19

of abdomen; two on each posterior side, quite long, and behind are
four each side, three of which are about as long as the abdomen,
the inner pair much shorter. Legs rather slender, tarsi as long as
two preceding joints together; most of the tarsal hairs are spine-like;
the hair at tip of penultimate joint is rather shorter than tarsi, but in
leg IV (PI. V, fig. 41) it is about two-thirds as long as tarsus; the hair
at tip of tarsus not one-half length of tarsus. (Tarsus I, Pl. V,
fig. 42.) In the female the bristles are much shorter, the humeral
bristle not nearly as long as width of body, those on dorsum not reach-
ing to tip, the posterior lateral ones very short, and those behind near
tip are scarcely one-half as long as width of body. (Vulva, Pl. V,
fio. 43.)

Length, 0.75 to 1 mm.

Specimens from Lincoln Nebr. and from Atlanta, Ga., on dead
larvee of corn pyralid.

Genus RHIZOGLYPHUS Claparede.

A suture between cephalothorax and abdomen; mandibles chelate;
tarsi with distinct claws; cuticle not granulate; ventral apertures
small; only two distinct posterior bristles on the cephalothorax, but in
some forms a minute intermediate pair is present; tarsi short and stout,
provided with some stout spines; male with anal suckers, and in some
cases there is a dimorphic male with the third pair of legs greatly
enlarged and ending in a large curved claw. The species are vege-
table feeders, and attack healthy living tissues, usually the part in the
ground.

Type.—R. hyacinthi Boisd. (echinopus Robin).

This genus was based on the absence of a caroncle to tarsus, a char-
acter of variable value in allied genera. Michael uses the dimorphic
male as a distinguishing character, but I would rather not use a sexual
character for a genus, so base the genus on the two posterior cephalic
bristles and spiny tarsi.

I distinguish six species in our fauna by the following table:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

li Tarsus)l with a large spine:close to. the sense hair.< 2.22... 2 eee cee -25 3
Tarsus to without a:spime near the sense hatts.22 3 32/o. 98 Sus 8 oe eee 2
2. Abdominal bristles as long as width of body; tarsi longer............... tarsalis
Abdominal bristles much shorter than width of body; tarsi shorter... phylloxerx
3. Tarsus I fully two and one-half to three times as long as broad......-. longitarsis
Tarsus I not more than twice as.long.as broad .....-.--.2:2:2--.-0--+--s-c 4
4. Body three times as long as broad; legs very short.......-.......-...- elongatus
Body Jess: than three times’as long:4as broad —. <5. 22. 42.3.2. pao eek 5

5. Hind tarsus two and one-half to three times as long as broad; abdominal bris-
tles longers:mno dimorphic: male seeni 2-22-29 & 2 2 rhizophagus

Hind tarsus about twice as long as broad; abdominal bristles very short; a
dimorphicimalens comm one as orn ant ere se SS See oe hyacinthi

20 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDA.

Rhizoglyphus phylloxere Riley. (Pl. VI, fig. 61.)

Cephalothorax with a pair of frontal bristles and a pair of much
larger posterior bristles, also a pair of minute intermediate bristles;
one bristle on each humerus; in the female there are six short bristles
near the tip of the abdomen, the longest pair not one-half the width
of the body; a submedian pair of short ones behind the middle of the
dorsum, and one short bristle on each posterior side. The male has
eight bristles at tip of abdomen, some about as long as width of body;
while the dimorphic male with the thickened leg III (PI. VI, fig. 60)
has these apical bristles about as long as the abdomen, and two
pairs of long bristles on the dorsum. The legs are rather long;
tarsus I (Pl. VI, fig. 59) has no spine above near the sense hair, but
toward the middle is a stiff bristle; the other spines are present and
are long, the apical hairs are shorter than the joint; the bristle from
the penultimate joint is longer than the tarsus in all except the hind
legs; tarsus IV (PI. VI, fig. 57) is about as long as two preceding
joints together, and in the male is still more elongate; it has two spines
below near middle; the apical hairs are shorter than the joint. The
enlarged leg III of the dimorphic male ends ina long claw; several
bristles are near by, but no tooth. In life these mites are rather
yellowish white, with chestnut-brown legs and a dark spot on each
posterior side of the abdomen.

Length 0.75 to 1 mm.

I identify this with Riley’s species, since his figures of the legs show
a rather slender tarsus, and the other characters shown by his figure
agree with this form.

Specimens have been examined from the roots of cowpeas from
Macon, Ga.; from Auburn, Ky., on scabby potatoes: from Lawrence,
Mass., on young potato plants, and from Akron, Ohio, on rotten
potatoes; also from Illinois, infesting pine cones.

Michael has considered that Riley’s species was a synonym of
R. echinopus Mégn. (hyacinth Boisd.). This species is, however,
abundantly distinct from the ‘* bulb mite,” and perhaps does not now
oecur in Europe, altho it was introduced into France. At that time
it was supposed to feed on the Phylloxera.

Rhizoglyphus tarsalis n. sp.

This species is similar in nearly all respects to 2. phyllowere; that
is, there is no spine on tarsus I (Pl. V, fig. 45) near the sense hair,
and the tarsi are long. I have not seen any males, but the female
differs from R. phyllowere in having the bristles near tip of abdomen
nearly as long as width of body, and in the plainly longer hind tarsi
(Pl. V, fig. 46), which are longer than the preceding two joints
together.

The specimens come from Spreckels, Cal., taken from sugar beets
by Mr. E. S. G.Titus.

Tech. Series 13, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.

TYROGLYPHID MITES.

Fig. 40.—Carpoglyphus passularum. Fig. 41.—Tyroglyphus armipes, tarsus IV. Fig. 42.—Tyro-
glyphus armipes, tarsus I. Fig. 43.—Tyroglyphus armipes, vulva. Fig. 44 — Tyroglyphus
longior, tarsi I and IV, and body hairs. Fig. 45.—Rhizoglyphus tarsalis, tarsus 1 SEIS.
46.—Rhizoglyphus t wrsalis, tarsus TV. Fig. 47.—Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi, leg II of male. Fig.
48.—Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi, tarsi land IV. Fig. 49.— Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi.

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RHIZOGLYPHUS RHIZOPHAGUS N. SP. 21

Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi Boisd. (PI. V, fig. 40.)

Cephalothorax with a pair of frontal bristles, and a pair of large
and long posterior bristles (intermediate bristles not visible); a rather
long humeral bristle; a submedian pair of short bristles on the dorsum,
one on each posterior side and six near the tip, all short, the longest
scarcely one-half the width of body. Legs short and stout, the tarsus I
(Pl. V, fig. 48, at right) but little longer than preceding joint, the
spine above is close to the sense hair, and the apical hairs are longer
than the joint; the bristle at tip of penultimate joint is longer than the
tarsus in all except the hind legs; the hind tarsus (PL. V, fig. 48, at
left) is about twice as long as broad, with two spines below near mid-
dle, the usual apical spines, and the apical hairs are longer than the
joint. In the male there are six hairs near tip of abdomen above, some
nearly as long as width of body, and below are four rather long, sub-
equal bristles in a straight transverse row; in the dimorphic male leg
Ill (Pl. V, tig. 47) is enormously thickened, and ends in a stout claw,
with a stout tooth at inner base. In color it is white with brownish
head and legs, and a dark spot on each posterior side of the abdomen.

Length, 0.55 to 0.75 mm.

Specimens have been taken from the bulbs of Bermuda lilies shipped
to this country.

Under the name of 7. echinopus Mégn. several European authors
have gathered various species; whether this form, which seems partial
to bulbs, is the same as Mégnin’s species I can not tell from descrip-
tions; however, I think it identical with the R. echinopus of Michael.
Its ravages in various bulbs and orchids have given it the name of
‘‘bulb mite” and ‘‘Eucharis mite.” The damage caused by it to
Bermuda lilies has been treated by Mr. A. F. Woods in 1897, in a
paper entitled ‘‘ Bermuda lily disease.” (See bibliography, p. 27.)
The 22. mégninz of Haller appears to be a distinct species, with plainly
shorter bristles.

Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus n. sp. (Pl. VI, fig. 50.)

Cephalothorax with a pair of frontal bristles, and a pair of long
posterior bristles (no intermediate bristles visible); a humeral bristle
fully one-half the width of body, two on each posterior side and six
at tip in the female, all short, the longest about one-half the width of
the body, and a submedian pair above on dorsum. Legs short, the
anterior pairs very heavy, the tarsi I (Pl. VI, fig. 51) and IL witha
spine above near the sensory hair; and one below, rather before the
middle; apical hairs longer than the joint; the bristle from penulti-
mate joint longer than the tarsus in all legs, except the hind pair;
hind tarsus (Pl. VI, fig. 52) two and one-half to three times as long as
broad, two spines below near middle, and the usual spines at apex;
the apical hairs as long as the joint. In the male the abdomen has
eight bristles near tip, one pair rather more than one-half the width

22 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDA.

of the body; and on the venter (PI. V1, fig. 56) behind anus are four
subequal bristles in a transverse row; the leg III of male is like that
of IV and not thickened in the many males examined by me.

Length 0.65 to 0.80 mm.

This species differs from #2. hyacinth: in several minute points,
namely: the longer tarsi, especially hind tarsi; the position and size of
certain bristles, and the proportionately larger front legs. .

Specimens have been studied from Missoula, Mont., on roots of
apple trees; from Missouri, under a cottonwood stump, and on onions,
from Glenellen, Cal.

Rhizoglyphus elongatus n. sp. (Pl. VI, fig. 53).

Cephalothorax with a pair of long frontal bristles, and a pair of
posterior bristles, barely longer than the others, no intermediate bristles
visible; a humeral bristle each side no longer than cephalic bristles, and
six short bristles near tip of abdomen, the superior pair the longest,
but no longer than frontal bristles. Body very elongate, more than
three times as long as broad, mandibles large. Legs very short and
stout; tarsus I (PI. VI, fig. 54), but little longer than penultimate joint,
a spine above near the sense hair, one below beyond middle, and two
near tip, apical bristles short; the bristle from tip of penultimate joint
very large and prominent, and longer than tarsus in all legs; hind
tarsus but little longer than front ones, and with short apical hairs.

Length 0.30 to 0.85 mm.

The only specimens seen were taken from the roots of clover in
October, 1879, probably in Missouri. Distinct by elongate body, very
short legs, and short posterior bristles of cephalothorax.

Rhizoglyphus longitarsis n. sp.

Cephalothorax with a pair of long frontal bristles, a pair of very
long and large posterior bristles, and a pair of minute intermediate
bristles; a long humeral bristle; the female with six bristles near tip
of abdomen, none more than one-third the width of body; in the male
the bristles are longer, some nearly as long as width of body, and on
the venter, behind anus, are four bristles in a transverse row, but the
outer pair is very much longer than the inner pair. The legs are
rather long; tarsus I (Pl. V1, fig. 58) about two and one-half times as
long as broad, and with a spine close to the sense hair, one below near
middle and two others near tip; the apical hairs nearly as long as the
joint; the bristle at tip of penultimate joint is longer than the tarsus
in all legs, except the hind pair; the hind tarsus (Pl. VI, fig. 55) is
very long and slender, with two spines beyond middle, and the apical
hairs about two-thirds the length of the joint.

Length 0.75 mm.

I have seen specimens from Emporia, Kans., taken from the rotten
bulbs of Caladium esculentum.

Tech, Series 13, Bureau of Entomology, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.

TYROGLYPHID MITES.

Fig. 50.—Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus. Fig. 51.—Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus, tarsus I. Fig. 52.—Rhi-
zoglyphus rhizophagus, tarsus IV. Fig. 538.—Rhizoglyphus elongatus. Fig. 54.—Rhizoglyphus
elongatus, tarsus I. Fig. 55.—Rhizoglyphus longitarsis, tarsus 1V._ Fig. 56.—Rhizoglyphus rhizo-
phagus, male venter. Fig. 57.—Rhizoglyphus phylloxerx, tarsi [V—male and female. Fig.
58.—Rhizoglyphus longitarsis, tarsus I. Fig. 59.—Rhizoglyphus phyllovere, tarsus I. Fig.
Son nie phylloxere, leg IL of male. Fig. 61.—Rhizoglyphus phylloxere, half of front
of body.

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MONIEZIELLA LONGIPES N. SP. 23

Genus MONIEZIELLA Berlese.

A suture between cephalothorax and abdomen; mandibles large,
chelate; tarsi with distinct claws; cuticle without granulations; ven-
tral apertures small; but two distinct posterior bristles on the cepha-
lothorax; tarsi without spines; male with ventral suckers; abdomen
usually more elongate than in 7yroglyphus. All the species so far
known are predaceous or feed on recently killed animal matter.

Type.—M. entomophagus Lab.

The genus //istiogaster is based on /7/. carpio Kramer, a species with
spiny tarsi, a peculiar male abdomen, and of very different habits;
that I retain d/onieziella as distinct from it.

There are probably from five to ten species in our fauna. I have
recognized the following three species:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

1. Body about three or four times as long as broad; apparently no cephalic nor

Inui er ale ynis bl Esee eens eee cemetery MRE | PS GRE Ne Se Ree angusta
Body scarcely twice as long as broad; cephalic and humeral bristles distinet.. 2
Zewbarsieparelvelonver than, preceding mOimlte: =. se se Ae sos mee ee brevitarsis
Marsi-nearlyatwice as longvas preceding joimt=-.-+.-----.<-..s25-!222s2 2s longipes

Monieziella angusta n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 15.)

Body three to four times as long as broad; apparently without any
cephalic or humeral bristles, and only four short ones near the tip of
abdomen. Legs very short; tarsi not longer than the penultimate
joint; the bristle from this joint longer than tarsi, especially in the
anterior legs, where it is very prominent.

Length, 0.30 to 0.35 mm.

Specimens taken from under scale insects (Asp7diotus) at pene
Cal., and stated to be feeding on the coceids and their eggs.

This is probably what Doctor Riley figures in the Fifth Niseausi
Reportas Zyroglyphus malus; however, his figure shows some bristles
on the head which I can not see in the specimens before me. Michael
has identified Riley’s species with the European J. (///stiogaster)
entomophagus; but Michael’s figures show a form very different;
more elongate and with shorter bristles. The Zyroglyphus malus of
Lignicres is probably a Monicziella, but a different species, perhaps
M. entomophagus, as asserted by Michael.

Monieziella longipes n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 13.)

Cephalothorax with a pair of frontal bristles, and a pair of very
long posterior bristles; a long, fine humeral bristle each side; two
shorter bristles on the margin, and four rather long bristles near tip
of body, the inner pair nearly as long as the abdomen. Legs rather
slender, and the tarsi nearly as long as the preceding two joints

24 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDA.

together, and in the hind pair still longer; the hair at tip of the penul-
timate joint is longer than the tarsus in all except the hind legs.
Length, 0.33 mm.
Specimens from among J/yti/aspis scales at Crescent City, Fla.
(Hubbard).

Monieziella brevitarsis n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 18.)

Cephalothorax with a pair of short frontal bristles and a pair of
longer posterior bristles; a humeral bristle each side rather more than
one-half the width of body, and three bristles each side on posterior
margin toward tip, the outer one very short, the next longer, and the
inner pair about one-third the length of the abdomen. Body scarcely
twice as long as broad; mandibles(P!. I], fig. 19) large and prominent.
Lees short, with only a few short bristles, but that at tip of the penul-
timate joint is rather longer than the tarsus; the latter joint is only a
trifle longer than the preceding joint, but much more slender; the
sense hair on tarsi I and II is much curved. (Male venter, Pl. I,
fig, 19.) ;

Length, 0.85 mm.

What is evidently the Zypopus of this form has a projection on the
anterior part of the cephalothorax, with a black eye-spot each side;
the legs I and I] are thick and heavy; leg IIT ends in a claw, as do
IT and II; but leg 1V terminates in two long bristles, the outer one
much the longer, but both longer than the ‘leg, and there is also a
short bristle near tip of the legs. The ventral sucking plate has six
suckers—two in front, smaller than others, and four in a curved row
behind.

Specimens have been taken from Ch//ocorus atSouthern Pines, N.C.,
and Marshallville, Ga., and it evidently feeds on the San Jose scale.

Genus CARPOGLYPHUS Robin.

No suture between cephalothorax and abdomen; mandibles chelate;
tarsi with distinct claws; cuticle without granulations; ventral aper-
tures small; the epimera of the first two pairs of legs joined to each
other and to the sternum, thus forming a sort of skeleton; tarsal claw
arising froma clavate onychium; the bristle on penultimate joint of
legs arises from near middle, not at tip of joint. The legs are rather
slender, not thickened in the male; the male has no anal suckers. On
the anterior margin of cephalothorax near base of mandibles there is
each side a rounded eye-like spot or projection, very doubtfully an
eye. No //ypopus is known.

Type.—C. passularum Robin.

There are doubtless several species; I have described one from
Java; (. anonymus of Berlese and Michael has very short bristles on

TRICHOTARSUS XYLOCOPA DONN. 25

cephalothorax, and Michael shows them spine-like, so that their
figures probably represent a species different from that of Canestrini,
and which I find in the United States. The species of this genus feed
on a great variety of substances, perhaps favoring dried fruits.

Carpoglyphus passularum Hering. (PI. V, fig. 40.)

Cephalothorax with a pair of short frontal bristles, apparently :
little back from the front margin; four posterior bristles in a curved,
transverse row, none very long; a humeral bristle each side, with a
short one near by; two submedian pairs of short bristles on the dorsum;
two short ones on each posterior side margin; a short pair near tip
above, and three each side at tip, one pair very short, the others more
than one-half length of body. Legs moderately long, tarsi long and
tapering; the sense hair on tarsi I and II tapers to tip; the bristle
above on penultimate joint is situated near the middle and not at tip,
and is very large and prominent, and longer than the tarsus in all
except the hind pair of legs. There are a number of hairs on legs,
but no spines; the hair near apex of tarsus is long and rather farther
from the tip than usual in tyroglyphids.

Length, 0.40 to 0.50 mm.

Specimens have been seen from Fresno, Cal., on figs; from St.
Anthony Park, Minn., on dried figs and apples; from Albany, N. Y.,
on smoked ham, and on poilen of honey bees from Ohio.

Genus TRICHOTARSUS Canestrini.

No suture between cephalothorax and abdomen; mandibles chelate;
legs ending in distinct claws; male without suckers on hind tarsus; no
clavate or thickened hair on tarsi I and II; palpi not enlarged at tip;
cuticle not granulate; male without anal suckers; vulva of female
situated close to beak, between coxx I; hypopial nymphs found upon
bees, adults in nests of bees.

Type.—T. osmiz Dufour.

The adult form is but little known; I have seen none from this
country; the hypopial nymphs are more common, and two forms
have been found in the United States. These agree well with the
European species, but as the adults are not known, their identification
is rather uncertain. They are of no economic value, and therefore I
shall simply list the two species as the European forms until such
time as mature specimens make possible a more exact identification
and satisfactory description.

Trichotarsus xylocope Donn.

Prof. H. Osborn has recorded this European species as taken from
a California Xylocopa, and sent to him by Mr. D. W. Coquillett. I
have not seen it, and possibly some other species was concerned.

26 A REVISION OF THE TYROGLYPHIDZ.

Trichotarsus osmie Duf. is
I have taken specimens of a species of Zrichotarsus, which agree
with the European form, from a species of Osmea at Sea Cliff, N. Y.;
however, the adult females may present some differences. This
species differs from 7! wylocopx in having two claws at the tips of

tarsi I, II, and III.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Banks, N.—New genera and species of Acarians. <Can. Entom.,
1902, pp. 171-176.

Records Trichotarsus osmixe and T. «ylocopx from the United States.

Drarness, J.—A parasite of the San Jose scale. <31st Ann. Rept.
Entom. Soc. Ontario, 1901, pp. 87-88.

Form not named, probably a Monieziella.

Feit, E. P.—Eleventh Report Inj. Insects of New York, 1896, pp.
254-256.

Describes Tyroglyphus heteromorphus.

Haier, G.— Beschreibung einiger neuen Milben. <Arch. f. Natur-
gesch., Vol. L, Bd. 1, pp. 218-219, 1884.

Describes Tyroglyphus crassipes and T. curtus from ‘‘Amerika.”’

Howarp, L. O.—The cheese, ham, and flour mites. <Bul. 4, new
series, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., 1896, pp. 100-102, 2 figs.
Treats of Tyroglyphus siro and T. longior.

Lintner, J. A.—A mite infesting smoked meats. <Third Rept. Inj.
Insects N. Y., pp. 130-131, 1888.

Supposed to be Tyroglyphus siro.

Lintner, J. A.—The cheese mite infesting smoked meats. <Fifth
Rept. Inj. Insects N. Y., pp. 291-293, 1 fig., 1889.

Regarded as Tyroglyphus siro.

Lintner, J. A.—The cheese mite infesting flour. <Fifth Rept. Inj.
Insects N. Y., pp. 294-295, 1889.

Notes on Tyroglyphus siro.

Lintner, J. A.—Tenth Rept. Inj. Insects N. Y., 1895, p. 452.
Notes on Tyroglyphus lintnert.

Osporn, H.—A new mite infesting mushrooms, 7yroglyphus lintneri.
<Science, Vol. XXII, p. 360, 1893.

Osporn, H.—Trichodactylus xylocope in California. <Amer. Nat.,
Vol. X XVII, pp. 1021-1022, 1893.

Osporn, H., and F. A. Strrrnk.—Cheese mites. <Bul. 23, Iowa
Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 894-895, 1894.

Considered as Tyroglyphus siro.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. At

Ritry, C. V.—Fifth Rept. Nox. Beneficial Insects of Missouri, 1873,
p- 82.
Description of a form near Acarus malus of Shimer, according to his opinion.

Rinry, C. V.—Sixth Rept. Nox. Beneficial Insects of Missouri, 1874,
pp. 92-55.
Describes Tyroglyphus phylloxerw.

Rinry, C. V., and L. O. Howarp.— Mites infesting an old grain ele-
vator.- <Insect life, Vol. I, p. 51, 1888.
Identified as Tyroglyphus longior.

Rinry, C. V., and L. O. Howarp.—Mites in flaxseed. <Insect Life,
Voli p7285.. 1889.
Identified as Tyroglyphus siro, but probably 7. farine.

Rinry, C. V., and L. O. Howarp.—Mites in a warm house. <Insect
Life, Vol. III, pp. 162-163, 1890.
Questionably named Tyroglyphus siro.

Ritry, C. V., and L. O. Howarp.—Cheese mites. <Insect Life,
Mole poG5, 1890.
Considered as Tyroglyphus siro.

SaunpErRs, W.—On two mites. <Can. Entom., 1880, pp. 237-239.
Treats of Tyroglyphus siro.

Summer, H.—Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Vol. I (1867-8), pp. 368-369.
Describes Acarus malus which has been wrongly considered as a tyroglyphid.

W asHpuryn, F. L.—A troublesome mite. <Rept. Entom. Minn. f.
1903 (1904), pp. 157-159, 1 fig.
Notes on Carpogluphus passularum.

Wesster, F. M.—The common cheese mite, 7yroglyphus siro, living
in Sporotrichum globuliferum. <32nd Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc.
Ontario, ‘pp. 73-74, 1902.

WILSON, .—A mite infesting a pork-packing house. <Amer.
Nat., 1882, p. 599.
Considered as Tyroglyphus longior.

Woops, A. F.—Bermuda lily disease; a preliminary report of inves-
tigation. <Bureau Plant Industry, Dept. Agric., Washington,
1897.

Rhizoglyphus hyacintht as an agent in distribution of disease.

SIN DEX.

Page.
ACApis noms DiOMoOprapiic Telenence. 5250522 S2stcecs oss che ace lmadun cheese 21
descriptionrof form:supposedlyallied...52 oo2 ed le eek 27
probably = Hemisarcoptes coccisugus, not a tyroglyphid........- 7
LUIS MPOBSID ly Aa byROSLY WIIG <e Soca Mee ist cach ote foot SE oad okseLie i
MULOPLTPRLUSMOL a SY NOMYMiea- erat Seen Lobel. Skene esd se ee 13
agilis. (See Rhizoglyphus agilis. )
Aleurobius, based on secondary sexual character _...............------------ 14
UU OOLUD NUS Pama kn Sarat tes hig ae eae a Aa a ye eee oo Bie 13, 14
OU — LN POGLY DIUUSafCMUIN a= ae ene ee ae LR oy ee on ed we ee 9
americanum. (See Histiostoma americanum. )
americanus. (See Tyroglyphus americanus. )
angusta. (See Monieziella angusta. )
anonymus. (See Carpoglyphus anonymus, Phycobius anonymus, and Trichodac-
tylus anonymus. )
er CaMV LOY DINGO in MESS so. secs wane ae.c esse cee noes Gaon se es tS 5
Apple trees, infestation of roots by Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus........--------- ey
Apples, infestation by Carpoglyphus passularum ....-...=.-.2-+.-----2------ 25
armipes. (See Tyroglyphus armipes. )
Asparagus roots, decaying, infestation by Tyroglyphus heteromorphus...---..-.-- 18
ASCO tS: OO Ol Momienella: angus. 22522225 = Konia Sass cso oclche i ake 23
Bacteria, following work of Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi .......-.....---222.-+---- 5
Hanh, iMLestilon Dy. LYyrogly pus lOn gions =~ oho tania ee Sija's Joe ae Doee eee 15
CCAM SL SRO lM et G/LOLATSTES Sse meee ca et Coen nee a AE ee em ee DHEDG
pollen; toed. of Corpoglyphus passularwm..25 ss oes. oh ek eek 25
Beets, sugar, infestation by Rhizoglyphus tarsalis................-..--.------ 20
Boll weevil, infestation of dead larvee by Tyroglyphus breviceps.........------ 17
breviceps. (See Tyroglyphus breviceps. )
brevipes. (See Histiostoma brevipes. )
brevitarsis. (See Monieziella brevitarsis. )
“Bulb mite.’? (See Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi.)
PMU MOOG Ol Lyroglyipbt dies str. Sainte Si aece seks Someta see ounce 5)
Caladium esculentum, infestation of rotten bulbs by Rhizoglyphus longitarsis - - - 22
Carnations, injury to roots by Tyroglyphus heteromorphus ..-..--.------- Se Sls
SUCINIS DV MiICOGLYMNUs = oe ma tee ease ee tee. tS AS 5
carpio. (See Histiogaster carpio. )
Carpoglyphus anonymus, description of genus ..........-....---------------- 24
SMCClER Meat bs Lee ee Yes 25
passularum, bibliographic reference .....-.....-..------------- 27
deseription and food-habite: $222.24 222225 25
WDC AE CLO Ru ee ae ye emer Sorel se POL eal se 24
eereaticods toed on Myrorbyphiden, (2: ceae eace casket elewceceoletcccee 5

30 INDEX.

Page.
Gheese; food“of Tyrogly phidiet 2.3252 scoot oe oe ae ao ee eee aoa
Limburger, infestation by Tyroglyphus terminalis ............-------- 18
TUE CS Set Sons ester pate De av A as, enn Ve A Mc ae eA eal
Cheyletus, attending Pyroglyphus longer s.22 Ss oes a eee ene ee 15
Chilocorus, association ob Monieziellabrentarsis. 22 2-2 ee 24
Clover, infestation of roots by Rhizoglyphus elongatus.......----------------- 22
Coccids. (See Aspidiotus, Mytilaspis, and Scale-insects. )
cocciphilus. (See Tyroglyphus cocciphilus. )
Corn pyralid, infestation of dead larvee by Tyroglyphus armipes ............-- 19
Corpse; "human “food of Tyroglyphideet 2 - soen se ee eee ee 5
Cotton seed, infestation by Tyroglyphus americanus. .....-------------------- 16
Cottonwood, Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus under stump ..--..------------.------ 22
Cowpeas, infestation of roots by Rhizoglyphus phyllorerw ...........--------- 20
crassipes. (See Tyroglyphus crassipes. )
curtus. (See Tyroglyphus curtus. )
Cyllene robinix, dead and diseased larvee infested by /istiostoma brevipes... --- lal
domesticus. (See Glyciphagus domesticus. )
Drugs; food: of Lynoglyphidee: =: 25-2. 3 see eee eee ee ee eee d
echinopus. (See Rhizoglyphus echinopus. )
elongatus. (See Rhizoglyphus elongatus. )
entomophagus. (See Monieziella entomophagus. )
‘“Hucharis mite.’’ (See Rhizoglyphus hyacinth. )
farine. (See Tyroglyphus farine. )
Heathers, toodsof Tyrogly pinidees sc foe ee ee ree a eg ete ranean 5
Wigs, food” ot. Carpoghyphts passulanuims 2.2228, 2 ee ee ee 26
Flaxseed, infestation by Tyroglyphus americanus............---------------- 16
Blour stood ob Tyroglyphidsewct 225528 52" 25 oye gs Sle Se ee ee 5, 26
Fruits: dried; food tof Carpoglipius. s-% S2..c2s- (sea ene ae ee 25
Lyroglvphide (2055: Aes Soe a ee eee ee ee 5
Fungi, following work of Rhizoglyphus hyacintht .............-..--------4---- a)
Gamasus raven cin oly nOO Ly SKLOTLOLG Tee ee at ee ree ee 15
Glyciphagus; decription..of PenUs 222642 32258 ee ee eee i
descriptions-of species 2). \o2. eae. hots lees = oe eee 12-13
domeshicus thetty, pes pecleS== sees sane oe = ee ee ee ee 12
obesusi Me Sp. GeSCTIptlOlie eos a5 ones 4s see eee ee ee ee 12
partially developed hy popial stage’s_<- Sees. 23 ui ee ene 7
TODUSIUS Ns Sp, CEScklpulonsand toodshabitse == 45. 242 ese e= ssa 13
gracilipes. (See Histiostoma gracilipes. )
Graitine. wax, eaten thra by hizoglpnuse 2-6 1 8s sae Oe ee 5
Grain; infestation*by Dyrogiyphus longiors- 2. 22 a eee oe see eee 1On2T
Grains in ‘muills;food of Tyroglyphide =: = 323s 4 -ae oe ee See ee 5
Granaries, infestation by Pyrogliphus jamie 2s. 22-225 ae ee ee oe 14
‘*Grocer’s itch,’’ caused by mites of genus Glyciphagus .....-.-------------- 12
Tyroglyphidee 2.2255. sous eae ee eee eee 5
Flair iniurniture, food of Tyroclyphides. = = eee aoe See eee 5
Ham, smoked, tood of Canpoglyphus passularwimn oo. 2 = sere oe cee ee eee 25
Hams, food ‘of ‘Tyroglyphida. 2-4 .25¢ $222 2-26). 26 oe eee ee ee eee eee 5, 26
Hay; food of Tyrogly phidedl 32.2 2/5223 eae coe eee ee eee 5
Hemisarcoptes coccisugus, Acarus malus probably a synonym. .--..------------ ff
heteromorphus. (See Tyroglyphus heteromorphus. )
Eishogaster, carpio the ty pe species +22. 22 See eaaeee es kee eee eee 23

entomophagus. (See Monieziella entomophagus. )
americanum n. sp., description and food habits.--.-.------------- 11-12

INDEX. 31

Page
Histiostoma brevipes n. sp., description and food habits .........-..----.--.-- 1]
Geseuipuon:. ob Penus ts bo Akas hel we ar ee ed it 10
descriptions: Ol Speeles ectipe es Beyer eth ens OUNCE ree 2 ns 10-12
GLOGHIPCSID = BPs CeSCTUDE TOM + PAE fay tis haw eect seed Sok ea 10-11
PDCELLILELUT—T.OSURO SCI NOUS pee mee x ae Re epee = yee oe 10
pyriforme, comparison with Sistiostoma brevipes .....------------- 11
ROStrOSenr aus the. typelspeClese 2 a4 ee Ede De ee 10
bale exo tas pECles ax meaner Mere ake ete rare ech Eee A atts es a 10
hyacinthi. (See Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi. )
HOUSE Pintestatlonoby: LynoglpluslvOngior ===. bate eee 2 eee a. eek ee 15
Eiypopialistageserenssss— eee eee Dye fe es ere eR Oe Bares ee pus ee ae 10
Eg MOpUs Shae Olly TOM Vp Older =.) 42 oe ae ee soy oe ak eS sis 6-7
imsects; m<collections,-tood:of-lyroghy phidé< . 2.255222 22 2.2.82. he05s-b5250 5
Tyroglyphide attached to certain species __-.._-.-..--.----...----- 5
krameri. (See Tyroglyphus krameri. )
Lecanium, association of Tyroglyphus cocciphilus.........-.---+-------+--+----- ily
Lilies, Bermuda, infestation of bulbs by Rhizoglyphus hyacinthi........-.....- 5, 21
lintneri. (See Tyroglyphus lintneri. )
longior. (See Tyroglyphus longior. )
longipes. (See Monieziella longipes. )
longitarsis. (See Rhizoglyphus longitarsis. )
malus. (See Acarus malus and Tyroglyphus malus. )
Mattresses, intested by- Tyrovlyphidz S.-2322 2-22 22 es ae se ode J. ln eee 5
Mealy bug, association of Tyroglyphus cocciphilus ......--.---....----------- ily
Meats srdiied, food ob Lyroplyplhide sa... 2. Si se. ee eo ise ee eee 5
Ansoked oodsal Lyrogly piideert +2 eames ws Ws ee. 2k sei ch al ne 26
Mice iy roel sphideeinimests 25052 24s Se eee: cee ast ce 2 5
mégnini. (See Rhizoglyphus mégnini. )
Malls miestanton Dy. Lyroglypnusyariie oY eal te ee eae oo 14
Monieziella angusta n. sp., description and food habits.........--...-.---.--- 23
brevitarsis n. sp., description and IV AUO NGS S Slee IES se a ee 24
GeSCuip HOMO Gens! saps se eee Sara ee he eeieteye NEk Apemelien eer et> = 23
GESCHipiiGNe OMSPeCled as. soe seats) ae SAL ee Miles Bee ioe 2B e2E
NEU EHOISCALCHINSCCES ae reo ee See Sa eS ee ha ee OSS 5
emomophagus they pe SpeCleS == sa atke es see ane oles =a ee ee oe 23
longipes m= Sp:, descriptionvandshalbits —- 222-2525 9255822 -2---e2-2- 23-04
on San Jose scale, bibliographic reference .--:....-.---------:--- 26
Molestviynoclym hidcerimimestsi-esee 2s a. Sear ee ee Ee ae ae 5
Minshroomstoodkobabymom hyp Gewese eee ere aerate A eRe) See 5
LOG UA TULSA UCTLUTLE GT tetera ci 7, 15, 26
mycophagus. (See Tyroglyphus mycophagqus. )
MailaspisutoOOd Ol MonteZiellanlOngupes sea - e eee ee ee So eee 24
obesus. (See Glyciphagus obesus.)
Onions, infestation by Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus...........-.---------+-+---- 22
Orange, decaying, infestation by Tyroglyphus americanus .......-.----------- 16
Orchidssantestation by Kinzoglyohus hyacinth == 2220-22. 8.22 2-2-2552 5-2 oe 21
OSM OStIOlml REG HOLATSUSTOSINee sae ects oo Cece 2 in eat wee eee eiele slo Seesisens 26

osmix. (See Trichotarsus osmiz. )

passularum. (See Carpoglyphus passularum. )

pectineum. (See Histiostoma pectineum. )

AM SOLER OERCT TOR 0G ETON a ee a a ee 9
Phylloxera, of grape, Tyroglyphus phylloxere erroneously considered enemy - - 7

oo INDEX.

Page
phylloxerx. (See Rhizoglyphus phylloxere. )
Pillows, infested by. Lyrogl yphid ie yeas es es ee a ee eee 5
Pine cones, infestation by Rhizoglyphus phyllomere ........-.-----.---------- 20
Plums, rotten, infestation by Tyroglyphus americanus....-...---------------- 16
Pollen of honey bees, food of Carpoglyphus passularum ....------------------ 25
Potato plants, young, infestation by Rhizoglyphus phylloxere....---------.--- 20
Potatoes, rotten and scabby, infestation by Rhizoglyphus phyllovere ....------ 20
pyriforme. (See ITistiostoma pyriforme. )
Rhizoglyphus agilis, possibly a synonym of Tyroglyphus heteromorphus. -....-- - - 18
description’ of Pentigun’ soe aah. oo ae ae Se nee 19
descriptions ol species. qS82 5. sete ane ee en oe ee 20-22
echinopus, identity: 92 ac 2.2. U ets Se eee ye ee 21
Rhizoglyphus phyllovere not a synonym ..------.----- 20
IROOM a, Shaan paoW ON MAKIN = ab aootaseescsncessacoue 19
elongatus n. sp., description and food habits........-----..----- 22
hyacmnihi. bibliographicmelerencera= == seas ae a ene 27
‘Boisd:—=R.echinopus. Méene2 sos ees eee 20
descriptionjandstood habits as ss sae 21
enemiyaton bulbs andanootses= == === eee eee ees 5
the type species =.) 825; entail. ee ets See eee 19
in decaying matter with Histiostoma americanum ...---.-------- 12
injury to roots of vine, stems of carnation, and wax on grafts. -- 5
longitarsis n. sp., description and food habits.....-------------- 22
mégnini, identity ..----- Se ee IRS eigen OR re ag ee oped eae 21
phylloxere, description and food habits.22: 24-2225 6-— see oes 20
NOVA SyMOMVMNOl ie CChINO DUS aa eee ee 20
rhizophagus n. sp., description and food habits ......----------- 21-22
table of species: 235 25 22.25 ea Pe ea ee eee eee eee 1)
torsalis n. sp., description’ and food habits=-- =... 22. 4222-2. 222: 20
rhizophagus. (See Rhizoglyphus rhizophagus. )
ribis. (See Acarus ribis. )
Rice; anfestation by Lyrogliyphus americans 055. 2. eate os ee eee 16
robustus. (See Glyciphagus robustus.)
Roots;tood: of Lyroglyphidse2s2 sj. 422 25502. ee eee eee eee 5
rostroserratus. (See Histiostoma rostroserratus. )
Sap, ‘food of-DPyrogly phidsecsm. 2.2 Ao Kaeo ee - Sets 2 eee ee eee 5
Scale-insects. (See also Aspidiotus, € Gide and Mytilaspis. )
food. of- Tyroglyphidze <= 5.225 27 22 ee ieee eet a eter 5
Monienella enemies: 2.22222 -o2 se see eee see eS eee 5
oyster-shell, association of Tyroglyphus cocciphilus.......--------------- 17
San Jose. (See also Aspidiotus. )
food (ot Moniezella brevitansis == oe = eee ee ee eee 24
Warasite 277.03 Sao ek nee Ga eee ea Sere 26
Seeds, food of Tyrogly phidee 2.2% 2. <222e Sean eee an ee ee are 5
infestation by sGlyciphagus 1obusttiss= <2 alee eek aes oe eee ee 13
Ty TOC LURD TUS pf CUNT ee eee 14
siro. (See Tyroglyphus siro. )
Sporotrichum globuliferum, food of Tyroglyphus siro, bibliographic reference - -- 27
Sugar beets. (See Beets, sugar. )
food of Tyroplyphidie: 32 96. sea ee siete ae er eer eee eae ee 5
mites: (see ‘also Glyciphagus) (ot o2 oe ee oe ele ee ieee eee 5

tarsalis. (See Rhizoglyphus tarsalis.)
terminalis. (See Tyroglyphus terminalis. )

INDEX. ao

Page.
MeROMMCh US ON ONYTUUS, IC CHUL soe emia resists tna Sere Sain ee ais oho oe se Sales 9
xylocopx. (See also Trichotarsus xylocope. )
in California, bibliographic reference -...-.-.-------- 26
irichotansus) association with) beesis¢aa- 2s... se2 os cosas = ee eee eesiesae oes 25
description OhIenSe resus qa toe ne wee Beye se ae hen ae eo 25
ny, pO pialastawen: sess An ee sare Ao erie sh Shia nolo SUE 10
osmiice bibliographic wererence\= 22.5). Oost see Aa See 26
ongOsiniastromeNe wey OLkises 2-6 Se ee ee eee 26
thHeaby We peCles sess sn oe Sins oes Coe ee Mee ede 25
records of.species im United States;2* 72. -2 ssic3 2h. 2. Sees. ce 25-26
Tylocoue DIDOpTAp MiG TELErenCe. ssa. S. 5. ese ate Sater le 26
recorded on Xylocopa from California ----...-.-------- 25
Tyroglyphide, bibliography ........--------------- Reps RAL GN rg a fe Ele AN 26-27
- eepnomielimportancess 222 4526 osee ee ees ee eee 5
Huropean species im) Umited Statesss-2--2.2- 22-5. 2-<- === 4 - 8-9
TOO Sh aloilgese tara. ere eee ems Pree ees te ee eae 5
(OYE OVEN ea Re cl Ret = ee oa PI oe ee a ie Bites ae 9-26
TELM HODUSStARS ane Sate he toa Gee aE es a2 tals 2S SUE Soe Ses ct 6-7
previous work on species in United States ...............-.-- 7-8
SUMMA EC MANAGE TIS CS eee es ate pe renee yy ene 6
table: of eenera nt Stes ee eee Stee aerate re Ve ae as 9-10
EPANSLOEMAAL ONG She eager mia ae = ee Aree a eee eee 6-7
TOG PLUS. ALEHCOUUUS: A; CYT OMY Lint oar te = ee efor Se neta te Sa are 13, 14
americanus n. sp., description and food habits ......------------ 16
AG BUU Poet S 1h Ol gee: ae SErS IPE Sens nee fe ee ene marae 9, 16
references in literature as 7. siro and T. longior. 16
armipes n. sp., description and food habits...-....-.-.--------- 18-19
breviceps n. sp., description and food habits -_.....--.---.------ 17
coccuphilus n. sp., description and habits). 2.22 2222.5--.5-- =.=. 16-17
erassipes. bibliographic relerence 2222225. - 2S 02 ke 5 i 26
uncertain originsand 1dentiby {esses ee eee soe a 7
CUTLUS sll Osraphicmeleren Ceasers sass ee sas i eee 26
uncertain ongimmand identity: 2225.20 = ne fee ian a
deseriptiOonrOngenlist aaa se aoe sooo see eee Ce ae ae 3
descriptions: obispecios ssi. sac oe" 2 fost sk be Ses. Jae ees 14-19
jfarinz;. bibliographic reference, as 7. siro . -. 2222. s2-252252----- 27
deseripiionand habitsa-ssncctos-o-. 50 Soate.- se oes 14
hGeromorpnus-qpiblogtaphicmererence:s - 2 a1 24)- 2 = = nese 26
description and toodshabitsi2..s55-— 322: s22 55222 18
II WUEy LO LOOtsTOl carnations ys 4se 2 eee = See ee 8
Rhizoglyphus agilis possibly a synonym ....------ 18
kramer NOCUtut yates ete scene Oe a ear t antral nae ck 8-9
lintneri, allied to Canestrini’s conception of Tyroglyphus siro.-- - - 7-8
bibliceraplicmeleremees "ssa. iss een ee cls Seems 26
déscription.and food! habits..." 6. 202 Se es 15
InfestaLlOMs) Olam OSHTOOMS so tens. alee So eso Se SE 7-8
longior, pibliographic references. 2222-252 ees. - ee aae os 42 26-27
déseryption and: habiteiss: 28. at pee ee Se Skee 14-15
PGECTULL YP mreens cea tee che re Reta s SE Ae eta en 7-9, 16
ILS PaUCLEN ULL yee at a eee ee vee Ce Neo Ss Hoe mae Lede © 23
mycophagus, comparison of Tyroglyphus terminalis with Michael’s
fT OUI Meee pe ener estote ae Se Sate e aaah Sees o 18

identity: pos ssee aces ac eese tees wos e ees cece 8-9

34 INDEX.

Page.

