ec plese THE New LAND OP CANAAN
R ook ee Da
meNNESSEE
The New Land of Canaan
Pod oe Sa PES oe
“DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OS" STATEXOF TENNESSEE ¢ =”
: é Cate eee ‘BRYSON, ComMIssiONER : a. “oo * WASHVILLES = RG TENNESSEEP #7 & ‘ a say) pin ‘ . : ee eves a é ee “, os ‘ ‘ : : . * ;
TENNESSEE
ETUC AL ULL LA LU LULL LULA UC LULU LCL LLL. LULL LA LL LLU ALLA LLL. Lu LULL LULL LULU LULA L LAE L LLL
The Land of Great Farming Opportunities
Facts About Soil, Climate and Rainfall
*
PUBLISHED BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Seat” FE OF coe eNeN ES S72 E H. K. BRYSON, COMMISSIONER
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
MAN EON tan
he
coy NG NS SSS aii Y 2 R Ne 2 SS Sas SSS A AL sassow Be ee =
yy Y Up p: 5 EY y-4 2 BASS SATE RA itv Ne LI 7 i Yt Yp ‘ll yj
Mg EoWNMN 32 ine alc YOVERY SERN ey) | : aS = SS, H wy 4 VK é \ NY . \= er es 3) : | My Ze ‘ MORGANA “= er | Ae -e SCE Ovi ee ’ :
Gas
ee btw >, Mf."
Sah S| AGRICULTURAL Bet aN MAP OF TENNESSEE
SHOWING TYPES OF SOIL
‘a> COoen ge PSS fat NS. SAS = oy =.
S
nel ZZ Gai
Wes AS 6 = = 7ROUK ;
y y ee oy A 9%, yy y 5 oe YY ; TEE Eh 1 « iy Re oe Baas Pies Hipp if A
SSA “WY OLGA (ia
” ‘
TENNESSEE
The Land of Great Farming Opportunities
Tennessee is one of the few states that contain within their own boundaries everything essential to the welfare and happi- ness of man. A wall could be erected on its boundary lines, and communication with the outside world cut off, yet the human family residing within its borders would find all essentials to livelihood within the valleys and hills of this bountiful State. It has minerals in abundance, and the soils will produce anything grown in these United States, except tropical fruits; and live stock thrives as in but few sections.
Great opportunities exist in this State for the farmer who is willing to work and who has some capital to start with.
SOIES
In order that one may intelligently consider the opportunities offered the new settler, we will try to state briefly and frankly the character and fertility of the various soils located in Tennessee.
For ready reference, a soil map of the State is inserted. The Tennessee River divides West Tennessee from Middle and the Cumberland Mountains Middle Tennessee from East Tennessee. Each area has different soils, and we will undertake briefly to outline these:
WEsT TENNESSEE
The soils in this area were nearly all derived from geo- logical deposits which were not consolidated into rock. The lands lie better as a whole for cultivation and can be more completely put under the plow than elsewhere in the State. The majority of the soils are silt loams, which are adapted not only to a great variety of general farm crops, including cotton and tobacco, but to trucking crops, and to the production of both large and small fruits. Over large areas they have become greatly impoverished by constant corn and cotton cropping. Although the country is only gently undulating, the soil is of
3
such a silty nature that it washes away easily and to a ruinous extent, unless carefully protected.
Along the Mississippi River are very rich alluvial lands, sur- passing in durability and productiveness any others in the State. Tile drainage is often needed, and in at least one county, Obion, it has been found necessary and highly profitable over large areas.
Chemical Analyses of West Tennessee Soils
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
County % % % % Remarks Garrollsciaste<tertsicre .08 aal7f 22 -101 Old Jland—Good. GarrollGen cece -05 ala 55%} .048 Subsoil to above. Chesterae. sie ares sal .19 .20 .O87 Old land—Medium. DV.ERS ss vaitetsrer te .09 ely 25 .059 Old land—Poor. Gibson\.s294ecicts.s¢ .O7 .16 21 .099 Old land—Medium. Gibsoneascercrche: .O7 pola 20) Nacncecres Subsoil to above. Gibson: seeecc .09 .23 .23 .134 New land—Good. Hardeman soca. .09 .23 5345) .09 Old land—Medium. Henderson....... .08 paliz/ 24 .091 Old land—Poor. laksatavemnn ni noo .08 sles) 23 .072 Old land—Poor. IMGNA€inry sec. aa .06 sila aA .097 Old land—Poor. @bioneeceerseniec .10 .40 .29 -132 Old land—Rich. Weakley oo ci. <n .08 21 24 .120 Forest land—Good. Wreakleyi5 oo0 0). cc .O7 Bala .30 .047 Subsoil to above. Wrealsley:.ssrni oe. .09 2116 .28 .093 Old land—Good.
General Conclusions from Analyses
Phosphoric Acid: The soils should be considered as liable to be deficient in this element.
Lime: Although not derived from limestone rock, the lime content of these soils is even superior to that from some of the limestone areas. They must be looked upon, however, as only moderately well supplied, so that liming would be expected to give beneficial results.
Nitrogen: Nitrogen percentages are medium for virgin soils, but the worn lands have as a rule become decidedly deficient. The Obion County soil, on account of its superior depth, is well supplied with this and the other important constituents.
Potash: Experiments in this section warrant the use of lime and nitrogen, but potash is much less required. In order that the reader may intelligently consider the above
analyses, we give on page 6 average analyses of the soil classes from Rich to Poor.
SCENES AT WEST TENNESSEE EXPERIMENT STATION, JACKSON A TENNESSEE HOLSTEIN
TABLE I—A classification of soils based on chemical composition
according to Wohltmann
Constituents in air-dry fine earth (less than 2 mm.)
Lime (CaO)
and
Magnesia Phos. Acid (MgO) (Cold HCl)(Cold HCl)(Cold HCl)(Hot HCl)
Nitrogen
Character of Soil _ (N)
Potash (K,0)
(P1003) 0 =e
Very rich—may be cultivated with- % % % % % out return of fertility removed..Over 0.3. Over 3.0 Over 0.25 Over 0.2 Over 0.5 Rich—requires partial return of Phos. acidiremovedinas. cmon: 0.2-0.3 1.5 -3.0 b= 258) eol'5b=n2 4-.5 Good—requires return of Phos. acid PEMOVECE chasis cheers eee eet eal ee 5-1.5 ~LO=sh5 .10-.15 .2 -.4 Medium—requires return of Phos. acid and potash removed....... -06= .1 .25- .6 J07-.1 .06-.1 -12—.2 Poor—requires general increase in fertilityan cast ireei cisco .03-— .06 .1 -— .25 .04-.07 03-.06 108= 212, Very poor—very much in need of in- crease in fertility or periodical TEStimisreiccatac ve ae he i syereeeheee eaomeictre .02—- .038 .05- .10 .02-.04 .02-.03 .05-.08 Of little value for cultivation—best suited to meadows and pastures .< .02 <.05 < 102 <.02 <.05 TABLE II—A classification of Tennessee soils based on productiveness Te VERS DOOIE crete ata reve tole eetee ebetae te ost c san rate Less than 15 bu. corn, or less than 6 bu. wheat. P Adie 20X05 oe ere irr ty ATR A rel Pe RIE ree es ot ARES Fs eRe ote 15-25 bu. corn. or 6-10 bu. wheat. Se Medilim susie ace Ghoniscrn een noe eon ree ee 25-35 bu. corn, or 10-18 bu. wheat. fe © 010s Way RO RA DCR ERS OT Eien GRC CECI ACG COMA SOAS 35—40 bu. corn, or 18-25 bu. wheat. De MRICH IAs taeery cove sree sete ore aie arte Eitri aes Over 50 bu. corn,
TABLE III—JInterpretation of the
Soils Phos phoric Acid Lime (P20s) (CaO) % % 1. Very poor .. Less than 0.05 Less than 0.08 22) SPOOtREA ec 0.05-0.10 0.08-0.12 3. Medium.... 0.10-0.15 0.12-0.20 4. Goods... 0.15-0.25 0.20-0.40 bye Uittengaoegdc Over 0.25 Over 0.40
6
or over 25 bu. wheat.
analyses of Tennessee
Potash Nitrogen (K20) (N) % %
Less than 0.10 Less than 0.07 0.10-0.15 0.07-0.10 0.15-0.25 0.10-0.14 0.25-0.40 0.14-0.20 Over 0.40 Over 0.20
MIppLE TENNESSEE
This geographical division of the State lies between the Tennessee River on the west and the Cumberland Mountains on the east. It has within its boundaries the Central Basin, the Highland Rim, and the Cumberland Plateau. The soils of these areas are entirely different, and will for that reason be discussed separately.
The “Highland Rim” is the name given to a portion of Mid- dle Tennessee which surrounds in a wide circle the Central Basin, something like the rim of a dinner plate. It covers about 9,300 square miles, and may be divided into two sections: (1) an outer circle formed by limestone; (2) an inner and wider circle formed by the Tullahoma formation, chert, etc.
The Rim soils of limestone origin range in color from grey to dark red, and have red clay subsoils. Silt and clay loams pre- dominate and are well suited to the production of grain and forage crops. The soils are quite well suited to fruit and dark- leaved tobacco. All of these soils are recognized as decidedly superior in both productiveness and durability to those of the Tullahoma formation.
Below we give some analyses of the limestone soils of the Highland Rim:
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
County % % % % Remarks
@otkeen senders .07 -23 .20 .115 Old land, color dark red—Good.
Biramkclisaieyeccelcre .09 2 co .125 Old land, dark red—Good (much modified by manuring, etc.).
vam clini! arerere .10 .16 20 .120 Old land, dark red—Medium.
oranikliniesecsas .05 14 .34 .040 Subsoil to above.
Humphreys..... .06 ails} -23 .120 Old land, red—Poor.
Lawrence...... .08 .08 .16 .100 Forest land, red—Medium.
Lawrence...... .06 .08 .28 .06 Subsoil to above.
Montgomery... .06 15 .22 .074 Old land—grey.
Stewartemn siete .05 aly a alts) .115 Forest land— Good.
Stewart... ..4+< .05 Bales sles .105 Forest land—Good.
WIG eiciewicie <> .06 .14 .20 -085 Old land—Cragrock.
Wihites aceon a .07 sits} .22 .080 Old land—Cragrock.
Wihitess ice aes .07 .09 21 .09 Old land, sandy loam, grey— Poor.
Wihitesy.rercie.cte .05 .14 .32 .057 Subsoil to above.
The above analyses should be considered in connection with relative analyses shown on page 6, Tables I, II and III.
Conclusions from the Above Analyses
Phosphoric Acid: The phosphoric acid percentages are poor, so that applications of this element would undoubtedly be of 7
value and should be considered necessary in at least some instances.
Lime: The lime content is as a rule only medium, and indi- cates that liming would be profitable.
Potash: The supply of potash is medium to good, requiring less attention than the other important elements of plant food.
Nitrogen: The supplies of nitrogen run from medium to poor, and require attention.
Fertilizer experiments have shown the importance of phos- phate, lime, and nitrogen. Through the keeping of live stock, and by judicious management, aided only by moderate dressings of bone meal, the soil from which the second analysis was ob- tained, had in the course of a few years been brought up to a high state of fertility, although previously it had been greatly impov- erished by grain farming and by erosion.
