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Far TECHNICAL SERIES No. 21.
©, 5, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
SYNOPSIS, CATALOGUE, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.
BY
DUDLEY MOULTON,
Deputy State Commissioner of Horticulture for California.
IssueD JUNE 13, 1911.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1911.
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruartr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Currron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk.
F, H. CaitrenpeEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Horxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WesstEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. KE. F. Puiuuies, in charge of bee culture.
D. M. Rocers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work.
Roiia P. Currie, in charge of editorial work.
MaBEL CotcorD, librarian.
2
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., December 13, 1910.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a bulletin to be entitled ‘Synopsis, Catalogue, and Bibliography of North American Thysanoptera, with Descriptions of New Species.”
During the past few years the order Thysanoptera in America has been the subject of increased study by entomologists, not only on account of the extreme interest attaching to the insects themselves, but also by reason of the considerable importance which several of the species have attained as pests of horticultural and other crops. Mr. Moulton, while in the employ of this bureau, was a part of the time engaged in a study of two very destructive species in California, namely, the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel) and the orange thrips (Euthrips citri Moulton), and the present paper is an outgrowth of data and specimens collected during his investigation of these insects for the bureau.
An up-to-date synopsis and catalogue of the Thysanoptera is greatly to be desired and will be of much use to students of thisorder. I would therefore recommend the publication of this paper as Tech- nical Series No. 21 of the Bureau of Entomology.
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILson, Secretary of Agriculture.
CONTENTS:
NEM MM ILORIGH Pel oo cer eee sian s setae 22 5x he ee a Stee eee R te he ee Be os bias 8 SAR a Chissitication of North American. Thysanoptera:. ..-2 222.02... .)2 400. eons Mey id the suborder ape fanulies. 620 )(0 els. l es aes bil bc catia nemo re yueiie Cenleriee ss tees ee ts ho ser. UP aes hed hae Sia ae lae ee ae ap amie Sp OCLen eae mie te cys Se te ae ob eee seals pene oe ae Seals atalocue-o: North American. Thysatioptera 02-62. .ocns se oes oss snntenena se Descriptions of new genera and new speCies........-.-..-2...2.202eeee cece ee ianosraphiy ol TOCENt PUDNCAONS: 225. .8o56. 22sec 2 Dette bose ot eeeeessisets
Prave I.
if.
Ht.
IV.
. 18.—Echinothrips mexicanus: Right fore wing of female . 19.—Echinothrips mexicanus: Right antenna.. auc
. 20.—Euthrips albus: Head and prothorax of fomale, doneiliy view. . 21.—Euthrips albus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view... - , 22.—nihrips alous: Right fore wibg.. 0.5.5 .....2cesenaee es . 23.—Euthrips parvus: Head and thorax of female, dorsal view. . . 24.—LEuthrips parvus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. . . 25.—Euthrips parvus: Right fore wing of female . 26.—Euthrips helianthi: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal
PLEVUSERAEIO NS:
1.—Erythrothrips arizone: Head and thorax of female, dorsal ALLE eset Fs ae Te UNI RSE END NEN ALES ty 2.—Erythrothrips arizone: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal VO Wee ta eerie ht tate tae aioe os au Sates xe ee Creare oe
. 3.—Lrythrothrips arizone: Tip of abdomen of male, dorsal view . . 4.—Erythrothrips arizone: Right fore wing...................-
5.—Lrythrothrips arizone: Maxillary palpus...............-..- 6.—Lrythrothrips arizonz: Left antenna.....................- 7. Enylinourps anzone: Varvae 22). teens 220s e i ba ceed 8.—Orothrips kelloggit: Right antenna...................-..-
. 9.—Orothrips kelloggit yosemitii: Right antenna.............. .10.—Thrips magnus: Head and prothorax of female........... jit ——T hreps magnus: 'Rivhtiore wilt .....-52...24)-4.5.52002" . 12.—Euthrips citri: Head and prothorax of female . 13.—Euthrips citri: Tip of abdomen of female . 14.—Euthrips citri: Right antenna of female 15. Euiinips cit: «Right forewings... 2.5. ees ee eek kl aes
a
16.—Echinothrips mexicanus: Head and thorax of female, dorsal
.17.—Echinothrips mexicanus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal
rs
. 27.—Euthrips helianthi: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. . 28.—LEuthrips helianthi: Right antenna of female . 29.—Euthrips helianthi: Right fore wing...................-.2. . 30.—LEuthrips albus: Right antenna of female . 31.—Anaphothrips zee: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal
. 32.—Anaphothrips zex: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. . d3.—Anaphothrips zee; Right fore wing....................00 . 34.—Anaphothrips zex: Right antenna of female............... . 35.—Anaphothrips tricolor; Head and prothorax of female, dorsal
Page.
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40
40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40 40
40 40 40 40
40
PLATE V.
Vals
Fig. 36.—Anaphothrips tricolor: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal. VIOW oc wc careless eben ethe wee wins epee ee ee eee eee Fig. 37.—Anaphothrips tricolor: Right fore wing of female.......... Fig. 38.—Anaphothrips tricolor: Right antenna of female.......... ts Fig. 39.—Trichothrips ruber: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal WICW oa coors ena c eens ties Ge ale ele an ak Fig. 40.—Trichothrips ruber: Tip of abdomen, dorsal view......-.- Fig. 41.—Trichothrips ruber: Right antenna of female...........-- Fig. 42.—Cephalothrips errans: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal VLC Wo ioe ed Sais a Oe Se ences Seek ts al Fig. 43.—Cephalothrips errans: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal CVA O@Wiet aiats clase sfawe arate aie eee eS Seni abe el> ee eer Fig. 44.—Cephalothrips errans: Right antenna of female........... Fig. 45.—Cryptothrips californicus: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal wile w, soos cyher 2 2 toss ce Fig. 46.—Cryptothrips californicus: 'Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
40
40
SYNOPSIS, CATALOGUE, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
INTRODUCTION.
The many recent publications on American thrips, and especially the descriptions of new species with their added notes, have con- stantly impressed the writer with the need of a catalogue of these already known species, with references to their habitat and food plants and to notes on their life history. The writer is also impressed with the need, for future workers, of a uniform method in describing new species.
Several English and European entomologists have published extensively on European thrips, but it is only within the last decade that American writers have given more than passing notice to these insects. Several species of injurious thrips, in both the East and West, have been carefully studied, and these economic problems, it seems, have been largely the incentive for the other, the systematic work. The grass thrips (Anaphothrips striatus Osborn), the straw- berry thrips (Luthrips tritict Fitch), the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman), the tobacco thrips (Huthrips fuscus Hinds), the green- house thrips (Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché), the bean thrips (Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande), the orange thrips (Luthrips citra Moulton), and lastly the pear thrips (Zuthrips pyri Daniel) are all examples of what serious pests this group includes. Already many agents of the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture and various State and county workers have spent much time and money in learning the habits of these several inju- rious forms. California, unfortunately, harbors all of the above- mentioned species except, so far as we know, the tobacco thrips.
Messrs. Hood, Shull, Franklin, and D. L. Crawford have published extensively on these insects since the monograph by Dr. W. E. Hinds appeared. The writer also knows of others who are collecting thrips and preparing manuscript on description of new species. It seems opportune, therefore, for the sake of future workers, that a uniform method of describing species be adopted. The writer, therefore,
9
~ 10 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
includes an outline,’ which has been found most satisfactory in his own work.
Thrips are such minute insects that it is necessary for accurate study that they be mounted on slides. The writer has been able to get the best results by treating them in the following way: The thrips should be collected and killed by dropping them directly into 75 or 80 per cent alcohol; they should be dehydrated by passing them succes- sively through 90 per cent, 95 per cent, and absolute alcohol, and then cleared in xylol or cedar oil, and mounted in balsam. One specimen only should be placed under a cover glass; but by using small cover glasses, two can be placed side by side ona single slide. Glycerin jelly mounts are not to be desired.
The present paper includes 118 species of known American thrips, which are variously divided among 40 genera. Descriptions of 2 genera, 10 species, and 1 variety are herewith presented. The bibliography includes only references to recent publications.
CLASSIFICATION OF NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. KEY TO THE SUBORDERS AND FAMILIES. I. SUBORDER TEREBRANTIA.
Female with a sawlike ovipositor. Terminal abdominal segment of female conical and of male broadly rounded. Wings usually present; fore pair strongest, with more or less well-developed veins; membrane of wings with micro- scopic hairs.
a. Antenne with nine segments. Fore wings broad and rounded and with promi- nent ring veins and cross veins. Ovipositor upcurved.
(A.) Family HoLorHrRiPipz.
a’. Antennze with seven, eight, nine, or ten segments. Wings present or want-
ing; when present usually narrow and pointed at tips. Ovipositor down-
GUIVER ase Rete e ues ie Oe ae cen ete oe ae (B.) Family Turirip2.
1ORDER FOLLOWED IN DESCRIBING THYSANOPTERA. Name.
Measurements: Head length, width; prothorax length, width; mesothorax width; abdomen width; length of tube in the Phleothripide; total body length; antenn, length of segments in microns, total length. Note any variations.
General color, with variations.
Head: Comparative size, shape (frons, cheeks), markings, spines.
Eyes: Size, shape, position on head, color; shape and size of facets; presence or absence of pilosity.
Ocelli: Present or wanting, size, position, color.
Mouth-cone: Comparative size, shape; maxillary palpus, shape, segments; labial palpus, shape, seg- ments.
Antenne. Number of segments, total length compared with head, color, markings including spines, sense cones and areas.
Prothoraz: General shape, size, angles, number and position of spines, color.
Mesothoraz: Shape, comparative size, color.
Metathoraz or pterthoraz: Ditto.
Legs: Shape, markings of claws or spines, color.
Wings: Fore wings, size, shape, veins, spines or hairs, fringe, color; hind wings, ditto.
Abdomen: Shape, markings, spines; shape of tube in Phloeothripidz.
Number of specimens from which described.
Habitat.
Food plants.
Notes: Including time of year when adults are taken.
Descriptions of males should follow the same outline as for females.
Notes on larval stages.
KEY TO THE GENERA. did j
II. SUBORDER TUBULIFERA.
Female without sawlike ovipositor. Terminal abdominal segment tubular in both sexes, Wings usually present; fore pair only with a rudimentary median longitudinal vein; membrane of wings without microscopic hairs. Antenne with eight segments, or sometimes only seven.
(C.) Family PHi@orTurRiripa.
KEY TO THE GENERA. A. Family HonorHririwe.
1. All segments of antennz freely movable and diminishing in size gradually toward the tip. a. Maxillary palpi with seven or eight segments; wings with bands. 6. Wings with dark cross-bands; maxillary palpi with seven segments. (1) Orothrips Moulton. b’. Wings with dark longitudinal bands along posterior margin; maxilliary palpi
with eight segments........--- (2) Erythrothrips new genus. a’. Maxillary palpi three-segmented, labial palpi two-segmented; wings without dark Cross-bands. 0.2225. 25. ea0 = (3) Ankothrips Crawford.
2. Last four segments of antenne closely united and together shorter or a little longer than the fifth; maxillary palpi three-segmented, labial palpi four-sepmented > 2002... 54-622252- (4) Holothrips Haliday.
B. Family THrrpip2.
1. Antenne with seven segments. a. Body with deeply reticulated structure; wings broad, reticulated, and without
INOHE fhinee. oso conn Meee ae (5) Parthenothrips Uzel. a’. Body without reticulated structure; wings pointed, front fringe present. b. Maxillary palpus with two segments........-.------- (6) Baliothrips Haliday. 0’. Maxillary palpus clearly with three segments...-......- (7) Thrips Linneeus. 2. Antenne with eight segments (with six segments in Aptinothrips rufus var. con- natticornis).
a. Body with reticulated structure, wings present. b. Last segment of antenna long and slender and very much longer than segment 7. c. style longer than segment 6; prothorax much shorter than head; spines on veins pointed...........-....------(8) Heliothrips Haliday. ce’. style shorter than segment 6; prothorax about as long as head; spines on wings long, strong, and with dilated tips. (9) Echinothrips new genus. b’. Last segment of antenna not noticeably long and slender and only a little longer than segment 7; style shorter than segment 6. (10) Dictothrips Uzel. a’. Body without reticulated structure (except in Sericothrips reticulatus). b. Abdomen having a silky luster (when living or in dried condition), because of covering of extremely small hairs. (11) Sericothrips Haliday. b’. Abdomen without small hairs giving it a silky luster. c. Last two antennal segments longer than the sixth. . ..(12) Raphidothrips Uzel. ce’. Last two antennal segments shorter than the sixth. d. Terminal segment of abdomen with a pair of extremely stout, short spines near the tip.aboves..si¢ so252 05). 2 (18) Limothrips Haliday. d’. Terminal abdominal segments without stout spines.
12 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA,
e. Antenne with second segment drawn out into an acute process on outer angle; fore femora usually broad and with small tooth at End ON.OULSICeassee nee eee (14) Chirothrips Haliday. e’. Antennze with second segment normally symmetrical: fore femora smaller and without tooth. f. Ocelli and wings wanting; hairs upon the end of the abdomen short and as a rule very weak......... (15) Aptinothrips Haliday. f’. Ocelli and wings present; hairs upon the end of the abdomen moder- ately long and proportionately stout. g. With a long spine at the middle of each side of prothorax; spines on body and wings very strong.......-- (16) Scolothrips Hinds. g’. Without a spine at the middle of each side of prothorax. h. Ovipostor long and extending considerably beyond tip of abdo-
TOTS hails 2 kaa a cco, a eral (17) Scirtothrips Shull. h’. Ovipostor not unusually long and not extending beyond tip of aADUOMeD ne se eee (18) Huthrips Targioni-Tozzetti.
3. Antenne with apparently nine segments. a. Head only slightly wider than long; wings not regularly set with spines; spines
weak and not conspicuous, .......- (19) Anaphothrips Uzel. a’. Head fully one and one-half times as wide as long; wings set regularly with SPUMOR IE Sai) 25 cee eee ere Se (20) Pseudothrips Hinds.
4, Antenne with clearly nine segments, sometimes apparently ten. (21) Heterothrips Hood.
C. Family PHL@oruriripé.
1. Head about as long as wide and either shorter or only a little longer than the pro- thorax. a. Antenne with seven segments. 6. Antenne one and one-half times as long as head; head rounded in front and about as wide as long; basal segments of antennz subap_ ProKimagtels.)45. He. Heys leeee Paels (22) Allothrips Hood. b’. Antenne two and one-half times as long as head; head rectangular; basal segments of antennz widely separated and placed on the prominent anterior angles of the head. (23) Rhaptothrips Crawford. a’. Antenne with eight segments and one and one-half to twice as long as head. b. Width of abdomen of females not nearly equal to one-half its length; wings constricted in the middle.
c. Mouth-cone not longer than its breadth at base; labrum narrowed toward the tip but not sharply pointed; fore femora but slightly thickened; fore femora of males without large curved tooth Onder side'st.28 As Sa DH: A (24) Anthothrips Uzel.
c’. Mouth-cone reaching nearly to hind edge of prosternum; labrum blunt; fore femora of females thickened, of males greatly enlarged and with a large curved tooth on inner side.
(25) Aleurodothrips Franklin. b’. Width of abdomen of females equal to about one-half its length.
é) Bead narrowed andinomteiod Sr), Hun cas es ears (26) Hurythrips Hinds. c’. Head not narrowed in front. d. Third antennal segment very short and narrow..... (27) Lissothrips Hood.
d’, Third antennal segment normal. e. Segment 8 of antenna shorter than segment 7... .(28) Trichothrips Uzel. e’. Segment 8 of antenna very slender and noticeably longer than segment 7. (29) Plectothrips Hood.
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 13
2. Head considerably longer than wide and longer than the prothorax. a. Head less than twice as long as wide. b. Fore femora each with a tooth on the inner side near the end. (30 Acanthothrips Uzel. b’. Fore femora unarmed. c. Wings wanting or reduced to pads (or very short and weak if fully developed). d. Mouth-cone shorter than its width at base, labrum not narrowed in the
middle and with a blunt tip...-.--.. (31) Cephalothrips Uzel.
d’. Mouth-cone as long as its width at base, labrum sharply pointed. e. Cheeks with spine-bearing warts......-------- (32) Malacothrips Hinds. e’. Cheeks without spine-bearing warts. .....--..------(33) Neothrips Hood.
ce’. Wings fully developed. d. Wings constricted in the middle. e. Mouth-cone broadly rounded at the end; wings only slightly narrowed ER alte ANIONIC soc 5 ate eat ha a at (34) Cryptothrips Uzel. e’. Mouth-cone constricted at the end; wings considerably narrowed in the middle and having somewhat the shape of a sole. f. Head nearly twice as long as wide; mouth-cone reaching nearly across
PROB PON INE 6 ek om Macias am Sera (35) Leptothrips Hood, f’. Head only a little longer than broad; mouth-cone reaching only to middle of prosternum........-------- (36) Zygothrips Uzel.
d’. Wings of equal width throughout. e. Cheeks with a few very small warts, each of which bears a small spine. (37) Phleothrips Haliday. eo Cheeks without such warts. 2o----2-2 226-4 s—- 4c (38) Liothrips Uzel. a’. Head more than twice as long as wide; individuals very large.
b. Antennz one and one-sixth to one and one-half times as long as head; fore tarsi of females unarmed, of males each armed with a tooth; without prominent spines along fore margin of prothorax.
(39) Idolothrips Haliday.
b’. Antennz twice as long as head; color brown to dark brown; fore tarsi not armed; four prominent spines along fore margin of protho- rax, two of which stand on the outer angles.
(40) Megalothrips Heeger.
KEY TO THE SPECIES. (1) Genus Oroturirs Moulton.
1. Segment 2 of antenna quite uniform brown; segment 3 not constricted in the middle; sense areas on segments 3 and 4 elongate. (1) Orothrips kelloggii Moulton. 2. Segment 2 of antenna brown at base, yellow at tip; segment 3 constricted in the middle; sense areas on segments 3 and 4 ovoid. (2) Orothrips kelloggii yosemitii, new variety.
(4) Genus Hotoruries Haliday.
1. Fore wings with dark cross-bands. a. White band around abdominal segments 1 and 2; last four segments of antennz much longer than fifth. b. Segments 2 and 3 of abdomen white; wings with cross-veins. (5) Holothrips bicolor Hinds. b’. Segments 1, 2, and posterior half of 3 white; wings without cross-veins. (6) Holothrips vespiformis Crawford.
14 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
a. Without white band around first two abdominal segments; last four segments of antennz approximately as long as the fifth alone. (7) Holothrips fasciatus Linneeus. 2. Each fore wing with dark longitudinal band along posterior margin. a. With veins in anterior wings normal as in most species of this genus. (8) Holothrips kuwanati Moulton. a’. Without veins in anterior wings..........---. (9) Holothrips longiceps Crawford.
(7) Genus Turirs Linnezeus.
—
. Head considerably wider than long.
a. Body color dark brown, thorax and other parts orange-tinted, inner crescents bordering ocelli orange-red; individuals large, about 1.25 mm. in length.
b. Wings light brown, with lighter colored area near base. (12) Thrips madronii Moulton. b’. Wings uniform dark brown to brown......... (13) Thrips magnus, new species.
a’. Body color light yellow to light brown or brown; inner crescents bordering ocelli light brown; body length about 1 mm.
b. Ocelli subapproximate; posterior longitudinal vein of fore wing with about fourteen to seventeen regularly placed spines.
(14) Thrips tabaci Lindeman.
b’. Ocelli widely separated, anterior one on frons and directed forward; posterior longitudinal vein bearing about seven spines.
(15) Thrips abdominalis Crawford.
2. Head about as long as wide. a. Color uniform light lemon-yellow.............-.- (16) Thrips bremnerii Moulton. a’. Color of head brown, of thorax reddish orange-brown, of abdomen pale yellow to
STAY APIO Wiles cee... sn emoeees fons co (17) Thrips perplexus Beach.
(8) Genus Henioturires Haliday. 1. All tibize yellow. a. Antenne nearly three times as long as head; wings shaded brown, with two more or less distinct whitish cross-bands and whitish at tip. (18) Heliothrips femoralis Reuter. a’. Antennze about twice as long as head; wings almost white, shaded light brown slong WEINSs 2: soss2 ecw es (19) Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché. Middle and hind tibize brown. a. Antenne two and one-half times as long as head, segments 3 and 4 modioliform, maxillary palpi three-segmented.. . (20) Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande. a’. Antenne twice as long as head, segments 3 and 4 fusiform; maxillary palpi two- BERMICMtCC es Pesca ne ee re (21) Heliothrips fasciapennis Hinds.
to
(11) Genus Sericoruries Haliday.
—_
. Wings fully developed or rudimentary. a. Wings fully developed. b. Fore wings dusky or gray-brown and more or less distinctly marked with whitish cross-bands; general color yellowish to dusky gray. (24) Sericothrips variabilis Beach. b’. Fore wings black, with two broad white cross-bands, and white at tip; general color blackish: .2./..- shee oes ee (25) Sericothrips pulchellus Hood. a’. Wings reduced or fully developed; body dark brown to nearly black, except seg- ments 4, 5, and 6 of abdomen, which are almost white. (26) Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds.
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 15
2. Wings wanting. a. Body very dark brown, nearly black; pterthorax yellow to yellow-brown; legs [a2 yr a ee pe he a cee ee (27) Sericothrips apteris Daniel. a’. Body uniform brown; surface of body strongly reticulated; legs yellow. (28) Sericothrips reticulatus Moulton. a’’. Body and legs uniform brown; four stout spines on dorsal side of segment 9. (29) Sericothrips stanfordiit Moulton.
(14) Genus Currorurrrs Haliday.
1. With two moderately long spines at each hind angle of prothorax; two longitudinal veins in each fore wing; fore wings gray-brown.
(31) Chirothrips manicatus Haliday.
2. With one moderately long spine at each hind angle of prothorax; one median longi-
tudinal vein in each fore wing, five spines on apical part of wing
where second vein should be..... (33) Chirothrips mexicanus Crawiord.
3. Without spines at hind angle of prothorax. aA pdomen light yellow. 22 225.6: {hace 2 ss ene dis =. (34) Chirothrips obesus Hinds. ® oa beomen: Lent brown... 2 isc 2l-% to 204-6 «5 (35) Chirothrips crassus Hinds.
(18) Genus Euturies Targioni-Tozzetti.
1. Without prominent spines on fore angles of prothorax, longitudinal veins not regu- larly set with spines.
a. Head noticeably wider than long; general color white to light yellow or orange.
b. Last two segments of antenne rather long and slender, and together about two-
thirds as long as segment 6; wings shaded brown, with transparent
whitish areas near base and at tip; ring vein and longitudinal veins
HOt CONSPICUOUS +2. .,./..6. - 2 Beees (39) Euthrips orchidit Moulton.
b’. Last two segments of antenne not noticeably elongate and slender and together about one-half as long as segment 6.
c. Ring vein and at least a part of fore vein conspicuous; color of body orange- yellow.
d. Wings shaded brown; fore part of longitudinal vein alone conspicuous. (40) Euthrips parvus, new species. d’. Wings not shaded brown; both longitudinal veins present, with three or four scattered spines on each, one of which stands.at the abrupt ending OCR, WEN aos ck) 5c tae ieee See eS | (41) Euthrips citri Moulton. ec’. Ring vein and longitudinal veins not conspicuous; group of six spineson basal part of wing where anterior vein should be and nine on outer half where posterior vein should be; color of body and wings clear white, outer half of antennze dark brown. . .(42) EZuthrips albus, new species. a’. Head about as long as wide; general color brown, thorax sometimes orange-
brown.
6. Basal segment of antenne concolorous with head and with segment 2; wings brown, with an irregular, somewhiat triangular transparent area near base; two long prominent spines between posterior ocelli; without prominent spines along posterior margin of prothorax; legs brown, concolorous with body, except tarsi, which are lighter.
(43) Euthrips pyri Daniel.
b’. Basal segment of antennee lighter colored than head and segment 2; wings uniform light brownish-gray, without whitish area near base.
(44) Euthrips ehrhornii Moulton. 2. With spines on fore angle of prothorax; longitudinal veins set regularly with spines.
16 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
a. Fore tibizee armed at end with tooth. Females dark brown; wings brown, with whitened area near base; antennze concolorous with head, except segment 3, which is light yellow.
(45) Euthrips ulicis californicus Moulton.
a’. Fore tibize not armed with tooth.
b. Postocular spines wanting; row of spines along anterior margin of prothorax either wanting or at least not conspicuous, except often the third from the outer margin.
c. Antenne uniformly brown to dark brown, concolorous with body; wings light brown, veins prominent; spines brown, twenty-three on fore vein, sixteen on hind vein, short and comparatively stout; white longitudinal area near base of wing. .(46) Euthrips minutus Moulton.
c’. Antenne with segment 3 yellowish, 4 and 5 light gray-brown, yellowish at base; wings gray-brown, veins not prominent, spines on wings nor- mally long and stout, fourteen on fore vein, ten on hind vein. (Wings may be reduced topads)......-.- (47) Euthrips fuscus Hinds.
b’. Postocular spines: conspicuous.
c. General color uniformly brown to dark brown, no shading of orange; antennee with segments 3, 4, and 5 light brown to yellow and shaded.
d. Uniformly dark brown; fore wings shaded dark brown, with a large whitened area extending across wing near base; spines on wings all dark brown cn/aacbec5.b: eter eet (48) EHuthrips insularis Franklin.
d’. Color yellowish brown; fore wings uniformly shaded with gray.
(49) Euthrips nervosus Uzel. ¢’. General color whitish to yellow or yellowish to brown, no shading or orange.
d. Second segment of antenne with a double spine-bearing tubercle; vertex of head depressed; anterior ocellus directed forward.
e. Color uniformly yellow; surface of body without reticulation. (50) Huthrips cephalicus Crawford. e’. Color uniformly brown; surface of body reticulated. (51) Luthrips cephalicus reticulatus Crawford.
d@. Second segment of antennze without double spine-bearing tubercle; ver- tex of head not depressed; anterior ocellus directed upward; color yellowish, shaded with dusky brown.
; (52) Euthrips heliantht new species.
c’’. General color light yellow to yellowish brown; thorax or other parts decidedly tinted with orange.
d. Head pale lemon-yellow to light yellowish brown; thorax orange-yellow; abdomen brownish yellow to brown; segment 1 of antenna whitish to light brown; segment 2 dark brown.
(53) Euthrips occidentalis Pergande.
d’. General color brownish yellow, not uniform; thorax orange-yellow; seg- ment 1 of antenna pale yellow, 2 light brown, base sometimes yel- Josie Rs Ve TSE Ee ee Ss a (54) Euthrips tritici Fitch.
d’’. General color brown to dark brown; thorax orange-brown.
(55) Euthrips tritici californicus, new variety.
(19) Genus ANAPHOoTHRIPS Uzel.
1. Without spines on posterior angles of prothorax; cheeks straight; surface of abdo- men not faintly cross-striated; crescents of ocelli bright orange- nie] Fo ge plat Mapa hts Pein, ASS BY lead Be (56) Anaphothrips striatus Osborn.
2. With one stout spine on posterior angle of prothorax; cheeks arched; surface of abdomen distinctly cross-striated, crescents of ocelli light brown.
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 17
a. Head about as long as wide; wings shaded gray-brown; segments 5, 6, 7, and 8 of abdomen without comblike arrangement of spines along posterior margin; color uniformly yellow to gray-brown.
(57) Anaphothrips hesperus new species.
a’. Head noticeably wider than long; wings transparent; segments 5, 6, 7, and 8 of abdomen with conspicuous comblike arrangement of spines; color of head and prothorax yellowish or orange-yellow, abdomen brown.
(58) Anaphothrips tricolor new species.
(21) Genus Hetrroturies Hood.
1. Prothorax twice as long as head; antenne with apparently nine segments.
a. Antennz without circles of distal sensoria on segment 4; segment 3 light yellow, palest at base; segment 4 brownish, palest toward base; articulation of segments brown, not clear. Wings brown, paler at base. Ante- rior femora shading to yellow at apex, fore tibize yellow, shaded with brown laterally; tarsi yellow......--.- (60) Heterothrips salicis Shull.
a’. Antenne without distal circles on segment 4; segments 1 and 2 slightly lighter than body, shaded laterally with black; segment 3 light yellow, with a narrow subbasal white band; distal one-third clouded with brown; segments 4 to 9 uniform light blackish-brown except band of sensoria on segment 4. Wings blackish brown, with a broad white band near base. Legs concolorous with body, except tarsi and distal part of fore tibize, which are yellow.
(61) Heterothrips arisemx Hood. 2. Prothorax less than twice as long as head; antennz with apparently 10 segments; circles of sense areas on segments 4 and 5 (corresponding to seg- ments 3 and 4 of other species of Heterothrips); segments 3 and 4 (corresponding to segment 3 of other species) light yellow; all others dark brown. Wings light brown, basal one-sixth clear. (62) Heterothrips decacornis Crawford.
(24) Genus ANTHOoTHRIPS Uzel.
1. Postocular spines wanting; antennz almost uniformly brown, except segment 3 and base of 4, which are light brown. ...(65) Anthothrips niger Osborn. 2. Postocular spines well developed. : a. Segments 3 and 6 of antenne, eyes, fore tibiz, all tarsi, and other lighter parts of body shaded with orange-yellow... (66) Anthothrips verbasci Osborn. a’. Intermediate segments of antenne and other light parts of body light brown. . (67) Anthothrips variabilis Crawford.
(26) Genus Euryruries Hinds.
1. Width of abdomen about one and two-thirds times that of prothorax; antenne twice as long as head..........(69) Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds. 2. Width of abdomen about one and one-fourth times that of prothorax; antenns twoand one-half timesaslongashead.(70) Eurythrips osborni Hinds.
(28) Genus TricnoTHrirs Uzel.
1. Prominent spines on body with blunt or dilated tips; most forms very dark brown or nearly black (except J. angusticeps), usually with short wings ; (except T. longitubus). a. Each fore tarsus armed with a tooth; antennz about one and two-thirds times as long as head; total body length about 1.4 to 1.7 mm. 71924°—11——-2
18 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
b. Postocular spines very short and not conspicuous.
c. Color brown, with conspicuous red pigment blotches; mouth cone pointed and reaching beyond posterior margin of prosternum; segments 1 and 2 of antennz brown, unicolorous with body.
(72) Trichothrips dens Moulton. b’. Postocular spines prominent.
c. Postocular spines acute; color of body black; mouth cone blunt, short, reaching but slightly past middle of prosternum; segments 1 and 2 of antenne black, segment 2 shading to lighter.
(73) Trichothrips brevicuralis Shull.
c’. Postocular spines prominent and nobbed at ends.
d. Color of body brownish yellow, shaded with brownish black, with maroon- colored hypodermal pigmentation; mouth cone considerably sur- passing base of prosternum; segments | and 2 of antenne paler than ody color. .2 4.) 4-saseseee (74) Trichothrips angusticeps Hood.
d’. Color of body brown to deep brown, with maroon-colored pigmentation; mouth cone not surpassing base of prosternum; segments 1 and 2
unicolorous with body.......-.-- (75) Trichothrips ruber new species. a’. Fore tarsi not armed; body length about 1.8 mm.; antennz about twice as long as head.
b. Wings fully developed; tibiz, tarsi, and intermediate segments of antenne bright lemon-yellow; prothorax two-thirds as long as head; tube fully as long as head............-. (76) Trichothrips longitubus Hood.
b’. Wings short; antennal segments 1 to 3 yellowish-brown, segments 4 to 8 black; prothorax about as long as head; tube slightly shorter than 1s (20 16 UT eS ine? ERPS pe AEE eye (77) Trichothrips buff Hood.
2. Prominent spines on body acute; most forms yellow-brown (except 7’. ilex which may be almost black); antenne about twice as long as head; all rather large individuals, about 1.7 mm. or more in length, and with wings usually fully developed (except JT. smithii, which is without wings and very small, about 1 mm. in length).
a. Individuals small and without ocelli or wings....(78) Trichothrips smithi Hood. a’. Individuals large; wings usually fully developed (they may be rudimentary in 7. americanus.)
b. Each fore tarsus armed with a small tooth.
c. Small stout spines on head borne upon small warts; tube fully as long as head. (79) Trichothrips beachi Hinds. c’. Spines on head not borne on small warts; tube shorter than head.
d. Antenne one and three-fourths times as long as head; tube two-thirds as long as head; total length about 2 mm.; fore tarsus with a short, stout tooth; wings clear white, except a slightly clouded band at one-third the wing’s length. ......- (80) Trichothrips ambitus Hinds.
d’, Antenne twice as long as head; tube three-fourths as long as head; total body length about 1.7 mm.; fore tarsi with a very small tooth; wings clear white...............(81) Trichothrips femoralis Moulton.
d’’. Antenne slightly more than twice as long as head; tube slightly shorter than head; total body length about 1.7 mm.; fore tarsi with a small acute tooth; wings light gray-brown, spotted with darker.
(82) Trichothrips americanus Hood.
b’. All tarsi armed each with a smail tooth.
ce. Color very dark brown, almost black; all tarsi, tips of fore tibize, and seg- ments 3 and 4 of antennz shading to yellow; sides of head slightly arched 8.3 ais tis iin Braet eh doce 2 ee (83) Trichothrips ilex Moulton.
KEY TO THE SPECIES. 19
c’. General color similar to that of 7’. ilex; all tarsi gray-brown to brown; anten- ne brown, with base of segment 3 yellow.
(84) Trichothrips ilex dumosa Moulton.
¢e’’. Color brown to light brown; tarsi light brown; antennze concolorous with
body, except segment 2 and base and top of 3, which are yellowish;
sides of head nearly parallel....-. (85) Trichothrips tridentatus Shull.
(30) Genus AcaANTHOTHRIPS Uzel.
1. Postocular spines wanting; back of head with spine-bearing tubercles; antenne hardly twice as long as head; body without latero-dorsal white stripes.
a. General color yellowish brown; antenne, legs, and segments 8 and 9 of abdo- men banded with nearly transparent or yellowish white; tube bear- ing a circlet of eight very long hairs.
(87) Acanthothrips magnafemoralis Hinds.
a’. General color dark brown, without white bands and without long hairs at end of tube.
b. A distinct white fleck, by reflected light, on dorsal anterior corners of all abdominal segments except the two basal and the two apical.
(88) Acanthothrips nodicornis Reuter.
b’. Without whitish markings ............... (89) Acanthothrips doanei Moulton.
2. Postocular spines long and pointed; back of head without spine-bearing tuber- cles; antenne about one and one-fourth times as long as head; body with latero-dorsal white stripes extending from posterior margin of eyes to base of eighth abdominal segment.
(90) Acanthothrips albivittatus Hood.
(31) Genus CEPHALOTHRIPS Uzel.
1. General color yellowish brown; antenne yellow, shaded with brown; all femora and middle and hind tibize brown; all tarsi and fore tibiz (except at base outside) pale yellow; body length 1.48 mm. (1.40 mm. to DG TINIE le he anced tea Aas AE Payee aie (91) Cephalothrips yucce Hinds.
2. General color dark brown; antenne dark brown, except segment 3, which is yel- lowish brown at tip; all femora and bases of all tibize brown; tips of all tibiz and all tarsi yellow; body length 1.16 mm. (1.86 mm. in winged forms when bodies are distended).
(92) Cephalothrips errans new species.
(34) Genus CryptrotHrirs Uzel.
1. Color brown to blackish brown, with conspicuous purplish pigmentation; seg- ments 1 and 2 of antennez concolorous with head, 3 and base of 4 yellow, others shading to brown toward tip; postocular spines not long and prominent........... (93) Cryptothrips californicus Daniel.
2. Color uniformly coal-black, except tarsi, which are blackish brown.
a, Antenne uniformly black; body length about 2.22 mm.; two pairs of promi- nent postocular spines.........- (96) Cryptothrips carbonarius Hood. a’. General color of antennz black, segment 2 paler at apex, segment 3 with two transverse brownish-yellow bands, one at base and the other in the middle; body length about 2.7 mm.; without prominent postocular Rpm an: Sie see bas bhiastied cbs < (97) Cryptothrips rectangularis Hood.
20 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
(37) Pauaorurirs Haliday.
1. Postocular spines long and conspicuous. a. General color dark brown, with tibiz and tarsi bright yellow; cheeks nearly straight; antenne one and three-fourths times as long as head. (100) Phleothrips uzeli Hinds. a’. General color yellowish brown, with considerable irregular red hypodermal pigmentation; legs grayish brown; cheeks slightly arched; antennez twice as long as head..........- (101) Phleothrips pergandei Hinds. a’. General color brown; fore tibiz and all tarsi light brown; cheeks strongly arched; antennz one and one-half times as long as head. (102) Phleothrips raptor Crawford. 2. Popteoular spines wanting; general color dark mahogany brown, with many smaller white pigment markings along head, thorax, and abdomen, and on Reese Ser eee cance idee cane (103) Piteciwins Tanne Hood.
(38) Genus Lioturirs Uzel.
1. Head about one and three-tenths or less times as long as wide.
a. Fore wings brownish at extreme base; head about one and fifteen one-hundredths times as long as wide; marginal abdominal bristles yellowish; tube eight-tenths as long as head.........-- (104) Liothrips ocellatus Hood.
a’. Fore wings nearly black in basal half; head about one and three-tenths times as long as wide; marginal abdominal spines nearly black; tube six-tenths as long as head........ (105) Liothrips umbripennis Hood.
a’’. Fore wings brownish in basal half.
(106) Liothrips wmbripennis mexicanus Crawford. 2. Head about one and five-tenths times as long as wide.
a. Antennz lemon-yellow; spines on prothorax large and prominent; mid laterals present, fully as long as anterior marginals; tube two-thirds as long gis WEA ee pes ins 2 Ee a eee (107) Liothrips citricornis Hood.
a’. Antennal segments 1 and 2 concolorous with head; spines on prothorax not prominent; mid laterals wanting.
b. Antennze with segments 1 and 2 almost black, 3 light yellow to light brown, others brown; tube one-half as long as head. c. Head converging anteriorly.........-. (108) Liothrips fasciculatus Crawford. ce’. Head distinctly converging posteriorly. (109) Liothrips fasciculata stenoceps Crawford. b’. Antennz one and two-thirds times as long as head; segments 1 and 2 dark brown, concolorous with body, others yellow. (110) Liothrips bakeri Crawford. b”. Antenne one and one-fourth times as long as head; segment 1 and base of 2 concolorous with body, apical half of 2 and of 5 and 6 to 8 light brown; 8, 4, and basal half of 5 yellow; tube one-half as long as TIGA Gs CRE SEO Siero ea (111) Inothrips meconnelli Crawford.
(39) Genus IpoLorHrirs Haliday.
1. Wings wanting or reduced to pads; all tibie and tarsi bright yellow; tibiz often clouded with brown at base........- (112) Idolothrips flavipes Hood. 2. Wings fully developed but short.
a. Average length 5.28 mm.; color deep black; entire body surface, including
femora and tibie, finely reticulated; tarsi yellow. (113) Idolothrips angusticeps Crawford. a’. Average length about 4 mm.; color coal-black, without markings; tarsi dark brOwii sss 2eses soe eeee eee (114) Idolothrips coniferarum Pergande.
CATALOGUE. oT
a’’, Average length about 3.3 mm.; color black, antennal segments 3 to 5 yellow at bases; tarsi blackish brown........ (115) Idolothrips armatus Hood.
3. Wings large, powerful, brown at base; median vein brown, prominent, and extend- ing to middle of wing; fore wings double fringed behind for about
SUP hate Miers le bes (116) Idolothrips tuberculatus Hood.
(40) Genus Mrecatorurirs Heeger.
1. Color dark brown, with orange or red pigment; all tibize and tarsi shaded with yellowish; bases of antennal segments 3-6 lemon-yellow. (117) Megalothrips hesperus Moulton. 2. Color nearly uniformly black, excepting tarsi, which are blackish brown. (118) Megalothrips spinosus Hood.
CATALOGUE OF NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA. 1. Genus OROTHRIPS Moulton, 1907.
(1) Orothrips kelloggii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., p. 45, figs., 1907. Habitat: Santa Cruz Mountains, central California. Taken in blossoms of manzanita (Manzanita manzanita) and madrofia (Arbutus menziesiz) in March and April. (2) Orothrips kelloggii yosemitii new variety. (For description see p. 34.) Habitat: Yosemite Valley, Cal. Taken in blossoms of wild lilac (Ceanothus sp.?) at an altitude of 6,000 feet, in June and July.
2. Genus ERYTHROTHRIPS new genus. (Described on page 34.)
(3) Erythrothrips arizonee new species. (For description see p. 35.) Habitat: Phoenix, Ariz.; Oroville, Cal. Taken in orange and olive blossoms in Arizona, by Mr. J. Eliot Coit, and on Rhamnus purshiana at Oroville, Cal., by Mr. B. B. Whitney.
3. Genus ANKOTHRIPS Crawford.
(4) Ankothrips robustus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 100, figs., 1909. Habitat: Claremont and Los Gatos, Cal. Taken on California laurel (Umbellularia californica) and California lilac (Ceanothus sp.?) at an altitude of 5,000 feet.
4. Genus ZOLOTHRIPS Haliday.
(5) Holothrips bicolor Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 130, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Food plants: Brunella vulgaris, Panicum sanguinale, bindweed, and various grasses in mowings. (6) Holothrips vespiformis Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 109, figs., 1909. Habitat: Managua, Nicaragua. Food plant not known. $
22 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
(7) Holothrips fasciatus Linnaeus, 1758. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 127, figs., 1902.
Habitat: England; Vienna, Austria; Finland; Germany. In the United States—Connecticut; Massachusetts; New York; Indiana; Iowa; Michigan; New Mexico; San Jose and Chico, Cal.; Corvallis, Oreg.
Food plants: As listed by Hinds—alfalfa, buckwheat, celery, clover, Composite, oats, onion, tansy, wheat, various grasses and weeds. In Cali- fornia in blossoms of California buckeye (Asculus californica) and monkey flower (Diplacus glutinosus), and on sugar beet foliage. In Oregon on Chrysan- themum leucanthemum, specimens collected by J. C. Bridwell. Taken in California from April to July.
(8) Holothrips kuwanaii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 47, figs., 1907.
Habitat: Santa Cruz Mountains, California.
Food plants: California lilac (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), elderberry (Sambucus glauca), chamisal (Adenostoma fasciculatum), purple lupine (Lupinus sp.?), April to July.
Nore.—Specimens of Holothrips kuwanaii collected from the blossoms of Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, at La Honda, Cal., have a variation in the shape of the dark longitudinal band on the wing. This band is widened at its anterior end and often extends across the entire wing. Segment 3 of the antenna is also often brown instead of lemon-yellow, shading to light brown at the tip.
olothrips kuwanaii, variety robustus Moulton (Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 48) is withdrawn and included in the species.
(9) Holothrips longiceps Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 101, figs., 1909.
Habitat: Claremont, Cal.
Food plant: Artemisia.
Notr.—Described from one male.
5. Genus PARTHENOTHRIPS Uzel.
(10) Parthenothrips dracsenze Heeger, 1854. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 176, figs., 1902. Habitat: Vienna; Finland; St. Petersburg; Germany; Bohemia. United States—Washington, D. C.; Amherst, Mass.; San Francisco and Sacramento, Cal. Food plants: After Hinds—Dracana, Ficus elastica, Kentia belmoreana. In California on Aralia (?) and sago palm (Cycas revoluta).
6. Genus BALIOTHRIPS Haliday.
(11) Baliothrips basalis Shull, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 224, figs., May, 1909.
Habitat: Huron County, Mich. On leaves of millet grass (Miliwm effusum) in August.
7. Genus THRIPS Linnzus.
(12) Thrips madronii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 57, figs., 1907. Habitat: California; Oregon. Food plants: California lilac (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), mountain laurel (Umbellularia californica), Solanum umbelliferum, Arbutus menziesii, western azalea (Rhododendron occidentale), lemon blossoms; taken from April to July.
CATALOGUE. 23
(13) Thrips magnus new species. (For description see p. 36, Pl. IT, figs. 10, 11.) Habitat: Visalia, Cal. On monkey-flower (Mimulus sp.?). Specimens collected by Mr. P. R. Jones. (14) Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1888. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 179, figs., 1902. (The onion thrips.) Habitat: After Hinds—Russia; England; Italy; Bohemia; Heligoland; Bermuda. In United States, generally distributed from Maine to California. Food plants: Almost all wild and cultivated flowers, grasses, fruit blos- soms, and truck crops. (15) Thrips abdominalis Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, page 157, March, 1910. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. Taken in various Composite, Solanum, Daucus sp.?, and others. (16) Thrips bremnerii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 59, figs., 1907. Habitat: San Jose, Cal. From inside of ripe figs, July. (17) Thrips perplexus Beach, 1895. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 184, figs., 1902. Habitat: Ames, Iowa; Amherst, Mass. Food plants: After Hinds—Cyperus sp.?, corn, various grasses.
8. Genus HELIOTHRIPS Haliday.
(18) Heliothrips femoralis Reuter, 1891. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 172, figs., 1902.
Habitat: Helsingfors, Finland. United States—District of Columbia; Amherst, Mass.
Food plants: As listed by Hinds—Amarillis sp., Aralia, Arum, Cestrum nocturnum, Chrysanthemum, Crinum, cucumber, Dracena sp., Eucharis grandiflora, Ficus elastica, F. grandiflora, Gardenia, Gossypium, Hydrangea, Mina lobata, moonflower, Pandanus, Phenix, Richardia xthiopica, tomato, Vitis.
(19) Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché, 1833. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 168, figs., 1902. Ref.: Russell, Bul. 64, Pt. VI, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr.; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p- 719, 1908. (The greenhouse thrips.)
Habitat: England; Germany; Vienna; Finland. United States—District of Columbia; Iowa; Massachusetts; Michigan; California. Mexico; St. Vincent and Barbados Islands; Hongkong, China.
Food plants: Aspidium, azaleas, croton, dahlias, ferns, liliaceous plants, Pellea hastata, phlox, pinks, verbenas, vines, laurestinas.
Note.—This insect is usually a hothouse pest, but lives out of doors on such plants as laurestinas and azaleas in the milder California climate. Mr. Franklin records it from the Barbados and St. Vincent Islands, in the West Indies group, where it feeds on cacao, kola, and date palms; and numer- ous shipments of mangoes from Mazatlan, Mexico, which arrive in the port of San Francisco, indicate that this insect is a serious pest on these fruits.
(20) Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande, 1895. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 174, 1902. Caliothrips woodworthi, Ent. News, vol. 15, p. 297, November, 1904. Habiiat: Widespread throughout California.
24 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Food plants: Oranges, wild vetch, burr clover; foliage of beets, radishes, pea vines, and lettuce; pear blossoms and foliage.
Note.—This insect is a serious pest on oranges, alfalfa, pear trees, and various garden crops.
(21) Heliothrips fasciapennis Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 26, p. 171, figs., 1902.
Habitat: Amherst, Mass.
Food plants: Grasses.
8. Genus ECHINOTHRIPS new genus. (Described on page 37.)
(22) Echinothrips mexicanus new species. (or description see p. 37.) Habitat: Acapulco, Mexico. Specimens taken from a small potted plant on shipboard in San Fran- cisco, Cal.
10. Genus DICTOTHRIPS Uzel.
(23) Dictothrips reticulatus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 155, figs., 1910. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. ‘“Taken on blossoms of native acacia-like tree” (Crawford).
11. Genus SERICOTHRIPS Haliday, 1836.
(24) Sericothrips variabilis Beach, 1895. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 143, figs., 1902.
Habitat: Iowa; Massachusetts; Yosemite Valley and San Jose, Cal.
Food plants: Cucumber, grass, smartweed; in blossoms of buckthorn and mountain lilac (Ceanothus sp.?) in Yosemite Valley in California at an altitude of 5,000 ft. The California specimens should probably rank as a distinct new variety of this species.
(25) Sericothrips pulchellus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p- 363, 1908.
Habitat: Muncie, Il.
Food plants: Hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata).
Note.—Mr. Hood notes that “this species is very close to Sericothrips variabilis Beach, but the coloration is distinctive. In living specimens examined under a hand lens, the head and prothorax are velvety black and without luster, due no doubt to the microscopic reticulation.”’
(26) Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 141, figs., 1902.
Habitat: Amherst, Mass.; Nebraska City, Nebr.
Food plants: Various grasses. The writer has collected specimens of this insect from grass at Nebraska City, Nebr., which have fully developed wings. These are broader and clear white in the basal fourth and slender and uniform gray-brown in the outer three-fourths.
(27) Sericothrips apteris Daniel, Ent. News, vol. 15, p. 295, November, 1904. Redescribed by Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 49, 1907.
Habitat: Counties about San Francisco Bay, California.
Food plants: Various grasses and weeds.
Note.—Many specimens of this thrips collected recently indicate a close relationship to S. stanfordii Moulton. Some specimens are almost uniformly brown.
CATALOGUE, 25
(28) Sericothrips reticulatus Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 50, figs., 1907. Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, Cal. Food plant: Grass and weeds. (29) Sericothrips stanfordii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 51, figs., 1907. Habitat: Stanford University, California. Food plants; Grasses and various weeds.
12. Genus RAPHIDOTHRIPS Uzel.
(30) Raphidothrips fuscipennis Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26. p. 159, figs., 1902. Habitat: Massachusetts. Food plants: Grasses.
13. Genus LIMOTHRIPS Haliday.
(31) Limothrips cerealium Haliday, 1852, Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 139, figs., 1902. (Limothrips avenx Hinds.)
Habitat: England; Germany. United States—Pennsylvania; Massachusetts. Food plants: Oats, Festuca pratensis.
14. Genus CHIROTHRIPS Haliday.
(32) Chirothrips manicatus Haliday, 1836. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 134, figs., 1902. Habitat: England; Germany; Finland; Russia; Bohemia. United States— Manchester, Iowa; Amherst, Mass.; Nebraska City, Nebr.; Corvallis, Oreg. Food plants: Flowers of various grasses and cereals, clover, wild carrots. (33) Chirothrips mexicanus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 114, figs., 1909. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. Food plants: Tobacco flowers ( Nicotiana tabacum). (34) Chirothrips obesus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 187, figs., 1902. ‘ Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Food plants: Festuca ovina, Poa pratensis. . (35) Chirothrips crassus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.. vol. 26, p. 136, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Food plants: ‘‘Old witch grass,’’ Panicum capillare.
15. Genus APTINOTHRIPS Haliday.
(36) Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin, 1788, and variety connatticornis Uzel, 1895. Rede- scribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 166, figs., 1902. Habitat: England; Russia; Sweden; Bohemia; Germany; Heligoland; Finland. United States—Amherst, Mass.; Nebraska City, Nebr.; San Jose and Oakland, Cal. Food plants: Various grasses and in turf.
°6 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.,
16. Genus SCOLOTHRIPS Hinds.
(37) Scolothrips sexmaculatus Pergande. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 157,:figs., 1902.
Habitat: Missouri; Ames, Iowa; Lincoln, Nebr.; Baraboo, Wis.; Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.
Taken on beans, blackberry, elm, and hop (Beach).
Novre.—‘‘Found on many plants infested with red spiders, on which it has repeatedly been observed to feed” (Pergande). ‘‘ Feeding on mites in fold of cottonwood leaf’’ (Bruner). Specimens of thrips sent by Mr. David Fullaway from the Hawaiian Islands are larger and darker in color than as given in Hinds’s description and all of the dark spots on the wings are enlarged to bands.
17. Genus SCIRTOTHRIPS Shull.
(38) Scirtothrips ruthveni Shull, Ent. News., vol. 20, p. 222, figs., May, 1909. Habitat: Huron County, Mich. Food plants: Terminal clusters of dogwood (Cornus stolonifera).
18. Genus EUTHRIPS Targioni-Tozzetti.
(39) Euthrips orchidii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., figs., 1907.
Habitat: Fruitvale, Alameda County, Cal.; Brussels, Belgium (Bagnall).
Taken in flowers of orchids in greenhouse in California and on Chamexdorea fragrans, Ficaria, and palms in Belgium, by Mr. Bagnall.
(40) Euthrips parvus new species. (for description see p. 38, Pl. IV, figs. 23-25.)
Habitat: San Francisco, Cal.
Food plants: Various hothouse plants.
(41) Euthrips citri Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. VII, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., ills., 1909. (The orange thrips.)
Habitat: Orange districts on eastern foothills of San Joaquin Valley, southern California; Phoenix, Ariz.
Taken from citrus trees and thistle (?) in San Joaquin district; from orange in southern California; from nightshade (by Mr. P. R. Jones) in Phoenix, Ariz.
Notr.—This is a very destructive pest in some of the orange districts of California, the injury being done in the retarding and deforming of the new growth of foliage and in the marking (scabbing) of the oranges.
(42) Euthrips albus new species. (For description see p. 39, Pl. IIT, figs. 20-22.)
Habitat: Red Bluff, Cal.
Taken on peach-tree foliage.
(43) Euthrips pyri Daniel, Ent. News, vol. 15, p. 294, November, 1904. Redescribed by Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 53, figs., 1907; Bul. 68, Pt. I, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., figs., ills., 1907; Bul. 80, Pt. IV, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., figs., ills., 1909. (The pear thrips.)
Habitat: Counties around San Francisco Bay, central California, north to Sacramento, south to Hollister; Berkhamsted, Hertford County, England.
Food plants: Deciduous fruits, including almond, apple, apricot, cherry, fig, grape, peach, pear, plum, prune, English walnut. Blossoms of wild plum in England.
(44) Euthrips ehrhornii Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 54, figs., 1907. Habitat: San Jose and Saratoga, Cal. Taken on grass and on foliage of prune trees.
CATALOGUE, any
(45) Euthrips ulicis californicus Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. I{I, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 55, figs., 1907.
Habitat: Wrights Station, Santa Cruz Mountains, Cal.
Taken from wild vetch sweepings.
(46) Euthrips minutus Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 56, figs., 1907; Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, figs., 1909.
Euthrips minutus setosus Crawford.
Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, Yosemite Valley (altitude 5,000 ft.), Suisun, Newcastle, Loomis, Lindsay, East Highlands, La Honda, Cal.
Food plants: Prune and cherry foliage, pear and cherry blossoms, grass, yarrow, chamisal, buttercups, sunflowers.
Nore.—This insect is also found to be usuaily much larger than in the original description. A new typical specimen has: Head, length 0.105 mm., width 0.135 mm.; prothorax, length 0.12 mm., width 0.18 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.240 mm.; abdomen, width 0.270 mm., and total body length 1.30 mm,
Antenne: 1, liu; 2, 334; 3, 374; 4, 394; 5, 364; 6, 454; 7, 9u; 8, 154;
total 0.23 mm.
The back of the head is cross-striate, the ocelli have orange-brown cres- cents, and the fore and middle tibie are light brown. The costa has twenty-six to twenty-eight spines, the fore vein twenty to twenty-one spines, and the hind vein fifteen to sixteen spines.
(47) Euthrips fuscus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 154, figs., 1902. Huthrips nicotiane Hinds, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 18, p. 197, 1905; Cir. 68, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., figs., 1906; Bul. 65, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., figs., ills., 1907. (The tobacco thrips.)
Habitat: Massachusetts; Florida; Georgia; Texas.
Food plants: Grass (?), tobacco.
(48) Euthrips insularis Franklin, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 715, figs., 1908.
Euthrips insularis reticulata Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no, 4, p. 116, 1909.
Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico; Barbadoes and West Indies Islands.
Food plants: Lupinus, Convolvulus, Composite, Rhamnus in Mexico at an elevation of from 1,000 to 2,500 ft.; black willow, legumes, yams, beans, roses, grass, potato, papaw, pepper, tobacco, white wood, woolly pyrol, Convolvulus, ground nut, arrowroot, flamboyant in the Barbados and West Indies Islands.
(49) Euthrips nervosus Uzel, 1895. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 155, figs., 1902.
Habitat: Bohemia; Ames, Iowa; Amherst, Mass.
Taken on corn, various grasses, and spring flowers.
(50) Euthrips cephalicus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 153, March, 1910.
Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.
Food plants: ‘‘ Several composite, asmall native acacia-like tree, a Solanum, and several other plants” (Crawford).
(51) Euthrips cephalicus reticulatus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 155, March, 1910.
Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.
Taken on certain Resacez and Labiate.
(52) Euthrips helianthi new species. (For description see p. 40, Pl. IV, figs. 26-29.)
Habitat: Visalia, Cal.
Taken in wild sunflower blossoms.
(53) Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, 1895. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 152, 1902. Habitat: California. Food plants: Blossoms and foliage of numerous trees and weeds.
28 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
(54) Euthrips tritici Fitch, 1855. (For description, life-history notes, and references, see Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 149, 1902.)
Habitat: Generally distributed throughout the United States.
Taken in flowers of almost all wild and cultivated plants.
Nore.—This is undoubtedly the commonest and the most widely dis- tributed of all American species of thrips. The variation within the species will probably lead some later writer to divide the group into several distinct varieties. The insect varies from very light colored, almost white individuals (which for the most part are collected in white or light colored flowers) to very dark brown, and from individuals with no shading of orange to those colored toa deep red-orange. The writer is here erecting one new variety, to include the very dark brown specimens in this group. These can not possibly be included within the species as Mr. Hinds’s description now stands. The variety is called Euthrips tritici californicus.
(55) Euthrips tritici californicus new variety.
Habitat: California, Oregon, and Washington.
Taken in company with Euthrips tritici, in the blossoms of almost all wild and cultivated plants. The variety is distinguished from the species by the following characters: General color uniformly dark brown, thorax orange- brown; segment 1 of antennz brown, unicolorous with head, segment 2 uni- formly darker brown.
19. Genus ANAPHOTHRIPS Uzel.
(56) Anaphothrips striatus Osborn, 1883. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 160, figs., 1902. Ref.: Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 224, May, 1909 (males found).
Habitat: Ilinois; Iowa; Maine; Massachusetts.; New York; Ohio; Ontario; Nebraska; California.
Food plants: Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense, and other grasses; in Cali- fornia on leaves and ears of corn, and on alfalfa.
(57) Anaphothrips zese new species. (For description see p. 41, Pl. IV, figs. 31-34.)
Habitat: Visalia, San Jose, and Red Bluff, Cal. Taken on leaves and ears of corn, on grasses, and on foliage of orange.
(58) Anaphothrips tricolor new species. (For description see p. 41.)
Habitat: Tulare County, Cal. Taken on goldenrod and on orange nursery stock by Mr. P. R. Jones.
20. Genus PSEUDOTHRIPS Hinds.
(59) Pseudothrips inequalis Beach, 1896. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 146, figs., 1902. Habitat: Ames, Iowa. Food plant: Aster.
21. Genus HETEROTHRIPS Hood.
(60) Heterothrips salicis Shull, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 220, figs., May, 1909. Habitat: Huron County,. Mich. Taken on the outside of catkins of a willow (Salix fluviatilis). (61) Heterothrips ariseemz Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 362, August, 1900. Habitat: Urbana, Ill. Taken in flowers of jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisema triphyllum).
CATALOGUE. 29
(62) Heterothrips decacornis Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 110, 1909. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. Taken on a low native tree with small yellow flowers, common in the bar- rancas near Guadalajara; also on a shrub belonging to the family Malpig- hiaceze,
22. Genus ALLOTHRIPS Hood, 1908.
(63) Allothrips megacephalus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 372, figs. 1908. Ref.: Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 228, May, 1909 (males found). Habitat: Urbana and Springfield, Ill. Taken from under bark of various trees in winter.
23. Genus RHAPTOTHRIPS Crawford.
(64) Rhaptothrips peculiaris Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 116, figs., 1909. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexicu. Food plant: ‘‘A certain spiny solanaceous plant” (Crawford).
24. Genus ANTHOTHRIPS Uzel.
(65) Anthothrips niger Osborn. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 188, figs., 1902. Habitat: Iowa; Michigan; Massachusetts; Oregon; California. Food plants: Achillea millefolium, oxeye daisy, red and white clover, various grasses. (66) Anthothrips verbasci Osborn. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 189, figs., 1902. Habitat: Ames, Iowa; Amherst, Mass. Food plant: Mullein. (67) Anthothrips variabilis Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 166, fig., March, 1910. Habitat: Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba; Managua, Nicaragua; Guadalajara, Mexico. Food plants: ‘‘Celosa, Dodder and native creeping vine” (Crawford).
25. Genus ALEURODOTHRIPS Franklin.
_ (68) Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Franklin (described as Cryptothrips fasciapennis), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, p. 727, figs., 1908; as Aleurodothrips fascia- pennis in Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 228, figs., May, 1909.
Habitat: Newstead, St. Peters, Barbados Islands; Florida.
Taken on flower of La France rose and commonly in Florida feeding on the eggs, larve, and pupe of the citrus white fly (Aleyrodes citi R. & H.).
26. Genus EURYTHRIPS Hinds, 1902.
(69) Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 202, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. “Taken in turf in fall” (Hinds). (70) Eurythrips osborni Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 203, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Food plants: Grasses.
30 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
27. Genus LISSOTHRIPS Hood, 1908.
(71) Lissothrips muscorum Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2. p. 265, 1908. Habitat: TWlinois. Taken in moss.
28. Genus TRICHOTHRIPS Uzel, 1895.
(72) Trichothrips dens Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 60, figs., 1907. Habitat: Santa Clara Valley, Cal. Taken on apricot foliage. (73) Trichothrips brevicuralis Shull, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 227, figs., May, 1909. Habitat: Huron County, Mich. Taken among leaves of pine-cone gall on willow (Salix fluviatilis). (74) Trichothrips angusticeps Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 367, figs., 1908. Habitat: St. Joseph and Urbana, Il. Taken under bark of rotten stumps. (75) Trichothrips ruber new species. (For description see p. 42.) Habitat: San Jose, Cal. Taken in azalea blossoms. (76) Trichothrips longitubus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 368, 1908. Habitat: Carbondale, Til. Taken in sweepings. (77) Trichothrips buffe Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 369, figs., 1908. Habitat: Decatur, Homer, and Urbana, III. Taken under bark of soft-maple trees. (78) Trichothrips smithi Hood, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 29, figs., January, 1909, Habitat: Boskydell, Il. Taken on hard maple (Acer saccharum). (79) Trichothrips beachi Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 192, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Taken under quince bark. (80) Trichothrips ambitus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 191, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Food plant: Grass. (81) Trichothrips femoralis Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 61, figs., 1907. Habitat: Newcastle, Cal. Food plant: Wild mullein. (82) Trichothrips americanus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 366, figs., 1908. Habitat: Carbondale, Homer, and Urbana, Il. Taken under bark on rotten stumps. (83) Trichothrips ilex Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 62, figs., 1907. Habitat: Coast region of California. Food plant: Christmas berry (Heteromeles arbutifolia).
CATALOGUE. 31
(84) Trichothrips ilex dumosa Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., p. 63, 1907. Habitat: Saratoga, Cal. Taken on scrub oak (Quercus dumosa). (85) Trichothrips tridentatus Shull, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 226, figs., May, 1909. Habitat: Huron County, Mich. Taken under the scales of the bark of white oak (Quercus alba).
29. Genus PLECTOTHRIPS Hood, 1908.
(86) Plectothrips antennatus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 370, 1908. Habitat: Urbana, Il. Taken on a window of a woodshed, in June.
30. Genus ACANTHOTHRIPS Uzel, 1895.
(87) Acanthothrips magnafemoralis Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 199, figs., 1902. Ref.: Psyche, vol. 10, p. 221, October- December, 1903.
Habitat: Miami, Fla.; Amherst, Mass. Food plant: Under loose bark on a sycamore tree.
(88) Acanthothrips nodicornis Reuter, Uzel’s Monograph, p. 260, figs., 1895. Ref.: Psyche, vol. 10, p. 222, October-December, 1903.
Habitat: Germany; Finland; Bohemia; Amherst, Mass. Taken under the bark of a sycamore tree in Massachusetts.
(89) Acanthothrips doanei Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. I1I, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 64, figs., 1907.
Habitat: Alum Rock Canyon, San Jose, Cal. Food plant: Grass.
(90) Acanthothrips albivittatus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art.
2, p. 374, 1908. Habitat: Bloomington, Ill. Taken on the trunk of a Carolina poplar.
31. Genus CEPHALOTHRIPS Uzel, 1895.
(91) Cephalothrips yucezes Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 194, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass.; Washington, D. C. Food plants: Yucca filamentosa, goldenrod. (92) Cephalothrips errans new species. (lor description see p. 43, Pl. VI, figs. 42-44.) Habitat: San Jose, Cal. Food plants: Wild mustard, apricot, and pine foliage. Taken during June and July.
32. Genus MALACOTHRIPS Hinds, 1802.
(93) Malacothrips zonatus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 200, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Taken in turf.
oe NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
33. Genus NEOTHRIPS Hood, 1908.
(94) Neothrips corticis Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 372, figs., 1908. Habitat: Urbana and Hillery, Ill. Taken under bark in winter.
34. Genus CRYPTOTHRIPS! Uzel, 1895.
(95) Cryptothrips californicus Daniel, Ent. News, vol. 15, p. 293, November, 1904. Redescribed by Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 66, figs., 1907.
Habitat: California, Oregon, and Washington.
Often taken under the old shells of the brown apricot scale (Lecaniwm corni Bouché (armeniacum Craw)) and black scale (Saissetia oleex Bern.).
Taken on foliage of peach, French prune, and Bartlett pear, also on leaves of chamisal (Adenostoma fasciculatum) and tanbark oak (Quercus densiflora) and other plants.
(96) Cryptothrips carbonarius Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 376, figs., 1908.
Habitat: Pulaski, Ill.
Taken in sweepings from grass and weeds.
(97) Cryptothrips rectangularis Hood, Can. Ent., vol. 40, no. 9, p. 307, figs., 1908.
Habitat: Urbana, Ill., and Harrisburg, Pa.
Taken under dead bark in peach tree in Illinois and ‘‘In burrow of lepi- dopterous or coleopterous larva in dead willow stem.”
35. Genus LEPTOTHRIPS Hood, 1909.
(98) Leptothrips asperus Hinds, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 249, June, 1909. Cryptothrips asperus Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 205, figs., 1902. Phyllothrips asperus Hood, Can. Ent., vol. 40, no. 9, p. 305, 1908. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Taken on grape.
36. Genus ZYGOTHRIPS Uzel, 1895.
(99) Zygothrips longiceps Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 364, figs., 1908. Habitat: Carbondale, Ill. Taken in a gall on Solidago.
87. Genus PHL@OTHRIPS Haliday, 1836.
(100) Phiceothrips uzeli Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 196, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Taken on various grasses and clover and on Ulmus montana var. pendula. (101) Phleeothrips pergandei Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 197, figs., 1902. Habitat: Amherst, Mass. Taken on grass.
1 For Cryptothrips asperus Hinds, see Leptothrips asperus, No. 98.
CATALOGUE, 33
(102) Phleothrips raptor Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 159, March, 1910. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mex. Taken in sweeping shrubbery. (103) Phleothrips maculatus Hood, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 250, figs., June, 1909. Habitat: Baldwin, Mich. Taken under rotting poplar bark.
38. Genus LIOTHRIPS Uzel, 1895.
(104) Liothrips ocellatus Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p.375, 1908. Ref.: Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 249, June, 1909. Habitat: Hillery, Til. Taken in moss. (105) Liothrips umbripennis Hood, Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 30, figs., January, 1909. (Described as Phyllothrips umbripennis.) Habitat: Ulinois and Michigan. Taken on various species of oak. (106) Liothrips umbripennis mexicanus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 161, March, 1910. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mex. Taken in oak galls, at an elevation of 10,000 feet. (107) Liothrips citricornis Hood, Can. Ent., vol. 40, no. 9, p. 305, fig., 1908. (Described as Phyllothrips citricornis.) Habitat: Dubois, Duquoin, Odin, and Pulaski, Ill.; Harrisburg and Rock- ville, Pa. Food plants: ‘‘On hickory leaves,’’ in Illinois and ‘“‘on wild grape” in Pennsylvania, April 28 to July 16. (108) Liothrips fasciculatus Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4; p. 105, figs., 1909. (Described as Phyllothrips fasciculata.) Habitat: Claremont and Suisun, Cal. Food plant: Wild buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). (109) Liothrips fasciculatus stenoceps Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 108, 1909. Habitat: Claremont, Cal. Specimens taken with Liothrips fasciculatus on wild buckwheat. (110) Liothrips bakeri Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 161, March, 1910. Habitat: Havana, Cuba. Taken on ‘‘galls on leaves of Ficus nitida and flowers of Ficus religiosa’’ (Crawford). (111) Liothrips meconnelli Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 163, March, 1910. Habitat: Guadalajara, Mex.; Chico and Suisun, Cal. Taken from ‘‘stems and leaves of a certain bignoniaceous shrub, and also from sweepings on other shrubs” (Crawford); prune foliage and apple blos- soms in California.
89. Genus IDOLOTHRIPS Haliday, 1852.
(112) Idolothrips flavipes Hood, Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, p. 377, fig., 1908. Habitat: Tlinois. . Specimens taken among fallen oak leaves.
71924°—11 3
34 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
(113) Idolothrips angusticeps Crawford, Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 168, figs., March, 1910. Habitat: ‘Belize; Havana, Cuba; San Marcos and Chivandega, Nicaragua; Guadalajara, Mex.’’ (Crawford). (114) Idolothrips coniferarum Pergande, 1896. Redescribed by Hinds, Mon. Thys. N. Amer., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 206, figs., 1902. Habitat: Washington, D. C.; Amherst, Mass. Taken on Pinus inops, Juniperus virginiana, and Abies sp. (115) Idolothrips armatus Hood, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 285, figs., December, 1908. Habitat: Carbondale, Havana, Pulaski, and Urbana, Ili. Taken in galls of Gnorimoschema gallxsolidaginis on Solidago canadensis in miscellaneous and woodland sweepings; on Plantago rugelii. (116) Idolothrips tuberculatus Hood, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 287, figs., December, 1908. Habitat: White Heath and Boskydell, Ill. Taken on white oak.
40. Genus MEGALOTHRIPS Heeger. (117) Megalothrips hesperus Moulton, Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 65, figs., 1907. Habitat: Stanford University, California. Food plant: Not known. (118) Megalothrips (?) spinosus Hood, Can. Ent., vol. 40, as 306, figs., 1908. Ref.: Ent. News, vol. 20, p. 231, May, 1909. Habitat: Harrisburg, Pa.; St. Anthony Park and ‘St. Paul, Minn. Taken ‘‘in burrows of lepdegtenine or coleopterous larve in dead willow stem,’’ and ‘‘under the bark of dead limb of white birch.”’
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES.
[The numbers correspond to the list numbers in the catalogue.] (2) Orothrips kelloggii yosemitii new variety. (PI. I, fig. 9.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.16 mm., width 0.20 mm.; prothorax, length 0.16 mm., width 0.25 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.35 mm.; abdomen, width 0.45 mm.; total body, length 1.75 mm. Antenne: 1,30; 2,54; 3,99; 4,96; 5,63"; 6,484; 7,454; 8,33y3 9,33 yn; total, 0.50 mm.
Color dark brown to blackish-brown; cheeks not strongly arched. Segment 2 of antenne yellow, dark brown at base; segment 3 yellow, but dark brown in outer half; segment 3 noticeably constricted in the middle; sense areas on segments 3 and 4 ovoid (in O. kelloggit elongate). Spines on hind margin of prothorax short but quite stout; those on mesonotum likewise small. Trochanters not notice- ably yellow. Darkened bands in center and at tip of wings smaller and lighter colored and more irregular than in Orothrips kelloggu.
2. Genus ERYTHROTHRIPS new genus.
Head almost one-third longer than wide. Ocelli present in both sexes. Antenne nine-segmented, the last two segments closely joined and together somewhat shorter than segment 7. Maxillary
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 35
palpi geniculated and with eight segments. Labial palpi with three segments. Prothorax about as long as head and only a little wider, without large bristles. Legs long and slender; fore femora somewhat thickened in both sexes. Wings present in both sexes; fore wings very slightly narrowed before the middle; fore part of ring vein and fore longitudinal vein furnished with a few sparse, inconspicuous hairs; fore wings white, with dark-brown longitudinal band along posterior margin.
(3) Erythrothrips arizonz new species. (PI. I, figs. 1-7.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.24 mm., width 0.19 mm.; protho- rax, length 0.24 mm., width 0.23 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.38 mm.; abdomen, width 0.49 mm.; total body, length 2.66 mm. Antenne: 1, 45; 2, 63; 8, 126434, 111; 5, 6, 72; 7, 69; 8, 30n; 9, 18 p: total length, 0.64 mm.
Color dark brown, with red pigmentation; connecting tissue of abdominal segments light brown to brown.
Head about one-fourth longer than wide, rounded in front and elevated only a little between basal segments of antennx; cheeks slightly arched, converging but very slightly posteriorly; back of head cross-striated; without prominent spines. Eyes prominent, not protruding, black; eyes with large facets, pilose. Ocelli present. Mouth-cone short, pointed; maxillary palpi geniculate, eight-seg- mented; labial palpi four-segmented; basal segment small. Antenne nine-segmented, two and one-half times as long as head; brown, uni- colorous with body except basal part of segment 3, which is light brown. All segments thickly clothed with short spines. A long slender sense area on each of segments 3 and 4.
Prothorax about as wide as long and only a little larger than the head; with several inconspicuous spines;, all angles broadly rounded. Legs uniformly dark brown in females, but fore tibie and tarsi shading to light brown in males. Fore femora slightly enlarged; tibie each with a stout spine at tip; all legs thickly set with short, dark spines. Fore wings of about even width for entire length, very slightly narrowed before the middle, broadly rounded at tip; with ring vein and two longitudinal veins that unite with ring vein near tip; with five cross veins; fore part of ring vein and fore longitudinal vein with small, white, inconspicuous spines; second longitudinal vein with about twenty-seven dark spines. Posterior margin of wing only with fringe. Wings clear white, with dark-brown longitudinal band extending from base, including scale, to tip, this band broadest at middle of wing and somewhat narrowed before the middle. Hind wings clear white, margined with fringe only along posterior side.
Abdomen large, fourth and fifth segments widest and from them tapering gradually to the bluntly pointed tenth segment. Without
36 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA,
long spines except on last three segments. Eighth abdominal seg- ment of males covered with many long hairs.
Described from four females and ten males.
Habitat: Phoenix, Ariz., type specimens collected and forwarded by Mr. J. Eliot Coit; California, specimens collected by Mr. B. B. Whitney at Oroville.
Food plants: Orange and olive blossoms in Arizona; Rhamnus purshiana in California.
The larva of this species is uniformly light brownish-yellow and has conspicuous red pigment bands across the dorsal plates of meso- thoracic and metathoracic segments and all segments of abdomen. (13) Thrips magnus new species. (PI. II, figs. 10, 11.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.13 mm., width 0.18 mm.; protho- rax, length 0.16 mm., width 0.23 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.35 mm.; abdomen, width 0.40 mm.; total body, length 1.70 mm. Antenne: 1,24 pw; 2,36 mw; 3,56 pw; 4,51 pw; 5, 42 pw; 6, 54 pw; 7, 24 w; total length 0.30 mm.
General color very dark brown, head blackish brown.
Head considerably wider than long, broadest near back; cheeks very slightly arched, roughened; front of head broadly rounded; back of head transversely striate. A small spine on front of each posterior ocellus and a row of several smaller spines back of each eye. yes large, occupying about two-thirds the width of the head, not unusually protruding, pilose. Ocelli subapproximate, with dark-brown cres- cents. Mouth-cone short, reaching hardly past middle of prothorax, pointed; maxillary palpi three-segmented; labial palpi two-seg- mented. Antennx seven-segmented, slightly more than twice as long as head, uniform dark brown, with segments 1 and 2 often blackish- brown; forked sense cones on dorsal side of segment 3 and ventral side of segment 4.
Prothoraz somewhat larger than head, all angles rounded; two long prominent spines on each posterior angle, several smaller ones along posterior margin, the inner one being the longest; other spines present but not conspicuous. Mesothoraz largest, sides of pterthorax broadly and evenly rounded. Legs dark brown, tips of tibie and tarsi shad- ing to lighter or yellowish brown; hind tibix alone armed with spines. Wings present; fore wing large, uniform brown, with spines arranged as follows: Costa, thirty-one; fore longitudinal vein with eight at base and three scattered on outer half; hind vein with thirteen.
Abdomen subovate, third and fourth segments largest; longest spines on last two segments.
Described from numerous females. Males much larger.
Habitat: Visalia, Coyote, and San Francisco, Cal.
Food plant: Mimulus sp.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 87 9. Genus ECHINOTHRIPS new genus.
Head and thorax with a deeply reticulated structure (sides of abdo- men may also be reticulated). Head about as long as wide and not longer than the prothorax. Eyes large, oval, prominent. Ocelli present. Antenne with eight segments, long, slender, last four seg- ments united evenly and diminishing in size gradually. Prothorax angular at sides. Legs slender, unarmed. Wings present, strong, broadest at base and tapering gradually to a pointed tip, without prominent veins except fore part of ring vein. Spines on fore margin and where fore longitudinal vein should be, long, strong, and with blunt tips.
This genus has many of the characters of both Heliothrips and Dic- tothrips. It is readily determined from the former by the shape of the antennez, inasmuch as the segments are all rather slender and quite evenly united; segment 6 is longest; the style not longer than seg- ment 6. It is readily separated from Dictothrips by the character of the wings, which have two rows of long, strong, blunt spines along the anterior margin.
(22) Echinothrips mexicanus new species. (PI. III, figs. 16-19.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.15 mm.; protho- rax, length 0.10 mm., width 0.18 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.23 mm.; abdomen, width 0.23 mm.; total body, length 0.92 mm. Antenne: 1,9 p; 2, 30 p; 3, 45 pw; 4, 39 pw; 5, 45 yw; 6, 60 w; 7,15 yw; 8, 27 4; total, 0.27 mm.
General color uniform dark brown, with red pigmentation. Bases of femora, tips of tibiz, all tarsi, outer half of segments 3 and 4, and base of segment 5 of antenne yellow.
Head noticeably wider than long, retracted into the prothorax, angular in front, with basal joints of antenne subapproximate; ver- tex depressed and bearing the anterior ocellus on its anterior surface; strongly reticulate; cheeks roughened and with spines. Lyes large, oval, prominent, slightly protruding, reddish black with yellowish inner and outer margins; facets large, protruding, strongly pilose. Ocelli present, subapproximate, placed near center of head, anterior ocellus directed forward, posterior ones distinctly separated from inner margins of eyes; yellow-orange, with deep orange-red crescents. Mouth-cone pointed, reaching past base of prosternum. <Antennx with eight segments, two and one-half times as long as head, slender; segment 6 longest; segments 1 and 2 deep brown, unicolorous with head, terminal segments brown, intermediate segments yellow. (Segments 5 to 8 united evenly, antenne tapering gradually from - base of segment 6 to tip.)
Prothoraz about as long as head, widest at middle; sides angular, roughened and with curved spines; strongly reticulate. Mesothoraz
38 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
largest, with notch on either side near posterior margin, uniting evenly with metathorax. Legs slender, with numerous hairs but without claws. ore wings strong, broadest at base, tapering grad- ually from base to point at tip; anterior part of ring-vein prominent, posterior part and other longitudinal veins wanting. With a row of thirteen long, brown, blunt spines along anterior margin, and ten other similar spines close to anterior margin where fore longitudinal vein should be; fore fringe long and wavy, especially on outer half of wing; posterior fringe also well developed. Wings uniform dark brown, with elongate whitened area near base. Posterior pair of wings each with single, median, dark brown, longitudinal vein extend- ing from base to near tip; wing membrane brown, fringe well devel- oped.
Abdomen widest across third and fourth segments and from them tapering gradually to a blunt tip; with numerous spines along sides and on dorsum; a single pair near anterior margin on each segment most conspicuous.
Described from a single female.
Habitat: Acapulco, Mexico.
Specimens taken from a small potted plant on shipboard in San Francisco from Acapulco, Mexico. One adult with numerous larve and pupe. .
(40) Euthrips parvus new species. (PI. IV, figs. 23-25.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.09 mm., width 0.126 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.096 mm., width 0.144 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.16 mm.; abdomen, width 0.21 mm.; total body, length 0.95 mm.
Antenne: 1,15 4; 2,30 4; 3,45 4; 4, 39 4; 5, 36 w; 6,45 37,9 pw; 8,12 »; total length 0.225 mm.
General color orange-yellow; forewings, as also segments 3 to 8 of antenne, light brown.
Head angular in front, with depression to receive basal segments of antenne; frons depressed, broadest across eyes; sides of head constricted posteriorly, not retracted into prothorax; back of head faintly cross-striated; two small spines in front of anterior ocellus and one in front of each posterior ocellus; a pair bordering the posterior inner side of each eye. LHyes large, ovoid, prominent and protruding; facets large, pilose. Ocella located in central part of head, closely placed but not contiguous, yellow, with orange-red crescents; anterior ocellus in depression on fore part of head and directed forward. Mouth-cone short, blunt, tipped with black; maxillary palpi with three segments, labial palpi with two. Antenne with eight segments, two and one-half times as long as head; seg- ment 1 pale yellow, 2 orange-brown, others uniformly brown; spines and sense cones present but not conspicuous.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 39
Prothorax only a little wider than head, sides arched, all angles rounded; with scattering spines, three on either side along posterior margin, brown and conspicuous, the central one of each group largest; sides of prothorax constricted in middle. Legs, especially posterior pair, rather long and slender, covered with numerous hairs, unicolor- ous with body. Fore wings broadest in basal one-third, pointed at ends; ring vein prominent, fore longitudinal vein conspicuous only at base; with about twenty spines along anterior margin; five or six spines on basal part of fore longitudinal vein, the outer two separated from the others; three spines on outer half of wing where fore vein should be and three spines near posterior margin where posterior lon- gitudinal vein should be. Fringe on wing on both anterior and posterior margins long only on outer half of wing. Wings brown, with inconspicuous, light, longitudinal area extending from base to tip. Abdomen rather long and slender, spines conspicuous only on last two segments; a comblike structure on posterior margin of segment 8.
Described from numerous specimens.
Habitat: San Francisco, Cal.
Food plants: Taken on various hothouse plants, especially on Cathartica sp %
Adults and larve collected during June and July.
(42) Euthripsalbusnew species. (PI. III, figs. 20-22; PI. IV, fig. 30.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.12 mm., width 0.12 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.12 mm., width 0.16 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.23 mm.; abdomen, width 0.25 mm.; total body, length 1 mm.
Antenne: 1,15 yw; 2, 30 nw; 3, 48 w; 4, 45 w; 5, 33 pw; 6, 54 yw; 7,9 4; 8,12 yu; total length 0.25 mm.
Color translucent whitish, segments 4 to 8 of antennz brown.
Head about as wide as long, noticeably square, cheeks straight and very slightly arched; front angular; spines, except a pair between eyes, weak. Eyes prominent, black, with light outer borders, coarsely faceted. Ocelli wanting. Mouth-cone long, pointed, tipped with black; maxillary palpi three-segmented. Antennz eight-seg- mented, about twice as long as head, segments 1 to 3 inclusive whitish, 4 brown, whitish at base, others brown. Forked sense cone on dorsal side of segment 3, and a similar one on ventral side of segment 4.
Prothoraz somewhat wider than long. A very weak spine at each anterior angle. A pair of prominent ones on each posterior angle. Mesothorax largest; front angles rounded. Legs unicolorous with body. Spines prominent only on hind tibis, each tarsus with a black spot at end. Wings present, rather broad, and tapering gradually from base to distal end; not sharply pointed at tip; costa of fore wings set rather sparsely with about twenty spines; fore vein with six spines near base of wing and two near tip. Hind vein with nine
40 ¢ NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
regularly placed spines, these beginning immediately below where the group of six spines on fore vein ends. Spines brown.
Abdomen elongate-ovate, tapering rather gradually from third segment to near tip; with prominent spines on outer posterior angles of all abdominal segments except first.
Described from one female taken on peach foliage, Red Bluff, Cal. (52) Euthrips helianthi new species. (Pl. IV, figs. 26-29.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.135 mm., width 0.16 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.150 mm., width 0.20 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.28 mm.; abdomen, width 0.28 mm.; total body, length 1.25 mm.
Antenne: 1, 21 »; 2,39 »; 3,60 4; 4, 514; 5,424; 6,544; 7,9 pw; 8,15 w; total length 0.300 mm.
General color transparent yellowish-gray, shaded with brown.
Head only a little wider than long, cheeks straight and parallel; anterior margin only slightly elevated and rounded in front, back of head very faintly cross-striated. Head retracted into prothorax. Large, brown, conspicuous spines in front of posterior ocelli and back of eyes; other smaller spines present, also dark brown and conspicu- ous. yes rather small, occupying about one-half the width of the head, not prominent, with purple-black pigment, pilose. Ocelli present, translucent whitish, separated, and posterior ones not contiguous to eyes, with light orange-yellow pigment blotches which are only irregularly crescent-shaped. Mouth-cone poimted, dark brown, nearly black at tip. Maxillary palpi three-segmented, labial palpi two-segmented, basal segment very short. Antennex eight- segmented, only slightly more than twice as long as head, segment 1 light yellowish gray, unicolorous with head; 2 dark brown; 3, 4, and 5 brown, yellowish at base; 3 also sometimes yellowish at tip; 6 and style uniform dark brown. A forked sense cone on dorsal side of segment 3 near tip, and a similar one near tip on ventral side of segment 4. All spines dark brown and conspicuous.
Prothorax about one-fourth wider than long, with a long, conspicu- ous, dark-brown spine at each anterior angle, two at each posterior angle, one on either side of anterior margin about halfway between center and side, a medium-sized dark spine on posterior margin on either side near center, and many other smaller spines, also brown and conspicuous. Mesothorax with angles broadly rounded in front, uniting almost evenly with metathorax, the sides of which con- verge posteriorly. Legs with fore femora somewhat thickened, light brownish gray; all tibize armed; all tarsi with a dark-brown spot near tip. Wings uniform translucent whitish. Veins set regularly with spines; costa with about twenty-seven, fore vein with twenty- one, hind vein with fifteen, scale with six, inner side of scale with one; all spines brown. Microscopic hairs transparent; costal fringe short; posterior fringe long and wavy.
Tech. Series 21, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Fig. 1.—2Hrythrothrips arizonx: Head and thorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Erythro- thrips arizonx: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 3.—Erythrothrips arizonx: Tip of abdomen of male, dorsal view. Fig. 4.—Erythrothrips arizone: Right fore wing. Fig. 5.—Erythrothrips arizone: Maxillary palpus. Fig. 6.—Erythrothrips arizone: Left antenna. Fig. 7.—rythrothrips arizone: Larva. (Original.)
Tech. Series 21, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
WG MAK
NorRTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Fig. 8.—Orothrips kellogii: Rightantenna. Fig, 9.—Orothrips kellogir yosemitii: Right antenna. Fig. 10.—Thrips magnus: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 11.—Thrips magnus: Right fore wing. Fig. 12.—Kuthrips citri: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 13.—Euthrips citri: Tip of abdomen of female. Fig. 14.—Euthrips citri: Right antenna of female. Fig. 15,.— Euthrips citri: Right fore wing. (Original.)
Tech. Series 21, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
PLATE III.
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Fig. 16.—Echinothrips mexicanus: Head and thorax of female, dorsal view.
thrips mexicanus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 18.—Echinothrips mevicanus: Right fore wing of female. Fig. 19.—KEchinothrips mexicanus: Right antenna. Fig. 20.— Euthrips albus: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 21.—Euthrips albus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 22.—Euthrips albus: Right fore wing. (Original.)
Fig. 17.— Echino-
Tech. Series 21, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.
Sond 25, Yyy o6 Liz
ee 7? es = WS Wea INI 2 Ip y
29
y ZB ee
ee SOON EWC 5
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Fig. 23.—Euthrips parvus: Head and thorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 24.—Huthrips parvus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 25.—Euthrips parvus: Right fore wing of female. Fig. 26.—Euthrips helianthi: Headand prothorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 27.— Euthrips helianthi: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 28.—Euthrips helianthi:
Right antenna of female. Fig. 29.—Euthrips helianthi: Right fore wing. Fig. 30.—Euthrips albus: Right antenna of female. (Original.)
Tech. Series 21, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.
WW IN
YX
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Fig. 31.—Anaphothrips zex: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 32.—Anapho- thrips zex: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 33.—Anaphothrips zex: Right fore wing. Fig. 34.—Anaphothripszex: Rightantenna of female. Fig. 35.—Anaphothrips tricolor: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 36.—Anaphothrips tricolor: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 37.—Anaphothripstricolor: Right fore wing of female. Fig.38.— Anaphothrips tricolor: Right antenna of female. Fig. 39.—Trichothrips ruber: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal view. (Original.)
Tech. Series 21, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Fig. 40.—Trichothrips ruber: Tip of abdomen, dorsal view, Fig. 41.—Trichothrips ruber: Right antenna of female. Fig. 42.—Cephalothrips errans: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 43.—Cephalothrips errans: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. Fig. 44.— Cephalothrips errans: Right antenna of female. Fig. 45.—Cryptothrips californicus: Head and prothorax of female, dorsal view. Fig. 46.—Cryptothrips californicus: Tip of abdomen of female, dorsal view. (Original. )
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 41
Abdomen cylindrical ovate, with conspicuous brown spines on outer margin of each segment, six along the posterior ventral margin of each ventral plate, and longer, stronger ones at tip on segments 9 and 10.
Habitat: Visalia, Tulare County, Cal.
Food plant: Wild sunflower.
(57) Anaphothrips zeze new species. (PI. V, figs. 31-34.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.12 mm., width 0.13 mm.; protho- rax, length 0.12 mm., width 0.16 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.23 mm.; abdomen, width 0.26 mm.; total length 1.10 mm.
Antenne: 1,18 ; 2,30 4; 3, 42m; 4,39; 5,33 4; 6, 30 p; 7,8, 9, 33 w«; total length 0.225 mm.
Color yellow to grayish brown, wings gray.
Head about as long as wide, broadly rounded in front, cheeks arched. Eyes prominent, slightly protruding, with coarse facets. Ocelli present, widely separated, with light-brown crescents. Head with prominent spines. Mouth-cone broad at base, pointed at tip. Maxillary palpi large, three-segmented, labial palpi very small, with two segments, mouth-cone dark brown at tip. Antenne about as long as head, segment 1 yellowish gray, segment 2 light brown, segment 3 light brown, transparent yellowish at basal half, segment 4 and others light brown, shading to darker toward the tip, without conspicuous spines or sense cones. Antenne sometimes almost uni- formly light brown, with segment 2 darker.
Prothoraz about as long as head and only slightly wider, with one transparent but rather prominent spine on each posterior angle. Mesothorax largest, sides rounded; metathorax with sides almost parallel but constricted abruptly at the posterior margin. Pter- thorax somewhat darker than rest of body. Legs uniformly grayish brown, only hind tibia armed. Wings uniformly brownish gray, with small, semitransparent, elongate area near base with veins and
‘spines prominent, although all veins are transparent. Costa with
twenty-seven spines, fore vein with nine regularly placed spines near base and other scattered spines along outer part. Hind vein arising from fore vein at about one-fourth the wing’s length from the base and ending abruptly near tip of wing with ten more or less regu- larly placed spines. Fringe on fore vein weak.
Abdomen cylindrical ovate, uniformly brownish gray, without prominent spines except on terminal segments; all spines transparent.
Habitat: San Jose, Fresno, Lindsay, Tulare County, Cal. Taken on grasses, leaves, and ears of corn.
(58) Anaphothrips tricolor new species. (PI. V, figs. 35-38.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.15 mm.; prothorax, length 0.13 mm., width 0.18 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.23 mm.;
42 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
abdomen, width 0.25 mm.; total length 1.16 mm. Antenne: 1, 12 4; 2, 30 w; 8, 89 yp; 4, 304; 5, 30; 6, 30 w: 7, 8, 9, 33 4; total length 0.21 mm.
Color: Head and prothorax grayish yellow; pterthorax orange; abdomen brown, shading to darker toward tip.
Head considerably wider than long, cheeks almost straight and diverging behind. Front of head broadly rounded; back of head very faintly cross-striated, without prominent spines. Hyes promi- nent, black, occupying almost two-thirds of width of head. Ocelli present, with light-brown inner crescents. Mouth-cone long and slender, reaching almost to posterior margin of prothorax, tipped with black. Maxillary palpi three-segmented, labial palpi two- segmented, basal segment very short, second segment very long. Antenne apparently with nine segments, only slightly more than twice as long as head, segments 1, 2, 3, and base of 4 unicolorous with head, segment 2 shaded with brown, tip of 4 and others shading quite uniformly to dark brown, all spines transparent.
Prothoraz with angles broadly rounded, unicolorous with head, with one prominent spine on each posterior angle; other smaller spines are present but all are transparent. Mesothorax and metathorax united evenly at sides and conspicuously orange-colored. Legs slender, grayish yellow, unicolorous with head, all tibiz armed. Wings, includ- ing veins and spines, transparent. Veins prominent. Costa with twenty-five regularly placed spines, fore vein with a group of about eight spines on basal half and two or three scattered spines near tip. Posterior longitudinal veins arising from fore veins at about one- third the wing’s length from the base and ending abruptly near tip of wing with about ten regularly placed spines; fringe on anterior pair of wings slight.
Abdomen with segments 2 to 6, inclusive, almost equal and with sides parallel. Segments 8, 9, and 10 with sides abruptly converging to meet the smaller pointed tenth segment. Surface of abdomen cross- striated. Posterior margins of dorsal plates of segments 5 to 8, inclusive, with arrangement of short, sharp spines; these are most conspicuous on segments 7 and 8. Abdomen dark brown, shading to darker toward tip, all spines of abdomen dark brown.
Habitat: Tulare County, Cal. Taken on goldenrod and orange foliage. Specimens collected by Mr. P. R. Jones.
(75) Trichothrips ruber new species. (PI. V, fig. 39; Pl. VI, fig. 40.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.18 mm., width 0.19 mm.; prothorax, length 0.14 mm., width 0.28 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.33 mm.; abdomen, width 0.33 mm.; tube length 0.12 mm.; total body, length 1.42mm. Antenne:1,18 »; 2,42 4; 3,364; 4,484; 5,42 4; 6,39 4; 7, 33 »; 8, 21 »; total 0.28 mm.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. 43
General color uniform dark brownish-red. Antenne dark brown, legs brown, tips of fore tibiz: and fore tarsi yellow.
Head about as long as wide, broadly rounded in front, cheeks slightly arched, back of head cross-striated; postocular spines long and with blunt tips. yes large, semitriangular in shape, slightly protruding, black, with bright-yellow outer borders, pilose. Ocelli present, sit- uated far forward, anterior one on vertex; posterior ocelli contiguous with inner anterior margins of eyes, red, with reddish-black crescents. Mouth-cone short, pointed, not reaching across prosternum, maxillary palpus with two segments. Antenne with eight segments, one and five-tenths times as long as head, dark brown, except segment 3, which is lighter; segments increasing in size gradually until the fourth, which is largest, and then gradually diminishing toward the tip; all spines and sense cones transparent, three sense cones on segment 4, two smaller ones on segment 5.
Prothorax with sides diverging posteriorly, widest near the back. The fore coxe are broadly rounded and prominent and form what appear to be the posterior angles of the prothorax; long blunt spines on anterior and posterior angles, on sides and on prominent coxe; other spines not conspicuous. Pterthoraz largest. Legs rather slender, without conspicuous spines or markings; only a very small claw on each fore tarsus. Wings long, slender, transparent except where light brown at extreme base above.
Abdomen with segments 2 to 6, inclusive, about equal, after which they decrease gradually until the tube. Segments 2 to 8 each with two long, blunt hairs on posterior angles. Segments 2 to 7 each with a pair of strong, brown, inwardly curved spines on either side half way from center to margin; other spines smaller and not conspicuous. Hairs on terminal segments long and slender.
Described from a single female.
Habitat: San Jose, Cal.
_ Taken in blossoms of azalea, in May. (92) Cephalothrips errans new species. (Pl. VI, figs. 42-44.)
Measurements of two wingless females: Head, length 0.18 mm., width 0.13 mm.; prothorax, length 0.12 mm., width Gncluding prominent fore coxa) 0.22 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.20 mm.; abdomen, width 0.28 mm.; tube length 0.10 mm.; total body, length 1.16 mm. Antenne: 1,18 4; 2,39 uw; 3,39 uw; 4,45 uw; 5,45 3 6, 39 yw; 7, 39 p; 8, 24 w; total length 0.28 mm.
Three specimens of the winged male of this species show the follow- ing variations: Prothorax, length 0.14 mm., width 0.26 mm.; meso- thorax, width 0.25 mm.; total length 1.86 mm. when the body is dis- tended. Antenne: 1,21 4; 2,45 4; 3,45 4; 4,48 uw; 5,42 uw; 6,39 4; 7,45 p; 8, 30 pw. ‘
4+ NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
General color uniform dark brown except tips of all tibiz and all tarsi, which are yellowish. Wings Gn the forms which have wings) transparent.
Head about four-tenths longer than wide, broadly rounded in front except at vertex, which projects forward between basal segments of antenne; cheeks almost straight, without markings and without spines other than the long, transparent, blunt, postocular ones. Hyes somewhat triangular in shape, prominent but not protruding, black, with lemon-yellow outer margins, not pilose. Ocelli present, situated far forward on head, each posterior one contiguous with inner anterior margin of eye, slightly reddish-brown, with darker crescents; anterior ocellus smaller and with pigment, elongate and not crescent shaped. Mouth-cone a little shorter than its width at base; maxillary palpus two-segmented, basal segment very small, second segment long; labium broadly rounded. Antenne with eight segments, one and one-half times as long as head, uniform dark brown except segment 3, which is light brown and somewhat yellowish at base; spines and sense cones present but not conspicuous; segments 7 and 8 closely joined.
Prothoraz about seven-tenths as long as head; sides (Gncluding prominent coxa) diverging rapidly from the anterior margin to about three-fourths the length and then abruptly constricted, the outer angles thus formed broadly rounded. With three pairs of long, blunt spines on fore and hind angles and one midway along sides; also similar spine on each prominent fore coxa. Pterthorax with sides almost even and parallel, a little narrower than prothorax but much wider than head; almost as wide as prothorax in winged forms. Legs short, stout, each fore tibia with a small tooth. Wangs Gn winged forms) very weak, hardly attaining half the length of the abdomen, transparent, and hardly to be seen except for very light brownish area at extreme base.
Spines on sides of abdomen long and transparent, those on tip of tube brown.
Described from two wingless and three winged females.
Habitat: San Jose, Cal.
Food plants: Wild mustard, apricot, and prune foliage.
Adults taken from April to July.
45 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
Cary, Lewis R. 1902. The grass thrips (Anaphothrips striata Osborn). <(Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 83, June. CrAwFOoRD, D. L. 1909. Some new Thysanoptera from southern California. Some Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South. Notes on California Thysanoptera. <Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 100-121, figs., December. 1910. Thysanoptera of Mexico and the South, II. <Pomona College, Journ. Ent., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 153, March.
DANIEL, S. M. 1904. New California Thysanoptera. <(Ent. News, vol. 15, pp. 293-297, November.
FERNALD, H. T., and Hrnps, W. E. 1900. The grass thrips. <Mass. Agr. Coll., Bul. 67, May, 1900. Foster, 8. W., and Jonzs, P. R. 1911. How to control the pear thrips. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Cir. 131, pp. ii+24, figs. 15, January 9. FRANKLIN, H. J. 1903. Notes on Acanthothrips. <(Psyche, vol. 10, pp. 221-223, October-Decem- ber, 1903. 1908. Ona collection of thysanopterous insects from Barbados and St. Vincent Islands. <Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, pp. 715-730, pls. 63-65, March. 1909. On Thysanoptera. <Ent. News, vol. 20, pp. 228-231, May. Hinps, WARREN ELMER. 1902. Contribution to a monograph of the insects of the Order Thysanoptera inhabiting North America. <Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, pp. 79-242, pls. 1-11. Hoop, J. Douatas. 1908. New genera and species of Illinois Thysanoptera. < Bul. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, art. 2, pp. 361-378, figs., August. 1908. Two new species of Idolothrips. <Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 1, p. 284, figs., December. 1908. Three new North American Phleothripide. <Can. Ent., vol. 40, no. 9, p. 305, figs. 1909. Two new North American Phleothripide. <Ent. News, vol. 20, pp. 28-32, figs., January. 1909. A new genusand a newspeciesof North American Phleothripide. <Ent. News, vol. 20, pp. 249-252, figs., June. Hooker, W. A. 1906. The tobacco thrips and remedies to prevent ‘“‘white veins” in wrapper tobacco. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Cir. 68, pp. 5, figs. 2, February. 1907. The tobacco thrips, a new and destructive enemy of shade-grown tobacco. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 65, p. 24, figs., April. JonEs, P. R., and Horron, J. R. 1911. Theorange thrips: A report of progress for the years 1909and1910. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 99, Pt. I, pp. i-iv-+1-16, pls. 1-3, figs. 1-2, March 6.
46
NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Moutton, DUDLEY.
1907.
1907.
1909.
1909.
1909.
The pear thrips. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 68, Pt. I, pp. 1-16, figs. 1-8, pls. 1, 2, June 10.
A contribution to our knowledge of the Thysanoptera of California. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. III, pp. 39-68, pls. 1-6, April 5.
The orange thrips. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 12, Pt. VII, pp. 119-122, pl. 8, February 11.
The pear thrips and its control. <U.8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 80, Pt. VI, pp. 51-66, figs. 13-17, pls. 4-6, September 1.
The pear thrips. <U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 68, Pt. I, revised, pp. 1-16, figs. 1-8, pls. 1-2, September 20.
QUAINTANCE, A. L. 1898. The strawberry thrips and the onion thrips. <Florida Agr. Exp. Sta.,
Bul. 46, July.
Russet, H. M.
1909.
The greenhouse thrips. <U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bul. 64, Pt. VI, pp. 48-60, figs. 15-17, August 4.
SHuLL, A. FRANKLIN.
1909.
Some apparently new Thysanoptera from Michigan. <Ent. News, vol. 20, pp. 220-228, figs., May.
INDEX.
[New genera and species and pages on which they are described are given in black-faced type.]
Page. Abies sp., Idolothrips coniferarum taken thereon.............-....-----+--+---- 34 Tg Se RET ek te A Ee a 13, 19, 31 DUAL ONR oat, Sor ae eee ee SSSA A ees st 19, 31 OGIO ote IEA be ee AEE BRS AOA Lee BUSS SF 19, 31 NIE GAP ORLON IIS Ss. atte a are See RS . GS ate At DEES wee Foe 19, 31 UAMMCOT MIR A Wrest is LPM betas tS A teeter $45 ook 19; 31 Acer (see also Maple). Acer saccharum, food plant of Trichothrips smithi..-....-...-.-.22-------2-0- 30 Achillea millefolium, food plant of Anthothrips niger...........--------+------ 29 Adenostoma fasciculatum (see also Chamisal). food plant of Holothrips kuwanati.....-.-...------- 22 Cryptothrips californicus... ...c.2.-<4e2% 32 oe DIT ES 9 aio AR NOR ole As Gn Bent en 10, 11 EE MEU ERS 8 ce SOAS ttar a tat isin MORIAH SOQ Ae Ore Oe PH BI 11, 13-14, 21-22 BUS EAA StI DNA Rae SE IEE MO le ote le Lac wwe 13, 21 NCL E A ener OA Ik ahr sO OR ks ONE Lo ies Feu 14, 22 Paar Ss Pik ee IGA SD OWE BIOS SL SM Mos. SS ieee 14, 22 VAL. TORUsNay WaLNOTa Wal Joo. cusie Sa lsek ewes. So obese D2 LB RRCED GE ASL Cae ata + TNS 5 econ SEE DIO ch ier PDR EB AL Set £422 UES OOTRAS es ere se eS), AEE, GASSES SSG e ES. 1324 Aisculus californica, food plant of Molothrips fasciatus.............--22---+--- 22 BPOUA PIS hs 2 625s Ga seen s Ce anti Saldiaews OG 2590. oA). cea aReeee 12, 29 fasciapenms, enemy of Aleyrodes cir... o 3.25251 5.228525... aes 29 Aleyrodes citri, preyed upon by Aleurodothrips fasciapennis..............----- 29 potalia, food plantot Molothrips fasciatus: |. 9.02 is. 0 and she bo eecek bead. Sas2ls 22 Anaphothrips MRAIUS Ne nO eb. Soe ssh 2 os 28 eUiotnips fastnaude 2551 Fee se eos Aste 24 MERINO REL Scho taad Shoat oso k craw ds Pe SG Mee JO Uaie ad. Bees 12, 29 TREGUCEPRAULS 2 552350 C3 a054 SOS ee OE TOES Sones ae Sa ss gad 29 eeimond, food plant of Huthrips pytis 0.2 Ae 2i kis 7. deen. 5 othe ase tines 26 Amarillis sp., food plant of Heliothrips femoralis............--..22.-----00--0- 23 PE ENOUINL IR Oe 22 nso Koo od dao wok Gwe eo oa tie 6 ed get 12, 16-17, 2 PES DUT Gs 2 Cea R eS Se a Pe A SES, cred Sake Li BOM et Ses eee nae eee ae. aed 5 «cron Stee wees 9, 16, 28 PEICOIIE oe set Her sat Vanek ASU Saat tke «ones ccc eee 17, 28, 41-42 AE sa ere Sey e hate iene ce a Sse UE, SSeS See RSE SG 28,41 SERS ee Sah -SReeS AY 235 see aE eS Mets aide <5 as = ens hence haan Maes 1], 21 ROOMS OIARE Bee 3 aha ye Save Miao ena tab SUN ooo acne tale eivek 21 EARN UGS. he ees ots Clr IEEE Coben. Se eee ee Lek 127429 ARR RE SA S58 Pao ds bbl do Ma ky oche s hac.0du aeawdcedh erga eI 17, 29 WRERMEUN URS ara ak Rt nA A SAL oda Sorcknet don har Ped Gn 4 0a SOOO Es Son cto oe 17, 29 DOR UCN I nae SARE ate Ae es fe aE has os wae ain xan MOONY wi ac siae 17, 29 fepre, 100d plant of Eauiiripe pyrios 20 PP Cas Jae Uk. NS spout 26 EABLET DE ePRELA OO Ne RSE OU. eee 26 33
48 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA,
Page. Apricot, food plant iof Cephalotirips errata 22 s.0 2 se nae eee ee ee ee 31, 44 LETUPS: PUM ARS Cae oe Sas SAE eee ek ee ee 26 Prichothripe denis. 2: 25. Ee ee eee ee a ee 3 AphnowMripsr css i iSeas Wee Se tes ag aU eae Yow oe nd ae ae ee 12, 25 TUDES ee TEES Soe cael at ola c Meera le Tia ORR A aE ee eee 25 Wal, COMMULULONIISE Ee cet nce ree sea ee ee 11 Ardhaesp:, food plant of Helothripsifemoralis cx 529085 Sl eS ee eee 23 Parthenothrips @racsiic,/ 02 eee as os A ee 22 Arbutus menziesii, food plant of Orothrips kelloggii......-.---.--------------- 21 DLP PI NaAGnOWilse es Sess 6 acco. ec oes eee 22 Arisema triphyllum, food plant of Heterothrips arisemx........---------------- 28 Arrawroot, food) plant of Muthrips insularis. 2255-5 eeeee 5. + gee ee eee Se ee 27 Arienisu spiood plant ot Aigtothrins longiceps. eo ase eee ee 22 Arum sp. i00d plantiof Bekothnips femoralis....- co ece-e; 2 Aero 23 Aspidium sp., food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis................-.----- 23 eter, food: plant: of Pscudothrips wnequalis=’ 2 ee Sakae So ele ee 28 Azalea, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis..........----------.-.+----- 23 Trichothrips ruber: :. 30 Pete eek Ne ee 5 ee 30 western. (See Rhododendron occidentale.) BOLO DS ooo vin Some wis Bh BRE SE ER IER. Be a eI eri cae eee ae 11, 22 BASHSE caw bis Sekine ieee Be oe coe POR ee eae 22 Beans, ood) plantiol Huiiips wiser: pees eee ee eee opens eee 27 Scolothnips Ssermacwlawus. 5: o2e eeck coe Lees eee ee 26 Beet, food. plant of, Helotireps foscwiiised< sa0528 eee ee ee oe ee See 24 sugar, Jood plant of Aolothrips fasciatus. ees: nc nec se cs asaeeeeee Se 22 Bibliography of recent publications on North American Thysanoptera....-..-- 44—46 Bindweed, food plant,ot Aolothrips bicolor... 22s -cciey- acceso - aeaeee eee = eae ral Birch limb, dead, Megalothrips (?) spinosus taken under bark ........---.-..- 34 Blackberry, food plant of Scolothrips sexmaculatus............----.-+----+++-+--- 26 Brunella vulgaris, food plant of Holothrips bicolor............-------------+--- 21 Buckeye, California. (See Zsculus californica.)
Buekthorn, food: plant of Sercothrips wartabtlis..<:<.). 22) acjene Joo tioce - eee 24 Buckwheat, food plant.of Aolothrpsyfasciaiises ass. sa ceas ae. Jochen tee 22
wild (see also Erigonum fasciculatum). food plant of Liothrips fasciculatus stenoceps..........------- 33 iButveretips ood, plant iG Huthrips Mminueus 222 hes! blat a snan ence 27 Cacao, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis..........---------2----------- 23 Carrots, wild, food plant of Chirothrips manicatus. sc. scjoc2 25. Sa ceejele Ses S=se 25 Catharticaisp., dood plantiol Huthrips parvus ee nace ae et eee 39 Catalogueof North American: Thysanoptera ..-,<j<)..--.</1eje)-.-,- rece = 21-34 Ceanothusisp:, tood plant.of Ankothripszobustus.-..o.32 422.2 2-4 ee au Oxrothrips kelloggn yosemilvic |. ae ee 21 Sericathivps warigbilig<20 5. 2. 4a. 4. ee oe 24 thyrsiflorus food plant of Holothrips kuwanati........--.---+------- 22 ThFtDE MACON. 2-365 tase eee eee 22 Gélery,, food. plant of Molathrips fascuiiea oso: 222 oto56 one eee 22 Celosa, food plant-of Anthothrips variabelis....<2 24 Ustenc nee Ce ee 29 PEEING U DS ori (orsi— 5.2, arse eal Sica Saye el es ee ee Hey We) sil (23 7) al: ee RISERS. OEE PIRI COOLS ca Sc 19. 31, 43-44 UCC sci b 3 a Sag vay ees Te aa fe se Oe a eee eee 19, 31 Cereals, food plants of Chirothrips manicatus....... js020 46-0 s 15-62 oye se eens = 25 Cestrum nocturnum, food plant of Heliothrips femoralis...........-..----------- 23
Chamedorea fragrans, food plant of Euthrips orchidit..........-.-.--2--+-+-++---- 26
INDEX. 49
Page Chamisal (see also Adenostoma fasciculatum).
POL PTT OE OLD TOURS «ccs ooo ase soa th maw nar ae tint ens c= on 27 Cherry, food plant of Muthrips miniutis. Mo. a 2 oie enc wesw new e ne cesenes 27 Vi gi iote 4 US Sie Rea a ah <a eae Dake, See SPE ey 26 La Ba Ode ela Syn an ln 7 iy he ea ee nmene Ey Fe RN 2S oR 9 12, 15, 25 GRIST pata AGH eS CBA A GEES ae SBE OO EEE TES SUCH BEE pce meee! 15, 25 WADI O UU at ene Seen cee A Mees ag osc ais oceanic eimai wae diamine 15, 25 LEDER NIULS ne eee Ae aps 2 shel eee rae wie laine ajale ie crete ora oa ate oleae 15, 25 DOOD SAR SS ess EN SS 2 eA a ne aie I See Sieg ieee, ee 15, 25
Christmas berry. (See Heteromeles arbutifolia.) Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, food plant of Molothrips fasciatus.......-..----- 22 gp., tood' plant of Hehothrips femoralis.....-..-.2- 522-0 -0.-.0-6 23 Marries Wyy.. (Od) Plant OL UH ENS CLIT. Joc.c2-3-.-'ce sss c+ ses e Success oes e's ce 26 Classification of North American Thysanoptera.............-.-----------+--- 10-21 Miover, burt, iood plant of Heliothrips fasciatus... 22... 24---22n--- 2-2-2 24 OE PERIN OF AOLOMNT LDR JUSCIAUNE <2 ios yen oe eons nice ss ae oeeise es 22 CIUTOLNTENE NARUMLURCE = ne co foe doo tank oot eee 3 25 WPI GME LDS UCU ent ca okia sree rans DON oe 52 = eerste eet 32 Fed) L000 plans Of 4 NiOMIri DE Niger 22h 2 5 22 Sol lessee cee etwe ee een 29 Wille, 1000 plantiol Anihoiripe niger >... 22.22 oli. fiesta dees oe 29 onmiposits, food plants of Molothrips fasciatus... . ....25-2-.-.2--e-ne ede nese 22 NR IS CC PINCUS. ere ce ke nao Heh eee 27 PRUPORG. - eta. les See en ce hake eet eee Di Thripsiavdonimans...-.0- 20 ee 8S eas ee oes 23 Convolvulus sp., food plant of Huthrips insularis...........--------------2+-- 27 men 1O0U plant Of Anaplolnyips SiMaLus:--.2Jo08 2222 h2 222 El cee eet - 28 : A be 7 eee aN yA? nd BAe SW ea NE Ee et eer 28, 47 EN UAUE PR REPUOSUSs > Ba cs cacie eee Slee es SOU e ae sees 27 EA TISE DET DUDES tems CoM O ts oa se nee ws sakes Shae e te eee 23 Cornus stolonifera, food plant of Scirtothrips ruthvent........---.------+-+------ 26 MInUNne Ep., 1000 plant of Heliothrips femoralis: 2. <2. i525 .5.8..-cc acne ee ets 23 Croton spp., food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis. .:........----------+++ 23 (ELIE, Fa Sie “absdin IR aIe edieh BP Seem a ME eal CE RAE SMa Oy 13, 19, 32 asperus=Leptothrips asperus californicus...........--------------- 19, 32
taken under old shells of Lecanium corni........- 32 taken under old shells of IGtSSERNL OER oc, 8 sa <e 32 EARDOTUURUBS hike Sea htt ee rR ae oe oiara Nae Pie = pelncea She 19, 32 fasciapennis=Aleurodothrips fasciapennis rectangularis.......-.---- 19, 32 encumber, food plant of Heltothripa femoralis.. 2.2... 2222-2 eee eet 23 SCPICOLUTEDE VOTIGULIEE oho Sacre con cc amen os Semen enews 24 Cycas revoluta, food plant of Parthenothrips dracenx......---..----+----++++- 22 SMErUS HTS) LOOM plnnL OL PATEDS Derplerya. =<... one ne neces aceite hangs 23 Dahlia spp., food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis...............------+--- 23 Mausy, oxeye, ood plant of Anthothrips niger......-......--- 0-0 eeee een tees 29 Daucus sp.? food plant of Thrips abdominalis ...............-.-000eeeeeeeenee 23 Descriptions of new genera and new species of Thysanoptera ........-...----- 34 EOD etn Oe ob eset tae spate RRR le lly. Aae es Old ART gant GIES, EN ed 11, 24 MAMET AIRO Ee arse ae ome avian aain Pen wn sae AEE The ea PES Re 24 _ Diplacus glutinosus, food plant of Holothrips fasciatus..........-2.---.++++-+- 22 mumraer;, food pliant of Arnthotkring Dariabelts. 5 ook nc Seca cw meen ccs eemn---- 29 71924°—11_—-4
50 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Page Dogwood. (See Cornus stolonifera.)
Dracena sp., food plant of Helvothrips femoralis. . . 2.2... eee een cece cceeee 23 Parthenothrips Gracene < ck Morass 3s aaa Sees 22 I CHINGtATIPS 3. '..2 ois. o's sid oeiciein.c aisle ape ate retin aiate etree eh eee Eero 11, 24, 37 WN GS SICATUG s srieys cs cas see eee ee ee ee a eee 24, 37-38
Elderberry. (See Sambucus glauca.) Elm, food plant of Scolothripssermaculatus. <2. 22.0 sce decace eee eee eee 26 Erigonum fasciculatum, food plant of Liothrips fasciculatus.. . . . Pa kewtecee aoe 33 My tO PATIPS gas oe <a vacim aa aici ois ele ie eee = GS a ele eee 11, 21, 34-35 BPIZONEO. 5 ooo See eaeeiee nals See he eee eC Ere 21, 35-36 Eucharis grandiflora, food plant of Heliothrips femoralis.......-.------+--+--- 23 ETUC T EDS ose ache rac Siaand a tenayee Spe eee iach OS ees Sead See ee i ee 12, 17,29 UDEV OR ET OLAS 255 tase cs aiacctes © ayers b tare ae a ee we area otc a ee 17,29 OSDOPAL eG 8 pes Se se ree ee ee ee 17, 29 TS (NUE ae SE ORT OD RA Ft ae LR ES MRE MIS oe oe a ages REPS Tie 12, 15-16, 26-28 E2711 0) bY Ne enya SN eer a me a ON aes 15, 26, 39-40 COD ONICUS VA 2 oe hte Sse Ma ter tre Ges Gh eS eee A ee a 16, 27 TOULOUSE eo cloea Sachs a ap at 2 RO ehh eign a ta a 16, 27 CHR SE ROIS Ee NES SAE IEE OE Cn Saree Oo Beet e eb debe sooasox 9, 15, 26 CUTIOP NG a ores eras tee else pean ei eee ee 15, 26 PURCU Ss awa bcs iia tales SN ae ee Oe 9.16; 27, Inelianthiysis3. ser oe te mse ce eres ie aes ree aie eee 16, 27, 40-41 SASILLOT IS! | 2 tta bec Spee Sao Rea Eyes Ane A Rea, shale 16, 27 FEMICULALUS — FRURTUDSANSULOTIS. 220 3 o.o 2 sa eee eee 27 TRVIVURLIUG asa a wjacha Wteis Sib chaieiadincaie wlolee i Ae ime, Sha) oe ana Vt eee 16, 27 SLLOSUS—PULRTUDS MANULUS oe «Scie cece see eee | LET UOSUS oe 5,515 Seta: SEE mid peu eaters So Te ee el oe ete See ee eee eee 16, 27 TCO SC — EERTODS US CUB S505 oe cesta ey ahal Min a pate as oR oe 27 Occdeni alia a2 SS ato ce ces oat See eee eae ae ea ee 16, 27 CREO. ROAR Cre rE E His ober ta tarts EN a ae Seema a om ueg 15, 26 PAIWUS aise 2 eae irs ayn ote eels ayaa alas cep et gee 15, 26, 38-39 PUTTS cea teats Ege a See ie ela ch tarsi cine Wa NL Ei 9, 15, 26 ICUS Sade Jace se Ee oe ee ee ee eer CS nie 9, 16, 28 COUELOTNUCUS: iin 3 ere sac Sate Sarat bata ee ee yates Rene ee 16, 28 taken with Huthrips tritici on flowers..........----.- 28 RELIGPSVCQUIORNICURS 208 oF ho acter le is de eeicie ts a aes else) ainie oe aera 16, 27 Ferns; food plants of Helhothrips hemorrhoidalia. <1... a. 5- Jon. 00- oe s- ssn 23 Festuca ovina, food plant of Chirothrips obesus.... 2-20 oe ine 332 oes toe 25 pratensis, food plant of Limothrips cerealium. .......-------++-------- 25 Picaria sp: itood plant of Huthrips orchidit,-. 2.23.02. 5~ os 4-3 ee 26 Picuselastica, food plant of Heliothrips femoralis. <=...) 20-2 -2n- oe] eee 23 P OFtheOunri ps: ORGC ee oso. wana tec aoe ee 22 grandiflora, food plant of Heliothrips femoralis.............+------++----- 23 nitida, Liothrips bakeri taken in galls on leaves. ....-.-..-.-.---------- 33 religiosa, Liothrips bakert taken in galls on flowers .........------------ 33 Eig, food plant of Hythrips pytten otto one 6 Ge Steen te ee ee eee 26 Tri8 Dremneribe: Pee. ses oie ae. ho ee ere 23 Flowers, food plants of 2hrips taba a) <1.) je\e.2 somos ctorn = See igia = miats elle eee 23 es spring, food plants of Huthrips nervosus...... 0... +22 --ce ss = se coe rae wild, food-plants' of Puthrips (rites .5 ice «6 anita eno se eel 28 Fruit blossoms; food of Thrips tabaeis stove dia one ape Gon on eee 23 Galls, on Ficus nitida leaves, Liothrips bakeri taken thereon...........-------- 33 religiosa flowers, Liothrips bakeri taken therein. ...........-.- 33
oak, Liothrips umbripennis mexicanus taken thereon.............---- 33
INDEX. Bl
Page. Gall, on Solidago, Idolothrips armatus taken therein. ...........--.-+-------- 34 Zygothrips 'ongiceps taken therein. ............-.....--..- 32 pine-cone, on willow, Trichothrips brevicuralis therein ........--...----- 30 Gardenia sp., food plant of Heltothrips femoralis..............-----+-+-++++----- 23 Gnorimoschema gallxsolidaginis, on Solidago canadensis, Idolothrips armatus EMPTIED RASS Nee ee re orale tel eae we Seema t oes dee oem w nes nes amen 34 Goldenrod (see also Solidago). food plantiot Anaphothrips tricolor ..: 2.222.202 2222 oo odes ace ek 28 ’ PEM GO UNS GUCCI Soo) So foe age eee eee eee - a Gossypium sp., food plant of Heliothrips femoralis..........---------+-+------ 23 Grape (see also Vitis).
Sreeepal TT Cr OUP UDE YIN 6 oo a sree oe wale hoe ane ae sas Sed Selva a 26
Demons Gs pers TAKEN UAOrGON 2.2.5.5. cence sosc ccc ace sso scene 32
wild, 100d plant Of Drothrips ciricornis:. = = oe 2 ee eee eee 33 Grass, millet. (See Miliwm effusum.)
“old witelt,”” food plant of Chirathrips crassus. 6. <2 ..02 3.0200. t.e-s eee et 25 eroundnut, food plant of Muthrips tisiwlarts. .—- 22220. 6cs oe tee ce etencese ns 27 ED ak TON ate ily oe ORE gi Bc ete RO a 11, 14, 23-24
PIC NO CN el Ea ae QE tl see Nn eg a a 14, 24 TEE eT ye ele At Soe gE gm PR Bo sate 9, 14, 23 PRET EE ER a ane cae hee SS eee fe a se Ds tela ome ae ate tae 14, 23 MTORR son mace Ao hoe ane ne bes gaat ayes sr ewee ns eee tea 9, 14, 23 Heteromeles arbutifolia, food plant of Trichothrips tlex...........--+----------- 30 a MD Ape a see Era aaa Bot Sets te REE arg Jae are an oe Soe 12, 17, 28-29 C2 1S RID ge ae eee ge neem! Ba aaa TPS PS era ae 17, 28 CER EAIIUNS nr re ee Se ota ce CI SONS oe ROE ein SON Oe ae 17, 29 LCA EL ted 2, tar a, <a a eee RENE i A APR cal py 17, 28 MCR OrY (000) Pitt Of. GIGLITEDS CUYICOTHAS.... ose dew cence see esse scene 33 op, food plantof Scolothrips sermaculatus.... 2... one nsec e eee eee teense 26 Hop-tree. (See Ptelea trifoliata.) Hydrangea sp., food plant of Heliothrips femoralis...........--..-------------- 23 LEE Ss A ala 9 lll 8 le yn NG See te rasa ee nape 13, 20-21, 33-34 EOS OAT) fetta ere iit, lle i! i AB Pe te 0 eC ean ee ee 20, 34 HEAL DAR ERR EE SAE PI APES Co SCOR REIS COCO O EEE ar Peas ae 21, 34 CSTE CCORUME Senin Sen cisco x'aisic ce as 4-14 Ie Pirate Sete MERE EFS Pe Se 20, 34 ODEs oe ae eS ee a he earls ae rep wage = en ong as ee 20, 33 LULU CRE UALR Me Sea mas ae eRe tara rete Yatatal erage PEE ape ether Se eeee VA TRS 21, 34 Jack-in-the-pulpit. (See Arisema triphyllum.) Juniperus virginiana, Idolothrips coniferarum taken thereon. ........--..-.-.-- 34 Kentia belmoreana, food plant of Parthenothrips dracenx........-..-.-+-++----- 22 MEMENTOS Piece, ha eee. Sar Ce a mene eto one a Su aes Mee are Bee ara 11-13 BOOGIE eco alee ota t cee = Di etip Pe 25, Sy Rene Cah dn yes Sa arn ep me aN 13-21 ref tg betas pesc1 0 Mp 225 rel bs RAR lee yn a aS a Ga CE ee 10-11 Labiatx, food plant of Euthrips cephalicus reticulatus........-------++-+-++++- 27 Laurel, California. (See Umbellularia californica.) mountain. (See Umbellularia californica.) Laurestinas, food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis...........---.-.-++++-- 23 Lecanium corni (armeniacum), Cryptothrips californicus taken from under old i eRe OS Ser ee eet een AL ae ooo Sica mgs are mints Sn cin aww emeo 32 ) Legumes, food plants of Muthrips insularis: .....-... 2.2.0... 0. cece eee eee eee ee 27 Re. SOOM PIRI OL LASUNE TAGATONN. oo. = on nee one eee ewe ec ee en noes 22 BMRIOLRTIDR. = <'. =~ = = 2a et Ee ES ote an'sinie aa ghee xia ate as < 13, 32 Pay RUMI cm ebne ode AE Re Sars ph SUEDE ENE + PORE OSRE Spee CeCe eae Sere 32 metunrce, 100d plant of Helwothripe fasciatus. ’......-..--- 0220-22 e ewe eee tees 24
52 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Lilac, California. (See Ceanothus thyrsiflorus.) Page. mountain. (See Ceanothus sp.) wild. (See Ceanothus sp.?)
Liliacez, food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis............2.+.+-+++++---- 23 EMOUI VIS 5 oo Sie SR ACI Na) « ha ale amend = osha yess Saleen aa ee eee 11, 25 anene—TLimothrips Cenealiwin 3.58 sb ee bc bt = hoe eee 25 COreNWMNa sos bake be ehomeceeieee aes Coe = oa pee eee eee 25 ez otlining oles Jase Se ee ee Oe ee Te Mer te me Bee 13, 20, 33 DGRCRO Ses Steet ee Foe ES eR, BER ca aes ier ers Ee 20, 33 CUUPICOTNAS ence oye Bos Bate SE SO: BOE OO EL EO eC 20, 33 SfORCIOULCUUS ooh Sate 3 0 Se Ph aes 2 tee eR ee ee ae ee 20, 33 SUENOCE PES 3.5 Oo. Sea's 254k 2 cs tee eee ae Poe 20, 33 taken with Liothrips fasciculatus on wild buck- WEA: oc o ee oe lee aa as ee 33 MCCONNELL Yoo 5a cok ye oa1e Aso Se a Sa 20, 33 CAN iO Kaeo Se a ee RS Ce eA See os Kee NA CIR ae Gate biac boas 20, 33 RUDI UPON en one = Sa SENS ere ons neh Rewge Mees A pte Ss el 20, 33 IMLEDICUNMUS Ea Ss seicis ee ee 20, 33 PSC OCNTU DR? 5 cab iis bin os Lh tenes ome eaibn cbs be Metaps neroee Sete oe eee 12, 30 TUUSCOTUNUS a omic oes ere a oe ee ne IE eA tee ee 30 Lupine, purple. (See Lupinus sp.?) Tumis, food plant, of Huthripsinsularis . . 22. 45-0 e- ee 27 sp.°, 100d plant of Molothrips Fuwane «25-025 6.5- cesee ateeeeeee 22 Madrofia. (See Arbutus menziesii.) DMGUACOURTUD Sn a. 3 21 SC 55) 5:do sieve eRe ere eke wate aie Devaar Ne eee Se ae eee ae 13, 31 ZONMUUS 5 5 ase eos Ae eRe Ws See ae DES ee ae ee ee eee 31 Malpighiceze, food plants of Heterothrips decacornis.........-.--------++++++-+--- 29 Mango, food. plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis... 22... 3.h. 06-55 -22js 22 cleo 23 Manzanita. (See Manzanita manzanita.) Manzanita manzanita, food plant of Orothrips kelloggit...........------------- 21 Maple, hard. (See Acer saccharum.) soit, food plantiot Trichothrips Gufiz =... .os0854 2-22 eee oe Se eRe eeee 30 IM COCHOURTT DG We ee A SU ce S08 2 Nhe Ue tes ZUR a RE Sead the oreo iret eer 13, 21, 34 TES PERU cost cla FR esl eee eh oe hentia PR ese eect eee 21, 34 SVUNOSUS. 5 NE oer ait ee ht oon ney Sie ee tance a) a eee 21, 34 Milium effusum, food plant of Baliothrips basalis.............-------+-+-+---+---- 22 Momus sp.stoog plant:o1 Chrigs magnus 20 Be. oS. ease soe eee 23, 36 Mina. lobata, food plant.of Hehothrips femoralts..... <2... 2.2: -< 2 --> se eee ens aee 23 Monkey flower. (See Diplacus glutinosus and Mimulus sp.) Roontlower;iood plantiot Helothripsifemoralis . 2... =. 45 522. dan Aone eee 23 Moss, foodyplant of Lissotiripsmuscorum:.. ccc. = 5 eine = Je aoe ee one oe 30 Tnothripsocetlatus taken thereon: <i .o2c.4 246 «<< 6.022 4 ee ac oes ee ee 33 Mullein, food plant of Anthothrips verbasci..........---- ici 8 te St Reamer 29 wild; food plant of Timichothrips femoraligia<. 223. one oe eee 30 Mustard, wild, food plant of Cephalothrips errans.........------------------- 31, 44 INCA TATU S gh ois me NAS Beh kM SMe ae Dh nc oS ieee cee A 13, 32 CONUIOLS "aac nies 3 ag tt ee es Se cain ee ole GES See eee 32 Nicotiana tabacum (see also Tobacco). food plant of Chirothrips mexicans... 24.0226 52. ae 25 Nightshade, food plant of Euthrips citrtsy 2 <n2<-5<+-seseedee a. ses oes Bees ae 26 Oak leaves, fallen, Idolothrips flavipes taken therein.................----+---- 33 Liothrips umbripennis mexicanus taken in galls.................---.--25- 33 taken: On VArlOUS:SPECieS s...6c/.<\cid5s ate gee eee 33
scrub. (See Quercus dumosa.) tanbark. (See Quercus densiflora.)
INDEX. 53
Oak, white. (See also Quercus alba.) Page. Idolothrips tuberculatus taken thereon...............-..--2+----- 34 Mis OOd Pramb OL ZOLOLNTL DS JASCURES 2 FF... 5... = 2,0) wynin.n ais Seas Seieisiecinrs a ietsle 22 TATOUI LDS COCR ia siicha ci ao hivin's Jyewie2'aie awl alegsia xy SAS ot of 25 Dive, food plant of Lrythrothrips arizona... .... 22 2... ci. o oo sinae leseceiescnss 21, 36 inion, food: plant of Alolotiripa fasctatusn. <<< a0 2 2% ajo sace ecw c a cleo eee een 22 Saranse, food plant of Anaphothmpa tnicolor . 5 .2 +, %.. 2. ae wale os wae aa aleeele wk -'s = 28 BORE as So TB ae 3c iowthran Sick Bical Sie tea eA NG hrs 28 TUPELO UU OPNC ONE po sa oo a gates srr ealnls tan Sasere afainise © 21, 35 Sg Te) Ue 2 ote 5 angina ok wham Ahn aha Sal gaa ae = 26 PTO OUNE DS OSOACUS 65 Oo ahd he Seated bee d,5 0 cic =le since ss 24 Barons, 4000: planits. Of Lr ps OFCOM. ai. o o0 2m ape acl es seman w es tencesece 26 STU Ta Go, «EIS Pe thre ict Se ya hee pal Verne Es dpc ceestle ner leic bao mcvehe win\sibe a'aye 11, 21 CLC ae ie eto Ere io. wc tecal sisi o's + = 2 at sianegnee ss ww dca. 81 ass o's Pins 13, 21 MOSGIMRGN US. ca eens oo Oacia ar ode teas Gn ea Ra ieee 13, 21, 34 Palm, date, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis..........-------- uae 23 kola, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis...............--+++-+++-- 23
sago. (See Cycas revoluta.) Palms, food plants of Euthrips orchidii..........-..2--.222-0220ece eee eeeeeeeee 26 Pandanus sp., food plant of Heliothrips femoralis............-------+++++++-- 23 Panicum capillare, food plant of Chirothrips crassus.........---.--+-+-++++--+--- 25 sanguinale, food plant of Holothrips bicolor............--..-+-+-+--- 2k Anew, aod plant. Of Eathrips UM sUlaryse main acto m5 atte So einfNie le oie awielnereisie = raf IEE MCT ERS Pe Ree RCN Sat Nei ate 5x2 bis Stacia Sse Eine Sats We Stee cto Mee ae 11, 22 GIRUEE EOS ONE ea er aS aes oe Oe SOME OPEL Sn AP Core 22 CH STOO) PLAN OL ZEUIOUTUNS JASCIALUS = «= 2 ci- ae oo cola seein overs aise seaeeanine 24 each, rood plant of Cryptothirips californicus .. 2... 00. eos cps nsals teen ees 32 SEEN UD ONO = 2S sete cea Aas bdr be she eins Bese es a= 26 UTE eee hee PE eet NEA Sire One lee as 26 tree, dead, Cryptothrips rectangularis taken under bark...........------ 32 Pear, Bartlett, food plant of Cryptothrips californicus...............+.+------ 32 ipOO Up IADG OL BACs WIS oo chak Sate Sai len de s veo ele wie alee wm me 27 UT Rc ciate ihe te ois Seas Cth 2 cial endat eigen 26 aC YoNe (ig ery (PEACH) Ac ea Ee eR RE Oe A ee tonge HERS 24 Pellea hastata, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis. ......--.------+------- 23 PE Ob. LOGE Ml AI 1 Ol LIUTIEU DS: UNSULOTUS on. = ora peiirnpoine > ace aieietaiers sie moss bie esate 27 Phleum pratense, food plant of Anaphothrips striatus. ......-...-------------- 28 RRIMOO ER DEED AG 1 a5 occicin = oR aw Sai Smee ea ian e hie doped meh sajee ae ee 1k, 12,13 RECO CIIS Oe aA Sate Sate cereal a tala ps al aE tpn Se Sie 6 oo, oie eines weet 13, 20, 32-33 CLOUT SOTA TITS SA ORES S OE Ia Heed SS Sic RAT a RE ee RN Otte 20, 33 PRP OGMOP fed oe canta oes aye SPE abe eve nttdS ais ch lumii = ain Souk ee an 20, 32 MOD UOT actor athe ieee ilo raatas circ e hp ced nei ia iS aes ee ect nte 20, 33 PLAID OE AEE BGS OSE EO A ET AOS I te aI ST Reena 20, 32 Phiox, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis.........-..2..-----.20 005-005 23 miyllotninipe asperus—Leplotirips Gsperus.... 2. 22 2a. - 2 22 So eae Se ees ee eee 32 CERICOIII —IAGIIPT Ds CUIVCOTINIS® = ocao aS e Cheese n ee eS ar 33 JOSCICULAL— LACUS JOSCIOUINOUS 5. cos o's bene sce Jaivig nine aye = = = = 33 umoripennis—Lrothrips umbripennis.....-..--- 2-22-22 2s aaees 33
Pine (see also Pinus).