Tyroglyphus; nota synonym: of Acarus 22225-0262 eee see eee eee 13
phylloxerz, bibliographic reference 25222275 =. -< Se see a eee 27

= PNAZOG UO NUS Esser Seta es eee ee eee nae Spe en ree mh

not predaceous, but a root feeder-..:-..--.-.-----.- fk

siro, bibliographic references under this name-_.---.-.-----.---- 26-27

the ty pe species i: 25523 eae ae es eee eee 13

uncertain identity <2. 205 eee

table-of species 2ees.eae ee eee RE sa ae ee ea ge 13-14

terminalis n. sp., description and food habits .-.....------------ 17-18

Vine, injury to.roots. by -AKhizoglyphugtes =o esos Sen ee eee ee aes 5
Wheat, infestation. by -Tyroglyphus americanus’... 222 45.5222 22 See eeeeee 16
Wine; food. of Tyroglyphides J. 2: Spee Gees oe Re ee eee 5
Xylocopa, host of Trichotarsus wylocopwe ..........--.-----------+----+------- 25

_ xylocope. (See Trichodactylus xylocopx and Trichotarsus xylocope. )

O

As SERIES, No. 14.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF. AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

THE

BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
BEE DISEASES.

BY

GERSHOM FRANKLIN WHITE, Pu. D.,

Expert in Animal Bacteriology, Biochemie Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.

ISSUED NOVEMBER 6, 1906,

“WASHINGTON:

a GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
Mea - 1906. ait

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
C. bh. M&ruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in absence of Chief.
R. S. Criirron, Chief Clerk.

I’, H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of breeding experiments.
A. D. Horxins, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. HUNTER, in charge of. cotton boll weevil investigations.
M. WEBSTER, in charge of cereal and forage-plant insect investigations,
L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous-fruit insect investigations.
. M. Rocers, in charge of gipsy and brown-tail moth work.
W. Morritt1, engaged in white fly investigations.
. 8. G. Titus, in charge of gipsy moth laboratory.
J. GILLISS, engaged in silk investigations.
. P. CurRIE, assistant in charge of editorial work.
MABEL CoLcorD, librarian. i

Cbs

HO >

APICULTURAL INVESTIGATIONS.

FRANK BENTON, in charge (absent).

E. F. PHILuies, acting in charge.

J. M. RANKIN, in charge of apicultural station, Chico, Cal.
JESSIE E. Marks, apicultural clerk,

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 14.

Uo DEPART MENTE OF “AGRICULTURE,

BU RBACU OH “HNLOMOLOGN.
L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

THE

Pea ha A OL THE APILARY,

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
BEE DISEASES.

BY

GERSHOM FRANKLIN WHITE, Pu. D.,
Expert in_Animal Bacteriology, Biochemie Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.

Thesis presented to the University Faculty of Cornell University for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

ISSUED NOVEMBER 6, 1906.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. DepartMENT or AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Enromowoey,
Washington, D. C., September 24, 1906.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit the manuscript of a paper on
the bacteria of the apiary, with special reference to bee diseases, by
Dr. G. F. White, expert in animal bacteriology in the Biochemic
Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. This paper was pre--
pared by Doctor White as a thesis in part fulfilment of the require-
ments for the degree of doctor of philosophy, at Cornell University,
in June, 1905. The Bureau of Entomology considers itself fortu-
nate in obtaining it for publication, since in this way a wider distri-
bution can be made than would be possible were it published in a
journal devoted exclusively to bacteriological investigations. It is
hoped that the publication of these facts may help to clear up the
confusion which now exists concerning the causes of the two most
common diseases of the brood of bees. I recommend that the manu-
script be published as Technical Series, No. 14, of this Bureau.

Doctor White wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr.
Veranus A. Moore, professor of comparative pathology and_bac-
teriology of Cornell University, under whose direction this work
was done; to Dr. E. F. Phillips, acting in charge of apiculture,
Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture,
for encouragement and assistance in the preparation of this manu-
script; and to Messrs. Mortimer Stevens, Charles Stewart, N. D.
West, and W. D. Wright, bee inspectors of the State of New York,
for their interest in the work.

Respectfully, L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILson, ‘

Secretary of Agriculture.

9

~_

fone PAC Ee

The spread of diseases of the brood of bees is to-day a great menace
to the bee-keeping industry of the United States. It is therefore of
great importance that all phases of these diseases should be investi-
gated as thoroly as possible, and this paper, it is believed, will help
in clearing up some disputed points in regard to the cause of the two
most serious brood diseases.

Dr. G. F. White has offered this paper for publication as a bulletin
in the Bureau of Entomology because in that way the statements
herein contained may become more widely known than would be the
case were it published in some journal devoted exclusively to bacteri-
ological investigations. Obviously there are many points still un-
settled, and it is hoped that some of these may be taken up for in-
vestigation in the near future, but the results so far obtained should
by all means be made known to the persons practically engaged in
bee keeping.

The necessity for the study of nonpathogenic bacteria found in
the apiary may not be at first evident to the ordinary reader. When
it is seen, however, that some of the investigators of bee diseases have
apparently mistaken Bacillus A or some closely allied species for
Bacillus alvei it will be evident that a study of nonpathogenic germs
is necessary to a thoro investigation of the cause of these diseases and
a full understanding of the confusion which has existed.

The names which should be used for the diseased conditions of
brood was a matter which arose after this paper was offered for pub-
lication. It was desired that out of the chaos of names in use cer-
tain ones be chosen which would be distinctive and still clear to the
bee keepers who are interested in work of this nature. Unfortu-
nately, after a short investigation, Dr. W. R. Howard, of Fort
Worth, Tex., gave the name “ New York bee disease,” or ‘“ black
brood, to a disease which Cheshire and Cheyne described in 1885 as
“foul brood.” Since this is the disease in which Bacillus alvei is
present, we can not drop the name “ foul brood,” and the word
“ European ” is used to distinguish it from the other disease. The bee
keepers of the United States have been taught that the type of brood
disease characterized by ropiness of the dead brood is true foul brood,

3

4 PREFACE.

but since Bacillus alvei is not found in this disease it obviously is not
the same disease as that described by Cheyne. It would be well-nigh
impossible, however, to change the name of this disease, and any effort
in that direction would merely result in complicating laws now in force
which control the infectious diseases of bees and would serve no good
-purpose. This disease is here designated “American foul brood.”
These names have been chosen only after consultation with some of
the leading bee keepers of the United States, and these distinguishing
terms were chosen by the majority of those consulted as indicating
the place in which the diseases were first investigated in a thoroly
scientific manner. Both diseases are found in Europe, as well as in
America, so that the names indicate nothing concerning the geo-
graphical distribution of the maladies.

Strangely enough, certain writers for our American apicultural
papers have seen fit to take exception to some of the statements made
in this paper without having first found out the reasons for the de-
cisions herein published. Apiculture will not be advanced to any
appreciable extent by such eagerness to rush into print, especially
when there is not a semblance of scientific investigation back of the
criticism.

E. F. Purves,
Acting in Charge of Apiculture.

CONTENTS:

Page.
VTA ES OY BE EVER UG) phe Soe Se ee es Se ee ee ee ee 7
CF ESLEN MAN ASA a a eS 7
Qigua wea Oy Sah ses ae SS ee ee Ci
Ones inailiayer <CWUNMNAES Sa eee ti
Differentiation and identification of bacteria __________-----------_- 9
hese Chearerd CsCribed ss] = he ae eee 9
Morphology, staining properties, and oxygen requirements, with sug-
FOSMOMOS Can WAMU O UNS = a Re ee ee g)
Media employed and suggestions as to the description of cultures___- 10
PART I. BACTERIA OF THE NORMAL APIARY.
BacheriaeekO Mather COima ly see swsee ns see Lee Noe abe Deh ie ee 3
EGieKiaeECOMe Ol] Cleese te ot) Lee cent eee Seats Beha ee 15
Pacteniiainmhoney.andnnormalalanyree san =e eee 16
Bacteria upon the adult Ties ae ee cs cate a ood om Ns EE SS 16
Bacteria of the intestine of the healthy honey bee___-_--_----_--____-=__- 18
SercClnehrornmn Ges) aia Fino naye es =e ee ee 25
Tabulation of micro-organisms normally present in the apiary_—---------- 28
SUrvaMET NE AY oy Ee) es ee ee eee 29
Re Osta yectowe city lee eee ee ee 29
PART II. THE DISEASES OF BEES.
TSSRAGTE TOWSON ek nek ce eee a eee ae ee eee 30
WhestermMestOulsproodesas-hithertomppledae- = 22s sess. s = ee dl
Huropean foul brood (foul brood of Cheyne)——-—--——--—--___=----—--_-__ 32
(SN OO SF a I ee 32
Confusions necardine. fouly brood in, Americal ==> ==2 === === 33
Nem presente lines tl Gail O Nees ae ene ee 34
LEX HIRI S LOLA DS I EE, SEE Se LE ee ee 36
IMO CU ATOM OX CUNT Sea ee eee 37
Distribution of Bacillus alvei.in infected hives__________________--~- 38
EP RMeLiIMents wauMeormia dehy Gd eyed sess sa sy ee 39
JNITTET AUER HOTOUL [GN ROTO | eee hs a Se ee ae ee 40
CSyaa ny R ECON TUS eS eS ee eee ee 40
BREN Ge RES EM Mes feels On eee eee eee ee eee 41
TESCO CORNE BS cl NT ENG Po aa SN a as ee 42
Mipeso called enpiclles rood toe et ae tet ere es eS ES ee et es 43
[Rheksoscalledaes lick brOOdests me enn ee een ae SI ee See ee 43
TPIAISS7 -@ir: TORMRAVSNS) 2 oe Se ae ee a ee 44
Strammionieay wo Ieee Wo Se ee ee 44
(CONICIUS ION Sateen ae aes eee nate APR alate ORNS ye ee Rw oS ee Oe Se 45
TEstloybi@pieeay aay ko) Lets Vb = 46
URGES - Ge ee ee ee ee 47

THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO BEE DISEASES.

> INTRODUCTION.

Since bacteriology is one of the youngest of the sciences, it fs only
natural that there should be many problems concerning which there
is much confusion, and many others concerning which nothing is
known. In a study of the saprophytic bacteria this is especially
true; the exploration of this jungle of micro-organisms is scarcely
begun. Comparatively few species have been studied and named,
and a much less number can be identified. From studies that have
been made one is led to believe that the species which might be
classed under bacteria outnumber by far all the macroscopic plants
known. Comparatively little is as yet known concerning the dis-
tribution of these minute organisms in nature, their needs for multi-
pleation and growth, their power of endurance, their relations the
one to the other, their relations to man and industries, and their
relation to pathogenic species. Both from the standpoint of scien-
tific interest and from the standpoint of practical economy these
problems call for further investigation.

By far the greatest amount of work which has been done in the
science of bacteriology has been prompted by the direct or indirect
economic importance of the question. This is largely true of the
present investigation, since honey bees suffer from a number of
diseases, some of which are considered in Part II.

TECHNIQUE.

Obtaining Material for Study.

If necessary, bees may be conveniently shipped alive by mail in
cages constructed for that purpose. Combs also may be sent by mail
in small boxes. If combs, honey, pollen, or larve are desired, the hive
must be entered. In case older adult bees are wanted it is not difficult
to supply the needs from the entrance to the hive. To capture them
one may stand at the entrance and catch the unwary toiler as she

(i
9583—No. 14—06 m——2

8 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

comes in loaded with pollen and honey. After the victim alights on
the entrance board, by the aid of a pair of forceps, before she disap-
pears within, one can easily lodge her safely in a petri dish. It is,
however, an advantage to study the young adult bees as well as the
older ones, and if young ones are desired they may be taken from
the combs or from the front of the hive, near the entrance.

Obtaining Cultures.

(a) From combs.—With sterile forceps small pieces of the comb
ure put directly into gelatin or agar for plates or incubated in bouil-
lon for 24 hours and then plated. Growing in bouillon and pfat-
ing on gelatin is usually preferable.

(6) From pollen.i—The same technique is used as for combs, but
the direct inoculation of gelatin tubes for plates is generally pre-
ferable.

(c) From honey.—With sterile loops honey is taken from uncapped
and capped cells. The caps are removed with sterile forceps and the
honey is plated directly on gelatin or agar. Bouillon tubes are in-
oculated also with varying quantities of the honey.

(d) From larve.—tThe larva is carefully removed to a sterile dish,
and with sterile scissors the body is opened and the contents plated
directly, or bouillon cultures are first made and later plated, if a
growth appears.

(e) From parts of the adult bee.—In studying the adult bee, a
small piece of blotting paper wet with chloroform is slipt under
the cover of the petri dish in which the insects have been placed, and
in a short time the bees are under the influence of the anesthetic.
Then with sterile scissors a leg, a wing, the head, the thorax, or the
abdomen, the intestine being removed, is placed in bouillon and, after
24 hours incubation, plated, preferably on gelatin.

When it is desired to make a study of the bacteria of the intestine,
the intestinal tract is removed and studied as follows: The bee is
flamed and held in sterile forceps. With another sterile pair of for-
ceps the tip of the abdomen is seized and, by pulling gently, the tip
and the entire intestine are easily removed. This can then be plated
directly. If gelatin, which is preferable, is used, the intestine itself
must not be left in the gelatin or the medium will become liquefied
by the presence of the tissue. If one desires to obtain cultures of the
anaérobe, which is quite common in the intestine, it is most easily
obtained in pure culture by the use of the deep glucose agar (Liborius’s
method). Cover glass preparations made direct from the walls of
the intestine or its contents give one some idea of the great number of
bacteria frequently present.

MORPHOLOGY, STAINING PROPERTIES, ETC. 9
Differentiation and Identification of Bacteria.

These very low forms of plant life show a marked susceptibility to
environmental conditions and those desirous of speculating on prob-
lems in evolution may find here food for thought and experimenta-
tion. On account of this susceptibility, various cultures which belong
to the same species may possess slight variations in some one or more
specific characters. Consequently one can not say that a species must
possess certain definite characters and no others. It is convenient,
then, to think of a species as more or less of a group of individuals
whose characters approximate each other very closely.

In this paper are described a number of species each of which, in
fact, represents a group, the individual cultures of which approxi-
mate each other so closely in character that the differences may be
easily attributed to environmental conditions which are more or less
recent.

Concerning the identification of species, the conditions have been
well summed up by Chester. He says:

Probably nine-tenths of the forms of bacteria already described might as well
be forgotten or be given a respectful burial. This will then leave comparatively
few well-defined species to form the nuclei of groups in one or another of which
we shall be able to place all new sufficiently described forms.

The variations which occur and the very incomplete descriptions
which can be found make it impossible to identify many species even
to a more or less restricted group. For these reasons some of the
cultures are not identified or named, but letters are used for conven-
ience in this paper to represent the specific part. Migula’s classifica-
tion has been used.

The Cultures Which are Described.

Plate cultures were observed for some weeks, the different kinds of
colonies which appeared being especially noted. Subcultures were
then made in bouillon, and after 24 hours the subculture was re-
plated. Subculturing and replating were then repeated. From this
last plate the pure culture was made on agar for study. These were
not studied culturally, as a rule, for some weeks, thus allowing time
for the organism to eliminate any character due to recent environ-
mental conditions (1).

Morphology, Staining Properties, and Oxygen. Requirements, with Sug-
gestions on Variations.

(a) Size—The length and thickness of a micro-organism often
varies so much with its environmental conditions that certain re-

@ Numbers in parentheses refer to papers in the bibliography at the end of
Part I or that at the end of Part II.

10 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

corded dimensions should always be accompanied by facts concerning
the medium, age, and temperature of incubation. The measure-
ments recorded in this paper were all taken of organisms in prepara-
tions made from a 24-hour agar culture stained with carbol-fuchsin.
The involution forms are not reckoned in the results.

(6) Spores.—The presence of spores was determined in each case
by staining the various cultures at different ages. A check was made
on their presence by means of the thermal death point.

(c) Flagella.—Loefler’s method, as modified by Johnson and
Mack, was used for staining the flagella (2).

(d) Motility —Motility may be present in cultures when first iso-
lated, but after artificial cultivation appear to be entirely lost. The
reverse of this also may be noted. No cultures should be recorded
as nonmotile until cultures on various media at different temperatures
and of different ages shall have been studied. Hanging-drop prepar-
tions were made from cultures on agar and bouillon, both incubated
and not incubated, and on gelatin.

(e) Staining properties—Basic carbol-fuchsin was the stain used
almost exclusively. In the use of Gram’s staining method, carbolic
gentian violet (5 per cent carbolic acid 20 parts, saturated alcoholic
solution gential violet 2 parts) was applied to a cover-glass prepara-
tion from a 24-hour culture on agar for 5 minutes, placed in Lugol’s
solution 2 minutes, and placed, without rinsing, in 95 per cent alcohol
for 15 minutes, removed, washt in water, and allowed to dry.

(f) Oxygen requirements.—Determinations were made by ob-
serving whether a growth took place in the closed or open arm or
both, of the fermentation tube containing glucose bouillon.

Media Employed and Suggestions as to the Description of Cultures.

(a) Bouillon.—All bouillon used was made from beef (meat J
part, water 2 parts), to which infusion 1 per cent Witte’s peptonum
siccum and one-half per cent sodium chlorid were added. The re-
action of the solution was then determined by titrating, and made
-++1.5 to phenolphthalein.

In describing a culture growing in bouillon as a medium, there
is usually a more extended description given than in the case of
sugar and sugar-free bouillons, since cultures in these media do not
differ materially in gross appearance from those observed in the
plain bouillon.

(b) Sugar-free bouillon—This bouillon is made free from sugar
by the use of B. coli communis, after which peptone and sodium
chlorid (NaCl) were added as in bouillon.

(c) Sugar bouillons—F ive different sugars—glucose, lactose, sac-
charose, levulose, and maltose, as well as mannite—were used in the
study. If a 1-per-cent solution of glucose in plain bouillon was fer-

MEDIA EMPLOYED, ETC. ital

mented with the production of gas, fermentation tubes were used
for all the sugars and mannite. If no gas was formed in the glucose,
the straight tubes were inoculated. The sugars and mannite were
used in a 1-per-cent solution in sugar-free bouillon.

(d) Reaction of media.—The reaction of cultures is determined
as it appears on the fifth day in the different media, unless otherwise
stated. The medium in the open arm is used to determine the re-
action in the fermentation tube. Beginning with a reaction of +1.5
to phenolphthalein, or shghtly alkaline to litmus, the detection of an
increase in acidity is not difficult. But masmuch as the production
of an alkali is very frequently small in degree, cultures are often in
this paper recorded alkaline in reaction when probably the reaction
has not changed.

(e) Fermentation with the production of gas—Gas may be formed
in such small quantities as not to be observed as such, but to be en-
tirely absorbed by the medium. Whenever gas formation is men-
tioned as a character, visible gas is meant. The analysis of the gas
was made in the usual manner by absorbing a portion with potassium
hydrate (KOH) and testing the remainder with the flame. The
amount absorbed by potassium hydrate (KOH) is referred to as
carbon dioxid (CO,) and the remainder, if an explosion is obtained,
as hydrogen (H). This is, naturally, only approximately correct.
Since the gas formula may vary from day to day, too much value
must not be given to the exact proportion. It is well to observe
whether the proportion of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is greater or
less than 1.

(7) Agar—One per cent agar is used. The description of the
growth on this medium is made from the appearance as seen on the
surface of an agar slant. The description is usually very brief, since
it has, as a rule, little differential value.

(g) Acid agar.—This medium is made acid by titrating to +3 to
phenolphthalein. The absence or presence, as well as the degree of
growth, is noted.

(h) Serum.—The serum used is taken from the horse, sterilized at
55° C. and congealed at 80° C. Deep inoculations are made, and the
surface of slanted serum is also inoculated. ‘The degree of growth is
usually noted. Cultures are observed for 6 weeks to 2 months. The
presence or absence of liquefaction is the chief character sought for.
Since room temperature varies so greatly, the time at which liquefac-
tion begins varies, and little differential value, therefore, can be given
to the exact time of this phenomenon.

(7) Potato—The composition of potato varies so markedly that a
description of a culture on this medium may differ materially from
that which is observed on another tube of the same medium. It is the
aim to omit for the most part the observed variations due to the
composition of the different potatoes.

J is THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

(7) Potato water.—To potatoes sliced very thin is added an equal
amount of water by weight and the mixture is then boiled. This is
strained and distributed in straight and fermentation tubes. The
reaction of the solution was made +1.5 to phenolphthalein. If any
of the micro-organisms ferment glucose with the production of gas,
fermentation tubes are inoculated to test the fermentation of starch;
if not, straight tubes are moculated.

(4) Milk.—lf a micro-organism breaks up glucose with the forma-
tion of gas, a fermentation tube of milk is inoculated with the
culture; if not, straight tubes are used. Separator milk is used.
The coagulation of the casein with or without liquefaction is the
chief character noted. Very little stress is laid upon the time ele-
ment in the coagulation of the casein and the other phenomena
which are to be observed in milk. Different samples of milk and
the different environmental conditions are factors which vary the
length of time at which the different phenomena appear.

(1) Litmus milk.—The reaction as shown by the litmus and the dis-
charging of the color are the chief points observed.

(m) Gelatin—The color, degree of growth, the presence or
absence of liquefaction, and the form of lquefaction are the chief
points observed. The cultures are kept under observation 2 months
or longer and, as in serum, the time given at which liquefaction takes
place is only approximate.

(xn) Indol.—The cultures are allowed to grow in sugar-free pep-
tonized bouillon for 3 to 5 days, and are tested with potassium nitrite
(KKNO,) and sulfuric acid (H,SO,) after the ring method. Too
much stress may be placed upon the ability of an organism to form
indol. This character has been shown to be a somewhat transient
ene’ (3));.

(0) Reduction of nitrates to nitrites—Cultures are cultivated 7
days in a solution of 1 gram of Witte’s peptonum siccum and one-
fifth gram of sodium nitrate in 1,000 c. c. of tap water. To such a
culture and to a control tube are added a mixture of naphthylamine
and sulfanilic acid (napthylamine, 1 part; distilled water, 1,000
parts: sulfanilie acid, one-half gram, dissolved in dilute acetic acid
in the proportion of 1 part of acid to 16 parts of water). If nitrate
is reduced to nitrite, a pink color develops. The control tube should
remain clear, or slightly pink—owing to the absorption of a trace of
nitrite from the atmosphere.

PART I. BACTERIA OF THE NORMAL APIARY.

Before studying the cause of a disease it is necessary that we
know what bacteria are normally present, so that later, in studying
diseased conditions, a consideration of these nonpathogenic species
may be eliminated. In view of this necessity a bacteriological study

BACTERIA FROM THE COMBS. 13

of the hives, combs, honey, pollen, larvee, and adult bees was begun,
to determine the bacteria normally present. It was not hoped that
all the species isolated could be easily identified, or that all would
merit a careful description, but it was hoped that those species which
seemed to be localized in any part of the apiary, or upon or within the
bees, might be studied and described with sufficient care to guarantee
their identification upon being isolated again. The chance of varia-
tion in morphology, pathogenesis, and cultural characters due to
environmental conditions to which these micro-organisms were being
subjected at the time, or to which they had been subjected before
isolation or study, has been carefully borne in mind.

BACTERIA FROM THE COMBS.

One might naturally suppose that very many species of bacteria
would be present on combs, since these are exposed more or less to the
contaminating influence of the air. The reverse, however, seems to
be true. The number of different species isolated is comparatively
small. Those which appear most often are described below. Some
other species mentioned in this paper are found on combs, but inas-
much as they appear most frequently from other sources they are
described there. One species of Saccharomyces from the comb, also,
is described under the heading “ Saccharomyces and fungi.”

Bacillus A.
(B. mesentericus?)

Occurrence.—Found very frequently on combs, on scrapings from hives, and
on the bodies of bees, both diseased and healthy.

Gelatin colonies.—Very young colonies show irregular edges, but very soon
liquefaction takes place and the colony gives rise to a circular liquefied area,
covered with a gray membrane, which later turns brown.

Agar colonies.—Superficial colonies present a very irregular margin consist-
ing of outgrowths taking place in curves. Deep colonies show a filamentous
growth having a moss-like appearance.

Morphology.—In the living condition the bacilli appear clear and often granu-
lar, arranged singly, in pairs, and in chains. The flagella are distributed over
the body. The rods measure from 3” to 4u in length, and from 0.94 to 1.2u
in thickness.

Motility The bacilli are only moderately motile.

Spores.—Spores are formed in the middle of the rod.

Grams stain.—The bacilli take Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aérobie and facultatively anaérobic.

Bouillon —Luxuriant growth in 24 hours, with cloudiness of medium; a gray
flocculent membrane is present. Later, the membrane sinks and the medium
clears, leaving a heavy, white, flocculent sediment, with a growth of the organ-
isms adhering to the glass at the surface of the medium. Reaction alkaline.

Glucose.—Luxuriant growth takes place in the bulb, with a moderate, floccu-
lent growth in closed arm. The gradual settling of the organisms causes a

14 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY,.

heavy white sediment to form in the bend of the tube. The reaction is at first
slightly acid, but subsequently becomes alkaline. No gas is formed.

Lactose.—Reaction alkaline.

Saccharose.—Reaction alkaline.

Levulose.—Reaction acid.

Maltose.—Reaction acid.

Mannite.—Reaction alkaline.

Potato water.—Reaction atkaline.

Agar slant.—A luxuriant growth takes place on this medium. The growth
gradually increases to a moist, glistening one, being then friable and of a grayish
brown color.

Serum.—A luxuriant, brownish, glistening, friable growth spreads over the
entire surface. No liquefaction is observed.

Potato.—An abundant fleshy growth of a brown color spreads over the entire
surface. The water supports a heavy growth. The potato is slightly discolored.

Milk.—Precipitation takes place rapidly, followed by a gradual digestion of
the casein, the medium changing from the top downward to a _ translucent
liquid, becoming at last semi-transparent and viscid.

Litmus milk.—Precipitation of the casein takes place usually within 24 hours,
followed by a gradual peptonization. Reduction of the litmus occurs rapidly,
teaving the medium slightly brown; later the blue color will return on exposing
the milk to the air by shaking. Reaction alkaline.

Gelatin.—An abundant growth takes place with rapid, infundibuliform lique-
faction. A heavy, white, friable membrane is formed on the surface of the
liquefied medium. <A flocculent sediment lies at the bottom of the clear lique-
fied portion.

Acid agar.—Growth takes place.

Indol.—None has been observed.

Nitrate.—Reduction to nitrite is positive.

Bacterium acidiformans. (Sternberg, 1892.)

Occurrence.—Isolated from the scraping of propolis and wax from the hives
and frames of healthy colonies.

Gelatin colonies.—The superficial colonies are friable, convex, opaque, and
white with even border; when magnified they are finely granular, sometimes
‘adiately marked. They are from 1 to 4 millimeters in diameter. The deep
colonies are spherical or oblong and entire.

Morphology.—When taken from an agar slant 24 hours old, the rods are
short, with rounded ends, singly and in pairs. Length about 1.6u, thickness
0.8u. They stain uniformly with carbol-fuchsin. Flagella are apparently ab-
sent.

Motility—No motility has been observed in any medium.

Spores.—Spores are apparently absent.

Gram’s stain.—The bacteria are decolorized by Gram’s method.

Oxrygen requirements.—Facultatively anaérobic.

Bouillon.—The medium becomes slightly clouded with a feeble ring of growth
on the glass at the ‘sutface of the liquid. A moderate amount of white friable
sediment is formed. Reaction alkaline.

Glucose.—Uniformly and slightly clouded. No gas is formed. Reaction
acid.

Lactose.—Reaction acid.

Saccharose.—Reaction alkaline.

Levulose.—Reaction acid.

BACTERIA FROM POLLEN. L5

Maltose.—Reaction acid.

Mannite.—Reaction acid.

Potato water.—Reaction acid.

Agar slant.—A moderate, gray, glistening growth, confined to the area inocu-
lated with the loop, is formed on the inclined surface.

Serwm.—aA feeble gray growth is formed only en the inoculated surface. No
liquefaction takes place.

Potato.—A gray growth covers the inoculated surface.

Milk.—Heat causes a ready coagulation of the casein. Reaction acid.

Litmus milk.—Coagulation of casein occurs promptly on boiling a culture 2
weeks old. Reaction acid.

Gelatin.—Growth of spherical colonies appears along the line of inocula-
tion, the surface growth being grayish and spreading slowly. No liquefaction
takes place.

Acid agar.—Growth takes place.

Indol.—A trace was observed.

Nitrate.—No reduction to nitrite could be observed.

BACTERIA FROM POLLEN.

As in the case of the examination of the combs, the number of spe-
cies of bacteria found in pollen is comparatively small. The follow-
ing are often found to be present. Other species have been isolated,
but their distribution in the pollen is not at all constant.

Bacillus B.

Occurrence.—Found frequently in pollen and in the intestine of healthy
honey bees.

Gelatin colonies——The colonies are egg-yellow with even border. Liquefac-
tion takes place slowly. Surface colonies are about 1.5 millimeters in diameter,
have coarsely granular center, finely granular margin, and clear and sharply
defined border. A peculiar toruloid growth is often observed.

Morphology.—The organisms are short rods with rounded ends, which stain
uniformly with carbol-fuchsin, and are Iu to 2u in length. Few short involu-
tion forms occur.

Motility—The bacilli are actively motile in young cultures.

Spores.—No spores have been observed.

Gram’s stain.—The bacilli are decolorized by Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Facultatively anaérobic.

Bouillon—tThis medium becomes uniformly clouded, frequently with a seanty,
friable membrane. Sometimes the organisms settle, clearing the medium and
forming a viscid sediment. A growth of the culture adheres to the glass at the
surface of the liquid. This, together with the membrane, is of a light egg-yellow
color, which deepens somewhat with age. Reaction alkaline.

Glucose.—At first both arms of the fermentation tube are clouded slightly, and
the cloudiness later increases. Sometimes a stronger growth occurs in the
closed arm than in the open one. Reaction is at first acid, but slowly changes to
alkaline.

Lactose.—Reaction alkaline.

Saccharose.—Reaction alkaline.

Levulose.—Reaction alkaline.

Maltose.—Reaction slightly acid.

9583—No. 14—06 mM 3

16 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

Mannite.—Reaction slightly acid, later alkaline.

Agar slant.—A moderate, slightly yellow, nonviscid glistening growth appears
along the inoculated surface. This growth gradually spreads and deepens in
color to an egg-yellow. :

Potato.—A moderate, egg-yellow, nonviscid, glistening growth spreads over
the entire surface. The potato is slightly discolored.

Milk.—The milk is covered by a yellow growth of the culture, resembling
cream. Coagulation takes place on boiling.

Litmus milk.—Reaction alkaline.

Gelatin.—Growth takes place along the line of inoculation. Deep in the
medium the colonies are white and spherical; the surface growth is yellow.
After a few days liquefaction begins, and at the end of 2 weeks one-half the
tube is liquefied. The liquefaction is infundibuliform. Liquefied gelatin is sur-
mounted by a friable, egg-yellow pellicle. The growth in the liquefied portion
is flocculent, which, on settling, forms a yellow sediment at the apex.

Indol.—None could be observed.

Nitrates.—No reduction to nitrites occurs.

BACTERIA IN HONEY AND NORMAL LARVZ.

Comb honey from a large number of sources has been examined
and found to be quite uniformly sterile. The healthy larve likewise
are usually sterile.

BACTERIA UPON THE ADULT BEES.

On the external part of the bee we again find only a few different
species. Bacillus A, described as found upon the combs, is fre-
quently isolated from the bee. Other species which are found fre-
quently are described below.

Bacterium cyaneus (Micrococcus cyaneus).

Occurrence.—Isolated from the body of a healthy honey bee and from pollen.

Gelatin colonies.—The colonies are lemon-yellow, with entire border, growth
taking place readily on this medium. The superficial colonies, having well-
defined border, are finely granular, and liquefy the medium within 8 to 6 days.

Morphology.—Short oval rods 0.S8u to 1.74 in length, 0.7% to O.8u in thickness.
Short involution forms are present. The rods occur singly, paired, and in
clumps. No flagella have been demonstrated.

Motility—No motion has been demonstrated.

Spores.—No spores have been deimenstrated.

Gram’s stain.—The bacterium takes Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aérobic.

Bouillon.—At first a slight cloudiness appears, the medium becoming turbid
in old cultures. A heavy yellowish-white, slightly viscid ring forms on the
tube at the surface of the medium. The sediment, and sometimes the medium,
show marked viscidity. Reaction alkaline.

Glucose.—The growth of the cuiture is confined entirely to the open bulb, in
which the medium becomes turbid. No gas is formed. Reaction alkaline.

Lactose.—Reaction alkaline.

Saccharose.—Reaction alkaline.

Levulose.—Reaction alkaline.

BACTERIA UPON THE ADULT BEES. alyé

Maltose.—Reaction alkaline.

Mannite—Reaction alkaline.

Potato water.—Reaction alkaline.

Agar slant.—On the surface of the agar there takes place an abundant growth,
which is confined to the surface inoculated with the loop. The culture is
fleshy, nonviscid, and lemon-yellow. It produces a soluble pigment that dif-
fuses thru the agar, giving it a dark-pink color.

Serum.—Luxuriant growth takes place, accompanied by liquefaction.

Potato.—A lemon-yellow, fleshy, glistening growth spreads over the inclined
surface of the potato.

Milk.—Precipitation followed by slow liquefaction of the casein occurs; later
the medium becomes alkaline and very viscid.

Litmus milk.—The litmus is discharged and the casein is liquefied. Reaction
alkaline.

Gelatin.—Infundibuliform liquefaction soon begins, which is followed by
stratiform liquefaction. The liquefied gelatin is turbid and viscid.

Acid agar.—On this medium a moderate lemon-yellow growth is observed.

Indol.—None could be observed.

Nitrates.—No reduction of nitrates could be observed.

Micrococcus C.

Occurrence.—Isolated from the body of a healthy honey bee.

Gelatin colonies—The surface colonies are round and_ slightly yellow.
Liquefaction begins in from 2 to 4 days. The magnified colonies are finely
granular, with sharply defined, entire border.

Morphology.—Cocci, about 0.84 in diameter, occur in pairs and in small
clusters.

Motility.—Nonmotile.

Spores.—Spores are apparently absent.

Grams stain.—The coccus takes the Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aérobic.

Bouillon.—This medium becomes uniformly clouded in 24 hours after in-
oculation, growth increases, and friable sediment forms. The liquid clears
somewhat on standing. Reaction at first slightly acid; later returns to
neutral.

Glucose.—The medium in the bulb becomes cloudy, while that in the closed
arm remains clear. White friable sediment forms in bend of tube. Reaction
acid. No gas is formed.

Lactose.—Reaction slowly becomes acid.

Saccharose.—Reaction acid.

Levulose.—Reaction acid.

Maltose.—Reaction acid.

Mannite.—Reaction acid.

Potato water.—Reaction acid.

Agar slant.—A grayish white, fleshy, nonviscid, glistening growth takes
place along the inoculated surface. It does not spread, and retains a dis-
tinct boundary.

Serum.—A spreading growth takes place, accompanied by liquefaction.

Potato.—A gray, fleshy, glistening, nonviscid growth forms over the entire
eut surface of the potato. ‘The potato is slightly discolored.

Milk.—This medium becomes firmly coagulated and later the casein liquifies
with the formation of a milky serum.

18 THE BACTERIA OF THE APTARY.

Litmus milk.—In this medium coagulation takes place, accompanied by
reduction of the litmus. Reaction slightly acid.

Gelatin.—After a day or two infundibuliform liquefaction occurs, being
followed by stratiform liquefaction; the liquefied gelatin is turbid. Growth
below this portion is in the form of small spherical colonies.

Acid agar.—A white, fleshy, nonviscid growth is observed.

Indol.—A trace was observed.

Nitrates.—Redueced to nitrites.

BACTERIA OF THE INTESTINE OF THE HEALTHY HONEY BEE.

A great many investigations have been made in recent years on the
bacteria found present in the intestines of vertebrates (4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9), and striking similarities are noticed in the species found in many
of them. In this investigation the intestinal contents of about 150
bees, mostly from one apiary, have been studied more or less thoroly.
Several species which are found to be constant in many of the verte-
brates are found in the intestine of the honey bee. Since the tem-
perature of the bee approximates much of the time, especially when
in the hive, that of the warm-blooded wenimals, many of the same
species of bacteria inhabit the intestine of this insect as are found
thriving in the same locality in man and other animals. A stained
cover-glass preparation made directly from a healthy adult field kee
reveals, almost without exception, a multitude of bacteria.