The Siliceous Soils of the Rim
These soils originated chiefly from the decomposition of shale and siliceous rock, which were poor in lime. They are generally either grey or yellow colored and are characterized by a high con- tent of silt, the ‘‘crawfishy”’ soil being of occasional occurrence. The majority of the lands lie well for cultivation and are easily tilled, but are only moderately productive. However, under proper management, aided by liming and by liberal applications of commercial fertilizers, they are capable of the profitable pro- duction of a great variety of farm and garden crops.
Peanuts are grown extensively in some counties and trucking crops and tobacco are being raised in others.
Below we give some analyses of the soils from the Tullahoma formation, etc.
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
County % % % % Remarks
Wofeer marttecs .04 so 09 .077 Old land—Very poor.
DICKSON’ cscrereyee .04 .08 .16 .0O87 Forest land—Poor.
Dicksoniesien cae .03 .10 .10 .090 Old land—Very poor.
Dicksonk,..c e< .03 .02 sol .048 Subsoil—Dickson County, 14 mile from above.
Wewis icc crestaseue 03 06 .18 .050 Not cultivated—Very poor.
TE Wis eisiejee ore oie 04 .03 .25 .04 Subsoil to above.
Warren’: j..s/a) levers 04 .10 .14 .078 Old land—Poor.
Warren aeieristerer .02 07 .08 .O70 Old land—Very poor.
Wrarren serjecierae .02 07 pila .046 Subsoil to above.
(Compare with relative Tables I, II and III, page 6.) 8
JERSEY HERD IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE, CHATTANOOGA & St. LouIS RAILWAY PERCHERON FOUNDATION Stup, JACKSON
General Conclusions from the Above Analyses
Phosphoric Acid: The phosphoric acid percentages are decid- edly poor, indicating that applications of this element should be looked upon as a necessity in any kind of farming.
Lime: The lime poverty is very marked in some cases, indi- cating that liming would be required in addition to the phos- phoric acid in order to get the best results.
Potash: The potash supplies are poor, so that at least the re- turn of the potash removed by the crops would be required.
Nitrogen: The nitrogen contents are either poor or very poor in all cases.
Below, in series one, are given the results obtained by W. N. Rudd in field experiments on a very poor soil on his farm near McMinnville, in Warren County. In series two, same farm, but from another field which had been somewhat improved by previous fertilizing, etc. (the analysis of this soil is shown as first under Warren County, in preceding table).
Fertilizer Experiments on Fort Payne Chert Soil
Yields per Acre Stover Grain
Plot Fertilizers per Acre Tons Bu. CORN
Lo No fertilizers'cidesscteeiec ninety Conese aL Lt eieeas -ol 3.9 640\lbs--Acidi Phosphateticc.ciesiciete aa cieeleereieierseicier
2 { 128i lbs: Muniate Potash. s:21c\ocicencisreieiesereiers ete creietorersusie \ ie eee
640NbsvAcidwPhosphatesse- sear evenerocine ciel reieeete acer 7.
g { ZA MbSreNitrate: Soda crete ters cleo tale cate fansetoherersi teteker oreo \ iM 28 640i bs AcidsPhosphatesc ssa ceseces se icetreriniistere cienselererore
4 ZAOII DS Nitrate:Sod aici cxcis.) o csostene-sieieke-occvenerenclevonerebeeeters 91 24.9 LZ8ilibsseMiuriateyRotasheesc.tee coerce crcl ccaciotersione 240i bs; Nitrate!Sodacaans josie eilerecictecetreteretensnstem nei
: { L281 bs. MuriatesPotaghe ceietcts)iererete cherrkeeeiotereleaeterst- \ 34 =e 640'lbs:Acid’¢Phosphates a. cacies sce ccreenteir Payable datacets
6 240 ibs Nitrate: Sodas: ko crociersis we citnesteteeecorle sueteieraccol 1.01 29.3 2oGulbseMuriatesPotash te. cre cvetehs oereileteeke) stoeterreatore
Cow-PEAS
Te No fertilizers =. sscrc tee oj crctivccerercnticla rere crore tora eons ohare tene aie hetereianeral scores 13.0
2, sO0/IbsPAcid? Phosphate a7. 26 cre ciaie/cusleisicte over tenclotete oreterelaoMMieberensvelvelolerens 19.0
3 300 lbs. Acid Phosphate sane cvacrsrecloointeroteraeeroloraesiereione 22.0 SOUbssMuriatesPotashcscrecreyosieiere claieiersiateleveveteleterets
TOMATOES IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE
BEANS IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE
Conclusions for the Siliceous Soils of the Rim
The results of the chemical analyses and the fertilizer experi- ments agree in demonstrating that the soils of the Tullahoma formation are poor in the fundamentally important mineral elements of plant food. Phosphoric acid and lime are indicated as the foremost essentials. The nitrogen supplies are also low, so that for cereal and other crops not legumes, this element should be used along with the minerals.
CENTRAL BASIN
The Central Basin covers approximately 5,500 square miles and has an average elevation above sea level of about 550 feet. The major part of this section is covered by the Chickamauga limestone, which is locally known as “blue limestone.’ Phos- phate beds are found in numerous localities. The soils as a whole are noted for their superior fertility and durability under cropping, as compared with those from other parts of the State. Continued cropping in corn and wheat has, however, greatly reduced the natural productiveness of the majority of the uplands, but the quickness with which they recover under proper management is almost remarkable. The bottom lands are ex- ceptionally fertile. The uplands generally lie well for cultiva- tion, but steep and isolated hills 200 to 300 feet high are not uncommon. They are, however, nearly always fertile. Scat- tered throughout this Basin are ‘‘cedar glades,’”’ where the soil is not deep enough for cultivation, but furnishes pasturage and is the natural habitat of the red cedar. The prevailing soils are brown-colored silt loams, adapted to a wide range of crops, but especially well suited to the production of corn, wheat, grass and forage crops. Potatoes are also grown extensively in some of the counties. Kentucky blue grass thrives as nowhere else in the State and is the common permanent pasture grass.
Below we give some analyses of Central Basin Soils.
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks
I Bedfordiec. sci a5 .10 .29 .122 Old land—Good.
2) Bedford's... .09 .28 cali .112 Oldland—Good (bottom second bench).
oP CUIOTG creieveieichs .08 . 26 re) .117 Old land—Good (bottom grey soil).
AS Bedfordienece 12 .24 oe .130 Old land—Good.
5) Bedford\scieraceis) > .05 Aull -49 .04 Subsoil to 4.
12
A SECTION OF 70-ACRE APPLE ORCHARD, COLUMBIA, TENN.
SILAGE Crops, EXPERIMENT STATION, KNOXVILLE
No. County Phos.Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen Remarks
6)" Bedfordt=...-.- 19 =De .46 .15 Creek bottom land—Rich. “ ‘Bedfordinnc.. sc .05 -05 .19 .09 Old land—-Very poor. 8) Bediord-ra.cn ae si .14 . 26 .148 Old land—Good. 9) Bedford... stil jilal so .068 Subsoil to 8. 10)" Bedford! 0c... . 26 .20 .32 .112 Old land—Good. MD Beard cercicienctcre .18 .19 -43 077 Subsoil to 10. 12 Bedford’. ....... a5 50 .43 .212 Old meadow bottom land : —Rich. By sBedtordiein. cori alld .61 .43 212 Subsoil to 12. 14 Davidson...... .07 -46 aia -190 New land—Rich. Sin COlnta cic terese oil. .32 45 .128 Old land—Good. lGis Marshallisy-irr 32 .20 19 .102 Old land—Medium. live Miarshallic/.7. cc's .26 18 .25 -116 Old land—Good. 13S Marshallin 73. 27 27 .33 -065 Subsoil to 17. 19 Rutherford .... .08 .22 .29 -116 Old land—Medium. ZOER Smith seniie cere .22 .13 .22 .076 Old land—Poor.
Compare the above with relative analyses shown on page 6. TablesI,II and III.
General Conclusions from the Analyses
Phosphoric Acid: The majority of the analyses show the presence of unusually large amounts of phosphoric acid, so that many of the soils would be called rich in this element. A few, however, Nos. 2, 3, 7, 14, and 19, are only moderately supplied.
Lime: The lime contents of these soils are as a rule good, but by no means sufficiently high to warrant the neglect of liming. Nos. 12, 13, 6, and 14 would be classed as rich in this element, and only one, No. 7, is very poor.
Potash: The potash supplies are good on the average, but Nos. 2, 3, 7, and 16 rank only as medium, so that at least mod- erate applications of this element might be used to advantage in grain growing and the like, where the crops are sold off the farm.
Nitrogen: The nitrogen percentages are medium on the average uplands, and good on the bottom lands. The uplands have lost much of this element under cultivation, and its return to the soil should be a matter of concern. In fact, it is decidedly the most important element of plant food needed by the average upland of this section.
No. 20 is an interesting example of a soil which, when judged by actual production, would be classed as “‘poor’’ for crops like corn or wheat, but “good,” or even “‘rich,” for clover. The low nitrogen content, due to long continued grain farming, would account for the small crops of the cereals, but did not inter-
14
A TENNESSEE FARM HOME
RESULTS OF CANNING CLUB WORK IN TENNESSEE (This young lady purchased mule and sow out of money received for canned goods)
fere with the growth of a legume like clover, the soil supply of the minerals being “good.”
THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU
This section covers about 5,000 square miles and has an average elevation above sea level of about 1,800 feet. The soils are principally sandy loams, which support a fair forest growth, but which are decidedly lacking in fertility under cropping. On account of their loamy nature, they are easily tilled and are well suited to the production of trucking and forage crops and to both large and small fruits. The cultivated soils are shallow, the depth of the underlying sandstone generally ranging from one to four feet. They seldom suffer from dry weather, however, and there is no reason why, under judicious management, which would include the liberal use of fertilizers and lime, much of this section should not become highly productive.
Below we give some chemical analyses of these soils.
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % NG % Remarks.
1 Cumberland.... .06 .07 .19 .161 Uncleared pasture—Best type plateau soils.
2 Cumberland.... .03 -10 .07 .279 A-sandy loam.
3 Cumberland.... .03 -05 .08 .085 Acreek bottom soil— Very acid.
4 Cumberland.... .03 .05 .06 .069 Forest land—Average very poor.
Comparison of these analyses is invited to those appearing on page 6, Tables I, II and III.
General Conclusions
These soils can be classed in plant-food supply with those of the Tullahoma formation, and must be considered very poor in all mineral elements of plant food, so that it would not be ad- visable to attempt any kind of farming without the aid of com- mercial fertilizers, phosphate in particular. Lime in addition is indicated as necessary, not only for plant-food purposes, but also to correct acidity. Some of the average soil is poor in these con- stituents. Fertilizer experiments bear out the results of the chemical analyses in showing the great demand for increased supplies of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and lime, but potash seems to be of uncertain value.
16
DISKING PEAS FOR WINTER GRAIN, HIGHLAND RIM
East TENNESSEE Hay Crop
East TENNESSEE
This section, which lies between the Unaka or Great Smoky Mountains on the east and the Cumberland Plateau on the west, has an elevation of about 1,000 feet. The geological form- ations, including ridges, etc., have northeast and southwest courses parallel with the mountains on either side, and occur repeatedly in long belts or strips.