Fecdn Mi Gh. Oe DIKOMNTT DS EMTANSi oo. soc a 2's (ous Swan oss oo, ouaeas we o's on cis 31 Pinks, food plant of Heliothrips-hemorrhoidalis.................-----+++-+-5-- 23 Pinus (see also Pine).
inops, Idolothrips coniferarum taken thereon...........-.-------+++++-- 34
Plantago rugelii, Idolothrips armatus taken thereon........--------+-++-+++-+++-- 34
54 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
SPVSCIOURTUDS +s, = \=. cidiwiaie seis s)aeiasetale aie larteiniale eo ae ese bee ae ete he eee 12, 31 ANLENNALUS ieee SASS cs clemiase seis ete arelepeteie ete aie arene te ape erete tea 31 Plum, food plant ‘ol Muthvips pyriss.'. c= tees sere Cees oe Cece Saree aera 26 wild, in, England; food plantof Muthrips pyri... cate eee cee ee ee 26 Poa pratensis, food plant of Anaphothrips striatus............----------+---+-- 28 Chirothvips obcsust 2200s aa ae ce ee eS 25 Poplar, Carolina, Acanthothrips albivittatus taken thereon...........-..------- an Phleothrips maculatus taken under rotting bark............------.-- 33 Poisto; food plant:of Muthrips wnsularis- soe ee ocean ee eee ee 27 Prone, -food:plant‘of ‘Cephalothnpsierrans.4.2 (2s 2. oe Sn ee 44 Puthnips ehrhorntts. Soe ne aoe oe oe her, oe ee 26 MUTANS So oe eee oom ae Woe en eee 27 PY See sant soe aac e ee lee eae eee 26 FEOtRT pS MCCONMELT «2 is tes ae ee eee 33 French, food plant of Cryptothrips californicus........--.------------ 32 PRC UOT MIDS 26) siatc 3 Sete eteiaislats/Keinesa oooh ore ae ake Ome ae eaten eae ae ee tees 12, 28 WIVCQREGIISS 5 ict 7S ABE ae Devel sate nove aieiete cpa eoyetenett et eae eee ee 28 Ptelea trifoliata, food plant of Sericothrips pulchellus.........-.-------------- 24 Byroliavoolly, food plant'of Huchrips insularis..--.. cee e528 ee ee 27 Quercus (see also Oak). alba, iood plant of Tvichothrips tridentatus.--2 2-2-2222 5-265 56 eee 31 densiflora, food plant of Cryptothrips californicus.........-.---+-+---- 32 dumosa, food plant of Trichothrips ilex dumosa...........-------+-+--- 31 Quince, food plant .of Lrichothrips beacht. 3.7. 25. Se Se os See 30 Radish, dood plant of Heliothrips-jasciatus.:3 276). ewes tee te eee 24 RG pid Oripse es ween Vet ek eee ee cites Cane ee eee tne 3 oe hee eet mere 125 EFS CEILI SEI IOR Ae Oe Wie tanta aie bare ena Aa RO ene 25 Rhamnus purshiana, food plant of Erythrothrips arizon&........-----+-+++++++- 21, 36 spe food plant oh wathranstrisitlariss. St See. <i kicte Cie 8 i eee 27 FUR PLGUlr pS 03 wen e act lot ORIEN SIE See cre ems ae ee oe Bn ete eee ote ee 12, 29 DECULEOTES:. bE Ean Oren Cini a ele wip reaia See mici= en yare Sree eee 29 Rhododendron occidentale, food plant of Thrips madronti...........------+-++- 22 Richardia xthiopica, food plant of Heliothrips femoralis...........----------+-- 23 Rosaceze, food plants of Huthrips cephalicus reticulatus.........-----+--+-+-++-- 27 Rose, ‘‘La France,’’ food plant of Aleurodothrips fasciapennis........-------- : 29 Roses, foodplants of Huthrips inswlariss: 022 22+. 22 2 2ce se = ee oe ee eee 27 Saliz (see also Willow). jfeumatils, food plant of Heterothrips salicis.. : 0°. 2.0. <2 222-22. -- ete ewes 28 Trickothrips orevicuraisss eee ace one eee 30 Sambucus glauca, food plant of Holothrips kuwanait....-...----------+++---- 22 Saissetia olex, Cryptothrips californicus taken from under old shells.........-- 32 Seale, black. (See Saissetia olex.) brown apricot. (See Lecanium corni [armeniacum].) Seitothripess sa. o2 wal Seite sees a ea ote orem orate Semen ose oleh (arc oer 12, 26 PUERVENV 6 Succ Scie RE BUS o Sas BR eee Sea RS See ae ae ees 26 SOLON US 25 o.- Set Seat tS re Peas Metarate ipre te ais eee etn ee 12, 26 S CLT ACULEUS S sar iS ate loitoreract ste area at ae eae aan 26 EMCO NS 54). SBR BARE e es eee so csieete st a renee eee 11, 14-15, 24-25 Per igs t whe BSE ae SCENE ES ee oe Sk eal ete 15, 24 Ging uilatus. os Ae eo wae eee eee ae ate ce 14, 24 prileheliss..- i 08 si ee ole ee aetna ce Wie ees ieee ee 14, 24 TAG LEVAAGT Eta ea ae ee As eB ei et a in, MR ey a iA l= 11, 15, 25 BUR SOTAM noo 2 tA eRe: ne ee cree he ora eee 15, 25
VOTULD UTS Roe os OE See eae eee eile Ciois a elas aloe etete sic anetene 14, 24
INDEX. 55
Page Smartweed, food plant of Sericothrips variabilis.............020.002-22000000- 24 Solanum sp., food plant of Huthrips cephalicus...............00..-0e0eeeeeeee 27 167 IU OCG TOOT) 6 SSE i REE ae RA 23 umbelliferum, food plant of Thrips madronii..............--.--.---- 22 Solidago (see also Goldenrod). canadensis, Idolothrips armatus taken in galls..................-.---- 34 Zygousups longiceps taken tn pall). 2... 22. ois cent wes ee cesses nce ess 32 pannower, food plant of Huthrips minutus. ...... -- 2-2-5 0s a sc cee eo bee enn s = 27 Wild, 100d plant of Huthrips helianint.. : asi sf 2 sess anc wacacsses 27, 40 Sycamore, Acanthothrips nodicornis taken thereon.........-....----++--+----- 31 food plant of Acanthothrips magnafemoralis...........------------ 31 iansy, 100d plant of Aolothrips fasciatus... 66 0k os ese cee cee ees tenes 22 Repeanle Ere a eer sheets eee, Sines ar oie chat a nae iG we ne ee knees Bees dace tie'saot <c 10 RLS stOGUN Att, OL MSU IDS CUI. 2 ccct a. p cet aendinc tn des oh ae ceine daees ace 26 || SHIRUPID On oo boc ete Sage Som C GoD BOSE Se RC Ee eer ISB aren 10, 11-12 © TOS icy eas pelos oye Cyc A ine a en EM ae a ea a 11, 14, 22-23 CLO COTILURG US Rep EE Re AE oe Re eR OR are ae es et ye opie Get i 14, 23 bean. (See Heliothrips fasciatus.) BREN TCRTat rae aN a et ns Bed eee aes omic ies SERS TAS 14, 23 grass. (See Anaphothrips striatus.) greenhouse. (See Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis.) AOSTERO is Gog SIS SOS Roe er Se ee ee 14, 22 ole SE NTE Ee Os ae an 2 ies Coes a eee Rea 14, 23, 36 onion. (See Thrips tabaci.) orange. (See Euthrips citri.) pear. (See Euthrips pyri.) RARE LYS her Ie See lee ice cient bele isis p Ge Dee wets alse weite oh cegiBecide oes 14, 23 strawberry. (See Huthrips tritici.) : LANDIECC sc 3 eet EPR Eee IE eR ae en ESR bc ee Pa Ce 9, 14, 23
tobacco. (See Euthrips fuscus.) THysANopTERA, North American, bibliography of recent papers............. 4446
GULBlOPUO's cote ae eon pes oe Lee ea teh 21-34 elpssibcatian. = 22 is ca yaa Oak es eee 10-21 Rel Ov MEMO onsets icone ef ernereteE etelS 11-13 SECNE Se mws Sah on ay ore CERT ee 13-21 suborders and families............. 10-11 Tobacco (see also Nicotiana tabacum). TCM D oP MAING OL, PLANTS PUSCHSS acs sete 2 os Se elw ek arn can ae Moen 27 ; URSIN Seach ey Aes ie | aks Ue ae me 27 EHR, 100d plant of Hehothrips femorais. ... 22 os0c2---- sae ee eee e ee sce cess 23 Ec 5, Se ES FS Pa fe ee 12, 17-19, 30-31 “iC NEUROSIS «PN CE cas BaP eR Es 2 Cae REET ESET ne, ate a 18, 30 PERT ICTE CONDILS arches Oped 3 a Iateelte nee ate setts Aid Nes a eM Se 18, 30 ITU IEE SS Rue ee. oy! the ea ae. ANS os. ka te ue ae wel ys 18, 30 GEOCI eee are nea SINS Merete Ps Pee is St Sac ee 18, 30 GRCUICUT AUS ornare ts age ro eS Se Ok Le aes Ee elect 18, 30 Pe eee ee bem eeee teens See Sh oe ioe ae cain ate ee 18, 30 TE CRS SO ee EO SEC I FE SS 18, 30 hen RE STU CUMS ER Sy EARS) oP tee ety Oe | CO cy eg 18, 30 AGT Es Ee ee Meme Se AR Von RE iy TE aS PR 18, 30 ODT EES SS pe Ce OC e SEIS ROCESS Se ELE ee ne 19, 31 eee eee ee ne oe ees ee UL eR. nS 18, 30 TUDOY Moot Relay ob forts ee ee 5 AE ea eR are ee 18, 30, 42-43 SDE Deb as Btio SEs 3 OBOE Ge OE SE EEE ICS eee ere 18, 30
PIA OGIATIES Sree ee ee etn rk eter he Seat. . Some Meee oe Sek 19, 31
56 NORTH AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.
Page SPUR U LIBERA gm, 2’) s.0 diate 3,26 pea sie Se eine 6 aia eee ec ce ne ec 11 Ulmus montana var. sane food plant of Phlwothrips uzeli............------ 32 Umbellularia californica, food plant of Ankothrips robustus...........-.---++-- 21 Thrips: Madnonit BP. c.g oe le 2+ al ole 22 Verbenas, food plants of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis................+++++++---- 23 Vetch, wild, food plant of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis............++-+---+----- 24 Vines, pea, food plant of Heliothrips fasciatus... ., <2. <jc-50 5s sence --de tern ste e 24 food ‘plants of Hehothrips hemorrhoidalis. .......2- 0+ .20-2- 22 -eeeeee es 23
Vitis (see also Grape).
Spp., 100d ‘plants of Hehoiirips femoralis. .. <S..o.-Rioeee cos ae oer ee 23 Walnut, English, food plant: of Buthrips pyrt.... <0. ..-micieian deem pemaleedne ee 26 Weeda, food plants of Aolothrips fasciatus ... 220. coe been cies jee ep ew See 22
SENMicothnyps:-C plerts. in 5.2.0 Remarc ds. at ole ae ee 24 POUCULOLUS oat ake Seon pee alee ree ae 25 SLANPORUM: < =32 cs ciae cine hia le a wets ee: 25 Wheat, sood plant of Molothrips faseiatuaec ic oo 6 2. ooo sce a hse os te leche 22 White fly, citrus. (See Aleyrodes citrv.) wood; food ‘planter uthrins tw1slarts .,- sin» 2st ee a eee 27 Willow (see also Salix fluviatilis). black, food plant of Huthrips insularis... -.Ss.52. 2 i o2 = 2 t2 ee San esiome 27 stem, dead, Cryptothrips rectangularis taken in lepidopterous or coleop- terous larval: butrows~. 2: t23 ssec serves cet case eee 32 Megalothrips (?) spinosus taken in lepidopterous or coleop- terous larval burrows. . fF... 0S ae eee oe eee 34 Yams, tood plant-of Huthrups insularts.... 3. 25-2. Jacek AS ae 27 Yarrow, food-plant.of Muthrips minutus. 2 osc 4jn3aige yee 22 eee = eee 27 « Yucca filamentosa, food plant of Cephalothrips yucce ......-.-------------+--- 31 DAG OUND E Se See. a MS Lula ane Bates Mncpu tat Ink Se eee aan ee 13, 32 longicenSso..< 2 ocs225222454528: gisse poh. iseeres $i rhehee reese 32
=r =< J
PARTME
A -
IT. OF AGRICULTURE,
- BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
“10, HOWARO, Entomologist anc Chief of Bureau. pe STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS RV WITH PARTICULAR REPERENCE
TO THOSE IN HUMAN FOODS
es BY | SRE OSE ties eae _ NATHAN BANKS, Se, ut ae
_ Assistant. ie Bes
~
Issuep JANuARY 10, 1912.
Tein
IISssssss>>
. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 5 1912,
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| TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 22.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREHAU OF PEVTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
THE STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THOSE IN HUMAN FOODS.
BY,
NATHAN BANKS,
Assistant.
IssureD JANuARY 10, 1912.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1912,
BUREAU OF ENTO MOLOG Y.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ©. L. Martarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Curron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk.
. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. . Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. . Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. M. WessTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rocers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roza P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. MABEL CotcorD, in charge of library. 2
F. A: W. BY: Ne E.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, BurEAvU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., September 1, 1911. Srr: At frequent intervals and for many years the Bureau of Entomology has been appealed to by medical men and others to determine insects said to have been passed by sick people. The majority of these insects have been maggots (larve of Diptera). The characteristics distinguishing these larve have not been well understood, and the accompanying manuscript is the result of a competent effort by Mr. Banks to assist workers in the study of internal myiasis. I recommend that it be published as No. 22 of the Technical Series of this bureau. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WItson, Secretary of Agriculture.
Aeiyeena rob aaa
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CONTENTS.
Page.
RU REOPY tari a als a ine dn i a oe Rieti re LY Ao teeth ae 9 _ ETT RETMO heel EN ES RRR SE ae Bee ss A es ee 9 (GUIS ap Sas ag SSeS SS ea gender ree ee 12 RE MMe calipers ea a be hee Ge al Nas bye) Sve eR a 13 PRTC CIS Panne Seer er a bey nh en gng 2 se les 2 aes 13 INR ED I Pee cs ae Ph et atin Sm SIC Sys new gs SY ee 15 (ig EER SEAS SENS eS SS et ape na ee ee oe 15 ESTES SS ce Ch Is A a eae 2 ee ye ee =. | 20 (+ SINS a ane oT S a RASS e E e SE chars tea Oe ik SRS A 22 ERA rece ors ee Stale ae 2 ae OI ea ivan Ve ad bs aged wae Sein oe 25 (STIS AG SY Ole SR Se Sn Si ee ee ON 28 RR ee ere cia as a A SN aS cng nor wanes 3 aude oie sais 29 RRR a ea oa a wrt Em ae SEP SSS Si aes ea ere Se 30 MTS sc euate ates 8 Ip Ue iia Ae ae at a Sea ee ee ae eee 34 RE tn ieee Re eae nee, Ss le Aste nis Ses Re ape ee nates ER ce? 35 RRR ME REC kere cg Sr Ne tee Ge et, 82 ate, 3 aeaha aie » ofA bee e <'ele nc wet 35 0 ELS Greg ena tgatage: 8 IIT) (2) 0) a ce ne a ee 36 Bearing of larvee on classification................ Be nape AES Ae a oe ows ts Sie (1 Lia GL ge RE des en ANS Rg ORR CEE RY SO ee ee eee ee 38 a ePrice ies in a eimai Sidm piel s heist Mo goa che 39
PEATE ele hie.
II. Fig.
III. Fig.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
PLATES.
1L:—Musca domestica: Side view... 2.24 0..ca-e se ces aoe
2.— Musca domestica: Posterior stigmal plates. ..........-.-..-
3:— Masca domestica: "‘Tup of body2k.02- <5... -. 25. 2-- a eee
4.— Musca domestica: Head from above..........-...---:----
5.—layjperosiaurritans: lip on POOy a eee oes Soe
6.—Lyperosia irritans: Head, side view..........---.--------
7.—Lyperosia irritans: Posterior stigmal plates...........----
8.—Stomoxys calcitrans: Anterior spiracle.........--...------
9.—Stomoxys calcitrans: Posterior stigmal plate..........---. 10.—Stomozxys calcitrans: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton... -.--- - 11.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Tip of body ...............-.-- 12.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Anterior spiracle.........-..-. 13.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Head, side view...........-.-.-- 14.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Head, top view....-...--.------ 15.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Stigmal area. .........-------- 16.— Musca domestica: Anterior spiracle..........------------ 17.—Muscina stabulans: Stigmal plates..............----.---- 18.—Muscina stabulans: Tip of body, side view.............-. 19.—Muscina stabulans: End of body..........-..-------:--- 20.— Muscina assimilis: Tip of body, side view.....-..------- 21.— Muscina assimilis: Stigmal plates... ...-....-...-.---.-- 22. = Muscinaassimilis: “nd. of body =o. a. ee cee 23.—Near Muscina: Last two segments...........------------ 24.—Near Muscina: Anterior spiracle...........-..----.-s---- 25.—Near Muscira® Head. aboyiel2-.- ee en ee 26.—Near Muscina: Stismal plates = 122 s.88<- =e ee eee 27.— Muscina stabulans: Head, side view.......-.-.--.-------- 28.— Muscina stabulans: Anterior spiracle...........-.-- ar 29.—Muscid C: Tip of body, side view........-. Waste 30.—Muscid C: Stigmal plates.........-. ba. Seen ae 31.—Museid: 'C> Anterior spirgele,o2 3.0527) ae 32; —Muserd Cs, End of body So 36-22 5 ee eee 33.—Muscid A: Tip of body, side view.............- ae Sees ~ 34:—-Museid .D: Hind ol body. 25207 2. bekies se eee Oe 35.—Muscid Ds Anterior spitacle:.c2 js. oe 2i< ae ee eee 36.—Muscina stabulans; Head above. o--.5---2 544402 eee 37.—Muscid ‘A> Stiemal platen: so3.o- ese oe ce ee 38.—Muscid A: Anterior spiracle.........----- 222 ah see eee 39.—Chrysomyia (?): Tip of body, side view. ........---....-. 40.—Muscid B: Anterior spiracle............... Sah oat 41.—Muscid B: Tip of body, side view...........------------ 42:—Muscid B: Stipmalplates:<: <2. -2..%. <2 «see oe eee 43;——Muscid B: ‘Had-ot body... 2-. «osc ascnestes eee Keke
Prate IIT. Fig.
Vw tig:.
V. Fig.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
44—T roa flera: Stigmal plate.... ......-..-...2...-...- 45.—Tritova flexa: Anterior spiracle.............-...--..-- 46.—Tritoxa flexa: Tip ofjbody, side view. ..........-..... 47.—Chrysomyia (?): Stigmal plate.........................
48.—Lucilia sylvarum: Head, side view........-..----.-... 49.—Lucilia sylvuarum: Tip of body, side view............-. 50.—Lucilia sylvarum: Anterior spiracle.................... 51.—Lucilia sylvarum: Stigmal plates. .................... 52.—Chrysomyia (?): Anterior spiracle..................... 53.—Eusesta thomex: Stigmal plate.............-.-.....--.- 54.—Lucilia sericata: End of body... ......-- NR tS eee 55.—Lucilia sericata: Head, top view.......-......-.....--- 56.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhea: Tip of body, side view....... 57.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhva: Head, side view......--- -- 58.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhaa: Stigmal plates............ 59.—Euzesta thomex: Tip of body, above................... 60.—Lucilia sericata: Head, side view.......-...-.....---- 61.—Lucilia sericata: Tip of body, side view. ..........--.-. 62.—Calliphora erythrocephala: Head, side view. .....--.---. 63.—Calliphora erythrocephala; Stigmal plates..........-- ee 64.—Sarcophagid D: Tip of body, side view..........---..-- bo, —oarcopharid D> Head, above: css. e2o. 2.2. oc ee 66.—Sarcophagid D: Head, side view................--.--. 67.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Wead, side view.........---.--- 68.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Tip of body, side view......... 69.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Anterior spiracle.............-. 70-—parcophaeid GC; “Head,iabove.....%..0.0-0.-..43----. 71.—Chrysomyia macellaria: End ef body. .-.-.-.-.-------- 2.—parcophapid B: Stigmal plates:.........2...-....-.+-. 73.—Sarcophagid A: Two segments, venter......... ...-.-- 74.—Sarcophagid A: Two segments, dorsum...... .....-.-. 75.—Sarcophaga incerta: Segment, venter............------. 76.—Sarcophagid B: Tip of body, side view. .............. 77.—Sarcophagid C: Tip of body, side view............---- 78.—Sarcophagid A: Anterior spiracle..........-.---.----. 79.—Sarcophagid B: Anterior spiracle...............-....-- $0:—Sarcopharid: B: Head, above. .2...4-.-...-.-s-5.--->. 81.—Epochra canadensis: Anterior spiracle............----.- 82.—Epochra canadensis: Stigmal plate. .................-- 83.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Anterior spiracle............-..-. 84.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Stigmal plate. ............-.... 85.—Anastrepha ludens: Tip of body, side view....... uneree
86.—Anastrepha ludens: Anterior spiracle...........-.------ 87.—Ceratitis capitata: Anal tubercle.............. ee
88.—Ceratitis capitata: Anterior spiracle...........-..--.-. 89.—Ceratitis capitata: Ridges on ventral segments. ....-..-.. 90.—Dacus ferrugineus: Tip of body, side view........--.-.
91.—Aeidia fratria: Tip of body, side view...............-- a2. —Acuua jratria: Stigmal plate .............-...2.-...- 2. 93:— Acuna frairia: Anterior’spiracle.........-.--..--------
94.—Rhagoletis suavis: Tip of body, side view............-. 95.—Rhagoletis suavis: Anterior spiracle.......- Oe eee 96.—Rhagoletis suavis: Stigmal plate. .........-.......-.-.
10039°—No. 22—12——-2
8 ILLUSTRATIONS,
Page Puate V. Fig. 97.—Rhagoletis cingulata: Stigmal plate. .-............-...-- 38 98.—Rhagoletis cingulata: Anterior spiracle...........-------- 38 99.—Anastrepha ludens: Stigmal plates. .............-..----- 38 100.—Ceratitis capitata: Stigmal plate...M........-.-...-....-- 38 101.—Dacus cucurbite: Head, side view..........-.-.-.------ 38 102.—Dacus cucurbite: Anterior spiracles: 22... S22 22. 22 ae 38 103.—Dacus ferrugineus: Anterior spiracle...................-. 38 104.—Dacus cucurbitz: Stigmal plates.---- 222.222..." 22.4.-25 38 105.—Dacus ferrugineus: Stigmal plate. . 2.2.2.2. 225. stese see 38 VI. Fig. 106.—Homalomyia sp.: Dorsal view.........-.-- Lait ine lee 38 107.—Pegomya brassice: Anterior spiracle...............------ 38 108.—Phorbia floccosa: Anterior spiracle.............-.-.-.-.-- 38 109:—Pherbia floccosa: “End of body Sash 5252 2.5- 202 eee oe 38 110.—Pegomya bicolor: Anterior spiracle..........-.....--..-- 38 111.—-Pegomya fusciceps: Stigmal plate...............--------. 38 112.—Pegomya bicolor: Stigmal plate......2:./.-.:--.22:--..+2- 38 113.—Pegomya brassice: Margin of stigmal field. ............-. 38 114.—Pegomya brassice: Stigmal plate_..........-..--.1.-.-- 38 115.— Muscina stabulans: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton.......--. 384 116.—Pegomya fusciceps: Head, side view. .-.....-.---------- 38 117.—Anthomyia sp.: Tip of body, side view..........-.------ 38 118.—Pegomya brassicx: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton .......... 38 119.—Pegomya cepetorum: Stigmal plate and anterior spiracle . . 38 120.— Musca domestica: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton .....-.---- 38 VII. Fig. 121.—Euvesta notata: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton ...........- 38 122:—Prophila case: ‘Tip of body, belowe---- 2 22-2225--454--e 38 123:—Piophia casei: Tip of body, above. > 2-2? 02-22-44. ee 38 124.—Piophila easei:* Amtetior spiracles 222-0); se. <2 een 38 125.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton... -.-. 38 126.—Calliphora erythrocephala: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton - - - 38 127.—Homalomyia sp.: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton .........-- 38 128.—Protocalliphora: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton . .......-.-- 38 VIII. Fig. 129.—Drosophila ampelophila: Dorsal view.....-..-.---------- 38 130.—Drosophila ampelophila: Stigmal plate..........-....---- 38 131.—Lucilia sericata: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton . .......---- 38 132.—Dacus cucurbitz: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton . ......-..-- 38 133.—Drosophila ampelophila: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton . . - . 38 134.—Sarcophaga incerta: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton... .-.-- 38 135.—Drosophila ampelophila: Tip of body, side view. .....--- 38 136.—Drosophila ampelophila: Head of pupa.....------------ a: 38 137.—Drosophila ampelophila: Anterior spiracle........------. 38
TEXT FIGURE.
Bre: di. Warvavokea muserds 228 ee eee re ee De ce en eee 14
,
THE STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THOSE IN HUMAN FOODs.
INTRODUCTORY.
There is a considerable number of flies whose larvee either regu- larly or occasionally live in substances used by man as food. The great majority pass through the intestinal tract without our knowl- edge, for most of them cause little or no trouble. But sometimes with patients in hospitals or asylums, or in private practice, the physician discovers these maggots, and often suspects them of causing
the malady or weakness of his patient.
Many such specimens have been sent to entomologists, but owing to the fact that no one had studied these forms, their characters were
little understood, and the identifications have not been of much
value. Most of these larvee belong to a few closely related families of flies that were formerly covered by the name Muscide. The arrange- ment of the flies has been the subject of much diverse opinion, while the knowledge of the larve is very fragmentary.
For these reasons Dr. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology,
suggested that the writer make a study of larve belonging to these groups in the collections of the Bureau of Entomology and the
National Museum, so that in the future a more correct determination might be made of the larve that are quite frequently sent to this bureau.
OCCURRENCE.
When we consider that these dipterous larve occur in decaying
fruits and vegetables and on fresh and cooked meats; that the blowfly,
for example, will deposit on meats in a pantry; that other maggots ? Jv? foto) occur in cheese, oleomargarine, etc., and that pies and puddings in
_Testaurants are accessible and suitable to them, it can readily be seen that a great number of these maggots must be swallowed by persons
. a .
each year, and mostly without any serious consequences.! Besides
__ 1“Taking everything into consideration, we doubt whether, out of ten thousand cases, where the larve
of two-winged flies have existed in considerable numbers in the human intestines, more than one single
_ ase has been recorded in print for the edification of the world by competent entomological authority.’’
. Walsh, Amer. Ent., vol. 2, p. 141, 1870.
9
10 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
these there are the fruit-flies, whose larve live in apples, cherries, gooseberries, and oranges, and the pomace-flies that hover around grapes, pears, and other fruits.
There are also other Diptera which do not occur in the intesti- nal canal, but which may deposit eggs in wounds, or in the nose or ears. The screw-worm is a notable insect of this class, and each year one or more cases reach the bureau of this species affecting the nose or ears. The larva of the ox warble or bot-fly (Hypoderma lineata Villers) also sometimes occurs in man. The eggs of this species are deposited upon the hairs of cattle and licked off by the animal, develop in the stomach, and the larve bore upward to the back, there to cause the ‘‘warble.”’ If some of these eggs drop into the milk pail there is a chance that they will be awallowed by a per- son. So there are various cases recorded, mostly of children, where, in the winter time, a larva is observed under the skin, usually in the neck or shoulders, and upon removal proves to be the larva of the bot-fly in its second stage.
Many of the muscid aad sarcophagid larvee deposit eggs or larvee upon dead animals. Although these animals are usually too far along — in decomposition to serve as food, yet in some cases these eggs are deposited in time to be taken when the flesh is eaten. In most cases, however, such flesh is cooked enough to kill the contained maggots.
The larvee of the Muscidz often occur in manure as well as on decay- ing vegetable and animal matter. Prof. Portchinski, of Russia, has studied a number of Russian species of these coprophagous and necrophagous Diptera, and his several papers are the most valuable heretofore produced upon them. Unfortunately for us these papers are published in the Russian language. The late Baron von Osten Sacken gave a summary of one of them in English; and of another, most valuable from the systematic point, the writer has been able to secure a translation of several portions. In this paper! he gives descriptions of the larvze, as well as their habits, and tells how to dis- tinguish the allied forms. He has used several of the characters which will be used in this paper, especially the posterior stigmata and the anal tubercle. He has not touched on the fruit-flies, however, nor has he given any generalizations for the separation of the larvee of the various families.
Several other naturalists have studied individual species of the Muscide or Sarcophagide, and in some cases published extremely valuable papers upon them. Thus Lowne has worked up the blowfly, Hewitt the house fly, Blanchard the screw-worm, Portchinski the Sarcophila wohlfahrti, and Newstead the stable fly. In the Annales
! Biologie des mouches coprophagues et necrophagues. < Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 26, pp. 63-131. 1891.
OCCURRENCE. ib |
de la Société Entomologique de France there are good figures by Laboulbéne of Teichomyza and some other species.
Interest in the larve and the life history of these species of flies arises also from their medical and sanitary importance. The famous tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) of Africa are related to the stable fly. One of these flies distributes the Nagana disease of cattle, while another species disseminates the sleeping sickness of man. The Congo floor- maggot is also related; this species inhabits the huts of the natives, and at night crawls from the cracks to attack and suck blood from . sleeping persons. The Bengalia fly is also related; it deposits eggs or larve on the skin of man and dogs in Africa. But the house fly is by far the most injurious species, since its habits are such that the germs taken up by its proboscis from sputum and dejecta are scat- tered over food about to be eaten by man.
There are also various species of these flies injurious to domestic animals; notably the horn fly, which is a serious pest to cattle. The stable fly annoys cattle, and the sheep maggot (Lucilia sericata) injures both the sheep and the wool. The screw-worm, or heel fly, is a serious pest of cattle, and also attacks man.
The occurrence of dipterous larve in man is known as Various divisions are given; as ‘‘ matosa,’’ for those in the skin or wounds; ‘‘myiasis intestinalis, for those in the alimentary canal; ‘‘myiasis narium,”’ for larve in the nose; etc. The occurrence of larve in the nose in this country is rather accidental, and usually due to the screw-worm. In tropical countries such cases are much commoner, and in the East Indies a disease known as ‘‘Peenash”’ is due to larve in the nose.
A great number of papers has been published on the medical side of myiasis, often with some description of the maggot, but it is not necessary to list them here.
These maggots, as previously stated, usually do not cause any trouble, but Alessandrini has shown in a study of the cheese skipper
‘
‘myiasis.” myiasis externa”’ or ‘‘myiasis der-
)
that these larve may cause intestinal lesions in a dog. The vitality
of these larve is such that they are not readily affected by the diges- tive fluids, and in fact are resistant to many chemical substances that one would suppose fatal to them. It is therefore perfectly possible for these larve to continue their development in the intestine, especially in cases of constipation.
No other group of insects affects human health and human interests more seriously or directly than the flies of the Muscidz and Sarcoph- agide. It is therefore of the greatest importance that the larve of these flies should be studied in order that it may be possible to distinguish them with accuracy.
12 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
LIFE HISTORY.
The life history of these flies presents many remarkable and peculiar phenomena. The females of a number of them deposit eggs which hatch, and the larva pursues the normal line of development. With other species the larva hatches within the body of the parent and is deposited in the first stage or sometimes in the second or even third stage. In Mesembrina the larva is deposited in the second stage, in Dasyphora in the third stage. Upon what food the larva develops within the body of the parent is not yet known; Port- chinski thought that they might feed on undeveloped eggs which he observed near the larve. It seems difficult, however, to believe this possible. In the allied tsetse flies the larva, when deposited, is fully grown. The various stages of larval development at deposition serve to lessen the differences between the Pupipara and other Diptera.
In the number of eggs deposited these flies vary greatly, some species, like Musca corvina, Myospila meditabunda, and Mesembrina mystacea, deposit only 24 eggs or less; these, however, are quite large. Pyrellia and Graphomyia lay about 50 eggs; Musca domestica and Cynomyia deposit between 100 and 200 smaller eggs, while Calli- phora erythrocephala lays from 400 to 600 eggs, all extremely small.
Similarily those larvee deposited alive vary in number and size. Hylemyia strigosa deposits but one or two large larvee in the first stage, while Sarcophaga hematodes deposits 40 to 60 smaller larve.
After deposition there is sometimes a variance in development. In Musca domestica there are the usual three larval stages; the first with a heart-shaped aperture to the posterior spiracles, the second with two slits, and the third with three winding slits. In the allied Myospila meditabunda, according to Portchinski, the eggs are much larger and fewer in number than in the house fly, the larva upon hatching has the usual simple heart-shaped aperture to the posterior spiracles, but from this first stage the larva transforms directly to the third stage with three slits in each stigmal plate, thus omitting the second stage. This enables the fly to pass through all stages quickly, and to breed during hot weather and in small patches of manure that are apt to dry up too quickly for use by some other flies.
Portchinski has shown that the coprophagous habit induces viviparity. Mesembrina meridiana is coprophagous and viviparous; the other species, Mesembrina resplendens, lays eggs and is not coprophagous. The coprophagous Dasyphora pratorum is vivip- arous, while D. lasiophthalma lays eggs; Hylemyia strigosa is coproph- agous and viviparous, while most other species of the genus deposit eggs.
Portchinski also claims that the same species may vary in these habits; according to him Musca corvina in northern Russia lays
a a
GENERAL CHARACTERS. 13
about 24 rather large eggs, while in southern Russia this fly deposits a large larva in the first stage, which passes into the third stage omitting the second stage. It may be that he has made a wrong identification, but he claims to have been particularly careful in this matter.
With the fruit-flies the eggs are deposited on or in (ie immature fruit, the larve feeding on the pulpy substance till full grown, and then crawling from the fallen fruit into the soil for pupation.
CLASSIFICATION.
The dipterous larve that may be swallowed by man belong to several families included in the old group of Muscide. These families are the true Muscide, Sarcophagide, Anthomyiide, and Trypetide. Other groups, as Drosophilide, Sepside, and Ortalide, are of much rarer occurrence. The flies of the Ortalide, Trypetide, and Sepside are quite different from those of the other groups, but the adults of the three other families are very similar in structure, and the limits of the groups or the number of groups is not constant with different specialists in Diptera. Some would separate a group known as the Calliphorine from the Muscide; others make a special family for the biting Muscide (Stomoxyide). It is not the writer’s purpose to make any choice of the different plans, nor does he consider that families should be defined by larval characters, but after the descrip- tions of the several species a few words will indicate what sort of a classification would result from a study of these larve. The groups used in the tabulation of the larve are used only for the larve and do not indicate any opinions about the arrangement of the flies.
There are other flies whose larve are sometimes reported as swal- lowed by persons, particularly the rat-tailed larve of Hristalis, whioh sometimes get into drinking water.
GENERAL CHARACTERS. (flee: fig. 1.)
The larvee of all these forms are broadest near the tip of the body, and taper forward, more so in the true Muscide than in the other groups. The surface of the body may be smooth or scabrous, pro- vided with minute, acute granules or teeth, or with short, stiff hairs. With many forms there is on the anterior border of most of the seg- ments a swollen ring or girdle; sometimes only on the ventral side. In some cases there are other swollen areas, or pads, usually fusiform in shape.
The first segment, or head, commonly appears bilobed when viewed from above, and each lobe bears a minute, cylindrical tubercle or papilla (fig. 1, a). Below is the mouth aperture; at one side and
14 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
above it is the pair of mandibles or great hooks (fig. 1, 6), sometimes fused into one. At the base and to one side of the mouth orifice is a striated semicircular flap or lobe, called the stomal disk. These are more or less distinct according to the amount of distension and varying with the species. Below the mouth is a short transverse piece, the labium. Behind the head segment there is another seg- ment which is only clearly seen when the head is greatly protruded; this hidden segment is known as ‘‘ Newport’s segment,’ and the writer has not counted it in treating of the number of segments, since it was not considered by Portchinski and others in describing these larve. The second (apparent) segment bears on each side, in the full-grown larvee, a short fan-shaped process, the anterior spiracle (fig. 1, ©); each spiracle shows at its tip a number of lobes, varying, with the species, from four or five to forty or more. Some of the segments show fusiform areas on the venter and on the sides; those on the venter are called ventral fusiform areas (fig. 1, d) and those on the - sides, lateral fusiform areas (fig. 1, ¢). The last segment of the body has a large area (fig. 1, h) on the end containing two chitinized sub- circular plates, the posterior stigmata. These, in the adult, have
Fig. 1.—Larva of a muscid: a, Papilla of head; b, great hooks; c, anterior spiracles; d, ventral fusiform area; e, lateral fusiform area; /, anal tubercle; 9, apical spines; h, stigmal field (containing posterior stigmal plates). Enlarged. (Original.)
each three slits or sinuous apertures and sometimes a rounded mark, or button, at their base. In some forms the area or field around the stigmal plates is sunken, forming a deep cavity, with the plates at the bottom. The margin or lips of the cavity often bear conical proc- esses (fig. 1, g), normally 12 in number. At the lower base of the last segment is the anal field. Each side of the anus is a smooth, convex area or lobe, whose size depends upon the extent of protrusion, and above is a transverse swollen area, often spinulate, and some- times with a cone at each corner (fig. 1, f).
Within the head or, rather, anterior part of the body is a chitinous framework, consisting of several articulated parts, called the cephalo- pharyngeal skeleton. The outer part is the hypostomal sclerite, to which are articulated the mandibles or great hooks; behind the hypostomals is a pair of large sclerites, nearly divided to their base; one branch is very thin and broader and longer than the other, which is more chitinized, and rounded at tip; they have been called the
|
SARCOPHAGIDA. 15
lateral plates. From their base, near the origin of the hypostomals, there projects forward and upward a pair of slender pieces, the
_parastomal sclerites. The shape and proportion of these parts vary
with the different species and are quite different in the newly-hatched larva than in the full-grown maggot.
The anterior spiracles do not appear on the larva while in its first stage, but usually appear in the second stage, although sometimes deferred till the third or full-grown stage.
The posterior stigmal plates in the larve of the first stage are quite small and generally have a simple heart-shaped aperture; in the second stage, the plates become more elongate and each has two short slits. In the third stage, there are always three slits of varying shapes according to the species.
The number of segments in the body of a larva is a disputed ques- tion. Apparently there are 12; with the hidden Newport’s segment, this would make 13, a number accepted by several investigators. Others, however, Aen there are really 14 or 15 segments.
SYNOPSIS OF THE GROUPS.
1. Body with lateral and dorsal spinose processes......-...---------- - Homalomyia. in MOtuM Ih REEL ULOCERSRS.o. )8 2 onion = ws Soto ala oy dance oa kas Sade sees 2 2. Body ending in two fleshy processes; rather small species. ..........--------- 3 Body wuncace or broadly rounded at end 2 = 2.0) ..2 22 222s ie oro d.2 2 geeo ee 4 3. Processes bearing the stigmal plates; body about 5 mm. long......-....- Drosophila
Processes not bearing the stigmal plates; body 10 mm. in length or longer. . Piophila. 4, But one great hook; posterior stigmal plates with winding slits; no distinct lateral
fusiform areas; tip of body with few if any conical processes. .......Muscine. With two great hooks; slits in the stigmal plate not sinuous. ...........-.-.---- 5
5. No tubercles above anal area; no distinct processes around stigmal field. ....... 6 Distinct tubercles above anal area; often processes around stigmal field; lateral JOE THIETIR CTC TSTLE’ Neato 8 Cth (6) age a i a ee ae as Ape S20, 5 3 7
6. Stigmal plates on black tubercles; lateral fusiform areas distinct... .-- Ortalide. Stigmal plates barely if at all elevated; lateral fusiform areas indistinct; stigmal plates often contiguous or nearly so; slits long and subparallel...... Trypetide.
7. Slits in stigma! plates rather short, and arranged radiately...............-..-- 8 Slits slender, and subparallel to each other... .. 22... 0.....0...2..0200- 22 eee 9
8. Two tubercles above anal area; stigmal field with distinct processes around it. Anthomyiide. Four or more tubercles above anal area; slits of stigmal plates usually pointed at PMA EMAE ca eee ere whee Fe Meier als oss Stok nee ees a be a gata e are Muscina, 9. A button to each stigmal plate; slits rather transverse to body... ... Calliphorine. No button to stigmal plates, slits of one plate subparallel to those in opposite plate; plates: at) bottom: of a. pit-\. 25. 4/2)-/3c 40 - swe abs - 02 8.5..2~..0sS8arcophagide,
SARCOPHAGIDZ.
In the Sarcophagide the hooks are two in number and the posterior stigmal plates have three straight slits as in the Calliphorine. How- ever, these slits are not directed toward those of the opposite plate
10039°—No, 22—12——-3
16 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
but are subparallel to them. Moreover, the stigmal field is strongly depressed to form a deep stigmal pit, at the bottom of which are situated the stigmal plates. The segments of the body bear complete rings of spinose areas, and often supplementary pads on the sides.
Sarcophaga larve prefer animal matter, and have been found in cheese, oleomargarine, pickled herring, dead insects, and human feces.
Sarcophaga incerta Walk.
(Plate IV, fig. 75.)
Body mostly scabrous, each little wrinkle or stria giving rise to a very short, appressed, stout, spinelike bristle. Head deeply bilobed, each lobe tipped with a very short papilla; mandibles two, well separated. About seven lobes in the anterior spiracle. The basal two-thirds of segments 3 and 4 is scabrous; beginning with segment 5 there is a scabrous fusiform pad each side, and the ventral area of. the scabrous basal ring is much broadened and transversely divided by a furrow. Behind this is another longer transverse furrow rather behind the middle of the segment. The dorsum of these segments shows four transverse areas, the posterior one rather broader than the others. The last segment is short, scabrous; the anal area not very prominent, scabrous, and with a small conical tubercle at each outer corner. Stigmal pit about one and one-half times as long as broad, its upper lip with three large, scabrous tubercles each side, the intermediate one rather smaller than the others, the lower lip with two large tubercles, and a median pair of smaller ones slightly back from the margin. Stigmal plates about one-half their diameter apart, each with three slits, subparallel to those in the opposite plate; no button.
Sarcophagid A. (Plate IV, figs. 73, 74, 78.)
Body broad and rather flattened. Head small, bilobed, and a minute antenna on each lobe; two well-separated mandibles. Apex of second segment roughened; the anterior spiracles hemispherical, and occupying a depression at base of the second segment, provided with a number of small tubercles; third segment at base with swollen ring, showing striz and punctures; surface of the following segments minutely, transversely striate and punctate. Each segment trans- versely divided, both above and below, into three regions, as shown in the figures; all more or less swollen, and a swollen area on each side; last segment striate and punctate as other segment; anal area hardly prominent, with a rounded spinulose tubercle at each upper corner; stigmal pit one and one-half times broader than long, rather deep, its lips each with three minute cones or tubercles each side; the stigmal
ee ee
ee ee
el art i i nl i Mh ie
“—— =
————— es lOO
SARCOPHAGIDE. LY
plates hardly their diameter apart, each with three straight slits, rather divergent from those of the opposite plate. From Sarracenia flava from Florida. —
Sarcophagid B. (Plate IV, figs. 72, 76, 79, 80.)
Body moderately stout. Head small, seen from above truncate and slightly emarginate in middle; two approximate mandibles. Anterior spiracles of about 12 lobes; anterior margin of segment 3 and following with a spinulose, elevated ring, widest on the ventral part; also on the posterior margin of segment 4, and following segments, on each side of venter, a short fusiform, elevated, spinulose area pressing against the basal ring of the next segment ; much of the general surface of segments also minutely spinulate, but on the venter are some transverse, slightly elevated smooth spots; on segments 3 and 4 are two each side, on segment 5 and following is’a transverse elongate area, each side of which bears three more elevated spots, two at the
“median end, approximate, the other at the lateral end; outside of
this is still another, less distinct, smooth, elevated spot; on the median line before these is another elevated area, transversely striate. On the pleuron of each segment, about where one might expect spiracles, there is a smooth, rounded, elevated spot, faintly double on some of the posterior segments. On the dorsum of segments 3, 4, 5, and 6 there is a transverse, anterior row of small, smooth tubercles. From the fifth the following segments, from above, appear divided trans- versely into three subequal rings, all spinulose. At tip the anal area is prominent, spinulose, and bears at each outer corner an outwardly directed spinulose cone. The stigmal pit is elliptical, one and two- thirds times as long as broad, its upper lip with three subequal, spinulose cones each side; its lower lip with two similar cones each side, and a median pair smaller, and situated more toward the anal
~area. The stigmal plates, as usual, have three elongate, simple slits;
those of one plate subparallel to those of the other.
These larve were taken from Limburger cheese on two occasions, and an extremely similar form was received as having been passed in feces.
Sarcophaga sarracenizx ? (so labelled).
Body pitted over almost the entire surface, and from each pit arises a tiny stiff bristle; sometimes the surface is minutely wrin- kled, and near the tip more spinulose. The anterior spiracles show about 12 lobes. The posterior ventral half of segments 3 and 4 is smooth, but the posterior ventral area of the others is crossed by a broad band of these pits and bristles. Around each segment is the usual basal ring, and on the posterior sides is the usual fusiform area
18 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVZ.
pressing against the ring of the following segment, all with pits and bristles. On the pleuron of each segment, about where one might expect spiracles, is a minute tubercle, on the penultimate segment rather large. Above, the segments from 5 on are transversely divided into four parts; the second part from in front is narrower than the others. At the tip the anal area is prominent, with the two outwardly projecting spinulose cones rather larger than in the Sarcophaga from Limburger cheese; the upper lip of the stigmal pit has three spimulose cones each side, the outer one the largest, the intermediate one the smallest; the lower lip shows two cones each side as large as the inner of the upper lip, and a median pair smaller and situated back from edge of lip; the stigmal plates have the usual six simple subparallel slits. The penultimate segment shows above a subapical transverse row of small tubercles.
Sarcophagid C. (Plate IV, figs. 70, 77.)
Head rather deeply emarginate from above. Anterior spiracles with about twelve lobes. Each segment has the usual basal ele- vated, spinulose ring, which is very prominent; from the fifth seg- ment on there is on each side the usual apical fusiform, swollen, spinulose area pressing against the ring of the next segment; the rest of the surface of the segments, both above and below, is smooth, or faintly striate; on the venter of each segment are two small indis- tinct, smooth tubercles each side. The anal area is prominent, spinulose, and with the usual two outer spinulose cones; beneath there is a smooth, blackish area, crossed by a furrow, perhaps ordi- narily covered by the anal tubercle. The stigmal pit is about once and a half longer than broad; its upper lip with three very small cones each side, the intermediate so very minute as to be almost absent; the lower lip has two small cones each side, and a median pair below, and away from the margin.
Reared from decaying vegetables.
Sarcophagid PD. (From grasshopper, Melanoplus.) (Plate IV, figs. 64-66.)
Body rather stout; second segment seen from above broad, smooth; anterior spiracles short, of about eight lobes. Other seg- ments with a basal, swollen ring, which is covered, but not very closely, with short, acute spinules, stouter than those in some of the other species. Beginning with segment 5 there is the usual fusi- form area pressed against the ring of the next segment, also with
the stout spinules; the general surface of all the segments (except 2)
ns ee
SARCOPHAGIDA. 19
is also provided with these spinules, but not so abundantly. Around the middle of each segment, from 4 on, there is a row of about 22 tubercles, mostly smooth; on each side of the ventral line are three of these on a slightly swollen area, like that seen in the Sarcophaga from Limburger cheese. On most of the ventral segments is a trans- verse area in front and one behind the row of tubercles which does not have the spinules, but is transversely striated. On the dorsum the segments from 5 on appear to be divided into three transverse portions, the middle one bearing the row of smooth tubercles. Anal tubercles not very prominent, with a short, stout cone at each corner, all spmulose.. The stigmal pit is small, nearly egg-shaped, about one and one-fourth times as long as broad; its upper lip with the usual three cones each side, all short, the intermediate one very small; the lower lip has also the usual two cones each side, small, and a median pair still smaller, and remote from edge of lip. The stig- mal plates and slits are as usual in the genus.
Chrysomyia macellaria Fab. (Plate IV, figs. 67, 68, 69, 71.)
The head from above is distinctly bilobed; there are two distinct mandibles; the anterior spiracles are very short, and contain only 7 lobes. The posterior upper part of segment 1 is swollen and spinu- lose. Each of the following segments (except 2) has a basal, swollen ring, armed with reclinate teeth, the teeth of the anterior row always the larger. Beginning with segment 6 the ventral part of each ring is much broadened and divided transversely by a narrow smooth space. On segments 5 to 10 there is each side behind a fusiform swollen area pressing against the swollen ring of the next segment; this area is also spinulose. The tip of the body shows on the dorsal part a great cavity, in the bottom of which are the stigmal plates, each with three straight slits, those of one subparallel to those of the other; no button. Behind the cavity is a high, transverse, spinulose
crest; and the ventral part of tip shows a spinulose area bearing
two rather widely separated, prominent, smooth tubercles. The dorsal edge of the tip shows four small conical tubercles.
The “screw-worm”’, as the larva of this insect is called, occurs in sores and wounds of domestic animals, and also in man. There are various records of its presence in the ears and nose, or nasal cavities, of people, from swelling near the nose, from a boil under the arm, under the skin of a child, and in the navel of a child. It is there- fore hardly a possible factor in internal myiasis, and most of such recorded cases probably belonged to some species of Sarcophaga whose larvee are very similar in appearance to those of the screw- worm.
20 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA. Chrysomyia (?) (Plate III, figs. 39, 47, 52.)
Head showing a lobe each side, each tipped by:a distinct antenna; mandibles two, well separated; base of second segment a swollen ring, finely obliquely striated; each of the following segments with a basal swollen ring, and furnished with spinules; beginning with the fifth segment there is an apical, fusiform, spinulose area each side, pressing against the ring of the next segment; elsewhere the sur- face is smooth and shining, each segment with two faint grooves around its middle; anterior spiracle with about 10 lobes. The last segment shows below at base a transverse spinulose area; the anal area is not very prominent, spinulose, and with a prominent conical tubercle at each outer corner; the posterior stigmal area occupies the. dorso-caudal surface, but hardly forms a pit, with six small tubercles on each lip, those on upper lip rather larger; the stigmal plates are rather close together, have no button, and each shows three straight slits, subparallel to those in the other plates.
Various specimens taken from fish, at the Barbados, West Indies.
CALLIPHORIN ZA.
In the Calliphorine there are two hooks or mandibles, and the posterior stigmal plates have each three straight slts directed more or less toward those of the opposite plate. The stigmal field is usually outlined by conical tubercles, but not especially depressed. The anal tubercles are usually spinose, and the prothoracic spiracles rarely, if ever, have more than 15 lobes. The segments usually show a more or less complete ring or spinose area on the segments beyond the fifth. This group is very close-to the Sarcophagide, and some species of Lucilia are nearly as well placed there as here.
Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. (Plate IIT, figs. 62, 63.)
Head distinctly bilobed from above, each lobe with a minute papilla; two well-separated mandibles; anterior spiracles with from nine to twelve lobes. Beginning with the third, each segment shows an apical swollen ring or girdle, whose surface is scabrous; these rings are broader below than above, and are here emarginate on the poster- ior middle. Each ventral segment, beginning with the fifth, is divided by a transverse groove near the middle. The anal area shows a smooth median process, divided in middle, and at each outer corner isacone. Thestigmal field is rather concave, the upper lip with three small tubercles each side, the lower lip with two larger tubercles each side, and a median pair smaller and lower down; the stigmal
7 ‘ : \
CALLIPHORINA, . 21
plates are about once and a fourth their diameter apart, each with three simple, straight slits, directed slightly downward, but mostly toward those of the opposite plate; the button is distinct.
‘The blow-fly deposits eggs on dead animals, and also on fresh and cooked meat. As such meats are often accessible to them in pantries, it is readily seen that many larve are swallowed by people each year; we have, however, comparatively few records, probably because the food causes no trouble.
Protocalliphora chrysorrhea Meig. (Plate IIT, figs. 56-58.)
Body rather short, thicker than usual behind. Head_ plainly bilobed from above, each lobe bearing a distinct papilla, two separate bifid mandibles; posterior margin of first segment with a broad reflexed margin, bearing a fringe of black hair. Surface of body closely, minutely scabrous; beginning with the third segment there is below a median, transverse, apical, elevated, smooth lobe; on seg- ments 4 and 5 there is a lateral lobe at each side; each segment from below also shows a transverse, median furrow, and above most of the segments show a broad, transverse depression. The anal area is smooth, and shows an oblique lobe at each side; a median depression, partly covered by a median lobe from above. Stigmal plates small, about two to three diameters apart; each with three straight slits directed obliquely downward and slightly toward those of the other plate. |
Pawnee on Delaware, Pa., attached to young bluebirds in nest, July; Wellesley Hills, Mass., on nestling bluebirds, June. It also occurs in Europe, and is.there known to feed on young birds.
Lucilia sericata Meig. (Plate III, figs. 54, 55, 60, 61.)
Body rather stout, not slender in front. Head very distinctly bilobed, with distinct antenne; mandibles two, well-separated. Anterior spiracle with about eight lobes. Surface of body mostly smooth; pleura of segments 3, 4, and 5 bilobed; beginning with seg- ment 6 there is a basal ring or girdle, roughened; these girdles on segments 6 to 9 are widened on middle of venter; these pleura are also swollen, but not plainly bilobed, except those near tip. The ventral segments are transversely divided by a line or furrow in the middle. Last segments short, stigmal field occupying most of the tip, slightly depressed, upper lip with three sharp tubercles each side, the intermediate one hardly smaller than the others; lower lip with two large, sharp tubercles each side, and a median pair more remote from the margin. Anal area rather sunken, with a small rounded
22 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
tubercle at each outer corner. Stigmal plates about one-half their diameter apart, each with three straight slits, directed somewhat toward each other, but also downward.
This species has been recorded in Holland and other parts of Europe as very injurious to sheep. The larve, feeding in matted parts of the weol, start sores on the skin, which they invade and feed on the matter, producing ugly, ulcerated patches.
Mr. W. W. Froggatt has recorded a species of Calliphora (oceanica) as causing similar sores on sheep in New South Wales.
Meinert has reared another Lucilia (L. nobilis) from larve taken from the ears of a sailor. .
Lucilia sylvarum Meig. (Plate III, figs. 48-51.)
In general similar to L. sericata. A bilobed head, two mandibles, about eight lobes to the anterior spiracle, surface of body mostly smooth. A roughened ring around each segment; beginning with the sixth segment this ring is broadened below, and traversed by a narrow smooth space; the dorsal part of these rings for the last few segments is very weak and obscure. The last segment is rather short, with the stigmal field hardly concave; the upper lip with three small, subequal - tubercles each side, smaller than in L. sericata, lower lip with two tubercles each side, and a median pair, removed from edge of lip. Anal area rather prominent, roughened, with two small, rounded, approximate, smooth tubercles below, and one pointed and roughened at each outer corner. Stigmal plates about one-half their diameter apart, each with three straight slits, pointing somewhat toward each other, but not so much as in Calliphora; an approach to the condition of Chrysomyia.
Myospila and Auchmeromyia.
Portchinski has figured Myospila, showing that it goes in the Calliphorine, and Newstead has figured the Congo floor-maggot, Auchmeromyia luteola Walk., which also belongs here.
Gedoelst has figured larve of Cordylobia, which is considered to be a calliphorine, but these larve appear to be much nearer to the CEstride.
MUSCINA.
According to the larval characters the Muscine form a very sharply restricted group. There is but one great hook, and the posterior stigmal plates have three sinuous slits; characters not found (as far as known) in any of the allied forms. The anterior part of the body is more slender than in Calliphora and Sarcophaga. The spinose parts of the segments are confined to the ventral surface; the anal
MUSCIN. ga
tubercles are smooth, and there are no prominent tubercles outlining the stigmal field. The prothoracic spiracles have only a few lobes.
Musca domestica Li. (Plate I, figs. 1-4, 16.)
The larva of the house fly has been described by several authors, and very fully by Dr. Hewitt. The body is slender and tapering in front; large and truncate behind. The head has a tiny papilla each side and there is but one great hook, apparently the union of the pair seen in other forms. The prothoracic spiracles show six or seven lobes; on the ventral base of the sixth and following segments there is a transverse, fusiform, swollen area provided with minute teeth. The anal area is but slightly prominent and shows two approximate processes. The stigmal area is barely if at all concave and not out- lined by tubercles; the spiracles are prominent, less than their . diameter apart, each with three sinuous slits, and a button at the base. In some cases two of the winding slits are apparently con- nected. The second stage has but two straight slits in each stigmal plate, while in the first larval stage there are two smaller slits on a tubercle each side of the middle, and in this stage there are no pro- thoracic spiracles.
The larva of the house fly is rarely swallowed, but there are rec- ords to that effect, and it sometimes breeds in decaying fruits and vegetables.
Pseudopyrellia cornicina Fab. (Plate I. figs. 11-15.)
Body rather slender in front, broad and truncate behind. Head from above distinctly bilobed, each with a distinct papilla; one large mandible or hook. Anterior spiracle six or seven lobed. Surface generally smooth at junction of segments; there are on sides usually ¢ few short, longitudinal tubercles or strie. Beginning with the sixth segment each has on the ventral base a transverse, swollen, fusiform area or pad which is provided with two rows of tubercles or longitu- dinal teeth. Each ventral segment also shows a transverse groove before the middle. The penultimate segment has a fusiform area at apex below with tubercles upon it. The last segment has the anal area not very protuberant, above is a slender median process, and at each side a larger, slender, lateral process; from them a row of small teeth extends upward and toward base. The posterior stigmal plates are large, close together, and each has the three winding slits characteristic of the true Muscide.
The specimens were taken from cow dung, which harbored larve of Lyperosia irritans L.
24 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Muscid B. (Plate III, figs. 40-43.)
This larva is plainly larger than that of the house fly, and less tapering in front; the head is blunt and rounded, and the papillee are not distinct; there is but one mandible; the anterior spiracles are six-lobed. The fifth segment has below on base a slightly swollen area which is transversely striate; the sixth and following segments have on the ventral base the usual fusiform area, but little swollen, faintly divided on the median line, and with many longitudinal teeth or short ridges; the dorsum is smooth. The anal area is sunken, but the upper margin shows a median lobe with three smaller lobes each side; surface of last segment smooth; stigmal plates small, deep black, about their diameter apart and each with three sinuous slits, similar to those of JMusca.
Several specimens sent from New York that were passed by an epileptic patient in December and January. This species is closely re- lated to the house fly, but to what genus it belongs is yet uncertain— perhaps to Graphomyia.
Ly perosia wrritans L. (Plate I, figs. 5~7.)
The body of the horn fly larva is very slender, especially in front. Head bilobed, each lobe with a tiny papilla; one mandible, not very large. The anterior spiracles have six lobes. The general surface of the body is smooth or very minutely striate; the fourth ventral segment at base shows an area with tubercles or small teeth; begin- ning with the sixth, each segment has on the ventral base the trans- verse, fusiform, swollen area, with two rows of longitudinal teeth or tubercles, and also each ventral segment shows a transverse groove before the middle, and the penultimate segment has at base beneath a spinulose fusiform area. The last segment is rather evenly rounded above, the stigmal plates close together, and each with three winding slits, as in allied forms. The anal area is moderately protuberant, mostly black, and shows below a smooth submedian lobe each side, and laterad of this a larger smooth lobe; above is a pair of more promi- nent, smooth, black tubercles; each side of these is a smaller cone and above is a transverse row of teeth.
Specimens came from. cow manure containing also the larve of Pseudopyrellia cornicina.
Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Plate I, figs. 8-10.)
The larva has been described and figured by Newstead and later by Hewitt. It is similar in shape to that of the house fly, with a single great hook or mandible; the anterior spiracles have five lobes; the
:
MUSCINA GROUP, 25
sixth and following segments have each a ventral basal fusiform area provided with tubercles; the anal area has two submedian tubercles and three lobes each side of these; above them is a row of minute granules, ending each side in a larger granulate tubercle; there are no tubercles outlining the stigmal area; the stigmal plates are sub- triangular, about one and one-half times their diameter apart, black, and each with three pale areas containing a sinuous or S-shaped slit, but these slits are not near each other at the end as in Musca, and there is no apparent button.
It commonly breeds in manure of various kinds, but also in decaying
‘matter, and is not often passed by people, but there is one record.
It is recorded that in parts of Africa Stomoxys attacks dogs so viciously that the ears are often seen raw and bleeding from their bites.
Mesembrina and Dasyphora.
Portchinski has described and figured the larvee of Mesembrina and Dasyphora.! His figures show the posterior spiracles with the wind- ing slits as in Musca, and in Mesembrina he figures the single great hook, so that these genera also belong in the Muscine as here re- stricted. Both genera have the posterior spiracular plates semi- circular, but in Mesembrina they are very faintly trilobed; in both genera the plates are very close together.
Glossina.
The tsetse fly normally deposits a full grown larva, although specimens in captivity have sometimes deposited partly grown larve. This larva is short, subcylindrical, of a yellowish-white color, and at the truncate posterior end are two large, rounded, black processes, which have finely granulated surfaces. At the ventral base of each of the segments 4 to 10 is a narrow, transverse, fusiform ridge. Aus- ten, in his account (Brit. Med. Journ., 1904, pt. 2, p. 659) says that “in the larger larve the tips of the mouth hooks can be seen, slightly protruding from the cephalic end.” It would therefore appear that they had two separate mouth-hooks, and not one as in Stomoxys and Musca. If this be the case Glossina is not closely related to Stomorys.
MUSCINA GROUP.
The larve of the Muscina group are in general related to the true Muscidex, but differ at once in the simple, short, pointed slits in the posterior stigmal plates. The great hooks lie close together so that they approach the azygos condition seen in Musca. Most of the classifications keep Muscina in the true Muscide, but from the larval standpoint it must be separated.
—
1 Hor. Ent. Soe. Ross., vol. 26, pp. 91, 118, 1891.
26 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVJ:,
These forms infest overripe fruit, and since such fruit is apt to cause sickness, these larve are frequently reported by physicians.
Muscina stabulans Fall. (Plate II, figs. 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, 36.)
Head bilobed from above, no distinct antenne; two closely ap- proximate mandibles; anterior spiracles of about six lobes. Surface of segments mostly smooth; beginning with fifth segment there is on the venter a long, basal, transverse, fusiform swollen area, fur- nished on the crest with rows of teeth; each of these areas is divided on the median line. On the penultimate segment there is a similar area at tip, but not divided; the segments below also show a trans- verse line before the middle. The last segment has the anal basal area spinulose, but not very prominent, and with a median and three lateral spinulose tubercles in a nearly transverse row; the rounded tip of the segment shows, across the middle, faint traces of four low cones. The stigmal plates are scarcely elevated, black, less than their diameter apart, and each with three very short slits pointing toward - those of the opposite plate.
The larva of this species is common in decaying vegetable matter; and it has been reared from rotten apples, pears, squash, mushrooms, and dead insect larve. In one case a considerable number was passed by a child suffering from summer complaint.
Laboulbéne records larve of this species vomited by a personsuffer- ing from bronchitis.
Muscina assimilis Fall. (Plate II, figs. 20-22.)
Head bilobed, each lobe with a prominent papilla; mandibles two, well-separated. Anterior spiracles with about nine lobes. Surface smooth; the rings or girdles to segments distinctly outlined, but little swollen; they are faintly scabrous, and on the ventral surface broadened and transversely divided by a furrow; there is also on most of the ventral segments a short, median, transverse line; the anal area appears extruded as a broad, rather flattened lobe, tra- versed by median and transverse grooves; the tubercle above has a small cone at each outer corner. The stigmal field is margined on ‘ach upper side by three very small conical tubercles, and behind by a transverse row of four large conical tubercles close together, and laterad of them is a minute tubercle. The stigmal plates are rather more than their diameter apart, and each shows three short, straight slits directed toward those of the opposite plate; the button is distinct.
Larve in roots of a melon vine.
MUSCINA GROUP, par
Near Muscina. (Plate IT, figs. 23-26.)
Body slender, especially so in the anterior part; segments 3, 4, and 5 with a ridge around near tip, and faintly spinulate. Beginning with the fifth segment the ventral area is swollen, and with two bands of spinules. At the ventral base of the last segment there is a row of seven rounded tubercles, all nearly smooth, the median smaller than the others; the middle one of each side is at the end of £ curved. swollen area which extends under the submedian tubercle. The tip of body is truncate, and with four tubercles on the upper edge and four below; those above are rather prominent, but those below are small, and the outer ones scarcely visible. The stigmal plates are elevated, and each has three straight slits, directed toward those of the opposite plate; the button is distinct. The anterior, spiracles have six long lobes. The head, seen from above, shows a truncate lobe each side.
This has been sent in two cases as passed in feces, both localities in the South.
Muscid A.
(Plate IT, figs. 33, 37, 38.)
Head from above bilobed; two closely approximate mandibles; anterior spiracles short, with four lobes. Segments generally smooth; beginning with the fifth each has a transverse line on middle of venter; beginning with the sixth each has a basal, transverse, fusi- form, spinulose area on the venter; on the penultimate segment there is one at tip, and on last segment one at base surrounding the anal area, which is not prominent, but shows two smooth brown areas on the middle, and each side a small tubercle. The fourth segment shows above and on sides a raised line near the posterior edge, also a finer line on basal part of last segment; the segments at their juncture are usually contracted. The last segment is rather flat on top, but evenly rounded below, and without tubercles; the stigmal pilates elevated, scarcely one-half their diameter apart, each with a button and three short straight slits pointing toward those of the opposite plate.
Sent in from the South as passed in feces.
Muscid C. (Plate IT, figs. 29-32.)
The bilobed head has a papilla each side; two separate great hooks; the anterior spiracles are semicircular and with many (about 20) lobes; segment 5 and those beyond have each a swollen, fusiform area on the ventral base, each with transverse ridges; lateral fusi-
28 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVZ:,
form areas not prominent, a transverse line on ventral middle of most segments; the anal area shows four hispid tubercles in a trans- verse row; stigmal plates black, a little elevated, each with three short pointed slits, and a button; a pair of cones above and a pair of smaller cones below stigmal plates.
In orange from Mexico, with Trypeta ludens, No. 4242.
Musceid D. (Plate IT, figs. 34, 35.)
Body long and slender, the bilobed head with small papilla; two creat hooks; anterior spiracles with about six lobes; a narrow, fusiform, swollen area on the ventral base of the segments beyond 4, each with transverse ridges; a transverse line on ventral middle of these segments; lateral fusiform areas distinct; tip of body large and truncate, no distinct tubercles but two low humps above and less distinct ones below the stigmal plates; latter small, about their diameter apart, each with three rather short, subparallel slits, and directed toward those of opposite plate, the button distinct. Anal area with three smooth, rounded tubercles each side, and a less distinct median one, each tubercle with a few fine grooves on tip; a transverse granulated ridge in front of the anal tubercles.
From Alaska, probably taken on cabbage.
HOMALOMYIA GROUP.
The larva of Homalomyia has long been known because of its peculiar appearance, and the frequency with which it is associated with human food. These larve are flat and fusiform, each segment provided with long bristly processes. The mouth parts are obscure, and the stigmal plates occupy a dorsal position on the last segment of the body.
So very different are these larve from the ordinary anthomyiid larve that they should stand in a group by themselves.
Homalomyia sp. (Plate VI, fig. 106.)
The larva of the genus Homalomyia is entirely different in general appearance from any of the other forms considered in this paper. The body is flattened, and bears above a pair of long spinous processes on each segment, forming two submedian rows; there is a row of similar processes on each upper and lower side, making six rows of these processes on the body; on the head is a pair of anteriorly- directed processes, and the last segment, whose posterior surface is apparently turned upward, has two of these processes on each side,
cl a 0
pe Fes
ANTHOMYIIDE. 29 and a pair of longer ones on the hind margin. These processes, and the general surface of the body, are usually scabrous. Near the upper base of the last segment is a small trilobed process each side; these are the posterior spiracles, and each has three short, straight slits. Each ventral segment is transversely divided by a narrow furrow or line which terminates each side in a slight tubercle. The last segment has behind the usual transverse line another much curved, and with a double median forward extension.
There is a number of species of Homalomyia, differing in the proportions of the processes, and Walsh described three species from the larval stage. There are many records of the passage of Homalo- mya larve, and we have others in the office. Since they feed on fruit and vegetables that are just beginning to decay one can readily see that they are often swallowed by people. They also breed, at least some species, in human feces, and as the flies occur in houses they are, in a lesser way than the house fly, the possible conveyors of disease.
ANTHOMYIIDZ.
(Plate VI, in part.)
The larvee of Anthomyiide are of the general shape of the larva of the house fly, but hardly so slender in front; the head shows distinetly a pair of papille; there are two separate great hooks; the anterior spiracles have not many lobes, often but 6 to 10 (13 are figured for one species); segment 5 and others beyond have each a swollen fusiform area on the ventral base, which is provided with roughened ridges; the lateral fusiform areas are well developed. The caudal end is truncate, but barely if at all sunken, and margined with a number of short, fleshy tubercles, about eight to fourteen in number, according to the species, some rather larger than others, and often with four of them in a transverse row; there are, usually at least, two tubercles above the anal area; the stigmal plates are not far apart, and each has three short slits arranged more radiately than in the other groups; sometimes the button is absent.
A few notes on some of the common species occurring on foods and elsewhere will serve to show the range of form in the family.
In Pegomya fusciceps Zett. (figs. 111, 116) there are four simple, conical tubercles in a transverse row below the stigmal plates; the stigmal plates do not show a button; and the anterior spiracles have about six lobes.
In Pegomya cepetorum Meade (fig. 119) there are four simple slender tubercles in a row and the stigmal plates are similar to
_ those of P. fusciceps, but the anterior spiracles are larger and have
about ten lobes.
30 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA,
In Pegomya Urassice Bouché (figs. 107, 113, 114) and P. plani- palpis Stein the median tubercles of the four in a row are broader than the others and bifid at tip, more deeply so in P. brassiee than in P. planipalpis, and the stigmal plates show. a distinct button; the anterior spiracles have about 10 lobes. In a Pegomya from Alaska, taken from cauliflower, the median tubercles of the four in a row are very broad and trifid at tip.
In Pegomya ruficeps Stein the body is shorter and stouter, and with many swollen areas and transverse lines; the anterior spiracles have about 12 lobes; the median tubercles of the four in a row are much smaller than the others; the stigmal plates are slightly ele- vated, each with the three radiating slits, but no distinct button.
The larva of Pegomya bicolor Wied. (figs. 110, 112) has all the tubercles at tip of body small; the four in a row are all equally small; the stigmal plates as shown in figure 112; the anterior spiracles rather large, and with about 12 small lobes; there is a swollen area of ridges all around each segment from the fourth backward. A larva, sup- posedly an anthomyiid, on roots of roses, shows at tip (fig. 117) four large processes; the stigmal plates being on the inner base of the smaller processes.
Carpenter has figured in Pegomya bet Curtis two prominent teeth on the great hooks; the anterior spiracles with eight lobes, and the stigmal plates far apart.
Hewitt has published a fine account of Anthomyia radicum L.; no teeth on the great hooks; anterior spiracles with 13 lobes; stigmal plates near each other, and with three rather long slits; the median tubercles of the four in a row are smaller than others and situated a little nearer the stigmal plates; each is bifid at tip; no button is shown on the stigmal plates.
In Phorbia floccosa Macq. (figs. 108, 109) the stigmal field is margined by 12 conical processes, and the anal tubercle is in the form of two similar conical processes; the anterior spiracle has but six lobes.
TRYPETIDZ.
In the few forms of Trypetide examined, those that feed in fruits and soft tissue, there are two mandibles or hooks, the tip of the body is destitute of pointed tubercles, and there is one pair of rounded anal tubercles. The posterior spiracles are similar to those of the Calliphorine—three simple slits, those of one plate directed toward those of the other. The prothoracic spiracles have numerous lobes, often over twenty, always more numerous than in the Muscide or Sarcophagide. There are no complete bands of spinules around the body, only fusiform areas on the ventral segments; the stigmal area is not noticeably depressed.
=
TRYPETID®. oe
Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Plate V, figs. 87, 88, 89, 100.)
Body moderately tapering in front, not particularly slender; two distant mandibles; head from above bilobed; anterior spiracles long, with about 15 lobes. The segments show on the venter the usual transverse, fusiform, spinulose areas, and between them on the middle of each segment are two low ridges, which in the median area are connected as in the figure, one of them being broken in the middle. On the posterior border of each segment where it joins the next is a row of pits, and also less distinct a longitudinal row, or two of them, on the side of each segment; on some segments these are more like a line or groove. Elsewhere on the segments there are a few longitudinal grooves and ridges. At apex of body the stigmal area is slightly elevated, the plates long, and each has three short, straight slits. Above them on the upper edge is a pair of distant, conical tubercles; below the plates is a transverse, ele- vated crest, and on the lower slope is an elliptical, medial area, spinulose around the edge, and containing the two anal tubercles, elongate, and pear-shaped, but not much elevated. ’
This is the peach maggot of tropical countries.
Acidva fratria Loew. (Plate V, figs. 91-93.)
Body very pale; not very slender; two approximate mandibles; head from above rounded at tip; anterior spiracles long, with con- cave upper edge, and about 24 lobes. No part of body spinulose; the swollen parts of segments not very prominent, and striate or wrinkled, not spinulose. At the tip there are below two smooth, approximate tubercles on the anal area, which is not prominent. At dorsal tip is a large process, apparently bilobed from the side, and also from above, bearing in its middle the flat-topped stigmal eminence; the stigmal plates are fully their diameter apart, each with three short slits directed toward those of opposite plate, no apparent button, and no other tubercles.
This species mines the leaves of the parsnip.
Dacus ferrugineus Fab. (Plate V, figs. 90, 103, 105.)
Body rather thick, anterior part not slender; two widely separated mandibles; anterior spiracles long and of about 88 lobes. Anterior
Margins of segments 3, 4, and 5 minutely transversely striated
above. The ventral region, beginning with segment 4, shows the scabrous elevated areas. The last segment shows beneath a large
32 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVE.
scabrous flattened elevation bearing two approximate smooth ‘tubercles. The tip has a faint conelike process each side below the stigmata; the latter are slightly elevated, each showing three straight slits, wide apart and directed toward those of the opposite plate.
Dacus curcurbite Coq. (Plate V, figs. 101, 102, 104.)
Head bilobed from above, each lobe bearing a distinct antenna; mandibles two, distant; anterior spiracles long, with about 20 lobes. Ventral segments 6 to 12 with swollen spinulose areas. The last seg- ment shows below a transversely elliptical spmulose area, rather depressed, and containing two approximate, flat, rounded tubercles; tip of body rounded, with a low, broad swelling at each lower corner; the stigmal plates are approximate, each with three short slits, point- ing toward those of the opposite plate.
From melons in Hawai; No. 8478.
Rhagoletis suavis Loew.
(Plate V, figs. 94-96.)
Body much the largest near the tip; head small, bilobed, each lobe with minute antenna; two stout, blunt mandibles, and laterad of them is a horny crest; anterior spiracles hemispherical, with about 25 lobes; surface of body smooth; begining with the fifth segment there is a basal, fusiform, much swollen area on the venter of each segment, each transversely ridged and punctate; on the middle of these segments is a transverse line extending down on the sides; dorsum of segments indistinctly divided into three transverse areas; last segment with the anal area near the tip, not very prominent, but with two prominent, approximate, smooth lobes; above the anal area are two minute depressions; the stigmal field is slightly depressed, the plates close together, each* with three narrow, straight slits directed toward those of the opposite plate.
From shuck of a butternut, Plummers Island, Md.
Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. (Plate V, figs. 83, 84.)
Body rather stout, tapering but little in front; head broad, papilla very small; two great hooks; anterior spiracles broad, with about 15 lobes; each dorsal segment from the third has a basal area of ridges; each ventral segment from the fifth has a broad, basal, fusiform, swollen area, which is very minutely ridged; a transverse line on middle of each ventral segment, and the apex of each segment with an area of several transverse ridges; the lateral fusiform areas are fairly distinct; the anal tubercle is moderately prominent, and
———
ae
TRYPETIDZ. 45)
strongly bilobed; the stigmal plates are fully their diameter apart, each with three straight, parallel slits; between the stigmal plates and the anal tubercle are two pairs of distinct, rounded, fleshy tubercles; the two nearer the anal tubercle are closer to each other than are the other two.
Locally common in northern apples.
Rhagoletis cingulata Loew. (Plate V, figs. 97, 98.)
Head broad, papilla barely visible, two prominent great hooks; anterior spiracles broad, concave above, with about fourteen lobes. Ventral segments from 5 onward each with a broad, basal, fusiform, swollen area, with many transverse ridges; each ventral segment has also in the middle a transverse line or furrow; the lateral fusiform areas indistinct; on the dorsal base of segments 3, 4, and 5 is an area of transverse ridges, barely distinct on the following segments; anal tubercle small, slightly roughened, divided by a longitudinal line; stigmal plates not their diameter apart, each with three short, barely curved slits; between the stigmal plates and the anal tubercle, at the extreme tip of the body, are two low elevations or swellings each side, each with a minute central tubercle, the four forming a curved line.
Common in cherries.
Epochra canadensis Loew. (Plate V, figs. 81, 82.)
Body subeylindrical, tapering only a little in front; papilla of head very minute; two well-separated great hooks; anterior spiracles broad, broadly emarginate in the middle, with about eighteen to twenty lobes. Ventral segments from the fifth backward with a very narrow, basal, fusiform area, only slightly protuberant, and finely ridged; each of
_these segments with a ventral, median, transverse line; no lines or
furrows on dorsum; no lateral fusiform areas. Apex of body evenly rounded, smooth, no tubercles; the stigmal plates without a button, each with three short, nearly straight slits; anal tubercle distinet, but small, more yellow than the surrounding surface, slightly convex, and divided by a longitudinal line.
From currants; more common in the North.
Anastrepha ludens Loew. (Plate V, figs. 85, 86, 99.)
Head small, short, bilobed from above; two distinct mandibles; anterior spiracles long, with twenty or more lobes; on the fifth and the following segments is the usual ventral, basal, fusiform area, with
34 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
transverse striw, the area on fifth segment smaller than the others; the anal area shows two large, smooth, prominent, submedian tubercles; there are no tubercles outlining the stigmal field; the stig- mal plates are contiguous, each with three short, straight slits directed toward those of opposite plate; these slits are much shorter and broader than in Rhagoletis. :
This species, the orange maggot, is sometimes found in Mexican oranges.
ORTALIDA.
The larve of the ortalid flies are rather more slender than those of Musca; the two great hooks are.distinct; the anterior spiracles have about ten lobes; the ventral fusiform areas are distinct, but the lateral rather weak; the tip of body ends in two slight processes bearing the posterior stigmal plates, each with three short slits.
Most of the species occur in places where they are not apt to be swallowed by man, but the onion maggot, and a few other forms, may occasionally be taken in food.
Euzxesta thomex Loew. (Plate III, figs. 53, 59.)
Body smooth, slender; two great hooks; two distinct papille on the bilobed head; segments from 5 on each with distinct fusiform, swollen area on ventral base, each area with several transverse ridges; lateral fusiform areas fairly distinct; anal area not swollen, and no tubercles; tip of body rounded and smooth, without tubercles; each stigmal plate on an elevated black base, each plate with three short slits and a button, but indistinct; nine lobes in the anterior spiracles.
In ear of corn from Texas.
A similar ortalid from tomatoes in Florida has but five lobes in the anterior spiracles, and the slits on the posterior spiracles are more nearly on the outer edge. . ‘
Tritoxa flexca Wied (?) (Plate IIT, figs. 4446.)
Slender; head truncate, with two small papille; two great hooks; anterior spiracles with ten lobes; segment 5 and beyond each with a swollen, fusiform area on ventral base, each area with several ridges in front and behind, leaving a smooth space in the middle; a faint transverse line on middle of ventral segments; lateral fusiform areas visible, but not prominent; anal area with a low swollen lobe each side, no tubercles; a few fine ridges above and below anal area; last segment rounded, smooth, no tubercles; stigmal plates on low ele-
aa ED ee
—- ow
DROSOPHILIDA. 35
vations, about their diameter apart, each with three radiated slits, and a button, incomplete on inner side.
From onions, in Pennsylvania. It is probably this species or its close ally, T. incurva Loew.
SEPSIDZ.
The larve of the Sepside are of the muscid shape; the fusiform areas are not prominent except on the venter; the anal tubercle is rather inconspicuous; the spiracles are situated on projections at the tip of the body, and also in the pupz. Each spiracle has three straight slits.
They breed mostly in manures, but sometimes in decaying fruit; one species, the cheese skipper, has long been known because of its occurrence on old cheeses.
Piophila casei Li. (Plate VII, figs. 122-124.)
The body is of the usual shape, tapering in front. The head is emarginate from above, each corner projecting in a papilla; there are two well-separated great hooks. The anterior spiracles are rather prominent and divided into about ten lobes. The sixth and follow- ing segments have on the ventral base a narrow, transverse, fusiform area in which the ridges are broken into minute teeth. The last seg- ment has at tip two processes, each about three times as long as broad at base, and rather more than their length apart; this last segment also has a prominent outer angle each side near the base. The posterior spiracles are situated on the inner tip of a slight pro- tuberance, and each has three straight slits. Each main tracheal tube is black for a short distance from the tip.
The cheese skipper not only occurs in cheese, but also in hams, especially the fatty parts, and in oleomargarine; there are several records of its occurrence in people, and we have one such case.
Alessandrini has recently made experiments with this species on dogs and finds that it passes through uninjured, while it may cause intestinal lesions in the dog. He also found that the larva was remarkably resistant to many chemical substances, supposedly destruc- tive to life.
DROSOPHILIDA.
Drosophila. (Plate VIII, figs. 133, 135-137.)
Body rather slender in front; head with distinct papille, two well-
‘separated great hooks; anterior spiracles obscure, not much ex-
truded, with eight to ten long branches or lobes; each segment of
36 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
the body is slightly constricted in the middle, with a basal roughened — area encircling each segment; anal tubercle broad, dark colored, bilobed, but not very prominent; around tip of body are several pairs of tubercles; five pairs are described for D. ampelophila Loew, four pairs for D. amena Loew; the stigmal plates are on the tips of two approximate cylindrical processes which rest on an elevated part of the tip of the body.
The pupz are rather barrel-shaped, with a slender projection at each anterior corner of the body, the process varying in size and tubercles with the species; the posterior end of the body is provided with tubercles similar to those of the larve, and stigmal plates at the tip of a pair of truncate projections. The pup are usually - found in the same lot as the larve, as evidently but a few days are required for them to develop from the eggs.
Drosophila larvee and pupz are quite common in overripe fruit, especially grapes, pears, and apples; they also occur in jellies, jams, vinegar, pickles, etc., and so are frequently swallowed by people.
THE CEPHALOPHARYNGEAL SKELETON.
The structure of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton varies with the species. It is not always feasible to use this structure in identifying material, since it usually necessitates the destruction of the anterior part of the larva, which one does not care to do in unique specimens. Figures have ech given of this skeleton as seen in several species; but it can not be used as a diagnostic character for groups until one has examined a larger number of species. In the first larval stage this skeleton is formed of very slender pieces, only narrowly con- nected, but in the second and third stages the parts broaden, espe- cially the lateral plates.
In the Trypetide (figs. 125, 132) the lateral plates are only weakly chitinized, and not black; they are deeply indented from behind, so that the upper and lower limbs are connected only for a short dis- tance. The great hooks have a very prominent spur above at base.
In the Ortalide (Huzesta, fig. 121) the skeleton is very similar to that of the Trypetide.
In the three species of Sarcophaga examined the lateral plates are not so deeply indented from behind, and the upper limb shows a slender appendage along its lower edge; the great hooks have a spur above at base (fig. 134).
In the Muscide (figs.-115, 120) the lateral plates are still less indented from behind, the lower limb being much larger than the upper limb; the hypostomal sclerites are short and heavy; the great hook (for there is but one) has a rather small spur above at base.
In the Calliphorine (figs. 126, 128, 131) the lateral plates are deeply indented from behind, and here it is the upper limb that is
BEARING OF LARVH) ON CLASSIFICATION. 37
the larger. The hypostomal sclerites have a hump or swelling beneath; the great hooks have hardly any spur above at base. In some of the genera, Calliphora and Protocalliphora, only part of the upper limb of the lateral plates is strongly chitinized.
In Homalomyia (fig. 127) there is an approach to the form of Musca, the lateral plates only slightly indented, the lower limb the larger, and a basal spur above on the great hooks. In the upper anterior part of the lateral plates, where they unite, is a number of
perforations, some round, some elongate; these are not seen in the
other families examined, but appear in Drosophila (fig. 133). BEARING OF LARVZ ON CLASSIFICATION.
The value of larval characters in classification will always be variously estimated by different entomologists, and the writer is far from claiming that any group should be delimited by larval char- acters. But in view of the diversity of opinion among dipterists as to the divisions of the old family Muscide, the bearing of these larval structures may be of interest. Some authors have taken Stomoxys and Glossina from the Muscide and put them in a separate family, the Stomoxyide. From the standpoint of the larve there is no warrant for this separation, Stomoxys being much nearer in struc- ture to Musca than is either to the Calliphorine. Looking at these eroups from the structure of the larve, one will notice that both the Muscidee and the Anthomyiide possess two styles of larval structure, and it is very difficult to see why these striking differences in the larvee should not find some corresponding difference in the flies upon which to found a better classification. The larva of Homalomyia differs so greatly from that of Anthomyia that one can not but think
_ that this difference should be reflected in the adult. Likewise when one considers the peculiarities of the larve of Musca, Stomoxys,
Lyperosia, and Pseudopyrellia, differing from other muscids by impor- tant characters at each end of the body, one can hardly believe that there is not some structure of the flies to distinguish them as a group.
The classifications of the Muscide by Pandelle and by Girschner agree much better with the larve than the classifications seen in the
_catalogues. These authors have put the Calliphorine remote from
the true Muscide and near the Sarcophagide; Pandelle also has a distinct group in the Anthomyiide for Homalomyia, and the true Muscide are included in his Anthomyiares. However, the larvee of the true Muscide are so different from Anthomyia that one would suppose the flies should have a group at least equal in value to that of the Anthomyiide or Tachinide. This would indicate three families, Muscide in the restricted sense—Tachinide, to include
Calliphorine and Sarcophagide; and the Anthomyiide, to include
Muscina and Homalomyia, the latter to have subfamily rank.
388 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ALESSANDRINI, G.—Studi ed esperienze sulli larve della Piophila casei.< Arch. Para- sitol., vol. 13, pp. 337-387, 33 figs., 1910.
BLANCHARD, R.—Contribution 4 l'étude des Diptéres parasites.
I, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1893, pp. cxx-cxxxvi. I], Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1894, pp. 142-160. III, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1896, pp. 641-676.
Boucut, P. Fr.—Naturgeschichte der Insekten, besonders ihrer ersten Zustinde als Larven und Puppen. Berlin, 1834.
Comstock, J. H.—Report on miscellaneous insects.< Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr. f. 1881- 1882 (1882), pp. 195-208, pls. xiv-xvil. (Rhagoletis and Drosophila.)
GirscHNER, E.—Beitrag zur Systematik der Musciden.< Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 38, pp. 297-312, 1893.
Hewirt, ©. G.—On the life history of the root-maggot, Anthomyia radicum Meigen. <Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 2, pp. 56-63, 1 pl., 1907.
Hewirt, ©. G.—The structure, development and bionomics of the house fly, Musca domestica Linn. Part I.<Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 51, pp. 395-448, 1907; Part II, ibid, vol. 52, pp. 495-545, 1908; Part ITI, ibid, vol. 54, pp. 347-414, 1909. Re- printed as a separate volume in 1910.
Howarp, L. O.—A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excre- ment.< Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 541-604, 1900.
Lauuer, P.—Etude sur la myase du tube digestif chez l’homme.<Thése Faculté de Médecin de Paris, 1897, pp. 120, 1 pl.
Lintner, J. A.—Injuricus dipterous insects.<lst Rept. Inj. Ins. N. Y., pp. 168-227, figs. 45-67, 1882 (Anthomyiidz).
Lowne, B. T.—The anatomy, physiology, morphology, and development of the blow- fly (Calliphora erythrocephala). 2 vols., London, 1892, 1895, 778 pp., 52 pls., 108 figs.
NewsteabD, R.—On the life history of Stomozys calcitrans.<Journ. Econ. Biol., vol. 1, pp. 157-166, 1906.
Newsreap, R.—Preliminary report on the habits, life-cycle, and breeding places of the common house fly (Musca domestica) as observed in the city of Liverpool, with suggestions as to the best means of checking its increase. Liverpool, 23 pp., 14 figs., 1907.
Newsteap, R.—First interim report on the expedition to the Congo.<Ann. Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, vol. 1, pp. 3-112, 1907. (Auchmeromyia luteola.)
OstEN SacKEN, ©. R.—On Mr. Portchinski’s publications on the larvee of Muscide. <Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., vol. 31, pp. 17-28, 1887.
Pacxarp, A. S.—On the transformations of the common house fly, with notes on allied forms.< Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 16, pp. 136-150, 1 pl., 1874.
Perez, C.—Recherches histologiques sur la metamorphose des muscides (Calliphora erythrocephala).<Arch. Zool. Exp., 1910, 274 pp., 16 pls.
PortcHinskI, J.—Sarcophila wohl fahrti monographia.< Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 18, pp. 247-314, 33 figs., 1884.
PortcHINsKI, J.—Muscarum cadaverinarum stercorariarumque biologia comparata. <Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. 19, pp. 210-244, 1885.
PortcHINSKI, J.—Biologie des mouches coprophagues et nécrophagues.<Hor. Soc. —
-Ent. Ross., vol. 26, pp. 638-131, 1891.
Porrcuinski, J.—Recherches biologiques sur le Stomoxys calcitrans L. et biologie comparée des mouches coprophagues. St. Petersburg, 1910, 90 pp., 97 figs.
Voater, C. H.—Weitere Beitriige zur Kenntnis von dipteren Larven.< Illus. Zeitschr. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 273-276, 289-291, 1900. (Homalomyia scalaris.)
Watsu, B. D.—Larve in human bowels.<Amer. Ent., vol. 2, pp. 137-139, 1870. (Homalomyia. )
| Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE |.
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Fig. 1.— Musca domestica: Side view. Fig. °.— Musca domestica: Posterior stigmal plates. Fig,3.— Musca domestica: Tip of body. Fig. 4.— Musca domestica: Head from above. Fig. 5.—Lyperosia irritans: Tip of body. Fig. 6.—Lyperosia irritans: Head, side view. Fig. 7.—Lyperosia irritans: Posterior stigmal plates. Fig. 8.—Stomorys calcitrans- Anterior spiracle. Fig. 9.—Stomoxys calcitrans-: Posterior stigmal
late. Fig. 10.—Stomorys calcitrans: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 11.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina:
ip of body. Fig. 12.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 13.—Pseudopyrellia cornicinas Head,side view. Fig. 14.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Head, top view. Fig. 15.—Pseudopyrellia cornicina: Stigmalarea. Fig. 16.— Musca domestica: Anterior spiracle. Enlarged. (Original.)
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Fig. 17.— Muscina stabulans: Stigmal plates. Fig. 18.—Muscina stabulans: Tip of body, side view. ¥ig. 19.—Muscina stabulans: End of body. Fig. 20.—Muscina assimilis: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 21.— Muscina assimilis: Stigmal plates. Fig. 22.— Muscina assimilis: End of body. Fig. 23.—Near Muscina: Last two segments. Fig. 24.—Near Muscina: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 25.—Near Muscina- Head, above. Fig. 26.—Near Muscina: Stigmal plate. Fig. 27.— Muscina stabulans: Head, side view. Fig. 28.— Muscina stabu/ans;: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 29.—Muscid C: Tip of body, side view. ae 30.— Muscid C; Stigmal plates. Fig. 31—Muscid C: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 32.—Muscid C: End of body. Fig. 33.—Muscid A: Tip of body; side view. Fig. 34.—Muscid D: End of body. Fig. 35.—Muscid D- Anterior spiracle. Fig. 36.—Muscina stabulans: Head, above. Fig. 37.—Muscid A. Stigmal plate. Fig. 38,—Muscid A: Anterior spiracle. Enlarged. (Original.)
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Fig. 39.—Chrysomyia(?): Tipofbody,sideview. Fig.40.—Muscid £: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 41—Muscid
: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 42.—Muscid B: Stigmal plates. Fig. 43.—Muscid B- ‘End of body.
Fig. 44.— Triloxa flexa: Stigmal plate. Fig. 45.— Tritora flera: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 46.— T'ritora flera- Tipofbody,sideview. Fig.47.—Chrysomyia(?): Stigmal plate. Fig. 48.—Lucilia sylvarum: Head, side view. Fig. 49.—Luciliasylvarum: Tip of body,side view. Fig. 50.—Lucilia sylvarum: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 51.—Luciliasylvarum: Stigmal plates. Fig.52.—Chrysomyia(?): Anterior spiracle. Fig. 53.—£uresta thom. Stigmal plate. Fig. 54.—Lucilia sericata: End of body. Fig. 55.—Lucilia sericata: Head, top view. Fig. 56.—Protocalliphorachrysorrhea: Tipofbody,side view. Fig. 57.—Protocalli phorachrysorrhea: Head, side view. Fig. 58.—Protocalliphora chrysorrhaa: Stigmal plates. Fig. 59.—Euresta thomex: Tip ofbody, above. Fig. 60.—Lucilia sericata: Head, side view. Fig. 61.—Lucilia sericata: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 62.— Calliphora erythrocephala: Head,side view. Fig. 63.—Calliphora erythrocephala: Stigmal plates. Enlarged. (Original.) ;
"an intel tT le
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
STRUCTURE
TTL ee “aid ey aa YD
VOL ae pve 7
US ne DOE AS
Tce Dau ay ey . SPM fe Mare BN
OF DipTEROUS LARVA.
Fig. 64.—Sarco id D: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 65.—Sarcophagid D- Head, a De Head, Se v Ki
Sarcophagid view. somyia macellaria: Tip of body, side view. F
g. 67.—Chrysomyia macellaria: Head, side view.
ig. 69.— Chrysomyia macellaria: Anterior sp
Sarcophagid C: Head,above. Fig. 71.—Chrysomyia macellaria: End of body. Fig. 72. wo segments, venter. Fig. 74.—Sarcophagid A: Two seg- ments, dorsum. Fig. 75.—Sarcophaga incerta: Segment, venter. Fig. 76.—Sarcophagid B: Tip of body,
Anterior spiracle.
Stigmal plates. Fig. 73.—Sarcophagid A- side view. Fig. 77.—Sarcophagid C: Tip of b
ody,side view. Fig. 78.—Sarcophagid A-
Fig. 79.—Sarcophagid B-: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 80.—Sarcophagid B-: Head, a
(Original. )
PLATE IV.
bove.
ED SF] Penh? ta) Yess pees 1 7 WP "
Fig. 66.—
Fig. 68.—Chry-
iracle.
Fig. 70.—
—Sarcophagid B-
bove.
Enlarged.
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.
OE ae
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Fig. 81.—Epochra canadensis: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 82.—Epochra canadensis: Stigmal plate. Fig. 83.— hagoletis pomonella: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 84.—Rhagoletis pomonella: Stigmal plate. Fig. 85.— Anastrepha ludens: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 86.—Anastrepha ludens: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 87.— Ceratitis capitata: Anal tubercle. Fig. 88.—Ceratitis capitata: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 89.— Ceratitis capitata: Ridges on ventral segments. Fig. 90.—Dacus ferrugineus: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 91.— Acidia fratria? Tip of body, stde view. Fig. 92.—Acidia fratria: Stigmal plate. Fig. 93.—A cidia fratria-: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 94.—Rhagoletis suavis: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 95.—Rhagolclis suavis- Anterior spiracle. Fig. 96.—Rhagoletis suavis: Stigmal plate. Fig. 97.—Rhagolctis cingulata: Stigmal pate. Fig. 98.—Rhagoletis cingulata: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 99.—Anastrepha ludens: Stigmal plates. ig. 100.— Ceratitis capitata: Stigmal plate. Fig. 101.—Dacus cucurbitey: Head, side view. Fig. 102.— Dacus cucurbite: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 103.—Dacus ferruyineus: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 104.—Dacus cucurbite: Stigmal plates. Fig. 105.—Dacus ferrugincus; Stigmal plate. Enlarged. (Original.)
ee eee
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Fig. 106.—Homalomyia sp.: Dorsal view. Fig. 107.—Pegomya brassice: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 108.— Phorbia floccosa: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 109.—Phorbia floccosa: End of body. Fig. 110.—Pegomya bicolor: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 111.—Pcgomya_ usciceps: Stigmal plate. Fig. 112.—Pegomya_ bicolor: Stigmal plate. Fig. 113.—Pegomya brassice: Margin of stigmal feld. Fig. 114.—Pegomya brassicx: Stigmal plate. Fig. 115.— Muscina stabulans: Cephalopharyngealskeleton, Fig. 116.—Pegomya fusciceps- Head, side view. Fig. 117.—Anthomyia sp.: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 118.—Pegomya brassicx-: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 119.—Pegomya cepetorum: Stigmal plate and anterior spiracle. Fig. 120.— Musca domestica: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Enlarged. (Original.)
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. ; PLATE VII.
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
gt 121. — Euzesta notata: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 122.—Piophila casei: Tip of body, below., ig. 123.—Piophila casei: Tip of body, above. Fig. 124.—Piophila casei: Anterior spiracle. Fig. 125.— Rhagoletis pomoneila: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig.126.— Calliphora erythroce phala: Cephalopharyn- eal skeleton. Fig. 127.—Homalomyia sp.: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 128.—Protocalliphora: phalopharyngeal skeleton. Enlarged. (Original.)
Tech. Series 22, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.
IH/
136 Ny 137
STRUCTURE OF DIPTEROUS LARVA.
a 129.—Drosophila ampelophila: Dorsal view. Fig. 130.—Drosophila ampelophila: Stigmal plate. ig. 131.—Lucilia sericata; Cephalopharyngealskeleton. Fig. 132.—Dacus cucurbite; Cephalopharvngeal skeleton. Fig. 133.—Drosophilaampelophila: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Fig.134.—Sarcophaga incerta: Cephaiopharyngeal skeleton. Fig. 135.—Drosophila ampelophila: Tip of body, side view. Fig. 136.— tes a ampelophila: Head of pupa. Fig. 137.—Drosophila ampelophila: Anterior spiracle. Enlarged. riginal.
EPH X :
Page
Acidia fratria, larva, description and occurrence....-...........2.2-22----- 31 munenbereie oriapterous larvars255: 220.2. S 2012 2oe Soe e esse ee eee oe: 14 Anastrepha ludens, larva, description and occurrence........-.-..------------ 33-34 Animals, dead, food of Calliphora erythrocephala. ..........--.--.-------+-+--- 21 domestic, hosts of Chrysomyia macellaria.........--.2--.-..++-------- 19 Anthomyia radicum, bibliographic reference..............-------.--------+--- 38 PSs)! i TERE ace 2 Mae aa Ac et ep an 30
systematic position from larval standpoint...................------ 37 Pbinnevaiin Setuciure Of larver 66 35.25. 2c eo.) eS Sel .... 29-30 AAtinomiyiG (7) larva on Toots of roses, structure..........00....2..555.22 2242. 30 Pee eGar ORANUNN NGS Woe Fees cicice Se eee es saa ee labs ede Se SL bl ee 10 Panola BOImGHBtt se ee ee oe aw titel aot 33
GUOrpe, Mond OT eeTOsO DAWG so os = eto ee as es nie ele ig pele De 36
PGIVCR MOO OF MM UNCHOE SMUUUONS 522 Soo ee oe awk wee se we we 26 Auchmeromyia luteola (see also Floor maggot, Congo).
Piplrasranine ecioreiee see ee ce ee cere 38
Eitva Sysieminne PORWON. #2... 22.62% sae ole ee oe 22 Rrmietihy. NArAnIiG Ol Dian and Goes: . 225582052 se. Yn oa ee ee ees 11 Birds, young, hosts of Protocalliphora chrysorrhewa ......-..----.--------------- P: Blowfly (see also Calliphora erythrocephala).
SemmCeirronce Iman. 5. ob Pet NOC. bets bee ees Saa eee res 9 Bluebirds, young, host of Protocalliphora chrysorrhea ..........-----------+-++-- AL Botfly, ox. (See Hypoderma lineata.)
Dulternut snuck, food of Rhagoletis suavis....-.. 2.222220... -2 0022 e teen eee 32
Batiuree, eronaple food on WMuReid: D2. S200 e2eoo foe ol ee ete lt lade. 28
Walliphora, cephalopharyngeal skeleton.:....-2.:2.-2--2-525.--205200 ee en eens 37 erythrocephala (see also Blowfly).
Dibliogeapine referencess: 0.500. 52 yo. Ae ee 38
larva, description and occurrence.......--....-..---- 20-21
MmuUMberohecrs deposited ss. a9. 2223 -.22 2 ese 12
CCIMOR MAT ARLE (i LCC. Jon Laima e io Ss a's OPP ols oe. 2S 22
Calliphorinae, cephalopharyngeal skeleton........-.-......------------------ 36-37
PRPC OUCHPEIEMOR ek ae Gbi5 afte ok bade ees We Ue eal 20-22
SES TNS sir OVC 0 Tea RS gg oes 11
BELO WoWObMiee ma termina et atee. ot ey ene le a aS wea sake i=) S{a,0 e.cin% sia nie = 11
Sickie eee AR See ee ee eee. Same US OS ee 11
LS GUBERHV eRe mee ere n temti en terme te tyly. «os Sue cele os tele S.- Ll
Cephalopharyngeal skeleton in dipterous larvee.........---..----.--------- 14, 36-37
Ceratitis capitata, larva, description and occurrence.....-..---.--------------- 31
SRE OOU Otel 10 PIU CONCE. o. co eo eke see ola sake See ese eeldes ees 35
SE OD AE 88 4 MS eS oe CO ee ee 16
limnisnen 100d OlmanCOpneelG he 2.-. 2280.2. 233 Ss. leet SSL. eee 17
skipper (see also Piophila case). Cosine Intestinal Lesions 1m dog. 2.2.0. 2...2./0 6... .)----2--- 11,35
39
40 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Page. @ Cherries, food.of fruit-flies-24253 -- 2=-soeeene ee. = See Se re 10 Rhagolems cingulate: .foass eso. sees ose ee ee ee Soa Chrysomyia (?), larva, description and host. ...225...5-202 sees eee 20 F macellaria, (see also Screw-worm). larva; description; hosts 4:..4:7+ 22 - >see eee = eee 19 Cordylobia, larva, systematic position......-. =. 2.5." nacs5 24h oe eee ee 22 Corn, food of. Muresia thotng is 33> <25.00 deagane ote ad aah oy 32 eee 34 Cow dung (see also Manure and Feces). food ‘of Lay perosia AITilans - ~<: gaaow-t= eas es ee 23 Pseudopyreiiia cornvQna....2... -.~soe8e 6 staan ss oa eee 23 Guirants, food of Hpochra canadensis ac. 2 oar-dniee ae =j2 © a o- ae 33 Cynomyia, number of eggs deposited - 6am tes Seci\ads = se Jae ee 12 Dacus cucurbitx, larva, description and occurrence. ...........----------+-+- 32 JSerrugineus, larva, deseription.. 25-2 sirens aad aor ae eee ee neta 31-32 Dasyphora; larva deposited.in third stage... ..<%e-- 2o-fasseeee ses ee 12 lasiophthalma, habites ja. s1sjescde ech eo<h ainatsee oS eee eee 12 pratorum, habits.jac\. 5. 25s.03's6 pad 4<-ectiee aes ee eee 12 structure of laryee 22. - ease ewan ae sgisiwinslegugeGe eee ae 25 Dipterous larves, bearing'on classification =... 2... .)..=2-. geese ee 37 occurring in human foods, classification. ..............---.- 13 general -characterss—4: 2 o25 een eee 13-15 life history.) su). see es Bees 12-13 BITWCIBTE Soe a) es SR ak oe Seen 1-38 bibliography -- - «2.5. 1. 38 synopsis of groups......-..-.--... 15 TAD 6 ects se 5 homeless eee SNe re eee 9-11 Dog; host of Bengalia fly. .:....0 2. science mie eae ee Se 2 ei fa Stomowys coleurans., -./...2in0 doetaseee ae 4-6 sae 25 intestinal lesions caused by cheese skipper......-....---.------------- 11, 35 Drosophila amena, structure of larvasc2 22 <fescece ae. oe see 36 ampélophila, structure: ob larva. - 252: c6nes4254e kee eee - 36 ¢ bibliographic referencev22 22 ahcaret aoe ee ee Sc tte eee 38 cephalopharyngeal skeletomo.... .< i242 S3snaesse-ce- 2 aes e eee 37 Drosophilide, structure and. occurrence of lary. 2.2. :.2- 2-2 -20s4-5542-3eer 35-36 Epochra canadensis, larva, description and occurrence..............-.-------- 33 Pristalis, intemal niyiasis thereol... soi<s3i6s6 eaase eee eee ee eee 13 Humesta, cephalopharyngeal skeleton ..)- 2.receee-- 2 fae 36 thomex, larva, description’and occurrence. =... 42... ---22-45-6 anne 34 Feces (see also Manure and Cow dung). human, food ‘of Sarcophaga:: 22... o< -aiackete tsa dae ete ears ae 16 Bish, host of Chrysomijia (i): .4 feces 2. oe tee ae ee eee a eee 20 Floor maggot, Congo (see also Auchmeromyia luteola). parasite of man... 2siiess cts ee eee 11 Bruit, decaying; tood.of Musca domestica, 2002-2. os ae 23 DODSId ge <5. 2 versie kiese ole ots cae eee See 3a flies, food, oecurrence im man... a2. 25-c5655-08 - eae eo eee ee 10 food of: Muscing groupss2eecsaet eo ees a eek eee eee ae eee 26 overripe, food of Drosophila............----- Bo poe Us ttte aae e 36 Fustiormm areasof dipterous larvad 4... -.<-scsc seuss cece eee ee eee 14 Glossina (see also Tsetse flies). structure of larvae... cd..0:s cisco os cece oe eee eee eee 25 systematic position from larval standpoint.................-.------- 37 Gooseberries, iood of fruitailiess 22. So acnnneone ee eee se ee eee eee eee 10
|
INDEX. ~ Al
: o Page erraereterOL Ck PMO CR «eee Gpb Ey pS oe oid ezine tials dandjexOwe LoeWaces ects. 10 Ie MM TORO DNS ¢ 22 oes hose oc ood ene cede ede eee eke 36 rannOmyi, TUMmDer OF Caps GePORILed. 2... 6022-4. -. gs eas el Selene sees eee 12 Grasshopper ( Melanoplus), host of Sarcophagid D............2...2..22-.2.-- 18 Serta OOMIp erin IOEVAL i. nies tabi gon svt Se - soe tet Pe eee ee Sa 14 MEIER UNS EMBED Sg 5 G.e aoe <oin P Eade cals 0 LOI was Sonn 35 Heel fly. (See Screw-worm and Chrysomyia macellaria. ) Siemerter rome, TOU Ul SONTOPRNGE. 2a... eed bce Pi bey eee Poll. 16 Homme, bibliographic tefetence = . . 22.2. 2222... 2..25 00. PR ees eee. 38 eephaiepharynpeal skeletons: ...4. 222+... edocs ees bese 37 peony ppulme tine Or larva. joo 3 ds i4) Wehceaee daly a ee des 28-29 soslaras, Dibliopraphie telerenee 5 + x22 22. 2208 seb ct eee. ese 38 sp., larva, description and occurrence... ....2.........22.:-..- 28-29 systematic position from larval standpoint. .................... 37 Horn fly (see also Lyperosia irritans). ERUPT Oe IL ope Pee AUT at ee ae ee ne Rao a ae ee Ce 11 House fly, transmission of disease thereby. .......-..........---....-2-20--- If Beene rece. MAD Lon t ASkee pb et Seeah uN sues eV oeOGke Hee. 12 number ciara: Genisited oo ec. fcee ret ele oe eS 12 apaderme ineaur, occurrence 10 MAN. 2-2 9e soi ces0ol2 S: LD kec boca ee. 2s 10 Hyportomal sclerite of dipterous larva... .. 2222. -2)224..5. 22.8 28s eee wet 14 Ensect laryec, déad, food’ of Muscina stabulans. 222.202. Pesos lb se. .2e) eke: 26 Pari eam Oud Of HarcopHagd....-. op. 20 isc dead tce ek eee... 16 aE MN TOSOMIVIG: a. eee ee Ce ys) or Se ADE Dk Seeks 36 teeoer ot Mrosaginries =. Se 2 Be Oise i Shee ie a 36 OTN ie iy ter GSN 0 5 es a 14 Lateral plates of cephalopharyngeal skeleton... ...............-2....2202... 14 Mate nani in rts ACSC OL MIE So sent) ha!) dewe AVDA BE oc we bike cee ee 22 sericata, larva, description and hast Sy TR hs je sess. oe eee 21-22 eater eer pote 2. he SaaS) Ja Se ore yp Si 11 ODAC IRM PUN ERCEN UGE 2 Sa od 3c )onk oe aha sek we PORE DOSS teens - 29 Lyperosia irritans (see also Horn fly). larva, Geacripiion and occurrence . 2. e)<4s5i5-0. 2.2 se 24 OUGTITFEMC OH 2 Le atti foe hee ae, HSE te A Sth AAS HN 23 systematic position from larval nine Eom URE Sel BAT RAS 5 oat 37 Beaten NeRetia ay yo co 2p 2 Sain br we oa Se 2S Decites off Gales Be 11 Chrysomyia eee AOAC reer bE hes Oe dS RTs 19 MOLLOY TLD gi tit7 2 ey bee ee ee ie ene Oe One Seen ee eae ae 11 Hypoderma lineata. . St an A ch ge eee a ee ese eee eee 10 JUSTE LS oS ae LE Oe Re ORE 22, ISDN IA O01 0 a RN OE a2 ra es Oe, Bee See 10 Manure (see also Cow dung and Feces). Spree eerie te fe is Fo So SL ee to 35 PIES LCN <n acto ee OMaS Ee Ek wea aw ie ele 2 25 Meat, food of Calliplhora erythroceplidla. 2... 2 f2s2..5.de so els ee Pete esce. ll. 21 Mielanp puis, Nosh OF HarcopuagMs Dis) 2-225 2 ee ws a Sse ee eek eee 18 melon tooid, Uapiint of Mirena assmilig: |... 20. 22 si es Pee eee bL 26 Se INM EE CUS CN DUE ooo oe oaks Sos Do A Seeeek ee. 32 Mesembrina, larva deposited in second stage.................-.......222.2-.- 12 Ra IE Oo See ese Wy ent Wak cel Pretty 0-13 12 mystacea, number of eggs deposited...........- tite Reere a SE 12 MPMPI ANCHE PUMIUDG~.n¢ Se oe Powe see'nSh WL wee Pace Oe eee 12 Sy NE LS SER a Or Spee ee re oe cee a bee 25
42 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
; ° Page Musca, cephalopharyngeal skeleton.....-...---.-.--------++--- SM Me eae 37 corvina, habits. 24.2. 732o5 22 3 eee es Sere 12-13 number of eggs-depositeds:cs. 22.62. a Sees ae eee 12
domestica, bibliographic:references=2 3.2202. oS 5. bese ee eee eee 38
larva, descriptionand occurrence... -< 295-42 eee eee 23
number of egraideposited:.....)... 22 6oeee eee ee eee 12
larval stages........- . Cosco ot Pee eae eee AD
systematic position from larval standpoint. ......-.-.---------------- 37 Muscid A, larva, description and’ oceurrence....2:5~2-26 226 ee eee 27 B, larva, description and:oceurrence. 222-2. Ssees eee eee eee 24 C. larva, description and occtinrence. 3-02 Joe oe es eee 27-28 * » Ds larva; description and oceurrence: 2). 5225. See 22 sae eter a eee 28 Musecidee; cephalopharyngeal akeletom ic -u - 2S 22202. See pe eee 36 Muscina assimilis, larva, description and occurrence .......-.-.-.------------ 26 group, Structure of larvee, occurrence...<.-- 227 tse eos 2 eee 25-28 (near), larva; description and occurrence. = 25-22-22... eo 22 eee on stabulans, larva, description and occurrence’../-...£-.---2)-2322 2-22: 26 systematic position from larval standpoint . ....-.--.--------.-+---: on Muscine: structure, of darveese. 2.2562 See ele ie eee oe 22-25 Mushrooms, rotten, food of Muscina stabulans......-.------ Bete ee Se 26 Myiasis; terme used. for various forms....22..<-822e+s>=-- eee eee ee eee 11 Myospila, larva, systematic position... 222.5229. af2-2 2-5 2) ee ee ee 22 mediuabunda, lite historyeas2 222-5 ane se eee ee ae ee 2 number of éggs:deposited 1. .5.. 2224 2205 ek ee ee 12 Nagana, disease of cattle, transmission by tsetse fly. ...-..-..-.-------------- 11 ““Newport’s segment.” of dipterows larva... --22- 2. 27ers ee 14, 15 Oleomargarine, food of Piophila casei... -- She Se Ar Bake a eee 35 Sarcophaga 2. 2320 sick Ss ea ee eee 16 Onion; 60d ot Writoxa glecai( es 25 ee ea ee eee ee ee eee ee 35 Oranves food, of Anastrepha laidens ss a= occ o es ee tee 2 ee 34 frbtallies. o) 202 tu. Ge See 2 eee eee 10 Museid: Cyoaies2 e822 oc wee het he ee ae renee 28 Pry peta idens. 25032 2b a DR ee ee 28 Ortalide:,; cephalopharyngéal skeletonis= 25 G- see ae ae 36 structure andsocecurrencey ol larwecne ese sees ee ee 34-35 Ortalid trom: tomatoes; structunes’s Se25d 5650 Ses Soe nes oa ee 34
Ox bot-fly. (See Hypoderma lineata.) warble. (See Hypoderma lineata.)
Papillavof head of dupterous larvas.ce¢ a. ice ce. scan ee ee ee 13 Parastomalscleritesof dipterous larval. s-2.ice 72.26 clas eee eee 15 Parsnips; food ‘plamb.of Acidia jrattia.c.- (28). sso ee ee ee 31 Peach maggot of tropics. (See Ceratitis capitata.)
Pears, food. of pomace-fies-¢.252.c2 See. cece tb eee ee 10 overripe; food of Drosophsla:< Sh act kts ee 36 rotten, food: of Musca stabulans. 2-52 sere ee lee 26
‘‘Peenash,’’ disease due to dipterous larvee in the nose........-..-...--------- 11
Pegomya bet, structure.of larva. 22-20. eses aces ee Oe eee 30
- bicolor, structure of Jarva-cic.c2s22. 6-2-2 Sa ee ee ee 30
brassice, ‘structure of larvac:c: 25552 3226 Se ee eee ee 30 cepetorum, structure ol larvalicca.- --6 0c ee = ate ee Se eile eee 29 from Alaska from cauliflower, structure of larva.......-.------------- 30 Susciceps, structure of larva... .... - doe og Lesbo bias Berta ee EE eet 29 planipalpis, structure of Jarva........-.--..-++-+-- ot bees 30
rujiceps, structure Of larva. i ..-sas<sse cece cate p= p ee eee eee eee 30
EVE lL! le
INDEX. 43
Page uot aged, Hixuenine Of IAkya...-.--.2--:-25...252cisce eee bee e sce lee. 30 CESS SUS Re ae eee ee or 36 Piophila casei (see also Cheese skipper). anigers pnd tClerenCe..2e 20-20 o Sl. sr ob oe e see tls eek 38 heya, Acacripuon and occurrence :’.:--2..-..5-.224002-2 2.55. 35 Perna tiled. 1Od. OCCUrrenCO IMAM. . .... 1.22... 2225.0. re eee he Le 10 Protocalliphora, cephalopharyngeal skeleton...............----+--------.---- 5 chrysorrhea, larva, description and hosts.......-...----------- 21 Pseudopyrellia cornicina, larva, description and occurrence.............------- 23 systematic position from larval standpoint..............----.--- 37 emer inennen OL Clas deposed .. 2 - sc.1. 612225. se ocise es wee kes --eteee- 12 Peerrer a. WOM MNGMte Alls SELCTOUNCCs< 2.) 2c ho. aes d= oes Foe des oe ee geen es 38 cingulata, larva, description and occurrence..........--..--------- 33 pomonella, larva, description and occurrence...........-.-...-.--- 32-33 suavis, larva, description and occurrence......-..---..-----......- By Seer 1) MAEVE OW TOO. -. <2 scendoscca | a. cab sence ae eee sete ee 30 parcophaga, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. ......-....-..--2s20t2eecueeeeeene ee 36 1000 US pe ge ne Etre Pees cn Saas Selena 16 hematodes, number of larvee deposited............-.------------- 12 PRE abs MACHOL CUT a ood. ese Sh oe 22a Ac an Me ds vase 16 SOMBCEREL 1 5) eva. CeSCMP NON 5. .io. cance cscs -- cate hes nace DTH18 Sarcophagid A, larva, description and occurrence...........-......-------- « 16-17 i deny, Gescripmon and OCCUITENGe...- 2.2226... ae02-Se5 obese it ilabva, cercripiion 20d GCCIITenCes’ —... 64... 62-22 .-2---5202- 18 Momamva cece pita and Ost 2t22 3.6 ..- aocesen< ced seten ies 18-19 Rea DMD IAS SB REMC HUECIOE IANVEE oar. oe 2 Se de ool Se ee Seine oe See 15-20 Sarcophila wohlfahrti, bibliographic reference.............--.--.---------+---- 38 Sarracenia flava, habitat of larva of Sarcophagid A................------------ 17 Screw-worm (see also Chrysomyia macellaria). ERECT cS AGISR I A002 sD e 10 Paleeiierorent ile ana Witte ox 287 - eo. ek Lee ete 1 Semon, numoer in dipterous larva: 2. .0-2.2.42.+- 22225222025. sa02. 025s o> 15 pepad-e Siructureand, occurrence of. Jarvee.......-...2--is--.0-2232<ee0 eck 35 Peper Oe CMULLDMOSO OCCRMACR ~~ =2 06 nau gss see bese sees se enc set Aon. 22 RED MORE ors os Se aa Sak ici< GVA acicin S hai Dae 6 eed 1h 22 maggot. (See Lucilia sericata.) ‘ piacere amieriOL, OF Olpterous larva... 222252020 2nd oe neice eee mn ecine ten 14, 15 Saupe, rotien, roadie! Muscwna slabulans... 2.2.2.2 2. tae. toe eee ence eee 26 Stable fly (see also Stomoxys calcitrans). OSES LON EY A eee gage Se SE BL ee se ee eee 11 sSiipmal plates, posterior, of dipterous larva. -...-.-..-.-.:..---..--.--+.----- 14, 15 Se peeerb IGN eH AT SUCNOUG ARV. bo. 08 octane 2-5 eds - weed 2 nb - me howe de ees 14 Oa SSL ee ied toes el ER) Se de ae ee ee 37 Stomoxys calcitrans (see also Stable fly). Mirioprap bie TEIPLENCES oe 35 ecg anien odes Peet oe cen 38 larva, description and occurrence. .........------.--------- 24-25 systematic position from larval standpoint...............-----....-- 37 GTS E SeLOOCMGITOn ANTM ARen S eaee a eee Sk Sisk cabin cwccles ou 34 Tritoxa flexa (?), larva, description and occurrence....:.......-..------------- 34-35 Po hhh tage Bit SS ahol BEAIR Seat SD lan Cd Be ca oe 35 SE Tigo ee 28 iropend. cepnaiopnarynoes) skeleton. ..-.-. 2.05. +..-. 222. s-05-0-220.---- 36
STieTue gmt 2 cny ON Ens ee eS a ee ee 30-34
44 STRUCTURE OF CERTAIN DIPTEROUS LARVA.
Tsetse flies (see also Glossina). diseases transmitted thereby ....---..--------------+--+-+--+---- Vegetable matter, decaying, food of Muscina Stab Ulons tet sn Pee eee eee Vegetables, decaying, food of Musca domestica..-.-.---+-------+--++-+-------- Sarcophabid \Co: c.2-s.c -- Mace eure eee Vinegar, food of Drosophila..:...--.-----:-2<--- 752 aes es es ee Warble, ox. (See Hypoderma lineata.)
tn
4 BN "
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 23. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
PONTEN TS AND INDEX.
4 1 .
IssureD JUNE 22, 1915.
.
ee ee! ee ae a eS
een
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1915.
Lae
cia! Sa
ax
i he
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 23. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
I. SOME NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA.
By PAUL R. JONES, Entomological Assistant, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
II, AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA.
By H. M. RUSSELL, Entomological Assistunt.
IssuED JUNE 22, 1915.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1915,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ©. L. Maruatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. E. B. O’Leary, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant.
F. H. CurrrenpDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Horxtns, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WessteEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuarInTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Puruutres, in charge of bee culture.
A. F. Buresss, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations. Rota P. Currin, in charge of editorial work.
MaBEL Co.corp, in charge of library.
um
BOT ENG.
Page. Some new California and Georgia Thysanoptera..............Paul R. Jones.. 1 RL WmRNIRLIS Tn te. ail. oe tis Jen: dooce as eamsh 1 DESY TS hod as esac acis ~ . MER Hable ba wict heather cob amate 1 Rare AG ORIERE per) cae ieties < Hd wiwilaee dicen Sos sdveen dad os aL (OPE POM MGMEMADOCIOS Ze Soo)... .. Beronciee) homuntide gasal oes We 2 ME OIGUBTUR NORNT Is 72. Ose». Hamers Sepiclieewwds yah Low WodSet 2 SPPUIGEe MINOR varias aoe. . . aehes se ee ee Ib ceeui et 3 Raat SAIS COE OS yc a il Sas, == ~ Sty Se is a wth ain ws > Se LR 3 Piece Oe Ou Bei SPOCICS S343. trae - Sates Oar cre inns e SSLE - s 4 ERI OUTER hey aN Se gS. 5 Ka UNS ae LS RR Pe 4 RE RUMBICTACOMINS DRE - nats dois 31 38S cl 35 2 SSE S SOE LO a ak 5 amid wneispecien. +. 5523532 %ecss: . Sees ss hia ad2e. J MES PES 5 Description-of new forms and species.2 5222220226 22.2...00. 2k. 6 Hercotn ps opera Daniel male.2 2.554.850. Saeed: 6 RICE IO URS! Ste Sl. ee oc sone See ee os S = eee <= 6 Sean nERIMLONTLDG TRE tsa. . SR ts Soy eye, oes, mae ae mag 2 7 pS EIS URES Melee ad spre ai ea a a9” eg Sea eRe, ay Dy ae er mE 8 MRAM TENSTAMESIIOIRC ONO Serco tee OY cee lee ons ote hd Sie Ss 8 Description of new species.......------------- AR oh Oi ORy ete ite Fe 8 DOT NRE CEST ae = ee ge ES, Se 8 Rees ee OaiGatneE eee eins a eye. - bts tees Sons ke ads ee iow ek tke. « 10 SILC AGES Coes 12s San | ee ee Te et he 10 Description.of new forms and speciess: - 2... - 2.262224. --- ee tebe - 12 Euthrips ehrhornii Moulton, male, brachypterous female........- 12 ee EOP OTe oe 05. Fee Bee 2 Sees ae etnl ys See EE < 5 12 SET LPE TI ICCURITR 2 orton a Se? Mee hk eet ee OE co 13 MGR Aun DRAMMA eae. So yoo. os a. Ts: ep SACRA: SENG -4 oe. 14 PVA SCOURS opis 2-58 5. . Be Sede SSO ARI te 14 Description of new forms and species.) 2. 222 2) eee eee 15 Anaphothrips zex Moulton, brachypterous female, male. ......... 15 ARADRORTID TIO URS S.-i tcccess . SIMS BAR O AEN SLOSS Bs ee 16 PR Re ATTN rp rece pcre ee S'S SINT ee sat ee 17 Prema anmny ppcuied.s 2am to s4l hls sae ee aL eee eee ao 17 ecenipiuariar new speciess... 2200). . Ges 2 6) yo seca oes = ee ae ee 17 VAR TLOLITUDSROTICONILUS Is <ctte 5. Aen Anis a aialere cles oem 6 2 hele ee 17 TE SER ge a a RRR, RS i fe Sh a 18 SRO CYA DEOL UP os ae a ea aioe = - see st Sea teanek Vie ak eee oe a 19 Rte PCR COM ae Somes cis hewic < Sea ee et Laake ¥ alo aie ee oe 2 19 NG serhsp Atri art cyst: ccc ae ah ea nO 20 CE OICOICE TDI OIIUDIR RS se PCI. Ge tad an Sw He Aa ws Sai omic = = 20 eae RNINS CENA Aa Brent eet ee a GRE ee SANE PE ss ai ac bona ohn ie Gh i 21 Key to the species. ..........- ieee aie ante Zc athe eta to ak ~.- 21 Prep rn On an mir, BOGCIORS <= 5). Bere car a hcin We owe cle & he aeoneyeree 21 PF UCOMiT RNIN fa ois Is. Meese porn Adaitnds ln ocho aides 21 DUE OLIUER SRCRU TUT. RAE to eect a! bre ae fh Sayers heya dole cra 23
96757—15 lI
IV MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Page. An internal parasite of Thysanoptera..............------------ H. M. Russell... 25 Iniroductionscccxc 325i ae eees - Sees eo ee 25 History of the discovery s:c22.... Sees tens oe geo eee ee ee 26 Classification and original deseripitiioniss: .--2...,: -<s 1. -seeee eee eee pe Life-history summary of the original host (Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande). . 28 Methods of collecting for evidence of parasitism.................----+-4-- 28 Methods of rearing parasites for life-history study............-.---.-.-.-- 29 Stage of thitps showing parasitism¥sfes. 0s. 2227222, Se eee ee 30 Appearance of parasitized. prepupree.. =... 250. +54os-ceea742 see eee 30 Behavior of parasitized thrips)... #58: ss55+ +2 sseoss0c0 ese ee 31 Time between first indication of parasitism and formation of parasite pups f under laboratory conditions:+-..22-2. 2.+-s3226 et, SOE A BOT ee 319 Effeet of cold on parasitized prepupe.-.......0 2.2.0) See ee OuPeadiclners 31 The pupa of the parasite. ash.3..... Hee ie citer otapcterstercret orate ee 31 Floren) yt O10 2 yatee— eos po eect wen se eterna tere eer ee 319 Description. - sco. ecett ise) ters ssapeeos es BIR ee 32 Length of pupalstage. .\5..jccccec.-. See. ace ee eee 33 J Effect of cold on pupal stage..............- I er 33 | The adult: parasite. 2/725... <0. 42/5. 88 en oe Ss ee 33 Hmergence)s: 55 2. se See ee ee ee te ee ee 33 Description of newly emerged, live adult.................-..--.----- 34 Relation and proportion of sexes. ....-. wos beh seen ee 35 Parthenovenesia ton sss: . bees. oo eee ee ee 35 9 Method and: period. of oviposition... 52.5< cine 55.2 5-e eee ee eee 36 Ha bitsin. the Open ..5 see «52 es 5 se ese 0 rete ao oi ance 38 ¥ Effect of oviposition in different stages of host.........-.....-.-.-.-- 38 | Number of eggs and length of oviposition period.............-..-.--- 38 Double parasitism 7222. fos eee See. = eee ame mis cee ee 39 IACEIVEY fio ele ice Sia o REE re TS Re 39 9 Pligitt 2.4004 Sec ee eS RR Otel ih Ss, A ee 40 Dieht. 2.222 ot ek er eee ee 40 Behavior on different kinds of leaf surfaces. ...........-..--...----- 40 Host relations: :ha:fssaco acco 82. pean ee ee ee 4] Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande.o.. 2: o2553 Seen een eee Al Thrips tabaci Lindeman’. . 50.752 a.son-2 oa. Pe eee 4] Buthrips tritect Eiteh.<.. s .- See sano dacces cate ee ee eee 42 Helothripg hemorrhoidalis Bouché!..2 2/5220 ue ee Seach eee 42 Heliothrips jemoralis Reuteres: tt . gonit: <u: dan eee eee eee 42 Miscellaneous observations#-¢..- <2. ...2- caStegr eee eee eee 43 Summary of experiments to determine host relations. ........... 43 Length of life in confinement..965.. 225)... 22a ee eee ae ee 43 Causes of mortality im the opense...2.)5:. s.7 5... «en 4o- see eee 44 Effect of oviposition in different ages of host larve...........------------ 44 ithe history J. .0262 42. Sess. SR ee ee ce ee On 44 Length of time from oviposition to first ihdication of parasitism...... 45 Length of time from oviposition to pupation of the parasite. ......... 45 Length: of Inte cycle oc 2582. . Bie co ovcd ec cen s sees See eee eee 46 First appearance in thespring. i722 40 60-5 6e 45 - = se eee eee 47 Lastiappearante in the fall. e202 525. oe = 47 Number of generations’! oc) Boe to oe oe roe ce ee ee 47 Habernstion22. 2275429 eee Lh a Atte rg OR EMA 47 Occurrence). .: Sper RS ee eh ee 48 Distribution.2)\ 322250: en ee ee 48 Percentage of parasitism in different localities..................-.----..-- 49 Means of colonizing the parasites... js)... 5. 3oceeunns ae cece eek eee 51
Puate [. Fria.
IT. Fre.
III. Fie.
IV. Fie.
V. Fia.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
1.—Holothrips nasturtii: Head and prothorax of female ........ 2.—Holothrips nasturtii: Right fore wing of female........... 3.—olothrips nasturii: Right antenna of female.............. 4.—Molothrips nasturtii: End of abdomen of female............ 5.—Thrips femoralis: Head and prothorax of female. .......... 6.—Thrips femoralis: Left antenna of female.................. 7.—Thrips femoralis: Right fore wing of female............... 8.—Thrips femoralis: End of abdomen of female......... Stas 1.—Sericothrips apteris: End of abdomen of male.............. 2.—Sericothrips albus: Head and prothorax of female........... 3.—Sericothrips albus: Right antenna of female...............
6.—Sericothrips moultoni: Head and prothorax of female... ... 7.—Sericothrips moultoni: Right antenna of female............ 8.—Sericothrips moultoni: Right fore wing of female........... 9.—Sericothrips moultoni: End of abdomen of female.......... 1.—Limothrips setariz: Head and prothorax of female.......... 2.—Limothrips setariex: Left antenna of female................. 4.—Limothrips setarix: End of abdomen of female 5.—Limothrips setariz: End of abdomen of male............... 6.—Euthrips longirostrum: Head and prothorax of female... ... 7.—Euthrips longirostrum: Left antenna of female............ 8.—Luthrips longirostrum: Right fore wing of female........... 9.—Euthrips longirostrum: End of abdomen of female 1.—Euthrips costalis: Head and prothorax of female 2.—Euthrips costalis: Right antenna of female................. 3.—Euthrips costalis: Right fore wing of female............... 4.—Euthrips costalis: End of abdomen of female............... 5.—Anaphothrips albus: Head and prothorax of female......... 6.—Anaphothrips albus: Right antenna of female............... 7.—Anaphothrips albus: Right fore wing of female............. 8.—Anaphothrips albus: End of abdomen of female............. 1.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Head and prothorax of female 2.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Right antenna of female 3.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Left fore leg of male............... 4.—Anthothrips nigricornis: End of abdomen of female......... 5.—Anthothrips flavipes: Head and prothorax of female... ..... 6.—Anthothrips flavipes: Right antenna of female............. 7.—Anthothrips flavipes: End of abdomen of female...........
PRMHDWmDmmmMDmDDnBDnnnwmnnannannnnorr tr HP KR R LP!
VI
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS,
Prate VI. Fra. 1.—Cryptothrips salicis: Head and prothorax of female . .. . ..
2.—Cryptothrips salicis: Left antenna of female ......-....-. 3.—Cryptothrips salicis: End of abdomen of female .......... 4.—Phleothrips jennei: Head and prothorax of female ....... 5.—Phleothrips jennei: Right antenna of female ...........-. 6.—Phleothrips jennei: End of abdomen of female ...........
VII. Fra. 1.—Phleothrips armiger: Head and prothorax of male ........
Fie. 1. 2. Carevfor rearing parasbes. 200. 2 Bae. wae os cige cies oa pa ee eee 3. 4. Diagram illustrating length of time from appearance of parasitism to
on
10.
He
2.—Phleothrips armiger: Right antenna of male .............. 3.—Phleothrips armiger: Left fore leg of male ............... 4.—Phleothrips armiger: End of abdomen of male ............
TEXT FIGURES.
Vials used for the study of theips parasites. .....2....2 5.22 ----2-<eee Parasitized prepupe of Heliothrips fasciatus. ........--..------------
formation of parasite pups of Thripoctenus russelli, July—October,
.. Diripoctenus russelli: Pupa, ventral View .....-2-------+.=-6 J sa oeee . Diagram illustrating length of pupal stage in 146 individuals of Thripoc-
LETUSSTUSSELLDS Cee ee SR le eon SO ee A ee
Lihripoctenus russell: s Aut. =o 3 = soe nae ea pise ee ae ee . Diagram illustrating length of time from oviposition to first evidence of
parasitism for 353 individuals of Thripoctenus russelli......-.------
. Diagram illustrating length of time from oviposition to pupation for
241 individualsiot Thripoctenus rast 2.22. ee ee es ee ee Diagram illustrating total number of days in the life cycle of Thripoc-
tenus russelli; summary of all rearing experiments. .........----.-.-
Mailing tubes used in shipment of thrips parasites. ...........-...-..
a
be
“TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 23, PART I.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
SOME NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA.
BY
PAUL R. JONES,
Entomological Assistant, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
IssueD JANUARY 26, 1912.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1912.
BUREAU OF ENTO MOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Crirron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk.
§ ut
F. H. CuitrenvDeEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. . D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WessteEr, %n charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Purups, in charge of bee culture. bf D. M. Rocsrs, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roa P. Curris, in charge of editorial work. Mase CorcorD, in charge of library.
S
vA
II
9:
CONTENTS.
BN NPMRN TCT es 8 acts Sane al ia etek wn ni eee en SR Aa Bae Hs Sia aaiele ae =\2 ss SIE WENNER oo ence os Sain as 2s anaes ae cima tes Soa ae sees ey tothe spocles. 4... = se. 25-5 Vado Soin deta eee ne te Se ener eae Description of new species.....-..--.-----------------2- eee ee eee eee ee PRUNE MTU a oe oa wis =n opin sen = ean aS a8 eae
ODT IS 2 oD All A Re Se ee on es ey eee eee es Reeyo 0 MES RMCOION nn 5. eles mien ee wiain sae anne oe a owe awe wins te aes 3 = Description of new species.........-.------------- +222 eee ences eens Mee LOMONOUOR. sein Sys cic ne 22 He mr A aig Jw ite ao = oine minim mise w eae
RPE TIRE DHT TO Se ee a slants. 5) ac pa iae s Date eieieh an ae el 5 Sim =a WEG TOMO SHOCIOS soo sc Sop w orele o o-' a= fe we shee n> eee aes eee Description of new forms and species. .....-.--------------------------- Sericothrips apteris Daniel, male........-.--.-------------+---------
WSCA RRM EDU ee oa sania wasn A= el mish eins a=" Sea aieins EPUOTETIDS MOULIN. <a s c= s = wm a es a se ea eee
SEES OE ee ere ec are nin er Get Te BD OCICN epost eto 5)- aim apes oslo as ase alan icin a= Deseription of mew species.........---..--.--------+--2+-sesee sees eee LRTI CRO AC RUT a hg © ag OR OE ee oor ee | eee rere EAGT ER Ce as ee a ee ne psa dinlfaae neds oe Salas Sin gine ey ON BOC 5 oo aloe = horas pes naa ins = Face seas esse weneseames Description of new forms and species........-.---------------------+-- Euthrips «hrhornii Moulton, male, brachypterous female.........-.--- Biuithiripes longirostrwm « — -. .- - xjem nie ya nn ws es ees nes see eees WPM re RAIS UDB UR Ete are ee hae oh otare Se ac ialeiniy are eta emi 2 Ses ee Se
NORE METER NPIL Roan lo arate wii Sis S ela da ala pin warden gaa kee Sans ys EET SDOC UCR 36, als oe ata ase ne care ia ayia cigs enn macnn = =o 9 oes l= <= = Description of new forms and species.........-.--------++--------------- Anaphothrips zex Moulton, brachypterous female, THAD: Aes
ATU DIVOUATIGIE CINE. 23 ines ae Sn ge ooo mia malas asin 2) 2 ae sce e's <= vin
Rea EE NPD em Ps es mcrae cs arate ohana ee On ae he Sige fe 2 len = 0 = ery GO) GE BROCICK S22 arin so one wuape's pao Sater eam a es See ww a aw Dieseripiicn Of BEW BpOClGs a. <2 coc 552 snes oder ids e es esse sé PEE HOU DR TROTUCOTTAR = uo 2 a9 a wa is = Bs 1s 5h ee airs Es a PEROIDIUNEDE DGUNDOR 2a 2 crass oon 3 ae b wo mien aces Ss nA - (EDITED) 2) I SOS RRS 50h al RM RD 0 CE ee eer I eee tees WOO ROGEIE sO ap a cnr = 5 = Mlle Seca etre je e's adie w afin wie en's SoG DEserIpMOM, OF NEW. APUCIES. - 2. ~ -. $y, We a sna at nehae anes ase e eee se se
CRY TUPLE SULTON sai a ood aris Sim amie sien = =) 5 oe sie= Sp wn Sn = em
ORE TREUTEI ATES Tor 7 78 Gas A hs DN See aa n> CAR eee a ei Bre EN OS GG he > On eee eee as SO Se ee eee DIGSCnipLlOn DE BEW SPECIES 6a. 5. 65 ae st halen wie ew ee sisigain een aisieqe ees PR POC AGS WENT ee ce sa 2 wis ch eid aiene cia clone = Ward mi hae aX Om se os 2<!> UPC UIUR ER ee aE a aaa n' 2 5.che GaN lee nias ine’ Ga oles ain, a alma mS ae SS
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Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
. Fig.
Fal Us Dad Ug 9
PLATES.
1.—olothrips nasturtii: Head and prothorax of female... ...--
2.—olothrips nasturtii: Right fore wing of female... .. .- 3.—olothrips nasturtii: Right antenna of female... ...-- 4.—olothrips nasturtii: End of abdomen of female... . - . 5.—Thrips femoralis: Head and prothorax of female... . - 6.— Thrips femoralis: Left antenna of female.......-.-.-. 7.—Thrips femoralis: Right fore wing of female.........--
8.—Thrips femoralis: End of abdomen of female.......-....-.---
1.—Sericothrips apteris: End of abdomen of male... ....-. 2.—Sericothrips albus: Head and prothorax of female... - . 3.—Sericothrips albus: Right antenna of female.........- 4.—Sericothrips albus: Right fore wing of female........- 5.—Sericothrips albus: End of abdomen of female... .....-
6.—Sericothrips moultoni: Head and prothorax of female... ..-. -
7.—Sericothrips moultoni: Right antenna of female... .. .- 8.—Sericothrips moultoni: Right fore wing of female... .. . 9.—Sericothrips moultoni: End of abdomen of female... - .
1.—Limothrips setarie: Head and prothorax of female........-.-
2.—Limothrips setarix: Left antenna of female.........-. 3.—Limothrips setarix: Right fore wing of female... ....-. 4.—Limothrips setariex: End of abdomen of female... ..... 5.—Limothrips setariz: End of abdomen of male.......--
7.—Euthrips longirostrum: Left antenna of female.....-.-. 8.—Euthrips longirostrum: Right fore wing of female. .- - .