In a study of the bacterial flora stress has been placed upon the
different species which were found to be more or less constant, rather
than upon the actual number of bacteria or species in any quantity
of material from a single bee. From the observations which have
been made, it appears that the number of species in any individual
is comparatively small, but the number of bacteria is in many cases
very large. Sometimes, however, the plates show very few colonies,
while cover-glass preparations show a very large number of bacteria.
These organisms are probably the anaérobe, which is quite constant,
as shown by cultures made direct from the intestine into glucose agar
(Liborius’s method).

When a loopful of the material from the intestine was used for the
inoculation, the following data give the approximate findings:

Bee No. 1,300 to 400 yellow colonies, probably alike.

Bee No. 2,a few colonies of fungi only.

Bee No. 3,500 colonies, mostly yeast.

Bee No. 4, 100 or more colon-like colonies.

Bee No. 5, 2,000 or more, mostly yellow.

Bee No. 6,20 or more colonies, mostly yeasts.

Bee No. 8,400 or more yellow colonies.

Bee No. 9, 30 yeasts with a few fungi.

Bee No. 10, 50 yeast colonies with a few fungi.

Bee No. 11, no growth.

Bee No. 12, 300 colonies, slightly yellow.

Je)

BACTERIA OF THE INTESTINE. it

Bee No. 13, 2,000 or more gray colonies.

Bee No. 14, yeast colonies and a few colonies of bacteria showing ground-
glass appearance,

Bee No. 15, 2,000 or more colon-like colonies (B. cloac@).

The following are the species which have been found to be most
constant. The reader is referred also to the description of the yeast
plant found very frequently in the intestine of the normal heney bee,

= < Co eX : * 399
deseribed under “ Saccharomyces and fungi.

Bacterium D.

Occurrence.—Frequent in the intestine of the healthy honey bee.

Agar colony.—Deep colonies when magnified are coarsely granular, showing a
dark brown center, with a thin and ill-defined border.

Morphology.—A preparation made from a young culture taken from a glu-
cose fermentation tube shows rods with rounded ends, occurring singly and in
pairs, staining easily and uniformly with carbol-fuchsin, and measuring 0.7m to
1.54 in length and 0.5 to 0.7m in thickness.

Motility—No motility could be observed.

Spores.—No spores could be demonstrated in young cultures. In old cultures
their presence is questionable.

Oxygen requirements.—Strictly anaérobic.

Bouwillon.—In straight tubes no growth occurs.

Glucose——A moderate cloudiness can be seen in the closed arm, while the
open bulb remains clear. No gas is produced. Reaction about neutral.

Glucose agar (Wiborius’s method).—Growth is rather slow. After 5 days a
moderate growth may be observed; later, if cultures have recently been iso-
lated from the bee’s intestine, the growth imparts to the medium a diffused
haziness or cloudiness. After many generations the culture loses this property.

Glucose gelatin (Liborius’s method).—Very slow growth occurs in the depth
of the medium. No liquefaction takes place.

Bacillus cloace.

Occurrence.—Found in the intestine of a large number of healthy honey bees.

Gelatin colonies.—Superticial colonies are thin and blue to gray in color; deep
eolonies, brown, regular, granular, and spherical to lenticular.

Agar colonies.—Superficial colonies are partially opaque, brown, finely granu-
lar, with well-defined margin; deep colonies are regular, spherical, or lenticular,
with well-defined margin.

Morphology.—The rods from 24-hour agar cultures have rounded ends, vary-
ing in length from 1» to 24 and in width from ©.7u to 0.94. They are usually
found singly or in pairs. Involution forms are not uncommon. With carbol-
fuchsin they stain uniformly. This species possesses a few peritrichic flagella.

Motility Active motility is observed in young cultures.

Spores.—No spores are formed.

Gram’s stain.—The bacillus does not take Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Facultatively anaérobic.

Bouillon.—A uniform cloudiness appears in 24 hours. Growth continues until
the medium becomes heavily clouded, foilowed by a gradual settling of many of
the organisms, forming a viscid grayish-white sediment. A gray friable mem-
brane, which adheres to the sides of the tube at the surface of the medium, is
sometimes produced. Upon agitation this membrane breaks up and sinks to the

20 THE BACTERIA OF THE APTARY.

bottom, leaving a gray ring of the growth adhering to the glass. Reaction
alkaline.

Glucose.—The medium in the bulb becomes turbid, while that in the closed
arm is uniformly cloudy. <A heayy grayish-white sediment is formed. The
reaction is at first slightly acid, but in a few days becomes alkaline. Abundant
and rapid gas formation takes place, filling usually from one-half to nine;tenths
of the closed arm. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is approximately
1 to 2; that is, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is less than 1.

Lactose.—In this medium gas formation takes place more slowly than in
glucose. At the end of 8 days one-fourth of the closed arm is filled with gas.
The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is greater than 1. Reaction acid.

Saccharose.—Gas is formed abundantly and rapidly; more than one-half of
the tube is usually filled with gas. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is
less than 1. Reaction alkaline.

Levulose.—A rapid fermentation takes place; more than one-half of the closed
arm is filled with gas. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is approximately
1 to 5; that is, less than 1. A slight formation of acid takes place at first, but
the reaction rapidly becomes alkaline.

Maltose.—Formation of gas takes place with the result that at the end of 5
days approximately one-half of the tube is filled. The ratio of hydrogen to
carbon dioxid will approximate that of 1 to 1. Reaction acid.

Mannite.—Gas is formed rapidly and abundantly; at the end of 5 days the
closed arm is usually much more than half filled with the gas. The reaction is
at first slightly acid, but soon becomes alkaline. The ratio of hydrogen to car-
bon dioxid is approximately 1 to 2; that is, less than 1.

Potato water.—Gas forms rapidly and fills half the closed arm. The ratio of
hydrogen to carbon dioxid is as 1 to 2; that is, less than 1.

Agar slant.—A moderate, grayish-white, glistening, friable growth appears
along the line of inoculation, which usually spreads to the sides of the tube.

Serum.—Moderate gray growth appears, which is confined quite closely to the
line of inoculation. Liquefaction takes place slowly after 3 weeks.

Potato.—A moderate amount of gray fleshy growth covers the slope. The
potato is slightly discolored.

Milk.—Coagulation takes place after 4 days’ growth. Gas is formed.

Litmus milk.—A marked production of acid takes place, followed by firm
coagulation.

Gelatin.—A heavy white growth takes place along the line of inoculation; the
surface growth is flat, bluish-white, and spreads with an uneven margin. Slow
infundibuliform liquefaction takes place after 2 weeks.

Acid agar.—A growth takes place.

Indol.—A trace is sometimes produced.

Nitrates.—Reduction to nitrites is positive.

B. coli communis.

Occurrence.—Found in the intestine of healthy honey bees.

Gelatin colonies—The superficial colonies are blue, lobate-lobulate, and
slightly spreading; when magnified they are brownish yellow in the center
and more transparent toward the margin; the deep colonies are spherical to
lenticular and brownish yeHow, with well-detined borders.

Morphology.—The short rods with rounded ends measure 1.5 to 24 in length
and 0.74 to O.8u in thickness. They occur singly or in pairs, stain uniformly,
and are motile by means of a few peritrichic flagella.

BACTERIA OF THE INTESTINE. mal

Motility.—The bacilli are actively motile from some cultures.

Spores.—No spores are formed,

Grams stain.—The bacillus is decolorized by Gram’s method.

Oxygen requirements.—lt is a facultative anaérobe.

Bouillon.—The medium becomes uniformly clouded in 24 hours, with a slight
acid reaction; the medium later becomes alkaline, with a gray and friable
sediment. <A feeble pellicle is formed and a growth of the organism often
adheres to the glass at the surface of the liquid.

Glucose.—Both branches of the fermentation tube become clouded. The
sugar splits by fermentation into gas and acid, one-half or more of the closed
arm being filled. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is 2 to 1.

Lactose.—Gas fills one-fourth of the closed tube. Reaction acid,

Saccharose.—Gas fills one-sixth of the closed tube. Reaction acid.

Levulose.—Gas fills one-half of the closed tube. The value of hydrogen to
carbon dioxid is 2 to 1. Reaction acid.

Maltose.—One-sixth of the closed arm is filled with gas. Reaction acid.

Mannite.—One-half of the closed tube is filled with gas. Reaction acid.

Potato water.—Reaction acid.

Agar slant.—A moderate, gray, nonviscid, spreading growth takes place on the
surface of the inclined agar.

Serum.—aA gray, glistening, nonspreading growth is observed on the inclined
serum. No liquefaction takes place.

Potato—A moderate, fleshy, glistening growth spreads over the inoculated
surface. Potato slightly discolored.

Milk.—Coagulation of the casein takes place in about 4 days. A small quan-
tity of gas is produced.

Litmus milk.—Coagulation occurs. Reaction strongly acid.

Gelatin.—A moderate growth occurs along the line of inoculation; the growth
is spreading with an irregular margin on the surface. No liquefication occurs.

Acid agar.—A moderate grayish growth occurs on surface.

Indol.—A trace was obtained in some cultures.

Nitrates.—Reduced to nitrites.

B. cholerz suis.

Occurrence.—Isolated from the intestine of healthy honey bees.

Gelatin colonies.—Colonies are translucent by transmitted light; bluish to
gray by reflected, the border being uneven and well defined. When the colonies
are magnified they appear brownish and finely granular.

Morphology—-The rods are short, with rounded ends, occurring singly and
in pairs, and staining uniformly with carbol-fuchsin, 1 to 2.84 in length, and
0.6u to 0.8u in thickness. <A few peritrichic flagella are present.

Motility.—Usually only a few are motile at a time in the field, and these
present a rapid whirling motion.

Spores.—No spores are formed.

Gram’s stain.—The bacteria are decolorized by Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Facultatively anaérobic.

Bouillon.—A uniform, moderate cloudiness arises in this medium in 24
hours; later a grayish-white membrane is formed which, upon shaking the

tube, sinks to the bottom, forming a gray sediment. The reaction is at first
slightly acid, but later becomes alkaline.

Glucose—The medium becomes clouded in both arms of the fermentation
tube, with the production of a small amount of gas. Reaction acid.

29 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY,.

Lactose.—Growth takes place in both arms of the tube, but the sugar is not
split into either acid or gas.

Saccharose.—Growth occurs in both arms of the tube, neither acid nor gas
being formed.

Levulose.—Growtbh takes place in both arms with the production of gas and
acid; one-third of the closed arm is filled. The ratio of hydrogen to carbon
dioxid is about 8 to 1—that is, greater than 1.

Maltose.—The medium in both arms of the tube becomes clouded. Fermenta-
tion results in the production of gas sufficient to fill about one-fifth of the
tube. Only a small portion of the gas is absorbed by sodium hydroxid, leaving
behind an explosive gas.

Mannite-—The medium in both branches of the tube becomes clouded; gas
is not formed. Reaction alkaline.

Potato water.—About one-fifth of the closed arm is filled with gas. Reaction
acid.

Agar slant.—A moderate, grayish-white, glistening, nonspreading growth is
formed along the surface inoculated with the loop.

Serum.—A moderate, gray, glistening, nonspreading growth takes place on
the inclined surface. No liquefaction occurs.

Potato.—A feeble, grayish growth is observed. The potato becomes slightly
discolored.

Milk.—No coagulation occurs, and no gas is produced. Reaction alkaline.

Litmus milk.—The medium slowly becomes more and more alkaline.

Gelatin. A moderate, white growth takes place along the line of inocula-
tion. On the surface it spreads with irregular margin. No liquefaction occurs.

Acid agar.—A moderate growth appears.

Indol.—Indol is produced.

Nitrates.—Reduction to nitrites (?).

Bacillus E.

Occurrence.—lIsolated from the intestine of healthy honey bees.

Gelatin colonies—The colonies are lemon-yellow. Surface colonies are con-
vex, smooth, with entire margin; when magnified they are finely granular.
Deep colonies, when magnified, are lenticular, finely granular, and may appear
dark green. Liquefaction takes place slowly.

Morphology.—Vhe rods are short, with rounded ends, and usually oceur singly.
The bacilli are 1.5% to 2 in length and 0.7 in thickness. This species pos-
sesses a few peritrichic flagella.

Motility —The bacteria are actively motile.

Spores.—No spores are present.

Grams stain —They stain with Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—A€&robic.

Bouillon—The medium becomes uniformly clouded in 24 hours. Later a
tough, yellowish-white membrane is formed, which sinks upon shaking. The
medium is very viscid in old cultures. Reaction alkaline.

tlucose.—Growth is confined to the open bulb. No gas formation occurs.
Reaction slightly acid.

Lactose.—There is a marked mucous-like appearance in the medium. Reac-
tion alkaline. f

Saccharose.—Reaction acid.

Levulose.—Reaction alkaline.

Maltose.—Reaction alkaline.

Mannite.—Reaction slightly acid.

BACTERIA OF THE INTESTINE.

bo
a

Potato water.—Reaction alkaline.

Agar slant.—A moderate, yellowish-gray, nonviscid growth takes place on the
surface. f

Serum.—A strong growth takes place and the medium is liquefied.

Potato.—A_ yellowish-gray, nonviscid growth is observed over the entire
inclined surface.

Milk.—Precipitation of casein takes place with very slight digestion (7).

Litmus milk.—Precipitation of the casein occurs. Reaction alkaline.

Gelatin—A white growth forms along the line of inoculation, which becomes
slowly liquefied from above.

Acid agar.—A moderate, slightly yellow growth is observed.

Indol.—None demonstrated.

Nitrates.—No reduction to nitrites occurs.

Bacillus subgastricus.

Occurrence.—Isolated from the intestine of a healthy honey bee.

Gelatin colony.—The colon-like, superficial colonies are thin, blue, spreading,
and lobate-lobulate. When magnified they are finely granular, with brown
center. Deep colonies are spherical and yellow.

Morphology.—sShort rods, singly and in pairs, are from 1.54 to 2.54 long and
from 0.64 to O0.8u thick. They stain uniformly with carbol-fuchsin.

Motility—Marked whirling motion from gelatin cultures.

Spores.—No spores could be demonstrated.

Gram’s stain.—The bacilli are decolorized with Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Facultatively anaérobic.

Bouwillon.—This medium becomes clouded in 24 hours. A slight band of
growth is formed on the glass at the surface of the liquid. Later a feeble
pellicle is sometimes formed. Reaction at first slightly acid, later becomes
alkaline,

Glucose.—The medium in both branches of the tube becomes clouded. Gas
is readily formed until about one-fourth of the closed branch is filled. The
ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxid is 2 to 1—that is, greater than 1. Reaction
strongly acid.

Lactose.—Gas formation occurs. About one-sixth of the tube is filled with
gas, part of which is absorbed by sodium hydroxid and another part is explo-
sive. Reaction acid.

Saccharose.—This sugar is fermented to the point of formation of acid, but
no gas is formed.

Levulose—This sugar splits in the process of fermentation to form acid
and gas, the gas filling about one-sixth of the tube. A portion of the gas is
absorbed by sodium hydroxid, the remainder being explosive.

Maltose.—Fermentation takes place with the formation of acid. No gas is
produced.

Mannite-—One-fifth of the closed arm is filled with gas. A portion of the gas
is absorbed by sodium hydroxid and a portion is explosive. Reaction acid.

Potato water.—Reaction alkaline.

Agar slant—A moderate, translucent, gray, nonviscid and glistening growth
spreads slowly from the surface inoculated with the loop.

Serum.—aA moderate, glistening growth appears along the surface inoculated.
No liquefaction occurs.

Potato.—A grayish growth takes place on the sloped surface.

Milk.—Firm coagulation of the milk takes place with the formation of a
small amount of clear serum. A small amount of gas is produced.

9583—No. 14—06 m——-4

24 THE, BACTERIA OF THE APIABYi

Litmus milk.—Reaction strongly acid. Coagulation occurs in about six days.

Gelatin —White, spherical colonies appear along the line of inoculation. The
surface growth is grayish blue and spreading, with irregular margin. Slow
liquefaction takes place, beginning usually in 2 weeks.

Acid agar.—A growth takes place.

Indol.—None could be demonstrated.

Nitrates.—No reduction to nitrites occurs.

Bacterium mycoides.

Occurrence.—Isolated from the intestine of a healthy honey bee.

Gelatin colonies —A rapid growth of root-like colonies appears in 24 hours.
In macroscopic appearance it somewhat resembles cotton fibers; when magni-
fied these appear thick and somewhat felted in the center, while toward the
margin they are beautifully filamentous. After a day or two the gelatin begins
to liquefy.

Morphology.—The rods are large, scarcely rounded at the ends, and frequently
in chains. They measure from 2.54 to 5.54 long and 1.5m thick. No flagella
have been demonstrated.

Motility.—No motility could be demonstrated.

Spores.—Spores are present.

Gram’s stain.—The bacteria are not decolorized by Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Facultatively anaérobie.

Bouwillon.—A decided fleecy growth with heavy, cotton-like sediment occurs.

Glucose.—No gas is formed. Reaction acid.

Lactose.—Reaction acid.

Saccharose.—Reaction acid.

Levulose.—Reaction acid.

Maltose.—Reaction acid.

Mannite.—Reaction acid.

Potato water.—Reaction alkaline.

Agar slant.—A luxuriant growth that appears root-like takes place on this
medium. This growth tends to extend into the agar, which causes it to adhere
to the medium.

Serum.—A luxuriant growth is formed, accompanied by liquefaction.

Potato.—A thick, gray, moist growth is found, the potato not being discolored.

Milk.—Coagulation occurs promptly, with formation of a clear serum.

Litmus milk—The color is discharged in 48 hours.

Gelatin —Hair-like outgrowths occur along the line of inoculation. Lique-
faction begins at the surface and proceeds along the needle tract. In a few days
the entire medium is liquefied.

Indol.—No indol is produced.

Nitrates—Reduction to nitrites is positive.

Pseudomonas fluorescens liquefaciens.

Occurrence.—Isolated from the intestine of the healthy honey bee.

Gelatin colonies.—Before liquefaction, the superficial colonies, when magni-
fied, are finely granular, with regular margin; deep colonies are spherical,
brown, with regular margin. Liquefaction takes place rapidly. The surface
of liquefied gelatin is covered by a friable membrane. Later the liquefied gela-
tin takes on a green fluorescence.

Morphology.—The bacteria are short rods, varying from 1p to 2y in length
and from 0.5u to 0.74 in thickness. They stain uniformly with carbol-fuchsin
and are motile by means of one or more polar flagella.

SACCHAROMYCES AND FUNGI. 25

Spores.—No spores could be demonstrated.

Gram’s stain.—The bacteria do not take Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aé€érobic

Temperature requirements.—Culture must be grown at room temperature.

Bouillon.—The medium becomes clouded in 48 hours, forming a moderately
tough pellicle. A greenish-yellow fluorescence begins at the surface, which
gradually increases until the entire medium takes on that appearance. Reac-
tion alkaline.

Glucose.—A cloudiness is formed in the open arm, but the closed arm is clear.
Reaction alkaline.

Lactose.—Reaction alkaline.

Saccharose.—Reaction alkaline.

Levulose.—Reaction alkaline.

Maltose.—Reaction alkaline.

Mannite.—Reaction alkaline.

Agar slant.—At first a gray friable growth is formed confined to the surface
inoculated, which later takes on a brown hue. Greenish-yellow fluorescence is
observable in the medium.

Serum.—A slow liquefaction occurs.

Potato.—Very scanty growth occurs with slight discoloration.

Milk.—Rapid liquefaction of the casein takes place.

Litmus milk.—Rapid liquefaction of the casein takes place. Reaction alkaline.

Gelatin.—Infundibuliform liquefaction takes place rapidly.

Acid agar.—No growth occurs.

Indol.—_No indol observed. :

Nitrates.—No reduction to nitrites occurs.

SACCHAROMYCES AND FUNGI.

The first yeast plant described below is of very frequent occurrence
in the intestine of the normal bee. Saccharomyces roseus can be iso-
lated from the comb. A large number of common fungi were found
in the flora of the intestines and in cultures from the pollen and
combs.

In addition to the above the third Saccharomyces here described
was found in two samples of brood apparently diseased, which could
not be diagnosed as any disease commonly known.

Saccharomyces F.

Occurrence.—Very common in the intestine of healthy honey bees.

Gelatin colonies.—Colonies form slowly; the superficial colonies are white,
glistening, convex, capitate, and about 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. When
magnified they are finely granular, brownish yellow, with entire margin. Deep
colonies are finely granular, with uniform margin, spherical to lenticular, and
brownish green.

Morphology.—The cells are oval and on agar in 24 hours attain their full
size of 4.54 in length and 3.5 in thickness. They stain uniformly with carbol
fuchsin.

Motility The yeast is not motile.

Gram’s stain.—The cells take the Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aérobic

26 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

Bouillon.—This medium remains clear, with the formation of a friable white
sediment. Reaction neutral.

Glucose.—The closed arm remains clear. No gas is formed. Reaction acid.

Lactose.—Reaction neutral.

Saccharose.—Reaction neutral.

Levulose.—Reaction neutral.

Maltose.—Reaction neutral.

Mannite.—Reaction neutral.

Agar.—A white, honspreading growth occurs.

Serum.—White, moderate, nonviscid, nonspreading growth occurs along the
surface inoculated. No liquefaction takes place.

Potato water.—Reaction neutral.

Potato.—Gray, luxuriant, fleshy growth occurs.

Milk.—No change occurs.

Litmus milk.—-No change occurs.

Gelatin.—A moderate growth is formed, accompanied by no liquefaction.

Acid agar.—Moderate growth takes place.

Indol.—Negative.

Nitrates.—Reduced to nitrites.

Saccharomyces roseus.

Occurrence.—Isolated from comb of healthy hive.

Gelatin colonies.—Superficial colonies are pink, convex, capitate, with lobate-
lobulate margin; when magnified, the deep colonies are irregular, brownish-
yellow, and finely granular.

Morphology.—This cell is oval, attaining about 6.54 in length and 3.5 in
thickness. The cells stain uniformly.

Motility.—No motility occurs.

Grams stain.—The cells are not decolorized by Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aérobic.

Bouillon®—This medium remains clear, forming a pink, friable sediment. A
pink band forms at the surface of the medium and adheres to the glass.

Glucose.—The closed arm remains clear. No gas is formed. Reaction acid.

Lactose.—Reaction neutral.

Saccharose.—Reaction neutral.

Levulose.—Reaction slightly acid.

Maltose.—Reaction slightly acid.

Mannite.—Reaction neutral.

Potato water.—Reaction acid.

Glucose agar.—Luxuriant, red growth forms on the surface.

Serum.—A pink, fleshy, nonspreading growth is formed, accompanied by no
liquefaction.

Potato.—A thick, nonspreading, red growth occurs.

Milk.—No apparent change takes place. The milk coagulates on boiling.

Litmus milk.—Reaction alkaline.

Gelatin.—Moderate pink growth is formed, accompanied by no liquefaction.

Acid agar.—Slow growth occurs.

Indol._—Negative.

Nitrates.—Reduction to nitrites is positive.

Saccharomyces G.

Occurrence.—Found in the dead laryse of diseased adult bees.
Morphology.—They appear in hanging-drop preparation in large clusters,

SACCHAROMYCES AND FUNGI. OG

stain uniformly with carbol-fuchsin and are oval, nearly spherical, attaining
the length of 4.54 and thickness of 3.5.

Granv’s stain.—The cells are not decolorized by Gram’s stain.

Oxygen requirements.—Aérobic.

Bouillon.—A slight, friable, white sediment is formed, with a clear medium
above. Reaction slightly acid.

Glucose.—The medium in the closed arm remains practically clear and about
one-fifth of the closed arm is filled with gas. Reaction acid.

Lactose.—Reaction neutral.

Saccharose.—Reaction neutral.

Levulose.—Reaction slightly acid.

Maltose.—Reaction slightly acid.

Mannite.—Reaction neutral.

Potato water.—Reaction acid.

Agar.—A moderate, white growth is formed.

Serum.—Very feeble growth occurs, accompanied by no liquefaction.

Potato.—A luxuriant, moist, white growth occurs.

Milk.—No appreciable change takes place.

Litmus milk.—No appreciable change takes place.

Gelatin—A moderate, white growth occurs along needle tract and on the
surface. No liquefaction results.

Acid agar.—A feeble white growth occurs.

Indol.—None could be demonstrated.

Nitrates.—No reduction to nitrites occurs.

Glucose agar.—A thick, white, fleshy growth occurs.

bo
[e.6)

TABULATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE APIARY.

4
.

The following table will serve to summarize the descriptions of the micro-organisms considered in the fore-

going page

THE BACTERIA OF THE

APIARY.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY TO PART I. 29

SUMMARY TO PART I.

The results of the study of the bacteria found normally in the
apiary may be briefly summarized as follows:

(1) The temperature of the hive approximates that of warm-
blooded animals.

(2) Upon adult bees and upon the comb there occurs quite con-
stantly a species of bacteria which we refer to in this paper as
Bacillus A, and which, it is believed, is the organism that some
workers have confused with Bacillus alvei, the cause of European
foul brood (p. 33).

(3) There occurs very constantly in the pollen and intestine of
adult bees a species here referred to as Bacillus B.

(4) From the combs Bacterium cyaneus, Saccharomyces roseus,
and a Micrococcus referred to here as Micrococcus C, have been iso-
lated and studied.

(5) Honey from a healthy hive is, as a rule, sterile.

(6) The normal larve are, as a rule, sterile.

(7) There is an anaérobe found quite constantly in the intestine of
the healthy honey bee. It is referred to in this paper as Bacterium D.

(8) From the intestine there have been isolated and studied the
following micro-organisms: Bacillus cloace, Bacillus coli communis,
Bacillus cholere suis, Bacillus subgastricus, Bacterium mycoides,
Pseudomonas fluorescens liquefaciens, and two referred to as Bacillus
E, and Saccharomyces F. Others less frequently present have been
isolated, but not studied.

(9) In two samples of brood with unknown disease there was
found a species of yeast plant here referred to as Saccharomyces G.

BIBLIOGRAPHY TO PART I.

1. Futter, Geo. W., and Jonnson, Gro. A. On the Differentiation and Distribu-
tion of Water Bacteria. < Jour. of Exper. Medicine, Vol. IV, p. 609, 1899.

2. Jounson, O. P., and Mack, W. B. A Modification of Existing Methods for
Staining Flagella. <American Medicine, Vol. VII, p. 754, 1904.

3. PeckHAM, ADELAIDE W. The influence of environment upon the biological pro-
cesses of the various members of the colon group of bacilli. <Jour. of Exp.
Medicine, Vol. II, No. 5, p. 549, 1897.

4. Forp, Wm. W. The Classification and Distribution of the Intestinal Bacteria in
Man. <Studies from the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Vol. I, No. 5,
1903.

5. Kine, W. E. <A Study of the Bacterial Flora of the Intestinal Mucosa and Eye
of the Common Fowl. <Thesis, Cornell University Library, 1905.

6. Butiarp, M. J. <A Study of the Bacterial Flora of the Intestinal Mucosa of the
Normal Rabbit. <American Medicine, Vol. IV, No. 14, pp. 546-548, 1902.

7. Dyar, Harrison G., and Kreru, Srmon C., jr. Notes on the Normal Intestinal
Bacilli of the Horse and of other Domesticated Animals. <Technological
Quarterly, Vol. VI, No. 3, 1893.

30 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

8. Moornr, V. A., and Wriaatr, F. R. Observations of Bacillus coli communis
from certain species of Domesticated Animals. < American Medicine, Vol.
III, No. 18, p. 504, 1902.

9. Lorser, E. A Bacteriological Study of the Intestine of the Fish. <Am. Med.,
Vol. VII, No. 4, p. 152, 1904.

10. Marzuscuira, T. Bacteriologische Diagnostik, 1902.

11. Cuesrer, F, D. A Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1901.

PART II.._THE DISEASES OF BEES.

The bee industry in this country, and other countries as well, is
suffering large losses from various diseases among bees. Those which
are most destructive attack the brood and weaken the colony by kill-
ing off large numbers of the young larve which would otherwise
mature. There are other diseases which attack the adults and so
decrease the strength of the colony in that way.

In order to combat a disease to the best advantage it is clear that
its cause must be known, as well as the means by which the infection
is transmitted and the environmental conditions which are favorable
for the breaking out of an epidemic. The brood diseases among bees
are on the increase. The custom of selling and shipping the honey,
which is now carried on more extensively than formerly, the manner
in which the products of the apiary are handled, and the absence of
a general knowledge by the mass of bee keepers of the nature of the
diseases are conditions which must be met before the spread of these
diseases can be checked. When a colony is diseased, very little or no
profit is realized from it; consequently the wealth and comfort of a
very large number of people are greatly endangered by the existence
of bee diseases. This suggests the importance, from an economic
standpoint, of a thoro knowledge of these disorders.

BRIEF HISTORY.

The attention of investigators has been attracted by these diseased
conditions, not only from the economic interests attached thereto,
but from the scientific point of view as well. The writings of Aris-
totle (12) contain an account of certain disorders which were then
prevalent among bees; at that time it was thought that the blight of
flowers bore a relation to bee diseases. In 1769 Schirach (13) gave
the name foul brood to a diseased condition of the brood of bees;
he attributed the cause to (a4) unwholesome food, and (0) the placing
of the larve with head inward in the cell. Leuckhart (14) thought
the cause to be a fungus, related to the cause (Panhistophyton ova-
tum) of the disease of the silkworm. Muhlfeld (15), in 1868,
thought the trouble to be of two kinds—infectious and noninfec-
tious—and that the cause of the infectious one is the larva of a para-
sitic fly (Ichneumon apium mellificarium) feeding upon the larve of
the bee. In 1868 Preuss (16) exprest the view that the cause of

BRIEF HISTORY OF BEE DISEASES. 31

foul brood is a fermenting fungus belonging to the genus Cryptococ-
cus. Geilen (17), in 1868, thought that when bees alight on the
remains of animal bodies the putrefying matter thus carried with
them may cause foul brood. The fermentation of bee bread was
thought by Lambrecht (18) to be a sufficient cause of the disease;
while Hallier (19) thought that various fungi could produce the
disorder. On the contrary, Cornallia (20), in 1870, exprest the
opinion that a fungus (Cryptococcus alvearis) is the specific cause of
the trouble. Fischer (21), in 1871, supposed that a predisposing
factor of foul brood is to be found in insufficient nourishment. In
1874 Cohn and Eidem received from Schonfeld samples of foul brood
and, upon examination, they found spores and rods. In 1885 Chesh-
ire and Cheyne (22) determined the cause and named the germ
Bacillus alvei. Dickel (23) claimed that a number of different
species might be the cause of foul brood. In 1900 Harrison (24)
writes on foul brood and Bacillus alvei, its cause. Doctor Lambotte
95), in 1902, made some interesting studies concerning the relation
of Bacillus alvei and Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus.

Since so many conflicting views have been held as to the cause of
foul brood, one might conclude that the term ‘ foul brood ” has been
applied incorrectly to a number of different disorders. In the light
of more recent work this supposition is strengthened.

In June, 1902, the author, under the direction of Dr. Veranus A.
Moore, began an investigation of bee diseases, especially as they ex-
isted in New York State. There were recognized at that time by
bee inspectors of that State a number of distinct diseases which
attacked the brood. Those which caused the greatest loss to the
apiarists were known to the bee experts as “ black brood,” “ foul
brood,” and “pickle brood.” The results of the investigations of
1902 (26), 1903 (27), and 1904 (28) on these disorders, and on palsy
or paralysis, are embodied in the following pages.

THE TERM “ FOUL BROOD” AS HITHERTO APPLIED.

In the discussion of foul brood of bees it must be remembered that
until recent years the name has been applied to what is now known to
be two distinct diseases.

Schirach, in 1769, gave the name foul brood to a diseased condition
in the brood of bees, but it is impossible to know to which of the two
he referred. It may be that both diseases existed then as now and
that he did not observe the fact that the two were different. We
have reason to think that there are, at the present time in Europe,
two distinct diseases to which the name foul brood is being applied.
It is definitely known that such is the case in America.

It becomes necessary, then, to have two names to designate these

32 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

two diseased conditions in the brood of bees. For reasons given by
Dr. E. fF. Phillips, in the preface to this paper, it has been considered
advisable to retain the name foul brood and to use a qualifying word
to distinguish the two diseases. ‘“ European foul brood” and
“Américan foul brood” are the names by which these two diseased
conditions are to be designated.

In 1885 Cheyne (22) in England (Europe) found present in the
decayed larve suffering from a diseased condition known as “ foul
brood” a new bacillus, which he named Bacillus alvet and to which
he ascribed the cause of the disease. The diseased condition which
contains Bacillus alvei is to be called “ European foul brood,” because
this fact was first observed by an investigator working in Europe
(England). In 1903 (27) the author observed that there was con-
stantly present in the other diseased condition known as “ foul brood ”
another bacillus which was new, and to which the name Bacdllus
lurve is given. In view of the fact that Bacillus larve was con-
stantly found to be present in the larve suffering from this disorder
in the brood of bees, by investigations carried on in New York State

(America) (27) (28), this diseased condition is to be called “Ameri-
can foul brood.” From a scientific standpoint this choice of names
for two distinct diseases might be easily criticized, but from the
standpoint of the apiarist the selection of these names as the common
ones for these two distinct disorders seemed almost necessary, or at
least advisable.

EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD (FOUL BROOD OF CHEYNE).

The first scientific investigation of this disease bacteriologically
was performed by Cheyne in 1885 (22). At this time he isolated a
new bacillus from the dead larve. It was described by him and
given the name Bacillus alvei (literally, hive bacillus). This afforded,
then, a means for a positive diagnosis of this diseased condition.

Symptoms.

The symptoms of European foul brood, as given by Dr. E. F.
Phillips in Circular No. 79, Bureau of Entomology, are as follows:

Adult bees in infected colonies are not very active, but do succeed in cleaning
out some of the dried scales. This disease attacks larvee earlier than does
American foul brood, and a comparatively small percentage of the diseased
brood is ever capped; the diseased larvee which are capped over have sunken
and perforated cappings. The laryse when first attacked show a small yellow
spot on the body near the head and move uneasily in the cell; when death
occurs they turn yellow, then brown, and finally almost black. Decaying larvee
which have died of this disease do not usually stretch out in a long thread
when a small stick is inserted and slowly removed; occasionally there is a very
slight “ ropiness,” but this is never very marked. The thoroly dried larvee form
irregular scales which are not strongly adherent to the lower side wall of the

CONFUSION REGARDING FOUL BROOD IN AMERICA. 33

cell. There is very little odor from decaying larve which have died from
this disease, and when an odor is noticeable it is not the “ glue pot” odor of
American foul brood, but more nearly resembles that of soured dead brood.
This disease attacks drone and queen laryze very soon after the colony is
infected. It is, as a rule, much more infectious than American foul brood and
spreads more rapidly. On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the
disease will disappear of its own accord, a thing which the author never knew
to occur in a genuine case of American foul brood. European foul brood is
most destructive during the spring and early summer, often almost disap-
pearing in late summer and autumn.

Confusion Regarding Foul Brood in America.

Prof. J. J. Mackenzie in 1882 made what seems to have been a
short study of a bee disease as it appeared in Ontario, Canada, which
was known to the apiarists of that Province as foul brood. He says
very little of the character of the species of bacteria with which he
was working, but he supposed that they were Bacillus alvei of
Cheyne. The author has examined samples of brood from Ontario
which have what, in the opinion of bee experts, is the most prevalent
disease, and has not found Bacillus alvei present in any one. The
bacteriological findings and the experience of bee-disease experts
show that American foul brood is the prevalent disease in that Prov-
ince. As the bee experts see the disease in the hght of recent studies,
there is no authentic report of which we are aware that European
foul brood exists in Ontario. We can safely say, then, that Bacillus
alvez can not be isolated from larve taken from the prevalent disease
in the above-named Province. No difficulty 1s exprest on the part
of Professor Mackenzie in the isolation of Bacillus alvei from any
sample. The author is inclined to think, therefore, that this investi-
gator was in error as to the identity of his culture, and therefore his
conclusion can have little weight.

The foul brood of bees received some attention also from Prof.
F. C. Harrison, of Ontario. In a paper of some length he gives a
description of a species of bacteria which he identified as Baci/lus
alvei. The description which he gives and the accompanying photo-
micrographs (another plate which was given being after Cheyne
and correct for Bacillus alvei) might easily be that of a member of
a group represented by and described as Bacillus “A” in Part I of
this paper. He also says that he has isolated Bacillus alvei from
diseased larve from 13 States of the Union, ranging from New
York to California and from Michigan to Florida. European foul
brood has had a very limited geographical distribution, spreading
only recently from New York to adjoining States. In Professor
Harrison’s work, too, there seems to have been no difficulty in 1so-
lating Bacillus alvei from diseased brood diagnosed by bee inspectors

34 THE BACTERIA OF THE APTARY.

as foul brood thruout the United States and Canada. In the experi-
ence of the author it has not been possible to obtain Bacillus alvet
from diseased brood which the inspectors in most of the States and
in Canada have been calling foul brood. For the above reasons the
author belheves that Harrison, too, has made a serious error in the
identity of his culture and therefore was not working with Bacillus
alvei at all. The author considers himself unfortunate in that he
was unable to obtain a culture of Bacillus alvei for study and identi-
fication from Professor Harrison.

Dr. William R. Howard, of Fort Worth, Tex., also studied foul
brood somewhat, and gave a description of Bacillus alvei as he found
it. Irom his deseription and from the fact that he, too, worked with
a diseased condition which does not contain Bacillus alvei, and ex-
prest no difficulty in obtaining his cultures from any samples, the
author believes that this investigator made an error in the identifica-
tion of the culture with which he was working.

Some writers—Cowan, Bertrand, and others—have attempted the
positive diagnosis of foul brood with the microscope alone from a
preparation made direct from the dead larve. If the reader will
remember that with the microscope alone it would be impossible to
distinguish between Bacillus larve and Bacillus alvei, the verdict of
these men can have no weight. As shown later in this paper under
black brood (pp.43-44), the Doctor Howard, of Fort Worth, Tex., re-
ferred to above, made an error in supposing that the European foul
brood was a new disease and naming it ‘“ New York bee disease ” or
“ black brood.”

It is very unfortunate for the apiarist that these men should have
fallen into error as to the identity of their culture with Bacillus alvet,
as it has caused great confusion in the names of bee diseases. This
confusion in the identity of cultures may be excused to a certain ex-
tent by the fact that European foul brood did not appear in this
country, or at least did not attract much attention, until after Mac-
kenzie, Harrison, and Wiliam R. Howard had done their work on
foul brood.

The Present Investigation.

When the author’s investigations were begun in 1902 there were
two especially troublesome diseases in this country, which were then
known to the bee experts as “ black brood ” and “ foul brood.”

The following summary and table shows the results of the exami-
nation of a number of samples of diseased brood from different
aplaries, sent by the New York State bee inspectors during the sum-
mer of the year 1902:

THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION OF EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. 385

Table showing the results of examinations of Huropean foul brood. (The
samples were called “ black brood” by the apiarists at that time.)

Brood sent by— Date. | Bacteriological findings.
|

WED Wii onttres ese aoe ae el Po as pr. he chet a ee ee See Nak Sth Bacillus alvei.
WED Wirighitre so ssci ease eee tice AIUTNA CD oO Sa ee he nets Se oer Bacillus alvei.
NED ENMESbr nessa o ae wens Seti DUTY O Meee ee eee Oe on Se Bacillus alvet.
INFID Wes tise sc oeiseacnis teen mince [RUE De. ee ert Sloan ee oe | Bacillus alvet.
IN DEWiestincos ssf UM eu Oe eee se ets rene ates | Bacillus alvei.
INEIDE West: S22 oe FUTMVEH Divage ace oe iets stenacrae apae | Bacillus alvei.
INA MWROSS a sse ool aici isc wine Seas TRGEWL OVe 38 ID Nope ete a ee ee Bacillus alvei.
aa IDES bce ence cn ence oie ee reo SUIT CM Dias Riven yee TR eet eae Bacilius alvet.

ED WES ties sae: Aoi. 2a tu et VAIO DIM Sascha rch yee ae ware | Bacillus alvei.
W. DWTS Rte aes Sees et || Octs Set ae cee ee at eee | Bacillus alvei.

It can be seen clearly from the above table that the diseased condi-
tion which the apiarists were calling “black brood” is really the
disease “ foul brood” of Cheshire and Cheyne, because of the con-
stant presence of Bacillus alvei.