The most important soils of this section may be placed under the following heads:
1. Knox dolomite.
2. Shale.
3. Chickamauga limestone.
4. Miscellaneous marbles and limestones. 5. Tellico sandstone.
6. Alluvial.
THE DOLOMITE SOILS
The prevailing soils are loams and silt loams containing more or less chert. The color of the soils ranges from gray to dark red. All have retentive red clay subsoils. Valley lands of this type are considered to be of good natural fertility, and under judicious management are highly productive, but under continued grain growing they soon become impoverished. The soils of the rounded ridges which characterize this formation contain as a rule much more chert and are recognized as natu- rally much poorer and less durable than the valley lands.
The valley lands are well adapted to general farm crops, such as corn, wheat, grass, etc., but when favorably located are used for market garden and fruit growing purposes. The ridges are adapted to the production of small fruits, grapes and general orcharding; peaches and cherries in particular.
Below we give some chemical analyses of the Dolomite Soils—
Valley type:
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks ile Jamilton’ cisteist. .05 .16 .23 .095 Old land—Medium. PD KETO Xs) ovate roneiess .09 Sf .28 .111 Old land—Good. Sea Knoxae ae cwreiviete .06 ails} .38 .079 Old land—Poor. 4° Kn OXire a eyieeiel he .05 .12 .43 .051 Subsoil to 3.
The analyses of the valley soils show larger amounts of all the mineral elements of plant food, potash and lime in particular, than the ridge type. The phosphoric acid contents, however,
18
A HIGHLAND RIM ToBacco FIELD, N., C. & St. L. Ry., DEMONSTRATION FARM, TULLAHOMA (The man standing is six feet tall)
JupGING Fat STocK, EXPERIMENT STATION FARM, KNOXVILLE
are poor, and this may account for the lack of durability under grain farming. The supplies of lime are medium. The per- centages of potash are good, probably ample under stock farm- ing, but would not endure the constant drain of grain and hay farming. In three out of four soils the nitrogen contents are poor, and along with phosphoric / acid should receive much attention. |
SHALE SOILS
Next to the Knox Dolomite, shale from various formations covers the largest area in the East Tennessee Valley. These soils are often shallow and have the general reputation of being leachy and hard to handle. This type occurs frequently as low lands, which when of sufficient depth, are well suited to the production of both grain and grass.
Below we give a few analyses of the shale soils:
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks
di Hamblen... ell 205) 28 .208 Old land—Good. (Nolichucky shale)
2| Hamblen........ .02 .10 .08 .072 Old land—Crawfishy, (Athens shale) ; very poor.
Sp VRNOX etree ears ses .09 eli .29 .09 Old land—Poor.
Al KNOX enerersierets ois .09 .12 .27 .10 New land—Medium. (Sevier shale)
OM MKMNOX everson .03 .08 109) sasaekdies Forest—Crawfishy, (Sevier shale) very poor.
General Conclusion
Phosphoric Acid: Nearly medium except for the “craw- fishy’’ sorts, which are very deficient. The best of these soils would be expected to require at least the return of this element removed by the crops.
Lime: Must be considered poor—in particular, liming would be required to bring soil No. 1 to a high state of productiveness.
Potash: Except in Nos. 2 and 5, the potash percentages are good, but not sufficient to warrant the constant removal of this element without any return, as in grain or hay farming.
Nitrogen: No. 1 is rich in nitrogen, but the others would be considered poor.
Fertilizer experiments made on soils long under cultivation have indicated a decided need of both phosphoric acid and nitrogen.
20
SHEEP IN East TENNESSEE
A TENNESSEE SHEEP A TENNESSEE DurROc HoG
CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONE
This formation covers probably less than one-twelfth of the East Tennessee Valley, and is found in narrow belts. The rock is easily recognized on account of its blue color, and its structure, which is of such a nature that it is often spoken of as rotten limestone.
The soils are high in both silt and clay, so that in working, care is required to prevent the formation of clods. The subsoils are heavy yellow-colored clays. General farm crops, especially wheat and grass, thrive on this type.
Below we give you a few analyses of the Chickamauga lime-
stone soils: Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks ie eHamblentaec ee .10 .82 .86 .3808 Forest—Very rich. 2) Hamblentcenie .07 18 say .097 Old land—Poor. Se USTIOM Se foyeserere eres .08 .22 43 .120 Creek bottom—Good. Av MEnOX si cisioe sshele .09 .10 27 .094 Old land—Poor. oP McMinn ea. c .07 sph .68 .183 Fertile pasture. 6p Roanese recente .07 .06 .18 .087 Old land—Poor. 7 Washington.... .07 .10 .18 -100 Old land—Poor.
General Conclusions
Phosphoric Acid: Phosphoric acid contents of these soils are poor, requiring at least the return of the phosphoric acid removed by crops. The uniformity in the percentages of this element in soils from different localities is noteworthy.
Lime: The percentages of lime are variable to an unusual extent. The virgin soils are well supplied, but those which have been long cultivated are often deficient, so that liming would be advisable.
Potash: In no instance is the potash content poor. Nos. 1,3 and 5arerich; No. 4is good; and Nos. 6 and 7 are medium.
Nitrogen: The nitrogen contents of the long cultivated soils are a low medium, but at least one of the virgin soils, No. 1, would be considered very rich in this element.
Fertilizer experiments show these soils to be only moderately well supplied with phosphoric acid, so that applications of this element are recommended, especially in grain farming. Long- cultivated soils need in addition both nitrogen and lime. Lim- ing is advised not only on account of its value as a plant food, but especially as a corrective for acidity and for its favorable action
22
= JERSEYS
lA, ee nd (SR 838. ema
A TENNESSEE JACK
on those soils which are heavy and troublesome to handle. Little attention appears to be required for potash fertilization.
MARBLE AND MISCELLANEOUS LIMESTOYE SOILS
All these limestones form red or chocolate colored loams and clay loams, which are recognized as naturally very fertile and much more durable under cropping than the dolomite and shale soils. They are especially well adapted to general farm crops, but may be used to advantage for gardening, orcharding, and the like. Their area is small.
Below we give some chemical analyses of these soils:
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks 1 Anderson...... = kz .12 2 .123 Old land—Good. 2) Hamblen... «1 .08 12 .24 .079 Old land—Poor. SD IKMNOXs ahieieereake« .16 .30 .36 .143 New land—Rich. A IGN OXS Fete sii cts 19 .38 .42 .190 New land—Rich. SE MSNOX=. peiteniee .10 .20 4 .100 Old land—Medium.
General Conclusions
Phosphoric Acid: In three out of five soils the phosphoric acid content is good. In fact, they are the highest found in any of the East Tennessee types. In strictly grain farming, however, the phosphoric acid removed by the crops should be returned, especially for Nos. 2 and 5.
Lime: The lime contents are better than the average, running from medium to good, but beneficial results would be expected to follow its application to Nos. 1 and 2.
Potash: The supplies of potash are good in three out of the five soils, but analyses Nos. 1 and 2 show only medium amounts of this element.
Nitrogen: The nitrogen supplies of the new lands are good, but the long-cultivated soils have been heavy losers of this ele- ment.
The fertilizer experiments which have been made on these soils have shown that they do not respond readily to phosphoric acid like the other types described, but indicate that attention should be given to this element in grain farming. Nitrogen has been found to be needed after a few years of cropping in corn and wheat, as is the custom.
24
TELLICO SANDSTONE SOILS
These soils are especially desirable for market garden pur- poses, being sandy loams of good natural fertility. The area covered by this formation is small, but long, narrow strips are found scattered throughout the East Tennessee Valley. On ac- count of the hardness of the parent rock, they are found on the slopes and tops of high hills and sometimes on small elevated plateaus which are excellently situated for the production of early vegetables. On hillsides these soils wash ruinously, with rapid deterioration in fertility, unless wisely handled.
Below we give some chemical analyses of these soils:
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks
He KNnOX sare sree a er/ 19 18 .106 New land—Good. Deno xe nea ce sala] .16 .18 .120 Old land—Good.
Sa PROANEZ 5. eter .10 .26 .30 .152 New land—Rich.
General Conclusions
Taking the texture into consideration, the percentages of all the elements of plant food are good and justify the reputation of these soils for being naturally fertile.
For market garden crops, the old lands need especially both phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and to a less extent potash.
ALLUVIAL SOILS
These do not cover large areas, but are noted for their fertility and durability under cropping. They are best adapted to corn, grass and forage crops, and are decidedly the most productive soils in the East Tennessee Valley. Their superior depth adds greatly to the plant-food supplies indicated in the chemical analyses, of which we give a few as follows:
Phos. Acid Lime Potash Nitrogen
No. County % % % % Remarks
[ee Blount s.saceiere .18 18 Oo .131 Old land—Good, occa- sionally overflowed.
2 Hamilton...... .09 wld .91 .121 Old land—Medium. Texture bad.
G4 iid S90) a a Sle 12 43 .45 .145 Old land—Rich, overflows.
ARO IRNOX cay terete erste .09 .42 42 -131 Old land—Rich, overflows.
OW KRNOK:earc2.6 sis hee .05 .41 .o2 .073 Old land—Rich, overflows.
General Conclusions
Phosphoric Acid: The per cent of phosphoric acid runs from poor in the sandy soils to good, but the depth and texture of these soils make them well supplied, though not rich in this element.
Lime: With the exception of No. 1, these soils are rich in lime, at least so far as plant-food requirements are concerned.
Potash: These lands are rich in potash.
Nitrogen: The nitrogen percentages are for the most part only medium, but, as in the case of phosphoric acid, the depth of the soil makes the supplies good.
Fertilizer Experiments
At the Tennessee Experiment Station farm, on soil No. 4 no profitable returns have been obtained from the use of fertili- zer mixtures for either corn or wheat; the wheat generally grow- ing too rank, so that it lodges. Alfalfa and clover, however, respond to applications of both phosphoric acid and lime, but the effects of the latter must be attributed to the slight acidity of the soil. Grass responds to nitrogen in addition to the other two elements.
TENNESSEE FARM POULTRY
26
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
In the discussion of the soils, we have dealt frankly with the conditions, giving the facts. Properly to understand the great possibilities of improving these soils, and at the same time pro- duce fair crops on these lands, it is necessary that the distribu- tion of rainfall and duration of growing season be thoroughly understood. By use of this information we can determine how early in the spring we may plant without danger of frost, or how late we can plant, expecting the crop to mature before killed by frost. Further, the average rainfall by months will show the dry periods, during which we must do our plowing, cultivating and other farming operations which depend upon the dryness of the atmosphere and soil. In order that the reader may readily determine these facts, charts prepared by the College of Agri- culture, University of Tennessee, with notation as to their char- acter, are given.
