UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN NATURAL HIST. SURVEY , i Botany Ten New Species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from Bahia, Brazil Timothy Plowman January 30, 1987 Publication I PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NA i Information for Contributors to Fiekliana FIELDIANA Botany NEW SERIES, NO. 19 Ten New Species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from Bahia, Brazil Timothy Plowman Associate Curator Department of Botany Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Accepted for publication July 18, 1985 January 30, 1987 Publication 1373 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1987 Field Museum of Natural History Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-82463 ISSN 00 15-0746 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 NEW SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS 1 . Erythroxylum andrei Plowman, sp. nov 2 2. Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman, sp. nov 5 3. Erythroxylum maracasense Plowman, sp. nov 8 4. Erythroxylum mattos-silvae Plowman, sp. nov. 12 5. Erythroxylum membranaceum Plow- man, sp. nov 17 6. Erythroxylum petrae-caballi Plow- man, sp. nov 20 7. Erythroxylum santosii Plowman, sp. nov 25 8. Erythroxylum splendidum Plowman, sp. nov 25 9. Erythroxylum stipulosum Plowman, sp. nov 31 10. Erythroxylum tenue Plowman, sp. nov 35 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 40 LITERATURE CITED . . 40 List of Illustrations 1 . Erythroxylum andrei 3 2. Habitat of Erythroxylum andrei 4 3. Erythroxylum caatingae 6 4. Erythroxylum maracasense 9 5. Habit of Erythroxylum maracasense ... 10 6. Erythroxylum mattos-silvae 13 7. Habit of Erythroxylum mattos-silvae ... 14 8. Flowering twig of Erythroxylum mattos- silvae 14 9. Erythroxylum membranaceum 18 10. Geographical distribution of Erythroxy- lum andrei, E. caatingae, E. maracas- ense, E. mattos-silvae, and E. membrana- ceum 19 1 1 . Erythroxylum petrae-caballi 21 1 2. Erythroxylum santosii 24 13. Erythroxylum splendidum 27 14. Habit of Erythroxylum splendidum .... 28 1 5. Flowering and fruiting twig of Erythroxy- lum splendidum 28 16. Erythroxylum stipulosum 30 17. Habitat of Erythroxylum stipulosum ... 31 1 8. Geographical distribution of Erythroxy- lum petrae-caballi, E. santosii, E. splen- didum, and E. stipulosum 32 1 9. Erythroxylum tenue 34 20. Habitat of Erythroxylum tenue 35 2 1 . Habit of Erythroxylum tenue 36 22. Flowering branch of Erythroxylum tenue 37 23. Geographic distribution of Erythroxy- lum tenue . .38 List of Tables Morphological comparison of Erythroxy- lum caatingae Plowman and E. oxypetal- um O. E. Schulz 8 Morphological comparison of Erythroxy- lum maracasense Plowman and E. pelle- terianum St. Hil 12 Morphological comparison of Erythroxy- lum mattos-silvae Plowman, E. nobile O. E. Schulz, E. compressum Peyr., E. mem- branaceum Plowman, E. martii Peyr., and E. grandifolium Peyr 17 Morphological comparison of Erythroxy- lum petrae-caballi Plowman, E. tenue Plowman, E. distortum Mart., E. cf. mi- kanii Peyr., and E. passerinum Mart 23 Morphological comparison of Erythroxy- lum santosii Plowman and E. ochran- thum Mart. . 26 iii Ten New Species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) from Ba hia. Brazil Abstract Ten new species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxyla- ceae) from the state of Bahia and adjacent areas in Brazil are described and illustrated, and their taxonomic and ecogeographic relationships are discussed: E. andrei Plowman, E. caatingae Plow- man, E. maracasense Plowman, E. mattos-silvae Plowman, E. membranaceum Plowman, E. petrae- caballi Plowman, E. santosii Plowman, E. splen- didum Plowman, E. stipulosum Plowman, and E. tenue Plowman. Introduction Since I began studies of Neotropical Erythroxy- lum in 1974, no one region has presented such diversity of taxa and such a challenge in their de- limitation as the state of Bahia, Brazil. I have now tallied 45 species from this state alone. In the Neo- tropics, Bahia is rivaled only by Venezuela in numbers of species of Erythroxylum in a com- parable area (Plowman, 1982). The interesting juxtaposition of habitats from restinga and moist tropical forest along the coast to dry caatinga, cam- po rupestre and cerrado in the interior has led to a radiation of species that we are only beginning to describe, let alone understand. Within Bahia, the greatest concentration of species of Erythroxylum occurs along the coast in restinga and restinga forests on sandy soils. Other species occur in both restinga forest and moist tropical forest; for still others we do not yet know the habitat within the coastal zone. From studying recent collections from southern Bahia and from my own fieldwork there, it has become clear that many species of Erythroxylum occur naturally in very small populations and are restricted to limited areas. One example is Ery- throxylum hamigerum O. E. Schulz collected in 1 82 1 by Riedel at "Castelnovo" (= Castelo Novo) near Ilheus and in 1836 by Blanchet also near Ilheus. In spite of intensive collecting around Ilh- eus in the last 1 5 years, this species has been found only once: in 1983 at Lagoa Encantada near Cas- telo Novo, where Riedel first discovered it. Another example is E. mattos-silvae Plowman, described here, which is found locally in restinga forests south of Ilheus but was not collected until 1969. Other species, such as E. nitidum Sprengel, E. mem- branaceum Plowman, or E. santosii Plowman, are known only from single collections. The continu- ing decimation of the forests of southern Bahia for agriculture and housing developments has greatly increased the probability that many of the very rare and local erythroxylums, along with hundreds of other species not protected in forest preserves, will become extinct in the near future. Our knowledge of the southern Bahian flora is owed largely to the Centre de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), a division of the Commissao Executiva do Piano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC). The staff of this institution has been actively collecting this area for the past 1 5 years, resulting in a sig- nificant increase in the numbers of new species and species records for Bahia (Mori & Mattos Sil- va, 1979; Mattos Silva & Mori, 1981). It is becoming increasingly clear that caatinga and other dry habitats of northeastern Brazil are also rich in species of Erythroxylum; but the vast, dry areas of the interior are very poorly explored compared with the areas of the narrow coastal belt. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM Recent explorations of caatinga areas have been carried out by Ray Harley and colleagues from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, by Scott Mori of the New York Botanical Garden, and by the staff at the Herbario Radambrasil in Salvador. Other re- cent collectors in Bahia have also made important contributions, especially the botanists at the Uni- versidade Federal da Bahia in Salvador and at the Universidade Estadual de Feira de San tana (Britto & Noblick, 1 984). These collections suggest that, when better collected, the dry habitats of Bahia and other areas of the Northeast may be nearly as rich in Erythroxylum species, including endemics, as the moist forests. It is the purpose of this paper to describe 10 new species of Erythroxylum, six from restinga and restinga forest, and four from caatinga and dry forest. This is the second contribution (see Plowman, 1983) toward a revision of the species of Erythroxylum in Bahia. Because of the long- recognized difficulty in distinguishing Erythroxy- lum species, I have provided rather long and de- tailed descriptions, employing as many useful characters as possible in order to avoid any future ambiguity in interpreting these concepts. Since my last contributions to the taxonomy of this genus (Plowman, 1983, 1984), I have made some modifications in terminology. Following Schulz (1 907) and earlier workers, I formerly used "ramenta" to designate the stem covering of con- gested, sometimes modified cataphylls (consisting of stipules without developed leaf blades). Since there appear to be many intermediate conditions between densely congested "ramenta" and scat- tered and isolated cataphylls, I believe it is better to abandon the rather vague term "ramenta" and replace it with a simple description of the nature of the cataphylls. In earlier descriptions, I did not consider the minute, spinelike leaf rudiment usu- ally found on cataphylls, but I now include this character, which I have designated the "spinule." New Species Descriptions 1. Erythroxylum andrei Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum. Figures 1-2, 10. Frutex ramosissimus, ramulis flexuosis. Cataphylla disticha, stipulis foliorum similia. Stipulae foliares per- sistentes, parvae, transverse triangulares, coriaceae, striate nervosae, 3-setulosae. Folia breviter petiolata. persisten- tia; laminae obovatae vel ovatae vel suborbiculares, ap- ice obtusae vel rotundatae, retusae, basi obtusae vel ro- tundatac vel late cuneatae, chartaceae vel subcoriaceae. Flores e brachyblastis vel ramulis hornotinis in ramen- torum axillis nati, brevissime pedunculati. Petal! lamina clliptica. ungue amplo et ligula hilobata munita. Urceo- lus stamineus calycem superans, margine integer vel mi- nute 10-crenulatus. Styli liberi. Drupa ignota. Shrub to 6 m tall, densely branched, with several trunks to 3 cm diameter. Bark rather smooth, dot- ted with small rounded or elongate lenticels or longitudinally striate, grayish brown, ca. 2 mm thick, the inner bark tan, the wood light tan, very hard. Branches dense, ascending or upcurving, not distinctly storied. Branchlets distichous, consist- ing mainly of short shoots, flexuous, diverging 50°- 90° from axis, strongly compressed at apex, 1.5- 2 mm in diameter, dotted with rounded or elon- gate, pale tan lenticels. Internodes 3-20 mm long on long shoots, 0.5-1 mm long on short shoots. Cataphylls (ramenta) distichous, produced at base of new shoots for up to 8 mm, scarcely overlap- ping, similar to foliar stipules, persisting, turning black with age, the spinule (leaf rudiment) slender, black, ca. 1 mm long. Foliar stipules persistent, appressed to stem, diverging somewhat with age, broadly triangular, 1.5-2 mm long, coriaceous, striate-nerved with 5-6 parallel nerves per side, obtuse to rounded at apex, 3-setulose, the 2 lateral setae 0.4-0.5 mm long, the medial seta variable in length, 0.2-0.7 mm long, the setae evanescent with age, the keels prominent, riblike, the margin entire. Leaves persistent, 1-2 produced at tips of short shoots or scattered on long shoots, disti- chous, short-petiolate, the lamina held obliquely erect, plane, variable in shape, ovate to obovate or suborbicular, obtuse to rounded at apex, retuse, obtuse to rounded or broadly cuneate at base, 35- 85 mm long, 20-55 mm wide, firmly chartaceous to subcoriaceous, adaxially medium to dark green, drying dull, grayish green, abaxially light yellowish green, drying yellowish or reddish brown, adaxi- ally rather dull to shiny, abaxially shiny, elineate with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib yellowish or light green, flat or only slightly raised, the major lateral nerves 10-14, diverging 55°-70° from midrib, straight, more or less parallel, anas- tomosing 2-4 mm from margin, adaxially obscure, abaxially distinct. Petiole subterete, 2-3 mm long, 1-1.3 mm in diameter, drying very dark brown. Flowers produced near the apex of new short shoots or new long shoots in axils of leaves or cataphylls, 1-4 per node, whitish, subsessile or very short- pedunculate, the peduncle flattened against stem, 0.2-1.2 mm long, diverging from axis with age. FIELDIANA: BOTANY 1mm FIG. 1 . Erythroxylum andrei. A, habit of flowering branch; B, habit of whole plant; C, detail of flowering twig; D, leaf showing venation, scale as in A; E, stipule; F, short-styled flower; G, long-styled flower; H, petal. (A, C, D, E, F, and H from Carvalho el al. 198; B from Plowman & Carvalho 12785; G from dos Santos 1287.) Drawing by Marlene Werner. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM FIG. 2. 12785). Habitat of Erythroxylum andrei in shrubby restinga near Marau, Bahia, Brazil (Plowman & Carvalho Bracteoles minute, produced at apex of peduncle, broadly ovate, concave, membranaceous, 0.6-0.8 mm long, abruptly acuminate at apex, the seta 0.2- 0.4 mm long. Pedicel slender, 5-ribbed, 3.5-6.5 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter, thickened at apex into the calyx. Calyx 1.2-1.5 mm long, di- vided '/j-'/2 its length, the lobes broadly triangular, 0.5-0.7 mm long, apically acute. Petal lamina spreading, concave, elliptic to narrowly ovate, rounded at apex, 2 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, the claw broad and somewhat larger than the lamina, 1.5-1.6 mm long, to 1.7 mm wide, the ligule 1.4 mm long, bilobate, with a broad, inflexed, central flap 0.7-0.8 mm long and 0.6 mm wide, the lobes each consisting of 2 auricles, the shorter anterior auricle 0.6 mm long, the longer posterior auricle 1-1.4 mm long. Stamina! cup 1.2-1.8 times length of calyx, 1-1.3 mm long, entire to minutely 10- crenulate at margin, the margin itself drying thin, lighter brown in color, flaring slightly. Brachysty- lous flowers: filaments 2.5-2.8 mm long, the an- thers 0.5 mm long; styles free, 1 mm long; stigma broadly depressed-capitate, 0.2 mm long, 0.3 mm in diameter. Dolichostylous flowers: antisepalous filaments 0.8 mm long, the anthers 0.5 mm long; antipetalous filaments 1.2 mm long, the anthers 0.5 mm long; styles free, 1-1.1 mm long; stigmas depressed-capitate, 0.2 mm long. Ovary obovoid, rounded at apex, 1.2-1.8 times length of staminal cup, 0.8-1.8 mm long. Mature drupe unknown. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Municipo de Marau, ro- dovia BR-030, trecho Porto de Campinhos-Mar- au, km 1 1 , restinga, arbusto de ap. 2.0 m de altura, folhas discolores com face superior lucida, flores alvacentas, frutos imaturos verdes, 26 Feb. 1 980 (fl), Andre M. de Carvalho, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 198 (holotype, CEPEC 19131; iso- types, F 1884879, F neg. 60193, K, NY, RB). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Ala- goas: Municipio Marechal Deodoro: Massagueira, en- trada para Barra de Sao Miguel, 30 Jan. 1982 (fl), M. L. Guedes s.n. (ALCB, F). Bahia: Municipio de Marau: Es- trada Ubaitaba-Ponta do Muta, ramal no km 71 de Ubaitaba, entrada para o Sitio "Sao Marcos," approx. 14°04'S, 38°58'W, near sea level, 2 Feb. 1983 (fl buds), T. Plowman & A. M. de Carvalho 12785 (ALCB, B, CEPEC, F, G, GH, GUA, HRB, K, LE, MBM, MO, NY, P, R, RB, SP, U, UB, UEC, us, distributed as "£". carvalhoi"), 2 Feb. 1983 (st), T. Plowman & A. M. de Carvalho 12786 (CEPEC, F, GH, HRB, K, NY, RB, UB, us, distributed as "E. carvalhoi"). Municipio de Ilheus: estrada a Olivenca, 12 Nov. 1970 FIELDIANA: BOTANY (fl), T. S. dos Santos 1287 (CEPEC, F); Fa/enda Barra do Manguinho, km 12 da Rodovia (BA-001) Pontal-Oli- ven9a, 26 Apr. 1983) (fl, fr), L. A. Mattos Silva, T. S. dos Santos & B. Leuenberger 1823 (ALCB, CEPEC, F, MBM, NY, RB), 27 Feb. 1985 (st), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13971 (CEPEC, F, K, NY, RB), 27 Feb. 1985 (young fr), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13973 (CEPEC, F, G, HRB, IPA, K, NY, RB, UEC, us); Fazenda Guanabara, ramal com entrada no km 1 0 da rodovia Ilheus-Olivenca, lado direito 4 km a Oeste da rodovia, 7 Mar. 1985 (fr), L. A. Mattos Silva, T. S. dos Santos & H. S. Brito 1363 (CEPEC, F). Municipio de Porto Seguro: estrada de Arraial d'Ajuda para Trancoso, 20 Apr. 1982 (fl, young fr), A. M. de Carvalho, S. G. da Vinha & H. S. Brito 1249 (CEPEC, F, HRB, RB). ETYMOLOGY— Erythroxylum andrei commem- orates Andre M. de Carvalho, botanist and former curator at the CEPEC herbarium. He has made ex- cellent recent collections of the southern Bahian flora and first brought this species to my attention. I originally intended to name this species "£. car- valhoi," and some of my collections were distrib- uted under this name. I subsequently discovered that this epithet is preoccupied by E. carvalhoi (Engl.) Phillips, a new combination proposed in 1935 for Nectaropetalum carvalhoi Engl. from Mozambique (Phillips, 1935). DISTRIBUTION— Known only from the coast of eastern Brazil from the states of Alagoas and Ba- hia. ECOLOGY— Erythroxylum andrei grows only in open, low restinga formations near the sea. It may be locally common, but is known from only four localities. In the area south of Ilheus, Bahia, its habitat is seriously threatened by vacation housing developments and sand mining. PHENOLOGY— Flowering specimens have been collected in November, January, February, and April. Mature fruits are unknown. RELATIONSHIPS— Based on its having striately nerved stipules and relatively small calyx lobes, Erythroxylum andrei is placed in the large Neo- tropical section Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. It superficially resembles several other species from Bahia that also occur in restinga formations. It differs from E. leal-costae Plowman in having more slender twigs (1-2 mm vs. 3-4 mm), the leaves abaxially shiny, the venation more prominent, the flowers short-pedunculate, and the pedicels longer (4-6.5 mm vs. 1.5-2 mm). Erythroxylum andrei differs from E. passerinum Mart, in having a flat adaxial midrib without a distinct, slender ridge, well-developed short shoots, shorter (1.2-2 mm vs. 2-3.5 mm) and broader stipules with more pronounced nerves, thicker leaves with more prominent and more open venation, and the sta- minal cup exceeding, rather than shorter than, the calyx. 2. Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Archerythroxylum. Figures 3, 10. Arbor parva vel frutex ramosissimus, ramulis rectis, crassis, nigrescentibus. Cataphylla pauca, stipulis foli- aribus similia. Stipulae foliares mediocres, triangu- lari-ovatae, estriatae, apice integrae vel brevissime 2-setulosae, fugaces. Folia petiolata, decidua; laminae ellipticae vel oblongae, raro suborbiculares vel obovatae, apice rotundatae, retusae, basi obtusae vel rotundatae vel late cuneatae, firme chartaceae vel subcoriaceae. Flo- res 1-5, e brachyblastis hornotinis in ramentorum vel foliorum axillis nati, pedicellis brevibus, incrassatis, 5-costatis. Petali lamina ovata, ligula bilobata munita. Urceolus stamineus calycem aequans, margine 10-cren- atus. Styli ad basin tantum connati. Drupa endocarpio triquetro, triloculari, duabus loculis sterilibus magnis, loculo fertili parvo provisa. Shrub or small tree, 1.5-4 m tall, much-branched and with a broad crown. Branches distichous, often at near right angles to axis, rigid, thick, becoming smooth and black. Branchlets distichous, consist- ing of both long and short shoots, diverging 50°- 90° from axis, compressed at apex, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, stiff, longitudinally wrinkled, dark brown to black, the lenticels numerous, punctate to elon- gate, whitish, the bark becoming longitudinally striate. Internodes 2-13 mm long on long shoots, 1-3 mm long on short shoots. Cataphylls (ramen- ta) sparse, up to 5 scattered along base of long shoots or alternating with leaves on short shoots, similar in form to foliar stipules, the spinule (leaf rudiment) 2-2.5 mm long, dark brown to black, very early caducous. Foliar stipules distichous, persisting for 1 or 2 seasons, then marcescent, ap- pressed to stem, slightly diverging with age, tri- angular-ovate, 2.5-4 mm long, firmly membra- naceous, smooth, nonstriate, when mature drying reddish brown, obtuse at apex, entire or briefly 2-setulose, the setae short-filamentous, 0.2-0.8 mm long, evanescent, the keels sub-alate, the margin entire. Leaves deciduous, scattered on long shoots or 1-5 produced near apex of short shoots, disti- chous, petiolate, the lamina plane or somewhat undulate, elliptic to oblong, rarely suborbicular or obovate, rounded or retuse at apex, obtuse to rounded or broadly cuneate at base, 15-52 mm long, 10-35 mm wide, firmly chartaceous to sub- coriaceous, adaxially medium green, drying olive green to dark brown, abaxially pale green, drying pale olive green to pale brown, adaxially dull to somewhat shiny, abaxially matte, elineate with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib flat or PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 2 mm 1 mm FIG. 3. Erythroxylum caatingae. A, flowering branch, 3-cm scale; B, fruiting branch, 3-cm scale; C, leaf showing venation; D, detail of apex of flowering twig; E, stipule; F, short-styled flower; G, long-styled flower; H, petal; I, dorsal view of endocarp; J, cross section of endocarp. (A, D, E, F, and H from Hurley et al. 16473; B and C from Mori 13443; G from Leal Costa s.n.; I and J from Harley et al. 16928.) Drawing by Marlene Werner. FIELDIANA: BOTANY somewhat furrowed, the abaxial midrib drying light straw-colored, the lateral nerves 12-14, diverging 30°-50° from midrib, sinuous, more or less par- allel, anastomosing 0.5-2 mm from midrib, prom- inulous on both surfaces. Petiole 3-6 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm in diameter, subterete, narrowly can- aliculate. Flowers in axils of leaves or cataphylls on current season's shoots, 1-3 (5) per node, sparse to somewhat congested, white, greenish white, or yellowish. Bracteoles broadly ovate to orbicular, concave, 1-1 .5 mm long, paleaceous, acute to acu- minate at apex, the seta 0.3-0.5 mm long. Pedicel pentagonal, 5 -ribbed, somewhat thickened, 1-1.5 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diameter. Calyx 1.5-2.5 mm long, divided '/z-% its length, pale green, the lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm long. Petal lamina ovate, 1.7-2.5 mm long, 1.3-1.5 mm wide, rounded or obtuse at apex, concave, often incurved, the claw 1.2-1.5 mm long, the ligule bilobed, 0.7-1 mm long, each lobe consisting of a posterior ovate auricle 0.5-0.7 mm long, some- times with a very short, cufflike, anterior auricle and with a broad, inflexed, medial flap between the lobes. Stamina! cup % the length of calyx, 1.2- 1.5 mm long, the margin 10-crenate. Brachysty- lous flowers: filaments 1 .8-2 mm long, the anthers ovate-elliptic, 0.6 mm long; styles 1 mm long, brief- ly connate at base; stigmas depressed-capitate, 0.3 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: antisepalous fil- aments 0.6-0.7 mm long, the anthers elliptic, 0.6 mm long; antipetalous filaments 1.1-1.2 mm long, the anthers elliptic, 0.5 mm long; styles 2-2.5 mm long, connate at base 0.5-0.8 mm; stigmas de- pressed-capitate, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Ovary equal- ing the staminal cup, obovoid, rounded at apex, 1 .4-1 .5 mm long. Drupe ellipsoid, rounded at apex, 8-10 mm long, 4.2-5.2 mm in diameter, reddish orange to scarlet at maturity, the mesocarp thin, the endocarp oblong to ellipsoid in outline, tri- gonal in cross section with 1 wider flat side and 2 narrower, shallowly indented sides, 3-locular with 2 large, empty locules and 1 small, fertile locule; endosperm occupying ca 1 0%-20% of fertile loc- ule. Embryo 5.5-6.7 mm long, pale green; coty- ledons very thin, oblong, rounded at apex, 4.2-5 mm long, 1 .5-1 .7 mm wide, 0. 1 mm thick; radicle 1.6-1.7 mm long, 0.5 mm in diameter. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Raso da Catarina, vege- tacao caatinga, arbusto de mais ou menos 2,5 m de altura, flores pequenas, amarelo-claro, frutos imaturos e matures (cor-de-abobora), 1 4 May 1981 (fl, fr), H. P. Bautista 445 (holotype, HRB 2356; isotypes, CEPEC 26479, F 1912521). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Ceara: 2-4 km south of Campos Sales, alt. 620 m, 7°14'S, 40°25'W, 15 Feb. 1985 (fl), A. Gentry. E. Zardini & A. Fernandes 50140 (EAC, F, MO). Paraiba: Borborema, "imbuzeiro bravo," Nov. 1936 (fl, fr), H. Zenaide 27 (SP). Pernambuco: entre Bom Nome e Sao Jose do Bel- monte, 13 May 1971 (fr), Academia Brasileira de Cien- cias (E. P. Heringer, D. de A. Lima, J. de P. L. Sobrinho & A. C, Sarmento) 730 (F, IPA, RB, UB); entre Airi e Serra Negra, 8 Feb. 1949 (st), D. de A. Lima 49-178 (IPA); Santa Maria da Boa Vista, margem da PE-4, em direcao a Jutai, 29 Apr. 1971 (fl), Academia Brasileira de Cien- cias (E. P. Heringer, D. de A. Lima, J. de P. L. Sobrinho &A. C. Sarmento) 376 (F, IPA, RB, UB); Afranio, Caboclo, Serra do Caboclo, 21 Apr. 1971 (fl, fr), Academia Bra- sileira de Ciencias (E. P. Heringer, D. de A. Lima, J. de P. L. Sobrinho & A. C. Sarmento) 260 (F, IPA, RB, UB). Bahia: Estacao Ecologico do Raso da Catarina, 26 Jun. 1982 (fl), L. Paganucci de Queiroz 380 (ALCB, F); no entroncamento da estrada de Jorro com a de Tucano, 4 Feb. 1983 (fl), A. Leal Costa s.n. (ALCB, F). Municipio Nossa Senhora dos Milagres: estrada para Itaberaba, km 10, estradinha para as fazendas Morros e Antonio Ro- meu, km 2, 28 Jan. 1973 (fr), /. & G. Gottsberger 27- 28173 (F); Ia?u, Fazenda Suibra, 1 8 km a leste da cidade sequindo a ferrovia, 12 Mar. 1985 (fr), L. Noblick & Lemos 3581 (F, HUEFS); 14 km SW of Cansan9§o on road to Queimadas, ca. 30°34'W, 10°47'S, alt. ca. 300 m, 22 Feb. 1974 (fl), R. M. Harley et al. 16473 (CEPEC, IPA, K, MO, NY, p, RB, u, us); Serra do Curral Feio, 26 km NW of Lagoinha (which is 5.5 km SW of Delfino) on side road to Minas do Mimoso, ca. 41°23'W, 10°16'S, 7 Mar. 1974 (fr), R. M. Harley et al 16928 (CEPEC, GH, K, MO, NY, P, RB, u, us); Serra Acurua, ca. 4 km NE from Gentio do Ouro along road toward Central, ca. 42°30'W, 1 1°24'S, alt. ca. 1000 m, 22 Feb. 1977 (fr), R. M. Harley et al. 18958 (CEPEC, F, K, NY, p, RB, u). Regiao da Serra do Sincora, "Iracema" [= Iramaia], 18 Feb. 1943 (fl, young fr), R. de L. Frdes 20183 (IAN, NY, us); km 43 da estrada Brumado-Caetite, alt. 740 m, 14 Apr. 1983 (fl, fr), A. M. de Carvalho, B. Leuenberger & L. A. Mattos Silva 1694 (ALCB, B, CEPEC, F, RB). ETYMOLOGY— The specific epithet caatingae means "of the caatinga," in reference to the ex- clusively northeastern Brazilian habitat of this species. DISTRIBUTION— Erythroxylum caatingae is known only from northeastern Brazil from the state of Paraiba south to Bahia. ECOLOGY— Most collections of E. caatingae mention the habitat as "caatinga," the type of dry vegetation characteristic of northeastern Brazil. Only one collection (Harley et al. 18958) provides more detailed habitat information: "caatinga on sand and with quartzitic rocks and metamor- phosed sandstones forming rock area with more open vegetation including extensive areas of Vel~ lozia." PHENOLOGY— In Pernambuco and Bahia, Ery- throxylum caatingae appears to flower and fruit PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM TABLE 1 . Morphological comparison of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman and E. oxypetalum O. E. Schulz. Character / . caatingae E. oxypetalum Branchlets Leaf texture Leaf base Pedicel length (mm) Pedicel diameter (mm) Calyx lobe shape Calyx lobe length (mm) Thick, rigid Firmly chartaceous, subcoriaceous Rounded, obtuse 1-1.5 0.5-1 Ovate to lanceolate 1-1.5 Slender, flexuous Membranaceous Acuminate, acute 2-2.5 0.2-0.4 Triangular 0.7 during the rainy season, primarily from February to April. The sole collection from Paraiba was collected in flower and fruit in November. COMMON NAME— "Imbuzeiro bravo" (Paraiba). RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum caatingae looks superficially like a number of other stiff-branched caatinga species, such as E. pungens O. E. Schulz, E. nummularia Peyr., and E. bezerrae Plowman, a new species from Piaui (Plowman, 1986). It is readily distinguished from E. pungens and E. be- zerrae in having nonstriate stipules and from E. nummularia in having petiolate leaves. Erythroxylum caatingae belongs to section Ar- cherythroxylum based on its nonstriate stipules and perfect flowers. It is most closely related to E. oxypetalum O. E. Schulz, a rare species known only from two collections from central (Diaman- tina, Glaziou 12473, holotype, B, destroyed, F neg. 12634; isotypes, c, G, K, LE, p, R) and northeastern Minas Gerais (estrada Itaobim-Joaima, Mendes Magalhdes 17628, IAN). Morphological differ- ences between these two species are listed in Table 1 . Although E. oxypetalum appears also to grow in caatinga vegetation, it has a more southerly distribution, and the two species are allopatric. 