The work upon European foul brood was continued during the
year 1903. The following table gives the results of the examination
of specimens received during that year. The samples were taken
from different apiaries.

Table giving a summary of the examination of specimens of European foul brood
(‘ black brood”).

y ° (aca aee eee > Bacteriological
Beco sent by— | Date. Sources of brood in New York. findings,
~ : | al ee eee

Vite sO Wairiehit=<2.e8 2542.7. Sele | Mayes) Colum biaiCountyasascsse 2 see sseces cee Bacillus alvei.
Wie DeWine hit eae ee | Miaty.eals| Alp aniya COumby= saeco seeeiser eee cae Bacillus alvei.
INMEID AVES Grist os roo cinteronie junes2oy | Schohaye: County. - 22s -seces oo -ee= sae Se Bacillus alvei.
INES D aWiests 22 ese o ane June 293) Schoharie Wountycss2- =. 22222. tees eee | Bacillus alvet.
IND WieSGA4 ofa ccs eae Jue 29s eSchohariew outers. =. + sees aoe | Bacillus alvei.
INDENWESUSe eee soe mocaiseeciocs Jumec2os | Schoharie: Coun Versace ss ae en see eee Bacillus alvet.
NZD PNMCStss cet oe eecees June 29: SchoharierCoumty = sess: see ne nee Bacillus alvei.
INPAD AWWieSto oko. SS eae eG uly A165 Schoharie Coun ty == 92 see te ae sa ee Bacillus alvet.
INGA DSUW ESE Scie 2 Ge <ituy obit, Julyst 64" schoharie Countyes. a2. 262206 ae ee Bacillus alvei.
INGE S NMOS trast cee cts ULVinW ON MOChOnarie COUN bye s5sssce teens oes Bacillus alvet.
INCE DWieSsty ape tema tsi eae | July 10 | Montgomery County .....-......--.-:--.- Bacillus alvet.
NEED EW eStee as= Stee ook otlecies uly 10" sSchoharie:County2 2255. 225 s5-25se5e5 oe Bacillus alvet.
INES DS WiGStemer cena ccmaciemae = paulye 10) eSchoharie: Coumbyessose2- es es eee | Bacillus alvet.
IND ESWiCSt sete n\caid cai oa tare ne uly Oo eSchoharle: Count yes <= see: aeetne cose. soe | Bacillus alvei.
IN DSWiest seas ovate se sicaeeae July) |>Schoharie: County *sss=-c2 sec teeeee see | Bacillus alvet.
INFED AWiesbtee esos 8 nn Soom uly; 15) | Montgomery, Countyxi2: 22-2... se secee = | Bacillus alver.
INE D GNVeSbet <seslas eee set ates aby 22s Schoharie: Counts ssh sc =o ese es anaes | Bacillus alvei.
Nice Dg VKCS tater aan 2 toe Rare July schohanierCountyas secs e coset ee | Bacillus alvet.
INGE Wiest se Soe 2k sate tee pdbye2 2 Schoharie County ees sos eine <n Bacillus alvet.
IND WOH bs sae esis einen LUO pschoharie. County s-tencss -s2 eects ace ae Bacillus alvei.
INSSD Wiest ss aclee caceniee aoe July sO" eSchoharie:Countyseses csc ss2s-8-ce- ssn | Bacillus alvet.
We DAWesthoass-soeeeocce anne Jitlyats0) | FGreene: County ~e-ss-2.s--eea- = ace eee | Bacillus alvet.
NEED ESIWiestsctesacceocecr aces [Ulva SOM AN bay: GOURD Yrs. seceotace acess eo ose ae Bacillus alvet.
NED AWS. donscccaten oh oC Se Baulye-30>|\sGreene: County ss=: ss.2 sen4-0 eee ones es Bacillus alvet.
INSIDE WWGStecssooe sence cc ese Ane 20 nit Greene! County: seecs-caecscne ones oe Saeee Bacillus alvei.
ISiGd DE AWGN ares bao Sse meoee AE. (20;|) Greene) County esas: or aceeeeetas cseeece | Bacillus alvet.

The above table shows that Bacillus alvei was present in each speci-
men of European foul brood received. Frequently pure cultures
of this species were obtained from dead larve, but with it sometimes
were associated other rod-shaped bacteria of different species.

In 1904 the work upon bee diseases was confined principally to the
diagnosis of the diseased brood sent in and a further study of the
organisms found. Bacillus alvei was found in a large number of

36 THE BACTERIA OF THE APTARY.

samples received from New York State and in some received from
Pennsylvania. :
Bacillus alvei.

Occurrence.
examined,

Morphology.—The bacillus is a motile, rod-shaped organism, occurring singly
and in pairs, and varying when taken from the surface of agar from 1.2u
to 3.9u in length, and from 0.54 to 0.74 in width. Involution forms are some-
times present. Spores are produced and occupy an intermediate position in
the organism. They are oval and vary from 1.54 to 24 in length and from
0.74 to lw in breadth; they exhibit polar germination. The few flagella are
arranged peritrichic.

Oxygen requirements.—This bacillus is a facultative anaérobe which grows at
room temperature, but better at 37° C.

Bouillon.—The medium becomes uniformly clouded in 24 hours; later it
shows a tendency to clear by a settling of the organisms. A somewhat viscid
sediment is thus formed in the bottom of the tube. In older cultures a
slightly gray band of growth adheres to the glass at the surface of the me-
dium. The acidity is at first slightly increased, and a pellicle is sometimes
formed.

Glucose.—The medium in both branches of the fermentation tube becomes
uniformly clouded. Gas is not formed. Reaction acid.

Lactose.—The medium becomes uniformly clouded in both branches of the
fermentation tube, but the cloudiness is not so marked as when glucose is used.
The acidity is slightly increased, as shown by phenolphthalein. No gas is
formed.

Saccharose.—The bouillon in this case also becomes clouded in both arms.
A heavier growth is observed than when lactose is used, but less than when
glucose is used. Acidity is slightly increased. Gas is not formed.

Agar plates.—Small, grayish, circular colonies form in 24 hours. When many
are on the plate, they do not exceed 2 millimeters in diameter. Under low
magnification they appear granular, with no definite margin. When fewer
colonies are on the plate, the granular center of the colony is surrounded by
pumerous smaller but similar growths. The organism has a tendency to grow
into the medium rather than upon the surface. Sometimes, however, when
there are but a few colonies on the plate a thin, transparent growth spreads
rapidly over the surface. Later it takes on a brown tint.

Agar slant.—A gray layer spreads over the surface in 24 hours, which later
takes on a slightly brown color. A strong, slightly viscid growth occurs in the
condensation water.

Acid agar.—Growth takes place with the reactions varying from neutral to
+3.5 to phenolphthalein.

Serum.—aA slightly raised growth which is confined quite closely to the line
of inoculation appears on the surface of solidified serum.

Potato.—On this medium the bacillus grows rather slowly at first, but after
3 or 4 days a milky growth is observed, which increases until a luxuriant growth
is formed, which varies from a lemon-yellow to a gray color, and which later
becomes tinted with brown.

Milk.—Acidity is increased after inoculation. Coagulation _usually takes
place after the third day.

Litmus milk.—Much of the blue color is discharged, leaving the coagulated
milk of a light brown.

This bacillus was found in all samples of European foul brood

INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH BACILLUS ALVEI. 3”

Gelatin colonies.—Gelatin is a medium in which it develops slowly. The col-
ony becomes very irregular in outline, owing to thread-like outgrowths which
take place in curves from its border. Growth is better when 5 per cent glycerin
is added. From the small, white, spherical colonies which form along the line
of puncture gray, thread-like growths shoot out thru the medium. In about 2
months the gelatin is changed to a thick liquid, holding gray flocculent masses
of organisms which gradually settle, forming a strong, slightly viscid sediment.

Indol.—In old cultures a decided indol reaction is obtained.

Power to resist disinfectants.—Preliminary observations give the following
results: The spore form resists drying for a considerable time. Spores which
have been drying for 1 year germinate promptly when introduced into bouillon.
The vegetative form: One per cent carbolic acid kills in 10 minutes; 3 per
cent carbolic acid kills in 2 minutes; mercuric chlerid solution, 1 to 1,000.
kills in 1 minute; mercuric chlorid solution, 1 to 2,000, kills in 2 minutes.

Spore form.—Mercurie chlorid, 1 to 1,000, kills in 30 minutes.

Pathogenesis in vertebrates.—Inoculations into guinea pigs and frogs have
not proven this organism to be pathogenic to these animals.

Inoculation Experiments.

That part of the investigation which involves the producing of the
disease experimentally by inoculating with pure cultures of the
organism is usually the most difficult one. Very rarely indeed is one
able to produce the disease with symptoms closely simulating those
found in nature. The experimental production of a disease involves
many variable factors, such as attenuation of the organism, methods
of inoculation, resistance of the host, and the immediate environment.

On August 4, 1902, we inoculated a hive containing nothing but
healthy brood, free from bacteria, by feeding with sirup (sugar and
water in equal parts) to which was added the growth from the sur-
face of the plate cultures containing spores and bouillon cultures of
Bacillus alvei. Similar feedings were given to these bees from one
to three times a week until September 28, but symptoms of foul
brood did not develop. On August 6 cultures were made from a
few of the hive larve. They were found to contain the bacilli.

Inoculation experiments were again made in 1903. Because of a
failure to produce a diseased condition with cultures of Bacillus alvei
in the experiment of 1902, the variable factors above mentioned were
carefully considered in the experiment of this year. The inocula-
tions were made when climatic conditions were such as seemed to
favor the ravages of the disease in the apiaries; namely, low tem-
perature, dampness, and cloudiness. A colony of black bees was
used, as they were almost universally considered more susceptible.
Cultures of Bacillus alvei were freshly isolated from foul-brood
specimens and kept in stock on bee-larve agar (described under
American foul brood, pp. 41-42). <All cultures were incubated at 34°
C., which temperature is observed to be shghtly below that of the
hive. The spore form of Bacillus alvei was used.

Inoculations were made in different ways. A diseased condition

38 THE BACTERIA OF THE APTARY.

appeared in the hive when the following method was used: The agar
from plates on which the culture was grown was finely crusht and
mixt with sterile sirup. <A jelly glass, in the lid of which holes had
been punctured, was filled and inverted on strips of wood inside the
hive. In this way the bees take up the culture with the sirup as
‘apidly as it flows out of the glasses. A colony having brood free
from Bacillus alvei was fed in the above manner on August 8, with
repeated feedings on the 9th, 10th, 12th, 13th, 15th, and 17th. On
the 12th Bacillus alvei was found in the living larvee and on the 17th
many larve were dead under cappings and some were dead which
were not capped; all were soft and of a dull color. Many of the
capped cells containing dead larvee had their capping freshly punc-
tured. Bacillus alvei was usually obtained from these larvae in pure
cultures. In no cell examined where the cell capping was punctured
did we find gas-producing organisms; this fact would suggest the
conclusion that these punctures which are found in the capping in
foul brood are made by the bees and not by gas-producing organ-
isms. During this series of inoculations the days were quite cool
and sometimes cloudy and damp. On the 20th of August the tem-
perature was much higher, the bees were more active, and much of
the dead brood had been cleaned out by the bees. On the 22d no
dead brood was noticed by casually looking over the brood nest. On
the 24th of the same month a careful search was made by uncapping
all the cells of one brood frame, and 12 decaying larvee of a brown
color were found. At this time the larve were not viscid. All the
remaining dead brood had evidently been cleaned out by the bees.
A condition similar to this, where only a few scattered about in the
brood nests contain dead larvee, occurs sometimes in affected apiaries.
Two other colonies which were near by but not imoculated gave no
signs of disease.

Mr. N. D. West reports that the climatic conditions seem to have
something to do with the extent of the ravages of European foul
brood, since the disease is much more destructive in cool, damp
weather. This seems to be a very plausible idea. The larve at such
times may receive more infected food than when fresh is being
rapidly gathered; the resistance of the body of the larve to the
growth of Bacillus alvei is at such times much lessened; and the
adult bees being less active, the dead larve are not cleaned out of the
combs so rapidly. The results of the experimental work seem to
confirm this theory. ;

Distribution of Bacillus alvei in Infected Hives.

Tn order to combat this disease it is well to know where these patho-
genic bacteria may be found. The following is a summary of the
results of the investigation along this line: e

EXPERIMENTS WITH FORMALDEHYDE GAS. 39

1. The greatest number of infecting germs are found in the bodies
of dead larvee.

2. The pollen stored in the cells of the foul-brood combs contains
many of these infecting organisms.

3. The honey stored in brood combs infected with this disease has
been found to contain Bacillus alvei in small numbers.

4. The surface of the combs, frames, and hives may be contami-
nated.

5. The wings, legs, head, thorax, abdomen, and intestinal contents
of adult bees are found to be contaminated with Bacillus alvei.

6. Cheshire (29), Mackenzie (30), and others have found Bacillus
alvei in the ovary of the queen. This has suggested a means of in-
fection. From a bacteriological examination of queens from three
badly infected hives we were able to isolate Bacéllus alvei in small
numbers in two cases. Since a very large number of this species of
bacteria may be found in the intestinal tract and upon all parts of
the body, it is very probable that such findings are the results of con-
tamination in making cultures and have no special significance.

Experiments with Formaldehyde Gas.

Within the last few years several articles have appeared in the bee
journals entertaining great hopes that a cure for foul brood has been
found in the use of formaldehyde gas. The methods described for its
use have been tested by the apiarists and bee experts in New York
State, with the result that the disease sometimes breaks out anew in
colonies so treated.

In order to test the value of formaldehyde gas as a disinfectant
when used in foul-brood combs a number of experiments were made
in the laboratory. A common frame hive was first used, in which
were placed specimens of foul brood. The hive was charged with
gas by heating formalin in a closed vessel which was in communica-
tion with the hive; 15 c¢. c. was used each time and evaporated to
dryness. The charging of the hive with gas was repeated in this
way at the end of 2, 4, 6, and 20 hours. Before each charging and’
at the end of 24 hours after the first application of gas, cultures were
made. Of all the tubes inoculated 90 per cent showed Bacillus alvei
to be present. There was no decrease in the number of tubes in
which Bacillus alvei appeared following the several applications of
formaldehyde gas.

- The examination of specimens of foul brood which had been treated
with the gas by an apiarist gave the following results:

Thirty tubes which were inoculated from larve, capped and un-
capped, showed the presence of Bacillus alvei in 21.

Thirty tubes which were inoculated with pollen in cells gave
Bacillus alvei in 28.

40 THE BACTERIA OF THE APTARY.

Four series of agar plates showed apparently no diminution in
the number of bacteria present.

Further experiments were made by using Novy’s anaérobic jar
(a very tight chamber) as a chamber in which to put the diseased
brood combs and cultures. This vessel will retain the gas much more
perfectly than the devices made for practical use in the apiary.
Treatment of brood in this jar by recharging with the gas resulted
usually in complete disinfection after 2 days. Agar plates con-
taining spores and cheese cloth on which cultures were spread and
dried were disinfected after a short length of time by the applica-
tion of formaldehyde gas.

From the experiments made the conclusion can be drawn that
formaldehyde gas is a good disinfectant, but that it penetrates very
slowly and that 24 hours’ application of the gas to the combs, as
usually applied, is not sufficient to Iill all the spores in the decayed
larvee (27).

AMERICAN FOUL BROOD.

The diseased condition which we shall call American foul brood
and the micro-organism found constantly present in the diseased and
dead larvee, which we shall call Bacillus larve, were, for convenience,
referred to, respectively, as “ X Brood” and Bacillus “X ” in a
former report (27). This disease has been called “* foul brood ” by
many bee keepers in this country and in other countries as well. It
is the diseased condition with which Mackenzie, Harrison, and
William R. Howard were working largely, if not altogether, in their
investigations of foul brood. The disorder is, as a rule, dreaded less
than European foul brood by the apiarist, yet in the aggregate the
bee industry suffers enormous losses from the trouble. The general
character of the diseased brood is so much lke that of foul brood
that the two may be easily confused by those unfamiliar with the
variety of appearances which one finds in each disease and a few
characters which are differential. Therefore it 1s not strange that
the mistaken diagnosis should be made from the symptoms mani-
fested by these two diseases. When, however, European foul brood
and American foul brood are subjected to a bacteriological exami-
nation, the diagnosis is easy. Experts when comparing specimens
of -the two diseased conditions are able to see a difference in the
eross appearance.

Symptoms.

The symptoms are given by Dr. E. F. Phillips in Circular No. 79,

Bureau of Entomology, as follows:

The adult bees of an infected colony are usually rather inactive and do little
toward cleaning out infected material. When the larvee are first affected they
turn to a light chocolate color, and in the advanced stages of decay they become

THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION OF AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. 41

darker, resembling roasted coffee in color. Usually the larve are attacked at
about the time of capping, and most of the cells containing infected laryre are
capped. As decay proceeds these cappings become sunken and perforated, and,
as the healthy brood emerges, the comb shows the scattered cells containing
larvee which have died of disease still capped. The most noticeable charac-
teristic of this infection is the fact that when a small stick is inserted in a
larva which has died of the disease, and slowly removed, the broken-down
tissues adhere to it and will often stretch out for several inches before break-
ing. When the larva dries it forms a tightly adhering scale of very dark
brown color, which can best be observed when the comb is held so that a bright
light strikes the lower side wall. Decaying larvee which have died of this disease
have a very characteristic odor, which resembles a poor quality of glue. This
disease seldom attacks drone or queen laryee. It appears to be much more
virulent in the western part of the United States than in the Hast.

A microscopic preparation from the diseased, but not dead larvee,
or from larve recently dead, at first shows a few comparatively long
slender rods; later these increase rapidly in number, and spores also
are seen. In the later stages of decay in the ropy mass and the dried
scales spores only are found; these occur in very large numbers.
When this investigation was begun, in 1902, it was observed (26)
that in the dried dead larve there are very large numbers of spores,
but these, when inoculated into the media commonly used in the
laboratory, fail to grow. The cultures were sterile, except for an oc-
casional contamination.

The Present Investigation.

The following samples from different sources were examined in
1902:

Results of examination of specimens of American foul brood diagnosed by the
experts at that time simply as “foul brood.”

: x | Bacteriological
Brood sent by— Date. Source. | findings.

Charles Stewart...-....-.::.- | DUNEW2 ss. se ING Wye OL Kee ce eae oe emenieeinics | No growth.

Warp aWiniehtis is ss ac cassie Septaloeesos- WASCODSIM Seseee ras sierra crete ee | 2 unidentified ba-
cilli.

Wee eaWitigihtee cea 2 ssetace Octsl9ess--4- Gamada jaa. santa Pie clatatle ec wiceins oe No growth.

Wf LDS NA ATS oT Fe Se ee INOVeeee =e NVISCODSLD Sa Stee rete aeration scien eee | No growth; 4sam-
ples.

Inasmuch as Bacillus alvei was absent, it is evident that this condi-
tion is not European foul brood (26).

In 1903 the investigations were continued. Several media were
devised in which it was hoped that it would be possible to obtain a
germination of the spores which were observed the year before and
which failed to grow on our ordinary media. The one which proved
successful was prepared as follows: Larve are picked from the brood
combs of a number of frames of healthy brood and a bouillon (bee-
larve bouillon) is made from them following the same directions as
when bouillon is made from meat. Our first growth from these

42 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

spores was secured in an agar (bee-larve agar) made from this special
bouillon when Liborius’s method for cultivating anaérobes was used.

The technique for making cultures successfully from the diseased
material is not difficult if the following method is used: Place a
loopful of the decayed tissue of the larve into a tube of bouillon;
heat to 65° C. for 10 minutes to kill any vegetative forms which might
be present; incubate for 12 hours, and heat again to 65° C. for 10
minutes. This is usually sufficient, but it may be necessary to repeat
the same process. Liquefied bee-larvee agar in a test tube is then in-
oculated and incubated. The successive heating will destroy the veg-
etative stage of any spore-producing species which is common about
the apiary, e. g., members of the group represented by Bacillus A, as
described on pp. 18-14 of this paper. Agar slant and bouillon, when
inoculated from this source, remain sterile; but when bee-larvee agar
is used a slow but abundant growth takes place. Under certain con-
ditions the growth appears very near or at the surface when cultures
are made in the above manner. A surface growth can be obtained
after a few generations by reinoculating slant agar of this same
medium.

The above method was used successfully in diagnosing the follow-
ing samples from different apiaries:

Results of examination of specimens of American foul brood, formerly called
simply “ foul brood.”

Brood sent by— Date. Source, Sarit:
Wo DS Wright cecsoscesessecse Oct2 1951902 eCanadar.cteasecksers Joos soe ekeae ae | Bacillus larve.
Web yeWiriehits: sees secemscee INO Ves 319025 WISCONSIN poses see ree ere cere eters Bacillus larve.
Wir Ab) WITT SiGe ee 8 Sree ee yo NOV. 902s = WiSCOnsini a. 2: -s-seere cee eseeeseees Bacillus larve.
CHE Wi. Weber. acase eee: Uy 724 T9085 OHO nts oes nese eee eeeal Bacillus larve.
INS WieSG2 hss sec scncec acne Aug. 3,1903 | Broome County, N.Yo..-e----2e2.-- Bacillus larve.
NED SWiestss sceor sc setae | Aug. 38,1903). Broome County, N: Yo--22-..s2-2-<-< | Bacillus larve.
INP DISWESto i cisecnc eee sees Aug. 3,1903 | Chenango County, N. Y.-..--..-...- Bacillus larve.
|

The results of these examinations show that Bacillus larve was
present in all the specimens examined, which suggests that it very
probably figures as an etiological factor in this disease. Other bac-
teria of different species are occasionally found associated with this

bacillus.
Bacillus larve.

Occurrence.—Constantly present in diseased brood from colonies affected with
American foul brood.

Gelatin.—There is no growth.

Morphology.—It is a slender rod, having a tendency to form in chains. This
is especially true when grown in bee-larvie bouillon.

Motility. The bacillus is rather sluggishly motile.

Spores.—Spore formation takes place. This can be observed best in the dif-
ferent stages of the disease and decay of the larvee.

Oxygen requiremenis.—When Liborius’s method is used, the best growth
usually appears near to but not on the surface. After a few generations a
surface growth may be obtained.

THE SO-CALLED ‘‘BLACK BROOD.’” 43

Bouillon.—There is no growth.

Glucose bouillon.—There is no growth.

Lactose.—There is no growth.

Saccharose.—There is no growth.

Agar plate.—There is no growth.

Bee-larve agar.—The inoculations must be made with the medium liquefied.
The growth takes place near to but rarely on the surface. Cultures must
pass thru a few generations before a_ satisfactory surface growth can be
secured.

Bee-larve agar slant.—On the surface of this medium a thin,
growth takes place.

Glucose agar.—Slight growth has been observed in the medium. No gas is
produced.

Potato.—There is no growth.

Milk.—There is no growth.

Litmus milk.—There is no growth.

Fermentation.—In bee-larvee bouillon no gas is produced.

Indol.—There is no growth in sugar-free bouillon.

gray, nonviscid

THE SO-CALLED ‘“‘ PICKLE BROOD.”’

The name “ pickle brood ” was given by Dr. William R. Howard. of
Fort Worth, Tex., to a disorder found in the brood of bees. He
stated that the cause of the disease was a specific fungus which he
called Aspergillus pollinis. THis results have not been confirmed by
other investigators.

The bee keepers are sustaining a loss from a diseased condition in
their apiaries which they are diagnosing as “ pickle brood.” The
larvee usually die late in the larval stage. Most of them are found
on end in the cell, the head frequently blackened and the body of a
watery, granular consistency.

The following table gives a summary of the results of an examina-
tion of specimens received labeled ‘* pickle brood: ”

Results of examination of specimens of so-called * pickle brood.”

Brood sent by— Date. | Bacteriological findings.
|

W. D. Wright
W. D. Wright
W. D. Wright
Mm StCVCNS ate a saittaocsesace fens
W. D. Wright
W. D. Wright

RESORT) SSeS ee ee ceennee

not found.

ciubaXerily/ ate eee Seo Sen Se oeeene
Panilives lOO Qn aese tana ns
AU 4 1902S. serae ee aen eae S
ATI 20NLGOD nie se Sees ase oeeeee
Sept 251902 ac soars ots ca 2e/< sisie
UMC 2190S ee aes coset ee tee
| Aug. 5, 1903
| Blt, 2D MUR) coeceneece cess seoace

Two unidentified micrococci.
No growth.
No growth.
Unidentified bacilli.
Unidentified bacilli.
Unidentified bacilli and yeast.
No growth.

No growth.

The results of the examinations show that Aspergillus pollinis was
Further investigations must be made before any conclu-

sion can be drawn as to the real cause of this trouble.

THE SO-CALLED “ BLACK BROOD.”

In 1890 some specimens of diseased brood were sent from New
York State to Dr. William R. Howard, of Fort Worth, Tex., and
unfortunately, after a short and inadequate study of the disease, he

44 THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY.

reported it to be a new disease and called it “ New York bee disease ”
or * black brood.” He described as its cause a species of bacteria
which he called Bacillus milli (31).

In our investigations of this diseased condition, which have covered
five years, we have not found an organism corresponding to Bacillus
millii in any of the specimens that we have received; but we have
found Bacillus alvei, the supposed cause of foul brood, to be present
constantly in samples of brood which the bee experts of New York
State say are samples of the same diseased condition as that received
by Howard.

From this we conclude that the diseased brood that has received
the name of “ New York bee disease” or “ black brood” is really
genuine European foul brood.

PALSY OR PARALYSIS.

The disease known to the apiarists as palsy or paralysis attacks
the adult bees. The name is suggestive of the symptoms manifested
by the diseased bees. A number of bees affected were received from
Messrs. W. D. Wright and Charles Stewart, taken from apiaries in
New York State. In 1903 bacteriological examinations were made of
a number of bees so affected. Several species of bacteria were isolated
and some experimental inoculations made, but no conclusions could be
drawn from the results obtained as to the cause of the disorder.

From a study of the normal flora of the bee it was soon found
that we had here quite a number of species of bacteria present.
This fact stimulated a study of the normal flora, the results of which
are recorded in Part I. From this point the work can be carried
on with the hope that, if the disease has a bacterium as an etiological
factor, it may be found. It is believed by some bee keepers that
Bacillus gaytoni of Cheshire is the cause of paralysis, but this is not
claimed by Cheshire, and the belief is not grounded on bacteriological
findings.

SUMMARY TO PART II.

Following is a brief summary of the results of the present investi-
gation of bee diseases :

(1) There are a number of diseased conditions which affect the
aplary.

(2) The disease which seems to cause the most rapid loss to the
apiarist is European foul brood, in which is found Bacillus alvei—
first isolated, studied, and named by Cheshire and Cheyne in 1885.

(3) The distribution of Bacillus alvet in the infected hive is as
follows:

(a) The greatest number of infecting germs are found in the
bodies of dead larve.

(>) The pollen stored in the cells of the foul-brood combs contains
many of these infecting organisms.

CONCLUSIONS. 45

(c) The honey stored in brood combs infected with this disease
has been found to contain a few bacilli of this species.

(d) The surface of combs, frames, and hives may be contaminated.

(e) The wings, head, legs, thorax, abdomen, and intestinal con-
tents of adult bees were found to be contaminated with Bacillus alvei.

(7) Bacillus alvet may appear in cultures made from the ovary of
queens from European foul-brood colonies, but the presence of this
species suggests contamination from the body of the queen while the
cultures are being made and has no special significance.

(4) The disease which seems to be most widespread in the United
States we have called American foul brood, and the organism which
has been found constantly present in the disease we have called
Bacillus larve. ‘This disorder was thought by many in this country
and other countries as well to be the foul brood described by Cheshire
and Cheyne, but such is not the case.

(5) From the nature of American foul brood it is thought that the
organism has a similar distribution to that of Bacillus alvei.

(6) It appears that European foul brood was erroneously called
‘“* New York bee disease ” or “ black brood” by Dr. Wm. R. Howard
in 1900.

(7) There is a diseased condition affecting the brood of bees which
is being called by the bee keepers “ pickle brood.” No conclusion ean
be drawn from the investigation so far as to the cause of the disease.

(8) Aspergillus pollinis, ascribed by Dr. Wilham R. Howard as
the cause of pickle brood, has not been found in this investigation
and is not believed by the author to have any etiological relation to
the so-called * pickle brood.”

(9) Palsy or paralysis is a diseased condition of the adult bees.
No conclusion can yet be drawn as to its cause.

(10) Formaldehyde gas as ordinarily used in the apiaries is insufhi-
cient to insure complete disinfection.

; CONCLUSIONS.

In a paragraph the author wishes, if possible, to present the status
of the bee diseases in this country. It should be remembered, firstly,
that “black brood” can now be dropt from our vocabulary, and
probably does not exist; secondly, that the term “ foul brood ” was
being applied to two distinct diseases. One of these diseases we now
refer to as European foul brood, because it first received a scientific
study from a European investigator. We refer to the other disease
as American foul brood, because it was first studied scientifically in
America.. There is one more disorder in the brood of bees which has
attracted considerable attention—the so-called ‘“ pickle brood.”
There are, then, these three principal diseases: European foul brood,
American foul brood, and the so-called “ pickle brood.”

{2.
. ScnrracH. <Histoire des Abeilles, Ch. 3, p. 56, 1769.

. LeuckHart. <Binen-zeitung. LEichstadt, p. 232, 1860.
. MunLretp. < Bienen-zeitung. Eichstadt, p. 232, 1868.
16.
. GEILEN. <Bienen-zeitung, Nos. 21 and 22, 1868.
. LAmprecut. <Bienen-zeitung, No. 2, 1870.

19.
. CoRNALLIA. <(Bienen-zeitung, No. 5, 1870.

. Fiscner. < Bienen-zeitung, p. 105, 1871.

. CHESHIRE and CHEyNE. The pathogenic history and history under cultivation

5. Lampotrr. Recherches sur le Microbe de la ‘‘ Loque,

THE BACTERIA OF THE APIARY,

BIBLIOGRAPHY TO PART II.
ARISTOTELES. < Historia Animalium, Book IX, Ch. 27.

Preuss. <Bienen-zeitung, p. 95, 1868.

Haunirr. < Bienen-zeitung, No. 2, 1870.

of a new bacillus (B. alvei) the cause of a disease of hive bees hitherto known
as foul brood. < Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., Vol. V., p. 581, 1885.

3. DickEL. <Bienen-zeitung, p. 124, 1888.

. Harrison, F.C. The foul brood of bees. < Bulletin No. 112, Ontario Agric.

College. Also in Centralblatt fir Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infek-
tionskrankheiten, Zweite Abtheilung, VI Band, 1900.
” maladie des abeilles.

< Annales de I’ Institut Pasteur, Vol. X VI, p. 694, 1902.

. Moors, V. A., and Waits, G. FranKirn. A report on the investigation of an

infectious bee disease. <New York State department of agriculture, Jan.,
1903.

. Waite, G. FRANKLIN. A report of the further investigation of bee diseases of

the State affecting the apiaries of the State of New York. <New York State
department of agriculture, Jan., 1904.

. Wairr, G. FRANKLIN. <A report of the work on bee diseases for 1904. <New
York State Department of Agriculture, Jan., 1905.
. CHESHIRE. < Bees and bee keeping. Vol. I], London. 1885.

. Mackenzie. Ontario Agricultural College Report, 1893.
. Howarp, Wm. R. New York Bee Disease, or Black Brood. < Gleanings in

Bee Culture, Feb. 15, 1900.

. Benron. < Bulletin of Apiculture, No. 4, 1886.

3. SmirH, W.G. <British Bee Journal, Vol. XIV, p. 1225, 1886.

. Jones, S. A. Foul Brood, its management and cure. <Beeton, Canada, 1886.
. McLean. <Department of Agriculture Report. Washington, p. 584, 1886.

. Warp, F. F. <British Bee Journal, p. 396, 1887.

. SCHREUTER. <Bienen-zeitung, 1887.

. KuamMann. <Bienenwirtschaftliches Centralblatt. Hanover, No. 18, 1888.

. Reports of the bee keepers’ association of the Province of Ontario, 1890.

. PLanta. <Schweizerische Bienen-zeitung, 1893. e

. Howarp, W. R. Foul Brood; Its natural history and rational treatment.

<Chicago, 1894.

. McEvoy. Foul Brood, its cause and cure. <Trenton, N. J., 1895.

. Root, A. I. <(Gleanings in Bee Culture, Vol. XXIV, p. 853, 1896.

. Cowan. <British Bee Journal, Vol. XII, p. 128.

. Govan. <British Bee Journal, Vol. XXIII, p. 484.

. Formalin as a cure for foul brood. <Gleanings in Bee Culture, Vol. XXX, No.

13, p. 544, 1902.

. Weser, C. H. W. Formalin gas as a cure for foul brood: < Cincinnati, Ohio,

1903.

. Burri, R. Bakteriologische Forschungen uber die Faulbrut. <Schweizerische

Bienen-zeitung, Nos. 10 and 11, 1904.

. Remensacn. Ist das Vernichten der Faulbrautstocke das ficherste Mittel zur

Bekampfung der Faulbrut? < Leipziger Bienen-zeitung, January, 1900.

. Neumann. Zur Klarung der Faulbrutfrage. <Ibid., 1904.

INDEX.

Page
Acknowledgments of author ..... 5h niet Rp A ae fy nei 9 aie eh A ne WE 2
Pad VEGI RCASCS eee eae et ete eo a ae clae Sh cities Balok ctewiclas selec sia ses 30-46
MOTI Ea VACteriagOlN Ceamese ae scenes eeieeie ete aes Dlte Mee Se Pace eee 12-30
tabulabioncormieroO-Organismiss 22242 ..-cs.05.5 2 j-'ssieyoncise's << 28
technique tor study-of bacteria <5. 52.22 Joos. cos cssctl Seek kes 7-13
Aspergillus pollinis, probably not cause of ‘‘ pickle brood”’..........--.------ 43, 45
Bacillus A (B. mesentericus?), description -....--.--.-----------+-++---+------ 13-14
MIStAKCNMOnVDACULUSAIMeI= saan esac ase Bi 249), Sb
On combspmenormialiaplanyesescoe 2s. 42 sess - 13, 29
onvhealthy adultihoneybees2o. 225-222 52-352-=- 16
Goel CONUSION with acl liis Als ee eee ,3.o.ei Lataawinte yah 3, 29,33
COSTS oF elll OLIVE) oleae amie ae esa aU 2:5 PS Rg eee a Onarga eee 36-37
GUSCOMELY 222-5 2 Seniaeiahs Seen SOs Skis 2 oa ae oa ae wel ae 31
Gistributionsimimtectedsaiveseae sss esse = esas ae 38-39, 44-45
European foul brood produced experimentally by inoculation... 37-38
name wrongly given to other bacteria .......--.--.--..------- 33-34
not present an-Americanstoul brood! /- 25-522. - 5 see eed. es 4,32
present, in European foul-brood’.....-.--::.--<--+------- 3, 32, 35, 44
so-called ‘‘ New York bee disease”’ or ‘‘ black brood”’ 3
relation with Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus ......-------------- 31
IB MOESCTIDTLOM ae a See soc ows eee non ence mineas es cghibs awed Soc e 15-16
in pollen and intestine of healthy honeybees. ........----------- 15, 29
CHOIETEISUAS BOCSCLIP LOM Sete ae seisie ats Sas es a eta tete is Sa Sere Seis see 21-22
imeintestinerot healthy honeybees a-sasssssise es sse= | a 21, 29
CLOUC EA GCSCM tO Mae mae eee Oe Fae eis tics os Se oS mcisinrsia bias Slate 19-20
in intestine of healthy honeybee. .......------- Sr Ree Ta SNE 19, 29
COMMCOMMIINIS aC ESCrIp tlOMe pee ae eee mee ee erica come eR eee 20-21
in intestine of healthy honeybee. -....----.---------- 20, 29
EAC CSErILI OMe s eee ee ee ese oe aS hot alatnidis Hai ouince cones 22-23
inwntestinevomhealthy honey bees 222 oes ests: seoc es osstieese cee = 22,29
gaytoni, considered by some as cause of paralysis of bees...-.-.------- 44
ire RGCSGripnalls serene ee eto Sa eet 2e we ne ace eeeeeecccee 42-43
HOMMIEL MYA LELIMCO POGCIUUS Nts. oe Be eae sacs 2a ck ajesie ea ooe ase = 40
present in American foul brood..........----.-----.-- 32, 40, 42, 45

mesentericus? (See Bacillus A.)
mesentericus vulgatus, relation with Bacillus alvei......-------------- ol
mili. nottound in) so-called, “Sblack jorood””.5.-:-25---.5.------=-- 44
SFOS RICUSeR ESE [ipl OMe) sien ae eet Saini favor! calare.o staisie acide ela, = eielage 3 23-24
in intestine of healthy honeybee- -=..2.-----=<--------- 23, 29

xe Facillusaniee =<. c= Perens ete ee mses cere biel dewieis Soe ssi 40

48 INDEX.

: Page.