CUMBERLAND PLATEAU POTATO EXHIBIT
27
Chart |—Latest Killing Frost in Spring
Chart I shows the latest date on which killing frost has occurred in the spring since careful records were begun. The crosses on this chart and on all following charts represent the stations at which the observations were made. The curved lines with dates at each end are drawn through all points that have had their latest killing frost in spring on the same date, as April 20, or April 30. The date of the latest killing frost for points not on one of these lines may be determined as follows: Take Haywood County, for example. On one side we have a line dated April 10 and on the other side a line dated April 20, and we see at once that the latest killing frost in that county occurred between April 10 and April 20. Or look at Williamson County. Here we have lines dated April 20 on all sides, but looking outside the April 20 lines we find April 30 lines, which are later. Therefore the latest frost in Williamson County, which is inside the April 20 line, must have been earlier than April 20. In the same way the date of the latest killing frost in the spring for any point in the State may be determined approxi- mately by means of the chart.
All of our crops may be placed in one of two classes. One class will withstand a given amount of frost, while the other class will be destroyed by freezing temperature. Crops of the first class may be planted or sown as early as the soil can be properly prepared, but crops of the second class can not be planted with absolute safety until after the date of the latest killing frost in spring as shown, roughly, on this chart.
Chart 11i—Earliest Killing Frost in Fall
Chart II was made in the same manner as Chart I. The lines in this case show the dates of earliest killing frosts in fall since careful records were begun.
This chart will help us to decide the proper time to sow late forage crops that are not able to resist the frost. Knowing the length of time any crop needs to reach maturity, we can with the assistance of this chart determine when to sow in order to be perfectly safe from early frosts in the fall. A crop sown early enough to get out of the way of the earliest frost on record will be practically safe.
29
of UI psorf bUuI72¥ qsarjana fo agnp sbuday
xOsMOD
Chart I11—Average Date of Latest Killing Frost in Spring
Chart III shows the average date of the latest killing frost in the spring.
Many crops that will not endure frost are many times more valuable if marketed early than if marketed only a week or two later. This being true, we are willing to take chances of losing a crop occasionally by frost in order to reach the market as early as possible. Having before us the average date of the latest killing frost in spring, and knowing the difference in the price of our product that a few days will make, we can easily calculate what will be the best time to plant. For example, a crop starting on the average date of the latest killing frost will in the long run be killed one year out of two. If, however, the crop planted at that date will be worth more than twice as much in the market s athe one planted a few days later we can afford to take the risk. If the early crop is worth ten times as much as the late one we can profitably plant still earlier, while if itis worth but little more we must wait until danger from frost is prac- tically past. Each farmer should know for his own locality what is the average date of the latest killing frost in spring. If it has not already been worked out he should begin keeping a record at once and get an average as soon as possible.
Chart 1\V—Average Date of Earliest Killing Frost in Fall
Chart IV shows the average date of the earliest killing frost in the fall and can be used in the same manner as Chart III.
If in a given locality the average date of the earliest killing frost is October 20, and if also some crop, as green corn, peas, or tomatoes, is much more valuable after that date than before it, because of scarcity; we can afford to take chances and plant late in order that, if a frost does not come, we may have a crop after our neighbor’s crops are harvested.
Datiry HERD IN MIDDLE TENNESSEE
Ld
or Tv 009 02, ‘ £ mat £ “ =] aa £ : FA 4 | siaaye VS AQ1aBs eel , ¥ : $ $ y , / 000 ] > a siMd 2 | > G ; Poff nS a, > NosaID e a + DLNOW {\
Y
7. RG js hop fc b DLT TF shop fo 49gun 2029 Pre aoe nae i XZ LUVHI ees Cen apt TERE BER
Eze Agl1ags
2 a £0 a 0 avi ¢ C
Chart V—Average Number of Days in Growing Season
Chart V is obtained from Charts III and IV and shows the average number of days without killing frost, or the length of the growing season. We naturally expect to find a longer grow- ing season in the South than the North and the’chart shows this to be true in a general way. There are, however, great irreg- ularities in the lines as compared with lines of latitude. We also expect the growing season to shorten with elevation above sea level, and comparing Chart V with Chart VI we find this is true and that most of the irregularities noted above are accounted for by differences in elevation.
There is, however, still one important disagreement between the lines on these two charts that must be accounted for in some other way. The point of difference is this: Stations west of the Cumberland Mountains having an elevation of 1,000 feet have a growing season of about 180 days, while stations with a similar elevation east of the Cumberland Mountains have a growing season of over 200 days. The difference must be due to the protection afforded to the eastern portion of the State by the Cumberland Mountains.
Knowing the time it takes a given crop to mature, and the average length of the growing season in a particular locality, the farmer can see at once whether he ought to sow that crop or not. For example, in the case of Irish potatoes the grower can tell from this chart whether or not he can grow two crops in one season, though it may never have been tried in his locality.
Chart VI—Elevation of Stations Above Sea Level
In Chart VI the lines represent elevation above sea level. It is of interest to study this chart in connection with each of the others, as it shows the effect which elevation has on the tem- perature and rainfall of a place. Valleys are found to be warmer than highlands, and valleys on the east of a mountain range are less subject to late frosts than those on the west. Precipitation is heavier on western than it is on eastern slopes.
33
02-,A- onze pi.
sph gy u2
alnpodIlilI]? pronoT
Eas
> J ot ft NOSNVITTIA lan we =
» 2 + .
KOFIZAVG) A PM8)-p: 0) ol Ja ; é >
KOSLUAT “AYA NQOL
2 =
3 [Yr J x
277, q A > Sok A8T3H6 y * VhD + NOUdIL o 7 ail eas > & id AS of
Chart ViI—Mean Annual Temperature
Chart VII, showing the mean annual temperature, is of value to the farmer because it assists him in determining the sections best suited for crops requiring high temperature, as cotton, or those requiring lower temperature, as fall apples and cabbage. This chart conforms much more closely to the chart showing the elevations than any of the others. As would be expected, we find the lowest temperatures at the highest altitudes, while the highest temperatures are observed in the lowest portions.
Chart Vi111—Lowest Temperature in Thirteen Years
Chart VIII, showing the lowest temperature for thirteen years, should be considered before locating an orchard or a crop of any kind that is liable to be winterkilled. The orchardist would not wish to plant a tender variety of peaches in a place where a temperature of 20 degrees below zero is likely to occur.
Chart 1X—Number of Winters in Thirteen Years with Zero or Below
Chart IX shows the number of times in thirteen years that the temperature has been zero or below. It should be of value to those who are trying to carry either animals or tender crops through the winter, as from it a good general idea of the frequency of winters with severe weather can be obtained.
Chart X—Mean Annual Rainfall, in Inches
Chart X shows the annual precipitation for the entire time of observation at each station. This chart also conforms to a limited extent with the chart of elevation. The heavier rainfall is found on the western slopes of the mountains and the lighter rainfall on the eastern slopes. The heaviest rainfall for the State (over 59 inches) was measured on the Cumberland Plateau, while the lowest annual rainfall occurs at Bristol.
In considering the mean monthly or annual rainfall we must bear in mind that the mean, or average, rainfall is not the rain- fall which is most likely to occur. This we can easily see by con- sidering that in a month in which the normal rainfall is 5 inches the greatest possible deficiency is only 5 inches, while on the other hand the excess may be 10 or 15 inches or more. Thus one month having a rainfall of 15 inches would raise the normal twice as far as one month with no rainfall would lower it.
TENNESSEE BEES
37
Distribution of rainfall is one of the most important factors to successful farming. The rainfall of Tennessee, as shown by the following charts, is admirably distributed, and the only reason why Tennessee does not stand at the head as an agricul- tural state is because our people have not taken advantage of the climatic conditions as they are.
CHART 1—AVERAGE RAINFALL IN INCHES FOR THE SIX MONTHS
Marcu 1 to Aucust 31
The above chart shows that Tennessee is much better supplied with rain during the corn-growing season than the section com- monly known as the Corn-Belt.
Chart 2 shows Tennessee and other states south of Ken- tucky and Virginia have an advantage of from twenty-five to seventy-five days of growing season over those States north of | the Ohio River. This not only gives more time for the crop to grow, but gives more leeway at planting time and a better op- portunity to get the seed bed in the best condition. Tennessee has a growing season about twenty-five days longer than the average for Illinois.
38
CHART 2—AVERAGE LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON, OR NUMBER OF DAYS BETWEEN THE LAST
KILLING FROST IN THE SPRING AND THE FirST KILLING FROST IN THE FALL
Chart 3 is a comparison between the corn crop and the July rainfall in Tennessee. The solid line represents the aver- age corn crop for the State for fifteen years, in bushels per acre, as shown by the figures on the lefthand margin. It will at once be noticed that there is great similarity between the two lines. Examination of Chart 10 shows the average rainfall for the month of July for fifteen years. Since July is the month when most of the corn in Tennessee tassels, we may fairly conclude that the amount of moisture available at tasseling time is one of the principal factors controlling the size of the corn crop. From Tennessee northward and westward the corn all tassels during the months of July and August. Since the crop is largely dependent upon the moisture available during tasseling time, July and August are the critical months, and we must con- sider the rainfall for that period in any comparison we make. Charts 4 and 5 represent the average rainfall for July and August, respectively, for the region under discussion. They show that
39
[[ejurer sjuasaidal oul] UsxoIg do1id W109 s}uasaido1
SUVAA GT XOd ‘TIVANIVY ATOAL AHL GNV ‘ANOW Add STAHSNG NI ‘AASSHNNAL AO dOUD NUOD AHL NAAMLAA NOSINYVdNO)—€ LUvVHD
Cb -8F eunp pjaf your gal 6
out] PHOS
of
“2
Cf |= a = © j vas
' eee
OO |Faneelaee Qe [as ee a 4 hs
y V AE BEE eles
"iat ie A acy, ieee y, z
UID +) Se, a ae $2 RY) ie) wo | a tee) é O4ID isd Be . ‘ ey, A ge) axC ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ULOZ f@
CHART 5—AVERAGE RAINFALL FOR AUGUST IN INCHES
Tennessee has a greater rainfall in July (her critical period) than the states north and west of her have in either July or August. In this respect, then, her opportunity for producing a large crop of corn is greater than that of those other states.
Another important factor upon which the amount of moisture available for the crop at tasseling time depends, is the water from the earlier rains that may be retained in the soil by proper methods of cultivation. Chart 7 shows the average rainfall for the three months, December, January, and February. Central Mississippi and Alabama have the greatest amount, over fif- teen inches, while the entire Southeast section has twelve inches or more. Over the Ohio and upper Mississippi Valleys, the rainfall for these three months is from three to nine inches only. Here again Tennessee has a great opportunity for increas- ing the amount of available moisture at tasseling time by con- serving the heavy winter rainfall. King, in his “‘Irrigation and Drainage,’’ describes some careful experiments made to deter- mine the amount of rainfall necessary to produce a certain yield of corn. In thirteen Northeastern and North Central States having an average rainfall of about fifteen inches during the corn- growing season, he estimates that after deducting a certain amount for loss by percolation and from light showers, the aver- age effective rainfall is about twelve inches. His experiments show that this rainfall, if it came in the right amount and at the right time for greatest efficiency, would be enough to supply the necessary moisture for a crop of over seventy bushels per acre. In actual practice the average yield for these thirteen states is about thirty bushels per acre, or less than one-half of the calculated amount. King rightly ascribes this great difference to the fact that the rainfall is seldom or never properly distributed for the greatest efficiency. He also shows by actual experiments that by conservation in the soil of moisture from earlier rains the bad effect of improper distribution may be overcome to a considerable extent and the crop largely increased.