3. Erythroxylum maracasense Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. Figures 4-5, 10. Frutex vel arbuscula, ramulis rectis vel subflexuosis, lenticellis instructis. Cataphylla pauca, brevia, disticha, stipulis foliaribus similia. Stipulae foliares persistentes, parvae, triangulari-ovatae, striate nervosae, breviter 3- setulosae. Folia parva, subsessilia vel brevissime pe- tiolata. decidua; laminae late obovatae, ellipticae vel or- biculares, apice rotundatae vel retusae, basi late cuneatae vel obtusae, membranaceae. Flores e brachyblastis in axillis cataphyllorum hornotinorum nati. Petali lamina ovata vel elliptica, ungue lato et ligula bilobata munita. Urceolus stamineus quartae vel duabus tertiis partibus longitudinis calycis aequalis, margine 1 0-crenulatus vel 10-denticulatus. Styli liberi. Drupa endocarpio oblongo- ovoideo, manifeste 6-sulcato provisa. Shrub or treelet to 4 m tall. Bark rather smooth, thin, light brown, dark brown within, the wood very light tan. Branches more or less distichous, ascending and spreading, straight or somewhat flexuous, dark brown. Branchlets distichous, more or less straight, often parallel, weakly differentiat- ed into long and short shoots, diverging 30°-65° from axis, somewhat compressed toward apex, 1- 1 .5 mm in diameter, dark brown to black, smooth, dotted abundantly with minute, punctate or elon- gate, whitish lenticels that do not break surface. Internodes 3-25 mm long on long shoots, 0.5-2 mm long on short shoots. Cataphylls (ramenta) distichous, produced at apex of shoots, somewhat congested, covering stem for 3-5 mm, 1.5-3 mm across, similar to foliar stipules, persisting, the spi- nule (leaf rudiment) 0.6-1 mm long, broad, flat- tened, dark brown or black. Foliar stipules per- sistent, appressed to stem, triangular-ovate, somewhat concave, 1.5-2.5 mm long, firmly membranaceous, distinctly striate-nerved with 3- 5 nerves per side, pale green, turning ferruginous with age, apically obtuse or truncate, fimbriate, 3-setulose, the setae minute, 0.2-0.5 mm long, evanescent, the keels prominulous, sub-alate, the margin erose to markedly fimbriate, sometimes recurving in age. Leaves deciduous, produced along extension shoots or 1-2 at tips of short shoots, distichous, short-petiolate or subsessile, the lam- ina held horizontally, plane, variable in shape, broadly obovate, elliptic or orbicular, rounded or retuse at apex, obtuse or broadly cuneate at base, 18-35 mm long, 12-23 mm wide, membrana- ceous, adaxially medium green, abaxially very pale green, dull on both surfaces, elineate with no dis- tinct central panel, the adaxial midrib a slender, low ridge, yellowish green, the lateral nerves 10- 12, diverging 40°-60° from midrib, straight or somewhat sinuous, often parallel, anastomosing 1-2 mm from margin, the venation not pro- nounced on either surface. Petiole 1-2 mm long, 0.5 mm in diameter, subterete. Flowers produced FIELDIANA: BOTANY II FIG. 4. Erythroxylum maracasense. A, flowering branch, 3-cm scale; B, fruiting branch, 3-cm scale; C, stipule, scale as in F; D, short-styled flower; E, long-styled flower; F, petal; G, endocarp; H, cross section of endocarp, scale as in G; I, embryo, scale as in G. (A, D, and F from Gounelle s.n.; B, G, H, and I from dos Santos 3488; C from Plowman & Carvalho 12826; E from Martins s.n.) Drawing by Marlene Werner. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM FIG. 5. Habit of Erythroxylum maracasense growing near Maracas, Bahia (Plowman & Carvalho 12826). in axils of cataphylls (ramenta) near tips of often very short, axillary short shoots, 1 or 2 flowers per node, not congested, the flower color unknown. Bracteoles oblong-ovate, concave, 0.7-0.9 mm long, membranaceous, the apex rounded and markedly fimbriate, the seta obscured. Pedicel slender, 5-ribbed, (1 .2) 4-6 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter, sometimes articulating with a very short peduncle 0.5-0.7 mm long. Calyx 1 .5-2 mm long, divided '/z-^A its length, the lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, apically acute to acuminate, 0.7-1.8 mm long, the margins paler than the mid- dle. Petal lamina somewhat concave, ovate to el- liptic in outline, rounded and somewhat incurved at apex, 1.5-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, the claw 0.5-1 mm long, rather broad, the ligule 1 mm long, bilobed, each lobe consisting of a very short anterior auricle and a large posterior auricle, the 10 FIELDIANA: BOTANY posterior one narrowly to broadly ovate, 0.6-0.8 mm long, with 3 broad, irregular teeth at apex. Staminal cup '/4-2/3 times length of calyx, 0.6-1 mm long, 10-crenulate or 10-denticulate at margin. Brachystylous flowers: filaments 2.5-2.8 mm long, the anthers ovate, 0.5 mm long; styles free, 1.5 mm long; stigmas depressed-captitate, 0.3 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: antisepalous fila- ments 0.5-1 mm long, the anthers ovate-elliptic, 0.3-0.5 mm long; styles free, 2.5-3 mm long; stig- ma depressed-capitate, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid or subglobose, rounded at apex, 1.2-2 times length of staminal cup, 1 mm long. Drupe in dried state oblong-ovoid, 6.5-8.5 mm long, 3.0- 3.5 mm in diameter, red at maturity, the endocarp oblong-ovoid, acute at apex, terete in outline, markedly 6-sulcate, unilocular, the endosperm oc- cupying ca. 50% of locule. Embryo 5.5 mm long; cotyledons broadly ovate, rounded at apex, sub- cordate at base, 4.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 0.8 mm thick; radicle 1.3 mm long. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Municipio de Maracas, ro- dovia BA-026, 1 5 km ao SW de Maracas, caatinga arborea perturbada, folha SD-24 (14-40a), arvo- rezinha, 4 m de altura, comum, 17 Nov. 1978 (fl), S. A. Mori, T. S. dos Santos & C. B. Thompson 11120 (holotype, CEPEC 1 5262; isotypes, F 1 86 1 962, F neg. 60 1 24, K NY, RB). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Bahia: Municipio de Cipo: entre Cipo e Ribeira do Pombal, 9 km adiante de Cipo na autoestrada, 19 Jan. 1964 (fl, young fr), A. Leal Costa s.n. (ALCB, F). Municipio de Maracas: "sylvis catingas ad Maracas," Oct. 1818 (fl), C. F. P. von Martins (M, F neg. 19468, excluded syntype of E. pungens O. E. Schulz); km 7 na estrada Maracas- Contendas do Sincora, ca. 13°28'S, 40°29'W, alt. 850- 900 m, 9 Feb. 1 983 (st), T. Plowman &A.M.de Carvalho 12826 (CEPEC, F, o, IPA, K, NY, RB, UB, us). Municipio de Jequie: entrada do ramal localizado ao SW do km 38 da rodovia Jequie-Contendas do Sincora, Folha SD 24 ( 1 4- 40a), 15 Feb. 1979 (fr), T. S. dos Santos, L. A. Mattos Silva & H. da S. Brito 3488 (CEPEC, F, NY). Goias: Near Almas, Oct. 1839 (fl), G. Gardner 3054 (BM, K, OXF). Minas Gerais(?): "Caraca", [ 1 885-1 890], P.