9.—Euthrips longirostrum: End of abdomen of female... ...-...--
1.—Euthrips costalis: Head and prothorax of female... . . -
2.—Euthrips costalis: Right antenna of female................-
3.—Euthrips costalis: Right fore wing of female. ........- 4.—Euthrips costalis: End of abdomen of female... ....- - 5.—Anaphothrips albus: Head and prothorax of female. . . 6.—Anaphothrips albus: Right antenna of female... ....-. 7.—Anaphothrips albus: Right fore wing of female... ...- 8.—Anaphothrips albus: End of abdomen of female... . - - - 1.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Head and prothorax of female 2.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Right antenna of female. . - - . 3.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Left fore leg of male... ...-.- 4.—Anthothrips nigricornis: End of abdomen of female. - - 5.—Anthothrips flavipes: Head and prothorax of female. . - 6.—Anthothrips flavipes: Right antenna of female.......- 7.—Anthothrips flavipes: End of abdomen of female... .. - -
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VI ILLUSTRATIONS.
*
Page.
Prare VI. Fig. 1.—Cryptothrips salicis: Head and prothorax of female.......-..- 20 2.—Cry ptothrips salicis: Left antenna of female.............--.-- 20 3.—Cryptothrips salicis: End of abdomen of female.........-..-- 20 4.—Phleothrips jennei: Head and prothorax of female.........-. 20 5.—Phleothrips jennei: Right antenna of female..........-.---- 20 6.—Phleothrips jennei: End of abdomen of female........-...-- 20
VII. Fig. 1.—Phleothrips armiger: Head and prothorax of male.......... eet) 2.—Phleothrips armiger: Right antenna of male.........----.-- 20 3.—Phleothrips armiger: Left fore leg of male...........---.--- 20
4.—Phleothrips armiger: End of abdomen of male.........-...- 20
U.S. D. A., B. E. Tech. Ser. 23, Pt. T. Issued January 26, 1912
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
SOME NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA.
By Paut R. Jonsgs, Entomological Assistant, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
INTRODUCTION.
In the present paper Moulton’s arrangement of genera has been followed and his key to North American species has been adapted to include the species herewith described. The numbers preceding the genera in the text agree with those in Moulton’s paper,! to which the present article is supplemental, and will facilitate the use of these two
publications. 4.2 Genus HOLOTHRIPS Haliday.
Kerry TO THE SPECIES.
1. Fore wings with dark cross-bands. a. White band around abdominal segments 1 and 2; last four segments of antennse much longer than fifth. b. Segments 2 and 3 of abdomen white; wings with cross-veins. Molothrips bicolor Hinds. b’. Segments 1, 2, and posterior half of 3 white; wings without cross-veins. Aolothrips vespiformis Crawford. a’. Without white band around first two abdominal segments; last four segments of antenne approximately as long or a little longer than the fifth alone. 6. Last four segments of antenne equal to the fifth alone, third segment one and one-third times as long as 1 and 2 together; wings with cross-veins. Aolothrips fasciatus Linnzeus. b’. Last four segments of antennze one and one-fourth times as long as seg- ment 5, segment 3 one and one-half times as long as 1 and 2 together; wings without cross-veins......-.- Aolothrips nasturtii new species. 2. Each fore wing with dark longitudinal band along posterior margin. a. With veins in anterior wings normal as in most species of the genus. Molothrips kuwanaii Moulton. a’. Without veins in anterior wings.............-. Aolothrips longiceps Crawford.
Norte.—In connection with the bureau’s investigation of the pear thrips and the orange thrips in Cali- fornia during the past few years, it has appeared desirable to obtain as much information as possible on the characteristics, life histories, and food habits of related species of Thysanoptera, and as opportunity has offered observations on these insects have been made. In this way many species have been collected, some of which were found to be new to science. Mr. Moulton’s paper! dealt with specimens obtained by him while connected with the investigation, and in the present paper Mr. Jones presents descriptions of several species which he has obtained in the course of his work during the past two years, and which have not here- tofore been recognized. A. L. QUAINTANCE,
In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
- 1 Tech. Ser. 21, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1911. 2 The numbers preceding this and other genera are the same as those used by Moulton in his classification. (See Tech. Ser. 21, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr.) 1
2 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Aolothrips nasturtii new species. (PI. I, figs. 1-4.) |
Measurements: Head, length 0.25 mm., width 0.225 mm.; pro-— thorax, length 0.2 mm., width 0.25 mm.; aN A ui 0.341 | mm. : metathorax, width 0.266 mm.; abdomen, width at distal part | | of ee 1, 0.216 mm., width of segment 4, 0.483 mm. Antenne: |
segment 1, 31; 2, 604; 3, 1354; 4, 1084; 5, 72: 6, 4245-7, 23; 8, 1545)
9, 12; total length antenne 0.50 mm. Total body length 2.10 mm. Color uniform dark brown.
Head slightly longer than wide, sides parallel, transversely striated } above, covered with numerous small spines, retracted within the pro- | thorax, one spine on each outer side and one on each inner side of —
the antenne near their base and five on each side of the head. yes large, extending back well on the ventral side nearly one-half the length of the head, coarsely faceted and sparsely pilose. Ocella present, large, conspicuous, making an equilateral triangle, not situated far forward, the posterior ones contiguous with the inner margins of the eyes and slightly posterior to a line drawn through the middle of the eyes; four small spines on each side of the anterior ocellus. Mouth-cone long, bluntly rounded; maxillary palpi 3-segmented, basal joint large, apical very small. Antennx 9-segmented, twice as long as the head, dark brown, concolorous with the rest of the body, except segment 2 which is light brown, and segment 3, which is lemon-yellow, shaded light brown at the tip; all segments thickly and uniformly clothed with short spines, those on segments 1 and 2 stouter; spines on seg- ments 1, 2,4, and 5 brown, on segment 3 and style white; sense cones inconspicuous; segment 3 one and one-half times as long as segments 1 and 2 together and more slender than the remaining segments.
Prothorax a little wider than long, only slightly larger than the head, slightly emarginate near the center on each side, clothed with a number of short spines above. Mesothorax largest, one and one- third times as wide as the prothorax, broadly rounded anteriorly, Metathoraz abruptly narrower than the mesothoraz, slightly wider than prothorax, edges parallel. Legs uniformly dark brown; front femora slightly thickened; tibiz armed at the tip with two strong spines, those on hind tibiwe strongest; each fore-tarsus armed with a long, stout hook and a tooth; all the legs thickly set with small spines, giving them a pitted appearance. Wings reaching to posterior margin of sixth abdominal segment, broadly rounded at tip. No cross-veins present; two longitudinal veins uniting with riag-vein at tip; a large clear area at the base, a similar clear area a little past the middle, and a smaller area at the tip. Right fore wing: Anterior longitudinal vein, one spine on distal part of basal clear area, five spines between
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA, 3
basal and central clear areas, one spine on basal part and one on distal part of central clear area, four spines between central and apical clear areas, none on apical clear area; posterior longitudinal vein, no spines on basal clear area, five spines between basal and central clear areas, one spine on basal and one on distal part of central clear area, five spines between central and apical clear areas, none on apical clear area. Left fore wing: Anterior longitudinal vein, one spine on distal part of basal clear area, five spines between basal and central clear areas, none on central clear area, four spines between central and apical clear areas, last one on edge of apical clear area; posterior vein, no spines on basal clear area, four spines between basal and central clear areas, one spine on basal part and one on distal part of central clear area, five spines between central and apical clear areas, none on apical clear area. All spines on white areas nearly inconspicuous. About 37 spines on anterior margin of fore wings, nearly inconspicuous on the clear areas. Fore wings light brown except above-mentioned clear areas; microscopic hairs on dark areas brown, on clear areas white and inconspicuous; posterior margin with a long, simple fringe. Hind wings white; anterior margin with a short, spine-like fringe; posterior margin with a long, simple fringe.
Abdomen uniform brown, elongate-ovate, narrow at base, gradually becoming wider until segment 4, which rs equally as wide as the segments 5, 6, and 7, gradually tapering from segment 7. Segments 1 to 8 without conspicuous hairs or spines except two short, curved spines on each side of segment 7, and two on each side of segment 8 near the posterior margin; segment 9 with a circlet of about eight long spines, several smaller spines near the posterior margin; segment 10 with a circlet of about six long spines near the middle; last three segments forming a sheath for the upturned ovipositor.
Described from one female specimen taken on flowers of water- cress (Nasturtium officinale) at San Jose, Cal., May 23, 1910 (P. R. Jones).
Near A. vespiformis Crawford, but differing in the italicized char- acters.
7. Genus THRIPS Linnezus.
Key TO THE SPECIES.
1. Head considerably wider than long.
a. Body color dark brown, thorax and other parts orange-tinted, inner crescents bordering ocelli orange-red. Individuals large, about 1.25 mm. in length.
6. Wings light brown, with lighter colored area near base. Thrips madronii Moulton. b’. Wings uniform dark brown to brown.......-....- Thrips magnus Moulton.
9383°—12——2
4 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
a’. Body color light yellow to light brown or brown, inner crescents bordering ocelli light brown; body length about 1 mm. b. Ocelli subapproximate; posterior longitudinal vein of fore wing with about fourteen to seventeen regularly placed spines. Thrips tabaci Lindeman. b’. Ocelli widely separated, anterior one on front and directed forward; posterior longitudinal vein bearing about seven spines. Thrips abdominalis Crawford. 2. Head about as long as wide. a. Head much smaller than prothorax, one-half as wide as prothorax; fore femora and tibize greatly enlarged...........- Thrips femoralis new species. a’. Head only slightly smaller than prothorax, about five-sixths as wide as pro- thorax; fore femora and tibize only slightly enlarged.
b. Color uniform light lemon-yellow..........-.-- Thrips bremnerii Moulton. b’. Color of head brown, thorax reddish orange-brown, abdomen pale yellow to gray-brown......... AM Cs ane ne Thrips perplexus Beach.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Thrips femoralis new species. (PI. I, figs. 5-8.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.108 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.15 mm., width 0.216 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.266 mm.; abdomen, width 0.283 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 21y; 2, 30u; 3, 364; 4, 364; 5, 274; 6, 454; 7, 21n; total length antennz 0.216 mm. Total body length 1.31 mm.
Color of body light grayish brown; head, prothorax, metathorax, and tip of abdomen darker.
Head about as wide as long, very much smaller than prothorax, rounded in front, retracted slightly into prothorax; sides nearly straight; cheeks straight, not arched; back of head transversely striate. A small spine on each side of the anterior ocellus, and four behind each posterior ocellus. Hyes large, occupying more than two- thirds the width of head; facets large, inner row light colored, not protruding, sparsely pilose. Ocelli subapproximate, situated far backward, posterior ocelli nearly on level with the posterior margin of the eyes. Ocelli yellowish brown with dark-red crescents. Mouth cone long, reaching slightly past the middle of the prosternum; max- illary palpi 3-segmented; labial palpi 2-segmented. Antennz 7-seg- mented, about two and one-tenth times as long as head, uniform light gray-brown except segment 3 and base of segments 4 and 5, which are lighter; base of segment 4 and segment 5 constricted into a broad handle, segment 3 into a longer, narrower handle; a forked sense- cone on the dorsal side of segment 3, one on the ventral side of seg- ment 4, and a long simple sense cone on the lateral side of segment 6.
Prothoraz very much larger than the head, one and one-half times as long and twice as wide, all angles rounded; two long spines on each posterior angle and two nearly as long on posterior margin near the
Tech. Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE |.
AZOLOTHRIPS AND THRIPS.
Fig. 1.—olothrips nasturtii: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 2.—.Holothrips nasturtii: Right forewing of female. Fig. 3.—.Zolothrips nasturtii: Right antenna of female. Fig. 4.—.£olo- thrips nasturtii: End of abdomen of female. Fig. 5.—Thrips femoralis: Head and prothorax of female. Fig.6.—Thrips femoralis: Leftantennaof female. Fig.7.—Thrips femoralis: Right fore- wing of female. Fig. 8.—Thrips femoralis: End of abdomen offemale. Enlarged. (Original.)
a
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 5
middle; rest of posterior margin set with small spines and whole dorsum of prothorax with numerous slightly longer spines. Meso- thorax largest, sides of pterothorax broadly rounded. Legs stout, fore femora and tibiz greatly enlarged, remaining femora and tibiz some- what enlarged. Color of legs brown, fore tibiz, tips of middle tibie, and fore and middle tarsi light yellowish brown. All tibize: armed with spines. Wings present, fore wings large, uniform gray-brown, with spines arranged as follows: Costa with twenty-four; fore longi- tudinal vein with eight spines at base in groups of five, two, and one, with three scattered spines on apical half of wings; hind vein with six spines, the apical one separated from the rest. Abdomen stout, elongate-oval; segments 4, 5, and 6 largest; posterior margin of seg- ments | to 7 with distinct sharp serrations, more distinct on apical segments; segment 8 with longer and sharper teeth. Almost no spines on abdomen except on last two anal segments. Segment 10 split above.
Described from two female specimens taken on goldenrod (Soli- dago sp.) at Barnesville, Ga., Aug. 22, 1910. (E. L. Jenne.)
11. Genus SERICOTHRIPS Haliday. Key To THE SPECIES.
1. Wings fully developed or rudimentary. a. Wings fully developed. b. Fore wings white, no dark cross-bands or shading; general color white. Sericothrips albus new species. b’. Fore wings dusky or gray-brown and more orless distinctly marked with whitish cross-bands; general color yellowish dusky-gray. Sericothrips variabilis Beach. 6’. Fore wings white, with gray cross-bands; head black; prothorax light yellow-brown; pterothorax black; tip of abdomen black; general eplor bitchistias. 2... 2's osas oe nae Sericothrips moultoni new species. b/”. Fore wings black, with two broad white cross-bands and white at tip; head black; prothorax black; pterothorax somewhat lighter; general eplonblackishia.sio2: sigstktae . ducts Sericothrips pulchellus Hood. a’. Wings reduced or fully developed; body dark brown to nearly black, except segments 4, 5, and 6 of abdomen, which are almost white. Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds. 2. Wings wanting. a. Body very dark brown, nearly black; pterothorax yellow to yellow-brown; leprbro ware Hstiark 1h eG ei a Uk Sericothrips apteris Daniel. a’. Body uniform brown; surface of body strongly reticulated; legs yellow. Sericothrips reticulatus Moulton. a’, Body and legs uniform brown; four stout spines on the dorsal side of segment 9. Sericothrips stanfordii Moulton.
6 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. DESCRIPTION OF NEW FORMS AND SPECIES.
Sericothrips apteris Daniel, male. (PI. II, fig. 1.)
Length 1 mm. Similar to female except that it is usually lighter in color; legs light brown; usually the abdomen, except the last two segments, uniform dark brown; the basal two and the apical two segments sometimes light brown similar to the pterothorax. Seg- ment 9 of abdomen with two very stout,.bluntly-pointed, black spines upon the middle above, standing close together.
Described from five specimens collected on grass and weeds during March, April, and June, at San Jose, Cal. (P. R. Jones).
This is a very variable species and I have one specimen with the head dark brown and the remainder of the body uniform light brown.
Sericothrips albus new species. (PI. II, figs. 2-5.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.1 mm., width 0.18 mm.; prothorax, length 0.13 mm., width 0.23 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.33 mm.; abdomen, length 0.78 mm., width 0.30 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 21 pw; 2, 36,433; 45 34, 45 05 5,45 436, 5% us. 7,12 03.8, 18 es total length of antenne 0.29 mm. Total body length 1.25 mm.
General color very pale, transparent white, devoid of any dark marking, except eyes, ocelli, mouthparts, apical joints of antenne, and spot upon tarsi.
Head nearly twice as wide as long, retracted within the prothorax, considerably depressed in front where the antenne are received; cheeks full, converging posteriorly. Hyes large, protruding a little, nearly black, coarsely faceted, pilose. Ocelli approximate, situated upon a slight raised area between the eyes, very light yellow, with dark reddish-brown crescents; posterior ocelli not contiguous with inner margins of eyes. Spines upon head inconspicuous, but one short, curved spine on each side of fore-ocellus, and two similarly curved spines across the front; sides with several short spines and a number of very small microscopic hairs. Afouth-cone very long, tipped with black, extending past posterior margin of prosternum a con- siderable distance upon the mesosternum. Maxillary palpi slender, three-segmented. Antenne about three times as long as head, well separated by the projection of the head; segment 1 short and thick; segment 2 wider than 1; segments 3 and 4 fusiform; segment 5 fusi- form at base, broad at apex where it joins segment 6; segment 6 tapering gradually from base with style to tip of antenne. Color of antenne pale transparent white except apex of segments 4 and 5, and segments 6, 7, and 8 which are entirely gray; a forked sense- cone on segments 3 and 4,
Prothoraz slightly more than twice as wide as long, angles rounded, striated transversely upon dorsum; one short spine on each anterior angle, and one upon each posterior angle. Pterothorax large, about
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 7
one and one-half times as wide as prothorax, mesothorax slightly wider than metathoraz. Legs everywhere transparent white, except dark spot near apex of each tarsus. Wings present, reaching to tip of abdomen, transparent white, similar to rest of body. About twenty-four to twenty-six spines upon the costa; about twenty-two on fore vein; one near base and one near apex of wing where hind veins should be. No fringe on anterior margin.
Abdomen cylindrical, tapering sharply from segment 8, thickly clothed with minute white hairs which appear as a fringe upon the posterior margins of the segments. Spines upon segments 1 to 8 weak and inconspicuous; a row of long white spines upon the dorsum of segment 9 near posterior margin, and a similar row on segment 10 near middle of dorsum.
Described from three females taken in May, 1910, at Visalia, Cal., from blossoms of elderberry (Sambucus sp.) and from weeds (P. R. Jones).
Structurally, this species is very close to S. variabilis Beach. It differs, however, in several details and shows such a constant differ- ence in coloration that I believe it to be a good species.
Sericothrips moultoni new species, female. (PI. II, figs. 6-9.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.1 mm., width 0.2 mm.; prothorax, length 0.166 mm., width 0.266 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.333 mm.; abdomen, length 0.90 mm., width 0.366 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 18 »; 2,45 p; 3, 70 p; 4, 60 pw; 5, 48 pw; 6, 54 pw; 7,15 pw; 8, 18 yw; total length of antenne 0.32 mm. Total length of body 1.35 mm.
Color dark brownish black. Similar to S. variabilis Beach, but differing from it as follows:
Head one-half as long as wide, uniformly brownish black. Seg-. ments 1, 2, and 3 of the antenne very light yellowish brown; segments 4 and 5 apically, segments 6, 7; and 8 entirely, grayish brown; a pair of small spines near the inner and outer posterior margins of each eye.
Prothorax not concolorous with head, light yellowish brown, less than one-half as long as wide. Pterothorax brownish black, meso- thorax slightly wider than metathoraz. Posterior femora uniformly dark brown, except an area at the base. Fore wings transparent white, except a small grayish-brown area at base, and one cross-band of similar color about one-third the distance of the wing from the base. About twenty-six spines on costa; about twenty-two spines on fore vein; usually no spines where hind vein should be, but sometimes one spine present near apex of wing.
Abdomen: Segments 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, and 10 brownish black; inter- _ mediate segments light yellowish-brown with the anterior margins brownish black, varying in extent. Segments clothed with numerous fine hairs, appearing as a fringe on the posterior margins. Segment
8 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
2 often, 7 usually about one-half as long as the remaining segments of the abdomen.
Male: Length about 1.08 mm.; coloration similar to that of female.
Described from numerous specimens, both male and female.
Living specimens, when viewed under a hand lens, appear to be velvety black upon the head, pterothorax, and tip of the abdomen.
This species was very abundant in 1910, from April to October, upon one plant of a large perennial lupine near San Jose, Cal., and is very active in flying and leaping (P. R. Jones).
The larvee were abundant also and these, together with the adults, were so numerous as to completely ruin the foliage of the above plant. Very few specimens were in the flowers.
Named for Mr. Dudley Moulton in recognition of his very valuable work on American Thysanoptera.
13. Genus LIMOTHRIPS Haliday.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
1. Segment 2 of antennz drawn out into a prominent, acute, triangular process on the OUGeryanCless Se Ser ees et ee ee neh Mee eRe Limothrips setarix new species.
2. Serment 2 of ‘the antenne simples... 55 4.02. 52 Limothrips cerealium Haliday. (Synonym, L. avenx Hinds.)
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Limothrips setarize new species, female. (PI. ITI, figs. 1-5.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.216 mm., width at eyes 0.166 mm., width at back of head 0.2 mm.; prothorax, length 0.183 mm., width 0.233 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.333 mm.; abdomen, width 0.35 mm. ; total length of body 2.116 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 18; 2, 45u; 3, 51; 4, 454; 5, 48; 6, 60n; 7, 124; 8, 184; total length of antenne 0.380 mm.
Color dark yellowish brown, ends of tibiz and tarsi lighter.
Head slightly longer than wide, diverging posteriorly; cheeks very slightly arched; back of head scarcely striated at all; a pair of spines in front of anterior ocellus, one in front of each posterior ocellus, one posterior to each eye, and a row of four spines midway between base of eyes and posterior margin. Front strongly produced anteri- orly, considerably so between the bases of the antenne. yes moder- ately prominent, black, with yellow borders, protruding slightly, coarsely faceted, not pilose. Ocelli well separated, anterior one smallest, posterior ones contiguous with inner margins of the eyes; brownish yellow, with dark-brown crescents; not situated far forward. Mouth-cone obtusely pointed, extending past middle of prosternum ; maxillary palpi short, 3-segmented. Antennz 8-segmented, about one and one-half times as long as the head, slender, uniformly dark brown except segments 2, 3, and 4, which are slightly lighter. Seg- ment 1 very short and thick; 2 large, drawn out into an acute triangular
Tech, Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
PLATE II.
be» |
SERICOTHRIPS.
ig. 1.—Sericothrips apteris: End of abdomen of male. Fig. 2.—S¢ ricothrips albus: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 3.—Sericothrips albus: Right antenna of female. Fig. 4.—Serico- thrips albus: Right forewing of female. Fig. 5.—Sericothrips albus: End of abdomen of female. Fig. 6.—Sericothrips moultoni: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 7.—Sericothrips moultoni: Right antenna ot female. Fig. 8.—Sericothrips moultoni: Right forewing of female. Fig. 9.—Sericothrips moultoni: End of abdomen of female. Enlarged. (Original.)
Tech. Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.
Cheney <n ae TESA : a > ec 4 iighetashertetertvesaeoinaprmcpeteye ese Ses GUHA Wissauehinten, tonteers Dee Sn eae ee
3 Wy NRA
SWes
LIMOTHRIPS AND EUTHRIPS.
Fig. 1.—Limothrips setariex: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 2.—Limothrips setarix: Left antenna of female. Fig. 3.—Limothrips setariv: Right forewing of female. Fig. 4.—Limo- thrips setariex: End of abdomen of female. Fig. 5.—Limothrips setariw: End of abdomen of male. Fig. 6.—Huthrips longirostrum: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 7.—Euthrips longirostrum: Left antenna of female. Fig. 8. Euthrips longirostrum: Right forewing of female. Fig. 9.—Huthrips longirostrum: End of abdomen of female. Enlarged. (Original.)
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 9
process at the outer angle; 3 and 4 fusiform; 5 clavate; 6 fusiform; 7 and 8 slender, cylindrical. A forked sense cone on outer side of segment 3, a similar one on inner side of segment 4, and similar ones on ventral side of segments 5 and 6; all other sense cones simple, short, slender, and inconspicuous.
Prothorax a little shorter than the head, one and one-third times wider than long, diverging from the head posteriorly; one prominent spine on each posterior angle, the other spines short and inconspicuous ; sides slightly rounded. Mesothorax nearly twice as wide as the pro- thorax; metathorax abruptly narrower. Legs uniform brown, except fore tibie, ends of tibia, and tarsi, which are brownish yellow; legs moderately long, hind tibiz alone bearing a fringe of stout spines. Wings present, long and slender, about fifteen times as long as the width in the middle. Two longitudinal veins in fore wing, branching at about one-fourth its length. Both veins and costa bearing a few short dark brown spines; costa with about twenty-five to twenty-eight; fore veins with about ten, only three beyond the middle; hind vein with eight more or less regularly placed spines. Fore wings dark smoky gray; hind wings slightly gray; costal fringes long and prominent.
Abdomen about two-thirds length of body, about as wide as long. Spines on abdomen weak and inconspicuous before segment 7; segment 8 bearing on each side three or four stout, curved, dark- brown spines; segment 9 bearing a circlet of long slender spines and two very stout spines, one on each latero-posterior edge on the dorsum just in advance of the circlet of spines. Segment 10 split open above, sharply pointed, and on each side above with a short, very stout, * straight, dark-brown spine, reaching slightly beyond the tip. Abdo- men yellowish brown, darker toward tip, connective tissue pale yellow.
Described from numerous long-winged females taken on green fox- tail grass (Setaria viridis), wild oats, and California buckeye (4’sculus californica), San Jose, Cal., June-July, 1910 (P. R. Jones).
Near Limothrips avene Hinds (=cerealiwm Haliday, according to Bagnall) but differing in the italicized characters. |
Male: Head, length 0.116 mm., width 0.2 mm.; antenne, length 0.258 mm.; prothorax, length 0.166 mm.; prothorax, width 0.25 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.175 mm.; abdomen, width 0.341 mm.; total length 1.366 mm.
Color brownish yellow, head grayish brown. Head one and one- half times as wide as long, ocelli wanting, only vestiges remaining in some specimens. Mouth-cone longer than in female, extending nearly to posterior margin of the prosternum. <Antennz stout, a little more than twice as long as the head, process on second joint not so acute as in the female. Prothoraz a little longer than the head, one and one-third times as broad as long. No vestiges of wings. Abdomen about two and one-half times as long as broad, bluntly rounded;
10 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
segment 9 large, bluntly conical; segment 10 small, retracted within 9. Close together on the middle of the dorsum of segment 9 stand two short, very stout spines borne upon broader, black, chitinous projections, the inner and outer edges of which are parallel; on each side of the projections is a long, slender spine; on the latero-posterior edge of segment 9 on each side is another chitinous, black projection supporting a stout, black spine; a much longer, slender, curved spine on each side of segment 9 about one-fourth of the distance from the posterior margin; two long, slender spines projecting on each side of segment 10 from underneath. Segment 9 cut out above over about one-half of segment 10. Described from six specimens.
18. Genus EUTHRIPS Targioni-Tozzeti.
Kery TO THE SPECIES.
1. Without prominent spines on fore-angles of prothorax, longitudinal veins not regularly set with spines. a. Head noticeably wider than long; general color white to light yellow or orange.
b. Last two segments of antennz rather long and slender, and together about
two-thirds as long as segment 6; wings shaded brown, with transparent whitish areas near base and at tip; ring-vein and longitudinal veins not conspicuous.
Euthrips orchidit Moulton.
b’. Last two segements of antenne not noticeably elongate and slender and
together about one-half as long as segment 6. c. Ring-vein and at least part of fore-vein conspicuous.
d. Body color translucent white to yellowish white; spines on costa of fore-wings unusually long; ring vein and both longitudi- nal veins conspicuous; segments 3 and 4 of antenne pedi- cellate; wings shaded dilute yellow.
Euthrips costalis new species.
d’. Body color orange-yellow; spines on costa of fore-wings not unusually long; segements 3 and 4 of antenne not pedicellate.
e. Wings shaded brown, fore-part of longitudinal vein alone Bonsplcuous. 2.2 aces hee Euthrips longipennis Bagnall. e’. Wings not shaded brown; both longitudinal veins present, with three or four scattered spines on each, one of which stands at the abrupt ending of each vein.
Euthrips citri Moulton. c’. Ring vein and longitudinal veins not conspicuous; group of six spines on basal part of wing where anterior vein should be and nine on outer half where posterior vein should be; color of body and wings clear white, outer half of antennz dark DEGWI qn Uke eee eee cee aces Euthrips albus Moulton. a’, Head about as long as wide or a little wider (except Euthrips longirostrum, which is noticeably wider than long); general color brown,
thorax sometimes orange-brown and yellow-brown.
b. Eyes pilose; no postocular spines; two long, prominent spines between posterior ocelli; segments 3 and 4 of antennz not pedicel- late; fore-wings with transparent area near base; hind longi- tudinal vein of fore-wings with about sixteen spines.
Euthrips pyri Daniel.
‘
2.
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. bb |
b’. Eyes not pilose; postocular spines present; a prominent spine in front of each posterior ocellus, segments 3 and 4 of antennz not pedicellate; fore-wings without transparent area near base; hind longitudinal vein of fore-wings with about thirteen Ppamese Sool es eeehe Dore. Euthrips ehrhornii Moulton.
b’. Eyes not pilose; postocular spines absent; no prominent spines in front of or between posterior ocelli; seements 3 and 4 of antennze pedicellate; fore-wings without transparent area near base; hind longitudinal vein of fore-wings with about ten spines; mouth-cone very long. ..Huthrips longirostrum new species.
With spines on fore-angle of prothorax; longitudinal veins on fore-wings set regu- larly with spines.
a. Fore tibie armed at end with tooth. Females dark brown, wings brown with whitened area near base; antennze concolorous with head except segment 3, which is light yellow.
Euthrips ulicis californicus Moulton.
a’. Fore tibiz not armed with tooth.
6. Postocular spines wanting; row of spines along anterior margin of pro- thorax either wanting or at least not conspicuous except often the third from the outer margin.
ce. Antenne uniformly brown to dark brown, concolorous with body; wings light yellow-brown, veins prominent; spines brown, twenty-three on fore vein, sixteen on hind vein, short and
moderately stout; white longitudinal area near base of wing.
Euthrips minutus Moulton.
ce’. Antenne with segment 3 yellowish; segments 3 and 4 light gray- brown, yellowish at base; wings gray-brown, veins not
prominent, spines on wings normally long and stout, four-
teen on fore vein, ten on hind vein (wings may be reduced
TOMDBEIS) 342) 5b yb top asia il OF Solera Euthrips fuscus Hinds.
b’. Postocular spines conspicuous.
(1.) General color uniformly brown to dark brown, no shading of orange. Antenne with segments 3, 4, and 5 light brown to yellow and shaded. u
a. Uniformly dark brown, fore-wings shaded dark brown, with a large whitened area extending across wing near base; spines on wings all dark brown....... Euthrips insularis Franklin.
a’. Color yellowish brown, fore-wings uniformly shaded with gray.
Euthrips nervosus Uzel. (2.) General color whitish to yellow or yellowish to brown, no shading of orange.
a. Segment 2 of antenne with a double spine-bearing tubercule; vertex of head depressed and anterior ocellus directed for- ward.
b. Color uniformly yellow, surface of body without reticulation. Euthrips cephalicus Crawford.
b’. Color uniformly brown; surface of body reticulated. Euthrips cephalicus var. reticulatus Crawford.
a’. Segment 2 of antennz without double spine-bearing tubercule; vertex of head not depressed; anterior ocellus directed up- ward; color yellowish shaded with dusky brown.
Euthrips helianthi Moulton.
12 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
(3.) General color light yellow to yellowish brown, thorax or other parts decidedly tinted with orange.
a. Head pale lemon-yellow to light yellowish brown; thorax orange- yellow; abdomen brownish yellow to brown; segement 1 of antennze whitish to light brown; segment 2 dark brown.
Euthrips occidentalis Pergande.
a’. General color brownish yellow, not uniform, thorax orange yellow, segment 1 of antenna pale yellow, 2 light brown, base sometimes yellowish.......-...- Euthrips tritict Fitch.
a’. General color brown to dark brown, thorax orange-brown.
Euthrips tritici var. californicus Moulton.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW FORMS AND SPECIES.
Euthrips ehrhornii Moulton, male.
Measurements: Head, length 0.15 mm., width 0.2 mm.; _protho- rax, length 0.166 mm., width 0.183 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.2 mm.; abdomen, width 0.25 mm.; total body length 1.4 mm.
General color similar to female, light brown, head lighter than rest of body.
Antenne light gray-brown; segments 1 and 3, base and apex of seg- ment 4, and apex of segment 5, brownish white. Legs very light brown, trochanters and underside of all the legs nearly white. Wings fully developed, nearly transparent white, lightly tinged with grayish- brown; veins weak; spines on wings not so prominent as in the female, arranged as those in female except that there are five on scale of wing and four scattering spines on distal part of fore vein.
Described from one male taken April 9, 1910, from flowers of large, bushy perennial lupine at San Jose, Cal. (P. R. Jones).
Female, forma brachyptera: Similar to forma macroptera except larger, and longer (1.9 mm. in length); general color darker brown, head not lighter; antenne similar in color to rest of body, apex of segments 3, 4, and 5, white; head longer than wide, a row of spines on head across the front; wings short, extending to base of abdomen; trochanters similar in color to rest of body; abdomen large in pro- portion to rest of body, segment 10 split above.
Described from two brachypterous females taken from wild flowers March 31, 1910, at San Jose, Cal. (P. R. Jones).
This species is very close to Huthrips pyri Daniel, and is evidently quite variable.
Euthrips longirostrum new species. (PI. III, figs. 6-9.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.133 mm.;_pro- thorax, length 0.15 mm., width 0.183 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.25 mm.; abdomen, width 0.30 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 24y; 2,42u; 3,48u; 4,48u; 5, 36u; 6, 48n; 7, 11y, 8, 154; total length of antenne 0.267 mm. Total body length 1.08-1.40 mm.
Color of body, brown; head, thorax, legs, and antenne tinged with yellow.
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. Bis
Head about one and one-third times as wide as long, rounded in front, retracted considerably within the prothorax; cheeks slightly arched; back of head transversely striate, bearing five small spines in a row posterior to each eye; also one on each side and two in front of anterior ocellus. Eyes prominent, oval in outline, black, with light borders, finely faceted, not pilose. Ocelli subapproximate, light yellow, with reddish brown crescents. Mouth-cone very long, pointed, reaching to middle of mesosternum, tipped with black; max- illary palpi large, long, 3-segmented, middle segment shortest; labial palpi 2-segmented. Antenne 8-segmented, nearly two and four-fifths times as long as head, uniform light-yellowish gray-brown, except segments 1 and 3, which are lighter, and apex and base of segment 3 broadly, base of segment 4, and segment 5, which are transparent white; segment 3 with a distinct handle, segments 2, 4, and 5 constricted somewhat at the base; a forked sense-cone on dorsal side of segment 3, a similar one on ventral side of segment 4, a short, simple sense-cone on lateral side of segment 5, near apex; spines pale brown.
Prothorazx slightly wider than long, one and one-half times as long as head; a very small, weak spine at each anterior angle, two strong ones at each posterior angle, a row of short spines on the posterior margin, and a number on the dorsum. Mesothorax largest, angles rounded. Legs long, lighter than body, dilute yellowish gray-brown, femora darker; in some specimens the legs are yellowish-white, hind femora darker. Spines at tip of fore and middle tibia weak; several strong spines at apex of hind tibie. Wings present, yellowish- white. Veins usually indistinct and tending to disintegrate in mounted specimens. Wings sometimes extending past tip of abdo- men, but usually shorter in proportion to abdomen. Spines arranged as follows: Costa with 21 spines, fore longitudinal vein with eleven spines, seven on basal half of wing, three in one group, four in the other, and four scattered spines on apical half, one of which is near apex; hind longitudinal vein with ten regularly placed spines begin- ning where basal group ends on fore longitudinal vein.
Abdomen subovate, tapering quite suddenly from segment 7. A number of long, stout spines on last three segments. Last segment split above on dorsum.
Described from four females taken from flowers of a perennial lupine, Los Gatos, Cal., May, 1910 (P. R. Jones). Male unknown. Euthrips costalis new species. (Pl. IV, figs. 1-4.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.166 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.11 mm., width 0.183 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.283 mm.; abdomen, width 0.316 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 27 »; 2, 36 uw; 3, 48 4; 4, 45 4; 5, 36 w; 6,51 4; 7,9 4; 8, 12 w; total length of antenne 0.264 mm. Total body length 1.33 mm.
14 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Oolor of body very dilute yellowish-white, segments 4 to 8 of antenne grayish brown.
Head angular in front, depressed to receive basal segments of antenne; sides straight, about one and one-third times as wide as long; spines on head inconspicuous, except one on inner side of each posterior ocellus. Eyes large, black, not protruding, slightly pilose; facets large. Ocelli approximate, yellow, with brownish-red crescents. Mouth-cone short, blunt, tipped with black; maxillary palpi 3-seg- mented; labial palpi 2-segmented. Antenne 8-segmented, slender, about two and three-fifths times as long as the head; segments 3 and 4 distinctly constricted into a handle at the base. Color of segments 1, 2, and 3 white, faintly tinged with yellow, outer half of segment 3 darker; remaining segments grayish brown, except apices, which are transparent white. A forked sense-cone on dorsal side of seg- ment 3, a similar one on ventral side of segment 4, and two simple sense-cones on each side of segments 5 and 6, near apex. Spines pale and inconspicuous.
Prothoraz only a little wider than the head, constricted in the middle; two long, prominent spines on each posterior angle, no visible spines on posterior margin, but four or five short, slender, inconspicuous spines on lateral margins extending to anterior angles. Mesothoraz largest, sides of pterothorax broadly and evenly rounded. Legs long and slender, concolorous with body, very light yellowish- white; spines on hind tibiz alone visible. Wings present; forewings broadest at basal third, pointed at ends, all veins conspicuous to end of wings. Spines arranged as follows: Costa with about eighteen very long, strong spines, much longer than is usual vn this genus; fore longitudinal vein with eight spines, six at base and two at apex; hind longitudinal vein with eight regularly placed spines, beginning where basal group on fore vein ends; anterior fringe very light; posterior fringe long; both fringes present only on apical half of wing.
. Wings concolorous with body, very light yellowish white.
Abdomen long and slender; spines conspicuous only on last two segments; a comblike arrangement on posterior margin of segment 8.
Described from one female specimen from flowers of California buckeye (dsculus californica), June 6, 1910, San Jose, Cal. (P. R. Jones.) Male unknown.
19. Genus ANAPHOTHRIPS Uzel.
Kry TO THE SPECIES.
1. Antennz 9-segmented; no spines on posterior angles of prothorax; cheeks straight; surface of abdomen not faintly cross-striated; crescents of ocelli bright orange-yellow; species apparently not saltatory.
Anaphothrips obscurus Mill. (Synonym, A. striatus Osborn.)
2. Antenne 9-segmented; one stout spine on each posterior angle of prothorax; cheeks arched; crescents of ocelli light brown; species apparently not saltatory.
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 15
a. Head about as long as wide; wings not unusually long, shaded gray-brown, with small transparent area near base; segments 5, 6, 7, and 8 of abdomen without comblike arrangement of spines along posterior margin; color uniform yellow to gray-brown; segment 3 of antennz not pedicellate.
Anaphothrips zeex Moulton,
a’, Head noticeably wider than long; wings not unusually long, transparent; segments 5, 6, 7, and 8 of abdomen with conspicuous comblike arrange- ment of spines; color of head and prothorax yellowish or orange-yellow, abdomen brown; segment 3 of antenne pedicellate.
Anaphothrips tricolor Moulton.
a’’, Head noticeably wider than long; wings very long, light brown, with clear area near base; abdominal segments without comblike arrangement of spines on posterior margin of abdominal] segments; color brownish yellow to yellowish white; segment 3 of antenne pedicellate.
Anaphothrips longipennis Crawford. 3. Antennz with 8 segments; one stout spine on each posterior angle of prothorax; head noticeably wider than long; species saltatory.
a. Color uniform yellow; first longitudinal vein with ten or eleven spines, hind longitudinal vein with three spines; ocelli subapproximate, with reddish- orange crescents; Ovipositor extending past tip of abdomen; segment 3 of antenne pedicellate....(Scirtothrips) Anaphothrips ruthveni Shull.
a’, Color translucent white, tinged yellowish brown; first longitudinal vein with nine spines, second longitudinal vein with two; ocelli approximate, crescents light brown; ovipositor not extending past tip of abdomen; segment 3 of antennz not pedicellate..Anaphothrips albus new species.
The genus Scirtothrips was erected by Shull' for the species ruthveni on the characters ‘‘ Head is shorter than broad and shorter than prothorax, one spine of moderate length is borne by each posterior angle of the prothoraxz. Species of this genus have the power of springing.”
Since then Anaphothrips zee, <A. tricolor, and A. longipennis have been described and now A. albus, all of which have long spines on the posterior angles of the prothorax. In A. tricolor, A. longi- pennis, and A. albus the head is also noticeably wider than long, while A. albus possesses the power of springing; the latter also does not have an oblique division of segment 6 of the antenne. I am positive that the last four species belong to the genus Anaphothrips, and if such is the case the genus Scirtothrips can not hold upon the characters for which it was erected.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW FORMS AND SPECIES.
Anaphothrips zee Moulton. Female, Forma brachyptera: Length 1.53 mm. Similar to Forma macroptera except that it is longer and the abdomen, which is larger in proportion to the rest of the body, is much wider than the ptero- thorax. Described from two specimens taken on weeds, May 21, 1910, at Visalia, Cal. (P. R. Jones). - This form of Anaphothrips zee resembles Aptinothrips rufus (Gmelin) superficially.
1 Ent. News, vol 20, no. 5, p. 222, 1909.
16 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Male: Length 1.16 mm. Similar to female, but more slender in form; antenne one and one-half times as long as the head, more slender than in the female. Spines on wings as follows: Fore vein with a group of four regularly placed spines near the base, a second group of seven regularly placed spines, a group of two slightly distad of the middle, and two widely separated spines on the outer half; hind vein with ten more or less regularly placed spines.
Genitalia and orange-colored testes very prominent.
One specimen, taken May 21, 1910, on weeds at Visalia, Cal. (P. R. Jones).
Anaphothrips albus new species. (PI. IV, figs. 5-8.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.10 mm., width 0.133 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.10 mm., width 0.15 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.183 mm.; abdomen, width 0.233 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 18; 2, 334; 3, 454; 4, 42u5 5, 36u; 6, 424; 7, 94; 8, 124; total length of an- tenne 0.247 mm. ‘Total length of body 1 mm.
Color of body translucent white, tinged very lightly with yellowish brown, varying sometimes; head and thorax slightly darker. Head considerably broader than long, rectangular, without visible spines, slightly angular in front; cheeks arched. Hyes black, prominent, protruding, with coarse facets. Ocelli present, approximate, nearly contiguous; crescents light brown. Mouth-cone long, broad at base, pointed at tip, which is black, extending to base of prosternum. Maxillary palpi large, 3-segmented; labial palpi 2-sezmented, basal segment long. Antenne long, about two and one-half times as long as head, slender, 8-segmented, no oblique line dividing sixth segment; color of segments 1 and 2 very light transparent yellowish white, segment 3 lighter, apex of segment 4, apical half of segment 5, and remaining segments entirely shaded lghtly with gray; a forked sense-cone in ventral side of segment 5, and a simple sense-cone on apex of segments 3, 4, 6, and 7, on lateral side. ,
Prothoraz as long as head and only slightly wider; one long, slender, transparent, nearly inconspicuous spine on each posterior angle, no other spines visible. Mesothoraz largest, sides rounded. Metathorax with sides almost parallel but constricted abruptly behind. Legs con- colorous with body but slightly lighter, hind tibiz alone armed with spines. Wings present, uniformly transparent white, barely dis- cernible. Costa with twenty-six spines; fore longitudinal vein with Six spines on basal half in groups of three, then three scattered ones; apical half of wing with three widely scattered spines; hind longitu- dinal vein with only two widely separated spines on apical half of wing. Anterior fringe very weak, both anterior and posterior fringes not beginning until about the middle of the wing.
Abdomen subovate, lighter translucent white than rest of body, without pronounced spines except on terminal segments, all spines
Tech. Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.
6
EUTHRIPS AND ANAPHOTHRIPS. Fig. 1.—Euthrips costalis: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 2.—Euthrips costalis: Right
antenna of female. Fig. 3.—Euthrips costalis: Right forewing of female. Fig. 4.—Euthrips costalis: End of abdomen of female. Fig. 5.—Anaphothrips albus: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 6.—Anaphothrips albus: Right antenna of female. Fig. 7.—Anaphothrips albus:
Right forewing of female. Fig. 8.—Anaphothrips albus: End of abdomen of female. Enlarged. (Original. )
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. I
transparent. One specimen is more deeply tinged with yellowish brown.
Male: Length 0.833 mm. Smaller and more slender than female but similar in color; orange-colored testes prominent.
Described from two female and one male taken from monkey flower (Mimulus sp.) June 6, 1910, San Jose, Cal. (P. R. Jones).
Living specimens are very white and fly readily; they also have the power of springing.
24. Genus ANTHOTHRIPS Uzel. Key To THE SPECIES.
1. Postocular spines wanting; antenne almost uniformly brown except segment 2 and base of segment 4, which are light brown..Anthothrips niger Osborn.
2. Postocular spines well developed. a. Postocular spines and most of the spines on postero-lateral margin of abdominal
segments knobbed.........-..---- Anthothrips flavipes new species. a’. Postocular spines and spines on postero-lateral margin of abdominal segments not knobbed.
b. Antenne uniformly brownish black; apex of femora with a small, anteriorly- directed, triangular tooth within. Anthothrips nigricornis new species. b’. Segments 3 and 6 of antenne, eyes, fore tibie, all tarsi, and other lighter parts of body shaded with orange yellow; femora without tooth MORE ae eee ee ta. sae N en. 2a Anthothrips verbasci Osborn. b’’. Intermediate segments of antenne and other light parts of body light brown; femora without tooth at apex. Anthothrips variabilis Crawford.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Anthothrips nigricornis new species. (Pl. V, figs. 1-4.) Measurements: Head, length 0.30 mm., width 0.283 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.233 mm., width 0.416 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.483 mm.; abdomen, width 0.536 mm.; length of tube 0.15 mm.; total length of body 2.383 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 30; 2, 48; 3, 514; 4,63; 5,60u; 6,514; 7,484; 8,30; total length of antennex, 0.381 mm. General color very dark brown to black with purplish pigmentation. Head about as long as wide; cheeks nearly straight and parallel; sides of head set with a few minute spines; postocular spines promi- nent, blunt, but not knobbed. yes rounded, not protruding, finely and closely faceted. Ocelli widely separated, situated far forward, anterior one on extreme vertex; two small spines in front and one behind each posterior ocellus. Mouth-cone slightly longer than its breadth at the base, bluntly pointed. Antenne approximate, about one and one-third times as long as the head, uniformly dark brown, segments 1 and 2 sometimes darker; spines pale and weak; three short sense-cones on segment 3 and two short ones on segment 4. Prothorax slightly more than three-fourths as long as the head; one long, blunt spine on each posterior angle and one on posterior margin just inside of the former pair; one short spine near the anterior
18 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
angles and one on each side near lateral margin nearly equidistant between the spines on the anterior and posterior angles. Sides of pterothoraz nearly straight, gradually tapering posteriorly, fore angles oblique. Legs long and moderately stout, concolorous with the body, except apex of fore tibize and fore tarsi, which are light brown. Fore femora greatly enlarged; all femora with a small, stout, anteriorly directed, triangular tooth at the tip within; all femora with a long spine near the base underneath. Fore coxe with a short spine. Fore tibiz with a long spine near the tip underneath. Fore tarsi with a small tooth near the middle within and a stout terminal claw. All legs set with numerous short spines. Wings extending to distal margin of sixth abdominal segment, narrowed in the middle, brownish at the base; three spines on anterior margin near the base.
Abdomen gradually tapering from the base; concolorous with the rest of the body, purple pigmentation conspicuous in unmascerated specimens; tube one-half as long as head; a few small spines on dorsum and about six weak, long spines at the tip slightly more than one-half length of the tube; a pair of long, slender, pointed spines on the latero-dorsal margin of each abdominal segment. Males similar to females, except smaller, and fore femora more greatly enlarged.
Described from numerous specimens of both sexes taken in July, August, and September, 1910, on a plant determined by Dr. E. L. Greene, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, as Hriogonum nudum, at Alum Rock Creek Canyon, San Jose, Cal. (P. R. Jones).
Anthothrips flavipes new species. (PI. V, figs. 5-7.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.25 mm., width 0.233 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.233 mm., width 0.366 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.40 mm.; abdomen, length 1.41 mm., width 0.444 mm.; length of tube 0.15 mm.; total length of body 2.216 mm. Antennz: Segment 1, 24; 2, 48; 3, 574; 4, 604; 5, 48; 6, 454; 7, 51y; 8, 304; total length of antennez, 0.36 mm.
General color dark reddish brown.
Head slightly longer than wide, broadest at the base; sides nearly straight, roughened, set with minute spines; postocular spines prominent, knobbed; hind margin of the head not covered with the front margin of the prothorax. yes finely faceted, rounded, not protruding, not pilose. Ocelli large, well separated, posterior ones the largest, anterior one not situated on the extreme vertex; posterior ocelli contiguous with the light margins of the eyes; two small spines just behind each posterior ocellus and two about twice as far in advance of each posterior ocellus. Mouth-cone about as long as its width at the base, pointed. Antenne approximate, about one and one-half times as long as the head, separated at the base by a prolonged vertex; color uniform dark brown except segment 3, which is light brown and yellow at the base; segments 2 and 4 slightly tinged with light brown; segment 1 short, cylindrical; segment 2
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 19
urn-shaped, with a long base; segment 3 clavate; segment 4 nearly fusiform; segments 5 and 6 more slender and less fusiform; segment 7 narrow, cylindrical; segment 8 sharply conical. Spines pale and weak; sense-cones short.
Prothorax nearly as long as the head; a stout, knobbed spine on each coxa, one on each fore angle, one in each posterior angle, and a pointed spine just inside of the knobbed ones on posterior angles. Fore coxe large, forming apparently prominent angles. Pterothoraz nearly as wide as the abdomen; sides nearly straight, narrowed abruptly in front, gradually behind. Legs stout, unicolorous with the body, fore femora greatly enlarged; fore tibie, distal portion of intermediate and posterior tibiz, and all the tarsi lemon-yellow; a dark spot on all the tarsi near the apex within; fore tarsi armed with a large stout tooth near the tip within. Wings present, narrowed at the middle, fringes long, single, except hind margin of the fore wing where it is double for 10 to 12 hairs.
Abdomen broadly joined to the metathorax and but slightly wider, less than twice as wide as the head and much more than twice as long as wide; first seven segments equally broad; rest gradually tapering; tube about three-fifths as long as the head. Spines incon- spicuous on first five segments, several light colored, long, knobbed, and several pointed spines on postero-lateral margin of segments 6, 7, 8, and 9, more numerous on the latter; tube with a whorl of terminal spines about twice as long as the tube, which is only slightly wider at the base than at the apex.
Described from one female specimen collected from an “emergence cage”’ used for the pear thrips (Huthrips pyri Daniel) at San Jose, Cal., 1910 (P. R. Jones).
Near Anthothrips aculeatus Fab., but differing in the italicized characters.
34. Genus CRYPTOTHRIPS Uzel.
Key TO THE SPECIES.
a. Color dark yellowish brown, with no conspicuous purplish pigmentation; head slightly more than twice as long as wide; antennz concolorous with head, except segment 2, which is yellowish brown, segment 3 brownish yellow, segment 4 light brown; postocular spines prominent, knobbed; ocelli not situated far forward ....................Cryptothrips salicis new species.
a’, Color brown to blackish brown, with conspicuous purplish pigmentation; seg- ments 1 and 2 of antenne concolorous with head, segment 3 and base of 4 yellow, others shading brown toward tip; postocular spines not long and prominent, blunt, not knobbed. ... Cryptothrips californicus Daniel.
a”. Cvlor uniformly coal-black, except tarsi, which are blackish brown.
b. Antenne uniformly black; body length about 2.22 mm.; two pairs of promi- nent postocular spines. ..........------- Cryptothrips carbonarius Hood. b’. General color of antenne black, segment 2 paler at apex, segment 3 with two transverse, brownish-yellow bands, one band at the base and the other in the middle; body length about 2.7 mm.; without prominent postocular Bpines..................---.------------ Cryptothrips rectangularis Hood.
20 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Cryptothrips salicis new species. (Pl. VI, figs. 1-3.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.25 mm., width 0.11 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.23 mm., width 0.35 mm. (including cox); meso- thorax, width 0.33 mm.; abdomen, width 0.41 mm.; total body, length 1.7 mm.; length of tube 0.116 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 304; 2,454; 3, 594; 4, 63n; 5, 544; 6, 454; 7, 484; 8, 274; total length of antenne, 0.37 mm.
General color dark yellowish brown.
Head cylindrical, about twice as long as wide, somewhat prominent between the basal segments of the antenne; sides nearly straight, roughened, not pilose, slightly converging posteriorly; head without conspicuous spines except a single prominent knobbed spine pos- terior to each eye; three small spines in front of and one behind each posterior ocellus. A set of three dark spots just posterior to the ocelli and arranged similarly.
Eyes large, prominent, not protruding, not pilose; facets small, outer ones brownish yellow, remainder of eyes brownish black. Ocelli situated far forward; posterior ones contiguous to the inner margins of the eyes, a little proximal to the middle; anterior one not situated on extreme vertex but just distad of a line drawn through the extreme base of the first segments of the antenne. Mouth- cone broad at the base, broadly rounded at the apex, short, extending only to about one-third the length of the prosternum; maxillary palpi quite long and slender. Antenne 8-segmented, separated at the base by a slightly prominent vertex, unicolorous with head, except segment 2, which is yellowish brown, segment 3, which is brownish yellow, and segment 4, which is light brown; segment 3 not noticeably weak.
Prothoraz large, about one-twelfth shorter than the head; sides straight, extending outward posteriorly; a short, knobbed spine on each anterior angle of prothorax and one long spine on posterior angle of prothorax; also one long spine at the middle of each coxa and one long spine on upper side of each coxa. Pterothorax considerably narrower than abdomen; sides almost straight, narrowed abruptly in front, gradually behind. Legs dark brown, thickly set with numer- ous short spines; tibiz yellowish brown, short and stout; front femora noticeably thickened; fore coxe greatly enlarged. Wings fully developed, extending to seventh abdominal segment, slightly nar- rowed in the middle; both pairs clear and with single fringe except four or five hairs near tip on fore wings, which are double-fringed.
Abdomen long and robust, nearly two and one-half times as long as wide; sides nearly straight to segment 7, which is gradually nar- rowed; segments 8 and 9 abruptly narrowed; segment 10 (the tube)
Tech. Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.
ANTHOTHRIPS.
Fig. 1.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 2.—Anthothrips nigricor- nis: Right antenna of female. Fig. 3.—Anthothrips nigricornis: Left foreleg of male. Fig. 4.—Anthothrips nigricornis: End of abdomen ot female. Fig. 5.—Anthothrips flavipes: Head and prothorax of female. Fig. 6.—Anthothrips flavipes: Right antenna of female. Fig. 7.—Anthothrips flavipes: End of abdomen of female. Enlarged. (Original.)
Tech. Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.
CRYPTOTHRIPS AND PHLCEOTHRIPS. Fig. 2.—Cryptothrips salicis: Left Fig. 4.—Phl@o- Fig 5.—Phleothrips jennei: Right antenna of Enlarged. (Original.)
Fig. 1.—Cryptothrips salicis: Head and prothorax of female. antenna of female. Fig. 3.—Cryptothrips salicis: End of abdomen of female. thrips jennei: Head and prothorax of female. i female. Fig. 6.—Phiwothrips jennei: End of abdomen of female.
Tech. Series 23, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.
PHLCEOTHRIPS.
Fig. 1.—Phleothrips armatus: Head and prothorax of male. Fig. 2.—Phlwothrips armatus: Right antenna of male. Fig. 3.—Phlwothrips armatus: Leftforeleg of male. Fig. 4.—Ph/wo- thrips armatus: End of abdomen of male. Enlarged. (Original.)
“ , 3. wo = ' ? '
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NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 21
small and slender, only a little narrower at the apex than at the base. A few nearly inconspicuous spines on posterior lateral margin of each segment, knobbed on first eight segments, with small pointed ones on segments 7 and 8; a whorl of six prominent spines on apex of tube.
Described from one female specimen reared from willow galls, San Jose, Cal., September 15, 1910 (J. R. Horton).
Near Cryptothrips angustus Uzel, but differing in the italicized
characters. 87. Genus PHLG@OTHRIPS Haliday.
Key To THE SPECIES.
1. Postocular spines long and conspicuous. a, Segment 3 of antennz longer than segments | and 2 together.
b. Body color dark reddish brown; head nearly one and one-third times as long as wide; antennz one and one-third times as long as the head. Segment 3 more than one and one-half times as long as segments 1 and 2 together; mialeuBleMOWN = bis.o abe wii. aas aderel sek Phieothrips jennei new species.
b’. Body color dark reddish brown; head slightly more than one and one-third times as long as wide; antennz nearly one and one-half times as long as the head. Segment 3 about one and one-ninth times as long as segments 1 and 2 together; males with teeth at apex of fore femora.
Phleothrips armiger new species. a’. Segment 3 of antenne shorter than segments 1 and 2 together.
b. General color dark brown, tibiz and tarsi bright yellow; cheeks nearly straight; antennze one and three-fourths times as long as head; males with teeth at apex of fore femora............ Phieothrips uzeli Hinds.
b’. General color brown, fore tibize and all tarsi light brown; cheeks strongly arched; antennz one and one-half times as long as head; males with teeth at apex of fore; femoral 2-\jy2))4o. 224.2 432 Phleothrips raptor Crawford.
b’’. General color yellowish brown, with considerable irregular red hypodermal pigmentation, legs grayish brown; cheeks slightly arched; antennz twice as long as the head; male unknown........ Phleothrips pergandei Hinds.
2. Postocular spines wanting; general color dark mahogany brown, with many small white pigmental markings along head, thorax, abdomen, and legs. Phleothrips maculatus Hood.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
Phleothrips jennei new species. (Pl. VI, figs. 4-6.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.31 mm., width 0.25 mm.; pro- thorax, length 0.18 mm., width 0.36 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.402 mm.; abdomen, width 0.43 mm.; length of tube, 0.2mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 224; 2, 31u; 3, 80u; 4, 80; 5, 674; 6, 544; 7, 524; 8, 33y; total length of antenne, 0.43 mm. Total length of body, 2.85 mm.
Color dark reddish brown, first seven segments of the abdomen
lighter. - Head nearly one and one-third times as long as wide, rounded in front, widest at back of eyes, converging behind; frons protruding
99 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS,
quite prominently between the bases of the antenne; cheeks arched, roughened, set with four spines on each, side arising from quite prominent warts, the posterior pair the stoutest. Hyes medium in size, not prominent, with small facets; one pair of long, prominent, knobbed postocular spines. Ocelli large, distinct, subapproximate, the anterior one directed far forward; all ocelli reddish yellow, with dark red crescents. Mouth-cone long, sharply pointed, reaching to the base of the prosternum. Antenne about one and one-half times as long as head; segment 3 about one and one-half times as long as segments 1 and 2 together; segments 3, 4, and 5 subequal in length, the remaining segments appearing smaller. Segments 1 and 2 dark reddish brown; segment 3 brownish white, darker at apex; segments 4, 5, and 6 darker, but lighter than segments 1 and 2, and lighter at the extremities than in the middle; segments 7 and 8 nearly as dark reddish brown as segments 1 and 2; spines long and conspicuous; sense-cones on segments 3, 4, and 5 stout and long.
Prothorax about twice as long as wide and a little more than one- half as long as the head, with long, dark colored, knobbed spines on the posterior and anterior angles, one pair midlatterally; also a pair on the fore coxe. Mesothorax largest, wider than prothorax; metathorax tapering gradually to abdomen, which is abruptly wider. Wings slender, extending to middle of fifth abdominal segment, lightly infuscated with brown, with three long, knobbed spines on the anterior margin near the base of the fore pair of wings; both wings with a stripe in the center extending past the middle of the wings, the stripes brown in the posterior pair, transparent white in the anterior pair. Legs long and stout; fore femora greatly enlarged, with one long spine on the underside near the base; fore tarsi with a large tooth near the middle. Legs nearly uniform, dark reddish brown, except tarsi, which are light brownish white.
Abdomen large and slender, wider than pterothorax, almost equally wide but tapering slightly to the distal margin of the seventh segment; remaining segments tapering more abruptly; first seven segments lighter than rest of body; spines on segments one to eight knobbed, except one pointed spine on the postero-lateral margin of each seg- ment. Tube slightly more than two-thirds as long as the head, with six long spines on the tip as long as the tube itself, and several short ones; several very small spines on the dorsal surface. Ninth abdominal segment with several long, pointed spines on the latero- dorsal posterior margin and one pair of knobbed spines.
Near Phleothrips minor Uzel in the shape of the antenne.
One female, collected May 9, 1910, on peach foliage at Barnesville, Ga. (E. L. Jenne.)
Named for Mr. E. L. Jenne, of the Bureau of Entomology, who collected it.
NEW CALIFORNIA AND GEORGIA THYSANOPTERA. 23
Phlcothrips armiger new species. (PI. VII, figs. 1-4.)
Measurements: Head, length 0.30 mm., width 0.23 mm.; prothorax, length 0.25 mm., width 0.41 mm.; mesothorax, width 0.41 mm.; abdomen, width 0.41 mm.; length of tube 0.15 mm. Antenne: Segment 1, 18 w; 2, 45 4; 3, 72 w; 4,72 4; 5,604; 6, 474; 7, 45 p; 8, 29 »; total length of antenne 0.39 mm. Total length of body 2.46 mm.
General color dark reddish brown, not so deep a reddish cast as in the former species.
Head slightly more than one and one-third times as long as wide; sides nearly straight; five warts on each side from each of which there arises a small spine, the posterior one the largest and stoutest; frons projecting considerably between the basal segments of the antenne. Eyes medium in size, not prominent, with small facets; one pair of long, prominent, knobbed postocular spines. Ocelli large, distinct, subapproximate, reddish yellow, with dark-red crescents, the anterior one directed far forward. Mouth-cone long, sharply pointed, reaching to the base of the prosternum. Antenne slightly more than one and one-half times as long as head; segment 3 about one and one-seventh times as long as segments 1 and 2 together; segments 1 and 2 dark reddish brown, remaining segments uniformly light brown, lighter at the bases and apices, segment 3 lighter than any of the segments; spines long, prominent, numerous; sense-cones not numerous except on segment 2, where the sense area is large and conspicuous and the sense-cones short and thick; several long sense-cones on segments 3, 4, and 5.
Prothoraz about one and two-thirds times as wide as long and about five-sixths as long as the head, with long, dark-colored, knobbed spines on the posterior and anterior angles and one pair midlaterally; also one pair on the posterior margin just inside the pair on the posterior angles. Fore cox with a long knobbed spine on each coxa and also armed with four short, very stout, pointed spines. Mesothorax as wide as the prothorax at its anterior angles, abruptly tapering behind them. Wings long and slender, transparent, extending to distal margin of the fifth abdominal segment; three long knobbed hairs on the anterior margin of the fore-wings near the base; a very light brown stripe in the center of the posterior pair of wings extending slightly past the middle. Legs long and stout, densely spinose; fore femora greatly enlarged, one-half as wide as long. Fore legs evidently raptorial; fore femora with two sharp, toothlike projections at the tip, within, and a groove between them, evidently a sheath for the tibiz; fore tibiz with a small, anteriorly-directed tooth near the base within; fore tarsi with an immense tooth on the inner side; fore femora and fore tibize each with a long spine underneath, all other spines very
94 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
small. Femora and middle and posterior tibize concolorous with body; fore tibiz and all tarsi light brownish yellow.
Abdomen long and slender, tapering gradually from the first segment. First eight segments with knobbed spines; one pair of knobbed spines on the ninth abdominal segment; segments 6, 7, and 8 with several pointed spines in addition to the knobbed spines; segment 9 with several long, pointed, curved spines on the posterior margin. Tube one-half as long as the head, with several small spines on the dorsal surface ; 6 long spines, longer than the tube, on the dorsal and latero-dorsal margin; 1 short spine between the two long medio-dorsal spines; no scale at the base of the tube.
One male taken from gall on laurel leaves, Alum Rock Creek Canyon, San Jose, Cal., July 10, 1910 (P. R. Jones).
O
TECHNICAL Series, No. 23, ParT II.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA.
BY
H. M. RUSSELL,
Entomological Assistant.
IssuEpD APRIL 27, 1912.
_ - ee
A7-.conian Inesn nsonian Inszje~
j MAY q 1912
‘ati a flonal Mysew
4 * Se ff : We Tee —
Wkursscss™
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1912,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. ©. L. Maruarr, Entomologist and Aeting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Cirrron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk.
F. H. Currrennen, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxtns, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.
F. M. Wezster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.
A. L. QuaAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations.
I. F. Pinus, in charge of bee culture.
D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work.
Roizta P. Currie, in charge of editorial work.
Masent Coicorp, in charge of library.
Truck Crop AND StoreD Propucr Insect INVESTIGATIONS.
I’. H. CurrrenpDEn, in charge.
H. M. Russet, C. H. Popenogr, Wittiam B. Parker, H. O. Marsu, M. M. HiGu, Frep A. Jounstron, JoHN E. Grar, entomological assistants.
I. J. Connrr, collaborator in California.
P. T. Coxz, collaborator in tidewater Virginia.
W. N. Orp, collaborator in Oregon.
Tuomas H. Jonss, collaborator in Porto Rico.
Marion T. VAN Horn, PAuLine M. JOHNSON, preparators.
II
CONLENTS
Pon SESE oe (Set ok 870 SSRI I fs ed eee OL LYE nic ta) 2) Spee ae aS Pimeieninn and Oriinal deseription.--. :.-. 02.252. ..2--2-2s- es. esses ee eee Life-history summary of the original host (Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande) .. . .. Methods of collecting for evidence of parasitism......................-------- Methods of rearing parasites for life-history study.......................----- ero a GPS BuO WINE ParTAsMGMLa sos foe oe e le bec eee bea we ewes Appearance of parasitized prepupe........-----. a EEL pet aay es CS SSeS Teo 205 MLCT 0 Time between first indication of parasitism and formation of parasite pupze un- emitenravOry COMCIMGNS. sabe an ee eye See ete 2 eee ee ee Effect of cold on parasitized prepupe. .....---------.-- ieee Ce RA Swe OU STUD a ORE eT 7 20 a ga cay ee ee EU eerineaIR NNT Reet OA Ne Seen foe Sr ee see a ok alge sists.’ ne
LDS TST Sa So a ee ice Why ak et i Ge a ee
2 LEE SOD Sli TS SIS i eg eR ea ee se ee ee CNIS Bh, Spee Gs OB 0 2G of I ee Cts a ERC anaes sa res ee. eee ee ee et, gL oeiB Eds COPEL ESSE tite Uk SSCA TE SS ip Che i SoRa RP a ae E Pescriptionion newly emerved, live adult....2--...--...2.0..-222.-06+--% PEERING FOPORUOM OL SORES. os. Se ce oe oe eae ec oee sence eee LOTTE de SST a ene a gs od A lle a i a AAS OG ek Le ge Wad and, period Of Oviposimom: 5.0 8 D2)... see ae eek PeeemE Mee NM UCMr era lees cee Se pelo acess Soke eee ota tebocs cues Effect of oviposition in different stages of host....---- Pits ces do ea Number of eggs and length of oviposition period............--------- abve 2
Behavior on different kinds of leaf surfaces. .........------------------- rec enrrs MAGES See oh ee es oe See en APR IS. beh ei, Le EPTRO REV ES ESCH EIU CLO PNGCe e s(t VS 2b es ee awe woh cae n eee s
UL OS Orit re ee eee LEHR SS TORTS ES ET 6] 9 ae a A pt SP Cel eee ae ee POU DS BLMOM NOs BOUCHE... 12.8, -4--20--- 222-2262 ee eee el alsGuireps panOralin WwOULer os. Gi Se fo cae bavi se wee ioe eos dike Miecelinneous Gueemvatonse <0 Ses ee. sso. eb. des Sb ac.cu esse secs Summary of experiments to determine host relations............--.--
etre tert be Th COMMONER h.. : eot hIR en joes Ree kee oe oes oes See RUSE nme Orally IW GAO ONE «2. 02.2. 5. deo sese oes os eee idee eee Seek Effect of oviposition in different ages of host larve.............------------- PIR teCicer eet a. we tae oat bn Fe ee 2 me EE ee acidic oe Sekaiente ee Length of time from oviposition to first indication of parasitism. ......--- Length of time from oviposition to pupation of the parasite...........-..- RSG IMNOMAW yee st. oe Re me Ld. ach Ke ee Sos ke ee es Riva pieneiuce MMe Spree. = oo ute. (os. Wo. oa laa kee meeee- sees Don mi enreC CONG fat soe te Sees ck Some ce pes eth nes ese
Rip RESISTONY ESA ORTON Seta co ehayae SA an a haseic at's chetee sw alese Joes EDV EY un TS AE ew oe apy Ree ee ee DRS TDs AN Sos Us oo) Set Neb San aaa Ge 2 ee ea aR ie USNS cbs Soe ae Cn a iPercentare of parasitism in different localities... ............----.------------ reruc Ol CumomimnENO TIGEIRICG lt 26.) Sao an es stoce scl ecw ades+--2+----
III
_
LL LUSERA FELONS.
Page. nica i Vialsiisedsor the studiy of thinios: parasites ses yee 29 2. Cage for rearing parasites: 2s2 42.23 0. see ee ee 30 3. Parasitized prepupse of Heltothrips fasciatus: >... 2-22-=-<s-5-+5-neeae 31 4. Diagram illustrating length of time from appearance of parasitism to formation of parasite pup of Thripoctenus russelli, July-October, POU. 2 scicea seen wets t eee eee Skate eatee he aeee eee eee eee 32 5: ‘Lhripoctenis:russelh: Pupasventral view scece+.- a> .8- ee eee 33 6. Diagram illustrating length of pupal stage in 146 individuals of Thripoc- tends russe DR oe we = See Be Se a ee 34 1. Thripoctenus russell: AG@ult2.2c23e4 s2552- P28 ses eee 35 8. Diagram illustrating length of time from oviposition to first evidence of parasitism for 353 individuals of Thripoctenus russelli.......-.------ 47 9. Diagram illustrating length of time from oviposition to pupation for 241 Indiwaduals! oh sUinynoctentis MrSsel ee Se ee 48 10. Diagram illustrating total number of days in the life cycle of Thripoc- tenus russelli; summary of all rearing experiments. ......---------- 49 1. Mailing tubes used in shipment of thrips parasites..-.........---.-.-.--- 51
IV
U.S: D.A., B. E. Dech. Ser:28, Pt. 15; Issued April 27, 1912.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA.
By H. M. Russet, Entomological Assistant.
INTRODUCTION.
Although many of the injurious forms of thrips have been the subject of exhaustive research, not only in the United States but throughout the entire world, no internal parasites of importance had been reared until 1911. In July the writer reared a parasite from the prepupa of Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande, which Mr. J. C. Crawford has described under the name Thripoctenus russelli. At the present time the already-published literature on thrips para- sites is not so abundant as to preclude a brief review in this paper. In 1860 Mrs. Charlotte Taylor ' described a parasite of thrips on wheat under the name Pezomachus thripites. This insect was figured and described as a small wingless creature, a little larger than its host. The thorax consisted of 2 nodes, while the antennz were made up of 40 joints and the palpiof 6. These parasites were observed emerging from thrips larve in some numbers. They copulated in a short time, after which the female deposited her eggs in the larve of the thrips.
Unfortunately this description is so meager that this insect could hardly be recognized unless actually reared from its host again. It represents, therefore, one of our lost species.
- In June, 1911, G. del Guercio published a short note on a chaleidid
parasite of Phlawothrips olee (Costa) Targioni.? He gave a short description of the appearance of a parasitized thrips and an excel- lent figure of the same. According to Del Guercio, the parasitic larva seen within the host is of an oval shape, reddish in color, and resembles a dipterous larva. The adult was mentioned only as ‘‘an elegant chalcidid,” which he stated he would describe, as soon as he had enough specimens. Nothing was written concerning the biology, habits, or relative abundance of this insect.
Del Guercio, in September, 1911, published a further account of this parasite of the olive thrips, to which he gave the name Tetrasti-
American Agriculturist, vol. 19, p. 300, 1860. 2 Redia, vol. 8, pp. 65-68, 1911.
25
26 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS,
chus gentilii.!. In this paper he described the adult, of which he stated he had both sexes. According to his observations, these copulate frequently, after which the female seeks out the young larve of the host and oviposits in them. The larger larva, prepupa, pupa, and adult stages are passed by in all cases. This insect, he states, passes the winter_as larva in its dead host and completes its ‘ transformation in the spring. It has been very abundant in Liguria. Del Guercio suggested that by cutting off limbs of the olive infested with parasitized material and shipping the same, this species could be diffused in new localities. It appears from his description of the adult and its habits that he has a larger species than the one referred to in the present paper and with quite different life history and habits.
Dr. L. O. Howard,? December 7, 1911, gave a short note on the discovery of the parasite treated in this paper, which is mentioned here as it was the first published note on this insect.
Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the United States National Museum, in December, 1911, described Thripoctenus russelli as a new genus and new species.2 At the same time, the writer gave a brief summary of the life history and habits of this insect.*
The present paper, in the light of the information so far obtained on this parasite, aims to present the life history, habits, and economy of Thripoctenus russelli. The writer has been ably assisted in the work by Mr. John E. Graf and every point of importance discovered in the life history of this insect has been separately verified by either Mr. Graf or the writer. The writer also wishes to express his appre- ciation to Dr. L. O. Howard, Dr. F. H. Chittenden, and Mr. J. C. Crawford for their assistance in producing this paper.
HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY.
The writer, while engaged in the study of truck-crop and sugar- beet insects, at Compton, Cal., began, in May, 1910, an investigation of the life history, habits, and means of control of the bean thrips (Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande). From that time until the following fall, frequent collections of the young of this insect were made for study and rearing purposes. On November 10, 1910, the last collec- tion of larve of this thrips found that year was made in the yard of the laboratory, for the purpose of determining in what stage this insect passed the winter. These fall-collected larvee were placed in vials and kept under daily observation and on December 10 four specimens of the prepupal stage of Heliothrips fasciatus gave unmis-
1 Atti Dei Georgofili Di Firenze, 5 ser., vol. 8, pp. 222-227, 1911.
2 Report of the Entomologist for 1911, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 3 Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 13, p. 233, December 29, 1911.
4 Tbid., pp. 235-238.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 27
takable signs of parasitism. Two of these died, but on December 13, from the other two, parasitic larvee had emerged and formed naked pup. These parasitic pupx were sent to Dr. Howard in the hope that the adult could be reared and identified, but unfortunately both died and it was impossible to identify the species. At that time Dr. Howard wrote to the author and advised him of the scien- tific interest attached to this insect, and requested him to make careful collections of the host larve in order to recover the parasite, if possible.
This work was immediately taken up, but it was not until the following year, during February, 1911, that the larvee of Heliothrips fasciatus were again found in the field. From that time until July 1, 1911, large numbers of the larve of this thrips were collected and reared to adults, but in no case was there a sign of parasitism. How- ever, on July 3 one prepupa of Heliothrips fasciatus gave unmistakable signs of parasitism, but it died before the parasite matured.
While collecting thrips material at Hollywood, Cal., on June 29, 1911, a very minute hymenopteron was observed on the underside of a bean leaf in company with larve of this same thrips; and while it was being carefully examined through a small hand lens it appeared to oviposit once in a thrips larva. After this, as the insect was not again observed to come into contact with thrips larve, it was cap- tured and put in 50 per cent alcohol. When the minute size of this insect was taken into consideration, it was at once evident that the single case of apparent oviposition must be more or less doubtful, and that it was very essential that the insect be reared to support this observation. This was actually accomplished on July 29, 1911, when an adult of this same species was reared from a larva of [elio- thrips fasciatus, collected at Hollywood on June 29, 1911. From then until November this parasite has been collected and reared in large numbers.
CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Thripoctenus russelli Crawford is a minute insect belonging to the hymenopterous family Chalcidide and to the subfamily Tetrasti- chine. Mr. Crawford’ has erected a new genus and species for this insect. He places the genus near Winnemana, but separates it from the latter by the absence of two longitudinal grooves on the -scutellum.
The following technical description of the genus and species is taken from Mr. Crawford’s paper:
Belongs to the tribe Tetrastichini; antennz with two joints in the funicle, one very small ring joint, club three-jointed, the joints fused; parapsidal furrows indistinct,
1 Loe. cit.
98 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
incomplete; mesonotum without a median groove; scutellum without longitudinal grooves; propodeum without a median carina; spiracles round; submarginal vein very short, marginal vein long, stigmal short, the knob almost subsessile; postmarginal vein developed though not showing distinctly, as it is, as are the other veins, colorless; marginal fringes of anterior wings almost two-thirds as long as the greatest width of the wings.
Female.—Length about 0.6 mm. Head and thorax black, the abdomen brown, with a large basal flavous spot; head thin anterio-posteriorly, collapsing after death; antennz testaceous, the pedicel longer than the two joints of the funicle combined; second joint of the funicle longer than the first; hairs on antennz long; head and thorax smooth, polished; legs including the coxz testaceous; wings hyaline, the veins colorless.
Male unknown.
LIFE-HISTORY SUMMARY OF THE ORIGINAL HOST.
(Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande.)
Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande, the original host of this parasite, is found throughout the entire State of California. In the vicinity of Compton, during the months of July and August, the following life-history notes were obtained.
The eggs are laid in the leaves of the food plant and hatch in from 13 to 19 days. The larvee immediately begin to feed on the leaves of the host plant, generally on the underside, but when crowded appear to thrive on the upper surface of leaves as well. This stage requires from 10 to 12 days, and as soon as the larve are full grown, most of them leave the plant to pupate in rubbish or cracks. The prepupal and pupal stages together occupy from 7 to 12 days, making the total length of the life cycle from 30 to 44 days. The insect is thus exposed to the attack of the parasite during the larval stage only, or for from 10 to 12 days.
METHODS OF COLLECTING FOR EVIDENCE OF PARASITISM.
The small size of both the host and the parasite makes it imperative that special methods be adopted in the rearing of these insects. In making collections for evidence of parasitism the bean leaves badly infested by the host thrips were picked and brought into the labora- tory in tin boxes. The thrips larvee were then removed with camels- hair brushes and placed on freshly picked leaves of the food plant. These were then placed in vials (100 mm. in length by 28 mm. in di- ameter), which had been lined at the bottom with filter paper. (See fig. 1, at left.) It was found that the filter paper absorbed the surplus moisture and the material transformed better than in cases where the filter paper was omitted. These vials were then tightly closed with cotton plugs, labeled, and put into an outdoor insectary. Each day the material was examined, and the larve, when necessary, were removed to fresh leaves by means of the brushes. As soon as full
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 29
grown the thrips larve either pushed in between the vial and edge of the cotton plug or in between the filter paper and the vial, in order to pupate in protected places.
Because of this habit it was very easy to determine parasitism and the amount of material affected. It was found that many of the smaller thrips larve died before completing their growth, but this mortality, fortunately, did not retard the investigation.
When it was desirable to discover if material was parasitized or to get adult parasites, the leaves infested with thrips larvee were put into small wooden boxes with holes bored in the sides for glass tubes.
Fic. 1.—Vials used for the study of thrips parasites. (Original.)
(See fig. 2.) These openings were kept closed until the thrips larve had all changed, and then the tubes were put in. The parasites upon emerging immediately sought the light and were readily removed from the tubes.
METHODS OF REARING PARASITES FOR LIFE-HISTORY STUDY.
In studying the life history and habits of this parasite, use was made of the large vials described above. In this case, however, the filter paper was left out of the tubes until after the parasite had oviposited in its host. (See fig.1,at right.) Whenever adults of
26003°— 12——2
30 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
this parasite emerged they were placed in these vials with fresh leaves heavily infested with healthy larve of this species of thrips. In this way oviposition could be carefully watched, and when desired the parasites were removed to fresh vials. The larve in which the parasites had oviposited were carefully changed to fresh leaves whenever necessary until they became mature and pupated.
STAGE OF THRIPS SHOWING PARASITISM.
Although hundreds of parasitized thrips have been observed in the laboratory, in no case has the parasitism ever been evident in any stage but that of the prepupa. The larve have been carefully examined at regular intervals but until they have changed to pre- pup it is impossible to ascertain which of the larve are actually parasitized. In the prepupal stage parasitism develops rapidly, the growth of the host is retarded, and its death follows shortly. In every instance in which a prepupa has changed to a pupa an adult thrips has emerged from this stage, so that, in so far as our present knowledge is complete, the prepupal stage of the thrips is the only one in which parasitism 1s evident. APPEARANCE OF PARA-
SITIZED PREPUPA.
Parasitism first becomes evident two or three days after the thrips larve have changed to the prepupal stage, and, in case unpara- sitized prepupe are in the vial, often after these have further changed to the pupal stage. Parasitism is first indicated in the semitransparent host prepupa when the color contents of the antenne, head, and anal end of the thrips are removed through the feeding of the internal parasite, leaving the parts hyaline. At the same time there is seen an internal deepening of color in the center of the body. As the feeding of the parasitic larva progresses, the color is more and more directed to the center of the body, and the edges of the body begin to appear hyaline. At about this time the legs of the host larva collapse and sprawl in all directions. A few hours after parasitism is first noticed, the body of the thrips prepupa is swollen and rounded, the original shape being lost. The body is entirely hyaline or colorless except an inner cylinder of deep crimson in Heliothrips fasciatus (fig. 3), or yellow in Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Huthrips tritica Fitch.
Fig. 2.—Cage for rearing parasites. (From Banks.)
=e
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. ou BEHAVIOR OF PARASITIZED THRIPS.
The larvee of thrips that have been parasitized require a few more days for development before changing to the prepupal stage than healthy individuals. It has also been noticed that parasitized larvee are more apt to change to prepupe under the paper in the bottom of the vials, while normal larve generally crawl up into the edge of the cotton plug before pupating. After parasitism becomes evident in the prepupal stage the doomed insects still have the power of locomotion and will crawl around to some extent. But soon the contents of the limbs are drawn from them and as these collapse all motion in the host thrips ceases.
TIME BETWEEN FIRST INDICATION OF PARASITISM AND FORMA- TION OF PARASITE PUPH UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS.
After parasitism becomes evident in the thrips prepupe, the parasitic larvee grow very rapidly and within two days, in a few cases, have changed to pupz of Thripoctenus russelli; but the majority change in three and four days. Ina few cases this period has taken as long as ten days, but this is unusual and apparently due to some condition unknown at this time. The diagram, figure 4, has been me.3.—Parasitizea prepupe prepared to show the time between the ap- bare ree se ee pearance of parasitism and the formation of — Greatly enlarged. (Origi- the parasite pupe. nat)
In a total of 223 specimens, 104, or nearly 50 per cent, changed to pupz in three days, and 85, or over 38 per cent, in four days.
EFFECT OF COLD ON PARASITIZED PREPUPZ.
A few experiments were made with parasitized prepupe of the host thrips to determine the effect of cold on the parasitic larve within. On October 19 several parasitized prepupe were placed in cold storage in a dry atmosphere kept at a constant temperature of 31° F. This material was removed November 27, 1911, and when examined on December 2, by Mr. Graf, all of the parasitic larvee were found to have emerged and changed to pup.
THE PUPA OF THE PARASITE. FORMATION.
As has been already stated, this parasite invariably completes its growth in the prepupa of its host, and for this reason it changes to
_the pupal stage in the localities which may bave been chosen by its
on MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
host for pupation. This, of course, will vary with the different species of thrips attacked. Two years constant work with Helio- thrips fasciatus has shown that, at least in southern California, the majority of the larvee of this species pupate in rubbish, in cracks, or under clods of earth. Therefore, when Heliothrips fasciatus is the host of this parasite the latter will be found to form its pupz in the same places. Thrips tabaci and Euthrips tritici both enter the ground and form oval cells in which to pupate, and thus, when either of these thrips is the host, the pupe of this parasite will necessarily be formed underground.
The parasitic larva, when ready to pupate, splits the skin of the host larva at the anterior end and then gradually works the skin off at the anal end. This molted skin in many cases may be seen lying behind the parasitic pupa.
DESCRIPTION.
When newly formed, the pupa of Thripoctenus russelli is almost white, but the intestinal tract in the thorax and anterior part of the abdomen is a bright crimson, sim- ilar to the spot in the prepupa of the host that, as stated previously, first indicates parasitism. After a
NWMUIIBGEFP OF IINSECTS.
BSeeke see ecewe es Se SE ea ae sleet
S222 ceo eeAe Renee 2 ea ea
5 Pe Sia short exposure to the air the edges aaa ae ar aT ae of the body and appendage cases
one of the parasitic pupa begin to
Fig. 4-—Dingram illustrating length of ume: darken.) At cirst this darkervealar from appearance of parasitism to formation
of parasite pup of Thripoctenus russelli, is of a bluish tint, but it changes
Role tet ing ce en more and more to black until the pupa is shining black excepting that portion where the reddish color still shows through. The pupa (fig. 5), which is flattened oval, is rounded in front, but with a slight notch at the center, and is followed by a distinct neck the sides of which are convex. Posterior to this it is abruptly widened to its fullest extent and forms prominent shoulders. The sides then converge very slightly to the beginning of the abdominal segments. The abdomen forms a well-rounded oval, the appendages all being closely appressed to the underside of the pupal shell.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 33
LENGTH OF PUPAL STAGE.
The pupal stage of this hymenopteron requires over one-half of the time of the total life cycle. During the months of July, August, and September, this stage is from 16 to 28 days, but in the majority of cases from 17 to 20 days are required. The diagram, figure 6, has been prepared from the records of 146 individuals, and indicates the length of this stage and the number of individuals for each different length.
EFFECT OF COLD ON PUPAL STAGE.
In order to test the effect of cold, pupx brought into Washington in September were exposed to outside conditions for over a month. Durirg this time the pupe remained dormant. About the middle of October these were divided into two lots, one of which was exposed while the other was placed in the greenhouse. After a number of days the adults began to emerge from the pupz in the greenhouse, in which location the temperature was above the prevailing temperature on the outside, while the lot which had been placed on the outside remained dormant.
On October 19 Mr. Graf placed a number of pup of this species in cold storage at a temperature of 31° F. in both dry and moist atmospheres. On November 28 he removed some of these pupz and shipped them to the writer in Washington, D. C. On December 4 these were divided into two lots, one of. which was placed in the outdoor insectary _ while the other was placed in the insectary green- Peewee house. The temperature maintained in this green- view. Greatly en- house is moderately low and so did not tend greatly = "8°? (Omsimal) to hasten development in the pupe. However, on February 14 and 17, adults emerged 79 and 82 days after the pupz were removed from cold storage, in which they had been kept for 41 days. During the three weeks previous to emergence of the adults the average mean temperature in the greenhouse was 65.5° F. February 20 the pup in the outdoor insectary were still unchanged.
THE ADULT PARASITE. EMERGENCE.
The emergence of the adult parasite is best described by Mr. Graf’s notes as taken at the time of observation, August 9, 1911.
Several adult parasites were emerging from the pupal cases and were carefully watched. In every case noted, the anterior end of the pupal case, covering the face
34 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
of the contained parasite, split off and the parasite began to emerge. In addition to the anterior opening, the pupal case, in mary instances, split down the back, although this did not hold true with all. In one case the split-off anterior end of the pupal case adhered to the face and antenne of the newly emerged insect and it required fully an hour from the time the parasite was entirely freed from the pupal case until it was freed from that portion which covered its face.
The longest time in the period of emergence was consumed by the insect in freeing its head and thorax from the pupal case. After this was accomplished the insect rapidly worked the case from its abdomen by the aid of its posterior legs.
The time of emergence noted varied greatly, depending probably upon the strength of the individual and the hardness of the pupal case. The shortest time noted was 41 minutes from the time the pupal case first began to split until the adult parasite was entirely free. The longest period noted was 14 hours. These both seemed to be exceptional cases, as five others were timed as follows: (1) 21 minutes, (2) 33 minutes, (3) 25 minutes, (4) 28 minutes, and (5) 36 minutes.
For a short time after freeing itself from the pupal case, the adult parasite remains in one position, busily engaged in cleansing its body. The head and antennz are cleansed by the fore legs and the wings and body by the hind legs. These are then cleansed by drawing them through the mandibles.
When the adult first emerges there is a suggestion of pink color in the abdomen. This is explained by the fact that this parasite in the larval stage does not expel any excrement, and this accumulation of waste matter is of necessity still con- Fic. 6.—Diagram illustrating length of pupal stage in tained in the abdomen and im-
146 individuals of Thripoctenus russelli. ( Original.) : =
parts to it the crimson color so noticeable in parasitized prepupx. During the change from larva to pupa this waste product still remains and is, in fact, as before stated, in the abdomen of the adult upon emergence. In a short time, how- ever, the adult expels this semiliquid, and it forms several minute red spots on the surface beneath.
NUMBER OF INSECTS.
IQ I7 TBEES9) 20 el 22523 L425, 26 2728. OA YS.
DESCRIPTION OF NEWLY EMERGED, LIVE ADULT.
The living adult of Thripoctenus russelli is a very minute insect, being about 0.7 mm. long and 0.2 mm. wide. The head is black, with dark red eyes and light yellow antenne. The thorax is bluish black with the wings hyaline and the legs light yellow, while the abdomen is light yellow with more or less black toward the anal end. The ovipositor is nearly concealed when not in use, but when extended is very long, slender, and light yellow. This insect is shown in figure 7, so that with the technical description on page 35 a more lengthy description at this time is unnecessary.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 85 RELATION AND PROPORTION OF SEXES.
During the course of this investigation hundreds of specimens of this insect have been reared, but among this number it has been impossible to find a single male. Furthermore, up to October 1, 1911, a generation of females had been reared from a female and these in turn had oviposited in their host. Regarding the length of time this insect might continue to multiply without the intro- duction of the male, or what proportion of males might be produced, it is impossible to determine at the present writing.
PARTHENOGENESIS.
This insect reproduces parthenogenetically to a large extent, for, as the accompanying table indicates, in every one of a number of
SER <S
Fia. 7.—Thripoctenus russelli: Adult. ireatly enlarged. (Original.)
experiments performed to determine this point, the fact was clearly proven by the development of the parasite in thrips larvae oviposited in by unfertilized females.
TABLE I.—Results of oviposition by unfertilized females of Thripoctenus russelli.
Date of
Fa ger plier oar Tast Number 2 : tion by | signo ofhost | adult nee of
Experiment No. unfer- para- para- | parasite Lenard | parasites tilized sitism. | sitized. | emerged. Se emerged.
female. LL ee eS ee nt ne eee a Aug. 13 | Aug. 20 56 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 20 44 ss: aff eR Ss el omit ak Pearl iy tis SA ae JOO | AS, a 35 | Sept. 12 | Sept. 18 25 aaa e ee ee! a en ee Se a Aug. 14] Aug. 20 10 | Sept. 11 | Sept. 13 7 Be eile aici Swit orstore Pie eee rete Wo Bey cdrc c= or Aug. 15 | Aug. 21 6 | Sept. 12 | Sept. 15 5 Dac) POS ARY Oba = eee ee ee a eae Aug. 19 | Aug. 26 7 | Sept. 18 | Sept. 28 5 Deke Sag cera sieve cies at eile cA mn Age a Micaela 2 Aug. 20 | Aug. 27 31 | Sept. 19} Oct. 2 18
386 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
These six experiments with six unfertilized females gave a total of 135 parasitized forms, and from these were reared 104 parasite adults.
In many other species of parasitic insects where adults have been reared from eggs deposited by unfertilized females, the offspring have all been males.!. However, in so far as we have progressed in the rearing of this parasite artificially, the offspring of unfertilized females have been females, for in every case these insects, when placed separately in vials with thrips larve, began to oviposit in their host. In one case at least the prepupa of the thrips developed signs of parasitism from the unfertilized egg of the second generation.
Table IT shows results of 9 experiments to show effect of partheno- genesis in offspring of the first generation.
TABLE II.—Effect of parthenogenesis on offspring of first generation of Thripoctenus
russellt. pos Date. Experiment. Action. Result.
1 | Sept. 13 | Unfertilized parasite, reared from egg | Insect proved itself to be | Sept. 24, 1 par- deposited by unfertilized female, female by ovipositing im- asitized pre- placed in vial with thrips larve. mediately. pup 2 ap-
peared.
Deed Oberon) occ Os F soa SS clades 5 See eee ewer OO lcvenocisocecsesccetacs No result.
Diet OLeee all aoccie GO sc ocr be ea POR eee leoeae Oe bods jake hae isoeoees Do.
Aye ec Gorses|-< ace GOs boas ese aes eC CE RE One ee ee lsoeee GOs6 S28 = et Lae eee Do
9|| Sept. 14}. 522 GOy oecic tent teh c cee eee eee pease Osos tag ee eae een Do
6) Sept.) 15)|22225 Ome SS ok cae Oe Se eee eee see GOt es scet enae ee eee Do
@laseptelGnlse ee GO ass. hese cet ie 5 SS e eree (6 (a epee i NTs pitts 5, Do
8 | Sept. 18 |..... (6 oR is Sere gre ae ceased: 3 Oe |e GO). Set ee eee Do
9 || Sept. 23 |. <2. GOne 2 eR ean coe a oer QO ae alee eee ee Do
METHOD AND PERIOD OF OVIPOSITION.
Oviposition was observed under laboratory conditions in many cases, and in nearly all the operation was identical. The females of this insect, within a few hours after emerging from the pupa, and in all cases under observation, without being fertilized by the males, when placed on a leaf with thrips larve began to oviposit as soon as they had located their hosts. The time required for this, of course, varied, as some species of thrips were not as active as others, nor as easily disturbed, so that the parasite had little trouble in finding them. The process is probably best described by the author’s notes on oviposition in /eliothrips fasciatus taken at the time of observation.
The female, in ovipositing, crawled very slowly over the leaf with her antennze diverging but horizontal and constantly moving from side to side. In this manner she moved over the leaf more or less in a circle until she came in contact with the
larva of Heliothrips fasciatus. At this point the antenne were drawn closely together and moved carefully and slowly over the larva from one end to the other; then, if she
1 See pp. 257-258, Bul. 91, Bur. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr. The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth. By L. O. Howard and W. F. Fiske.
7 a
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. ot
appeared satisfied, the antennze were dropped downward, touching the larva. The abdomen was curved under the body and a long, slender, yellowish ovipositor extended from near the anal end of the body. This was quickly thrust into the body of the thrips larva, and as soon as the egg was deposited the ovipositor was withdrawn. Generally this was easily done, but in a few cases a short struggle was necessary before it could be accomplished. The ovipositor was usually inserted into the abdomen near the anal end, but sometimes it is thrust into the side of the thorax. In one instance, where the larva had been approached from in front, the ovipositor was inserted into the front of the body. After the egg was deposited the parasite in some instances would immediately select a new victim or she would rest while cleansing her legs, antennze, and body and then resume her quest. In other cases, after care- fully examining a host larva she would leave it without attempting to oviposit. On some occasions the female was observed to deposit an egg in a larva and after leaving it would shortly return to the same one and oviposit a second or even a third time. In the majority of cases the larvee of Heliothrips fasciatus did not seem to be in the least disturbed by this action. While the writer was engaged in observing oviposition
‘he timed the parasite from its first touching of the host larvee with its antennze until
the ovipositor was finally withdrawn and in three cases this procedure occupied 20, 50, and 30 seconds each. One female was carefully watched and in 5 minutes ovipos- ited in 4 different larvee and rejected two others after short examination. During the second 5 minutes this female deposited 2 more eggs. Another female, recently emerged, was placed in a vial with a large number of larvee of this thrips at 3.15 p. m. At 3.25 p. m. she had deposited her first egz and during the next hour, under the constant observation of the writer, she deposited 20 eggs in 18 larve in a period of 35 minutes, and 38 eggs in 36 larve in 60 minutes.
Oviposition in the larve of Thrips tabaci was identical with that in H. fasciatus, but the thrips larvee were more active and more easily alarmed so that they either moved away or violently threw the tip of the abdomen around. In such cases, the parasite retreated but in a short time again approached the larva and in most cases after two or three failures would eventually succeed in ovipositing in the larve. The same thing was noticed with the larve of LFuthrips tritici, but in both cases the parasite by returning to the attack generally accomplished her purpose. The same parasite was often placed with one after another of these three species of thrips and would oviposit in each one without appearing to notice the differ- ence. In one case a parasite was observed trying to oviposit in a
dead thrips larva that was still more or less soft. Still another
adult was observed attempting oviposition in a soft lump of dirt in the vial.
This parasite does not seem to prefer any particular size of larva, as it has been seen to ovipos't in all sizes, from tarvee not over a day or two old to larve ready to change to prepupx. If, while examining the leaf for thrips larvee, it encounters a larva from in front, the para- site generally moves around to the side and then oviposits in the region of the thorax or the abdomen.
38 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. HABITS IN THE OPEN.
Oviposition as observed in the field is not very different from that in the laboratory. The following notes were taken while watching the parasite on foliage of turnip infested with Thrips tabaci:
The female was observed crawling slowly along with the antennz in motion and turned first to one side and then to the other; the body also was turned to one side or the other. At other times she ran very rapidly across the leaf. Finally she discovered a larva of tabaci and immediately placed her anterior legs on it and lowered her antennze until they rested on the body. She then oviposited in the host in the same manner that was observed so many times in the laboratory. In nature, however, the thrips larvee were more scattered, so that this insect succeeding in finding and oviposit- ing in only 4 larve during 40 minutes, and to do this she covered nearly 6 square inches of leaf surface.
In other cases where this insect was observed in the open, a oe jar would frighten her and instantly she would take wing.
EFFECT OF OVIPOSITION IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF HOST.
In the course of the work in rearing the thrips parasite it was found that this insect would oviposit in all stages of the host. In order to determine if the parasite would develop in all stages, a number of experiments were performed in which the parasite was placed in a vial with prepupxe and pupx of Heliothrips fasciatus; and in every case the parasite did not hesitate to oviposit freely in these stages. In spite of this not a single form ever developed the slightest sign of parasitism, and the host adult developed in all cases. From these experiments, it appears, we can safely say that, although this insect will oviposit in all forms of this thrips, it will develop successfully only when the eggs are deposited in the larval stage of the host.
NUMBER OF EGGS AND LENGTH OF OVIPOSITION PERIOD.
Because of the extremely artificial conditions that were necessary in rearing this very minute hymenopteron, it is impossible even to estimate ah any degree of correctness the egg-laying capacity of a female under normal conditions. This is due not only to the fact that the parasite is apt to die before the normal number of eggs 1s deposited, but also largely to the artificial method of rearing, by reason of which many of the host larve that have been parasitized die before they show the usual indications of parasitism. In one case a female was observed, under laboratory conditions, to oviposit in 36 larvee of Heliothrips fasciatus 38 times in 1 hour. From the oviposition record of another female, 56 parasitized prepupx devel- oped, while a third, that undoubtedly parasitized a still larger number, gave a total of 91 parasitized forms that later developed.
The parasites in the vials were observed to oviposit in thrips, as a rule, during a period of 5 days, although in one instance a female
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 39
was noted that oviposited on the first and eighth day while confined in a vial with larvee of Thrips tabaci, at Washington, D. C. This oviposition period undoubtedly is shorter than that which occurs under conditions which are normal, for, confined in the vials, the parasites were in close contact with many thrips larve, their eventual hosts, and so might deposit their eggs faster, while in the open field the parasites were compelled to spend considerable time in searching among the leaves for the thrips larve. Undoubtedly this alone would lengthen the normal period of oviposition to at least double that over which oviposition was observed to occur under artificial conditions in the laboratory.
DOUBLE PARASITISM.
Although it has been frequently observed that this parasite would Oviposit in the same host two or even three times, only one adult hymenopteron has ever been reared from these doubly-parasitized specimens, and in nearly every case only one parasitic larva has seemed to develop in them. On one occasion, however, Mr. Graf, late in November, 1911, observed a case in which double parasitism had developed and under such conditions that its success was plainly indicated. At that time he took the following notes: .
In the prepupa that was doubly parasitized, the parasitic larva occupying the abdomen of the thrips was about full-sized and no great difference in size could be noted in the alimentary canal of this one as compared with the others. The second parasitic larva occupied the thorax of the host prepupa, with one end of its body against one anterior angle of the thorax of the host, while the other end was against the opposite posterior angle. The colored portion was about one-fourth natural size, and it was more of a yellowish red. It was well shaped however, and not in the least distorted by its position. Under the high-power lens there was a plain division between the two and there was no mistaking the fact that there were two distinct. hymenopterous larvee occupying the body of the prepupal host at the same time. Judging from the appearance under the lens, the larva occupying the abdomen of the host would have been able to develop and pupate, while the one located in the thorax, due to its cramped position and inadequate food supply, would have been
_ unable to reach the pupating stage and would have died.
Unfortunately this host was killed so that no data were obtained as to whether either of the parasitic larvee would have been able to complete its transformation. However, double parasitism must always result in the death of one of the larve and in such a small host undoubtedly in many cases both must die owing to the insuflicient nourishment afforded by such a minute host.
ACTIVITY.
While the adult parasite is usually quiet, during the period just after emerging from the pupal case it is, under normal conditions, like most of the Hymenoptera, a very active insect. At times it has
40 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
been noted to travel over the leaf surface with astonishing speed for so minute a creature, but in the majority of cases which came under observation it seemed to crawl over the leaf in a slow and cautious manner, turning first to one side of the leaf and then to the other, apparently in constant search of its host. Unless disturbed it was seldom noted to take flight, but if jarred or frightened it takes wing at once. FLIGHT.
This insect is quite capable of sustained flight, as shown by the fact that Mr. Graf captured an adult in the outdoor insectary, on a shelf 5 feet above the ground and about 15 feet from the foliage which held the parasitized thrips. On September 27, 1911, Mr. Graf incorporated in his notes the following:
On this date two adult parasites were noted in flight. In both instances the parasites flew from the desk to the window, a distance of about 24 inches, and probably could have flown a much greater distance. The characteristic rapidity of their short flights in the vials was lacking and they flew slowly and in a zigzag line. Their flight resembled very much that of a fly in its aimless circuit about a room. During the flight they maintained about the same level, so it is probable that these insects are relatively strong fliers. It is probable that in still air or traveling with an air current they could traverse quite a distance and thus be scattered quite rapidly. This fact is further borne out by the rapidity with which parasitized material of Thrips tabaci was taken from all points of a patch of turnips once it had started to show in one place.
SIGHT.
Although this parasite has large eyes, it does not appear to distin- guish objects very plainly or at any great distance. In many cases it was observed, while searching for larve of its host, to pass near them; so close, in fact, as almost to touch them. In one instance a female, while traveling across a leaf very rapidly, was observed to run halfway over a thrips larva, and then, as if just aware of the presence of its host, to stop, back off, and immediately oviposit in it- It is attracted to light and will travel toward it in the vials so that by turning the bottom toward the window, the cotton plugs may be removed without danger of losing the insect.
BEHAVIOR ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF LEAF SURFACES.
In the course of the laboratory experiments with the thrips parasite it was observed that it experienced considerable difficulty in moving over the surface of a leaf if the latter was hairy or sticky. On leaves with smooth, glaucous surfaces, such as cabbage, turnip, or wild lettuce, this msect moved with rapidity and without ap- parent difficulty. But on the underside of leaves such as nasturtium and Chinese gourd, the movements were delayed and often ceased while the insect cleaned its legs. Because of this condition oviposi-
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA, 41
tion was very slow on leaves of the latter type and the percentages of thrips larve parasitized in such experiments were low. Without doubt this same difficulty arises in nature, so that thrips living on plants with spiny or sticky leafage will not be so highly parasitized as those living on plants with smooth leafage.
HOST RELATIONS.
Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande.
The parasite in question, Thripoctenus russelli Crawford, was first discovered in the larve of Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande, and when the adult parasites were first reared they were naturally con- fined in vials, with the young of this species, and at once oviposited in them. These were carefully manipulated and the parasites later reared in large numbers under laboratory conditions. Collections of this thrips made at various times during 1911 have shown it to be regularly parasitized by this hymenopteron.
Thrips tabaci Lindeman.
As soon as oviposition was noted in larve of Heliothrips fasciatus, larvee of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) were substituted for those of Heliothrips as a possible host for the parasite, with the result that oviposition took place at once. From these onion thrips larve the parasites were successfully reared in large numbers. On September 2, 1911, this parasite was observed actively ovipositing in larve of Thrips tabaci in the field and from collections of larve of this species made at that time the parasite was reared in large numbers. (See Table III.)
TasLe II1.—Parasitism of Thrips tabaci as shown by field collections at Compton,
Cal., 1911. | | | Number , Number Number Lot No. Date. para- Lot No. Date. para- Lot No. Date. para- sitized. sitized - Sitized. Bah mie Sasa Aug. 30 DAU" (Ole sats se cee Sept. 15 | i iy Cems Sept. 23 23 ea ehh ss. Sept. 2 NG SLOMe es eee Sept. 16 ON |(PLSisterscey a Sept. 25 14 “ee ee Sept. 5 || eh Sept. 18 46 ——_—— Seo eee Sept. 9 2228 | fal Eas a ees Sept. 19 40 Total The othe epee Sept. 11 eh | a ks Re Sept. 20 50 number Bie 82. enn! Sept. 12 UM | he ae eee Sept. 21 15 of para- (a oe Sept. 13 Cr Ls eee Sept. 22 23 sitized AEs Se nc chi Sept. 14 P22 | [: Sept. 23 17 || fOTMB Sah eae 602
The percentage of parasitism of this species in September, 1911, ranged in different collections from 15 per cent to 60 per cent, while the average of 7 lots was 33.5 per cent, as shown in Table IV.
492 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
TaBLe 1V.—Percentage of parasitism of Thrips tabaci by Thripoctenus russelli at Compton, Cal., 1911.
Date of | Number | Per cent
Lot No. collec- para- of para-
tion. sitized. | sitism. 1 TEED. eng oe ay eco tee eae re OL Seay Se Me Pee er AE i eee Or once Aug. 30 52 35 in RE en oR ta fa ak ONS Ra lig Fy SA A ADT NOU Ok ta en Sept. 2 16 15 Baie Ee on cae deel ON Ducati ited a 7 4 ee tea Nema eee ee Sept. 5 24 40 GPE Ry 2 Baten SES eo Ta oe Pe Se IIS Ee Oe ae oe Bae Ee eneetee Sept. 11 45 30 DHE wo Spud esis) oie ek ste de eles wn iaps SE Ee I are eee ary Pens ee hn ere eee eva Sept. 13 34 30 (eC Re eee Nai SRP en RRB ROP ReMi aN NaI RA, i ad a Sept. 14 28 25 Mes ORE Date a Pe oo ence als SSA ale Bin Bog seee os eo eee alors eens rere Sept. 15 967s ae 60 WMO Des ys 6 a cates 5 oc Sale Biche Sa ee ee ee Re Eo a Rae ae oe | cat 295 Ace eee Awwerages.So.2 S. teodeadews fe ee see Stet Bla bea aati See eee Seer ore eee | eee 33.5
In October, from the pupe of this parasite sent to Washington, D. C., from Compton, Cal., adults were reared which, when placed in vials with larvee of Thrips tabaci, immediately began to oviposit in them. Unfortunately the parasitized larve soon died, the parasites perishing with them, and but few data were secured from this ex- periment. It is possible that this mortality of the host was due to the cool weather which prevailed at the time of the experiment.
These experiments demonstrate the important fact that the parasite Thripoctenus will oviposit in the larve of Thrips tabaci. This later may be an important asset in the control of this destructive insect.
EKuthrips tritict Fitch.
Adults of Thripoctenus, when confined with larve of Huthrups tritici Fitch, immediately commenced oviposition. As a result, although the larve of this thrips are more difficult to rear, the parasite was successfully reared in a number of experiments. No evidence of parasitism in the open was observed for this species, but as the larvee were at no time very abundant, sufficient data were not secured to determine whether this insect was being parasitized in the field.
Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché.
A series of experiments was conducted in which the larva of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché was confined with this parasite and in every case oviposition was noted many times. However, with the exception of one doubtful example, no indication of para- sitism. ever appeared. To account for this failure is impossible at the present time unless it was that the host larvee were in a far too advanced state.
Heliothrips femoraiis Reuter.
Adults of Thripoctenus russella that emerged in Washington on October 2, 1911, were confined with the larvee of Heliothrips femoralis Reuter and they immediately commenced oviposition. These
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 43
experiments also failed to give any further results, due no doubt to the fluctuating temperature of the building where the experiments were conducted.
MISCELLANEOUS ORSERVATIONS.
Larve of Trichothrips n. sp. were confined with the parasite, but whenever the parasite came into contact with the larve it at once moved away and upon no occasion did it attempt oviposition. The refubal of the parasite to oviposit was no doubt due to the fact that this &\rips was much larger, of an advanced stage, and with a tougher skin.
While observing the oviposition of the parasite in thrips larve, one was observed to come into contact with a small red spider (Tetranychus ?). The parasite immediately stopped, examined the mite, and then bent under the abdomen and oviposited in it. Undoubtedly this was a case of wasted energy, as the body of the mite was entirely too small to nourish the larva of the parasite.
Young of Triphleps insidiosus Say were placed in a vial with the parasite, but no attempt to oviposit was observed. In most cases the young bugs moved so rapidly that the parasite could not get near enough to touch them.
In one experiment Mr. Graf placed very young cabbage aphides (Aphis brassice L.) in the vial with the thrips parasite, but it refused to oviposit in them.
SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE HOST RELATIONS.
To briefly summarize the results of the foregoing experiments, this parasite has been reared from Heliothrips fasciatus Pergande, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and Euthrips tritici Fitch. It has also been observed to oviposit in larve of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché and Heliothrips femoralis Reuter, but without results at the present writing. Upon one occasion, as noted above, it oviposited in a red spider, also without results. Although given the oppor- tunity it refused even to attempt oviposition in Tr richothrips n. sp., Triphleps insidiosus, or Aphis brassice.
LENGTH OF LIFE IN CONFINEMENT.
Owing to the artificial conditions under which this insect was studied, the normal length of life must have been greatly curtailed. However, adults were often noted in active oviposition for from 3 to 5 days and one was recorded that oviposited on the first and eighth days of its confinement. Adults have been kept alive in the tubes for a period of 10 days. In another case adults were found ~ alive in a shipment of material that was in the mail for 2 days. This insect probably has quite an extended length of life under natural
44 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
conditions, but its minute size renders it almost impossible to determine this point.
Samuel Doten! has recently published some interesting informa- tion on the relation of food to the length of life of certain parasites kept in confinement. He found that under favorable conditions some species could be kept alive in confinement for months.
CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN THE OPEN.
Many of the adults of this tiny hymenopteron suffer an untimely death, instances of which have been observed in the present investiga- tion. It was acommon sight to see two or three entangled in a spider’s web on the underside of a single leaf, and these invariably perished, as they were too frail to extricate themselves. On one occasion the larva of a syrphid was observed to seize. one of these parasites and kill it. The larva of Triphleps insidiosus was also noted, in one instance, with this insect impaled on its beak.
One female of Thripoctenus russelli was observed on a croton leaf, attempting oviposition in the larva of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis. It was frequently caught by the sticky excrement of its host, and only with great difficulty succeeded in freeing itself. On the next morning this parasite was found fastened to the leaf and dead. Thus the excrement of the larve of Heliothrips may serve as a protection to the thrips against its natural enemy.
EFFECT OF OVIPOSITION IN DIFFERENT AGES OF HOST LARVZ.
At the present time our observations show that the degree of maturity of the host larve bears some relation to the length of time between oviposition by the parasite and indication of parasitism in the host. In all cases observed where the parasite oviposited in larve that were nearly fully grown either the parasitic larve did not develop or the length of time required for their development was lengthened a number of days. Also in one experiment where ovi- position took place in thrips larve only 2 days old the length of time required until there were signs of parasitism was 14 days— considerably more than the average. It appears that the best results are obtained when the parasite selects host larve about half grown as its victims.
LIFE HISTORY.
The life history of Thripoctenus russelli is taken from records made under artificial conditions, as the material was confined in vials closed by cotton plugs. These were kept in an open-air insectary ; hence the other conditions were as nearly natural as it was possible to make them. The fluctuations of temperature were recorded on a
1 Tech. Bul. 78, Nevada Agr. Exp. Sta., September, 1911.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 45
Freize thermograph. The observations covering the life-history studies of the parasite were made during the months of July, August, and September.
LENGTH OF TIME FROM OVIPOSITION TO FIRST INDICATION OF PARASITISM.
Because of the very minute size of this insect and the internal life led by it in the larval stage, the length of the egg and larval stages was not separately determined. The time required from oviposition by the adult parasite until parasitism becomes evident in the host may be 5 days as a minimum or 17 days as a maximum, but by far the greater number require from 7 to 12 days for this. In Table V this period is recorded for a series of 19 experiments.
TaBLE V.—Time between oviposition and first indication of parasitism, by Thripoctenus
russelli. Number parasitized lary observed. Parasite |__ ic a Experi- hag otal posited August. September. arasit- ment No. in host ea larvee. 16} 17] 18|19} 20}. 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26] 27| 28| 29/30/31) 1 | 2} 3] 4 1 eS a ae Ang. 9"). £9 peat | Onl) An leeoale sale 20 ee Sere ..do sf are a ay aE (ays) al oae 7 GS eeeeee AO eee MO) eon eOneouiem Onl (0) |p |teide)| eh 21 ee eee ASS SS 2a 2) ea ae) 3 Na eee anes Seale 9 DRS ese occs ..do = Bt lpeecel ty ence lems | eee cil ree | eel em alk 7 ee Ae oe ..do ee ae) 0 (OP ee Aes cs [See Saale 1 eS eee TNE STE ee ae EE Biome nlOn | mLOn itor ese = ape 56 Bei eine eae BG Oye esa ees Be sae eee el ete allen | A aia a eae te watts 35 ee Se Aug. 14 PEN es 3 Uae tes i a ee Ber|(s Ale 10 LD eae aoe s=00\-- ZA COVE SN meat PSOne Ee eee peel 7 Bo occ ciotoars Soules Bais 8 ea ie it |. Seale ale 2 [OTs Sy raed oO. 2 2 1 1 | Sa Pople 10 LSet ate ae ook Aug. 15 >) i BT ig LA LE ay nee 8 i aoe 2.0.2. re eal eels (See |eo se eel 2 1 US PR ee eee OGRA SS | SoS SSH Pa ee 10 | 14 | 13 6 4;4/0/;6;1)0)]0 1|9 68 WG6ios<se= ss VAGO)- =e allise| sc aoe eel tees Ome On| ewe On |e On Pein |e cee Sie euie a eee ae 6 Re See AUR IGS clpccle= te eee) eee | ee ere (nee eile Me daeatio ne [eerete oa) 09) |) Bil! LOM 5.) aL 39 LSS soe: BE dO eral ead|) sclleod Be ere feces see epencon| cee even Laren | Urea cea ino | CTE ice cecal ay creel tnt les 7 TOE =! Va op |e a ee Te R eal oa kOuleesal ea eae 30 ANG 124 Ee ps RV ee HS (Cera re (Se eae eee (se (tee (eee (ee Pe De | 345
The diagram, figure 8, gives the length of time between oviposition and indication of parasitism for 353 specimens.
LENGTH OF TIME FROM OVIPOSITION TO PUPATION OF THE PARASITE.
The length of time from oviposition to pupation of the parasite, or the period covered by the egg and larval stages, was carefully deter- mined for 241 specimens and varied from 8 days, as a minimum, to 19 days as a maximum; but 13 or 14 days are required by the greater number of individuals. Figure 9 shows this period.
As the length of the pupal stage was taken up in the discussion of the pupa (p. 33) it is not again referred to here.
46 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
LENGTH OF LIFE CYCLE.
The life cycle is shown in Tables VI, VII, and VIII, including the average mean temperature for the period.
TasLE VI.—Length of life cycle of 44 individuals of Thripoctenus russelli.
Sign of para- | Parasite larvee Adult sitism. pupated. emerged.
Date of oviposition.
Date. |No.| Date. |No.| Date. | No.
|
PAIS US esse oe Setar hac siete eit ona act lapel eietalate aioe siete rare eet Aug. 20..| 3 | Aug.22..) 1] Sept.11-}; 1 Aug. 21..| 3 | Aug. 23..| 2 | Sept. 12. 4
Aug. 22 8 | Aug. 24..| 3 | Sept. 13. 8
Aug. 23..] 16 | Aug. 25..| 7 | Sept. 14. if
Aug. 24..].... Aug. 26..) 9} Sept. 15.) 10
Aug. 25..| 10 | Aug. 27..| 3 | Sept. 16. 4
Aug. 26..| 13 | Aug. 28..) 3 | Sept. 17-].-.--
Aug. 27 3 | Aug. 29..| 9 | Sept. 18 8
Aug. 31...) 8 | Sept.19.} 1
Sept. 20 i!
Totals . 252502 ease et oem oe deehicaet ce ae eee cece mee) Seem aieeias Hull eecaaee see AD! oe on Baie 44
Total average mean temperature from August 13 to September 20, 65.68° F. Total life cycle for the 44 specimens, 30 to 39 days.
TaBLeE VII.—Length of life cycle of 4 individuals of Thripoctenus russelli.
Sign of para- | Parasite larvee Adult sitism. pupated. emerged. Date of oviposition. Date. |No.| Date. |No.| Date. | No. ANS IAS? cys Se tai is SRNL oh anes as te See ee le aot ee eee Aug. 20..| 4 | Aug.22..| 2 | Sept. 11. 2 Auge 21) WT |) Aue. 28.2)" 27 Sepi-wd2e|eeee Ag 2228 ee Aug..24..[..22 Sept. 13s |2es- Aug. 23..| 1 | Aug.25..) 1 | Sept. 14. 1 AIP S24 | See Aug. 26..].--- Sept. 15. 1 ANIGR IG | Ene AU SDT 8 ee = = Ae S26 cai Wh Atma Dra Ree = ANTES 2B Sa 1 otal 5 cctaes aos cto SO aS ROS etre te were eee nats eee | Ee eee (ie eee ee Ge. asceeeae 4
Total average mean temperature from August 14 to September 15, 65.96° F. Total life cycle for the 4 specimens, 28 to 32 days.
TasLeE VIII.—Life cycle of Thripoctenus russelli in Thrips tabaci as a host, September and October, 1911.
Sign of para- Parasite Adult sitism. pupated. emerged.
Date of oviposition.
Date. |No.} Date. |No.| Date. |No.
ATE 2B io oe Sie Ao NS es SNe SS ee See ara EA acl tae ere eae Sept. 4..| 2 | Sept. 8 2 | Sept. 29 1 Sept. 5 1 | Sept. 9 6 | Oct. 2. il Sept. 6 3) || Sept. 115] 2 | Octra 5-2) eae Sept. 8 7 | Sept. 12.) 1 Sept. 15.)) “I Dotals:..c.05 fesse mets Helse eaeid Reese ne seem eee aa aoe Oe eeee ne NS peer NED BSc ee 4
Total average mean temperature from August 28 to October 3, 64.7+° F. Entire life cycle for the 4 specimens, 32 to 36 days.
— ee
es 7 ss ae
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 47
To summarize all of the rearing experiments conducted during the summer of 1911, the life cycle of this insect required from 28 to 44 days, but the average was between 30 and 34 days. (See fig. 10.)
FIRST APPEARANCE IN THE SPRING.
In 1911 this insect was not observed until June 15, although a very careful lookout had been kept from early in the spring. Undoubtedly future work will show that- this insect becomes active considerably before this time and probably as early as the middle of March at least.
LAST APPEARANCE IN THE FALL.
In 1910 parasitized thrips were found as late as November 10 and after that, although thrips larve were collected, no signs of para- sitism could befound. In 1911 very few adults emerged from the pupx after October 1, although adults were observed in the field as late as October 21. On November 10, 1911, a large collection of thrips larve gave only 9 parasitized
: Re BES specimens, while a later col- PRPSSSreeLteln lection, made December 8, (iS al PS
gave one parasitized form, =e oe et ee which would indicate that Fig. 8.—Diagram illustrating length of time from ovi-
this parasite had about ceased position to first evidence of parasitism for 353 indi- . ; viduals of Thripoctenus russelli. (Original.) its work.
ae Seok 4h Sse Meanie lect <b NUE Ea (ih SERS SSERERED SEES free Passed
ft} leave se eat
i
| ana
NUIMGER OF INSECTS. 2.4 S S s y S e ES &
NUMBER OF GENERATIONS.
The experiments made during 1911 have shown that the female of this insect may begin oviposition in a very few hours after emerging from the pupa. Because of this we can expect a new generation to be begun the same day that the female emerges, provided she finds
‘host larve. Therefore, if we take March 15 as a point when this
insect becomes active in the spring and November 10 as the date that this insect ceases to oviposit, we might obtain as many as 8 generations, provided each required only 28 days for development, or only 5 generations if the maximum period for development was required.
HIBERNATION.
Thripoctenus russelli passes the winter in the pupal stage, the different individuals evidently hibernating as soon as the tempera- ture drops sufficiently low to check development. Pupx taken to Washington, D.C., all entered hibernation as early as October 1, while the adults were still emerging at the laboratory in Compton,
48 Cal.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
At the latter place many entered hibernation as early as Octo-
ber 5, and after that date very few adults emerged.
OCCURRENCE.
The adult of this insect was first observed in a bean field at Holly- wood, Cal., on June 29, 1911. At this time one was noted in ovipo- sition and a careful search of the bean foliage for about 3 hours resulted in the capture of 5 more. On July 18, 1911, Mr. Graf and the writer again visited this field and after a very careful examination collected 12 more adults. On August 4, 1911, a visit to this field resulted in the capture of 7 more specimens of this insect, and on August 18 a prolonged examination produced 1 specimen on a leaf
hee ieeo we ibs sista ml) SEG SE Gr oGObbn 5g (ee bela Zi) Ss is 0a eS BA VthS 2 seg ecaeu lEEViEGRer seco <( s Be et
i l2 13: /4 «15 «16 :«/7:«16=«19 DAYS.
Fie. 9.—Diagram illustrating length of time from oviposition to pupation for 241 individuals of
Thripoctenus russelli. (Original.)
of Lactuca scariola and 1 on the leaf of a lima bean plant.
At Compton, although many parasitized thrips had been col- lected for over 14 months, this insect was not found in the adult stage until August 26, 1911, when 1 was taken on a leaf of Lactuca. At this time the adults seemed to be very common on turnips in the laboratory yard, for on August 28 Mr. Graf collected 1; on August 29, 1; and on August 30,2. The
writer, on September 1, observed 7 adults crawling over turnip foliage and on September 2, 4 more were observed. Two of these were actively ovipositing in larvee of Thrips tabaci. On September 17 and 23 Mr. Graf observed 4 adults on the turnip foliage. While Mr. Graf was at Puente, Cal., on October 3, 1911, he found 1 adult of this parasite on a leaf of Sonchus oleraceus badly infested by the bean thrips. At the same place on October 21, 1911, Mr. Graf discovered a small bush of Nicotiana glauca badly infested by the larve of Heliothrips fasciatus and careful examination revealed the presence of this insect. On 15 leaves of this plant infested by the bean thrips he found between 40 and 50 adults of this parasite. These were very active and many were observed in oviposition.
DISTRIBUTION.
This insect was first discovered at Compton, Cal., during Decem- ber, 1910, and during 1911 it has been found to occur very commonly in that locality. During June, 1911, it was found to occur at Holly- wood and later it was reared from material collected at Whittier and Puente, Cal. These localities are all situated in Los Angeles County and make up an area of nearly 150 square miles. A few collections
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 49
of the host larvee made at Garden Grove and in Los Angeles failed to show parasitism, but probably more extensive collections would have revealed the presence of this insect in both places. Compton, which is near the coast, has a much cooler climate than Puente, which is more inland, so that this insect appears to thrive along the coast and also in the drier and hotter interior valleys.
PERCENTAGE OF PARASITISM IN DIFFERENT LOCALITIES.
The hosts of this parasite are such delicate insects that in all rearing work many have died from the artificial conditions in the vials.
Therefore it is impos- sy acted Ale pet lol. eae mie
sible to givetheexact 45
rege a ee ERATE number of thrips par- §35 = Sel zed by this insect 9
i oa ea ee eae eas oe ea Wiel PPE ee ever eT VN CE or thelesssomeideamay 8-[-PL ELLA Rewobtamed of the. 31 7 | | it tt | IVA I work this insect is gti ti TT N
28 WBE IE 7 I 40 4 42
capable of doing to as +, Fic. 10.—Diagram illustrating ae oy of days in the life cycle of
check its host, Helio Thripoctenus russelli; summary of allrearing experiments. (Original.)
thrips fasicatus, in Los
Angeles County, Cal. Table IX gives the percentage of parasitism
at Compton for 1911.
anes IX .— Percentage of parasitism of peers ee Ses Cal., 1910-11.
Number Number | Per cent = Lot No. Collected. past normal | parasi- aie forms. tized. 1910. Noy. 10 4 20 16. 66 1911. June 15 1 5 16. 66 June 29 2 26 7.0+ July 6 2 8 20.0 Uthyee 1S4 |b ae ee 20-30) |e socec es 2 silva Oy | eee eee Bi be Bee July 12 57 12 70.3 Uaioe ene 5 0 July 14 5 26 16.0+ Malye ifs |insan-e cee Us Ree eee July 18 1D) eee 10.0 July 18 11 7.0 July 31 PATNA ed See 15.0 July 31 Sl Beeeoceece 25.0 Aug. 3 Sule ves oe 3.0 Aug. 7 Goals ee 50.0 Aug. 8 CSiea ees os 45.0 Aug. 14 it) eee eee 40.0 Aug. 16 Cf eeenoree 70.0 Aug. 21 Ed eee ee 170.0 Aug. 26 ea @ Aug. 28 PL | Reese ae (2) Aug. 30 35 (2)
.| Sept. 2 27 |.. () Sept. 4 41 (?) Sept. 6 | oe sa eh a ()
Total parasitized forms of eesevbees fasciatus collected eee Ti THALELG Fa] 2.00) see SI See EOS 5 a ee ee eee (ee Se | OO) baseee sacs sae eee
1 About. 2 Not determined.
50 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
In these collections the percentage of parasitism ranged from 0 to 70.3.
Table X gives the percentage of parasitism at Hollywood. The average percentage for that locality was only 0.78+, which seems very strange, as the adult parasite was frequently collected on foliage at that point. However, this low degree of parasitism may have been due to collections made at times when the parasitized material was pupating.
TaBLe X.—Percentage of parasitism of Heliothrips fasciatus, at Hollywood, Cal., 1911.
Nee Number | Per cent Lot No. : f Collected. Eon normal | parasi- ayaa. forms. tized. 1911 | ee eee renee) eer eae eee Sar eka ee Ee ee tne ASN June 29 2 34 5,55 7 eres ene Cone A Oats AMP tre eee eee One See ie Ae A erp MN Sa he July 8 11 38 | 22.44 2 eee Seen ee ois See aa ea eee. Mm Searle Red ne. Man eS Safer Se Duby" “Srl Lae e sete ZO'||ao a aemetens ( rent eee pipet arme ae eee See ae er no Sor Ath wee nl oe Se oe DULY? WLS ae oe sees ZiDAlte eee ess oetgon ae Sead. Sal Ute Sates! Blteaes [See ed eee a eee A ae UU 1S, 1 eee eee 1437s eee ee ( eho ae here ARPa a COR: dep hes Wesel) Ag AR Os REY, RENE a dSeth (Se sy dere eS Jitaliys US a escee eps OM Soaps eae | (Ao Et hte ee ees AE RET Gems ESSE EEA ee oth. Aniohys ales ee oe 66 Be aR bhs aes ee GO Ee Sea gain aa eee ee eee Bn eee Dali sUSi eee eee 2507 32 see [SARs panes Eee ee nt a RN RC NE ina Re NR NN Se Silty aul Ghee aeons 134), eee NOM eas So A ee rape See Sa etn ee ee et a a Jitihy eel Sole soe eee 50) || Sea sate: UUs er. a i ko ae es ond Se ae eg lam ee eee 150} ease Dnt Me 7 a) AE REG Oe Sea Oe Onn NRE ee Aug. 4 4 (?) (?) Te es a ad VERA Re 8 ee eR ee a, SRR eS PANT OR All| Ay ee as 4006 25 tee SCP aes ee oer ee eee a ay eee Re Se ek aie gh hse ott: = Aug. 18 1 500 199-+ Motaleer~ 22st heat Sse tee ete Sad ns Ses oom Been eererre lEceescen 18 V7640|Eeeeee ese Average: per cent for totale -2 ss. os tia sic arate SO ets | ee a rel Se age aes oe - 78+
Table XI gives the percentages of parasitism for a number of collections made during August and September, 1911, at Puente. In this locality the parasite was working about as actively as at Compton, and the percentage of parasitism rose as high as 49.5 in one case that was determined.
Taste XI.—Percentage of parasitism of Heliothrips fasciatus at Puente, Cal., 1911.
Number 1 Ase arasit- | Number | Per cent para- Lot No. Collected.| P eal “onl siizedt forms. Ae) ete r 35 17 40 29.8 19 (?) (?) 1 19 5 2 (?) Very small. 132 (2) (?) 84 ©) @) 89 95 49.5 76 Ce) (?) 71 (?) (?) 561
At Whittier the host was not abundant, and the one collection made there on August 29, 1911, of 25 thrips larvee, developed para- sitism in two cases, or about 8 per cent.
AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THYSANOPTERA. 51 MEANS OF COLONIZING THE PARASITE.
Experiments conducted during 1911 between Compton, Cal., and Washington, D. C., have shown that this parasite can be distributed in two ways. Either the material can be collected in the field and shipped direct to the point where its introduction is desired, or the material can be placed in cold storage and thus kept until a more favorable period.
In shipping material direct from the field two methods have been used that give good results. Of these the more promising is to collect material where the parasitism is high and put the thrips larve in vials as described under ‘‘ Methods of collecting for evidence of parasitism” (p. 28). Then, as soon as the parasitic larve have
ai ‘ WR DUPARTMENT OF AGRIONLTUR
Oficaa! Buswess.
V PENALTY FON PRIVATE USE Bote
Fic. 11.—Mailing tubes used in shipment of thrips parasites. Original.
transformed to pupx, they should be packed carefully in cotton, to prevent jarring, and shipped. (See fig. 11.) In the other method the only difference is that the material is shipped as soon as placed in the vials. While this has the advantage of giving more time for shipping, it unfortunately seems to cause greater mortality in the parasitized material. It is also possible to pick leaves of plants infested by parasitized thrips, and pack these in cigar boxes and ship direct. However, this method has not given as good results during the past year as the other two methods.
During the fall of 1911 much material was placed in cold storage in Los Angeles. In these experiments parasitized prepupe of the thrips were placed in vials or in rubbish and then put in either the
54 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
egg room or the fruit room. In the same way parasite pup were also placed in cold storage. In the egg room the temperature is kept at 31° F. and the air is dry, while in the fruit room, while the temperature is the same, the air is rather moist.
From these experiments it seems that the parasitized prepupe are able to stand exposure in cold storage for at least 41 days, and when removed at the end of that time the parasites will change to pupe.
Likewise, when parasite pupex are placed in cold storage, the period of emergence of the adult may be retarded for a time until conditions are more favorable for its propagation. In these experi- ments pup were left in cold storage for 41 days and then put in a cool greenhouse and in 79 days the adults began to emerge.
The methods of shipping insects and placing them in cold storage just described are at the most very imperfectly worked out, and it is purposed to experiment along these lines until the behavior under these conditions shall be as completely known as is necessary.
[eee se COPIES of this publication may be procured from the SUPERINTEND- ENT OF DOCUMENTS, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 5 cents per copy
Pn as ee ee Ie
oa peerage yf
EN-D BX.
Molothrips— Page. gum RUCKOVeLO SORES. Ue 2260.4... geen tee teene sso oee nes Ae Saag act 1 Se Seen eIes As CLs fo... ... BSS Sone ce be eee telson ck eae £ err see feet okt eS. LS tS oe ka eee oom noes 1 eee re MUNCIE DB GIOS ir f'n. (.|- . Se oui Bs been he tant eld cae ale cw cee 1 et een LO SNECLERS 222 ceo cy”. ones late ned om camera ee meas 1 Aa OMAR AP OCLS vci.02-..- 53 =. - « Mes ee oles Oe tie ane asst meae al Taeriumow, Hpected. Ueschiptian..22: Gee. alse oof teh tebe 2-3 en Omen iniMceyria Speelessas= <2" 2... gee ot ase eee ee ee 1
Aisculus californica—
Recep r amit Ol AHN pS CORRS n2 o.oo he einen ee ene cae ete 14 Pacese pent MaeTMOLmups SCLOPE? 93... 52... 02m ee hd ee oe 9
Anaphothrips— eer eyetarspericd . th hilt Sao. eee te ores Cee YT a SE See 15 Pmmew epceles. Cesc pions ise 30 ceefes2 ste: eke kad koe eee 16-17 PRET eRe fos 8. Soe rile os eS ene eee ore eke eas 14-15 Pee eens nMCCY HO SPCClOR Peet <a. cee pt eave Todo kine ee aoe ae oe 15 obscurus in key to species, Anaphothrips striatus a synonym......-.------- 14 Pee eadeRence Ct eerie! ss! Soe. Sean eee. tA es ee IS Ah 15 COLON VR bOM PCCLES eye. Joc cnn Pee en ee Cee ee ee 15 zee, female short-winged form, and male, description.................... 15-16 ee One lesieias = == aaa Ee ere ia Sot ee nl 15
Anthothrips— aculeatus, resemblance of Anthothrips flavipes thereto......-.........-.-- 19 iia PeRetipR Va LOS PeCies 0-5 ioctl ep soe ec ee nee cote ares saeeee ey, VR DICEMEW: SCCICR mGCSCTIPWON 25-2. wens Se ob eae cee ences bee daeene 18-19 BT TE) ST2 Sl TSS Sas SECS oA ake ge ee a Pie Rd ident 17 SOR LE UR ES) E20 I Sg 17 DamcurnIn Way Key, tOSPECleds. Lt i. 3 one. sos Lacie eee mer ere es ke eee eee ees 17 nigricornis new species, description......-.-.- ener Sr ee ene 17-18 Puree One natOMperlcne, “002 32 - Lee ince ca ee cee ent ae ene eee 17 werbasci in key to species...--.-.------.------- SU Te Peo it teh sp pe NAG r it 17
Pann oramiee, NOL host of Threpoctenus russella...2 0. ...202 525.2 feces tee 43
Aptinothrips rufus, resemblance of Anaphothrips zex thereto .............--.-- 15
Bean, baa, Pempoctenus russelli jound’on leaf..-..25-.0..-----2-- 0202... 48
Buckeye, California. (See Hsculus californica.) Cabbage aphis. (See Aphis brassicx.)
Colonizing thrips parasite, Thripoctenus russelli, means.......--.------- Aa <: 51-52
Cress, water. (See Nasturtium officinale.)
Cry ptothrips— angustus, resemblance of Cryptothrips salicis thereto.............-.-------- 21 Peet AAT (ROM MHD OCIOND 352405. Arlee Sk acess na seenadaceee eee lee 19 Pasay LO peCles =. 62 tee. Seo. tle ot can. ete s 19 SOUR a? ee ae ae 4 ght sanes tyke Wh pipet LN Mis a Sogo 19 Raenarindd Uy GO SPOGIES tn22 dae es we tet ogee we else she tee 19 COR A) OUTSET 92 at: Se Sy GE pelt ie i ae ae 19 Pomme spots, GESChiO LON. ...-/ meas sect es eee ee ee geen es 20-21
Elderberry. (See Sambucus sp.) 96757—15—_—2 53
54 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Page. Eriogonum nudum, food plant of Anthothrips nigricornis....-..-..----.-------- 18 Euthrips— albus in key to specles:.2. 0.6235 426s oc: 2 Re eee 10 cepnalicus an key, G0 BPeCleS: on. yig 18 ee eo aren a, ee a a Le cephalicus vax. reticulatus in key to species.....-..~.---2-.- 2222 2se5-eee 1H cir? in key ‘to species... -2.32- 2.262 Leas je ae ee ook ae 10 cosialis tnvkey tovepectes YoU in). 4c oes ee ee Sa ee eee 10 costalis, new species, description. |... 240%... 312. seen see eae eee 13-14 éhrhornii in key t0 speCles..=.- 6a. My as 2oe eee eee 11 chrhormu, male, description...) oop. hs le. )25 ~ 0.5 «Sela eee 12 puscus in key tO SPeClesa<. © oi Cajin = See eic 3 Seni eR ernie ee ee 11 hehonthy im key to species: .' 5.02 -'.2 = ose. io gene cca in aa ere 11 ansularis.ar: key to spectes: 0. 22.0. obs) ale ea ere ll key owspecies cis Joci sade. 2 ete. ge la ee eee ee 10-12 longipennis im. key tovspecless. o2.0 jeu J ~ jee dee ee 35 ee ee 10 longirostrum im! key to-specless -~- - /2s2 4. ae nee Oe ee ee 11 longirostrum, new species, description. <2... 2 7.e2 4a are 6 eee tee 12-13 MunUrys In Wey LO BpeClesan 2 Seen heme yr etn eee eee Phe eae g ll nervosus in key to specles...c0. 22 foi. ssc2 eek lS eyes em peo te ee 11 occidentalis in key to species....--.--..---------- oR Seen Mri Fa Se 12 orchidvin, key £0 (speGles 5. 35-2 = 6-452 beste oe oe oe eee 10 muyrpan Key {0 SPCClGs. <2. 2. 6s 2-20 eo: cote eae eee ae eee 10 tritici, host of Thripoctensus russel lt. <2 te 2 ola mien sae am 30, 32, 37, 42, 43 iriticuin Key to speclése 22.0302 ho he ek Sake eee ee ee 12 tritict vax. .californicus in key to. spectes: =<. 22-2 heey oe bee oe eee 12 ulicis californicus in key to specles.: . ie. 6 2 = oaa- saree i Seeee st eee eee ail Goldenrod. (See Solidago sp.) Grass— food plants of Sericothrips apenas. «4-4 eee Pe eee 6 green foxtail. (See Setaria viridis.) Heliothrips— fasciatus, host of Thripoctenus russellt -...----2----- + 22 = yee one 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 48, 49, 50 asciatus, life-history stmmMary 3... s2-- 23220 4) yee ee 28 fasciatus on Nicotiana Glan a. a2 = oe ais year ys ees ei 48 femoralis, host of Thripoctenus russelli, experiments...-------------------- 42-43 hemorrhoidalis, host of Thripoctenus russelli, experiments.-...-.---------- 42, 44 Jones, Paul R., paper, ‘‘Some New California and Georgia Thysanoptera” .. 1-24 Lactuca scariola, Thripoctenus russelli found on leaf........-.-----------+--- 48 Laurel leat gall, food of Phlwothrips armiger..:. =... 2 ------- 2-5-6 e eee 24 Limothrips— auene—Limothrips cercdwinas 2 2220: iden epakewn eee ee ee eee 8,9 cerealium in key to species, Limothrips avene a synonym. .....-.-------- 8 ROY £0 BPCCIES: 2 Vaciewa ke ees ee a ee ae 8 Setarie ii key: GO BpeCles. i. 21120 cette Cte en sats eee ee a ae 8 Sclariz, Mew. species, description 2 e420 cing = 2 ene te ee ere 8-10 Lupine, perennial— food plant of Huthrips longirostrum _.....---.---2 7-2 2--- 2 = 25ers eae 12-13 food plant.of Sericothrips mowuliont. 122 2...) ae ee oa e e ee 8 Mimulus sp., food plant of Anaphothrips albus..........--..-----+---+++-+-+--- 17 Monkey flower. (See Mimulus sp.) Nasturtium officinale, food plant of Molothrips nasturtii.........------------- 3
Nicotiana glauca, food plant of Heliothrips fasciatus. ......--------+-+---+-+--- 48
te pe ee i Be
Ot ae a!