‘Bacteria, from combs of -normal*apiary...-csees ees ce tesa seee ea eee . 13-15
pollen-of snormalapiary\.22--c ee eee ae ces ee eee 15-16

in healthy, larvee notusual-ss2e se Jo oe ee Aes ts cle ea eae ere 16, 29

honey from normal apiary not ‘usual. -./..22- 2 see =. 2-22 = -eoe- 16, 29

intestine of healthy honey bee..22. <2 2.23. 222 - sa Se Pahres 18-25

of apiary, cultures, how obtained.---.....-- ae Ahe AS aie 8 See ee 8
suggestions for description'ss_< 2-5. .5---- -=-= 4 10-12

which are described in paper..-.-------------- 9

differentiation and identification. 2215-22622 =. en eee 9

material for study how obtained: ---s---ca+s22 se—eeeie= 7-8

media;employed for cultures)-- 22+ s- s-sis2 2 cee ies ae 10-12

OxyPen requirements acs. socs seem oe ee ele ean 10

staining properties. 2 sea. ese ee en oe ere eee 10

technique:in study... 5... 22a osccce ss eee ee 7-13

Vanlationsiim.S1Z@\ =o e oe eee ae eee eae eee meee 9-10

ohmorinialapiary=2 Sc 2. eae oe Sh are a eee eee eee a eee ae eee 12-30

on- healthy adult; honeybees = 22 os. io oe sine yan come te eee 16-18
Bacterium-actasjormans, description:.: 230222. 2.52.22 = aoe eee ee ena 14-15
on combs in normal apiaby 3235-02252 6 -- see ee ee 14

cyaneus (Micrococcus cyaneus), description ..--.------------------- 16-17

on combs of normal apiary.--.-.---- 29

on healthy adult bees and pollen. - -- 16

D,deseriptiOn sas. Scien wee cabs cee see ace ee Se eee eee eee 19
inintestine-of healthy honeybees. -2--2-es-- soe = es eee 19-29

mycoides, AeSCripulObe: 22.2 22 ce jee nee eee es] eee eee eee 24

in intestine of healthy honeybee *- 22.2225. 2-se- esses « 24, 29

Bee bread, fermentation considered cause of foul brood formerly..-.-..-------- 31
GISCASCS Seer cete S cricc eis Sts Sees Sere eae an Me Rare fete ti ne ee ne Sens eee 30-46
history sec cece oho kates we eee Mee arate ye ae ene eee eee 30-32

modified Names NECESSALY 24.52 ye se eis eae ome aes eee eters 3-4

theories:as tO Cause se f= a o8e Sas Brae eee oe ies oie rater ae ee erat . 30-31

Bees, diseased adult, parts of body infected by Bacillus alvei......-.--------- 39, 45
healthy adult, ‘bacteria‘found externally =- 22 5.222 -----2s-eee eee ee 16-18
InsIMbesbINes..ceaes soso sete faeces cecoes 15, 18, 25, 29

Saccharomyces F im intestine = 222ss-e- 22 22 2 soae eee 25, 29

ovary of queen, Bacillus alvei present accidentally ......--------------- 39, 45
Bibliorraphiy to Part] ss scat ste lacie as aoe cots eta reel oie aaee 29-30
|B Ca ee pest Mine et Rep et ER MOA SR ee GRC OS PRN SL ts 46

“Black brood’? == European doul Droode soso 5-sleae- sie es eel eat 44, 45
=foul brood of Cheshire:and Cheyne_~-.------------.------ 3

OCCURLENCELOL BD ACUIUSTOIVe es sans ae sae ee eer 35

Oripinieot term fa4- 88 oe ae oe oe eee ene eee 31, 43-44

term may be discarded .-..-.------------------------------ 45

Blight of flowers, supposed by ancients related to bee diseases -.-.-.---------- 30
Brood, diseased, occurrence of Saccharomyces G.....-.-------------------- 26-27, 29
Climatic conditions, as affecting European foul brood .......---------------- 38
Combs, of healthy apiary, occurrence of bacteria .......--...-2-.-------=--= 13-15
TUN GI SoS ss ee cee tes 25

SQCCRATOMUGES TOSCUS see = eee 25, 26

diseased apiary, occurrence of Bacillus alvei .......--------------- 39, 45
Cryptococcus alvearis, formerly considered cause of foul brood .---.----------- 31
formerly considered cause of foul brood .....--..--------------- 31

Cultures, of bacteria of apiary, how obtained.......------------------------- 8

INDEX. 49

Page
Cultures, of bacteria of apiary, media employed -.......-..-.--.------------ 10-12
suggestions for description........----------- 10-12
those:describedicnsseteecccocee eens ess 9
Differentiation of bacteria of apiary ......--------- Reis este aoe ee en e® 9
Formaldehyde gas, insufficient disinfectant against European foul brood as

RCM AT I yr USCIS ae ee re Sis ck Saw tannlemale = Saami nn ianiate eisise aera a= 39-40

Houle broods) Ainenicanwapplicationzol termica: ao 52. eee oer esas ese oe 45
AULMOWssNVesteAatlOns ase... a= seaee ee see eee eae 41-42
Bacwlusalvei NOt presente =s—sseee-=-— ese eee eee eee 4,32
Lonuses present ice Kee Sant oo aon sea ee eee 32, 42, 45
confusion with foul brood of Cheshire and Cheyne... 4, 40, 45
SVMPLOMSOS Aas ewsae rise amis a ee cavei ie eintoetoe eine 40-41
Confusionerevardingdiseasesaa=eeeeeaseeeeeee en eae a eee 33
disease of Cheshire and Cheyne renamed European foul brood. 3, 32, 44
Buropeans, application of termi: s 25202. 3-22 ccc nte tee ecee | 45
author a investivahlons ssi 3.-2steieccactietece- Soe 34-36
¢ IBOGiUsraluerepresen tla erwesiice eset Seer see 4, 32, 35, 44
= foul brood of Cheshire and Cheyne........------ 3, 32, 44

formaldehyde gas insufficient disinfectant as ordinarily
TIS hae eee eee reg rate Epa ONT oe nyc etee aera 39-40
more destructive in cool, damp weather...-...-..---- 38

produced by experimental inoculation with Bacillus
UV CUP NSE emia ter resis eae Mos Aeiass cos wis Soee me Soleo ee ee te 2 38
SWMMPtOM Steere err aiten Meise ties o Surerourns citi 32-33
of Cheyne, named European foul brood......--....------.----- 32
term applied to two distinct diseases................-------- 31-32, 45
use;ohtenmsineNe way ork Statewnetaeer ce ccise enacts ns ess omelss 31
Frames, in diseased apiaries, occurrence of Bacillus alvei.....-...------------ 39, 45
Fungi, formerly considered cause of foul brood......--.......--...------+-- 31
inpimtestinesiof healthy honey bees? 2 <2') 22 fk oe ee ee en sce 25
pollen-and combs of normal/apiaries-— <2. =< 2525 2-555-cee1-5-222 25

Fungus. (See Aspergillus pollinis, Cryptococcus, Cryptococcus alvearis, and Pan-

histophyton ovatum. )

Hives, of diseased apiaries, occurrence of Bacillus alvei........-------------- 39, 45
temperature approximates that of warm-blooded animals. .-.-....----- 29
Honey, from foul-brood combs, occurrence of Bacillus alvei....-------------- 39, 45
healthy-hives; quite uniformly sterile: =. sos... 5- <= ~-e5 55 16, 29

Ichneumon apium mellificarium, formerly supposed cause of infectious bee dis-

CHRO SSS aoa HOe mg neds AS GDS OREN CSE eee Se eR BOe See aaa pceGec hee see mee 30
identiticationsolsbacteriaolaplakyesas —s-scere eo] eee a = eek le 9
Intestine of healthy honeybee, occurrence of bacteria.......---:------------ 18-25

UIT Lions Ppa ch eer ee tee ne 25
ISHCCHOTOMIU CES Pum aema eines Seen LOO
Larvee of honeybee dead from disease, occurrence of Bacillus alvei ...-------- 39, 44
healthy honeybee, usually sterile ......-....--.----..-- SA ee oe 16, 29
ISCO TES OER COIS 1 09 C0) 1 Cae a a eae eee eee 17-18
on combs. ol healthy honey beess.5..2c/.- 22. 4osu eee 29
healtiyzadult, HONCYWCCS!= 2 ace ein lnce sae eas cea cine sa ws

cyaneus. (See Bacterium cyaneus.)
Micro-organisms normally present in the apiary, tabulation ....-.-.-..-.---- 28
Piano iOf WACLCNIALOl APIAl yer aaeccce aa oasis ese ncnis Seeman Saas 9-10

“New York bee disease.’’ (See ‘‘ Black brood.’’ )

50 INDEX.

Nonpathogenic bacteria of honeybees, necessity for study .-..-.........-.---- 3
Oxygen requirements, of batteria obaplary. 2. <35. 052-222. Soest eee 10
Palsy. (See Paralysis. )
Panhistophyton ovatum, a related fungus, formerly supposed cause of bee disease - 30
Paralysis, of, honeybees, causesunknowm! 2222 222522 see aie oe aoe oe 44, 45
‘*Pickle brood,’’ Aspergillus pollinis probably not cause...........-..---.---- 43, 45
bacteriological findings from author’s examinations. ........ 43
disease of ‘beesi= 225. 2b sae ce ees Se ee some 31, 48, 44, 45
Pollen, in foul-brood combs, occurrence of Bacillus alvei.........-..--------- 39, 44
healthy combs; occurrence of bacteriasce-euac- 22s. a Sears 15, 16
PUN CINE ss Ao SU I sae ee 25
Propolis. (See Combs. )
Pecudomonas fluorescens. iquefaciens, Gescriptioms =4 3-22 >- see Soe se eee see ee 24-25
in intestine of healthy adult honeybee ... 24, 29
Saccharomyces F AeacriptlOn sc yas ooo. os ae See ae ee eee ee 25-26
in intestine of healthy adult honeybee .-..-....---.-.-..--- 25, 29
Gi idescriptionesas tae see oases oe See Oe Oe yee eee 26-27
in dead larvee of diseased honeybees ..............-------- 26, 29
invnormalapianyes sas ates tae ce oe oe eee Be ne eee ee 25-27
NOSCUS, GESCHIPMOM sas 5.0222 cece coe eee eee Ore 26
InscOMmbok normalsapiany eases seas se eee = oe eee 20, 29
Staining properties of bacteria ofapiary.:.— 2.5.25. soos. se ass 3 eee 10
Summary, to-Bart Wisse S25 ae ie Bec nee eee anette re eee 29
Woy ee eee Poe es ae oe ee 44-45
Technique: in,study of bacteria ofiaplary 225.252.2052 es ee 7-13
Variations mi size on bacteria of aplany.ss- 6 26-2 es sso se ee eee 9-10
Wax. (See Combs. )
“xaBrood?’?—= American foul broodisi5-5)5 sso 2 eo eee wee eee 40

_ TECHNICAL Series, No. 15.

/
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

A REVISION OF THE IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS,
OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY

NATHAN. BANKS,

Assistant Entomologist.

Issurp JUNE 6, 1908.

”
ron]
NE
()
if

X,
ed

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
i 1908,

TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 15.

URS: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.

A REVISION OF THE IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS,
OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY

NATHAN BANKS,

Assistant Entomologist.

IssuED JUNE 6, 1908,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1D O'S:

LETTER OF -ERANSMITEAL.

U. S. DeparTMENT oF AGRICULTURE,
Bureau or Entromoroey,
Washington, D. C., March 11, 1908.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
revision of the [xodoidea, or ticks, of the United States, by Mr. Nathan
Banks, assistant entomologist in this Bureau. In view of the impor-
tance which some of the ticks have assumed as the known transmitters
of certain diseases it becomes very necessary that the different species
be distinguished with certainty. This has hitherto been a matter of
great difficulty, since there has been no work of a systematic character
dealing with all the known species of ticks occurring in the United
States. To supply this need and as a basis for the life history work
undertaken by this Bureau on the cattle tick and other ticks, this
bulletin has been prepared. I recommend its publication as Technical
Series No. 15 of the Bureau of Entomology.

Respectfully, L. O. Howarp,
Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wi1son, .

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONT ENS.

‘SHARIA = ee er ee ap Ei eg Ge ae aS Co i rae One yes
seca EONS Vite ere a a ae eee SS he eo os eal ee bee
eOPT ap HTCAr iSUrUbIOMe f= 222) 2S Sais 2 oS acs dice ate omew ee daeece sees
EAI DUNE EET BN GS es aah a as aly aa ree Ar

arrnnlvgeAmo as 1 Ceete-ys: 0 siemens meee hye eerie. pee MN SOS ee on aes aes
mableolthe peneray s:s.2oo2so2-i6 Sas ee ena a a Ce
Cr TUT BAT, OAS 9 aa aes er ee mtg ent SO as Nl seo c a ciao eet oe
Genus Ornithodoros ..--- EF Sep ee ao ete eet Co Saeki oe cl eee

TEvsnra el Is97 DRCOG WG CPE ek ees aes Se ig ee tes a RO a ea eR a
Maiecotathe: cCnera. ee et steers a ae ee ae as Ok RE ee lek
SONNE COTapexONGSs = Ayo 38 cheer onl fere! oe Sei ainaee aes 2 - bse Se
COTE OTe Cote ES) Se tae Eee CR eR ae
Senncpet ena iy Saline s. Sa ssae a ee at Soke eden os Se See arene
HE CIM EEUIUIGNIEE [OMA LS ere a epee nee es ess Depa n a, aoa a ew ee
GremusiViare anon Use secs ae eas sa eee ee oe ee
GenuspAnmb lyons sone em ee ee Nee oe ees
(Cr enuseW erm aCenlOnes see a eee eee acces eeiae = soos eae

AUG eee ee ere ape epee ee ee a ye ee eo Sea eS

Puate I. Fig. 1.—Argas miniatus: leg I
2.—Argas miniatus: leg IV
3.—Argas brevipes: leg I
4.—Argas brevipes: leg 1V
5.—Ornithodoros coriaceus: leg I
6.—Ornithodoros coriaceus: leg IV
7

8

9

Ill. Fig. 1.—Ivodes cookei: larva

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

-—Ornithodoros talaje; palpus = 3--2—- seen eee nee ae eee

.—Ornithodoros talaje: leg IV
.—Ornithodoros megnini: palpus -----
10.—Ornithodoros megnini:
11.—Ornithodoros megnini:
12.—Ornithodoros megnini:
13.—Ornithodoros turicata:
14.—Ornithodoros turicata :
5.—Ornithodoros turicata :
.—Ornithodoros turicata: leg
.—Ornithodoros talaje: leg I

bo rN oO

NI OP oO
2
BS
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gs
wn
a
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rs)
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a
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.—Ceratixodes putus:
.—Ceratixodes putus:
.—Ceratixodes putus:
.—Ceratixodes putus:

8.—Ceratinodes putus:

9.—Ivodes ricinus: capitulum and tarsus I of female
10.—Ivodes ricinus: coxze of female
11.—Ivodes scapularis?: stigmal plate of nymph
12.—Ivodes californicus: female shield and capitulum
13.—Ivodes ricinus: female shield and stigmal plate
14.—Ivodes scapularis: mandible, and coxee I and II
15.—Ivodes scapularis: capitulum, tarsi I and IV, and shield, of

palpus
leg I

shield of female

palpus of male below

stigmal plate of

tegument. - -
tegument - - -

females a te ee eee

female: <stig¢mal plate of male: o--- 22222: sesso s- sess

2.—Ivodes cookei: base of palpus of nymph from below....----

3.—Ivodes cookei:
4.—Ixodes cookei:
5.—Ixvodes cookei:
6.—Ixvodes cookei:
7.—Ixodes cookei:
8.—Ixodes cookei:

tip of palpus of nymph
capitulum of female
tarsus I
coxa |

stigmal plate of female
shield! of-femalexs-o24-2 = see sees eee eee
9.—Lvodes brunneus: capitulum and shield of female
10.—Ivodes marai: capitulum, coxze, and shield, of female

bo bo bo bo be i
bo bh bw bo DD

bo bo bo

bo bh hb be bt
bo bo

bo bo
bo bo bo

bo

bo
bo

bo bk bs bw bo
wDnmmm oo

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Piare III. Fig. 11.—Zvodes hexagonus: coxe of female. ..------------------
12.—Ivodes diversifossus: capitulum of female --..------------
13.—Ivodes heragonus: capitulum and shield of female - - - - ---
14.—Ivodes diversifossus: shield, tarsus I, stigmal plate, coxce

T and II, and tooth beneath rostrum—all of female - - -

IV. Fig. 1.—Ivodes pratti: shield of female, capitulum of female, tooth
on rostrum, stigmal plate of female, and coxa I.-..----
2.—Ixodes angustus: coxze, stigmal plate, capitulum, and
shields otuemale: acess seeese--ce~o-sissee eee
3.—Ixodes pratti: stigmal plate of nymph. .-.--.-------------
4.—Ivrodes pratti: stigmal plate of male, and tarsus Ie eSeee ss
5.—Ivodes pratti: hypostome ...--.-------------------+-----
6.—Ivodes dentatus: teeth below on rostrum, coxee, capitu-
lum, and shield, of female .......----.--------------:
7.—Ivodes sculptus: shield and capitulum of female. ..-..---
8.—Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris: capitulum of MMS soesase
9.—Ixodes sculptus: coxee of female -.---.---.--------------
10.—Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris: tarsus 1, capitulum and
shield, stigmal plate, and coxa I, of female. ..--------
11.—Hemaphysalis chordeilis: shield and capitulum, coxve Tand

V. Fig. 1.—Rhipicephalus texanus: shield, capitulum, and mandible,

2.—Rhipicephalus tecanus: palpus from beneath ....--------
3.—Rhipicephalus texanus: stigmal plate of female, anal plates
of male, and coxa [-!-2-.--:.------------------+-----
4.—Rhipicephalus tevanus: tarsi land IV .-.--.------------
5.—Margaropus annulatus: stigmal plate of nymph, and coxa
Haase 2 es soi ee eee ee Agee ooo
6.—Margaropus annulatus: shield, capitulum, and coxa I, of
Nana (ass oes qaad ascuosces coeusmoecHn Sen assoqenaoo
7.—Margaropus annulatus: tarsus TV of male, stigmal plate of
female, and shield and capitulum of nymph----------

VI. Fig. 1.—Amblyommaamericanum: male, and stigmal plate of female.
2.—Amblyomma americanum: stigmal plate of nymph, and
farmue IY S23 cascade ssSacusccsocesaséocqucsasassonacse
3.—Amblyomma americanum: hypostome, shield, and capitu-
lum, of nymph; stigmal plate of male, and coxa Mt et
4.—Amblyomma americanum: capitulum of female... -.-----
5.-Amblyomma maculatum: tarsus IV, and coxie T and IV...
6.—Amblyomma cajennense: tarsus IV, and mandible of male-
7.—Amblyomma maculatum: tarsus I, and stigmal plate of male.
8.—Amblyomma tuberculatum: capitulum of female, stigmal
plate of male and of female. .-..-.--------------------
9,—Amblyomma maculatum: stigmal plate of female; ses oesee
10.—Amblyomma maculatum: capitulum of female. ...--------
VII. Fig. 1.—Amblyomma cajennense: capitulum of female, and stigmal
Plate or males. sonass2ce-2->-2 5 25-=-- 222 eo
2.—Amblyomma cajennense: stigmal plate and tarsus I of
female; coxse I and IV of male-.-..-.-.----------------

8. Dermacentorvariabilis: capitulum and stigmal plate of female
4.— Dermacentor variabilis: capitulum of male .-..----------
5.— Dermacentor albipictus: shield of female -.--------------
6.— Dermacentor variabilis: leg lof larva...--.--------------

5

Page.
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28

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28

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bo bh bw bv

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32

6 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

Puate VIL. Fig. 7.—Dermacentor nitens: coxa I, leg 1V of male, and shield and
capitulum of ivan 2 ori ee ae eee ee eee

8:— Dermacentor variabiliss tarsus... 5.2.22 25255-5.-2---5e

9.— Dermacentor albipictus: stigmal plate of female, and capitu-
himroffémale:and-of- matey. --... 22.2... -.6 +2222 see

10.—Dermucentor nitens: stigmal plates of male and female,

capitalum; and*shield-of female: ._.....2..-.--.2.5.-<

11.—Dermacentor albipictus: coxa lV, and stigmal plate of male.

VIII. Fig. 1.—Dermacentor occidentalis: capitulum of male and female,
shield of female, and tarsus IV of male_...........--

2.— Dermacentor occidentalis: coxee | and IV of male, stigmal

plates-of male and“females ....- 2-2 2....-25-.--2225-
.—Dermacentor nigrolineatus: stigmal plate of femrale....---

)

o
4.— Dermacentor venustus: coxa IV of male ..-..-----.---.--
5.—Dermacentor venustus: capitulum and stigmal plates of

maleatidviensaler... 22. $2cc oe dBaeateswececes se eee
6.—Dermacentor parumapertus var. marginatus: stigmal plate,
capitulum, .and ‘shield, of-femalez...-.+.--.-.--------

.-— Dermacentor venustus: shield of female -......-.--------
8.— Dermacentor parumapertus: stigmal plate of female. -----
9.— Dermacentor nigrolineatus: capitulum of female......----
10.—Dermacentor parumapertus: shield and capitulum of fe-
male, stigmal plate and capitulum of male -.-....--_-
11.—Dermacentor nigrolineatus: stigmal plate and capitulum of

~J

IX. (By the late Dr. George Marx. )
Fig. 1.—Ivodes scapularis: fresh female, and male attached to fe-
Mn Ae 9s see Sees cee he Se ese ee ae eee
.—Ivodes scapularis: female, coxa I, male, female stigmal
plate, venter of female, and rostrum from beneath-- --
3.—Ivodes dentatus: engorged female, shield, and capitulum-
4.—Ixodes cookei: male and female above and below, stigmal
plate,.and:rostrum: from: beneath.............----.-+--
5.—Ivodes ricinus: engorged female, above and below..-..--
6.—Ceratixodes putus: stigmal plate and capitulim ...-..---.-
7.—Ivodes dentatus: rostrum from below -------------------
8.—Imodes marxi: engorged female..-.......-.----.--.------

(By the late Dr. George Marx.)
Fig. 1.—Dermacentor bifurcatus: nymph, coxee, shield, venter, pal-
pus; stiamal plate -andecapitulumes==242- 5525s cere
2.—Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris: male, and rostrum of fe-
male beneuthincicciicscmecew oc tee eet ea ny Sees
3.—Dermacentor variabilis: engorged female, above and below.
4.— Dermacentor variabilis: male, above and beneath, and stig-
maleplatesofufemal @:.ccscceacse ese eka ae ae eeeiee oes
5.—Amblyomma americanum: nymph, above and below... --
6.—Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris: fresh and engorged females-
7.—Margaropus annulatus: capitulum of female, above and

bo

A

beneath! iho. ck see See te ecece bee aa eee eee
8.—Margaropus annulatus: capitulum of male, above and
wemGaith es 2c! 2 acto a tee bes Sp oer eee eres
9.—Dermacentor-oceidentalis: male=..2.2..2.---2.<.+s--s-ce-
10: — Dermacentor reticulatussmaleks 225 225 acess sence see eee

Dermacentor albiprctiscsmalet sae sane ee ee ee eee

46

46

48

A REVISION OF THE IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF
TE: UNITEDY STATES:

STRUCTURE.

The Ixodide, or ticks, are all mites of considerable size; even the
young or “seed-ticks ” are visible to the naked eye, while a full-
grown engorged female may be half an inch long. Their abundance
on many of the domestic animals and occasional occurrence on man
have rendered them well-known objects of disgust in every clime.

The body is covered by a tough leathery skin, which in the female
becomes greatly distended as she engorges herself with the blood of
the host. Before distention the tick is of a somewhat triangular
outline, flat, with prominent, slender legs and a beak-like rostrum in
front. When the female becomes swollen these characters may be
hardly noticeable and the whole creature may look like some large
seed or bean. In most of the forms there is on the front part of the
dorsum a corneous shield known as the sceutum. In the male this
scutum covers the greater part of the body, but in the female only :
small part in front. Articulated to the anterior margin of this
scutum, and usually within a shght emargination, is a small sub-
triangular piece, called the capitulum, or head. This capitulum
bears the palpi, the mandibles, the mandibular sheaths, and the
hypostome. The last three organs together form the proboscis, or
haustellum. The hypostome is a median piece beneath (really of two
pieces) bearing many recurved teeth or denticles. The more basal
of these denticles are in rows, and the number of these rows has
been used in the differentiation of species, but is subject to some
variation. At the tips of the mandibles are two or three processes,
known as the apophyses, these have also been used in specific classi-
fication, but are now also known to be inconstant. The hypostome
and mandibles are inserted into the host when the tick feeds, and so
firmly do the recurved teeth of the hypostome hold that if one tries
to remove a tick by force the body may be torn from the attached
capitulum.

The palpi are inserted at the sides of the mouth parts and are of
four segments, but commonly one sees only two, for the basal is short

ci

8 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

and broad, and the apical is very small and often situated in a
depression near the tip of the third. The palpi are usually some-
what concave on the side toward the mouth parts, so that they may
sheath these parts. The comparative lengths of the second and third
joints of the palpi give useful characters in separating the genera of
ticks.

On the dorsum of the capitulum of adult female ticks there are
two depressed pitted areas known as the porose areas. No one has
as yet determined their function. All female ticks of the subfamily
Ixodine which do not have these organs fully exposed are imma-
ture and should not be described as new species. Various species,
and even genera, have been based on immature forms, owing to a
failure to recognize this point. The genera Phaulixodes, Herpetobia,
Sarconyssus, and Goniwodes fall in this class.

The shield is usually irregularly hexagonal in shape. On each
lateral margin is a pale eye-like spot or ocellus; in some genera these
eyes are wanting. The posterior margin of the body in most forms
is marked by a number (8 to 10) of ‘short impressed furrows, which
outline a series of lobes or festoons; these are more distinct in the male
than in the female, and when the latter is distended with blood they
are barely visible. On the underside or venter of the body there are
two median apertures; the anterior one not far from the beak is the
genital pore; the posterior one is the anus. In many forms there is a
curved groove behind the anus and from it a median furrow, while
in other species there is a curved groove in front of the anus and
reaching back each side toward the margin of the body. In all forms
there is a more lateral groove each side reaching forward to the geni-
tal pore. In the males of several genera there are one or two cor-
neous triangular plates each side of the anus, the anal plates. Occa-
sionally the abdomen terminates in a median process, or tail.

The legs arise from each side of the anterior part of the venter;
the cox are sometimes close together, sometimes more widely sepa-
rate. The legs are usually slender, subequal in length, but the fourth
pair is rather the longest, and sometimes larger than the others.
Each is composed of at least six joints, as follows, from base outward:
Couwa, trochanter, femur, tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus. The latter
is commonly more or less definitely divided into two parts. At the
tip of the tarsus is a pair of large claws situated on a rather long
pedicel, and between them is usually a pudvdllum. On the upper sur-
face of tarsus I is a pit covered by a membrane; this is known as
Haller’s organ, from its discoverer, and is supposed to be an organ of
audition. One or more of the cox are armed behind by spine-like
processes or teeth. In the males of some species the hind coxe are
greatly enlarged. Above, and usually slightly behind the hind coxe,
are the stigmal plates containing near their centers the stigmal orifice

STRUCTURE. 8)

or spiracle. Each plate is a corneous piece, the surface of which is
marked by granules of smaller or larger size. The shape and sculp-
ture of the stigmal plate is quite constant in each species, but differs
in the sexes.

In some genera there are on the dorsum, near the middle, a pair
of small circular or oval plates, called by Doctor Stiles the dorso-
submedian porose plates; no one has yet discovered their use.

Ticks are usually dull-colored, but some forms are brightly mottled
with brown, white, yellow, or red. However, each species has a
characteristic shade of color, which, when once known, helps in field
identification; the colors accredited to the species in this paper are
those shown by alcoholic materials. In life most of the colors are
lighter or more vivid than after immersion in spirits.

LIFE HISTORY.

Ticks are parasitic during the greater period of their life; most
of them, however, leave the host to moult, and all, to deposit eggs.
Mammals are their ordinary hosts, but birds and reptiles are also
infested, and two species of ticks have been taken from insects.
Many of them show a decided preference for a certain animal, but
a number of our common species have been found on a great variety
of animals. Some ticks have apparently changed their host; for
example, the Texas fever tick, now chiefly found on cattle, originally
infested deer, and possibly bison.

In sucking the blood of their hosts the ticks, unless extremely
numerous, do but slight harm, but several of them have been shown
to transmit the germs of some disease, so that they become, in several
cases, economic pests of prime importance.

The life history of ticks has been investigated by several authors,
notably Curtice, Morgan, Lounsbury, and Hunter and Hooker. The
female tick, as the result of her bloodthirsty nature, becomes enor-
mously distended, and is then mature. The male mates with the
female for some days, after which the latter drops to the ground to
deposit eggs. These issue as elongate masses in front of the tick, and
may be as many as 1,000 to 10,000 in number. During the operation
the head is withdrawn into the body so that the surface of the
capitulum is close to the genital pore. As the eggs issue they are
coated with a viscous substance secreted from glands opening in the
membrane between the shield and the head. These glands are partly
eversible and enwrap each egg as it issues from the ovipositor. The
eggs are usually placed upon the surface of the soil or just beneath
it, and the larve hatch in a few days. The young ticks, known as
“ seed-ticks,” ascend the nearest support of grass or herb and patiently
await the coming of some animal. Delay and disappointment must
often end in starvation and death. The seed ticks are, however, able

10 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

to endure long fasts, and many finally secure an attachment to some
animal. In a few days the young tick is rapidly distended by blood,
and drops to the ground. Here it seeks a hiding place and rests,
during which time there are many changes in the internal anatomy.
In three or four days the skin splits and from the six-legged larva
there issues the octopod nymph. Climbing a plant it awaits the pass-
ing of some suitable animal, and, when attached, feeds and falls off
again to moult, this time to the adult condition. It again waits for
a host, and, finding one, feeds and starts the life cycle anew. The
Texas fever tick and its allies do not drop off for moulting, but cast
the skin while on the host. This enables a more rapid increase in
the species. They drop to the ground, however, for the purpose of
depositing eggs. Several other ticks pass the first moult while on
the host, and some Argasidve deposit eggs on posts above ground.

In the true ticks there is a considerable difference between the
abdomen of the male and that of the female in the development of
the dorsal shield. In several genera the male has plates near the
anus, and in some cases the hind pair of legs is enlarged in the male;
the porose areas are found only in the female; the sexes are, there-
fore, very easily distinguished.

The males and females feed side by side; but the younger stages
are often restricted to a different part of the host; thus the larve of
several species occur in the ears, while the adults are on the body of
the host.

Ticks are able to live for long periods without food or moisture.
Four to six months are common periods, and cases are recorded of
female ticks fasting for eleven or twelve months. The argasids can
live for a much longer time; specimens of Avgas have remained alive
in pill boxes for two years and three months without food, and Riley
records one specimen living for five years in a corked vial without
food. Even the young may live several months without food. This
amazing vitality largely offsets the difficulty the tick may have in
finding a host.

Ticks are also well fitted to withstand immersion in water; even the
eggs and young stages live through long periods of submergence, so
that rains have little effect upon tick life.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

Africa is the home of ticks, all the known genera occurring there,
and more species than on any other continent. Of the genera found
in the United States, Rhipicephalus, Margaropus, and Amblyomma
are tropical, and several of our species in these genera occur in Central
and South America. Dermacentor is our most characteristic genus,
and we have more species than any other country. Jwodes and He-
maphysalis are northern genera, both as well represented in Kurope

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. RE:

as in this country. Two common tropical genera, Zyalomma and
A ponomma, have not yet been taken in this country. The two genera
of Argaside favor warm countries. Two of the European species
occur in our country, doubtless from importations. Several other
European species have been accredited to the United States, but in
all cases through erroneous determinations. In the United States -
the species of Rhipicephalus and Margaropus are restricted to the
Southern States. Several species of Amblyomma spread northward
along the coasts and up the great valleys. The species of Derma-
centor are more restricted in distribution, and more abundant in the
Northwest. In /zvodes the western species are quite unlike those of
the East. One species of Hamaphysalis is widely distributed in this
country. Although a few species are as yet known from only one
host, it is improbable that any are confined to one species of animal.
Dermacentor is usually found on large mammals and /vodes on small
mammals.

ABUNDANCE.

Dermacentor 1s our most common tick, and the males are about as
numerous as the females. Rhipicephalus and Margaropus are abun-
dant locally, but the males of J/argaropus are not so often seen. In
Amblyomma the males are slightly less common than females. In
Ixodes the males are comparatively rare, and in several species un-
known to me. One species in the South is quite abundant, but of the
other Jaodes only a few are taken at one time.

HISTORICAL.

Since the group is of such great economic importance, the need of
a technical revision of the species is apparent. There has never
been such a revision of our species. Say described a few species in
1821, Packard several more in 1869, and Fitch in 1871. Koch, in 1844,
described a host of ticks from all over the world, naturally including
a few from the United States. Each of the authors worked inde-
pendently of the others. The late Dr. George Marx was much inter-
ested in this family of mites, and intended to monograph it, or at
least our native species. To this end he had prepared many fine
drawings and a considerable body of manuscript. I have had access
to this material, and can testify to its high scientific character. In
the genus Dermacentor, for example, he had the forms known to him
separated out as I shall use them in this paper. Later writers con-
fused several of these species, which he rightly held to be distinct.
Doctor Marx’s manuscript is not suitable for publication, being frag-
mentary and out of date, but many of his figures are so valuable that
I have added two plates made up of them. These of course should
be credited to him.

12 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

In 1896 Dr. George Neumann, of Toulouse, France, began the pub-
lication of a Revision of the [xodide. _ Doctor Neumann attempted
to monograph the ticks of the entire world, a task which in 1896
doubtless seemed quite possible, and the “ Revision ” was completed in
four parts. Since then he has examined thousands of specimens, and
_his studies have appeared in five notes on the Ixodidve supplementary
to the “ Revision.” It is quite natural that in examining such a host
of specimens from all parts of the world at varying intervals he
should be inclined to unite forms which to the student of local faunz
seem abundantly distinct. It is in this way that I differ from Doctor
Neumann as to the species occurring in this country. I have seen
practically all the material that he studied from the United States,
including most of his types, and also collections from many colleges
and other institutions in this country, together with larger collections
made in the past few years. The types of Say and Fitch are lost,
but through the kindness of Mr. Samuel Henshaw I have examined
the types of Packard, now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
This enables me to place correctly several species hitherto misplaced
by authors. In 1899 Doctors Salmon and Stiles published a finely
illustrated work on the cattle ticks of the United States. At that
time their material was largely in Doctor Neumann’s hands, and since
then several species have been collected in this country, and Neumann
himself has changed his opinions regarding several species.

During the past year Messrs. W. D. Hunter and W. A. Hooker, of
this Bureau, have issued a bulletin (No. 72) on the cattle tick and
other species, with much ethologic matter and valuable breeding
notes. In this paper 38 species are recorded from this country, and
3 unplaced forms, doubtless identical with some of the known species.
More species are to be expected in /wodes, so that our tick fauna may
vet have 50 species. .

CLASSIFICATION.

Latreille, in 1795, made two genera for the ticks, Argas and /xodes.
The striking differences between the two were recognized by follow-
ing acarologists, some of whom even placed Avgas with the Gamaside.
Koch, in 1844, divided these two genera into ten—just about as they
stand to-day. He arranged these ten genera within three families
Argaside, Ixodide (long palpi), and Rhipistomidee (short palpi).
These three groups have been generally adopted by later authors.
Neumann has modified it somewhat by using rostrum long or short
to separate the last two families. But this will hardly distinguish
some species of Amblyomma and Dermacentor. Doctor Marx, in
1892, made a somewhat different arrangement, dividing the group
into two—Catastomata and Antistomata. The former is the Arga-
sidxe of Koch, the later he separates into three families—Hemalas-

CLASSIFICATION. 3

toride, Ixodidx, and Rhipistomide. The Hemalastoride of Marx
is based on a misconception; the type of Zwmalastor is a Hyalomma,
while Sarconyssus belongs to “’schatocephalus.

These classifications have placed a great deal of prominence on the
length of the palpi. Lahille, in 1905, in his tabular arrangement of
the genera, has subordinated this character to others, and I fully agree
with him. He places, and I believe correctly, Amblyomma near Der-
macentor instead of near 7vodes. Lahille, however, bases his main
divisions of the Ixodidz on certain characters of the male; whether
the male has five anal plates (Perissopli), or four anal plates (Arti-
opli), or no anal plates (Anopli). By this arrangement he sepa-
rates H1yalomma from Amblyomma, while other authors—and here
I agree with these latter—place these genera close together. In-
deed, the character used to distinguish the females of these two gener:
is not always easy of verification, so that several writers have made
mistakes in this matter.

Moreover, I fail to see the importance in secondary sexual charac-
ters that Lahille places upon them. They certainly are not of suf-
ficient value to characterize groups higher than genera, and are better
employed for groups of lesser rank.

Therefore I have made use of another character to divide the
Ixodide into two groups, namely, the presence or absence of a curved
groove in front of the anus and continued back each side. In
Txodes this groove is present, in other ticks it is absent, and in most
forms there is a small groove behind the anus, not seen in /wxodes.
Ixodes differs in various other ways from the other ticks, notably in
lacking festoons to the posterior margin of the body. I have there-
fore placed Jxodes (and Cerativodes) in a subfamily, Ixodina, as
opposed to the other ticks, Amblyommine. PRhipicephalus (and
Margaropus), by the pecular shape of the capitulum, have long
been considered distinct from other ticks, and for them a tribe is es-
tablished, the Rhipicephalini; likewise Zemaphysalis, by its peculiar
palpi, will warrant another tribe, the Hemaphysalini. Amblyomma,
Hyalomma, and Aponomma are more closely related to each other
than to Dermacentor. Two more tribes will thus be requisite, the
Dermacentorini and the Amblyommini, distinguished not only by
the length of the palpi, but also by the lengths of the divisions of the
tarsi. These characters will apply to both sexes and even to the
nymphal forms. Other less important points aid in distinguishing
the groups, as evidenced by the synoptic tables.

Long after the above was written, I received a paper by Mr.
Cecil Warburton (Notes on Ticks, December, 1907), in which he
proposes practically the same classification as I have proposed above.
He uses the position of the anal groove to separate /xvodes from all
other Ixodide, but for this group and all his groups uses new names,

14 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

instead of subfamily and tribal names based on the genus. He, how-
ever, keeps Dermacentor in the same group as Rhipicephalus, which
I consider ill-advised and have placed them apart, Dermacentor
closer to Amblyomma. Mr. Warburton has also put more value on
the length of the palpi than I think justified, and also used, more
than I, the secondary sexual characters of the male. A summary
of my classification appeared in the Proceedings of the Entomo-
logical Society of Washington, Volume VIII, page 62, August, 1907.

Doctor Neumann has also lately (Sjéstedts Kili-mandjaro-Meru
Expedition, page 20) given an arrangement of the genera in three
sections. He, however, places, and I believe wrongly, Zyalomma
near Rhipicephalus.

Our two families of ticks are very different, as seen from the fol-
lowing statement of characters:

TABLE OF THE FAMILIES.

No corneous shield on dorsum; head hidden beneath front of body; anus near

MITA ATES Oise VeVCe Ts | Soi OU NTC Cee es ene er eee Argaside.
A corneous shield present on dorsum; head distinct in front of body; anus
behind the middle of venter; skin only finely striated ___________-_____ Txodide.

Family ARGASIDZ.

No dorsal shield; head hidden under front of body; anus near
middle of venter; skin roughened; coxe usually contiguous or nearly
so; tarsi without apical pulvillum.

In the larve the head and mouth parts are distinct, in front of the
body, as in the true ticks; there are also indications of a pulvillum
at base of claws. However, there is not as much difference between
the sexes as in the Ixodide; so it seems probable that each family has
specialized along different lines. The argasids remain on their hosts
for only a short time, and many of them are most active at night.

Our two genera are closely related, but may be distinguished as
follows:

TABLE OF THE GENERA.

Margin of body thin, and. acute. 5 22-= ..-) eo se ee nas
Mancinzob body sounded. 222 2 ee ee ae _____Ornithodoros.

Genus ARGAS Latreille.

Body strongly depressed, elongate oval in shape, usually narrower
in front, margins thin and acute; palpi hidden under front of body.
Skin strongly wrinkled and with scattered smooth patches, most nu-
merous near the margin. No eyes.

Type.—Aa. reflecus Fabricius.

The famous “ Miana bug” of Persia (Argas persicus Fischer)
belongs to this genus. The bite of this species was reputed to pro-

GENUS ARGAS LATREILLE. 15

duce death, and the early travelers in that country give long and
exaggerated accounts of the creature.

I have seen two species from our country, which may be tabulated
as below:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.
Anterior tibiz and metatarsi each about three times as long as broad,
miniatus.

Anterior tibize and metatarsi each plainly less than three times as long as

LOST: 9110) eee ee eines Sits eee Bee ee aR ee ne a ee brevipes.

Argas miniatus Koch.

Dark red-brown, legs pale yellowish, body nearly twice as long as
broad, broader behind than in front, broadest behind the middle,
tapering, and almost pointed in front, the margin often slightly
upturned, except behind; surface densely and irregularly scarred
and pitted, the smooth scars of varying sizes and more numerous on
sides and behind, in latter part arranged somewhat in rows, a median
row and two or more lateral less distinct; ventral surface scarred as
above, most densely around the sides; palpi very short and lacking
more than their length from reaching the anterior border; on ros-
trum at base of palpi is a transverse row of four bristles; the stig-
mal plate, which is scarcely distinct from the surrounding tissue, 1s
a raised spot above the coxa IV and with a curved anterior rim.
Legs (PI. I, figs. 1, 2) rather slender; tarsi barely longer than pre-
ceding joints, and suddenly narrowed at tip; the legs have very few
hairs; coxe IT, III, and IV are contiguous and radiate, coxa I is dis-
tinctly separate from the others, and at the sides of the beak.

The male differs but little from the female; it is usually smaller;
the male genital pore is not nearly as broad as the vulva, and is situ-
ated farther back, and behind it is a short curved groove each side.

Length of swollen female, 8 to 10 mm.

This species is a common enemy of poultry in the Southwest, from
southern Texas to California. It occurs, also, on other animals,
vather rarely on cattle. Doctors Stiles and Salmon have described
the hexapod larva of this species. I have followed Neumann in
uniting Argas sanchezi Duges to this species, as the slight difference
in the structure of the mandibles is not constant.

I have seen specimens from Austin, Georgetown, El Paso, Patton,
San Antonio, Brackettsville, and Colorado City, Tex.; from Merced
and Riverside, Cal.; from Deming, N. Mex., and from Catalina
Springs, Ariz.

Argas brevipes n. sp.
This species is similar in shape and general appearance to the
common A, miniatus. It differs in the much shorter legs, as may be

16 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

seen by the figures (Pl. I, figs. 8, 4). The joints appear somewhat
more roughened than in <l. méniatus, and the tibia and metatarsus of
leg I are distinctly swollen below before the tip. There are fewer .
smooth spots on the dorsum of the body, and they are wider apart;
on the anterior part are three pairs of smooth spots, and a row each
side of them of four; outside of these rows the spots are irregular.

The skin, is as densely wrinkled as in A. miniatus.

Length of swollen female, 5 to 7 mm. :

Three specimens from Tucson, Ariz.; two were from a cavity in
Cereus giganteus, which was used, perhaps, by a bird.