Looking at the subject from the standpoint of climatic condi- tions, there is no good reason why Tennessee, or the states southeast of Tennessee, should not be among out best corn- growing states. The summers are as warm as in the valleys of the Ohio, Missouri and upper Mississippi Rivers. The growing season is longer; the summer rainfall is more abundant
42
and the winter rainfall with the opportunity for moisture conser- vation is far greater. The fact, then, is that the yield of corn per acre in Tennessee is comparatively small, not because of climatic conditions, but because of failure to take advantage of them. Neither is the soil responsible for the deficiency, for many farmers scattered over all parts of the State have produced crops of corn that can not be excelled anywhere. The trouble is that most of us have not adapted our farming methods to our climatic and soil conditions. What is needed is a system of farm manage- ment and a rotation of crops that will utilize the abundant heat and moisture that our land receives.
CHART 6—COMPARATIVE CHART OF HEAT AND RAINFALL
The radiating lines represent the 12 months of the year. The concentric circles represent percentages counted from the center, which is zero. The irregular figure marked “‘Rainfall’’ represents the per cent of the annual rainfall that fallseach month. The figure marked“ Heat”’
represents the per cent of the year’s effective heat that is received each month.
43
rainfall IZ (cn inches)
s Lec. Z 5 to
Febh27 Gea
CHART 7—AVERAGE RAINFALL IN INCHES FOR THE THREE MONTHS DECEMBER 1 TO FEBRUARY 28
We must have a system that will increase the humus content of the soil and a rotation that will maintain a cover on the ground in the winter as well asin summer. The double-cropping system as practiced by many of our progressive farmers is well adapted for this purpose and should be used on all land not in meadow or pasture. By this system the supply of humus in the soil is in- creased, making it more receptive and retentive of moisture, thus preventing erosion and storing up water for use when rain is deficient. The necessary humus may be supplied in two ways —the crop may be fed and the manure returned to the land, or the crop may be turned under for green manure. The latter method is quicker while the former is possibly the more eco- nomical. Either is good and one or the other is absolutely neces- sary. With this system, Tennessee may not only increase her corn yield until it is second to none, but she may increase all her other crops in proportion. And not only Tennessee, but
44
the whole region south and east of Tennessee may be benefited by the use of the double-cropping system. North of Kentucky the weather conditions will not admit of this method of increasing soil fertility. This system of double-cropping permits the utili- zation of the maximum amount of the abundant heat and rain- fall with which this section is blessed.
Chart 6 graphically shows the relative distribution of heat and rainfall through the year in percentages of the total amount of each for each month.
The second climatic essential for the success of the double- cropping system is sufficient rainfall properly distributed through- out the year. Let us first consider the winter rainfall as shown in Chart 7. Over the greater portion of the six states under discussion the winter rainfall is twelve inches or more. This amount of water falling on a bare soil in so short a time can not fail to do considerable damage, both by washing and leaching. This is especially true if the soil is deficient in humus. Under these conditions a winter cover crop is a necessity for the sake of soil conservation, and would be profitable if no other benefit were received from it. Under the double-cropping system there is always a crop on the ground during the winter to conserve the soil and use the abundant rainfall.
We will next consider the annual distribution of rainfall— first for Tennessee, and then for the whole district under dis- cussion.
The rainfall for. Tennessee may be divided into four types ac- cording to its distribution through the year as shown in Chart 8. They differ chiefly in the relative heights of the winter and sum- mer maxima. For the present, let us note the resemblance be- tween these four types and the area covered by each as shown by Chart 9.
These types resemble each other in that each has a winter and a summer maximum and a May and October minimum. Type 1 occupies a narrow strip at the west end of the State, and Type 4 covers a still smaller area in the northeast corner. The re- mainder of the State, which is over ninety per cent, is covered by Types 2 and 3.
45
C,
| es SS x77] | \eaonanahenanianon 2.4 —_—_—___ i. _—_ oa ________—
7 SS ee SS SS SS Ss ee
42S eee
— et eS ee ee ee
2 ss a Se ee
CHART 8
of rainfall
CHART 9
Areas covered by four CY PCS
Be Dec
—=
ae ey
=>
Ee a =o
1 I Tt Tad TUTTE 0 i il Hi
CHART 10—DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL FOR TENNESSEE, SHOWING WET PERIODS IN WINTER
AND SUMMER WITH DRIER PERIODS IN SPRING AND FALL
Chart 10 represents the average distribution of rainfall throughout the year for the whole State. Type 1, Chart 9, is the only one of the four types that differs materially from Chart 10, and as this type occupies less than one-tenth of the State, any conclusions based on Chart 10 may be applied with reasonable fairness to the State as a whole.
Chart 11 is identical with Chart 10, except that the heavy lines representing rainfall, instead of arising from a common base line, are arranged to radiate from a common center. This shows clearly the rain cycle for the year and enables us to locate the various operations of the double-cropping system in their relation to rainfall. As practiced by progressive farmers and the Tennessee Experiment Station, the winter cover crop is sown during the comparatively dry months of September and October and occupies the ground through the wet months of
47
CHART 11—DIstTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL FOR TENNESSEE ARRANGED IN CIRCULAR FORM TO
SHOW More CLEARLY THE ANNUAL CYCLE OF RAINFALL WITH WET PERIODS IN WINTER AND SUMMER AND DRIER PERIODS IN SPRING AND FALL
winter and early spring. It is ready to be turned under for green manure in March or April, or to be cut for forage during May, which is drier than the months either before or after it, and offers the most favorable opportunity for harvesting one crop and putting in another. This second crop p!anted in May covers the ground during the wet summer months and protects it from washing rains when they are most frequent, and is ready to har- vest during the drier months of fall.
Chart 12 represents the average monthly rainfall for Tennes- see, the Carolinas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Com- parison to Chart 15 is invited, showing that the rainfall in
48
— ae re ea
N g i es =
Se:
iE Bee | a IS ee ee ES (Ee | es
wa
Ey GE EE] ee] GE SR SS) Re RE) ey Ene eee GE ES Ee
ea es aes Gee (SS Ee) ES eae,
(es Ee Oe ane (ee ES) ae
ee] ee be ee Be ee SE a a es
Gl Gee) ee ed (ee ee Ge Re RE Se Se
Ee ES GS (ee ee Ge
CHART 12—AVERAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL FOR THE SIX STATES OF TENNESSEE, THE
CAROLINAS, MIssissippI, ALABAMA, AND GEORGIA, SHOWING WET WINTER AND SUMMER AND DRIER SPRING AND FALL
these southern states is greater and better distributed than in the five central northern states named in Chart 15.
Chart 13 represents the average monthly rainfall for five selected stations, which are situated on a line extending across the section from west to east and passing very near its center. This chart is introduced to show that the rainfall distribution at different points over the section corresponds very closely to the general average as shown in Chart 12.
Chart 14 is a circular arrangement of the lines on Chart 12, and shows the average yearly cycle of rainfall for the whole
49
Savannah
SMacon
S072 tgomery
MMeritdian
Vicksburg
S|] SS SS SS SS <a
= SSS SSS SSS
SS SS SS SS SS SSS
pon
g% NY NO RN
CHART 13—AVERAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL AT FIVE SELECTED STATIONS, SHOWING SIMILARITY
TO THE AVERAGE FOR THE WHOLE REGION AS SEEN IN CHART 12
CHART 14—AVERAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL FOR SIX STATES AS SHOWN IN CHART 12 ARRANGED IN CIRCULAR FORM TO SHOW ANNUAL CYCLE OF RAINFALL WITH WET WINTER AND SUMMER AND DRIER SPRING AND FALL
region. Here, as in the State of Tennessee, the distribution of rainfall is ideal for the double-cropping system. The old plan of growing only one crop a year, which is practiced throughout the country, is a great success in the North, but is a glaring mis- fit in the South. This is due to the great difference in climatic conditions. First, the growing season north of Tennessee is generally too short for two crops in one year. Second, the ground is usually frozen in the winter and the winter rainfall is small and usually in the form of snow, so that there is no impera- tive demand for a winter cover crop to prevent washing. Third, the annual distribution of rainfall is entirely different from that of the Southern States, as is shown by Charts 15 and 16, which represent the five states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri,
and Iowa. ol
REESE ee Wi | | | ec.
CHART 15—AVERAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL FOR THE FIVE STATES OF OHIO, INDIANA ILLINOIS, MISSOURI, AND IOWA
Instead of two wet seasons, we find only one, and that is in the late spring and summer.
SVo¥:
CHART 16—CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT OF DATA IN CHART 15, SHOWING ANNUAL CYCLE OF RAINFALL WITH WET SUMMER AND Dry FALL, WINTER, AND SPRING
There is only one dry season, which includes fall, winter and early spring. Crops put into the ground in the fall or spring occupy it during the wet summer season and are harvested in the late summer or fall. Here the conditions are just suited to the single-cropping system, and this system is suited to the conditions because it was developed under and for these condi- tions. It would be absurd for an Iowa farmer with his short growing season and his light winter rainfall to attempt to use the double-cropping system. But it would be no more absurd than for the Southern farmer to stick to a system developed to fit conditions entirely different from those under which he is working. He must have a system that fits his conditions if he is to get the most out of farming, and when he realizes that his conditions are almost perfectly adapted to the growing of two crops each year instead of one he will be in position to live up to his opportunity.
In discussion of the soils, the showing made from a produc- tion standpoint is comparatively poor, but this has been caused by failure to take advantage of the abundant rainfall and long growing season—to produce two crops each year, turning under or pasturing the winter crop so as to increase the humus content and fertility of the soil, The use of ground limestone, which can be secured at reasonable cost, makes the growing of red clover easy, and when red clover can be grown, we can soon re- store the original fertility of the soil.
CROPS
Any crop produced in the United States can be grown in this section, with the exception of tropical fruits. West Tennessee grows as her principal crops, cotton and tobacco, both of which are readily convertible into cash; in addition, corn, wheat, oats and in fact all the cereal crops are produced. In addition, this section is the natural home of Bermuda, a heavy producing summer pasture and hay grass. After this grass starts growth in the spring, it will support two head of cattle or horses to the acre. By the use of bur clover with Bermuda, the pastures are green throughout the year. Again, Bermuda planted in gullies will quickly stop washing, and soon the sides of the gullies are covered and furnish a considerable pasture during the summer.
Japan clover (Lespedeza) is a great soil builder, particularly
53
in West Tennessee, where it will soon cover any abandoned land. It is a legume that furnishes a considerable pasture during the summer, and fields left in Japan clover are soon restored to their natural fertility. Hay made from this plant has a feeding value about equal to alfalfa and it produces from one to three tons per acre where it is planted on good land. If allowed to grow until late September or early October before cutting, it reseeds itself from year to year. Many abandoned fields in Tennessee grow- ing only broom sedge, have been restored to cultivation by it, and Lespedeza pastures are unsurpassed for all kinds of stock.
Grasses for hay and pastures are produced in abundance in West Tennessee, and more attention should be given to their planting.
This section is one of the most favored for the economical growing of stock, but this has been sadly neglected. Any farmer in West Tennessee who will take advantage of the nat- ural conditions, and raise stock, will soon have a fertile farm and be in position to make good returns on his investment. Too little attention has been given to this class of farming in this portion of the State.