INDEX. 55
Page Cin Wile, 100 Plant Ol L1MOlirips SelOrix...2 2... 5 once ne eect en ese oe oe 9 Olive thrips. (See Phlewothrips olex.) Parthenogenesis in Thripocienus russelli..........--.....-..--2--200--+----+ 30-80 Pesos Gon: Platt Os PAUCOMNTIDS JETNEU. 2. 2 Sieg 2 me wma Sas ~ 2 atin nee once seas 22 Pezomachus thripites, parasite of thrips on wheat.................----------- 25 ~ Phleothrips— ater SEDRCE Na EY APIECIOS Oh oe Sioa, cictks wiz RMS oe) oncom = Saneicacamnits foe ee 21 Biiiger He Wi Species, GCACTUDUON 0)... bei soa sled ac sepne saan tens cece 23-24 Pee LT IODNOS 2 citi a eis... Sa Sc ote deena Sax bons dots scene 21 Gener ews SeCles, CEsCTEUIOI::. ...-. geen go nss.Sn2 eeseee de cc deae canes 21-22 EG. i SpCClen.-- 6... 2.2.0. boc. he RES. een ae ate ROR CRT ge aa PE 21 cereisee it Rey gO MEGIESS aco... ans Jk cc. Sooke ya ase oe ee ole 21 minor, resemblance of Phlwothrips jennei thereto.......-...------------- 22 mieeeeiuigta patasite tHereOL Le"... ae. ns sone ee tees yee -nemseaeee 25 peas aG Key tovspecios: 220. SPS! . erage. sap eens nem neg eae ye 21 EMME PN EOCLORC 3 2 aaah. Sele LO BES ng evs id ao sip oSe Senecio = 21 Erase Ce OMEN ICR es | aS ier Ere cl. eae ew an Pots we wa 2 Re Sim cis ete 21 Rearing and studying thrips parasites, methods...................---.----- 28-29 Russell, H. M., paper, ‘‘An Internal Parasite of Thysanoptera”............. 25-52 MaMlUUCUS o)., 100d plant of Sercogaeps albus... ooo sc ees eee 7 Scirtothrips— es — AA DROMTANS RUDDERS 222 Whe ain ss a noes boas se aban oa 15 tere UNIED SU Mose hs ates Soetoro Stee eid re aun Mee arace aioe 15 Sericothrips— f Pl ea BIC ON MAY BPCCLOS. 2 SMI Seu eels oe oe Geese Gains oa ete one Se sete eee eee 5 ies MemAnDOCIes, GESCUPbION =~ 7... ous ee tye eke eben hese + eee 6-7 CFESA Tay LEENA 7 05S) Dl 4 Re Oa ETRY, ge 5 OTE Soot hy CVE 11 SES 1a 2 SER SR a Ee aa PR 6 cingulatus in key to species............---- gk SM NS pe RR A a 5 Rey LINCS ag ae ee et. ne ee Ds a ai UNS ana ts egies ee 5 SMELT MUGEN CO SPCLCHs 2 oni cra. Hee woh os coe a © cone a eencpon Beeler 5 TOMLONE. Mew Species, (eseTipiuon fos. 65 jase es ose ene ees deca wig e 7-8 Petmuemenuanl Gey: LO SPeCloss . =< . a4 shes oo obese wee gabese seecies ges 5 CREME Ny ICOM CO SCCIES] 2.2 cis ere «een a ee See yep ey oo ene ea) eee eee 5 stanfordit in key to species ......-........- Bn ts Baca he crs cee ie ae Oe 5 Pua ereanISUMIMC PO MACCIES sos 2 2 ie. mee s eeciate ae asia oleate ton, fees ne vels Se ae 5 eerie veridts, 1000 plant of Limothrips sélarte..- 2... 22. = 2 a2 ye soe se 9 MeGueEgO A>, 1000 PlAMt OL. LATLDSJEnvOralis. Son. a n< mn cur = moe mes de ewe sss - 5 Benches oleraecus, 100d plant of bean thrips_....2-..-=-...------:+-----+--++- 48 Sonchus oleraceus, Thripoctenus russelli found on leaf.........-.-------------- 48 Spider web, Thripoctenus russelli caught therein. ...........---.-.--------+--- 44 Tetranychus?, oviposition therein by Thripoctenus russelli in experiment. . ..-- 43 Tetrastichus gentili, parasite of Phleothrips olew..........-.-------+-----++-+--- 25-26 Thripoctenus russella— SCL ae poe gee NS aR es a a aa BaNRIM "ate e nR ee egeae ec ee 39-40 aD Mare RPL RTECS eae es PM Ny lo onic bie Mew Sa ccmincnn fee a 5 oe 33-34 SUG, He Wiy CIRGEPE. COSCrIptON... Sicas else. vce: cap iis mm 5 ccen sc woe 34 appearance of thrips prepupe parasitized thereby..............---------- 30 BOtey torr PatamLI Zed LEIS: occ.» sao Ao eens = agus one = siniqn = 2 end Soe 31 behavior on different kinds of leaf surfaces...............-..------------ 40-41 SRiSee Ee nOritrV lt Ee ODOM oc. diac icew cue Weeder ene see sa tees s+ 44 eae aA ea ice en do MES hes net a wid codes dacs Xm ns ee oes 27-28
mG OMICS, come erin... MeRincic' sha’se bie a tas ¢ backs ya's bielaiae a 51-52
56
MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS.
Thripoctenus russelli—Continued. Page. description; oripinal es .)0 5 oy aek ee i ete oat ie oe See Ae ee eee 27-28 distmibwtron « 2; so seis’ sci eS bes See en hee ee oe ee 48-49 effect of cold on prepupe of thrips parasitized thereby. .......-.-------- 31 effect of oviposition in different ages of host larvee.............----..------ 44 CPs, TUM DER Sve Us. aieres soe s Aer os cine 2m eee ein ae eee ee 38-39 first appearance IM SpPTING......2- so. s sc ace cine Aone ee 47 Aig hits ay 8 ec paces ee ote ee whee ae Ee a 40 perierations: Mmumiper: (i)... . 2. Seni2's BRS snc te oh os toe ee 47 MATES ODOM ee mpte tetas oka of anne ae een ween eee ee ena Peeters SS: 38 NIDEERAIVON mye eer ek ee ey nies ce @ on dnc ache ees qo atn 47-48 NistOny sol MISCOV ery. tacos e655 sna ee aoe ee ee 26-27 host relationses 4: aes ee ey Soest. hia le See ne 41-43 last appearamce am Tall s. oe) dies cal S ses cee eee eee ak ed oa oe 47 Lene th OMe, CHCl a. Ag aecce sce 58 - Anes se Rene 4647 length of life in confinement... 22). 23. 5. 25a Soe ee ee 43-44 length of time from oviposition to first indication of parasitism............ 45 length of time from oviposition to pupation of parasite................---- 45 Miercyclen TOR Gt oc aac. so lei orci le au! Ai eae eek 4647 Mule shastory fo stle.. otnins Mev. aed ela ail See ee eR OPS ea ee 44-48 life-history summary of original host, Heliothrips fasciatus..............-.. 28 methods of collecting thrips for evidence of parasitism.................-- 28-29 OCCUR CTICE oo 58 Sie ore See 5, el eteneye cco ate aici a ere inlets a Sis iatels = ea Seep eee 48 oviposition, effect-in' different stages of host.....=..-.2-...--=-4:4+ss20e8 38 oviposition ‘method and period oo2244) ss e235- shes eas eo eee 36-37 ONG POBItlon period, leneb. xt 5 sno. aie Ok ne area ee pee eee 38-39 924 0X2) ee ae ee eee ae eee See as man hem cake cdc 25-52 paracitism, doublescsc. >. cs. oe sec. Bees setae ae Sere ane ae eee 39 PALARLGISIA: PEICODbACe oo aeatia. ania. eis ssicineie eee eee eek eee eee 49-50 PSTLICDOSENESIS A. he indie etch - Aiko oR ores esc inet ee eee 35-36 PUPA ACSCTIP MOM & Loc. cee Cie 2 Sees, ae eet ee eS ee 32 Ue LONNIE TOM Cs <2. tees Re ee ees a eae ee ee 31-32 pupal stage, effect of cold ‘thereon. - i)... Sin. St n.ce.- os ee eee ee 33 pupal stage, lengths. seceiss lle s aceite ci ew eee 33 rearing. methods for life-history. std y sds. -<.-.-% 32.0... S2-- eee ee eeeee 29-30 semes, relation and’ proportion 2 joe. Sac sisictaeesee ono oo eee eee eee 35 BCU bo gars oF cis = Se ee oe cet Steed iactae ae Cae a na oa 40 stage.of thrips showing parasitism thereby... 42... .<cc-<2--2~ aeieceee eee 30 time between first indication of parasitism and formation of parasite pupz
under Jaboratory -comGlionse.s tye e Hae aoa ene eee eee eee 31
Thrips—
(See also Thysanoptera.)
abdominals in key to species ic..si 5.) saa ts Rae he oe ee 4 appearance of prepupe2 parasitized by Thripoctenus russellt..........---- 30 bean onvSormenusiolendceus issn he cee ee SEE EEE Eee ee eee 48 behavior of those parasitized by Thripoctenus russelli..........--..+------ 31 bremmerii ie key to species. .2/53520 es species pete oie 4 double parasitism. by Thripoctents mussellt 262 ccc nt ie = ee eee 39 effect of cold on prepupe parasitized by Thripoctenus russelli.......------ 31 effect of oviposition by Thripoctenus russelli in different ages........-.--- 44 effect of oviposition by Thripoctenus russelli in different stages. ......---- 38 Jemoratlis\in, key to.epecies! 2.2 e 985 ae eee cee Ue eee 4 jemoraiis, mew species, descriptionirs 32 sie: <5 os eee eee cece eee 4-5
key ‘to species 15 2s 4y ihe Si sie Seen Ce ec EG Sl alah ce ey eene ene eae 3-4
INDEX. 57
Thrips—Continued. Page. PACT IDOE HOCCIOME = oes. 2. -/oys PR BE wo ok Se a Ss oe Rbk cece ee 3 DUAR ATG V CO SP GCLORss05 0228... 2Me e Sein ctiga ce sn se cjnccebeance es 3 parasite, Thripoctenus russelli, means of colonization.................--- 51-52 perplexus in key to species......- eee So ee eee ei Seeks 4 stage showing parasitism by Thripoctenus russelli..............----+-++-- 30
petmoge., host Of 2 hripoctenus russell... ..2B-.-- 5.5 30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48 Pine AN Get AIR OGEO Cai. % acs 4 tla dts.. oOMEEER aim Saree s Ski sa oae bes awe 4 time between first indication of parasitism by Thripoctenus russelli and
formation of parasite pupz under laboratory conditions. ............... 31
Thysanoptera—
PmERCe alam arasl bey, PACE. <22- a... - geet caste. 2a beeceste ss adecs ee 25-52 Mews irom. Caliiormia and Georgia, papers. .: -....22s.c..c seu ea we cess aee 1-24
Trichothrips n. sp., not host of Thripoctenus russelli in experiments.........--- 43
Triphleps insidiosus—
EYRE UTI CEEN US TUSSCLIVE . 22 Sd. i 1 tee oars aise aes SUAS emcee ee t4 Wmvexperiment with Dhripoctenus russell... 20. sens eeeceteeenacenee 43
uraips,. /aripocienus russell: found on foliage. ... 22... <<. 225 ..-<v2<ssss50-5< 48
Mimowaralice tong of Cryploturipa salicis.. <2 52.5.2 52 dens coc eedaelsiecs abe s 21
ROMEINOINT ts a Seo 8s Sade 2 oe < Sees le a's Be See retctaiaistne See chs icin a= ee arene 27
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TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 24,
eo OBPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
BY
THEO. PERGANDE,
Assistant.
Issuep Aprin 29, 1912.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1912,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Hntomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatrt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Ciirton, Hxrecutive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk.
¥. H. CuHirrenDen, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WesstTeER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture. : D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roxiua P. Curriz, in charge of editorial work. MABeL Coucorpb, in charge of library. 2
CON TENGE S
SDSS). Re ta ORE Seapets ig A hk chi fe. a re Generic and specific synonymy of Prociphilus tessellata Fitch.............-.--- Buragaentas:s Penpuigus acerijoup Riley .. 25. [25.2 22.6..002 2.2... seek: Extraets irominotes made-at the time: .-.. 2.22 sj2cs 252.022. tee ete Second series: Pemphigus tesscliata, Witch). .5< 5 a..< sco ee woe acts apes coe oes Mxtracts from notes made. at. the: time. ....-.. -.....--- <i. .ese0eseee sens ee Description of the principal stages of Prociphilus tessellata Fitch..........-..-. Sexual generation........- Geis lnc Bilin eps es Paste cata aie Dg ine gas ee
Sexualkcerial os see e es Le rab Neen rE een ee Pe OE ee
SA REN fa Se Mit Se a Sac wg or Saat eI en ese oe ka
REM PONE TIONS. canto cue able sts a a be eek ooh co amegee
Raiotmpren leat Ol Maple jcc sass staal Senge see Stas odd ae we So tneowe Mis iin prettl mi OtMer= nce co mnie cee a ey eee eee lk eS, Mxcine srom-monhien st ol oech. leet ons eR M2. eee Na RYDE 2 ae eo Ne a ee ee ee a PP LCtMIn Mereale Ol AlMOR= 5 25 2 Sconce sags SL Sate oaiSm san sigaioke oes ate fag errant: BERIEN as coe ars OA Sein DI ee a kets cioks tee ee
BIGOMOMInCs pat Sese mesma ele ae es een ae out ey 8 ee a
Index .
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Prociphilus tessellata: Migrants from maple to alder..............-..--
. Prociphilus tessellata: Return migrants on trunk of maple............. . Prociphilus tessellata: Sexual female and antenna.................-..-- , Prociphulus tessellata: Male-and antennas... ..202...- 20.20.2522 ..0- ce . Prociphilus tessellata: Colony on leaf of maple......................-- . Prociphilus tessellata: Young stem-mother and antenna............... . Prociphilus tessellata: Mature stem-mother and antenna.............- . Prociphilus tessellata; Migrant and antenna.................-..-....-- . Prociphilus tessellata: Colonies of apterous females on alder.........- : . Prociphilus tessellata: Colonies of apterous females on alder............ . Gallery made by the ant Cremastogaster to protect colony of Prociphilus
PeSSeHLOcOnOl ea G Cle Poet tees AeA Tink ee er
. Prociphilus tessellata: Apterous female and antenna.--............--.--
THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
INTRODUCTION.
For many years past the writer has spent much time in studying the insects of the family Aphidide, or plant-lice, in the office and laboratory and in the field. In perhaps no other group of insects is a thorough knowledge of the life histories so necessary to correct conceptions of the species and the differences between them. These life-history studies are often rendered especially difficult from the well-known fact that many of these aphides have a secondary or alternate food plant. In the case of injurious species it sometimes happens that the main injury is to the alternate food plant, and the discovery of the primary food plant furnishes the key to the most effective way of controlling the species. A notable example of this is the hop aphis (Phorodon humuli Schrank) which lays its eggs and passes the winter on the plum, and which is best combated by destroying or spraying the wild or cultivated plum trees at the seasons of the year when the aphis is present on this food plant, rather than by measures directed against the insect during the summer when it occurs on the hopvines.
The writer has worked out the life histories of several of the aphides which have alternate food plants. Among these may be mentioned Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch and Hamamelistes spino- sus Shimer, which inhabit both the witch-hazel and the birch,’ the hop aphis, just mentioned, and others.
Investigations by the writer of the present species, which has heretofore been confused under various names, were begun in 1878 and have been continued up to the year 1911. They have resulted in straightening out the synonymy of the species and furnished con- clusive proof that the Pemphigus acerifolii of Riley, described from the maple, and the (Hriosoma) Pemphigus tessellata of Fitch, de- scribed from the alder, are merely forms or series of one and the same species, which should now be known as Prociphilus tessellata
(Fitch).
1Tech. Ser. No. 9, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1901.
on
6 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
GENERIC AND SPECIFIC SYNONYMY OF PROCIPHILUS TESSEL- LATA FITCH.
Eriosoma tessellata Fitch, Cat. Ins. [N. Y.] State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 68, 1851.
Aphis stamineus Haldeman, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 403, 1859.
Schizoneura tessellatu Thomas, 8th Rept. Nox. and Ben. Ins. Il., p. 139, 1879.
Pemphigus tessellata Osborn, Can. Ent., vol. 14, p. 61, 1882.
Pemphigus acerifolii Riley, Sth Rept. Nox. and Ben. Ins. I1l., Suppl., p. 209, 1879.
Pemphigus alni Provancher, Petite Faune Entomologique du Canada, vol. 3, p. 320, 1886.
<
Prociepnuitus Koch.
The genus Prociphilus was described by C. L. Koch? in 1857, and included three species. The following is a translation of his generic diagnosis:
“Antenne.—Short; the two basal joints as usual, short; joint 3 as long as the two following joints combined and somewhat uneven ; joints 4 to 6 subequal in length; spur of:sixth joint thin and rather short.
“ Nectaries.—W anting.
“Anterior wings.—Stigma long and narrow; the stigmal vein slightly curved. The first two discoidal veins arising close together, though not from the same point.
‘“Legs.—Rather stout and long.”
All of these characters agree well with those of P. tessellata Fitch and some other species.
In connection with the above description it seems necessary to add a few points not mentioned by Koch:
Antennal joints 3 to 5 or 6 more or less densely provided with trans- verse, elongate-oval sensoria, not reaching the lateral margin.
Venation of hind wings like that of Pemphigus; the two discoidal veins arising near each other from the subcostal vein about the middle between the base of the wing and the hooklets, at a point where the subcostal bends suddenly toward the front margin of the wing, giving it the appearance of three discoidal veins or of a three-pronged fork.
Last abdominal segment and tail semicircular and fringed with slender hairs.
PROCIPHILUS TESSELLATA Fitch.
This so common species was first described by Dr. Asa Fitch, State entomologist of the State of New York, from apterous specimens found on branches of alder (Alnus rubra), in his catalogue of the Homoptera of the State Cabinet of Natural History of the State of New York, 1851, page 68, with the following words:
—
1“ Pflanzenliiuse Aphiden,”’ p. 279.
GENERIC AND SPECIFIC SYNONYMY. 7
“Alder blight, 2. tessellata. Dull bluish-black; tergum with the segments marked by strongly impressed lines and covered by white down in square checker-like spots. Length, 0.16. On the underside of branches of the alder (Alnus rubra, Marsh.) crowded together and concealed beneath a dense covering of snow-white down. I have searched in vain for winged individuals of this species. No. 863.”
A few years later Prof. S. S. Haldeman described the same species ! as a large species forming follicles on the leaves of the silver-leaved maple, Acer eriocarpum (of which Acer dasycarpum is but a syn- onym). He refers to it as follows:
“Aphis (Pemphigus) stamineus.
“This name is proposed for a large species of Aphis which forms follicles on the leaves of the silver-leafed maple (Acer eriocarpum).”
Prof. Haldeman, who mistook the migratory female for the male, gave the following description of the insect:
“ Wale—Black, feet long, slender, and rufous; tarsi biarticulate; wings slightly deflexed, translucent, pale ferruginous at the base, submarginal nervure conspicuous, black, and ending in a long stigma; disk with four simple nervures; posterior wings with three nervures; mesonotum polished, with a deep Y-shaped impression; abdomen without tubes; promuscis obsolete, antenng 6-articulate, the first two short, the third long, and the fourth, fifth, and sixth gradually lengthening; length of body, 14 lines, or, to the end of the wings, 24 lines.
“Female and pupa—Apterous, dark-reddish brown, feet paler; promuscis twice as long as the head, thickened near the apex; length, 14 lines.”
This is without a doubt the same species as the one described by Prof. C. V. Riley under the name of Pemphigus acerifolii, the de- scription of which, for the benefit of those interested in this subject, may be here reproduced.
“Pemphigus acerifolii Riley.
“ Living in abundant and long cottony excretions on the underside of the leaves of Acer dasycarpum, causing them to curl, and exuding an abundance of thick and very glutinous ‘ honey-dew.’
—“% Winged female—Alar expanse 16mm. Head and thorax bluish- black. Abdomen black, covered with long cottony threads. An- tenne reaching the wing insertions; annulations not conspicuous; joints 3, 4, 5, and 6 somewhat contracted at base and apex; apical unguis not perceptible; joints 5 and 6 subequal; 4 distinctly clavate; _ 8 as long as the two preceding together. Wings subhyaline, of a
1Proec. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 403, 1859. 25795°—No. 24—12-—2
8 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
whitish tinge; subcostal vein and the inner margin of the stigma black; oblique veins whitish, stigma short and broad, not angled at the base of the stigmal vein, which starts from a little behind the middle and is comparatively straight, thereby making the apical cell rather narrow. Terminal distances between the veins subequal, that between second discoidal and cubital somewhat greatest; basal one- third of the cubitus hyaline, but not abortive, as it can usually be traced to its base, which is very close to that of the second discoidal ; bases of the two discoidals either approximate or quite contiguous; discoidals of the hind wings proceeding connectedly from the sub- costal vein. Larva with 5-jointed antenne and the promuscis extend- ing beyond tip of abdomen.”
Prof. Cyrus Thomas determined the alder blight as Schizoneura tessellata, and gave the following short note concerning it:
This species is found on the underside of the branches of the alder (Alnus rubra), crowded together and concealed beneath a covering of shnow-white down. Wingless individuals, dull bluish-black; the back of the segments are marked with strongly impressed lines and covered with white down in square, checker- like spots. Length to tip of the abdomen, 0.16 inch.
Prof. H. Osborn, on account of the simple venation of the wings, referred the species to the genus Pemphiqus.
Lastly, it was described under the name of Pemphigus alni by the Abbé L. Provancher, who supposed that it was a new species. The following is an English translation of the French original descrip- tion:
Pemphigus of the alder. Pemphigus alni.
Length, 0.8 mm.; to the tip of the wings, 22 mm. Dark brown, including the head and legs, covered entirely witha whitish powder. The abdomen is covered with a long, white, and woolly secretion. The wings are transparent, the veins brown and strong; stigma elongated, narrow; radical cell elongate, inferior veins barely curved.
Found in dense, compact masses, several inches long, on Alnus, during September.
Besides the above extracts pertaining to this species, it may be ap- propriate to mention here also a short report by Dr. Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, of whose “ Travels into North America ” an Eng- lish translation has been published. In Volume I, second edition (1772), page 121, there is the following account of an insect on the alder, noticed by him while traveling through Pennsylvania and Delaware, October 3, 1748:
I saw to-day the Chermes of the alder (Chermes alni) in great abundance on the branches of that tree, which for that reason looks quite white, and at a distance appears as it were covered with mould.
The above lines refer undoubtedly to P. tessellata, which Kalm mistook for the European insect which was mentioned by Linnzus
ae
FIRST SERIES: PEMPHIGUS ACERIFOLII RILEY. 9
in “ Fauna Suecica,” published in 1746, but which was described in the “Acta” of Upsala in 1736 under the name of Chermes alni L. Later, by mistake or oversight, Dr. M. Geoffroy + redescribed this latter insect under the name of Psylla viridis, and as inhabiting the alder, without recognizing in it the Chermes alni L., which may be considered typical of the genus Psylla, and a good illustration of which, though without a name, will be found in “ Mémoires pour Servir a Histoire des Insectes,” Volume III (1737), Plate X XVI, figure 1, by M. de Reaumur. Another figure of the same psyllid was published by J. H. Sulzer? under the name of Chermes aini L. Evidently this psyllid, from a distance, bears some resemblance to our American insect P. tessellata, which inhabits the American alders.
Kalm was therefore greatly mistaken when he supposed that our insect was the same as the European Chermes alni L., or rather, as it is now known, Psylla alni.
Ratzeburg * refers to this insect in the following words:
Auf Erlen [alders], ist die im Puppenzustande sehr sonderbare, kurzborstige, griine, zuletzt schwarzaftrige, als Fliege, schén grassgriine 14’’’ lange P. alni L., welche meist in der Blattachsel ihren Sitz hat, sehr, ausgezeichnet durch lange
weisse Wolle, welche beweglich zu werden scheint, wenn das Insect beunruhigt wird.
An English translation of the above would read as follows:
On the alders are found very curious, green, short-spined pup, the anal end of which in time becomes quite black, which eventually change into thé 1} lines long, bright, grass-green Psylla alni L. They are generally stationed ia the angles formed by junctions of the petioles of the leaves and the twigs. The most obvious characteristic about them is the very long, white wool, which appears to move whenever the insect is irritated.
All of the above facts prove that the European Chermes or Psylla alni L. has nothing in common with the American insect.
FIRST SERIES: PEMPHIGUS ACERIFOLII RILEY.
Observations on the first or original series of Pemphigus acerifolii Riley, inhabiting the soft, or silver maple, Acer dasycarpum, were commenced by me in 1878 and continued. until the year 1911, whereas observations on the alternating, or second series, of Pemphigus tes- sellata Fitch, inhabiting the alders, were started in 1883, or about five years later than those of the former.
Pemphigus acerifolii issues during the early or middle part of April, or as soon as the young leaves appear, from winter eggs de- posited the previous fall in cracks or under loose bark on the trunks
1 }istoire Abrégée des Insectes, vol. 1, p. 486, no. 8, 1799.
2 Die Kennzeichen der Insekten, Pl. XII, 1761. 3 Die Forst-Insecten, vol. 3, p. 187, 1844.
10 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
of maples, on which return migrants from alders had delivered themselves of the true sexes.
These young stem-mothers, after hatching from winter eggs, travel upward onto the branches and settle on the midrib of the underside of the young leaflets. Usually there is but 1, though frequently there may be 2, 8, or more on the same leaf, in consequence of which, as well as from the increasing irritation, the leaves thus infested exhibit a more or less marked tendency to fold or almost to “ double up” from the midrib downward.
Under or within this protection or covering there may be observed numbers of larve and pupe of different stages, up to 100 or more, in company with their mother, all of which, from early in June to the end of July, or until the supply for migrants has been exhausted, develop into winged migrants, without, however, leaving any larve behind to continue the series on the maple. These migrants fly then to the alders, which frequently are rather distant from the maples, and settle at once on the underside of the leaves of these shrubs, where they are soon engaged in depositing their larve, which surround them in a circle of about 20 to 100. These larvee, after feeding for about an hour or so, move to the twigs, branches, or stems of the shrubs to start a new cycle of life for the species. Here a number of generations is developed, after which, from about the middle of September to the middle of October, numerous return migrants are developed, which fly back to the trunks of the maples to continue the cycle of life prescribed by nature.
In consequence of these facts, which were gradually obtained, I have been able to prove beyond a doubt that the original host plant of this species is the silver maple, and not, as might be supposed, the alder; the latter is its secondary food plant, and proof of this was established during June of 1903.
In conjunction with the above, it seems proper and just to give some of the observations made through which the life history of the species was definitely ascertained.
Besides the migrants from the maple and return migrants from the alder, I ascertained also that after the departure of the return migrants numbers of mature, apterous females still remain upon the alders and keep on producing additional larve, all of which, without casting a skin, crawl down the stems, and frequently to the stouter roots, which are more or less surrounded by cavities made by ants, or hide between or beneath the dead leaves, etc., which surround the base of the shrubs, for hibernation. These form the first hibernating series of larve and neither feed nor grow until the sap rises again the follow- ing spring, when, after an absorption of sufficient nourishment, they cast their first skin and keep on growing until mature, at which time,
FIRST SERIES: PEMPHIGUS ACERIFOLII RILEY. 11
like their parents, they also deposit numbers of larvee, which in turn reach maturity.
Multiplication goes on in this way until a second series of migrants is produced the following fall from the original settlers. However, there remain again enough apterous females to produce a second series of hibernating larve, to produce an additional series of migrants. A third series of migrants and hibernating larve was also traced.
How long the vitality of the original stock will last it is impossible at present to surmise, though it seems that multiplication may go on indefinitely if the aphides are not exterminated by carnivorous enemies or by parasites.
The most active among the carnivorous enemies are the larva of the lycxenid butterfly Feniseca tarquinius Fabricius; the larve of the lacewing fly Chrysopa sicheli Fitch [=C. quadripunctata Burmeis- ter]; the larvee and imagos of two ladybirds, Wippodamia convergens Guérin, and Adalia bipunctata Linneeus; the larvee and imagos of a hemipteren, (Nabis) Pagasa fusca Stein, besides the larve of various syrphid flies, which generally prove very destructive to these aphides and frequently exterminate whole colonies.
Internal parasites are thus far not known.
Besides these enemies, there are various species of ants which are mainly attracted to these aphides by the honeydew ejected by them, upon which they feed, while some of them even protect the aphides against enemies by constructing tubes or tunnels of earth over and around such colonies, leaving here and there a few exits open to enable the ants to enter and leave. The ants which have been observed to construct tunnels or covers over these aphides ‘are 7'api- noma sessile Say and Cremastogaster lineolata Say; among those which simply gather honeydew, Camponotus pennsylvanicus De Geer, Lasius alienus Forster, and Monomorium minimum Buckley (minu- tum Mayr) have been observed.
EXTRACTS FROM NOTES MADE AT THE TIME.
June 28, 1883.—Migrants from maple leaves, placed in a jar for observation, deposited since yesterday a large number of larve. All of them were provided with a long rostrum, which proved that they were not the sexes of this species.
Found to-day two colonies on leaves of maple near Rosslyn, Va., and considered the migrants in these colonies at that time as being identical with those of Pemphigus tessellata Fitch, though notwith- standing that migrants were flying, I failed to observe any of them or their larve on any of the alders examined. However, after placing infested leaves of maple with a branch of alder I found, later on, that two of the migrants had settled on the alder leaves.
12 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
With them were also a few small colonies of larve which had settled on the branch, while recently deposited larve were also observed on the leaves.
June 7, 1904.—Received to-day from Chatham, Va., some leaves of maple infested with pupx and migrants of Pemphigus acerifolii. A number of these migrants were placed with a potted plant of alder for observation, and I found the following day that quite a number of these migrants had settled on the underside of some of the leaves, and with them were many young larve which they had deposited, all of which proved them to be identical in every respect with those of Pemphiqus tessellata. These larvee were reddish or brown- ish red and provided at the anal end of the body with a white and curly or cottony secretion, which gradually 4 spread over the whole insect until it had the appearance of a little lump of cotton.
Migrants which were placed with a potted maple died with- out depositing any larve.
June 23, 1905—Observed to-day some migrants of Pem- phigus acerifolii, on the un- derside of leaves of alders, Alnus rugosa, near the Chain Bridge, District of Columbia. They were each surrounded by a circle of about 28 larve, all of which had already cast their first skin, which was ad- hering to the leaves. These
Fic. 1.—Prociphilus tessellata: Migrants larvee were orange and their
from maple to alder. (Original.) :
abdomen covered with a long and backward-directed, cottony secretion, whereas that of the thorax was shorter and quite erect, longest along the median line. Some- times three or four of the migrants had settled on the same leaf; some of them were already dead or barely living. On some of the leaves were several rings of cast skins, varying from 18 to 40 in num- ber, while on the branches of the same shrubs were numerous larger or smaller colonies of larvee.
April 11, 1905.—While examining trunks of maples near Rosslyn, Va., I found, under the shaggy bark of a tree, numbers of dead and dry return migrants, and with them also some of the young stem-
Bure Sg
= \
FIRST SERIES: PEMPHIGUS ACERIFOLII RILEY. 13
mothers, slowly moving about, all of which would have had to crawl 5 to 10 feet to reach the nearest branches. Young larve were not yet present, though the buds were just swelling.
May 11, 1906.—To-day I saw near Rosslyn, Va., a few young stem- mothers on leaves of lower branches of maples stationed near the base of the midrib on the underside of the leaves. Two of them were already fully grown and completely covered with a large amount of woolly secretion, irregularly interspersed with rather long and more or less curly or wavy white threads. These two females deposited a few larve till the day following.
May 18, 1906.—Found at Rosslyn, in the same locality as above, six of the stem-mothers on one of the maples. With one of them were 75 and with another one over 100 larve, which were already of two stages and of a pale orange color. The smaller larve had a brush of white secretions at the end of the body, whereas the whole dorsum of the larger or older larvae was covered with long, white wool, inter- spersed with twine-like, wavy strands.
June 6, 1906.—A lot of maple leaves badly infested with Pemphi- gus acerifolii were received to-day from Fredericksburg, Va. Among the aphides were quite a number of migrants, some of which were placed on leaves of a potted alder and soon settled on the underside of these leaves. On examining this tree in the afternoon of the next day I found that one of the migrants had deposited a consider- able number of larvee, which soon after were seen traveling up and down the stem.
June 10, 1906.—Discovered to-day four colonies of Pemphigus acerifolii on leaves of maple near the Chain Bridge, District of Columbia. The infested leaves were almost folded, both halves bend- ing down from the midrib. Inside of these folds were numbers of pupe which at the anal end were provided with about 12 rather stout, twine-like, and somewhat wavy or curly white filaments, about 3 or 4 times the length of the body, spreading out fanlike, inter- - mixed at their bases with shorter, fine wool or secretion. In the immediate neighborhood numbers of migrants were already found on the leaves of alders accompanied by a brood of their larve, besides numerous colonies of larvee on branches and stems.
June 18, 1906.—A large colony of larve from migrants of Pemphi- gus acerifolii, which had settled on the stem of a potted alder, was greatly reduced by pups of (Nabis) Pagasa fusca Stein, which fed on the aphides.
June 26, 1906—Observed to-day numbers of migrants from maple ~ on the underside of leaves of alders near the Chain Bridge, District of Columbia. Many of them were already dead, though all others, still living, were empty and shrunken. Two of the migrants, alive and active, were surrounded by numerous larve, and still depositing.
14 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
There were also numerous colonies of young larvee on the branches and stems.
May 28, 1911.—Found to-day one colony of Pemphigus acerifolii on a leaf of maple near Rosslyn, Va., containing one stem-mother and 135 of her progeny—mostly pupe, in various stages of develop- ment—besides many quite small larve, while the mother appeared to be in a condition to deposit still more.
SECOND SERIES: PEMPHIGUS TESSELLATA FITCH.
Notwithstanding that the insect under this name had been known to me since 1869 as having a range from Canada to Florida and as far west as St. Louis, Mo., occurring upon native and foreign species of alders, the first attempt to learn its life history was begun in June, 1883, when young colonies had established themselves on branches of different kinds of alders on the grounds of the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington, D. C. The larve were appar- ently the progeny of migrants from maples nearby. They had settled on the underside of the branches in groups of 4 to 8 speci- mens, arranged in circles, with their heads toward the center. All were covered with rather long, white secretion, so as to resemble a rosette, or a single insect, reminding one strongly of some of the aleyrodids. This secretion issues from 6 rows of transversely oval and rather flat warts.
Early in October of the same year some of the branches were almost completely covered with colonies 12 or more inches in length. Among the great number of apterous females were also many pup and large numbers of winged specimens.
EXTRACTS FROM NOTES MADE AT THE TIME.
April 28, 1597. —Observed again small colonies of larvee on alders on the Agricultural grounds. All of them were densely covered with a white and woolly secretion, intermixed with stout and curly threads. They were closely packed and resembled colonies of large mealy- bugs, arranged more or less in circles; sometimes they were, however, so much crowded that many were actually standing on their heads. These larvee had apparently been hibernating since the previous fall.
September 12, 1897.—Found large colonies of this insect on alders at Cabin John, Md., and among them numerous pups and migrants. The winged specimens were densely covered with long, white tufts of secretion, which formed a dense mass on the dorsum and around the end of the body, besides projecting in shaggy tufts above the closed wings. This secretion was intermixed at the anal end of the body with longer and stouter threads; along the sides of the abdomen were rather long, delicate, and somewhat curly, erect tufts or streamers, and also long and forwardly directed tufts on the thorax
SECOND SERIES: PEMPHIGUS TESSELLATA FITCH. 15
and head, whereas the ventral side of the body was densely covered with a short and white secretion.
September 14, 1897.—A lot of migrants from alders were placed in a tube to obtain their progeny. By the following day they had de- posited a number of larvae which, on examination, proved to be the sexes, or males and females, of this species, both of them without a rostrum. The females were about twice as large as the males and of a bright yellow, whereas the males were greenish or greenish yellow. The antenne and legs of both were colorless. Each of the females contained only one egg.
Most of the males were dead about 7 days later, whereas most of the females were still alive, active, and mature. These females had cast four skins, which in most cases were still attached, in a con- tinuous string, to the end of the body. None of the females had in- creased in size, and they looked the same as before. Some had secreted a quantity of rather long and woolly secretion, which covered the posterior half of the body.
September 21, 1897—On examining the trunks of maples near Rosslyn, Va., I discovered one of the sexual females in a crack of the bark, in the company of a migrant from alder.
September 30, 1897 —Examined the trunk of a European alder on the Agricultural grounds, the branches of which were still covered with this insect; on the trunk were also a few migrants. though I failed to find any of the sexes or the winter eggs; there were, however, on the rough bark and tucked away in cracks or cavities large num- bers of hibernating larvee, while others were still coming down.
November 8, 1897.—Reexamined the same tree, and found again numerous hibernating larve in cracks and in empty egg-cases of spiders, but none of the sexes or winter eggs; these larvee were either covered with a bluish-white secretion or ornamented with 6 dorsal rows of squarish, mealy patches, giving them a pretty, checkered appearance.
After an unavoidable intermission of a number of years, observa- tions on this particular aphis were again taken up in 1903.
January 11, 1903—While again examining alders on the Agricul- tural grounds, large numbers of colonies of this species were seen on the shoots, all of them being covered with cottony secretion. On examining these colonies it was found that all of the apterous females were dead, having evidently been killed by the late frosts, but under- neath them, and between, were found live and active hibernating larve, which evidently had been protected against the wintry blasts by the covering of their dead mothers.
September 27, 1905.—A_ few colonies on alder were found near the Chain Bridge, District of Columbia, and among them, numbers of return migrants.
16 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
October &, 1905.—Large numbers of return migrants were found on the trunks of many of the maples near Rosslyn, Va., while on alders near by some colonies of Pemphigus tessellata, composed of apterous females, accompanied by numerous larve of the hibernating series and numbers of return migrants, were observed. A comparison of these migrants with those found at the same time on the trunks of maples, or with those of the first series, termed Pemphigus acerifoliz, proved them to be absolutely alike. These return migrants to the maples were scattered over the trunks of the trees from the bottom
to at least. 50 feet above
the ground, or as far up as
by fis the eye could reach, re-
APA sembling flakes of snow.
Frequently as many as 20
or more were counted in some of these batches.
With the migrants were also numbers of the true sexes, many of them in copula. Some of these females had crowded into such small cracks that it seemed almost impossible for them to do so; 34 speci- mens of both sexes were found between and under some old spider webs, while near them under a small piece of loose bark were 110 of the sexual females,
ha il uisg if It i meme closely packed. There ty on | ih) | in “callie == -were also winter eggs in
ith il i IS) BIAYIAIEN FH eG Pesan te Me i} ale a itt i haat a groups of two or more, i ea ML slightly covered with or
Fic. 2.—Prociphilus tesselata: Return migrants embedded in a delicate on trunk of maple. (Original.) f layer of white wool. The empty females were colorless and generally died some distance from their egg, though sometimes a dead female was found with the egg still attached to it.
July 19, 1906—Near the Chain Bridge, District of Columbia. Failed to find Pemphigus acerifolii on leaves of maple, nor were any migrants observed on leaves of alders. I discovered, however, 3 colonies of the hibernating series, some of which were already ma- ture females, accompanied by hundreds of young larve, distributed in patches of 5 to 10 or more, all arranged in circles, with their
SECOND SERIES! PEMPHIGUS TESSELLATA FITOH. 17
heads directed toward the center, each specimen being ornamented with six rows of shaggy or threadlike secretion.
October 15, 1906.—After examining thousands of alders near the Chain Bridge, District of Columbia, only three colonies were discov- ered, composed of apterous females and their larve situated near the surface of the ground on the stems, each of which was completely covered with a tube of mud constructed by the small ant Tapinoma sessile Say. I saw, however, on the trunks of large maples, thousands of dead return migrants and the sexual generation belonging to them.
November 26, 1907.—Observed again near the Chain Bridge num- bers of hibernating larvee between the dead and decaying leaves which had accumulated around the base of a small shrub. All of them were quite lively, though not feeding. They were very dark greenish or almost black, covered with a mealy secretion, and provided with a cotton-like brush at the anal end of the body.
March 11, 1908.—Numbers of hibernating larvee were found near Somerset, Md., which had gathered around the base of the shrubs, though still covered with fallen leaves, while smaller colonies had already settled from 1 to 4 feet above the ground, arranged in circles of 5 to 10 specimens. All were covered with a bluish-white secretion and had 4 dorsal rows of small dense and rounded white knobs and a fringe of woolly secretion along the sides and around the anal end of the body.
May 14, 1908.—Found again near Somerset one small colony, about 2 feet above the ground, composed of mature apterous females of the hibernating series, besides numbers of young larve deposited by them which had settled near by while others were still crawling about. These young larve form the third generation of descendants from migrants of the previous spring.
June 12, 1908.—Numbers of colonies of the hibernating series, each colony being about one-half an inch in length, were seen at Great Falls, Va., on small shrubs. They were about 10 inches above the
ground, whereas those on taller trees had located 10 to 25 feet above
the ground. All of them were already in the third stage, were closely packed, and covered with a fuzzy secretion. Migrants from maples were not present.
September 24, 1908.—Numerous colonies of this species were again observed on alders near Somerset, Md. Some of the colonies were more than 6 inches in length and were stationed from near the ground to 2 feet above. They were composed of apterous females, numerous larve of the hibernating series, pupe, and some return migrants, while at the same time a considerable number of these return migrants and many of the sexual generation were found on the trunks of maples along a street near by.
18 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
October 15, 1908—Examined some tall alders near Rosslyn, Va., on which migrants from maples had settled in spring, and found four colonies about 10 feet above the ground. These colonies were from 6 to 10 inches long and contained apterous females and numer- ous larve destined for hibernation. They were crawling down the stems to the base, where they congregated in a dense mass, while a great many were already in hiding between the fallen leaves near the base of the trees. There were also many of the return migrants, which were crawling to the tip of the branches or to the terminal leaves, on which they settled, ready for migration.
April 27, 1909.—Examined again the above alders near Rosslyn and found that some specimens of the hibernating series were already in the second and third stages.
In the youngest, or first stage the antenne are distinctly 4-jointed ; in the second stage, after eating a skin, they are 5-jointed; they are also 5-jointed in the third stage, though the divisions between the joints are much more distinct.
June 15, 1909—Observed some migrants of Pemphigus acerifolii and their larve on the underside of leaves of alders and numerous colonies of such larve on the stems or trunks of such shrubs from 1 to 10 feet above the ground, at Great Falls, Va. (Early in October of the same year large colonies were seen on the same alders, about 4 to 15 feet above the ground, composed of apterous females, accom- panied by numerous larve of the hibernating series which were swarming down the stems, and numbers of the return migrants.)
June 29, 1910—Saw again numbers of migrants of Pemphigus acerifolit, with recently deposited larvee near them, on the underside of leaves of alder near Somerset, Md., while numbers of migrants were still flying about. There were also numbers of colonies of apterous females belonging to the hibernating series and numerous larvee deposited by them.
September 17, 1910.—Numerous colonies of Penphigus tessellata, about 4 feet. above the ground, were again found on alders near Somerset. They were composed of apterous females and their larva, besides pupz and return migrants. Many of these colonies were being preyed upon by larve of Feniseca tarquinius, as well by larvee of coccinellid and chrysopid insects. Many of the apterous females descended during October to the base of the shoots or stems, even as far down as 1 or 2 inches below the surface, where they were sur- rounded by numerous hiberating larvee, constituting a second series. All of these colonies were covered with tunnels of clay constructed by Cremastogaster lineolata Say.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL STAGES OF PROCIPHILUS TES- SELLATA FITCH.
In view of the fact, as has already been stated, that the spring migrants from the maple to the alder and the return fall migrants from the alder to the maple are absolutely identical and, as a rule,
DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL STAGES. 19
destined to continue and to conclude the yearly cycle of life for the
preservation of the species, the following descriptions of some of the principal stages are herewith in- cluded.
SEXUAL GENERATION.
The larva-like sexes of.
the species, which, toward the end of September and early in October, occur on the trunks of maples, are rather small and without a rostrum for the absorp- tion of food.
SEXUAL FEMALE.
The sexual females, as found under loose bark of
Fic, 3.—Prociphilus tessellata: Sexual female and antenna. (Original.)
maple, are of an orange color, with the sides of the body more or
Fic. 4.—Prociphilus tessellata: Male and antenna.
(Original.)
less distinctly grayish green. They are elon- gate-oval and = rather plump, and contain only one large orange egg, which reaches to the prothorax. The legs and antenne are whit- ish; the eyes small and black. The posterior lateral angles of the prothorax and of the first abdominal segment are rather prominent, while similar though smaller angles are also present on all of the other abdominal seg- ments except the termi- nal one. The antenne are rather short and
reach for a short distance beyond the anterior margin of the meso-
20 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
thorax; they are 5-jointed; joint 3 is shortest and joint 5 longest, or about as long as joints 3 and 4 combined; joints 1, 2, and 4 are some- what longer than 3, but shorter than 5, and subequal in length. All of the tarsi of both sexes are provided with short, capitate digitules. Length, about 1.2 mm.
Fic. 5.—Prociphilus tessellata: Colony on leaf of maple. (Original. )
MALE.
The male is of a more or less greenish color, with its antenne and legs somewhat dusky. It is rather small and about one-third or less the size of the female. The antenne are about as long as those of the female, though stouter, while the proportion of the length of the various joints is the same in both sexes. Length, about 0.8 mm.
- gives the entire mass a re-
eyes are black and the antenne
DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL STAGES. a | WINTER EGG,
The winter eggs, especially in the vicinity of Washington, D. C., are generally deposited during the first half of October, in cracks and under loose bark of the trunks of silver or soft maples, where they are embedded in delicate white wool. They are highly polished and at first of an orange color, with a greenish-gray central spot, though they change gradually to a blackish green. They are elongate-oval and almost twice as long as wide. Their length is about 0.7 mm., and the diameter 0.4 mm.
ASEXUAL GENERATIONS. COLONY ON LEAF OF MAPLE.
As had been stated before, it has been demonstrated that the in- fested leaves on maple trees exhibit a more or less distinct tendency to fold or to double downward, so as to protect the insects within this fold, in which frequently there is a large and closely packed colony of aphides, covered with a cottony secretion which
semblance to a large white- haired caterpillar.
YOUNG STEM-MOTHER.
The general color of the young stem-mother is a dull blackish or brownish green, the head being darkest. The
and legs dusky. The insects F'6- 6.—Prociphilus tessellata: Young stem- ae : mother and antenna. (Original.)
are covered with a delicate
bluish-white secretion, and ornamented with four dorsal and a lateral row each side of whitish cottony knobs. The antenne are 4- jointed and do not reach to the mesothorax; the two basal joints are shortest; joints 3 and 4 are longest and subequal in length, each being about as long as the two basal joints combined; the third is some- what stoutest at the apex, while the fourth, including its short, blunt spur, appears to be more or less distinctly fusiform. The ros- trum is large, and reaches almost to the tip of the abdomen. Length about 0.7 mm,
22 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
MATURE STEM-MOTHER.
The mature stem-mother, as seen on the leaves of the maple, is densely covered with white wool, which is interspersed with long, stout, white, and wavy strands. This secretion hides the insects com- pletely from view, in consequence of which they resemble small flakes of cotton. Their natural color is dark yellowish green or olive; the end of the body is black; the legs are of the color of the body, with the apex of the femora and tarsi blackish. The antennae, includ- ing the indistinct spur of the terminal joint, are 5-jointed; they are rather short and reach about to the mesothorax. The first joint is stoutest and slightly the short- est; 1t is about as long as wide, with the apex truncated; joints 2 and 4 are somewhat longer than the first and sub- equal in length; joints 3 and 5 are longest and each of them is almost as long as the two basal joints combined; the four basal joints are of the color of the body, while the fifth is blackish. Length of body about 4 mm.; diameter about 3 mm.
The mature stem-mother deposits be- tween 100 and 400 larvee, all of which form the first generation, which may be termed the pupiferous generation, since all of them gradually develop into the winged or migratory form and, after having attained maturity, migrate
Fie. 7.—Prociphilus tessellata: j Mature stem-mother and an- to the leaves of alders to deposit their
tonne (Orman) larve, which, in turn, become the pro-
-genitors of the second series, which has been described, by Dr. Asa Fitch under the name of Lriosoma tessellata.
MIGRANT.
The migrant, as well as the return migrant, is rather large and stout. The head with its antenne, the thorax, and the legs are black. The abdomen is of a greenish-brown or almost black color, being palest on the ventral side. The dorsum of the thorax and of the abdomen is densely covered with a whitish woolly or cottony secretion, which generally projects above the closed wings and be- yond the end of the abdomen, while most of the secretion of the head is generally rubbed off. The ventral side is covered with a whitish
>
DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL STAGES. 23
powder, which is most dense on the sternum. The antenne are rather short and reach to or somewhat beyond the insertion of the front wings; they are provided with only a few fine hairs on joints 3 to 5; there are also 9 to 13 annulations on antennal joint 3, 3 to 5 on joints 4 and 5, and from 5 to 7 on joint 6, all of which annulations are more or less indistinct. The tail and last abdominal segment are short and semicircular, surrounded around the edge with slender fine hairs. Nectaries or nectar-pores are absent. The venation of the wings is similar to that of other pemphiginids. Expanse of wings about 12 mm.; length of body about 4 mm.
Fic. 8.—Prociphilus tessellata: Migrant and antenna. (Original.)
APTEROUS FEMALE ON ALDER.
The apterous females, as found on the stems of alder, are densely covered with white woolly or cottony secretion, which gradually covers a whole colony, though frequently hidden from view by a covering of earth erected over them by Cvemastogaster and other ants. After having been denuded of their cottony secretion they are found to be of a reddish or dark orange-brown color, with the divisions between the abdominal segments much darker or almost
24 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
black; the antenns and legs are the color of the body and the tarsi are blackish. The antenne are 6-jointed, rather short, and reach at most to the middle of the mesothorax. Antennal joints 3 and 6 are longest and subequal in length, each being about as long as joints 4 and 5 combined; joints 1, 2, 4, and 5 are shortest and subequal in length, with the two basal joints, as usual, stoutest; all of the joints
Fic. 10.—Colonies of Fic. 9.—Colonies of apterous females apterous females on
on alder. (Original.) alder. (Original.)
are provided with a few fine and short hairs. The tail and last abdominal segment are as in the migrant. Length about 3 mm.
HIBERNATING SERIES.
The hibernating larve, as well as those deposited by migrants and apterous females, are of an orange color, with the eyes and tarsi dark brown or black; all of them are covered with a short and shaggy secretion. The antenne are 4-jointed in all of them; they are short, as usual, and reach to nearly the middle of the mesothorax.
ECONOMIC STATUS. 25
The first joint is shortest, stoutest at the apex, and about one-half the length of the second; joint 3 is longest, rather slender, though somewhat stoutest at the apex; joint 4 is next in length and about twice as long as the second. The rostrum is almost as long as the body. Length about 1 mm.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
This species may not be considered as particularly injurious, though
Fie. 11.—Tunnel made by the ant Cremastogaster to
protect colony of Pro- ciphilus tessellata on alder. Fic. 12.—Prociphilus tessellata: Apterous female and ( Original.) antenna. (Original.)
it may occasionally become quite annoying if present in nvmerous colonies on the leaves of maple trees, in consequence of which it may be advisable to suggest some method for keeping it down, if not actually exterminating it, in certain localities. To accomplish this result it is advisable to cut down all of the shrubs of alder during the spring and fall to near the surface of the ground and to burn all of the bush as soon as possible, in order to destroy all of the
26 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
colonies as a measure to prevent the maturing of the return migrants. Still later in the season it is advisable to spray all of the remaining stumps of the shrubs, as well as the accumulated dry leaves and other débris surrounding them, with a dilute solution of kerosene emulsion, in order to destroy the hibernating larve. Tf these shrubs are kept down for a few years there will be no chance for the migrants from maples to deposit their larve and consequently no return migrants to fly back to the trunks of maple trees.
INDEX.
Acer (see also Maple). Page. Pa CUP RIN — ACER CPUCRN PU 2 ool as6 occ ama sin/cnlenianie haan cccicneente. eed 7 original food plant of Prociphilus tessellata...-.....-.-------- 9-14 Adalia bipunctata, enemy of Prociphilus tessellata.......-.--- Meat tae Pas eae 11 Alder (see also Alnus). alternate food plant of Prociphilus tessellata........-.------------------ 14-18 blight aphis. (See Prociphilus tessellata.) TAGIOR, DLR OLY CHULEs QIN ore sm ie a wo hemi emia Sh ctnin ne = Seiden Sew cie SEs wees 9 Alnus (see also Alder). Tuora, 1000 plant of Prociphilus teascllata: ... .. 2..2- jen--ceciccocccessn<-s 6,7 nugeca, 100d plant of Prociphilustessellata. .- 2. <0 sin =o nmccesceceecaece 12 PO aesGriated, With Prociphiulus tesscllaia . «<<< =~ 050022 snssccevceccte ss cnt Aphis stamineus, description by Haldeman ...........-.---.------.+0---e--0- ENO MAUEN COMMAS 0 ane oes ean u ze eacacccsaceesess 6 Pirch, tood plant of Hamamelistes spinosus.. ..--2-<<.--s2c0cce02-sssecccns-s 5 GTC ps REMAMEN ONS 42 os aie ance ns ee de cae 5 Camponotus pennsylvanicus, association with Prociphilus tessellata..........--- Ly Chermes alni. (See Psylla alni.) Chrysopa quadripunctata, enemy of Prociphilus tessellata..............-------- at SiC — ChEUSODG QUE TPUNCOLL 26 eich ona hw oom vine ee oe 11 Cremastogaster lineolata, association with Prociphilus tessellata........--- ENS 23 525 Eriosoma tessellata. (See Prociphilus tessellata. ) Feniseca tarquinius, enemy of Prociphilus tessellata...........-.....---------- 11,18 Pa MICLIRICE SOUROSUS, LOOM) PIAS <= S a.4/ss.s 5 Ue San eas Salsce aces whos eee 5 Hippodamia convergens, enemy of Prociphilus tessellata......-..---.---------- 11 Hop, alternate food plant of Phorodon humuli........-...-..--------------- 5 aphis. (See Phorodon humuli.) Hormaphis hamamelidis, food plants.......--..-.-- ME cee Seem ois oe ak 5 Kerosene emulsion against alder blight aphis....-....................-.---- 26 Lasius alienus, association with Prociphilus tessellata ..........-.------------- 11
Maple (see also Acer). silver-leaved. (See Acer eriocarpum. )
Monomorium minimum, association with Prociphilus tessellata...........--.---- it minutum=Monomorium minimum ...--....2..------+-000------ 11
Nabis fusca. (See Pagasa fusca. ) Paigaues jusce, enemy of Prociphilua tessellata. 23 526 6-0. ocs ccc seccsccesiee sass 1S Pempugus acerijorr, description by Riley 222.62 20<-6 2.2.32. sec. ceewens 7-8 == POC IES POSREIUINY < -ropnl non wie Sab nw Aes aS Besse owl 5,6 Ginty OcReripiuon yb EOVANECHDOF 622. gio. s<5 26 ao aces eo se anwar Sodas 8 Ser CU I tit LCREEIMOIO oe lata KS os Seine ai Sonos owseceses< 6
stamineus. (See Aphis stamineus.)
RRMA PPOCypnils tesscUaue a 25-225 ck Jes ose ste snesanoncne eons 6 sete MULTUUUT. MIOUE PUAN acc ao mt ons ace te doe tema sc nsec wseecseculeccs 5 Plum, original food plant of Phorodon humuli.........-------.-------------- 5
98 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDER BLIGHT APHIS.
Page iProciphilus, description of SenuUss...22—- 5 sas ee ee - eee eee ee Cee eee eee 6 tessellata, antiassociates <5. Sev ac ties oa ayn re nee ee ore eee iat apterous female on alder, description ..--..-....-..-..-. 23-24 asexual generations, descriptions -7.......--..-.--.-.-. 21-25 colony on leaf of maple, description.........-....-.-... 20, 21 description by ites 5.20 44... 225452 oe eee 6-7 of prncipal-stages 2-32. ---s2>-- eee eee 18-25 economic status 7.02.26. hone) ee eee ee ee 25-26 first series (Pemphigus acerifolii Riley)..-..------------ 9-14 generic and specific synonymy 2-5. =. 3-4 5=-5e ees 6-9 hibernating series, description..-..-.------------------ 24-25 Insect. CHEMIES — 22... se cence ee os eae ee 11 male deseripion 22.00. se ssoe ee ee 20 mention by Kalm as Chermes alni......---..----------- 8-9 migrant, deseription. =. 2.2... 0 eee oe 22-23 notes on ‘altemate Series =. 22. =a. go ae ee 14-18 original «series. 225555. saan ee eee 11-14 second ‘series (on alder)... .ccccte 2) eee ee 14-18 sexual female; description... > 2. -.cce.- 0 = = So eee 19-20 generation; ‘description... (4. 4-2--0 ee eee 19-21 stem-mother, mature, description. ....-..-------.------ 22 youtlg, ‘deseription = ..2=3.0-45e0 2 eee 21 Winter Cpt. ots. oiae. ee ee ee eee eee 21 Psylla ani; description by Ratzeburg, on alder -—...--- = 22-2 -c25e—o eee 9 WU GIS = CHEnMes QU ss as eee le aes Ce eee aR ee ee EE eee 9 Schizoneura tessellata, description by. Thomas. .2- 2222 -- 2---- 5. ses = eee 8 = PR OCUD I LUUSLCSSCLUCLEC Dre = arate ae 6 Syrphid fly larvae, enemies of Prociphilus tessellata ..........---------------- 11 Tapinoma sessile, association with Prociphilus tessellata........---..---------- is bee Witch-hazel, food plant of Hamamelistes spinosus......-.------------------- 5 Hormapiis hamomendis..< 2 3. 0 eto eee 5
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DIV. INSECTS
ee oe
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 25. U. S. DEPARTMENT OFNMAGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
PAPERS ON APHIDID™®.
PONTHNTS AND INDEX.
Issurep Apri 26, 1915.
—wi—
By Bl AN Wn NI
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1915.
SS
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 25. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF MGRICUBT URE, BUREAU OF HBNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
PAPERS ON APHIDID&.
I. STUDIES ON A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA,
WITH AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENUS AND NOTES ON REARING METHODS.
By W. J. PHILLIPS anp J. J. DAVIS, Entomological Assistant Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations.
II. THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS.
By J. J. DAVIS, Entomological Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations.
IssueD AprRiL 26, 1915.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1916.
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOG Y.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Currron, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant.
F. H. CurrrenpDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.
F. M. WessteR, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.
A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations.
E. F. Putuies, in charge of bee culture.
A.F. Bonen: in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations.
Rouia P. Currie, in charge of editorial work.
MaBeEL CoicorD, in charge of library.
CEREAL AND ForAGE INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. F. M. WessTER, in charge.
G. I. Reeves, W. J. Puriures, E. O. G. Ketiy, J. A. Hystop, J. J. Davis, C. N. AInsLiE, W. R. Watton, A. B. Gawan, J. M. Aupricu, V. L. WinpERMuTH, W. R. McConne.t, T. D. Ursauns, R. A. Vickery, Puitie LuGInBILL, C. W. CREEL, Henry Fox, Geo. G. AInsiiz, Harrison E. Smiru, P. H. TimBerzaxe, R. N. Witson, VERNON Kine, E. H. Grsson, L. P. Rockwoop, F. H. Gates, Paiie B. Mumess, T. R. CHamBeriin, A. F. Sarrertuwait, T. Scotr Witson, D. J- CaFrFREy, W. H. Larrimer, L. J. Bowser, C. M. Packarp, ApotpH H. BEYER, CuauDE L. Scorr, 8. J. Snow, Desita Bennion, R. J. KEwiey, Gro. W. BARBER, C. F. Turner, Jos. 8. Wapz, W. E. PENNINGTON, W. T. Emery, D. G. Tower, P. R. Myers, E. L. Barrert, entomological assistants.
W.B. Hatt, J. T. Mone tt, collaborators.
II
CONTENTS:
Srupies on A New SpEcigEs oF TOXOPTERA, WITH AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENUS AND Notes on Rearine Meruops. Page.
W. J. Phillips and J. J. Davis.. 1
Titiaachaehtones 25 oS sae 2 ehh AA eA ok Solace cease cen i) PcRCn Patni On TRO; BCCIOS. = 22.) ita teseer' as coe 2 eeig hice ea aeets ne 1 RST DORA P MOI tA). (aj octa ie oo Shes Anion ares 4 AE im pee wid eiai a cate amie 8 LEE 2 ONCE E7 8h a COR eee Ae, Ra gg Ole er a 8 Distribution of Toxopiera muhlenbergiv..... 20.20.00. 0- 0+ dbo eee eee cede 9 ECSU MRE TS sf rariech yen Va vutnts mad doe Ree SRE MER EEO SOO OEE ST. 9 Hosm plantas: CO Reta. Stee gtk). 1d er eet heats 20 Pee NIE) naz 9 HELE MELOY Soto a wine Nos cnn Ahr 5 ANB los ole eons oS PERO 2 28 3a 9 Continuous-seneration experiments... .. 2.222) be ee eee es oe 9
Jes PET Pere So Ses os ge oe ya MRR GRE A et re its Hacundityet tthe summer forms). based 9! eeosded hain oe ean. 13 Age when individuals begin reproducing.................-.-------+-- 13 Length of life of thei-viviparous. forms. .))2/5. ste ssedealheek os seenie!-. 13 Mle sees Sep chia Seas lien SY 3 we Api tcin. geahswte Bs 13 TELE Be COSR CGT 31 0) OTe: 1 Cc RE am il) EA aR RE SS SE 14 Becundity of the oviparous females: : ro 28. oe led deiw ceases hs 14 Martarinyemiemodn)) sabi fh tated. So Sol ooe suche 15 enrine methodsetivl oe emery. by Sects ches Gar eheeey auiwed decudeat « 15 ey GLEOW CLOVER ABHIGK (rou 215. Lcied-auce-eahtenaiies te5 J: Jd. Davia... 17 oinoc homers 4 5) 2 date ae aides ot oer mode Soigke tsa sides waaedes 17 Ramis NDS Ss NCL ae elves ot yea A Ri tee eae Me bee Bes 17 Resmi ORIG) POMLNOM 24 e bse. oy BGREY tig! Bath ee eo 18
LUT EANRRO TM. ets Me Diack ily SARA SN bdo, wench welsces ett 18 leet od tert rath ore. ee St, pi SL aN. tee oMleememeh. SS 18
ig Aerateb te aware.) hones fy cada Losi Me A ee Goss tas 5. ER 19 Macdomiicd sho Rees St oh Sos. bn Anse oS. gels d ead iing wafs Soe 19 Barer iaies st cere Leet cite rk itis wes le. spline aiwnies. ei Siow art 20 eine lens stominmmothents Bc s2 shia. bos cbetSae antl dew seineekktl.. 20 Manged! viws parous semiale. <25 6 te Tat ut eet on Peale Gaston. 4 21
MW tumtioss viviparous female... 208k wth oo st ox s Pon! Nek eee 23 Riana eae ales he Yen Shee Tn eR OA ts ws one. shaw enemas nee 23 iyranlew) ovanarous, temnle: +.2~ 42 4555-056 sesss tet sds ccs xaneees ee 25 DE tale Ree a sc gC ee (ON gO ee 26 LDCR TTS ah TSI aca |S Oa ee 26 LATE 16 CFENGTTASS 06.5 eee rt re eae | ON eg 26
Ge meraiOn. ep SpOrinmiemiee sects sk os och ba ele oes Sein a cise eines vs 27
Ip NN pl ae an Uk Io) eC oe 38 Fecundity in relation to other species.--........---.---.2-+-+----+--- 38
Pe PeIatet ne MEIN meee Jen evra 5 Serres Sls Wie oo Ulan ORR mee wa eece G 39 TLE LCT EPS EIN Ds Sc Ree ae 0 of A ee ee ae a 40 aaa re ree ee AS RONG Ts Seuiuds a 2 Ganges oe Re ee ee 41
LEE S RA Se
PLATES. Prare) 14 Outdoor reartnp shelters. 125... /5<0--secoecrs epee. ce aen te eee II. Outdoor rearing shelters used in life-history studies on the yellow Clover aphis se. se se a ee ee TEXT FIGURES.
Fie. 1. Toxoptera muhlenbergiex: Winged viviparous female and antenna..... 2. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Wingless viviparous female.............-.-- 3. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Winglessmaleandantenna.............--..- 4, Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Wingless oviparous female, antenna, hind
MMS Se hte a lerae wr or rato aim chan tenre wicre core, ether a Oe
5. Toxeptera.muhlenbergiz:. Hgos... «i490 32 Sseeg ye Bl. eee 6. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Eggs deposited in curled leaf sheath.......... 7. Lamp-chimney molting cage used in rearing aphides..........-.-..-- 8. Lamp-chimney generation cage used in rearing aphides...........-- 9. Lamp-chimney stock cage used in rearing aphides.............-..--. 10. Map showing distribution of the yellow clover aphis (Callipterus irijoliz).in the United. States: 0.60 c.c<. seco. asic Se yas ae
11. The yellow clover aphis (Callipterus trifolit): Winged viviparous female and detalley co 2<0 26 «aise 22 ore cm se sO eee
12. The yellow clover aphis: Wingless viviparous female and details. .... 13. The yellow clover aphis: Winged male and antenna...........-...-- 14. The yellow clover aphis: Wingless oviparous female and details. ..... 15. Diagram showing periods and succession of generations in the yellow
IV
clover. aphis, La Fayette, Ind. 1913... 02 out eeetsdiii eee eee
Page. a2
24
ERRATA.
Page 15, legend to figure 9, second line, for aphieds read aphides. Page 19, line 18, for sanfoin read sainfoin. Page 19, line 18, for Unobrychis read Onobrychis.
L
ares
TECHNICAL SERIES No. 25, ParT I.
Bes OEP Prk EMENT OF AGRICULTURE;
BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
PAPERS ON APHIDID A.
STUDIES ON A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA,
WITH AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENUS AND NOTES ON REARING METHODS.
W. J. PHILLIPS anv J. J. DAVIS,
Entomological Assistants, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations.
IssueD May 4, 1912.
Nn —
Wintuysssss™
WASHINGTON \ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1912,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R.S. Cuirron, Executive Assistant. W. F. Taster, Chief Clerk.
. H. CurrrENnvEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. . D. Horxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. . M. WEBsTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. . L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Pariuies, in charge of bee culture. D. M. Rogers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Rota P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. : MABEL CotcorD, in charge of library.
>
CEREAL AND ForRAGE INSEcT INVESTIGATIONS. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge.
Gero. I. Resves, W. J. Pururrs, C. N. Arvsure, E. O. G. Ketty, T. D. UrBauns, Harry S. Smirn, Gro. G. Ainsiiz, J. A. Hystop, W. R. Watton, J. T. Mone Lt, J. J. Davis, T. H. Parks, R. A. Vickery, V. L. WitpERMuTH, E. G. Smytu, HERBERT T. OsBorN, Puiuip LUGINBILL, C. W. CREEL, E. J. VosLER, R. N. Wiz- sON, VERNON Kina, entomological assistants.
Nerriz 8. Kuoprrer, ELLEN DASuHIELL, preparators.
Mrrtam WELLES REEVEs, collaborator.
II
COMEEN TS.
erent LPO ean tee ML tae a eae Lt axe RUE See cn Sees 1 eee MPM MEIN OME CIE Se ete ts er 2 2c ve aL Soor5 eS ate ee ee ane 1 Rema Tea ALCL WAUNCNN fs 5 Jee eat el nei oe ae ake 6 S42 Sakr. ORs Abe Se keene 8 MeN euE PEI yom Ot An Ban SIS Se BURR Mew ek hee 8 iietwibution.of.Toxoptera muhlenbergix. 2. 22555 2. - 2228. [Sag eel eee ieee eos 9 ehh UEC oT OR SU IS, Aiea ee Mt 2 en a a ae ae 9 Fete Teme nla eee UP ee ee. Sc Sieve awn tae asta 9 CTS DTS CLP Siecle A eS A 99 ae ee 5 ent ae 9 Canmmueus-cenertion experiments. (2200.2 .2. eps ee een eee ok eee eee 9
USL EL rae oS Soe Ei ey aed ee oad Pa rca RIG i te 13 PectiminnOr tHe mimIMeN TOMS. 2502.0 sea fl aden ee poe ee es betes ees 13 Age when individuals begin reproducing........-......-..-..-.-------- 13 Pecntinor lire, of the vaviparous forma... S22... 2-28. . 22 .c0- ee nad shaken S- 13 The sexes....-..- Sch ho apes te i Ak et ee Ns AR Sane eg MS ne ie)
Tae rerna OVA POMUNOlet ats ot A aya) 52 Se eR a hae oe we Alt aes ees fe 14 Fecundity onthe oviparous females. 25 .'.2. o. 2212-22. e tee ee hhh ees 14 LANOEM ENTRY “DV. 37 ina SON OA ee Ne eee Re, FL ae ne ae RE Eee ea 15 DURE LENT AT hi 000 3 1S Sa kot EM a A a ne nA 15
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE. Page. Prater 1. Outdoor rearing shelters: 2.2.20. -2 222-62 225.22 eee 12 TEXT FIGURES.
Fic. 1. Toxoptera muhlenbergiex: Winged viviparous female and antenna... - - - - 2 2. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Wingless viviparous female.........--.------ 3 3. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Wingless male and antenna. .....-..-------- 4
4. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Wingless oviparous female, antenna, hind tibia... 2.) 6 ee dc Sona tee ae eee: ae ee eee 5 5. Loxoptera muhlenbergia: Wes <2 ..5 0. = on iss ae< <b cs Some ee 56 6. Toxoptera muhlenbergix: Eggs deposited in curled leaf sheath.......-- 13 7. Lamp chimney molting cage used in rearing aphides.......-...------ 14 8. Lamp chimney generation cage used in rearing aphides.....--..-.----- 15 9. Lamp chimney stock cage used in rearing aphides .....-.-.-..-------- 15
IV
U.S. D. A., B. E. Tech. Ser. 25, Pt. I. : Issued May 4, 1912.
PAPERS ON APHIDID.
STUDIES ON A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA, WITH AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENUS AND NOTES ON REARING METHODS.
By W. J. Pairs and J. J. Davis, ' Entomological Assistants, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations.
INTRODUCTION.
Toxoptera muhlenbergie has been under observation since the sum- mer of 1908. On July 24 of that year Mr. V. L. Wildermuth, of this bureau, found this aphis at New Paris; Ohio, on a species of Muhlen- bergia. It was thought at the time that it was Toroptera graminum, to which species it bears a very close resemblance. The senior author found the same aphis at Richmond, Ind., later in the month, placed it in rearmg on Muhlenbergia, and obtained the sexes in October. From the sexes it was very evident that the species was not 7. grami- num, as the male is wingless. Since 7. muhlenbergix bore so close a resemblance to the destructive “‘green bug,” a species that the senior author was then studying, he has also kept the former species under observation since that time. The junior author has named and described the species and has also drawn up a key for the identification of the members of this genus. The authors wish to thank Mr. Philip Luginbill, of the Bureau of Entomology, for his assistance in rearing through consecutive generations of this species.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES. TOXOPTERA MUHLENBERGLE N. SP. WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE.
(Fig. 1.)
Head brownish, thoracic plate dark brown, and abdomen pale green. Usually a small pale-yellowish area on the abdomen around each cornicle. Eyes black and ocelli dusky. Antenne blackish excepting segments I, II, and the extreme base of III, which are pale brownish; slightly imbricate, 3 to 7 circular sensoria in a row on segment III, the usual one near the distal end of V, and several
1
2 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA,
small ones surrounding a larger one at distal end of base of VI; total length about equal to that of the body; segments III and fila- ment of VI longest, the latter being slightly the longer of the two; IV and V subequal, their total length being subequal to III; base of VI about three-tenths the length of the filament or one-third of III. (See fig. 1,6.) Beak reaching slightly beyond the coxex of the first pair of legs. Legs dark brown excepting the basal one-third or one- half of the femora and tibiae. Wings with the discoidal vein once- branched, the branching being about two-thirds the distance from the base to the tip of the wing, the basal end not contiguous with the costal vein (occasionally one wing with the discoidal unbranched, and in one case the branching was at the extreme tip of the wing);
Fic. 1.— Toroptera muhlenbergiz: a, Winged viviparous female, greatly enlarged; b, antenna of same, more enlarged. (Original.)
veins dark brown. Lateral abdominal tubercles inconspicuous. Cornicles pale green, very slightly swollen in the middle, subequal in length to the style. Style pale green, and slightly longer than the hind tarsi. } .
Measurements (from specimens mounted in balsam): Length of body, 0.7999-0.9090 mm., average, 0.8471 mm.; width, 0.2909- 0.4181 mm., average, 0.3526 mm.; length of wing, average, 1.88 mm.; width, average, 0.636 mm.; antenna, I, 0.05 mm.; II, 0.041 mm.; III, 0.2119-0.2608 mm., average, 0.23 mm.; IV, 0.0978-0.1385 mm., average, 0.1124 mm.; V, 0.1222-0.1467 mm., average, 0.1325 mm.; VI, base, 0.0652-0.0896 mm., average, 0.0787 mm.; VI, filament, 0.22-0.2689 mm., average, 0.2509 mm.; average total, 0.8955 mm.; cornicles, 0.09-0.12 mm., average, 0.0986 mm.; style, 0.0978-0.1141 mm., average, 0.1048 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.0978 mm.
EE ee
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. 3
Described from eight living specimens received from W. J. Phil- lips collected on Muhlenbergia at La Fayette, Ind., September 9, 1909. Types mounted on four balsam slides, in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. 8. Department of Agriculture. |
WINGLESS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Fig. 2.)
Head and body entirely pale green, the head being slightly paler than the thorax and abdomen. Eyes black. Antennal segments I, II, and IIT very pale brownish, IV pale at base and gradually changing to dark brown or blackish; total length slightly more than half that of the body; filament of VI largest,it being about four times the basal portion of VI; III three times the length of IV and three- fourths fllament VI; IV and V subequal, V being slightly the longer. Beak reaching the coxe of the second pair of legs. Legs pale excepting the tarsi and distal ends of the tibiz, which portions are blackish. Ab- dominal tubercles as in the winged form. Cornicles and style pale, with a slight green- ish tint, and not unlike those of the winged female in form.
Measurements (from speci- mens mounted in balsam): - Length of body, 1.1308 mm. ; width, 0.5198 mm.; antenna, iM 0.0489 mm. ;. II, 0.04 mm.; Fi. 2.— Toroptera eins lg Wingless viviparous
female. Greatly enlarged. (Original.) III, 0.1548—0.2037 mm., aver- age, 0.1825 mm.; IV, 0.0815-0.1141 mm., average, 0.0994 mm.; V, 0.1059-0.1141 mm., average, 0.1108 mm.; VI, base, 0.0652—-0.0815 mm., average, 0.0684 mm.; VI, filament, 0.2119-0.2771 mm., aver- age, 0.2477 mm. ; average total, 0.7977 mm.; cornicle, average, 0.1385 mm.; style, 0.1141 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.09 mm.
Described from six living specimens collected at La Fayette, Ind., September 9, 1909. Types mounted on four balsam slides, in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
WINGLESS MALE. (Fig. 3.)
Head dusky green to blackish, prothorax pale green, thoracic plate dark to blackish green, and the abdomen pale greenish yellow. Eyes black. Ocelli present as in the other forms. Antenne blackish, ex- cepting the two basal segments, which are pale dusky; irregularly placed circular sensoria as follows: 22-23 on III, 17-24 on IV, 11-17
4 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA,
on V, and the usual ones at the distal end of base of VI; subequal in length to that of the body; III the longest, it being nearly twice as long as IV and four times base of VI; IV and V subequal, and base of VI slightly less than one-third of filament of VI. (See fig. 3, b.) Beak reaching just beyond the coxe of the second pair of legs. Legs pale, excepting the tarsi and distal ends of the tibix, which are black- ish (in some specimens the basal ends of the femora are pale and the remainder gradually be- coming dusky toward the apices, tibie dusky excepting the blackish tips, and the tarsi black). Cornicles and style whit- ish green.
Measurements (from specimens recently mounted in_ balsam): Length of body, average, 1.127 mm.; width, 0.4148 mm.; antenna, I, 0.057 mm.; II, 0.0489 mm.; III, 0.2934-0.3504 mm., average, 0.3209mm.; IV, 0.1467-0.22 mm., aver- age, 0.1793 mm.; Y, 0.1548-0.1874 mm., ayv- erage, 0.1712 mm.,; VI, base, 0.0733—0.0896 mm.., average, 0.0815mm.; VI, filament, 0.2445-0.3097 mm., average, 0.269 mm.; average total, 1.1278 mm.; cornicles, average, 0.1074 mm.; style, average, 0.1026 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.1074 mm.
Described from, seven living specimens. Types mounted in balsam on five slides, October 13, 16, and 18, 1909. In the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
=
Fia. 3.— Toxoptera muhlenbergiz: a, Wingless male, greatly en- larged; b, antenna ofsame, more enlarged. (Original.)
WINGLESS OVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Fig. 4.) Head pale yellowish and the thorax yellowish green. Abdomen pale greenish, the sides being decidedly pale green and the median
dorsum, more of a yellowish, this latter being due to the yellow eggs. within. Eyes black. Antenna with segments I and II concolorous
-average, 0.2589 mm.; aver-
—
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. Jv
. with the head; III pale but slightly dusky; IV and V pale dusky;
VI blackish, slightly more than one-half the length of the body; fila- ment of VI longest, it being one-fourth longer than III; III and IV subequal, and base of VI a little more than one-third of III. (See fig. 4,b.) Beak not reaching to the coxe of the second pair of legs. Legs pale, excepting the distal ends of the tibiz, which are dusky, and the tarsi, which are black. Hind tibia (fig. 4, c) swollen and bearing 15 to 21 rather large but inconspicuous sensoria. Cornicles cylindrical, pale yellow or greenish yellow, and about one-third longer than the hind tarsus. Style concolorous with the cornicles and slightly longer than the tarsus. The position assumed by the ovip-
- arous females is’ similar
to that of other species, namely, with the hind tibiz held back along the abdo- men, and the abdomen tilted upward. Measurements (from spec- imens recently mounted in balsam): Length of body, average, 1.796 mm.; width, average, 0.7855 mm.; an- tenna, I, 0.057 mm.; II, 0.048 mm. ; ITT, 0.163-0.2363 mm., average, 0.2052 mm.; IV, 0.0978-0.1467 mm., average 0.1254 mm.; V, 0.1141-0.1548 mm., aver- age, 0.1368 mm.; VI, base, 0.0652-0.0815 mm., aver- age, 0.0748 mm.; VI, fila-
Fig. 4.— Toxroptcra muhlenbergiz: a, Wingless oviparous ment, 0.2282-—0.29 mm., female, greatly enlarged; 6, antenna of same, more en-
larged; c, hind tibia of same, moreenlarged. (Original.) age total, 0.9061 mm.; cornicles, average, 0.1596 mm.; style, average, 0.1237 mm.; hind tarsus, average, 0.1042 mm.
Described from 12 living specimens. Types mounted on six slides. October 8, 13, 16, and 18, 1909. In the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
EGG. (Fig. 5.)
Pale yellowish when first laid, gradually changing to pale green,
then dark green, and finally to jet black. They are deposited singly
onthe leaves of Muhlenbergia. Form elliptical-oval. Measurements:
Length, 0.56 mm.; width, 0.26 mm. 26459°—12——-2
6 PAPERS ON APHIDID®, ’ STEM-MOTHER.! ‘
First instar (before first molt).—General color dark nile-green; head, beak, antenne, and legs very dark gray, almost black; corni- cles very dark, small, and inconspicuous; eyes black; antennz 4-segmented.
Measurements (from two specimens in balsam): Length of body, 0.49 mm.; width, 0.20 mm.; antenna, I, 0.0326 mm.; II, 0.0326 mm. ; III, 0.0896 mm.; IV, base, 0.0407 mm.; IV, filament, 0.0896 mm.; total length, 0.2851 mm.
Described from two specimens. Types on two balsam slides in col- lection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agricul- ture. La Fayette, Ind., 1910.
Second instar (before second molt).—General color blue-green, the head having somewhat of a grayish cast. Antenne 5-segmented; the three distal segments very dark, almost black; the basal segments pale gray. Beak black at tip, reaching to coxe of the third pair of legs. Legs pale, excepting tarsi and distal portions of tibiz, which are
black. Tips of cornicles black, small, and
inconspicuous as in the first instar. x Measurements (from two specimens re- cently mounted in balsam): Length of Fia.5.—Toroptera muhlenbergize: Eggs. body, 0.54 mm.; width, 0.245 mm.; an-
Ce ee ee tenna, I, 0.0326 mm.; II, 0.0326 mm.; III, 0.065 mm.; IV, 0.0489 mm.; V, base, 0.0489 mm.; V, filament, 0.114 mm.; total length, 0.342 mm.; cornicles, 0.0326 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.0733 mm.
Described from two specimens. Types on two balsam slides in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. La Fayette, Ind., 1910.
Third wmstar (before third molt ).—General color of body pale green, eyes black. Antenne 5 segmented, entirely dusky, but darker near the tips, a single sensorium at the end of IV and several at end of base of V. Beak not reaching coxe of third pair of legs, the tip black. Legs pale greenish gray, excepting the joints and distal portions of tibiz, which are dusky, and the tarsi, which are black. Cornicles concolorous with body, excepting tips, which are dusky.
Measurements (from two specimens recently mounted in balsam): Length of body, 0.88 mm.; width, 0.40 mm.; antenna, I, 0.0407 mm.; II, 0.0326 mm.; ITI, 0.125 mm.; IV, 0.0733 mm.; V, base, 0.0652 mm.; V, filament, 0.14 mm.; total length, 0.4768 mm.; cornicles, 0.049 mm.
Described from two specimens. Types on two balsam slides, in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. La Fayette, Ind., 1910.
1 Color notes of the five instars of the stem-mother were made by Mr. Phillips
ce
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. 7
Fourth instar (before fourth molt).—General color pale green, the head being slightly paler than other parts of the body, and the abdomen having somewhat of a mottled appearance, due to the presence of young within. Beak not reaching coxe of third pair of legs, black at tip. Eyes black. Antenne 5-segmented (one speci- men showed six segments plainly), segment, III with a constriction a little beyond the middle, indicating the point where it divides at the next molt; the two distal segments almost or quite black, the others dusky, shading into greenish gray at the base; sensoria as in the preceding instar. Legs greenish gray, shading into dusky near extremities; tarsi shining black, distal portion of tibiz and joints quite dusky. Cornicles concolorous with abdomen, excepting tips, which are dusky. Style slightly paler than body.
Measurements (from two specimens recently mounted in balsam): Length of body, 0.90 mm.; width, 0.3912 mm.; antenna, I, 0.049 mm.; II,0.04 mm.; III, 0.122 mm.; I[V,0.065 mm.; V, base, 0.057 mm. ; V, filament, 0.114 mm.; total length, 0.447 mm.; cornicles, 0.049 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.0896 mm.
Described from two specimens. Types on two balsam slides, in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture. La Fayette, Ind., 1910.
Fifth instar (adult stem mother).—Before the birth of any young the adult is pale green, but gradually the color deepens to apple- green. As in the preceding instar, the young show through the body wall, giving the abdomen somewhat of a mottled appearance. Usually there is a small yellowish area around each cornicle. Head much paler than body, and with a grayish tinge at anterior end. Beak barely reaching coxe of second pair of legs, black at tip. Eyes jet-black. Antenne less than one-half the length of body, segments III and filament of VI longest, they being subequal, but filament VI usually slightly the longer of the two; IV about two-thirds or less the length of III; IV and V subequal; base of VI about one-half the length of filament; the two basal segments concolorous with head; Jil dusky, shading to blackish at apex; the remaining segments black. Legs greenish gray, excepting the joints, which are dusky. Apices of tibiz very dusky, and tarsi shining black. Cornicles pale translucent, and dusky at tips. Style pale translucent, sometimes dusky, and with a frosted appearance. AI] stages, including adult, are more or less pruinose.
Measurements (from five specimens recently mounted in balsam): Length of body, average, 1.34 mm.; width, average, 0.69 mm.;: antenna, I, 0.057 mm.; II, 0.040 mm.; III, 0.14-0.175 mm., average, 0.155; IV, 0.08-0.1059 mm., average, 0.0945 mm.; V, 0.0978-0.1222 mm., average, 0.10 mm; VI, base, 0.073—0.089 mm., average, 0.08 mm.; VI, filament, 0.14-0.195 mm., average 0.171 mm.; average, total, 0.6975 mm.;. cornicles, 0.11 mm.; style, 0.135 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.10 mm.
8 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA,
Described from five specimens. Types mounted on five balsam slides, in the collection of the Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. La Fayette, Ind., 1910.
Genus TOXOPTERA Koch.
Seven species of the genus Toxoptera have been described, the one described in this paper being the eighth. All, with the exception of this last and 7. caricis Fullaway, occur in Europe, while only three (T. graminum, T. aurantii, and T. muhlenbergiz) are known to America. 7. caricis was described from specimens collected in Hawaii. The following table may be of service to other workers:
~4 KEY TO THE GENUS.
I. General color of apterous viviparous females black or dark rusty. a. Apterous females dark rusty; margin of abdomen bearing tuberculate hairs; wing veins pale fuscous, stigma white...................--- scirpt Passerini. On Scirpus specierum and 8. lacustris. aa. Apterous females black; margin of abdomen not bearing tuberculate hairs. b. Sixth antennal segment of winged female equal to one-sixth the terminal filament; wing veins and stigma fuscous; fork of cubital vein arising before the point where the stigmal vein originates. auranttt Boyer de Fonscolombe. On orange, citron, and Camellia. Syn. JT. aurantix Koch. ‘ T. camellix Kaltenbach. Ceylonia theaccola Buckton. bb. Sixth antennal segment of winged female equal to one-fifth the terminal filament; wing veins and stigma not fuscous, pale yellowish; fork of cubital vein arising opposite or beyond the origin of the stigmal vein. clematidis Del Guercio. On ornamental Clematis. II. General color green, yellow, or brownish yellow. a. Body of wingless viviparous female dark green, variegated with shining black. SIPEG, HEORTE So aut bio bk seiehe Uae. oR Ue eee ree variegata Del Guercio. On Rhamnus alaternus. aa. Body uniformly green, yellow, or brownish yellow. b. Style black, at least in the winged viviparous female. c. Body of wingless viviparous female uniformly dark green; style black. alaterna Del Guercio. On Rhamnus alaternus. ; cc. Body of wingless viviparous female brownish yellow, paler at the margins; style darker than body color; cornicles very large, extending beyond tip of style, much constricted at base and apex.....-...--- caricis Fullaway. On Carex sp. bb. Style green, yellow, or but slightly dusky. d. Cornicles uniformly pale greenish or yellowish green; usually a small yellowish area on the abdomen at base of each cornicle; the media (third discoidal) branching at about three-fifths the distance from the base of the vein to the tip of the wing; antennal segments III and ‘‘VI filament” subequal. Males wingless. ..muhlenbergix n. sp. On Muhlenbergiassp.
dd. Cornicles blackish at tip; the media (third discoidal) branching at about one-half, or less, the distance from the base of the vein to the tip of the wing; antennal segment ‘‘ VI filament” noticeably longer than Tid. “Malesswingad.." ..55 bn oee graminum Rondani.
On wheat, oats, rye, barley, and various grasses.
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. 9
DISTRIBUTION OF TOXOPTERA MUHLENBERGIA.
This aphis has been found through northwestern and west-central Ohio and through east-central and northern Indiana. It probably may be found in any location in which Muhlenbergia flourishes.
FEEDING HABITS.
Individuals of this species concentrate on the tender shoots and are rarely found on the tough leaves unless the plants are badly infested. They congregate in the curled central growing shoot. As this leaf expands and unfolds, they go to the younger curled leaf just below this. When in great numbers, they cause these tender shoots to wilt and turn yellow.
HOST PLANTS.
Up to the present time Muhlenbergia sp. appears to be the normal host, though this aphis often goes to bluegrass (Poa pratensis) when first hatched, since the young sometimes appear before Muhlenbergia has started growth. Colonies have been established on wheat, though they do not appear to thrive very well on it.
LIFE HISTORY.
As stated previously, the sexes were reared in October, 1908, at Richmond, Ind. A number of eggs was obtained from these females and they were taken to La Fayette, Ind., in March, 1909, but failed to hatch. Later on in the year these aphides were found in abundance and rearings were begun, with the result that a large number of the sexes and an abundance of eggs ‘were obtained in the fall.
CONTINUOUS-GENERATION EXPERIMENTS.
About 1,000 eggs were collected in the fall of 1909 with the hope of getting stem-mothers to start a series of continuous generations. None of these eggs hatched, however. Large numbers of eggs were found in the field and from these the continuous-generation series were started; that is, starting with the stem-mother and isolating her first born and the first born of each successive generation until the sexes appeared; and a second series, consisting of the last born from the stem-mother and the last born of each successive generation until the sexes appeared. By adding the number of first and last born generations and dividing the result by 2 we are able to arrive at the approximate number of generations that would be produced during the year. Much other data would also be accumulated in this way on the daily production of young, the maximum and minimum num- ber of young produced, and the average length of life.
The table following gives in detail the consecutive generations of
the first and last born series, starting with a stem-mother that
j r
>
hatched March 28, 1910.
10
PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
Table of consecutive generations of Toxoptera muhlenbergix.
[b=horn; d=died or disappeared.]
Tem- . pera- First-born generation series. Last-born generation ture. series. iia d é|/8/2 © ; | 5 SA n=, > ae) ; 4 :
Date. sleldligslalalslSialglzi2/sls/elelslalals C= Peat) ete Neteller dal eczi ee=e/) Joh fei) Silel/alelBigie |] &@lalsiais|&/] &)/a) a] & |S | eile | pee) WR =v a) Te Aa) of) 8 | Ss) sa o/H |] o|/ a9
: Pa nt 0) Oe = WaPo PSP 2) VaR I i fd Ci = Fl = ef 3) Pla = Peal ag at |= gq Higisisigis sig i ™|/S/818ilaqa|]Mi/elelsials g|s|™ AP siiiesulern| cen @ | | ct) 2) Go| oo] Se | cg | | | BO By SO |e ty g co | oO aq on ~ | ais 5 o|ud a oo | SO) = ~ g us) 5= a q a = ae ag vo = ~~ ~ a|~u ¢ a\a ee Bio | Hin lS ls era) ee) epe) Bei 6 ia) ses eiie Syed fs] | So fw | ee es ol Ss) eh) SES oie ese aera es ASAHI a/R |e l/H|Al/al/AIAlR |All l/e |e] on) eh) ele ladle oF) °F, |
LU VPI tere Wea al Toye es ad haya Pee esl eed ee | ie Bh
Mar 29 SA evn COs ser Se.ct| ple ated a am Sere ey] asetetel| oharel| saved ie Sicre [ ine ete ney anv | rene eee eer | yas
Mar 8031600) GOW) LOne etl eb ese a] -le iba oes] oe tare oll arena healt eRe ancl ome et eal incomes | pee er
iB veo a Par lM TPS Vea] Peco (ee Pee ree We | Pe a Dias (be cole So (en
oy 0) epee UN Ko hoy (al NO Ne ae Sees eel ere) ees es| ero) Pein Gest etal ail eee emi eta cee ip bet oi! on mae ATS A GOGO! Pe! Sera sie rel] =e ate mcrae Serta | rem bal | Sele fe ates enero arse | eee eee eee ee : He ATT: BLADE sO ncn a] De S| cereale aa ee cles, 3 aff ent peinit all mrererell te im |e mem Ne rece ieee lee | (enn | Are PAN 3 (POO I ON] fecal ce cleats oe! | date alla anni] erate acer e|| Clete S| ere pre ote | yore permet eee | cee | eee Ss ADI ONTO | G24) AO) {Sass )ic tcl ete tee Soe See arm rl 0 2 ates | aan bere are tell ere cat poe enpat ce | ee ae UNG of oh ac Ji Peat Col 5 42) eal 9) Wares bere [2 rs [epee [Ere Ad ee ele Be Werle sist ise (Poet! Ecc ll sts) ¥s U0) Pay fal ie: (33a) fe! J 1 | Pees at Pees) Meso rel morgen NP err beet eel oc ess| me ine element SE ete pe ei DLT 128) 1 GO! [eB Q dO acc] eck beseas |e] ee SUE NR | ome ar ace | eect | re ENG T ie Oe P70 | he) UO eee |e ses cere ah ete | ee eet ore | ean ea | P| Sool tee Apr: LOW 78-48 [Oe ce) cic ase 2 once fe ae ctf tese lf ore cel | pean | mys eee ra ew wre | aes lat ata | | ea eae Apes, Lda | SOMO) | AOF|S coc |s Sel cal eee |e |S ha oes Fe es ee | ee oN 0) cog ae) ET: WO oD ee ree (ARE PSM ee Ol MS yal Pomorie) Cm rs Relea Sae ET |e S55 fue - a TASDT 51881625682) OF ON a cpe| = as ahs ae leoce: at] arsvet= lesm tesa psis=l e aescell bse al] ete ee calf peer ete eae | een 5
ADEs ACO BT sl). alee| oO yl oe ee elegance head ecee | 2 eee eee ci ee | aes | en a
Area 15 eSOM G2) oul Ol fees a sesilerce a]e ae aero ne, all ee \aray~ [laeatene|| ete ay| (meeveee| | eceretl ere aes eee | eee eee is
IDE! AG) [ST ISO (Oe |b AO! | seers | hercea tee ote [ene | a Pal ae a We ADE MUTA Ue HSE ee NN! Oy [eee ol cete [os ne] ere Se 2 oie SP Se |e |e | E ADEA SHAS SB a|) JOS], LO ile ce chee | clersrel oot: |tcceae fetes ese | a oe sy I eee Soe | ere | ee | ee ee a Ty sit C2 Yel eA) Ws} Pa 0 Wey ee Mee eee ase aed SSSI LS eee IV RU RS SON Fale ea oe dl. ue Apr. 20 | 47 | 37 \ 2 a Pee (et Were Rea) Fea a HE Dh ets pete baie ee Re ee bee Apr. 21 | 58 | 32 Oise lea etereedce eal Coen cf etc ell creased be anes here | metered ee ete lore Hoes Boer |eeec||ssee||4 bee Apr. 22:)"62'| 40 |i Ole (Oijecb) eae | Face] e3cci| everest] ejot | s rete | aeeten Niaies olf sl fa ear| e fers | Apr. 23 | 65 | 30 0 Ohiteca'| pom /osckllee caller ste cc hess ni Poee <i en star] oie yal © Seeel| reterss | eer ese ee eee Bprss247]\ SE 26) | Qe). 0 aware corel oie cles mal |e ee metal ee Se |inte etal Mesecslt reesei eal] te eee [open eee APT DS W444 WSO |) OPPS Bele PRS cS emote ad eee] ate of oe ety = | ne | | ec er Apr. 26 | 44 | 34 0 Ol esc svat ise secay] 5 oni] ocoreney | See | ane Socal cess | eheete lls Sree Ste, al |e tet rears | mete Sere pee ee Bpre 27 i 43°) B91) OF! Oylase ssc s|= fel see a= wall an ties] betepallens tell ee] tee kal] stall mpeseeel See eter seat ee a
Apr. 28 | 57 | 41 EC Onfret 2h chen sense Salt oe steer] ee Ae Se ees hn 2 | ae pet eee | eee 5
ONTO) a8 ey Rel WN ie: CaS (COT ee 0 epee Py] ee (S| Peer epee Legion Pe | ele isoe lic aae (l= i. - -
APE woul Sat OSn | roa]: TOnincea| teen loos - OF RIESE con gee lee es pene | eae | 2224. 2a0|eee 2
May 11/66] 50] 0 \7 Es (seen | toe fiz <cati]oeia |pe aea l ae ee eee Ofet-) | os Saree
May 2] 71] 59| d {0 CP oll evegel eee a 8 axa | tere eran | eoeree esie)| enctel lara (0) eRe EE ANE Sls. 2
LNA Aig es eh CGS il P43 PR Petes ft 1 Mat il ripe) (neyo Wes (a She au Me as ANE Ae ae ba Fee (11s Pe ey allt :
Maye 745): 604] Bae a) Ol) sOp| Reese selec als Satta ee eRe) ee Ere 0! | .23Slsao5| Bees eee :
ITC Nae aN) WM SHC AEH WRT a hal [eee OS 3] Ua RY Pe en eR | PRS eBid cSt | Ba lene OR reel bare 3
Mia 6] s59"| ca Noe e al | NOP See slat. eee fee Meee eae eee | nee 0}. -
ISA yee 2. 112 | (AD eral 2 st. 4 aces tees Cee sete ee ge at eres ae eae O'G..2|28-2 eae 5
May 8/53 | 46 |. ls Sd Sees oe ea PS Ss Be A Sal ee BROS : |
May 9 | 52] 49 |.... {0 BPS ee [ie Peete) een aes Pata (Bek ar eens] bo =\#EOME eal |
MES LOCA BE! Dt re HS ee a ENERO a eae ee Cie eg 0 |. :
MSU ed OS scl eae |p Ol lies cees | oerets | areca Rice ete Sl ec ees | oll ee aes 0 |- ‘
May Ue icbb | oa] See < le Op Oeil ec cel econ lee cotee selon ates melee ate eel aces 0 |- 5 :
1.1 sl A] TS yf Yd (ee We 79 NO Wea Pe eg el em eS Ee (6 ole ee Oss lke eel ees eee {
Nee 149 55M BS. [Sse LANA) |. alCe SE SR Rea ee are Se al eee TY eB eed See) ink
May 15 | 59 | 40 |. We Ooi iota ts eet eel Re ee Ia tras | dE 0: |2 2 a Sees ee }
May 16 | 64 | 49 |-.-- { OER OF PRE EES See we cee eral rete Ie ila peel oe lesion 4] Bi
May .17 | 69 | 54 eee (ale tees) eo ema ene) | ae Scenes a Bars hoa. Oo acu) ae eee *
May. 91S + G3((48 ys Oe |2 22 CLES ES eee eae a eee toe tee ee ee (Ni PRES fore Pd es (ete:
May 19475050 "12 < S\elet, BON Saaci|x> ne |maeeeeeed | erst eee eel nec ees 0] ..-8.4| Soe Sosa ee j
May 20 | 74| 59 ]....| 1 Cl pied pS ee) ens! ete IRS Fe ONE Salen Ales eee
1 Fog BW? (sh 4 Ye) een Ue a a 4 YN Py a) Re ac Vee Sea Pea oy Sk Se fe eg | ep Om Perea ase | exe line 21 =
May 22 | 77 | 62 mall’ 1 |f 0 |----|----]----]----[---- fee fee fee fe fee fee 0! 208 Se See cee
May 23 | 80 | 65 |..-. AS WT at Rel as = TIO Pets MI 3 | cee be aie | eee | een ae C1) sete (eg reer) pS
May 24 6871 be be 2 40s | Oui) ONS rat | eae eee eke | eae ee eee ee Os eclee 2c Sao | eee
MEG 25 BO i] ck poet Oi |haat es cereal eect | oar emma | eens et en ere ea ee Oc oe/ este. cee
May 2671631] 40 sel On” Wit ONE See Seca eee | ee erate ee ee eee ee aH Re PRS ae teed (Gey) 2 =
May 27.:| 66"), 88|cce) 001) sae | eOa|see leteleaclleees feces [oceans Geese eee nL Res ee He Se Pe:
May’ 28 |: 684P4b 12222] FO" PON On| Sac s & Soper ieee ees eee eee eee eo ee Ud eed Rl eect PS |b —
May 29 | 78] 59 ]...- Ciel Me Yat ean Re (ES Peed eee) beers een See ee C4 )a Peed Pd Pb oe
May 80) | 75} 45 Sale AiO) OMe ts ete ae eaten | crea oi eee eee at 0: | (2 SINS eaeeeee
May 31 | 60} 41 f Co Fl ft a eed) WE) = | Ieee) Se yee | era a Okeo Rc sae
June 1 | 58 | 39 [sec | uO aliss ails Sere eect lace ole mote eee eae | el 0 Bel has
HG 2 GO) aol. ete tee (1 a a |p (ES Ry he re IP LU ea oe bX (1) RA See IS a
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. 11
Table of consecutive generations of Toxoptera muhlenbergix—Continued.
Tem- . pera- | First-born generation series. eae or uname ture. i | | | | cd =| |g Sig : =| } 0 =| ce) “| . =| d - = Ss F a ° Tea laelSldlSlalaleisiglglziSi8ls/8\eiSlalals Bis S S 5 ° S teal os = 3 a =| + | ot }) Se oe s = fe = = 0 = EI\Sielslslselisisls ls/SI12i(ei/slela\/SiB(E)/8/8) "| P| Sleisisigia Sic i BISBISISI/SISIiSlisi(Sisgi™milslalisigiszis|]sisigs BTS Sle S/@ slsjal@lsisisials %| 8] e&\/aia I Slol@lalSlolaial@|* elalsisla|*®lal|slsl4s g ; gos ice a/ai8l/aidie =| a jo) = aia BIBIBISISIEISISISISISISIE/S(SIBISIE/ 8/8 18]2 IS/B/S/S\SISIBIEIBISIBISIEISI2/S1S/ 2/8 181E SlaAlHln(H IS] (/HDIn|/AIAZAABAI/AI/eI/e le lale |e] lala b |. {3 0 0 |. Yai ees (eae (arte (ees 0 0 0 |. (1) | ee 0 to ) June. 23 | 94 | 68 |..-.].... PS) June 24 | 96] 69 |..--]..-. 2) 40 June 25. }-92') 63. )-=-~|-:-- 0} 0 Dineen | o2 us 2] s ect: 0; 0 June 27 | 96 | 68 |---..].... OF 30n JUNE) 28.791 -62.]...-).=-. 0| 0 June 29 | 84] 61 |.-.--]..-. 0| 0 June 30 | 86 | 64 |....|-.-. 0; 0 eth PR) Oe el a 3 eed Aaa 4/ 0 BUN NOE Pte [ote |< cn [nse on a0 Daly SSA 7) bo. |... 0 Wye 4) savOe |os.5)--4.\... 2/5 0 Selene PGS Bd eee Pee Pee 2 SU Gel SorltOs ><: -[2o.-| cc Saline d July 7] 86] 66 6 fad |e Ne baa et on UTM IM ee 2a tee!) She oe et iy dt a ee | | 4 July, 10.| 91 | 69 |....)....).... V1 “yor gen TEP a a a Pe ays on EY Ci a I Ae 1 ily els) 8601 60) |.2 <2]. <2. 22: mee Ad July 14/ 83 |'61)).--.|-.--|..<- | NUTS Cite TERA ST Mi Re Pe Pee HOE BY 8 ee ieee Res a eas Bee July 17 | 85 | 65}....|...- Ee PSR IES: ee ALY des | Tae DOM ete |S. on Pe Hae slate bse THAT oh Sal wea te a el SP pa ea Pe Up T ase DUT bel SN Te yes Pee peer eae eee iiliva Dp) SB; |0bO tuo 2le es |- cc. eo Ee “ye Ligh. 228 RU i RS Ree) peed Peon (eee) eee Tee hota 0) US ir (1 bd EES Ba) EES) Pen] PE eee ofa Ae SM Ed bie sD NS DS) Pl EE Le SO |S kO ics shes ce teeac|om bales oe ber ele OONGl VOL te .. tc] a leecclice. Bae rena Ta) ZON | fast. neifoceelacedle ok |-2e: ET ey CT a i | aes ee ae Bee ae 1B O6r ors choo si|eoe ile ea.]-«s.fe... CUTE Rp AEG RCT Rane basa Dans eS aes Ue fess PSTygg oS) 9 2 DR PV i Re (ee SS CS ee Be es ee can ee ranigss 2186) 62 |o..-|.. 5. elie) Mead 1p ee eae Aug. 3 | 90} 64 Jere|eeee| Secs! pkey $8 Re EE Eh pet as ae a ee aia ee TIO TG eG ees FE BS ei eee aa a eae Aug. 6 | 82] 51 eee) TOR ATS il oes eS ie SS iT | B04 GO locas |sasclew ce] ~cte fence J. -ee|-s0s}e ees \3 TARE 2 a? a } a
1 Date of birth uncertain.
12
PAPERS ON APHIDIDA,
Table of consecutive generations of Toxoptera muhlenbergix—Continued.
Tem- : : pera- First-born generation series. Last-born generation ture. series. Aes ) toed , be Le eels | 2 |. : qd : silal es ; : rl Date. ee ae 8] 2 2 eS Bo a eae ee ee es S/S(E/SIe /SISISI/S/S/F/8/ 8121318 Sie lglz SIZIS(S21B1S13/2\elele18)18/1 818138) eielee seilo|S/ol/aeltsiqg{/o/h]/&)1a] 3g) ™ S/8/|3/38 &1 3 : Sia l/esigisBis|/eiaies q wlol|a|/asja 5 FI B1o = le lselSlslSlalaglP Sisisia/™iSlaelselgia a |g lel SlelPls/S|@lslalelelelals/sis|2ls/e|els BlSlelelElSlalalelalela/2/s/8/el 2/8 | sla lele BES lAISISIBRIEISIS/BI/S/E13/1 8/813) 21S izle SIS (Hla lH /H/HBI/DIDAIBDIZIAH/AlAl/AB/al/ale lela lala S204) oF ey Rae MOD RE HED Noa. eas Va elce siccepe ete ee i ey Fee ee ba 2) ED ee ESOS GIL Eas On SR el pa (et (vip id In Ma gee ee 2 a Goh | nas) 7s Tae ly Ra ts a RTP Acces MRI fe ie i! a fo Se Bop ee iy So VAS en Bg SG | VE UR pe Ven (a need ey Pe Pe 2) (One cele Get ee a ec! les ferry (2 Aug. 13 | 87 | 56 |. 4 Se (6 Oe U0) eee ee ees Sere ee | ees 2 Aug. 14 | 87 | 56 |. wees ieeeefee ss AOE pe Gee eae Bees ‘he ee 9 oT ot EC 8 Gy al I ae |e ees eee been eres cic Onl Spaisees BP ers ey | (lal). 2 Aug. 16 | 92! 70 }. i fle See eee Stl 20n) eae pee =3:) 20) eee JADE SS Sal ALS hal G's ee ae ee Balle Wee: a ae ae Pe ee Aug. 18 | 92 | 71 |. spelt slagzerens oY tOMEwce Toe Oe eos |e Be Aug. 19 | 78 | 62 |. ee a) ned B i Gxieaoe ies “| ods) ee Aug. 20 | 82 | 58 |. Be eee) Gee ee OU Osieees aee [e255] On eee AVIS eo PO. Gop as{ case = Salscee ce tose Asse Os SON EE ot Lyn ale \e Cates Aug. 22 | 90 | 64 |. Be Oe ae Sees 0)! COP eee teal gee | (ve Aug. 23 | 86 | 63 |. fed lctcces [oes ee an beets 5 une al ceo Meee ee ae 1 12S eure eee ENTS ON A EGY: SM et ete) |S ed eal Pe [oe ES is fa 0S (Pcp ane i |p ais ASR TPO Ts Bree a Ua a (ae al | 21. S| A hotles 1 re AIP eo SU) Ave eee Coole cee eacn cs ccfams clans il! 2 eG sae Meee sole ee LNVOESS PK MACAU Fl Eee (ie Pes (Pe a ae Ee Onl JON Os ees Saaie Oneness PATIO OSLO MOU, |-os caesar s|- cet eema laces | seas O} iO) MOSS soe eee 0: |\Ou ieee FAMIPE OO POO i DOs [ee slasse saee oees seco laser leeee | TO 20: Neste | are DOs ees Rape aeUy Sill BO bee | ees (see elena -cecbeee|sceah ees eel eae AON eal oe ma Fp ie Aw |e OO) |) (Ode eet toss oka Seal ce aie no ewe cee TOK WOMine oleate ae EEG ke ea (A (a Hage Rayfo SY OO Oat ese : SL EBs ee i ee et hae aes a A ee is SE SSR er GB a tea ere PRE Pi FR Lae oe 1) 2 bal pala eur = Bere WRG OG, lon oc cA ela: caeontfeaal teens iS i eae Se a : MEE NESE GF cee tome tees Modes eee Meee a) ee a aig SO. MOM OF) NOT. | Sache ec leeemleceely ree loses eee sarees ze in) eas] 890) |e eI | =e etry 52 GS: Mende loco fico lers ee giee seb one om rs lie a aes hy eh ie Se 2 AO pa ge Die Reis IME Fe A PS 9 ay A Dd Sept. 9 | 85 | 60 |. | peel sete i | 0 Sale 0 Sept. 10 | 68 | 46 |. (Een eee cae 8 |, SONS Os ees 0 ameil G8 48 |. ok ote Lode ceen teed ees aa Me ite 2 0 Ste poh, LIGLRM raf (08 HBISY of I 9 Sl ee deal Re) Fe : Oxpe se ate 0 DIOP lS 4100. HOM. soos cul Noe <|| Sas sfeaa nsec es lence cee Paeoenee bois Oy eset 0 Patde, | GEA GBs oclecen locnclc eee cee ae ab O iO oeesh: 0 BepUselail Ost We40|- 2. oale= | Gora lae cle ef teeta ene < Om)! 27) pale 0 iSf273) A) he ial eo | ee Lt PS ee eee ae Os}\ 00-70 0 Sept. 17 | 77 | 48 |. aie 25h "Oh Ou eee 0 DED Ug1S yr SUN Oa ate | cette ea eee ase een eee Ae 0 Va Ones 0 Pe Ta I ad Bd i en fi 0 {9 i 2 Heptew0) | 75 08: |e --<)es-=|osee (ec aleceale cee [come lnse alae Oui sha Ome jo Sete eee SLETOe 7 TM ae ET id Aa Se I ke 2 SSP Se OD Oe) (Been 2 oa 0} 24) 0) |... )2s. ea eae 1 ro TAO Mic ADE. a al SR aT HEIN ein IESG 1 2) ele oe a} 1) 0 |... beet ee 0 AEM CONE a RS I A IRR A ect Na ge Se ==4 0) 01). 0 POU a te COs Upastlice A Ale Seed |og allies SaPS Se IPO ol ener Pee ais ale ae (OU ola Sen hie ] ero ie 2 I ei Neen eg Nala lee Le Bea iste) SF fhe 0 |. ..:(0.2.| ee \e BSDieseOr | Osa) route oes eae etek a allinereen es elie ee Fe O52.) 20 ee eee ee SPD Later rool) ae eee [cis ee eee ena eee [eee eae <2] 0) (OL. aie eee 0 Sept. 28 | 65 | 42 |. noe Hom cea talaga ie a es eS es 0 Sept. 20 1°70 | 45. ..|..--oc2-[ea-- RR SEER A ae fc eR Oh Oe na) Sept. 30 | 75 | 49 |. a eee | LA Bete Se ee ae ON Ou Jalen Ger Fait Ge lace Vo, cable at 1 oe TE see ns (i see Oct. 2| 78 | 48 |: | pha (a a. (Cae ae Oct. 3] 77 | 57 ae, ge (OPA ER Ga me Guies ar ‘| 0 Oct. 4] 84°| 65 See a ei! Once 45 ait Oct. 5 | 72) 65 Oi) 10) ese I. a -D Oct. 61] 73 | 54 Di OSes } a 30 Oct. 7 | 57 | 35 012 Oh os ole -| 0 Oct. 8 | 62 | 38 Ou 22k alla aeele Fe Ol Oct. 9] 70) 43 |. 0 |. alt lee.) Oct. 10 | 64 | 40 |. 0 |: ae = a Oct. 11 | 64 | 42 |. 0}. =| 30 Oct. 12 | 74 | 45 Ole. .]5 2k See eel 0 Oct. 13 | 77 | 46 | 1 |. Lh coehh cele ae es 0 Oct. 14| 80 | 47 |... .|...- 2 ee ee | If aeie 20
1Js adult ¢ now.
2 Died Oct. 31; her young developed into the sexes.
Tech. Series 25, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
OUTDOOR REARING SHELTERS.
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. — 13
From this table it will be seen that there were 14 generations of ‘the first-born series and 7 of the last born. This would give approxi- mately 104 generations for the year.
MOLTING.
In 1909 some molting experiments were conducted. Five indi- viduals that had just been born were placed in a specially prepared cage, as shown in figure 7, and observed throughout the molting period. After becoming adult it was found that there were 1 male and 1 oviparous and 3 viviparous females among these 5 individuals. In 1910 observations were also made on a stem-mother to note the number of molts. Of the 6 individuals, all molted 4 times without exception.
FECUNDITY OF THE SUMMER FORMS.
The 19 individuals concerned in the generation series produced 311 young, or an average of 16.3 young each. The max- imum number of young produced by a single individual was 35. The maximum number of young produced by any indi- vidual in a single day was 5.
AGE WHEN INDIVIDUALS BEGIN REPRO- DUCING.
The period between birth and reproduc- tion varies greatly, being longest in the spring, when it varies from 15 to 22 days. In summer the shortest period was 6 days, varying from 6to13days. In the fall it va- ries from 9 to 13 days. The average period
: “ge Fic. 6.—Tozoptera muhlenbergizx: throughout the season for the 13 individ- — Eggsdeposited in curled leafsheath. uals of the series of first born is 13.1 days. mp ar i a a
LENGTH OF LIFE OF THE VIVIPAROUS FORMS.
The length of life, like the period between birth and reproduction, varies greatly. During the spring, when lower temperatures prevail, the viviparous forms will live from 30 to 63 days, while in the summer they live from 16 to 29 days, and in the fall over 30 days. The average length of life throughout the season for the 13 viviparous individuals of the series of first born is 28.9 days.
THE SEXES.
The sexes make their appearance about the first week in October. There does not appear to be any particular generation that consists
14 PAPERS ON APHIDID.
entirely of the sexes. A viviparous female may produce oviparous and viviparous females and males or she may produce only the sexes.
Males and females reach maturity in from 15 to 23 days. The female will not oviposit without having first been fertilized and will live, under these conditions, for about a month, her abdomen becoming greatly distended with eggs. A female with her abdomen thus dis- tended was dissected after death and found to contain 7 eggs. If a male be placed in a cage with an oviparous female whenshe reaches maturity she will begin oviposition inabout4days. Theovip- arous females, whether in the presence of males or not, apparently always maintain their normal position on the plant, never elevating the tips of their abdomens, as is . thecase with T. graminum.
PLACE OF OVIPOSITION.
When ready to oviposit, the females crawl down into the leaf sheath, which is usually separated from the plant stem for a part of its length and is some- what curled, and deposit their eggs in this curled portion. The senior au- thor has counted as many as 200 eggs in such a po- sition. Figure 6 repre- sents such a leaf sheath that has been uncurled
Fig. 7.—Lamp-chimney molting cage used in rearing aphides. and photographed with Original. e a F eis ie the eggs in position. In
the fall of 1909 eggs were found by the thousands in just such
situations. FECUNDITY OF THE OVIPAROUS FEMALES.
The females of this species do not appear to be quite so prolific as
cc
those of its near relative, the destructive ‘‘green bug.’’ They pro-
duce’ only from 1 to 5 eggs, though as many as 7 eggs have been
DD’
taken from the body of a female that had not beem fertilized.
A NEW SPECIES OF TOXOPTERA. 15 MORTALITY OF EGGS.
For some cause or other the eggs appear never to hatch well. During the fall of 1908 from 50 to 100 eggs were collected; and in 1909 fully 1,000 were obtained, but not a single egg hatched, though they were treated in the same manner as eggs of T’, graminum and other species that stood the winter in good shape. During the spring of 1910 eggs were found by the thousand in the open fields with every evidence that not more than one-half to 1 per cent had hatched, though no unusual circumstances seemed in any way connected with them.
REARING METH- ODS.
As the Section of Cereal and Forage Insects has been rearing grass and grain infesting aphides for over four years out of doors a brief summary is given of the methods em- ployed, in the hope that future workers on these nsects may find
some useful sug- F!G-8.—Lamp-chimney gen- _, Fic. 9.—Lamp-chimney stock cage used in i = eration cage used in rearing rearing aphieds. Original.) gestions. aphides. (Original.)
The rearing
stand (Pl. I) consists of a shelf 2 feet wide of tongue-and-groove f-inch_ boards, supported by a frame or base made of 2-inch by 4-inch material. These bases extend up above the shelf 20 inches and support a gable roof of lapped ‘siding. The shelf is 2 feet from the ground. One side is closed by a hinged door that may be raised in case of a storm to prevent the cages from being blown over. This stand should be placed in the shade, preferably of trees, with the hinged side toward the direction from which the prevailing storms come. When it is not storming the hinged door should be let down to permit of free passage of air. It is also well to place a thermograph on the shelf with the cages in order that continuous temperature records may be secured.
16 PAPERS ON APHIDIDZE.
The rearing cages used were of three kinds, a cage to observe molt- ing (fig. 7), one for continuous-generation series (fig. 8). and a stock cage (fig. 9). 4
The cage for the molting observations (fig. 7) consists of a 5-inch flowerpot and the ordinary lantern globe, with a muslin cover over the top. A plant is potted, and a thin piece of black paper is fitted closely about the plant, the paper being the full size of the pot. Absorbent cotton.is then pushed down about the plant to fill im com- pletely the space between plant and paper; the cotton is then black- ened with carbon ink. In this manner the grayish-white cast skins of the aphides can readily be seen against the black background.
The cage for the consecutive-generation series (fig. 8) is the same as the molting cage minus the paper. .
The stock cage (fig. 9) consists of a 10-inch flowerpot and a 6-inch globe. This globe is the same as the one commonly used in villages for street lamps.
All pots should be placed in saucers and irrigated—never watered from the top, as this causes the soil to become very hard and the plants will not grow so well.
Death en COPIES ofthis publication may be procured from the SUPERINTEND- ENT OF DOCUMENTS, Government Printing Office, Washington , D. C. ,at 5 cents per copy
Oy AZ aS tit DIV. INSECTS, |. ‘TECH
’
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O, HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS,
:
5 -
BY . J. R. MALLOCH,
‘ Entomological Assistant. :
IssuED Aprin 6, 1914,
t
I .
7 WASHINGTON:
N GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
a 1914,
Sia Sr eer “e é F
eS
‘ia D...2\&cOrs,)
~ TECHNICAL SERIES No. 25, ParT II sag
Doe PAKT MENT tOF AGRICULTURE,
BURHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
; PAPERS ON APHIDID&.
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS.
BY
J. J. DAVIS,
Entomological Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations.
Issuep NOVEMBER 12, 1914,
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1914,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Maruatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. §. Currron, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant. F. H. Currrenven, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Horxiys, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. WessteEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. QuAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture. A. F. Burasss, in charge of gip-y moth and brown-tail moth investigations. Rouia P. Curris, in charge of editorial work. Mase. Coucorp, in charge of library.
CEREAL AND FoRAGE INSECT INVESTIGATIONS. F. M. WessTER, in charge.
G. I. Reeves, W. J. Pures, E. O. G. Ketty, J. A. Hystop, J. J. Davis, C. N. AINSLIE, W. R. Watton, A. B. Gagan, J. M. Aupricu, V. L. WitpERMuT#H, W. R. McConneEtu, T. D. Ursauns, R. A. Vickery, Puitre Lueinsitt, C. W. CREEL, Henry Fox, Gro. G. Ainsue, Harrison E. Smira, P. H. Trvperiake, R. N. Witson, Vernon Kina, E. H. Gipson, L. P. Rockwoop, F. H. Gates, Puri B. Muzs, T. R. CoamBeruin, A. F. Sarrertawait, T. Scorr Witson, D. J. Car- FREY, W. H. Larrimer, L. J. Bower, ©. M. Packarp, ApotpH H. BEYER, CLAUDE L. Scorr, 8S. J. Snow, Desta BEennton, R. J. KEwLEy, Geo. W. BARBER, C. F. Turner, Jos. S. WapE, W. E. Pennineton, W. T. Emery, D. G. Tower, P. R. Myers, E. L. Barrett, entomological assistants.
W. B. Hatt, J. T. Mone LL, collaborators.
II
CONT ENTS.
[i atitca Kaa 2S Sao eee: RAE SR SMe MRE ct ye ee ee ee re Sis NDE Ne ee See PS a Re is NS ng Dey BES La SEE IE Reems Soe ete iis 8S MS a nme 7a ef Ae oe see eee RIPOPEEEMY eee tte UR er teh ure, | ae gee IE LE ook Bi DM tenis ae a oe ee ae, nie eras eens oe) YW PER ORS Erne.
SRIRAM eee So a aes ow Mbt cape ed oad op ola Dieting Wy ce J eee See ey Sys dlr gare OWS gS (ee, AM chs Seen eee ioe epee Waasea viviparous aemiale: =. ole o.. 2 Be. SYN A Us Wim toners meniiake 25 002 2 | PR Oe eee SE UEYE S5 oes a SR IN SS Re Ae, LP aN avineloniivapereus female ef) 260! le Pe (Do yee ne ie ENS SE es TL eae eae, Rema ee 1 EA ee in Oey Peete senna ener SUECRE oe ee ete 2 SRS | ee os NG TMG SUI USN el ast ce ae ind Ane ie eee aaie eae Ee Prieruion ex permnentae: 6.088! SR HOU Tae ed ss Ble Leh eh SO Ee ee Ce » SRSA Gag = a Bee dca th Fecundity in relation to other species.....2.:..-..- 222.22 -22 2 ncssneee. A ee oa eRe: el eet as Achat URIs tease sb oe Scere 1... Me oe the a ene us
ILLUSTRATIONS:
PLATE. Page.
Piare Il. Outdoor rearing shelters used in life-history studies on the yellow Clover aphig: Seer apie Bee ba ee Sot ee oa 24
TEXT FIGURES.
Fig. 10. Map showing distribution of the yellow clover aphis (Callipterus tri- fol) 1m the United ‘States. $2.5... 2... 4 eee eee ee 19
11. The yellow clover aphis (C Apacs trifolii): Winged viviparous fe- male and details £2). eee EP ee oS ee 11 12. The yellow clover aphis: Wingless viviparous female and details... -. 23 13. The yellow clover aphis: Winged male and antenna...............-- 24 14. The yellow clover aphis: Wingless oviparous female and details. . .-. 25
15. Diagram showing periods and succession of generations in the yellow cloverjaphis, La-Fayette; Ind 913..." . ered sees 34
Iv
U.S. D. A., B. E. Tech. Ser. 25, Pt. II. Issued November 12, 1914.
PAPERS ON APHIDID.
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. (Callipterus trifolii Monell.)!
By J. J. Davis,
Entomological Assistant, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations. INTRODUCTION.
The yellow clover aphis, or plant louse (Callipterus trifolii Monell), is common and oftentimes abundant throughout the eastern half of the United States, although it has never been considered a pest in this country and consequently little of its life history and habits has been studied. The author takes this opportunity of gratefully acknowledging the assistance of Mr. Alfred F. Satterthwait and Dr. Henry Fox, both of the Bureau of Entomology, who continued the experiments during the writer’s absence.
SYNONYMY.
Callipterus trifolia was first described by Mr. J. T. Monell (1882) 2 from specimens collected at Washington, D. C., and forwarded to him by Mr. Theodore Pergande. Buckton (1899) described this species under the name Chaitophorus maculatus from specimens col- lected in India on lucern, or what is known in America as alfalfa (Medicago satwa). Dr. Bashambar Das, of the Government college, Lahore, India, has very kindly sent us specimens of maculatus Buckton, collected on the type host plant (Medicago sativa), and a careful examination has shown no characters distinguishing it from Monell’s trifolai. Dr. Das writes that to his knowledge the species has not been collected on Trifolium in India.
What will probably prove to be identical with the species under discussion was described by Kaltenbach * in 1846 as Aphis ononidis. We have not as yet had an opportunity to examine the European material relating to this species, however, and thus prefer to leave this question undecided until a comparison can be made. Should it prove identical, it will naturally have priority over both trifolii and maculatus.
‘Synonym: Chaitophorus maculatus Buckton. 2 Dates in parenthesis refer to Bibliography, p. 40. 3 Kaltenbach, J. H. Entomologische Zeitung, Stettin, Jahrgang 7, pp. 173-174, June, 1846.
17
18 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA. GENERIC POSITION.
Whether or not Kaltenbach’s ononidis is specifically synonymous with trifold, it can still be definitely placed in the same genus. Aphis ononidis was described first by Kaltenbach, and the species has since been placed in the genus Chaitophorus by Koch, Myzocallis by Passerini, and Therioaphis by Walker. As Wilson‘ has pointed out, Therioaphis seems hardly sufficiently distinct to be placed as a separate genus. Buckton described the species maculatus, which is now considered a synonym of trifola, in the genus Chaitophorus, but it is universally considered as not a member of this genus. The species trifolii was placed in the genus Callipterus by Monell, who described the species, and it has since been placed in the genus Myzocallis by some authors. This species can not be placed in Mordwilko’s generic table,? but can be run down in Wilson’s table’ to the genus Callipterus, although in the list of species Wilson places trifolit Monell under the genus Myzocallis. Likewise in studying Wilson’s synopsis of characters of the genera this species can best be placed in the genus Callipterus. All of the characters given for the genus Callipterus agree reasonably well for trifoli, while this is not the case with the characters given for the genus Myzocallis.
We must therefore conclude that trifol should be placed in Cal- lipterus, although it is recognized as an intermediate species and not a typical member of the genus.
DISTRIBUTION.
IN AMERICA.
In America Callipterus trifolii is generally distributed throughout the eastern half of the United States, except possibly in the extreme southern portions. The species was originally described from Wash- ington, D. C., and has since been reported in literature from Iowa (Osborn and Sirrine); Delaware (Sanderson); Illinois, Minnesota, Kansas, North Dakota, Virginia, Missouri, and New York (Davis); Michigan and New York (Gillette); New Jersey (Smith); Indiana (Morrison); and Nebraska (Williams). In addition to these States Mr. R. A. Vickery has taken it in North Carolina, Mr. George G. Ainslie in South Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky, and Messrs. E. O. G. Kelly and Paul Hayhurst in Maryland. Prof. F. M. Web- ster found it in Indiana as early as 1887, our first record of its capture after the original collections were made in 1880. The accompanying
t Wilson, H. F. Can. Ent., vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 253-259, Aug., 1910. 2Mordwilko, A. Ann. Rept. Zool. Mus. Imperial Acad. Sci., vol. 13, pp. 353-384, Sept. 17, 1908. 3 Loc. cit.
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. 19
map (fig. 10) shows the present known distribution of the species in the United States, compiled largely from records in this office made by various members of the staff.
IN ASIA.
In Asia the specits under consideration was first reported trom Jodhpur, India, by Buckton (1899), and the writer has received specimens from Dr. Das, presumably collected at Lahore, India.
FOOD PLANTS.
In America the universal food plant of this species is red clover (Trifolium pratense), on which it is usually to be found on the under- side of the leaves, living more or less solitary. We have reared it also on white clover (Trifolium repens).
In 1909 Mr. T. H. Parks, at that time connected with the Bureau of Entomology, conducted a se- ries of experiments in testing the ability of Callipterus trifolii to live on various plants. The plants used in these experiments were white clover, sweet clover (Melilotus spp.), timothy, spring vetch, Japan clover (Lespedeza spp.), sanfoin (Unobrychis sa- tiva), alfalfa, bur clover (Medi- cago maculata), alsike clover, English clover, and mammoth clover (Trifolium medium pe- renne). The aphis would not breed on the first seven plants in these tests. On bur clover ry. 10.—Map showing distribution of the yellow it lived for a number of days clover aphis ( Caltipterus trifolii) in the United
: ; States. (Original.) ‘and then disappeared, the re- sults in this case being inconclusive. On alsike, English, and mam- moth clovers (all species of Trifolium) they bred without difficulty.
In India the species lives on lucern (Medicago sativa)—indeed Buckton received reports that it was destructive to this plant—and, as already stated, Dr. Das reports that it has never been found in that country on Trifolium. We are as yet unable to explain why this species lives on Trifolium and not alfalfa in America, while in India it is found on alfalfa but apparently not on Trifolium.
20 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA. DESCRIPTIONS.
WINGLESS STEM-MOTHER.
General color gamboge. Head and body bearing numerous tuber- culate capitate hairs or spinelike hairs in a more or less regular order, as follows: Head with three in a row on each side of the dorsal median, line; two pairs, one not always conspicuous, projecting from the front, and a single one on each side near the posterior border; prothorax with two near anterior border and six along the posterior border; remainder of body bearing two rows of capitate hairs on each side of the dorsal median line, the tubercles bearing these two rows being confluent, so as to present the appearance of a single row on each side, with two hairs to each tubercle; laterad of these are two distinct rows of tuberculate hairs on each side. The tubercles on the head and prothorax are dusky at their apices and the capitate hairs are black; other tubercles are rimmed at base with a blackish line, the apices and hairs being black.
Eyes red. Antenne reaching about to the cornicles; segment IIT longest, it being more than one-third longer than VI (base + filament), the base and filament of VI subequal; segment III with 7 to 10, usually 8, oval sensoria in a row, V and base VI with the usual distal ones; segments I and IT concolorous with body; III and IV pale, but slightly darker than body color and with a faint brownish tint; V becoming blackish towards tip, and VI black. Beak not quite reaching cox of second pair of legs. Legs paler than body color, the tip of tarsus black. Cornicles as long as width at the base, being about as long as antennal segment I, concolorous with body, the basal rim and tip with a narrow blackish line, on border. Cauda globular, concolorous with body, bearing a number of moderately long unknobbed hairs. Anal plate conspicuously bilobed.
Measurements made from two individuals, May 5, 1913, at La Fay- ette, Ind., immediately upon placing in balsam and before any change of form occurred, are as follows: Length of body, 1.55 mm. ; width, 0.77 and 0.81 mm., respectively; length of spines, 0.078 mm.; of tubercles, 0.05 mm.; length of cornicles, 0.061 mm.; width at tip, 0.035 mm.; antennal measurements as follows:
|
| : | se | : VI in 1. Elis Mole, IV. Vis Ht), Gh amere toe Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. 0. 061 0. 052 0. 435 0. 261 0. 234 0.148 0.139 1.330 Bee EPA Ah OSs. Oa 417 . 243 . 252 148 $148 Wess oe 061 -052 ~ .495 . 287 . 261 156 139 1.451 069 052 487 278 . 243 . 148 .139 1.416
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. a}
WINGED VIVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Fig. 11.)
General color of body pale yellowish green, with dusky tuberculate areas more or less uniformly placed on the dorsum. Capitate hairs and tubercles not so prominent as in the apterous forms. Head bearing three capitate hairs, more or less in a row on each side of the median dorsum, an additional one on each side, near the posterior margin, and a pair projecting from the front, one on each side of the median ocellus. Prothorax with two similar hairs near the posterior margin and an additional one on each side. The thoracic plate
Fig. 11.—The yellow clover aphis (Callipterus trifolii): Winged viviparous female, much enlarged a, Antenna of same; b, cornicle of same; c,end of abdomen and cauda of same, lateral view; d, cauda and anal plate of same in natural position; e, cauda Pp same, depressed, showing its full length. a-e, Greatly enlarged. (Original.)
bears numerous minute pits or clear circular areas, some of which bear hairs. Abdomen with a row of coalesced tuberculate dusky areas, each area usually bearing two capitate hairs, as described for the stem-mother, and a longitudinal row of dusky tuberculate areas, each area smaller than those just mentioned and each bearing but a single hair. On the margins, and often projecting from its body, thus giving the border the appearance of being coarsely dentate, are rows of sete bearing tuberculate areas, one row on each side. Although there is some slight variation in the position of the hairs and maculations, and the maculations on the abdomen also vary more or less in shape and size, the foregoing is the usual arrange- ment. 48306°—14——2
22 PAPERS ON APHIDID.
Eyes dark red to brown. Antenne about as long as the body; relative lengths of segments as for stem-mother; segment III bearing 9 to 12 oval sensoria in a row, and the usual ones at apex of V and of base VI; concolorous with body at base, gradually darkeniag towards apex (fig. 11, @). Beak not reaching cox of second pair of legs. Wings hyaline, veins dark brown to blackish, with a very narrow brownish border, and small brownish areas at their apices; basal half of radial sector (stigmal veins) obsolescent toward basal half; terminal forks of the median (discoidal vein) branching at a point slightly less than one-half the distance from the tip of wing to where the media first branches; width almost one-half its length. Legs concolorous with body, excepting tarsi, which are nearly black. Cornicles dusky and about as long as the width at base (fig. 11, 6). Cauda globular and constricted at middle; a lateral view (fig. 11, ¢) shows it to be decidedly upturned so that a dorsal view usually shows it to be globular (fig. 11, d), although when pressed down, as is usually the case in mounted specimens, it appears more or less oval and pointed from tip from above (fig. 11, e). Anal plate dusky and bilobed and described for the stem-mother.
Measurements: Length of body, 1.345-1.564, average, 1.454 mm.; width, 0.582—0.691, average, 0.642 mm.; expanse of wings, 4.654 mm. ; length of wing, 2.0 mm., width, 0.80 mm.; cornicles, 0.066 mm.; cauda, 0.139 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.129 mm.; antennal measurements as follows: '
7 ba T | VI fila- 16 Il. Iii. IV. Vv. VI base. iene | Mm Mm. Mm Mm. Mm. Mm Mm 0. 0815 0. 057 052265) “(Orsgl ois. 2- SoA cc ea ee | eae ee 073 057 . 505 . 383 0. 359 0.179 0.179 0733 049 .513 .375 . 326 163 163 0733 057 . 538 . 359 . 350 179 179 0733 057 .513 .379 . 310 179 179 0815 057 . 538 Poi . 326 147 147 Sata ptemaye 049 . O22 .370 . 310 163 163 eee ee 057 - 522 342 .318 179 163 0815 057 513 375 Ol Oil oe eeeioe Sas [eee Naat aust 057 - 522 . 359 310 163 155 0815 057 497 . 359 310 163 146 0815 057 489 . 359 301 155 155 2.07 043 514 20k 243 143 143 (*) 057 471 -313 285 143 157 (8) | Serco ee es 428 - 285 285 157 143 cd lama Peres se 414 328 | 271 157 143 (3) 042 428 - 285 285 143 143 3 042 414 SOTA Ne CORE ENS 2 ee a Sh ston aeeact 499 . 342 . 299 185 128 0 el ee eae 485 OO Sn eco eae nae eee rere Cee eee 3.043 043 428 .314 271 157 128 8.071 057 485 314 314 128 128 |
1 From specimens collected at Urbana, IIl., except as noted. 2 Measurements by J. T. Monell from specimens collected by Paul Hayhurst, at Washington, D. C. 3 Measurements by J. T. Monell from type specimens, which were collected at Washington, D.C.
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. 23
WINGLESS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Fig. 12.)