Argas reflexus Fabricius.

This is the pigeon tick of Europe. I have not seen it from this
country, but Prof. H. Osborn, in Bulletin No. 5, of this office, page
256, says: “ It is common, I believe, as far north as St. Louis.” Sev-
eral pigeon raisers have informed me that they do not know it, but
Thomas Wright, of Massachusetts, claims he has seen it in that State.
The species is more ovate in form than our A. méniatus, and the color

1s grayer.
Genus ORNITHODOROS Koch.

Body depressed, oval or elongate, sides subparallel, margin of
body rounded, not acute; palpi hidden under a median anterior
process. Skin usually with many irregular tubercles or granules.
Eyes sometimes present.

Type.—O. savignyi Audouin.

A few species of this genus occur in all tropical countries, four of
them in the southern United States. Their bite is so very painful
that wherever they occur the inhabitants have given them common
names. Three of our species have received common names in Mexico.
O. megnini is known as “* garrapata,” a term also apphed to various
other ticks; O. turicata as “ turicata,” and O. talaje as “ talaxi.” Dr.
Jesus Aleman (quoted by Dugés and Mégnin) gives a long account
of the inflammation and disorders consequent to the bite of O. turd-
cata, and Sallé has written of the pain due to the bite of O. talaje.

Our four species may be separated as follows:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES,

1. Body provided with many short stiff bristles, hind tarsi scarcely three
times as long as broad at base, with one subterminal hump above,
anterior tarsi also with one subterminal hump; body rounded in
fronts; NO eyes 2] 2h sesh SS es ee ee kee Te ee megnini,

Body without bristles, but covered with rounded tubercles or granules;
hind tarsi ‘more islender 32 2s SS i i

1)

PLATE I.

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Argas miniatus, leg I. Fig. 2.—Argas miniatus, leg IV. Fig. 3.—Argas brevipes, leg I.
Fig. 4.—Argas brevipes, leg IV. Fig. 5.—Ornithodoros coriaceus, leg I. Fig. 6.—Ornithodoros
coriaceus, leg IV. Fig. 7.—Ornithodoros talaje, palpus. Fig. 8.—Ornithodoros talaje, leg IV.
Fig. 9.—Ornithodoros megnini, palpus. Fig. 10.—Ornithodoros megnini, leg IV. Fig. 11.—Orni-
thodoros megnini, leg I. Fig. 12.—Ornithodoros megnini, tegument. Fig. 13.—Ornithodoros
turicata, tegument. Fig. 14.—Ornithodoros turicata, palpus. Fig. 15.—Ornithodoros turicata,
leg I. Fig. 16.—Ornithodoros turicata, leg 1V. Fig. 17,—Ornithodoros talaje, leg I. (Original.)

36657—No, 15—08——2

a as
hata ll Pe C
an St cs

GENUS ORNITHODOROS KOCH. 17

2. Two pairs of eyes present; tarsi IV with a prominent subterminal spur
above; front of body conical in the middle; leg I strongly rough-

VET SE 2 ee aes RE SERS SE ee ee ee eee coriaceus.
INOmeyeSsee noOmSsuch, Spur on) Ming!) tarsiz=2 2. = = So ee 3
38. Front of body conical in middle; tarsi I without humps above___-_~-~ talaje.

Body rounded in front; tarsi and metatarsi each with three humps_tuwricata,

Ornithodoros megnini Duges.

Color red-brown to black, legs paler. Body broadly rounded in
front and behind, a constriction much behind the middle. Body
covered with many short, stiff, spine-like bristles (Pl. I, fig. 12),
stouter in front than behind, and on venter mostly hair-like, skin
only minutely roughened. Several broad depressions above, and on
venter three elongate grooves behind and two in front. Rostrum
and palpi (PI. I, fig. 9) short. Legs (Pl. I, figs. 10, 11) short and
stout; tibia and metatarsus of leg I not twice as long as broad, all
tarsi with a subterminal hump, no other tubercles, hind tarsi not
three times as long as broad at base, all legs with a few scattered
hairs. No eyes.

Length of swollen female, 7 to 8 mm.

Male similar, but rather smaller and more slender. The nymphal
stage (which is frequently observed) has a body about one and a half
times as long as broad, broadest in front of leg IIT, much narrowed
_ behind, broadly rounded in front and behind, the body covered with
spine-like bristles, larger than on the adult, the legs more slender and
more hairy. This nymph was first described and figured by Mégnin.
Marx proposed for it the name Rhynchoprion spinosum.

This species is easily known from all other species of Ornithodoros
by its bristly body, as well as by shape of tarsi. These, with the
greater difference between the adult and nymphal instars, indicate
that this species might well be the type of a subgenus. First found
by Dugés in the ears of Mexican horses, it has been taken abundantly
in the southwestern part of the United States, usually from the ears
of cattle, but sometimes from other animals, including man.

Specimens have been examined from the following localities:
Aycock, La.; Georgetown, San Antonio, and Victoria, Tex.; Albert,
Santa Fé, and Mineral Hill, N. Mex.; Yuma, Ariz.; Los Angeles,
Santa Rosa, Santa Clara County, and Humboldt County, Cal.; Ash
Meadow, Ney.; Fremont County, Idaho; Davenport and Ames,
Iowa, and Lexington, Ky.

Its frequent occurrence in ears has won it the common name of
“ear tick” or “ spinose ear-tick.”

18 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Ornithodoros turicata Duges.

Color hght brown, legs paler. Body broadly rounded in front and
behind, only shghtly constricted behind leg ITI, the sides being nearly
parallel. Surface of body (Pl. I, fig. 13) covered with many small
subequal, subconical granules. Impressions on dorsum small and in-
distinct, usually a curved one in front, subparallel to anterior mar-
gin, and some in pairs behind; on venter is a distinct median groove
behind from anus, a curved transverse one half-way from anus to tip,
and subcoxal ones extending obliquely outward behind hind coxe.
Noeyes. Palpi (PI. I, fig. 14) rather slender; legs (PI. I, figs. 15, 16)
moderately long, the hind legs about as long as width of body. Tibia,
metatarsi, and tarsi I, IT, and III with three tubercles above on each,
those on the tarsi most distinct; hind legs without any definite tuber-
cles, the tarsi being very slender; all legs with a few scattered hairs;
all tibiz and metatarsi more than twice as long as broad.

Length of swollen female, 6 to 7 mm.

I have seen specimens of this species from Keene, Kissimmee, and
Crescent City, Fla. (in gopher holes) ; Burnet and Brownwood, Tex. ;
Las Cruces, N. Mex.; Phoenix, Ariz. (on cattle), and San Diego, Cal.
(on cattle).

The first description of this species was by Duges, in 1876, in the
newspaper El Repertorio del Guanajuato, and later (1883) in La
Naturaleza. Mégnin, in 1885, gave a fuller description with figures,
based on specimens sent him by Duges. One of his figures shows the
hind tarsi with a subterminal hump, not found in my specimens. In
the National collection is a vial from Doctor Dugés labeled “O. turv-
cata, cotype.” In this vial are 10 specimens, 7 of O. megnini and 3 of
O. turicata as I have identified it, without a hump on the hind tarsus.
I therefore suspect that Mégnin incorrectly delineated this appendage.

This species was taken from hogs in Mexico, and also in Texas, and,
like the other species, will attack man.

Ornithodoros coriaceus Koch.

Color dark brown to black, legs paler. Anterior margin of the body
rather cone-shaped in middle, broadly rounded behind, sides sub-
parallel, only shghtly constricted behind legs III. The body is cov-
ered by small, rather elongate granules, usually of a yellowish color,
in striking contrast to the dark skin; venter with granules on the
posterior part, less distinct in front. There are some fine hairs, at
least near the margin of body. On the dorsum are several depressed
areas where the granules are few or absent. Venter with a median
groove from anus behind, and from in front of anus one extends
obliquely down on the sides. Behind leg I is a smooth rounded spot
or eye, and behind leg II is another, rather smaller, eye. The rostrum
is usually depressed into a cavity, so as to be barely visible, The

ORNITHODOROS CORIACEUS KOCH. iis)

palpi are short, the last joint cylindrical and deflected backward.
The legs (PI. I, figs. 5, 6) are long and slender, the fourth pair nearly
as long as width of body; tibia, metatarsi, and tarsi I, IT, III have
several prominent tubercles above, and tarsi IV have a basal hump
and a prominent subterminal spur above. All legs with a few hairs;
the tibia and metatarsus are more than twice as long as broad.

Length of swollen female, 7 to 8 mm.

Described by Koch from Mexico. I have seen specimens from San
Francisco and from Santa Clara County, California. It has been
taken from cattle and from cattlemen. The spur on the hind tarsus
is very characteristic and, with the eyes, will readily separate it from
our other species.

Ornithodoros talaje Guérin.

Color light to dark brown, legs paler. Body cone-lke in front,
broadly rounded behind, a broad depressed groove each side, united
in front. About four depressed smooth patches each side on dorsum,
the hind pair more elongate. Venter with a groove each side run-
ning obliquely down on sides, a median groove from anus behind;
a depressed area in front of anus, and toward tip a prominent trans-
verse groove with recurved tips. Body thickly covered with large
roughened and sculptured granules, smaller on the middle of the
venter. No eyes. Rostrum usually sunk in a cavity, the thin edges
of which may partially overlap it; these edges are roughened like
the surrounding surface. The palpi (Pl. I, fig. 7) are short, and
have the last joint slender and deflected backward. The entire
rostrum is retractible, so that, one may see only the tips of the palpi.
The legs (PI. I, figs. 8, 17) are short, but slender, and provided with
many fine hairs; there are no humps nor tubercles on any of the tarsi,
tibiz, or metatarsi. All tarsi are very slender; the tibize and meta-
tarsi more than twice as long as broad.

Length of swollen female, 5 to 6 mm.

This species was described by Guérin Méneville from Guatemala,
und I have examined specimens from Gum Cave, Citrus County,
Fla.; Brownsville, Tex., and San Clemente Island, California.

The figures by Nicolet in Guérin’s article are quite detailed, and
leave no doubt as to the identification of the species. It is readily
known by the simple tarsi and by the sculptured tubercles of the
body. It was not described until 1849 in spite of the fact that in
the Magasin de Zoologie, Année 1845, it appears in the same form
as in the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Année 1849. That volume of
the Magasin de Zoologie was begun in 1845, but not finished until
1849; moreover, as shown by the article itself, the tick was not

collected until May, 1847.

20 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

Family IXODIDZ.

Dorsum of the body more or less covered by a corneous shield;
head distinct in front of body; anus behind middle of venter; skin
finely striated. Coxe more or less separated; tarsi with a pulvillum.
Stigmal plate behind coxe IV. Male with dorsum almost entirely
covered by the corneous shield; in the female the shield is restricted
to the anterior part of dorsum, and there are on the capitulum a pair
of porose areas, not seen in males or in immature stages.

The genera and higher groups known from our country may be
separated by the following table:

TABLE OF THE GENERA.

1. Venter showing a curved groove a short distance in front of the anus and
extending back each side to the hind margin; no posterior marginal
festoons; stigmal plate nearly circular; no ocelli; hind cox of male

MARC ORO SOE a es a ee ee (Ixodine. ) 3

Venter showing more or less distinctly a curved groove behind the anus,

but none in front of it; the male with distinct marginal festoons, more
OLessidistinet) ny tire stem ai] ee ee (Amblyommine. ) 3

2. Capitulum slightly angulate on the sides; palpi with the third joint
shorter than- broad, and broadly rounded: —__________________ Ceratirodes.

Capitulum not angulate on sides; palpi with the third joint longer than
broad, and: slightly. tapering, toward the tip______________________ Trodes.

3. Sides of capitulum angulate; ocelli present; male with anal plates; palpi
Very. Short ate = se a eee (Rhipicephalini., ) +f
Sides orenpitulum notrangullite=2S3. 5 Ss. ee eee 5

4, Palpi with acute transverse ridges; stigmal plate nearly circular; porose
areas elliptical, distant; no distinct groove behind anus______ Margaropus.
Palpi without transverse ridges; stigmal plate comma shaped; porose
areas triangular, approximate; a distinct groove behind anus,
Rhipicephalus.
5. Outer angle of the second joint of the short palpi acutely produced ; no

ocelli; male without anal plates________~_ (Hemaphysalini) Hemaphysatis.
Outer angle of second joint of palpi not acutely produced______________ 6

6. Palpi longer, second joint about twice as long as broad; coxze IV of male
not enlarged; tarsi II, III, and IV plainly divided, the basal part
much shorter than the apical part_________ (Amblyommini) Amblyomma,
Palpi shorter, second joint barely longer than broad; coxze IV of male
enlarged; tarsi II, III, and IV indistinetly divided, the parts subequal
Ig Ne he es ee et oe ee eee (Dermacentorini) Dermacentor,

Genus CERATIXODES Neumann.

Venter showing furrows as in /wodes. Capitulum not produced
anteriorly in the middle, but the sides somewhat angulate; porose
areas oval, transverse. Palpi short, third jot no longer than broad,
and broadly rounded. Shield unmarked, no ocelli. Coxa I close to
rostrum, barely toothed behind; coxa IV of male not enlarged. Pos-
terior margin of body without festoons. Stigmal plate circular.

GENUS CERATIXODES NEUMANN. Zt

Tarsi IT, ITI, and IV divided, the parts of variable length, no tooth-
like claw at apex.

Type.—C. (Lxodes) putus Cambridge.

Our two species are separable as follows:

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

1. Shield of female broadest on first third; divisions of tarsi II, III, and IV
subequal in length; capitulum less angulate on side___~_-__-_________ putus,
Shield of female broadest on middle third; basal division of tarsi II, III, and
IV much shorter than apical; capitulum more angulate on sides__ signatus.

Ceratixodes signatus Birula.

Female.—Shield reddish brown, legs paler, abdomen yellowish
brown. Capitulum (PI. IT, fig. 3) very broad, lateral angles acute,
hind angles not distinct, porose areas occupying nearly the whole
of upper surface, palpi short and thick, with some scattered bristles,
third joint but little swollen on inner side at base. Shield (PI. II,
fig. 1) much longer than broad, broadest on middle third, the lateral
lobes only well separated in front, surface with many rather small
punctures, abdomen with a few very short hairs; the abdomen, in
swollen female, is very elongate; legs large and very slender; tarsi
(PI It, fig. 2) tapering’ to tip; coxte F, FF, and HIF (PE EL, fig: 1)
with a small apical process behind. Stigmal plate circular, peritreme
circular, surface with many minute granulations.

Length of female shield, 1.5 mm.

Several specimens from Pacific Grove, Cal.,on a cormorant. “It was
described by Birula from Unalaska Island, and through the kind-
ness of that gentleman I have examined one of his cotypes. Appar-
ently the same species has been described by Neumann from Japan as
Ixodes parvirostris.

Ceratixodes putus Cambridge.

Yemale—sShield and legs dull yellowish; abdomen pale brownish.
Capitulum (PI. II, fig. 4; Pl. UX, fig. 6) more than twice as broad
as long, rather wider at outer base of palpi than elsewhere, hind
angles not prominent, porose areas large, approximate, pointing out-
ward. Palpi (Pl. II, fig. 4) rather large, second joint with four
long bristles on the inner side below, third joint with a swelling on
the inner side near base, the apical joint large, with a bristle each
side. Shield (Pl. II, fig. 6) plainly longer than broad, broadest on
anterior third, somewhat concave and tapering behind, tip rounded,
the lateral lobes distinctly separated, surface with many irregularly
placed deep punctures, not all of an even size; abdomen above and
below with many long hairs. Legs large and slender, the tarsi (PI.
II, fig. 5) strongly humped above before tip; coxee wholly unarmed.

22 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Stigmal plate (Pl. II, fig. 8; Pl. TX, fig. 6) large, nearly circular,
with a circular peritreme, surface minutely granulate.

Length of female shield, 1.7 mm.

Male.—Body subrectangular, narrowed in front of third pair of
legs, broadly rounded behind. Shield not reaching to tip, with many
subequal punctures, some hairs near hind margin of body; venter
finely punctate; stigmal plate as in the female. Capitulum three
times as broad as long, with a median depression; mandibles about
one-half as long as palpi, hypostome still shorter, palpi (PI. IT, fig. 7)
cylindrical, third joint prolonged in an acute point, the fourth joint
projecting below from near the base. Legs rather slender; coxe
unarmed; the tarsi tapering, fourth with apical tooth and subter-
minal tubercle beneath.

Length of male, 3.8 mm.

Specimens come from St. Paul Island, Alaska, and Bering Island.
Birula records it from Unalaska, and Kramer and Neuman from
Bering Island. Cambridge described it from Kerguelen Island, Ant-
arctic Ocean, and Evans and others have taken it from the western
isles of Scotland. It is probable that the /vodes uriw of White (a
manuscript name) from Arctic America is the same species. It
occurs on several large migratory sea birds.

Genus IXODES Latreille.

Venter showing a pair of submedian grooves reaching forward
from hind margin of body and connected in front of anus; no groove
behind anus. Capitulum produced anteriorly in the middle; porose
areas subtriangular. Palpi rather slender, at least in female, the
second joint usually twice as long as broad, the third not very much
shorter, longer than broad and tapering toward tip. Shield without
markings; no ocelli. Coxa I close to rostrum, with one or two teeth
behind; coxa IV of male not enlarged. Posterior margin of body
without festoons. Stigmal plate circular or elliptic. Tarsi TI, I,
and IV divided, the basal part shorter than the apical part, and no
tooth-lke claw at apex.

Type.—tTxodes ricinus Linneus.

Our species are numerous, and probably there are several yet to
be found by more thorough exploration.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

1. Tarsus I fully one and one-half times as long as the metatarsus_______ 2
Tarsus I barely more than one and one-fourth times as long as the
meta tarsus)s 222228 ae 2 6

2. A stout backward-directed tooth on under side of rostrum from near
base of each palpus; shield fully twice as long as broad, with def-
inite lateral carinse; porose areas abcut as long as broad____diversifossus.

No such teeth on rostrum below, at most only a tubercle; shield
broader, and rarely with definite carinze; porose areas plainly
broader ‘than (ong.J.2 32 ee ee ee eee 3

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLate II.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Ceraticodes signatus, female shield and coxe. Fig. 2.—Ceratixodes signatus, tarsi land lV.
Fig. 8.—Ceratixodes signatus, capitulum of female. Fig. 4.—Cerativodes putus, capitulum and
palpus of female. Fig. 5.—Ceratixodes putus, tarsi I and LY. Fig. 6.—Ceratixodes putus, shield
of female. Fig. 7.—Ceratixodes putus, palpus of male below. Fig. 8.—Ceratixodes putus, stigmal
plate of female. Fig. 9.—Ixodes ricinus, capitulum and tarsus I of female. Fig. 10.—Izxodes
ricinus, coxe of female. Fig. 11.—Jzodes scapularis ?, stigmal plate of nymph. Fig. 12.—Jxodes
californicus, female shield and capitulum. Fig. 13.—Izodes ricinus, female shield and stigmal
plate. Fig. 14.—Jvodes scapularis, mandible, and cox I and Il. Fig. 15.—IJxodes scapularis,
Capitulum, tarsi I and IV, and shield, of female; stigmal plate of male. (Original. )

etree cet + a
an a bee ae Se Qs
ribet Be ae erat ae

GENUS IXODES LATREILLE. 23

8. Shield about one and one-half times longer than broad; all cox with
spines; second joint of palpus about four times as long as broad ;
porose areas occupying greater part of capitulum; a small tooth at
baseroteedeh. Malpus..— 2222 == 2s oo ae eee brunneus.

Shield but little longer than broad; only coxa I spined (in female) ;
second joint of palpus scarcely three times as long as broad; porose

PIRSNS) Sorte like ee I eS ee ae ee eee A En en ee 4

4, Shield not angulate on sides, no lateral carinw; porose areas separated
by fully their length; tarsus I rather shorter____________-__--- seapularis,
Shield slightly angulate on sides, with traces of lateral carinse_______~- 5

5, Porose areas large, separated by less than their length; coxa I with
Bre Fes OTE ea JO UE Co ea ee e ee eens: ricinus.

Porose areas smaller, more widely separate; coxa I with shorter spine ;
shieii more: rhomboidal_..— =... .. |... -- - | -- aa californicus.
SesShiclobwithodehniue: akergll Carine! == ==) 7
Shield without definite lateral carinse; coxa I with a short spine___--~~ 11
7. A large tooth each side under rostrum; coxa I with one long spine__--~- 10
INonsueh: teeth: under rostrum: —_ =. -— --=...--—4-_- 3 ==-======+-L == 8

8. Shield fully one and one-half times as long as broad; coxa I with rather
short spine; porose areas: triangular... —________._..-----—---- angustus.

Shield not one and one-half times as long as broad; coxa I with long
SHINEE ROL OSeT Area Spl Gutn ti tell OU Ate ee 9

9. Porose areas as long as broad, the area separating them with a
CHC Jr cad ee She Oe ee ee sculptus.
Porose areas broader than long, no scar between them___~-~--_--____ cookei.

10. Shield narrowed behind; hind angles of capitulum very prominent;
porose: areas, broader than long, yery smalll==——_--—-______ == pratti.

Shield very broad behind; hind angles of the capitulum barely distinct ;
NGLOSes Aeaseiearly cas ONS sas) DEOdC === ee dentatus.

11. Shield finely punctate, about one and one-half times as long as broad ;
third joint of palpus longer than broad; porose areas small, sep-
AATCC wane eit Widinll 22-5 2 Maret.

Shield coarsely punctate, barely longer than broad; last joint of palpus
about as broad as long; porose areas larger, not separated by
TATE NE aoa eS a a ee ee ee heragonus.

Ixodes arcticus Osborn.

This was described from one specimen taken from a seal from the
Pribilof Islands. It is recorded (No. 3500) in the type catalogue of
the Division of Insects, U. S. National Museum, but diligent search
on several occasions has failed to discover the specimen, therefore
I am compelled to copy the description of Professor Osborn, which
is not as specific as I could wish, yet indicates that the species is a
good one:

“ Elongate oboval, slightly contracted behind the middle, finely
transversely striated; dorsal shield deep chestnut brown, oval except
where truncated to join head; two divergent impressed lines or fur-
rows from near the anterior margin to behind the middle, where they
terminate abruptly, and external to which, near their ends, are short,
impressed lighter marks, one on either side. Palpi rather short,
blunt, truncate at apex, sharp edged, flat, and somewhat impressed

24 JXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

above; legs blackish except the joints, long, strong. The dorsum of
the expanded abdomen has two deep parallel furrows anteriorly and
three posteriorly, and the ventral surface has the ordinary furrows of
the genus, much as in vicinus. The color of the alcoholic specimens
is a testaceous yellow. Length of expanded female, 6 mm. Length
of dorsal shield, 1.25 mm.; width, 0.92 mm.”

Ixodes californicus Banks.

Female.—Shield yellow-brown, legs darker brown, abdomen yel-
lowish gray, unspotted. Capitulum (Pl. II, fig. 12) not nearly as
broad as in J. ricinus, the posterior angles acute, the porose areas sub-
triangular, but plainly broader than long, and separated by about
their length, inner edge oblique; palpi moderate, second joint plainly
a little longer than the third, the latter not twice as long as broad.
Shield (PI. IT, fig. 12) but little longer than broad, somewhat trape-
zoidal, the outer sides rather angulate before the middle, lateral cari-
ne not distinct, but traceable, punctuations numerous and fine. Abdo-
men striate, punctate, and hairy; ventral furrows divergent behind,
legs rather slender, very hairy below, tarsus I fully one and one-half
times longer than metatarsus, tapering to the tip, tarsus IV but little
longer than metatarsus, tapering; coxa I with a long, sharp, basal
spine, and a minute tooth at apex behind to all coxe; stigmal plate
‘rather small, nearly circular, and its surface finely granulate.

Length of female shield, 1.2 mm.

Male.—Similar to that of 7. scapularis, but the shield has more
nearly parallel sides, and the stigmal plate is nearly circular, the
palpi are very short, and coxa I has a long, sharp spine behind.

Length of male, 2 mm.

Specimens from Claremont, Santa Clara County, Santa Cruz
Mountains, and Redwood, Creek, Humboldt County, all California.
The hosts were gray fox and black-tail deer.

Separated from /. ricinus by shape of the porose areas, and from
I, scapularis by more distinct lateral carine, and many minor points.

Ixodes ricinus Linneus. (PI. IX, fig. 5.)

Female.—Shield reddish brown, body, legs, and palpi a paler
brown, unspotted. Capitulum (PI. II, fig. 9) very broad and short,
porose areas twice as broad as long, not separated by their length,
inner edge rounded, outer ends nearly reaching to basal angle of
capitulum; palpi moderate, second joint barely longer than the last,
the latter fully twice as long as broad. Shield (PI. II, fig. 18)
rather elliptical, plainly longer than broad, and the outer sides some-
what angulate much before the middle, lateral carine short and in-
distinct; many small, equal punctures, most numerous behind. Legs
long, tarsus I (PI, II, fig. 9) fully one and one-half times as long as

IXODES RICINUS LINN-EUS. 25

metatarsus, tapering to tip, tarsus IV also slender and tapering;
coxa I with a long sharp spine at base and a minute one at tip, IL
with a small tooth at tip behind, others practically unarmed. (See
Pl. I, fig. 10.) Abdomen above and below punctate and with many
hairs; in female before engorgement there is a submarginal groove,
incomplete behind; both ventral furrows divergent behind. Stigmal
plate (Pl. U, fig. 13) rather large, circular, its surface minutely
granulate.

Length of female shield, 1.1 mm.

Specimens in Marx collection from Kansas on sheep and from
Texas on cattle. I have compared these with European specimens
and they seem to be identical. Possibly they were introduced into
this country with the hosts. I have not seen a male. Practically
all of the previous records of this species in this country apply to
Ixodes scapularis or to f. cookei.

Ixodes scapularis Say. (PI. IX, figs. 1, 2.)

Female—Shield dark red-brown, almost black; legs and palpi
paler; abdomen brown. Capitulum (PI. II, fig. 15; Pl. IX, fig. 2)
quite broad, hind angles acute, porose areas rather large, but plainly
smaller than in 7. ricinus, much broader than long and separated by
fully their length, their inner edge somewhat truncate, and their
outer angle not far from hind angle of capitulum; palpi elongate,
second joint a little longer than the last, which is hardly twice as
long as broad. Shield (PI. I, fig. 15) broad in front, plainly longer
than broad, broadly rounded behind, outer sides not angulate, and
no lateral carine; punctuations fine and numerous all over surface.
Legs long and slender; tarsus I fully one and one-half times as long
as the metatarsus, and tapering to tip; tarsus IV plainly shorter
than I, tapering to tip (see Pl. II, fig. 15); trochanters I and IT
swollen behind; all legs very hairy below; coxa I (PI. IX, fig. 2)
with a long sharp spine behind at base, and a small apical tooth,
cox IT and III with apical tooth, IV unarmed (see Pl. IT, fig. 14).
Abdomen finely striate, hairy, not prominently punctate; before en-
gorgement there is a submarginal groove each side; stigmal plate
(Pl. IX, fig. 2) circular, its surface finely and evenly granulate;
ventral furrows divergent behind.

Length of female shield, 1.3 mm.

Male.—Dark colored as in female; the palpi are very short, second
and third joints no longer than broad; shield with subparallel sides,
densely punctate and very hairy; legs and coxe as in the female; the
stigmal plate (Pl. I, fig. 15) large, and elongate.

Length of male, 2 mm.

From many places in the South, especially abundant in Florida
and southern Texas, where it occurs on dogs and man as well as on

26 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

various wild animals; from Norfolk, Va., on cattle; McGregor, Iowa;
Texas (Belfrage Coll.) ; North Carolina, and Texas (Marx Coll.) ;
Maryland, on sheep; Indiana.

This species is readily separated from /. ricinus by smaller porose
areas and by the dark shield. It has been confused with /. ricinus
by Neumann in the Marx collection; however, Neumann described
the same species as new, /. affinis, from Costa Rica, and I have ex-
amined some of his type material.

Ixodes brunneus Koch.

Female.—Shield brown, paler through the middle; palpi brown,
pale on base; legs pale brownish yellow, tarsi paler, other joints
marked with brown; abdomen brown, usually paler than the shield.
Capitulum (PI. III, fig. 9) small, hind angles not prominent; porose
areas very large, angulate in front, separated by about one-half their
length; palpi very slender, second joint plainly longer than last, lat-
ter fully twice as long as broad. Shield (PI. ILI, fig. 9) about one
and one-half times longer than broad, widest rather before the mid-
dle and tapering each way, no lateral carina, but submedian grooves
distinct, surface with many fine punctures, lateral lobes wrinkled.
Legs slender, tarsus I very long, about twice as long as the preceding
joint, tapering to tip, hind tarsus also tapering, but not so much
longer than the metatarsus; coxee I with a large, short spine at base
and all coxe with a distinct tooth at apex behind; trochanters IT
and III swollen behind. Body striate and punctate, with numerous
hairs; anal furrows parallel behind; stigmal plate large, circular, and
its surface with quite large granules.

Length of female shield, 1.5 mm.

Two females from a tufted tit, Raleigh, N. C. (Brimley Coll.) ;
also one female from hermit thrush, Baltimore, Md. (Hassall Coll.).
This is the specimen named by Neumann /wzodes frontalis. At that
time, however, he had not seen the type of 7. brunneus. Later, in a
key, he separates them on the ground that drunneus has the tarsi
attenuated gradually, while in frontalis they are narrowed suddenly
before the tip. In this specimen the tarsi are certainly not attenuated
suddenly, but are like the North Carolina specimens. There is
another specimen, in the collection of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College, which was taken from the neck of a “ chipping bird,” May 1,
1895, probably from Amherst, or near by; and the /xodes kellogg?,
recently described by Nuttall and Warburton, is evidently the same
species, although the description is very brief. Their specimens came
from Californian birds. Koch described the species from one female
from Fringilla albicollis, from North America. I have not seen the
male. Evidently the species is confined to birds,

IXODES DIVERSIFOSSUS NEUMANN. OY

Ixodes diversifossus Neumann.

Female.—Shield, capitulum, and legs very dark red-brown; abdo-
men grayish yellow. Capitulum (PI. ILI, fig. 12) rather triangular,
long, hind angles very prominent; porose areas rather small, sub-
triangular, much more than width apart; palpi long and slender.
Shield (Pl. III, fig. 14) plainly a little longer than broad, broadly
rounded behind, broadest in front of middle, lateral carine distinct,
reaching margin; surface with mostly small punctures, but those near
the margin behind are very large. Abdomen striate and punctate ;
anal grooves subparallel; stigmal plate (PI. IT, fig. 14) large, nearly
circular, coarsely granulate; coxe I (Pl. ITI, fig. 14) with a large,
sharp, basal spine, a small apical cone beyond it, and similar cone on
coxee IT (Pl. IIT, fig. 14) and ITI, that on coxe IV very indistinct ;
legs long and slender, tarsi slender, tarsus I (Pl. II, fig. 14) about
twice as long as preceding joint; all tarsi taper to tip. Under the
beak at base of palpi is a large backward-directed tooth each side
(see Pl. III, fig. 14).

Length of female shield, 1.6 mm.

Two specimens (the types) from a raccoon, New Mexico, in the
Hassall collection, and kindly loaned by Doctor Hassall.

Ixodes bicornis Neumann, described after the types of 7. divers¢-
fossus were returned to the United States, comes extremely close to
this species, and I think is identical. It is from Mexico, and I have
specimens from Doctor Dugeés agreeing closely with the description
and also with the types of J. diversifossus. The male is still un-
known.

Ixodes pratti n. sp.

Female—Dark reddish brown, legs and palpi paler. Capitulum
(Pl. IV, fig. 1) broad, outer angles rather prominent, posterior angles
distinctly prolonged; porose areas broader than long, and separated
by one-half their width; palpi short, second joint about one and one-
half times as long as broad, last joint scarcely as broad as long; below
there is near the base of each palpus a distinct, stout, downward-pro-
jecting tooth (see Pl. IV, fig. 1). (Hypostome, Pl. IV, fig.5.) Shield
(Pl. IV, fig. 1) a trifle longer than broad, narrowed behind, lateral
carine distinct and reaching to the margin, surface rather densely
punctate, and many of the punctures quite large. Abdomen striate
and punctate, with very fine hairs; anal grooves plainly divergent;
stigmal plate (Pl. IV, fig. 1) small, almost circular, its surface with
rather large granules. Coxe with a minute tooth at apex behind;
coxa I (PI. IV, fig. 1) with a moderately long basal spine (not as long
as in J. cookei). Legs short and slender, quite hairy, and the tarsi
(Pl. IV, fig. 4) tapering to the tip.

Length of female shield, 0.9 mm,

28 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Male.-—Body very slender, more than twice as long as broad, dark
brown, and very hairy; a deeply impressed lateral and_ posterior
groove; surface densely punctate. Capitulum not broader behind
than long in middle, sides parallel, posterior angles not prolonged ;
palpi short, but longer than width of capitulum, the third joint a
little longer than broad, legs rather short, coxee I with a very long,
slender spine behind, IT with two humps behind, and III with one
hump; venter punctate; stigmal plate (Pl. IV, fig. 4) twice as long
as broad, finely granulate.

Length, 2 mm.

A pair from Kerrville, Tex., May; one female from Sherwood,
Tex., on a prairie dog (I*. C. Pratt), and two females from Walker
Pass, Death Valley, California, from Thomomys (Fisher).

This species differs from /vodes diversifossus by the shorter tarsi I,
by the absence of large pits on posterior part of the shield, by shorter
spine on coxa I, by shorter palpi, and has several minor differences.
Nymphs, probably of this species, are from Kerrville on skunk, and
from Del Rio on rock squirrel; the stigmal plate is elliptical, and of
peculiar sculpture, as figured (PI. IV, fig. 3).

Ixodes dentatus Neumann. (PI. IX, fig. 3.)

Female—Shield, capitulum, and legs dark red-brown; abdomen
nearly black. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 6; Pl. UX, fig. 3) small, hind
angles rather prominent; porose areas broader than long, nearly their
width apart; shield (PI. IV, fig. 6; Pl. LX, fig. 3) only a little longer
than broad, broad behind, lateral carinz distinct, reaching the hind
margin, the middle area behind densely, finely punctate, elsewhere
with few punctures. Abdomen (engorged female) elongate, striate
and punctate, with many very short hairs; stigmal plate circular, its
surface minutely granulate, the stigma nearly central. The under
side of the rostrum shows a stout recurved tooth each side, just
behind the bases of palpi (Pl. IV, fig. 6; Pl. LX, fig. 7). Coxee I with
a long basal spine behind, and a small apical tubercle, and similar
one on coxe IT, others unarmed (PI. IV, fig. 6); legs short, finely
haired.

Length of female shield, 1 mm.

Described from the type specimen in the Marx collection, taken
from a rabbit in Maryland; the palpi are broken off. This is the
only specimen I have seen; it is very distinct, not only by the teeth
on the rostrum, but also by the shape of the shield.

Ixodes cookei Packard. (Pl. LX, fig. 4.)

Female.—Shield yellow-brown, legs and palpi somewhat paler,
abdomen gray-brown. Capitulum (PI. ITI, fig. 4; Pl. IX, fig. 4)
rather broad, triangular, the hind angles moderately prominent, the

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Jvodes cookei, larva. Fig. 2.—Ixodes cookei, base of palpus of nymph from below.
Fig. 3.—Ixodes cookei, tip of palpus of nymph. Fig. 4.—Ivodes cookei, capitulum of female.
Fig. 5.—Ivodes cookei, tarsus 1. Fig. 6.—Ivodes cookei, coxal. Fig. 7.— Ixodes cookei, stigmal
plate of female. Fig. $.—Ixodes cookei, snield of female. Fig. 9.—Iuvodes brunneus, capitu-
lum and shield of female. Fig. 10.—JIxodes mari, capitulum, coxz, and shield, of female.
Fig. 11.—Ivodes hexagonus, coxe of female. Fig. 12.—Ixodes diversifossus, capitulum of
female. Fig. 13.—Jzxodes hexagonus, capitulum and shield of female. Fig. 14.—Ixodes diversi-
fossus, shield, tarsus I, stigmal plate, coxee I and II, and tooth beneath rostrum—all of
female. (Original.)

36657—No. 15—08——3

IXODES COOKEI PACKARD. 29

porose areas about one-fourth broader than long, one-half their
diameter apart; palpi short and broad, the last joint barely, if any,
longer than broad, and plainly shorter than second joint. Shield
(Pl. ITI, fig. 8) only a trifle longer than broad, somewhat narrowed
behind, widest part plainly in front of the middle, its surface densely
and rather coarsely punctate, the lateral carinze moderately distinct,
running out slightly behind the widest part. Abdomen punctate and
with extremely short hairs; in engorged specimens elongate; the anal
furrows subparallel behind; the stigmal plate (PI. ITI, fig. 7; Pl. TX,
fig. 4) large, elliptical, the surface granulate and the stigma situated
before the middle; coxee with a small apical tooth behind, and coxa I
(Pl. III, fig. 6) with a long stout spine at base; legs rather long and
large, tarsi suddenly narrowed before tip, tarsus I (PI. ITI, fig. 5)
but lttle longer than the metatarsus.

Length of female shield, 1.5 mm.

Male——Yellow-brown, the palpi very short, the apical joint fully
as long as second; shield nearly one and two-thirds times longer than
broad, broadly rounded behind, rather densely and evenly punc-
tate, showing three shallow furrows, the median one not reaching as
far forward as the sublateral pair; stigmal plate large and like that
of the female; the coxe armed the same, but the basal spine on coxa I
has a more slender point. |

Length of male, 3.3 mm.

This species is common on small mammals in the Eastern States, as
far west asthe Rockies. I have seen it from Norway, Me.; Salem, Am-
herst, and Sherborne, Mass.; Washington Hollow, Manlius, Albany,
Catskills, Crane Point, and Rensselaer and Greene counties, New
York; Pine County, New Jersey; Plummers Island, Maryland;
Washington, D. C.; Agricultural College, Michigan; Iowa; St. An-
thony Park, Minn.; Brookings, 8. Dak.; Denver, Colo.; Kansas;
Kerrville, Tex., and Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The known hosts in-
clude fox, mink, weasel, skunk, pocket gopher, striped gopher, porcu-
pine, woodchuck, raccoon, dog, cat, and robin. I have examined
Packard’s type of this species, now in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, and typical specimens of Jvodes hexagonus var. longispino-
sus of Neumann which are identical with Packard’s form. I consider
Fitch’s 7. cruciarius to be the same; Fitch gave three descriptions of
this species—two from specimens from human beings, the other from
a specimen from mink; they evidently apply to this species; all were
from New York. In both cases on human beings the bite was very
severe, and medical attention was necessary in one case.

Ixodes angustus Neumann.
Female.—Shield pale brownish yellow; legs very pale yellowish;
abdomen yellowish gray. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 2) small, triangu-

30 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

lar, posterior angles acute, the porose areas long, triangular, nearly
as long as broad; palpi with the second joint plainly a little longer
than the last, the latter about one and one-half times as long as broad.
Shield (PI. IV, fig. 2) elongate, fully one and one-half times as long
as broad, broadest near middle, broadly rounded behind, lateral carine
distinct, but running out before the posterior third, surface minutely
punctate. Abdomen (engorged) very elongate, with very short
hairs, the anal grooves shghtly approximating behind; stigmal plate
(PL. IV, fig. 2) transversely elliptical, its surface minutely granulate.
Legs short, tarsus I suddenly narrowing before tip, other tarsi taper-
ing to tip, tarsus I but little longer than metatarsus; cox I with a
rather short, stout spine at base behind, and a tooth near apex, a
similar tooth on coxe IT and III, coxee IV unarmed (see Pl. IV,
fig. 2),

Length of female shield, 1 mm.

Male.—The only one seen is very small; elliptical; the capitulum
subtriangular, the palpi extremely short, barely longer than width
of capitulum; the shield elliptical, about one and three-fourths times
as long as broad, and but little broader in middle.

Length of male, 1.5 mm.