Alfalfa can be readily grown in West Tennessee. All soils require liming and most of them respond to phosphorus. Three and four cuttings are made each year. It is not necessary to enter into any discussion of the merits of alfalfa, as it is too well known by farmers of all sections.
Sweet clover, crimson clover, bur clover, and hairy vetch may be grown to perfection in this section.
Soy beans and cowpeas furnish good crops when planted after a small winter grain crop has been harvested. Both are soil improvers of great importance, if fed and the manure return- ed to the soil.
Sorghum, both sweet and non-saccharine, makes splendid growth, and the sweet sorghum is used for making molasses and as a forage crop. In fact, West Tennessee soils will grow any crops that can be grown in the Temperate Zone, and in addition, has the important crops of cotton and tobacco as cash crops.
Experiments at the West Tennessee Station have shown con- clusively that the soils of that section are easily restored. The main need of most of the soils is lime and humus, although in
54
growing alfalfa and other clovers and legumes, phosphoric acid has shown good results. The principal need is a winter cover crop to prevent washing and loss of plant food from the soil, which occur in this section because of the mild winters, with alternate freezing and thawing of the soil. Crimson clover is our best winter cover crop because of the fact that it is a winter-growing legume and furnishes cover for the ground and pasture for hogs, cattle, horses and sheep. If turned under in the late spring, besides supplying much needed humus to the soil, it materially increases its nitrogen content. Wheat, oats, rye, and barley all furnish excellent winter cover crops, but unquestionably crimson clover, if the land can be prepared and the seed planted under the proper conditions, far outclasses these.
The College of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, after experimenting, suggests the following rotations which are de- sirable for West Tennessee conditions:
Five-Year Live Stock Rotation. lst year—Soy beans or cow peas. 2d year—Wheat. 3d year—Clover and grass. 4th year—Clover and grass. 5th year—Corn, followed by winter cover crop for pasture and green manure.
Five-Year General Farm Rotation. 1st year—Soy beans and cowpeas. 2d year—Wheat. 3d year—Clover. 4th year—Cotton, followed by cover crop. 5th year—Corn, followed by cover crop. Three-Year Cotton Planter’s Rotation. lst year—Oats, cowpeas, cover crop. 2d year—Cotton. 3d year—Corn and cowpeas. Four-Year Cotton Planter’s Rotation. lst year—Cotton, followed by cover crop. 2d year—Corn and cowpeas. 3d year—Oats and Japan clover. 4th year—Japan clover. Liming is often necessary in order to get a satisfactory crop
of clover. 55
GUIDE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A ROTATION
The table on page 61 was prepared with a view to furnishing a practical guide during the establishment of the five-year gen- eral farming rotation. The spring of the year 1914 is taken as the commencement of the project and it is assumed that the land is in an ordinary state of fertility. According to this plan the rotation will not be in full operation until 1916, at least two years being required to accomplish this result.
It will be seen that after the establishment of the rotation —1916 and later—a change is made in the commercial fertilizers, both for corn and for the small-grain crop. This change consists in the omission of both the cottonseed meal and the muriate of potash. In the case of the rye, the manure would much more than replace these two ingredients and the residues from the clover and grass would be expected to furnish an appreciable supply of nitrogen for the corn which follows. Also in case of freshly cleared land neither meal nor potash salt is advised from the outset. Also, attention is called to the fact that in the experiments at the Jackson Station little or no increase has been obtained from phosphates of any kind.
MIpDDLE TENNESSEE
Middle Tennessee has the Central Limestone Basin, the blue- grass area, where all the crops can be successfullly grown. Here are the phosphate beds of Tennessee, and a great deal of the soil has this important plant food in abundance, and in addition it has an abundance of potash. Long-continued croppings have exhausted the soil supply of lime, but practically the entire area has outcroppings of high-grade limestone, and this can be had at a low cost. This section is devoted to growing the small grains, corn, sorghum, grasses, and clover. Much attention is devoted to stock raising for the markets, and more attention is being paid to this important class of farming each year. Both cotton and tobacco can be grown, but experience has shown that farmers can make better returns from other kinds of farming.
In this section rational rotations, with winter cover crops, are being generally adopted by the farmers. More attention is being paid each year to stock raising and dairying, and the use of stable manure and winter-growing legumes for green manure is
56
rapidly restoring the original fertility. This soil, with its red clay subsoil, is readily responsive to kind treatment. Some of the soils need acid phosphate, and practically all need lime, but the potash content is ample for many generations.
HIGHLAND RIM
Parts of the Highland Rim section of Middle Tennessee have long been regarded as too poor for profitable farming, and only in the last few years has a plan of rotation and fertilization been worked out which will make them among the best farm invest- ments in the State. The section, as a whole, is admirably adapted to the growing of tobacco, producing yields not ex- ceeded by those of any other section. Other crops, such as corn, small grains, clovers, soy beans and cowpeas, can be produced in paying quantities when attention is paid to fertilizing and lim- ing these soils.
These soils are divided into practically two classes. One is a dark-red, or chocolate-colored, soil with red clay subsoil. This has an ample supply of potash, and with the liming of the soil and use of acid phosphate to fertilize the clovers, either to be turned under or fed and the manure saved and spread, is rapidly restored to its original fertility and produces large crops of corn, the small grains, grasses and clovers. It is well adapted to alfalfa, and several thousand acres are growing in this section, producing 3 to 5 tons per acre each year. When properly handled, there are few more productive lands anywhere than these dark-red lands of the Highland Rim.
The gray soil is not so good, but responds to good treatment. Lime, with an application of 200 pounds of 16% acid phos- phate and about 20 pounds muriate of potash per acre to fertilize for the legumes, which should either be fed and the manure spread on the ground, or turned under as a green-manure crop, rapidly brings these soils to a profitable producing basis.
A system of crop rotations has been worked out, which if followed will prove profitable and at the same time improve the fertility of the soil.
57
List of Rotations
A—General Farming—Five- Year Rotation
lst year—Corn, followed by winter cover crop for pasture and green manure. .
2d year—Cowpeas or soy beans.
3d year—Wheat or other small grain.
4th year—Clover and grass.
5th year—Clover and grass.
B—Green Manure and Grain—Three- Year Rotation
lst year—Corn, followed by winter cover crop for pasture and green manure.
2d year—Cowpeas or soy beans.
3d year—Wheat, followed by crimson clover for green ma- nure.
NOTE—A most excellent rotation wherever crimson clover does well.
C—General Farming—Three- Year Rotation (or Longer if
Desired) Ist year—Corn. 2d year—Wheat.
3d year—Clover, or clover and grass for one or more years.
NOTE—This is a well-known rotation, which has been followed successfully in many in stances, but under average conditions Rotation A is considered to be decidedly preferable.
D—FPasture for Hogs—Two-Year Rotation
lst year—Corn and cowpeas. 2d year—Rye, sown in fall, and alsike or red clover, sown in spring. E—Pasture for Hogs—Two-Year Rotation
Ist year—Red or alsike clover and barley. 2d year—Soy beans or cowpeas.
58
*Sq] Gg ysejod Jo azelInuUI
“sqi OOg exeydsoyd poy *supaq KOS—S§I161
Sq] OZ USeqOd jo o}eLINUI “sq] 00 exeydsoyd ppy *GOAI AanOD 434 -UIM YIM pamo1]0f—uUso}J—ZIOI
*(aanjspg puod Kpy sof) sspad pud 4900] —QIOI
"Sq] OG YsezOd jo ajerlI -nul ‘‘sq] QOg eyeydsoyd poe ‘suo} Z 9UO}SoUTT] puNnoIs "(FIOT ‘4daS ut kjApa dO "anY Ut 34D) uUmos) SSDAS PUD 49007)—SIOI
‘SC] OOL Bpos Jo azeI}1U “sq Og use}od jo ozeLnuI “sq] 00Z e7eydsoyd prpy *sqD0 3u1ddS—t IOI
G¢ ATHIH4
‘19qUIM SULINP PpasssiIp
-d0} ‘suoj O[-9 eInueUI ‘Te; UI ‘sq] 00g 27eydsoyd poy
"(4101
uUmos) 4waYyA{—SIOI
“90 4
“sq] 6g Ysejod jo ayelInu
“sqi OO eeydsoyd phy *supaq KoS—ZI01
Sq] 0% YSejod jo o}eLAINUI “sqi 00G ee4dsoyd ppy *GOAI ABhOI Aa} -UIMm YyIM pan.o70f—u40}—QIOT
Sq] OG Ysejod jo 9zeI1 -nul ““sq[ QOOg e3eYydsoyd proe ‘suo} g 9U0}SOUIT] punols *(PIOI ‘14daS ut &pADa AO “ANY
UL aJD] UMOS) 4220]9 pay—SIOI |p
‘SCI OOT Bpos Jo a}e1}1U “sq] 0% Uselod jo o9jelInuU “sq 00g eyeudsoyd poy *SjDO Su1ddS—t 101
% ATHI4
“(L161 ‘dutags Ut UMOS) SSDAB PUD 49201 —SIO1
*IoJUIM SULINP posseip -do} ‘suo} Q[-9 sInueUI ‘TTY UL “Sql 00S eeYydsoyd pe ‘suo} Z 9UO}SoUNI] puNnoIy “(QIOI 1DayYM—ZZIOI
"1990 Ut =Umos)
“sq Gg Yseqod jo a3}e1InNu
“sq] 00g eyeydsoyd ppy *supaq KOS—QIOI
‘Sd OOL [Baul paasu0zjz05 “sql OZ uysejod jo oa3eLInu “sq 00¢ eveydsoyd phy
*GOAI ABhOP AaqUuim yjtm = ppamo7j0f—uszoj—SI61
*Sq] OG Yse}od jo azeLINUI
“Sql 00€ aeYdsoyd ppy *supag KOS—trI61
€ GTHI4
Sq] OZ USe}od jo aye1Inu “sq 00% eeydsoyd poy *GOAP A902 424 -UIM 441M panojj0of—us0— S101
*(aangspg pun Kpy sof) Sspasd pup 43a0]3)—ZI01
“(S101 ‘sutads UL UMOS) SSDAI PUD 4900] )—QIOT
+10} UIA dY} SULINP possoip-do} ‘su0} QO[-9 eINueU pue ‘]{ey Ur “Sql QOS e*eYdsoyd pre ‘suo} Z UOISetI] punois *(PIOI
Umos) Day A{—SIOI
“pO wt
Sq] OG Ysejod jo o}e1INWI
“sqi 00g ereydsoyd ploy ‘spagmoj—tr i161
6 ATHIA
*(adnyspg pup py AOf) SspAd puvd 4200]3)—S IOI
"(QIOI ‘sutads Ut UALOS) SSDAB PUD 43020]1)—ZIOI
*JoJUIM 9} Surmnp pessoip
-do} ‘suo} Q[-9 oINueUI ‘Tey
url “sql 00Z eeydsoyd ppe
‘suo} Z duo SOUT] puNoID "(S161
umos) 1DaYA{—QIOT
“799 Ut
Sq] OG YsejOd jo a}eLINUI
“sq] 008 aIeydsoyd poy *supaq KOG—SI61
SQ] OOT [BeUl possu0j}09 “sq OZ Usejod jo azelnu “sq] 00¢ aieydsoyd ploy
*GOAI AaQOP Aq -UIm YJIM pamnojof—u4sé0j—tF 161
T GTHIa
"IOI
fo Butsds ut urdaq 0] paunssp suoYyDsado 1]0—wuiy punjYysrzT fo S]10S pa40109-KDAB UO PajINPUod SJuamit4agxa UO Paspg—UOYDIOd ay} fo JUaUL ~ysyqnjsa ay, sutanp pjayf yova sof pajsaddns “aja ‘sdazyydaf fo asap dad qunown ‘sqo1a susmoys ‘(I “oNT) UoyDjos odd ADaK-a0% —ATAVI,
Guide in the Establishment of a Rotation
A table has been prepared with a view to furnishing a practical guide during the establishment of the five-year general farming rotation. The spring of the year 1914 is taken as the commencement of the project and it is assumed that the land is in an ordinary state of fertility. According to this plan the ro- tation will not be in full operation until 1916, at least two years being required to accomplish this result.