General color pale yellowish green, with dusky tuberculate areas bearing capitate sete on the dorsum, arranged as described for the stem-mother and as shown in figure 12. Both the tubercles and capitate hairs (fig. 12, a) are more prominent in this form than in the winged female.
Eyes dark red. Antenne almost as long as the body; relative lengths of segments as in other forms; segment III with 7 to 12, usu- ally 9 or 10, oval sensoria in a row ahd the usual distal ones on V and base of VI; basal segments pale, the remaining ones grad- ually darkening toward the tip. Beak scarcely reaching cox of second pair of legs. Legs pale, excepting the joints, which are dusky, and the tarsi, which are black. Cornicles (fig. 12, 6) and cauda as in winged female.
Measurements (from speci- mens mounted in balsam): Length of body, average, 1.60 mm.; width, average, 0.76 mm.; antenna, averages, seg- ment lf 0.076 mm.; Se 0.053 ~=«=‘*Fic. 12.—The yellow clover aphis: Wingless viviparous
female,muchenlarged. a, Lateral capitate hair of same; mm. ; III, 0.517 mm. ; IV, b, cornicle of same. a, b, Greatly enlarged. (Original.)
0.347 mm.; V, 0.316 mm.; VI base, 0.156 mm.; VI filament, 0.162 mm.; total, average, 1.627 mm.; cornicles, 0.062 mm.; cauda, 0.171 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.130 mm.
WINGED MALE. (Fig. 13.)
Wingless males unknown. Head and thorax light olive-green: abdomen pale yellowish green, with rather conspicuous black mark- ings. Similar to the winged female but smaller, with more slender body (the illustration, fig. 13, shows the abdomen too robust), and the dusky tubercular areas on the dorsum of abdomen smaller. Head and thorax bearing a number of hairs in a more or less regular order as shown in the illustration. As stated, the abdominal markings are reduced in comparison to those on other forms. The areas of the two median rows are larger than those of the lateral rows, but they vary
24 PAPERS ON APHIDID.
more or less in the number of hairs borne on each, some having two and others but one. The cephalic and thoracic hairs are unknobbed or but inconspicuously capitate, and those on the abdomen may also be capitate or not, usually inconspicuously knobbed.
Eyes dark red to blackish. Antennz dusky to black, reaching a little beyond tip of abdomen; relative lengths of segments as in the other forms; segment III with 13 to 16 oval sensoria more or less in a row; IV with 3 to 5; V with 3 to 5, not including the usual distal one; and VI base with 1 sensorium surrounded by several smaller ones at the tip (fig. 13,@). Beak not reaching cox ot second pair of legs. Venation as described for the female. Cornicles and cauda dusky, the latter edged with black; in form they agree with those of the viviparous generations.
Fic. 13.—The yellow clover aphis: Winged male, much enlarged. a, Antenna of same ,greatly enlarged. (Original.)
Measurements (averages): Length of body, 1.3 mm.; width, 0.53 mm.; expanse of wings, 4.1 mm.; length of wing, 1.8 mm.; cornicles, 0.049 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.130 mm. Antennal measurements as
follows:
7 E VI VI a We Il. Ill. IV. Vic base. filament, lotal. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. Mm. 0.065 0.053 0. 473 0.277 0. 261 0.147 0.163 1. 439 . 065 O07 . 473 Li-yy’ .277 . 147 . 163 1. 459 . 065 . 057 .522 Leh 208; WNC-f aloe ete eee WAR a eee . 081 . 065 .546 . 293 . 309 tee ee . 155 1, 620 1 065 . 049 . 505 . 326 . 309 -163 | . 163 1.580 | 1.073 .049 sOae. | . 326 .318 -155 | .155 1.598 1.065 | . 049 . 530 . 342 . 293 .147 | .147 Ye 1 065 049 | .554 . 309 277 . 139 .139 1,582 | | }
1 Measurements made immediately upon mounting in balsam; other antennal measurements are from balsam mounts after standing and clearing.
Tech. Series 25, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
OuTDOOR REARING SHELTERS USED IN LIFE-HISTORY STUDIES ON THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS.
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. 25
WINGLESS OVIPAROUS FEMALE. (Fig. 14.)
General color yellowish orange to orange when fully mature. The body is usually yellowish when the female first reaches maturity, but as the eggs, which are of an orange color, begin to develop within the body they show through the semitransparent skin, giving the con- spicuous orange color to the body. Head and prothorax pale yellow, mesothorax and metathorax varying from yellow to orange accord- ing to age since maturity. Dusky tuberculate areas conspicuous. These and the black capitate hairs arranged as on the stem-mother.
Eyes blackish or brownish black. Antenne not reaching to base of cornicles; relative lengths of segments as in other forms; segment III bearing 7 to 10 ovalsensoria in a row, and segments V and base of VI with the usual distal areas; basal segments concolorous with head, others gradually darkening toward apex. Legs pale yellowish except tarsi; proximal halves of hind tibiz swollen and bearing 25 to 40 in- conspicuous, irregularly placed, circular sensoria (fig. 14, a). Cornicles and cauda concolorous with ab- domen, often dusky at margins. Cauda knobbed as in other forms, but the anal plate is rounded at the tip and does not have the slightest emargination (fig. 14, b). Fig. 14.—The yellow clover aphis: Wingless oviparous
Measurements: Length fiml, much snide) Hind bi of same of body (average), 1.8 mm.; _ larged. (Original.) width, 0.86 mm.; cornicles, 0.061 mm.: hind tarsus, 0.134 mm.: antennal measurements as follows: |
| Vides VoL I Il Do 10) sy \ echt’! | Aiariae | Total. Mm Mm Mm. | Mm. Mm. Mm Mm Mm. | 0.082 0. 057 0. 47. 0. 236 0. 228 0.139 0.139 354 065 057 434 . 204 204 122 139 225 057 407 204 204 147 139 223 5 198
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°6 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
EGG.
The egg is elliptical, bright orange when first laid, gradually chang- ing to shining jet black, and measures 0.575 mm. in length by 0.248 mm. in width.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.
With Callipterus trifoliv, as with most other plant-lice, a number of generations of winged and wingless viviparous females are produced during the summer, and the true sexes, consisting of winged males and wingless oviparous females, appear in the fall; these females in turn laying eggs on the stems and leaves of clover to carry the species over the winter months. This species does not have an alternate host, nor does it ever pass the winter, in the latitude of La Fayette, Ind., as viviparous females. However, in the Southern States it probably does winter as viviparous females, for Mr. Geo. G. Ainslie found the viviparous forms not uncommon at Clemson College, S. C., in Decem- ber (Dec. 3, 1908), whereas a careful search for sexual individuals proved fruitless. Similar observations were made by Mr. R. A. Vickery at Salisbury, N. C., November 11, 1909.
As is characteristic of this tribe of plant-lice (Callipterini) the spe- cies under discussion is sporadic in habit and is very easily roused, the least disturbance causing it to jump from its host. This habit is much to its advantage, for it seems to render the species almost immune from predaceous and parasitic enemies.
METHODS OF STUDY.
The life-history studies here recorded were made in outdoor shelters, and the vivaria used were chimney cages such as had previously been used and described by the writer for other species of aphides.1. The outdoor shelter consisted of frame benches, placed under a canvas canopy (Pl. II) to protect the cages and shelters from the intense midsummer sun. This was necessary, for while the aphides might live out of doors without special protection from the sun, there they have the advantage of a constant circulation of air which is not pos- sible within the glass chimney cages.
The generation series were begun with the stem-mother hatching from the winter egg, and the first and last born generation series con- tinued to the true sexual forms in the fall. In this way the maximum and minimum number of generations annually was obtained under what might be considered optimum conditions, at least from the standpoint of natural enemies and harmful climatic conditions.
1U.S8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 12, Pt. VITI, p. 159. (See also Bul. 25, Pt. I, of the same series. )
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. 97
GENERATION EXPERIMENTS.
Eggs which were laid on the stems and leaves of red clover plants in the fall of 1912 were kept out of doors under natural conditions throughout the winter, and these began to hatch during the latter half of April, 1913. The young which were used to begin the con- tinuous-generation experiments hatched April 22, and it is worthy of note that this was almost a month after the eggs of Macrosiphum pisi, kept under identical conditions, hatched this same year. This is all the more unusual since trifolii invariably produces the sexual forms and deposits its eggs noticeably earlier in the fall than does pisi.
The young stem-mother—the aphis hatching from the egg being so called—which hatched April 22 and was placed on a red clover plant gave birth to her first young on May 4 and her last young on May 30. In the first-born generation series, that is, taking the first young of the first young in each new generation, 17 generations were obtained, counting the oviparous generation as the last. On the other hand, in the last-born generation series, beginning with the last to be borne by the individual which hatched from the egg April 22 and following the series of the last born of each ‘‘last-born”’ genera- tion, there were in all only 8 generations. In other words, there was a maximum of 17 generations and a minimum of 8, from which we may reckon that the approximate average number of yearly generations is 124 (Tables I and II).
PAPERS ON APHIDID,
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PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
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THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS.
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PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
32
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THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS.
84 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
As will be noticed by referring to figure 15 the first generation ex- tended over a period of 39 days, from April 22 to May 31; the second, 60 days; the third, 54 days, etc.; and the eighth generation, which includes the last generation of the last-born series, being the longest, a period of 128 days. It is interesting to note that on May 4 indi- viduals of the first 2 generations coexisted in the insectary; on June 4, 3 generations; on July 4, 5 generations; on August 4, 8 generations, or from the fourth to the eleventh; on September 4, 10 generations, or from the sixth to the fifteenth; and on October 4, 11 generations, or from the seventh to the seventeenth. Also, it will be observed that sexual generations occurred in the last 10 generations, from the eighth to the seventeenth inclusive, thus, with the additional data previously reported by Webster and Phillips, and by the Bene thoroughly dis-
N
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aes Baas SEES aa) SSS aaa
Kia. 15.—Diagram showing periods and succession of generations in the yellow clover aphis, La Fayette, Ind., 1918. (Original.)
proving the theory held by some that the sexual forms appear neces- sarily in a certain definite generation.
Our records show that the first oviparous females were observed in the ‘experimental cages early in October, they having been born Septem- ber 25, and our field records prove that the sexual forms may be pro- duced even earlier than this. As has been inferred, the sexual forms seem to appear after the earliest weather conditions indicative of win- ter, although occasionally viviparous females have been observed until killed by cold weather. It was a usual occurrence for the same female to produce young part of which were viviparous and part oviparous.
Again referring to Tables I and II it will be seen that the immature stage varied from 6 to 16 days, depending on the temperature; the average for the year, in the 1913 series, being 9.1 days. The pro- ductive period, from birth of first young to birth of last young, like-
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. 35
wise varied considerably, covering from 4 to 32 days, with an average of 15.4+days. The largest number of young produced by an indi- vidual female was 99 and the average of the 22 regular generations in the series was 50, averaging 3.2+ young per day per female through- out the entire season, the largest number of young produced in a single day by one female being 9.
With only an occasional exception the aphides in these experiments were wingless. Crowded conditions, predicative of a shortage of food, always resulted in a large percentage of winged forms.
Messrs. W. J. Phillips and T. H. Parks followed this species through two series of generations in 1909 at La Fayette, Ind., beginning with young found in the field May 13, and a synopsis of their experiments is here given in Tables III and IV. In general the results they ob- tained agree with our own studies in 1913.
PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
36
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THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS,
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38 PAPERS ON APHIDID®.
Mr. R. L. Webster has followed the successive generations of this species in the insectary of the Illinois State Entomologist from the eggs which hatched March 27 through nineteen generations to October 18. The nineteenth generation disappeared before maturing and the oviparous generation was not obtained. In his experiments, reported by Dr. J. W. Folsom (1909), he found that the length of time from birth to maturity varied from 5 to 24 days, with an average for the season of 10 days, and the length of life of an individual varied from 9 to 43 days, with an average of 22. The largest number of young produced in one day by a single female was 13. with a yearly average of 3.7 young per day; the maximum number of young born of a female was 75, the average for the series being 34.8
young per female. MOLTING.
So far as our observations extend, the yellow clover aphis inva- riably molts but four times. Table V records the molting records of six individuals from data obtained by Mr. Parks in 1909 at La Fayette, Ind.
TasLe V.—Periods of molts of Callipterus trifolii, viviparous generation.
Age at Age at Age at Age at Age at
: first molt, second | third molt fourth birth ef Date of birth. second’ |miolt,third| fourth °| molt, fifth | first instar. instar. instar. instar. young. 1909. Days. Days. | Days. Days. | Days. Mayal ote crest note noses eee eee 2 3 6 9 10 IM 9920! eee en btm aeenam mea ae de meer 2 6 | 8 11 il TO ere ese 2 le A lh 2 5 | 8 10 11 TATA Hae aes EP I ene ny sees 2 4 | 6 8 9 Qe eilot sc Swincies He weciteeeceatee eeee eae 2 5 | 7 8 8 cL 012) sR a IO ate eS. Pie a 2 4 6 9 10
|
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FECUNDITY IN RELATION TO OTHER SPECIES.
In comparison with its associate on clover, Macrosiphum pisi Kalt., Calli pterus trifolit is quite noticeably less prolific. While pist, accord- ing to our 1913 experiments, produces an average of about 65 young and a maximum number per female of 124 young, trifolii, on the other hand, averages 50 young and produced a maximum of 99 young per female. Likewise a single pisi has produced as high as 13 young in one day while the maximum number of young per day borne by a female trifolit was 9, and this was an unusual number.
From dissections made in Illinois several years ago the writer found that the oviparous females contained an average of 10 eggs per individual. The past fall (1913) 8 oviparous females were examined and found to contain the following numbers of apparently fully developed eggs each, respectively: 18, 18, 14, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16— an average of 13.1+ eggs perfemale. In the latter counts only females
THE YELLOW CLOVER APHIS. 39
which had not previously laid eggs were used, while in the earlier counts no choice was made, which probably accounts for the differ- ences in the average. Similar egg counts for Macrosiphum pisi show it to be much more prolific in egg production; in fact the counts for pist were nearly twice those for trifoliz.
Although we find both species attacking red clover, the one (pisi) is often quite abundant and destructive to clover, while the other (trifolai) is seldom if ever injurious. One of the principal causes of this difference will be readily understood from what has just been noted, namely, the great difference in fecundity of both viviparous and oviparous females. Other habits which doubtless have an influ- ence in making trifolii less abundant are its sporadic mode of living, the comparatively late date of hatching from the egg, and the addi- tional fact that it always winters in the egg stage while in pisi the eggs hatch earlier in spring and many individuals winter as viviparous females, thus giving it the advantage of an early start. Further, pisi has a variety of hosts, which is not true of trifolii in America; and, finally, the latter species requires a much smaller quantity of sap for becoming mature than does pisi, and as a result it is individually less harmful to the plant.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
Doubtless the most important checks on the yellow clover aphis are the weather conditions, more especially heavy rains. The aphis fungus, Empusa aphidis, is likewise quite an important factor in hold- ing this plant-louse in check.
On account of its habits of living singly and jumping from the leaf at the least disturbance, this species is seldom attacked by internal parasites. Mr. Paul Hayhurst noticed a few parasitized specimens of this species at Chevy Chase Lake, Md., July 9, 1907, but appar- ently no parasites issued. The writer has likewise found occasional specimens parasitized, but has never reared the parasites.
Of the coccinellids, three species, Megilla maculata DeG., Hippo- damia convergens Guer., and Coccinella 9-notata Herbst, were reared to the adult stage in the insectary at Washington, from larve which were feeding on Callipterus trifolii on material received from Cadet, Mo., June 19, 1889.
The writer observed the 9-spotted ladybird (Coccinella 9-notata Herbst) attacking the yellow clover aphis at Urbana, Ill., Septem- ber 18, 1913, and larve of what were considered the same species were not uncommon on the badly infested clover plants, devouring the aphides.
At La Fayette, Ind., we have reared a species of Aphidoletes from larve feeding on this aphis in chimney cages, although it has never been found attacking it in the field.
40 PAPERS ON APHIDIDA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. trifolvi Monell.
1882. Mone xt, J. T.—Can. Ent., vol. 14, p. 14, Jan. Original description of Callipterws trifolii. 1891. WuiuiaMs, T. A.—Spec. Bul. 1, Univ. Nebr.. Dept. Ent., p. 8, July 8. Lists Callipterus trifolii from Trifolium pratense. 1892. Ossorn, H.—Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 129. Reports this species as Callipterus sp., from Iowa. 1893. Osporn, H., anv F, A. Strrine.—Proc. Ia. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 98. Reports Callipterus trifolit abundant in Trifolium pratense in autumn. 1901. SanpERsoN, E. D.—Twelfth Ann. Rept. Del. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1900 (1901), p. 207. Reports occurrence of Callipterus trifolit on clover in Delaware. 1906. Sansporn, ©. E.—Kansas Univ. Sci. Bul., vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 251, 252, and 262, April. Lists Callipterus trifolii from Trifolium sp. and T. pratense. 1908. Davis, J. J—Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 1, p. 256, figs., Dec. History of Callipterus trifolii, its distribution, and description of various stages. 1909. Foxrsom, J. W.—Bul. 134, Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 175, figs. (Also in 25th Rept. Ill. State Ent., p. 103, figs.) Treats Callipterus trifolii under the following headings: Distribution, description, life-history studies, natural enemies, and bibliography. 1910. Davis, J. J—Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, p. 419, Oct. Lists Callipterus trifolii from Iinois. 1910. Gi.eTre, C. P.—Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 3, p. 369, Aug. Lists Myzocallis trifolii from Lansing, Mich., Geneva and Albany, N. Y., and Washington, D. C. 1910. Smirx, J. B.—Ann. Rept. N. J. State Mus., 1909 (1910), p. 116. Lists Callipterus trifolii from New Jersey. 1911. Wiuu314ams, T. A.—Univ. Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, April, 1910 (1911), p. 32. Describes apterous and winged viviparous females of Callipterus trifolii collected at Ashland, Nebr., on Trifolium pratense. 1912.. Morrtson, H.—Fifth Ann. Rept. State Ent. Ind., 1911-1912, p. 216. Reports Callipterus trifolii as common at McCordsville, Ind.
maculatus Buckton.
1899. BucKton, G. B.—Indian Mus. Notes, vol. 4, p. 277. Original description of Chaitophorus maculatus.
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INDEX.
Alfalfa (see also Medicago sativa)— Page. not food plant of Callipterus trifolii in America ..................-.--- ap 19 Aphidoletes sp., enemy of Callipterus trifolit..............-...-202200-ee0ee- 39 Aphis ononidis, probable synonym of Callipterus trifolii....................-- 17 Aphis, yellow clover. (See Callipterus trifolii.) Barley, host-plant of Toxoptera graminum......-<:-.---.-c-eececceceeneeceee 8 Bluegrass. (See Poa pratensis.) Cages— for life-history studies of Callipterus trifolii...............-..+.-2-002--0- 26 Pon Temanliaeyt ODO PLETE HULACONDENIUL oo unicin's <\eblaewian din, = 2 meen onesie mn Sine oe oe 16 Callipterus trifolii— Eg Sate CARI IE SORTS lene. ox Bape oc enix ne ood bw da Spina cd Opeeae 17-40 NT ONE SS Pe en ae ai ran Ra a 40 Cee IHG TT APO -BIRLOE Ve AGLI OB. on ancin aidan a nj = aw min ce ews smeceeon ook - 26 Red UNTRUE ERIE cA 3 cab rar rie PI i eee hm 2 hea eee a 20-26 Sameer eTIP URI OANEIMOL 7 carta 90 2 mw 2 pi expen wns =m pane e Be aco he 2 18-19 UC IE: ENS Og gt eRe: / Con eeS SAMRRIRP, URE Sey foie Soret 19 NMRA INDE 973 5 5 Ostet ac SE RS ae. earns eae eae 26 Portia ial retnilOn tO-Ouler SPECIES. vas-...--o55..2--be- cers nd-eecenee 38-39 female, winged viviparous, description...................0..2--+-0--ee- 21-22 female, wingless oviparous, description............-.-------.-...-eseeees 25 female, wingless viviparous, description. .........-...-..-..---.------0. 23 EERE a MeO Ss Aa Posed Utihe me. vn ss 2 beeen ane adda hake cease 19 PRCeUUMT tM REMC MISS Joe ees 6 SR son so sas- Sos naa ae ec dacsee sees 27-38 Pasta btce ERMINE at Boat Mee Is Serer sigs ain oak oo 5 Gump ben vs ess adie eee 18 PEM ION ee TRIGA GS law iniyn ox ROS eas oe toca une’ no noe esa 26-39 SRA OU IUAMIN REI ccs ao Skeets hog Se oie cig eee ck oae tees 26-39 male, winged, description.............----. sa oe nplc san le tet are ear wie See 23-24 MSE EER See hime claw, Satis eee okt 2 er a ace CEES wa wa es oh cs soe ee 3 morn eeleetOMel Gee eRe 6 ae to Seana te os poe yen ome he Pend eee 39 siemimother, winglerss, description. (2.2272. ....------2.----n20+---552-~ 20 DURE IDUEMUM aN atic ty kOe a's iat poems uns <A stein ee ee a ae 26 PaO ETA Grater tere etter = ater erate cttte: ciate) ciaiet a eietasaieiafainic go> bine co Se MiG eae te 17-18 Camellia, ost; plant of Toxoptera qurantii:: =... -.-2- 6-2-5. ee eee cece 8 Peer spose Pint OF TORonIEra CONS. .n<0c<2<<- bese. scan ese cscc eee ce 8 Canonta thearcola—Tozopiera aurantit.+ 22. . 522 ose coe ee we nee e nee 8 Chaitophorus maculatus— PRAIA WONCCUCE os Jn10 soe a eK eMeee een e ane aerate et aat uncer ues 40 Se CME rete tale Do, cue tare se pein te GA ton cnet ek Oe 17 Chaitophorus ononidis, probable synonym of Callipterus trifolii...........-..-- 18 Sion wont (ian G Lenopiee Guraniti.... 002... 2h. c tse eee Bach eee ee ek 8 Clematis, host plant of Toxoptera clematidis. ................2.....0000005- a 8 Clover— BitEG POOG) sm OF (CMLL DIENEG TPO. 3. een, cok -~ 2 lcs etek cae L)
aphis, yellow. (See Callipterus trifolii.) bur. (See Medicago maculata.) £9803—15 2 41
42 PAPERS ON APHIDID.
Clover—Continued. Page. English, food plant of Callipterus trifolii. ...-.-....--+--+-----+---------+-- 19 food plant of Macrosiphum prst.... <2 <ce psn 8 ete - = 2 tg eaen ee 38-39
Japan. (See Lespedeza spp.)
mammoth. (See Trifolium medium perenne.)
red. (See Trifolium pratense.)
sweet. (See Melilotus spp.)
white. (See Trifolium repens.) Coccinella 9-notata, enemy of Callipterus trifolii...........-------------------- 39 Davis, J. J., paper, ‘The Yellow Clover Aphis (Callipterus trifolii Monell)”.. 17-40 Davis, J.J.,W.J. Puriiies and, paper, ‘‘Studieson a New Species of Toxoprera,
with an Analytical Key to the Genus and Notes on Rearing Methods”. . . 1-16 Empusa aphidis, f{ungous enemy of Callipterus trifolit........-.--------+---+--- 39 Fungous enemy of Callipterus trifolii. (See Empusa aphidis.)
Grasses, various, host plants of Toxoptera graminum.......--------++-+--+++++-- 8 “Green bug.’’ (See Toxoptera graminum.)
Hippodamia convergens, enemy of Callipterus trifolit.....--.-------------+----- 39 Ladybird, 9-spotted. (See Coccinella 9-notata.)
Lespedeza spp., not food plants of Callipterus trifolit ....-.-.---------------+-- 19
Lucern. (See Medicago sativa.) Macrosiphum pisi on clover, fecundity in comparison with Callipterus trifolii.. 38-39
Medicago maculata, perhaps food plant of Callipterus trifolit........-.--------- 19 Medicago sativa (see also Alfalfa)—
food plant of Callipterus-irifolii in India...........--.-----------------4- 17,19 Megilla maculata, enemy of Callipterus trifolit.......-..------+--+--------+++-- 39 Melilotus spp., not food plants of Callipterus trifolit.....-----..--+--+--+--+-+-+--- 19 Muhlenbergia sp., host plant of Toxoptera muhlenbergix,..-..----------------- 1, 8,9 Myzocallis ononidis, probable synonym of Callipterus trifolii ........---------- 18 Myzocallis trifolu—
bibliographic reference... :..<.2k-ceenee cass ae ree es ees ae 40
= Calliplenus trifOllts. 022.6. Sawn is om see eee eee eee 18 Oats, host plant of Toxoptera graminum...-....------++--+---+------++-++++--- 8 Onobrychis sativa, not food plant of Callipterus trifolii.....--------------+------- 19 Orange, host plant of Toxoptera aurantii.-.....-----------+-+---------+---+-- 8
Pures, W. J., and Davis, J. J., paper, ‘Studies on a New Species of Toxop- TERA, With an Analytical Key to the Genus and Notes on Rearing Methods”... 1-16
Poa pratensis, host plant of Toxoptera muhlenbergix.......------------------- 9 Rains 1 Control.of Oallipterus Wifoliticcs- oo eas cies wet an ee eee 39 Rearing methods for Toxoptera muhlenbergix.......-------+--+-+-+ -+++-+4-+---- 15-16 Rhamnus alaternus—
host plant of Toxoptera alaterna......-..--------------+++++++++++-+2+-- : 8
host plant: of Tozoptera vartegata:. 5-22.20. 2 Fos ae 2 ee oo eens 8 Rye, host plant of Toxoptera graminwm....-.-.---------++-+-+-++ +--+ 2222-2: 8 Sainfoin. (See Onobrychis sativa.) Scirpus lacustris, host plant of Toxoptera scirpi....--------.------------------- 8 Scirpus specierum, host plant of Toxoptera scirpi....--------------------+----- 8 Therioaphis ononidis, probable synonym of Callipterus trifolii.......-.--------- 18 Timothy, not food plant of Callipterus trifolii......-..----------+----------+--- 19 Toxoptera alaterna, characters, host plant..........-.--------------+----+++--- 8 Toxoptera, a new species, paper.-.....--2-------- 2-222 eee eee ee nee eee eee 1-16 Toxoptera-aurantix= Toxoptera Qurantit. . 2.2. <2. 2 - seen ee anes ence teres 8 Toxoptera aurantii, characters, host plants, synomyms............------------- 8
Toxoptera camellix=Toxoptera auranttt. ....-..------2+- ++ 22-2 eee eee teens: 8
INDEX. 43
Page. mroptera caries, Characters; host plant... 28. 2. . .2 2 yee cee erp ete eee ee sene 8 ‘Toxoptera clematidis, characters, host plant... . - - Pay We RePiane ia a ola tamer get 8 Toxoptera graminum— pee Uriah oS SR ee: 5-5 eee mistaken determination of Tovoptera muhlenbergiz........ Os te, aera as 1 Renee GOV O BOGCICS OL MOUS... Li cceens ows deep ae + ce ands c ees Pate 8 Toxoptera muhlenbergix— age when individuals begin reproducing.............-..------..-------- 13 ONE a ee eo Le A oe ane ee. aR a ae ee a 1-16 OO AS Ro 8 eg ey ne oe ee A ee 8 continuous-generation experiments. .......:...----------- eee eee eee eee eee 9-13 Ite at it ene SOREL. cA kas oop eo ee LR 9 i eS TES ie SE NE en ge, Por pt ee Ape oa Se See ey Se 5 MNES Nectar we. 2s PARA Ee ee Lan wpa dupes == <dacume = 15 iocumatry OL DYVIPAtOUs TeINRION..- 2. . 222eaae4- ni dawe-s cacese-sceceaace 14 ene OU PU Teh REINS aioe. 5. «5 aagaice eto oc Deane a woes dee Sexes 13 SEEM ES id me eo vO, OiS |. ee ok Secu ats oat bela petra 9 Ub See 2 OS aS Ce sae ee 2, 2 eee ee een eee 9 iemrecnrcretiir Ok VlytOarOUA POEUN. =~. <- eee stesso oo +e eee Se cade ee eee 13 USSU ESS aE aan PR aa Se ae fa cae ra Mere Stele PS, 9-16 EIU a rt 2 A, SS pe ee Lt, Nar ers Re eae ax 13 Pee I DME i en SS ns. eit pia by nid oid Sm = ai Se apes oh 1-8 UMReTUNICPen ies oa Le oO eee. ns ed Son eel SSR ala 14 TE TNE VET SREP OX eats Soe Cet ek, ace enn 15-16 emeeeeeT RPE eAN TSO PEAS END ge 2 od > nes eto e ASS x Sm hate owe so See 13-14 Stemicuuibiee, Goscription Of IStATS.- 2800. te wo. e be oes teem scenes 6-8 Sewinesd viviparous female, description... 2... 2-22-20 220223. 5 eee ee en 1-3 i VemieRales MOSCEE IOI. rans 8 oe te Cee arse oo pean ghee bees: 3-4 Mineloss oviparous femaledescription: [9.00 2... 2c oe es Se ee we 4-5 Mingle viviparous female, description. -..... 22.20.2202... 5-2 2-. 62.2. l gee 3 manners sary, Characters, host planta... .. 5.2.2.2 ..20.206. +02 ncsee seen 8 Tosoptera variegata, characters, host plant-... ..2..222-.00..5655-2--0deee cous 8 Trifolium medium perenne, food plant of Callipterus trifolii..........---------- 19 Trifolium pratense, food plant of Callipterus trifolit...........-.-.------------ 19 Pryolum repens, food plant of Callipierus trifoltt«...2..-...... 202220500258 19 Trifolium spp., not food plant of Callipterus trifolai in India..............--.-- 19 Vetch, spring, not food plant of Callipterus trifolti....................-------- 19 Weather conditions in control of Callipterus trifolii. ..........--...----+------ 39 Wheat— finan plant of Toroptern gram ns 2 tac. soc odes = <5-+--< sn 2 Sse ees's 8 Boat plato: Losoptera muhtenberque: 22. hog eset ste we eee cence este 9
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+
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 26.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
BY
J. R. MALLOCH,
Entomological Assistant.
IssuED Apri 6, 1914.
=H
£ ANY
ms
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1914.
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Martatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Ciirron, Hxecutive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk.
I’. H. CHITTENDEN, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. HopKINs, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.
F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.
A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. -
E. F. Puiires, in charge of bee culture.
A. F. Burcesss, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations. Roizia P. Curriz, in charge of editorial work.
MABEL CoLcorbD, in charge of library.
9
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. DeparTMENT or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Entomo.oey, Washington, D. C., October 20, 1913.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “American Black Flies or Buffalo Gnats,” by J. R. Malloch, an entomological assistant in this bureau. This paper deals with a group of flies of considerable economic importance. As pests to man and domestic animals certain species of the group have long attracted attention in this country and elsewhere. Recently additional inter- est in these insects has been created by the theory that certain species transmit pellagra. This theory has not been proven and it is not accepted by the great majority of investigators. Nevertheless the importance of the buffalo gnats as pests to man and domestic animals is so great that accurate information regarding the species which exist in this country is highly desirable. This paper includes de- scriptions of several species new to science and in other respects adds very materially to our knowledge. I recommend the publication of this manuscript as Technical Series No. 26 of the Bureau of Entomology.
Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture.
’ tA Abel i, oe! arina Oe ed st 7 - F ‘ 7 - oe Ieot 7 Pha 2 - am ; 7 7° er ie at A a oe ee Le _* bs. pe é b he * ele. he . j rei~e & 4 @ O59 4 * 2 - s j 1 ‘ 4 he Pee: a TAL TEM ALT Ties aoc if; ? x" 4 ‘S on q , ‘ i‘ . eo naepaaiey * 2° x lu > * s 7 4 - aS ; ae vate a aa Rn Go hy = cee ah Piso ep ats 3 pa uf. Ys) Pein rmAtaCl? 2,07 cide dy 5 “og en 4 » ? * x 2 7 - - < . wil he aay evra wcll ave ARnuTe y Son cies, ay eS one . “ip A a , ak he ws) pe eh kh A GID seh esi if: , ba f “\ ? * \ Lr per z = PY hela ‘ i POTD PE ACS MATE AT (ewetedsiinenend of. toil od) ave ) a =) “7.3 a rs 2 2) see oF ar hh psy aire AL site a dF ' po TARR Paes itr ett ae Bil oH eek ep Ty ‘ A » . e ; ‘ ae Te os oe “i fa Sep Stir Mees kts ate. isin’ tithe Teen SRT ‘ io . Litas , aor i * " ’ " yi SUM Sleek) BF Salles Oe! Sie Shaan onion, i, ed f y * ’ , : ‘ame F vat pe SA er tty‘) ; a SAL ay st od A era ah 5 es wy ork Piste Ahi atm - . o wr ony’: k share] 7 Mrisast “veite rade Rate! "y wie aMIt ats _* re . a ; ~~ P Te. we Be sof | hy _ | ap . : = 1% vt i ode Gis eee (i vasetiod) +c-hetesin doe eit eioeeieel na / , ; a . r re 4 - r =. e - Le fire di Poverny aed iomeend weet ve: weejatiog Sieseatihe oat VA a eu 1 ‘ e . rT i) . . - mild ia iget WTPURSVal Te FRONT Fete eee hale "4 ’ ‘a rh en rte Ll a miley; : peat “4; , 2 intB {4 oi? F ay \ M oten) a Oc, 1G. GON = . . ta) f vi. | rds 2 Fo : ; ant ; : ‘/ ted are PD nd “) ; Thirdly . (58 folirl Onno ORI Pore = ie one > 4 “ Py \ “ ct i .: i Hild jer ER hoa “I ON, Tig ie f A ie 2? ‘ thoi oe afiwediy astonic lona?re Vie ER i ; f , PEs vy rite ry ALD + VlR Fil Ta Fila P13 Dy f tem, Dios T: ae Tbe e J ni ‘ 7 4 4 *4
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CONTENTS.
Page.
PCIe me ieee atk ei Us. . Ayr oauaban aaa assis Butswedan 5 x 7 Rerwe LER OIRO PLOW nee. 2. 2) ar). fas Loe sud he hs a Os dike soon SR Sagas ee 7 MITER AIT daca OS ete teed «eta apace ib ee 11 Rimrecosnizable Species and SYNONYMS... ... .< 2.24 be seeded sw eked yee. - 12 BMC REN A oes. chs cae patie att Hameealid nlintigh re mseuaeed --< 14 eM AUE VIR foo es Sn. ¥. ci tae e ceerea ae bh tay Y dog Wicca a ainat 15-02 14 Pui aan Ae NEE de. he alaidybgh ol Wade Gueoning - S40! fu. 15 PT ISMLNE HMSO)! 5.28. ere 2k oss hin et a eee TES Sa 15 icenerie charactors, .| Table Of SpeCles.. 2.2.52. -.-- sei@aepe but yeadecjaist 16 Prawiminum pleurdle, DOW BPECIOS-....--2~< 22-2225 -is4- cnt sceshes- 14 PrURMUmuMe PLDI COQUULELE. 2... coo. oe ee Stee hee wcedeeedecs 18 RINIRNAIEA UTTER WUELCR = Ss ee oe oan RE Svinte ns eh ere Saree 18 Prominin mutatum, Tew BPeOciess: . 0s: 22.4. 5ide Ae en 20 Promnuhunm pectarwey RONGY 623. aes 284. yo be ee nd oS), 21
mn Imre eM ORIN 2 Sot fn ep eeotta sek ele + vag aid s wees sb eRe 24 PGR Aun fUrCHLUNt, NOW. SPCCIOR. «on. sc. - 2s aes = 22 see ~~ ace. 24 TREE Ee net ne Case scsi e Sete Peas ais aide sje dee a ees aoe Sci aN 25 aeeiic en eds. sae esi ace ats plies Shi wbcd-widne Stew odae ss So: 25 Species groups in Simulium Latreille (females)................-.-.------- 26 Aero DA. 1 allG: Of SPOClOH <5». n.<e)s.icn nase iestasesbe fewrerties Seek 26 Simulium aureopunctatum, new species.........----- Pee! satpesb st 27 Simulium hippovorum, new species. .....--..-------+---------------- 28 Outi. Me WIG ME SICCION.. 55.0, -. > peemseetiseee- Us Aliso lLecuoteas. 2 29 Simulium trivittatum, new species... .. - - RS eS ere eee Stee oma 30
ama man iinnn ts MONOCRe 0. O55. 555225.) tt ee ae Bo coece tae 8S 30 NIDA DONKULCUNE WHIKCE . as Sea ie bes S23 en. Mladoanee sons cte 30 Simuhum bimtlatum, new species. .....<-.--2- -- +... 2s encees secon 31
PU UUE SUE OV ODNAN «sg Sono d Soe yeas oS ae bes nee eee aks 32
Pe LOO Uk HORIGH Sc cc soca cine Gammon ete Svein Kpe ena eee se 34 ELUM TAGINCRTANTY TCUIATON.. fo ks ec eee ee fe vette vis oe 35 Siumukim parnassum;wew species... 2...) 5.2.0. eee ee dette. eee 36 Simul Grcheum, DOW Species... 66 dives 3-2 oo. cas eb ee eee ems yee 37 Damier Graerpabiy, COG UUM an as ese oo meee sine ee eens en ee 38 WSTLSLTUCMTLSETAORLUNTD, CUOQULIOBNAG «ooo hic, we co wae ses oe eos’ we seiee ne eee +s 39 iui Comines, TOW SPEGIGs. «5. 2 oo. so ic ot ae wee ee cee ee Es 40 NMUTS JENMINGA, DGW BPOCION. «2.5. coe a ncn e een ne wcweecunse 41 a VERMIN O8 ac FM s at aa wh ohantek <cefo eet ase eeeucie® 43
PARTIE REIG SARUACUNARTIG ERLLOY oun) syerss aio uc R nes wah sien saps ewe we sm see 45
PR TRIE A TNECPOUILG VVTIAIADOD Kaniie cpicis 3S ab ae Wwaciewbs RAN essen -s see os'y 46
6 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
Simulium Latreille—Continued. Page. Group D;- ‘Table of species; a1. 52.5 elon vaae- oe ee eee 47 Simuliwum. metalhioum Bellardt.. 3.30555 3234s sec ee ee eee 48 Simulum mertdionale Riley... . 26 fo... oes oe be ee eee 49 Simulium tamaulipense Townsend... -..-----2- gee ----2 eect occ e wens 51 Simulium griseum Coquillett 4 32-225. - 12:5 epee ey ema 52 Simuhum vittatum ‘Zetherstedt.< oci-'<.3..2 285 Fre oe ea ke cee eee 53 Stutium pretipes Haven << 223222 sew dost ee eae STs en 55 Simuhum pirgatum Coquillett:: ce. . o20anSe5 ge ee See 57 Sunulium lnintert; new Species 446413 [4-5 . Sis oy 2 kt Se ee eee 59 Sunulaim:-glauvcum Coquilleth.-2~ co s. 6 poe eae ee ee eee 60 Group J. "Tableiol speeies-« <2 acectei see | cing ee eee ie eee 61 Simuliim quadarivittatum Loew... <2 snk a ae an ee be ee 61 Simulium hematopotum, new species... 2.4/2. Ste dete ones ewer 62 Addenda: Simulnuh forbett; DOW Speciesscsc oasis tits fxs -L es eee pe ee eee 63 Stmulnum johannsent Hart. 2 222.22.,e8een oe ee canoe oa eee 65 Simulium meridionale Riley and its allies ..........-..........-.--- 66 Catalogue of North American and Central American Birmuliides PPP Sh tha 68 A list of the principal papers dealing with the life histories of American SimUliGse sees S sank ew o's Roy See hie ee ee 69 Index: to-genera ‘and. species...2+ . i .)s2..%2 Se OS SE Ss Sees eee 71
LELUS EROS:
Page
Prate I. Anatomical details and wing venation of Simuliide..............-- 72 II. Legs and tarsal claws of Simuliide................-- Nhe LT BS 74
ELI. Larval.characters of Simiulitdtesccco.< 20. a a 76
IV. Respiratory filaments of pupe of Simuliide................-...---- 78
V. Anatomical details of Simuliide-s23 42.29 ee 2 eee 80
Vil, Anatomical details of Simullidses-.., ees eee eee cee eee 82
AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
INTRODUCTION.
30th in Europe and in America some of the species of the family Simuliidee have for years been regarded as being among the worst of insect pests, and in some cases as a menace to the lives of cattle and even of human beings. The common species, Simuliwm columbacz- ense Schonbauer, of southern Europe, has the reputation of being very destructive and, if credence be given to records, it certainly equals the evil reputation of any other bloodsucking species in so far as the effects of its attacks on cattle are concerned. Lately there has been a suggestion made that some species of this group may be the transmitter of pellagra, and it is to ascertain how many American species occur (in so far as our material permits) and their range that this work has been undertaken. That there are more species than are listed or described in this paper there can be no doubt, but in view of the fact that the early stages of the species are passed in streams, from which it is not easy to remove them and successfully rear them under artificial conditions, a number of closely allied species have not been so far linked up in the adult, pupal, and larval stages. It is essential to the existence of the larve that they shall remain in water in which there is a current, and removal to water in a jar or vessel generally kills them after a few hours. The material available for study for the purposes of this paper consists of the collection in the. U. S. National Museum and a few specimens kindly loaned by Prof. O. A. Johannsen and Mr. C. W. Johnson. Much of the material in the National Museum was collected by Messrs. A. H. Jennings and W. V. King in connection with the pellagra investigations in North Carolina and South Carolina in 1912.
It is not considered necessary to rewrite the history of the Simuliide in this paper, but a bibliography is given on page 69 of the principal papers on the American species in the group, which may be consulted with reference to the biology of the species.
CHARACTERS OF THE GROUP. EGGS.
The eggs are deposited in many cases on blades of grass, twigs, or leaves of trees which are dipping in running water. According to
8 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.,
observations by Jennings and King the females select a twig, leaf, or blade of grass which is suitable, and approaching the margin of same nearest the water commence ovipositing thereon. The number of eggs deposited is very large, and generally several females ovi- posit on the same leaf, the combined weight of the eggs serving to submerge the leaf or blade of grass and provide the necessary con- ditions for the emergence of the larve. It has been placed on record that the species which oviposit on rocks have the faculty of entering the water to oviposit on the submerged rock surface. The egg masses on rocks are of very considerable extent and must amount to thousands in number. When first deposited they are covered with a peculiar slimy coating and being pale yellowish in color are very conspicuous, but later on they become darkened and whether on leaves or rocks are not so noticeable. It has been stated by Horvath ? that the female lays from 5,000 to 10,000 eggs. This is undoubtedly an exaggeration, and the estimate was probably arrived at by con- sidering the accumulated mass deposited by a number of females as being the deposit of only one. The eggs are elongate-oval and are very closely packed together on whatever surface they may be deposited. The egg stage occupies about a week, but is affected by weather conditions and also by the date of deposition.
LARVA.
The larvee are cylindrical in shape, attenuated in the middle, and thickened at each end, most distinctly on the posterior third. In length they vary from about 8 to 15 mm. and possess, besides the head, 12 segments. They vary considerably in color, being almost entirely black in pictipes and pale yellowish-white, with slightly darker cross-bands on the segments, in venustum. The chief charac- ters of use in distinguishing the species are found in the mouthparts.
The head (PI. VI, fig. 1) is chitinized and slightly flattened. On each side there are, in all the species which I have examined, two irregularly shaped, black, approximated eye-like spots. On the dorsal surface, well forward and near to the bases of the fans, are situated the three-jointed antenne (see Pl. VI, fig. 3). The fans (Pl. ITI, fig. 5) are composed of a large number of rays (PI. VI, fig. 7) which vary in number, and generally in structure, in the different species. The function of these fans seems to be that of guid- ing food into the mouth cavity, moving on an articulated stalk and meeting, when brought forward closed, over the mouth opening. The mandibles, which in most cases furnish characters in their denta- tion for differentiating the species (PI. ITI, figs. 1, 2), are situated lower on the head than the fans, and move so as to close pincers-
1*TLe moucheron de Columbatch,.” Rovart. Lapok., 1 Band, pp. 195-204,
CHARACTERS OF THE GROUP: LARVA. 9
like over the oral orifice. The maxille (Pl. III, fig. 6), which are situated below the mandibles and nearer the center of the mouth, are useful also in separating the larve of the different species, though the characters are difficult to see. The labium is heavily chitinized, and presents, in the toothing of its anterior margin, characters which appear to be constant and of a more accessible and a more easily appreciable nature than either the teeth of the mandibles, the shape and bristling of the palpi, or the structure of the antenne. This organ (PI. ITI, fig. 3) presents in the two species of Prosimulium (hirtipes and pecuarum), which have been described in the larval stage, a variation in the structure of the teeth which is clearly dis- tinguishable from that of any of the larve of the genus Simulium with which I am acquainted. In these two species the central tooth is trifid, and the other teeth are irregularly bifid, or at least not simple as in the species of Simulium. Johannsen, on plate 35 in his work on this group, figures the labium of a species from Leland Stanford, Jr., University campus, which very probably is that of a Prosimulium. It is generally unsafe to accept distinguishing generic characters of this nature without an extended examination of a large amount of material, and I have not used this in my dif- ferentiation of these genera, but it is obvious that it is permissible to indicate its existence and possible significance.
In addition to the mouthparts, already indicated as of importance in the separation of the species, it will, I believe, be found by careful examination that the other parts with which I have not dealt in this paper supply characters of very considerable importance. On the ventral surface of the first segment is an elongated, rounded, and slightly conical proleg, the apex of which is furnished with a number of rows of hooks. This proleg is used by the larva in its movements from place to place in much the same manner as the larve of the Geometride use the legs on their anterior segments, and their method of progression is somewhat similar to the well-known “ loopers” of _ this family of moths. When disturbed, the larva releases its hold on the rock or other surface and floats down stream attached by its proleg to a silk thread which it emits from the mouth, regaining its former position by means of this thread. At the anal end is a sucker-like disk, around the margin of which are arranged concentric circles of minute hooks similar to those at the apex of the proleg. It is by means of this anal process that the larva attaches itself to the silk threads which it spins on the surface of rocks or plants in the bed of the stream. On the dorsal surface of the last abdominal segment there is a slit-like opening from which the blood gills are projected. (Pl. VI, fig. 6.) These are retractile and vary in form in the different species.
10 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
A more extended description of the larva, with a consideration of the uses of the various organs, is given by Johannsen (Bul. 68, N. Y. State Museum, 1903, pp. 845-850), but in the present paper it is only considered necessary to indicate the position of the various organs used in the descriptions.
The larval stage occupies about four to five weeks in summer, but cold weather retards growth, and some species are known to pass the winter in this stage. When full grown the larva spins a cocoon, in- side of which it transforms to the pupa. These cocoons are differ- ently shaped in some of the species. In the case of pictipes the cocoon somewhat resembles a slipper in shape (PI. VI, fig. 8), in venustum it is more like a conical pocket, while in Aértipes it can hardly be called a cocoon, being simply an aggregation of threads, the work of many individuals congregated together on the rock surface, amongst which the larve transform to pups, and by which they are more or less covered.
PUPA.
The principal character by means of which the pup of the differ- ent species may be distinguished is the number of respiratory fila- ments (PI. IV, figs. 1-6; Pl. VI, figs. 4,5). These organs are situ- ated on the anterior portion of the thoracic dorsum and consist of from 4 to 60 branches. The number is generally constant in each species, but when there is a very large number of filaments it happens occasionally that there may be a slight variation in numbers in indi- vidual specimens. In addition to these respiratory organs as a means of identification, there are situated on the abdomen a number of smali hooks on some of the dorsal and also on some of the ventral segments, which serve as a means for the retention of the pupa in its cocoon and which vary in number in the different species.
IMAGO.
In the male the eyes are very large, coming closely together above and leaving no distinct frontal stripe; the upper half has the facets very much larger than the lower, from which they are distinctly divided by a horizontal line. The female has the eyes distinctly sepa- rated above, from antennz to vertex, by a more or less posteriorly divergent-sided frontal stripe, and the eye facets are of almost uni- form size, showing more or less tendency to become larger toward the underside in some species. The ocelli are absent in both sexes. The antenne (Pl. VI, fig. 2) are 11-jointed (various authors have given them as 10-jointed), the basal joint generally short, the second elongated and separated by a more distinct constriction from the third than exists between any of the other joints, the third joint gen- erally subequal in length with the second. The palpi (Pl. V, fig. 9)
GENERIC SYNONYMY. BI
are four-jointed. The mouthparts of the female are chitinized and projecting, being adapted for piercing; the male has the mouthparts much more rudimentary.
The thorax is peculiarly formed, and the most remarkable feature about it is the very great development of the scutum and the conse- quent reduction of the prescutum. The diagram given on Plate I, figure 1, will serve to show this clearly. The presence of such a large membranous field on the pleure is also remarkable. The mesonotum has always a surface covering of pilosity, which varies in color and also very much in distribution and in form in the different species. These characters are of considerable importance and are extensively used in this paper. There is a group of hairs situated on the upper portion of the mesopleura between the wing base and the base of the haltere, which is throughout this paper referred to as the pleural tuft. Immediately behind the posterior spiracle there is an area which sometimes bears hairs; this I have called the post-spiracular area.
The abdomen has been considered as consisting of from seven to nine segments by various authors, and though I have always found eight present there is, besides this number, a loose, scale-like appen- dage at the base, which most authors consider as the basal abdominal segment. I am not certain of the homology of this part, and while I consider it really abdominal (as against thoracic), I have in this paper consistently referred to it as the basal scale, and considered the abdomen as possessing, in addition to this, eight distinct segments. No work has been done with the genitalia in this group and, owing to the nature of these organs, it would require very careful work and plenty of fresh material to make a successful study of them. They are not normally so situated as to be of use in identifications.
The legs are strong, and the tarsi generally well developed, the fore and hind pairs being generally broad and the metatarsi very much elongated. The last three tarsal joints are as shown on Plate V, figure 10. In most species there is an extension at the apex of the _ hind metatarsus, and in the species with this process there is generally a corresponding modification of the second joint, which is explained in my remarks on the genera. The claws of the male are trifid, of the female simple, bifid, or with subbasal tooth. The wings are very broad and the venation is peculiar, resembling Scatopse in some re- spects. (For venation see Pl. I, figs. 1-4.)
GENERIC SYNONYMY.
The generic name Simuliwm was created by Latreille* with one species included. This species, Rhagio colombaschensis Fabricius, must be accepted as the type even though Latreille in volume 14 of the same publication (1805, p. 294) indicates that this species, in his
1 Hist. Nat, Crust. et Ins., vol. 3, 1802, p. 426.
12 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
opinion, is synonymous with veptans Linneus. In Catalogus Dip- terorum, volume 1, 1902, page 288, colombaschense Fabricius? is given as a synonym of maculatum Meigen.? Ican not understand the reason for this, unless it be that the name coluwmbaczense Schonbauer * has obtained such currency that there is a disinclination to replace it by a new name, should the slight difference in spelling be accounted insufficient to distinguish the species. Thus it is evident that Simulium is a well-authenticated genus.
The resurrection of Meigen’s paper of 18004 did, however, tempo- rarily alter conditions, and the suggestion has been made, and acted upon in some cases, that J/elusina Meigen should supplant Simulium Latreille. That I have not accepted this view is due, not to the fact that there were no species included in the genus, but that the first species cited as belonging to it, Tipula regelationis Linneeus,° is that which was given as the type of Atractocera Meigen. The placing of this species in Atractocera by Meigen was probably based upon a misidentification; still the species, which is now considered as a Trichocera Meigen,’ must be accepted as the type of Atractocera Meigen, and as this genus is given for the first time by Hendel? as synonymous with J/elusina Meigen, it follows that Melusina must be accepted as the generic name of the group to which regelationis Linneus belongs. In other words, both Atractocera Meigen and Trichocera Meigen must, if we strictly adhere to the rules governing zoological nomenclature, be considered as synonyms of Jelusina Meigen. Thus I am able, by adhering to the strict letter of the law, to retain the name best known and most generally used for the family. The question of the retention of 7richocera Meigen as the generic name for the group containing regelationis Linneus I shall leave to others to decide upon; it is not within the scope of this paper to discuss more than the vaiidity of the names used within the Simuliidee.
UNRECOGNIZABLE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.
In practically every family of Diptera there are species which it is impossible to identify from the original descriptions, and in no family is this more apparent, with the possible exception of the Chironomidee in Great Britain,’ than in the Simuliide. The species are so similar in general appearance and the tangible characters are so difficult to
1Mantissa Ins., vol. 2, 1787, p. 335, No. 15.
* Klass., vol. 1, 1804, p. 95, No. 3, Atractocera.
3 Gesch, d, schiidl. Kolumb. Miicken, Culex, 1795.
4 Nouy. Class. Mouch.
5 Tllig. Mag., vol 2, 1803, p. 263.
6 Tllig. Mag., vol. 2, 1803, p. 262.
7 Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, vol. 58, 1908, p. 50.
*Verrall, in his list of British Diptera, 1901, places 99 of Walker’s species of Chi- ronomus among the “ unrecognizable species.”
UNRECOGNIZABLE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS, 13
see, even with a magnification of over 60, that in many cases the de- scriber, failing to note them, has written a description which might serve equally well for several species.
In a case of this kind, where one can not definitely decide which species of several was originally described, there are two courses available, failing the production of the types: Either arbitrarily fix on one of the species, or place the name among the unrecognizable species. Of these courses, the latter has been most generally adopted with Walker’s species, and though Coquillett linked up peeuwarum Riley with invenustum Walker, and vittatum Zetterstedt with dec- orum Walker, this does not affect the matter of the acceptance of these names, as the first is quite evidently a misidentification of Walker’s species and Zetterstedt’s name vittatwm has priority over Walker’s decorum. Pecuarum Riley was described from Louisiana, and the farthest northern record I know for this species is Westville, Conn., while invenustwm Walker was described from St. Martins Falls, Albany River, Hudson Bay, Canada. The specimens which I have seen from Labrador and which may be either Walker’s species or that recorded as reptans Linneus by Lundbeck,! are undoubtedly not pecuarum. The only species of Walker’s which can be accepted with any degree of certainty is ochraceum. In this case the coloration and locality prove good guides, and I believe I am correct in identify- ing the specimens from Cordoba as belonging to the species Walker had before him when he wrote his description.
I am of the opinion that Coquillett was right in making argus Williston a synonym of vittatum Zetterstedt, and have followed him in this. Cinerewm Bellardi I have not seen and I am of the opinion that it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to recognize it. In the case of the species minutum Lugger, I believe it is absolutely impos- sible to recognize what species was intended and have followed Johannsen’s synonymy, and the same applies to that author’s species irritatum. Pulchrum Phillipi? I do not consider as identical with
_tarsale Williston, and I reinstate the latter name. Reptans Linneus I do not believe occurs in America, and I have not included it in my paper. This species is not well defined even in Europe, and I have been unable to identify any American specimens with either of the two species I obtained as veptans from Britain, either or neither of which may be the true reptans.
Surecouf and Gonzales-Rincones* have proposed the specific name minutum for the species described by Dr. Lutz as exiguum,* which name is preoccupied by eatguum Roubaud.’ The specific name minu-
1 Diptera greenlandica, 1898.
2 Aufziihlung der chilenischen Dipteren, 1865, p. 633.
3 Diptéres vulnérantes, vol. 1, 1911, p. 290.
‘Memoirs d. Instituto Cruz, vol. 1, part 2, 1909, p. 141. 5 Bull. Mus, Paris, 1906, p. 109.
14 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
tum is also preoccupied by a species recorded by Lugger,' and I pro- pose for this species the name lutzi.?
TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Basal joint of hind tarsus generally distinctly prolonged, lappet-like, on posterior surface at apex; second joint with basal scale-like process and dorsal excision ; radial vein unforked ; basal cell absent___Simulium. p. 25.
Basal joint of hind tarsus generally but little produced at apex pos- teriorly; second joint linear, without basal scale or dorsal excision; radial vein generally with elongate fork_._..________________________ 2
2. Face broad; basal cell of wings distinct___...._.___._____ Prosimulium, yp. 15.
dorsal excision; radial vein unforked; basal cell absent___Simuliwm, p. 25.
TABLE OF LARVZ.
The following table of larve has been arranged to include all the species dealt with in this paper which have been associated with the adults.
if Labium: with:the central toothvtrifid= = 222-2 eee eee 2
Labium withthe central tooth simples 222922 2 aie eee 3
2. .Onky. the central labial tooth trifid=- 2-4 ae ae ee P. pecuarum, p. 28. All teeth except the outer one on each side more or less irregularly
ebb (0 tae ee eee ies RAS SE ee SE eee ee ee eh ee P. hirtipes, p. 19.
3. Anal blood gills simple, three in number__--__--_______-- S. vittatum, p. 55.
Anal bloodygills: subdivided] 2222 4o we) see Le De es a eee 4
4. Large species (10-12 mm. in length), almost black in color. S. pictipes, p. 57. Smaller larve, generally yellowish in color, with more or less distinct
Gross-Dbands: to ‘segments. a8 2s AE ee 2 ee ee ee 5
5. Last joint of maxillary palpus without setze__________ S. meridionale, p. 51. Last joint. of maxillary, palpus:withysetwi 2:2.) 2a). ie eee 6
6. Labium with seven pairs of sets on ventral surface____S. piscicidium, p. 46. Labium with less than seyen pairs) of sete 2{— 222-2 eee 7
(fo abium! withsfour-palrscort sete. 22. es = eae ee S. jenningsi, p. 42. Habium wath five: pars of Sete ese ee ee ee S. venustum, p. 44.
The foregoing table is partly constructed from that given by Johannsen in his paper on the group. It is probable that there are groups, instead of single species, with the characters given in this table and in the table for the pupz (p. 15), but until some one with the necessary knowledge of the anatomy of the larve and pup de- votes considerable time to their study our knowledge must remain fragmentary and unsatisfactory. It is also probable that there are some species which are not possessed of tangible distinctions in the imago stage which may be easily separated in either the larval or pupal stage.
1 Bul. 48 Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 202.
2 The manuscript of this paper was completed in December, 1912, but has been delayed in its appearance in print from various causes. In the number of “ Insecutor Inscitie Menstruus ” for December, 1913, there appears a note on American Simuliide, which deals with certain matters referred to in this and preceding pages. The writer of the note referred to was cognizant of the existence of this manuscript, and conversant with
its contents, which I consider do not accordingly require any alteration due to the appear- ance of said note,
or
PROSIMULIUM. J TABLE OF PUPZ.
The table of pupz which follows is arranged to include only the North American species associated in this stage with adults.
1. Respiratory filaments 4 in number___________________ S. bracteatum, p. 39. S. johannseni, p. 66.
Respiratory filaments more than 4 in number____--_________________ Z
Pe ON pir LOry si leamneMmey, Oli NUMmOeCR==-— ee 3
Respiratory filaments more than 6 in number. 3. Each of the three main filaments divided close to base_S. meridionale, p. 66. Each of the three main filaments divided at some distance from base, S. venustum, p. 44.
PCH DLLALOLY Tliamentsus! in Numbers 22222 2s ee 5 Respiratory filaments more than 8 in number________________________ 6
eh, AUS ea SUE eS Piva 4 0 crs le ag a nt a i ON S. piscicidium, p. 46. laments not in pairs (PIS Vis fig. (4) 22he2 21 es S. metallicum, p. 49.
Ge espiratony filaments 9 ininumbers. 2.2 seth ab S. pictipes, p. 57. Respiratory filaments 10 or more in number_____-__________________ 7
ie SbesDIratory filaments 10:in- number——_. 2... S. jenningsi, p. 42. Respiratory filaments more than 10 in number_______________________ 8
San Beairacory miaments J6sin mumbers-—-~*s-—= * S. vittatum, p. 55. Respiratory filaments at least 22 in number__________________________ 9
9. Respiratory filaments 22 to 25 in number_________________ S. forbesi, p. 65. Respiratory filaments generally more than 40 in number_____________ 10
10. Respiratory filaments at most 48 in number____________ P. pecuarum, p. 23. Respiratory filaments generally 60 or more in number____P. hirtipes, p. 20.
In addition to the species included in the above table there are two species described in this stage which have not been linked up with the imago. One of these, from Arizona,’ has 8 filaments, and the other, from Santa Cruz Mountains,’ has 12. It may be that these species are described in the imago stage and have not yet been associated with the pupe.
Since the completion of the manuscript,of this paper I have had the opportunity of working over the material in the collection of the Illinois State laboratory of natural history which has resulted in the addition of forbesi to the list of species.
PROSIMULIUM Roubaud.
Prosimulium was originally proposed as a subgenus by Roubaud.* The characters which he used for the separation of the group from Simulium Latreille were those of the hind tarsus and also the forma- tion of the cocoons, which he considered as possessing a generic value from the fact that they are incomplete, a mere shapeless mass of threads, whereas in Simulium the cocoons in the known species
are slipper-shaped and separately formed. It may be that his
1Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1893, p. 45. 2 Bul. 68, N. Y. State Mus., 1903, p. 387. * Compt. Rendus Acad, Sci., Paris, 1906, p. 519,
16 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
deductions are correct with regard to the formation of the cocoons of this genus, but on the other hand some of the species which are unknown in the early stages may have habits similar to Simuliwm Latreille, and I therefore do not make use of them, preferring to use the characters furnished by the venation of the wings,t which was not mentioned by Roubaud in dealing with the group, as well as those of the hind tarsus.
As I have already pointed out, in dealing with the larval charac- ters, it is not improbable that the labium of the larve may provide a further character for the separation of this genus from Simulium, though that, like the character of the cocoon formation, requires further study before being accepted as a generic rather than a specific character.
Roubaud states that the claws in Prosimulium are all of one type, “very simple,” and also that the species are confined to “ high alti- tudes or cold regions.” These statements are not in accordance with the actual facts of the case, as he included pecuarum Riley, which has bifid claws, and was originally described from Louisiana, as one of the species in his original definition of Prosimulium. It is always risky to generalize upon insufficient data or material, and though I possess probably a much larger amount of material than Roubaud had, I consider that I have gone as far as my material justifies me in separating the genera by the characters given in my table and in indicating the probable significance of others without giving them as generic distinctions.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Eyes in male large, meeting above, the upper facets much larger than the lower and separated by a horizontal line; in female the eyes are separated by a wide and more or less divergent-sided stripe. Antenne 11-jointed; palpi 4-jointed. Wings with the radial vein furcate, or indistinctly so, or simple (mutatum), and a small, closed cell near wing base (PI. I, fig. 3). Hind tarsi with apex of first joint very slightly produced posteriorly, except in mutatwm, and second joint linear (PI. II, figs. 1, 2); tarsal claws tridentate in male, in female simple (PI. IT, fig. 13), or with the base produced thumblike (Pl. II, figs. 14, 16).
Type of genus.—Simulium hirtipes Fries.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1, Eyes widely separated above (females) -.-=*_2.__22_ 222 - See eae 2 Hyesiclosely coherent, above’ (males) 22-2 =e ee eee 6 2. Tarsal claws with base produced into an elongated projection, bifid___-_ 3 Tarsal claws with base only slightly tuberculate or rounded, simple--_-__ 4
1] have included in this genus mutatum, which has the radius simple, and pecuarum, which has it very indistinctly fureate, preferring to retain the former here instead of erecting another genus for it.
PROSIMULIUM. LT
8. Fureation of radial vein very short and ill-defined; mesopleure
oT a CABS IUG a CRI Seige re ERECT So ADRS re a ee pecuarum, p. 21. Furcation of radial vein distinct and elongate; mesopleurze with dis-
(OR AVEE GE TH RLS UE SRE ta i a Aes RR RE ee Be ee Oe, pleurale, p. 17.
ERR e We INO Pee ace ge ee te ee fulvum, p. 18.
Bilge species with sray, or yellow legs. 22 5
Ge nock OF TACs long and distinct 222) sae ee ea hirtipes, p. 18.
INCCS UDC MIN Ob go gel 15 Le OS Ve RSPAS AR OR BS BS | ek A Se Ce ae mutatum, p. 20.
GAN Lely eM OW SWECLOSt seo 2) nl seme ie e e fulvum, p. 18.
MSDS OCGL OSs yum ee ees te 9S hr en Sia ee Saag Ek eo Rn ek ee i
7%, Work of radial vein very short, indistinct--..._......___-_ pecuarum, p. 21.
Homo radial veln jong and distinct-— 2.22.) hirtipes, p. 18.
Prosimulium pleurale, new species.
Female.—Black-gray, opaque. Frons and face whitish-dusted, antenne brown-black, palpi concolorous. Mesonotum without stripes or distinct pollinose spots; pleure, scutellum, and postscutum con- colorous with disk of scutum. Abdomen opaque, black-gray. Legs brownish-yellow; all tarsi, and especially fore pair, and apices of tibie darkened. Wings grayish, veins brown, thin veins rather more distinct than usual. Halteres brownish-yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, at vertex twice as wide as at above antenna, surface thickly covered with long, soft, white hairs; face as long as frons and distinctly longer than broad, colored as frons and similarly haired; antennal pile white, hairs on palpi brown, postocular cilia pale, some longer brown hairs present near eye margins. Mesonotum with long, loose, hairlike, white pilosity, which is longer on the an- terior lateral angles and posteriorly ; a few longer, dark, upright hairs on posterior fourth; pleural tuft white, extending almost to the lower angle of the epimerum; another group of similarly colored hairs oc- cupying the lower portion of episternum (eps,) ; postspiracular area pale-haired; scutellum with long, white, upright hairs and decum- bent white pilosity. Abdominal basal scale brownish-yellow, the fringe whitish, sides of all segments with long, silky, white hairs, disk with much shorter brown hairs. Legs long, with white hairs and shorter white pilosity; hind tarsi with basal two joints of the usual form in this genus; claws bifid (PI. IT, fig. 16). Wings with costal divisions beyond subcostal vein 2:%:1%; veins fine and short- haired; basal wing hairs short, brown.
Length, 4 mm.
Type—Cat. No. 15403, U. S. National Museum. One female, Kaslo, British Columbia (R. P. Currie).
The early stages are unknown. The situation of the anterior pleural hairs, bifid claws, and furcate radius should readily dis- tinguish this species from any other.
16125°—14——2
18 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS. Prosimulium fulvum Coquillett.
Female.—Entirely yellow or ocherous; the antennz except basal three joints, the pleuree, abdomen, and tarsi more or less brownish. Wings yellowish, the veins distinct. Halteres yellow.
Frons rather strongly divergent, at lower angle of eyes about two- fifths as broad as at upper angle; surface hairs long and numerous, golden yellow in color; face slightly broader than frons at lower angle and rather longer than broad, haired as frons; palpi brown- haired; postocular cilia long, yellow, with a strong admixture of black hairs. Mesonotum with longish, yellow, hairlike pilosity, rather shaggy on anterior, lateral, and especially on posterior margins; pleural tuft yellow, continued downward more than midway to coxe; scutellum with long yellow pilosity, and shaggy, upright, yellow hairs. Abdomen with yellow basal fringe, and numerous short yellow surface hairs. Legs with long yellow hairs, among which are a few dark ones, the tarsal hairs brownish; tarsal claws simple (PI. IT, fig. 13). Wings with surface hairs yellow, the small cell at base of upper fork of cubitus distinct.
Length, 4-5 mm.
There are females in the collection from Sitka, Virgins Bay and Kukak Bay, Alaska; from Bear Lake, Kokanee Mountains, Kaslo, South Fork, Lowes Inlet, and Laggan, British Columbia, and Cus- ter County, Colo.
Male—Similar in size and color to the female, but with much longer hairs, especially those forming the fringe to the basal scale, those on surface of abdomen, and those on the legs. The fore tarsus is slender, and the basal joint of hind tarsus is much dilated, being as broad as the apical portion of hind tibia (PI. II, fig. 1); the claws are trifid.
The type specimen (Cat. No. 6182, U. S. National Museum) is from Bear Paw Mountain, Mont., September 3, 1895 (Hubbard).
Nothing is known of the life history, or details of the early stages cf this species, and there are no records of whether or not it bites either man or animals.
Prosimulium hirtipes Fries.
Female.—Black, opaque. Antenne with two basal joints pale vellowish-brown. Scutum unstriped, and without any distinct an- terior pollinose spots; prescutum and pleurz sometimes brownish. Abdomen with basal scale brownish; sometimes the segments appear faintly whitish-dusted on posterior margins. Legs brown; coxe, knees, tips of tibie and tarsi, especially fore tarsus, darker. Wings grayish. Halteres brown.
PROSIMULIUM. 19
Frons divergent-sided, occupying less than one-third the width of head at upper angle of eyes, and two-thirds as wide above antenne as at upper angle, surface covered with close-placed, yellow, hair- like pilosity; face slightly narrower than frons at upper angle and distinctly longer than broad, haired as frons; palpi pale-haired, postocular cilia pale. Scutum covered with very closely placed yellow pilosity, which is much longer and upright on posterior fourth, no black hairs present; pleural tuft pale yellow, carried almost to lower margin; scutellum with decumbent yellow pilosity, and long, upright, yellow hairs. Abdominal basal fringe yellow, all segments covered with moderately closely placed, yellow, hairlike pilosity. Legs with yellow pilosity, and similarly colored upright dorsal hairs; fore tarsi slender, joints without apical paired hairs; claws simple. Fork of radius distinct, group of hairs at base of first thick vein yellow; beyond this the hairs on surfaces of veins are brown.
Length, 3.5-4.5 mm.
Localities of specimens examined: Ithaca, N. Y. (O. A. Johann- sen); Wellesley, Mount Tom, and Cohasset, Mass.; Cape Charles, Newfoundland; Morristown and Germantown, Pa.; Kingston, R. I.; Rigolet, Labrador; and Moscow, Idaho (collection C. W. Johnson); Cabin John, Md. (J. R. Malloch); White Mountains, N. H. (Morrison) ; Mount Katahdin, Me.; Williams, Ariz. (H. S. Barber); Kaslo and Laggan, British Columbia (Dyar and Cau- dell) ; Plummers Island, Md. (W. L. McAtee). The dates of cap- ture are for the Eastern States confined to the latter part of April and larger part of May; the specimen from Arizona was taken on June 3. The specimens from British Columbia bear the dates July and August, one from Maine (3,000 feet level) August, and the Newfoundland and Labrador specimens were taken in July. In the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History there are two females of this species from Algonquin, IIl., one of which bears the date April 29, 1895 (Nason).
Male.—Similar in color and size to the female, but as a rule there is less tendency to have the base of the antenne and portions of the legs pale. The hairs and pilosity are much darker, being uniformly brown, or yellowish brown, and much longer, especially the basal fringe on abdomen. The hind legs are much more dilated, especially the basal tarsal joint, and the claws are trifid.
There is no indication of pollinosity on thorax or abdomen in any specimen I have examined.
Larva.—Yellowish brown in color; antenne as in Plate VI, figure 3, mandibles with the apical teeth black, the smaller ones yellowish; labium with the teeth mostly trifid (Pl. ITI, fig. 3). The maxilla of the larva is shown in Plate III, figure6. This is the largest species yet
20 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
found in this stage in America. It occurs in the early months of the year—is stated by some observers to hibernate in this stage—and pupates at the end of April, the imago emerging in about 10 days after pupation takes place.
Pupa.—This species may be known in the pupal stage by the very large number of respiratory filaments (Pl. IV, fig. 5). These num- ber as high as 60 in some cases, but as is generally the case where there is a multiplicity of branches there is a greater tendency to variation in number than with the species which have only a few filaments. No distinct cocoon is formed by this species.
This fly is reported to be a very persistent biter and does not con- fine its attentions to cattle, but attacks human beings as well.
I have only one poorly preserved European specimen of hirtipes before me and can not find any characters to separate it from the American species. They may be identical, but only a knowledge of the early stages of both can definitely decide this.
The species figured in Bulletin 159,1 Kentucky Agricultural Ex- periment Station, is quite evidently hirtipes and not pecuarum Riley.
There are several specimens in collections from the White Moun- tains and also some from British Columbia which have the legs yellow. These may belong to a different species, but I can not find any distinguishing characters in the specimens other than this, which I consider is too prone to variation to prove reliable.
Prosimulium mutatum, new species.
Female.—Black-gray, subopaque. Only the prescutum, posterior portions of pleura, and legs more or less yellowish. Mesonotum without distinct pollinosity, and unstriped. Wings grayish, veins brown. Halteres brown.
Frons gray-dusted, narrow, slightly divergent-sided, occupying about one-fifth the width of head at upper angle of eyes, a distinct, central, longitudinal depression over antenne, surface hairs pale, ' sparse; face colored as is frons, a little longer than wide, and as wide as frons at upper angle, surface hairs pale; antenne with the basal joints not distinctly paler than remainder; hairs on palpi dark; pro- boscis short ; postocular cilia pale, with a few longer black hairs inter- mixed. Mesonotum with sparse, rather widely separated, yellow, hair-like pilosity; posterior fourth of scutum with a few upright black hairs; pleural tuft pale, long, confined to upper fourth; scu- tellum with pale upright pilosity and upright brown hairs. Abdo- men with pale basal fringe, and scattered pale surface hairs, which are more numerous on lateral margins and apical segments. Legs with pale pilosity and dark, longer, upright dorsal hairs; fore tarsi
1 Bul. 159, Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., fig. 4, p. 18; fig. 5, p. 20; fig. 6, p. 21, 1912.
PROSIMULIUM. 21
slender, without paired apical hairs; fore tibiee with weak apical spur; hind tarsi with basal joint distinctly produced at apex (PI. I, fig. 18), second joint without scale but slightly constricted dorsally at base; tarsal claws simple. Wings without fork to radius, the small closed basal cell present; hairs on wing veins brownish black.
Length, 3-4 mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15404, U. S. National Museum.
Type locality, Glassboro, N. J., March 28, 1910 (C. T. Greene). Paratypes from Clementon, N. J., May 7, 1910 (C. T. Greene) ; St. Louis, Mo., April 6, 1904 (W. V. Warner) ; Kaslo, British Columbia (H. G. Dyar); Mount Rainier, Wash. (M. W. Lyon, jr.); Sitka, Virgins Bay, and Yakutat, Alaska, Harriman Alaska Expedition (T. Kincaid); Metlakatla, Alaska. There is a specimen of this species in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History collection from Homer, Ill., April 25, 1909.
This species presents some characters which differ considerably from those of the type of the genus (Aértipes), but I do not consider it necessary to create a new genus for its reception, more particularly because at least one character, and the most pronounced, the radial furcation, is only indicated to a slight extent in pecuaruwm, which is clearly congeneric with Airtipes. Roubaud in subdividing Si- mulium used the tarsal characters and did not cite the types of his genera. His H'usimulium is clearly a synonym of Simulium, as the characters indicated for its separation from Prosimulium are those possessed by the type of that genus, and the only species mentioned by Roubaud as an example of L'usimulium is aureum Fries, which possesses the tarsal characters given by him. He evidently consid- ered it inadvisable to use Simuliwm as the name of one of his di- visions, because he intended only to make use of these as subgenera, and not genera. Surcouf and Gonzalez-Rincones* have, however, used the three names and Lene in the genus Lusimulium, which they characterize as having the “ second hind tarsal joint doristricted: 7 -a number of species which they evidently knew only from the printed descriptions. In Simulium sens. strict. they include several species which they evidently have never had an opportunity of ex- amining, and which certainly possess the same tarsal characters as those they relegate to H'usimulium. I have considered Roubaud’s genus as a synonym of Simuliuvm and also consider that the publica- tion above referred to does not materially affect this position.’
Prosimulium pecuarum Riley.
This species is similar in color and size to mutatum, but differs as follows: The pilosity on scutum and hairs on abdomen are whitish- yellow, the scutum is more or less distinctly three- “striped, the hind
: Dipteres videriats des du Sanenucie I, “1912 2, p. 276. 2See footnote 3 to p, 14.
99 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
tarsus has the basal joint but little produced at apex (PI. II, fig. 2), the claws are bifid (Pl. II, fig. 14), and the radius is very indistinctly fureate at apex.
The species was originally described from reared specimens, the larve and pupe of which were stated to have been obtained at Frier- sons Mill, La., but the type specimen in collection is from a lot obtained by Prof. F. M. Webster at Somerset Landing, La., April 10, 1886. A very large number of these specimens are in the col- lection. There is also a series of specimens from Lake View, Miss., April 18, 1886; one specimen, College Station, Tex., (F. M. Webster) ; four specimens, Arkansas, May 6, 1886 (Lugger), and I have seen specimens from Westville, Conn., April 25, 1907 (W. E. Britton), and Tona, N. J., April 21, 1907 (collection C. W. Johnson), which agree with the types, except in being rather darker in color. There are several females of this species in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History collection from Aledo, Ill., April 30, 1891, 1 female from Quiver Lake near Havana on the Illinois River, April 30, 1895, and 1 female from Havana, Illinois River, April 14, 1896. The record of Simulium vittatum from Mount Carmel, U1., April 9, in the Twenty-seventh Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, 1912, page 37, refers to pecuarum.
The male specimens from which Riley’s description was drawn are not among the material in the collection, and those mentioned as being in Cornell University Museum, by Johannsen, I have found upon examination are females. Thus, I have had to copy the original description.
é6.—Length 15™™. to 2.2™™. Differs considerably from female. Head not visible from above, being occupied by the very large confluent eyes; the remain- ing parts below the eyes are black, with black hairs and bristles; eyes composed of two different kinds of facets, those above being very large, as large again as those of the female, and those in front and surrounding the dwarfed trophi very minute, the dividing line between the sizes being abrupt; antennze similar to those of the female, more pronounced in color, both the black and reddish being more vivid; maxillary palpi black, and shorter than the antenne. Thorax black above, with sparse yellow hairs; legs somewhat lighter in color, tip of tarsi not black; hairs upon legs longer than in those of female. Wings hyaline, veins and base yellowish-brown. Abdomen black, with grayish-white posterior margins to segments, dorsally and laterally, and covered with longer yellowish hairs.
Described from two bred specimens.
This species is known popularly as the “ buffalo-gnat,” and has in the past proven a great pest to cattle in the South, particularly near to the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Very few recent specimens are in the collection and the general opinion among entomologists seems to be that it is much less common than in former years, when it is recorded as having been so numerous and so persistent in its attacks on stock as to kill mules and cattle.
PROSIMULIUM. 23
Riley’s description of larva, pupa, and cocoon follows:
Larva.—Avyerage length when full grown, 7 ™". to 8 mm, subeylindric, the club-shaped posterior third of body being twice as stout as the thoracic joints, and joint 4 the most constricted. Translucent when living, dirty white in alcohol, Immaculate in a very few specimens; distinctly marked in the great majority with brownish dorsal cross-bands in middle of joints, leaving free a white mediodorsal longitudinal line; thoracic joints with three irregular rings of the same color; underside more or less irregularly spotted with brown. Head subquadrate, horny, yellowish-brown, with a number of brown spots and lines in regular order as in figure, and two roundish, approximate ocellate black dots on each side under the skin, and seemingly rudimentary organs of sight, from which the future compound eyes originate: antenne uniformly pale, three-jointed, about one-third as long as greatest width of head; joint 1 very stout, fully four times as thick as 2, which is a little longer than 1, straight, slightly tapering towards tip; joint 3 extremely small, a mere triangular tip: mentum [labium] subtriangular, with apex cut away and replaced by three groups of very small teeth, of which the central group consists of three teeth, the middle one largest, and the groups on side, of four teeth, of which the second from center is largest; sides of mentum [labium], near apex, with two small teeth each; all the teeth are chitinous and black; a long erect bristle, pointing upward and inward, near each side of mentum: labrum horny, densely covered with hair: mandibles resembling in shape the profile of the inverted last joint of the human thumb, with a series of teeth in place of the nail; teeth difficult to see, owing to the presence of five distinct brushes of hair; on extreme lower tip of mandibles three large teeth, below them a series of eleven slender and very pointed teeth, of which the first two are the smallest, teeth 5 to 9 increasing and teeth 10 and 11 gradually decreasing in length; a second series of teeth below them consists of two triangular teeth, of which the first is largest: mavilla stout, fleshy, with an internal thumb-shaped lobe; maxillary palpus two-jointed, first joint cylindric, second very short, crowned with a regular cireular row of short spines or warts: labium [hypopharynx] horny, with two brushes of hair above, between which is a very small ligula, covered with a small brush of hairs; fans composed of a stout stem, bearing about forty-six scythe-shaped rays, lined on the inside by very minute, equi- distant, erect hairs of equal length. Thoracic,proleg faintly four-jointed, sub- conical, retractile (introversible), very thin and transparent, crowned with about twenty rows of short, sharp hooks, apparently arranged in a circular manner; the hooks, of which ten are in each row, seem to be movable to a certain extent, and are fastened or hinged to small chitinous rods in the epidermis. Tip of abdomen formed by a subcylindrical body crowned with rows of hooks. Breathing organs below these hooks and on the upper side of ab- domen; they consist of three short, cylindrical, soft and retractile tentacles, which connect with the large internal trachee. In full-grown larve a_ spot more or less dark is seen on each side of thoracie joint; it is produced by the formation of the coiled breathing tubes of the future pupa.
Pupa.—Average length 5 ™™, General color, when fresh, honey yellow; prothoracic filaments brown, and the abdomen dorsally also tinged with brown, except on mediodorsal space; all the members have also a fine brown marginal line. Prothoracic filaments consisting of six main rays, issuing from the basal prominence and subdivided two or three times, so that in most cases as many as forty-eight terminal filaments can be counted. [PI. IV, fig.1.] Abdominal joints 5, 4, and 5 each with eight well separated dark-brown and anteriorly-recurved hooks, the four on each side separated by a mediodorsal space; those on joint 3
24 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
less conspicuous than those on joints 4 and 5; joint 6 with armature; joints 7, 8, 9, and also subjoint [anal] less distinctly armed near anterior margin with a continuous dorsal row of very minute posteriorly recurved points; ven- trally joints 6, 7, and 8 have each four very minute anteriorly recurved hooks.
Cocoon.—Average length 3.5 ™". Not completely made and not entirely coy- ering the pupa, but tightly surrounding its larger portion. Shape very irregu- lar, with no distinct rim at the upper edge, which is more or less ragged. The threads composing it are very coarse, and the meshes rather open and ordi- narily filled with mud. Not always fastened separately to objects, but fre- quently crowded together, without forming, however, such coral-like aggregations as in some of the Northern species.
The species figured by Garman as the “ buffalo-gnat ” (S. pecuarum Riley) in Bulletin No. 159 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, 1912, page 18, is not this species but Airtipes Fries.
Notrre.—Unfortunately the bulk of the material in the collection is practically all from two localities and there are no males in either lot. Prof. F. M. Web- ster’s material, which included males, collected subsequent to the date on the type lot, from the following localities: Madison and Vinland, Ark.; Cypress Mill, Marble Falls, and Devils River, Tex.; and Wooster, Ohio, can not be found.
PARASIMULIUM, new genus.
This genus differs in the female from Prosimulium Roubaud in having the eyes much more widely separated at vertex, in having the frons much higher than highest level of eyes when viewed from the side, in having the face linear, in having the eye facets gradually en- larged as they descend, and in the absence of the closed cell in the wing (see Pl. I, fig. 4).
The male is unknown.
Type of genus.—Parasimulium furcatum, new species.
Parasimulium furcatum, new species.
Female.—Black-brown, shining. Frons shining black, undusted; face black; antennz with second joint black, remaining joints yel- low; palpi black. Mesonotum shining black-brown, paler posteri- orly; prescutum pale yellowish-brown; pleure brown. Abdomen brown, anal organs yellow. Legs pale yellow. Wings grayish, all veins brownish, base of wing very pale yellowish-white. Halteres with brown knob and yellow stalk.
Frons very broad, widely divergent posteriorly, clothed with long, close-lying, yellow-white hairs; face very narrow, linear, raised ridge- like centrally, surface brown-haired; antennz inserted at above half the height of eyes, the basal joint very short and indistinct, the second joint large, third joint slightly longer than second, and as long as fourth and fifth together, fourth longer than fifth, fifth to tenth subequal, eleventh longer than tenth, pilosity pale, very short. Scutum covered with close-lying yellow hairs except on posterior third where it narrows and has only scattered, longer, upright hairs
SIMULIUM. 25
on the surface; prescutum with upright, rather strong, brownish hairs; pleural tuft indistinct; scutellum with pale brown, upright hairs on posterior margin; postscutum produced. Basal abdominal scale yellowish-brown, fringe white, abdominal segments with scat- tered pale hairs. Legs with weak pale hairs; no distinct apical tibial spurs; hind tarsi as in Prosimulium, tarsal bristles very weak; claws short and stout, simple. Wings with long hairs on thick veins, vena- tion as in Plate I, figure 4.
Length, 1.25 mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15405, U. S. National Museum.
One female, Bairs Ranch, Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, Cal. (H. S. Barber).
Nothing is known of the early stages of this species.
SIMULIUM Latreille. TABLES OF MALES,
As most of the species are known in the female sex only, it is not possible to include all the species described from North America in this table.
1. Species with noticeable yellow marks on abdomen or thorax_________-_ 2
Species mostly black, only the legs and antenne with yellow markings. 3 2. Small species, 1 mm., mostly yellow colored; scutum indistinctly
pew apert keep LUCE TN EY ee epee LO ee eee Le ee notatum, p. 33. Larger species, 1.5 to 2 mm., mostly black colored; scutum distinctly SASCRITC 20 [Lo ey TEESE ee eee ene eee eee a ee distinctum, p. 30. 3. Legs with basal joint of hind tarsus not bicolored__________-_-_____---~- 4 Legs with basal joint of hind tarsus bicolored________________---_-_- 5 ASP IRONY) OL SCUCUIT “WV DAULS eee se serra SES he ee a Pilosity of scutum ‘golden-yellow, or prassy= Lebo. s eekc Se oe eee D a. Scutum unstriped; dorsal excision and scale on second joint of hing" tarsus “indistinct. 228 Us i STs ROTUPY Mae meridionale, p. 49.
Secutum with black stripes as in female, the outer one on each side curved; second joint of hind tarsus with distinct Teh oe kee eel PD awe 52k ae gh NA ew Ae 2 johannseni, p. 65. b. Pilosity of scutum and abdomen brassy, scale-like__bracteatum, p. 38. Pilosity of scutum yellow, hairlike, especially hairlike on abdo- TUS, 2 eel RO | aC VEE er Te A ae ee ee eee forbesi, p. 64. 5. Small species (not more than 2 mm. in length); mid tarsus mostly
Larger species (at least 2 mm. in length); mid tarsus with at most bases of first and second joints pale. 6. Scutum almost entirely covered with pearlaceous pollinosity ; one dis-
tinct, opaque black, central stripe present________-_--___-- griseum, p. 58. Scutum with two anterior pearlaceous, posteriorly incurved, elongate
BO be asc WOLVES LY OLY Gi 26 es ok Be ee jenningsi, p. 42.
Aer Scutun- with distinetistripesin. 22 o pee CUE ae ee 8
Scutum with at most two posteriorly incurved spots on anterior margin. 10
26 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
S. Stripes on scutum curved, the outward extremities of dorso-lateral pair dilated; legs with a narrow black or brown ring or spot near base of tibiz in addition to the usual dark marks present on the legs
in Most; SPECIES = Ses Se preys eae pc Sea Se SP a ee virgatum, p. 58. Stripes on scutum straight, legs with the bases of tibize pale, and with- out ‘a; Subbasal dary band. 7 Aue ache eek aes eee 9
9. Stripes on scutum not sharply defined, the central black stripe broad at anterior extremity, linear on disk, the outer black stripes short and MATLOW Meee See Ce teen, ene he ee a ee ie glaucum, p. 60.
Stripes on scutum generally sharply defined, the black always broader Ghia “CHE; WNTGE TS orl pes wie ek tt a eee vittatum, p. 54.
10. Only two posteriorly incurved, elongate spots on anterior margin; fore tarsus distinctly dilated M22 7 sess See eT ea venustum, p. 44.
In addition to the two spots just mentioned, there are sometimes pres-
ent two smaller spots on the anterior margin nearer to center and
occasionally also faint indications of a central bifid stripe; fore tarsus very slightly.dilated = 22 —2csSieaes s eee pictipes, p. 56.
I have not seen the males of Stmulium metallicum Bellardi, S. cin- ereum Bellardi, nor S. mexicanum Bellardi, but translations of the original descriptions are given under the descriptions of these species.
SPECIES GROUPS IN SIMULIUM LATREILLE (FEMALES).
1. Mesopleura with a group of hairs in addition,and anterior to the normal letra ubhitey setae ay peewee a Pagel pet eel aa ee Group A, p. 26. Mesopleura bare except for the pleural tuft-___________--.___________ 2
2. Yellow species; scutum with brown, or white longitudinal stripes, or
two discal elongated spots; abdomen and legs with black or brown LAAN gsi 1b CY Pal EIN a are ae Be Be ee ee ee ee Group B, p. 29. Black or gray species, scutum and abdomen never yellow (cf. griseum)_ 38
3. Scutum with three, or five stripes, or only one central stripe, either black
or brown on a gray ground, or metallescent pollinose on a black
ground, the dorso-lateral pair, when present, distinctly curved, and dilated /at.anterior extremities ses, 1 eee. 8 bas See Group D, p. 47.
Scutum with two, or four broad, white, straight, or very slightly curved
stripes, which are nearly parallel-sided and not noticeably dilated at anterior extremities; or scutum unstriped=—_-_--_._--_-_--____-___— +
4. Scutum unstriped or with only very slight indications of a central, darker divided istripe 222644 ehae seth io Le ee Be oe Group C, p. 34.
Scutum distinctly striped, the stripes white or metallescent polli- MOBO ss 5 ee eee Group E, p. 61.
It is not the intention of the writer to indicate from the above arrangement that these groups are entitled to treatment as sub- genera; the purpose in separating them thus is merely to facilitate the work of identification of the species.
GROUP A.
Species with hairs on pleure in addition to and anterior to the pleural tuft.
SIMULIUM. - a7
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Claws with minute subbasal tooth; thoracic pilosity golden yellow, ir- regularly arranged in small groups; mesopleural hairs situated low io} ie La? See are bd SS ee Lee es Le ee ee eee ee aureopunctatum, p. 27.
Claws simple; thoracic pilosity not arranged in groups, regularly dis- posed ; mesopleural hairs high up near to margin of scutum.
hippovorum, p. 28.
I have seen very few species of Simuliide with the additional
pleural hairs, but one of those I have obtained as rveptans Linnus,
from Britain, another in the collection labeled S. lineatum Meigen,
variety, and also subnigrum Lutz, are in this category, though no one
who has previously described any species in the family has ever indi- cated that he has noticed the presence of these hairs or scales.
Simulium aureopunctatum, new species.
Female.—Black, subopaque. Frons and face with whitish dust- ing; antenne brown, two basal joints yellow, palpi black. Scutum unstriped, slightly whitish-dusted anteriorly, but without dis- tinct white spots; prescutum and margin of scutum close to it yel- lowish; pleurz black-brown, scutellum and postscutum concolorous with scutum. Abdomen black-brown, basal four segments subopaque, apical four shining. Legs yellow, blackened as follows: Entire ventral surface and apical half of dorsal surface of tibiz, and entire tarsi of fore pair; coxee, femora except bases, apical halves of tibie, apex of first, apical half of second joint, and apical three joints of tarsi of mid and hind pairs. Dorsal surfaces of all tibie with dis- tinct silvering. Wings clear, slightly grayish at tip and on hind margin, thick veins brown. Halteres brownish yellow, stalk darker.
Frons divergent-sided, not one-third as wide at upper angle of eyes as width of head, distinctly narrower above antenne than at upper angle, surface hairs black, strong but not numerous; face slightly convex, distinctly longer than broad, and slightly broader than frons at upper angle, surface hairs black, on upper portion short and sparse, longer on lowest fourth; palpi black-haired, post- ocular cilia brown. Scutum with yellow scale-like pilosity which ad- heres closely to the surface and is arranged in irregular groups of from three to seven scales of uniform length except on posterior fourth where they become longer and are more upright; besides this pilosity the surface bears numerous short, upright, black hairs which are most conspicuous on anterior, lateral, and posterior margins; pleural tuft brown, the anterior pleural hairs golden yellow, scale-like, situ- ated about midway from lower to upper margin on mesopleure ; post- _spiracular area haired posteriorly; scutellum with yellow scale-like pilosity and several long, upright, blackish hairs on posterior mar- gin. Basal fringe of abdomen long, yellow, surface hairs on seg-
28 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
ments short, black-brown. Legs strong; fore tarsi compressed later- ally, basal joint as broad as tibia, joints 1-3 with paired apical hairs; all legs with pale pilosity and longer, upright, black dorsal hairs; apical spur absent from fore tibie, hind and mid pairs with paired apical spurs; basal joint of hind tarsi as broad as tibie, produced apically on posterior surface, claws as in virgatum (Pl. I, fig. 11). Wings with outer two thick veins joining costa very close together so that the last costal division is very indistinct.
Length, 3-3.5 mm.
Type and paratypes.—Cat. No. 15406, U. S. National Museum.
Localities: Livingston, Guatemala, and Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Paz, Guatemala, April-May (Barber and Schwarz).
Nothing is known of the early stages of this species.
Simulium hippovorum, new species.
Female.—Black, subopaque. Frons and face brownish, thickly covered with white pollinosity; antenne brown, basal two joints and base of third joint yellow; palpi brown. Scutum with three stripes, the central one narrow, the lateral pair broader, close to the central one, dilated anteriorly and slightly curved; viewed from above in front the whole disk of scutum, except the stripes, is whit- ish pollinose and also the prescutum; viewed from above and be- hind, the anterior dilated portion of the lateral stripes is conspicu- ously white pollinose; pleurz distinctly whitish pollinose except on membranous portion; scutellum opaque brown; postscutum with silky white pollinosity. Abdomen brown-black, opaque on basal four segments, subshining on apical four. Legs yellow, black as follows: Mid and hind coxe; apices of tibiz and entire tarsi of fore legs, narrowly at apices of femora; a spot at bases and broadly at apices of tibiw; apices of first and from middle of second to fifth joint of tarsi of mid and hind legs. Wings clear, thick veins brown. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, at upper angle occupying one-fourth the head width, above antenne two-thirds as wide as at upper angle, surface hairs brownish yellow, sparse and weak; face broader than frons at upper angle, almost subquadrate, surface hairs more numer- ous than on frons, whitish; hairs on palpi pale brown; postocular cilia pale, with an admixture of longer, blackish hairs on upper part behind vertex. Pilosity of scutum rather loose and upright, whitish yellow, hairlike, the posterior fourth with a number of longer, up- right, blackish hairs; anterior pleural hairs pale and hairlike, close to lateral margin of scutum; pleural tuft pale, confined to upper fourth, postspiracular area pale haired. Abdominal basal fringe pale yellow; surface hairs on segments sparse, pale. Legs with yel- low, close-lying pilosity and longer, upright, black dorsal hairs; fore tarsi not noticeably thickened, the paired apical hairs present
SIMULIUM. 29
on joints 1 and 3; hind tarsus of the normal shape for this genus; tarsal claws simple (Pl. II, fig. 12). Wings with dark brown hairs on veins.
Length, 4 mm.
Type—Cat. No. 15407, U. S. National Museum.
Locality: Sierra Madre, Mexico, head of River Piedras Verdes, altitude about 7,300 feet. In ear of horse (C. H. T. Townsend), one female.
I do not think that this can possibly be the species described as cinereum by Bellardi from Mexico, which is stated to attack horses.
A translation of Bellardi’s description is as follows:
Male and female: Gray, antenne black, first joint pale. Thorax fuscous and gray pollinose, the humeri pale; pleura light gray, scutellum pale at the tip; halteres white. Abdomen blackish. The front cox pale, the middle and hind pairs grayish brown; the femora pale at base, their tips black; tibix black, their middle section pale; front tarsi wholly black, the middle and hind pairs with the bases of first and second joints pale. Wings hyaline. Length of body 3 mm.; extent of wings 9 mm.
It is possible that this may prove to be identical with hippovorum, but Bellardi’s description might apply to more than one species in the genus equally well. I consider it better to have this species clearly described and give it a name by which it may be distin- guished than to accept it as Bellardi’s species, which may very prob- ably prove to be something entirely different.
The early stages are unknown.
The name cinerewm was preoccupied when Bellardi used it, and ihe change of name introduced by Speiser is given in the catalogue at the end of this paper.
GROUP B.
In the species of Group B the thorax, abdomen, and legs are mostly yellow. The ground color of all the species is yellow, with the thorax brown, or white, vittate, and the abdomen and legs more or less darkened.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
ee ecunies With thres darts vitten sleeoort Jes are oe 3 Scutum with white vittz or with only two anterior marginal spots_____ 3 Scutum with three chocolate-colored stripes; abdomen much obscured
eielae JOR CO tee ane ee SNe a ae aT ef ee eee SEED trivittatum, p. 380. Scutum with three deep black stripes; abdomen with three rows of PRG eres ote Neher is Secs k ek DAT Zee Bee eed dS BUNTY distinctum, p. 30.
Par scuium with only anterior spots_22.2 3. notatum, p. 32.
SETAE Lelie Qi EE HTL SS a ea NA SR, I SRR Set he 4
4. Larger species (from Mexico), claws with subbasal tooth__ochraceum, p. 30. Smaller species (from New Mexico and Colorado) ; claws simple. bivittatum, p. 31. Neither the males, except of notatwm and distinctum, nor the early stages of any of these species are known.
30 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS. Simulium trivittatum, new species.
Female.—Yellow, opaque. Frons and face thickly white-dusted ; antenne browned from third joint to apex; palpi brown. Scutum with three broad, parallel-sided, chocolate colored stripes, the central one not reaching to scutellum and the lateral pair not reaching to anterior margin; posterior margin of scutellum darkened in center; space between the stripes white-dusted; pleuree brown on center and shghtly white-dusted; scutellum yellow; postscutum brown, subshin- ing. Abdomen with basal scale yellow ; segments yellow, with opaque black-brown marks which leave very little of the yellow ground color visible, apical four segments not so much darkened as basal four. Legs yellow, black as follows: Apices of tibiz and all except base of tarsi of fore pair; apices of first and second and apical three joints of mid and hind tarsi; apices of femora and apices of tibie of hind pair. Wings clear, thick veins yellow. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, two-thirds as wide at above antenne as at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs weak, yellow; face longer than frons and one-third longer than broad, surface hairs as on frons; postocular cilia pale. Scutum with very short hairlike yellow pilos- ity; pleural tuft yellow; scutellum with yellow pilosity and longer upright brownish hairs. Basal fringe on abdomen yellow; all seg- ments with short, scattered, yellow hairs. Legs with pale pilosity and scattered longer dorsal hairs on tarsal joints; fore tarsi slightly thickened ; tarsal claws simple. Wing venation normal.
Length, 2 mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15408, U. S. National Museum.
Locality—Tampico, Mexico (E. A. Schwarz).
Readily distinguishable from any described species, except dis- tinctum, by the brown vittate scutum.
Simulium distinctum Malloch.
This species was described subsequent to the completion of the present paper, but the description appeared some time ago in the Pro- ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 1913, page 133. It is unnecessary to reproduce the description here. S. trivittatwm closely resembles distinctum, though I believe they are distinct.
Locality—Devils River, Texas.
A specimen from Tamaulipas, Mexico, is with some doubt referred here also.
Simulium ochraceum Walker. Female.—Yellow, opaque. Face and frons brownish yellow, thickly
white-dusted; antenne yellow, from fourth joint to apex browned; palpi black-brown. Scutum with two white pollinose vitte, and
SIMULIUM. 31
laterally beyond these stripes a pear-shaped brown mark with the narrow extremity toward the wing base, which stops short of the prescutum and does not touch the white stripes; pleure brownish: scutellum yellow. Abdomen with the apical segments more or less blackened and subshining. Legs yellow, blackened as follows: Mid and hind coxe; fore tarsi except base; apex of first, apical half of second, and entire apical three joints of mid tarsi; apices of femora, apical half of tibie, apical half of first and second, and entire apical three joints of tarsi on hind legs. Wings clear, thick veins yellow. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, at above antenne about one-third as broad as at vertex, bare in center, laterally and more broadly posteriorly covered with golden pilosity and among the pile some longer, upright, black hairs; face one-third longer than broad, uniformly but not thickly covered with short, yellow pilosity ; antennal pilosity whitish; palpi brown-haired; postocular cilia mostly yellow, with a number ef longer, black hairs. Stripes on scutum as broad at anterior mar- gin as the space between them, gradually diverging and somewhat curved posteriorly, becoming narrower and ceasing at a little beyond middle of disk; extreme lateral margins of scutum whitish pollinose, pilosity golden yellow, scale-like and regularly distributed; no black hairs on scutum; pleural tuft brown; postspiracular area brown- haired posteriorly; scutellum with pale yellow pilosity and long, up- right brown hairs. Abdominal basal fringe pale yellow, long; seg- ments with scattered, short yellow pile and a few longer back hairs intermixed with them. Legs with close-lying yellow pilosity and scattered, longer, upright, dorsal brown hairs; fore tarsi with the normal paired apical hairs on joints 1 and 3; claws as in Plate IT, figure 15. Diagrams of the thoracic elevations of this and the follow- ing two species are shown in Plate V, figures 6-8.
Length, 2 mm.
Two females, Cordoba, Mexico (E. Knab).
_ The records of the occurrence of this species in the United States which I have had the opportunity of examining are erroneous and refer to notatum Adams. (See note under notatum, p. 33.)
Simulium bivittatum, new species.
Female.—Ocherous, opaque. [rons and face thickly white-dusted, antenne from apex of third joint to apex of eleventh browned, palpi brown. Scutum with two broad, almost parallel-sided, white- pollinose vitte; extreme lateral margins of scutum white-pollinose ; prescutum and scutum near to it pale yellow; pleure yellow, browned on middle; scutellum ocherous; postscutum black. Abdomen yellow, segments 2-6 with a distinct black dorsal spot and brown lateral
32 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
marks, apical segments subshining. Legs yellow, browned as fol- lows: Mid and hind coxe; fore tarsi except base; apices of first and second and entire apical three joints of mid and hind tarsi; and apices of hind femora and tibie. Wings clear, thick veins yellow, costal vein darker. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, at least one-half as broad sbi antennee as at upper angle of eyes, sanpace hairs yellow; face subquadrate, nearly as wide as frons at vertex; surface hairs pale, longer toward mouth edge; antennal pilosity pale; postocular cilia yellow. Pilosity on scutum short, regular, golden yellow, longer just in front of scu- tellum, no black hairs on disk; pleural tuft pale; postspiracular area pale-haired posteriorly; scutellum with pilosity and upright hairs all yellow. Basal fringe of abdomen pale, apical four segments with rather distinct pale hairs. Legs haired as in ochraceum. Claws simple.
Length, 1-1.5 mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15415, U. S. National Museum.
Locality of type, East Las Vegas, N. Mex., June 1, 1901 (T. D. A. Cockerell). There are also in the national collection two females from Las Vegas Hot Springs, N. Mex., August 19, 1901 (H. S. Barber), and five females from Virginia Dale, Colo., September 31, 1912, taken on cow (Bishopp).
Simulium notatum Adams.
Female.—Ocherous yellow, opaque. Frons and face thickly white- dusted; antenne slightly darkened from fourth joint to apex; palpi ochreous. Scutum unstriped, only two small triangular spots on anterior margin and very faint indications posteriorly of the stripes of the other species, laterally a darker elongated mark on disk; pre- scutum and margins of scutum adjacent to it yellow; pleurz dark- ened centrally, more distinctly near to cox; scutellum yellow; post- scutum black-brown. Abdomen yellow; segments, except apical three, with opaque, black dorsal spot, apical three segments slightly shin- ing, their bases browned. Legs yellow, browned, or blackened, as follows: Fore tarsi, except base of first joint; last two joints of mid tarsi; extreme apices of hind tibize; and apices of basal three and whole of apical two joints of hind tarsi. Wings as in bivittatum, but the costal vein paler. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, two-thirds as wide at above antenne as at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs weak, sparse, whitish; face sub- quadrate, surface hairs as on frons; antennal pilosity pale; hairs on palpi pale; postocular cilia pale. Scutum with very pale yellow, hair-like pilosity, which is distinctly longer just in front of scutellum ; pleural tuft pale; scutellum with yellow pilosity and upright hairs,
SIMULIUM. 33
Basal fringe of abdomen pale yellow, surface hairs on segments sparse, pale, longer on apical segments, and more numerous. Legs with pale pilosity, hairs brown, shorter, and not so numerous as in bivittatum, the paired apical hairs on first and third joints of fore tarsi shorter than in that species; claws simple.
Length, 1-1.5 mm.
Three females, Las Cruces, N. Mex., June 25, 1895 (T. D. A. Cockerell). These are the specimens on which the record of ochra- ceum Walker is based in Entomological News for 1897, page 100. I have not seen the specimens upon which the record at page 172 of the same volume of that publication was based, but they probably belong either to this species or to bivittatum.
Male—Brown. Face white-dusted, antenne brown, paler on basal two joints, palpi brown. Scutum opaque, evenly covered with whitish gray pollinosity ; prescutum and adjoining margin of scutum yellow; pleure brownish yellow, whitish pollinose; scutellum yellow, margins of scutum adjoining scutellum and laterally brown; postscutum brown, with whitish pollinosity. Abdomen yellow, with dorsum of segments 1-2 narrowly, and remaining segments broadly blackened, apical three segments broadly silvered on sides. Legs yellow, browned on fore tarsi, mid and hind coxe, apical two joints of mid tarsi, apices of femora and apices of tibie of hind legs (hind tarsi broken off in specimen) ; claws trifid. Wings clear, thick veins yellow, venation normal. Halteres bright yellow, base of stalk darkened.
Eyes with upper facets very large, with lower facets very minute, hairs on face and palpi pale, postocular cilia weak, pale. Scutum with close-lying, whitish-yellow, hair-like, regular pilosity, which is longer in front of scutellum; pleural tuft whitish; scutellum with white pilosity and longer, upright, white hairs. Abdominal basal fringe pale yellow, hairs on segments sparse, of moderate length, white. Legs with sparse, pale pilosity and scattered, longer, pale hairs; fore tarsi not distinctly thickened, the apical paired hairs weak; hind femora and tibize broad; hind tarsi broken off, but un- doubtedly possessing the normal characters of Simulium.
Length, 1 mm. .
Locality: Williams, Ariz. (H. S. Barber), one male.
It may be that this is really a distinct species from the female described herewith, but there are so many points of agreement that I have decided to consider it as the male of notatwm rather than describe it as new, as I was at first tempted to. The only point which causes me to doubt the safety of this course is the absence of any indication of the white pollinose spots on the scutum, which, if the general rule _ holds with this group, ought to be even more distinct in this sex than in the female,
16125°—14——3
34 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS. GROUP C.
Scutum unstriped, at most the anterior margin with weak indica- tion of a central, divided stripe, and anterior lateral white spots.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Tarsal claws with a distinct subbasal tooth in addition, and ABLE iOy
to the normal tuberculate or rounded base_______-____-~-_-________ 2 Tarsal claws without subbasal tooth, only the base tuberculate, rounded, or produced’ thumblike (as In Pl 1, figs: 5 and 7)So2 222 ees 5 2. Thoracic pilosity arranged in irregular groups, disk with upright black hairs, in addition to pilosity, which are most distinct on anterior TION ES ics hs as el lee te ed Bad ek ME SP eee Se Be mexicanum, p. 3d. Pilosity not arranged in groups, regularly disposed_______-_____-__-__ 4
4. ‘Thoracic pilosity black or black-brown, fine and hairlike__parnassum, p. 36. Thoracic pilosity lanceolate, scalelike, whitish or yellowish in color. arcticum, p. 37. 5) Parsaliciaws) produced) thumblike at base 222] es ea eee ee 6 Tarsal claws not produced thumblike at base__..__.___.-__-___---—__ if G6. Scutum with brassy, scalelike pilosity ; base of tibize not blackened. bracteatum, p. 38. Scutum with yellowish hairlike pilosity ; base of tibizw distinctly black-
CLOG LAE Te ED ROE ee ee EE ae * johannseni, p. 6D.
7. Pilosity on scutum arranged in punctiform groups, the scales short and broad. «smallsmeciecae e.cuas bles eee i Be ee exiguum, p. 39.
Pilosity on scutum not arranged in punctiform groups, either regularly or irregularly (disposed. 5345 22 as ee ee 8
S. Seutum with irregularly disposed golden yellow pilosity and upright Drown’ Nalts/on Giskr 2 hs SW eel OE ee ee a eee clavipes, p. 40. Scutum with regularly disposed pilosity, discal hairs absent____-----_ 9
9. Small species (1-1.5 mm. in length); mid tarsi almost all pale; third
joint of hind tarsi pale; scutum with pearlaceous pollinosity.
jenningsi, p. i1.
Larger species (2-4 mm. in length); mid and hind tarsi black, except bases of first and second joints; seutum with whitish pollinosity__.__ 10
10. Scutum more or less shining, the anterior margin at center with indica- tions of a divided stripe; pilosity yellow_______________-_ venustum, p. 48.
Scutum not shining, no indications of a central stripe; pilosity whitish. piscicidium, p. 45. Simulium tarsale Williston belongs to this group, but from the description I am unable to place it in the table. In all probability it is distinct from any of those included in my table, but nothing is said of the tarsal claws and certain other essential characters in Williston’s description, so that it is impossible to decide its status. The species belonging to this group are the most widely distributed and most closely allied of the Simuliide. It is to this segregate that reptans Linneus and several other European species belong. 1T have included johannseni here as well as in the group with vittate scutum, as it is closely allied to bracteatum in the formation of the claws, but the coloration as given
above, though of alcoholic specimens, is quite distinct from that of bracteatum, as is also the vestiture of the thorax. For description see pp. 65-66.
SIMULIUM. 35 Simulium mexicanum Bellardi.
Female.—Black, subopaque, only the apical four abdominal seg- ments distinctly shining. Frons and face white-dusted; antenne brown, with basal two joints and base of third joint yellowish; palpi brown. Prescutum yellowish, pleuree with sutures and_ posterior portions yellowish; scutellum brownish yellow; postscutum brown, whitish pollinose; scutum unstriped and weakly white-dusted. Abdomen with basal scale opaque black; first segment below scale yellow or brown at base, opaque black at apex; segments 2-4 gray- ish pollinose, with opaque black fascize, which are broadest at middle and taper on each side; apical four segments glossy black; venter brownish yellow. Legs black, yellow as follows: Coxe, femora, and bases of tibie of fore pair; apices of coxe, trochanters, bases and apices of femora, basal halves of tibiee, and basal halves of first and second joints of tarsi of mid and hind pairs; base of third joint of mid tarsi. Wings grayish, thick veins brown. Halteres yellow, dark- ened at base of stalk.
Frons almost parallel-sided, not one-third as wide at vertex as the breadth of head, surface hairs black; face longer than frons and wider than frons at upper margin, one-third longer than wide, sur- face hairs black; hairs on palpi brown; postocular cilia black. Seu- tum with brassy yellow, scalelike pilosity, which is arranged in irregu- lar groups on the disk; besides the pilosity there is on the disk short, closely placed, black, upright hairs, which are most distinct on the margins; pleural tuft black or brown; postspiracular area pale- haired; scutellum with yellow pilosity and longer, upright black hairs. Basal fringe of abdomen yellow, apical four segments with short black hairs, which are longer at extreme apex. Legs with close-lying yellow pilosity and long, upright, black dorsal hairs, which are very noticeable on the apices of the tarsal joints; fore tarsi with the normal paired apical hairs on joints 1 and 3; the legs are strong and the fore tarsi very distinctly thickened or compressed laterally ; tarsal claws with subbasal tooth (PI. II, fig. 6).
Length, 4 mm.
Two females, Cordoba, Mexico, January 30, 1908 (F. Knab).
These specimens agree so closely with the description given by Bellardi* that I have no hesitation in associating them with his species. The early stages are unknown.
A translation of Bellardi’s description of the male of Simulium mexicanum is as follows:
Black. Head black, frons prominent, triangular, with whitish reflection;
_ antennz black, first joint and base of second [second and base of third ?] yel- low ; face prominent, black, the epistome yellowish, with grayish reflection ; palpi
1Saggio di Ditterologia Messicana, App. 6, 1862.
36 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
black, paler at the base; thorax wide, subquadrate, slightly convex, black, with a grayish reflection, and golden scales; humeri pale; pleurze black, anteriorly and posteriorly, with fuscous spots; scutellum fuscous; halteres white; abdomen black, base of second segment pale yellowish on the sides; fore and middle coxie wholly yellow, hind ones fuscous, with yellow tips; fore femora wholly yellow, mid and hind pairs fuscous-black, with yellow bases; fore tarsi wholly black; middle tarsi black, with bases of all the joints yellow; hind tarsi black, with base of first joint broadly and of second joint narrowly yellow; wings hyaline, iridescent. Length 4 mm., alar expanse 9 mm.
Simulium parnassum, new species.
Female.—Black, slightly shining; prescutum paler; pleure pale along the sutures; abdomen opaque black on basal four segments, shining on apical four; legs black, yellowish as follows: Coxe, tro- chanters, bases of tibiae, and base of first joint of tarsi of fore legs; apices of coxe, bases of trochanters, bases of femora, of tibiz narrowly, and of first tarsal joint of mid legs; trochanters, bases of femora and of tibia, basal two-thirds of first and basal half of sec- ond joint of hind legs. Halteres yellow, stalk dusky at base.
Frons glossy black, sides divergent, about one-third wider at vertex than above antenne, surface hairs strong, upright, black, present only on lateral margins, especially toward vertex, absent from center; face distinctly longer than broad (14:1), grayish pollinose, almost bare on center, with long hairs on lateral and lower margins: antenne brown, the basal two joints and base of third generally paler; second and third joints elongated, subequal, as long as 4+-5; pilosity short, thick, pale; palpi black-brown, black haired; post- ocular cilia black. Mesonotum with very slight pale pollinosity ; pilosity black or black-brown, close-lying, regular, in the depression on posterior fourth the hairs much longer and upright; pronotum with numerous black hairs, episternum immediately below it with pale hairs; all the lower parts of pleure with silky pollinosity; pleural tuft brown-black, confined to upper fourth; scutellum opaque black, the upright hairs black, no pale hairs present. Abdominal basal scale varying in color from pale yellowish to opaque black, the long hairs pale brownish yellow; membrane beneath scale generally yellow; some specimens have the abdomen inclining to brown; seg- ments almost bare except laterally and apically where there are numerous brown hairs. Legs with close-lying pale pilosity and dis- tinct, longer, upright, black hairs on the dorsal surfaces of femora, tibie, and tarsi; the usual paired apical hairs on first and third fore tarsal joints present (Pl. V, fig. 11); hind tibiz at apices and basal three-fourths of first tarsal joint of hind legs with short, stiff, upright, golden pile; claws with tooth (see Pl. I, fig. 8) ; wings clear, thick veins brownish, cross-vein at two-fifths from apex of subcosta.
Length, 2-2.5 mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15409, U. S. National Museum.
SIMULIUM, 3
Type locality, Red Hill, Moultonburgh, N. H., August 5 (H. G. Dyar). There are specimens from Skyland, Page County, Va., July . 15, 1912 (H. G. Dyar), and White Mountains, N. H. (Morrison).
The male and the early stages are unknown.
Simulium arcticum, new species.
Female.—Black; frons shining, very slightly dusted with white, face thickly white dusted, antenne with two basal joints yellowish. Scutum with two large and generally distinct white pollinose spots on anterior angles of scutum, the latter slightly shining; pre- scutum brownish; scutellum concolorous with scutum; pleure sub- opaque, distinctly white-dusted, especially on lower portions. Abdo- men black, opaque on basal four segments, shining on apical four. In some specimens distinctly gray-dusted laterally and posteriorly on basal five segments. Legs yellow, black as follows: Femora except bases, tibiz at apices and tarsi of fore legs; cox, femora except bases, apical third of tibia, and apices of first tarsal joint of mid and hind legs; last four joints of mid tarsi, except extreme base of second ; last four joints of hind tarsi except basal half of second. Wings clear, thick veins brownish. Halteres yellow, brownish at base of stalk.
Frons with sides very slightly divergent, unusually broad at anten- nex above, occupying about one-fourth the width of head, at vertex about one-third as wide as head, surface hairs only on lateral mar- gins; besides the scale-like hairs there are also present some black, upright hairs; face as broad as frons at vertex, and about one-third longer than broad, surface hairs whitish, absent from upper third, antennal pilosity pale; palpi black, hairs black-brown; postoculay, cilia pale, with a few intermixed black hairs on lower portions. Scutum covered with close-lying whitish or yellowish pilosity which is regularly arranged and rather long; prescutellar depression of scutum with numerous long, upright, black hairs; pleural tuft pale; scutellum with pale scale-like pilosity and numerous long, upright, black hairs. Abdominal basal scale paler than rest of abdo- men, the fringe long and pale, surface hairs on apical segments pale and on lateral margins a number of long black hairs. Legs with rather long, close-lying, pale pilosity and numerous long, upright, black dorsal hairs, those on apices of first and third fore tarsal joints not conspicuous; claws with subbasal tooth (see Pl. I, fig. 4). Wing venation as in parnassum.
Length, 3+ mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15410, U. S. National Museum. _
_ Type locality, Kaslo, British Columbia (H. G. Dyar). Also from
London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, British Columbia (R. P. Currie).
The male and the early stages are unknown.
38 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS. Simulium bracteatum Coquillett.
Female.—Opaque black or brown-black; basal two joints of an- tenne yellow, palpi black-brown. Prescutum and margin of scutum bordering on it yellowish, pleurze brown, yellowish posteriorly, darker on lower central portions, scutellum and postscutum black- brown. Abdomen opaque black-brown. Legs yellow, darkened on apices of all femora and tibie, entire fore and mid tarsi except ex- treme base of latter, and apices of first and second and all remaining joints of hind tarsi. Wings clear, thick veins yellowish brown. Halteres pale yellow, darkened at base of stalk.
Frons rather narrow, sides divergent, less than one-third the width of head at upper angle of eyes, and more than one-half as wide at lower angle as at upper, surface covered with close-lying, thickly placed, brassy yellow, scalelike pilosity; face paler in color than frons and equal to it in length, distinctly longer than broad, pilosity rather paler and looser than that of frons, antennal pilosity pale; hairs on palpi brownish. Scutum unstriped, pilosity very close, rather scale-like, brassy yellow in color; pleural tuft pale yellow; scutellum with close-lying yellow pilosity and long, upright yellow hairs; postscutum with yellow pilosity. Abdomen with close pilosity, on all segments, of a similar nature to that on mesonotum, apical segment with longish hairs. Legs with close-lying yellow pilosity on the yellow parts, which is longer on the dorsal surfaces, and brown hairs and pilosity on the dark portions; claws as in Plate IT, figure 14 (Prosimulium pecuarum) ; hind tarsi with basal joint produced at apex and second with scale and basal constriction.
Length, 2.5-3 mm.
Redescribed from type specimens, Cambridge, Mass., May 31, 1869. There is also one female in the collection from Plummers Island, Md., April 19, 1903 (H. S. Barber), one female from Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), and one female from Los Angeles, Cal. (collection Coquillett) .
There are several males and one female in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History from Algonquin, Ill. (Nason).
Male.—Opaque black. Head in type broken off. Scutum with indistinct anterior whitish dusting, prescutum yellowish, pilosity brassy yellow, rather more hairlike than in female and distinctly longer, lateral margins of scutum brownish, pleural tuft pale yellow, scutellar pilosity and hairs long, yellow, postscutum bare. Abdomi- nal basal fringe long, yellow, all segments with long yellow pilosity, that on basal four segments laterally very thickly placed and adher- ing closely to surface, apical four segments with pilosity much shorter and sparse. Legs brown, apically the joints slightly dark-
SIMULIUM. 39
ened, pilosity yellow, on fore tibisx dorsal surfaces silvery, dorsal surfaces of all joints with longer, upright, pale hairs, fore tarsi not distinctly thickened, hind tarsi with basal joint slightly thinner than tibiz and produced at apex posteriorly, second joint with basal scale and excision; claws trifid. Wings as in female. Halteres brown.
Length, 3 mm.
Locality: Los Angeles, Cal. (collection Coquillett).
In the original description of the male of this species there are so many details left out that I have considered it better to redescribe it.
I have not seen the larva or pupa of this species, but Mr. E. H. Strickland has reared it in Massachusetts. His description of it agrees in both stages very well with that given by Hart for S. johannseni.
The larva differs from that of other species of Simulium, except johannseni, in having the outer tooth on each side rounded and with an apical pointed process. The lateral setee number two on each side. The pupa has only four respiratory filaments, and should be readily recognizable from any other North American species except johann- seni by that character alone.
I have not seen the specimens reared by Strickland and have to accept his published authority for the identification.
Simulium exiguum Roubaud.
Female.—Black, subshining. Frons very slightly dusted, face dis- tinctly whitish pollinose, antenne yellow, basal joint and apical joints slightly browned, palpi yellow, brown at apex. Scutum un- dusted, pleurz with distinct pearlaceous pollinosity, postscutum whitish pollinose. Abdomen black, segment below basal scale entirely covered with pearlaceous pollinosity, next segment opaque, the re- mainder glossy on disk, with slight indications of whitish pollinosity on lateral margins. Legs yellow, blackened on mid and hind coxe, fore tarsi from apex of first joint to tip, last joint of mid tarsi, mid- dle of femora, apices of tibie, ventral surfaces of first joint at apex and last joint of tarsi of hind legs. Wings clear, thick veins yellow. Halteres yellow.
Frons with sides very slightly divergent posteriorly, occupying at upper angle of eyes less than one-third the head width; face much more elongate than usual, nearly ‘twice as long as broad, as broad as frons at lower angle; both face and frons with extremely weak surface hairs; occiput with pearlaceous pollinosity; postocular cilia weak, dark. Scutum with iridescent, golden yellow, rather broad, scalelike pilosity which is arranged in irregular groups; pleural tuft weak, brown; scutellum with similar pilosity to scutum and some long, upright, brown hairs. Abdominal basal fringe short, sparse,
40 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS,
brown, apical segments with sparse, dark surface hairs. Legs with pale yellow hairlike pilosity and a few longer, upright, brown dorsal hairs, the normal paired apical hairs present on first and third joints of fore tarsi; fore tarsi slender, hind tarsi with apical four joints three-fourths as long as basal joint; tarsal claws simple. Hairs at base of first vein black, surface hairs on veins black, anal wing fringe whitish.
Length, 1.5-2 mm.
Four females, Sarare, Venezuela (T. Gray), examined by Rou- baud; four females taken on board ship 4 miles off Livingston, Guatemala, March 20, 1906, one female, Cacao, Trece Aguas, Guate- mala, and one female, same locality, April 12, 1906, labeled “ Biting man” (Schwarz and Barber).
This very prettily marked species can not be confounded with any other which I have examined,
The male and the early stages are unknown.
Simulium clavipes, new species.
Female——Black, subopaque. Frons and face distinctly white- dusted ; antenne brown, the basal two and base of third joints yellow; palpi brown, pale at base. Scutum in some specimens with faint indications of a central stripe and anteriorly with slight whitish pol- linosity ; scutum shining posteriorly, prescutum yellow; pleurz brown, darker anteriorly and with whitish pollinosity; scutellum and post- scutum brown, the latter with white pollinosity. Abdomen black, opaque on basal four segments, glossy on apical four. Legs yellow, black on mid and hind coxe, apices of all tibize, and entire tarsi, ex- cept base of first joint of mid tarsi, and greater part of first and basal half of second joint of hind tarsi. Wings clear, thick veins brown. Halteres yellow.
Frons slightly divergent-sided, three-fourths as wide at lower angle as at upper, surface hairs brown, sparse, upright; face subquadrate, as broad as frons at lower angles and similarly haired; hairs on palpi brown; postocular cilia brownish black, strong. Scutum with golden yellow pilosity which is rather loose and irregularly arranged, though not grouped; besides the pile there are regularly arranged brown hairs over the entire disk, which are much more distinct on margins and especially posteriorly ; pleural tuft brown, sparse; scutellum with yellow decumbent pilosity and long, upright brown hairs. Basal fringe of abdomen yellow, surface hairs on apical segments pale brown, sparse. Legs strong, clothed with yellow pilosity, and with numerous longer, upright, dorsal brown hairs which are more notice- able on tibie and tarsi; fore tarsi broad, first and third joints with paired apical hairs; hind tarsi with basal joint narrower than tibie,
SIMULIUM. 41
apical four joints about two-thirds as long as basal joint; tarsal claws as shown in Plate II, figure 5.
Length, 3+ mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15411, U. S. National Museum.
Locality.—Guadeloupe, West Indies, 4,000-foot level, July (August Busck).
It is improbable that this is the species described as 8S. tarsale by Williston, the description of which is given on pages 46-47. The size, color, and locality are quite enough to justify me in separating it, even if the vestiture were overlooked by Williston in describing his species in so far as the presence of the upright brown hairs on scutum are concerned.
The early stages of this species are unknown, and there are no males among the material in the collection.
Simulium jenningsi, new species.
Female.——Black, shining. Frons and face shining, the former slightly, the latter distinctly white-dusted; antenne brown, basal three joints paler, yellowish; palpi brown. Scutum shining black, with distinct pearlaceous pollinosity, which does not form spots, but is most distinct near margins of prescutum and tapers off toward center of disk; pleuree glossy black, distinctly whitish pollinose on lower central portions; scutellum velvety opaque black; postscutum whitish pollinose. Abdomen with basal four segments opaque black, apical four glossy black. Legs black, yellow as follows: Coxe, bases of femora narrowly, and at bases of tibie broadly of fore legs; trochanters, bases of femora, bases of tibie broadly, and basal three tarsal joints except apices, on mid and hind legs. All tibiz silvered on basal half of dorsal surface. Wings clear, basal portions of veins brown, thick veins yellow. Halteres with lemon-yellow knob and brown stalk.
Frons broad, distinctly more than one-third as wide at upper angle of eyes as head width, slightly divergent-sided, hairs sparse, pale, confined to lateral posterior margins; face slightly narrower than frons at widest part, about one-third longer than wide and as long as frons, surface hairs pale, sparse, though more numerous than on frons; hairs on palpi pale; postocular cilia brown. Scutum with yellow, sparse, rather widely placed, regular hairlike pilosity, no long posterior hairs on scutum; pleural tuft sparse, short, brownish; postspiracular area bare; scutellum with upright brown hairs. Basal abdominal fringe brownish yellow, surface hairs on apical four seg- ments sparse, yellowish. Pilosity on legs yellow, except on the basal half of dorsal surfaces of tibiae where it is white, giving the silvery appearance which is so noticeable in this and allied species; the
42 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
usual longer dorsal hairs weak; fore tarsi dilated, as broad as tibia, first and third joints with paired apical hairs; hind tarsi of similar form to venustum Say; claws simple. Wing venation normal, sur- face hairs and short bristles brownish yellow. Sometimes the pilosity on scutum is brownish or almost black, but this is exceptional.
Length, 1-1.5 mm.
Type—Cat. No. 15412, U. S. National Museum.
Male.—Similar in size and color to the female except that the mesonotum is velvety opaque black; the scutum has two silvery or pearlaceous stripes running from the margin of the prescutum back- ward and inward to almost middle of disk; the lateral and posterior margins of scutum are distinctly silvery pollinose; the pilosity is darker and longer, being more hairlike than in female. The abdomen is not distinctly shining on apical segments, and the hairs are longer and darker. The legs are similar in color to those of the female, but the tibiz are only pale at extreme base; they are longer haired and the claws are trifid (see Pl. V, fig. 12). The eyes are of similar formation to those of the males of venustum.
Allotype.—Cat No. 15412, U. S. National Museum.
There are reared specimens in the coilection bearing the number 4495. These emerged from pupz sent to the Bureau of Entomology in May, 1889, from Friersons Mill, La.
An examination of the pupa discloses the fact that this is in all probability the species described in the larval and pupal stages by Johannsen in the paper already mentioned. I give a copy of the characters mentioned by Johannsen for his variety a of venustum, which he was unable to separate from the type except by size in the imago.
A number of specimens bred from larve and pup taken from Fall Creek, Ithaca, New York, differs in the adult stage from venustum as described above in being uniformly smaller (length 1.5 mm.) ; having the base of wing brownish and not yellow, and in having the last four abdominal segments of the female a shining black instead of brown. The larva differs as follows: in size averag- ing less than two-thirds that of venustum, labrum [labium] with its toothed edge wider in proportion to its size than in venustum, its teeth more nearly of a size, the ventral setz three in each row, plus a very small one. The pupa differs in haying 10 respiratory filaments in each tuft, the hooks on segment 2 more distinct, and the tubercules on the anal segments apparently wanting.
This species stood in the collection as S. venustum Say, and both sexes are represented among the specimens reared from the pupe from Friersons Mill. There are specimens in the collection from Spring Hill, Fairfax County, Va.; Chevy Chase, Md., July 4, 1907; Cabin John, Md., May 16, 1909; Beltsville, Md., Sesenien 91. LOLs and Washington, D. C., July 3, 1910 (F. Knab) ; Minnesota (Lug- ger); Inman, Spartanburg, and Gramlin, S. C.; and Flat Rock, N. C. (Jennings and King); and Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Mrs. A. T.
SIMULIUM. 43
Slosson). There are several specimens of both sexes in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History from Algonquin, Tl. (Nason).
This species attacks horses and is a persistent biter in South Carolina, according to the observations of Messrs. Jennings and King. Their data for the adults of the species on which observa- tions were made are as follows:
Lot 3882. Gramlin, 8S. C., August 19, 1912. Two dozen Simulium adults col- lected in ears of a horse. Owner lives some distance out in the country. He gave a history of being bitten by these flies. His team had come from the farm a couple of hours before. No larve or pup.
Lot 3838. Gramlin S. C., August 19, 1912. Simulium adults from ears of a horse, collected as horse was passing along the road. No larve or pupe. Driver gave no history of being bitten by the flies.
Lot 214. Flat Rock, N. C., June 5, 1912. Simulium adults taken while attack- ing a horse. Were entering ears and biting on face, neck, and shoulders also. (No larval or pupal material.)
Lot 220. Flat Rock, N. C., June 4, 1912. Simuliwm adults taken while attack- ing a horse. After removal of horse they continued to dance in small swarms about the same spot. Situation shaded by tall trees. (No larval or pupal material.)
The dates of occurrence of this species range from May 6 on the Louisiana specimens to September 21 on those from Beltsville, Md., and from the continuity it is evident that there must be many broods or an unintermittent reproduction during the entire summer.
The figures given on page 16 of Bulletin 159 of the Kentucky Agri- cultural Experiment Station by Garman are evidently details of the larva of this species, though the pupa figured on page 15 belongs either to meridionale or venustum.
Simulium venustum Say.
Female.——Black; frons glossy black, with very little dusting, face black, distinctly white dusted, antennz with basal three joints yel- lowish, palpi black. Scutum shining black, with slight whitish ‘pollinosity, especially anteriorly and on sides, prescutum yellowish or brownish, pleure black, white dusted, scutellum opaque black. Abdominal basal scale opaque black or brown, basal four segments velvety black, apical four glossy black. Legs yellowish, black as follows: Mid and hind coxe; femora more or less at apices; tibiz or apical halves; entire fore tarsi; apices of basal, most of second, and all last three joints of mid and hind tarsi. All tibie silvered on dorsal surfaces. Wings clear, basal portion and thick veins brown. Hal- teres whitish yellow.
Frons very sparsely haired on sides only, about one-half as wide above antenne as at vertex; face nearly as broad as frons at vertex and very slightly longer than broad measured from highest point in center to mouth margin, the surface hairs black; antennal pilosity
44 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
white; hairs on palpi brown; postocular cilia pale, with a consider- able admixture of black hairs. Scutum with a slight indication of a central black stripe in front; pilosity very close and short, yellow, the normal long upright hairs on posterior depression incon- spicuous; plural tuft brown; post-spiracular area pale haired; scu- tellum with yellow pile and long upright black hairs. Abdominal basal fringe pale brownish yellow; segment beneath scale silvered, yellowish except at apex; apical segments with numerous short brown hairs which are longer on lateral margins. Fore tarsi flat- tened, the normal paired apical hairs present, surface pilosity pale and short, the upright hairs not very conspicuous; claws simple. Wings with brown hairs at base of first vein.
Length, 2-2.5 mm.
Male.—Opaque black. Antenne black, the basal two joints and base of third joint yellowish. Scutum velvety black, posterior and lateral margins with silvery pollinose dusting, disk with an oblique backward and inwardly directed white stripe which stops short of middle, pilosity yellowish brown. Abdomen with basal fringe brownish; segments opaque black; first segment, below scale, pear- laceous pollinose; apical ventral segments similarly pollinose. Legs black; anterior tibize with basal half yellow, and whitish pollinose on the dorsal surface, hind and mid tibiz only yellow at bases (Plate V, fig. 1); fore coxe, base of basal mid tarsal joints, and bases of basal and second hind tarsal joints yellow; claws trifid. Otherwise as in the female, except in the confluent eyes.
Larva.—Yellow, with dark cross-bands on the segments. Fans with about 60 rays. Labium with middle tooth longest, the outer one slightly shorter, and the three intervening teeth considerably smaller.
Pupa.—kRespiratory filaments six in number (Pl. IV, fig. 3). Co- coon shaped like a small conical pocket and attached to leaves or stems of plants growing in the water. The cocoons are very closely placed and almost identical with those of vittatum and jenningsi.
This is one of the commonest species in the genus. There has » been much confusion regarding the identity of this and closely allied species, and possibly there is more than one species among those I have before me. An exhaustive study of the early stages may settle this question, but the material before me at present does not permit of my forming a definite opinion as to the specific distinctions of some of the specimens. I have described the male and female above from the same lot of reared specimens, the larve and pup of which agree with those described by Johannsen. The species was originally de- scribed by Say from Shippingsport, Falls of the Ohio.
The material in the U. S. National Museum collection is from the following localities: White River, Ontario, and Oxbow, Saskatche-
‘ SIMULIUM. 45
wan, Canada, June, 1907 (F. Knab); St. Louis, Mo., May 6, 1904 (W. V. Warner); Congaree, S. C., March-April, 1912; Abbeville, S. C., April, 1912; Greenwood, S. C., April, 1912; Columbia, S. C., April, 1912; Tacapaw Mills, S. C., August 28, 1912; Spartanburg, S. C., July 15, 1912 (reared); and Greenville, S. C., May, 1912 (“taken ovipositing in stream”) (Jennings and King). Specimens in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History collection are from Algonquin and Havana, III.
The figures given by Garman? are evidently those of the larva of jenningst and not venustum. The larva and pupa described by Jo- hannsen in his paper as venustum var. a are those of jenningsi.
Simulium piscicidium Riley.
Female.—Black, subopaque. Frons and face with distinct white pollinosity ; antennz brown, basal two joints yellowish; palpi brown. Scutum with white pollinosity on anterior lateral angles posterior to prescutum; prescutum sometimes brownish or yellowish; pleure whitish pollinose; scutellum brown or yellowish; postscutum whitish pollinose. Abdomen with basal four segments opaque, the apical four shining, but not glossy; lateral posterior margins of first four segments white pollinose. Legs yellow, blackened as follows: Mid and hind cox; apices of femora slightly; apices of tibie of all legs distinctly; fore tarsi entirely; entire mid tarsi except base of first joint; hind tarsi except basal two-thirds of first and base of second joint. Wings clear, thick veins yellow, venation normal. THalteres yellow, base of pedicel darkened.
Frons divergent-sided, one-third as wide at upper angle of eyes as head width, two-thirds as wide at lower angle as at upper, sur- face hairs sparse, white; face as long as frons, about one-third longer than broad, haired as frons; hairs on palpi pale; postocular cilia mostly pale, with a few longer, black hairs intermixed. Scutum with short, hairlike, white, regular pilosity, the hairs on posterior fourth . not conspicuous; pleural tuft whitish; postspiracular area sparsely pale haired; scutellum with long, upright, brownish hairs and close- lying pale pilosity. Abdominal basal fringe yellow; surface hairs on segment short, pale, those at apex longer and dark. Legs with pale pilosity and longer, upright, dorsal, brownish hairs; fore tarsi dilated, the apical paired hairs present on joints 1 and 3; claws as in venustum. Hairs and short bristles on vein surfaces of wings brownish.
Length, 3-4 mm.
Male.—Deep black. Face silvery pollinose; antenne entirely black ; _ palpi black. Scutum, viewed from in front, with two black, sub- triangular marks on the anterior margin, the space between them with a dull brown stripe which shows conspicuously against the white
1 Bul, 159, Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912, p. 16.
46 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
pollinose disk; on each side of this central stripe there is a black stripe which is slightly dilated anteriorly, does not extend either to anterior or posterior margin, and becomes diffuse brownish on margins; viewed from behind the two small, subtriangular spots are bright silvery; the whole disk, except on the aforementioned black stripes, white pollinose. Scutellum slightly white dusted ; postscutum silvery. Abdomen with the segment below basal scale and sides of 5 and 6 more or less broadly silvered. Legs black; tibiz white on dorsal sur- face; bases of all tibize yellow, the hind pair very noticeably yellow on basal half; base of first joint of mid tarsus, all except apex of first joint of hind tarsus, and base of second of the latter yellow.
The pilosity of the scutum is hairlike, pale yellowish, longer pos- teriorly ; there are no black hairs present either on the disk or on the scutellum. Basal abdominal fringe brown. Legs rather slender; fore tarsus slender, the apical hairs not noticeable.
I have not seen the larva of this species, but it is described by Johannsen as having the teeth on the labium more nearly of an equal size than in venustwm, and the ventral surface of same with seven sete in each lateral row. The pupa has the respiratory organs with eight branches (Pl. VI, fig. 5). The cocoon is similar to that of venustum.