The type is a female taken from NVeotoma occidentalis at Shoshone
Falls, Idaho, collected by Dr. Cooper Curtice, and now in the col-
lection of the Bureau of Animal Industry, this Department. Other
specimens come from various rodents of the Northwest; Glacier
Bay, Alaska; Portland, Oregon; Massett, British Columbia; Walker
Pass and Siskiyou County, California. In the Fourth Memoire of
his Revision Neumann gives a second description based on two speci-
mens from Argentina, of what he thinks is this species; it differs in
several points of structure, and evidently is not the same species,
since the many specimens of 7. angustus examined by me agree closely
with the type.

Ixodes sculptus Neumann.

Female.—Shield yellow-brown; legs and palpi paler; abdomen
yellow-brown. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 7) elongate-triangular, pos-
terior angles scarcely prominent; porose areas large, much longer
than broad, and only about one-half their breadth apart, this space
containing an elongate depression or scar. Last joint of palpus one
and one-half times as long as broad, second joint plainly a little
longer. Shield (Pl. IV, fig. 7) one and one-fourth times as long as
broad, broadly rounded behind, lateral carinw strong, somewhat in-
curved, almost reaching the margin, the surface densely and very
minutely punctate. Abdomen punctate and with many longitudinal
rows of short yellowish hairs; anal furrows subparallel; stigmal plate

IXODES SCULPTUS NEUMANN. ou

rather large, elliptical, its surface minutely granulate; all coxe (PI.
IV, fig. 9) with a small apical tooth behind, and coxa I with a long
basal spine; legs rather long, not very hairy, and the tarsi abruptly
narrowed near tip, tarsus I but little longer than the metatarsus.

Length of female shield, 1.4 mm.

The type, in the Marx collection, is from the Santa Cruz Mountains,
California. I have also seen two females from Del Rio, Tex., on
rock squirrel (Bishopp), which agree closely with the type, except
that the color is darker, the shield being dark red-brown, and the
abdomen nearly black. They are engorged, and the abdomen is
elongate.

Ixodes hexagonus Leach.

Female.—Capitulum and shield yellowish brown; legs and palpi
paler; abdomen grayish yellow. Capitulum (PI. ITI, fig. 13) rather
elongate, hind angles slightly produced, porose areas large, subtri-
angular, as long as broad, and scarcely half their diameter apart;
palpi short, second joint only a little longer than broad, last not as
long as broad. Shield (PI. ITI, fig. 13) about as broad as long, taper-
ing behind, the anterior sides quite long, no trace of lateral carinz,
surface rather evenly and densely strewn with quite large punctures.
Abdomen striate, when engorged elongate; punctures and hairs very
weak; anal grooves subparallel; stigmal plate moderately large,
nearly oval, the stigma in front of middle, its surface strongly granu-
late. Coxe (PI. ITI, fig. 11) with a minute black tooth at apex be-
hind, and coxa I with a very short spine at base. Legs moderately
large, hairy; tarsi tapering to tip, tarsus I but little longer than the
preceding joint.

Length of female shield, 1.2 mm.

Two specimens in the Marx collection from sheep, Kansas, and
labeled by Neumann as typical 7. hevagonus. Possibly they were
introduced with the sheep. Also two specimens in the Hassall col-
lection from rabbit, Baltimore, Md., labeled by Neumann as typical
I. hewagonus. The specimens in the same collection from spermo-
phile, District of Columbia, and pocket gopher, Iowa, also labeled
by Neumann as /. hexagonus, are not that species, but the 7. coohkei
Packard (longispinosus Neum.) The four females from the United
States agree quite closely with a German specimen in the Marx col-
lection, labeled by Neumann /. hevagonus; but the porose areas in
the European specimen are more pointed in front, and the shield
is rather more coarsely punctate and wrinkled.

T have not seen a male from the United States, and both cases of
the species’ occurrence may be importations. Nearly all the previous
records of this species in this country refer to J. coohei.

32 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Ixodes marxin. sp. (PI. IX, fig. 8.) .

Female.—Shield, capitulum, and legs pale yellowish gray. Ca-
pitulum (PI. III, fig. 10) rather broad, the posterior angles hardly
projecting; porose areas somewhat circular, far from sides, and
nearly their diameter apart; palpi with last jot fully as long as
broad, plainly shorter than the second. Shield (Pl. III, fig. 10)
about one and one-half times as long as broad, broadest much before
middle, narrowed behind, with concave sides, tip broadly rounded,
lateral carine practically invisible, surface very finely and rather
sparsely punctate. Abdomen with fine punctures and very short
hairs; stigmal plate very small, nearly circular, surface granulate ;
coxe (Pl. III, fig. 10) almost unarmed, but a small tooth behind on
coxe I and II and a short spine at base of coxa I; legs rather short, °
tarsi suddenly narrowed before tip.

Length of female shield, 1 mm.

I have seen this species from Washington, D. C.; Salineville and
Wauseon, Ohio; Ithaca, N. Y.; Portland, Mich.; Guelph, Ontario,
Canada; and Denver, Colo. It has usually been taken on red squir-
rels, but the specimen from the last locality was from fox. Two of
these specimens were referred doubtfully by Neumann to his va-
riety énchoatus of Ixodes hexagonus, which, however, has an earlier
name in J. canisuga Johnston, 1849, a common dog tick in Scotland.
Through the kindness of Dr. William Evans I have obtained speci-
mens of /. canisuga and find that it has a more coarsely punctate
shield than our species, and the porose areas are larger, while the
legs are larger and there is no trace of a spine at base of coxa I. I
have not seen the male of 7. marxi. I name it in honor of Dr. George
Marx, who had recognized its distinctness and given it a manu-
script name.

Genus HMMAPHYSALIS Koch.

Venter showing a curved groove behind the anus, and from this a
median furrow back to margin of body. Capitulum not angulate on
sides; porose areas large, longitudinal, distant. Palpi short, second
joint with an acute basal prolongation outward. Shield without
markings; no ocelli. Abdomen showing festoons behind; coxa I with
one tooth behind; coxa IV of male not enlarged. No anal plates in
male. Stigmal plate broad, with a small outer point. Tarsi I, I,
and IV indistinctly divided, the basal part shorter than the apical
part, and no tooth-hke claw at apex.

Type.—H. concinna Koch.

I have seen but two species from our territory; the record of 7.
concinna is due to wrong synonymy.

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 4 PLATE IV.

|IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Ixodes pratti, shield of female, capitulum of female, tooth on rostrum, stigmal plate of
female, and coxal. Fig. 2.—Ixodes angustus, coxe, stigmal plate, capitulum, and shield, of
female. Fig. 3.—JIxodes pratti, stigmal plate of nymph. Fig. 4,—Ixodes pratti, stigmal plate
of male and tarsusI. Fig. 5.—Icodes pratti, hypostome. Fig. 6.—Ixodes dentatus, teeth below
on rostrum, coxe, capitulum, and shield, of female. Fig. 7.—Ixodes sculptus, shield and capit-
ulum of female. Fig. 8—Hxmaphysalis leporis-palustris, capitulum of male. Fig. 9.—Ixodes
sculptus, cox of female. Fig. 10.—Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris, tarsus I, capitulum and
shield, stigmal plate, and coxa I, of female. Fig. l1.—Hemaphysalis chordeilis, shield and
capitulum, coxe I and LV, tarsus IV, and stigmal plate, of female. (Original.)

mi
{ hi
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a

ee

GENUS HEMAPHYSALIS KOCH. 333"

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

Shield of female as broad as long; palpi very heavy and short_______ chordeilis.
Shield of female longer than broad; palpi more slender_______ leporis-palustris,

Hemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard. (Pl. X, figs. 2, 6.)

Female.—Ked-brown to black; shield, mouth parts, and legs red-
brown, without markings. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 10) not twice as
broad as long, hind angles slightly prominent, porose areas elongate,
separated by much more than their width, a ridge on the outer side of
each; palpi rather elongate, second joint with a sharp projection on
the outer side at base; the inner tip is inflated above, or rather its
upper edge; the third joint also has a lamellar edge above projecting
over the hypostome, and below there is a row of hairs on the second
joint (PI. X, fig. 2); the rostrum below has a distinct spine at each
hind angle. Shield (PI. IV, fig. 10) plainly longer than broad, with
many large punctures above, and the submedian grooves very large
and deep. Legs rather slender, the tibiz and metatarsi I (Pl. IV,
fig. 10) and IT are convex below; trochanter I has a large projection
above, and IT and ITI have projections behind, when seen from be-
low; coxa I (PI. IV, fig. 10) is bifid behind, the basal projection the
longer; other coxe each with a very small projection; all coxee have a
number of long hairs. Abdomen striate, and with many deep punc-
tures. The stigmal plate (Pl. IV, fig. 10) is as broad as long, with
many rather large granules.

Length of female shield, 0.9 mm.

Male.—Paler red-brown; capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 8) rather narrow,
its posterior angles very distinctly prolonged; palpi shorter than in
the female, but the inner sides inflated above as in the female; body
nearly twice as long as broad, lateral grooves distinct, but no basal
furrow to the eleven festoons; dorsal surface rather densely and
evenly punctate. The legs are as in the female, and the coxe armed
the same, coxa I being rather more strongly bifid behind; the rostrum
shows below the two small teeth behind as in the female. The stig-
mal plate is subtriangular, as broad behind as long, its surface rather
coarsely granulate.

Length of male, 1.6 mm.

The nymph has the shield fully as long as broad, and broadly
rounded behind.

Specimens come from Virginia; Shreveport, La.; Columbus and
Victoria, Tex., Grand Canyon, Ariz.; Kern County, Cal.; Maver-
ick, Tex.; Keene Valley and Dannemora, N. Y. Packard’s types were
from North Carolina. It is usually found on rabbits, but the young
are often taken from birds, as quail, lark, ete.

34 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Hemaphysalis chordeilis Packard.

Female.—Shield, legs, and palpi rather uniform reddish brown,
abdomen more yellowish brown. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 11)
nearly twice as broad as long, hind angles barely prominent; porose
areas large, and limited by a ridge each side; palpi broad, second
joint with a prominent sharp tooth on outer side at base, .the two
palpi together broader than long. Shield (Pl. IV, fig. 11) about as
broad as long, strongly and densely punctate, the punctures most
numerous at the submedian.grooves. Legs rather short, tarsi (PI.
IV, fig. 11) shorter than in ZZ. leporis-palustris, coxe (Pl. IV, fig.
11) with distinct projections behind; that on coxa J is fully one-half
the width of that joint. Body striate, and with scattered, broad,
deep punctures. Stigmal plate (Pl. IV, fig. 11) longer than broad,
with a short but distinct dorsal prolongation, its surface finely eranu-
lated.

Length of shield, 1 mm.; whole specimen, 5.5 mm.

The types, two engorged females from a nighthawk at Milton,
Mass., are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where I have
studied them. I have also seen a female from Taftsville, Vt., from a
turkey.

Neumann, in his “ Revision,” had placed this species as a synonym
of H. leporis-palustris, but it is plainly distinct. I have not seen the
male, but a nymph from the killdeer, taken at Fort Collins, Colo.,
may belong to this species.

Genus RHIPICEPHALUS Koch.

Venter showing a curved groove behind anus and a median line to
the posterior margin of body. Capitulum angulate on sides; porose
areas triangular, approximate. Palpi short and broad, no trans-
verse ridges. Shield without markings; ocelli present. Abdomen
showing festoons behind. Coxa I strongly bidentate behind; hind
coxa not enlarged in male. Stigmal plate subcrescentic or reniform.
Male with distinct anal plates. Tarsi II, II, and IV indistinctly
divided, the basal part shorter than the apical part; no distinct
tooth-like claw at apex. The palpi have on the lower edge a series
of long flattened teeth, as represented in the figure.

Type—R. sanguineus Latreille.

We have but one species of this genus, a form very similar to the
type species.

Rhipicephalus texanus n. sp.

Male.—Red-brown, without markings; legs paler. Capitulum
(Pl. V, fig. 1) broad, lateral angles acute, hind angles barely pro-
longed; palpi (PI. V, fig. 2) very short, not as long as half the width
of the capitulum, but as long as the hypostome, their tips acute. Dor-

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U: S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Rhipicephalus texanus, shield, capitulum, and mandible, of female; capitulum and stigmal
plate of male. Fig. 2.—Rhipicephalus texanus, palpus from beneath. Fig. 3.—Rhipicephalus
texanus, stigmal plate of female, anal plates of male, and coxa I. Fig. 4.—Rhipicephalus texanus,
tarsi I and IV. Fig. 5.—Margaropus annulatus, stigmal plate of nymph and coxa I of male.
Fig. 6.—Margaropus annulatus, shield, capitulum, and coxa I, of female. Fig. 7.—Margaropus
COriginal tarsus IV of male, stigmal plate of female, and shield and capitulum of nymph.

riginal.)

RHIPICEPHALUS TEXANUS N. SP. 35

sum one and one-half times as long as broad, the shield still more
narrow, and with subparallel sides, leaving broad lateral and apical
margins, the latter with twelve impressed lines; the shield with a
definite lateral groove reaching back from the eyes, and behind are
seven festoons, without basal groove; also two submedian impressions,
and three in the apical part, the median one the longest; surface with
many subequal punctures. Legs rather long, the fourth pair thick-
ened, anterior tarsi (Pl. V, fig. 4) rather slender; cox I (Pl. V, fig.
3) with two processes behind on the style of Dermacentor, the inner
one much the thicker, other coxe unarmed. Each side of the anus
is an elongate triangular plate (Pl. V, fig. 3); the apex of the abdo-
men is somewhat pointed; the stigmal plate (Pl. V, fig. 1) is elon-
gate, barely tapering behind and the tip upcurved, its surface with
many small granules.

Length of male, 2.7 mm.

Female.—Red-brown; legs pale; no markings. Capitulum (PI.
V, fig. 1) broad, lateral angles acute, hind angles distinct, but little
produced; porose areas triangular, situated on posterior part of ca-
pitulum, and touching on basal inner angle; palpi short, apex sub-
acute. Shield (Pl. V, fig. 1) plainly longer than broad, broadly
rounded behind, eyes farther back than in most ticks, surface with
many large punctures, furrows separating the lateral lobes very dis-
tinct and reaching to the hind margin. Legs slender, all tarsi long,
coxe I (Pl. V, fig. 3) armed with two spines as in the male, other
coxe unarmed, but with transverse ridges. Stigmal plate (Pl. V,
fig. 3) not very much longer than broad, with a prominent dorsal
prolongation, its surface with many distinct granules.

Length of female shield, 1.8 mm. ;

Specimens have been taken at several places in Texas—San Anto-
nio, Victoria, Brownwood, Brownsville, Green Lake—and from
Albuquerque, N. Mex. It also occurs in Mexico. It has been taken
from dogs and horses.

Genus MARGAROPUS Karsch.

Venter without distinct curved groove behind anus, but no subme-
dian furrows. Capitulum angulate on sides; porose areas elliptic,
distant. Palpi short and broad, second and third joints with trans-
verse ridges. Shield without markings; ocelli present. Abdomen
showing more or less distinct festoons behind. Coxa I bidentate be-
hind, coxa IV of male slightly larger than the others. Four anal
plates in male. Stigmal plate subcircular. Coxe I more distant
from the rostrum than in most ticks. Tarsi IT, III, and IV indis-
tinctly divided, the parts subequal in length; and a distinct tooth-like
claw at tip.

36 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Type.—M. winthemi Karsch.

The replacement of the familiar Boophilus by this almost unknown
name is a case where the inflexible application of the law of priority
is greatly to be deplored, especially since there is no resulting benefit
whatever to science.

But one species has as yet been found in the United States, but an
allied form is known from the West Indies, and will, perhaps, some
day occur in our country.

Margaropus annulatus Say.

Male.—Small, brownish yellow, legs paler, no markings. Capitu-
lum (PI. X, fig. 8) rather crescentic, acute on lateral angles, hind
angles prolonged into short spines; palpi extremely short, shorter
than the hypostome, the joints with transverse acute ridges. Dor-
sum one and one-half times longer than broad, broadest near hind
end, surface usually indicating two furrows in front, sublateral, and
three furrows behind, with many rather small subequal punctures;
festoons indistinct, but usually nine of them indicated. Legs slender,
the first pair short, fourth pair much larger than the others; tarsi
(Pl. V, fig. 7) short; all with scattered hairs. Coxe I (PI. V, fig. 5)
with two spines behind, the inner one very short, the outer one more
slender and sometimes very long, and in front a long spine-like pro-
cess; other coxe mutic. Two prominent long adanal plates, and
each side a smaller, shorter, curved plate; the tips of these four plates
are seen, in a dorsal view of the tick, projecting behind the posterior
margin. Stigmal plate small, subelliptical, with about twenty-five
or thirty large granules and many smaller ones.

Length of female, 2.2 mm.

Female.—Shield red-brown, often very dark, abdomen brighter red-
brown; legs pale; no markings. Capitulum (PI. V, fig. 6; Pl. X, fig.
7) broad, hind angles barely distinct, lateral angles acute; palpi ex-
tremely short, much shorter than the hypostome, and with ridges, as
in male; porose areas elliptical, widely separated, and pointing out-
ward. Shield (Pl. V, fig. 6) plainly longer than broad, broadest at
eyes, quite suddenly narrowed behind the eyes; surface wrinkled, but
the middle of front is smooth; a few punctures, mostly lost in the
wrinkles. Abdomen with fine hairs; legs small and slender, hairy ;
coxe unarmed; stigmal plate (Pl. V, fig. 7) small, only a little longer
than broad, with a number of scattered visible granules, and many
very minute ones.

Length of female shield, 1.1 mm.

Specimens may be taken from cattle in many parts of the country,
but are native only to the Southern States, where they occur on deer
and other animals. This is “the cattle tick” and the proven dis-

MARGAROPUS ANNULATUS SAY. 37

seminator of southern cattle or splenetic fever. Much has been writ-
ten upon it, and its life history is fairly well known.

It was described by Say from deer from Florida; described by
Koch, and later by Packard, and by Riley as /aodes bovis. Under
this name it was long known, until Curtice proposed for it the genus
~Boophilus. Neumann has recently shown that the type of J/argaro-
pus 1s a true Boophilus, therefore it is necessary to drop the familiar
cognomen, under which it had become of prime economic importance.
Neumann at first considered J/. annulatus to be of world-wide distri-
bution; but in 1899 Fuller separated the South African and the Aus-
tralian forms, and now it is believed that J/. annulatus oceurs only
in North America.

Biological and economic accounts of this species can be found in
Bulletin No. 72 of this Bureau. This tick is rarely recorded from
any animal other than cattle; however, Mr. J. D. Mitchell has found
it on sheep, and I have seen specimens taken from ponies in Michigan.

Genus AMBLYOMMA Koch.

Venter with a distinct curved groove behind the anus and a more or
less distinct median furrow behind. Capitulum rather small; porose
areas longitudinal. Palpi long and slender, second joint about twice
as long as broad, third very much shorter than the second. Shield
usually with some markings; ocelli present, and on margin of the
shield. Abdomen showing festoons behind (except in distended
female). Coxa I with one or two teeth behind; coxa IV of male not
enlarged, usually with a spine behind. No anal plates in male.
Stigmal plate subtriangular or elongate. Tarsi II, III, and IV
plainly divided, the basal part much shorter than the apical part, and
a distinct tooth-like claw at apex.

Type.—a. cajennense Fabricius.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

1. Coxa I with but one spine, metatarsi (except I) with two thickened
spurs at tips; second joint of palpus not twice as long as third; porose

areas elongate; shield brown, with silvery marks_-_____---~- maculatum.
Coxa | with two spines; metatarsi without stout spurs at tips, only slen-
STE LV SAT Soe ae ie a en A 2

bo

Projections of coxa I blunt and short; porose areas elongate; second
joint of palpus not twice as long as third; coxa IV of male with only
dain ereleupeningl: daree: SNVCCLESS= =a as = Ses se tuberculatum.

Projections of coxa I longer, and at least one of them sharp-pointed ;
second joint of palpus twice as long as third; coxa IV of male witha
LOneeS WINE HeSm allie SNeClCS a= ea eee 2 See a ee oe 3

3. Porose areas nearly circular; shield of both sexes pale yellowish, with
some silvery streaks and marks, and some reddish spots; shield of
LeMMlesas#OLOAG AS ON = ee SAE ee cajennense.

Porose areas elongate; shield brown, in female with an apical silvery
mark, in male with two small apical and two or four other silvery
spots; shield of female longer than broad____-_---___-_-_-___- americanum,

358 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Amblyomma tuberculatum Marx.

Male.—Shield red-brown, with a narrow silvery stripe each side,
shghtly above the margin, and connected behind to the silvery spots
on the festoons; from behind extend forward a pair of rather broad
silvery stripes which unite somewhat behind the middle and are here
connected to the lateral silvery stripes. In some specimens these
markings are much less extensive, but the spots on the festoons are
always distinct. Capitulum pale in middle of front, and also a
pale spot on the shield just behind the capitulum; palpi pale; legs
reddish brown, with tips of joints white; venter pale yellowish
brown. The capitulum is large and long, the hind angles rounded ;
palpi short, the second joint not twice as long as the last.
Dorsum very broad in front, hardly one and one-fourth times
longer than broad, with many very small punctures, some larger
ones near the anterior angles; surface generally smcoth; no lateral
grooves, nor any before the festoons, which are not very strongly
marked. Legs large and long, hairs and tubercles below, but no spurs
at tips of metatarsi; the tarsi are very short; coxee with two flattened
tubercles, except IV, which has only one. Stigmal plate (Pl. VI,
fig. 8) elongate, end tapering and upturned, with extremely minute
granules.

Length of male, 5.5 to 6 mm.

Female.—Reddish brown, shield with a large silvery mark each
side, containing one or two dark spots, and two divaricate silvery
stripes extending forward from the hind margin, and sometimes con-
nected to the lateral spots; capitulum paler in front and middle than
on the sides and behind; palpi pale; legs red-brown, tips of joints
whitish; abdomen brownish, sometimes showing black lines. Capit-
ulum (PI. VI, fig. 8) large and long, hind angles rounded; porose
areas rather small, elongate, well separated, and directed forward;
palpi short, second joint not twice as long as last; shield pentagonal,
sides rounded, plainly broader than long, and broadest in front of
middle, with many minute punctures, but some larger ones on the
anterior lateral lobes; body without hairs, usually shining. Legs
large and long, no spurs at tips of metatarsi, but most joints with
hair-bearing tubercles below; coxee armed like the male, and just as
strongly. Stigmal plates (Pl. VI, fig. 8) elongate, of peculiar shape,
being longer on inner than on outer side, an elevated smooth boss
occupying the outer concave side, the surface with very minute gran-
ulations.

Length of female shield, 3.6 mm.

Specimens come from various parts of Florida, and are associated
with the gopher tortoise. The nymphs have, on the shield, a large
silvery spot each side, united behind at tips, and in front much broken
by the large punctures.

AMBLYOMMA TUBERCULATUM MARX. 39

This is our largest tick, and a very distinct species, allies of which
occur in tropical countries.

Amblyomma maculatum Koch.

Male.—Shield brown, lineate with silvery white, lines more or less
connected; a submedian pair in front, and a similar pair behind,
uniting in the middle; two lateral streaks connected near front, and
the inner one connected to submedian at middle; usually a few iso-
lated white spots on the festoons, but there is variation in the amount
of the white; legs more or less brownish, usually showing white at
tips of joints. Capitulum long, its posterior angles acute; palpi
short, the second joint about one and one-fourth times longer than the
last joint. Dorsum nearly twice as long as broad, with many promi-
nent punctures, most numerous in the middle region and in furrows;
several elevated smooth streaks; lateral furrows very prominent,
arising in front of eyes; festoons strongly marked. Legs rather
heavy, IV (PI. VI, fig. 5) pair much the largest; all, except I (PI. VI,
fig. 7), with a pair of stout spurs at tip of metatarsus. Coxa I
(Pl. VI, fig. 5) with one very long, sharp spine, only a trace of the
basal spine; cox II and III with a flattened tubercle, IV (Pl. VI,
fig. 5) with a slender sharp spine, fully as long as width of joint.
Stigmal plate (Pl. VI, fig. 7) long, slender, its tip tapering and up-
turned, surface with minute granules.

Length of male, 4 mm.

Female.—Shield silvery white behind, on front brown, the white
of sides usually showing an elongate brown spot behind, and the
white of middle extending forward in two streaks, sometimes wholly
divided by a brown median stripe; legs pale brown; abdomen dark.
Capitulum (PL VI, fig. 10) long, hind angles scarcely acute; porose
areas elliptical, widely separated, and directed forward; palpi short
second joint but little longer than the last. Shield pentagonal, fully
as long as broad, broadest before middle, its lateral lobes strongly
punctured, very few punctures behind; abdomen without hairs. Legs
large, tarsi slender, metatarsi (except I) with a pair of spurs at tip;
coxe armed as in male, except that the hind coxa bears only a
tubercle. Stigmal plate (Pl. VI, fig. 9) longer than usual, with a
much smaller dorsal prolongation, its surface furnished with minute
granules.

Length of female shield, 2 mm.

Specimens have been examined from various places in Texas—
Brazos County, Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Victoria, Harlingen,
and Columbus. Other localities are Cameron Parish, La.; Virginia
(Niles) ; Orlando, Fla.; Memphis, Tenn.; and Tulare County, Cali-
fornia. It was described from “ Carolina.” The recorded hosts are

36657—No. 15—08——-4

40 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

cattle, horses, dogs, fox, and man. It apparently is not common ex-
cept in certain localities near the Gulf coast. It is very readily known
by the spurs at apex of metatarsi, a character not previously noted by
writers.

Amblyomma americanum Linneus. (PI. VI, fig. 1.)

Male.—Body usually a pale brown, or yellowish brown, with sev-
eral small yellow spots—two on the posterior border of shield rather
close together, one on each side margin in front of the former, and a
pair in front of middle of shield, behind and rather inward from
the eyes. Sometimes the anterior of these spots are indistinct, but
the posterior pair are nearly always distinct. Legs shghtly paler
than the body. Capitulum broad, its posterior angles acute; palpi
not very long, second joint about one and one-half times as long as
last joimt. Dorsum elongate, broadest in middle, surface rather
evenly, densely, and minutely punctate; lateral furrows not reach-
ing to eyes; festoons distinctly limited. Legs short, [IV (Pl. VI, fig.
2) pair but little if any larger than I, all hairy beneath; coxa I (PI.
VI, fig. 3) with two spines, the outer the longer, a flattened tubercle
on coxee IT and III, IV with a slender spine behind about as long as
width of the joint; stigmal plate (Pl. VI, fig. 3) long, semielliptical,
its tip slightly turned up, surface with many minute granulations.

Length of male, 2.4 mm.

Female——tThe shield is brown, reddish brown, or almost black,
often paler in front, on the posterior lobe a large prominent yellow-
ish spot; legs more or less brownish yellow. Capitulum (PI. VI,
fig. 4) rather narrow, hind angles rounded, porose areas elliptic,
divergent, and well separated; palpi slender, second joint twice as
long as last. Shield pentagonal, about as broad as long, broadest
much in front of the middle, apex nearly truncate, its surface densely
punctate; body without hairs; legs very slender, no spurs at tips of
any metatarsi; coxee armed as in the male, except that the spine on
coxa IV is barely longer than the tubercles on coxe II and III.
Stigmal plate (Pl. VI, fig. 1) subtriangular, its surface minutely
granulate.

Length of female shield, 1.7 mm.

Specimens come from various places in the Eastern States—Wash-
ington, D. C.; Falls Church, Va.; Cape Charles, Va.; Chapel Hill,
N. C.; Bee Spring and Smiths Grove, Ky.; Springfield, Willow
Springs, and St. Louis (Packard’s type), Mo.; Florida; Agricultural
College, Mich.; Shreveport, La.; Austin, Kerrville, Llano, Dallas,
Mountain Home, and Hockley, Tex. Marx recorded it from Lab-
rador and Sanborn from Massachusetts. Fitch recorded it from
New York, and it was described by Linneus from Pennsylvania and
New Jersey.

AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM LINNAEUS. Al

It is now rather uncommon in the Eastern States, never as common
as Dermacentor variabilis. Fitch wrote in 1870 that although for-
merly abundant it had then become nearly extinct, he having seen
only one specimen from New York, and that taken forty years before
he wrote. He says that it occurs in the Southwest in woodlands,
and not in cleared sections. It is often taken from cattle, occasion-
ally from horses, hogs, dogs, and goats, once from panther and wolf,
sometimes from man, and rarely from any of the small mammals. It
is commonly known as the “lone star tick,” because of the single
yellow spot on shield of female.

The Acarus americanus of Linneus was taken by the traveler
Peter Kalm, in 1754, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Its descrip-
tion will fit only to that species later described by Packard as /xodes
unipunctata. Koch correctly identified and figured the species, but
Neumann in his * Revision” considered americanus to apply to the
Dermacentor electus Koch. Later he changed, and used americanus
for this species. Fitch correctly identified the species.

Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius.

Male.—Pale yellowish or brownish yellow, with several irregular
silvery white marks and streaks each side, and a number of brown,
often reddish brown, spots, all arranged to form a definite, but com-
plex, pattern; some of the pale spots behind are bordered with brown.
Legs and palpi wholly pale yellowish, or greenish yellow, tarsi some-
times darker. Capitulum subtriangular, hind angles rounded; palpi
longer than width of the capitulum, the middle joint more than
twice as long as the last; body broad, oval, broadest behind middle,
with many rather small, subequal punctures, but with four convex
smooth spots each side, and a smooth median streak behind; lateral
furrows very distinct, reaching fully up to the eyes; behind are
twelve deeply impressed lines, the festoons fully twice as long as
broad. Legs rather slender, tarsi long, hind tarsus (Pl. VI, fig. 6)
with three consecutive teeth below, one at apex; no spurs at tip of
any metatarsi, but long hairs below on all joints; coxe I (PI. VII,
fig. 2) with two spines, the outer one much the longer, coxe II and
ITI each with a mere tubercle, coxa IV (Pl. VII, fig. 2) with a spine
about as long as width of the joint. Stigmal plate (Pl. VII, fig. 1)
very long and slender, its surface with many minute granulations.
Length of male, 2.7 mm.

Female.—Yellowish; capitulum with some dark on the margin,
shield mostly silvery, with a brown line on each margin reaching
back from the eyes; legs pale greenish yellow, tarsi often dark, espe-
cially of legs I and IJ. Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 1) much broader
than long, hind angles acute; porose areas nearly circular, and widely

42 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

separated; palpi slender, longer than width of the capitulum, mid-
dle joint about twice as long as last. Shield pentagonal, a little
‘broader than long, anterior sides slightly convex, posterior sides
straight, tip rounded; surface densely punctate; body with scattered
white hairs. Legs slender, tarsi (Pl. VII, fig. 2) long, coxee armed
as in the male, except that the spine on coxa IV is barely larger than
that on coxe II and III. Stigmal plate (Pl. VII, fig. 2) subtri-
angular, as broad behind as long, concave on upper outer edge, its
surface covered with minute granules.

Length of female shield, 1.8 mm.

Specimens come from various places in the South and Southwest.
It is abundant in southern Texas—San Antonio, Victoria, Browns-
ville, Uvalde, Rocks Resaca, Weets Ranch, Live Oak County, San
Tomas, etc. I have it also from Biscayne Bay, Florida; Fort Bowie,
Ariz., and San Diego County, California. The species occurs also
in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America.
It infests a great variety of animals, but is not common on cattle or
horses. This species was described from Surinam, and later, by
Koch, from Brazil under several names. To this species also belongs,
I believe, the /xvodes crenatum of Say, for none of our other species
so aptly fits his description.

Genus DERMACENTOR Koch.

Venter showing indistinctly a curved groove behind the anus, from
which a median line extends to margin of body. Capitulum not
angulate on sides; porose areas elliptic and transverse. Palpi short
and broad, the second joint barely longer than broad and with a basal
projection above, but not outward. Shield usually marked with
white; ocelli present. Coxa I strongly bidentate behind; coxa IV
of male much larger than other cox, and leg IV larger than other
legs. Abdomen shows festoons behind (except in distended female).
No anal plates to male. Stigmal plate large, usually reniform in
female, more elongate in male. Tarsi II, III, and IV indistinctly
divided, the parts subequal in length, and a minute tooth-like claw
at apex.

Type.—D. reticulatus Fabricius.

TABLE OF THE SPECIES.

il), Nemalies: = = =< cee Oe ek 5 2
Miniles 2 tat ton e's WS OU ee ee ee ee ee 8
2. Stigmal plate nearly circular, with from ten to twenty very large more
or less isolated granulations; shield without distinct punctures; color
darkered-browns Without mMankin?sS2 =. eee nitens.
Stigmal plate with many much smaller, more crowded granulations ;
shield distinctly punctured, and usually with some pale markings__ 3

Tech, Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Amblyomma americanum, male, and stigmal plate of female. Fig. 2.—Amblyomma ameri-
canum, stigmal plate of nymph and tarsus IV. Fig. 3.—Amblyomma americanum, hypostome,
shield, and capitulum of nymph, stigmal plate of male, and coxa I. Fig. 4.—Amblyomma
americanum, capitulum of female. Fig. 5.—Amblyomma maculatum, tarsus IV, and coxe I and
IV. Fig. 6.—Amblyomma cajennense, tarsus IV and mandible of male. Fig. 7.—Amblyomma
maculatum, tarsus I, and stigmal plate of male. Fig. 8.—Amblyomma tuberculatum, capitulum of
female, stigmal plate of male and of female. Fig. 9.—Amblyomma maculatum, stigmal plate of
female. Fig. 10.—Amblyomma maculatum, capitulum of female. (Original.)

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.— Amblyomma cajennense, capitulum of female and stigmal plate of male. Fig. 2.—Ambly-
omma cajennense, stigmal plate and tarsus I of female, coxe Iand IV of male. Fig. 3.—Derma-
centor variabilis, capitulum and stigmal plate of female. Fig. 4.—Dermacentor variabilis, capi-
tulum of male. Fig. 5.—Dermacentor albipictus, shield of female. Fig. 6.— Dermacentor
variabilis, leg I of larva. Fig. 7.— Dermacentor nitens, coxa I, leg IV of male, and shield and
capitulum of nymph. Fig. 8.—Dermacentor variabilis, tarsus 1. Fig. 9,.— Dermacentor albipictus,
stigmal plate of female and capitulum of female and of male. Fig. 10.—Dermacentor nitens,
stigmal plates of male and female, capitulum and shield of female. Fig. 11.—Dermacentor
albipictus, coxa IV and stigmal plate of male. (Original.)

>

|

10.

215

13.

GENUS DERMACENTOR KOCH. 43

Stigmal plate about as broad as long, with short and broad dorsal pro-
longation, and covered with many very minute granules, scarcely visi-
ble as such; shield plainly longer than broad, and much streaked with

sr nT eee nen eee Ee ee es variabilis.
Stigmal plate with much larger granules, at least near the peritreme___ 4
Stigmal plate without distinct dorsal prolongation; shield plainly
TOMS ETeRt Hains EO acl eee se 8 oe es ee i)
Stigmal plate with a more or less distinct dorsal prolongation____~~~~ 6
Shield mostly white, with brown streaks and spots; porose areas close
OFT Clee errno es So a a ee _albipictus.
Shield dark red-brown, with very little white; porose areas rather
Wal elves Dalle memeeten se ene ee a ee ee nigrolineatus.
Siieldemostlye white; about -as brovud as long) ==" ))5ss es 7
Shield without white, or but little, plainly a little longer than broad;
porose areas but little longer than broad, and well separated.
parumapertus.
Porose areas very small; stigmal plate with rather wide dorsal prolon-
PURO axe ae ee eg ee hs ee a ee ae ae occidentalis.
Porose areas larger; stigmal plate with a more narrow dorsal prolon-
EN Esl 0) eee nei cee ee ee SEIN Set ls ee en eee venustus.
Stigmal plate with from four to ten very large isolated granules;
dorsum without white marks; only eight impressed lines behind__ nites.
Stigmal plate with many smaller, more crowded granules; twelve im-
DEessedmlines be lin dessa se ee ele Le eee 9
Stigmal plate about as broad behind as long, with dorsal prolongation,
the granulations extremely minute; dorsum marked with white
SICA KS AT use OU Seer ate eee ee eee 1 ee variabilis,
Stigmal plate usually plainly longer than broad; the granulations
TOM OKGI ay LN bey Re ee ee Be ee ee 10
Stigmal plate without distinct apical prolongation; the sides of body
MOLEaM early paelll Cl = eae a eae ees aes Bo eee 1a
Stigmal plate with distinct apical prolongation; sides of body more
(GUT CREAR ENAK et ee Sap te es el eb De ee ee eS CE eS ee eee ee ee ee Tee = 1%
Dorsum mostly white, with brown streaks and spots in a pattern; hind
angles of the capitulum but little produced; coxa IV about one-half
aAsmlOne as broad.oni bases large species= =. 2 = 2 ese see ee albipictus.
Dorsum red-brown, with black lines, no white; hind angles of capitulum
much prolonged; coxa IV not twice as broad on base as long; species
OEM OCETALENSI ZC = eee ae aie ee 2 3 ee ae nigrolineatus.
. Dorsum with few, if any, white spots; coxa IV about as long as broad
at base; hind angles of capitulum moderately produced___ paruwmapertus.
Dorsum largely white, or much spotted with white________-____-_____ 3
Stigmal plate more attenuate behind; coxa IV about one-half as long

as broad at base; hind angles of capitulum moderately produced_ venustus.
Stigmal plate less attenuate behind; coxa IV not twice as broad on base
as long; hind angles of capitulum much produced__——~—~~-~_ occidentalis.

Dermacentor bifurcatus Neumann.

This species was described as an Ixodes, and based on a young

female from a wild cat, from Texas. Later Neumann placed it as
a synonym of Jaodes brunneus Koch, then still later stated that it
was a Dermacentor. It is, therefore, evidently a nymph of some

44 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

of the previously described Dermacentors; the shape of the stigmal
plate would indicate ). variabilis, but the lack of markings would
indicate D. parumapertus. Among Doctor Marx’s drawings are
several figures of this specimen, and they are presented on the plates
(See Pl. X, fig. 1) so that when the life histories of all of our
Dermacentors are known it will be possible to place this name under
the species to which it belongs.

I have not been able to locate the specimen which, according to
Doctor Neumann (im /itt.), should be in the National Museum collec-
tion, but it was not in the material returned, nor indicated on the
list of material returned to the Museum.

Dermacentor albipictus Packard. (Pl. X, fig. 11.)

Male—White above, with brown spots and streaks in a definite
pattern; capitulum, palpi, and legs white above, rest reddish brown.
Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 9) quite broad, hind angles produced, but
not as long as in LD. occidentalis; palpi short, not nearly as long as
width of capitulum. Dorsum more slender than in most species,
fully one and three-fourths times as long as broad, with a great
many rather small punctures, lateral grooves not very distinct, pos-
terior margin with twelve impressed lines. Legs rather large and
long, fourth pair much larger than others, teeth below large and
distinct. Coxe armed as usual; coxe IV (Pl. VII, fig. 11) plainly
wider on base than long. Stigmal plate (Pl. VII, fig. 11) elliptical,
without distinct dorsal prolongation, its surface provided with many
large granules.

Length of male, 4 mm.

Female.—Capitulum, palpi, and legs white above, reddish or yei-
lowish brown beneath; shield mostly white, a long median streak,
not reaching apex, a narrower stripe each side, and some spots near
eyes, red-brown; elsewhere the white is rarely broken by small brown
spots; abdomen dark red-brown. Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 9) quite
broad, its hind angles only shghtly produced, the porose areas very
large, and not far apart, the palpi very short and broad, the shield
(Pl. VII, fig. 5) plainly longer than broad, usually much longer, and
broadest much before the middle, the punctures few and not promi-
nent. Abdomen rather more elongate, the sides more nearly parallel
than in allied forms. Legs long, the coxe armed as usual; stigmal
plate (Pl. VII, fig. 9) large, semielliptical, without distinct dorsal
prolongation, and covered with many large granules.

Length of female shield, 2-2.2 mm.

This tick occurs throughout the northern parts of the United
States and in Canada. I have seen specimens from Adirondack
Mountains, New York; Michigan; Nebraska; Montana; Bear, Idaho;
Nevada, and Pullman, Wash. It has usually been taken from moose

DERMACENTOR ALBIPICTUS PACKARD. 45

and wapiti, but also recorded from the beaver. Packard first used
the name albipictus for this moose tick, as shown in the appended
catalogue, but later placed under this name a specimen of DP. varia-
bilis. The types from the moose are still in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, where I have examined them. Neumann, using
Marx’s manuscript name, described it as D. variegatus.