It may be noted that after the establishment of the rotation —1916 and later—a change is made in the commercial fertilizers, both for corn and for the small-grain crop. This change consists in the omission of both the cottonseed meal and the muriate of potash. In the case of the rye, the manure would much more than replace these two ingredients and the residues from the clover and grass would be expected to furnish an appreciable supply of nitrogen for the corn which follows. Also, in case of freshly cleared land, neither meal nor potash salt is advised from the outset.
Notes on Table
1. The liming may be done earlier than directed in the table. In fact, although especially beneficial to clover, liming is apt to increase the yield of any of the crops to an appreciable extent. According to experimental evidence, two tons of ground lime- stone will be ample for at least five years, and possibly for twice that length of time.
2. The acid phosphate and muriate of potash should always be applied before planting the crop for which they are especially intended, and give best results when applied in the row for crops planted in rows. For broadcast-sown crops these materials may be applied broadcast before the land is turned, or may either be drilled in afterward or scattered broadcast and well harrowed into the soil.
3. As a cover crop after corn, to prevent loss during the win- ter, choice may be had of wheat, rye, crimson clover, and hairy vetch. Crimson clover is an ideal crop in some respects, but requires a fairly fertile soil in order to thrive. Even then, when sown in corn at the last working, it is apt to be killed before
60
winter by dry, hot weather. Rye would help to hold the crim- son clover from freezing out during the winter, and the mixture may be sown considerably later than crimson clover alone. Hairy vetch can be sown later than crimson clover and any time during September is favorable, provided the soil-moisture supply is good. If sown in early October it is apt to go through the winter. Like crimson clover, it may be sown with either rye or wheat. Rye can be sown later than wheat and makes the earliest spring growth.
The cover crop should be turned under at an early stage of growth—in the case of rye and wheat not later than when in boot; but for crimson clover and vetch when in early bloom. Attention is called to the fact that vetch makes only a small growth during the fall, winter, and early spring, and is a vigorous grower only after warm weather comes in the spring; so that to get the most good out of this crop for green-manure purposes it must remain on the land later by several weeks than either of the others, or until about the middle of May. This would not, however, be a serious objection, as either cowpeas or soy beans can be planted to advantage after this date.
4. The manure is advised as a top-dressing on the wheat for the special purpose of getting a good stand of clover and grass from a spring seeding. If the land is of such quality that the manure is not needed for this purpose it may well be applied for the corn crop, which offers a greater possible increase in grain than the wheat.
In the absence of manure an extra amount of both the phos- phate and potash is advised.
5. Either red or alsike clover may be used, and a mixture of the two is sometimes advisable. Alsike when sown in late summer or early fall would be expected to produce an appreciable part of the hay crop of the next two years, but red clover is apt to disappear after the first year. When spring-sown, one lasts about as long as the other, provided the red clover disease, which does not affect the alsike, is not serious.
In the case of a failure of clover, in the spring following the seeding, an application of 100 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda may be made to advantage for the grass, and should be applied as early in March as the spring growth begins.
61
In case of a poor stand of both clover and grass at the begin- ning of the second year, a seeding of 25 pounds per acre of Japan clover (Lespedeza) about the first of April is recommended.
6. For the red-colored soils of limestone origin the same fer- tilizers, etc., may be used, except that the potash can be reduced by one-half.
CUMBERLAND PLATEAU
The Cumberland Plateau is the least developed of all; yet with the addition of liberal applications of lime and phosphate these can be made to yield good crops. The soils of the Cum- berland Plateau are mainly fine sandy loams. This kind of soil is easily cultivated, allows an excess of water to escape readily, is adapted to a great variety of crops, and contains enough clay to make it retentive of manure and fertilizer. This section is well adapted to fruits, forage crops, and Irish and sweet potatoes. This is considered the best section in Tennessee for the growing of Irish potatoes.
Analyses of these soils show a deficiency of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, the phosphorus can be cheaply supplied and the nitrogen produced by growing legumes and turning them under or feeding and returning the manure to the soil.
Most of the plateau section remains to be cleared, and there appears no reason why the new lands should not be put at once under a rotation that, with the aid of liming, phosphating and the careful saving and use of farmyard manure, will maintain a high state of productiveness. Generally speaking, a long rotation, covering a period of five or more years, is better than a short two- or three-year rotation. The first rotation given below is the best adapted for the Cumberland Plateau.
List of Rotations 1. General Farming—Five- Year Rotation lst year—Corn, followed by winter cover crop of rye for pas- ture and green manure. 2d year—Cowpeas or soy beans. 3d year—Rye or other small grain. 4th year—Clover and grass. 5th year—Clover and grass. Note—Potatoes could be introduced the 5th year after clover
instead of clover and grass. 62
2. General Farming— Four-Year Rotation
Ist year—Corn—rye cover crop.
2d year—Sorghum and peas sown broadcast. 3d year—Clover and grass.
4th year—Clover and grass.
3. Potato Grower's Four-Year Rotation
1st year—Potatoes, followed by cowpeas and millet for hay.
Note—The hay crop is sown at last working of the potatoes and is harvested before the potatoes are dug.
2d year—Spring oats and Canadian field peas, followed by buckwheat, with which clover and grass are seeded.
3d year—Clover and grass.
4th year—Clover and grass.
This is a rotation practiced by Mr. O. H. Overdell on recently cleared land near Crossville.
4. Potato Grower's Three-Year Rotation Ist year—Cowpeas, hogged off and followed by rye cover crop for pasture. 2d year—Potatoes, followed by rye cover crop for pasture. 3d year—Corn, with cowpeas and rye sown at last cultivation.
Guide in the Establishment of a Rotation
A table has been prepared with a view to furnishing a practical guide during the establishment of the five-year general farming rotation. The spring of the year 1914 is taken as the commencement of the project and it is assumed that the land is in an ordinary state of fertility. According to this plan the ro- tation will not be in full operation until 1916, at least two years being required to accomplish this result.
It may be noted that after the establishment of the rotation —1916 and later—a change is made in the use of commercial ferti- lizers, both for corn and for the small-grain crop. This change consists in the omission of both the cottonseed meal and the muriate of potash. In the case of the rye, the mahure would much more than replace these two ingredients and the residues from the clover and grass would be expected to furnish an appre- ciable supply of nitrogen for the corn which follows. Also, in case of freshly cleared land neither meal or potash salt is advised
from the outset. 63
Sq]. 0% Useqod jo ayeLINW
“sqI 00g eyeydsoyd ploy *supaqg KOS —gI61
Sq] 002 exeydsoyd poy *akd fO GOAI ABR09 49} -uim D &q pamojjof—usoj—ZI61
*(aanyspg sof &yfary) SSDAS PUD 4300] —OIOI
*(€py—t 161 “any uUMmOS) SSDAS PUD 4900] —SIOI
‘Sq| OS Bpos jo a}eIpIU “SqI OL yYsejod jo a}elnu “sq] 00% eyeydsoyd poy *SJDO SUIAGS—FIOI
¢ QTHld
*Suo} Q[-9 oANuUeUI
“sqi 00Z eyeydsoyd pry ‘ahy— IOI
*Sq] OZ UseiOd jo ayeI1INU
“sq Oog eyeydsoyd poy ‘supaq KOS—ZIOI
sq] 00Z exeudsoyd poy ‘aka fO GOAI Aan02 424 -uim D Kq pamozj0f—us40}—QIOI
“sq[ Gg Yseqod jo ayers -nul “sq] ogg eyeydsoyd prioe ‘suo} Z oUO SUN] puNoI *(PIOL “SNP Ut UMOS) 432019 pay—S IOI
“Sd OS BpOs jo ayeIpIU “Sqi OL yse}od jo 9a}elInu “sq_ 00¢ eqeydsoyd poy *SJD0 8U1ddS—t 161
% ATH
*(Kpy) Sspd3 pud A920] J—S§ 161
*Ssuo} OI-9 21nNu -eul “Sq, 00%’ ezeYydsoyd ptoe ‘suo} Z VUO0 Se] Puno ‘aky—ZIO1
Sq] OZ YSse.Od jo ayeLINUI
“sq] 00g eyeydsoyd poy *supaq KOS—gIOI
SQ] OOL [eeu poaasuo0}j05 “sql OL yYseqod jo azelinuw “sq] 00@ eeydsoyd phy
*akA fo GOdI Aanor 4a} -uim D &q pamozj0of—us4oj—S 161
"S41 0% YSejOd jo azyerInu
Sq] 00E aieydsoyd ppy ‘supaqg KOS—tI6I
€ QTHIA
sq] 00g eVeYdsoyd ploy *ahA [O GOAI A909 Ad} -u1m D £q pamozj0f—us4oj—9gIO61I
*(aAngspg sof Ayfaty9) SSpAs pud 4a00]7)7—ZIOI
*(CpYy) SSDAZ PUD 4320].—QIOI
*Su0} QO[-9 aInu -eul “Sql OO] eyeYydsoyd proe ‘suo} Z oUOJSoUN] PUuNoILy ‘atyy—S IOI
“Sq] O% USeqod jo a}eLINuU
“SqI OO€ axeydsoyd poy *spagmoj—t 101
6 ATHIA
*(aAngsog sof ayfary9) Sspad puD 42001) —9I61
*(Kpy) SSDAS PUD 4900] —ZIOI
*SU0} OT-9 e1nuU -eul Sq] 00S oeYdsoyd poe ‘suo} Z 9U0}SOUN] punols ‘akYJ—QIOI
"Sq. OZ USe}Od jo ayelInuUl
“Sql 00g aeydsoyd ppy ‘supaq KOS —SI161
SQ] OOT [¥29UI passuo}joOo pues “Sql OL ysejod jo oyeuNnm “sq] 0O0@ aeydsoyd poy *akA {0 GOAI 43209 494 -uIm D &q panoj1j0of—usé0j—t 161
T GTHI
‘PIOI fo Burdds ut utsaq 0] pawnssD SUoYyDAadO 1]D—S]10S NDAD] q PUDI[ABQUND UO PaJINpPUod SJuamMisadxa UO Paspg—uUuoNyDIOd ay] f[o JUaMYsSYgnisa ay, Bulanp pay yova cof pajsadans ‘aja ‘saazyydaf fo aap sad qyunowmn ‘soso Buimoys ‘(I *ONT) Uo4DI0A Godd ADAK-2A1J —ATAV L
East TENNESSEE
East Tennessee, with its varied soils, is especially adapted to general farming and stock raising, but truck crops, strawberries in particular, have proven profitable. Peaches, early apples, etc., can be raised to advantage on the ridges and higher hills. These lands nearly all respond to phosphate and lime. All the farm crops, such as corn, small grains, grasses, clover and alfalfa, do well under favorable conditions. Considerable attention is given to cattle raising. In the vicinity of the mountains the free grazing lands which are accessible during the summer months -can be utilized to great advantage, the cattle being carried through the winter on corn fodder and winter pasture. Most of the cattle are sold to be finished at other points, but some of the more progressive farmers have built silos and finish their beef cattle ready for the markets.