Piscicidium was originally described from Mumford, N. Y., by Riley, and was at one time considered to be, in the larval stage, responsible for the death of young trout. This has been proved to be a mistake. Two specimens of the original series only, marked type, are in the collection. There are also several specimens in the collection from Pine River, Lake Superior, September 7, 1896 (Hubbard); Kukak Bay, Alaska (T. Kincaid); and Lake View, Miss., April 10, 1886.
Coquillett considered this species as synonymous with venustum Say, and Johannsen, though possessing larve and pup, was unable to separate it from Say’s species in the perfect state. There is not the slightest doubt that it is a distinct species, possessing char- acters in all the stages which easily separate it from venustum.
I have drawn up the description of the male from a specimen of venustoides Hart, which is, I am convinced, synonymous with piscici- dium. The specimens in the collection of the Illinois State Labora- tory of Natural History are from Algonquin, Ill., May, July, August, and October (Nason).
This is in all probability the species recorded as being such a persistent biter in the Lake Superior district.
, Simulium tarsale Williston. The following is a copy of Williston’s original description:
9. Abdomen black, the proximal segments opaque, the distal four segments shining. Length 2 mm.
SIMULIUM. 47
Front and face black, with a light gray reflection. Antenne yellow; the distal joints somewhat brownish. Mesonotum deep black; in front, opaque with a silvery shimmer, and with sparse, curly, golden-yellow tomentum; be- hind, shining. Pleur black, whitish pruinose. Abdomen black, the basal seg- ments opaque, the distal four segments somewhat shining, and with a delicate whitish pruinosity. Legs reddish-yellow; tarsi black, except that the proximal half of the middle and hind metatarsi light yellow; first and third joints of the front pair each with two long hairs; second and third joints of the same pair dilated, the fourth and fifth very small; hind metatarsi elongate and stout, the following two joints a little dilated, the fourth and fifth small. Wings hyaline, veins yellow.
This species must belong to the group which is represented by venustum Say, and several other closely allied forms, but it is not possible to say just what species the author had before him at the time he wrote his description. I have not seen any species from St. Vincent, which is the type locality of tarsale, and can not be certain as to its status. It is, however, highly improbable that it is the pulchrum which Philippi described from Chile,’ as suggested by Hunter.
GROUP D. Scutum striped, the stripes three or five in number (or one central stripe, grisewm), the dorso-lateral pair curved, dilated at anterior
ends, and generally with the dilated portion white-pollinose, the central stripe generally linear.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Secutum with pearlaceous pollinose stripes__________-_____ metallicum, p. 48. Scutum with black or brown stripes; if these are pollinose they are
Hever Mine utiencentcOn DCaAllaCCOUS. 2) ett ee ee 2
2. Claws with the base prolonged thumblike____ Loe fecinn AA ihe 8 NS BRS dea Se 3 Claws with the base dilated or slightly tuberculate, or with a small
subbasal tooth in center in addition to the tuberculate base__________ 5
3. Larger species, 3-4 mm.; abdomen with long hairs laterally, and the black marks showing as a series of black spots on the sides. johannseni, p. GD. Smaller species, 2-8 mm.; abdomen with the black marks forming
io ofan Ss BET Aw pe Foe RS Aa EE Ae oS ea, 3 bed Bae Ee ee UR She Be 4
4. Outer vitte on scutum much curved, basal scale of second hind tarsal TINE CORON GG BS 2 be (Cj cee Oe Sn eee nae a © ee, 2 On Be eee ae meridionale, p. 49. Outer vittze slightly curved, basal scale distinct__-_._._.__-_____- forbesi, p. 63. SIRSOREL CU Ret STURN PSL ones eee ees Sse ats Ne ees Beg a ge 6 eo LD Sg Thee a hes WP Se C2 el 0 0 a ce coca + dle Sa ME Ri Bat PDS 6
6. Scutum black, thickly white-dusted, one central black stripe on disk; abdomen yellow, with black dorso-central spots___._________ griseum, p. 52.
Scutum with at least three stripes, not thickly white-dusted; abdomen reyes) Aller yee ae) PE SE Ee See ree ee ae eee ae Omron
1Aufziihlung der chilenischen Dipteren, 1865, p. 635.
48 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
7. Scutum with five very distinct brown stripes on a light gray
STOUNG hat No eles ele! sles eee PAE cd ea eee Ahly ae vittatum, p. 58. Scutum with three less distinct stripes, ground color dark gray_pictipes, p. 55.
Si -Legsimostlytyellow22euh2£ . - se ee eae CE ee ae, virgatum, p. 5T. legs mostly iblackuts tus) covery oe beh ee ee ae hunteri, p. 59.
Simulium metallicum Bellardi.
Female-—Black, shining. Frons glossy, only slightly pollinose; face thickly covered with pollinosity which is slightly pearlaceous in color; antenne with the basal two joints and most of third joint yellow. Scutum with three stripes, the central one narrow, the lat- eral ones anteriorly dilated and posteriorly divergent, then curved inward and ending at about last third of scutum; viewed from be- hind these stripes are iridescent or pearlaceous in color; from in front they are opaque black, and the remainder of scutum is pearla- ceous; prescutum brownish; pleuree with pearlaceous dusting, glossy black; scutellum brownish opaque; postscutum with pearlaceous dust- ing. Abdomen black, opaque on basal four segments, glossy black on apical four, side of first segment under basal scale with pearlaceous dusting, next three with narrow, lateral, whitish, posterior margins. Legs black, yellow as follows: Coxe at apices, trochanters, and femora of fore pair; trochanters, bases of tibiz, most of basal, second, and third joints of tarsi of mid pair; trochanters, bases of tibie, all but apex of first, and basal half of second tarsal joints of hind pair. All tibie silvery white dusted on dorsal surfaces. Halteres bright yellow, stalk brown. Wings clear, basal veins brown, thick veins yellow.
Frons slightly divergent-sided, less than one-third as wide at up- per angle of eyes as width of head, surface hairs sparse, brown; face nearly as long as frons and one and one-half times as long as broad, surface hairs pale brown; hairs on palpi brownish; postocular cilia brown. Scutum with sparse, yellow, decumbent, scale-like pilosity which is longer posteriorly; pleural tuft weak, brown; scutellum with long, upright, brown hairs on hind margin. Abdominal basal fringe rather short, yellowish, surface hairs on abdomen sparse, brown. Legs with brownish-yellow pilosity and scattered, upright, dorsal, brown hairs; fore tarsi dilated, basal joint as broad as tibia, and like the third furnished with the apical paired hairs; claws as shown on Plate II, figure 17. Thick veins of wings with black-brown sur- face hairs and short bristles, thin veins very indistinct.
Length, 2 mm.
There are quite a number of specimens in the collection which I consider are referable to this species. The localities are: Trinidad, West Indies (F. W. Urich); Arroyo di los Nogales, Chihuahua, Mex, (C. H. T. Townsend); San Jose, Costa Rica, Cordoba, and
SIMULIUM. 49
Orizaba, Mex. (F. Knab); Livingston and Alta Vera Paz, Guate- mala (Schwarz and Barber).
A translation of Bellardi’s description of the male of Simulium metallicum is as follows:
Metallic blue-black. Base of antenne, halteres, fore femora, middle portions of fore tibix, bases of mid and hind tibie, and bases of first and second joints of mid and hind tarsi white. Wings hyaline, veins rather indistinct. Length of body, 2 mm.; wing expanse, 5 mm.
Nothing is said as to whether the thorax is striped or not. Roubaud found a female in the Paris Museum, belonging presum- ably to the original lot from which the male was described, and published a description of it in 1906.1. He did not redescribe the male.
Larva.—Similar in color to those of venustum and jénningsi and about the same size as the latter. The labium is of the same type as those of this group also, but the intermediate teeth between the central and outer teeth are very small; in this respect it is more closely allied to venustum, though there appear to be only three distinct lateral ventral seta, as in jenningsi.
Pupa.—The species has eight respiratory filaments, but these differ in the branching from piscicidium, as shown in Plate VI, figure 4. The cocoon is similar to that of venustum, closely woven and found on leaves and stems of plants.
The foregoing details are drawn from material sent in by Mr. F. W. Urich, from Trinidad, along with imagines of this species.
Simulium meridionale Riley.
Female——Gray, or brown-black with very thick gray dusting, opaque; antenne and palpi brown-black, the former but little paler at base in some specimens, in others entirely dark. Scutum with three narrow black or brown stripes, the outer two curved, sometimes almost straight on anterior portions; pleure gray; scutellum some- times brownish or yellowish, with gray dusting. Abdomen in type gray with opaque brown-black cross-bands on segments 2-5 which occupy the whole disk on center but taper toward sides, segments 6-8 and portion of 9 visible gray-black with a bluish sheen. This coloration is abnormal, in my opinion, and is very probably due to the fact that the specimen was either drawn from the pupa or was prematurely killed. In the great majority of specimens before me, including a large number of the reared specimens of Riley’s original series, the abdomen is more or less distinctly banded with black or
brown on segments 2-4 only, and there are dorsal spots in varying
1 Bul. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 13, p. 519. 16125°—14——- 4
50 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
degrees of intensity on the other segments. Legs black; in some specimens brownish. Wings clear, thick veins yellowish or brown- ish. Halteres yellow.
Frons narrow, at vertex not occupying one-fourth the width of head, slightly more than one-half as wide at lower angle as at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs pale, weak, and regularly disposed; face distinctly wider than frons at upper angles, one-fourth longer than wide, hairs as on frons; proboscis very short, in none of the speci- mens projecting more than length of face; palpi black-haired. Scutum with very short, hairlike, regular, but not closely placed, white pilosity, which is longer on posterior fourth; pleural tuft yellowish white; scutellum with pale hairs. Abdominal basal scale gray, the fringe pale yellowish white, all segments with distinct close-lying pile or hairs, which are white in color and much longer at apex and on sides. Legs with close-lying, white, hairlike pilosity and longer, dorsal, pale hairs; hind tarsi with apex of basal joint produced on posterior surface, second joint with basal scale and constriction; claws bifid, as in Plate II, figure 16 (Prosimulium pleurale). Hairs on basal portion of wing veins yellowish.
Length, 2-38 mm.
Redescribed from type specimens, Friersons Mill, La., May, 1888, and December, 1889, and a number of other specimens from Na- pinka, Manitoba, June 20, 1907 (F. Knab), and Abbeville, Ninety Six, and Greenwood, S. C., April, 1912 (Jennings and King). I have also before me a series of specimens (14) taken in a house at Knoxville, Tenn., by E. C. Cotton, which may be the form described by Townsend as S. occidentale.t| Johannsen considered Townsend’s species as a small variety of meridionale, the early stages of the former being unknown. The Canadian specimens in this series are much larger (8-4 mm.) than those from Tennessee (1.5-2 mm.) or South Carolina (2.5-3 mm.), but size alone is not a reliable criterion, and structurally the insects appear to me to be identical. It is pos- sible that the early stages may prove different in these forms, but none of the characters given for their separation by Townsend appears to be of specific value in the imagines.
There are some specimens in the collection from Congaree, S. C., April 9, 1912 (Jennings and King), which have the thoracic stripes practically absent, but I do not feel justified in separating them as a distinct species, as in other respects they agree with meridionale.?
Male—Velvety, opaque black. Antenne slightly yellowish on basal two joints and base of third. Scutum with two anterior mar- ginal pollinose spots of a whitish color, lateral and posterior margins similarly pollinose; when worn slightly the stripes, so dis- tinct on scutum of female, may be indistinctly traced; prescutum
1 Psyche, 1891, p. 107. 2See Addenda, p. 63.
SIMULIUM. 51
brownish or yellowish; pleure black, paler, brownish, posteriorly, and with whitish pollinosity; scutellum brownish. Abdomen velvety black, sides of first segment, under basal scale, and apical two to three segments whitish pollinose. Legs brown, tarsi darker.
Head of the usual male form in this genus; face hairs pale; postocular cilia pale, with numerous longer, intermixed black hairs. Scutum with rather long, white, hairlike pilosity, which is most closely placed on margins; pleural tuft pale; scutellar hairs white. Abdominal fringe brownish yellow; all segments with pale, rather short, dorsal hairs, and long lateral hairs of same color. Legs with pale’ hairlike pubescence which is longer than that of the legs of female; claws trifid. The wing venation is as in female, but the wings are vitreous. Halteres brown. j
Redescribed from the original specimens bred from same pupal _ material as the female type.
The larva and pupa of this species bear a strong resemblance to those of venustum Say. The larva may be distinguished from that of venustum by the absence of the short bristles from the apical joint of the maxillary palpus, the larger size of the central tooth of the labium as compared with the outer lateral one, and also the presence of only three to four ventral lateral bristles. The pupal respiratory filaments number six, but the pairs divide at very near the base instead of, as in venustum, appreciably beyond the base.
This species has the reputation of being a biter, but the only record in the collection is that borne by one specimen from Myrtle, Ga., April 3, 1906 (A. A. Girault)—‘ on Homo,” “ found sucking | blood from hand.”
Simulium tamaulipense Townsend.
The following is a copy of the original description by Townsend:
2. Length, 14 mm. Near S. meridionale, but smaller and the outer one on each side of the three thoracic lines not curved outward at posterior end. Eyes velvet black, face and front silvery; the front with usually a trace of linear black vitta in one specimen very distinct, in another entirely wanting. Antenne yellowish, with a silvery covering. Thorax silvery, with three longitudinal lines; the middle one longest, very narrow and linear; the outer ones heavier, straight, slightly divergent posteriorly. Looked at directly from above, the outer lines appear curved, outwardly convex. Scutellum and metascutum below scutellum, both brownish in some lights but in others they seem to be wholly silvery, the various portions appearing different in color to the view at the Same time. Abdomen silvery, but the third and fourth segments wholly brownish, sometimes with a round median silvery spot on each. Legs yel- lowish, shaded with silvery, tarsi blackish or brownish; hind metatarsi yellow- ish, except at distal end. Wings clear, whitish, veins dilute pale yellowish. _Halteres and wing bases pale dilute yellowish.
Four 92's, Reynosa, Tamaulipas [Mexico]. A small species tuken on car windows of railway train, May 10th.
Described from four dried specimens,
52 AMERICAN BLACK FLIBS OR BUFFALO GNATS.
This description fits meridionale in practically every respect, except that the form of the tarsal claws is not indicated. Though the outer stripes are given as “ not curved outward at posterior end,” they appear to represent a form often met with in this species, where the apices of the side stripes are indistinct. I consider it highly probable that this is merely a synonym of meridionale Riley, but I have not seen the types, and there are no disadvantages to be appre- hended from retaining tamaulipense as a possible distinct species until some one examines the original specimens.
Simulium griseum Coquillett.
Femcle-—Opaque gray-brown; frons and face thickly white-gray dusted; antenne brown, the basal two joints and base of third yel- low; palpi krown-black. Scutum gray-brown, very thickly covered with white dusting except on center, where there is a more or less distinct longitudinal stripe, and on lateral and posterior margins, where the ground color becomes yellowish; pleure gray, paler posteriorly; scutellum yellow; postscutum gray-black. Abdomen tawny yellow, first five segments with a rounded, opaque black, dorso-central spot, that on the segment beneath basal scale the least distinct, remaining segments yellow with slightly darkened dorsum ; sometimes in addition to the central spot there are indications of lat- eral spots on the first four segments. Legs yellow, black as follows: Mid and hind coxe; entire fore tarsi; hind femora; hind tibie; basal three joints of both mid and hind tarsi at apices; and last two joints of mid and hind tarsi entirely. Wings clear, thick veins yel- lowish. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, its width at upper angle of eyes equal to its length from lower to upper angle and one-fourth wider than at lower angle, surface hairs yellow; face as long as frons, subquadrate, surface hairs yellow; postocular cilia pale. Scutum with pale yel- low pilosity which is regularly distributed and elongate scale-like, short except on posterior margin; viewed from behind there is an indication of two white spots on the anterior margin of scutum at the inner angle of prescutum; pleural tuft yellow; hairs on scutellum yellow. Abdominal basal scale yellow and yellow-haired; surface hairs on abdomen yellow. Legs with pale yellow pilosity and a few scattered upright brown hairs which are most noticeable at apices and on dorsal surfaces of tarsal joints; basal joint of hind tarsi with apical extension, second with basal scale and constriction, claws as shown in Plate II, figure 7 (venustum). Wing venation normal, hairs on wing base not numerous, yellow.
Length, 1.5-2 mm.
SIMULIUM. 53
Two females marked Colorado, No. 1605 (C. F. Baker) ; one female Pecos, N. Mex., June 28, on ees (M. Grabham) ; and three females Inyo County (2), Cal. (A. Davidson).
The first mentioned specimens are the type lot and are slightly smaller than those from California.
Male. yes of the normal form of the males in this genus; face white-pollinose, antennz brown, paler on basal two joints; postocular cilia pale. Scutum with white pollinosity, which is distinctly pearl- aceous on anterior margin; the whole disk pollinose except a poste- riorly abbreviated, central, longitudinal, opaque black stripe, and faint indications of two much shorter lateral stripes; pilosity hair- like, white; prescutum yellow; pleure brown, darker on center; scutellum yellow. Abdomen opaque black; segment below basal scale yellow, fifth segment and postero-lateral margins of the apical segments yellow. Legs colored as in female, but the hind femora are only darkened at apices, and the claws are trifid. In other respects similar to female. One specimen, Colorado, No. 1605; no other data. It bears the type label “ Cat. No. 10381 U. S. N. M.”
The early stages are unknown.
Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt.
Female.—Gray, opaque, or opaque black with very thick gray dusting, except on the portion of body given as black in description. Antenne brown, basal two joints yellowish; palpi and proboscis brown. Scutum with a straight dorso-central stripe which is some- times linear, but generally with a brownish suffusion, broadest at anterior third; this stripe reaches the anterior margin and stops at about posterior fourth; on either side of this central stripe there is a bicurved stripe which is triangularly dilated at anterior extremity, then much narrowed, bent inward on anterior half, and bent out- ward and slightly dilated on its posterior half, joining the central stripe, or almost so, with an inward curve at posterior fourth; later- ally beyond these two stripes are other two which stop much short of the prescutum, and also of the end of central stripe; generally these outer stripes are dilated anteriorly; pleure unicolorous gray; scutellum slightly darkened on disk. Abdomen with basal scale with a black central spot; first, second, and third segments with a basal crossband of black which is produced centrally; the next three seg- ments with a posteriorly tridentated, black crossband; the fourth and fifth with an additional lateral black spot; apical segments darkened. Legs black, all tibiz whitish yellow on basal half, the division between the colors generally very abrupt, mid tarsi with basal joint yellow or whitish at base, hind tarsi with two basal joints
54 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
pale at base, tibiee whitish dusted, dorsally, at base. Wings clear, thick veins brown. Halteres yellow.
Frons slightly divergent-sided, less than one-third as wide as head at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs pale, sparse; face subquadrate, as broad as frons at upper angle, surface hairs pale, more numerous than on face, postocular cilia pale, with a few intermixed, longer, blackish hairs. Scutum with whitish hairlike pilosity, a few longer, dark hairs in posterior depression; pleural tuft pale; scutellum with upright pale hairs. Abdominal basal fringe white; apical segments of abdomen with sparse, short, white hairs. Legs with white pilosity and longer, brownish, upright, dorsal hairs, fore tarsi slightly di- lated, the apical paired hairs absent or very inconspicuous; claws simple (PI. II, fig. 9). Wing venation normal.
Length, 2-3 mm.
Male.—Opaque, velvety black. Antenne black, sometimes slightly paler at base. Scutum with anterior, posterior, and lateral margins white pollinose; in some lights there are visible two straight longi- tudinal dorsal stripes which do not reach beyond middle of disk; in one or two cases there is an indication of the white spots, which show in many specimens of pictipes Hagen, on the anterior margin slightly nearer center than stripes; pilosity yellow, hairlike; pleural tuft brownish. Basal fringe of abdomen brown, abdominal segments opaque black, sides of segments 1-3 generally silvery pollinose. Legs colored as in female, but the mid tibiz generally less distinctly pale at base, and the hairs longer; claws trifid. Otherwise as female. Hind leg of male figured on Plate V, figure 2.
There are specimens in the collection which I consider as belonging to this species from the following localities: Glencoe, Nebr. (E. A. Dodge); Richmond, Ind. (W. S, Ratcliff); Minnesota (Lugger) ; Grand Rapids, Minn., August 18, 1896; Niagara Falls, November, 1896, Pikes Peak, Colo., 10,000 feet, September 17 (T. D. A. Cock- erell) ; Death Valley, Cal., April, 1891 (Koebele) ; Los Angeles, Cal., July (collection Coquillett) ; Onaga, Kans., in hog’s ear; Yalkutat and Kadiak, Alaska, June-July (T. Kincaid) ; Spartanburg, S. C., July, 1912 (Jennings and King) ; Sabina, Tex., March 22, 1911 (C. T. Atkinson) ; Victoria, Tampico, Mexico, December, 1910, biting burros (F. C. Bishopp). There are examples of this species in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History collection from Ottawa and Algonquin, Ill. The species has been found commonly in all stages at Havana on the Illinois River. The larve and pup have been taken in the Illinois River and also in various creeks in Illinois.
There are only two cases in which this species is given as attack- ing animals in the foregoing list. Johannsen does not give any indi- cation of its habits, but Lugger,! in referring to this species as
1 Bul. 48, Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 207.
SIMULIUM. 55
S. tribulatum, deals at some length with its habits. Its distribution is quite the widest of any of the American species. It may be that there are more than one species in the material before me, but I can not find any characters to separate the Alaskan specimens from those of Mexico. Argus Williston is, I consider, identical with vittatum. Sometimes the thorax gets wet and the stripes, being visible only through the presence of the pollinosity in good specimens, become indistinet or practically invisible. There is nothing strange in the fact that they are not mentioned in Williston’s original description of his species, if his specimen was not in good condition.
The larva, as described by Johannsen, is as follows:
Somewhat mottled gray, the sides of each segment blackish. The head is of the usual reddish brown color; the pale yellow antenn long and cylindrical, the second joint about one-third the length of the first, the third is a pointed process at tip of the second. The fans have about 40 rays, the cilia being relatively minute. The mandibles are provided with three large apical teeth besides the row of secondary ones; the apical pair of bristles is present. The maxillary palpus has a few spines, and a tuft of a few spines on the basal joint. * * * The labium has an elongated middle tooth, those at the end nearly as long, the intermediate ones short, and there are six bristles in each ef the two longitudinal rows on the ventral surface. The three blood gills at caudal end are unbranched.
The pupal respiratory organs are as shown in Plate IV, figure 4.
The cocoon is similar to that of venustum Say, and is attached to leaves or plant stems in the water. Occasionally there are only 15, instead of 16, filaments in the respiratory organs. I have seen the pupe from Spartanburg, S. C, (Jennings and King).
Simulium pictipes Hagen.
Female.—Dark gray, opaque; frons and face very thickly white- dusted ; antennz brown, yellowish on basal two joints; palpi brown- black. Scutum thickly gray-dusted, with three brown or black stripes, the central one straight, the lateral ones curved, and dilated slightly anteriorly, the dilated portion with white pollinose spot when viewed from behind; pleure gray, opaque; scutellum and post- scutum concolorous. Abdomen gray, segments 2-4 broadly opaque brown or black-brown on dorsum, the one below basal scale only slightly darker on center. Legs dark gray, only the bases of tibie and bases of first tarsal joints of mid and hind legs paler, except in immature specimens, when the legs may be yellowish, but they never show so distinctly bicolored as in wirgatum or hunter?. Wings gray- ish, the veins rather more distinct than usual.. Halteres yellow, darker at base of stalk.
Frons slightly raised in center, divergent-sided, as long as broad at upper angle of eyes, where it is one-fourth wider than at lower angle of eyes; surface hairs white, with a slight admixture of black
56 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
ones, most numerous on lateral margins; face as broad as frons at center, slightly longer than broad, the surface hairs yellowish white; palpi black haired; postocular cilia white and black intermixed, the black hairs strongest. Scutum with yellowish white, regular, hairlike pilosity, anterior angles with short intermixed black hairs, posterior fourth with distinct, long, black, upright hairs; pleural tuft whitish; post-spiracular area haired; scutellum with whitish pilosity and upright black hairs. Abdominal basal scale opaque black, fringe pale, whitish; surface hairs on abdomen short, pale yellow or whitish. Legs with whitish pilosity and some upright black hairs, which are most noticeable on dorsal surfaces and tarsal joints, the paired apical fore tarsal hairs not so conspicuous as in venustum and its allies; tarsal claws simple (PI. II, fig. 10).
Length, 3-4 mm.
One female from Ithaca, N. Y., September 2, 1888 (Dr. L. O. Howard), and three reared females from Rosslyn, Va., October 5, 1912 (J. R. Malloch), are in the collection. I have also seen larval, pupal, and adult material from South Carolina (Jennings and King).
Male—Opaque velvety black. Basal two joints of antenne slightly yellowish. Scutum with anterior angles and lateral and posterior margins broadly white-pollinose; sometimes there are two small spots on the anterior margin, nearer the center than the large patches on anterior angles of scutum behind prescutum, and in some specimens there are also two central faint whitish longitudinal stripes; pleurze whitish dusted, postscutum with silky, white polli- nosity. Abdomen with first segment under basal scale and sides of fourth to seventh silvered. Legs black, the knees and base of hind metatarsus more or less distinctly yellowish. Wings clear; thick veins brown. WHalteres yellow.
Hairs on face and palpi brown, postocular cilia brown; pilosity on thorax yellow and hairlike, short on disk of scutum, longer anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and with a few black, upright hairs inter- mixed on posterior fourth; pleural tuft pale brown; scutellum with yellow pilosity and long, upright, brown hairs. Basal abdominal fringe brownish yellow, surface hairs on abdomen brown. Legs with yellow pilosity, which is most noticeable on femora and tibix, and long, upright, dorsal, black hairs, the paired fore tarsal hairs present on joints 1-8; fore tarsus not thickened, hind tarsus with basal joint narrower than thickest portion of hind tibie; claws trifid. Size and venation as in female.
There are a number of specimens before me from Ithaca, N. Y. (Dr. L. O. Howard), most of which have the anterior punctiform marks and dorso-central stripes distinct. The localities for the other specimens in the collection are Rosslyn, Va. (I. Knab), one reared
SIMULIUM. 57
specimen from same locality (J. R. Malloch), and a reared series from South Carolina (Jennings and King).
Larva.—Length 9 to 12 mm. Sometimes almost entirely black in color. The fans (Pl. III, fig. 5) have about 60 rays which have regularly spaced setz and slightly shorter and much finer cilize be- tween them. The mandibles are as figured on Plate IIT, figure 2, and respiratory organs as in Plate VI, figure 6. The labium has the cen- tral tooth longest and in general outline approaches the venustum type of dentation (PI. III, fig. 4). So far as my experience goes— and that of Messrs. Jennings and King substantiates it—the larve of this species are always found on rock surfaces where there is a rapid current, such as on waterfalls, and are difficult of detection owing to their dark color which harmonizes well with that of the rocks. If such conditions are essential to the larve it will account for the presence of the species in certain suitable localities and its absence from others where such conditions do not prevail.
Pupa.—tThe respiratory filaments consist of nine branches (Pl. IV, fig. 2). The cocoons are slipper shaped and yellow-brown in color (Pl. VI, fig. 8). They are placed close together on the rock surface with the open ends pointing downstream. Owing to their pale color and their being placed closely together they are easily seen on the dark surface of the rocks. It is not difficult to obtain imagines from the pupe if they are kept on damp—not wet—cotton.
The adult female will bite horses, but there is no published record of its attacking human beings that I can find. One specimen in the collection of the U. S. National Museum from Plummers Island, Md., November 3, 1901, bears a label with the word “biting,” but Mr. H. S. Barber, who took the specimen, does not recollect the particu- lars of its capture.
Simulium virgatum Coquillett.
Female.—Black-brown, opaque. Frons and face with thick _whitish gray dusting; antenne brown, the two basal joints yellow; palpi black-brown. Scutum distinctly striped, central stripe nar- row, linear, lateral pair curved, the anterior dilated portion filled with white pollinosity forming a pear-shaped spot, the anterior angle of which is as broad as the space between the spots; lateral margins darkened; pleure distinctly white-dusted, scutellum concolorous with scutum; postscutum with white silky pollinosity. Abdomen black- brown, opaque on basal four segments, subshining on apical four, all segments with distinct, narrow, white-pollinose fasciz on hind mar- gins. Legs yellow, brown, or black-brown, as follows: Apices of femora, a narrow ring or spot at bases and apical halves of all tibie ; entire fore tarsi; apices of first and second and remaining joints of
58 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
mid and hind tarsi (Pl. V, fig. 3). Wings slightly grayish, thick veins brown. Halteres yellow.
Frons divergent-sided, above antenne more than half as broad as — at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs brown, upright, and regularly distributed ; face not as long as frons and slightly longer than broad, surface hairs pale and shorter than those on frons; hairs on palpi pale; postocular cilia pale, with an admixture of brown hairs. Scutum with white pilosity, which is short, close-lying, and regular except on margins, where it is rather longer and looser; a few short brown upright hairs are present on lateral anterior angles and many longer ones on posterior fourth; pleural tuft grayish white; scutellum with close-lying white pilosity and long, upright, brown marginal hairs. Abdominal basal scale brown, fringe white; segments of abdomen almost bare, only a few scattered brown hairs present, those on apical segments most distinct. Legs with close-lying, short, pale pilosity and longer, brown, upright hairs on dorsal surfaces; the nor- mal paired apical hairs present on the fore tarsi and longer hairs also on hind tarsal joints 2-3; hind tarsi with basal joint produced and second joint with basal scale and constriction (Pl. V, fig. 5); claws with sub-basal tooth (Pl. II, fig. 11). Venation of wings normal except that the cross-vein is at slightly beyond middle of subcosta ; hairs on basal part of wing brown, anal marginal hairs white.
Length, 34 mm.
Redescribed from the two type specimens from Las Vegas, N. Mex., August (H.S. Barber). These have the scutum indistinctly reddish and differ in this respect only from a series in the collection from Los Angeles, Cal., which was taken in June and July. I can find no other characters which would justify me in separating them as dis- tinct species.
Male.—Opaque black-brown. Face white-dusted; antennze brown, basal two joints yellowish; palpi black-brown. Scutum with two distinct silvery-white stripes on dorsum; these stripes are anteriorly shghtly convergent and terminate with an outward curve on anterior margin of scutum; they do not extend posteriorly beyond the last fourth of disk; lateral margins and anterior angles of scutum white- pollinose; pleurz white-pollinose; postscutum with silky, white poll- nosity. Abdomen opaque black at base, apical three segments slightly shining, first segment below basal scale and fifth almost entirely silvery white, venter yellowish laterally. Legs yellow, blackened as follows: Mid and hind cox; apices of all femora and tibie as well as slightly at base of latter; entire fore tarsi; apices of basal joint of mid and hind tarsi; apical four joints of mid and all but base of second joint of hind tarsi. Wings grayish, thick veins brown. Halteres with clear yellow knobs and darkened stalk.
SIMULIUM. 59
Hairs on face pale brown, on palpi brown, postocular cilia dark brown. Pilosity on scutum regular, rather scalelike, golden yellow, a few dark hairs on anterior angles and longer and more numerous hairs of black-brown color on posterior fourth; pleural tuft yellow ; scutellum with yellow pilosity and long upright brown hairs; basal fringe and surface hairs on abdomen pale yellow. Pilosity on legs almost white, except on darkened portions where it is pale brown, numerous long pale brown dorsal hairs on all joints, the fore tarsi with paired apical hairs on joints 1 and 3, those on joint 2 not so distinct; fore tarsi not thicker than mid pair, thinner than fore tibie ; hind legs as in Plate V, figure 4; claws trifid. Wings and size as in female.
Redescribed from the type specimen, Las Vegas, N. Mex. (H. S. Barber). There is another specimen from the same locality in the collection, also taken by Mr. Barber.
Nothing is known of the early stages of this species.
Simulium hunteri, new species.
Female.—Black; frons shining black, face white-dusted. Scutum three-striped, opaque; pleure opaque black, gray-dusted. Abdo- men opaque, velvety black on basal four segments, shining black on apical four. Legs black, yellow as follows: Coxe, trochanters, and dorsal surface of tibie of fore legs; trochanters, bases of femora and tibiee, and basal two-thirds of first tarsal joint of mid and hind legs; basal third of second hind tarsal joint. Wings grayish, thick veins brown; halteres yellow, darkened at base of stalk.
Frons with sides divergent, about two-thirds as wide above an- tenne as at vertex, undusted, surface with yellow scale-like pilosity and upright black hairs on lateral and posterior margins; face thickly white-dusted, about one-fourth longer than broad, as broad as frons at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs yellow, with some darker, brown ones mixed; palpi black, pale-haired; antenne black, yellowish on - basal two and base of third joints. Scutum gray-dusted, with irregu- larly arranged, golden yellow, scale-like pilosity, and with two large white potlinose spots on anterior margin which are each more than twice as broad anteriorly as the black space between them; these spots are only visible when viewed from behind and occupy the dilated anterior portions of the posteriorly narrower black stripe: viewed from in front and above the dorsum of scutum has a central, black, narrow stripe and two curved stripes beyond them, as well as an indication of a narrow lateral stripe on each side; pleural tuft and hairs on postspiracular area brownish yellow; scutellum with close- lying yellow pilosity and upright black hairs. Abdominal basal scale brown or black, fringe yellow; lateral posterior margins of abdominal
60 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
segments gray-dusted, apical segments with numerous black hairs and a few intermixed pale scales, the hairs at apex long. Legs with long, vellow, scale-like pilosity on femora and upright, dorsal, black hairs on these as well as tarsi, the normal paired fore tarsal hairs present on apices of first and third joints; hairs on tarsi concolorous with joints; claws with subbasal tooth (see Pl. II, fig. 3). Wings with venation normal. Halteres pale yellow, darkened at base of stalk.
Length, 3.5-4 mm.
Type.—Cat. No. 15413, U. S. National Museum.
Type locality, Virginia Dale, Colo., September 31, 1912 (collector Bishopp). Submitted for identification by Mr. W. D. Hunter (No. 3065). One specimen from Glenora, British Columbia, and another from Ainsworth, British Columbia, evidently belong to this or a closely allied species, but their condition is too poor to say for certain.
This species is very close to wivgatum Coquillett, but the legs are much darker in color; this character is very consistent throughout the series of 13 specimens), and the frons is also in most of the specimens entirely glossy black. There is a shght dusting present on one or two of the specimens in the series, but nothing like the thick white pol- linosity which is found on that of virgatum.
None of the specimens of wirgatum bear any label as to habits, but the type series of hunter was taken on cows. The early stages are unknown in this species.
Simulium glaucum Coquillett.
Male.—Black, opaque. Antenne and palpi black; face white- dusted. Scutum with distinct white pollinosity, which is bright silvery on two triangular patches on the anterior margin dorsad of the lateral extensions of the prescutum; central opaque black stripe broad and well defined anteriorly, linear and diffused posteriorly; on either side of this stripe is an abbreviated linear mark which is evidently the rudiment of the dorso-lateral line of virgatum, and nearer the lateral margin is a broader black stripe which is dif- fused on margins and anteriorly abbreviated; pleure white-pol- linose; scutellum slightly pollinose. Abdomen opaque black, sides of segment below basal scale and apical four segments laterally silvered. Legs black; femora paler at apices; tibize and basal joints of mid and hind tarsi broadly yellow at bases; second joint of hind tarsi pale at base. Wings clear, thick veins yellowish. Halteres yellow, base of stalk blackened.
Face hairs and postocular cilia pale. Scutum with white, hair- like pilosity, which is longer posteriorly and on the . margins; pleural tuft whitish yellow; hairs on scutellum pale, upright. Basal abdominal fringe yellow, in some lights brown; lateral hairs on abdominal segments white. Legs with pale pilosity and longer,
SIMULIUM. 61
upright, dorsal pale hairs, which are conspicuous on posterior surface of fore femora; fore tarsi not dilated, the paired apical hairs absent ; hind tarsus of the normal Simuium form; claws trifid. Surface hairs and short bristles on wing veins brownish yellow.
Redescribed from type specimen. Locality, Kansas City, Mo. (C. F. Adams).
This species belongs to the same group as virgatum Coquillett and hunteri, new species. The male of the latter is unknown, and it is possible that this may be identical with it, but it is not unlikely that it may belong to a quite distinct species. There is very little re- semblance between the males and females of any species in this genus and it is difficult to associate them correctly.
The early stages and the female are unknown.
GROUP E.
Species with two or four stripes on scutum; the stripes straight or very slightly curved. white or pearlaceous pollinose.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
1. Stripes on scutum not curved; scutellum with close-lying yellow pilosity ; abdomen with rounded, dorso-central, opaque black spot on basal four “SEES nn SE Ae Se aie Be eh NO at la oe Le eae) haematopotum, p. 62.
Stripes on scutum slightly curved; scutellum with very indistinct, sparse, yellow pilosity; abdomen with bases of all segments opaque velvety black and apices with whitish pollinosity__-_quadrvvittatum, p. 61.
Simulium quadrivittatum Loew.
Female——Black. Frons and face thickly covered with bluish-white pollinosity ; antenne yellow, distinctly browned from fourth joint to apex; palpi brown-black. Scutum velvety, opaque black; two bluish- white, slightly iridescent, pollinose stripes on the dorsum, which are
slightly dilated anteriorly and a little curved; posterior margin of scutum, and lateral margins, as well as prescutum, similarly polli- nose; pleurz with bluish-white pollen; scutellum opaque black; postscutum with iridescent pollen. Abdomen black; basal four seg- ments opaque, with bluish-white pollinosity on first segment below basal scale and on the posterior lateral margins of next three; apical four segments glossy black. Legs black-brown, yellowish as follows: Bases of all tibiee; mid tarsi except apices of joints and last joint; hind tarsi except apices of joints 1-8. Bases of all tibie and of first hind tarsal joint silvery. Wings clear, basal veins brown, thick veins yellow, thin veins colorless. Halteres yellow, stalk black-brown.
Frons slightly divergent-sided, not one-third the head width at
upper angle of eyes, almost bare of hairs; face one-third longer than
62 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
wide, surface hairs very weak and sparse; hairs on palpi brown; postocular cilia brown. Scutum with yellow, hairlike pilosity; pleural tuft brown, very weak; scutellum with upright brown hairs. Basal fringe of abdomen brownish-yellow, surface hairs on segments brown, weak, except at apex where they become distinctly longer. Legs with brownish-yellow pilosity and scattered, longer upright, brown dorsal hairs; fore tarsi not dilated, first and third joints with paired apical hairs; claws simple. Cross-vein on wing but little beyond middle of subcosta; basal hairs on wing and short bristles on thick veins brown.
Length, 2 mm.
This species was originally described from Cuba and is represented in the collection by specimens from Cayamas, Cuba (E. A. Schwarz) ; La Palma, Costa Rica (Biolley) ; and Utuado, Porto Rico, marked “biting flies” (C. W. Richmond). There is also a large series of specimens from Trinidad River and Cabima, Panama, May, 1911 (Busck), which agree with the Cuban specimens, except that the thoracic stripes are less distinct and the specimens average rather less in size and are darker in color.
Nothing is known of the early stages of this species, and the male is also unknown.
Simulium hematopotum, new species.
Female—Biack. Frons and face with shining pearlaceous pol- linosity. Antenne yellow, browned from fourth joint to tip; palpi brown, paler at base. Scutum velvety black, with two broad pear- laceous stripes, which are broader at anterior ends than the black space between them, taper slightly posteriorly, but are uncurved; posterior and lateral margins similarly pollinose; pleurz shining black, with more or less distinct pearlaceous pollinosity; scutellum brown; postscutum with pearlaceous pollinosity. Abdomen brown- ish; opaque on basal four segments, each of which has a rounded, opaque, black dorsal, and a less distinct lateral spot, posterior margins of these segments whitish dusted; apical four segments with dorsal portions shining; the fifth segment with a rounded dorsal spot, the others almost entirely black. Legs yellow, black as follows: Mid and hind coxe; fore tarsi; apices of first four and all apical joints of mid tarsi; femora except bases, apical half of tibia, apical halves of joints 1-8, and all last two joints of tarsi of hind legs. Wings clear, basal and thick veins yellow. Halteres yellow, stalk blackened.
Frons slightly divergent-sided, less than one-third the head width at upper angle of eyes, surface hairs weak, brownish yellow; face as long as frons and one-half longer than broad, haired as frons; hairs on palpi brown; postocular cilia brown. Scutum with close- lying, golden-yellow, hairlike pilosity; pleural tuft brownish yellow;
SIMULIUM. 63
scutellum with closely placed yellow pilosity, and brownish, upright. longer hairs. Abdominal basal fringe short, yellow; segments of abdomen with short, sparse, yellow hairs, and longer, dark hairs at apex. Legs with pale yellowish pilosity, which is whitish at bases of tibie and on basal joint of hind tarsi; dorsal surfaces with longer, blackish, upright hairs; fore tarsi slightly dilated, the paired apical hairs present on joints 1 and 3; claws simple. Wings with brown hairs at base and brown surface hairs on thick veins; cross-vein at two-fifths from end of subcosta.
Length, 1.5-2 mm.
Type.—Cat, No. 15414 U. S. National Museum.
Locality—Santa Lucrecia, Vera Cruz, Mexico (F. W. Urich). There is also a specimen from Cayamas, Cuba (KE. A. Schwarz) which evidently belongs to this species.
The series taken by F. W. Urich is labeled “ Bloodsucking, man, October, 1911.”
The early stages and the male are unknown.
ADDENDA,
When the manuscript of this paper was under preparation I had considerable doubt as to whether there were not several closely allied forms confused under certain specific names, this being particularly the case with meridionale. That size can not always be accepted as a safe guide to the separation of species is abundantly evident to any student of insects, and although in the series of specimens in the Na- tional Museum collection there was much disparity in this respect, the specimens presented no tangible characters which, without the confirmatory evidence provided by a knowledge of the early stages, might be accepted as of specific value. Thus I left under one name at least three forms which may in the larval and pupal stages prove to be very dissimilar. The distinctions in the adults are very minute in the genus Simulium and are hardly appreciable to anyone unac- quainted with the family. I am therefore pleased to have had access to the material belonging to the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History because of the additional light the material representing the early stages therein contained has cast upon the question of the num- ber of species in the meridionale group. Prof. S. A. Forbes has kindly given me permission to include the matter in this addenda as part of my paper.
Simulium forbesi, new species.
Female.—Black, covered with a pale-gray pollinosity, which gives _to the insect a pale-gray appearance. Antenne and palpi black, the former rarely slightly paler at bases. Scutum with three black vitte, the central one narrow, the outer pair broader, more or less distinctly
64 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
curved outward at anterior extremity, and convex on the posterior half; pleurz gray pollinose, scutellum and postscutellum gray polli- nose. Basal abdominal scale gray and next three segments broadly black-brown, opaque, on dorsum, lateral margins gray pollinose, next segment more narrowly blackened on dorsum, the lateral margins and remaining segments gray pollinose. Legs black; generally only the bases of tibize yellow, but occasionally, in immature specimens, the black color is confined to the apices of femora, bases and apices of tibie, and apices of.tarsal joints. Wings clear. Halteres yellow.
Frons at upper angle barely more than one-fifth the head width, slightly converging toward antenne, the surface with short, white, decumbent pilosity; face distinctly wider than widest part of frons, and longer than wide, the surface with pilosity similar to that on frons; antennal pile short and inconspicuous, whitish; palpi with short whitish pile. Scutum with closely placed pilosity which is hair- like, yellowish white in color, and adheres closely to surface, becom- ing slightly longer, but not upright, posteriorly ; scutellum with much longer pilosity, which is concolorous with that on scutum and upright on margin; pleural tuft whitish, postspiracular area bare. Basal abdominal scale with pale fringe; the hairs on segments of abdomen short and pale. Legs normal in shape; fore tarsi very slightly thick- ened, the apical, paired hairs not distinguishable; hind tarsi with distinct scale and dorsal excision on second joint; claws bifid; surface of all legs with pale hairs, which are most conspicuous on the tibie, giving them a whitish appearance.
Male.—Deep black, opaque. Face silvery pollinose; antenne and palpi black. Scutum with rarely a shght silvery pollinosity poste- riorly and on the lateral margins, and otherwise velvety black; pleure slightly covered with white pollinosity; scutellum velvety black; postscutum slightly pollinose, glossy. Abdomen velvety black, only the venter yellowish, no silvering noticeable on any of the speci- mens before me; hairs on surface short, yellowish. Legs colored as in the female, surface hairs yellow, with an admixture of longer brown upright hairs on the dorsal surfaces. Wings clear, veins pale yellowish, the thin veins very indistinct. Halteres brown.
The head is formed as in other species of this genus, the upper eye facets being conspicuously enlarged while the lower half of the eye has small facets. The scutum is thickly covered with pile, which is golden yellow in color and rather more scalelike than that of the male; there are no upright hairs on disk, and posteriorly the pilosity is decumbent as in the female; scutellum with yellowish pile and upright brownish hairs on margin. Basal fringe of abdomen brown- ish, the surface hairs also brown. Fore tarsus slender; hind tarsus only slightly dilated; apical paired hairs absent from fore tarsus, or
SIMULIUM. 65
indistinguishable, hind tarsus formed as in female; claws trifid. Wings normal.
Length, 2-2.5 mm.
Type-—Locality, Illinois River, at Havana. A very large number of both sexes were taken, many of them reared from pupe which were found in the river. A description of the pupa follows.
Pupa—yYellow, becoming brown before emergence of the imago, the colors of which may be distinctly traced through the body wall of the pupa some time before it is ready to emerge. The respiratory organs branch near the base, generally into three main stems, the branch or stem which is directed anteriorly again breaking into two stems which are bifid from near their bases; the central stem is again subdivided into three smaller branches, the central one ending in 2 filaments and the other two in 4 each; the posteriorly directed branch generally divides at near to the base, a further subdivision taking place a little farther up, each of the latter branches generally having 2 filaments, making as a rule from 22 to 24 or 25 filaments in all. The abdomen has on the fourth and fifth segments (counting the segment showing just behind the scutellum as the first) a trans- verse row of four short hooks, the points of which are turned ceph- alad; on each side of the dorsal line, a somewhat similar series on the eighth segment which are more numerous, smaller, and almost con- nected in center; on the ninth segment the row is almost continuous on the posterior margin of the segment. The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth ventral segments have each two hooks on each side which are much closer, in each pair, to each other than the transverse space between the pairs.
Length, 3-3.5 mm.
The cocoon, which is generally attached to stems of plants or to posts in the stream, is very similar to that of johannseni.
The type and paratypes of this species are in the Illinois State Lab- oratory of Natural History.
I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Stephen A. Forbes, who has done so much to elucidate questions in connection with this group on the Illinois River.
Simulium johannseni Hart.
This species is very clearly described by Hart in the Twenty- seventh Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, 1912, page 32. It is only necessary for me to point out that the male has the three vitte on the scutum generally distinct and the pilosity whitish. The color of the legs in both species is as given in the description here- with for forbes?, although in alcoholic specimens the color is as fig- ured by Hart in his original description. Fresh females of johannsent
16125°—14
5
66 AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS,
have the dorso-lateral stripes generally discontinued before the an- terior margin and not outwardly curved, as well as the central line extremely narrow; the pilosity over the whole insect is longer than in forbesi and conspicuously so on the abdomen; the marking on the abdomen is usually confined to a series of spots, one on each side of the first four segments exclusive of the basal scale. The species is also noticeably larger than either forbest or meridionale, being 3-4 mm. in length.
For description of larva and pupa see Hart’s paper above men- tioned.
It is possible that the larger specimens mentioned as in the U. S. National Museum collection under meridionale are really this species, but I have no means of determining that question at present.
So far as my material permits me to judge, johannseni occurs at Havana, IIL., till the end of May, when its place is taken by forbesz, which is equally abundant.
Simulium meridionale Riley and its allies.
The three species which I at present recognize as belonging to this group are meridionale Riley, johannsent Hart, and forbest new species.
The pupal stages of these three species, which are very closely allied in the adult stage, are very distinct and may be readily sep- arated from one another by the number of pupal respiratory filaments. In johannseni these are 4 in number, in meridionale 6, and in forbest generally 24 or 25, although, as is the case when a large number of filaments are present, there may be a slight variation in the total number in individual specimens. Johannseni is the only species which I have seen with four pupal filaments, although bracteatum has been recorded by Strickland as possessing this number also. I have not seen Strickland’s material, so can not confirm the identification.
The adult females of this group of species may be readily distin- guished from other North American forms by their possession of the following combination of characters: Scutum with three vitte, the submedian pair curved; the pilosity hairlike on scutum; abdomen more or less distinctly spotted on middle of each dorsal segment; legs generally almost unicolorous, rarely distinctly bicolored (in alcoholic specimens this bicoloring is conspicuous in the case of johannsent) ; claws bifid. The males are not so readily separated, but I have in- serted them in my synoptic key, by means of which I believe they may be readily located.
From the data gathered in the field work on this group in the Illinois River region, near Havana, it is evident that johannseni, although a pest owing to the great numbers in which it occurs, does
SIMULIUM. 67
not appear to be guilty of biting man. It has, on the other hand, been clearly proven that forbes is given to attacking man and also stock. As it occurs in great numbers there is a possibility of its doing considerable damage, although as a general rule it is not very troublesome away from the river. Mr. C. A. Hart has found speci- mens of Simulium forbes in Mason County, over 5 miles southeast of Havana. As the nearest possible breeding place of the species is the Illinois River, it is evident that the species can fly for a considerable distance. As there was no appreciable diminution in the numbers of the species at this distance it was quite clear that these were not merely accidental stragglers, whose presence was due to their being carried by stock or otherwise, and that the ditches, which are very small in that vicinity and never present favorable breeding quarters at any time, could not possibly have stocked the country so thoroughly with the insects. No extended investigations were carried out to dis- cover the extent of the area covered by the species, but according to reports obtained, and which there is no reason to discredit, the range of the species was considerably wider than ascertained by Mr. Hart. No evidence has been discovered to prove that johannseni or forbesi live in the larval stage in ditches such as are present in the part of Mason County above referred to.
It may be of interest to mention that the agents of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History have found the parasites mentioned by Strickland commonly in Simuliwm larve in both the Illinois River and the Sangamon River at near the source of the latter. So far as the records indicate, vittatwm was the only species affected, but the percentage of parasitized individuals was very large.
In the records of the work done by agents of the Bureau of Ento- mology many years ago there occurs a note on these parasites, but the fact was not mentioned in any of the published reports on the family.
CATALOGUE OF NORTH AMERICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN SIMULIIDZ.
{* Types in United States National Museum; ° Represented in United States National Museum. ]
Prosimulium Roubaud. Comptes—Rendus Acad. Sci., Paris, 1906, pp. 519-521. “pleurale Malloch. This paper, p. 17. >Dhirtipes Fries. Monogr. Simulium, 1824, no. 17. pecuarum Garman (not Riley). Bul. 159, Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1912, De aes: @fulvum Coquillett. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1903, p. 96. ochraceum Coquillett (not Walker). Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, 1900, p. 398. *pecuarum Riley. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1886 (1887), p. 512. @mutatum Malloch. This paper, p. 20. Parasimulium Malloch. This paper, p. 24. *furcatum Malloch. This paper, p. 24. Simulium Latreille. Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. 3, 1802, p. 426. “aureopunctatum Malloch. This paper, p. 27. bsubnigrum Lutz. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 2, part 2, p. 239. *hippovorum Malloch. This paper, p. 28. > ochraceum Walker. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol. 5, 1861, p. 332. bnotatum Adams. Kans. Uniy. Sci. Bul., vol. 2, 1904, p. 434. @bivittatum Malloch. This paper, p. 31. “trivittatum Malloch. This paper, p. 30. 4 distinctum Malloch, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 15, 1918, p. 1338. 5pictipes Hagen. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, 1879, p. 305. innoxium Comstock. Manual for the Study of Insects, 1895, p. 452. 4virgatum Coquillett. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 25, 1903, p. 97. @griseum Coquillett. Bul. 10, new ser., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 69. > vittatum Zetterstedt. Ins. Lappon., 1840, p. 803. , argus Williston. Bul. 7, Div. Orn. and Mamm., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1893, p. 253. ? decorum Walker. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1848, p. 112. minutum Lugger. Bul. 48, Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896, p. 202. (Johannsen. ) forbesi Malloch. This paper, p. 63. @meridionale Riley. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1886 (1887), p. 518. occidentale Townsend. (?) Psyche, 1891, p. 107. johannseni Hart, 27th Rept. State Ent. Ill., 1912, p. 42. tamaulipense. Townsend. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 5, 1898, p. 171. “*hunteri Malloch. This paper, p. 59. bvenustum Say. Journ. Acad. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, 1829, p. 28. venustoides Hart. (Female. ) 7th Rept. State Ent. Ill., 1912, p. 42. @jenningsi Malloch. This paper, p. 41. venustum var. a Johannsen. Bul. 68, N. Y. State Mus., 1903, p. 381.
68
PAPERS ON SIMULIIDE, 69
Simulium Latreille—Continued. *parnassum Malloch. This paper, p. 36. *arcticum Malloch. This paper, p. 37. 2clavipes Malloch. This paper, p. 40. tarsale Williston. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 268. pulchrum Johannsen (not Philippi), Bul. 68, N. Y. State Mus., 1903. p. 376. Sexiguum Roubaud. Bul. Mus. Paris, 1906, p. 109. >metallicum Bellardi. Saggio Ditter. Mess., 1859, vol. 1, p. 14. > mexicanum Bellardi. Saggio Ditter. Mess. app., 1861-62, p. 6. *bracteatum Coquillett. Bul. 10, new ser., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1898, p. 69. *piscicidium Riley. Amer. Ent., vol. 2, 1870, p. 367. venustoides Hart, 27th Rept. State Ent. Ill., 1912, p. 42. tephrodes Speiser. Ins. Bérse, 1904, p. 148. cinereum Bellardi. Saggio Ditter. Mess., vol. 1, 1859, p. 18. Pre- occupied name. >quadrivittatum Loew. Dipt. Amer. Sept. Ind., Cent. 2, species 2. *hematopotum Malloch. This paper, p. 62. *glaucum Coquillett. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1903, vol. 25, p. 97.
UNRECOGNIZABLE SPECIES.
Similium irritatum Lugger. 2d Rept. Ent. Minn., 1896, p. 177.
Simulium invenustum Walker. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1848, p. 112.
Simulium molestum Harris. Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d ed., 1862, p. 601.
Simulium tribulatum Lugger. 2d Rept. Ent. Minn., 1896, p. 205. Johannsen gives it as probably a synonym of vittatum Zett.
A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL PAPERS DEALING WITH THE LIFE HISTORIES OF AMERICAN SIMULIIDZ.
1870. OstTEN SackKeNn, C. R.—On the transformations of Simulium.< Amer. Ent. and Bot., vol. 2, pp. 229-331. i
1880. Hacren, H. A.—A new species of Simulium with a remarkable nymphal ease.<Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 20, pp. 305-307.
1880. Barnard, W. S8.—Notes on the development of a black fly (Simuliwm) common in the rapids around Ithaca, N Y.<Amer. Ent., vol. 3, pp. 191-193.
1888. Hacen, H. A.—Simulium feeding on chrysalides.< Ent. Monthl. Mag., vol. 19, pp. 254-255.
1885. Ritey, C. V.—The southern buffalo gnat (Simuliwm sp.).<Rept. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1884, pp. 340-345.
1886. Doran, E. W.—The buffalo gnat.< Rept. on Econ. Ent. of Tenn. to the Bureau of Agr. Stat., Mines, and Immigr., pp. 239-242.
1887. Wesstrer, F. M.—Report on buffalo gnats.< Bul. 14, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 29-389.
1887. Ritey, C. V.—Buffalo gnats.<Repts. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1886, pp. 492-517.
1889. Wesster, F. M.—Simuliwm or Buffalo gnats.< Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind.,
U. S. Dept. Agr. f. 1887 (1889), pp. 456-465.
1892. Wesster, I. M.—Buffalo gnats (Simuliide) in Indiana and Illinois,
Proc, Ind. Acad. Sci., December, 1892, pp. 155-159.
1895.
1905.
1909.
1910.
1910.
1912.
1912.
1913.
AMERICAN BLACK FLIES OR BUFFALO GNATS.
TowNSsEND, ©. H. T.—On the correlation of habit in nemocerous and brachycerous Diptera between aquatic larve and bloodsucking adult females.<Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 3, pp. 184-136.
Mratt, L. C.—The natural history of aquatic insects. Simulium, pp. 175-188.
Luacrr, O.—Buffalo gnats, black flies.<2nd Ann. Rept. Ent. State Exp. Sta., Univ. Minn., pp. 172-182.
Oszorn, H.—Insects affecting domestic animals.<Bul. 5, new ser., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 31-58.
KeEtioae, V. L.—Food of larve of Simulium and Blepharocera.< Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 166-167.
NEEDHAM, J. G., and Betren, C.—Aquatic insects of the Adirondacks. <Bul. 47, N. Y. State Mus., pp. 3938, 407-408, 574.
Taytor, T. H.—On the tracheal system of Simulium.<Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 701-716.
JOHANNSEN, O. A.—Aquatic nematocerous diptera.< Aquatic Insects in New York State, pt. 6, Bul. 68, N. Y. State Mus., pp. 336-388.
Wesster, F. M.—The suppression and control of the plague of gnats in the valley of the lower Mississippi River, and the relation thereto of the present levee system, irrigation in the arid West, and tile drainage in the Middle West.<Proc. 25th Ann. Meet. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., pp. 53-72.
HEADLEE, T. J.—Blood gills of Simulium pictipes.< Amer. Nat., vol. 41, pp. 875-885.
Lurz, Dr. A.—Brazilian Simuliide.<Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 124-146.
Lurz, Dr. A.—Brazilian Simuliide.<Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 2138-262.
STRICKLAND, E. H.—Some parasites of Simulium larve and their effects on the development of the host.<Biol. Bul., vol. 21, no. 5, October, 1911, pp. 802-334.
GARMAN, H.—A preliminary study of IKentucky localities in which pellagra is prevalent.<Bul. 159, Ky. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Forses, S. A.—Black-flies and buffalo-gnats (Simuliwm) as possible carriers of pellagra in Illinois.<27th Rept. State Ent. Ill., pp. 21-55. STRICKLAND, E. H.—Further observations on the parasites of Simulium
larye. Journ. Morph., Phil., vol. 24, p. 43.
INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
[Pages on which genera and species are described are given in black-faced type.]
argus (Simulium) .......--..-..- 13, 55 arcticum (Simulium) ......------ 34, 37 On ae 2 a 12 aureopunctatum (Simulium). ....- 27 aureum (Simulium)........------ 21 bivittatum (Simulium).........-.- 29, 31 bracteatum (Simulium)....-- 15, 25, 34, 38 cinereum (Simulium)........-- 13, 26, 29 clavipes (Simulium)..........---- 34, 40 colombaschense (Simulium)....--- 12 colombaschensis (Simulium)....-.-- 11 columbaczense (Simulium)......-.- 7, 12 decorum (Simulium)......------- 13 distinctum (Simulium).....---- 25, 29, 30 MENOMENCineS. S22 esse 21 exiguum (Simulium)........ 18, 14, 34, 39 Parpae 28. UW ee. 15, 25, 47, 68 fulvum (Prosimulium).....-.-.---- 17,18 furcatum (Parasimulium).......--- 24 glaucum (Simulium).......--.---- 26, 60 griseum (Simulium)......----- 25, 47, 62 hematopotum (Simulium)....-.... 61, 62 hippovorum (Simulium)...-..-...- 27, 28 hirtipes (Simulium).... 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18 hunteri (Simulium)........------- 48, 59 innoxium (Simulium)......------ 68 invenustum (Simulium)......-.-- 13 trritatum (Simulium)....--------- 13 jenningsi (Simulium).... - 14, 25, 34, 41 johannsent (Simulium)... 15, 25, 34, 47, 65 lineatum (Simulium)......-..---- 27 hates (Semiublium) ae; . . a2. StS - 14 TS i Ae lee 12 EPCOT ETT ete a i E, a ea 12
meridionale (Simulium) 14, 15, 47, 49,51, 66
Page.
metallicum (Simulium).....--.- 26, 47, 48 mexicanum (Simulium)......- 26, 34, 35 minutum (Simulium).......-..--- 13, 14 molestum (Simulium)......------ 69 mutatum (Prosimulium).......... 17, 20 notatum (Simulium).......... 25, 29, 32 occidentale (Simulium).........-.. 50 ochraceum (Simulium)........ 18,29, 30 POTUSUNUIN Ds ccs ciao <tien's soe 14, 24 parnassum (Simulium).....--.--- 34, 36 pecuarum (Prosimulium).......... 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21
pictipes (Simulium)... 8, 10, 14, 26, 48, 55 piscicidium (Simulium)....-.-- 14, 34, 45 pleurale (Prosimulium)........-.- 17 PFOSIIMULUUIN - con = Se ne ce one se = 9, 14,15 pulchrum (Simulium)........----- 13 quadrivittatum (Simulium)......- 61 TERETALLONISU neg tee. 25 oe anne 12 reptans (Simulium)........ 12, 13, 27, 34
Simulium. 11, 14,21, 25, 26, 29,34, 47, 61, 63
subnigrum (Simulium) .....-.-.---- 27 tamaulipense (Simulium)......--- 51 tarsale( Simulium)......-.-.-- 13, 34, 46 tephrodes (Simulium).......-.--- 69 api lig: Waser re SS oe RATS 12 tribulatum (Simulium).......----- 55 Teuthocerte rr! 8 2 ot RE 12 trivittatum (Simulium).......-.-- 29, 30 venustoides (Simulium).........-- 46 venustum (Simulium) .......--.-- 8, 10,
14, 15, 26, 34, 43 venustum var. a (Simulium).....-.- 42,45 virgatum (Simulium)......-..- 26, 48, 57
13, 14, 15, 26, 48, 58 71
WETMIDUTIee os seo oe
PLate I.
ANATOMICAL DETAILS AND WING VENATION OF SIMULIIDS.
Fig. 1.—Lateral view of thorax of Prosimuliuwm pleurale: m1, Pronotum; ps2, proscutum; sct., scutum; scl, scutellum; pz, mesothoracic post- notum; vs, metanotum; ps, metathoracic postnotum; pph, post- phragma; w, wing; h, haltere; spi2, prothoracic and mesothoracic spiracles; eps: 2 3, prothoracic, mesothoracic, and metathoracic epi- sterna; epmu 2 s, prothoracic, mesothoracic, and metathoracic epi- mera; m, Membranous area; pSi23, prothoracic, mesothoracic, and metathoracic sutures; wpe 3s, pleural wing sutures; ppt, postparap- terum; Ss, divided mesosternuM ; C#i23, cox; abs, abdominal basal scale. The pleural tuft occupies the area covered by the letters ppt and wps in figure.
2.—Wing of Simuliuwm: A, humeral vein; B, costa; CO, subcosta; D, first longitudinal vein; H, upper branch of radius or third longitudinal vein; fF, lower branch of radius; G, fourth longitudinal yein or medius; H, fold which has been sometimes considered as the cubi- tus; J, cubitus or fifth longitudinal vein; in cases where the fold has been reckoned as the cubitus this vein has been named the anal vein.
3.—Wing of Prosimulium. (Explanation as in fig. 2.)
4—Wing of Parasimulium. (Explanation as in fig. 2.) (Original.)
72
ee
PLATE I.
Tech. Series 26, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
“PAININWIS SO NOILVN3SA ONIM ONY STIVLEG IVOINOLYNY
*uga- Sao
6
16125°—14
JetoyNstie) IO. LEGS AND TARSAL CLAWS OF SIMULIID®.
Fig. 1.-—Hind femur, tibia, and two basal tarsal joints of Prosimulium fulvun, male.
Same of Prosimulium pecuarum, female.
53.—Claw of Simulium hunteri, female.
Claw of Simulium arcticum, female.
5.—Claw of Simuliune clavipes, female.
6.—Claw of Simulium mexricanum, female.
7.—Claw of Simulium venustum, female.
8.—Claw of Simulium parnassum, female.
9.— Claw of Simulium vittatum, female.
10.—Claw of Simulium pictipes, female.
11.—Claw of Simulium virgatum, female.
12.— Claw of Simulium hippovorum, female.
13.—Claw of Prosimulium fulvum, female.
14.—Claw of Prosimulium pecuarum, female.
15.—Claw of Simuliun ochraceum, female.
16.—Claw of Prosimulium pleurale, female.
17.— Claw of Simulium metallicum, female.
18.—Apex of basal and second joint of hind tarsus of Prosimuliuwm muta-
tum, female. (Original. )
74
oD bd
ee
Tech. Series 26, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
LEGS AND TARSAL CLAWS OF SIMULIIDA.
PLATE III. LARVAL CHARACTERS OF SIMULIID®.
Fig. 1—Mandible of larva of Simulium jenningsi. 2.—Mandible of larva of Simulium pictipes.
Labium of larva of Prosimulium hirtipes.
4.—Labium of larva of Simulium pictipes.
Fan of larva of Simulium pictipes.
6.—Maxilla of larva of Prosimulium hirtipes. (Original.) 76
ca) o.
5.
Tech. Series 26, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE liv.
LARVAL CHARACTERS OF SIMULIIDA.
PLATE IV. RESPIRATORY FILAMENTS OF PUP OF SIMULIID&.
Fig. 1.—Prosimulium pecuarum. 2.—Simulium pictipes. 5.—Simulium venustum. 4.—Simulium vittatum. 5.—Prosimulium hirtipes. 6.—Simulium meridionale. (Original.)
78
Ag WAN
:
IP WARE Ve ANATOMICAL DETAILS OF SIMULIID2.
Fig. 1—Femora, tibix, and basal two joints of tarsus of hind leg of Simulium venustum, male. 2.—Same of Simulium vittatum, male.
3.—Same of Simulium virgatum, female. 4.—Same of Simulium virgatum, male. 5.—Apex of first and whole of second joint of hind tarsus of Simulium
virgatum from posterior side. 6.— Side elevation of scutum of Simulium notatum, female. 7.—Same of Simulium bivittatum, female. 8—Same of Simulium ochraceum, female. 9.—Palpus of Simulium piscicidium, female. 10.—Last three tarsal joints in Simulium. 11.—Fore tarsus of Simulium parnassium, female. 12.—Tarsal claw of Simulium jenningsi, male. (Original.)
80
Tech. Series 26, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
ANATOMICAL DETAILS OF SIMULIIDA.
GATE) Wale ANATOMICAL DETAILS OF SIMULIID.
Fig. 1.—Head of larva of Simulium meridionale from yentral aspect 2.—Antenna of Simulium, imago. 53.—Antenna of Prosimulium hirtipes, larva. 4.—Pupal respiratory filaments of Simuliim metallicum. 5.—Pupal respiratory filaments of Simulium piscicidium. 6.—Larval respiratory filaments of Simulium pictipes. 7.—Portion of ray of mouth fan of Prosimulium hirtipes, larva. 8.—Cocoon of Simulinm pictipes. (Original. )
$2
PLATE VI.
Tech. Series 26, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
ANATOMICAL DETAILS OF SIMULIIDA.
WeiMQeUgs
TECHNICAL Series, No. 27.
{ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID#.
SCONTENTS AND INDEX,
Issurp Fresruary 13, 1915.
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WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOR. 1915.
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TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 27.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDAL
BY
A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations,
AND
A. C. BAKER,
Entomological Assistant.
IssuED FreBRUARY 13, 1915.
ASSSSss>
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOER. 1916.
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BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Martatr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Currron, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant.
F. H. CurrrenpDeEn, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.
F. M. WesstTEr, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.
A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations.
E. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture.
A. F. Burasgss, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations.
Roa P. Currie, in charge of editorial work.
MaBEt Co.corD, in charge of library.
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Introduction
CONTENTS.
DECPUMDIGH YC? Lie WwiOyTOmniees. sass eee. Gee ee ke ON NLS Mie esse ees tote
Classification
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I.
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Daemstiny WU GammOsOlnin, fet; fame. os SFiS asks s anos we ee eran, CeO to Cee. Meee cose cheat Oe cate ss heck ek CASES PP MENIANL |: Seen se ec eee cose see oe Dubmitly Avenrodicmene os...) Be Ee ee. OA es Groita Draioraiedar. Gis ares Meets oo ete se. 2 soos ens ae ee
Dimredradiia ailenttie < Sade too oe 2S Le eee Dialgurodias teaserlins.. 4-2 Moo s2 2 os 2 Dae ease o8e Dialeuradiens pulcherronuss.. 00s. Po o48 Lee des ta eee SrOte connate osc ane kon. coco sane ed bees eee eh tae TROIS GING AS 5 RE ON RS OIE Pe Be ee ee Peps SCP Ciate Teele YSMeeias <'s oe cOee ee alae eee BHUBEM HS ORCUuTGnIOMR 00s ete stots hte hoes te eons AL PUNOGICUMIANOVUL S= aee e sate e. Soe oes ee ee (Aleurodicus) Aleyrodes asarumis..............-...--- SAYeuFOONS COGKHOUD sane. cose Pa to Se oe Oe letra cocoiae? “Ere Sr PO ee ne see eee Aicntomwus canapurcatas.. 2. 2502S Seis. S- s Pek ee ATT OR ICUS CEREFNDIOT Sis = O28. He OSES NIE ES smleurodieyn Angst; Seas sk. ook rte eed oe eee See eke a MiPArOa CUR OMANI Cae. eos er es ek ees Aleurodiets jamaendiner an 8S PETER OTS. OTS. ieee e Ota: 08 SrA cor OE PALOTGAUTTEEDUECLON te ne oe ee UReUP OCCU anne. estes SO PS AIPUTORINNS DULINIACUELS. coco e 3s eee el a econ oe Alearodtnby renidatlensass: fore ES, Subpemiswecrnromens y: Fae. oe ees PIPL ES IO Aleurodieus (Lecanoideus) giganteus............------- Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis..............-.--% Pubpamus* Mebemaurs ee. Se PO a} ee Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodicus) altissimus...........-....- Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodicus) cardini.............-...-- Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodicus) minimus.............-.--- ALEUTOGICUM ACETUE mene Se eee Ce eee AteTORGTS thmpeno dae les 65 oN eS Reena LmnLaprOuei a. cee. . ame e. ON oe CURES Lee EavareOnen erate; . ae. 2 SSE LCR Co. yas Mg eo ae ee ee re
VIII CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
Classification—Continued. Family Aleyrodide—Continued. A Ill. Subfamily Aleyrodinay: .'o: aval a. ee) oe eee ee Gents Aleurockitone:. 22006. 052 cee LS ee ee
Aleurochi=on JORpestere EOE | =o 2c,2 eka ss eee aneeeee
Genus A leyroded. S23) Teer Ons a anaes at ae Ree ee
Gens: Veomaskeliidanc.scncieeticn ne dace Pere ee eee Neomaskeliiascomatages. 265 252 hie Geren eee eee
Iiterature referred: torn thei text: so... Be.—- 2 nek foetal eee
ARTO LOB ag cathe ue Se winters eis late <i MER = Sac Dae ee kere ee Genera of the Aleyrodine.............. Be aa el. Seay nmin fey es nett ba ATANTIS SULEUNOGES. oye (oe as Hae oe ee cia aera ot LN aa Rc nega Species of the genus Dialeurodes. - .)..2 asa =2scjnnc cere as aeme ee eee MOMS ALE URO HITE cl a ea ce a ial 2 ll Spécies of the cenus Aleuraplatug.. . .- oe gous on ice oe eae eee ee ae Gents Digleurodotdes 2.2.5 ie os Mak dak a doe a ae ea Species of the genus Dialeurodondetye is oe oe no. oie ta ain ein eee Gents Pegg 502.5 ta. ad's ho bale i se ye hae ee ae Species:of the genus Pedhings. 2205. tae ee ota aoc ee ee eee Genus Bemisia: 2c y ok el, tee a ee ah ee Ap hee Species of the conus Bemisia... 2 35-4 45h ee Ree eee Gonts Aleyrodegs.. Senses anes. eae <b eae AEE ee ec Species of the genus:Aleyrodes.... 2.22 e455 te ae eek Pecans oe Genus Aleirocy bots 805 ees ois = ara ee ee Olea ne ea Species of the genus Aleurocybotus... 0... sen cteecc- ese sccee sees Genus -Alleurotutis:esccses ee = lee ie ee ene eee Pep a AY atl ppecies of the genus Aleumotulua-: 2) ecient ena oe ela eee Genus Alewrocanthus 2s...) a eis «Bea wale Sipe te ckeee is es tere era ee Species of the genus Alsurocuntiue ...2 2h ten tee eek ote lear Genus Aleuratrachelus so 2.2.0s< 2sso sek Came oodko ee bee tee ee eee Species\of the venus Aleurdtrachelus. ..4 5028. \on.a¥e bs 2 se eee ee Genus ALeuratriases es 22 be I el ed te gel Ce at Species of the genus: Aleurotinags: 2 6 oo poe oo nk ae eee Genus: Neonaskbellia . 2. coe Boo iss oy NS hed ncaa tee Species.of the genus Neomaskellins. 060 sno) teen ge nc - as kenneeeme Genus tA lewuroparadowus sass os 2h aloe akg ele ee toe eee ee ee Species of the genus Aleuroparadoxus........-...-----------2+-22--e- Genus Asicrochiton:. «so Fo eedics gah abl etek ote ogc UBL oite woe eel ee eae Species of: the genus Asterochiton’.. yo ee Ab. oat yee eee Gens Alewronihs's occa een ee be eee a cy chen iti Sek ae Species of the genus -Aleurorithtyg, 5 Foc oaimabbe=- -< 2s = see eae Genus'Teiraleurodes 20) yee epee eye er cians fase 1d didi abel sare ere Species of the genus. Teiralemodes: oi. 6 poo paca f > aise ass Hees Greniis':A leur lo buss .2) ke hee ee ed i cp ih eG al es ca at oo Species of the genus. Alewrolobus..: de aghast = 2-6 +See eee ee
Unplaced species of the old genus Aleyrodes... .......5..-+-4-------2seeeee ces
Page.
101 101
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES. Page. Puate I. Figs. 1-12.—Wing venation in the Aleyrodide.................... 8 II. Figs. 1-7.—Anatomical details in the Aleyrodide.........../.....- 8 III. Figs. 1-6.—Diagrams of aleyrodid structures..................--.-.- 12 IV. Figs. 1-14.—Dialeurodicus cockerellit..............--2+---2--- 20020 28 YY: Bigs: 1-6-—Dialeurodicus silvestris. 2552). 222 ces 2 ee 28 VI. Figs. 1-8.—Dialeurodicus tessellatus.........-.-.-.-2-2-+-+-0-2---++ ey VII. Fig. 1.—Pupe and waxy secretion of Dialeurodicus cockerellii on leaf. Fig. 2.—Pupe of Dialeurodicus tessellatus on leaf............-...-- 32 VIII. Figs. 1-8.—Dialeurodicus pulcherrimus....-.......--2--22------2205 32 Pe a apes 114 <—Leongrdiva dalitier... ee: | =. t 2. ea eens Oe wees ses 40 ei. 112 Aleuroaicuaaname: 2 ek a 44 et ee: 9A letrroaieus Cocco be Fs 125. PERL eke 4 Peel. ues. 1-15. Alewrodicis coco... 20) 22 22. 2UR Ae. one ede 52 eres, Wigs. 1-1:—Alenrodieus destructor 90°. 22. 22.20 PSEA. wl se 56 XIV. Fig. 1.—Pupe of Aleurodicus cocois on leaf, showing waxy secretion. Fig. 2.—Pupe of Aleurodicus destructor on leaf, showing waxy secre- PAR ASR e ee ee ee 5 oe mee Bee UE eee Sete ae nate aac 56 Bay oo tte hea cer Oe gents... Se. eA. Bee 56 Sey teen 1) A lenrodicus yup pytt 22.2282 2555 eee... 56 XVII. Fig. 1.—Pupe of Aleurodicus dugesii on leaf, showing waxy secretion: Fig. 2.—Pupe of Aleurodicus guppyii on leaf, showing waxy secre- TCU ER ap ip Scag te CSRs 0 ey ae a ag A 56 XVIII. Leaf infested with Aleurodicus guppyii, showing waxy secretion of PUL EO e tate Setar aiatgie anette oe Meta Ut IORI N a ie REE OL ee, Sede 56 XIX. Figs. 1-5.—Aleurodicus jamaicensis. Figs. 6-11.—Aleurodicus hol- WUBIOS?. Vo URRER ae AR Uke Oey SATA VPA OS 60 aK Mags. 111. Aleurodicus neglects s.090 224 i Ce 60 XXI. Fig. 1.—Aleurodicus holmesii: Pupe on leaf, showing waxy secretion. Fig. 2.—Aleurodicus neglectus: Pupe on leaf, showing waxy secre- HOHE CEL USO Pe. aE De ere oA RI Ne, 60 XXII. Figs. 1-5.—Aleurodicus ornatus. Figs. 6-9.—Aleurodicus pulvinatus. 64 XXIII. Figs. 1-8.—Aleurodicus trinidadensis.............0..202-0002200000- 68 XXIV. Figs. 1-12.—Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus................---- 68 XXV. Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus: Leaf, showing waxy secretion of pupe and trails of secretion left by adults........................ 68 XXVI. Figs. 1-5.—Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis. Figs. 6-11.—Aleuro- quous( Metaleurodteiwa). Qian Usie cos bn ae on eee bon cece edn ascend 72 XXVII. Figs. 1-10.—Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodicus) cardini...............-.-+- 72 XXVIII. Figs. 1-10.—Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodicus) minimus............--.--- 72 XXIX. Fig. 1.—Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis: Pup on leaf showing wax. Fig. 2.—Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) altissimus: Pup on leaf, showing waxy secretion. Fig. 3.—Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodi- cus) minimus: Pupe on leaf, showing waxy secretion............. 72
x CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZA, Page. XXX. Figs. 1-9.—Paraleyrodes persex............---- Rare ta seen ke Ot EY | | 84 XXXI: Figssl-9-—Paraleyrotles vinien «2 -s 45s eos ese ee ee ie 84 SAXAII. Figs. J-7.—Aleurachiton acer... 2 oe 5042 see eee eee 84 XXII: Figs. 1-10:—Aleurochiton forbestt: ...- 58 gas'-\- 2 se eee oe dee ee 90 SERAV.: Figs: 1-8:—Neomaskeliia compta. - .. 3.5. a gee tonnes kee eee eRe ee 90 RAK. Pigs.d=14.--Dialeirodes tila. =. oie Ns ook sie ene eee eee 98 XXXVI. Figs. 1-6.—Aleuroplatus quercus-aquatice. Figs. 7-12.—Pealius make: 58) Mowatt Sas Do «ws eideis aie tin’ > See ee ee 98 XXXVII. Figs. 1-6.—Bemisia inconspicua. Figs. 7-11.—Dialeurodoides aureus. 98 XXVIII. Figs. 1-13.—Aleyrodes:spire@ides - 522050: cet o2-~ $a-d- bw os eee 98 XXXIX. Figs. 1-4.—Aleuroparadoxus iridescens. Figs. 5-8.—Aleurocybotus graminicolus. Figs. 9-11.—Aleurocanthus spiniferus........------- 102 XL. Figs. 1-9.—Aleurotulus nephrolepidis...........-.2-00-+2++2+2+2+-- 102 XLI. Figs. 1-6.—Aleurothrirus howardi. Figs. 7-9.—Aleurotrachelus tra- CREWE SS. 5s See oes ween ie Pisepa geeeinern Git ioe ee See ere 102 XLII. Figs. 1-15.—Asterochiton vaporariorum........ 2.222002 ee- beeen dee 102 XLII. Figs. 1-16.—Aleurotithius:tumberlaket..... 02 «so melds see eee e ee 106 SLI .! Bigs: 1-17. Tetralewrodes map... ti<06% owen erst neh eee = eRe 106 XLV. Figs. 1-16.—Aleurolobus matlatitc.s..0- - a/-«0.0~le 00 4o[n-\- mete «ae a= =e 106 XLVI. Fig. 1.—Dialeurodes citri: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 2.—Aleuropara- doxus iridescens: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 3.—Aleurocanthus spini- ferus: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 4.—Aleurotrachelus tracheifer: Pupa case onleaf. Fig. 5.—Pealius kelloggi: Pupacase on leaf. Fig. 6.— Aleyrodes spirxoides: Pupa case on leaf.........-2-..---.22- 0002 106 XLVII. Fig. 1.—Aleurolobus marlatti: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 2.—Asterochi- ton abutilonea: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 3.—Tetraleurodes mori: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 4.—Aleurothrixus howardi: Pupa case on leads fon os. ce ee st mores eee ache c Pee ee 106 XLVIII. Aleurotithius timberlakei, showing infestation of underside of leaves of ErtOmiciy an LOMeNMIO SUM « sain np sida seine h <tore sepa oe se ee ee ee 106 TEXT FIGURES. Kia. 1.. Genealogical diagram of the Aleyrodidee..---......--<.'s#eese = e+ -=ben = 19 2. Wings.of \Udamoselis pigiientana. <5. 12 20bs yt ~shGek see eee ae 20 8. Head of Dialeurodicews)cockeretlii Ys... 2-2. o-22c<svepes "2 iy SERS eee ee 27 4, Leonards lahillei:.. Pupa case,, detailec.+5-.-6e2 nn hls ae cee 36 5. Leonardius lahillei, showing wax Pods) .122)so.wes..e ccs eee cle alge cee ae 37 6. Aleurodicus cocois: Insects in situ, pupa case, adult, abdomen........-. 48 7. Aleurodicus cocois: Adult male and female, details................-...- 49 8. Aleurodicus cocois: Egg, larvee, and details...........-.----.0-..--.-5-- 50 9. Aleurodicus cocois: Skin of full-grown larva........-....-.-..--.+.+---- 51 10. Wings of Aleurodicus conspurcatus......-.--------+- yw iyhbloraks ARE aime geelm 55 11. Aleurodicus phalxnoides; Adult and details..................--...---+--- 80
CORRIGENDA.
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has called to the attention of the authors an oversight in Part II, which we desire speedily to correct. Asterochiton Maskell was used for a series of species represented by vaporariorum, since the first species described under this genus by Maskell proved to be this insect under the name of papillifer. We had overlooked the fact that Prof. Cockerell had designated awreus as the type of Asterochiton (Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, 1902, page 282s and had proposed a subgeneric name, T’rialeurodes, with pergandei as type, a specie of the vaporariorum series. Asterochiton of our paper must, therefore, replace Dialeurodoides, and Trialeurodes Cockerell, Asterochiton.
Aleyrodes olivinus Silvestri should be added to the list of species of Alewrolobus.
Tetraleurodes mori var. arizonensis, while described in Science Gossip as cited, was named in Bulletin 67 of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, page 666 (1903).
ERRATA.
Plate I, facing page 8, line 5 from bottom, for cockerelli read cockerellii. Page 20, line 3 from bottom, for nane read nahe. Page 32, line 4, for cauded read caudad. Page 33, line 19, for Dialourodicus read Dialeurodicus. Page 80, legend to fig. 11, line 2, after antenna of adult insert period. Page 98, line 15 from bottom, after (1903). insert (India.). Page 100, line 9, for 29 read 28. Page 101, line 10, for euphorbiara read euwphorbiarum. Page 101, line 22, after (1900). insert (U.S. A.). Page 102, line 5 from bottom, after (1911). insert (Japan.). Page 102, line 4 from bottom, for signatus read T-signatus. Page 103, line 17, after (1911). insert (Japan.). Page 105, line 19 from bottom, after (1900). insert (Georgia and D. C.). Page 105, line 16 from bottom, for 9 read 96. Page 106, line 3, after 76 insert semicolon and after P/ insert period. Page 108, line 16 from bottom, after (1900). insert (Florida.). Page 109, line 3 from bottom, for 48 read 46. XI
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EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Ae 6 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. | i 0. HOWARD, Eur molopist and Chief of Bureau.
BY
A. L. QUAINTANCE,
PS In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. Bee AND ee A. C. BAKER,
Expert.
IssuED Marcu 6, 1913.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOER, 1913,
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CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDE.
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Ran Ne, OF Pane L S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREHAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
PART I.
BY
A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations.
AND
A. C. BAKER, Expert.
IssuED Marcu 6, 1913.
WASHINGTON: * GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1913,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarpd, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Mariatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8. Ciirton, Executive Assistant. W. F. Tastet, Chief Clerk.
IF. H. CH1ITTeNnDEN,.in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations.
A. D. HoPKINS, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. LO QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. Ff. PHILLIPS, in charge of bee culture.
D. M. Rocers, in charge of preventing spread of moths, field work. Roiia P. CurrRiz, in charge of editorial work.
MABEL CoLcorD, in charge of library.
Ir
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. Department or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Entromoxocy, Washington, D. C., August 14, 1912.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication as Tech- nical Series No. 27, Part I, of this bureau a manuscript dealing with the insects of the family Aleyrodide, or white flies. This family in- cludes several species of insects of the greatest economic importance, and other species are attracting attention by reason of their increas- ing abundance and injuries. The bureau is therefore frequently called upon to determine these insects, not only from this country but from many parts of the world. This family has been much neglected by entomologists and there has thus not been established a system of classification for the various forms. It is the aim of the present paper to furnish this needed system of classification, which, it is believed, will be found most useful to those interested in the family. Part II will confain an account of the species of the large and important genus Aleyrodes and will complete the monograph of the family.
Respectfully, . L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. .
'
UR
CONTENTS.
Morphology of the Aleyrodide.................-.... Sosa Sia cabs gh ee ey
Classification
Mon Ce Nae aS iia, BR Sa ae a ea? LO Sey Gee eg rr 2S PPI ATOR INOPOUINE sng oon anit sean h ee nadecene suas pote AUER cS 1 SR an av eae no CORE RNA Ray cage ee ea
II.
Udamuanelis Qian Parts 25 is) 2scaboe!ee geek dene hue de nk e Bibi y A teunomecetee se cos od ie De RNR ele ale
MONS EN OLIACULR ne Pe rn Rew Mecetcrs oon ate leas Mee eeeee
EPIIOUPOCICWS DUICNEITUNUS ne ne ke bein nce sans eee
MERIC EPONETURUS © Oo slap Baath Ee Re Saas tie Mm ont Sate cas
POTEET LOE LO EIR CR =. tae ANWR 2 OE el EA
ETS EEA CELE OL TCLLS See aa cis a emer ct eR BSR EEA aS
Subgenus RIRRRTONOS, Pca tee CAE eg aa. EN ee See oo IEDC CS DRONE 8s aaa Mra oe Bo Sas «ua nay nave eve ee (Aleurodicus) Aleyrodes asarumis...........---------+---- SEERUNUUNCIEN COLOR NIUE in S28. fo SE ek Pu aut we PRC UIMOREIIR isan Ae cate oe ore Sk ee Ce A LOMFORACMR CONS TUT CATE non oon anid wa < wis wie aia Pk ee AEA MIEN oc Sard aes Heels apeetaees e ae MAUIOHOULUUGON oe aS. 3 Le eS Bhs OO a PER CUB IUTE «goo oade ex Ses ae eos 2 ee ses OR PUT OGIOES IOMORCENIIS =. 2. \)< =. 6s hose es Sa vn eae eee SUT PUR HOLMER 2 isc. en)s Seis eae oul s 1. ee ee ERGO SUPT IECUUR Sn ee ara tno ca ote «in eRe meee SP OUMOUIMED MIFIEIR: 2s aS 0s) he os Soke pa EIS TUTOR oy ai i none aie wa os a eee PALAU CMC UIA ORIG So. 22 come oa) Soo ee as <
Sie aE eRTIENMAUSS LES SS SR dee og Ss RP Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus...........--.--------- Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis ............--.--.---
Buboenas: Meiileurodie) nooo. 652 jee chee bi ek ee anes Aleurodicus ( Metateurodicus) altissimus..........-.------ Aleurodicus ( Metalewrodicus) cardini............--------- Aleurodicus ( Metaleurodicus) minimus.......-....--.------ EUG MOM cis Sees os he ob aa Hag Ee ee Logs Aleuroduus phalonoules: ss shor 6c ss). 2 oS es ss
TI I EY EOE SE eh 1) Aa a Sg, Sos ee
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RENINE AMPUTOONRED I Hct oh ee os Ao eet 2 facies ein Rile
ATRPOCTALOTE OBITS oe rehab ina sim niet debit een Aleurochiton forbesti .......-...- RP gr PUM he Ren hae ae EE
pete AMONAR Ss... os Saat Sake COLE ot Dk. Fo AS. RRTISTUMONTIRERTIN 2 le Bs eee aaa wide Bee Ce eee ot ek
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*
Pruate I. 1 ALE
III.
IV.
iV
Mi.
WALT
XX. XXI. XXII.
XXII. XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXITI. XXXIV.
lic.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
Figs. 1-12.—Wing venation in the Aleyrodidze_____.___________
*Figs. 1-7.—Anatomical details in the Aleyrodidze______________
Figs. 1-6.—Diagrams of aleyrodid structures________________. Figs. 1-14:—Diateurodicus cockeretht __-_2-_ Figs, 1-6.—Dialeurodicus: sitvesirits._ 2 ee eee ee Figs. 1-8.—Dialeurodicus tessellatusulec a8 2 ee Fig. 1—Pupe and waxy secretion of Dialewrodicus cockerellii
on leaf. Fig. 2.—Pupe of Dialeurodicus tessellatus on leaf__ - . Figs. 1-8.—Dialeurodicus pulcherrimus_____________--_____-_— . Kigs; 1=14.—Leonardius lamlletz oe Si eee , Migs, 1-12.—Aleurodicus anoneceee te ae eee ; Migs: 1-—-9;—Atleurodicus coccolobwia =) Se ee eee ) Migs) 1-15.—Atlewurodicus Coc0is 2252428 ee ee a eee . Kigs.; 1—7:-—Atleurodicus destructor 2222-8 oe eee . Fig. 1—Pupe of Alewrodicus cocois on leaf, showing waxy
secretion. Fig. 2—Pupe of Aleurodicus destructor on leaf, showins waxy. secretion. 22082) ee 2, ee
. Migs, 1-13.—Aleurodicus: dugesti_ 23 eee
Hiss, 1=-11:—Aleurodicus: guppy eee
. Fig. 1—Pupex of Aleurodicus dugesii on leaf, showing waxy se-
cretion. Fig. 2.—Pupexe of Aleurodicus guppyii on leaf, show- ing ‘waxy ‘secretion. os oe aes ly eee See eee
. Leaf infested with Alewrodicus guppyii, showing waxy secretion
OES OURS Se a a ee
. Figs. 1-5.—Aleurodicus jamaicensis. Figs. 6-11.—Aleurodicus
holméstts. 2 EE a eee eee Higs. 1—11.—Aleurodicus neglectus 222) 22st eee eee Fig. 1.—Aleurodicus holmesti: Pup on leaf, showing waxy se- eretion. Fig. 2—Alewrodicus neglectus: Pup on leaf, show- ing Waxy ‘Secretion. - 2S" eee ee ee Figs. 1-5.—Aleurodicus ornatus. Figs. 6-9.—Aleurodicus pul- VENTS a a i eR oy eS Kigs. 1-8:—Aleurodicus trinidadensisi-- = 22 2 ee Figs. 4-12.—Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus_______------ Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus: Leaf, showing waxy se- eretion of pup and trails of secretion left by adults__-____-_~ Figs. 1-5.—Alewrodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis. Figs. 6-11.— Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) altissimus__________---------- Figs. 1-10.—Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) cardini __-__--------~ Figs. 1-10.—Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) minimus__--------- Vig. 1—Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis: Pupz on leaf, showing wax. Fig. 2—Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) altissi- mus: Pup on leaf, showing waxy secretion. Fig. 3—Aleuro- dicus (Metaleurodicus) minimus: Pupee on leaf, showing waxy SOCLELION§ | re ee Figs. 1-9:—Paraleyrodes perse@’ iota 27S ele se ee Kigs. 1-9:—Poraleyrodes. wrichit) 222225) 3205 se eee Rigs, 1-7.—Aleurochiton aceris .2= 2.5 eee eee Kigs, 1-10:\—Aleurochtton forbesit-._- eee Figs. 1-8.—Neomaskellia comata_____------_-------------_-_-
TEXT FIGURES.
1. Genealogical diagram of the Aleyrodide_____-_.--__------------- 2. Wings of Udamoselis pigmentaria.____--______________=s=== 55s 4)
. Head of Dialeurodicus cockerellitoww22- 3 ee a ee
4, Leonardius lahiilet; Pupa ease, detaileas—--_=---2 22a 5. Leonardius lahillei, showing wax rods_._--__--_-=-++---—_-=____= 6. Alewrodicus cocois: Insects in situ, pupa case, adult, abdomen_____ 7. Aleurodicus cocois: Adult male and female, details________--_-__- 8. Aleurodicus cocois: Egg, larve, and details________-------------- 9. Aleurodicus cocois: Skin of full-grown larva__------------------- 10. Wings of Aleurodicus conspurcatus__-____-~-------.-----_—_____ 11. Alewrodicus phalenoides: Adult and details___-------------------
VI
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA:—PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
Few groups of insects have been more neglected by entomologists and collectors than the Aleyrodide. It is believed that compara- tively few of all the species which undoubtedly exist have as yet found their way into collections. The family is widely distributed in the temperate and tropical regions of the world, and it will per- haps, when thoroughly worked, prove to be about as rich in species as the Coccidz or Aphidide.
Beginning with Maskell’s paper, which appeared in 1895, there have followed a number of publications dealing with the Alevrodide, most of them systematic in character, but some dealing with the biology and habits of certain species of considerable economic im- portance. These papers have come from widely separated parts of the world, as New Zealand, the United States, India, Europe, Japan, ete., and indicate an increasing and widespread interest in these insects.
Until 1907 only two genera for the family were recognized, Aley- rodes and Aleurodicus. Since this date, however, three additional genera have been established, namely, Alewrochiton, Paraleyrodes, and Udamoselis, the discovery of which has thrown much light on the probable position of the Aleyrodide in relation to other families of insects, and on the lines of descent of the several subgroups within the family itself.
_The insect collections of the United States National Museum and of the Bureau of Entomology contain a large amount of material of this family received from correspondents from many parts of the country, and have been recently considerably augmented by the large series of specimens attained by Mr. R. S. Woglum, of the Bureau of Entomology, in connection with his search for natural enemies of the citrus white fly (Aleyrodes citri R. & H.) in the Orient. The bureau also has, as stated in an earlier publication, through the kindness of the New Zealand Institute, the temporary custody of the Maskell collection of Aleyrodidx, including nearly all of his types. It has therefore seemed appropriate to undertake, at this time, a revision of the group as a whole, and to determine as
1
2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZA.
accurately as possible a system of classification based upon the natural relationship of the various forms.
The present paper deals with certain features of the anatomy and external structure of the Aleyrodide, and attempts to show the position of the family among homopterous insects. All species of the family at present known are treated, save those belonging to Aleyrodes, and this genus will be made the subject of a later pub- lication.
It is hoped by the writers that this paper will facilitate the classi- cation of these insects and further stimulate the interest already evidenced in them.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODIDZ, THE EGG.
The eggs of insects belonging to this family are elongate-oval in shape and are smooth on the surface or variously sculptured. This egg marking is often one of the simplest means of distinguishing be- tween two closely allied species. The eggs are provided at or near their larger end with a stalk which, in such species as Alewrodicus holmesii, is extremely long. (Pl. XIX, fig. 6.) It serves as an at- tachment for the egg, but it also seems to direct the spermatozoa at the time of fertilization. At this time the stalk is filled with proto- plasm and the mycropylar structure is plainly visible within the egg just at its entrance. After fertilization this protoplasm dries up and the stalk becomes a hollow tube. Cary, in his work on embryol- ogy,'* arrives at a similar conclusion, for he says:
The spermatozoan moves up through the protoplasm contained in the stalk of the egg, while the female pronucleus moves down and comes to lie at the entrance of the stalk. Immediately after the act of fertilization the proto- plasmic contents of the stalk shrivel and dry up.
If, however, the primary function of this stalk is for the direction of the spermatozoa, it is strange that there should be such great varia- tion in its length. It is certainly, however, not comparable to the protective stalk in eggs of such forms as Chrysopa, for it is not a waxy secretion but an extension of the chorion. The eggs of some psyllids, which are closely related to the aleyrodids, possess stalks, but their exact function is unknown to us.
The arrangement of the eggs upon the leaf varies greatly with different species. The females of some insert the sete into the tis- sues and, using the rostrum as center and the body as radius, place the eggs in regular circles. This habit was first noticed by Réaumur in 1736, whose interesting observation we here quote.’
Pour y paryenir, & pour avoir histoire de notre petit papillon, le 25. Juin je choisis une feuille sur laquelle il y en avoit un seul trés-tranquille, & que je
«The small figures refer to the “ Literature,” page 97.
at,
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODID. 3
jugeai y vouloir faire ses oeufs; je marquai l’endroit de la feuille of il étoit. Je trouvai, le lendemain 26. le papillon dans la méme place; le 27. il n’en avoit pas changé, mais tout auprés de lui il y avoit un petit espace 4 peu prés circu- laire, aisé 4 distinguer du reste de la feuille; il étoit poudré d’une poudre blanche, de celle qui blanchit toutes les parties de ce papillon; 14 elle éteignoit la vivacité du verd. Cet espace avoit environ une ligne de diamétre. Sur sa circonférence j’observai trois petits corps que je crus étre des oeufs, & qui en étoient réellement. Enfin le 28. le papillon s’étoit éloigné d’un demi pouce au plus de la place ot je l’avois tofijours trouvé pendant les jours précédens. Il me fut plus aisé alors d’observer sans crainte de l’inquiéter, les petits corps qui étoient arrangés autour de la circonférence du petit espace qu’il avoit blanchi. Avec le secours d’une forte loupe, je reconnus que leur figure étoit assés semblable 4 celle des oeufs ordinaires, elle tenoit pourtant plus de la cylindrique. Ces oeufs sont oblongs, ce sont de petits cylindres dont les deux bouts sont amenés en pointes arrondies; leur plus grand diamétre étoit 4 peu prés dirigé vers le centre de l’espace circulaire.
In American literature Dr. Britton appears to have given the first account in 1902, though Davis mentions it in Insect Life, Volume VII, 1894. In describing the habits of a species on lettuce, Dr. Britton says:?
The female first thrust her beak into the leaf and depositing an egg swung about with her beak still inserted and serving as a pivot, continuing to deposit eggs in a circle of about one millimeter in diameter. One of these circles con- tained six, while another had nine eggs.
The same habit was described and figured by Dr. Back‘ for Aleyrodes howardi Quaintance, and it has been described in connec-— tion with the description of species by the senior author and other writers. Some species, however, use no definite arrangement but scatter the eggs irregularly over the leaf almost exclusively upon the underside. The number of eggs deposited seems to be fairly large if the proper food conditions are found. Dr. Zehntner® gives 150 to 200 eggs for Aleyrodes bergi Signoret, and Morrill and Back ¢ have secured 211 from a female of Aleyrodes citri Riley & Howard.
Dr. Morrill was the first to note parthenogenesis in this family? and we give therefore his original observations on the subject ™.
Adult females have been isolated on plants previously free from Aleyrodes in any stage, for the purpose of determining the duration of adult life, the number of eggs laid by each female, whether or not parthenogenesis occurs, and, if so, its character. The females isolated for the purpose of these observations were seen to emerge from tbeir pupa cases, and consequently there was no possibility of their having been fertilized. The plants upon which these females were kept were growing in small pots covered with lantern chimneys, which were closed at the top with cheesecloth. Four trials were made:
1. April 38, 1902, an unfertilized female began egg laying, and on April 17, three eggs were observed to have hatched.
2. April 17, 1902, an unfertilized female began egg laying, and on April 29
_ several eggs had batched.
3. Dec. 8, 1902, a female emerged, was isolated on a tomato plant, and began egg laying Dec. 12 (females usually begin egg laying on the second or third
4 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZ:,
day after emergence), and continued, averaging four per day for eleven days. Personal observations were here discontinued, but E. A. Back, an undergraduate student at the Entomological Laboratory, noted that the adult died Jan. 1, 1903. On Jan. 7 I found the plant dead, apparently from cold, and on examina- tion of the leaves I found that about three-fourths of the eggs had hatched, and that some of the larvee were in the second instar at the time the plant died. Quite a number of eggs were found that had certainly been laid during my absence, but they were not counted. P
4. March 17, 1903, a female emerged from its pupa case, and was isolated on tomato and chickweed growing in the same pot. Egg laying began March 18. Eggs were deposited on the stems and upper and lower surface of the leaves of both plants, making it impossible to count from day to day all the eggs that had been laid. On April 2, forty-nine eggs were counted, and on April 22 eighty more were known to have been added to this number. There were about eight days altogether when the female was in such a position on the plant that no attempt was made to count the eggs for fear of disturbing her. At a very low estimate, twenty-five eggs were laid during these days. Tbe offspring of this female began to emerge as adults on April 22, and the original female was transferred to a chickweed plant growing in another pot. By an aecident I lost on the same day the positive identity of this insect, but I am quite sure that she produced the forty-nine eggs which I counted on April 29, after which observations on this insect were discontinued. So far as observed, all the eggs laid by this female hatched and the young reached maturity, the adults being males without exception.
To summarize these observations, unfertilized eggs hatch and the larve develop into adults of the male sex. Two females were known to lay forty- four and one hundred and twenty-nine eggs respectively, and in both cases many more were undoubtedly laid. These same insects lived in the adult con- dition for twenty-three and more than thirty-six days respectively.
I have tried several times to isolate a female which had certainly been impregnated, but was unsuccessful. It is not impossible to do this, however, and I suspect that when this is done the young produced from fertilized eggs will all develop into females, giving us a condition similar to that which is generally believed to occur in the honey bees, and known as arrhenotoky.
In regard to the length of adult life, I might further add that in green- houses where there are millions of live adults on the plants, it is difficult to find a single dead specimen on the benches, providing they have not been killed by artificial means. This is a further indication that natural deaths among adults are rare, and that the adult life of each individual may extend over many weeks.
Should it prove true that unfertilized eggs of this insect produce only males and fertilized eggs only females, then the number of adult males and females will be in direct proportion to the number of unfertilized and fertilized eggs. In Psyche (April, 1903) I gave an estimate of the proportion of the two sexes of Aleyrodes in nature, based on actual count of eighty-five specimens of adult Aleyrodes taken at random, representing four different species. The figures given were twenty males to sixty-five females. For the purpose of obtaining a more exact idea of the proportion of the sexes in the present series I counted one hundred adults taken at random, and found twenty-three males to seventy- seven females.
Morrill and Back* have further established the phenomenon in Aleyrodes citri and it is not improbable that it will be found to occur in many species.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODID. 5
The duration of the egg stage is about 12 days for the commoner forms. Temperature, however, seems to have a considerable in- fluence upon the length of the stage, for in uniformly warm weather a much shorter time is necessary and under unfavorable circumstances the time may be greatly extended. The larva emerges from the egg by means of a longitudinal fissure in the anterior part of the egg and the time required for escaping from the shell varies considerably. In connection with her studies of Aleyrodide in California, Miss Bemis observed the hatching of numerous eggs and says: *
In the eggs under observation, there elapsed from forty-two minutes to three hours and eight minutes from the time that the shell began to open until the larva was free. The egg that took the greater time was upon dry material and was dark brown in color, the shell when empty keeping its upright posi- tion and shape, so that the slow hatching was probably due to the toughness of the chorion.
In our experience the drying of the material upon which the eggs are placed greatly retards or even prevents hatching.
THE HEAD OF THE ADULT.
The head is somewhat triangular in shape and is carried in such a way that its anterior surface is slanting ventro-caudad. The compound eyes are of the agglomerate type. They are usually con- stricted in the middle (reniform), or in some species are entirely divided by a tongue-shaped portion of the integument. It some- times liappens also that the facets of these two sections are different in size. The ocelli are two in number and situated close to the an- terior margin of the compound eyes. The position of these ocelli relative to the compound eyes varies in the different species.
The antenne are placed below the eyes in shallow antennal sockets. They bear a striking resemblance to those of the Aphidide. As a rule, they are composed of seven segments, of which the third is the longest. The first and second are always short and thick, while the others are elongate, subcylindrical, and covered with numerous imbri- cations. Circular fringed sensoria occur usually on segments ITI, V, and VII (see Aleurodicus giganteus, Pl. XXIV, fig. 10), and spike sensoria are sometimes also found. Fine hairs are scattered here and there or are found encircling the segments, and segment VII always terminates in a bristle-like armature. There is great variation in the length of the segments among different species in the genus Aleyrodes as at present understood. Asa rule, segment VII is short, often the shortest of all. In species like graminicola, however, it is as long as all the other segments together and in longicornis very much longer. This variation may prove to be of importance in dividing the genus when the forms have been carefully studied. In Paraleyrodes seg- ments III to VII have become united so as to form two,
6 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDE,
The vertex is rounded in most forms and often possesses a median longitudinal ridge or marking. In some forms, however, as in the genera Udamoselis and Dialeurodicus, it is produced into a large cone-shaped structure. This prominence between the insertions of the antenne in both of these genera seems to point to their close relation.
The frons is rounded when viewed from the side and when viewed from the front it is somewhat U-shaped, the bottom of the U forming the suture between it and the clypeus. Its upper edges extend back- ward. Below the clypeus is the labium, which is trapezium-shaped. The edges of this, as well as those of the clypeus, are slightly turned back so that as the structure hes on the labium there will be a better situation for the sete. Below the labrum is a triangular sclerite, the epipharynx. All of these sclerites are somewhat united into an elongate triangular structure which, together with the sete, remains attached to the head and is easily separable from the labium.
The labium is inserted in the base of the head on what is apparently a projection of the thorax. It is of considerable length and is com- posed of three segments. The relative length of these segments seems to vary in the different forms. Near its proximal end the labium is bent strongly caudad and appears to be grooved for its entire length. At the base this groove is wide, but more centrally it becomes nar- rower. The first (proximal) segment is much the longest and is narrow. It is in many forms, armed with a few scattered hairs. The second segment is thicker and shorter and the sutures separating it from the first are not well defined. This has no doubt given rise to Marlatt’s statement that the labium is two-segmented.® The third seoment is short in Aleyrodes, while in Aleurodicus it is considerably longer. It is more heavily chitinized than the others and tapers distad. It is covered with numerous hairs and its tip is bilobed. Each of these lateral lobes is armed with three pegged-spiked taste sensoria situated close together (PI. II, fig.4). It is noteworthy that very similar lobes and the same number of similar pegged sensoria occur on the labium of the Psyllide. The labium in that family is also bent on its proximal part.
The maxillaty and mandibular sclerites are present below the frons, the lower extremity of the former becoming projections. The setee, four in number, constitute two pairs. Those of the inner or maxillary pair are closely pressed against each other and sometimes for this reason appear as only one. The outer or mandibular sete to a certain extent inclose the maxillary ones.
In his excellent paper on the hackberry Psylla, Stough aa pointed out the very great similarity between the mouthparts in this family and those of the Psyllide. He says: 1°
The mouthparts, exclusive of the labium, are almost identical with, though larger than, those of the Aleurodidse which I have examined. The same
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODIDA. y |
sclerites are present, arranged similarly, though somewhat differently shaped. The labrum is much shorter and smaller proportionately than in this family, and the sets seem to be relatively shorter. The end of the labium has the same lateral processes, but these are relatively smaller, ‘The Aleurodid labium has a bend similar to that of Pachypsylla.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. CPi LL, fies 2.)
Our observations on the digestive system of the adult are as fol- lows: Leaving the mouthparts the pharynx is met with as a narrow tube which passes gradually into the esophagus. In the metathorax there is a distinct enlargement, the midintestine, and from this are given off two large saclike structures. From Cary’s work we con- sider these gastric cece, for he says, “After the dorsal wall of the enteron has closed a pair of diverticula are given off from near its anterior end.” The midintestine is looped, as shown in the illustra- tion, and joins the hind intestine in the anterior part of the body. This latter is narrow but is more dilated caudad of the vasiform orifice, where the anal opening occurs.
The nature of this orifice in the immature stages and the function of the lingula seem to have been imperfectly understood by some recent writers. The older writers, however, apparently had, in gen- eral, the correct idea of it. Westwood, for example, in his descrip- tion of Aleyrodes vaporariorum,™ speaking of this structure, says, “With the anal apparatus placed at some distance from the hinder end of the body.”
Peal, in 1903, discussed this structure at some length. We quote the following from his paper:
Some time back, while I was examining an aleurodid which in its earlier stages is remarkably flat and transparent, I was fortunate enough to observe the lingula in motion. This organ was shot out beyond the vasiform orifice with extreme rapidity, it being protruded some four or five times a second.
When the lingula was shot out, the vasiform orifice moved in unison, the upper edge being bent inwards while the whole organ moved caudad. The internal opening of the lingula lies directly in the path of the rudimentary cir- culatory system, and when the organ is in motion it throws the circulatory fluid into a pulsating motion for some distance within the body cavity. I have
been unable, so far, to detect the actual formation of the globules of honeydew, but as soon as the lingula comes to rest after a series of protusions a small
| globule may be seen just within the lower end of the lingula. This globule
advances slowly, being apparently forced forward by the movement of the jingula, and after awhile reaches the tip of that organ. I have never observed these globules within the lingula of an adult insect, but once on examining an adult male of Aleurodes simula, I perceived a globule of honeydew emerging
from the lingula.
There is no doubt that the function of the organ is the secretion of honeydew and the operculum may be regarded as a protective covering to this organ.
8 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
It would appear from this that Peal considered the, vasiform orifice as a special secreting structure and honeydew to be connected in some way with the circulation. Miss Bemis seems to have a some- what similar idea about the lingula, for she says,* “In some species there are seen minute, blunt tubes on the apex of the lingula through which the fluid may be secreted.”
In the introduction to a paper on Aleyrodide*® Tullgren dis- cusses the vasiform orifice. His idea of its nature seems to be the correct one, but he does not go into detail, and we believe him wrong in calling the vasiform orifice the anal opening, for the anus proper seems to open within it.
In the forms examined by us the anus appears to open below the lingula (PI. II, fig. 5) which functions as the supraanal plate. We are unable to find a definite opening at the tip of the lingula. In any case, whether the anus is always at the base or sometimes at the apex, as in the Psyllide, this in no way alters the standing of the lingula, which would in either case be the supraanal plate. The operculum is a little more difficult to place. It would not appear strange if it were believed to correspond to the rudimentary last Sdacinal segment in the Aphidide, as suggested by Tullgren, for its position in regard to the anal plate is very similar. It does not, however, often appear as a distinct segment, but looks like i rolled-back edge of the lingula.
The substance known as honeydew is, as implied above, merely the excrement of the insects. It is deposited in large quantities by the larve, pupe, and adults and forms a medium for the growth of several fungi. The early pupz excrete much more than the late pupe, while the larve, in the earlier instars, excrete the most of all, the substance being ejected once or twice for every minute, although not always at regular intervals. The salivary glands are two rounded bodies situated one on either side of the head and united by small ducts.
The exact nature of the wound of the puncturing sete of Aley- rodidz we have not ascertained, but in all probability it is similar to that made by the Aphididee and the Coccide, where the sete pass around the outer cells and finally puncture the soft bast cells from which the proteid content is taken. These proteid substances form the bulk of the insects’ food, while much of the sugars taken in at the ~ same time are passed out as honeydew.
THE WINGS.
The wings are first noticed in the late embryo as imaginal disks produced as ingrowths of the hypodermis. These, losing their con- nection with the outer layer, soon take on the appearance of closed
Tech Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Cd
PLATE I.
WING VENATION IN THE ALEYRODIDA.
Fig. 1.—Theoretical origin of the veins of the psyllid genus Trioza, showing trache.
Fig.
2.—Forewing of Triozasp. Fig. 3—Theoretical origin of the veins of Aleyrodidx, show- ing trachee. Fig. 4.—Forewing of Udamoselis pigmentaria. Fig. 5—Forewing of Dia-
leurodicus cockerelli. Fig. 6.—Forewing of Aleurodicus conspurcatus.
Fig. 7.—Fore-
wing of Aleurodicus destructor. Fig. 8.—Forewing of Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) minimus. Fig.9.—Forewing of Paraleyrodes persex. Fig.10.—Forewing of Aleurochiton aceris. Fig. 11.—Forewing of Aleyrodessp. Fig. 12—Forewing of Neomaskellia comata.
(Original. )
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il.
ANATOMICAL DETAILS IN THE ALEYRODIDA.
Fig. 1—Male reproductive organs: 7's, testis; Vd, vas deferens; Sv, seminal vesicle; GdM, glandula mucosa; F jd, ejaculatory duct. Fig. 2.—Digestive tract: Sg, salivary glands; Ph, pharynx; Oes, oesophagus; @Ca, gastric execa; An, anus; Lin, lingula. Fig. 3—Labium of Aleyrodes sp. Fig. 4—Taste sensoria on lobe of apex of labium. Fig. 5.—Vasiform orifice, ventral view: An, anus; Op, operculum; Lin, lingula. Fig. 6—Diagram of genital segment of male Psylla: Sa, supraanal plate; Co, copulatory organ; Cla, claspers; Sbg, subgenital plate. Fig. 7—Diagram of genital segment of male A/eurodicus: Sa, supraanal plate; Co, copulatory organ; Cla, claspers; Sbg, subgenital plate. (Original.)
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODIDA., 9
sacs. During the pupal stage the wing disks come to lie outside the body, the pads are developed, and in the late pupe the wings them- selves are folded up within the case. They are four in number, membranous, and are composed of two thin, superimposed lamelle. In the preparation of mounts with potassium hydroxid, these plates often become separated and the wings become opaque and sac-like in form. The border of the wings all around in most species is covered with a series of knob-like or bead-like projections on which occur a number of fine hairs. These hairs vary in number. In some species there is a large central hair on each knob with two or three small ones on each side. In others the hairs are subequal in length and very minute. In Alewrodicus the proximal half of the costal margin ef the forewing is armed with a number of large spine-like hairs situated on small receptacles. These hairs are placed a short dis- tance in from the costal margin and are arranged along what ap- parently represents the subcosta. The hairs are directed distad. The hind wing of all species is armed on the proximal portion of its costal margin with a row of strong curved hairs which aid in keeping the wings together during flight. The number of these hairs varies, but from seven to nine hairs are most usually met with. In the Psyllide a similar row of hairs is situated in the same region, but there is usually a larger number. In the Aphidide, on the other hand, this structure is usually replaced by three hook-like hairs situ- ated, not at the base, but on the distal half of the wing.
To illustrate the venation in this family we will use as a basis of comparison the wing of a species of the psyllid genus 7’rioza (PI. I, fig. 2), following the nomenclature as worked out for that genus by Miss Pateh.1* Comparing with this the wings of Udamoselis pig- mentaria Enderlein (PI. I, fig. 4), we see that the veins of the costal region are separate, although very close. These undoubtedly repre- sent the costa and subcosta. We find that radius, and the radial sector are represented in exactly the same manner as in 7’rioza. The media and cubitus have a position very similar to these veins in the psyllid, but are not branched, while the first anal, the only one pres-
ent, is in identically the same position in both forms. For species _ possessing these veins the subfamily Udamoseline has been erected and at present includes only the one known form.
In the genus Alewrodicus (Pl. I, fig. 7) the costal vein is made up
_ of costa and subcosta. These are as a rule united, but in some species _ they are separated at the base and can be distinctly traced. The
veins radius ,, radial sector, and media, are represented as they are in Udamoselis. The cubitus and anal, however, have disappeared.
_ This disappearance of the cubitus and the retention of the media _ form one of the main lines of descent in the family and for the _ forms showing it the subfamily Aleurodicine may be erected. It is
10 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
worthy of mention that in minimus Quaintance (PI. I, fig. 8) the cubitus is represented by a faint line or fold and in conspwrcatus (Pl. I, fig. 6) it is retained, this latter species possibly being a con- necting form.
In the genus Aleurochiton (Pl. I, fig. 10) this state of affairs does not hold, but an opposite line of descent is indicated and the forms showing this may be grouped in the subfamily Aleyrodine. Here the costa and subcosta are united to form one vein. Radius, and the radial sector are present as in Alewrodicus. 'The media, however, is absent or only faintly indicated in freshly emerged specimens. The cubitus, on the contrary, is well retained and forms a distinct vein. It may be noticed here that the pupa of Alewrochiton has not the large compound pores of Alewrodicus.
In examining a wing of the genus Aleyrodes (Pl. I, fig. 11) we see that the costa and subcosta are again united, the radial sector is retained, but the radius, has disappeared. In some material a faint rudiment of this vein is noticeable. The media, as in Alewrochiton, has entirely disappeared and is made out plainly only in the fresh wing. In some species, however, the rudiment of this vein is notice- able and has been observed as early as the time of Signoret, for he says, speaking of fragariw*® “Dans cette espece, entre la nervure mediane et la nervure oblique de la base, j’en ai observe le commence- ment d’une seconde.” The cubitus is here retained and forms the second vein of the wing. It is evident, then, that Aleyrodes is an off- shoot from Aleurochiton by the reduction of radius,. This is borne out also by the pupa, which has no large compound pores. The care- ful work of Miss Patch** on tracheation in this genus corresponds exactly with our observations. She figures and describes ‘the vena- tion in Aleyrodes sp. and shows clearly that the second vein of the wing is the cubitus. Her words are, “The second vein of the wing of Alewrodes is cubitus, as will be seen by comparing figures 44 and 45, where the second vein is shown to follow the courses of the cubital trachea.” In this family Miss Patch, however, treated only the genus Aleyrodes.
The venation in the genus Paraleyrodes (Pl. I, fig. 9) appears at first glance like that“of Aleyrodes, but more careful study shows it to be very different. The costa and subcosta are here united and the radial sector is retained. The second vein of the wing, however, is not the cubitus, but the remnant of the media, and can be found as a branch of the main vein. Moreover, in some specimens of persew the cubitus can be seen faintly indicated in its usual position. This venation shows, then, that Paraleyrodes is not closely related to Aleyrodes, but is a branch from Alewrodicus by the reduction of the media and radius,. This view is also borne out by the structure of the pupa, which has the compound pores of Alewrodicus, and of the
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODIDA, 11
Kg foot, which has the paronychium represented by a spine as in that
;
es a ae eee es! ae
oe
a ee en
genus.
In Neomaskellia comata Maskell (P1. I, fig. 12, and Pl. XXXIV)
we find the greatest reduction in the family. Here the costa and sub-
costa are united, and in the body of the wing only one vein, the radial sector, remains. (It should be noted here that Maskell’s figure of this species is wrong. Our drawings were made from his type and the small vein he figures does not exist.) It is evident, then, from the venation that comata forms the type of a new genus. This is also indicated by the hairy psyllid-like claspers.
The species Dialeurodicus cockerellii (Quaintance) (Pl. I, fig. 5; Pl. IV, fig. 3) shows the same wing venation as Aleurodicus, but the type of vertex and the absence of compound pores immediately place it elsewhere.
In this connection should be mentioned an article by Sophie Rostrup 7° which, since it is apparently followed by Dr. Max Wolff, deserves some notice. As the communication is short we quote it entire:
Aleurodider er en iille med Skjoldlus og Bladlopper naerbeslaegtet Familie af smaa, mgllignende Dyr. Ved et Besgg af mig i Ringsted i August 190S indsamlede Landbrugskandidat, Gaardejer Pallesen, Kaerehave, Blade af Gulerddder, angrebne af Krusesyge, paa hvis Underside der fandtes en Del smaa Dyr, om hvilke Hr. Pallesen meddelte mig, at han ofte hayde set dem paa saadanne Blade. Ved naermere Undersggelse viste de sig at hgre til ovennaevnte Familie. Imidlertid fandtes der ingen udviklede Insekter, kun Larver og Nymfer; saa vidt det kan afg¢gres efter dette Udviklingsstadium, synes de at hgre til Slaegten Alewrodicus, der hidtil ikke har vaeret kendt fra Evropa. Larver og Nymfer er forsynede med et fint Voksovertraek og sidder ubevaegeligt med deres lange, tynde Snabel indboret i Plantevaevet og suger af dette. Spgrgsmaalet, om disse Dyrs Sugning staar i Iorbindelse med Krusesygen og i saa Tilfaelde, hvilken Del de har i denne, kan paa naervaerende Tidspunki ikke afggres. Professor Kglpin Ravn mener oftere at have bemaerket disse Dyr paa Gulerod.
_ It is evident by examining the figures that the specimens referred to do not represent a species of Alewrodicus, but belong to the Psyl- lide and are very likely near 7’7i0za. The pulvillus of the foot, the general form, the marginal wax fringe, the wing venation, the lack of vasiform orifice, in fact, all the characters noticeable in these fig- ures are those of the Psyllide and not of the Aleyrodide. Any ideas, therefore, based on the venation in these figures must be discarded.
MALE GENITAL ORGANS.
In male Aleyrodide the abdomen ends in a heavily chitinized collar
_on the dorsal surface of which is found the vasiform orifice and from
the extremity of which protrude the claspers and the copulatory or- gan. It does not seem impossible that this last segment represents 61201°—13
we) ~
12 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZ.
the subgenital plate and has been produced by the fusion of the upper margins of that plate, while the lingula, as explained elsewhere, rep- resents the supraanal plate. This would seem suggested from the state of affairs found in the Psyllide, for in comparing Psylla sp. (Pl. II, fig. 6) and Alewrodicus sp. (Pl. I, fig. 7) it will be seen that the genital segments are very similar. If in the psyllid the upper margins of the subgenital plate were united above the claspers and the supraanal plate reduced, they would be almost identical. In any case, however, the close relation of the two families seems indicated by this structure. The shape and armature of the claspers vary con- siderably in different species, but as a rule these organs are curved at the distal end and armed with a number of spines. Those of comata are very hairy and psyllidlike. Each clasper generally has on the outer margin of its distal part a rounded shoulder and its distal end is formed into two processes for the attachment of the muscles. The copulating organ is found between the claspers. It is usually single, but in Paraleyrodes persee it appears bifurcate. It is an elongate, subcylindric rod, tapering on its distal part and swollen at the base. In some forms it appears grooved on its upper surface for the recep- tion of the penis, but in others we are not able to make this out, but the two seem fused into one structure. The penis is carried recurved toward the vasiform orifice in a manner very similar to that found in the Psyllide. The ejaculatory duct extends cephalad some distance from the base of the penis, where it has its origin in the union of the two vasa deferentia.
The testes (Pl. II, fig. 1) are globose or elongate bodies situated one on each side of the median line of the abdomen. The vas deferens, in leaving the testis, is coiled upon itself and then swollen considerably to form the seminal vesicle. Again contracting, it is united with its fellow and forms the ejaculatory duct. At this place of union are found the openings of the ducts leading from the two large sac-shaped structures, in all probability the glandule mucose. The external genital organs of the male are definitely formed in the pupal stage and fairly early in this stage the claspers can be seen fully shaped. They are developed, according to Cary, from the two pairs of posterior abdominal imaginal disks. The reproductive or- gans can be seen in all the larval stages as a pair of gland-like masses, one on either side of the abdomen.
FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS.
The supragenital segment in female Aleyrodidz shows some varia- tion in form. In Aleyrodes it is broad and crescent-shaped and is armed with regularly placed hairs. It is often differently pigmented from the surrounding portions of the body and is situated some dis-
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entoinology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.
CENTRAL PROCESS OUTER CUP
OPINNERETS
FARONYCHIUM
a o, VASIFORM ORIFICE CLAW . ComMPOUND WAX PORES \——~P aronycuium
DIAGRAMS OF ALEYRODID STRUCTURES.
Fig. 1.—Pupacase. Fig.2—Compound wax pore. Fig. 3.—Foot of subfamily Aleyrodine. Fig. 4.— Foot of subfamily Aleurodicine. Fig. 5.—Head. Fig. 6.—Vasiform orifice. (Originel.)
oy Bac
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; Ry : ry os o. bs ' oe J ‘| Pg a "74% aN 2 “ag lie ate per i Paid phere a ea He ay Dt Pa, qr he 7 eT “are ae! 7 bo LS a a ge : : . oe Oe 50 as CG ve “ “ a Dae : 7 a. : des Th co aoe a, . o>; Cae ie a ie aa ers ‘ nee ee : > F ie * yy Poet 1 & : Pe ret eee yf x ie f Wid ule - re | Lo ie ee a ona Ths Co Ve maa 1, Y: nie AG : tay, ta ty Z re Ms ale "7 ay i poe f ie. ; a4 "4 re ys at a te we, wy ve p + : ay ‘ ‘ 4 rt me ~ { 3! an hae en _ vw te Day! £ ¥ aly ' ae ‘ af a ry a Ps 7 ree te iA eb rer, ware e, Paks +i PAT i OP 3 eee ir ’ ies } A ohw vy 7 ira ; Nk ee a > = . 5 a : , 4 Te, y a ay : 7 a \ ae, ON mh it aethdins hs or. BA 6 i ' OA Sl oe a aier et ae : \ ey eee, al a : : ; vt ae vb ee Oe Dae eee Ps won, er ety rly Wate es ; ; ha ave. Bs - ‘lees ‘ eh v . . ; ces Pa - An -” > a
it . ¢
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODIDZ, 13
tance cephalad from the tip of the ovipositor. In Dialewrodicus it ap- pears to be very similar in shape, but in Alewrodicus it is narrower and more elongate, while in Paraleyrodes it is rounded. What ap- parently corresponds to the subgenital plate here is a large structure covering the caudal ventral portion and extending some distance dorsad on each side. The structure of the ovipositor is considerably like that found in the Psyllidee, while it differs quite markedly from the structure present in the Aphidide. It is composed of six parts, the outer covering of which usually bears a definite number of hairs. These parts are grouped into pairs. The inner and upper pair of these is usually distinct for some distance, at least, and the parts are easily separable. The outer pairs, however, have grown together almost entirely and appear as one pair. Occasionally, though, they can be seen split at their tips, as is the middle pair, and they are sometimes sculptured or serrate. Extending throughout the ovi- positor there are a number of chitinized rods. These appear to be composed of parts jointed together and working one against another. There are present toward the tip flattened structures which appar- ently correspond to the “sting palpi” of the Psyllide. The ovaries are two in number and very large. They are composed of five-cham- bered ovarian tubes and in some cases almost entirely fill the abdo- men. The receptaculum seminalis is ventral and the oviduct, coiling upon itself considerably, opens between the valves of the ovipositor.
LEGS OF THE ADULT.
The rudiments of the legs appear very early in the embryonic state, at about the same time as those of the méuthparts. A study of the legs of the adults is interesting, as it tends to throw some light on the position of the family. The three pairs are considerably alike, varying only in the relative lengths of the different segments. The femora and tibiz are elongate and armed with spines and hajrs. The tibix especially possess several longitudinal rows composed of prominent spines placed close together. On the distal third these become fewer in number, excepting for a comblike structure, which is found in at least several species. The distal end of the tibiz is sur- rounded by a number of short spines which, though much weaker, suggest the jumping spines of the Psyllide. The tarsus is composed _ of two segments almost equal in length, and in this regard it is much closer to the Psyllide than to the Aphidide, in which one segment is very much reduced, or to the Coccide and some Aphidide, in which it is altogether lost. Attaching the claws and paronychium to the tarsus proper are a number of irregular pieces difficult to make out ‘and which may be part of the tarsus. The foot itself seems much nearer to that of the Psyllide than to that of the Aphidide, for the
titi et atte” pil” ie ee
14 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
Psyllide have a prominent bilobed pulvillus, while the Aphidide have practically none. In some forms in the Aleyrodine the paro- nychium is very prominent, and in all forms it is represented either by a pad or a spinelike structure. The paronychium in the Aleyro- didee, however, is never bilobed as in the Psyllide, though in some species there is a slight indication of this.
WAX PORES OF PUPA CASE.
The secretion of wax is very common in many of the Homoptera and is particularly noticeable in the families related to the Aleyro- lide, namely, Psyllide, Aphidide, and Coccidx. In the Psyllide besides the anal wax glands there are in the larve of many species abdominal and marginal wax glands, the marginal ones of which secrete long, fine, hollow, brittle, waxen hairs, which form a fringe about the insect. In the Aphidide the glands are usually grouped. In Schizoneura and some species of Pemphigus the secreting cells are arranged in rings, while in Chermes, Afindarius, etc., they are agglom- erate in nature, and in some forms these agglomerate pores are sur- rounded by a chitinized ring.
In the larve of the Aleyrodide we have three types of pores, namely, simple, agglomerate, and compound. In the Aleyrodine the dorsal pores present are all simple, though many of them may be larger than others and arranged in definite rows, producing a fringe comparable to that in the larve of the Psyllide. It isin the Aleurodi- cine that the development of special wax secreting structures is found and this development seems to throw some light on the relation of the forms. In Dialeurodicus the dorsal pores are simple and usually scattered, though in sélvestrii the greater number of them are col- lected into a subdorsal band. In the species lahillei these simple pores have taken on a definite and restricted arrangement, forming agglomerate pores as in some Aphidide. In the center of some of these, however, is found a large, chitinous process which points to these as near the forerunners of the true compound pores in Aleurodi- cus. This fact, together with the shape of the lingula, wing, etc., seems to indicate that dahillei is the type of a new genus older than | Aleurodicus, but not so old as Dialeurodicus. In Aleurodicus the — compound pores have a constant structure in all the species, indicated — in Plate ILI, figure 2. The chitinous ring surrounding the agglom- — erate pores in some other forms is here a definite elevated cup-like — structure. Within this cup the spinnerets are arranged in a ring — similar to the ring in Schizoneura, but, unlike these cells, are pro- duced into more or less elevated rods or tubes. Within this ring of spinneret rods is a chitinous process, apparently hollow, which may ~ be very long, as in holmesii, or as short as the outer cup. In Paraley- rodes, while the pore is of the same compound type, it is different in
{
Pies Sas
MORPHOLOGY OF THE ALEYRODIDA. 15
é appearance, for here the ring of spinnerets is not extended into rod- _ shaped structures, but is seen only at the base. ‘The outer cup is very shallow and the central chitinous process is split into a number of sections. It would appear that in Paraleyrodes the spinnerets and outer cup have become shortened at the same time with the media and radius, The compound pores of the forms belonging to the subgenus J/etaleurodicus are of an intermediate nature. The spin- nerets are reduced in minima and cardini in a manner comparable to those of Paraleyrodes, but the central process is entire. In altissimas besides the reduction of the spinnerets, the central process is split into three divisions. In these forms, however, the lingula is short and generally included, unlike the typical forms of Aleurodicus or Paraleyrodes. Unfortunately the adult of altissimus has never been secured as, from the pupa, it appears to be a very interesting form; but whether it is nearer Paraleyrodes or Aleurodicus can be decided only by an examination of all the stages.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
The respiratory system in Aleyrodidz seems to be more fully devel- oped in the larval stages than in the adults. Im some forms, as in those belonging to the citi group, there are in the immature stages special breathing folds developed which are often indicated on the dorsal surface by sculpturing and the outer extremity of each is guarded by stellate or other serrations on the margin of the case. The folds are three in number, there being a latero-thoracic pair and a caudal fold, this latter extending from the vasiform orifice caudad to the margin and forming a Y-shaped structure which extends to the posterior thoracic pair of spiracles. In some species, even when the thoracic folds are not noticeable, the caudal fold will be long and deep. The courses of the various trachex: have been worked out by Woodworth for Aleyrodes citri** and the observations of more recent writers on the subject, as well as those made by ourselves, only sub- stantiate his findings.
In the adult the system follows the same plan as in the larva. There are the same number (four pairs) of spiracles present, one pair of which is abdominal and situated near the vasiform orifice. The trunks and girdle are, however, much more reduced in the mature insect.
METAMORPHOSIS.
The metamorphosis in this family has always been an interesting and problematical subject of study. During the later larval stages ‘the antenne, mouthparts, and legs become, to a certain extent, atro- phied. In the pupal stage, however, they appear to be, in some cases at least, functional. In Dialeurodicus cockerellii, for example, there
16 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
is not only a prominent labium in this stage, but it is armed with taste sensoria. The function of the nervous system is not suspended during the entire life of aleyrodids, but as a similar state of affairs is found in such forms as the Muscide, this indicates little. The di- gestive system, with a few alterations, seems to pass over from the larva to the adult. The reproductive organs develop in the pupal stage and some, though not extensive, histolysis occurs. The adults without question feed, for they may be seen in the act and the honey- dew excreted is a further evidence of this. It would appear that during the first part of the last (pupal) instar, the insect lives a life similar to that led in the earlier stages. During the last part, how- ever, activity seems to cease for a short time, while transformation takes place within the larval skin. This change appears to be gradual in some respects and the metamorphosis in the Aleyrodide may be considered as of an intermediate type.
The adult emerges through a T-shaped opening on the dorsum of the pupa case. A short time before this opening is noticed, the in- sect may be seen fully formed within the case, and as it crowds in from the edges the rupture takes place. The thorax is first to emerge, followed by the head. The antennz and legs are next worked free and the insect assumes an upright or recurved position similar to that adopted by many other insects in this process. Finally the abdomen is worked free and the insect moves away. The time normally occu- pied in this process is only a few minutes. Where the pupa cases are hard, however, a much longer time is required and it is not un- common to see insects struggle for hours and finally die without being able to free themselves. After the adults have left the case it requires some minutes for the wings to expand and the colors and waxy secre- tion to develop. Morrill and Back® have given careful observations on the act of emergence of Aleyrodes citri, which in the main agree with ours here recorded. They also give the effects of temperature and humidity on the emergence of that species, stating “ that temper- ature and not humidity is the more important factor governing emergence in Florida.” On the other hand, Mr. R. S. Woglum, of the Bureau of Entomology, who has made extensive observations on this species in India and the Orient, is of the opinion that humidity is the governing factor. He states that the emergence of the flies, at least in any numbers, always follows a rise in humidity, while the optimum temperature under these conditions, together with a low humidity, seems to check emergence.
CLASSIFICATION.
Until recently only two genera, Aleyrodes and Aleurodicus, were recognized for the family Aleyrodids. Within the past three or four years, however, there have been established the additional genera
CLASSIFICATION. 17
Aleurochiton, Paraleyrodes, and Udamoselis. These genera include species showing a considerable variation in important characters and, with other material available, furnish a basis for the consideration of their-relationships and probable lines of descent. Information on these questions is essential for a correct understanding of the posi- tion of the family among the Homoptera and for the assignment within the family of the various species into natural groups.
Until the recent paper by Dr. Enderlein*® no attempt has been made to divide the family into subfamilies, and to date there has been no attempt to show the natural relations of the genera. Enderlein erected the subfamily Udamoseline, in which) he included also Aleurodicus, and the subfamily Aleyrodine, in which were placed all other known forms.
In the following classification we restrict Udamoseline to the forms in which both media and cubitus are present. Our reasons for this, our ideas on the relation of the genera and the systematic position of the family, and a discussion of the subfamilies follow. It appears to us, from a careful study of the different forms, that the Aley- rodidz are not intermediate in position between the Aphidide and Coccidz but that they form an offshoot from the psyllid stem. This is indicated by the wing venation and by the structure of the mouth- parts, legs, and genitalia.
The venation of the wings of this family has been compared with that of a psyllid wing under a separate heading (p. 9) and it is clear that the ancestor of the Aleyrodidz had a wing form and venation very similar to the psyllid type. Under another heading (pp. 12-138) the genitalia of this family and those of the Psyllide have been com- pared. ‘The resemblance here is very striking. In the males only a slight modification of the structure found in the Psyllide is necessary to produce the type found in Alewrodicus, while the Aphidide have a widely different structure. In the females, too, the same condition is found to be true. The ovipositors in the two families are remark- ably alike, while in the Aphidide this structure shows almost no resemblance. In this second character, then, the two families are thus seen to be closely related.
The mouthparts show the most remarkable resemblance. In fact, with a variation in form of some parts and a difference in size, the two are identical. Even the same number of similarly saat taste sensoria are present on the labium.
In the legs, again, this similarity is to be noticed. In the presence of the pulvillus and the segmentation of the tarsus, the Aleyrodide are much closer to the Psyllide than to the Aphidide.
The family itself shows two distinct lines of descent. In the one the media is retained, the cubitus is lost, and large compound wax pores are often developed in the pupx. In the other the media is
18 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZ.,
lost, the cubitus is retained, and no pupal compound wax pores are present. This divides the family at once into two distinct sub- families to which the names Aleurodicine and Aleyrodine may be applied. Outside of these two subfamilies we have the form Udamo- selis pigmentaria, which is much more generalized than any other. It retains both media and cubitus and we place it, at present, alone in the Udamoseline. We have included in the Aleyrodine three genera, Alewrochiton, Aleyrodes, and Neomaskellia. 'The first is the most primitive, and from it Aleyrodes has arisen by the reduction of radius, Neomaskellia, however, seems to have separated earlier than Aleyrodes, for it retains very hairy psyllid-like claspers and the wing venation is more reduced. The genus Aleyrodes at present includes many diversified forms and a careful study of these will no doubt necessitate the breaking up of the genus.