-E. Gounelle s.n. (P). ETYMOLOGY— Erythroxylum maracasense is named for the town of Maracas in Bahia, near where the first and most of the subsequent collec- tions of the species have been made. DISTRIBUTION— This species is known primarily from east-central Bahia. One collection is from northern Goias, and one southerly collection by Gounelle is from Caraca in Minas Gerais. The latter may be erroneously labeled. Gounelle was an engineer who made seven trips to Brazil, where he made extensive insect collections (Millot, 1 920). He also collected plants, mainly during 1 885-1 890, in Minas Gerais and Bahia. That Gounelle col- lected plants elsewhere in northeastern Brazil is known, for example, by his collection during 1 892- 1893 of the type plant (living specimen?) ofCeph- alocereus gounellei (Weber) Britton & Rose, in Pernambuco (Schumann, 1903; Britton & Rose, 1937). Apparently not much care was taken in labeling Gounelle's plant specimens, and at least some localities (like the present case) appear to be incorrect (A. Lourteig, in litt.). At least one other monographer has noted discrepancies in distri- butions of species from northeastern Brazil col- lected by Gounelle and labeled "Cara9a" (cf. Ban- isteriopsis calcicola Gates, cited in Gates [1982, p. 105]). ECOLOGY— Erythroxylum maracasense is ap- parently confined to the caatingas of eastern Brazil. This formation is not found at Caraca in the area of Belo Horizonte where the Gounelle collection supposedly was made, which further supports the possibility that this specimen is mislabeled. At Maracas E. maracasense occurs sympatrically with several other erythroxylums, the first three of which are also caatinga endemics: E. betulaceum Mart., E. macrochaetum Miq., E. polygonoides Mart., E. pelleterianum St. Hil., and E. subrotundum St. Hil. PHENOLOGY— This species has been collected in flower in October, November, and January; the sole fruiting specimen was gathered in February. Flowering undoubtedly follows the onset of the seasonal rains in the caatinga. RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum maracasense was first collected by Martius in 1818. Martius wrote on the label of his collection at M the name "E. asparagoides Mart.", indicating that he thought it was a new species. Subsequently, however, he crossed out his first annotation and identified the plant as E. subrotundum St. Hil. Although E. sub- rotundum belongs to a different section (sect. Ar- chery throxylum), it is a remarkable mimic for E. maracasense and also grows at Maracas. Schulz (1907) included the Martius specimen as a syntype of his E. pungens O. E. Schulz. Ery- throxylum pungens, also from caatinga, is a very different species characterized by thick, stiff, pointed ("pungent") branchlets, very long pedicels at the tips of the branchlets, and broadly ovoid, terete endocarps. Schulz's description better ap- plies to the second syntype, Blanchet 2771, which collection I here designate as the lectotype of E. pungens O. E. Schulz (lectotype, G; isolectotypes, BM, E, G, LE, NY, w). Incidentally, Schulz also noted PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 11 TABLE 2. Morphological comparison of Erythroxylum maracasense Plowman and E. pelleterianum St. Hil. Character /;. maracasense E. pelleterianum Twig surface Stipule shape Stipule length (mm) Ramenta Dotted with lenticels Triangular ovate 1.5-2.5 Poorly developed, to 4 mm long Lenticels absent or poorly developed Lanceolate 2.5-5 Well developed, often covering twigs Leaf shape Leaf length (mm) Endocarp Elliptic, broadly obovate, or orbicular 18-35 Terete in outline, 6-sulcate Oblong elliptic or obovate 44-66 Trigonal the similarity of E. pungens (apparently referring to the leafless Martius specimen) to E. subrotun- dum St. Hil. Another early collection of E. maracasense, Gardner 3054, was implicated erroneously as a syntype of another species, E. subglaucescens Peyr. ex O. E. Schulz. Schulz (1907) based his concept on Peyritsch's annotations (e.g., at w) and on a note published by Peyritsch (1878) under E. vir- gultosum Mart, in Flora Brasiliensis. Peyritsch cit- ed Gardner 3054 as a specimen similar to E. vir- gultosum, but suggested it might be a distinct species. It is now clear that Peyritsch misread the collection number on Gardner's handwritten la- bel; Gardner's handwritten "6's" look like "4's." Peyritsch was actually studying Gardner 3056 which matches his diagnosis for the species. Schulz ( 1 907) published this species as E. subglaucescens and cited two specimens as syntypes: Gardner 3054 and 3056. I here select Gardner 3056 as the lec- totype (lectotype, w; isolectotypes, B, destroyed, F neg. 12648, BM, CGE, F, G, K, OXF, p), since it is this specimen with nonstriate stipules that Schulz described and placed in section Archerythroxylum. Erythroxylum maracasense belongs to section Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz and is most closely related to E. pelleterianum St. Hil. These two species may be distinguished using the characters presented in Table 2. 4. Erythroxylum mattos-silvae Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. Figures 6-8, 10. Frutex vel arbuscula gracilis. Ramuli pauci, patentes, crassi. Cataphylla sparsa, remota, stipulis foliaribus si- milia. Stipulae foliares transverse triangulares, coriaceae, manifeste vel obscure striate nervosae, 2- vel 3-setulosae. Folia in ramulis dispersa, manifeste petiolata, persisten- tia; laminae amplae, oblongo-ellipticae vel oblongo-lan- ceolatae, plerumque ellipticae vel lanceolatae vel oblan- ceolatae, apice abrupte acuminatae, raro acutae vel obtusae, basi acuminatae vel cuneatae, subcoriaceae, ubique subnitidae. Flores e ramulis hornotinis vel an- notinis in axillis foliorum vel cataphyllorum in axibus brevibus nati. Pedicelli valde incrassati, intus spongiosi, pallide virides vel ochracei, cum calyce conjuncti. Petali lamina ovata vel oblonga, cremea vel ochracea, ligula bilobata munita; ligula inter lobos appendice obconico- clavata, apice complanata, papillosa provisa. Urceolus stamineus calyce longior (x 1.5-2), margine eroso-cre- nulatus vel 5-denticulatus. In floribus brachystylis styli liberi; in floribus dolichostylis styli usque ad medium connati. Drupa oblongo-ellipsoidea, apice rotundata. en- docarpio tereti, maturitate uniloculari. Slender shrub or spindly treelet to 6 m tall, sparsely branched. Trunk slender, to 5 cm in di- ameter. Bark in younger plants rather smooth, light grayish brown, rather shiny, in older trees fissured longitudinally and transversely in concentric rings, dark grayish brown, ca. 3 mm thick, reddish with- in, the wood reddish tan. Branches more or less