The species is distinguished by its elongate form, especially the
long shield, the shape and sculpture of the stigmal plate, and by its
large size. This latter character, however, is variable, and specimens
are found that are not much larger than the ordinary DP. variabilis.

Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann.

Male.—Dark red-brown, legs a trifle paler, no white markings,
except sometimes a few small spots, and a minute white spot at tips of
some joints of the legs. Capitulum (Pl. VIII, fig. 10) moderately
broad, hind angles only very slightly produced; palpi very short, not
as long as width of capitulum; dorsum one and two-thirds times as
long as broad, with many scattered, deep, but not very large
punctures, submarginal furrow very distinct on the sides, less so
behind; twelve impressed lines near posterior margin. Coxe spined
as usual, hind coxe barely wider on base than long, legs rather short,
hind pair not so much larger than the others, and the teeth below
small and indistinct. Stigmal plate (Pl. VIII, fig. 10) elongate,
attenuate behind, the fore part around peritreme with large granules,
a few down on the narrow portion, which is covered with smaller
granules.

Length of male, 2.8 mm.

Female.——Shield and capitulum dark red-brown or almost black,
without marks; abdomen blackish; legs red-brown, a faint white
mark at tips of some of the joints. Capitulum (PI. VIII, fig. 10)
moderately broad, hind angles distinctly prolonged behind, porose
areas rather small, nearly circular, and well separated; palpi as long
as width of capitulum. Shield (Pl. VIII, fig. 10) plainly a little
longer than broad, with many deep punctures, those in the depressed
area each side especially large and numerous, almost confluent. Legs
rather small and short; coxe armed as usual. Stigmal plate (PI.
VIII, fig. 8) small, with a distinct, although short and broad, dorsal
prolongation, most of the surface with rather large granules, but
those on the prolongation very small.

Length of female shield, 1.1 mm.

Specimens are from Lakeside, Cal. (also Neumann’s type in the
Marx Coll.), taken on man, and in a chicken house.

Distinguished from other forms most readily by lack of white on
shield, by porose areas, and stigmal plate. After describing this

46 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

species, Neumann later made it a variety of D. electus (variabilis),
but it differs in many important characters from that species, and the
granulations of the stigmal plate are much larger.

Dermacentor parumapertus var. marginatus n. var.

This form agrees in general with the true ). parumapertus, but
differs in several minor points. The posterior border of the female
shield (Pl. VIII, fig. 6) is margined with white; the porose areas
are larger and rather closer together; the lateral lobes of the shield
have fewer punctures, and the shield is more contracted behind the
eyes; the stigmal plate of the female (Pl. VIII, fig. 6) has a narrower
dorsal prolongation, and the inner margin is more convex; the
posterior angles of the capitulum (PI. VIII, fig. 6) are less promi-
nent. Otherwise it 1s very similar to the type.

Several specimens from Mesa City, Ariz., from a jack rabbit

(Cordley).

Dermacentor venustus n. sp.

Male.—Red-brown, marked with white, but not so extensively as
in D. occidentalis, usually but little white on the middle posterior
region; legs paler red-brown, tips of joints whitish. Capitulum
(Pl. VIII, fig. 5) quite broad, its posterior angles only slightly pro-
duced; palpi very short and broad, not as long as width of capitulum.
Dorsum about one and two-thirds or one and three-fourths times as
long as broad, with many, not very large, punctures; lateral furrows
distinct. Legs of moderate size, hind pair plainly larger and heavier,
and with the teeth below distinct. Coxve armed as usual, the coxa
IV (Pl. VIII, fig. 4) nearly twice as wide at base as long. Stigmal
plate (Pl. VIII, fig. 5) with a rather narrow dorsal prolongation,
with large granules on the main part and minute ones on the pro-
longation.

Length of male, 3.5 to 5 mm.

Female.—Capitulum and legs reddish brown, the latter with tips
of joints whitish; shield mostly covered with white—this white not
so much broken up by the brown dots as in 2). occidentalis; abdomen
red-brown. Capitulum (Pl. VIII, fig. 5) rather broad, posterior
angles but little produced, the porose areas rather large, egg-shaped,
and quite close together; palpi shorter than width of capitulum.
Shield (Pl. VIII, fig. 7) as broad as long, broadest slightly before
the middle, and rather pointed behind, with numerous, not very large
punctures. Legs of moderate size, the coxe armed as usual. The
stigmal plate (Pl. VIII, fig..5) has a rather narrow dorsal prolonga- ~
tion, with large granules on the main part, and small ones on the
prolongation.

Length of female shield, 2 mm.

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.

|IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Dermacentor occidentalis, capitulum of male and female, shield of female, and tarsus IV
of male. Fig. 2.—Dermacentor occidentalis, cox I and LV of male, stigmal plates of male and
female. Fig. 3.—Dermacentor nigrolincatus, stigmal plate of female. Fig. 4.— Dermacentor
venustus, coxa IV of male. Fig. 5.—Dermacentor venustus, capitulum and stigmal plates of
male and female. Fig. 6.—Dermacentor parumapertus var. marginatus, stigmal plate, capitu-
lum, and shield of female. Fig. 7.—Dermacentor venustus, Shield of female. Fig. 8.—Derma-
centor parumapertus, stigmal plate of female. Fig. 9.— Dermacentor nigrolineatus, capitulum of
female. Fig. 10.—Dermacentor parumapertus, shield and capitulum of female, stigmal plate
and capitulum of male. Fig. 11.—Dermacentor nigrolineatus, stigmal plate and capitulum of
male. (Original.)

DERMACENTOR VENUSTUS N. SP. 47

Specimens come from various places in the West; Olympia, Ya-
kima, Khkitat Valley, and Grand Coulee, Wash.; Fort Collins and
Boulder, Colo.; Pecos and Las Cruces, N. Mex.; Bozeman, Mont.;
Bridger Basin, Utah; Soldier, Idaho, and Texas (on sheep).

This species is quite common in the Northwest. It has been in-
cluded in PD. occidentalis by Neumann, but was separated out by
Doctor Marx in manuscript under the name I have adopted. It is
larger than LD). occidentalis, with more red and less white in the color-
ing, and differs in many minor points of structure, as size of porose
areas, size of hind coxe in male, etc. This is the species supposed
to be concerned in the transmission of spotted fever in Montana.

Dermacentor occidentalis Neumann. (PI. X, fig. 9.)

JMale—Red-brown, with many waxy-white markings, often with a
waxy bloom, sometimes almost wholly white, but there is red-brown
near the eyes, on the festoons, and several submedian spots; moreover,
the white is broken by the many red-brown punctures; legs pale red-
dish brown, marked with white above. Capitulum (PI. VITI, fig. 1)
rather narrow, and the hind angles prolonged into very prominent
spines; palpi very short, not as long as the width of the capitulum;
dorsum not much more than one and one-half times as long as broad,
with many punctures, but mostly small; lateral furrows distinct and
long, twelve indented lines behind. Legs of moderate size, tarsus IV
(Pl. VIII, fig. 1) with two very distinct teeth below and one less
prominent, teeth on other joints distinct; coxe (Pl. VIII, fig. 2)
armed as usual; coxee IV about one and one-half times as wide at base
as long. Stigmal plate (Pl. VIII, fig. 2) elongate, with a broad
turned-up tip, almost truncate; large granulations on the main part,
small ones on the tip.

Length of male, 3 to 3.5 mm.

Female.——Shield red-brown, nwwstly covered with white, red-brown
near eyes and in the middle region, end the white broken up by the
many brown dots at punctures; capitulum and legs red-brown, latter
white at tips of joints, and generally paler above than below; abdo-
men dark red-brown. Capitulum (PI. VIII, fig. 1) rather small,
the hind angles prominent, and the porosz areas very small and rather
close together. Shield (Pl. VIII, fig. 1) about as broad as long,
broadest before middle, and rather pointed behind, with many small
punctures and some larger, but not nearly as many large ones as in D.
parumapertus. Legs rather small, coxe armed as usual. Stigmal
plate (Pl. VITI, fig. 2) with a broad dorsal prolongation, with large
granulations in the main part, and minute ones on the prolongation.

Length of female shield, 1.5 mm.

48 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

Nearly all specimens come from California—Occidental, San
Diego, Goose Lake, Siskiyou County, Santa Clara County, Humboldt
County ; some taken from deer.

Closely related to D). venustus, but with a more narrow capitulum,
and with a broader prolongation to stigmal plate, in the male by
shorter hind coxe, and in the female by smaller porose areas. Taken
together, I think these characters indicate its distinctness from D.
vEnustus.

Neumann first considered ). occidentalis and PD. venustus of Marx
as identical with the European DP. reticulatus. There are, how-
ever, many differences, as he later recognized, and D. reticulatus
(Pl. X, fig. 10) does not, as far as now known, occur in our country.
When he described DP. occidentalis, Neumann included with it D.
venustus of Marx manuscript. However, I have restricted the name to
the form to which Marx applied it. D. occidentalis may perhaps be
credited to Curtice, for in a paper“ on ticks in general he refers to
this species under this name and with a few words of description;
hardly, however, sufficient to identify it, and evidently not intended
to be a description of a new species.

Dermacentor nigrolineatus Packard.

Male.—Rather pale red-brown, no white markings, but the black
cecal marks show through in most specimens as several irregular
lines behind; legs more yellow-brown. Capitulum (Pl. VIII, fig.
11) small and narrow, its posterior angles produced into long spines;
palpi very small and stout. Dorsum slender, about one and two-thirds
times as long as broad; middle anterior region smooth and shining,
sides and behind densely punctured, and with many short hairs;
lateral furrows not very distinct, twelve impressed lines behind, but
the festoons are not as obvious as usual. Legs rather short, coxe
with usual spines, coxa IV but little wider at base than long; stigmal
plate (Pl. VIII, fig. 11) large, elliptical, without dorsal prolongation,
and covered with many large granules.

Length of male, 3.5 mm.

Female.—Shield red-brown, without marks; legs similar; abdomen
dark red-brown. Capitulum (PI. VIII, fig. 9) scarcely twice as broad
as long; hind angles distinctly prolonged behind; porose areas large,
oval, and distinctly separated; palpi small and short, not as long as
width of capitulum. Shield plainly longer than broad, broadest
much before the middle, tapering and almost pointed behind, with
very few punctures. Legs small and short, the tarsi very short;
coxee with the usual spines, that on IV no longer than on III. Stig-

4 About cattle ticks. Journ. Comp. Med. Vet. Archives, January, 1892.

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX,

G.Man,del.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Ivodes scapularis, fresh female, and male attached to female. Fig. 2.—Ixvodes scapularis,
female, coxa I, male, female stigmal plate, venter of female, and rostrum from beneath.
Fig. 3.—Ivodes dentatus, engorged female, shield, and capitulum. Fig. 4.—Jxodes cookei, male
and female above and below, stigmal plate, and rostrum from beneath. Fig. 5.—Ivodes ricinus,
engorged female, above and below. Fig. 6.—Ceratixodes putus, stigmal plate and capitulum.
Fig. 7.—Jvodes dentatus, rostrum from below. Fig. 8.—Ixodes marxi, engorged female, (Draw-
ings by the late Dr. George Marx.) (Original.)

36657—No. 15—08 5

Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X.

IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 1.—Dermacentor bifurcatus, nymph, coxe, shield, venter, palpus, stigmal plate, and capitulum.
Fig 2.—Hxmaphysalis leporis-palustris, male, and rostrum of female beneath. Fig. 3—Derma-
centor variabilis, engorged female, above and below. Fig. 4.—Dermacentor variabilis, male,
above and beneath, and stigmal plate of female. Fig. 5.—Amblyomma americanum, nymph,
above and below. Fig. 6.—Hxmaphysalis leporis-palustris, fresh and engorged females.
Fig. 7.—Margaropus annulatus, capitulum of female, above and beneath. Fig. 8.—Margaropus
annulatus, capitulum of male, above and beneath. Fig. 9.—Dermacentor occidentalis, male.
Fig. 10.—Dermacentor reticulatus, male. Fig. 11.—Dermacentor albipictus, male. (Drawings by
the late Dr. George Marx.) (Original.)

DERMACENTOR NIGROLINEATUS PACKARD. 49

mal plate (Pl. VIII, fig. 3) elliptical, of same shape as in male, no
dorsal prolongation, and covered with many large granules.

Length of female shield, 1.2 mm.

Specimens in the New York State collection at Albany, probably
from Adirondack Mountains; Packard’s type, which I have seen,
was from deer from this region; I have some from Catskill Moun-
tains, New York, in June. Recently Mr. W. D. Hunter has received
several specimens taken by Mr. Rumsey from deer at Laredo, Tex.,
and Mr. H. 8. Barber took one from deer at Crab Lake, Vilas County,
Wis. Neumann placed this species in Zemaphysalis as a synonym of
the European //. concinna, a species which now seems not to occur in
our country. It is allied to DY. albipictus, but differs in shape of
stigmal plate, more distinctly separated porose areas, sharper hind
angles to the capitulum, shield more pointed behind, and in shorter
tarsi. Quite possibly it is the /vodes erraticus of Say.

Dermacentor variabilis Say. (PI. X, figs. 3, 4.)

Male.—Red-brown, dorsum with irregular white marks, the usual
pattern being a submarginal stripe each side, starting from the an-
terior angles and reaching straight back to beyond the middle, where
they unite, or nearly so, and thence giving off branches straight back-
ward and obliquely outward to the side margin; along the sides and
on the festoons are scattered white spots. Specimens from Texas
and Florida often have these markings more extensive and more con-
nected together, and some white on the median anterior part of dor-
sum. Legs red-brown, the tips of the joints white. Capitulum (PI.
VII, fig. 4) about twice as broad as long, its posterior angles shghtly
produced; palpi nearly as long as width of the capitulum. Dorsum
fully one and one-half times as long as broad, with many deep and
prominent punctures, but the anterior median region nearly free of
them; lateral grooves distinct; twelve impressed lines behind; legs
rather long and stout, hind pair much heavier than the others, and
the teeth below distinct. Coxee armed as usual for the genus, the
hind coxe but little broader than long. Stigmal plate large and
broad, with a short dorsal prolongation, surface densely covered with
minute granules.

Length of male, 4 mm.

Female.—Red-brown, shield with white on the sides, and broadly
around the tip; a brown marginal stripe near eye, and sometimes
two white streaks in the middle area. Legs red-brown, tips of the
joints white. Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 3) fully twice as broad as
iong, its posterior angles only shghtly produced, the porose areas oval,
of moderate size, and well separated; palpi short and very broad.
Shield plainly a little longer than broad, broadest at middle, and

50 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

posteriorly almost angulate; punctures large, but not very numerous,
and few in middle area, usually four forming a trapezium behind the
middle. Legs (Pl. VII, fig. 8) rather large and long, the hind pairs
with distinct teeth beneath; coxe armed as usual. Stigmal plate (PI.
VII, fig. 8; Pl. X, fig. 4) large and very broad, in fact as broad
behind as long, and covered with many minute granules.

Length of female shield, 2 mm.

Specimens come from many places in the eastern United States,
from Labrador to Florida and Texas. West of the Mississippi it
is not common, and perhaps only introduced with stock.

This species, described by Say, is probably identical with the /zodes
cinctus of Fabricius from North America. Koch’s D). electus is the
same species. It was considered by Neumann at first to be the /:rodes
americanus of Linneeus, but later he accepted Koch’s identification of
I. americanus as an Amblyomma, and used PD. electus for this Derma-
centor. Fitch’s descriptions of /. robertsoni and J. 5-striatus otter
nothing contrary to this form. Although the western specimens
might have been another species, the specimens from Virginia must
have been PD. variabilis.

The pattern of the white markings is practically constant, but the
amount of white present is variable. The species is readily known
by the broad stigmal plate and the minute granulation thereon. It
has been taken from a great variety of animals, including man, but
seems to prefer dogs and cattle to smaller animals, doubtless due to
the fact that the freshly moulted individuals climb up several feet
from the ground in wait for a host. In the larva tarsus I is much
enlarged.

Dermacentor nitens Neumann.

Male.—Red-brown, without markings; legs rather yellowish brown.
Capitulum rather narrow, hind angles acute, but scarcely prolonged ;
palpi very short and small, shorter than the hypostome and no longer
than the length of the capitulum. Dorsum one and two-thirds as
long as broad, broadest slightly behind the middle, shiny, with some
punctures in front and on the sides, and behind are seven or eight
impressed lines; the lateral furrows are not very distinct, usually
three impressed grooves or furrows on the posterior half of dorsum ;
some scattered hairs, mostly on the sides behind. Legs rather long,
fourth pair (Pl. VII, fig. 7) plainly larger than others, and the
teeth below very evident; coxa I (Pl. VII, fig. 7) with the usual two
teeth, neither very long; coxa II with two equal projections; coxa
TIT with two tubercles, and coxa TV, which is no broader than long,
with the usual tooth. Stigmal plate (Pl. VII, fig. 10) but little
longer than broad, with from four to ten large, isolated granules.

Length of male, 2.5 to 2.7 mm.

DERMACENTOR NITENS NEUMANN. 51

Female——Wholly red-brown, legs paler, and abdomen darker, no
white markings. Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 10) of moderate width,
with the hind angles only slightly prolonged; porose areas rather
large, well separated, and directed more forward than in other
species; palpi very short, not reaching to tip of hypostome. Shield
(Pl. VII, fig. 10) a trifle longer than broad, broadest in front of
middle, very finely punctured; in middle region in front, and on the
sides, are irregular wrinkles. Legs rather long, teeth on coxe shorter
than usual; stigmal plate (Pl. VII, fig. 10) nearly circular, provided
with ten to twenty more or less isolated granules, all of large size.

Length of female shield, 1.4 mm.

This species was described from Jamaica and Santo Domingo.
Recently it has been taken at Brownsville and Harlingen, Tex., and
I have some from Fort Bowie, Ariz. In the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology there are specimens from Grand Anse, Hayti, taken
about forty years ago. It appears to prefer horses, and usually oc-
curs in the ears.

D. nitens is strongly separated from all our other species of the
genus. Especially noticeable is the sculpture of the stigmal plate;
the few impressed lines behind with the male are also peculiar. Like-
wise the very short palpi, shorter than the hypostome, constitute a
peculiar character again seen in the cattle tick, and, as in that species,
may indicate some habit connected with the dissemination of dis-
ease.

UNPLACED SPECIES.

Ixodes erraticus Say.

“ Body oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed before, sides hardly ar-
quated, with distant punctures, those behind more deeply impressed,
posterior margin with ten or twelve impressed lines which are ab-
breviated by a submarginal impressed line, two abbreviated lines be-
fore; head, posterior edge transversely rectilinear, angles extended
backward abruptly, and subacute; rostrum rather short; palpi oval-
orbicular. Found in the Southern States; the color is reddish or
ferruginous, with acute black lines.” [It may be Dermacentor ni-
grolineatus Pack. |

Ixodes fuscus Say.

“ Body fuscous, ovate, punctured; tergum with a few black, obso-
lete lines, and a profoundly indented submarginal line, posterior
marginal impressed line none; no distinct thorax; edge rounded;
head, posterior edge rectilinear, angles not prominent beyond the
rectilinear edge; eyes not visible; palpi suboval, terminal joint rather
longer than the preceding one. A common species.” [A true /vodes,
and probably the male of /. scapularis Say. |

52 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

Ixodes cinctus Fabricius.

“ Reliquis magis oblongus. Caput ferrugineum. Scutellum tri-
angulum, ferrugineum, margine albo. Thorax et abdomen ferruginea,
antice cerea, scutellum late alba. Pedes ferruginei. Habitat in
America boreali Dom. v. Rohr. Mus. Dom. de Schestedt.” | Either
Dermacentor variabilis Say or Amblyomma maculatum Koch, and
probably the former. |

SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY ACCREDITED TO THE UNITED STATES.

Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius. (PI. X, fig. 10.)

Neumann at first identified the forms now called DP. occidentalis
and P). venustus as this European species. As shown above, these
species are quite distinct, and there is no evidence that the true D.
reticulatus occurs in this country.

Ixodes frontalis Panzer.
As I have stated under Jvodes brunneus, Neumann’s identification
of J. frontalis was based on specimens of J. brunneus.

Ixodes inchoatus Neumann.

Neumann questionably recorded this from the United States, but
the specimens, as I have stated under /. mara, differ greatly from the
European /. drchoatus, and with more material I have described
them as a new species—/. mara.

Hemaphysalis concinna Koch.

As explained under Dermacentor nigrolineatus, the record of H.

concinna is based on a misidentification of Packard’s species.

CATALOGUE.

IXODOIDEA.
ARGASIDZ.

ARGAS.
Latreille, Précis Caract. Ins., p. 178, 1796.

MINIATUS Koch, Arch. f. Naturg., X, p. 219, 1844; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann,
Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 402, 1902.
americana Packard, Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Mont., Idaho, Wyom., Utah,
p. 740, 1872; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 9.
radiatus Railliet, Traité Zool. Méd., p. 718, 1893.
persicus Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., LX, p. 240, 1905 (not of Fischer).
sanchezi Dugés, La Naturaleza (2), I, p. 20, 1891; Neumann, Mém. Soc.
Zool. France, 1896, p. 16; ibid., 1901, p. 255.
BREVIPES Banks, supra, p. 15, 1908.
REFLEXUS Fabricius, Entom. Syst., IV, p. 426, 1794; Neumann, Mém. Soe. Zool.
France, 1896, p. 4. [Doubtful in U. S.]

= CATALOGUE. io
ORNITHODOROS.
Koch, Arch. f. Naturg., X, p. 219, 1844.

MEGNINI Dugés, La Naturaleza Mexicana, VI, yp: 197, 1883; Mégnin, Journ.
Anat. Physiol., XXI, p. 472, 1885; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France,
1896, p. 42; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind.,
U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 408, 1902.
spinosum Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., III, p. 199, 1895 (Rhynchoprion).
TURICATA Dugés, La Naturaleza Mexicana, VI, p. 196, 1883; Mégnin, Bosea
Anat. Physiol., X XI, p. 466, 1885; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France,
1896, p. 31.
americanus Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., III, p. 199, 1895.
CORIACEUS Koch, Arch. f. Naturg., X, p. 219, 1844; Ubersicht Archn. Syst., IV,
p. 31, 1847; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 31; ibid., 1901,
p. 258.
TALAJE Guérin, Rey. et Mag. de Zool., 1849, p. 8342; Mégnin, Journ. Anat. Physiol.,
XXI, p. 470, 1885; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 34.

IXODIDA.

Ixodine.
IXODES

Latreille, Précis Caract. Ins., p. 179, 1796.

“ANGUSTUS Neumann, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, 1899, p. 136; ibid., 1901, p. 284.
ARCTICUS Osborn, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean,
ID, p. 553, 1899:
BRUNNEUS Koch, Arch. f. Naturg., X, p. 232, 1844; Ubersicht Arachn. Syst.,
IV, p. 101, 1847; Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., VIII, p. 454, 1904.
kelloggi Nuttall and Warburton, Proe. Cambr. Philos. Soc., XIV, p. 3896, 1908.
CALIFORNICUS Banks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (3), III, p. 369, 1904.
COOKEI Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 67, 1869.
cruciarius Fitch, 14th Rept. Ins. N. Y., p. 366, 1871.
hexragonus var. longispinosus Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1901, p.
288.
heragonus Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim, Ind., U. S. Dept.
Agric., p. 467, 1902 (not of Leach).
DENTATUS Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 119.
DIVERSIFOSSUS Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 136.
bicornis Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., X, p. 196, 1906.
HEXAGONUS Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, p. 397, 1815; Neumann, Mém.
Soc. Zool. France, 1899, 1O5 22K
MARXI Banks, supra, p. 32, 1908.
PRATTI Banks, supra, p. 27, 1908.
RICINUS Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., X, p. 615, 1758; Neumann, Mém, Soc. Zool. France,
1899, p. 112; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind.,
U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 463, 1902.
SCAPULARIS Say, Journ. Acad. Phil., II, p. 78, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p. 21,
1859.
afinis Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, 120.
SCULPTUS Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., VIII, p. 462, eo

54 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

CERATIXODES.
Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., VI, p. 115, 1902.

PutTUS Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876, p. 260; Neumann, Mém. Soc.
Zool. France, 1899, p. 125; Arch. Parasitol., VI, p. 115, 1902; ibid.
XI, p. 229, 1907.
borealis Kramer and Neuman, Acariden wiihrend der Vega Exped., p. 526,
1888.
fimbriatus Kramer and Neuman, ibid. (male).
hirsutus Birula, Bul. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, 1895, p. 856.
SIGNATUS Birula, Bul. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, 1895, p. 357.
parvirostris Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1901, p. 284.

Amblyommine.
HA@MAPHYSALIS.
Koch. Arch. Naturg., X, p. 237, 1844.

CHORDEILIS Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 67, 1869.
LEPORIS-PALUSTRIS Packard, Ist Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 67, 1869; Neu-
mann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 348.
rostralis Dugés, Bul. Soc. Zool. France, 1888, p. 129.

AMBLYOMMA.

Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 228, 1844. Huthesius Gist], Naturg., p. 158, 1848.

AMERICANUM Linneeus, Syst. Nat., X, p. 615, 1758; Fitch, 14th Rept. Ins. New
York, p. 364, 1871; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 209;
Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. 8S. Dept.
Agric, p. 475, 1902.
orbiculatus Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 76, 1821.
unipunctata Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 66, 1869.
CAJENNENSE Fabricius, Entom. Syst., IV, p. 427, 1794; Koch, Ubersicht Arachn.
Syst., IV, p. 73, 1847; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, p. 205, 1899.
crenatum Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 76, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p. 20,
1859.
mixtum Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 227, 1844.
MACULATUM Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 227, 1844; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, 1899, p. 249.
tigrinum Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 227, 1844.
tenellum Isoch, ibid. -
rubripes Woch, ibid., p. 228.
ovatum och, ibid.
triste Koch, ibid., p. 229.
TUBERCULATUM Marx, Insect Life, VI, p. 314; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France,
1899, p. 235. ;

CATALOGUE. 55

DERMACENTOR.
Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 235, 1844.

ALBIPICTUS Packard, Amer. Nat., II, p. 559, 1868; Guide Study Insects (part 9),
p. 662, 1869 (Aug.) ; Amer. Nat., III, p. 365, 1869.
variegatus Neumann, Mém. Soe. Zool. France, 1897, p. 3867; Salmon and
Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agriec., p. 452,
1902.
reticulatus Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. 8S. Dept.
Agric., p. 448, 1902 (not of Fabricius).
BIFURCATUS Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 122 (sub. T-rodes) ; Arch.
Parasitol., VIII, p. 453, 1904.

NIGROLINEATUS Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Science, p. 66, 1869.
NITENS Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 876; Salmon and Stiles, 17th
Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 455, 1902.

OCCIDENTALIS Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., IX, p. 285, 1905.
reticulatus Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 360 (part).
PARUMAPERTUS Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1901, p. 267; Arch. Parasitol.,
EXE 250, L905:
PARUMAPERTUS Var. MARGINATUS Banks, supra, p. 46, 1908.
VARIABILIS Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 77, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p. 21, 1859.
americanus of various authors (not of Linnzeus).
electus Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 235, 1844; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool.
France, 1901, p. 265; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur, Anim.
Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 455, 1902.
Dept. Agric., p. 455, 1902.
albipictus Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 66, 1869 (not of
Guide Study Insects).
5-striatus Fiteh, 14th Rept. Ins. N. Y., p. 366, 1871.
robertsoni Fitch, ibid.
? punctulatus Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 78, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p.
21, 1859
VENUSTUS Banks, supra, p. 46, 1908.

MARGAROPUS.
Karsch, Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ver., 1879, p. 96. Boophilus Curtice, Journ. Comp.
Med. Vet. Arch., XII, p. 318, 1891.

ANNULATUS Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 75, 1821; Compl. Writ., JUG om aie)
1859; Neumann, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 407; Salmon and

Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 420,
1902; Hunter and Hooker, Bul. 72, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agric., i 30,
1907.

bovis Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 68, 1869.
bovis Riley, Gamgee’s Rept. Diseases of Cattle, p. 121, 1869.
indentatus Gamgee, Rept. Diseases of Cattle, p. 121, 1869.
dugesi Mégnin, Les Parasites, p. 126, 1880.

56 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

RHIPICEPHALUS.
Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 238, 1844.
TEXANUS Banks, supra, p. 34, 1908.
UNPLACED.

IXODES CINCTUS Fabricius, Syst. Antliatorum, p. 356, 1805.

{XODES ERRATICUS Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 77, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p.
20, 1859.

IXODES FUSCUS Say, Journ: Phil. Acad., II, p. 79, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p. 22,
1859.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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Banxs, N.—Some arachnida from California. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., III, (3),
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BANKS, N.—A treatise on the Acarina or mites. <Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XXVIII, pp. 42-49, 1904.

Banks, N.—A catalogue of the Acarina, or mites, of the United States. <Proc.
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BEARDSLEE, H. C.—Cattle tick on human body. <Bul. 4, n. s., Div. Ent., U. S.
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Benr, H. H.—A Californian tick. <Can. Entom., 1899, pp. 229-231.

Brruta, A.—Ixodide nove vel parum cognite Musei Zoologici Academie
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Butter, T.—The cattle tick and the quarantine restrictions. <Bul. No. 24,
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Butter, T.—Progress made in exterminating the fever tick (Boophilus annu-
latus) in North Carolina. <Cir. N. Car. Dept. Agric., Jan. 1, 1906, 4 pp:

ConNAWAyY, J. W.—Texas fever, or acclimation fever. <Bul. 37, Mo. Agric.
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Curticr, C. The biology of the cattle tick. <Journ. Comp. Med., XII, pp. 318-
319, 1891.

CuRTICE, C.—About cattle ticks. <Journ. Comp. Med., XIII, pp. 1-7, 1892.

CurTIcE, C.—Parasites, being a list of those infesting the domesticated animals
and man in the United States. <Journ. Comp. Med., XIII, pp. 228, 236,
1892.

CurTICE, C.—Cattle tick (Boophilus bovis Riley sp.) Biology. <Bul. 24, Tex.
Agric. Exp. Sta® pp. 287-252, 2 pls., 1892.

CurTICcE, C.—On the extermination of the cattle tick and the disease spread by
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DALRYMPLE, W. H., H. A. Morcan, and W. R. Dopson:—Cattle tick and Texas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bid
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DucrEs, A.—Los Garrapatas de Mexico. <Mem. Soc. Antonio Alzate, XVIII, pp.
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Fircu, A.—Fourteenth Report on the noxious, beneficial, and other insects of
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BDp—oel, 1872.

Francis, M.—The cattle tick, preventive measures for farm and range use.
<Bul. 24, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 253-256, 1892.

Francis, M.—Veterinary Science. <Bul. 30, Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta., pp. 4836-458,
3 pls., 1894.

FRANCIS, M., and J. W. CoNNAWAY.—Texas fever. <Bul. 53, Tex. Agric. Exp.
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GUERIN-MENEVILLE, IF’. E.—Argas talaje n. sp. <Revue et Mag. de Zool., (2) I,
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Hays, W. J.—The moose tick. <Amer. Nat., II, p. 559, 1869.

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1871.

Hoenr, F.—Further concerning the new chicken plague in Texas. <Insect
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HIOLLAND, W. Ji.

Concerning ticks. <Can. Entom., 1898, pp. 96-97.

How arp, L. O.—Note on the chicken tick. <Insect Life, VII, pp. 417-418, 1895.

Hunter, W. D.—Note on the occurrence of the North American fever tick on
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Hunter, W. D., and W. A. Hooxrer.—Information concerning the North Amer-
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KauM, P.—Nachricht von einer Art Insecten in Nordamerika Waldlaus genannt
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Lewis, L. L.—Texas fever. <Buls. 27 and 39, Okla. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1897, 1898.

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270, 1896. :

Marx, G.—Note on the classification of the Ixodide. <Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
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Marx, G.—On the morphology of the ticks. <Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., II, pp. 271-
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58 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES,

MArx, G.—[In Hubbard’s “The insect guests of the Florida land tortoise.” ]
<Insect Life, VI, pp. 302-315, 1894.

Marx, G.—[Plate illustrating ticks, published by the Entomological Society of
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Mayo, N. S.
1897.

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MILLER, W. McN.—Texas cattle fever. <(Bul. 31, Nevada Agric. Exp. Sta., 11
pp., 1895.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 59
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Reppine, R. J.—Cattle ticks and Texas fever. <Bul. 49, Ga. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
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60 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES.

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INDEX.

Page. Page.
JOTI CICS SBR RCL Be Bas atic nee TW eifeshistory: se. sssec se ceeis aces ceeseseonce 9
affinis, Ixodes. (See scapularis.) longispinosus, Ixodes. (See cookei.)
HUD UPLGIILS; DCT TLOACENLON == === = eaa= aoe se -)<1n= 43,44 | maculatum, Amblyomma ........------------ 37,39
AMID ONUIUL = cisaclne © cee eee eae staisete =iel === MONGQODUS 25 525 eee masela= see = ee eases 20,35
AMBLYOMMIN#.. marginatus, var. of paruwmapertus..-.-------- 46
PNMBIAY.O MMINI > = -a)acicdaemeen caech cc teiaaccsis MONTGIS TBOGES > ft Foc ioee cidee etenasee henner ee 23, 32
americana, Argas. (See miniatus. ) Menu. \OTNUNOGOTOS: = nee = ols a4 ae ee 16,17
americanus, Ornithodoros. (See turicata.) MUINCOTUS: | ATO OSs ee = somia alsisiaiere sleeetaisiee ae eel 15
americanum, Amblyomma. ...-.-------------- 37,40 | mixtum, Amblyomma. (See cajennense.)
CUNO USMS ol TOOCS ae eaters = stats oat wie = ots olen = = = 23,29 | nigrolineatus, Dermacentor .......----------- 43,48
UT ACUS MOLT GOMOD US a ata2 ais = = nial = = == lela 36) | nitens, DermacentOT 5... . 2 </s- a2 =-10 2 sa 42, 43, 50
CU CLUGUS TE BOUL ES Ren eae Bee oe e saiees s21csci 93\‘| occidentalis, Dermacentor.....---2-----=-<-<- 43,47
PAT OOS Sas = ctsis.5e SoS SAb SE sdoh sedeeageesecneasac 14 | orbiculatus, Ixodes. (See americanwmn, Am-
BANGER CHAU TID) AIS Poyclay pectin Settee ol aiaiths ctarsieini=]eraio wim ie.= 3 14 blyomma. ) E
bicornis, Ixodes. (See diversifossus. ) Ornitho@oros <s-% cee.ccce case Saks eee an eee 14,16
DE VULCOLUS ICN IULCCNLON yaya -i=1= 22 m1 2 + =\Joei=[~ 43 | ovatum, Amblyomma. (See maculatum.)
Boophilus. (See Margaropus.) parumapertus, Dermacentor ....--.---------- 43,45
borealis, Ceratixodes. (See putus.) : parvirostris, Ixodes. (See signatus, Cera-

bovis, Boophilus. (See annulatus, Marga-
TrOpus. )

tixodes. )
persicus, Argas. (See miniatus.)

REL CSA OCS sare ett cits sn sisie melnis sie nie aie oiet= WOME INGE wl COLES sae ncae ale eee alo ntee reece secretes 23, 27

PIPEOPR CUS pL CODES ro ane ioe eeala so aaa) stata tere loin = e/srers 23,26 | punctulatus, Ixodes. (See variabilis, Derma-

cajennense, Amblyomma.....2.-..-..2------: 37,41 centor. )

COU ONMUUCUS ORCOMES eee eein ase ctereinye/eie ais ie = 2 = 2a, 2A) UtUus, CenaneOdes=- eras saa sciee seams easels 21

CONVUSUL O Op ET OG CS ier ctalole olaioj0ia!tietoine a's) e\s =helr=i = 32 | quinquestriatus, Ixodes. (See variabilis, Der-

(EROS SeSpe ORS O EH Aice POR SOE SEE eoaaer 20 macentor. )

chordeilis, Hemaphysalis..............-.---- 338,34 | radiatus, Argas. . (See miniatus.)

LEGER WICOMCS “ee Scere Sera Bw caeis,as anes OSPR |) WRAY ROE Be ane Se sco sagcocdecceectse sone LET

USSSA LOM = See oe cinta ool otepeleieloreiersteraisis = Din pm CLECULALUS, CT NULGEILOR alm a(aiiges te eet 42,52

CONCINNG, HLMUPRYSAUS 2-2. 2 le So cee ne Oe OOM RCH DEL GE PEC ATGUNM = cine stein seeps s/eioleea\=[erierot 20

(O00) Wel ed CLOCK EG Se ras SO SOIC Ce EE Se DoCS MEU DUCED ILLS pect elem en et eiprae eiaie tacit sisletay= 20, 34

COTLOGEUS, OTMLROGON OS. — «ccs Sac = 32! ne PPCM ECLIVIUS: MELO CCS tries as aa oe etol taat=' ays atari eicle 22, 23, 24

erenatum, Ixodes. (See cajennense, Ambly- | robertsoni, Ixodes. (See variabilis, Derme-
ommda. ) centor. ) :

cruciarius, Ixodes. (See cookei.) | rostralis, Gonixodes. (See: leporis-palustris,

ET AUUE eT ROULS soo hen sv oehee Sete nese 23,98 | Hemaphysalis.)

IDRC eee ee rae 20,42 | rubripes, Amblyomma, (See maculatum.)

WRRMACENTORINIG 0.2 822200. ete sees vg | sanchezi, Argas. (See miniatus.)

UCT EIOSSUS: TLOGES Seine at nace mcleeaes 2-56 -<i2 22,27 sanguineus, Rhipicephalus ........---------- 34

dugesi, Ixodes. (See annulatus, Margaropus. ) savignyi, Ornithodoros ....-.--.--++++++++++- 16—

electus, Dermacentor. (See variabilis. ) scapularis, Ivodes ...-------+++-+++20 2002200 23, 25

CRP AICS ROU RS hs ae oe ons soewine se 49, 51 SCUUDLUS PICO GES nee == maa eee eee ei 23, 30

fimbriatus, Ceratixodes. (See putus.) SUGILOUILS i OGROLUTOCLES ene aisn see eee aielee 21

MLONEA LT ONCR Ia 22S sage soak acan cae 26, 52 spinosum, Rhynchoprion. (See megnini, Or-

SPILSCILS MIMOOLS neat 28 Se, Se cabs ose hesecesecas 51 | nithodoros.)

Geographical distribution .............-.--- Jo | Structure ......-.----------+--++++e++-2+-+-- 7

HRMIAPTOR SATIN: Cl oaee! bane ce pe ee 99 | talaje, Ornithodoros ....--..--------------+-- 17,19

ie naDHSAUS. ook 2062 Ss25.55.. 22d 50222 25oee 20, 32 tenellum, Amblyomma. (See maculatwm.)

hexagonus, Ixodes ......-.-------++-++0+-800- 23,31 | texanus, RNIpPiCepnaius|-—- == -2 52-2455 = 34

hirsutus, Ceratixodes. (See putus.) tigrinum, Amblyomma. (See maculatum.)

RT tical eee eek tece eed me 11 | triste, Ambiyomma. (See maculatum.)

Min CHOOPUS te TLODGS* 1-20. Ssec---42icses-tecse: 32,52 tuberculatum, Amblyomma ....--------+----- 37,38

indentatus, Ixodes. (See annulatus, Marga- turicata, Ornithodoros...--.---- Sarin ia --- 17,18
ropus.) — unipunctata, Amblyomma. (See america-

LOGIT RL, SSSA AS ee 20,22 | ™um.)

ODED a Sees eee Lett Sane ae ee A 14, 20 urix, Ixodes. (See putus, Ceratixodes. )

TSM OTN Aa he oe ele cle Ale a ae es 90) | wamiavilts) Denmacenton.= to2- 0 <= -/2 = 2's 43,49

ODO LDR Asem sae wot ae opaleieiocis seine = 7 | variegatus. (See albipictus, Dermacentor.)

kelloggi, Ixodes. (See brunneus.) wenustus, DErMacentO..-..--<s~=2-2-0-4--4- 43, 46

leporis-palustris, Hemaphysalis....-.-------- 33 | winthemi, Margaropus ...........-..-------- 36

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