In the subfamily Aleurodicine the most primitive form seems to be Dialeurodicus cockerellii. This species, while it has developed the wing venation of Alewrodicus, still retains head characters which ally it to Udamoselis. The pupa, too, has no compound wax pores as in the genus Aleuwrodicus. With this species as type, Cockerell erected Dialeurodicus and placed it as a subgenus of Aleurodicus. It is evident, however, that this does not represent its true position, but that it is considerably older than AJleurodicus. We therefore make it the type of a genus rather than a subgenus. The species described as Aleurodicus lahillei, as discussed under wax pores (p. 14), shows characters intermediate between Déialewrodicus and Aleurodicus. These characters are so marked and evidently inter- mediate that we make it the type of a new genus, Leonardius, allied to Dialeurodicus in wing form, vertex, and vasiform orifice, and showing a development toward Alewrodicus in wax-secreting struc- tures. The genus Alewrodicus is separated at once by the wing venation, the definite wax-pore structures, and the long exserted lingula. There are, however, forms of this type in general structure which have an included lingula and wax pores tending toward those of Paraleyrodes. For these forms we erect a subgenus, J/etaleurodi- cus. This subgenus does not seem to be directly on the line toward Paraleyrodes. It is, as far as wax pores are concerned, but the lingula seems to place the group by itself.
The genus Paraleyrodes is plainly derived from near Aleuwrodicus by the reduction of the radius and part of the media, and by the short- ening of the spinnerets and the cup of the wax pore. At the same time some of the segments of the antenne have united. It is the most specialized genus of the Aleurodicine as Neomaskellia is the most specialized in the Aleyrodinze. The position of the family and the relations of the genera, as we understand them, are shown in figure 1.
Pe
. ee ae eS a Se
CLASSIFICATION. | 19 Famiry ALEYRODIDZ Westwoop.
Small or minute insects; oviparous, eggs stalked; metamorphosis intermediate; larval stages (except first) quiescent upon leaves of plants; most species surrounded or covered with a waxy secretion.
Mature sexes with four wings which are transparent, white, clouded or mottled with spots or bands. Antenne in most genera of seven segments; compound eyes single or divided (reniform) ; ocelli two. Tarsi of two segments, terminating in two claws and a median process or paronychium; mouthparts suctorial, labium long, 3-segmented,
ALEUROD
*
NEOMASKELLIA
PARALEYRODES ALEYRODES
LEONARDIUS
ALEURODICUS IALEURODI
ALEYRODIDA: APHIDIDE
_— COCcIDAL
Fia. 1.—Genealogical diagram of the Aleyrodide. (Original.)
setee four; male genitalia a pair of prominent claspers; female geni- talia an acute ovipositor. Anus opening dorsally at the so-called “ vasiform orifice.”
SUBFAMILIES OF THE ALEYRODID®.
A. Forewing with radius:, radial sector, media, cubitus, and anal veins present.
PU RAIUaa PETC ORL ICRCie re Cais 2 FO ee A I. Udamoseline. B. Forewing with radial sector and media present; radius: absent or present; paronychivum spine-likes $2. t eee II. Alewrodicine n. subfam.
C. Forewing with radial sector and cubitus present; radius: absent or present; PROM VGeLnurID® Die Oali ie ts SLE a ee ol Ill. Aleyrodine.
20 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID&. I. SuspraMiILty UpAMOSELIN ENDERLEIN.
The members of this subfamily have the forewing with the costa and subcosta distinct. The radius,, radial sector, media, cubitus, and anal vein are present.
One genus only, Udamoselis, is known.
Genus UDAMOSELIS Enderlein. Udamoselis Enderlein, Zool. Anz., Bd. 34, N. 7/8, p. 281 (1909).
This genus was erected by Enderlein, who characterized it as
follows: UDAMOSELIS noy. gen.
(Fig. 2.)
Radialramus und Media bilden im Vorder- und Hinterfliigel zusammen eine Gabel, im Vorderfliigel ist der Radialramus verktirzt. Cubitus im Vorder- und
an
CU
¥ia. 2.—Wings of Udamoselis pigmentaria. (Redrawn from Enderlein.)
Hinterfliigel vorhanden, im Vorderfliigel aus der Media nahe der Basis, im Hinterfliigel dicht neben der Wurzel der Media entspringend. Analis (an) im Vorderfiiigel als feine, aber sehr scharfe helle Linie (sutura clavi), im Hinterfliigel weniger deutlich. Axillaris (a@#) im Vorderfiitigel als deutliche Ader entwickelt, sie fehlt im Hinterfliigel. Abdomen sehr lang und dunn (¢).
In der Mitte der Stirn ein ziemlich griésser kegelf6rmiger Hocker. Jede der beiden grossen Ocellen liegen dicht dem Innenrand der Augen nane am Hinter- rand des Scheitels an.
Type, pigmentaria Hnderlein.
UDAMOSELIS PIGMENTARIA. 21 [ Translation. ]
UDAMOSELIS noy. gen.
(Fig. 2.)
The radial ramus and the media both in the fore and hind wings form a branched fork; in the forewing the radial ramus is shortened. The cubitus is present both in the fore and the hind wing; in the forewing it has its origin in the media near its base, in the hind wing it starts close to the root of the media. Analis visible in the fore- wing as a fine but very distinct bright line (sutwra clavi), in the hind wing it is less distinct. The axillary (aa) is developed as a distinct vein in the forewing; in the hind wing it is wanting. The abdomen of the male insect is very long and attenuated.
In the middle of the front of the head there is a rather large cone- shaped protuberance. Each one of the two large ocelli lies close to the internal margin of the compound eyes near the posterior margin of the occiput.
The terminology of wing-veins used by Dr. Enderlein in the preceding diagnosis does not correspond with our ideas on the sub- ject. As discussed under “The wings,” we consider the costa as represented by the margin, and the “ fork” as formed by radius, and the radial sector. Below we tabulate, therefore, Dr. Enderlein’s terms, giving in each case what we consider the correct term:
Enderlein 7 ,—Subcosta. Enderlein cu=Media. r =Radius:. ; an=Cubitus. m Radial sector. ae—Anal.
Udamoselis pigmentaria Enderlein. (Fig. 2.)
Udamoselis pigmentaria Enderlein, Zoologischen Anzeiger, Bd. 34, No. 7/8, p. 231 (1909).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
é. Kopf sehr klein, breiter als lang, kaum so breit wie die Hiilfte der Thora- calbreite. Augen sehr gross, blassgelblich, jedes Auge nimmt 1/3 der Kopfbreite ein und ist von Kopfliinge. Scheitel blassgelblich, iiusserster Hinterrand in der Mitte schwarz, Scheitelnaht sehr tief, der Hinterrand ziemlich tief stumpf- winkelig ausgeschnitten ; die beiden Scheitelhiilften klein, etwas liinger als breit. Die beiden Basalglieder der Fiihler ziemlich dick und braun, Fiihlerinsertion zur Hilfte in den Augenrand eingeriickt, der Augeninnenrand an dieser Stelle schmal und tief eingebuchtet, Einbuchtung viel tiefer als breit. (I iihlergeissel abge- brochen). Den Zwischenraum zwischen den Fiiblerinsertionen fiillt ein grosser ziemlich hoher kegelférmiger schwarzer Stirnaufsatz. Clypeus relativ gross, in Gestalt eines gleichseitigen Dreiecks, dessen eine Ecke nach yorn gerichtet ist, rostgelb, mit ziemlich langen und ziemlich dichtstehenden, senkrecht abstehenden
22 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
braunen Haaren besetzt. Riissel etwas liinger als die Kopfhéhe, die beiden Glieder etwa gleichlang, 1. Glied gelblich, am Ende briiunlich; 2. Glied gelblich, Endhilfte schwarz, nach der Spitze zu allmiéhlich zugespitzt. Wangen sehr kurz, nur vor den Augen, Schlifen fehlen.
Thorax rostbraun, Scutellum und Postscutellum briiunlichgelb. Pronotum kurz, Hinterrand in der Mitte etwas flach eingedriickt. Mesonotum sehr kriiftig und dick, hoch gewélbt; Antedorsum schmal, nach hinten lang und spitz ausge- zogen und gewdlbt, und durch tiefe Parapsidenfurchen abgesetzt; die beiden Seitenfltigel der Dorsa in der Mitte kurz vereinigt und durch kleine Furche getrennt; Scutellum als Querwulst, die etwa 2} mal so breit wie lang ist. Ahn- lich ist das Postscutellum, nur etwas kleiner. Der Hinterrand des Scutellum und Postscutellums setzt sich jederseits in eine scharfe Querleiste fort. Das An- dorsum des Metanotum ist fast so gross wie das des Mesonotum, und ist durch eine sehr scharfe Medianfurche in 2 Hilften zerlegt. Auch die Dorsa des Metanotum sind in der Mitte nicht voneinander abgesetzt. Hinter dem Post- scutellum fiillt es hinten steil ab.
Abdomen sehr lang und schmal; die sieben ersten Glieder kurz, etwas flach, fast 1 mm. breit und neben den Seiten oben mit Liingsfurche; 8. und 9. Segment schmiiler, réhrenférmig, 8. so lang wie breit, 9. etwa 4 mal so lang wie breit. 1. Tergit kurz, in der Mitte mit drei ziemlich dichstehenden feinen, aber scharfen Liingskielen ; 2. Tergit mit einem ebensolchen Mediankiel. §S. Tergit nach hinten vu etwas steil ansteigend. Am Ende des 1. Drittels der Oberseite des 9. Ter- gites ein kleiner Hicker, der hinten eingedriickt ist. 1. Sternit sehr kurz, mit feinem Mediankiel ; 2. Sternit mit zwei dicht gedriingten Mediankielen; 38. Sternit vorn mit einem kleinem, flach dreieckigen, etwas eingesenkten Feld, von dem jederseits ein feiner, aber scharfer Kiel ausgeht, beide divergieren nach hinten zu und stehen senkrecht zueinander; beide Kiele setzen sich geradlinig an dem 4. Sternit bis zu den Hinterecken fort. Zangen (des ¢ ) sehr schlank oval und sehr lang, etwas mehr als 3 des 9. Segments. Penis kurz. Abdomen oben briiun- lichgelb. Mitten der Tergithiilften des 2. Tergits mit schwiirzlichem Wisch, 8. Tergit schwarz iiusserster Hinterrand fein briiunlichgelb gesiiumt; unten briiunlichgelb mit graubriiunlichem Hauch.
Beine ziemlich klein und zart, sehr spiirlich und kurz pubesziert; blass briiunlichgelb. Schenkel mit kleinen braunen Punkten besprenkelt. Schienen und Tarsen diinn, iiusserste Spitze der Schienen und des 1. Tarsengliedes blassbraun, Endhiilfte des 2. Tarsengliedes schwarz; die beiden Klauen klein und ziemlich zart, rostgelb. Ein Empodialanhang (Paronychium) ist mit der Lupe nicht erkennbar. MHinterschiene etwas linger als die tibrigen, die Tar- senglieder bei allen Beinen fast gleich, und zwar das zweite ungefiihr % des ersten. Die beiden Tarsenglieder sind zusammen ungefiihr die Hiilfte der Schiene. Klauenliinge ungefiihr 4 der Liinge des 2. Tarsengliedes.
Fliigelspitzen beider Fliigel ziemlich eckig, aber abgerundet. Die Gabel fast rechtwinkelig im Vorderfliigel, spitzwinkelig im Hinterfliigel. Clavus im Vorder- fliigel gross, bis in die Mitte des Hinterrandes reichend; im Hinterfliigel klein, etwa bis zum Ende des ersten Viertels des Hinterrandes reichend. Vorderfliigel relativ breit, Hinterfliigel ziemlich schmal, besonders im Basalteil. Cubitus im Hinterfliigel gebogen.
Fliigelfiirbung und Zeichnung auf der Ober- und Unterseite gleichmiissig. Grundfarbe des Vorderfliigels ockergelb, mit feiner verwaschener brauner Sprenkelung, die nur an folgenden Stellen fehlt: ein ziemlich grosser, halbkreis- firmiger, mit der Basis dem Aussenrande aufliegender Fleck an der Miindung
UDAMOSELIS PIGMENTARIA. 23
yon m, ein ebensolcher am Vorderrand dicht vor des Spitze, ein ebensolcher etwas grisser an der Miindung von an, der den Cubitus nahezu tangiert, ein weiterer, etwas kleinerer und verwaschener dicht neben diesem in der Mitte des Hinterrandes und ein nahezu kreisrunder in der Mitte zwischen der Radialgabelungsstelle und dem Cubitus. Zwischen den beiden hellen Flecken am Fliigelhinterrand ein ziemlich dunkelbrauner Fleck. MHinterfliigel ziemlich dicht und dunkelbraun besprenkelt, Spitze etwas lichter; am Vérderrande am Ende des 1. und am Ende des 2. Drittels je ein grisserer ockergelber Fleck. Fliigel vollig matt, ohne jeden Glanz, ohne Pubescenz und ohne Bestiiubung.
Vorderfliigelliinge 5.5 mm. Thoracalbreite, 14 mm. Hinterfliigelliinge 3% mm. Linge des 9. Segmentes 1} mm. Korperliinge 7 mm. Zangenlinge 14 mm.
Abdominalliinge 4} mm. Vaterland: wahrscheinlich Siidamerika. 1 ¢. (Translation. ]
Male.—Head very small, wider than long, hardly as wide as one- half of the thoracic width. Compound eyes very large, pale yellow; each compound eye occupies one-third of the width of the head and equals the head in length. Vertex pale yellow, its extreme posterior margin black in the center. Epicranial suture very deep, the pos- terior margin deeply cut. The two halves of the vertex small, some- what longer than wide. The two basal joints of the antennex rather thick, and brown; the insertion partly in the margin of the compound eyes. The interior margin of the compound eyes deeply sinuate at this place, the sinus being much deeper than wide. (Remainder of the antennz broken off.) The interval between the insertions of the antenne is occupied by a large, rather high, cone-shaped, black frontal protuberance. Clypeus relatively large, in the form of an equilateral triangle; one angle being turned to the front, rusty yel- low, provided with brown hairs that are rather long and more or less close together, standing off at right angles. Proboscis somewhat longer than the height of the head, the two joints nearly equal in length. First joint yellowish, brownish at the end; second joint yellowish, black at the end, and gradually coming to an acuminate point. Cheeks very short, only in front of the eyes, “ temples” not present.
Thorax reddish brown, scutellum and postscutellum brownish yel- low. Pronotum short, its posterior margin having slight flat de- pression in the center. Mesonotum very robust and thick, highly arched. Antedorsum narrow, attenuated toward the rear end and arched and set off by deep parapsidal furrows; the two lateral wings of the dorsa united in the middle for a short distance and separated by a small groove. Scutellum in the form of a cross welt which is
24 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
about two and one-half times as wide as it is long. Postscutellum very similar in shape, but somewhat smaller in size. The posterior margin of the scutellum and the postscutellum is continued on each side by an acute crosswise welt. The andorsum of the metanotum is almost as large as that of the mesonotum and is divided by a very sharp median furrow into two halves. The dorsa of the metanotum are likewise not set off from each other in the center. Behind the postscutellum there is an abrupt declivity.
Abdomen very long and narrow; the first seven segments are short, somewhat flat, almost 1 mm. in width, and having along their sides a superior longitudinal furrow; eighth and ninth segments narrower, tubuliform; the eighth as long as it is wide; the ninth about 4 times longer than wide. First tergite short, provided in its center with three quite distinct, fine, but plainly visible, longitudinal keels. Second tergite with one similar median keel. Eighth tergite somewhat steeply acclivous toward the rear. At the end of the first third of the upper side of the ninth tergite is a small protuberance which is indented in the rear part. First sternite very short, pro- vided with a fine median keel; second sternite furnished with two median keels that are closely crowded together; third sternite pro- vided at the front with a small, flatly triangular, somewhat indented field, from which issues on each side a very fine but distinct keel. These two keels diverge toward the rear and become perpendicular to each other. Both of these keels are continued in a straight line in the, fourth sternite as far as the posterior covers. Forceps (of the male) narrowly oval and very long, at times exceeding two-thirds the length of the ninth segment. Penis short. Upper side of the ab- domen brownish yellow. . In the center of the second tergite there isa blackish stripe. Eighth tergite black, its extreme posterior margin bordered by a fine brownish-yellow seam. The ventral side of the abdomen brownish yellow, with a brownish-gray cast.
Legs very small and slender, very sparsely and briefly pubescent, pale brownish yellow. Femur sprinkled with small brown dots. Tibie and the tarsi thin; distal ends of both the tibia and the first tarsal joint pale brown; distal half of the second tarsal joint black. The two claws small and quite slender, rusty yellow. An empodial appendage (paronychium) is not visible under the magnifying glass. Posterior tibia somewhat longer than the others; the tarsal joints in all the legs almost equal in length, the second being about two-thirds as long as the first. The two tarsal joints are together about one- half the length of the tibia. Length of the claws about one-third the length of the second tarsal joint.
Ends of both wings somewhat angular, but rounded off. The bifur- cation almost rectangular in the forewing, but acute-angled in the
SUBFAMILY ALEURODICINZE. 25
hind wing. Club in the forewing large, extending as far as the middle of the posterior margin. Forewings relatively broad, the hind
_ wings rather narrow, particularly in the proximal part. Cubitus in
the hind wing curved.
Color of the wings and markings on the upper and lower sides uni- form. Basal color of the forewing ochraceous yellow, with a rather finely increscent brown sprinkling, which is wanting only in the following locations: A pretty large semicircular spot, its base resting on the exterior margin at the mouth of an; another spot at the anterior margin close before the point; a still larger spot near the embouchure of an, which almost touches the cubitus, and further- more a smaller spot close beside the cubitus in the middle of the pos- terior margin; finally, an almost circular spot in the middle between the cubitus and the point of bifurcation of the radial vein. Between the two light-colored spots on the posterior margin of the wings there is a spot of rather dark-brown color. Hind wings sprinkled densely with dark-brown spots. Their apices somewhat lghter in color. There is a large ochraceous spot along the anterior margin at the end of the first third and another at the end of the second third of its length. Wings quite colorless, without any luster, without pubes- cence, and without any powdering.
Length of forewings 5.5 mm.; length of hind wings 3.75 mm.; length of body 7 mm.; length of abdomen 4.75 mm.; width of thorax 1.5 mm.; length of the ninth segment 1.75 mm.; length of forceps 1.25 mm.
Habitat.—In all probability South America. One male.
Il. Susraminy ALEURODICINA: N. SUBFAM.
The members of this subfamily are characterized by the presence in the forewing of the radial sector and media. Radius, may or may not be present, and the cubitus is rarely faintly indicated.
The type genus is Alewrodicus.
Four genera are at present included in the subfamily, which may be separated as follows:
GENERA OF THE ALEURODICIN.
A. Pupa case without large compound pores. Forewing with radius: and media well developed; vertex produced; lingula included; antenne of
SOS ae 0 SR as aS I 2S EE Ss ee eT Dialeurodicus. B. Pupa case with no compound pores, but with agglomerate pores; radius, and media well developed; antennie of seven segments_____ Leonardius. C. Pupa case with large compound pores; radius: and media well developed; igre Or Seven BePMments ase the te 8 eo a ee Aleurodicus.
D. Pupa case with compound pores; radius; absent; media considerably re- duced; antenne of four segments.____---.-_-._________ Paraleyrodes.
26 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA. Genus DIALEURODICUS (Cockerell) n. gen.
Forewing with radius,, radial sector, and media retained. Vertex produced into a prominent cone-shaped process. Antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest. Paronychium of the foot represented by a stout spine. Pupa case flat; no compound pores present but simple pores, either scattered over the surface or somewhat collected into areas; vasiform orifice small, lingula setose, short conical, included and armed with four spines.
Type, cockerellit Quaintance.
SPECIES OF DIALEURODICUS.
I. Dorsum of pupa case with scattered simple pores; large, oval, flat, size about 1.63 by 1.28 mm., yellowish brown; surface without reticula- tions; wax tubes forming the marginal rim, separated by rather shallow incisions. Adults with large spotted wings__-_cockerellii.
II. Dorsum of pupa case without scattered simple pores; large, oval, flat, size about 1.7 by 140 mm. Dark brown to blackish (shiny jet-black on leaf); surface with some reticulations; wax tubes forming margin of rim, separated by deep incisions____-________ tessellatus.
III. Dorsum of pupa case with scattered simple pores and a broad subdorsal band all around of closely set simple pores divided by body sutures into six more or less distinct patches. Subovate in shape, size 1.5 by 1.12 mm., marginal wax tubes separated by shallow INCISIONS S22 2 Le se ae Ae a Te Oe ey oe silvestrii.
IV. Dorsum of pupa case with four pairs of wax-secreting pores on abdominal segments 4 to 7 and a submarginal rim all around of simple pores. Dorsal disk dark brown, with four radiating patches of same color on each side. Shape elongate, elliptical, narrowed cephalad, size 2.36 by 1.28 mm. Margin of case entire___________-_ pulcherrimus.
Dialeurodicus cockerellii (Quaintance). (Pl. IV, figs. 1-14; Pl. VII, fig. 1; text fig. 3.)
Aleurodicus cockerellii Quaintance, Tech. Series 8, Div. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., p. 45, (1900).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Pupa case.—Size about 1.63 by 1.23 mm.; subovate in shape, smaller end cephalad. Color uniformly yellowish. There is but slight waxy exudation from dorsum, which is more or less mealy. No wax rods have been observed. Dried specimens separate easily from leaf, leaving usually a ring of white mealy wax of the size and shape of case; extending from the periphery inward are light lines of this mealy wax, more or less distinctly marking the position of the abdominal sutures of the case. Dorsum of pupa case almost flat, but as seen under a hand lens is much wrinkled transversely in dried material. These folds or ridges occur mainly along the body segments and posteriorly become much curved around the vasiform orifice. Under the microscope the abdominal segments are indistinct and scarcely elevated, except in the medio-dorsal line, where a slight rounded keel may be observed. Margin of case practically en-
DIALEURODICUS COCKERELLII. 27
tire. Very slight furrows or thickenings extend mesad a short distance from margin of case, rather marking the margin into more or less distinct rectangular figures. Just within the margin all around is a series of very small disc-like pores, usually one to each of these marginal rectangles. Dorsum void of well developed sete, except a pair just within the caudal margin; but there is a pair of small setz at vasiform orifice, and very minute sets occur here and there on the dorsum. The five or more pairs of large compound pores, so usual en dorsum of pupa case of Aleurodicus, seem to be absent in this species, but very many minute transparent pores may be detected on dorsum under high power of microscope.
Vasiform orifice subcordate, somewhat longer than wide; cephalic margin straight; at caudal end there is a short, stout, spine-like protrusion. Opercu- lum subrectangular, about half length of orifice; cephalic and caudal margins practically straight, lateral margins rounded; lateral and caudal margins thick; minutely setose. Lingula quite as long as orifice, very broad, and bearing dis- tally two pairs of sete, the smaller pair proxi- mad; minutely setose.
Rudimentary legs and antenn on ventral surface quite distinct. Distal joint of legs with a _ straight and truncate spine. Anten- ne usual, minutely ringed.
Adult 9 .—Length, about 1.96 mm.; fore- wing, about 2.4 by 16 mm.; length of hind tibia, 0.8 mm.; length of hind tarsus, 0.56 mm.;- length of front tarsus, 0.32 mm.; color, Fic. 3.—Head of Dialeurodicus cockerellii. (Original.) bright yellow, legs and antenne paler; wings very broad, and rounded distally. Wings marked with more or less circular spots of brownish black. In forewings, along cephalic margin, are three spots about equidistant, and farther distad, on curve of wing, is a spot somewhat farther from the third spot than are two and three from each other. There is a spot on the margin of outer caudal curve of wing and three spots on the caudal margin, which, however, are not equidistant, as in the spots on cephalic margin. Within the area bounded by the distal fork of the vein are two’ spots, and within the area bounded caudad by the proximal branch are from three to five spots. In hind wings there is a spot on outer cephalic margin, and on the outer caudal margin are two spots. There are two spots in the area bounded by the distal fork of vein, and likewise two spots in the area bounded caudad by the proximal branch of vein. Head as seen from above acute cephalad, and margined with deep reddish or brownish black, con- tinuous with eyes which are of same color. Joint 1 of antenne short, sub- cylindrical, distal and irregularly notched or toothed. Joint 2 thick, elub-
-. Shaped, about three times longer than basal and bearing two or three sete
on outer lateral surface. Joint 3 quite long—quite twice the length of fourth. Distal joint short, terminating in a single seta.
61201°—13——3
28 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
Received by the Division of Entomology at Washington from Dr. F. Noack, Instituto Agronomico, Campinas, Estado de S. Paulo, Brazil, on leaves of a myrtaceous plant, March 30, 1898, and again from Dr. Noack, on same plant, June 14, 1898. The writer has also received specimens of this insect from Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, to whom they had been sent by Dr. Noack. The adults are unique, in the genus Alewrodicus, from the more or less cireular spots on the wings. Div. Ent., Nos. 8010 and 8115. Type pupa-case, 8010, described from nine specimens, and specimens on leaf from Prof. Cockerell. Type, adult, 8115, described from two specimens.
Mr. Adolph Hempel? has been able to observe this species in nature, and has added the following interesting descriptive remarks:
Grown larva and pupa yellowish, about 1.87 millim. long and 1.33 millim. wide; very flat; lateral edge thin. Dorsum covered with a dense thick mass of white secretion, arranged in a marginal fringe, and a submarginal oval ring. .
Adult male light yellow in color; head, eyes, wings, and antenne as in the female Body narrow, 2.21 millim. long. Extent of wings 4.938 millim. Geni- talia large, .430 millim. long, forcipate, tips strongly curved. Penis fine, tip curved upward, .190 millim. long.
Eggs small, elongate, slightly curved, light yellowish, with a short peduncle; usually laid in an irregular mass and covered with a fine white powder. The eggs hatch in from 11 to 13 days. The larva stage lasts from 44-46 days, and the pupa stage from 15-16 days.
Hab. Campinas, State of S. Paulo, on the underside of leaves of a cultivated guava (Psidium cattleianum). The entire under surface of the leaves becomes coated with a fine white powder, while the upper surface is usually covered with a black fungus.
Type.—No. 14761, U. S. National Museum.
Dialeurodicus silvestrii (Leonardi).
(Pl. V. figs. 1-6.)
Aleurodicus silvestrii Leonardi, Bollettino del Lab. di Zool. generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici, vol. 4, pp. 820-822 (1910).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Larva (ultimo stadio).—Corpo ovale, piatto, un poco pil acuminato all’innanzi che di dietro, provvisto, lungo il margine libero, di una stretta frangia ininter- rotta di cera biance nivea.
Al dorso si osservano 6 nastri cerosi bianchissimi, molto vistosi, i quali sono contigui colle loro basi delimitando in tal modo un’area centrale di forma esagonale allungata nel senso diametro longitudinale. Quest’area, coperta da pochi glomeruli di cera, viene a costituire, direi quasi, il fondo di un’elegante cesteJla i di cui lati sarebbero costituiti dai summentovati nastri cerosi i quali, da prima, si dirigono in alto per poi ripiegarsi, contorti pil o meno, lateralmente.
Denudato l’insetto esso appare di un bel colore vitellino uniforme. I seg- menti del corpo sono ben ristinti tra loro specie quelli che costituiscono l’addome. Al dorso, lungo il margine, a breve distanza da esso, si osserya una serie di ghiandole ciripare che corre parallela al margine stesso.
Nell’area mediana dorsale, tutt’all’ingiro, vi sono un gran numero di sbocchi di ghiandole ciripare raccolti in 6 distinti aggruppamenti, de i quali tre sono diposti a destra e tre a sinistra del diametro longitudinale del corpo dell’insetto.
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.
DIALEURODICUS COCKERELLII.
Fig. 1—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupa case. Fig. 3—Rostrum. Fig. 4.—Trophie tubercle. Fig. 5.— Leg of pupa. Fig. 6.—Antenna of pupa. Fig. 7.—Tip of same. Fig. 8.—Vasiform orifice of pupa. Fig. 9.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 10.—Dorsal spine of pupa ease. Fig. 11.— Forewing of adult. Fig. 12.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 13—Antenna of adult. Fig. 14.—Foot of adult. (Original.)
Tech Series 27, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V.
DIALEURODICUS SILVESTRII.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Same, ventral view. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa. Fig. 4.—Leg of pupa. Fig. 5.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 6.—Pupa case, showing wax secretion. (Figures redrawn from Leonardi.)
: j
DIALEURODICUS SILVESTRII. ' 29
Liaggruppamento mediano destro, come il corrispondente di sinistra, sono bene
distinti dagli aggruppamenti contigui, di cui i due anteriori, come pure i due postericri finiscono col conflnire tra loro rispettivamente all’apice anteriore ed a quello posteriore del corpo degl’insetto, ove d’altronde i detti aggruppamenti presentano il maggiore ristringimento loro. La cera segregata da si fatte ghiandole ciripare é quella che va a formare i nastri cerosi prima ricordati. Altre ghiandole di simile fabbrica, con disposizione simmetrica, trovansi diffuse sul tegumento compreso tra gli aggruppamenti di cui si é ora tenuto parola, mentre ne 6 privo, fatta eccezione per la serie di ghiandole circummarginali gia descritte, la porzione posta al di 14 di essi.
L’apertura anale, in confronto di quella della specie precedente, @ molto pit’ ridotta nelle dimensioni e l’opercolo che la ricopre, in paragone, @ molto pid largo che lungo, la lunghezza, riuscendo, a malo pena pitt lunga della meta della larghezza. La linguetta per forma, per numero e per disposizione dei peli vistosi di cui é ornata rassomiglia a quella della specie precedente salvo che le dimensioni sono proporzionate a quelle del rispettivo opercolo.
Dal lato del ventre l’insetto non presente nulla di speciale, eccetto le zampe che come nell’ Alewrodicus Lahillei portano al loro apice anziché una ventosa un robusto uncino.
Lunghezza del corpo 1500 yu.
Larghezza del corpo 1120 up.
Lunghezza dei nastri cerosi circa 4 centimetro.
Larghezza dei nastri cerosi circa 4 millimetro.
Adulti.—Sconosciuti.
Habditat.—Raccolto a Jalapa (Mexico) su foglie di una pianta rimasta in- determinata.
GVinsetti per lo pit riuniti in numerose colonie, si fissano d’ordinario ai lati della nervatura mediana della foglia disponendosi alternativamente uno di qua e Valtro al di 14 di detta nervatura formando nel loro complesso un’elegante disegno che spicca sul verde della foglia grazie alla bianchezza perfetta dei nastri cerosi che si innalzano dal dorso dell’insetto.
{ Translation. ]
Larva (last stage).—Body oval, flat, a little more acuminate at the anterior end than at the posterior end, provided along its free mar- gin with a narrow uninterrupted fringe of snowy white wax. At the
dorsum there are seen six very white waxy slender tentacles, very
conspicuous, which are contiguous at their base, delimiting in this manner a central area of hexagonal shape elongated in the direction of the longitudinal diameter. This area, covered with little globules of wax, constitutes, so to say, the bottom of an elegant cestus (“cestella”) the sides of which are formed by the base of the above- named waxy tentacles, which at first are directed upward, and then bend down, contorted, more or less, laterally.
When denuded, this insect appears of a beautiful uniform vitelline color. The segments of the body are quite distinct, particularly those that constitute the abdomen. At the back, along the margin, and a short distance from the same, there can be seen a row of wax-pro- ducing glands which runs parallel to this margin.
30 : CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
In the median dorsal area, all around, there are a large number of mouths of wax-producing glands, collected in six distinct groups, of which three are arranged at the right and three at the left of the longitudinal diameter of the body of the insect. The middle group on the right, as well as that on the left, is quite distinct from the contiguous groups, of which the two anterior ones, as well as the two posterior ones, unite respectively at the anterior apex and at the posterior apex of the body of the insect, at which points these groups are of their smallest width. The wax secreted by these wax-pro- ducing glands is that which goes to form the above-recorded six waxy tentacles. Other glands of similar nature, symmetrically dis- posed, are found spread out upon the tegument comprised between the groups of which we have just spoken, but such glands are want- ing, with the exception of the row of circummarginal glands already described, on the part of the tegument outside of the principal groups.
The anal aperture, as compared with that of the preceding species, is much smaller in size, and the operculum which covers it is, in com- parison, much wider than long, the length being scarcely more than one-half of the width. The lingula, by its shape and by the number and disposition of the sightly hairs with which it is ornamented, resembles that of the preceding species except that the dimensions are proportionate to those of the respective operculum.
As regards the venter the insect presents no special features except the legs which, like those of Alewrodicus lahillei, carry at their apex a robust claw rather than a pulvillus.
Length of body 1.500 mm.; width of body 1.120 mm.; length of the waxy tentacles about 5 mm.; width of the waxy tentacles about 0.5 mm.
Adults ——Not known. ;
Habitat—Collected at Jalapa, in Mexico, upon the leaves of a plant the species of which is undetermined.
The insects, for the most part collected in numerous colonies, are ordinarily attached to the sides of the middle vein of the leaf, dis- posed alternately on the one and the other side of this vein, forming in their totality an elegant design which shines upon the verdure of the leaf, thanks to the perfect whiteness of the waxy tentacles which arise from the back of the insect.
Dialeurodicus tessellatus n. sp. (Pl. VI, fig. 13 Pl.) Vil, fig. 2.)
From Ceara, Brazil, on Hugenia mitchelli. Received January, 1906, from Mr. F. Richa. This species in the pupal stage closely re- sembles D. cockerellii, but differs in the character of margin of case, in the vasiform orifice, absence of wax pores on dorsum, and darker color of eggs and pupa case.
DIALEURODICUS PULCHERRIMUS. 31 DESCRIPTION.
Egg.—Length about 0.32 mm; color shiny brown or blackish, with- out markings; stalk short (Pl. VI, fig. 1).
Pupa case—Size about 1.7 mm. long by 1.40 mm. wide; case flat, applied closely to leaf, the body segments distinct as transverse ridges; color, under hand lens, shiny dark brown or blackish (Pl. VI, fig. 2).
The specimens in hand show no waxy secretions from dorsum of case nor from the marginal wax tubes. The larve have a narrow fringe all around the white wax from the marginal wax tubes. Under microscope, pupa case brown, the more central portion darker; lighter bands, more evident on the sides, extending transversely across dor- sum, marking the segments.
Case without the compound wax pores present in Alewrodicus, and the simple wax pores, scattered over dorsum in cockerellii, are, in the present species, absent. There are, however, numerous minute clear points over entire dorsal surface, some occurring singly and others in pairs, one of which is smaller (Pl. VI, fig. 7). The mar- ginal wax tubes are quite distinct ; the incisions deep and acute, notably more so than in cockerellii.. Just within the margin all around is a series of simple wax pores on the marginal wax tubes. (Pl. VI, fig. 8.)
Case very flat, the lighter specimens showing a coarse network of darker lines on dorsal surface (Pl. VI, fig. 2) ; margin without spines or sete. WVasiform orifice cordate, about as broad as long; caudal end terminating in a subcircular orifice or pore; operculum subrec- tangular, the sides rounded and margins straight—about twice as wide as long. Lingula not exserted, stout, subspatulate, bearing two pairs of spines. (Pl. VI, fig. 6.) On ventral surface, legs, antennae, and rostrum quite distinct; antenne rather short, ending in a finger- like process; rostrum unusually well developed, being about 0.18 mm. - long; legs short, stout, ending in single hook. (Figs. 3-5.)
Adults —Unknown.
Type.—No. 14762, U. S. National Museum. Described from sey- eral pupe in balsam mounts and specimens on foliage.
Dialeurodicus pulcherrimus n. sp.
(Pl. VIII, figs. 1-8.)
This species differs from the typical form fn the genus by having the frons produced acutely and extending beyond the cone of the vertex. The shape of the pupa case is also somewhat different from that of cockerellii. The general characters, however, seem to ap- proach most nearly to those of Dialewrodicus.
a3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDE. DESCRIPTION.
Pupa case (P\. VIII, fig. 1) —Shape elongate elliptical, consider- ably narrower cephalad than cauded ; dorsum somewhat rounded, with the abdominal segments distinct, the sutures very plainly marked on the subdorsal area. Vasiform orifice (Pl. VIII, fig. 2) subcordate, as wide as long, with the anterior margin straight; operculum trans- verse, considerably wider than long, the caudal margin straight but indented at each side, as shown in the figure; on each side of caudal margin, just at base of this indentation, a small seta is situated. Lingula short, conical, and forming together with the operculum almost a perfect cone. Its tip is armed with two pairs of large sete and both operculum and lingula are minutely setose. Margin (PI. VIII, fig. 3) entire and just within it all around is a row of simple wax pores. On the subdorsal area are four pairs of wax pores, one pair on each of segments 4 to 7. These pores (Pl. VITI, fig. 4) havea clear rim and a central dusky area with a dentate margin. Placed irregularly near these are also noticed a number of minute, clear, pore-like areas.
The case, under the microscope, is transparent, with the exception of a central dark-brown region and four radiating bands of the same color on each side, the position of which are shown in Plate VIII, figure 1. A narrow, colorless, central longitudinal band is present on segments 3 to 8, inclusive. Each of the dark radiating bands has extending through its center a darker line and the marginal pores are closer together on the dark areas than elsewhere. Size of case 2.368 mm. by 1.28 mm.
Adult female——Head (PI. VIII, figs. 6 and 7) with the vertex pro- duced into a cone-like process; frons also produced into a similar process, which extends beyond it; lower portion of the frons and face armed with numerous spines. Compound eyes dark brown, con- stricted in the middle; ocelli prominent, bordered by a dark red area. The antepne are absent from the specimens at hand. Fore-wing (fig. 4) shaded with brown and mottled with a darker shade of the game color as shown in figure. The extent and intensity of these maculations varies somewhat with the individual; veins brown, the cubitus represented by a transparent “fold;” proximal portion of costal margin armed with stiff hairs and entire margin with small projections on which setz are situated. Size 2.38 mm. by 1.504 mm. Hind wing with brown maculations, asshown in Plate VITI, figure 4; the proximal portion of the costal margin with usually eleven promi- nent bristles. Size 1.92 mm. by 0.704 mm. Paronychium of foot (Pl. VIII, fig. 8) armed with a prominent bristle. Lingula of vasi- form orifice broad and rounded. Length from vertex to tip of ovi- positor 1.91 mm.; fore-tibia 0.48 mm.; hind tibia 0.8 mm. Color
oe
Tech, Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.
DIALEURODICUS TESSELLATUS.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig.2.—Pupacase. Fig.3.—Antenne of pupa. Fig. 4—Rostrum of pupa. Fig. 5—Leg of pupa. Fig. 6.—Vasiform orifice of pupa. Fig. 7. Paired pores of dorsum of pupacase. Fig. 8.—Margin of pupacase. (Original.)
of Agriculture. PLATE VII.
Fic. 1.—PUPA AND WAXY SECRETION OF DIALEURODICUS COCKERELLII] ON LEAF. (ORIGINAL.)
Fic. 2.—Pup4 OF DIALEURODICUS TESSELLATUS ON LEAF. (ORIGINAL.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.
DIALEURODICUS PULCHERRIMUS.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Margin of pupa ease. Fig. 4.—Subdorsal pores of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Wings of adult. Fig. 6.—Head of adult, lateral view. Fig. 7.—Head of adult, dorsal view. Fig. 8.—Foot of adult. (Fig. 7 less enlarged than Fig. 6.) (Original.)
,
LEONARDIUS LAHILLEI. 33
‘yellowish brown; shaded on the thorax, the dorsum of the abdomen,
and the articulations of the appendages with dusky to brown. \ Male.—Unknown.
Type.—No. 14778, U. S. National Museum. Described from five females in balsam and two pupa cases, one in balsam and one dry upon the leaf. Taken by Dr. F. W. Urich on coconut in Trinidad.
Genus LEONARDIUS n. gen.
Forewing with radius ,, radial sector, and media forming the veins; cubitus present in freshly emerged wing and traces of it sometimes present later; form of wings rounded, color generally mottled. Ver- tex produced, somewhat cone-shaped. Antenne of seven segments of which the third is the longest. Paronychium a narrow spined proc- ess; pupa case with a series of agglomerate pores, some of which (the two anterior abdominal pairs) take on the nature of compound pores. Lingula of pupa case conical, included, setose, and armed with four spines.
Type, Zahillet Leonardi.
’ This genus is related to Dialourodicus in the acute vertex and the wing form of the adult and in the character of the vasiform orifice of the pupa case. The tendency toward the development of com- pound pores in the pupa shows its relation to Alewrodicus.
Leonardius lahillei (Leonardi.)
(Pl. IX, figs. 1-14; text figs. 4, 5.)
Aleurodicus lahillei Leonardi, Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia gene- rale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici, vol. 4, p. 816 (1910).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Larva (ultimo stadio).—Corpo di forma decisamente ovale con polo anteriore
appena un po’ pit! acuminato del posteriore, leggermente convesso e circoscritto,
lungo il margine, da uno strato, abbastanza cospicuo, di secrezione cerosa bianco- grigiastra, sulla quale viene a poggiare l’orlo libero del corpo dell’insetto. Tl corpo di questi, lungo il margine ibero, e notevolmente ispessito e presenta tutt’ all’ingiro una frangia cerosa ininterrotta e molto breve. Al dorso l’insetto é rivestito da altri glomeruli cerosi e di pid presenta, ancora, verso la regione mediana di esso, 4 filamenti cerosi molto lunghi e robusti come si pud rilevare dalla (fig. 1).
Eliminata la cera, che pil o meno bene riveste la superficie del corpo dell’ insetto, questo, appare di una tinta ferruginea pid oscura lungo la regione marginale che non sia verso la regione mediana.
Di pid si nota ancora che la regione cefalica del corpo non @ ben distinta dal torace quanto quest’ultimo dall’addome, come i segmenti toracici, in confronto degli addominali, sono meno bene separati tra loro.
La consistenza del tegumento dorsale non @ uniforme, ma, al contrario, essa mostra delle zone, variabili in dimensioni, in cui la cuticola @ assai esile ed
34 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID®.
incolora e tali zone corispondono ad aggruppamenti di numerose e minuscole ghiandole ciripare che colla loro presenza conferiscono a quelle l’aspetto di tante membrane cribrose. Dette zone possiamo distinguerle in due categorie a seconda delle loro dimensioni e tanto le une che le altre, rispetto al diametro longitudi- nale del corpo, hanno disposizione di perfetta simmetria. Il numero delle zone maggiori @ di 7 paia cosi disposte: Un paio situato nella regione cefalica, un paio sul secondo segmento addominale, un’altro sul IV segmento addominale e gli altri distribuiti un paio per caiscuno dei successivi anelli. Il secondo e terzo paio rappresentano Je zone pitt vistose e sono caraterizzate per presentare, verso il centro, lo sbocco di una grossa ghiandola ciripara provvista di un robusto processo chitiniso conico, pil o meno curvato, sul quale viene a modellarsi il Jungo filamento ceroso prima ricordato; le zone successive diminuis- eono in dimensioni man mano che si riprocede verso l’estremit&a posteriore.
Le zone della seconda serie, sono, come si é gid osservato, assai meno cospicue e si trovano distribuite particolarmente nella regione cefalica conforme quanto vedesi nella fig. 2, no. 1.
Parallelamente al margine del corpo, a breve distanza da esso, corre tutt’ all’ingiro una corona di breyi peli distribuiti simmetricamente; un’altro paio di peli cosi fatti possiedono ancora i segmenti toracici ed uno la regione cefalica. I segmenti dell’addome presentano pochi sbocchi di minute ghiandole ciripare anch’esse disposte in serie ora semplice ora duplice.
L’apertura anale presenta l’opercolo piuttosto ampio, poco pill largo che lungo con linguetta conica, ottusa all’apice e provvista verso l’estremita, ai lati, di due paia di setole lunghette e abbastanza robuste; un’altro palo di peli meno vistosi sta piantato sull’opercolo, uno a destra e V’altro a sinistra della base della linguetta.
Dal lato de ventre Vinsetto non presenta alcunché di particolare, salvo le zampe rudimentali che diversamente di quanto si nota nelle forme del genere Aleurodes non sono proyviste al loro estremo, come quelle, di una grossa ventosa, ma semplicemente di un robusto uncino.
Questo carattere, suppongo, deve essere’ costante per le specie che rientrano nel gruppo degli Alewrodicus, poiché lo riscontrai anche nella specie che descriverd in appresso, la quale non y’ha dubbio sia un’autentico Aleurodicus, presentando ben distinti tutti i caratteri specifici che servono a tener distinte le forme che compongono detto gruppo dagli altri. Se esso sara convalidato, ripeto, da altre osservazioni potra fornire un’ottimo carattere diagnostico tutte le volte che per la maneanza delle forme adulte lo stadio corrispondente a quello ora descritto presenti gli altri caratteri poco spiccati di maniera da lasciare lo studioso in dubbio circa il posto da assegnare alla specie.
Lunghezza del corpo 1520 u.
Larghezza “ LOUD tt:
Filamenti cerosi lunghi oltre un centimetro.
iH “ grossi 80 uy.
Lunghezza del processo conico che sorregge il filamento ceroso 200 yu.
Adulto 9°.—Forma generale del corpo conforme quella delle specie congeneri. Ali bene sviluppate, le anteriori molto pitti ampie delle posteriori, rivestite da una tenuissima secrezione cerosa biancastra.
Tanto le ali anteriori che quelle posteriori presentano numerose macchie brunastre, di sviluppo vario ed a contorni pili o meno frastegliati conforme quanto osservasi nella fig. 2, No. 8.
Zampe piuttosto lunghe, mediocremente robuste, disuguali tra loro essendo pit breve il paio anteriore. La variabiliti della lunghezza delle zampe e dovuta specie alla maggiore lunghezza che raggiungono tra tutti gli articoli
LEONARDIUS LAHILLEI. 35
la tibia ed il tarso, giacché anca, trocantere e feorme in tutte e tre le paia di zampe sono di egual lunghezza. ‘Tutti gli articoli della zampe sono forniti di peli i quali nel complesso sono brevi ed esili, i pit delicati, ma numerosi, sono quelli inseriti sull’anca, mentre i pit robusti, per quanto brevissimi, sono quelli piantati sulla tibia la quale, verso il suo apice distale, presenta ancora due sproni di discrete dimensioni. I] tarso al suo apice @ armato di due lunghe e robuste unghie di cui una al suo margine interno é unidentata, mentre l’altra @ inerme. Tra le due unghie vi ha poi un empodio in forma di lamina fogliare il quale presenta Vorlo marginale esterno fornito di numerosi peluzzi. L’estremiti posteriore dell’addome termina in un ovopositore costituito da 4 pezzi di cui i due esterni hanno V’orlo esterno dentato. L’ultimo sternite mostra un certo numero di peli disposti simmetricamente (fig. 2, No. 11).
L’apertura anale é@ riparata da un’opercolo a forma trapezoidale munito di linguetta che arriva a mala pena o di poco o sopravanzare il margine posteriore Gell’opercolo.
Nulla posso dire delle antenne con precisione perche i due esemplari femmine venuti.in mio possesso le avyevano spezzate; dia resti rinvenuti mi sembra, perd, che esse debbano essere conformi 0 poco dissimili da quelle delle altre specie.
Colore del corpo bruno.
Lunghezza del corpo pit’ di un millimetro e mezzo.
Ala anteriore lunga 2250 yu.
id oa larga 1850 wu. “ posteriore lunga 1920 yu. + by larga 1120 wu. LING BY a ees ok Le ie ea 150 uw GROGH PENG. 5 Meg VRE a el 100 uw PETMOTO | Seen 2s a es eae 450 pw Zampe del I paio lunghe 1660 u GUD er ey 15.4 3 Shor if Oe alot ee 540 uw Tarticolo, (deltytarsos 2). sa 220 w II % od ae eee Pore? dy 130 uw Pb afer] cy saan, ee oe | Ea 2 70 uw BANGS: 7s P a0 Bw, a a, ee Oe 150 uw Brogantere sce. et ee FS eee 100 uw PEROT 2 eee Ae op Ba 4504 ~ Zampe del IIT paio lunghe 1750 u Os Rah ac i Ne ae a 600 u I articolo del tarso___________ 230 uw II mi cog geek Steere eae 130 u UN Sey bY sath tee BG ley Sd 90 uw Fra (cl: TE Se Se epee See Spe Se Weta de 150 uw UROCAIUCT Cops aee ec ree ee 100 uw femoret 225. th) Ei Be LO 450 uw Zampa del III paio lunghe 1940 yu ello) Sree NE sed Fe ee as 700 uw ikperuicolo del? tarso_.— 2222) 300 uw II $ za 5 4 Cee He hae 150 uw (PUES 16 pS ee a RS OO TS Se Hu 90 uw
Habitat—Raccolto nell’Argentina su una pianta rimasta indeterminata.
L’insetto si rinviene fissato alla pagina superiore delle foglie, in colonie pid o meno numerose e la sua presenza 6 facilmente avvertibile causa l’ammasso dei lunghi filamenti cerosi dorsali che si intrecciano tra loro in tutte le direzioni formando cosi una specie di rete che probabilmente ha l’ufficio di proteggere gli insetti sottostanti dai nemici che li insidiano.
36 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA. [Translation.]
Larva (last stage).—The body is of decisively oval shape, with its anterior end slightly more acuminate than the posterior end. It is slightly convex, and along its margin it is surrounded by a sufficiently conspicuous stratum of a grayish-white waxy secretion, upon which rests the free end of the body of this insect. The body of this insect, along its free margin, is considerably inspissated, and it presents all around an uninterrupted and very narrow waxy fringe. On the dorsum this insect is partially covered by other waxy glomerules, and, furthermore, it has near the median line of the dorsum four very long and robust waxy filaments, such as can be seen in figure 1 | fig. 4].
Fic, 4.—Leonardius lahillei: 1, Pupa case, dorsal view; 2, pupa case, ventral view; 8, anterior abdominal wax pore; 4, spine of pupa case; 5, vasiform orifice of pupa case; 6, margin of pupa case; 7, leg of pupa; 8, wings of adult; 9, leg of adult; 10, foot of adult, 11, female genitalia. (Redrawn from Leonardi.)
If the wax, which more or less invests the surface of the body of the insect, is removed its color is a ferruginous tint, darker along the marginal region, but less so toward the central region.
Moreover, it can be noted that the cephalic region of the body is not very distinct from the thorax. The thorax is more distinct from the abdomen, as the divisions between the thoracic segments, as com- pared with the abdominal segments, are less well marked.
The consistency of the dorsal tegument is not uniform, but, on the contrary, it shows zones, variable in dimension, in which the cuticle is very thin.and transparent, and these zones correspond to groups of numerous and minute wax-producing glands whose presence causes these to assume the appearance of so many cribrate membranes.
LEONARDIUS LAHILLEI. ST
These zones we can segregate into two categories according to their dimensions and both, as regards the longitudinal diameter of the body, are arranged in perfect symmetry. The number of the major zones is seven pairs, arranged as follows: One pair situated in the cephalic region, one pair upon the second abdominal segment, another pair upon the fourth abdominal segment, and the others distributed per pair upon each of the succeeding rings. The second and the third pairs represent the most conspicuous zones and are character- ized by presenting toward the center the mouth of a thick wax- producing gland provided with a robust chitinous conical process, more or less curved, upon which is placed the long waxy filament formerly described. The succeeding zones decrease in size succes- sively as we proceed backward toward the posterior extremity.
The zones of the second series are, as has already been stated, much less conspicuous and are distributed chiefly in the cephalic region, as can be observed by examining figure 2, No. 1 [fig. 4, 7].
Fie. 5.—Leonardius lahillei, showing wax rods, (Redrawn from Leonardi.)
Parallel to the margin of the body, a short distance therefrom, runs all around a corona of short cilia which are symmetrically distributed. Another pair of cilia occupy also the thoracic seg- ments, and another pair the cephalic region. The segments of the abdomen present a few mouths of minute wax-producing glands which are disposed in rows, sometimes single, sometimes double.
The anal aperture shows the operculum of rather large size, its width slightly exceeding its length, furnished with a conical lingula, obtuse at the apex, and furnished near the end laterally with two pairs of rather long bristles that are quite robust. Another pair of hairs that are less conspicuous is attached to the operculum, one at the right and the other at the left of the base of the lingula.
_ In regard to the venter, the insect presents no particular features except the rudimentary legs, which differ from those generally noted in the forms of the genus Aleyrodes at their extremity in not
38 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
being provided, like the others, with a pulvillus, but only with a robust claw. :
These characteristics, I suppose, are constant in the species which form the group Alewrodicus, because I find them also in the species which I shall describe after this, of which there is no doubt that it is an authentic Alewrodicus, as it presents very distinctly all the specific characteristics which serve to keep distinct from others the forms composing this group. This will be confirmed, I repeat, by other observations which will be able to furnish a perfect diag- nostic characterization, notwithstanding the fact that by the absence of the adult forms the corresponding stage of the insect here de- scribed presents the other characteristics little conspicuous, so as to leave the author in doubt in regard to the place which ought to be assigned to the species.
Length of body 1.520 mm.; width of body 1.000 mm.; length of waxy filaments exceeds 1 centimeter; thickness of waxy filaments 0.080 mm.; length of the conical process which supports the waxy filament 0.200 mm.
Adult female——The general shape of the body conforms to that of the congeneric species. The wings are well developed, the an- terior being much larger than the hind wings. They are covered with a very thin, whitish, waxy secretion.
The forewings as well as the hind wings present numerous brown spots of varying size and with a contour more or less notched, as can be seen from figure 2, No. 8 [fig. 4, S].
The legs are rather leng, of medium thickness, subequal, the an- terior pair being shorter. The variability of the length of the legs is due chiefly to the difference in length which exists between all the joints of the tibia and the tarsus, while the coxa, the trochanter, and the femur in all three pairs of legs are of equal length. A1l the joints of the legs are furnished with cilia which, on the whole, are short and slender. Those inserted on the coxa are more delicate but more numerous, while those inserted on the tibia are more robust and shorter in length. The tibia near its distal apex presents also two spurs of considerable size. The tarsus at its apex is provided with two long, robust claws, one of which at its internal margin is furnished with a tooth, the other being unarmed. Between the two claws there is an empodium in the shape of a foliate lamina in which the external marginal edge is furnished with numerous fine hairs. The hind end of the abdomen terminates in an ovipositor consisting of four pieces the outside two of which present a dentate external margin. The last sternite shows a certain number of hairs system- atically arranged. (Fig 2, No. 11 [fig. 4, 77]).
LEONARDIUS LAHILLEI. 39
The anal aperture is sheltered by an operculum of a trapezoidal shape provided with a lingula which hardly at all, or only a short distance, projects beyond the posterior margin of the operculum.
T can state nothing with precision about the antenne because in the two female specimens which came into my possession they had been broken off; from the small remainder still intact it seems to me, how- ever, that they are alike in conformation with, or only little dissimilar from, the antenne of other species.
Color of body brown. Length of body a little more than 1.5 mm.; length of forewing 2.250 mm.; width of forewing 1.350 mm.; length of hind wing 1.920 mm.; width of hind wing 1.120 mm.
mm Cana fe TR Pay 2] 0. 150
brochanter 22% 214s .10 TOM 2 ed == So Ee . 450 Length (total) of the first pair of legs 1.660 mm. < tibia_______________ . 540 1st tarsal joint_____ . 220 2d tarsal joint —~___ . 130 Claws. 3 Ae ee . O70 CORB aS 5552 ee eee oe lst) trocnanter —22—--* 100 femut = 3 a ee 450 Length (total) of the second pair of legs 1.750 mm.¢ tibia _-____________ . 600 Ist tarsal: joints: 2. (4230 2d.tarsal joint -_._ 30 COUT: Seles ROE ey Oe. 090 CORE htt a Penne 150 trochanter 23 2). 2s 100 POTN as 450 Length (total) of the third pair of legs 1.940 mm.j{ tibia ______________ . TOO Ist tarsal joint_____ . 300 2d tarsal joint_____ . 150 Claws 22 2). Se epee 090
_ Habitat.—Collected in Argentina upon a plant not classified.
This insect is found attached to the upper surface of the leaves, in colonies more or less numerous, and its presence is readily ascertained because of the accumulation of the long dorsal waxy filaments which are interlaced amongst each other in all directions, thus forming a kind of net whose probable office is the protection of the insects from the enemies which infest it.
On January 18, 1912, Dr. C. W. Hooker sent from Mayaguez, Porto Rico, specimens of an aleyrodid taken on Phoradendron, parasitic on almond. These insects belong to the genus Leonardius herein described. They agree closely with the description of Jahillet given by Leonardi. Slight differences are, however, noticeable. In
40 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
our specimens, for example, the forewings are slightly shorter than the body, while in /ahillei they are longer. The wings are also some- what differentily marked, as will be seen from the illustrations, and the legs are relatively shorter in our specimens. We prefer, however, pending a careful comparison of the types, to leave the present form under the name of Jahillei and give the following descriptive re-
marks. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Egg (Pl. LX, fig. 1) —Length, 0.352 mm. Shape elongate ellip- tical, surface unmarked, but numerous oily globules showing from within; stalk short, inserted slightly laterad of the base; color yel- lowish, with an orange-red area (part of the embryonic structure) at or near the base; red eyespots of the embryo often visible through the shell.
Pupa case (Pl. TX, fig. 2).—Length, 1.44 mm.; width, 0.88 mm. Shape somewhat oval, broadest across the anterior part of the abdo- men, narrower cephalad, dorsum slightly rounded, with the seg- ments of the abdomen and the median longitudinal thoracic suture fairly distinct. There are seven pairs of large wax pores on the dorsum, one pair on the thorax, and six pairs on the abdomen. The thoracic pair and the four caudal abdominal pairs are of the agglomerate type (Pl. IX, fig. 4). They consist of a clear mar- ginal area and a central area composed of numerous small papille or rod-like pores, giving this area the appearance of a brush. The two anterior abdominal pairs (Pl. TX, fig. 5) have something of the nature of the true compound pores of Alewrodicus. There is a central process which is elongate and somewhat curved. Encircling this at the base is a series of spinnerets which are not elevated. The outer cup is shallow and outside it on the derm is a circular area of papille-like pores similar to those present in the agglomerate pore. This is bounded again by a clear area in which are a few scattered simple pores.
The vasiform orifice (Pl. IX, fig. 3) is elongate cordate, with the anterior edge straight and the latero-caudad margin armed with teeth or folds. The caudal end is armed with a prominent projec- tion. The operculum is almost rectangular, with rounded edges, somewhat broader than long and armed on the latero-caudad border with two spines. The lingula is conical, rather elongate, included, and armed with four spines. Both operculum and lingula are setose.
A pair of small sete is situated just cephalad of the vasiform ori- fice, and within the margin of the case all around is a series of fine sete. The margin itself is entire but just within it (Pl. TX, fig. 6) are two or three rows of rounded papille-like pores.
The color of the case under the microscope is yellow, shading into reddish brown near the margin. On the leaf it appears brown.
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX.
yore: TL IH IIA EOE a oP wy) LEARN SE SSSA5 Li eee
=
LEONARDIUS LAHILLEI.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupa case. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 4.— Agglomerate wax pore of pupa case. Fig. 5—Compound wax pore of pupa case. Fig. 6.—Margin of pupacase. Fig. 7.—Wings ofadult. Fig. 8. Forewing of freshly emerged specimen, showing the cubitus. Fig. 9.—Vertex of adult. Fig. 10.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 11—Male genitalia. Fig. 12—Vasiform orifice of adult male. Fig. 13.—Foot of adult, Fig. 14.—Same, showing claws spread. (Original. )
GENUS ALEURODICUS. 41
There is a short, evenly trimmed marginal fringe of white wax all around and from the two anterior abdominal pairs of pores extremely long overhanging white waxen rods are secreted, one from each pore. These give the case the appearance of a phalangid with four white legs. The agglomerate pores secrete a small amount of granular wax.
Adult female—Length, 2.24 mm. Vertex (Pl. IX, fig. 9) pro- _ duced, somewhat cone-shaped, with a median longitudinal furrow; ocelli large and distinct. Antenne (Pl. IX, fig. 10) of seven seg- ments: I, 0.064 mm., cylindrical; II, 0.096 mm., broad, pyriform; III, 0.208 mm., narrow, cylindrical; IV, 0.128 mm., cylindrical; V, 0.08 mm., cylindrical, armed near its distal end with a fringed sen- sorium; V1, 0.016 mm., cylindrical; VII, 0.064 mm., armed at about its median part with a fringed sensorium and terminating in a - bristle. Segments IIJ-VII imbricated and armed with fine hairs. Between segments V and VI and VI and VII small ring-like seg- ments can sometimes be observed.
Forewings 2 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide, transparent, marked with dark brown, as shown in Plate IX, figure 7; hind wings 1.76 mm. by 0.96 mm., marked with brown, as in Pl. IX, figure 7. In the forewings of freshly emerged adults, before the markings are evident _ the cubitus can be distinctly seen (Pl. IX, fig. 8).
Fore-tibie 0.448 mm.; fore-tarsi, proximal segment 0.192 mm., dis- tal 0.112 mm.; hind tibie 0.72 mm.; hind tarsus, proximal segment
0.288 mm., distal 0.144 mm.; claws of foot (Pl. IX, fig. 14) well : curved and acute, paronychium a narrow hairy structure armed with pa central spine; ovipositor acute, armed with the usual spines. Color _ of head and thorax a reddish brown, shaded on the segments and appendages with dusky. Eyes brownish black, apparently not di- vided. Abdomen a brownish yellow, the red portions of the eggs within often showing as a red blotch.
Adult male.—In general appearance similar to the female. Fore- wings 1.84 mm. by 0.9 mm.; length from vertex to tips of claspers 2.64 mm.; genital segment 0.512 mm. long (PI. IX, fig. 11) ; claspers 0.48 mm., curved and acute; penis short and recurved.
a a
Genus ALEURODICUS Douglas.
Aleurodicus Morgan, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) vol. 3, p. 32 (1892).
Forms in this genus have radius,, radial sector, and the media present in the forewing, with sometimes an indication of the cubitus. The paronychium is represented by a large spine and the pupa case has large compound wax pores. A study of the forms indicates three subgenera. /
Type, enone Morgan.
42 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZE.
SUBGENERA OF ALEURODICUS.
I. Lingula of pupa case long, spatulate or conical, exserted; lingula of adult long, narrow, and included; compound pores as illustrated in Plate
III, fig. 2. A. Sides of pupa case flat, not deflexed under ventral surface; vertex of SCUbie BOUDGCU 6 = ne nae Er ee See eee Subgen. Alewrodicus. B. Sides of pupa case deflexed under ventral surface; vertex of adult Slightly <puobeds Ive. Fh eee eee ee Subgen. Lecanoideus.
II. Lingula of pupa case short, conical, usually included; lingula of adult broad, rounded, and exserted; compound wax pores of pupa case as illus- trated in Plate XXVII, figure a af ere oeee) Subgen. Metalewrodicus.
Subgenus ALHURODICUS n. subgen.
Fore wings with the veins as given for the genus. Vertex rounded, antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest ; claspers of male long and narrow; penis recurved, usually short; pupa case flat, with a number of large compound wax pores of the type illus- trated in Plate III, figure 2, and sometimes a number of small re- duced ones. Vasiform orifice with a long, setose, spatulate exserted lingula, which is armed with four long spines. Size usually large.
Type, anone Morgan.
SPECIES OF SUBGENUS ALEURODICUS.4%
I. Pupa case with seven pairs of compound wax pores, one cephalic pair, and six abdominal pairs.
A. All seven pairs of pores equally developed; size of pupa case 1.338 to 1.5 mm. iong by 0.88 to J min. wide; pores broad and shallow; margin of case with irregular rectangular areas and a sub- marginal row of strong hairs; outline of case subelliptical to ovate +jvines white, unmarked <2 3 22 eee destructor.
B. The two caudal pairs of wax pores and the cephalic pair more fully developed than the other four pairs, and with very long central chitinized processes; size of pupa case 1 by 0.53 mm., shape elliptical; edge of case with large crenulations; egg with the stalk much longer than the egg itself. Case raised on a vertical fringe of white wax and the dorsal surface covered with a plate of fused dirty white wax, through which the compound pores
may be S@e@lu- +6 sades ae ee a ee eee holmesii. Cc. The two caudal pairs of pores are much smaller than the other five pairs.
1. Dorsal disk, as well as the submarginal area, covered with numerous simple pores; compound pores very large and well developed; margin of case entire, with a row of stout hairs just within. Lingula long, with four very prominent hairs; operculum with
SEE NaN ES A Ae 5 DS ee eee
«Tt has not seemed wise to attempt to include in this key anone Curtis and conspur- catus Enderlein. In the former species the description is too vague, and in the latter the immature stages are as yet unknown. :
SUBGENUS ALEURODICUS. 43
two large hairs on caudal margin, one on either side. Size of pupa case 1.3 by 0.92 mm. Shape broadly elliptical. Forewing of adult (female) 2.27 mm. long, marked with dusky spots, six forming a ring around the margin of the wing, two being cen- tral. Segment V of antenne with a fringed sensorium and a stout spine near its distal end. Waxy secretion of pupa a series of fluted bands from simple wax pores, much longer than case is wide, and from the compound wax pores are produced very long, curling, brittle, glossy’ wax rods_isiiandele neglectus.
2. Dorsal dise without small simple pores, but the submarginal area all
around with very many, forming a band.
a Exposed portion of lingula of pupa case long and spatulate; oper-
iy
(2).
culum without a pair of spines on its caudal margin.
Forewing of adult with one large central reddish brown marking over the radial fork and extending from the costal margin to or beyond the media. Length of forewing (female) 2.60 mm.; “genital segment of the male transversely wrinkled or striate. Pupa case with Submarginal row of stout hairs; size 1.30 by 0.70 mm. Shape elliptical. <A prominent palisade of white wax
1.3 mm. long by 0.7 to 0.85 mm. wide. Dorsum of case powdered with dirty white wax, and case raised by palisade of white wax. Lingula unusually large, dark brown in color________ dugesii.
b. Exposed portion of lingula of pupa case short and conical; caudal
margin of operculum with a pair of spines.
(1). Pupa case broadly elliptical, with two large, dark, latero-dorsad
areas extending the full length of the case. Margin entire, with a row of small simple pores some distance within it” “All around on the submarginal area is a row of stout hairs. These occur a considerable distance meésad on the dorsum, some of them almost between the compound pores; spinnerets of the compound pores spread apart. Size of case 1.33 by 1.15 TN a mo ms te he inn eb pulvinatus.
(2). Pupa case without dark latero-dorsad areas, but of uniform
yellowish color; margin entire and just within it a row all around of large boat-shaped Simple pores. A submarginal row of long hairs present inserted in about the same region. Spin- nerets of compound pores compact. Size of case variable, rang- ing in length from 0.98 to 1,26 mm., and in width from 0.98 to 0.7 mm. Shape broadly oval, slightly narrower on cephalic end. Forewing of adult with two very faint dusky markings, one extending from the costal margin over the radial fork, the other at the apex of the wing. Length of forewing ( female) 2.15 mm.; claspers of male very long and narrow. Immature insects occurring along midrib of leaf and surrounded by a copious secretion of cottony-white wax_-____.___ cocois,
61201°—183——-4
44
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
3. Submarginal area of pupa case without a band of small simple pores,
but just within the margin all around, one row of disk-like sim- ple pores. Forewing of adult with four more or less distinct dusky areas, one within the radial fork, one on either side of the union of radius: and radial sector, and one on the proximal costal margin. Waxy secretion composed of distinct fine rods.
trinidadensis.
II. Pupa case with six pairs of compound wax pores, there being five pairs of
abdominal pores, of which the caudal pair is reduced.
A. Case with marginal row of large simple wax pores, bearing within several
fine rods; margin itself entire and just within it a row of prominent hairs. Compound wax pores with the spinnerets much reduced and short; lingula spatulate, very long and large, being about three times as long as the operculum, armed with four stout hairs. Size of case 1 by 0.84 mm., shape broadly elliptical. Length of forewing (female) 2mm. Wings banded with dusky, as show? 1h Plate Roel, MeUneV oe. = eee eee ornatus.
B. Pupa case without a marginal row of large, simple wax pores, but the
submarginal area covered with numerous very small pores; margin entire; caudal margin of case with two large spines. Compound wax pores with the central process about the same height as the cup and the spinnerets not reduced and short, but about two-thirds the length of the central process. Lingula very long, spatulate, armed with four hairs. Caudal margin of operculum with two spines or hairs situated near the center. jamaicensis.
III. Pupa case with five pairs of compound wax pores, there being four
abdominal and one cephalic pair, all of which are equally de- veloped. Margin of case entire; just within it a row of large simple pores; smaller pores similar to these are seattered over the entire dorsum; lingula very long, narrow, tapering, and armed with four hairs. Size of case 1.25 by 0.85 mm.; shape elliptical; waxy secretion fairly abundant, semiflocculent or cottony, and more or less hiding the insects beneath__coccolobe.
Aleurodicus anone Morgan.
(Plate X, figs. 1-12.)
Aleurodicus anone Morgan, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) vol. 3, p. 32 (1892).
«Fic.
Larva of Alewrodicus anone, n. sp., surrounded with white secretion.
. Mouth organs of same; a, mandibular; 6, maxillary sete; c, labium;
d, labrum. Imago, same species, Q xX 22.
. Genital organs of male; a, penis. . Posterior leg of imago.
Labium of same.
Genital organs of Q imago; a, colon. Larva, deprived of the white secretion, x 22. Leg of same.
. Lateral funnel-shaped secreting gland of same. . Anus, colon, and ileum of same. . Marginal secreting glands of same.
@Qxplanation of Plate I [Plate X], quoted from original description.
Tech. Series 27 Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X.
-—
ln
ALEURODICUS ANON.
Fig. 1.—Larva surrounded with white secretion. Fig. 2.—Mouthparts of same: a, Mandibular; 5, maxillary sete; c, labium: d, labrum. Fig. 3.—Imago, same species, female, x 22. Fig. 4.— Genital organs of male. Fig. 5.—Posterior lez of imago. Fig. 6.—Labium of same. Fig. 7. Genital organs of female imago. Fig. 8.—Larva, deprived of white secretion, x 22. Fig. 9.— Leg of same. Fig. 10.—Lateral funnel-shaped secreting gland of same. Fig. 11.—Anus, colon, and ilium of same. Fig. 12.—Marginal secreting glands of same. (After Morgan.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Xl.
ALEURODICUS COCCOLOB~é.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case parasitized. Fig. 2.—Pupa case nonparasitized. Fig 8.—Vasiform orifice of nonparasitized pupa case. Fig. 4.—Vasiform orifice of parasitized pupacase. Fig. 5—Com- pound wax pores of pupacase. Fig. 6.—Dorsal pores of normal form. Fig. 7.—Dorsal pores of parasitized form. Fig. 8—Margin of normal pupa case. Fig 9.—Margin of parasitized pupa ease. (Original.)
(ALEURODICUS) ALEYRODES ASARUMIS. 45
We have seen no example of this species. Material in the bureau collection supposed to be anon, on careful scrutiny, does not fairly conform to the original and rather indefinite description. So far as we are aware anonw has not been rediscovered since it was de- scribed. Following is the original description:
Larva. Oval, depressed, ochreous. Longest diameter 1.25 mm. Antenne ap- parently only 2-jointed, the second long and lateral, infundibuliform, compound spinnerets on each side, and posterior to these, two more simply constructed / and smaller secret-glands on one side, also one on each side anterior to the first pair of legs. Labium one-jointed, prolonged. Labrum quadrilateral. Mandi- bular organs short, with the maxillary sete long and fine (Pl. I [X], fig. 2.) Anus large, with long framework of colon easily distinguishable.
é and 2 adult. Length 2.25 mm. Antenne long, 7-jointed ; basal joint short; second longer; third very long; fourth and fifth subequal; sixth and seventh shorter. Legs long; the posterior pair considerably longer than the others. Tarsus 2-jointed; in the posterior pair of legs the first joint of the tarsus is the longest, in the others equal. Two claws. Tibia and tarsus pinnate. One stout spine at junction of coxa with trochanter. Several small stout spines at junction of tibia and tarsus. Head inserted. Mesonotum chitinous, well de- veloped. Scutellum, a pair of pyriform plates. Wings white, ample, broad; an- terior incumbent, length 8 mm.; posterior, length 2 mm. (PI. I [X]. fig.3) ; strong central nervure bifurcated near the apex; branch nervure proceeding from the base of the central nervure. Genital organs of female bivalvular, and be- tween the halves is situated the ovipositor (Pl. I [X], fig. 7). In the male the valvular organs are modified in the form of forceps, between which lies the penis (Pl. X, fig. 4). On the last segment of both sexes are two external processes.
Habitat: Anona muricata and Richardia pacifica, Demerara.
>
(Aleurodicus) Aleyrodes asarumis Shimer.
Aleyrodes asarumis Shimer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, p. 281 (1867). Aleurodicus asarumis Riley and Howard, Insect Life, vol. 5, p. 219 (1893). Aleyrodes actee Britton, Ent. News, vol. 16, p. 65, pl. 4 (1905).
This species was described as an Aleyrodes by Dr. Shimer. It was later transferred to Alewrodicus by Riley and Howard in Insect Life, Volume V, page 219, apparently without an examination of the
_ form, and this placing has been followed by all subsequent writers. _ In Canada it occurs in large numbers on the underside of the leaves _ of the wild ginger and the cohosh, the plants from which Shimer _ described it. An examination of specimens, both of pupa and adults, collected by Prof. T. D. Jarvis, show the species to be an Aleyrodes and not an Alewrodicus. This we would expect, for all known forms
of the genus Alevrodicus inhabit the warmer regions. Following Riley and Howard, Dr. Britton considered Shimer’s species an Aleurodicus and redescribed and figured the form from the same plant under the name of Aleyrodes actew, in Entomological News, March 1905. His excellent description and figures can now be trans- ferred to Shimer’s species and finally settle the standing of asarumis.
be eee.
46 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
Aleurodicus coccolobs n. sp.
(Plate XI, figs. 1-8.)
Collected on seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera), Progreso, Yucatan, by Samuel Henshaw, June 24, 1904, and forwarded to the Bureau of Entomology by Professor Cockerell. Only a fragment of leaf bear- ing a few pupe is at hand, but the species is so distinct that its recognition from the pupal stage alone will be easy.
DESCRIPTION.
Pupa case.—Size 1.25 mm. by 0.85 mm.; elliptical in outline, mod- erately convex. As seen under hand lens the abdominal segments are quite distinct as transverse ridges. Color dull yellowish; para- sitized specimens brownish black or plumbeous. There is a fairly abundant secretion of wax more or less hiding the insects beneath. The secretion consists of the usual long wax rods from the compound wax pores and a fairly copious secretion of semiflocculent or cottony wax from dorsum of case. There is a secretion all around of a narrow, short rim of fused glassy wax, seen best upon the removal of the more abundant flocculent secretion, and which largely per- sists on the leaf after removal of case (Pl. XI, fig. 2).
Under the microscope the case is pale yellow to almost colorless. Dorsum of case thickly covered with pores which, however, in the nonparasitized individuals, are made out with some difficulty. On the more central dorsal area, or dorsal disc, the pores are fairly large and scattered promiscuously. The smaller pores occur in a sub- marginal zone all around the case, and just within margin all around is a closely set row of pores somewhat larger than those on the dorsal dise (Pl. XI, fig. 2). The location of these pores is very evident in parasitized pupe (PI. XI, fig. 1), which condition ap- parently produces rather important structural changes in the pores. In the case of the pores on the dorsal disc there is produced from center of pore a short papilla or peg, acute, rounded, or swollen at tip. From each of the smaller pores forming the submarginal zone is produced a short finger-like process. The pores just within margin of case all around show a group of small dark granules surrounded by many minute granulations. In the single parasitized pupa of jamaicensis, constituting the type of this species, are to be noted the same minute finger-like processes from the submarginal zone of pores, but the dorsal pores above mentioned appear to be wanting in jamaicensis, and in comparing the lingule the species are readily seen to be different.
Margin and dorsum of case apparently without spines, except a pair on caudal end of case.
ALEURODICUS COCOIS. 47
On each side of the abdominal region are four compound wax pores, and there is a pair present on the cephalic end of case (PI. XI, fig. 5). There are no reduced compound pores on caudal end of case as in many species.
Vasiform orifice broadly cordate. Operculum subrectangular and about twice as broad as long, the ends rounded. Lingula long, ex- serted, tapering regularly from base to narrow tip. Two pairs of spines arise near distal end of lingula (PI. XI, fig. 3).
Adult—Unknown.
Type.—No. 14765, U. S. National Museum. Described from a few pupze on leaf, and three parasitized specimens in balsam mount.
Aleurodicus cocois (Curtis). (Pl. XII, figs. 1-15; Pl. XIV, fig. 1; text figs. 6-9.)
Aleurodes cocois Curtis, Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1846, p. 284. Aleurodicus iridescens Cockerell, Psyche, vol. 8, p. 226 (1898).
This species was described by Curtis from specimens on coconut and was transferred to Aleurodicus by Morgan (1. ¢c.). Later it was fully described by Riley and Howard in Insect Life, Volume V, page 314, and later Cockerell described what appears to be the same insect as Aleurodicus wridescens in Psyche, June, 1898. These three descrip- tions and the figures accompanying them are herewith reproduced.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. [Fig. 6 (1, 2,3, 4, 5).]
Aleyrodes cocois (the Cocoa-nut Aleyrodes). There is a little white mealy fly which sometimes infests the cabbages, and an allied species has been sent from the West Indies, which differs from it in its structure and economy. We are indebted to Sir Robert Schomburgk for specimens of this curious and destructive insect, the publication of whose history will be acceptable to the cultivator of exotics, and it is to be hoped that it may lead to the discovery of some mode of extirpating it. Sir Robert says, ‘On my arrival in Barbadoes, I was forcibly struck with the withered appearance of the Cocoa-nut trees, and I have since been told that a disease is prevailing amongst them which threatens to destroy all the Cocoa-nut trees in the island. This remarkable disease showed itself in the island after the fatal hurricane in 1831, and there are only a few trees which are not afflicted by it. It is no doubt to be ascribed to an insect allied to Aleyrodes. A great many of the plantations of Cocoa-nut trees which for- merly yielded an income of 200 £ or 300 £ per annum have not a single tree which bears fruit. The lower leaves die first and fall off, the flowers follow, or if nuts should have been formed they dwindle away and do not arrive at maturity; ultimately the budding leaves are attacked. and the crown drops off, leaving the withered trunk.
“Tt is considered that this disease has been introduced since the hurricane, from some of the neighbouring islands, when it became necessary to replace a number of Cocoa-nut trees which had been destroyed; but some pretend that it has been occasioned by the introduction of guano. Smoking, &c., has been of
48 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
no avail, and as the insect most sagaciously places itself under the leaflet, where it is protected against the weather, the heaviest rain does not affect it. It has been advised to root up all Cocoa-nut trees in the island, and after the lapse of a year, when it is thought the insect may be destroyed, to replant the plantations from seeds imported from an island where the insect does not exist.
“On carefully examining the leaves of the Cocoa-nut, it is evident there are two distinct insects upon the under surface, an Aleyrodes and a Coccus. They adhere to the under side of the leaf, and are surrounded by a whitish cottony or resinous powder; both sexes of the Aleyrodes at rest and with their wings closed are exhibited, of their natural size, on a portion of the leaf (fig. 1) [fig. 6. 7], and also some oval animals producing the white powder in abundance from the margins of their sides, and these I suppose are the larva state of the Aleyrodes, There are also numbers of white linear cases, as shown at fig. 5 [fig. 6, 5], which I conceive to be the pup# of a male Coccus; indeed I found one of the perfect insects sticking to the surface. At fig. 2 [fig. 6. 2] I have represented the under side of one of the larve; it is oval, concave, ochreous, and shining, with six minute legs and ventral wings, like a female Coccus; but I eould not detect any proboscis or antennie. I must, however, observe that the objects had all suffered from extreme pressure and great heat, and it is not unusual for the proboscis to be broken off in removing such ani- mals from the surface on which they are feeding.”
The winged specimens are larger than any of our British Aleyrodes, and from the neura- tion of the wings being different, as well as from the remarkable anal forceps of the male, this in- sect might with great propriety Z : be separated from the genus Fic. 6.—Aleurodicus cocois: 1, Insects on leaf; Aleyrodes. A. cocois is bright
od case; 3, adult; 4, abdomen. (From ochreous, the head is rounded,
the eyes are black, oval, and notched on the inside, and I think I could discern two minute ocelli on on the inner margins; the antenne are as long as the thorax, slender, and apparently seven-jointed, basal joint stoutish; second, the longest. The rostrum is stout and moderately long; the thorax is nearly orbicular, the seutel distinct, the abdomen short and oval in the male, with the last segment long, narrowed, and cylindrical, producing two long incurved claws, forming a pair of forceps (fig. 3) [fig. 6, 3]; wings apparently horizontal in repose, clothed with white scales or hairs, giving them a powdered appearance; su- perior ample, subelliptical, with a strong costal nervure, and a fureate one with a longitudinal nervure beneath it, issuing from near the base; inferior wings smaller, with a single forked nervure. Six legs slender, hinder long but simple; the tarsi biarticulate, basal joint the longest, the second terminated by two slender claws. Female similar, but the abdomen is ovate-conic, the apex terminated by a very acute transparent valve with a small oval hairy lobe on each side (fig. 4) [fig. 6, 4].
As insects will remain in an embryo state for long periods, every vestige of the infested trees should be burnt as soon as they are taken down, and the most diligent search must be made after the Aleyrodes upon plants of the same natural order as the Cocoa-nut, to ascertain if there are not colonies established elsewhere. There is the larva of a little beetle, called Scymnus,
ALEURODICUS COCOIS. 49
which destroys the European Aleyrodes, and it is remarkable that no parasitic insect should have appeared to check the increase of the Cocoa-nut species, but this may arise from the disease having been imported without its usual attendant antidote. Fumigating with sulphur would arrest the plague, if it could be applied; but then it ought to be done simultaneously to be effective, or else at a season when the insects are inactive.—Ruricola.
RILEY’S AND HOWARD’S DESCRIPTION, (Figs. 7, 8, 9.)
The egg (fig. 41, @) [fig. 8, @]—We know the egg only from specimens taken from the bodies of gravid females. Length, 0.29 mm.; greatest width, 0.11 mm.; length of pedicel, 0.064 mm. From these measurements it will be seen that the
Fic. 7.—Aleurodicus cocois: a, Adult female; b, side view of abdomen; e, dorsal view of abdomen; d, antenna; e, head from side; f, costa of forewing; g, costa of hind wing; h, tarsus; i, pulvillus; k, adult male; J, claspers. (From Riley and Howard.)
egg is broader in proportion to its length than that of Aleyrodes citri. The pedicel, instead of arising from the base of the egg, has its origin on the side, somewhat above the base, as shown at fig. 41, a. No sculpturing is observable.
Newly-hatched larva, first stage (fig. 41, 6) [fig. 8, b].—What we assume from its size to be the first stage has been sparingly found in a more or less dried up condition upon the leaves of guava received, It is 0.41 mm. long and 0.19 mm. wide, regularly elliptical, flattened and smooth. Twelve hairs of med- jum length protrude from each side. Antenne short, apparently five-jointed, joints subequal. Rostrum one-jointed, arising from a point half way between the middle of the body and the anterior extremity. The dorsal anal pore is distinct, and the long conical organ protrudes.
Larva, intermediate stage (fig. 41, d, 9) [fig. 8, d, g].—A stage intermediate between the newly hatched larva and that which seems full grown has been
50 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID.
found and carefully studied. It is flattened, of short, oval form, 1.02 mm. long and 0.84 mm. wide. The legs are plain and are short, stout, and apparently three-jointed. The basal joint is very stout, nearly as broad as long; the second joint is slender, about twice as long as broad; the third joint is very short, and bears a single, stout, curved hook. The rostrum is distinct, one jointed, and three filaments protrude. Each abdominal segment bears laterally a large, complicated pore, from which protrudes a glassy filament, short in this stage, but very long in the following. A smaller pore is situated just laterad of the base of the antenna and those on the anal and pre-anal segments are smaller than those on the others. Antenne six-jointed. Joint 1 short, stout; joints 2 and 38 long, sub-equal in length, and each five times as long as 1; joint 4 one-half as long as 2 or 8; joint 5 one-half as long as 4, sharply pointed at tip. Dorso-anal pore large, distinct; protrusile organ conical in shape, supported by a tri-lobed chitinous framework. Entire dorsal surface of body finely granu- late, the ventral surface granulate laterally to the large pores. Each ventral- abdominal segment bears a transverse row of eight small secretory pores, each of which seems to be tri-cellular.
Adult larva (fig. 40) [fig. 9].—Closely resembles the preceding, except that it is much more convex, and has very long glassy filaments and an abundant
Fic. 8.—Aleuwrodicus cocois: a, Egg; b, first larva; ec, leg of same; d, intermediate larva, dorsal view; e, protrusile organ of same; f, secretory pore of same; g, intermediate larva, ventral view; A, margin of body of same. (From Riley and Howard.)
secretion of white wax. Abdominal segments very distinct, arched anterodor- sally, with a medium longitudinal ridge. The skin of this larva splits transverso-dorsally along the hinder edge of the thorax, and from the middle of this slit medially and longitudinally to the cephalic end of the body. From this double slit the pupa presumably emerges.
Adult female (fig. 39, a) [fig. 7, @].—Length, 2.1 mm.; expanse,4.1mm. Color dull honey-yellow; eyes darker; abdomen, when swollen with eggs, much lighter and bordered with abundant waxy secretions. Antenne six-jointed. Basal joint short, stout; joint 2 (scape) twice as long, equal to it in width; flagellum rugoso-annulate; joint 8 longest, more than twice as long as 1 and 2 together, and equal in length to 4, 5, and 6 together. In dried specimens it becomes espe- cially constricted at two points; joint 4 rather more than half as long as 8; joint 5 less than half as long as 4; join 6 equal in length to 5. Joint 6 with a bristle at tip, the other joints with sparse, short bristles. Head conical when seen from above, the rostrum plainly 2-jointed, but perhaps with a basal joint; the apical joint acute, nearly as long as the preceding joint. Eyes pyriform, large.
’ tural characters as usual in the genus.
ALEURODICUS COCOIS. 51
Two ocelli, large and conspicuous. Wings large, subopaque, median vein divided at two-thirds wing length. Costa of fore-wing finely crenulate to tip, furnished with sparse bristles arising below edge of wing. Costa of hind wing with 8 or 9 rather long bristles or hairs near base. Legs slender, moderately long, hind tibia with an internal row of bristles, tarsi 2-jointed, two large tarsal hooks, with a median basal hook-like appendage much smaller thaa the lateral hooks. Abdomen with six plain tergites, but five visible urites. Sixth tergite bearing a pronounced median curved papilla; ovipositor acute,
Adult male (fig. 39, k) [fig. 7, k]—Resembles the female except in being more slender and longer by virtue of the two large forficular claspers, nearly as long as the entire abdomen and which gave the average specimen a total length of 2.8 mm., as against 2.1 mm. for the female. Between the two claspers is a short curved style rather more than one- third the length of the claspers. Sixth tergite bears a median papilla and the fourth urite a similar one. Color of abdomen much darker than in female, particularly at hind border of segments; claspers still darker.
COCKERELL’S DESCRIPTION OF ALEU- RODICUS IRIDESCENS.
Agrees with A. asarumis in haying some blackish coloration at the forking of the wing-vein, but differs in having the body and legs a deep chrome yellow, and the eyes not divided. Length of an- terior wing 2 mm.; wings noticeably iridescent; a blackish line on the costa. Pupze along the mid-rib of the leaf, as in Aleurodicus pulvinala (Maskell as Aleurodes), surrounded by abundant cot- tony secretion. Pupe dark grey or plumbeous, varying to brownish, struc-
Vasiform orifice semicircular; operculum yery broad, broadly truncated at end. Four large round orifices on each side of Fic. 9.—Aleurodicus cocois: a, Skin of the abdomen, some distance from the ‘¥!!-grown larva from below; 6, skin of i full-grown larva from above. (From
margin, but not nearly so large as Maskell Riley and Howard.) figures for pulvinata; four very much smaller orifices in the caudal region, laterad of the vasiform orifice, the two hindmost nearer to each other than are the anterior ones; two of the large orifices at the cephalic end, and also four small ones as in pulvinata, but they are very minute. .
Hab.—Ocean beach between El Faro and San Pedro, Tabasco, Mex., June 12, 1897, on “‘ Jicaco,” a bush with large leaves growing on the sand flats (Town-
send) Div. Ent. 7824.
In the original description there is little given by means of which this species could be distinguished from others in the same genus.
52 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
Realizing this, Riley and Howard made a careful description of the form. The material upon which their descriptions were based is preserved in the bureau collection, and the following includes a study of this same material. Unfortunately, a slight marking on the fore- wings of the species was not considered of importance by Riley and Howard, as it was no doubt overlooked by Curtis. This oversight has led Cockerell into the error of redescribing the form as é7idescens. Now, however, that Riley and Howard’s specimens, Cockerell’s types, and many other examples are at hand for study, there is little doubt that all these forms are the same species.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS,
Pupa case-—The pupa cases representing the Riley and Howard material and those composing Cockerell’s types, as well as numerous others, are identical in structure as follows: The case (Pl. XII, fig. 2) is surrounded by a row of bristle-like hairs inserted on the dorsum just within the margin. There are usually 13 of these to a side. One pair of long, prominent caudal hairs is also present. Margin entire, and within it all around (Pl. XII, fig. 7) is a row of large, simple, boat-shaped pores and the submarginal area is covered with very many minute, simple ones. Along the median thoracic region there are four pairs of small tubercled sete and on the cephalo- lateral portion a pair of large compound pores of the type illustrated in Plate XII, figure 6. The abdominal region has along each side four large compound pores similar to the thoracic pair, and on either side of the vasiform orifice are two reduced ones. The vasiform orifice is nearly cordate and just cephalad of it is a pair of seta, one on each side. The operculum is subelliptical, broader than long, and armed caudad with two prominent bristles. The lingula is conical, exserted, and possesses two pairs of bristles. Both operculum and lingula are minutely setose.
On the underside (Pl. XII, fig. 3) thé mouthparts, legs, and antenne are distinct. The trophic tubercle is large, the labium quite distinct, while the sete are usually carried in the form of a loop. The antennez are of two segments, 0.33 mm. long, and the proximal segment is short, subcylindrical, and unarmed. The distal one is much longer and annulated. At its distal end a short unguis is present and at the base of this a fringed sensorium. The legs are short, thick, of two segments, and armed with a solitary curved claw (Pl. XIT, fig. 4).
There is considerable variation in the size of the pupa cases, and on this ground it might be possible to separate éridescens from cocois. Since, however, we have considerable difference in the cases of the latter species, depending upon locality and food plants, it seems hardly justifiable to select the larger specimens and call them a differ-
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIl.
ALEURODICUS COCOIS.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupacase. Fig. 3.—Portion of venter of pupacase. Fig. 4.—Claw of pupa. Fig. 5.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 6—Compound wax pore of pupa case. Fig. 7—Margin of pupa case, showing boat-shaped pores. Fig. 8.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 9.—Proximal costal margin of forewing. Fig. 10.—Distal costal margin of same. Fig. 11.—Head of adult. Fig. 12.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 13.—Vasiform orifice of adult. Fig. 14.—Foot of adult. Fig. 15.—Male genitalia. (Original.)
=
Ps wnat
+
oa
¥
7
ar
a
Li
a
ALEURODICUS COCOTIS. 538
ent species. On the other hand, we have specimens from the Canal Zone in which the pupa cases are of quite a different form from the
~usual type, being broader. There appear three varieties, one with a
large and comparatively elongate pupa, one with a small elongate pupa, and one with a broad pupa. In these there appear no struc- tural differences. The larger material, that which we might call the widescens material, has an average of 1.22 mm. by 0.92 mm., the smaller material an average of 1.06 mm. by 0.75 mm., while the Canal Zone material, lot No. 6768, has an average of 1 mm. by 0.89 mm. The largest specimen found in any material was 1.26 mm. by 0.98 mm. and the smallest 0.98 mm. by 0.7 mm.
The arrangement of the pup upon the leaf in reference to the median vein and the waxy secretion developed about them is similar in Cockerell’s type of iridescens and in cocois (Pl. XIV, fig. 1). The difference in host would easily account for the slight difference seen.
Adults.—Some variation is shown in the adults, first, as to size and, secondly, as to wing marking. The type of Cockerell’s ividescens in the U. S. National Museum collection is a small male and will be discussed under that sex. The vertex (Pl. XII, fig. 11) is rounded and the antenne (PI. XII, fig. 12) are of seven segments, not six, as stated by Riley and Howard. Segment III is much the longer; II, IV, and V nearly equal in length, while VI and VII are some- what shorter. All the segments are imbricated, and V and VII are armed with fringed sensoria. The paronychium of the foot is the nsual spine, and the basal segment of the tarsus is nearly twice as long as the distal one. The forewings are armed on the costal margin (Pl. XII, fig. 9) with conical hairy projections and two alternate rows of large bristle-like hairs. The remainder of the margin (PI. XII, fig. 10) lacks these hairs. The wings are marked with two dusky patches, one from the costal margin crossing the radial fork and the other at the distal extremity of the wing. In most forms these patches, especially the distal one, are very indistinct, but many
degrees of intensity of shading occur, and in specimens from Pro-
greso, Yucatan, lot No. 3286, the clouding is quite marked. Some dry specimens in which we were not able to distinguish any marking showed it quite plainly when balsam mounts were made.
The female genitalia are of the ordinary Aleurodicus type. The forewing is 2.15 mm. by 1.15 mm., the hind tibie 0.77 mm., and the tarsi together 0.307 mm.
The males show a great range in size. This is shown in a compara- tive measurement of parts. The type of éridescens has claspers 0.4 mm. long, and the width of the genital segment is 0.22 mm. In ma- terial of cocois, from different regions and hosts, a range from 0.4 mm. to 0.92 mm. is met with in the claspers, depending upon the size of the individual. The average seems to be nearly 0.8 mm. In
54 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
ihe wings a similar variation is met with. In endeavoring to deter- mine whether Cockerell’s type was different from the forms of cocois, a large series of male wings was measured. Some were found smaller. than Cockerell’s irvidescens and some larger, while in every case the relative position and lengths of the veins were practically identical. The average length of the forewing is 2 mm. and its width 0.89 mm., and the hind tibiz average 0.7 mm.
The species is represented from the following localities and upon the following hosts:
Locality. Host. Collector. ee Port of Spain, Trinidad......... GUAVAS Soot cence ee eeee H. Caracciola......... Quaintance No. 3287. El Faro and San Pedro, Mexico | ‘‘Jicaco”’.............. C. H. T. Townsend....| Quaintance No. 3277 (iridescens). (U. S. Nat. Mus. Type No. 14772). Progreso, Yucatan............-. Coccoloba uvifera....... gD) 02 6 Ps Sth AeA Quaintance No. 3286. Barbados, West Indies......... Coconut palm......... Sir Daniel Morris......} Quaintance No. 1706. INEHOAMEM we ue coe est tet ee Gunval ee ee DrivAy Wenshan ees ee Quaintance No. 3272. Isthmian Canal Zone........... Guaivas(?) set .sceh ace E. A. Schwarz...-..-.- Quaintance No, 6768.
Aleurodicus conspurecatus Enderlein.
(Fig. 10.) Aleurodicus conspurcatus Enderlein, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1909, p. 282.
The following is Enderlein’s diagnosis of this species. It is un- known to us in nature, but evidently shows a relation to species more generalized than those of this genus by the retention of the cubitus (Enderlein’s analis). When all the stages are known, it may be necessary to remove it to one of the earlier genera.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Hell briunlich gelb, Augen grau; Beine blass ockergelblich; Spitzenhiilfte des Abdomen grau, Seiten der Basalhilfte ockergelb. Abdomen sehr schmal und schlank (2), letztes Glied etwa 24 mal so lang wie breit, vorletztes etwa so lang wie breit, beim 9 gedrungen und kurz. Endzange des ¢ sehr lang und schlank, und erst am Ende nach innen umgebogen, etwa } des letzten Segmentes ; Penis in Form eines stiibchenférmigen Anhangs am Grunde der Zangen und zwischen ihnen, sehr kurz (nur etwa + der Zangenlinge), diinn und senkrecht aufgerichtet. Stirnrand von oben gesehen eine etwas abgerundete rechtwinklige Ecke bildend.
Fliigel hyalin, weiss bestiiubt; Vorder- und Hinterfliigel mit kleinen, un- regelmiissig geformten, braunen, spiirlich verteilten Flecken. Die Costa im Vorderfliigel fein, aber deutlich; der Radialramus (7) in beiden Fliigeln in der Mitte stark nach dem Aussenrande zu umgebogen. Der Cubitus endet in beiden Fiiigeln an der Hinterecke des Aussenrandes; im Vorderfliigel ist er nahe der Basis stark, nabe dem Ende schwach wellig gebuchtet. Analis im Vorder- fliigel fein aber deutlich bis zur Miindung in der Mitte des Hinterrandes zu verfolgen; im Hinterfliigel fehlt sie. In beiden Fliigeln erreichen Media und cu nicht ganz den Filiigelrand, der Radialramus endet ziemlich weit vom Fliigel- rand entfernt.
—~
ALEURODICUS CONSPURCATUS. 55
Korperlinge ¢ 2.5 mm., 2 2 mm.; Abdominalliinge $1.75 mm., 2 1 mm.; Vorderfliigellange ¢ 2.5 mm., 2 3 mm., Hinterfliigellange ¢ 2.1 mm., 2 2.75 mm. Grdsste Vorderfliigelbreite $15 mm, 2 2 mm. Grisste Hinterfliigel- breite ¢ 1.15 mm., Q 1.5 mm.
Siid-Brasilien. Santa Catharina. 13 Exemplare (8¢ und 10 2). Gesam- melt von Liiderwaldt.
Typen im Stettiner Zoologischen Museum.
(Translation. ]
Clear brownish yellow. Compound eyes gray. Legs pale ochre- yellow, lower half of abdomen gray, the lateral part of the basal
Fic. 10.—Wings of Aleurodicus conspurcatus. (Redrawn from Enderlein..)
half ochraceous yellow. * Abdomen very small and narrow (male), its last segment about two and one-half times as long as wide, penultimate segment about as long as it is wide, in the case of the female short and contracted. Final forceps of the male very long and attenuated, at its termination curved inward, about at the dis- tance of three-fourths of the last segment. Penis in the shape of staff-like appendix at the base of the forceps and situated between them, very short (only about one-fourth the length of the forceps),
thin, and erected in a perpendicular direction. Front margin of the
head, viewed from above, forming a somewhat rounded rectangular angle.
56 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
Wings hyaline, powdered with white. Both the forewings and the hind wings provided with small, irregularly formed, brown spots that are sparsely scattered. Costa in the forewing fine, but distinct. Radial sector (7) in both wings strongly bent in the middle toward the exterior margin. In both wings the cubitus terminates in the hind corner of the exterior margin. Cubitus in the forewing is strongly sinuate at its base, but near its end it is only slightly undulated and sinuate. “Analis” in the forewing fine, but can be followed distinctly as far as its bouchare in the middle of the pos- terior margin, not present in the hind wing. Media and cubitus in both wings not quite reaching the margin of the wings, and the radial sector terminating quite a distance from the margin of the wings.
Length of the body, male 2.5 mm., female 2 mm.; length of abdomen, male 1.75 mm., female 1 mm.; length of forewings, male 2.5 mm., female 3 mm.; length of hind wings, male 2.1 mm., female 2.75 mm.; greatest expanse of forewings, male 1.5 mm., female 2 mm.; greatest expanse of hind wings, male 1.15 mm., female 1.5 mm.
Southern Brazil, Santa Catharina; 13 specimens.
Aleurodicus destructor Mackie. (Pl. XIII, figs. 1-7; Pl. XIV, fig. 2.)
Aleurodicus destructor Quaintance, Mackie, Philippine Agricultural Review, vol. 5, p. 142 (1912).
Coconut leaves infested with this insect were received August 22, 1911, from Mr. G. E. Nesom, director of agriculture, Manila, P. L., with the statement:
This scale is often found upon the stems of young fruit and in some cases, due to their presence, the tree is unable to set fruit. According to the natives, trees infested with this insect often die. Many of the owners of coconut groves in the vicinity where this scale is prevalent are rather frightened, and seem to believe that if something is not done to check this insect their groves will be completely destroyed.
From the above it would appear that this insect is an important enemy of the coconut, exceeding, perhaps, in destructiveness its congener cocots, long known from the West Indies.
DESCRIPTION.
Egg.—About 0.31 mm. long, elongate in shape, yellow to brownish in color, dusted with powdered wax. Stalk short, eggs prostrate on leaf. Shell delicate, collapsing upon escape of larva, unmarked.
Pupa case.—Size 1.33 to 1.5 mm. long by 0.83 to 1 mm. wide, subelliptical to ovate in shape; some examples narrowed cephalad.
—
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIII.
ALEURODICUS DESTRUCTOR.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Compound pore of pupacase. Fig. 4.—Margin of pupacase. Fig. 5.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 6.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 7.—Foot ofadult. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIV.
Fic. 1.—Pup4 oF ALEURODICUS COCOIS ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETION. (ORIGINAL.
Fic. 2.—Pup4£ OF ALEURODICUS DESTRUCTOR ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETION. (ORIGINAL. )
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XV.
SON TETY MIGHO sus ISIS
NSN MS Ne pasiehe
ALEURODICUS DUGESII.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case. Fig. 2.—Leg of pupa. Fig. 3.—Antenna of pupa. Fig. 4.— Vasiform orifice of pupa. Fig. 5.—Compound pores of pupa. Fig. 6.—Margin of pupa. Fig. 7.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 8.—Costal margin of same. Fig. 9.—Head of adult. Fig. 10.—Antenna of adult. Fig 11.—Foot of adult. Fig. 12.—Male genitalia. Fig. 18.—Vasiform orifice of adult. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XVI.
Yj
4
/
MAAS hens /
ALEURODICUS GUPPYII.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2—Pupa case. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 4.—Compound pores of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 6.— Forewing of adult. Fig. 7.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 8.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 9.—Foot of adult. Fig. 10.—Male genitalia. Fig. 11.—Same, dorsal view. (Original.)
PLATE XVII.
FiG. 1.—PUPA OF ALEURODICUS DUGESII ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETION. (ORIGINAL. )
FiG. 2.—PUPA OF ALEURODICUS GUPPYII ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETIO (ORIGINAL.
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XVIII.
LEAF INFESTED WITH ALEURODICUS GUPPYI], SHOWING WAXY SECRETION OF PUPA. (ORIGINAL. )
ALEURODICUS DUGESII. 57
Dorsum but little convex, body segments quite distinct in the dried specimens (Pl. XIII, fig. 1). There is a very copious secretion of white wax covering the lower surface of the infested leaves and completely hiding the insects beneath (Pl. XIII, fig. 2). The wax rods, from the compound wax pores, are unusually long, attaining in more perfect specimens a length of from 12 to 15 mm. Generally, however, these rods are more or less broken and are intermingled with bands or plates of wax from the marginal wax tubes. There is a short vertical fringe of white wax often persisting on the leaf after the pupa case has disappeared.
The color is yellowish to brownish, some specimens, as seen under hand lens, being dark brown. The empty case is colorless. There is a narrow marginal rim composed of the short, squarish wax tubes, the incisions being shallow and acute (Pl. XIII, fig. 4). On the dorsum there are seven pairs of very conspicuous compound wax pores, six pairs on the abdomen about equally developed, and a pair on the cephalic region of about half the size of the former. From the marginal area all around arise a series of spines, 10 to 12 on a side, and there is a pair cephalad of the vasiform orifice.
Vasiform orifice subcordate, about as wide as long. Operculum subrectangular, about twice as wide as long. Lingula spatulate, rather short and broad, bearing a pair of spines (Pl. XIII, fig. 2). The rudimentary legs and antenne are quite evident on the ventral surface, and exhibit the usual structures for the typical forms of this genus.
Adult.—A single imperfect male was found among the pup on the leaves. The wings are without markings (Pl. XIII, fig. 5).
This species, from the structure of the pupa case, suggests neg- lectus, common on Anona spp., guava, Ficus, etc., in the West In- dies, but differs in that the wings are not spotted or banded, in the large size of the two caudal pairs of compound wax pores, and there are differences in the lingula. From cocois it differs in numerous particulars, as will be noted on comparison. This is the third species of this genus recorded from outside of tropical America, though it may have been introduced in the Philippines along with its food plant.
Type.—No. 14766, U. 8. National Museum. Described from nu- merous eggs, pupz in balsam mounts, and infested leaves.
Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell. (Pl. XV, figs. 1-18; Pl. XVII, fig. 1.) Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell, Can. Ent., vol. 28, p. 302 (1896).
Specimens of this species are in the Bureau of Entomology collec- tion from several localities in Mexico, and on several different food plants, as follows: Oaxaca, on Hibiscus; Guanajuato, on Anona and
58 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID.
Hibiscus yosa-sinensis; Guadalajara, on Hibiscus; and on mulberry, locality unknown. The original description by Prof. Cockerell fol- lows:
Length 1% mm.; length of anterior wing, 24 mm.; its greatest breadth nearly 14 mm. Pale grayish-ochreous, covered with white meal, abdomen beneath shining silvery. Wings white; upper wings iridescent, with markings similar to those of A. ornatus, but very pale gray and quite different in detail. There are four gray bands crossing the wings, of which only the third and fourth are joined by a longitudinal band. The first (basal) band bends abruptly inwards after crossing the main nervure, which branches so near the base of the wing that there are practically two nervures, the first gray band failing in the angle between them, but strong again beyond the second. Second gray band broad as far as the first nervure, just beyond it interrupted broadly, but continued as a large, nearly circular gray patch, the greater part of which is above the second nervure, which it meets at its fork; after that failing, but reappearing strongly a little way down the lowest branch of the nervure and thence passing downwards, becoming very faint. Fourth band broad, passing across the end of the fork, bent inwards, joining the continuation of the third band after the break, itself forking at its lower end. The curve of the fourth band leaves a white apical area in which there is a gray spot. There is also a gray spot at the tip of the second nervure.
The pup occur on the under sides of the leaves and are of the usual type~- oval, flat, pale ochreous, with white mealy powder.
Habitat.—Guanajuato, Mexico, on Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Sent by Dr. Alfred Dugés in great quantity. Dr. Dugés writes that it is also found on the large- leafed Begonia and other plants, and it does not appear to do them a great deal of harm. It is the first Alewrodicus described from Mexico, and is most nearly allied to the Jamaican A. ornatus, Cockerell. The genus now includes five species, all neotropical except the U. S. A. asarwmis (Shimer, 1867).
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Egg.—About 0.3 mm. long; stalk short, from one side of end; color dusky; shell unmarked. '
Pupa case-—Size rather variable, from 1.15 to 1.3 mm. in length, by 0.7 to 0.85 mm. in width. Ovoid or subelliptical in shape; brown- ish in color, as seen on leaf, varying to plumbeous in some speci- mens, probably parasitized. Case moderately convex, raised some- what by a vertical fringe all around of white wax (Pl. XVII, fig. 1). Dorsum of case powdered with dirty white wax, and from the com- pound wax pores are produced the usual brittle glassy wax rods PEAS Vy die. aos
Under microscope, empty case colorless, except the prominent lingula, which is dark brown. Abdominal segments distinct. Margi- nal fifth or sixth of case all around with many small round simple wax pores (Pl. XV, fig. 6). On dorsum also are seven pairs of com- pound wax pores, one on cephalic end and six on abdomen, the last two pairs being much reduced (Pl. XV, fig. 5). There is a pair of strong spines on caudal margin of case.
ALEURODICUS GUPPYII. 59
Vasiform orifice large, cordate, about as broad as long. Oper- culum short and broad, the caudal margin concave. Lingula very prominent, spatulate, dark brown in color, bearing distally two pairs of spines (Pl. XV, fig. 4). On ventral surface legs and antenne are quite distinct.
Adult female——Forewings about 2.4 mm. long by 1.3 mm. wide; legs long and slender. Hind tibia 0.9 mm. long; basal tarsal joint 0.23 mm. long, distal tarsal joint 0.14 mm. long.
Adult male.—Essentially as in female, though tibia and tarsus are slightly longer in each case. Valves of forceps long, narrow, and strongly curved at tip (0.86 mm. in length).
Type.—No. 14764, U. S. National Museum.
Aleurodicus guppyii n. sp. (Pl. XVI, figs. 1-11; Pl. XVII, fig. 2; Pl. XVIII.)
This species was received from Dr. F. W. Urich, Port of Spain, Trinidad, May 25, 1911, on Rheedia latifora Lu. The large brown maculation on forewing of adult insect readily separates it from any form heretofore described. The insect infests the lower surface of the large leathery leaves of its host plant, principally the basal two- thirds (see Pl. XVIII). This area is more or less covered with a powdery white wax secreted from the abdomen of the adults, in which are embedded the immature stages. ,
DESCRIPTION.
E'gg.—Size about 0.32 by 0.16 mm. Subelliptical in outline, the stalk very short, attached to one side of end of egg. Color on leaf brownish; lighter under transmitted light, without markings (PI. XVI, fig. 1). |
Pupa case.—Size rather variable, averaging about 1.13 by 0.70 mm. Elliptical in outline, the dorsum but little convex, though the case is prominently raised from the surface of the leaf by a vertical rim all around of white wax. Dorsum void of secretion, except the usual glassy wax rods from the compound wax pores. This secretion, how- ever, is meager, the rods being short and fragmentary (Pl. XVI, fig. 2).
On leaf, under hand lens, the color is yellow or brownish-yellow; and under microscope yellowish white to darker. Margin of case with very light crenulations, but no distinct marginal rim. On the submarginal area, however, are innumerable closely set small pores, forming a broad band all uwround the case (Pl. XVI, fig. 5).
_ On the dorsum are seven pairs of compound wax pores (Pl. XVI, fig. 4), one pair on the cephalic region and four pairs on the ab-
61201°—13——5
60 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID.
dominal region, and two pairs of smaller pores on anal segments; on caudal end of case there are two pairs of scalelike markings on the thorax, and a pair of simple pores near cephalic margin. Ab- dominal segments distinct.
From within the margin of case all around arises a series of slender spines, or sete, about 12 on each side. There is a pair of minute setze just cephalad of the vasiform orifice, and two pairs of sete are present on the thoracic region.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XVI, fig. 3) subcordate to subcircular, little longer than wide. Operculum subrectangular, concave on distal margin, almost twice as wide as long. Lingula as usual, spatulate, with two pairs of spines on distal end. Operculum and lingula minutely spinose. On ventral surface of case the legs are quite evident, terminating in a single, hooked claw. Antennx as usual, two-jointed, the distal joint numerously ringed.
Adult female—tLength 1.9 to2 mm. Forewing, length 2.60 mm., width 1.28 mm. Body and wings dusted with white wax, and there is a copious waxy secretion from ventral surface of abdomen of both sexes. General color of head and thorax dark brown to blackish, abdomen bright red; legs, margins of wings, wing veins, and an- tenn reddish.
Eyes plumbeous, constricted, the smaller division below. Fore- wing (Pi. XVI, fig. 6) marked across the middle with a conspicuous, broad brownish band. This arises from the cephalic margin of the wing and extends caudad usually beyond the media well toward the caudal margin of wing. Hind wing without markings.
Antenne as usual (Pl. XVI, fig. 8). Tibia of hind leg 0.8 mm. long; first tarsal joint 0.26 mm., second tarsal joint 0.13 mm. in length.
Adult male——Length 1.3 mm.; valves of anal forceps 0.7 mm. long, curved, inserted in the cylindrical anal segment (Pl. XVI, figs. 10, 11). Forewing 2.1 mm. long by 0.95 mm. wide, marked as described for female. Hind wing unmarked. General color dusky to blackish, more or less covered with white waxy powder.
Type.—No. 14768, U. S. National Museum. Described from numer- ous eggs, pup, and adults of both sexes. Dedicated to Mr. P. L. Guppy.
Aleurodicus jamaicensis Cockerell. (Pl. XIX, figs. 1-5.) Aleurodicus jamaicensis Cockerell, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 54, p. 280 (1902). The type of this species consists of a single parasitized pupa case in a balsam slide mount. From this scant material and the imperfect original description we are quite unable to obtain an adequate con- —
: | |
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIX.
ALEURODICUS JAMAICENSIS AND ALEURODICUS HOLMESII.
Aleurodicus jamaicensis: Fig. 1.—Pupa case. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 3.— Compound pores of pupa case. Fig. 4.—Margin of parasitized pupa case. Fig. 5.—Margin of normal case. <Alewrodicus holmesii: Fig. 6.—Egg. Fig. 7.—Pupa case. Fig. 8.—Compound wax pores. Fig. 9.—Reduced compound wax pore. Fig. 10.—Vasiform orifice of pupa. Fig. 11.—Margin of ease. .(Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XX.
ALEURODICUS NEGLECTUS.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupa ease. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa ease. Fig. 4.— Compound wax pore of pupa. Fig. 5—Reduced compound wax pore. Fig. 6.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 7.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 8.—Costal margin of same. Fig. 9.— Head of adult. Fig. 10.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 11.—Foot of adult. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXlI.
FiG. 2.—ALEURODICUS NEGLECTUs: Pup: ON LEAF, SHOWING Waxy SECRETION. ORIGINAL. )
ALEURODICUS HOLMESII. 61
ception of the characteristics of this form. Prof. Cockerell’s de- scription follows:
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Aleurodicus jamaicensis was collected by the writer at Kingston, Jamaica, in 1898. The pupa is small (hardly 14 mm. long), with vertical walls, margin resembling that of pulvinata; color bright yellow, with a brownish dorsal cloud, and a diamond-shaped black patch just anterior to the vasiform orifice. Other characters shown in fig. 2.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Pupa case-—Size 1.3 mm. long by 0.89 mm. wide. Color yellow, with dark brown markings as shown in the figure. There is a sub- marginal area all around marked with many simple wax pores which, in the present specimen, have mostly developed short, stout, spine- like structures, probably due to parasitism (see coccoloba, p. 50). On the abdomen are five pairs of compound pores, the caudal pair’ being much reduced in size. (The usual cephalic pair is also prob- ably present, but can not be verified in the specimen at hand.) Caudal margin of case with a single pair of spines. Margin entire. Vasiform orifice cordate, about as broad as long. Operculum short, about twice as broad as long, ends rounded; caudal margin coarsely sinuate and bearing a pair of spines. Lingula large, exserted, sub- spatulate, bearing distally two pairs of spines.
Type.—No. 14771, U. S. National Museum.
Aleurodicus holmesii (Maskell). (Pl. XIX, figs. 6-11; Pl. XXI, fig. 1.)
Aleyrodes holmesii Maskell, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 28, p. 485 (1895). De- scribed as Aleyrodes by Maskell and :transferred to Aleurodicus by Cockerell (Bul. 67, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., p, 644, 1903).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Larva dull-yellow, elliptical, flattish; length about 1/80 in. Margin thickened, almost entire, the crenulations being very minute and confused. Dorsum bear- ing, on the thoracic region, six strong rather short spines; of these, two are median, the four others submarginal. In the earliest state there is no fringe, but in the latest stage there is a fragmentary short fringe of white wax.
Pupa-case dull-yellow, rather lighter colored than the larva; form elliptical, flattish, and rather thick; length about 1/25 in. Abdominal segments moder- ately distinct. Dorsum bearing a submarginal series of strong short spines; two of these on the cephalic region aud four on the posterior abdominal region are large and conspicuous, the other eight (four on each side), on the thoracic region, are smaller. From these spines is produced a quantity of white waxy “secretion, which is very fragmentary, often entirely absent; it scarcely ever seems to completely cover the dorsum. Margin very distinctly and conspicuously ecrenulated with large thick segments; these produce a fringe of closely-
62 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.,
adjacent waxy tubes, which at first is flat, then becomes a rather thick ring or cushion, and at last becomes so thick as to raise the pupa somewhat high above the leaf, and then it seems as if resting on a very elegantly-fluted white wall; vasiform orifice subelliptical, with concave anterior edge and broadly rounded sides and end; operculum broad and short, the posterior edge concave; lingula very long, extended beyond the orifice, subcylindrical, with emarginate sides and compressed extremity, the end rugose, with four rather long and many very short sete or hairs.
Adult form unknown.
Hab. in Fiji, on Psidiwm sp. My specimens were sent by Mr. R. L. Holmes.
The arrangement of the dorsal spines, and the peculiar lingula, will distin- _guish this species.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
The type of this species was unfortunately not in the Maskell col- lection. We have received, however, what is evidently the same in- sect from Mr. R. 8. Woglum, of this bureau, collected at the Botanic Garden at Buitenzorg, Java, January, 1911, on a plant of the family Sapindaceer, from which material we have drawn up the following description :
The larve and pupe occur promiscuously over the underside of the leaves, though when few or moderately abundant they occur more along the midrib and larger veins. The surface of foliage on infested plants is more or less covered with the usual growth of “ sooty fun- gus,” nourished on the excretion from these insects.
Egg—Size about 0.2 by 0.1 mm., subelliptical, the distal end pointed. As seen on leaf, dark-brown to blackish in color; many specimens iridescent, without markings. Stalk attached at basal end and about twice length of egg. [Eggs scattered promiscuously over leaf and prostrate. In hatching the shell splits longitudinally in two equal parts, which are held together at base (Pl. XIX, fig, 6).
Larva (first stage).—Size about 0.26 by 0.153 mm., elongate ellip- tical in shape, though somewhat narrowed caudad. Around the mar- gin is a short rim of white waxy secretion. Color on leaf light brown, under microscope light yellowish to whitish. Eye spots reddish, elongate, and often divided. Margin without evident crenulations, except a shallow and variable sculpturing on cephalic end. Dorsum uniform, without evident pores, but little convex. Margin all around with minute sete, the two caudal pairs strongest. Vasiform orifice relatively large, cordate in outline, about as wide as long. Oper- culum half as long as orifice, the sides rounded. Lingula spatulate, little if at all extended, minutely spinose.
Pupa case—Size about 1 by 0.53 mm., elliptical in outline, the dorsum little convex; case raised on a vertical rim, all around of white wax, apparently deflexed from the large wax tubes on margin of case. In addition to the above secretion the dorsum is covered with a plate of fused wax, through which project the compound wax
ALEURODICUS NEGLECTUS. 63
pores, and the body segments are fairly well indicated (Pl. XIX, fig. 7). From the compound wax pores are produced rather short, brittle, glassy wax rods, usually much broken and lying over surface of leaf. Color on leaf dirty white to yellowish, the empty case clear white. There is no well-marked marginal rim. The margin bears all around conspicuous short wax tubes, broadly rounded distally (Pl. XTX, fig. 11). Abdominal segments moderately distinct, tho- racic segments less so. On each side are six compound wax pores, a pair on cephalic region, and five pairs on abdominal region. From the center of each of the two caudal pairs of wax pores and from the cephalic pair arises a strong, brownish-colored process or spine, which is quite conspicuous and morphologically appears to corre- spond with the central rod-like process in the compound pores in other species of the genus.
This spine-like structure is also present in the remaining wax pores, though much reduced (Pl. XIX, figs. 8 and 9). There is a pair of minute spines on the caudo-lateral margin.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XIX, fig. 10) subcircular in outline, the cephalic margin a straight line, a little wider than long. Operculum short, about twice as broad as long, cephalic margin straight, caudal margin broadly concave, and the ends rounded.
Lingula large, spatulate, somewhat narrowed at base, and bearing distally two pairs of spines. Operculum and lingula minutely setose.
On ventral surface of case legs and antenne inconspicuous; legs short, conical, without claws. Antenne short, subconical, ending in a spinulous process and apparently but one-segmented. These structures differ notably from those in typical forms of the genus, wherein the antennez are two-jointed, the distal joint long and ringed, and each leg terminating in a single va
Adult——Unknown.
Aleurodicus neglectus n. sp.
(Pl. XX, figs. 1-11; Pl. XXI, fig. 2.)
Guava leaves infested with this insect were collected by Mr. Albert Koebele, at Para, Brazil, in 1882, and forwarded to the Bureau of Entomology. Specimens of the same insect were also received from Robert Newstead on Ficus bengalensis and Anona squamosa, collected in Demerara in 1892. With the appearance of the description of Aleurodicus anone by Douglas in 1892,?° the above two lots of ma- terial were erroneously referred to anone and so labeled and carried in the Bureau of Entomology collection, as was also a distinct and much larger species, with clear wings, A. giganteus, collected by Mr. Koebele December 28, 1882, at Pernambuco, Brazil.
64 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
The senior author in studying the forms of Aleyrodide in the bureau collection*! accepted these determinations without critical examination of the material, and thus fell into the error of using the pup of neglectus and the adults of giganteus in characterizing anone in the table of species (1. ¢c., p. 43), and these two species were confused in stating the geographical distribution and food plants of anone (p. 44). A. neglectus differs from anone in that the wings of the adult are spotted with dusky. In anone the wings are stated to be snowy white. A. anone differs from giganteus in its smaller size and in the shape and structure of the pupa case, notably the presence on the caudal region of the two pairs of reduced compound pores, quite absent in giganteus.
Aleurodicus neglectus was also received from H. Caracciola, Port of Spain, Trinidad, September 28, 1896, on Anona reticulata; and again, from Trinidad, June 7, 1907, on coconut, from Mr. O. W. Bar- rett. March 11, 1911, a further lot of material of this species was forwarded by Dr. F. W. Urich, Port of Spain, Trinidad, on Anona sqguamosa. The species is therefore known from Para, Brazil, and Trinidad, and from the following host plants: Anona reticulata, A. squamosa, Anona sp. (Brazil), and the coconut, Cocos nucifera.
This insect and A. destructor on coconut from the Philippines are noteworthy on account of the large size of the compound wax pores of the pupa case and the rather elongate an@ distally narrowed lingula.
DESCRIPTION.
Egg.—tLength 0.3 mm., light yellow, unmarked; stalk very short; egg lying prostrate on leaf (Pl. XX, fig. 1).
Pupa case.—Size about 1.3 by 0.92 mm., broadly elliptical in out- line. Dorsum little convex, the body segments distinct (Pl. XX, fig. 2). There is a copious secretion in the form of more or less fluted bands or masses of white wax from the simple dorsal and sub- marginal wax pores, extending out on leaf all around, several times the width of the case. From the compound wax pores are produced the long glassy wax rods usual in the genus, but their length in this species is remarkable and very similar to A. destructor. The pupe on the leaf are quite hidden under the large mass of wax, which ren- ders them quite conspicuous. In the copious wax.on the lower sur- face of the case the adults occur in numbers. There is evidenced a tendency to congregate along the midrib of the leaf, though individ- uals are also scattered over the general leaf surface (Pl. X XI, fig. 2).
The color of the case, denuded of wax, is yellowish to darker, some specimens varying to plumbeous. Margin of case apparently entire; just within margin all around is a closely set row of simple wax pores (Pl. XX, fig. 6) and similar pores are scattered generally over
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXII.
ALEURODICUS ORNATUS AND ALEURODICUS PULVINATUS.
Aleurodicus ornatus: Fig. 1.—Pupa ease. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Compound pore of pupa ease. Fig. 4.—Margin of case. Fig. 5—Wing of adult. Aleurodicus pulvinatus: Fig. 6.—Pupa case. Fig. 7.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 8.—Com- pound pore of pupacase. Fig. 9.—Margin of the case. (Original.)
;
ALEURODICUS ORNATUS. 65
the dorsum and from them is produced the waxy secretion before mentioned. On the dorsum of case are the usual compound wax pores (Pl. XX, figs. 4,5) from which arise the long curling wax rods. In the present species the pores are unusually large, measuring 0.064 mm. in diameter. These pores occur as follows: Four pairs on the abdominal region, two pairs of smaller pores on the caudal end of case, and two on each side of the vasiform orifice. On the cephalic end of the case is also a pair, though they are somewhat smaller than the pores on the abdomen.
Within the margin of the case all around is a row of spines, 11 or 12 to each side. There is also a pair of spines just cephalad of the vasiform orifice.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XX, fig. 3) subcordate; operculum rectan- gular, about half filling the orifice, the caudal margin notched on each side, and bearing a pair of spines. Lingula exserted, elongate, and narrowed distally more than usual and with two indentures on each side near end, from each of which arises a strong, often curved spine. On the ventral surface the legs and antenne are distinct.
Adult female—Length of body about 1.7 mm. Length of fore- wing 2.27 mm.; width 1.15 mm. Antenne (Pl. XX, fig. 10) seven- jointed, usual; third segment 0.26 mm. in length; hind tibia 0.81 mm. in length; first tarsal segment 0.2 mm. in length and distal segment about half as long.
Color rather uniformly yellow to darker, legs and antenne paler, eyes greenish. Forewings (Pl. XX, fig. 7) of both sexes with dusky markings. Hind wings unspotted. Wing surface somewhat irides- cent. Adults seem to occur promiscuously among the pup, more or less covered by the waxy secretion of the immature stages.
Type.—No. 14774, U. S. National Museum. Described from abun- dant material of infested foliage and eggs, pup, and adults in bal- sam mounts.
Aleurodicus ornatus Cockerell.
(Pl. XXII, figs. 1-4.) Aleurodicus ornatus Cockerell, Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. 29, p. 105 (1898).
We know this species only from the type material in the U. S. National Museum (type No. 14773).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION. The imago, from head to the tip of the wings, measures somewhat over 2 mm.,
and structurally agrees so well with the two known species of the genus, that I should not have ventured to bring it forward as new, were it not for the beau-
. tiful grey markings of the narrower upper wings. These markings, which dis-
tinguish the insect at a glance, consist of four broad, transverse gray bands, and a longitudinal band running from the outermost to the margin a little
66 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
below the apex. On the upper half of the wing (i. e. above the central nervure) the bands are nearly straight and about equidistant, but they mostly enlarge about the middle of the wing. the third and fourth being joined by the inward prolongation of the longitudinal band. The third band is interrupted below its middle, and its lower part is joined to the second band, of which it appears an oblique branch. The true prolongation of the second band bends obliquely in- wards, and is joined at one point to the first band. The second band is also joined to the first by a thin process in the region of the central nervure. For the rest, the insect is white, with the abdomen slightly yellowish. The larva is grey, with white secretion. The antenns, legs, venation, glands of larva, ete.. seem to be practically as in A. anone, and need not, therefore, be described.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Pupa case.—Elliptical, about 1 mm. long by 0.84 mm. wide. Color under microscope yellow, darker centrally. Margin of case lightly crenulate. Dorsum little elevated, segments distinct (Pl. XXII, fig. 1). Just within margin of case all around is a series of wax pores, resembling somewhat in structure the compound wax pore, and secreting long slender wax rods (PI. XXII, fig. 4). On caudal mar- gin of case are two pairs of spines, and just within margin all around is a series of spines, the exact number of which can not be deter- mined on account of the imperfect condition of the single pupa case in the type material. There are four pairs of the usual compound wax pores on abdomen and a pair on cephalic end of case (Pl. XXII, fig. 3).
Vasiform orifice broader than long, subcordate; operculum short, twice as broad as long. Lingula protruded and very long (0.15 mm. from base to tip), spatulate, with two pairs of strong spines at caudal
end. The unusually large lingula resembles that of dugesii, though
it is not dark in color as in that species (Pl. XXII, fig. 2).
Adult female—Length of forewing about 2 mm.; width about 1 mm. Body reddish brown. Eyes reniform, plumbeous. Length of fore tibia 0.46 mm. Length of fore tarsus 0.27 mm., the segments subequal in length. Wings banded with dusky, as shown in Plate XXII, figure 5, and about as described by Prof. Cockerell.
Aleurodicus pulvinatus (Maskell). (Pl. XXII, figs. 6-9.) Aleurodes pulvinata Maskell,:Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 439 (1895).
In the Maskell collection of Aleyrodidze loaned to the Bureau of Entomology by the New Zealand Institute are two examples of the pupa case of this species, in balsam slide mounts. This insect has in general the type of case of cocois, but presents distinctive differences.
While originally described as an Aleyrodes by Maskell, its resem- blance in structure to Alewrodicus was recognized by the describer,
ALEURODICUS PULVINATUS. 67
and it was later referred to this genus by Cockerell. The original description and remarks by Maskell follow:
Larva not observed.
Pupa-case dark orange, with two broad lateral longitudinal bands of dark- brown, which do not touch the margin, and which denote the inclosed insect. Form roundly elliptical, the cephalic extremity sometimes slightly depressed ; dorsum slightly convex ; abdominal segments moderately distinct. Length about 1/20 in. The dorsum bears, some distance within the margin, a series of twenty-two tubercular pores, glands or spinneret orifices. Of these, four on the extreme cephalic region are small, with simple circular orifices; the next two (one on each side), on a level with the rostrum, are large and conspicuous, consisting of a cylindrical tube with wide circular orifice; the next four (two on each side) on the median thoracic region are rather small, but larger than the anterior cephalic ones and have circular multiocular orifices; the next eight (four on each side) on the abdominal region are similar to two large ones near the rostrum; the last four (two on each side) near the abdominal extremity are about equal in size to the four on the cephalic region, and are simple. The margin is very finely striated, but not crenulated; and for some distance within it the dorsum is covered with great numbers of very small circular spinneret orifices, but these do not extend to the median dorsal regions. There is no fringe, properly speaking, but all the organs just described produce secretion as noticed presently. Vasiform orifice rather broader than long, the anterior edge slightly concave, the posterior edge broadly convex; operculum small, covering about one-third of the orifice, with both edges concave, the anterior very deeply, the posterior less, depressed; lingula very long, extending some distance from the orifice, roundly conical, with two rather long setz#e near its end.
The spinneret tubes and orifices above mentioned secrete a large quantity of snow-white waxy threads closely felted, and also, scattered amongst these, several long straight glassy rods, which are very brittle; these rods, when closely examined, are seen to be very delicately fluted. The threads appear to be produced from the very numerous minute spinnerets, and the rods from the rows of larger tubes. It results from the absence of small spinnerets on the median dorsal regions that the pupa case in those parts is uncovered; conse- quently, it appears as if lying on a thick ring or cushion of cotton, from which fact I have derived its specific name.
On turning over the pupa case and dissolving the waxy matter, the rudi- mentary feet and antenne are clearly visible; the feet are thick and short, the antenne rather long, slender, and in the latest stage numerously ringed.
Adult form unknown; but from the appearance of the rudimentary wings in a late pupa examined, which was almost on the point of emerging when it died, I believe that the fore-wings will be dark and banded with dark-brown, or perhaps black.
Hab. In Trinidad, West Indies. My specimens were sent by Mr. F. W. Urich. I think the plant is Jatropha sp.
It has been necessary to be particular in describing and figuring the details of spinnerets, etc., in this species, on account of its similarity in some respects to three West Indian insects: Alewrodicus anone, Douglas and Morgan; A. cocois, Curtis, and A. ornatus, Cockerell. I have already, in my introductory remarks, mentioned that these and other authors employ frequently the term “larva” to denote indiscriminately what I take to be both the larval and the pupal states. Now, first, as to color: the “larva” of A. anone is said to be “ochreous,” that of A. cocois (as far as I can make out) is similar; that of
68 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID®.
A. ornatus is “ grey.” No author mentions dark longitudinal brown bands, such as those which are so conspicuous in A. pulvinata. What is much more impor- tant, in A. anone Mr. Morgan gives fourteen “ lateral infundibuliform compound spinnerets”’ and “secreting glands.” A. cocois (ap. Riley and Howard) has also fourteen; A. ornatus has glands “practically as in A. anone;” but in A. pulvinata there are twenty-two of these organs. No author mentions minute dorsal spinnerets within the margin, such as those which are so extremely numerous in A. pulvinata; yet, as these appear to be certainly the producers of the ring of waxy threads, they are of importance. As regards the vasiform orifice and lingula, I find those of A. anone (which Mr. Morgan curiously terms the anus, colon, and ilium’’) and those of A. cocois not greatly dissimilar; -in fact, they may be said to be practically identical. These organs are not men- tioned for A. ornatus. In the figure 41B of A. cocois (Ins. Life, 1893, p. 314) the lingula of the adult female is shown as protruding considerably from the abdomen; probably this will also be the case in A. pulvinata.
I believe that the wings of A. pulvinata will be not far removed from the darkly banded ones of A. ornatus, but in the face of the statement that the “larva” of that species is “ grey,” and in the absence of any further informa- tion, I shall not at present so identify the insect, nor shall I yet relegate it to the genus Aleurodicus.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Pupa case.—Size 1.33 mm. long by 1.15 mm. wide; very roundly elliptical, but little convex (Pl. XXII, fig. 6). As described above, there are along each side two broad and irregular longitudinal bands of dark-brown color in the derm, and there is a light yellow or semi- transparent longitudinal band along the central dorsal area. We are unable to verify Maskell’s description in reference to the “ twenty- two tubercular pores, glands, or spinneret orifices.” It seems clear that the tubercles of certain spines were mistaken for wax pores. On the type specimens the tubercular spines are to be made out with considerable certainty, a series all around case, well within the mar- gin, 10 or 11 on each side, as shown in the figure. There is also a pair of spines on caudal end of case. There are seven pairs of compound wax pores (Pl. XXII, fig. 8), one on cephalic end, and on the abdo- men are four pairs of large and two pairs of small pores. There is a pair of spines just cephalad of the vasiform orifice, and three pairs on the thoracic region toward the median line. Also on the thorax are two pairs of stellate, transparent spots. The margin of case is entire. Just within margin all around is a closely set row of minute tubular wax pores resembling those in cocots. Also as in cocois, there is on the submarginal area all around a broad band of minute simple wax pores.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XXII, fig. 7) broadly cordate, broader than long, cephalic margin straight. Operculum considerably broader than long, anterior margin straight, sides rounded, caudal margin concave and minutely setose, bearing distally two pairs of spines.
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXIll
ALEURODICUS TRINIDADENSIS.
Fig. 1.—Pupacase. Fig.2.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 3.—Margin of pupacase. Fig. 4.— Compound wax pore. Fig.5.—Forewing. Fig. 6.—Claspersofmale. Fig. 7.—Head ofadult. Fig. 8.—Pupe on leaf, showing waxy secretion of pup and trails of wax left by adults. (Fig. 1-7, original; fig. 8, from Urich.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXIV.
ALEURODICUS (LECANOIDEUS) GIGANTEUS.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 3.—Pupa case, ventral view. Fig. 4—Vasi- form orifice of pupa case. Fig. 5—Compound pore of pupa case. Fig. 6.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 7.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 8—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 9.—Head of adult. Fig. 10.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 11.—Foot of adult. Fig. 12.—Male genitalia. (Original.)
PLATE XXV.
SECRETION OF PUP
(ORIGINAL.
LEAF, SHOWING WAxy
- ) <x ra) e iw WwW = nz ik Tires af =a <O Ow OH — i?) a qd 1 ra) z <
Bureau of Entomolo
ALEURODICUS (LECANOIDEUS
ALEURODICUS TRINIDADENSIS., 69
Aleurodicus trinidadensis n. sp.
(Pl. XXIII, figs. 1-8.)
Specimens of this insect were received from Dr. F. W. Urich, Trinidad, on ‘March 27, 1912. The pupe are similar to those of dugesiit and ornatus in that they possess a very prominent lingula. The adults, however, are nearer to those of cocois.
DESCRIPTION.
Pupa (Pl. XXIII, fig. 1).—Color yellowish; empty case trans- parent, with very faint shadings around the base ‘of some of the com- pound wax pores. These pores are arranged in seven pairs, one thoracic pair and six abdominal. The two caudal pairs are reduced. The spinnerets of the compound pores (Pl. XXIII, fig. 4) are ex- tended into rods which are about half the length of the outer cup and the central process protrudes some distance from the opening of the pore. Margin (Pl. XXIII, fig. 3) entire and just within it, all around, a series of disc-like pores. Vasiform orifice (Pl. X-XITI, fig. 2) subcordate in outline, the anterior margin straight, and the latero- caudal “fold” armed on each side with a bristle. Operculum rec- tangular, transverse, with the caudal margin slightly indented. Lin- gula very large and exserted, the distance from the anterior mar- gin of the orifice to the tip of the lingula being about twice the longest diameter of the operculum. Both lingula and operculum are setose and the former is armed with four spines. Shape elliptical, broadest shghtly caudad of middle. Size 1.36 mm. by 0.928mm. On the leaf the waxy secretion does not present a thick mass, but is com- posed of a large number of distinct waxen rods, many of which become broken (Pl. XXIII, fig. 8). The marginal fringe is com- posed of a series of fine distinct waxen rods.
Adult.—Color yellowish, the abdomen and appendages of some specimens tinged with reddish. Eyes dark brown. Foréwings marked with four dusky areas as illustrated in Plate XXIII, figure 5. The intensity of these markings varies considerably and in some speci- mens they are hardly noticeable. In others the two dusky areas on either side of the radial fork become united into a band. Hind wings unmarked, excepting a shaded margin sometimes present along the proximal portion of veins. Vertex (Pl. X XIII, fig. 7) rounded; claspers of the male (Pl. X XITI, fig. 6) long and narrow, with the tips sometimes dusky. Penis short, slightly curved.
Forewing 1.9 by 0.96 mm.; of female 1.6-2.08 mm.; of male 2.16 mm.; claspers from base to tip 0.64 mm.; last abdominal segment 0.56 mm.; penis 0.288 mm.
Type.—No. 14777, U. S. National Museum. Described from speci- mens in balsam and dry specimens on infested foliage. Taken on coconut.
70 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALPYRODID™. Subgenus LECANOIDEUS n. subgen.
Insects with the characters of the subgenus Alewrodicus, excepting that the vertex of the adult is bilobed and the lateral margin of the pupa case is deflexed, curving under the ventral surface. The pupz are devoid of the reduced compound pores near the vasiform orifice. Lingula of pupa usually exserted; that of adult narrow and included.
Type, giganteus n. sp.
SPECIES OF SUBGENUS LECANOIDEUS.
A. Pupa case large and broad, with the anterior pair of compound pores near
Gephalie ‘extremiltty ee oo sho eh ela Oe mirabilis. B. Pupa case elongate, with the anterior pair of compound pores a considerable distance from the cephalic extremity_________--_----------- giganteus.
Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus n. sp. (PY. XXIV, figs. 112°) PL XX.)
This aleyrodid was collected by Mr. Albert Koebele ‘at Pernam- buco, Brazil, December 28, 1882. The host was not stated by Mr. Koebele, but appears to have been a species of Ficus. As stated with reference to A. neglectus, the present species was also carried in the Bureau of Entomology collection as anone Douglas, and this latter was thus erroneously listed from Pernambuco, Brazil. This is the largest species of the genus thus far recorded, although a much larger member of the family, Udamoselis pigmentaria (p 25) from South America, has been described by Enderlein,’* with a wing length of 5.5 mm. and a body length of 7 mm.
DESCRIPTION.
Egg.—Elongate, about 0.4 mm. long. Stalk short; eggs lying prostrate on leaf, on which they are scattered promiscuously ; brown- ish in color and without markings (Pl. XXIV, fig. 1).
Pupa case-—Length. from 1.5 to 1.85 mm. Width 0.9 to 1 mm.; elongate, somewhat narrowed at each end. Convex, the sides de- flexed in mature specimens, resembling a lecanium scale (Pl. XXTV, figs. 2,3). Pups are covered by a very abundant secretion of white wax, of a generally flocculent appearance (Pl. XXV). Examined more particularly, there will be observed a group of vertical columns considerably higher than the case is wide, from the abdominal region of the dorsum, very compact at the base, but separating more or less into separate bundles distally. This secretion appears to arise from the abdominal segments, extending completely across the dorsum, from the compound wax pores on each side. Also in this columnar type of secretion are found the glassy wax rods from the compound wax pores which in this species are comparatively slender and short.
ALEURODICUS (LECANOIDEUS) GIGANTEUS. 71
There is also a copious secretion of minute cottony wax threads,
from a broad submarginal zone or band of small simple pores com- pletely around the case. From the margin or edge of the case there is a secretion from the tubular wax pores (Pl. XXIV, fig. 6) which extends downward, more or less, under the pupa case in ‘the form of an amorphous wax plate. The color is brownish to very dark brown. Some specimens, however, have a distinctly reddish color, though such individuals are comparatively few. The empty case is very light brown, without distinctive color markings. » The dorsum and margin of case are without spines. On each side of the abdominal region are four compound wax pores (PI. XXIV, fig. 5) and a pair of similar though smaller pores occurs on the cephalic end of case. The two pairs of small compound pores present on the caudal end of the case, in many members of the genus, are absent in this species.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XXIV, fig. 4) subcordate, considerably wider than long. Operculum about twice as wide as long, the basal corners rounded, the caudal margin somewhat concave.
Lingula large, exserted, spatulate in shape, bearing toward distal end two pairs of spines. On ventral surface, legs and antenne very evident; basal segment of leg large, subglobose. Distal seg- ment of leg longer than basal, finger-like, ending in a single curved claw.
Adult female—Length from head to tip of abdomen about 2.75 mm.; length of forewing 3.50 to 3.75 mm.; width 1.70 to 1.75 mm. (Pl, XXIV, figs. 7 and 8); length of hind tibia about 1.23 mm.; iength of basal segment of tarsus 0.32 mm.; length of distal segment 0.16 mm.
Color of body and head light brownish, the legs and antenne paler; wings white, without markings, more or less dusted with powdery wax. Ventral surface of body of the insect with light flocculent wax apparently secreted from the abdomen. Some leaves
show paths or trails of white wax, evidently made by the adults
during the course of their movements (see Pl. XXV). Eyes of the usual constricted form. Antennz about 1 mm. in length; segments I and II about equal in length to segment VI; segments VI and VII subequal; segment IIT about one-sixth shorter than segments IV to VII, inclusive (Pl. XXIV, figs. 9-12).
Male—Having the general appearance of the female. Genital valves long and slender, penis short and curved near distal end.
Type.—No. 14767, U. S. National Museum. Described from abun- dant material of eggs and pupe on leaves, and adults on card points, and all of these stages in balsam mounts.
72 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZ.
Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis Cockerell.
(Pl. XXVI, figs. 1-5; Pl. X XIX, fig. 1.)
Aleurodicus mirabilis Cockerell, Psyche, vol. 8, p. 225 (1898); idem, p. 360 (1899).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Pupa (late larva?) 1% mm. long, after boiling transparent and colorless, except some brown stains in the thoracic region. Mouth-parts distinct and well formed; rostral loop short; legs present, very stout, with small, hooked claws. Form oblong, quite elongate, with a border densely dotted with round glands; anteriorly this border is very narrow, and at the extreme hind end it ceases, but ali along the sides it is extremely broad. The cephalic portion of the insect, the hind end, and the lateral margins within the border, are also densely dotted with glands. Abdomen distinctly segmented, but the segmentation does not extend to the border. On each side of the abdomen are four curious large glandular processes, of the type of those in A. holmesii Mask. Lingula trowel- shaped, extending considerably beyond the broad operculum; at each side of the base of the lingula is an angular prominence. The general type of these parts is that of A. pulvinata Mask., but while the lingula is equally long, it is in our insect gently bowed out at the sides; and the two bristles at the end of the lingula in mirabilis are not nearly so long as in pulvinata.
Externally the insect appears as a large mass (5 to 10 mm. long) of snow- white cottony tufts, irregularly disposed, from the midst of which spring many very long curved white threads. The pupa itself is entirely covered.
Hab.—Boceca. del Usumacinta, Tabasco, Mexico, July 8, 1897, on ‘ Laurel,” which is not our plant of that name (Townsend) Div. Ent. 7984. This re- markable insect resembles Aleurodicus in several respects; when all its stages are known, it will probably be referred to a new genus.
Prof. C. H. T. Townsend found this species in quantity at Minatitlan, Mexico, April 25, 1898, on the underside of Anona leaves. Fortunately, he secured a single ¢ adult, which shows that the insect belongs to Aleurodicus. The an- terior wings are slightly over 2 mm. long and about 14 mm. broad; white, with two very pale gray bands; the first crossing the wing just before the fork of the median vein, but interrupted for a space below the vein; the second a dilute transverse cloud not far from the apex of the wing. Body about 2 mm. long, exclusive of the forceps, which are about } mm. Color of body and legs very pale yellow; base of abdomen white; thorax between wings light orange. An- tenn orange at the middle; eyes pale greenish, not divided. Hasily known from A. anone Morgan, by the markings on the wings of the adult, and the lingula longer than the operculum in the pupa.
Type.—No. 14770, U. S. National Museum. DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
This insect in structure of pupa case closely resembles giganteus. The dotted border to which reference is made by Prof. Cockerell is really the deflexed portion of case, seen through the derm above, the margin resembling a suture in the derm (Pl. X XVI, figs. 1,2). In general shape the case resembles a lecanium scale. There are four pairs of the usual compound wax pores on the abdomen, and a simi- lar pair on the cephalic end (PJ. XXVI, fig. 4). The true margin is
Tech, Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXVI. ’
ALEURODICUS (LECANOIDEUS) MIRABILIS AND ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) ALTISSIMUS.
Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis: Fig. 1—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Pupa case, ventral view. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupacase. Fig. 4—Compound wax pores of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Margin of case. Aleuwrodicus ( Metaleurodicus) altissimus: Fig. 6.— Pupa case. Fig. 7—Compound wax pore of pupa case. Fig. 8.—Foot of pupa. Fig. 9.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 10.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 11.—Marginal pore patch. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXVIII.
6 4S A>
ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) CARDINI.
Fig. 1—Pupa case. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Com- pound wax pore of pupacase. Fig. 4.—Margin of case. Fig. 5—Forewing ofadult. Fig. 6.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig.7—Head. Fig. 8.—Foot of adult. Fig. 9.—Male genitalia. Fig. 10.—Vasiform orifice of adult. (Original. )
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXVIII.
‘ é 6
x, ~ ~ ~
10
ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) MINIMUS.
Fig. 1.—Pupa ease. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Compound wax pores of pupa case. Fig. 4.—Margin of pupacase. Fig. 5.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 6.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 7.—Head of adult. Fig. 8—Antenna. Fig. 9.—Foot of adult. Fig. 10.—Male genitalia. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXIX,
Fic. 1.—ALEURODICUS (LECANOIDEUS) MIRABILIS: PUPZ ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETION. (ORIGINAL.)
Fia. 2.—ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) ALTISSIMUS: PUP ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETION. (ORIGINAL.)
FIG. 3.—ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) MINIMUS: PUPA ON LEAF, SHOWING WAXY SECRETION. (ORIGINAL.)
———————
a 5 ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) ALTISSIMUS. 73 folded under the case and ends in a series of closely set, superimposed wax tubes (Pl. XXVI, fig. 5). Vasiform orifice (Pl. XXVI, fig. 3) broadly cordate, considerably wider than long. Operculum short and broad. Lingula large, protruded, arrow-shaped, with two pairs of spines, distally. On ventral surface, legs and antenne very evident. Basal segment of legs large, subglobose; distal segment longer than basal, finger-like, ending in a single strongly curved claw; antenne long, numerously ringed as usual. Adult.—The adult we have not seen. It differs from giganteus in
being smaller, and in the wing markings as described by Cockerell. Subgenus METALEURODICUS n. subgenus.
Forewing with the venation of Alewrodicus, but with radius, much longer; antenne and feet similar to A/ewrodicus; vertex rounded; claspers of male short and thick; penis rather long; pupa case with compound wax pores, but these are different from those of A/lewrodi- cus, being of the type illustrated in Plate XXVI, figure 3; lingula of vasiform orifice of pupa setose, short, included, and armed with four spines; that of adult broad, large, and exserted. Size small. Type, minimus Quaintance.
SPECIES OF SUBGENUS METALEURODICUS.
A. Abdomen of pupa case with five pairs of equal sized compound pores and on cephalo-median portion of abdomen a stellate structure surrounded Rema Taag Le stap CO) TiESRiemere eee ak eC BP he ee hs Sek bs altissimus. B. Abdomen of pupa case with five pairs of compound pores of which the caudal are the largest; forewing with a dark macula within the radial
TEV LS AR ee ES 2 Te a ee ae ee pene re ee minimus. C. Abdomen of pupa case with four pairs of compound pores; forewing with Aden macula, below the: radial sector... 222-2 s-s2 2 cardini.
Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) altissimus (Quaintance).
(Pl. XXVI, figs. 6-11; Pl. XXIX, fig. 2.)
Aleurodes altissima Quaintance, Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., ' p. 20, (1900).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Larva.—Size about 0.89 by 0.52 mm.; yellowish white. A series all around of about 30 sete. On dorsum are 5 pairs of moderately developed sete, a pair on cephalic segment, a pair on each of the thoracic segments, and a pair at vasiform orifice. Margin of case slightly crenulated. On the dorsum a few pores may occur somewhat promiscuously, and there are a few groups of pores around the margin. ‘his stage in many respects approaches quite close in structure to the pupa-case.
Pupa-case.—Size about 1.79 by 1.26 mm.; subovate, narrowed cephalad. Color of young pups, yellowish to white, and usually without other coloration. In
74 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
more mature examples the color may vary from whitish to those more or less mottled with brownish, with extreme cases almost uniform brownish black, though in these latter cases such examples have plainly been parasitized, and this color may have resulted from this fact. Typically, this brownish coloration oecurs in dashes, from the outer margin inward, varying distances, and more or less radially. Along the dorsi-meson there is a more or less clear longitudinal central stripe, with an interrupted stripe of dark brown on each side, these lat- ter varying considerably in extent and distinctness. In well-marked specimens the radial wedge-shaped dashes may extend quite into these subdorsal bands of dark brown.
Pupa-case, when young, with moderately rounded keel, otherwise flat; at length becoming somewhat convex, and raised on an unusually high vertical fringe of white wax. There is no lateral fringe, but just within the margin all around there is a series of groups of waxen rods. These rods arise from groups of from usually 22 to 26 circular pores. Each bundle of rods is sur- rounded with a rather short cylinder of wax, forming a sheath at base. In- dividually, the rods are rather small, glistening white, and inclined to curl at tip. These wax bundles vary considerably in length, but are, as a whole, short, curling outward and downward from the case. Along central dorsal region is a broad and somewhat matted secretion of wax extending from vasiform orifice to cephalic end and covering the rounded keel. On each side of this central dorsal secretion is a curved and narrower secretion extending from just laterad of vasiform orifice to cephalic end. ‘These three dorsal lines of wax may be much interrupted transversely, particularly in younger examples, but in older eases each is usually continuous.
There is a very narrow marginal rim and the margin of case is minutely erenulated. Just within the margin all around is a series of rather long and slender tubercled setz, about 30 in all, or 15 on each side. The pores of the submarginal groups are rather small, simple, and circular. These may vary considerably in number in the different groups, and an occasional pore occurs outside of group. These groups of pores are usually in the brownish coloration extending in from the margin. There is usually a group of very small pores on each side of vasiform orifice, and a very pretty group on each side of the second abdominal segment. This consists of an irregular circle of small pores with a central rotate figure. The usual series of brownish colored compound pores with cylindrical rim and central rod are present, though comparatively small. On caudal end 4 of these pores occur in almost a transverse row, eaudad of orifice, and from this 3 extend cephalad on each side to about the fourth abdominal segment.
Vasiform orifice cordate, about as wide as long. Operculum subrectangular, about twice as wide as long. Lingula large, broad, spatulate shaped, extending quite to caudal margin of orifice and bearing the usual two pairs of subter- minal sete. Margin of orifice extended upward all round, but more pronounced caudad, into a thin and somewhat fluted rim. Operculum and lingula mi- nutely setose or punctured. On the ventral surface the reduced legs and antenne are quite distinct.
Adults unknown.
When the adult is discovered it will very likely prove to be an Alewrodicus.
Collected by Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, July, 1897, at San Francisco del Peal, Tabasco, Mexico, on a plant called “ Palo de Gusano.” Div, Ent., No. 7979. Described from numerous pupa cases. '
Type.—No. 14763, U. S. National Museum,
ee
ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) CARDINI. 75
Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) cardini Back.
(Pl. XXVII, figs. 1-10.)
Aleurodicus cardini Back, Can. Ent., vol. 44, pp. 148-151 (1912). Dr. Back’s original description is as follows:
Hgg.—About 0.26 mm. long, width about 0.076 mm, Hlongate oval, uniformly pale yellowish, unmarked. Pedicel short; egg lying prone on leaf, often entirely surrounded and concealed by fluffy waxen secretions of the adult. Eggs laid without regard to arrangement on leaf.
Larva.—Crawling first instar. Length about 0.819 mm., width about 0.12 mm. Elongate oval, pale yellowish white in color without darker markings or waxen secretions. Thirteen pairs of marginal spines, short, the posterior two pairs longer; a fourteenth pair located on venter near margin on cephalic end of case. Spine on lower side of distal third of antenne and terminal spine of antenn proportionately longer and more distinct than in A. citri or A. nubifera.
Pupa case.—Length about 0.94 mm., width about 0.64 mm. Subelliptical, elevated on a vertical marginal waxen fringe. Color yellowish to yellowish white, after emergence empty case whitish, semitransparent; parasitized speci- mens appear blackish either throughout or in spots. Margin entire, without pattern of any sort; near margin is a series of wax pores. On venter near margin are eighteen or twenty inconspicuous bristles seen only with high magni- fication; of these, three pair, one cephalic, and two caudad, are more conspicu- ous. On dorsum nearer the margin than center are five pairs of round, well- defined compound pores, four pairs on abdominal segments and one pair on cephalic region. Cephalad of vasiform orifice is a pair of minute bristles. Vasi- form orifice elongate cordate, about 0.09 mm. wide at base, and about 0.1 mm. long from base of operculum to tip of lingula; cephalic margin straight, caudal and [end] evenly rounded. Operculum subelliptical nearly one-half as long as orifice. Lingula broad, extending well beyond caudal end of orifice, on distal fourth which usually lies beyond caudal end of orifice with two pairs of com- paratively long sete. Rudimentary legs and antenne as usual.
From wax pores on dorsum, there may be frequently seen protruding white glistening waxen rods which frequently break off and fall about the pupe as in P. persew. The dorsal surface of case usually becomes, especially towards maturity, well dusted with a thin coating of white secretions, and at times a very narrow, downwardly directed marginal fringe may be seen outside the vertical fringe.
Adult——Length, ¢, about 1.16 mm.; forewing, 9, 1.39 mm. by 0.62 mm.; length hind femur, 0.26 mm. Length hind tibia, 0.85 mm.; length hind tarsi, 0.18 mm.; length claws, 0.08 mm.; 9 proportionately larger. Yellow, covered with whitish waxen secretion; eyes red, not divided, but distinctly constricted. A line extending along side of head, interrupted by upper portion of compound eye, the lateral callosities of prothorax, indistinct traces along suture of proxi- mal segments of abdomen, and portions of vasiform orifice, all blackish. Wings beautifully iridescent, with deep violescent reflections, a small prominent round brownish spot about 0.06 mm. in diameter on each fore and hind wing just behind the posterior distal branch of vein, usually enveloping vein but never filling the angle between veins as shown in A. mimos [minima] (Tech. Bull. 8, Diy. Ent., Dept. Agric., Pl. VI, fig. 6), wings otherwise unmarked. Antenne seven-jointed, the comparative lengths of the various segments as follows: Segments ts % rh $ rs) 3) aa:
61201°—13——6
76 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
Segments 3 to 7 show usual corrugations; segment 7 with constriction on distal half at which point is borne a distinct bristle.
Habitat.—Type material collected at Havana and Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, in November, 1910, by the writer.
Food plant.—Guava, Psidiwm guajava radii.
Type.—Type material in collection of the U. S. D. A., Bureau of Entomology, and in that of the writer.
This species is really distinguished by its iridescent wing on which the spots described stand out prominently. It differs superficially from iridescens in having a spot on the hind wings and in color of pupa case; from minima it differs in having no appreciable clouding of wings other than the spots described, in shape and location of the spots, and in the pupa case having but five instead of seven pairs of wax pores. The darkened portions of the vasiform orifice appear as a dark spot on the untreated adult. In crawling about the leaf, the female leaves behind a line of fine fluffy waxen secretion rubbed from a tuft of the same developing on the underside of her abdomen. Frequently her path can be distinctly followed by the aid of these lines of secretions. In mating, the sexes head in the opposite direction, and in this respect differ from those species of Aleyrodes that have come under the obserya- tion of the writer.
This species becomes quite abundant on the guava at times, and when not parasitized becomes a nuisance. In November, 1910, it was causing noticeable blackening of the foliage at Santiago de las Vegas. The species is, however, heavily parasitized by a hymenopterous parasite and the red fungus (Ascher- sonia aleyrodis) which the writer found generally present on affected leaves. Prof. Patricio Cardin, for whom this species is named, sent the writer specimens in May, 1911, over 90% of which had been parasitized by a hymenopterous parasite. This is the species of white fly figured by Cook and Horne as an undetermined aleyrodid on guava (Pl. XV, fig. 41, Bull. 9, Estacion Central Agronomica de Cuba), and beyond doubt is that referred to in the Primer Informe Anual of the same station as “ Guagua a mosca blanca de la guayabo.” Cook and Horne (1. ¢., p 81), say that Aleyrodes howardi is the species referred to, but in this they are apparently mistaken, as the writer has not found howardi except very rarely on guava. While howardi was generally present on orange trees close by, this species was found only on guava.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Pupa case—Form elongate oval; length 0.896 mm.; width 0.616 mm. Dorsum with five pairs of large compound pores with reduced spinnerets (PI. XXVII, fig. 8). Scattered on the surface of the dorsum are also found a number of minute clear areas, resembling pores. Dorsal margin entire; just within it all around is a row of large simple’ wax pores (Pl. XXVII, fig. 4). On the caudal ex- tremity, opposite the two caudal compound pores, is a pair of large hairs. Along the margin all around and apparently on the ventral surface is a row of small spines, there being about nine to a side. A pair of small sete is inserted just cephalad of the vasiform orifice. This orifice is subcordate in outline, with the cephalic margin straight. The operculum is almost rectangular in shape, with the caudal mar- gin wavy. The lingula is somewhat spatulate, slightly exserted, and armed with four long hairs. Both operculum and lingula are setose.
ALEURODICUS (METALEURODICUS) MINIMUS. 77
The color is a light greenish brown.
Adult—The adults are greenish yellow in color. The vertex is shaded on either side with dusky. The compound eyes are brownish- black and the ocelli clear and surrounded by a conspicuous Indian- red area. The thorax is marked with black, which is arranged in more or less broken transverse bands, which sometimes appear as mere spots. Abdomen generally unmarked. Vasiform orifice with the operculum and lingula blackish. Forewings (Pl. X XVII, fig. 5) shaded all over with dusky, giving the wing a smoky look excepting a line representing the cubitus, which is clear, unshaded. Near their tips the veins R,, R., and M are somewhat swollen and clouded, and just at the radial fork below R, there is a conspicuous dark spot.
The radial forks in the wing are very long, the length of R, being half as long again as the distance between the radial fork and the insertion of the media. The antenne are absent from the specimens at hand.
Male: Length 1.12 mm.; length of forewing 1.1 mm.; width 0.56 mm.; claspers (Pl. X XVII, fig. 9) 0.14 mm.; hind tibie 0.32 mm.; greatest width of genital segment 0.16 mm.
Female: Length 1.4 mm.; length of forewing 1.4 mm.; width 0.672 mm. Lingula of vasiform orifice very large, exserted, and rounded (Pl. X XVII, fig. 10).
Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) minimus Quaintance.
(Pl. XXVIII, figs. 1-10; Pl. XXIX, fig. 3.)
Aleurodicus minima Quaintance, Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr.. p. 47 (1900).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Pupa-case.—Size about 1.17 by 0.71 mm., subelliptical, many specimens are somewhat narrowed cephalad. Case usually widest across region of second abdominal segment. Color yellowish, varying to brownish. Empty case semi- transparent, except for the irregular brown coloration on margin, and at the dorsal pores. Margins slightly crenulated, with very shallow indentures between the lateral wax tubes. There is no marginal rim. Just within the margin, ail around, is a closely set row of short disk-like tubercles or papille, from which is produced a fringe of almost straight, tapering, glassy waxen rods from one-third to one-half as long as pupa-case is wide. On the more central dorsal region a light mealy waxen exudation may occur. Pupa-case slightly raised from surface of leaf by vertical fringe of wax, which usually remains attached to leaf on removal of dried specimens. On the dorsum, nearer the margin than center, is a row on each side of seven round and well-defined com- pound pores, Considered transversely, these occur in pairs; a pair on cephalic segment; a pair on metathorax; three pairs along the abdominal segments, and two pairs in the region latero-caudad of the vasiform orifice. The caudal pair is somewhat the largest, with the cephalic pair next in size; the rest are sub-
78 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
equal. These pores, individually, consist of a cylindrical, brownish-colored rim with a central, white, rod-like structure. On cephalic margin of case is a pair of sete and a pair on the caudo-lateral region, a seta on each side. There is a pair of small, tubercled sets just within caudal margin. Around the mar- gin, just within the submarginal series of papille, is a row of small tubercled setze, usually from 24 to 28 in all.
Vasiform orifice elongate-cordate; about three-fourths as broad as long; cephalic margin straight, caudal end bluntly rounded. Operculum subelliptical, cephalic margin straight, about one-third as long as orifice. Lingula usual, broad, extending quite to caudal end of orifice, bearing two pairs of set dis- tally. On ventral surface, rudimentary feet and antenne quile distinct.
Adult ¢.—Length, about 0.86 mm.; fore-wing, 1.1 by 0.52 mm.; length of hind tarsus, 0.21 mm.; length of hind tibia, 0.38 mm.; length of hind femur, 0.26 mm.; color, yellowish white, with dorsum of thorax brownish. Byes reddish, undivided, though with a pronounced constriction. Joint 1 of antennx short, not one-half the length of second. Joint 2, narrow at base, truncate at distal end, widest centrally. Joint 3 long, longer than remaining joints together, distal joint ending in an attenuated process, bearing a terminal seta. Anterior tarsus about three-fourths length of posterior. Distal tarsal joint of first pair legs two-thirds length of distal joint of mentum. Wings slightly clouded around margin and with a very dilute oblique transverse band centrally; at fork of distal branch of vein is a pronounced spot of brownish-black coloration, other- wise wings without svots. Margins of wings and the veins somewhat yellowish. Genitalia quite short for this genus; valves short and stout.
Adult 9.—Unknown.
This species approaches in some particulars quite close to Cockerell’s iridescens, but it is much smaller, and the pupa-case differs in several particu- lars. It is quite similar also to Shimer’s asarumis. His description is so meager that it will hardly be possible to locate his species unless, peradventure, the type has been preserved.
- Specimens received by the Division of Entomology at Washington, January 28, 1889, on “Guayaba,” from A. Buseck, Bayamon, Puerto Rico. Mr. Pergande remarks that quite a large number of the insects (pup#?) had been killed by a very curious fungus. Div. Ent. No. 8422. Pupa-case described from numerous specimens; adult ¢ from two specimens.
Type.—No. 14769, U. S. National Museum.
Aleurodicus lacerde (Signoret).
Aleyrodes lacerde Signoret, Bul. Soc. Ent. France (6) vol. 8, p. Ixiii (18838). This species, from the preliminary description given by Signoret, appears to be an Aleurodicus. It is impossible, however, from his remarks to place it definitely. Cotypes are supposed to exist in this country, but so far we have been unable to locate them. We there- fore place the species here and quote his description.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
J’ai Vhonneur, par l’entremise de notre collégue M. L. Fairmaire, de faire passer sous les yeux de la Société des feuilles de l’Anona sylvatica couvertes dune sécrétion d’aspect cotonneux, ressemblant 4 de lamiante et qui m’ont été envoyées par M. Antonio de Lacerda. Cette sécrétion abundante est due a
(ALEYRODES) ALEURODICUS PHALENOIDES. 79
Ja réunion d’un grand nombre d’Alewrodes soit 4 l'état de larve, soit a l'état d’insecte parfait. J’indique les deux, car je pense que ces deux états con- tribuent 4 cet amas de sécrétion par l’examen méme de la forme particuliére des diverses lamelles; les unes présentent comme des rubans, les autres comme des filaments, d’autres enfin de simples fils. L’insecte parfait est du double plus grand que l’Alewrodes chelidonii, jaunitre, aves des macules brunes sur le prothorax; l’abdomen, entiérement jaune dans le mile, offre deux plaques d’aspect particulier dans la femelle, celle-ci présentant un amas cotonneux d’aspect nacré et de forme bilobé de chaque coté de l’abdomen et sécrété par les deux plaques rouges de l’extremité de Vabdomen. Devant donner une description compléte de cette intéressante espéce, que je nommerai A. lacerde, je me contente de présenter aujourd’hui ces feuilles vraiment extraordinaires ear si l'on connait déja des espéces du genre Aleurodes sécrétant des matiéres ne se sont présentées en aussi grande quantité.
{ Translation. ]
I have the honor, through the agency of our colleague, Mr. L. Fair- maire, of exhibiting to the Society some leaves of Anona sylvatica covered with a cottony secretion resembling amiantus and which have been sent to me by Mr. Antonio de Lacerda. This abundant secretion is due to the union of a large number of Aleurodes, either larve or adults. I mention the two, for I think from the examination of the peculiar form of the various wax plates that both states contribute to this mass of secretion; some of these appear like ribbons, others like filaments, and still others like simple threads. The mature insect is twice as large as Aleurodes chelidonii, yellowish, with brown macula- tions on the prothorax; the abdomen, entirely yellow in the male, shows, in the female, two peculiar looking plates; this presents on each side of the abdomen a bilobed cottony mass, pearly in appear- ance and secreted by the two red plates at the extremity of the abdomen. Before giving a complete description of this interesting species, which I will name A. lacerdw, I am contenting myself in presenting to-day these really extraordinary leaves, for, although species of the genus Alewrodes which secrete such material are already known, they do not show it in such great abundance.
Aleurodicus phalsenoides (Blanchard). (Fig. 11.)
Aleurodes phalenoides Blanchard, in Gay’s Historia Fisica de Chile, Zool., vol. 8, p. 319 (1852).
This insect, so far as we know, has not been observed since it was described in 1852, and the description is too meager to show definitely its position. The form and venation of the wing as shown in fig. 11 are, however, those of Aleurodicus. The vertex, on the contraiy, appears to be that of Dialeurodicus. When rediscovered, therefore, the insect may prove to fall in a genus older than Aleurodicus, but for
80 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID®.
the present we place it in that genus and quote herewith the original description : rm ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
A. tota testaceo-rufa, antennis pedibusque pallidoribus; elytris albis opacis fasciolis duabus interruptis maculaque apicis pallide fuscis; alis totis albis. Long. corp., 1 lin.; extens. alar., 34 lin.
Cuerpo enteramente de un testficeo bermejo y mis 6 menos salpicado de blanco. Elitros muy grandes, 6pacos y adornados de dos fajas transyersales interrumpidas en el medio y hacia la punta por una mancha alargada de un color moreno muy claro. Patas pflidas, lo mismo las antenas.
Este insecto es algo comtin en Santiago sobre las hojas del Parqui y principia 4 manifestarse en el mes de enero. Copiaremos aqui le que hemos notado en nuestro diario sobre este animalito.
En la parte inferior de las hojas nuevas del Parqui (Cestrum = par- qui), se observa una especie de mancha de un verde ligeramente azu- lenco sembrada de muchos huevecitos per- fectamente separados unos de otros, de (p. 320) forma ovalar, de 3 color de tierra, alean- zando apenas un dozavo de lineas de diaimetro. Poco después estos huevos cambian de color, vuelvense negruzcos con puntitos blancos, y ob- servados entonces con un lente de augmento se ve
5 que con hembras adorn- Fic, 11.—Aleurodicus phalenoides: 1, Adult insect; 2, fore gdas con seis puntos dis- wing of adult; 3, tarsus of adult; 4, antenna of adult puestos en dos filas, tres
(Redrawn from Blanchard.) <
en cada una. Dichos
puntos pequefos y algonados grendecen 4 la par del animal, primeramente ex- tendiéndose del lado de la mirgen que sobrepasan para formar una especie de membrana petanosa y recortada 4 modo de Bissus y en seguida hacia al centro, confundiéndose entonces uno con otro para dar lugar 4 una masa informe, blanquista, algodonada y sembrada de pequefiasgotitas de un licor azucarado, muy apeticido de las hormigas que las visitan con mucha frecuencia. Los machos, provistos de grandes alas, se mantienen quietos, 6 si le mueven, cam- bian rara vez de hojas, pero meneando el arbusto, vuelan con precipitacién y 4 poca distancia, por no poder sostener largo tiempo el vuelo. Paran principal- mente debajo de las hojas y son bastante comunes en la estacion del verano.
[Translation. ]
Body entirely of a brownish testaceous and more or less variegated with black. Elytra very large, white opaque, and ornamented with
GENUS PARALEYRODES. 81
two transverse bands interrupted in the middle apically with a large spot of very clear yellow. Feet pallid, like the antenne.
This insect is rather common in San Diego on the leaves of parqui (Cestrum parqut) and infests this plant principally during the month of January. We reproduce here what we have noted about this little animal in our diary.
On the lower portions of the leaves of parqui a peculiar kind of spot was observed of light iridescent green, covered with many perfect eggs separated from each other, of oval form, earth color, measuring about one-twelfth of a line in diameter. A little later these eggs changed color, becoming blackish with white points, and we then observed with a magnifying glass that they were females ornamented with six dots arranged in two series, three in each one. These little dots bearing cotton threads vary with the size of the animal, extend from the side of the margin which they pass beyond to form a reticulated membrane like that of Bissus, and after that run to the center, uniting there with each other to form an ir- regular mass, whitish, covered with cotton threads, and showing little drops of sweetish liquid very acceptable to the ants which visit them very frequently. The males, provided with large wings, are sedentary, for if they move they rarely leave the leaf, but on jarring the bush they fly precipitately a little distance, but are not able to sustain flight for a long time. They generally inhabit the underside of the leaf and are rather common in summer.
Genus PARALEYRODES Quaintance.
Forewing with the radial sector and a small rudiment of the me- dia retained; cubitus sometimes faintly indicated by a fold; vertex rounded; antenne of four segments, of which the third is the long- est; claspers of male short and stout; penis bilobed; paronychium of the foot represented by a long stout spine. Pupa case with a number of large compound wax pores of the type illustrated in Plate XXX, fig. 3; vasiform orifice with a very long, setose, spatulate, exserted lingula, which is armed with four long spines. Size small.
Type, persew Quaintance.
This genus is the most specialized one in the subfamily and repre- sents the greatest reduction in wings and antennal segments. The two species may be separated as follows:
SPECIES OF PARALEYRODES.
A. Wings unmarked; thorax of pupa case with two stellate structures on the caudal part; two anterior pairs of abdominal compound pores often RMR eee ete fee a ee re reat oe eee hn Set es Ae! urichii
B. Wings shaded with dusky; thorax of pupa without stellate structures; BibemoLy ahiwomiinal) DOres NOLMG].- oe cet persee
82 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID®.
Paraleyrodes persee (Quaintance). . (Plate XXX, figs. 1-9.)
Aleurodes persew Quaintance, Tech. Ser. 8, Bur. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., p. 82. (1900. )
Paraleyrodes (Aleurodicus) persee,* Tech. Ser. 12, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 170. (1909.)
The description of the species originally published in 1909 follows:
Egg.—Eliiptical, size about 0.24 mm. by 0.12 mm., with stalk unusually long; smoky in color, the shell smooth; eggs deposited promiscuously in the white, flocculent secretion of the adults.
Larva, jirst stage—Size about 0.838 mm. by 0.18 mm., subelliptical, very slightly narrowed caudad; yellowish white, with more or less rectangular spots of orange in the abdominal regions, eye-spots reddish. There is a fringe all around of white wax; on the margin, cephalad of eyes, are six sete, and on lateral margins of thoracic region are three on each side. On caudal margin are six sete, the middle pair of which is considerably longer than others. On ventral surface, just within margin, all around, is a series of sparsely set, small, tubercled sete. Legs and antennze well developed. Vasiform orifice practically as in pupa-case.
Pupa-case.°-—Size about 0.86 mm. by 0.53 mm. Subelliptical in shape, with slightly undulate outline. Color, under hand lens, yellowish brown; empty pupa-case colorless, very fragile, soon falling from the leaf. On the margin, all around, is a fringe of more or less curled, short, white wax ribbons, and over the case and adjacent leaf area are many fragments of white wax rods, of variable length, profusely produced from the seven pairs of dorsal compound pores, which are situated, a pair on cephalic end and six pairs on the abdominal segments, the cephalic two pairs of which are smaller and nearer the median line. The margin, or rim, of each compound pore is thickened, and from within the cup there arises a rather large, fluted, cylindrical tube, extending upward about one-half its length beyond the rim of cup. Within tube, at base, is a short conical elevation. The entire structure is brownish in color. Dorsum void of well-developed sets, save a pair just within caudal margin. A pair of minute sete occurs on margin near caudal end of case. There is, however, just within margin on case, all around, a row of brownish-colored, tubercled sete. Vasiform orifice subcordate (fig. 35, c), about as long as wide. Cephalic margin straight, coinciding with cephalic margin of operculum. Operculum subrectangular, the lateral margins somewhat rounded; considerably wider than long and with caudal margin almost straight. Lingula relatively large,
¢ Bxtended and corrected from Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 32 (1890).
4In the description of the waxy secretion, as originally given (1. ¢.), this was de- scribed as follows:
“There is a profuse dorsal exudation: First, a rather short, downward-curving fringe of pearly white wax, all around, arising from just within margin and curling outward and downward over margin to near surface of leaf. This fringe is hardly continuous but is more or less split apart into ribbons or bands. Second, more dorsally curving columns. These occur in a triangle, one on each side and one at end. ‘These columns of white wax are about as high as pupa-case is wide. The pupa-case is almost obscured by this exudation, when viewed from above.” ‘
According to Doctor Morrill’s observations the secretion, as above described, is abnor- mal to this species and is due to the effect of parasitism. Of many specimens examined by him, showing the secretion of this character, all were found to be parasitized; and, on the other hand, this type of secretion was never found on pupa-cases not attacked by parasites. The normal secretion therefore is as described in the text.
PARALEYRODES URICHII. 83
particularly distally, where it becomes broadly spatulate; longer than orifice, and bearing distally two pairs of sete. Abdominal segments moderately dis- tinct. Rudimentary feet and antenne very evident.
Adult.—Body of living specimens buff or pinkish in color, marked with white. Wings whitish, but clouded with dusky. These are held almost flat along the _ dorsum, and do not meet along the middle line. A copious amount of flocculent white wax is secreted, which becomes scattered over the leaf surface, the slug- gish adults resting in little depressions here and there in the waxy covering. Antenne peculiar and apparently of but four joints, due to the evident coales- cence into two joints of the ringed segments 3 to7. In the forewing there is a single vein, as in Aleyrodes, with a rudimentary branch or fold near basal fifth and a very obscure rudimentary vein at very base of wing. Hind wings with but a single vein. Genitalia in male forcipate, penis bifurcate. Claws long and slender, with central spinous process. In female, length of body, 0.8 to 0.9 mm.; length of forewing, 0.8 to 0.9 mm.; width of forewing, 0.3 to 0.38 mm.; length. of antenna, 0.38 to 0.45 mm,; length of hind tibia,.0.25 to 0.8 mm. Male pro- portionately smaller.
Food plants.—Orange, Persea carolinensis, persimmon (?), avocado pear. On orange this insect infests the older leaves, rarely or never occurring on the new growth as is the case with Aleyrodes citri.
Doctor Howard has given to the parasite of this species, reared by Doctor Morrill, the manuscript name Encarsia variegatus.
Type.—No. 14775, U. S. National Museum.
Paraleyrodes urichii n. sp. (Pl. XXXI, figs. 1-10.)
Received May 25, 1911, from Dr. F. W. Urich, Trinidad. The host is a species of Pithecolobium, and there were also present on the leaves two undescribed species of Aleyrodes. P. urichii differs from persee in its larger size and in having clear white wings, whereas in the latter species these are clouded.
DESCRIPTION.
Pupa case—About 0.73 mm. long by 0.51 mm. wide; regularly _ elliptical in outline. (Pl. XX XI, fig. 2). As seen on leaf under hand lens (parasitized specimens only are available), the dorsum is quite convex, and the case is prominently raised from the leaf by a vertical fringe all around of white wax. Dorsum of case covered by a layer of dirty white wax, through which the compound wax pores and body segments may be fairly discerned. From the compound wax pores are produced the usual brittle wax rods, though this type of secretion in the present species is evidently meager. From the margin of case all around is a fringe of white wax more or less broken up into bands or ribbons, extending outward and downward, nearly or quite touching the surface of the leaf.
Under the microscope the color of the nonparasitized individual is yellow. The empty case is colorless. Parasitized specimens appear darker.
84 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
Within the margin of dorsum of case all around is a series of spines, 12 or 13 on each side. Margin faintly crenulate (Pl. XXXI, fig. 5) though the marginal wax tubes are very obscure. On the dorsum are seven pairs of compound wax pores—one pair at cephalic end of case and six pairs on abdominal region. The two cephalic pairs of the abdominal series are about one-half the size of the others and nearer the median line; in these pores the cup is short, reaching ‘scarcely above derm of case. The spinnerets occur in a circle at base of cup, and are not vertically extended into tubes as in many species of Aleurodicus. The central process is well developed and is broken up into some 8 or 10 separate rods (fig. 4). Mesad of each of the first and second pairs of abdominal wax pores is a group on each side of simple wax pores. Cephalad of each of the pores of the first pair of abdominal wax pores is an indistinctly stellate structure. These simple pores and stellate structure are discernible only in the colorless empty case.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XX XI, fig. 3) broadly cordate, about as broad as long. Operculum about one-half length of orifice, broadly convex on caudal margin, the sides rounded. Lingula large, spatu- late, partly exserted, bearing distally two pairs of spines, and minutely setose. On ventral surface rudimentary feet and antenns very evident.
Adult female—Body about 0.85 mm. long. Color yellow; legs and antenne paler; wings white, unmarked (Pl. XXXT, figs. 6, 7). Forewing about 0.8 mm. long by 0.33 mm. wide; rudimentary media arising from R, about basal one-sixth of length of wing. Length of hind tibia 0.3 mm.; tarsal joints of hind legs subequal in length, together measuring about 0.17 mm. Antenne (Pl. XXXI, fig. 9) four-jointed, about 0.46 mm. long, joint III considerably exceeding joint IV in length. Claws (Pl. XXXI, fig. 10) long, slender, with spinous paronychium.
Male.—Not seen.
Type—No. 14776, U. S. National Museum. Described from sev- eral parasitized pup on leaves, numerous normal and parasitized pup in balsam mounts, and several adult females in balsam mounts.
Ill. Supramitry ALEYRODIN2.
In the members of this subfamily the media of the forewing is lost, but the cubitus is retained as a distinct vein in most genera. The radial sector forms the main vein of the wing, and radius , may or may not be present. No compound pores are present in the pupa case, and the paronychium is broad and hairy.
GENERA OF THE ALEYRODIN&®.
A. Forewing with radius,, radial sector, and cubitus present____Alewrochiton. B. Forewing with only radial sector and cubitus present___-__-__- Aleyrodes. ©. Forewing with only radial sector present-._-----------------Neomaskellia.
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXX.
PARALEYRODES PERSEA.
Fig. 1—Pupa case. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Compound wax pore of pupa. Fig. 4.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 5.—Margin of forewing. Fig. 6.—Head of adult. ‘ig. 7.—Antenna. Fig. 8.—Male genitalia. Fig. 9.—Foot of adult. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXI.
tt 6 cig en aa De I aL |! ss) ~ 9 “SR
At ae me oe > i ee atk nee ee AETHER Lien
PARALEYRODES URICHII.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupa case. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 4.— Compound wax pore of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Margin of case. Fig. 6.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 7.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 8.—Head of adult. Fig. 9.— Antenna of adult. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXII.
ALEUROCHITON ACERIS.
Fig. 1.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 2.—Margin of case. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of adult. Fig. 4.—Wings ofadult. Fig. 5.—Female genitalia. Fig. 6.— Male genitalia. Fig.7.—Claw. (Redrawn from Tullgren.)
ALEUROCHITON ACERIS. 85 Genus ALEUROCHITON Tullgren.
Forewing with radius ,, the radial sector, and the cubitus retained ; vertex rounded ; antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest; claspers of male of medium length and thickness; paro- nychium very large and hairy. Pupa case with no compound pores, but the dorsum crowded with simple ones. Lingula of vasiform orifice short, setose, and included; orifice surrounded by a differen- tiated area.
Type, aceris Geoffroy.
This genus is the most primitive in the Aleyrodine, and from it no doubt Aleyrodes arose by the reduction of radius ,. It contains only two species, which may be separated as follows:
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROCHITON.
A. Paronychium in adult spatulate; vasiform orifice of pupa case large and sub-
PE esha aN eh NOG OLE | ab Veo re Se ee aceris. B. Paronychium in adult long, blade-like, and hairy; vasiform orifice of pupa PERE TUNCOLEMUCL IM (OTICILING ooo ee ne ee ee Se ee re ee ae forbesii.
Aleurochiton aceris (Geoffroy). (Pl. XXXII, figs. 1-6.)
Chermes aceris ovatus Geoffroy, Hist. Abr. des Insectes, p. 509 (1764). de Aleurodes aceris Barensprung, Zeitschrift f. Zool., p. 176 (1849). Aleurochiton aceris Tullgren, Ark. f. Zool., Bd. 8, No. 26, p. 15 (1907).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Cette petite espéce est assez aplatie & ovale. Elle est d’un brun clair, & a dans son milieu une bande longitudinale brune foncée, aux deux cdtés de la- quelle sont des bandes de couleur blanche cendrée. Elle se trouve sur les feuilles de l’érable du cdté du revers de la feuille.
Tullgren’s description is the only complete one for this species that has appeared, and we quote it in full:
IMAGO,
Farbenzcichnung.—Die Exemplare, die dieser Untersuchung zu Grunde liegen, waren ein und halbes Jahr in Alkohol aufbewahrt. Sie sind alle einfarbig gelb, aber an der Spitze des Rostrums braunschwarz. Die Augen sind schwarzrot und die Fliigel einfarbig weiss.
Morphologische Merkmale—Weibchen.—Liinge 1.79 mm. Kopf ohne Mittel- furche, von der Seite gesehen 14 mal so lang als breit. Augen lang und schmal nierenférmig, ungeteilt. Punktauge gross und deutlich, tangiert fast den Ober- rand des Auges.
Die Antennen sind kiirzer als Kopf und 'Thorax zusammengelegt. Das zweite Glied ist breit birnférmig, linger als das halbe dritte Glied. Dies ist 0.241 mm. lang; liinger als die folgenden zusammen. Glied IV 0.048 mm., V 0.075 mm.. VI 0.058 mm. und VII 0,051 mm. lang. Die Glieder III-VII sind alle fein quer-
86: CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID®.
unzelig und kurz behaart. Das siebente Glied an der Spitze mit einem feinen, ziemlich Jangen Borstchen. Die Glieder III, V-VII, mit kleinen Geruchsorganen.
Rostrum 8-gliederig. Das dritte Glied doppelt so lang und ein wenig schmiiler als das zweite. Alle Glieder fein behaart und mit einzelnen kurzen Borstchen.
Scutellum triangelf6rmig, mit Lingsfurche. 4
Die Beine sind ziemlich lang. Tibia I, 0.46 mm., II, 0.58 mm., III, 0.75 mm. lang. Metatarsus I, 0.189 mm., II, 0.172 mm., III, 0.214 mm. lang. Die Glieder besonders fein behaart und mit mehr oder weniger distinkt reihenférmig geord- neten Stacheln. Tibia III wie bei Al. proletelia, fragarie u. s. w. WKliauen 2, kurz und so lang wie das Apikalborstchen des Tarsus. Das Paronychium gross, blatt- oder spatenférmig erweitert, fast doppelt so lang als die Klauen.
Fliigel wie bei Al. proletella gerandet. Liinge 2.2 mm., Breite 11 mm, Die Mittelrippe Gleich hinter der Mitte gegabelt. Die Rippenzweige erreichen den Fliigelrand. Die Submedianrippe lang und fein. Die Mittelrippe der Hinter- fliigel vollkommen einfach.
Abdomen gross, oval. Die vier Ventralplatten feiner retikuliert als bei z. B. Al. proletella. Das Operculum der Analéffnung ebenso lang wie breit, am Hinterrande ausgerandet; die Lingula von der Liinge des Operculums. Die Genitalanhiinge scharf zugespitat.
Miinnchen.—Die Analéffnung kleiner mit Lingerem, schmiilerem und mehr ausgerandetem Operculum. Der Penis ist nur wenig aufgebogen. Die Genital- anhiinge schwiicher gebogen, am Ende klauenférmig zugespitzt und unter der Spitze mit einem kleinen, scharfen Zahn. Die Spitze trigt einige lange Borstchen.
Das Puparium gewodlbt, eiférmig, am Vorderrande quer und am Hinterrande ein wenig ausgerandet. Die Riickenseite ist fast vollstiindig von einer weissen Wachskruste bekleidet. Nur die Analiffnung und zwei Flecken vorn sind immer nackt. In der Kruste sind auch feine Risse, die die Segmentgrenzen mebr oder weniger markieren. Wird die Kruste weggenommen, ist das Puparium braun, fein kérnig und von einer unregelmiissigen, netzformigen Struktur, die von feinen, eingedriickten Linien verursacht wird. Die Segment- grenzen sind nur liings der Mitte der Dorsalseite deutlich. Der Rand ist krenuliert. Liingere und grébere Bérstchen fehlen vollstiindig. Dagegen sind eine Menge yon kurzen und feinen Haaren iiber die ganzen Riickenfliiche ausgestreut. Die Analdffnung liegt in einer langgestreckten, fast triangel- formigen Vertiefung. Das Operculum, das ziemlich stark gewdlbt ist, ist ungefiihr quadratisch. Die Lingula, die nur wenig sichtbar ist, ist an der Spitze breiter und mit feinen Zihnen bewaffnet. Ihr fehlen vollstiindig die langen fiir die Aleurodes Arten charackteristischen Bérsten. Liinge c. 1.7 mm., Breite c. 1.8 mm.
Entwickelte Tiere habe ich bei Slifringe in der Provinz Ostergétland gefunden (2, VI; 1905); Puparia waren auf Ahornbliittern auf dem Experi- mentalfelde bei Stockholm sehr allgemein (Noy. 1906).
[ Translation. ]
IMAGO.
Color.—The specimens which are here described had been preserved in alcohol for about a year and a half. Their color is entirely a uniform yellow. The end of the rostrum is brownish black. The compound eyes are blackish red, and the wings are of a uniform white color.
ALEUROCHITON ACERIS. 87
Morphological characteristics—F emale—Length 1.79 mm. Head without median suture; viewed from the side, one and one-half times as long as wide. Compound eyes long and reniform, not divided. Ocellus large and distinct, very nearly touching the upper margin of the compound eye.
The antenne are shorter than the combined length of head and thorax. The second joint is broadly pyriform in shape; it exceeds in length the half of the third joint. The length of the third joint is 0.241 mm., longer than all the succeeding joints combined. Joint IV 0.048 mm.; joint V 0.75 mm.; joint VI 0.058 mm.; joint VII 0.051 mm. in length. Joints III-VITI are all provided with fine crosswise wrinkles and with short hairs. The seventh joint is provided at its terminus with fine bristles that are rather long. Joints III, V-VII have small sensory organs.
Rostrum three-jointed. The third joint twice as long and a little more contracted than the second. All the joints provided with fine hairs and with short scattered bristles.
Scutellum triangular, provided with a longitudinal suture.
The legs are rather long. Tibia: Joint I 0.46 mm.; IT 0.53 mm.; III 0.75 mm. in length. Metatarsus: Joint I 0.189 mm.; II 0.172 mm.; III 0.214 mm. in length. The joints provided with very fine hairs and with spines that are more or less distinctly arranged in rows. Third joint of the tibia more or less like that in Aleurodes proletella, fragaria, etc.; it has two claws, short and of the same length as the apical bristles of the tarsus. The paronychium is large, extended in spatulate or foliate shape, almost tavice as long as the claws.
Wing bordered as in Al. proletelia. Length 2.2 mm. Width 1.1 mm. The middle vein forked behind the middle. The main branch reaches the wing border. The submedian vein is long and delicate. The middle vein of the hind wing is unbranched.
Abdomen large, oval. The four ventral plates more finely reticu- lated than in Aleurodes proletella. The operculum of the anal aper- ture is as long as it is wide; its posterior margin sinuate. The lingula as long as the operculum. The genital appendages sharply pointed.
Male—The anal aperture is smaller, the operculum is longer, more contracted, and more strongly sinuate. The penis is only slightly bent upward. The genital appendages are not so decidedly curved; their terminus is pointed with shape of a claw, and below the end there is a small sharp tooth. The terminus is provided with a few long bristles.
The puparium is arched, oval, slightly sinuate at the posterior margin, and also sinuate across the anterior margin. The dorsal side is almost completely covered with a white waxy crust. Only
88 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
the anal aperture and two spots near the anterior margin are always naked. There are fine rents in the waxy crust, which more or less define the limits of the segments. If the crust is removed, the puparium appears brown, fine grained, and of an irregular reticu- lated structure, which is caused by fine lines that are impressed on the body. The limits of the segments are distinguishable only along the middle of the dorsal side. The margin is crenulate. There are no long and robust bristles present. On the other hand, there is a great number of short fine hairs scattered over the whole surface of the dorsum. The anal aperture lies in a long, extended, almost tri- angular pit. The operculum is strongly arched and approximately rectangular. The lingula is scarcely visible, broadening out at the end, and provided with fine teeth. The long bristles which are char- acteristic of the various species of Aleurodide are entirely wanting in this case. Length approximately 1.7 mm., width about 1.3 mm.
I have found adult specimens of this insect at Slafringe in the Province of Ostergotland, Sweden (June 2, 1905). Puparia were very common on the naple leaves of the experimental field near Stockholm (Noy., 1906).
Aleurochiton forbesii (Ashmead).
(Pl. XXXITI, figs. 1-9.)
Aleurodes aceris Forbes, 14th Rept. Il. State Ent., p. 110 (1884) ; Bul. 45, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 294 (1898).
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
I have noticed for several years, a peculiar bark louse upon the leaves of the maple, but have not bred it until the present year. The fully developed pupal scale is oval in general outline, somewhat lyrate, broadest posteriorly, contracted in front of the middle. Margins entire, surface densely granu- lated. The color is chocolate, mottled with white, the white varying in amount and tending to form three transverse bands. The central segmented area is usually irregularly mottled with white, and a quadrate patch, including the vent, is almost always brown; but, otherwise, the color may vary from nearly uniform brown to almost white. Outline sometimes slightly emarginate posteriorly. Length, .095 of an inch; greatest width, .045; width at anterior fourth, .036.
The imago is pale yellow throughout; legs and abdomen pale; wings milky white; rostrum black at the extreme tip; veins yellowish; first joint of the antenne scarcely longer than wide, the remaining joints filiform, the second nearly as long as the four following and about four times as long as the first, ‘the fourth longer than the third, the third and fifth about equal, the sixth fusiform.
At Tamaroa, in southern Illinois, soft maple trees were found badly infested by this bark louse, but elsewhere it has occurred in only trivial numbers. There. are apparently two broods of this species in a year, scales collected in August, 1883, emerging April 10 to 24, 1884, and others, collected during the present
ALEUROCHITON FORBESII. 89
summer, emerging August 4. From these larve several hymenopterous parasites belonging to the genus Hlaptus escaped September 6, the species of which is ap- parently new.
Elaptus aleurodis,n.s. Plate XI, fig.6. Female. Length .03 of an inch; the head .005 inch; front wings .082 of an inch long and .001 inch wide; posterior wings .0032 inch wide at the widest point; antenne as long as the head and whole body; scape stout, arcuate, rising to the top of the head, about as long as the three following joints, nearly smooth, as is also the second joint; re- maining joints densely pilose; the club not jointed, as long as the three joints preceding; first joint obconic, second about the same length but narrower. Color black, surface shining, abdomen alutaceous, head and thorax punctured, antennze yellow, legs entirely yellow, femora and tibize of the middle and posterior legs black, their tarsi yellow.
Described from three specimens bred from Aleurodes aceris.
In 1893, Dr. W. H. Ashmead pointed out (Bul. 45, U. S. Nat. Mus., p- 294) that Forbes’s name was preoccupied by aceris Geoffroy, a European species, and proposed for this species the name forbesii.
In his excellent paper ‘“ Uber einige Arten der Familia Aleurodide ” (Arkiv fur Zoologi, Bd. 3, No. 26, p. 15, 1907), Dr. Tullgren has shown that the European species (aceris Geoffroy) really represents a new genus, for which he proposed the name Aleurochiton. The general similarity of the pupa case of forbesii to that of aceris sug- gested that the two forms were closely related if not identical, which supposition was the more strengthened for the reason that they have similar food plants. Although forbesii is fairly common on maple in the eastern United States, it is only recently that we have had opportunity to examine the adults of this insect. During the summer of 1910, Dr. C. W. Hooker secured the adults in some numbers at Cranmoor, Wis., and also the following season, at Vienna, Va. Our species proves to belong to Alewrochiton, but appears to be distinct from aceris Geoffroy, as will be seen from the description which fol- lows: . 1 oe
Aleurochiton forbesii is fairly common on Acer rubrum, A. sac- charinum, and A. dasycarpum, ranging from Georgia to New York, ~ north into Canada and west to Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri. So far as we are aware the insect has never been so abundant as to cause injury to its host plants. The European member of the genus, how- ever, has recently attracted attention by its injuries as shown by Mr. Max Wolf in a lengthy article “Ein Beitrag zur Kentniss von Aleurochition aceris Geoffroy,” ete., in “ Centrallblatt fur Bakter, Parasiten Kunde, U. Infektions Krankheiten, Bd. 26, April, Zweite Abteilung, 1910, page 643.
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
Egg—Length about 0.24 mm. exclusive of stalk. Fusiform in shape, not quite one-third as wide as long; stalk about one-fourth length of egg. Color white, without markings, though the globu-
90 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
lar contents are plainly visible: stalk dark brown, attached a little to one side.
Pupa case.—Size about 1.45 by 1 mm.; seen from above ovoid in outline, narrower cephalad, the dorsum almost flat; vasiform orifice depressed. Case raised on a relatively high vertical fringe of dirty white wax, which varies in height according to age, in mature speci- mens reaching as high as two-thirds diameter of case (P]. XX XIII, figs. 2 and 6). Dorsum covered with a plate of dirty white wax of a granular structure, the vasiform orifice being naked and the body segments more or less evident. There is a shallow and broad longi- tudinal depression in the wax plate, with an evident central keel. Denuded of wax plate, and examined under microscope, the outer third of dorsum all around is seen to be of a coarsely granular struc- ture, which is absent on the more central dorsal disk. (Pl. XX XIII, fig. 4.) The granular structures or markings in the derm vary greatly in size and outline, and are apparently wax-secreting in function. Margin of case deflexed (Pl. XX XIII, fig. 5), ending in a rim all around of large wax tubes, which may be seen through the derm above; apparent margin of case crenulate, due to granula- tions above mentioned; on caudal margin there are three pairs of spines of which the central pair is strongest; color variable. Mature specimens in the fall are generally dark brown and blackish, with large, irregular, semitransparent spots in the derm, usually three on caudal end, three on cephalic end, and one on each side. There is also usually a similar spot just cephalad of vasiform orifice, and one on the first and second abdominal segments near median line. In the latitude of Washington, and probably elsewhere, there are two broods of pupe each season; the insect winters in the pupal condi- tion on the fallen leaves. Pupz of the first or early summer brood are almost colorless and+edo not show the dark coloration above mentioned.
Vasiform orifice (Pl. XX XITTI, fig. 3) small, cordate, not quite as wide as long; sides and caudal margin rounded; lingula not ex- tended beyond orifice, spatulate, the basal portion unusually thick and stout, minutely setose, and bearing distally a pair of spines. Extending caudad to margin of case from orifice is a broad and widening depression or furrow. On ventral surface the stubby, - rudimentary legs are easily discernible; they are two-jointed, disk- like at tips.
Adult (female).—Length about 1.5 mm.; length of forewing (PI. XXXITI, fig. 7) 1.7 mm.; width 0.8 to 0.9 mm.; length of hind tibia 0.66 mm.; length of basal tarsal joint 0.15 mm.:; length of distal tarsal joint 0.107 mm.; antenna (fig. 8) 0.42 mm. long; third joint 0.16 mm. long; joints IV to VII inclusive 0.2 mm. in length; joint II subpyri-
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
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PLATE XXXIll.
e SDgess vece
ALEUROCHITON FORBESII. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 4.— Fig. 6.—
Fig. 8.—Antenna.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Pupa case. x,
Margin of case and edge of dorsum. Fig. 5.—Margin of case, ventral view.
Pupa case, showing box-like nature. Fig. 7.—Forewing of adult. Fig. 10.—Male genitalia. (Original.)
Fig. 9.—Foot of adult.
Tech. Series 27, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXIV.
NEOMASKELLIA COMATA,
Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Same, ventral view. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 4.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Larva. Fig. 6.— Forewing ofadult. Fig. 7.—Costal margin of forewing. Fig. 8.—Male genitalia. (Original. )
GENUS NEOMASKELLIA. 91
form; joints III to VII slender. numerously ringed; joints IV and VI, and V and VII subequal in length; compound eyes reniform ; large ocellus almost touching the compound eye near its upper margin.
General color of body yellow; legs and antenne paler; wings white, unmarked; venation typical for Aleurochiton; abdomen of gravid females large, disterided with equally developed eggs, as many as 50 having been counted in one instance.
The so-called paronychium (Pl. XX -XITI, fig 9) is blade-like, con- siderably longer than claws, and fringed on lower edge with hairs. In aceris this structure is spatulate and almost twice length of claws.
Adult (male).—A single specimen only of this sex is at hand; gen- eral structure as in female; genitalia forcipate (Pl. XX XIII, fig. 10), the valves rather short and stout, strongly curved at tip; penis enlarged at base and strongly curved.
Described from numerous pupe on leaves, and pupex, adult females, and one male in balsam mounts.
Genus ALEYRODES Latreille.
Forewing with radial sector and cubitus retained and a very small rudiment of the media rarely present (PI. I, fig. 11) ; antenne varia- able, of seven segments, sometimes the third longest, sometimes the seventh ; vertex rounded ; paronychium of moderate length and hairy ; claspers of the male usually short and thick. Pupa case with no compound pores, but with or without simple pores variously ar- ranged; orifice variable, showing several different types.
Type, proletella Linné. This genus is the original one and upon it the family was erected. At present a great variety of forms are here included which, when carefully studiéd, will no doubt, as previously mentioned, necessitate the breaking up of the genus.
Genus NEOMASKELLIA pn. gen.
Forewing with radial sector only present; antenne of seven seg- ments, of which the third is the longest; claspers of the male short, very hairy, and psyllid-like. Pupa case without compound wax pores and apparently few simple ones, but with numerous prominent spines; vasiform orifice of pupa case short, broad, and included.
Type, comata Maskell.
This genus is erected to include a species with the most reduced wing venation known in the family and with the claspers of male somewhat more primitive than the usual type. It would appear to be an early offshoot from the Aleurochiton branch.
61201°—18——7
92. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
Neomaskellia comata (Maskell). |
(Pl. XXXIV, figs. 1-8.)
Aleurodes comata Maskell, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 426 (1895).
Among Maskell’s types are examples of the species described by him as Aleurodes comata. In examining these we find the species very different from other Aleyrvodes and therefore describe and figure it in this connection. Maskell’s original description is as follows:
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.
Hggs yellowish-brown, elliptical; length about 1/130 in.; peduncle rather short. ‘
Larva yellow, somewhat thick, flattish, regularly elliptical; length about 1/55 in. Dorsum bearing four longish fine hairs, of which two are on the ce- phaliec region and two close to the vasiform orifice. Margin entire, not thick- ened, bearing a row of rather long, strong hairs, sixteen on each side, and two shorter ones at the abdominal extremity. Rudimentary eyes dark-red, tuber- cular, may be made out. Vasiform orifice broad, short, subelliptical; operculum short, transversely divided; lingula obsolete.
Pupa-case yellow; elliptical; length about 1/25 in. The dorsal four hairs as in the larva, and there is usually a small quantity of dorsal white meal. Abdominal segments indistinct. Margin with wide shallow crenulations; mar- ginal hairs as in the larva. Vasiform orifice, operculum, and lingula as in the larva. On turning over the pupa-case the rudimentary feet, antennex, &c., are clearly visible. :
Adult of general normal form; length of body about 1/30 in. Head and thorax dark-yellow. Abdomen lighter yellow. Genitalia brown. Wings nar- row, grey; nervure straight; the basal branch very short, almost obsolete; mar- gins of wings minutely serratulate, each serration bearing a minute spine; on the anterior edge of the hind wing are four very fine hairs. The fore-wing bears four faint brownish patches difficult to distinguish; they form almost two transverse bands, but do not seem,to meet at the nervure. Genitalia of male and female normal; each arm of the forceps of the male bears a few short hairs.
Hab. in Fiji, on a gramineous plant unknown to me. My specimens were sent by Mr. R. L. Holmes.
“This species may be distinguished by the marginal and dorsal hairs of the larva and pupa. Something similar may be seen in A. citri, Riley and Howard, as figured in Insect Life, 1893, p. 219, but that species has four cephalic and four posterior long dorsal hairs; its wings are immaculate, and the adult male bears remarkable tufts of wax on the abdomen; the serrations of the wing margins are also different.”
DESCRIPTIVE REMARKS.
The larva (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 5) is sufficiently characterized by Maskell. 5
Pupa case.—Size 0.88 mm. by 0.4 mm. Elongate oval, with. at- tenuated cephalic portion (Pl. XXXIV, figs. 1, 2). Edge of the case deflexed and armed with sixteen long spines and two pairs of small cephalic ones. Margin irregularly crenulate or dentate (PI.
Si eee ees
LITERATURE REFERRED TO. 93
XXXIV, fig. 4). Dorsum armed with four pairs of very long spines, one pair on cephalic portion, one pair inserted before the vasiform orifice, and two pairs near the caudal margin. Vasiform orifice elliptical and transverse. Operculum of the shape indicated in Plate XXXIV, figure 3, its greatest width being 0.03 mm. The exposed portion of the lingula is short, setose, and armed with two pairs of spines.
Adult male.—The type slides of this species are dissections and of the adults only the wings and claspers are represented. The fore- wing (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 6) is 0.68 mm. long and 0.24 mm. wide, and is of almost an equal width throughout. The radial sector only is present, and it is irregularly thickened. Maskell figures another vein in the wing, but in the types it does not exist and the wing is also of a different form from other species in Aleyrodes. 'The costal margin is armed with curved teeth on which are small hairs (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 7). The claspers (PI. XXXIV, fig. 8) are unique. They are short, thick, hairy, and psyllid-like. The penis is almost equal in length to the claspers and slightly curved.
LITERATURE REFERRED TO IN TEXT.
. Plant Louse Aleyrodes. Bul. 96, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 127 (1903).
. Mémoires des Insects, vol. 2, p. 807 (1786).
. The white fly or plant louse Aleyrodes. Bul. 140, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. (1902).
Ww bo Fe
4, The woolly white fly, Bul. 64, Part VIII, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. (1910).
5. Mededelingen van het Proefstation Oost. Java, New Series, No. 37 (1897).
6. White flies injurious to citrus in Florida, Bul. 92, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 57 (1911).
7. Notes on some Aleyrodes from Massachusetts, with description of new species. (a) Psyche, April, 1903. (b) Tech. Bul. No. 1, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 31-388 (1903).
8. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 475 (1904).
9. Proe. Ent Soc. Wash., vol. 3, p. 247 (1895).
10. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bul., vol. 5, No. 9, p. 183 (1910).
- 11. Gardeners’ Chronicle, p. 852 (1856).
12. The function of the vasiform orifice of the Aleurodid. Journal of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 72, part 2, pp. 6-7 (1903).
18. Arkiy. f. Zoologi, Bd. 3, No. 26, p. 3 (1907).
14. Homologies of the wing veins of the Aphidide, Psyllide, Aleurodide, and Coccide. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 2, p. 101 (1909).
15. Essai monographique sur les Aleurodes. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) vol. 8, p. 388 (1867).
16. Tideskrift for Landbrugets Planteval, p. 288 (1909).
17. Note on the Respiration of Aleyrodes citri. Can. Ent., vol. 33, pp. 173-176 (1901).
18. Udamoselis eine neue Aleurodiden Gattung. Zool. Anzeiger, Bd. 34, N. 7/8, pp. 230-233 (1909).
19. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 387 (1901).
20. Ent. Mo. Mag. (2) vol. 3, p. 32 (1892).
21. Tech. Ser. 8, Bur. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr. (1900).
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NT OF AGRICULTURE, —
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDE. — A. L. QUAINTANCE, tes
' In Chargevof Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND ee A. C. BAKER, :
Expert.
: IssvEp SEPTEMBER 9,-1914; |
. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1914,
ey" ee
TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 27, ParT Il.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BURHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
PART II.
BY
A. L. QUAINTANCE,
In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations,
AND
A. C. BAKER, Expert.
——ian_Inefit; eonl2 ag, bie
{ssUED SEPTEMBER 9, 1914. 1O 7076
N 2 = @, ye allion al Musi
CU GUe ES QwAcricuiTune: Nine Sees AN
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1914,
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Cc. L. Maruattr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. 8S. Currron, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant.
¥. H. Currrenpen, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A.D. Hopxins, in charge of forest insect investigations.
W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations.
F. M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations.
A. L. QuaInTANceE, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations.
E. F. Pures, in charge of bee culture.
A. F. Burasss, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations.
Roa P. Currie, in charge of editorial wort.
MABEL CoxcorD, in charge of library.
1
COM EENTS.
Le Ee eee per AS es Sy, Bins el Sy eter. 2 See ne ene ee eee SUMMER EMEL DG VIOUUEME eon, at oe tae one aoe eae ede wp rene. -ccbawes Seer EMAL EHLTIAED 2...) Soa Sone eee Ao sree. Soto poet ced os ediveecs Bpecies olthe-senns,2ialeurotea: 2. 2s. LLe yoeice Paes oe onc xes neon
Ree mtie SU ReY MO UMUD. 22 3S 3g cre Bile Kore SE aly ext as OnE adcpa is pw eros 4 go Species of the genus Aleuroplatus...o.<- «20am «= gets -aeciee- cs see bes reese s PN EPEIIOMIO 6.8 o ie a ar Aa a win Re a ila ead = Sok AE Species of the genus Dialewrodoides...-..-.--22.2---- 0-2-2 2-2 eeeee REDE MEU S N e ited tense AN oo es See ae ee Ny | Sel Le) eh PpeMmcnoar ihe penis Pease: 365. 22 Sas Sede SUaeina dct st TEE GREE OS 0 OS a A ners SPP eer ey Oe ee eee RPC CHCH CINGIG SOTA SCI CIE e ces th en ale hen ah he's Ob re DeMatteo a Pes micine ig tn Sal odes a oak ets Hpecies of tie geniis Aleyrodes. 8. cs) a a Sg om ae als nae - <b Seen es x ORI UCHOOINO. 24 SS tas hee, Ae os ok as eae See oe oe Species of the genus Aleurocybotus. ...-....-.-0-2-...20 22 eee eee e eee Mera AN UUMOLI Athen tt) ata ee sae oe ee ee 2 od Species of the genus Aleurotulus....-....------- Oy Se Pate Pee ee Rater CCOLLOCIRIER: OF seo ok a Rk eo ae ee. Se AN Species d: tie genus. Aleurecantius....- 2.2. 24.2 shew ce nn obo 2saoe= se Renee ePPUROUIRENCLUG. 2 Seto o 8. We Ogee ce dat BE oS 2 a8 Snr Ne Species of the genus Aleurotrachelus..... 2 2.2 + 2-5. 000.2 vee esse NEBR AHEM OLNT UD Rs Lite Seas > ase uae 2 Saad 2 Sah slo's x alee wih we ppeeies onthe senus A puroiinirig. ncn = 5) aac ialda oie esac == 522-5 fe RSP IRENE fi ee Ee i eke Seale Ei ake oes aye oan «Se SS aS Species of the genus Neomaskellia...........-..-.---- Sete cic eee ee Genus Aleuroparadoxus.........-.--.+------- PiRRTeN chee ie ie Catia LeAnn S Species of the genus Aleuroparadorus.....-......------202--0002000-- aie M EP OL Att tsa Ne nc ger eee 2 or arene «oR nat aw ae Bek sees Be Cied. OF UNO PEMUS A She OCMMOM rac at e aati w oa nk fie sen aco aN cee A Phe Bae I nk ig oe at in oH a SISSY ah a Species of the genus Aleurohihius. .... J. 5--<e-n- peewee eee en ees SEEMING eIENROMANS Fe le. A AN A UeREEe Cones eet Sowanl sss C ek cheek des Bpecien onthe pens Pvrraleurides. Joo): 202.525 oleate esd pees cae s. ONS AIO UIOUS 5 aici bag US nk ele eee PE ee err eee Serer Species of the genus Alzurolobus..-... 4. -..---- 2.2 -- 2-2-2 ence oneness Unplaced species of the old genus Aleyrodes.......-. LER LOE OC STD Bee
PLate XXXV. XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL.
XLI.
XLII. XLITI. XLIV. XLV. XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
IV
[LEUST RATIONS:
PLATES,
Figs; 1-14. Dialeurodes eitrt. 2S 22 ot =e a eee Figs. 1-6.—Aleuroplatus quercus-aquatice. Figs. 7-12.—Peal- US MASKS ST 2. ON Se eee nn oe Figs. 1-6.—Bemisia inconspicua. Figs. 7-11.—Dialeurodoides GULCUS. FSS UT Lee eT ne te cee So ee ee eee Figs. 1-13.—Aleyrodes spirxoides.......-.-.-+--------- tifa Figs. 1-4.—Aleuroparadorus iridescens. Figs. 5-8.—Aleuro- cybotus graminicolus. Figs. 9-11.—Aleurocanthus spiniferus . Figs. 1-9.—Aleurotulus nephrolepidis..........-------------- Figs. 1-6.—Aleurothrixus howardi. Figs. 7-9.—Aleurotrache- bits WrACREif er 25 Poet ern yang ae a eee ee Figs. 1-15.—Asterochiton vaporariorum......-.-.+--------+--- Figs. 1-16.—Aleurotithius timberlaket.........--------------- Pigs) 1-07. =~ Tetraleurodes mort... os..5 8-40 -- <p bee see Figs. 1-16.—Aleurolobus marta... 2 -- eae eee ee Fig. 1.—Dialeurodes citri: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 2.—Aleuro- paradoxus iridescens: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 3.—Aleuro- canthus spiniferus: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 4.—Aleurotrache- lus tracheifer: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 5.—Pealius kelloggi: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 6.—Aleyrodes spirxoides: Pupa case on leafs: ee fai Se oe cane eran oe et re Fig. 1.—Aleurolobus marlatti: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 2.— Asterochiton abutilonea: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 3.—Tetra- leurodes mori: Pupa case on leaf. Fig. 4.—Aleurothrixus howardi: Pupa case on leals 22.22 5.5. Se ese a cee Aleurotithius timberlakei, showing infestation of underside of leaves or Airidictyon tomentosuni. = == oe ae 4a ee
Page.
106
106
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA—PART IL.
INTRODUCTION.
The present paper deals with the subfamily Aleyrodine and, with Part I, completes the classification of the family. It has not been feasible to treat at this time the species of this subfamily in the manner followed in Part I. Monographic reports of the respective genera of the Aleyrodinz are, however, now under way and will be issued as rapidly as practicable.
Students of the Aleyrodide are well aware that the original and typical genus Aleyrodes had come to include a rather heterogeneous assemblage of forms. This fact was indicated some years ago by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in his paper, ‘‘Classification of the Aley- rodide,” * in which several subgenera were proposed, as Dialeurodes, Tetraleurodes, etc. From the writers’ studies of these insects it appears to them that Aleyrodes Latreille should be restricted to those species essentially like proletella L., the type species, and that other genera should be erected to include the remaining forms. This they have attempted to do, as set forth in the following pages.
Unfortunately the Aleyrodide are as yet largely known only from the pupal stage, a condition due to their mode of life. A comprehen- sive classification based on the study of the adults would not, there- fore, be possible for many years to come. In the generic diagnoses given herewith it has been necessary to place importance on the char- acters of the so-called pupa case, as has long been the practice in describing species of this family. In the majority of the genera pro- posed the adult stage of one or more species, however, is known, and so far as data at hand indicate, adult characters confirm the grouping of species followed, as based on the characters of the pupa case.
The writers regret that there should be so many species (14 in num- ber) which they are unable to assign satisfactorily to any genus by reason of inadequate descriptions, or failure of authors to describe in sufficient detail those characters of most value in generic determina- tions. It is much to be desired that descriptions of Aleyrodide be made as complete and full as possible.
It should be added that careful examinations have been made of the types or cotypes of species described by Maskell, Bemis, Quain- tance, Britton, Morrill, Back, Kuwana, and Kotinsky, and of most of those described by Cockerell.
1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 279 (1902). 95
96 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
GENERA OF THE ALEYRODINA.
I. Forewing of adult with radius, present as a distinct vein ..........Aleurochiton. II. Forewing of adult without radius. A. Pupa case without a submarginal row of papilla-like pores, and with dorsal disk not separated from submarginal area. 1. Pupa case with thoracic tracheal folds present. a. Thoracic tracheal folds ending on or near the margin in a more or less circular pore.
(1) Vasiform orifice relatively small and roundly subcordate, operculum almost filling orifice and obscuring lin- 1 1 aE Mae rk Sr bah re Ne AY So ES Dialeurodes.
b. Thoracic tracheal folds ending in a comb of teeth.
(1) Vasiform orifice relatively small and transversely rounded, the operculum almost entirely filling it ..... Aleuroplatus.
(2) Vasiform orifice subcordate, acute caudad, the operculum filling about two-thirds of orifice and leaving caudal por- tion of linguls exposed ao.)). . ne laeoe ase Dialeurodoides.
2. Pupa case with thoracic tracheal folds not evident. a. Vasiform orifice situated in a pit or depression which is usually transversely ribbed or furrowed.
(1) Operculum transversely rectangular, small, the knobbed extremity of the lingula visible caudad of it..... Peatius.
b. Vasiform orifice not situated in a pit.
(1) Vasiform orifice triangular, very elongate, operculum small and transversely elliptical, lingula long and visible for fully half its length caudad of operculum ........ Bemisia.
(2) Vasiform orifice subcordate, with cephalic margin straight. (a) Adults with antennz of seven segments, of which III
is the longest, IV-VII being subequal . . . Aleyrodes. (6b) Adults with antenne of seven segments, of which VII (in male) is much the longest, being as long as the remaining ones together. .........-- Aleurocybotus.
(3) Vasiform orifice small, roundly subcordate, or subcircular. (a) Lingula long and distally knobbed, extending caudad
from orifice for one-third to one-half of its length. Aleurotulus. (b) Lingula short and obscured by the operculum, which almost entirely fills the orifice.
* Dorsum with several series of prominent spines; margin with very distinct teeth . . Aleurocanthus.
* Dorsum without such series of prominent spines. ** Dorsum with a central ridge or trachea-like elevation, the orifice situated on its caudal extremity; margin with a double series of teeth, the outer series lighter in color than
the inner. Wax not abundant.
Aleurotrachelus. ** Dorsum without such a central trachea-like structure, but usually with several pairs of prominent spine-like hairs. Wax secre- tion very abundant, flocculent, or woolly. Aleurothrixus,
(4) Vasiform orifice transversely rectangular; operculum similar, very short; lingula broad and short, truncate caudad.
Neomaskellia.
GENUS DIALEURODES. 97
B. Pupa case with a submarginal row of papilla-like pores and with the dorsal disk not separated from the submarginal area. 1. Vasiform orifice subcordate, with anterior margin straight. a. Thoracic folds visible and ending in a comb of teeth; operculum nearly filling the orifice and obscuring the lingula.
Aleuroparadoxus. b. Thoracic tracheal folds not distinct; lingula visible caudad of Gperculies lONSte ne oh wu ceetn eons ees ok oceue ses Asterochiton.
C. Pupa case usually without a row of submarginal papillz and with the dorsal disk distinctly separated from the submarginal area by a suture-like line or depression.
1. Dorsum covered with a large number of mammiform pores. . Aleurotithius. 2. Dorsum without large mammiform pores. a. Vasiform orifice rounded or cordate, elevated, and not surrounded
by a lobed or palmate area . brs: meds). | Telreleusadae b. Vasiform orifice subcordate, gunronatted: by a deanite lobed area with a channel extending caudad.............-..-- Aleurolobus.
Genus DIALEURODES (Cockerell) n. gen. (Pl. XXXV, figs. 1-14; Pl. XLVI, fig. 1.)
Pupa case variable in size, elliptic to subcircular in outline; color usually yellowish, varying in some species to brownish; margin of case toothed, the wax tubes irregular in outline and but little devel- oped; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papille or pores; tracheal folds evident, in some species very conspicuous, terminating on margin of case in a pore, the folds often showing dotlike, linear, or polygonal markings; wax secretion absent or very scant. Vasiform orifice relatively small, transversely oval or subcircular, with or without comb of teeth on inner lateral and caudal margins; operculum large, mostly filling the orifice and obscuring the lingula.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no trace of media. Antenne of seven segments, segment VII not distinctly shorter than segments IV, V, and VI, but usually longer than these. Sexes about equal in size, the claspers of male with a few prominent spines.
Type, citri Riley and Howard.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS DIALEURODES.
D. citri (Riley and Howard), Insect Life, vol. 5, p. 219 (1893). (Southern Lnited States; Chile (?); China; India; Japan, etc.) Syn.: aurantii Maskell. D. citrifolii (Morgan), Spec. Bul. La. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 70 (1893). (Southern United States; Cuba; Mexico.) Syn.: nubifera Berger. D. eugenix (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 430 (1895). (India.) D. fijiensis (Kotinsky), Bul. 2, Div. Ent., Board Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p. 100 (1907). (Fiji.) D. fodiens (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 433 (1895). (New Zealand.)
98 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
D. kirkaldyi (Kotinsky), Bul. 2, Div. Ent., Board Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p. 95 (1907). (Hawaii.)
D. struthanthi (Hempel), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 7, p. 387 (1901). (Brazil.)
D. tokyonis (Kuwana), Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, p.622(1911). (Japan.)
Genus ALEUROPLATUS n. gen. (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 1-6.)
Pupa case usually flat, medium to large in size, oval to subcircular in outline, often notched on cephalo-lateral margins; color yellowish, or more usually dark brown to blackish, many species variously . dotted with darker markings; margin toothed, wax tubes moder- ately developed, incisions shallow; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without prominent pores or papille, though some species show many minute porelike structures; tho- racic tracheal folds evident, terminating on margin of case in a comb of teeth from which may arise pencils of wax, differimg in color from the more or less amorphous wax surrounding the case and secreted by the marginal wax tubes. Vasiform orifice small, trans- versely rounded and almost filled by the operculum, which hides the lingula.
Adult with radial sector of forewing showing a single flexure; no spur of media.
Type, quercus-aquatice Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROPLATUS.
. alcocki (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 74 (1903). (India.)
. cockerelli (Ihering), Rev. Museu Paulista, No. 2, p. 393 (1897). (Brazil.)
. coronata (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U.S. Dept. Agr., p. 22 (1900). (California. )
euryz (Kuwana), Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 625 (1911). (Japan.)
. gelatinosus (Cockerell), Canad. Ent., vol. 30, p. 264 (1898). (New Mexico; Cal-
ifornia. )
. hoyx (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 78 (1903).
. quaintancet (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 78 (1903). (India.)
. quercus-aquatice (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 35
(1900). (Florida.)
. vinsonioides (Cockerell), Psyche, vol. 8, p. 225°(1898). (Mexico.)
hb Bhp Bp Bhp
Genus DIALEURODOIDES n. gen. (Pl. XXXVII, figs. 7-11.)
Pupa case of medium size, subelliptic to subcircular in outline, usually yellowish or brownish in color; margin of case toothed, the wax tubes but little developed; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papille, though well developed pores may be present; tracheal folds present; wax secretion scant or absent. Vasiform orifice subcordate, rather acute caudad; oper- culum about half filling the orifice, leaving lingula exposed.
Type, aureus Maskell.
Tech, Series 27, Part I], Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXV.
DIALEURODES CITRI.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Thoracie tracheal fold and pore. Fig. 3.—Margin of case. Pig. 4.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Larva, third instar. Fig. 6.—Larva, first instar. Fig. 7.—Leg of larva, first instar. Fig. 8.—Antenna of larva, first instar. Fig. 9.—Egg. Fig. 10.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 11.—Wing. Fig. 12.—Claw of adult. Fig. 13.—Male genitalia. Fig. 14.—Margin of forewing. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXVI,
g ..? ALEUROPLATUS QUERCUS-AQUATIC4 AND PEALIUS MASKELLI.
Aleuroplatus quercus-aquatice: Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Vasiform _ orifice. Fig. 3.—Thoracic tracheal comb of teeth. Fig. 4.—Forewing. Fig.5.—Male genitalia. Fig. 6.— Margin of pupa case. Pealius maskelli: Fig. 7.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 8.—Margin of Rupe case. Fig. 9.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 10.—Thoracic tracheal comb of teeth. Fig. 11.— Jaudal comb of teeth. Fig. 12.—Egg. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Part |, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate XXXVII.
——
BEMISIA INCONSPICUA AND DIALEURODOIDES AUREUS.
Bemisia inconspicua; Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 3.— Vasiform orifice and caudal end of pupa. Fig. 4.—Forewing. Fig. 5.—Egg. Fig. 6.—Antenna of adult. Dialeurodoides aureus: Fig. 7.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 8.—Tracheal comb of teeth. Fig. 9.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 10.—Caudal margin of case. Fig. 11.—Pore of radial passage. ‘COriginal.)
Tech. Series 27, Part I], Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XXXVIII.
Net I al ee I, =
B: a ire ,. YO jesmianaibess Se
8 ne 3
ALEYRODES SPIR-OIDES.
Fig. 1—Pupa case, dorsal view. Tig. 2—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 4.—Abdomen of female, dorsal view, showing typical marking. Fig. 5.—Forewing. Fig. 6.—Margin of forewing. Fig. 7.—Details of maculation of forewing. Fig. 8.—Antenna cf adult female. Fig. 9.—Terminal distal segment of female, antenna greatly enlarged. Fig. 10. Distal portion of third segment of male. Fig. 11—Abdomen of female, dorsal view, showing variation in marking. Fig. 12.—Genitalia of male. Fig. 13.—Claw. (Original.)
ae ee 7 or > . ~ As - r ie hy ‘ ak .
al Ne a i Mi es
GENUS BEMISIA. 99
SPECIES OF THE GENUS DIALEURODOIDES.
A. aureus (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, p. 174 (1889); ibidem, vol. 2, p. 215 (1879). (New Zealand.)
A. fagi (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, p. 175 (1889). (New Zea- land.)
A. simplex (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, p. 175 (1889). (New Zealand.)
Genus PEALIUS n. gen. (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 7-12; Pl. XLVI, fig. 5.)
Pupa case medium in size, elliptic in outline; color variable; mar- gin of case toothed, the wax tubes well developed; submarginal area
‘not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papilla or pores;
thoracic tracheal folds not discernible, though there is a distinct
furrow from vasiform orifice to caudal oat of case.. Vasiform orifice
situated in a pit, which is more or less pyriform in outline and trans- versely ridged, the outline of the orifice being subrectangular; oper- culum subrectangular, short, fillmg about half the orifice; lingula short, the distal extremity visible caudad of operculum, flattened and knobbed. Named for the late H. W. Peal.
Type, maskelli Bemis.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS PEALIUS.
P. bengalensis (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 70 (1904). (India.) P. hibisci (Kotinsky), Bul. 2, Div. Ent., Board Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p- 96 (1907). (Hawaii.) *P. kelloggi (Bemis), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 499 (1904). (California. ) ~ P. maskelli (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 524 (1904). (California.)}
Genus BEMISIA n. gen. (Pl. XX XVII, figs. 1-6.)
Pupa case varying much in size, elliptic or oval in outline, broadest across the thorax; color usually pale yellowish; margin toothed, the wax tubes irregular in size and shape; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papille or pores; thoracic tracheal folds sometimes faintly visible. There is a distinct furrow present, extending from the vasiform orifice to the caudal extremity of the case. Vasiform orifice triangular, long and narrow; lingula long and less than half covered at the cephalic extremity by the short oper- culum.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no spur of media. Antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest, the remaining distal ones being subequal. Named for Florence FE. Bemis.
Type, inconspicua Quaintance.
48454°—14—2
100 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.,
Species or THE GENUS BEMISIA.
> B. berbericola (Cockerell), Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 4, p. 207 (1896). (New Mexico.) B. decipiens (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 428 (1895). (Aus- tralia. ) B. giffardi (Kotinsky), Bul. 2, Div. Ent., Board Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p. 94 (1907). (Hawaii.) -B. inconspicua (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 29 (1900). (Florida.) B. leakit (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 87 (1903). (India; Fiji.) B. religiosa (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 67 (1903). (India.)
Genus ALEYRODES Latreille. (Ph XXVIII, fies. 1213s 5P 1; OS hie 6h
Pupa case small to medium in size, elliptic in outline; color usu- ally yellowish or brownish; margin of case toothed, the wax tubes irregular in outline and rather poorly developed; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk. There are no well developed papille or pores as in Asterochiton, though minute pores may be present in some species. Tracheal folds not discernible; wax secretion usually absent. Vasiform orifice subcordate, the operculum about half fill- ing the orifice; lingula included within the orifice, but visible caudad of the operculum; the distal extremity setose and armed with a pair of spines.
Adult with two flexures in radial sector of forewing, and media with a very short spur; forewings usually with faint patches of dusky coloration on flexures of radial sector. Antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest, the distal ones being subequal; seg- ments imbricated. Sexes nearly equal in size; claspers of male with a few spines. .
Type, proletella L.; example, spirxoides Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEYRODES.
A. akebie Kuwana, Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no.4, December, p. 622 (1911). (Japan.) ~A. amnicola Bemis, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 514 (1904). (California.) - A. asarumis Shimer, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 1, p. 281 (1867). (Pennsyl- vania.) Syn.: actee Britton. ~A. aureocincta Cockerell, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 5, p. 42 (1897). (New Mexico.) A. brassice Walker, Cat. Homopt. Brit. Mus., p. 1092 (1852). (Europe.) A. caprex Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. 8, p. 384 (1867). (France.) A. cerata Maskell, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 425 (1895). (New Zea-
land.) A. cotesit Maskell, Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 427 (1895). (Balu- chistan.)
~ A. fernaldi Morrill, Psyche, vol. 10, p. 83 (1903). (Massachusetts; Connecticut.) A, fragarie Walker, List Homopt. Brit. Mus., p. 1092 (1851); also Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. 8, p. 883 (1867). (England; France.)
4
GENUS ALEUROTULUS. 101
Vv
A. lactea Zehniner, Mededeeleng Proefstat. Oost-Java, n. s. 37, p. 34 (1897); also Arch. Java Suikerind., vol. 7, p. 459 (1897). (Java.) A. lauri Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, pt. 2, p. 158 (1881). (Greece.) A. lonicere Walker, Cat. Homopt. Brit. Mus., p. 1092 (1852). (Europe.) _A. prenanthis Schrank, Fauna Boica, vol. 2, p. 147 (1801). (Germany.) A. proletella Linné, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), p. 587 (1758). (Europe.) A. pruinosa Bemis, Proc. U. 8. Nat.Mus., vol. 27, p. 491, pl. 2, fig. 8 (1904). (California. ) A. pruinosa var. ewphorbiara Cockerell, Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 462 (1911). °A. pyrole Gillette & Baker, Bul. 31, Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Ser., p. 125 (1895). (Colorado.) A. quercus Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. 8, p. 384 (1867). (France; England.) A, ribia Douglas, Ent. Monthl. Mag., vol. 24, p. 265 (1888); ibidem, p. 255 (1899). (England.) A. rubi Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol..8, p. 382 (1867). (France.) A. rubicola Douglas, Ent. Monthl. Mag. (2), vol. 2, p. 322 (1891). (England.) A. schizuokensis Kuwana, Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, December, p. 620 (1911). (Japan.) A. spirex Douglas, Ent. Monthl. Mag. (2), vol. 5, pp. 73, 154 (1894). (England.) >A. spirxoides Quaintance, Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 36 (1900). A. xylostet Westhoff, Jahresb. zool. westfal. Verein, p. 61 (1886). (Germany.) A. youngi Hempel, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vol. 8, p. 385 (1901). (Brazil.)
Genus ALEUROCYBOTUS n. gen. (Pl. XXXTX, figs. 5-8.)
Pupa case of medium size, very narrow and elongate; margin toothed, the wax tukes very poorly developed; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papille or pores, though there is present a row on each side of median area of abdomen, a series of irregular pits; tracheal folds not discernible; secretion usually present as a short rim of wax, elevating case from leaf. Vasiform orifice subcordate, the lingula included within the orifice, but its extremity visible caudad of the operculum.
Adult with a single flexure in radial sector of forewing and no trace of media. Antenne of male with segment VIT as long or longer than the other segments combined.
Type, graminicolus Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS AIEUROCYBOTUS.
A, graminicolus (Quaintance), Canad. Ent., vol. 31, p. 89 (1899). (Florida.)
Genus ALEUROTULUS n. gen. (Pl. XL, figs. 1-9.)
Pupa case small, elliptic to slightly oval, flat. Color yellowish; margin of case toothed, the wax tubes not prominent; submarginal area not separated from the dorsal disk and there are no papillx or pores; tracheal folds faintly evident. Vasiform orifice subcordate, somewhat rounded; operculum smaller, similar but shorter in pro- portion, occupying about two-thirds of the orifice; lingula long,
102 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDH,
usually protruding considerably beyond orifice, ligulate, its protruding extremity knobbed and setose.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no spur of media. Antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest; segment VII considerably longer than IV, V, or VI.
Type, nephrolepidis Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROTULUS.
A. nephrolepidis (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 29 (1900). (Pennsylvania, in Conservatory.) Syn.: extraniens Bemis. A, filictum (Goeldi), Mittheil. schweiz. ent. Ges., vol. 7, p. 248 (1886). (Brazil; Rio de Janeiro; Kew Gardens.)
Genus ALEUROCANTHUS n. gen. (Pl. XXXIX, figs. 9-11; Pl. XLVI, fig. 3.)
Pupa case medium in size, subelliptic in outline, usually dark brown or black in color; margin of case toothed, the wax tubes very prom- inent; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papille or pores, though bearing many heavily chitinized spines variously arranged; tracheal folds usually not discernible, though evident in a few species; wax secretion usually present as a narrow fringe from marginal wax tubes. Vasiform orifice small, rounded or subcordate in outline, situated on a tubercle-like projec- tion of dorsum; operculum similar in shape and almost entirely filling it, obscuring the lingula.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no spur of media; wings usnaly blotched or shaded. Males much smaller than Palen
Type, spiniferus Gudcione
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROCANTHUS.
A. bambuse (Peal), Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 85 (1903). (India.) A. banksiz (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 423 (1895). (Aus- tralia. ) A. calophylli (Kotinsky), Bul. 2, Div. Ent. Board Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p. 98 (1907). (Fiji.) A. citricolus (Newstead), Mitteil. aus dem zool. Mus. in Berlin, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 173 (1911). (East Africa.) . hirsutus (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 434 (1895). (Aus- tralia.) . nubilans (Buckton), Indian Mus. Notes, vol. 5, p. 36 (1900). (India.) _ piperis (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 438 (1895). (Ceylon.) . spiniferus (Quaintance), Canad. Ent., vol. 34, p. 63 (1902). (Java.) _ spinosus (Kuwana), Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 626 (1911). . signatus (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 447 (1895). (Aus- tralia.) _ voeltzkowi (Newstead), Quarterly Journ. Liverpool, vol. 3, p. 12 (1908). (Mada- gascar.)
Cee eS Se ee
be
\
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XX XIDG
ALEUROPARADOXUS IRIDESCENS, ALEUROCYBOTUS GRAMINICOLUS, AND ALEUROCANTHUS SPINIFERUS
Aleuroparadorus iridescens: Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Tig. 2.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 3.— Margin of pupa case, showing thoracic tracheal comb. Fig. 4.—Dorsal pore of pupa case, much enlarged. Aleurocybotus graminicolus: Fig. 5.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 6.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 7.—Irregular opening on dorsum of abdomen of pupa case. Fig. 8.—Antenna of adult male. Aleurocanthus spiniferus: Fig. 9.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 10.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 11.—Margin of pupa case.
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XL.
. co prem mm ee Gy
ULL (tay oblbianll le AINE Ath dt 9
8
a ( u Te SUA = Re ee
Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 3. —M argin of pupacase. Fig. 4.— Forewing. Fig. 5.—Margin of forewing. Fig. 6.—Egg. Fig. 7.—Claw of adult. Fig. 8.— Antenna of adult male (?). Fig. 9.—Third segment of ans of male. (Original.)
rere
ALEUROTULUS NEPHROLEPIDIS.
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entornology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XLI.
ALEUROTHRIXUS HOWARDI AND ALEUROTRACHELUS TRACHEIFER,
Aleurothrixus howardi: Fig. 1—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Larva, first instar. Fig. 3.— Sword-shaped spine of first-instar larva. Fig. 4.—Egg. Fig. 5.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 6. Vasiform orifice. Aleurotrachelus tracheifer: Fig. 7—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 8.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 9.—Margin of pupacase. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
~<SC ING U
ASTEROCHITON VAPORARIORUM.
PLATE XLII.
Fig. 1.—Larva, first instar. Fig. 2.—Larva, second instar. Fig. 4.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 4.—Papilla of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Vasiform orifice. Fig. 6.—Egg. Fig. 7.—Leg of larva, first instar. Fig. 8.—Antenna of adult. Fig. 9.—Distal end of third segment of antenna. Fig.
10.—Antenna of larva, first instar. Fig. 11.—Antenna of larva, second instar.
Fig. 12.—Fore-
wing. Fig. 13.—Genitalia of male, dorsal view. Fig. 14.—Genitalia of male, lateral view. Fig
15.—Claw 2f adult. (Original.)
GENUS ALEUROTHRIXUS. 103
Genus ALEUROTRACHELUS pn. gen. (Pl. XLI, figs. 7-9; Pl. XLVI, fig. 4.)
Pupa case mostly of medium size, elliptic in outline, the cephalic margin somewhat pointed; color brown to blackish; margin of case with a double row of teeth, the wax tubes well developed; submarginal area not separated from the dorsal disk; dorsum without pores or papilla, though body sutures are very prominent and aiong each side near center there is a prominent fold. Along median line of dorsum is a trachea-like ridge, terminating cephalad in an arrow-shaped figure and caudad in the vasiform orifice. Tracheal folds not discernible; wax secretion usually present as a fringe from marginal wax tubes, Vasiform orifice small, broadly cordate; operculum similar in shape. obscuring the lingula.
Type, tracheifer Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROTRACHELUS.
‘A. camelliz (Kuwana), Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 625 (1911).
A. croceatus (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 428 (1895). (Aus- tralia.)
A. fumipennis (Hempel), Psyche, vol. 8, p. 394 (1899). (Brazil.)
A. limbatus (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 436 (1895). (Aus- tralia.)
A, parvus (Hempel), Psyche, vol. 8, p. 395 (1899). (Brazil.)
A. tracheifer (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 38 (1900). (Mexico.)
A, trachoides (Back), Canad. Ent., vol. 44, p. 151 (1912). (Cuba.)
Genus ALEUROTHRIXUS n. gen. (Pl. XLI, figs. 1-6; Pl. XLVI, fig. 4.)
Pupa case medium to small in size, elliptic; margin sometimes angled; color variable, ranging from yellow to blackish; margin of case with double row of teeth, the wax tubes well developed; sub- marginal area not separated from dorsal disk; dorsum without papille or pores, but bearing along median line a few pairs of long, spinelike hairs; tracheal folds not discernible; wax secretion usually copious, floceulent or woolly, secreted by marginal wax tubes. Vasiform orifice small, transversely elliptic; lingula obscured by the operculum, which nearly fills the orifice.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no spur of media. Antenne of seven segments, of which III is the longest. Sexes nearly equal in size.
Type, howardi Quaintance.
SPeEcIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROTHRIXUS.
A, aépim (Goeldi), Mittheil. schweiz. ent. Ges., vol. 7, p. 250 (1886). (Brazil.)
A. floccosus (Maskell), Trans, New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 432 (1895). (Jamaica; Mexico.)
A. horridus (Hempel), Psyche, vol. 8, p. 394 (1899). (Brazil.)
104 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA.
A, howardi (Quaintance), Tech, Ser, 12, Bur. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 91 (1907). (Cuba; Florida. )
A, interrogationis (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 510 (1904). (Qali- fornia. )
Genus NEOMASKELLIA Quaintance and Baker. (Tech. Ser. 27, Pt. I, Pl. XXXIV, figs. 1-8.) SPECIES OF THE GENUS NEOMASKELLIA.
N. comata (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 426, (1895). (Fiji.) N. bergit (Signoret), Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. 8, p. 395 (1867). (Isle of Mauritius; Java; Fiji; Levuka; Rena; Manila, Philippine Islands. Syn.: sacchari Maskell.
Genus ALEUROPARADOXUS n. gen. (Pl. XX XIX, figs. 1-4; Pl. XLVI, fic. 2.)
Pupa case medium in size, elliptic in outline, margin toothed, the wax tubes only moderately developed; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; just within margin a series of papilla-like pores and dorsum with numerous large irregular pores; tracheal folds present, terminating on margin in a comb of teeth; wax secretion brittle glass-like rods from the submarginal papille and a secretion from the dorsal pores. Vasiform orifice subcordate or triangular, the oper- culum similar in outline, obscuring the lingula.
Adult with a single flexure in radial sector of forewing and no spur of media. Antenne seven-segmented; III the longest; distal seg- ments subequal. Sexes nearly equal in size.
Type, widescens Bemis.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROPARADOXUS. A. iridescens (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 487 (1904). (California. ) Genus ASTEROCHITON Maskell.! (Pl. XLII, figs. 1-15; Pl. XLVII, fig. 2.)
Pupa case medium to small in size, elliptic, usually elevated from the leaf by a palisade of white wax; color variable, ranging from whit- ish to dark brown; margin of case toothed, the wax tubes moderately developed; submarginal area not separated from dorsal disk; sub- marginal area with a row of, or a number of, large papille or pores; thoracic tracheal folds rarely distinguishable; usually a distinct furrow from vasiform orifice to caudal margin of case; wax secretion a series of brittle, glassy rods from dorsal papille or pores and a
1 Maskell erected this genus with his lecanioides as type and placed it in the Coccidx. He later described a species, papillifer, indicating that his lecanioides was in part a synonym of this. The name lecanioides, however, should have been used for the species. We have examined the type of papillifer in the Maskell
collection and find the species to be nothing other than vaporariorum Westwood. This latter species, therefore, becomes the type of the genus.
GENUS ASTEROCHITON, 105
palisade of white wax elevating case from leaf; vasiform orifice sub- cordate, usually notched on caudal end; operculum transversely elliptic, about half filling the orifice; lingula spatulate, the distal extremity exposed caudad of operculum, lobed, and usually armed with two prominent spines.
Adult usually with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no trace of media excepting in freshly emerged specimens. Antenne of seven segments, segment III the longest, IV to VI subequal; segments imbricated. Sexes nearly equal in size.
Type, vaporariorum Westwood.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ASTEROCHITON.
“A. abutiloneus (Haldeman), Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. 9, p. 108 (1850). (East- ern United States; Pennsylvania to Florida.) Syn.: fitcht Quaintance. “A. ambrosiz (Cockerell), Canad. Ent., vol. 42, p. 370 (1910). (Colorado.) A. asplenti (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 22, p. 173 (1889). (New Zealand.) >A. coryli (Britton), Ent. News (Phila.), vol. 18, p. 337 (1907). (Connecticut. ) » A. diasemus (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 516 (1904). (California.) A. dubius (Heeger), Beitr. Naturg. Ins., p. 223 (1858). (Austria; Germany.) A. erigerontis (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 429 (1895). (Mexico.) 7A, floridensis (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 26 (1900). *A. glacialis (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 518 (1904). (California. ) *A. hutchingsi (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 532 (1904). (California. ) A. immaculatus (Heeger), Beitr. Naturg. Ins., p. 1 (1855). (Europe.) A. madroni (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 507 (1904). (California. ) ‘A. merlini (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 512 (1904). (California.) ‘A. morrilli (Britton), Ent. News (Phila.), vol. 18, p. 340 (1907). (Connecticut.) A. packardi (Morrill), Canad. Ent., vol. 35, p. 25 (1903). (Eastern United States.) A. pergandei (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 31 (1900). A, phillyree (Haliday), The Ent. Mag., vol. 2, p. 119 (1834). (Europe.) ~A, rolfsii (Quaintance), Canad. Ent., vol. 31, p. 90 (1899). (Florida.) 7A, ruborwn (Cockerell), Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 5, p. 9 (1897). (Florida.) A, sonchi (Kotinsky), Bul. 2, Div. Ent. Board Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p. 97 (1907). (Hawaii.) >A. tentaculatus (Bemis), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 494 (1904). (California. ) * »A, vaporariorum (Westwood), The Gardener’s Chronicle, p. 852 (1856). (Thought to be a native of Brazil; now quite generally distributed.) Syn.: nicotianae Maskell. Syn.: papillifer Maskell. Syn.: lecanioides Maskell. > A. variabilis (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 39 (1900). (Florida. ) A, vitrinellus (Cockerell), Ent. News (Phila.), vol. 14, p. 241 (1903). (Mexico.) > A, vittatus (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 42 (1900), (California. ) 7A, waldeni (Britton), Ent. News (Phila.), vol. 18, p. 339 (1907). (Connecticut.) > A, wellmanx (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 525 (1904). (California.)
106 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODID,
Genus ALEUROTITHIUS n. gen. (Pl. XLIII, figs. 1-16, Pl; XLVIII.)
Pupa case of medium size, elliptic in outline, yellowish to darker in color; margin toothed, the wax tubes but little developed; sub- marginal area separated from dorsal disk by an irregular row of small papille and marked by many suture-like lines; dorsal disk covered with patches of large mammiform papille; tracheal folds not dis- cernible, wax secretion copious, of wool-like threads from the dorsal papillae. Vasiform orifice broadly subcordate, the operculum about half filling it; caudal extremity of lingula exposed, lobed, and bear- ing a pair of spines.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no trace of media; antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest, the four distal segments subequal. Ovipositor and labium extremely long.
Type, timberlakei Quaintance and Baker.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROTITHIUS. Aleurotithius timberlakei n. sp. (Pl. XLITI, figs. 1-16; Pl. XLVIII.)
This species is represented in the collection by three lots of material. The first, Quaintance No. 8732, was collected by Mr. P. H. Timber- lake, July 14, 1912, in the upper Sonoran Zone, San Jacinto Mountains, California. The second, Quaintance No. 8818, was forwarded by H.S. Smith and represents specimens collected by Mr. R. K. Bishop at Santa Ana, Cal. The third lot was sent by Mr. Bishop from Santa Ana, May, 1913. All specimens were collected on Hriodictyon tomentosum, commonly known as Yerba santa. |
Pupa case (Pl. XLII, fig. 1).—Size 1.008 by 0.72 mm. ; shape elliptic ; color pale yellowish. Submarginal area separated from dorsal disk by © series of small more or less conical papille (Pl. XLII, fig. 4). Margin with the wax tubes as irregular teeth (Pl. XLII, fig. 2) from which suture-like markings extend mesad across the submarginal areas Dorsum with the segments distinctly marked and possessing large numbers of prominent mammiform papille (Pl. XLIII, fig. 3). These are situated in groups on the subdorsal portions of the segments. Vasiform orifice (Pl. XLIII, fig. 5) broadly subcordate, with the anterior margin straight. Operculum similar in shape to the orifice and filling about one-third of it; distal extremity of the lingula exposed, and setose.
As seen on the leaf, there is a prominent rim of waxy secretion which elevates the case extremely from the leaf and there is an abundant dorsal secretion composed of more or less fused waxen rods from the mamumiform papille.
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XLIII.
ALEUROTITHIUS TIMBERLAKEI.
Fig. 1.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 2.—Margin of pupa ase. Fig. 3.—Dorsal papilla of pupa case. Fig. 4.—Papillee of submarginal area of pupa case. Fig. 5.—Vasiform orifice. Fig 6.— Appearance of dorsal papillee seen in dorsal aspect. Fig. 7.—Forewing. Fig. 8.—Margin of forewing. Fig. 9.—Distal segment of tarsus in claw of adult. Fig. 10.—Vasiform orifice of adult. Fig. 11.—Genitalia of male, dorsal view. Fig. 12.—Genitalia of male, lateral view. Fig. 13.— Ovipositor of female, showing ovipositor folded. Fig. 14.—Ovipositor of female with ovipositor extended. Fig. 15.—Mentum of adult. Fig. 16.—Antenna of adult. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XLIV.
TETRALEURODES MORI.
Fig. 1.—Forewing of female. Fig. 2.—Forewing of male. Fig. 3.—Antenna of adult female. Fig. 4.—Genitalia of male. Fig. 5.—Distal end of valves of male genitalia. Fig. 6.—Adult claw. Fig. 7.—Tarsi of adult. Fig. 8.—Egg. Fig. 9.—Polygonal markings of egg surface. Fig. 10.— Larva, first instar. Fig. 11.—Larva, second instar. Fig. 12.—Margin of case of larva, second instar. Fig. 13.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 14.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 15.—Vasiform orifice of pupa case. Fig. 16.—Vasiform orifice of adult. Fig. 17.—Lateral view, vasiform orifice of adult. (Original.)
a
Tech. Series 27, Part II, Bureau of Entoinology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XLV,
ALEUROLOBUS MARLATTI.
Fig. 1.—Egg. Fig. 2.—Larva, first instar. Fig. 3.—Vasiform orifice of larva, first instar. Fig. 4.—Larva, second instar. Fig. 5.—Margin of case of larva, second instar. Fig. 6.—Vasiform orifice of larva, second instar. Fig. 7.—Lingula of larva, second instar. Fig. 8.—Larva, third instar. Fig. 9.—Margin of case of larva, third instar. Fig. 10.—Vasiform orifice of larva, third instar. Fig. 11.—Pupa case, dorsal view. Fig. 12.—Vasiform orifice and surrounding trilobed area of pupa case. Fig. 13.—Margin of pupa case. Fig. 14.—Thoracie tracheal comb of teeth of pupa case. Fig. 15.—Forewing. Fig. 16.—Male genitalia, lateral view. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Part |], Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Plate XLVI
Pupa CASES OF ALEYRODINA.
Fig. 1.—Dialeurodes citri, pupa case on leaf. Fig.-2. -Alcuroparadorus iridescens, pupa Case on leaf. Fig. 3.—Aleurocanthus spiniferus, pupa case on leaf. Fig. 4.—Aleurotrachelus tracheifer, Pealius kelloggi, pupa case on leaf. Fig. 6. —Aleyrodes spirxoides,
pupa case on leaf. Fig. 5. pupa ease on leaf. (Original. )
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XLVII.
PuPaA CASES OF ALEYRODINA. Fig. 1.—Aleurolobus marlatti, pupa case on leaf. Fig. 2.—Asterochiton abutilonea, pupa case on leaf. Fig. 3.— Tetraleurodes mori, pupa case on leaf. Fig. 4.—Aleurothrirus howardi, pupa case on leaf. (Original.)
Tech. Series 27, Part Il, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XLVIII.
ALEUROTITHIUS TIMBERLAKEI.
Aleurotithius timberlakci showing infestation of underside of leaves of Eriodictyon tomentosum. (Original. )
GENUS TETRALEURODES, : 107
Adult female.—Length from vertex to tip of ovipositor with this organ folded 1.392 mm.; color brownish yellow, dusky on appendages; eyes and tip of labium dark brown. Forewing (Pl. XLIII, fig. 8) 1.52 by 0.64 mm., slightly shaded with dusky; radial sector in about the middle of the wing; margin (Pl. XLITI, fig. 9) armed with rounded teeth which appear to be devoid of hairs. Legs long, hind tibia 0.608 mm., hind tarsus, proximal segment 0.26 mm., distal segment 0.112 mm. Labium (PI. XLII, fig. 11) extremely long, particularly the distal segment, which is 0.384 mm., while the second segment is 0.08 mm. Ovipositor (Pl. XLII, figs. 13, 14) extremely long and acute, usually carried folded (PI. XLIIIT, fig. 13), in which position it measures 0.32 mm.; when extended, 0.608 mm. Antennal segments (Pl. XLII, fig. 16) with the following proportional lengths: IT, 0.067 mm.; III, 0.17 mm.; IV, 0.067 mm.; V, 0.075 mm.; VI, 0.0625 mm.; VII, 0.05 mm.; distal segments subcylindric, imbricated; III with a distal fringed sensorium and a stout spine; V and VII each with a circular fringed sensorium.
Adult male.—Similar to the female in general characters and color. Length 1.04 mm.; forewing 1.2 by 0.48 mm.; hind tibia 0.56 mm.; hind tarsus, proximal segment 0.192 mm., distal segment 0.096 mm.; labium with the distal segment 0.384 mm., and the second 0.08 mm. Claspers (Pl. XLIII, figs. 10, 15) somewhat straight, 0.208 mm. long, each clasper with a median longitudinal angle which is armed with a row of six or seven stout spines.
Type.—No. 1479, U.S. National Museum. Described from males and females in balsam mounts and pupa cases in balsam mounts and dry upon foliage. Quaintance No. 8830.
This species shows a remarkable adaptation to its host plant. The leaves of this plant, Hriodictyon tomentosum, are very hairy, so much so that aleyrodids with mouthparts of usual length could not feed upon them. In this species the mentum and setx are much elongated, enabling the species to reach through the hairy covering and puncture the leaf tissue for food. Similarly the ovipositor is greatly elongated to enable the female to place its eggs directly on the leaf epidermis— the universal habit among species of this family.
Genus TETRALEURODES (Cockerell) n. gen. (Pl. XLIV, figs. 1-17; Pl. XLVII, fig. 3.)
Pupa case variable in size, elliptic to broadly oval in outline, usually dense black in color; margin of case with distinct teeth, the wax tubes usually well developed; submarginal area separated from dorsal disk and conspicuously fluted by suture-like lines; dorsum without papille, though minute pores may be present; reniform ‘‘eye spots” often evident on cephalic portion of case; tracheal folds, as a rule, not discernible; wax secretion usually a more or less copious
108 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDA,
fringe from marginal wax tubes. Vasiform orifice small, subcordate, sometimes rounded; operculum similar in shape and almost entirely filling the orifice, obscuring the lingula; orifice usually elevated on a tubercle-like projection of the dorsum.
Adult with one flexure in radial sector of forewing and no trace of media. Antenne of seven segments, of which the third is the longest. Sexes about equal in size.
Type, perileuca Cockerell; example, mort Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS TETRALEURODES (Ckll).
T. abnormis (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8S. Dept. Agr., p. 17 (1900). (Florida.) 'T. acaciz (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 19 (1900). (California; Mexico.) T. asparagi (Lewis), Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club (2), vol. 6, p. 88 (1895). (Natal.) e T. aucube (Kuwana), Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 625 (1911). (Japan.) ‘T. cornt (Haldeman), Amer. Journ. Sci. & Arts, vol. 9, p. 109 (1850). (Penn- sylvania.) T. dorseyi (Kirkaldy), Bul. 2, Div. Ent. Bd. Comm. Agr. & Forestry, Hawaii, p. 52 (1907). (California.) Syn.: guaintancet Bemis. .T. errans (Bemis), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 500 (1904). (California.) T. marginata (Newstead), Mitteil. aus dem zool. Mus. in Berlin, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 172 (1911). (East Africa.) “T. melanops (Cockerell), Bul. 67, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 665 (1903). (California.) T. mort (Quaintance), Canad. Ent., VOL. olyap. J (1899). (Eastern United States.) T. mori maculata (Morrill), Psyche, vol. 10, p. 81 (1903). (Massachusetts. ) T. mori arizonensis (Cockerell), Science Gossip, n. s., vol. 6, p. 366 (1900). (Ari- zona.) -T. nigrans (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 522 (1904). (California. “TT. perileuca (Cockerell), Bul. 67, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 664 (1903). (California; Texas.) T. plumosa (Quaintance), Tech. Ser. 8, Div. Ent., U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 33 (1900). T. splendens (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 489 (1904). (California.) T. stanfordi (Bemis), Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 27, p. 508 (1904). (California.) T. stellata (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 442 (1895). (Australia.) T. styphelix (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 442 (1895). (Aus- tralia.) T. ursorum (Cockerell), Canad. Ent., vol. 42, p. 171 (1910). (Colorado.)
Genus ALHUROLOBUS n. gen. (Pl. XLV, figs. 1-16; Pl. XLVII, fig. 1.)
Pupacase of medium size, subelliptic to ovalin outline; color usually dark brown to blackish; margin toothed, the wax tubes only mod- erately developed; submarginal area separated from dorsal disk and much fluted by suture-like lines; dorsum without papille, though minute pores may be present; tracheal folds evident in some species, though obscure or wanting in others; when present terminating on margin of case in a few specialized teeth; reniform “eye spots”
UNPLACED SPECIES OF OLD GENUS ALEYRODES. 109
usually present on cephalic portion of case; wax secretion usually present as a narrow fringe from marginal wax tubes, and sometimes on dorsum. Vasiform orifice subcordate; operculum similar in shape, almost filling the orifice, obscuring the lingula; orifice sur- rounded by a definite trilobed figure, the lobes of which form a channel from the orifice caudad to margin of case.
Adult with a single flexure in radial sector of forewing and no spur of media; wings usually marked with reddish. Antenne of seven segments; in the female, III longest; in the male, VII often as long or longer than other segments together.
Type, marlatti Quaintance.
SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALEUROLOBUS.
. barodensis (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 242 (1895). (India.) . longicornis (Zehntner), Arch. Java Suikerind., vol. 5, p. 381 (1897). (Java.) . marlatti (Quaintance), Canad. Ent., vol. 34, p. 61 (1902). (Japan.)
. niger (Maskell), Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 28, p. 437 (1895). (Australia.) . simula (Peal), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 72, p. 81 (1903). ~ (India.)
. taonabe (Kuwana), Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 3, no. 4, p. 623 (1911). (Japan.)
po fe fa fb he be
UNPLACED SPECIES OF THE OLD GENUS ALEYRODES.
The writers have not been able satisfactorily to place the following species of the old genus Aleyrodes in any of the foregoing genera on account of inadequate descriptions. It is hoped that those familiar ‘with these species will indicate their proper systematic position.
A, atriplex Froggatt, Agr. Gazette New South Wales, vol. 22, p. 757 (1911). (New South Wales.)
A. avellane Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. 8, p. 385 (1867). (France.)
A. carpini Koch, Die Pflanzenlaiise Aphiden, p. 327 (1857). (Europe.)
A. complanatum (Barensprung) D’Alton & Burmeister, Zeit. f. Zool., vol. 1, p. 169 (1849); Spec. Bul. 88, Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 330 (1903). (Germany.)
A. euphorbix Loew, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 17, p. 746 (1867) (Austria. )
A. filicicola Newstead, Mitteil. aus dem zool. Mus. in Berlin, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 174 (1911). (East Africa.)
A. fraxini Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4), vol. 8, p. 386 (1867). (France.)
A. gossypti Fitch, Third Rep. Nox. and other Ins. N. Y., p.332(1857). (Ningpo, China.)
A. goyabe Goeldi, Mittheil. schweiz. ent. Ges., vol. 7, p. 248 (1886). (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)
A. jelinekii Frauenfeld, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 799 (1867). (France; Austria.)
A. tabaci Gennadius, Agricolt. Ellenica (Gennaio) (1889); also Targioni-Tozetti, Animali ed. Ensetti del Tobacco, p. 246 (1892). (Greece.)
A. tinxoides Blanchard, Hist. Fisica y Polit. de Chile, Zoologia, vol. 7, p. 320
(1840). (Chile.) A, vaccinii Kunow, Ent. Nachr., vol. 6, p. 48 (1880). (Germany.) A. zimmermanni Newstead, Mitteil. aus dem zool. Mus. in Berlin, vol. 5, pt. 2,
p- 173. O
bo
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Vv
INDEX.
(Synonyms are given in italics.)
Page. . abnormis, Tetraleurodes.......... 108 abutiloneus, Asterochiton.... 105 acacize, Tetraleurodes......,...... 108 Acer dasycarpum, food plant. of Aleurochiton forbesii.........- 89 Acer rubrum, food plant of Aleuro- chiton forbesii.......... 89 Acer saccharinim, “food plant. of Aleurochiton ahesil , SENSE eed 89 aceris, Aleurochiton.:..02..2..... 85 anes Alero oo ee 2 SS... 85, 88 aceris ovatus, Chermes............- 85 actex, Aleyrodes................... 45 cies | Aleyradast yo Seis. 2.2022: 100 aépim, Aleurothrixus............. 103 akebie, Aleyrodes................ 100 alcocki, Aleuroplatus...........- 98 Aleurocanthus n. gen......-..-- 96, 102 Milpurochiton. . oni. s.... 10, 84, 85, 96 Aleurocybotus n. gen........---- 96, 101 Aleurodicine n. subfam........-.-- 19, 25
Aleurodicus.. 6,9, 10,13, 14-15, 25, 41, 42 Aleurodicus sp., male genital or- ES a Sey cs 0 FUR 12
Aleurolobus n. gen........- 97, 108, 109 Aleuroparadoxus n. gen.........- 97, 104 Aleuroplatus n. gen..........-..- 96, 98 Aleurothrixus n. gen............. 96,103 Aleurotithius n. gen............ 97, 106 Aleurotrachelus n. gen........- 96, 103 Aleurotulus n. gen. ......-. 96, 101, 102 Aleyrodes..... 6,10, 12-13, 84, 91, 96, 100 Aleyrodes n. spp. on Pithecolo-
IGRI BP. 6.25.08. Pda 83 Aleyrodes vaporariorum, Jingula
Sue te fumemom GI. 3k 7 PrepetGEe te ere syll le le 19 Aleyroding.............. . 19, 84, 96 Almond, host of Phoradendron. : 39 altizeia, Mierodes oe 5s ce ris altiasimus, Aleurodicus (Metaleu-
SOME dete ce ee Ee 8 LO. 73
75574—15——2
ambrosiw, Asterochiton.......... 105 amnicola, Aleyrodes.............- 100 anon, Aleurodicus............ 41, 42,44 Anona, food plant of Aleurodicus dupeslicss -:..0. serait 57 Anona, food plant of Aleurodicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis... ....- 72 Anona muricata, food plant of Aleurodicus anone............- 45 Anona reticulata food plant of Aleurodicus neglectus.........- 64 Anona sp., food plant of Aleurodi- cusneplectus..: kncsoy 64 Anona squamosa, food plant of Aleurodicus neglectus.........- 63, 64 Anona sylvatica, food plant of Aleurodicus lacerde ...........- 79 asarumis, Aleurodicus........2.-.-- 45 asarumis, Aleyrodes.........-.- 45, 100 asparagi, Tetraleurodes..........- 108 asplenii, Asterochiton............. 105 Asterochiton. .. . uber he 97, 104, 105 Asterocliten. ps Lhe 10sPL Wwe ee vir striplex, Aloyrod@a.. i... 2. +/..2.%4 109 aucube, Tetraleurodes...........- 108
aurantit [Aleyrodes]..........----- 97 aureocincta, Aleyrodes..........- 100 aureus, Asterochiton........--.--.-- vit aureus, Dialeurodoides. .........- 98, 99 aureus, Dialeurodoides.........-.-- avellane, Aleyrodes. . Avocado pear, food plant of Par- aleyrodes perse............---- 83
bambusez, Aleurocanthus. -..-..... 102 banksiz, Aleurocanthus.........-.- 102 barodensis, Aleurolobus.........-- 109 Bethisia n, gen. ...885f0lL 8 96, 99, 100 bengalensis, Pealius.............. 99 berbericola, Bemisia.............- 100 berg, Aleyrodes.): $02. .o 21Sueneg 3 bergii, Neomaskellia.............. 104 brassicee, Aleyrodes.......-.....- 100
112
Page. calophylli, Aleurocanthus......... 102 camelliz, Aleurotrachelus........ 103 caprez, Aleyrodes. ..-........... 100 cardini, Aleurodicus. ............ 75 cardini, Aleurodicus (Metaleurodi-
SUR LW er 5 cid aah AS shia 15, 73, 75 carpini, Aleyrodes............... 109 cerata, Aleyrodes......-.... ..... 100 Cestrum parqui, food plant of
Aleurodicus phaleenoides. ...... 81 Chermes, wax pores.............. 14 ouri, Aleyrodes: .-...2.0eeces. Bypass aiG eitri, Disleurddés. -: s0520020524.. 97 citricolus, Aleurocanthus.......... 102 citrifolii, Dialeurodes............. 97 Classification of Aleyrodide....... 16, 93 Coccoloba uvifera, food plant of
Aleurodicus coccolobe........-- 46 Coccoloba uvifera, food plant of
Aleurodicus cocois...........-.. 54 coccolobz, Aleurodicus, n. sp...-. 44, 46 cockerelli, Aleuroplatus.......... 98 cockerellii, Aleurodicus...........- 26 cockerellii, Dialeurodicus... 11, 15-16, 26 opens, Aleyrodes:.,.-1) wie a. Stags 47 cocois, Aleurodicus..............- 43, 47 Coconut, food plant of Aleurodicus
esiructor. ..... aaceeee cee 56 Coconut, food plant of Aleurodicus
Meploctua: 4. saiweuses de le 64 Coconut, food plant of Dialeurodi-
cusipuleherrimus.).\..2.. 420: 33 Coconut, food plant of Aleurodicus
PICO IS eh ek ete tele ie or! 54
Cocos nucifera. (See Coconut.) comata; Aleurodes:. 23. iocne ee oe 92 comata, Neomaskellia.. 11, 12, 91, 92, 104
complanatum, Aleyrodes. ........ 109 conspurcatus, Aleurodicus........ 10, 54 corni, Tetraleurodes:.i2 2 \c2dk. - 108 coronata, Aleuroplatus. .......... 98 coryli, Asterochiton.............. 105 cotesii, Aleyrodes................ 100 croceatus, Aleurotrachelus......... 103 decipiens, Bemisia................ 100 destructor, Aleurodicus. ......... 42, 56 Dialeurodes n. gen..........-.--- 96, 97 Dialeurodicus n. gen.... 6,18, 14, 25, 26 Dialeurodoides...............-+++- vil Dialeurodoides n. gen.......... 96, 98, 99 diasemus, Asterochiton...........- 105 Digestive system of Aleyrodidze.. 7-8 dorseyi, Tetraleurodes............ 108
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ALEYRODIDZ.
Page
dubius, Asterochiton............. 105 dugesii, Aleurodicus. ............ 43, 57 Egg of Aleyrod@lee....2.022.2 2/2. OES Elaptus aleurodis, parasite of Aleu-
rochiton forbesii, copy of original
description.) -.72.cme oY ee ne ae 89 Encarsia variegata, parasite of
Paraleyrodes persex............ 83 erigerontis, Asterochiton......... 105 Eriodictyon tomentosum, food
plant of Aleurotithius timber-
lakel oo ccdnc CE ee 107 errans, Tetraleurodes............. 108 eugenizw, Dialeurodes............. 97 Eugenia mitchelli, food plant of
Dialeurodicus tessellatus. .....- 30 euphorbiz, Aleyrodes............. 109 euryz, Aleuroplatus..../..../2/.. 98 fagi, Dialeurodoides............... 99 Female genital organs of Aley-
TOdidse. -..c ey ee 12-13 fernaldi, Aleyrodes.............. 100 Ficus bengalensis, food plant of
Aleurodicus neglectus.........- 63 Ficus sp. (?), food plant of Aleu-
rodicus (Lecanoideus) giganteus. 70 fijiensis, Dialeurodes.............. 97 filicicola, Aleyrodes.........-.-..- 109 filicium, Aleurotulus: - >. 2.).cfeee 102 fitcht [Asterochiton]..........--.--- 105 floccosus, Aleurothrixus.......... 103 floridensis, Asterochiton.......... 105
fodiens, Dialeurodes........--- eee 97
forbesii, Aleurochiton.........--- 85, 88 fragarie, Aleyrodes...........--- 10, 100 fraxini, Aleyrodesss. <i): suhnane 109 fumipennis, Aleurotrachelus. . - . - . 103
gelatinosus, Aleuroplatus.....-.... 98
eittardi, Bemisia: .---\. +. Jceeleeise 100 giganteus, Aleurodicus (Lecanoi- deus), 0. 8p... 52 4o.kbes eRe 5, 70 glacialis, Asterochiton............. 105 gossypii, Aleyrodes..............- 109 goyabe, Aleyrodes.............-. 109
graminicola, Aleyrodes..........-- 5
graminicolus, Aleurocybotus. - . . - 101 Guava, food plant of Aleurodicus Cocos. i: 2.5 sss. fo eee 54 Guava, food plant of Aleurodicus negléctus.o5ii2.5 Sane eae ae 63 ‘“‘Guayaba,’’ food plant of Aleu- rodicus (Metaleurodicus) mini- mas 5 2 See BN ieee eee 78
INDEX 113
Page Page.
guppyii, Aleurodicus, n. sp.....-. 43,59 | marginata, Tetraleurodes......... 108 Head of adult of Aleyrodide...... 5-7 | marlatti, Aleurolobus...........-. 109 Mibiaes, -PORIS oc. leVS Sh 99 | maskelli, Pealius...............-. 99 Hibiscus, food plant of Aleurodicus melanops, Tetraleurodes.........- 108
dugesii.........--. Pe . 57,58 | merlini, Asterochiton............. 105 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, food plant of Metaleurodicus n. subgen. . . - . 15, 42, 73
Aleurodicus dugesii............ 58 | Metamorphosis of Aleyrodidz..... 15-16 hirsutus, Aleurocanthus. ......... 102 | Mindarius, wax pores............. 14 holmesii, Aleurodicus. ......... 2,42,61 | minima, Aleurodicus.............-.- u7 holmesii,.Aleyrodes.............-- 61 | minimus, Aleurodicus (Metaleu- horridus, Aleurothrixus........... 103 Fadicus), ......so.ueeset 10, 15, 73, 77 howardi, Aleurothrixus......... 103, 104 | mirabilis, Aleurodicus ............ 72 howardi, Aleyrodes, oviposition mirabilis, Aleurodicus (Leca-
LOLs FUR Sry nae oreo Ane 3 TGLOGUE) iets Lost ae i 70, 72 hoy, Aleuroplatus............... 98 | mori arizonensis, Tetraleurodes... 108 hutchingsi, Asterochiton.......... 105 | mori maculata, Tetraleurodes. . - - . 108 immaculatus, Asterochiton. ...... 105 | mori, Tetraleurodes. ............. 108 inconspicua, Bemisia..........- 99,100 | morrilli, Asterochiton........... . 105 interrogationis, Aleurothrixus..... 104 | Morphology of Aleyrodide ........ _ 2-16 iridescens, Alewrodicus........----- 47 | Mulberry, food aes! of Aleuro- iridescens, Aleuroparadoxus.....-. 104 digus@iuperhi i. sop yrs Geb 5 58 jamaicensis, Aleurodicus. ........ 44, 60 | neglectus, Aleurodicus, n. /9p LE 43, 63 Jatropha sp. (?), food plant of Neomaskellia n. gen......- 84, 91, 96, 104
Aleurodicus pulvinatus........ 67 | nephrolepidis, Aleurotulus........ 102 jelinekii, Aleyrodes............-.- 109 | nicotiane [Aleyrodes].........-.-- 105 ‘‘Jicaco,’’ food plant of Aleurodicus niger, Aleurolobus.............--. 109
PENCGES Lira 5. SUE ot tees ils, bh | 51,54 | nigrans, Tetraleurodes............ 108 kelloggi, Pealius.................- 99 | nubifera [Aleyrodes]............---- 97 kirkaldyi, Dialeurodes. .......-... 98 | nubilans, Aleurocanthus......... 102 Pacerace, Aleyrodes.ic oh o00 S64 008. » 78 | olivinus, Aleurolobus............- VII lacerde, Aleurodicus...........-..- 78 | olivinus, Aleyrodes.............-- Vil lnctea, Aleyrodes=...45. 24... 2) #2. 101 | Orange, food plant of Paraleyrodes lahillei, Aleurodicus.........----- 33 PORIORS Gn inc sue Seiad. Vere 82 lahillei, Dialeurodicus. .......... 14 | ornatus, Meveudisus, p aera st 44, 65 lahillei, Leonardius.............- 33 | packardi, Asterochiton..........- 105 *‘Laurel,’’ food plant of Aleuro- ‘“Palo de Gusano,”’ food plant of
dicus (Lecanoideus) mirabilis. . . 72 Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) al- suri, ‘Aleyrodes: ssc ess dtd 101 (iemuBysee hulk ea 74 Weak “Bemisia iaisos ode 9 100 | papillifer { Aleyrodes]..........--- 104, 105 lecanioides [ Aleyrodes|.........- 104,105 | Paraleyrodes.... 5, 10, 11, 13, 14-15, 25, 81
Lecanoideus n. subgen..........- 42,70 Legs of adult of Aleyrodide. ..... 13-14 Leonardius n. gen..............-.- 25, 33 limbatus, Aleurotrachelus........- 103
longicornis, Aleyrodes..........---- 5
longicornis, Aleurolobus.........- 109 lonicerse, Aleyrodes............--- 101 madroni, Asterochiton...........- 105
Male genital organs of Aleyrodide. 11-12 Maple, food plant of Aleurochiton
Cs ee 88 Maple, soft, food plant of Aleu- rochiton aceris..........--.. ‘ 88
Parqui. (See Cestrum parqui.) _Parthenogenesis in Aleyrodidx.... 3-4 parvus, Aleurotrachelus........-- 103 Peadling ni Pen oi6s0e FSi 80. 2% 96, 99 Pemphigus, wax pores..........-. 14 pergandei, Asterochiton.......... 105 pergandei, Asterochiton.........-..- VII pergandei, Trialeurodes. .......-. vil perileuca, Tetraleurodes.......... 108 Persea carolinensis, food plant of Paraleyrodes perser..........--- 83 DOT ST AUDOMEE G5. J. 6 ee. 82
persew, Paraleyrodes....... 10, 12, 81, 82
‘
CLASSIFICATION OF
114 Page. Persex, Paraleyrodes (Aleurodicus) . 82 Persimmon (?), food plant of Para- leyrodes persese........-.------- 83 phalxnoides, Aleurodes........---- 79 phalenoides, Aleurodicus..-....--- 7 phillyrese, Asterochiton.........- 105 Phoradendron, food plant of Leo- pardius lables. Adv, cow... 82% 39 Phoradendron parasitic on almond . 39 pigmentaria, Udamoselis.....-. - 9, 20, 21 piperis, Aleurocanthus........-.- Hisi4ylO2 Pithecolobium sp., food plant of Aleyrodes n. spp.....-.-.------ 83 Pithecolobium sp., food plant of Paraleyrodes urichil........--... 83 plumosa, Tetraleurodes.......-.--- 108 prenanthis, Aleyrodes.........-.-- 101 proletella, Aleyrodes.......-. 91, 100, 101 pruinosa euphorbiara, Aleyrodes.. 101 pruinosa euphorbiara, Aleyrodes... - vir pruinosa euphorbiarum, Aleyrodes. VII Psidium cattleianum, food plart of Dialeuroaicus cockerellii. ....-. 28
Psidium guajava radii, food plant of Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) Card Moss ies. Lathe see: 76
Psidium sp., food plant of Aleu- rodicus holmesii.......-.....--- 62 Psylla sp., male setital OES 12 Pavilidees:.. << 5'5 «ce eteeen 6-7, 11,18 pulcherrimus, Dialeurodicus, n. sp. 26, 31 pulvinata, Aleurodes........---.-- 66 pulvinatus, Aleurodicus........-- 43, 66 pyrolz, Aleyrodes..........-...-- 101 quaintancei [Aleyrodes|.......----- 108 quaintancei, Aleuroplatus. .... oy. 98 quercus, Aleyrodes.......-..------ 101 quercus-aquatice, Aleuroplatus. . - 98 religiosa, Bemisia........ 100
Respiratory system of Blown ditee 15 Rheedia latiflora, food pliant of
Aleurodicus guppyii. .......-.--. ribia; Aleyrodes.cn) c/s Lx deel-/s.-0 Richardia pacifica, food plant of
Aleurodicus anone.........---- rolfsii, Asterochiton..............-
tobi; Aleyrodes.s 2c jfooc2s). 22s. 101 rubicola, Aleyrodes..............- 101 ruborum, Asterochiton..........-- 105 | Schizoneura, wax pores......----- 14 |
THE ALEYRODIDA, Pj LY Page. schizuokensis, Aleyrodes.......-..- 101 Sea grape. (See Coccoloba uvifera.) -signatus, Aleurocanthus.........- 102 stlvestrii, Aleurodicus.......------- 28 silvestrii, Dialeurodicus. ...- - - 14, 26, 28 simplex, Dialeurodoides. .......- 99 simula, Aleurolobus.....----..-- 109 sonchi, Asterochiton...........-. 105 spiniferus, Aleurocanthus... ...-. 102 spinosus, Aleurocanthus...--....- 102 spires, Aleyrodes.....-.......--- 101 spireoides, Aleyrodes.......---- 100,101 splendens, Tetraleurodes.........-- 108 stanfordi, Tetraleurodes........... 108 stellata, Tetraleurodes..........-- 108 struthanthi, Dialeurodes....-.-...- _ 98 stypheliz, Tetraleurodes......-.- 108 tabaci, Aleyrodes............-..+ 109 taonabee, Aleurolobus........-.--- 109 tentaculatus, Asterochiton....... 105 tessellatus, Dialeurodicus, n.sp..-- 26,30 Tetraleurodes, n.gen.......- 97, 107, 108 timberlakei, Aleurotithius,n.sp... 106 tineoides, Aleyrodes........-.--- 109 tokyonis, Dialeurodes...-..-..--.-- 98 tracheifer, Aleurotrachelus........ 103 trachoides, Aleurotrachelus. ...... 103 Trmleurodeg./)< |. .--5-Sb Mele eee vil trinidadensis, Aleurodicus, n. sp... 44, 69 Trioza, venation.,....:...-s256 vegans 9 Udamoseling,:....):saestbouseeeoee 19, 20 Wdamoselis.::3).. 354i c.38d eee 6, 20 urichii, Paraleyrodes, n. sp..------ 81, 83 ursorum, Tetraleurodes....--.--- 108 vaccinii, Aleyrodes. ............- 109 vaporariorum, Asterochiton. .....- 105 vaporariorum, Asterochiton.....--- VII variabilis, Asterochiton.........- 105 vinsonioides, Aleuroplatus.......- 98 vitrinellus, Asterochiton.......-- 105 vittatus, Asterochiton.........---- 105 voeltzkowi, Aleurocanthus.....--- 102 waldeni, Asterochiton.......----- 105 Wax pores of pupa case of Aley- POCA GG= nis .csmas eter Nek he ree 14-15 wellmane, Asterochiton.....-....- 105 Wings of Aleyrodide......-..-...- 8-11 xylostei, Aleyrodes......-.------+ 101 youngi, Aleyrodes..........------ 101 zimmermanni, Aleyrodes.....---- 109
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