A great many strawberries are produced each year in East Tennessee, besides considerable quantities of the various garden crops.
Proper crop rotations, with the use of phosphate and lime for the legumes, will readily build up most of the East Tennessee soils to a high state of productiveness. Any of the general farm crop rotations recommended for the Highland Rim are good for East Tennessee conditions. As a matter of fact, better farm practice prevails generally over East Tennessee than in other sections of the State.
FRUITS
Tennessee offers all the conditions necessary to successful fruit culture—proper soil, climate, drainage and altitude. These, combined with scientific methods, produce as fine fruit as can be grown in any part of the world. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, strawberries, are grown in great abundance, though there is no reason why the production can not be largely increased. Tennessee is the real home of the grape. They are found in large quantities in their wild state, while the varieties usually grown in the Temperate Zone are very prolific. Vine- yards demand no more attention here than elsewhere, while the yield is all that could be desired. In West Tennessee is what is known as the strawberry belt, and the growers place the crop
65
on the Northern markets at the least possible cost. Strawberries of superior quality are also grown in Middle and East Tennessee. Berries of every variety are successfully grown. Wild black- berries and dewberries are plentiful. Ample transportation facilities enable the shipments to compete in point of time with the most favored localities. Tennessee is also known as a great peach State, and it is seldom indeed that there is a complete failure of this crop. Growers are turning their attention to ap- ples in all divisions of the State. A yield of twenty to thirty- five bushels of apples to the tree is by no means unusual.
ADVANTAGES TO THE SETTER
Tennessee to-day offers many advantages to the prospective settler, in the way of reasonably priced lands, good climate, ample rainfall and long growing season.
The information in this pamphlet is compiled from official bulletins issued by the College of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, and can be depended upon. The farmers of this State have at their command the services of this College, and in addition, under the Division of Extension, a majority of the counties have county agents who are educated and trained to give the farmers in the section where located the benefit of accu- rate information as to agricultural questions.
Tennessee will welcome the settler who desires to make his home within her borders. She needs young men to assist in developing her natural resources. Opportunity is here, and awaits the ambitious farmer who is seeking a location.
The following data compiled from the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture Yearbook for 1914 give some very interest- ing information. They show that of the main crops grown in Tennessee the values per acre equal those in most of the states, and on some commodities, such as barley and hay, they are higher than any. By good farming, the yield per acre in Tennessee can be brought to the top, and on account of her closeness to the good markets her farm products will always command a good price:
66
Corn, Bushels | Tenn.| Ky. Till. | Ind. | Iowa | Neb. ich Kas. | Wis. 10 yr. aver., per acre..... PAPO EATAOM OLE on ote Mitot-O51|| 2oL3) Noort | 1929 "3623 1914 average... sc. se 24. PAY 29. 33}, 38. 24.5 | 36 18.5 | 40.5 5-yr. aver. val. per acre. . .}/$15.82/$16 .00/$16.82/$18.57/$17.17/$10.49|$20.91/$ 8.21|$21.50 Value per acre, 1914......| 16.32] 16.00) 17.69} 19.14] 20.90} 12.98] 24.12} 11.66] 26.32
Wheat, Bushels 10-yr. aver., per acre..... ee | pe Oe lG 16. fc) V6.4. | aa Te ad NOMA aAVETAZE oa )clwis sac LOROM LOM ON Seon ili +e lecO. | Wecou | £9) 205] 619i 5-yr. aver. val. per acre. . ./$12.21/$12.71/$13 .90/$13 .66|$16.25|$13 .43/$15.07|$12 .76/$16.55 Value per acre, 1914......] 16.28] 17.00} 18.68] 17.92] 17.86) 17.67) 20.29) 19.48) 19.10
Oats, Bushels
10-yr. aver., per acre..... PERL || PA ses || cele toy |p eA 8) SO | 2553: Ns0e8s | 2459) |) 32.5 NOTA TAVeTACEE o Sc.cicte aco 23% 21. 2923" (528-0) | ooe 32). Soe elesoroml tote 5-yr. aver. val. per acre... .|$10,77/$10.74/$11 .68/$11 .15/$11.57/$ 8.80)$12.67/$10.42/$12 12 Value per acre, 1914...... 12.19} 11.13] 12.89] 12.26) 13.53] 12.80] 15.08} 14.07] 11.61 a Barley, Bushels 10-yr. aver., per acre....| 24.3 | 25.8 | 29. 25k | 26e20| 2he3) |) 2522) V2 2765 1914 average. . 2.5.0... es 27. QS nO 29 Ok eo. 26. 23-5) | 26). 2475 [R2t3 5-yr. aver. val. per acre. . ./$20.81]$20.09/$18 .44/$16 .39/$16.21|$ 8.61/$16.88/$ 7 .48)$17.98 Value per acre, 1914......] 22.14] 21.94) 18.00] 16.75] 14.30} 11.04] 16.90) 11.52] 16.93 Hay, Tons
10-yr. aver., per acre..... Silla 2Ole 20h 241) 39) 139 129) 1228} «1.49 NOWASAVEFAZE Ms cece cere os = 1.20 .95 .90| 1.00) 1.38) 1.69) 1.28) 1.51) 21.75 5-yr. aver. val. per acre.. .|$19.20]$15 .95}$14.47/$15 .02/$12 .31/$10.36/$16 .68/$10.24/$17 .49 Value per acre, 1914......} 20.40] 15.20] 12.24] 14.10) 13.94] 11.66} 15.36] 11.17] 16.28
Constructive live stock breeding is being carried on all over Tennessee. Herds of pure-bred cattle, both milk and beef, are being established, and the value of farm animals is rapidly in- creasing. Foundation studs of Percherons have been established for the purpose of furnishing stallions to Tennessee farmers at reasonable prices, to be used in producing a heavier type of farm horses and mares. A foundation herd of milking Shorthorns has been started by the College of Agriculture, and the bull calves from this herd will be available to communities interested in improved cattle.
Below is a statement secured from the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, showing number and value of farm animals in Tennessee in 1914:
Number Value LOT SEG Sy eteveNe tees eich ievelle oie suakole oes ise w lvachevahbis fal el ete or slieveneneds 346,000 $40,136,000 UMirtle seemepet meet heres sictalos lolens favs legenareiove lovee teiskealeieiers vere, «vapors 270,000 34,290,000 IMCL COW SH ei teks terme elclisteroeeks a ethers winiarslavel shaves e,avevecs vas 355,000 14,555,000 OCH eriCatclemctac erences Suetave rea, statersiey sicuctate steeisenave. aisle 503,000 11,267,000 SHEE Deeeetatte meet omen cere ea tesier ata te ioke sare (ol are) nie: 6 cavers auayaheus,@uereuavavens 674,000 2,494,000 LO 2 Sem repeater tk Pa ot aetatoucnshete ccretene: olaneha © letey shes, suits sivetoyepsoaevel 1,501,000 ~=11,708,000
The spirit of co6peration between the railroads, banks, busi- ness men, and the College of Agriculture, Division of Extension,
67
Department of Agriculture and the farmers is well developed and all are working hand in hand for the agricultural development of the State.
The Department of Agriculture will gladly give any informa- tion it has as to localities, prices of land, or other data.
Acknowledgment is hereby made for courtesies shown by members of faculty, College of Agriculture, University of Ten- nessee, and to Mr. A. D. Knox, Assistant Agricultural Agent of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway.
If interested, write H. K. Bryson, Commissioner of Agriculture. Nashville, Tenn.
A Tennessean’s Creed
I BELIEVE IN TENNESSEE
—the home of more than two million people, through whose veins flow the purest of Anglo-Saxon blood, and whose ancestors, by deeds of valor, made a glo- rious history.
—a State where capital and labor work side by side in harmonious relation; where every home is a king- dom, and each child a priceless jewel.
—where the cold breeze of the north meets the warm zephyrs of the south, making a salubrious climate in which it is a pleasure to live.
—with her hills studded with giant forests, beneath whose roots are found an inexhaustible store of minerals and valuable ores.
—on whose blue grass hills graze live stock in lordly herds and unnumbered flocks, and whose fertile fields contribute liberally to the markets of the world.
—I love the music of her industries, where the buzz
of the saw, the hum of the spindle, the roar of the furnace, blend in wonderful harmony. To me, citizenship in Tennessee is a privilege, and during the years to come I shall co-operate in mak- ing the State bigger and better by being a true, loyal and enthusiastic Tennessean.
69
Ov dad ae wey n ii NA
oF it
AL
‘4 a
iat ht ae \ bs u 1
*
yi
= iA ou oe) s 14) r We PEs i ! iA wr t ’ ie bia h
i i vt Di ly
nt ae an
bal
Wi Togy Frnt ext CLT base FY |
' An iy r
U
boli
ae ae i tee 4 te aiid
nats orn v4 “rt mati APs he ae uN, aay oe (eogtey, a eat aint vn ya OK i ai Sieg tae r siya Sh a bncked bec Gyo ree ati By fA ee “A Pie kmia f oleae ae
= ® ¥ : 2 ak i Pi Ws Ate rah dt)
tarts 449 a
5
at onttre oP Ok fae a ie a ") hues at ie wae A bar 2 4) a n ako : a] oy hs vee litja Me F byte nner Cry
vinqaligtt he
‘
Lor oh ae fMeg gil mene
mii. Acts bei
wise ead pera feria . i] 7 a yay aE” =H : ; i ‘ 5 j 12 ate a wal . q @ wi th. eat so Aor gt ( GQdetoeietary a wi ey; aig ia he sheer ite
. Abd ne a
“a 4
n 1, eT a a
ii iar ee myiat
weries {erty etyrorl
}
eageatel ghart at” gel eth astant cht heey Bag t tna
- t @ v , 7 = = 1 we a * oh 1 1 a Q + : -_ fs ; ] =e 7 i - - 1 7 1 A L i I 1 Z . V 1 i" . e : 1 = o a . - 1 7 r : = 7 i a = : = " a i ' S ' 1 t ‘ = - i. 7 a i a i ae - Hy 1 a :. : * si i : x q ‘ - = 1 ( : or i A ‘ ( 1 ; ‘ = - . . a 1 i i ‘ 7 1 7 i 1 7 ; fi i 1 a0 i i I i 7 ‘
‘ . y, ‘ u s >» , wa < je) poet = ' 2 oe ” se ay = nests ; bd Bs . £ . ’ 5 a “J “ihe oe tb 3 af Poth Ta. u ' ia Pa f _ o i € x ve © : 4 : 2 , $! : ‘ : ca” eee f % , d k on Se fe i \ ° :