distant, spreading, in older trees occurring only near top and arching over, spreading, straight, red- dish to grayish brown, more or less shiny. Branch- lets few, thick, straight, diverging 40°-80° from axis, compressed toward apex, soon becoming ter- ete, 3-4 mm in diameter, longitudinally wrinkled, shiny, reddish brown becoming light to dark gray- ish brown, with light brown, punctate lenticels that do not break surface. In to modes 3-25 mm long. Cataphylls (ramenta) sparse, 3-10 scattered along base of new shoots, similar to the stipules, the spinule (leaf rudiment) 1.2-1.5 mm long, black, apically curving away from axis. Foliar stipules persistent, distichous, diverging from stem up to 45°, transversely triangular, 2.5-3.5 mm long, prominently or obscurely striate-nerved with 5-8 nerves per side, coriaceous, pale green, turning dark brown on drying, the apex obtuse to truncate, 12 FIELDIANA: BOTANY I nun 2mm FIG. 6. Erythroxylum mattos-silvae. A, flowering branch; B, stipule; C, long-styled flower on short flowering axis, one petal removed; D, long-styled flower, one petal removed, scale as in C; E, cross section of long-styled flower showing thickened pedicel, scale as in C; F, "short-styled" flower showing same arrangement as long-styled flower, scale as in C; G, petal; H, drupe attached to calyx; I, cross section of drupe; J, embryo, scale as in I. (B, C, D, E, and G from Plowman et al. 13970; A, F, H, I, and J from Plowman et al. 13965.) Drawing by Marlene Werner. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 13 14 FIELDIANA: BOTANY 2- or 3-setulose, the 2 lateral setae short, subulate, 0.5-0.8 mm long, the medial seta filamentous, to 1 mm long, often evanescent or entirely lacking, the keels firm, slightly winged, the margin entire or minutely erose. Leaves persistent, scattered along younger branches, more or less distichous, petio- late, the lamina held horizontally, plane or slightly undulate, somewhat variable in shape, oblong-el- liptic to oblong-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate, at apex abruptly short- acuminate, rarely acute or obtuse, at base acu- minate or cuneate, 90-270 mm long, 35-1 10 mm wide, subcoriaceous or rubbery, opaque, adaxially medium to dark green, somewhat shiny, drying blackish green, abaxially light green, shiny, drying dark green or ferruginous, elineate with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib prominulous, flat with a fine medial ridge or somewhat knife-edged, pale green, the midrib on both surfaces drying fer- ruginous, the lateral nerves 11-17 per side, di- verging 55°-75° from midrib, straight, arcuately anastomosing 5-10 mm from margin, adaxially prominulous, abaxially faint to completely ob- scure. Petiole 5-15 mm long, subterete, adaxially canaliculate, drying dark brown or blackish. Flow- ers fasciculate in axils of leaves or cataphylls on current or year-old shoots; each inflorescence con- sisting of 1-10 short, indeterminate axes to 5 mm long and producing flowers sequentially. Brac- teoles spiro-distichous, imbricate on flowering axes, transversely ovate, concave, 1-1.5 mm long, red- dish brown, paleaceous, longitudinally striate- nerved, the apex acute to abruptly short-acumi- nate, with a minute, apical seta 0.2-0.4 mm long. Pedicel strongly thickened throughout its length and fused with the calyx, 5-angled, pale green or light yellow-ochre with pale green ribs, spongy- parenchymatous within, the pedicel together with calyx 3-3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter, elon- gating somewhat in fruit. Calyx lobes coriaceous, triangular to lanceolate, 0.5-1 mm long, the sur- face minutely striate, the apex acute to short-acu- minate, the tip itself thin, drying light brown. Petal lamina spreading at anthesis, sometimes reflexed and Ungulate, more or less plane, concave near apex, ovate to oblong, 2-2.4 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, ochreous in bud, greenish white to creamy white or ochreous at anthesis, rounded or truncate at apex, the claw 0.8-1 mm long, the ligule white, 1-1.2 mm long, bilobed, each lobe with a large posterior auricle and a short anterior auricle re- duced to a cuff at base of posterior one, the pos- terior auricles ovate, 0.8-1 mm long, shallowly 3-lobed at apex, with a short, flaplike anterior ap- pendage inflexed between the auricles and an erect, fleshy appendage between and slightly behind them, the posterior appendage obconic-clavate, flat and papillose at apex, nearly equaling the auricles. Staminal cup 1.5-2 times length of calyx, 1.3-2 mm long, greenish white, the margin finely erose or with 5 short teeth alternating with antisepalous filaments. Mesostylous(?) flowers: filaments in 2 series, the antisepalous filaments very short, su- bulate, erect, produced from cup margin, 0.6-0.7 mm long, the anthers orbicular, 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter; antipetalous filaments much longer, slender, produced from inner margin of cup, 1.8- 2 mm long, inclined toward center, the anthers orbicular, slightly smaller, 0.4-0.5 mm in diam- eter; styles equaling or slightly longer than anti- sepalous stamens, 1-1.5 mm long, free or connate only at base; stigma minute, subcapitate, 0.3 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: antisepalous fila- ments subulate, erect, produced from cup margin itself, 0.5-0.7 mm long, the anthers orbicular, 0.5 mm in diameter; antipetalous filaments slender, produced from inner margin of cup, 1.2-1.3 mm long, inclined toward center, the anthers orbicular, slightly smaller, 0.4 mm in diameter; styles 2.4- 2.6 mm long, connate for 0.5-1.3 mm; stigmas minute, subcapitate, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Ovary ob- ovoid or obconic, at apex rounded or truncate, l/2- % times shorter than calyx, 1-1.5 mm long. Drupe oblong-ellipsoid, rounded at apex, 11-13 mm long, 5-6 mm in diameter, crimson at maturity, the mesocarp 0.7 mm thick, the endocarp ellipsoid in cross section, terete, unilocular with no endo- sperm. Embryo 10 mm long; cotyledons oblong- ovoid, 9 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 1 mm thick; radicle 1.5 mm long. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Municipio de Ilheus, ra- mal novo para o povoado da Vila Brasil, com entrada no km 28 da rodovia Ilheus-Una, inicio do ramal (km 3), lado direito, regiao de mata li- toranea, solo argilo-silicoso, arbusto, 3,5 m de al- tura, flores esverdeadas, 13 Jan. 1985 (fl), L. A. Mattos Silva, D. Daly & T. S. dos Santos 1817 (holotype, CEPEC 35860; isotypes, F 1943448, F neg. 60194, HRB, MBM, NY, RB). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Bahia: Municipio de Ilheus: ramal que liga a Rodovia BR-415 (Ilheus-Itabuna) ao povoado de Japu, desvio a esquerda, coleta a 2 km da entrada, Fazenda Sultao, 1 7 Feb. 1982 (fl), L. A. Mattos Silva, A. M. de Carvalho & T. S. dos Santos 1570 (CEPEC, F), 26 Feb. 1985 (st), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13958 (CEPEC, F, NY, RB); Fazenda Barra do Manguinho, km 1 2 da rodovia Pontal-Olivenca (BA-001), 27 Feb. 1985 (fl), T. Plow- PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 15 man, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13970 (ALCB, B, CEPEC, F, G, GH, HRB, IPA, K, M, MBM, MO, NY, P, RB, SP, u, UB, UEC, us); ramal novo para o Povoado da Vila Brasil, com entrada no km 28 da Rodovia Ilheus- Una, lado direito, inicio do ramal (km 3), 27 Feb. 1985 (fl), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13960 (from the type tree) (CEPEC, F, K, NY, RB), inicio do ramal (km 7), 27 Feb. 1985 (fl), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13965 (CEPEC, F, HUEFS, K, NY, RB, UB, us). Municipio de Una: estrada Ilheus- Una, 19 Nov. 1983 (fl, young fr), R. Callejas, A. M. de Carvalho & L. A. Mattos Silva 1755 (CEPEC, HBR, MBM, NY, RB); estrada que liga a Rodovia BR 1 0 1 (Sao Jose) com BA 215, a 17 km da entrada, 17 Jun. 1978 (fl), 5. Mori, F. Benton & I. White 10192 (CEPEC, F, K, NY, RB); 20 km north along the road from Una to Ilheus, 39°02' W, 15°1 1'S, 23 Jan. 1977 (fl, fr), R. M. Harley et al. 18183 (AAU, CEPEC, F, K, MO, NY, P, RB, u); km 48 da estrada Ilheus-Una, 6 Mar. 1983 (fl), A. M. de Carvalho & A. Chautems 1646 (CEPEC, F, G, HRB, HUEFS, K, NY); Fazenda Sao Rafael, 29 Oct. 1 969 (fl), T. S. dos Santos 450 (CEPEC, F, NY); rodovia Una-Xapuri, Dendhevea S.A., Fazenda Igua9ii, 29 Oct. 1971 (fl), R. S. Pinheiro 1682 (CEPEC, F). ETYMOLOGY— It is my pleasure to dedicate this species to Luiz Alberto Mattos Silva, curator of the CEPEC herbarium at the Centre de Pesquisas do Cacau, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil. Mattos Silva has made invaluable collections of the fast-disappear- ing native flora of southern Bahia, including sev- eral excellent collections of this species. He has also provided assistance and kind hospitality for myself and other botanists visiting southern Bahia. DISTRIBUTION— Erythroxylum mattos-silvae is confined to a small area along the coast of Bahia, Brazil, from Ilheus south to Una. ECOLOGY— This species apparently grows only in the "restinga arborea," or restinga forest, a for- est of low stature growing on sandy soils near the coast. It has not been found in open restinga for- mations. Just south of Ilheus, it grows in restinga forest in association with the piacava palm (At- talea funifera Mart.) in areas of disturbed or sec- ondary vegetation. But further south along the new road to Vila Brasil, this species occurs in a some- what taller forest on mixed sandy/clay soil, which possibly represents a transition from restinga to the tropical moist forest of southern Bahia. How- ever, E. mattos-silvae has not been found in typ- ical "mata higrofila." The plants occur as erect, almost columnar shrubs, or as tall, spindly trees with thin trunks and with most of the branches and leaves at the top. The habit may relate only to the age of the plant or possibly to local edaphic conditions. The plants are occasional or rare in the few localities where they are known. Never- theless, it is surprising that this remarkable species was first collected only in 1969, having been over- looked by the numerous botanists who have worked around the city of Ilheus since the early 1800s. PHENOLOGY— Most flowering collections of E. mattos-silvae have been made between October and March, but it was also found flowering in June. Because the flowers in each cluster are produced sequentially, it is likely that the flowering period for a given individual or population is quite pro- longed. RELATIONSHIPS— In a preliminary list of Ery- throxylum species in southern Bahian moist for- ests (Mori et al., 1983), I identified one specimen (Harley et al. 18183) of this species as Erythroxy- lum aff. magnoliifolium St. Hil. of sect. Megalo- phyllum O. E. Schulz. Closer observation of this and subsequently collected material shows that Erythroxylum mattos-silvae belongs to section Rhabdophylum, based on its striately nerved stip- ules, and is unrelated to E. magnoliifolium. The ochre-colored pedicel, calyx, and petals of E. mattos-silvae have been observed only in one other species, E. tenue Plowman, which occurs sympatrically with E. mattos-silvae and belongs to the same section. The two species seem oth- erwise only distantly related. The possible signif- icance of this distinctive flower color for pollina- tion is unknown. With its relatively large subcoriaceous leaves and small, subsessile flowers, E. mattos-silvae may be confused with a number of other coastal Bahian species of Erythroxylum. Comparisons of this species with five others that superficially resemble it are presented in Table 3. In the relatively small sample of existing col- lections of this species, two floral morphs were found. The long-styled morph with long styles and two shorter whorls of stamens is normal and com- parable to long-styled flowers of most other Ery- throxylum species. However, the second morph in this species, observed in four collections, is in fact a mid-styled morph with one whorl of stamens shorter and one longer than the styles. This is very unusual and has been reported only in one other species, E. lucidum Moon (= E. acuminatum [Am.] Walp.) from Sri Lanka (Burck, 1895). The mid- styled floral morph may be only a structural anom- aly; however, there is the possibility that a short-styled morph also exists, in which case E. mattos-silvae would be a tristylous species. Burck (1895) suggested that Erythroxylum species are in fact tristylous plants that are in evolutionary tran- sition to distyly (Ganders, 1979). Further field- 16 F1ELDIANA: BOTANY TABLE 3. Morphological comparison of Erythroxylum mattos-silvae Plowman, E. nobile O. E. Schulz, E. com- pressum Peyr., E. membranaceum Plowman, E. martii Peyr., and E. grandifolium Peyr. Character E. mattos-silvae / . nobile E. compressum /-.'. mem- branaceum /-.". martii E. grandi- folium Leaf apex Abruptly short- acuminate, Obtuse to rounded, Long-acuminate, falcate Rounded Short- to long- acuminate Acuminate rarely acute or obtuse rarely acute Stipule nerves Striate-nerved Striate- nerved Striate-nerved Striate- nerved Estriate Estriate Stipule length (mm) Pedicel 2.5-3.5 Yes 4-8 Yes 1.5-3 No 2-2.5 No 7-17 No 2.5-3.0 Yes thickened Drupe length (mm) Endocarp 11-12 Terete 11-13 Terete 10 Terete 9-10 Terete 17 Trigonal 8-15 Trigonal cross section work is necessary to confirm or refute the existence of a third-style morph and to determine the sig- nificance of this deviation from the normal disty- lous pattern of Neotropical Erythroxylum. 5. Erythroxylum membranaceum Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. Fig- ures 9-10. Frutex. Ramuli recti, lenticellis elongatis abundanter producti. Cataphylla saepe congesta, stipulis foliaribus similia. Stipulae foliares persistentes, parvae, manifeste striate nervosae, 3-setulosae. Folia persistentia, petiola- ta; laminae amplae, oblongae vel ellipticae, apice rotun- datae vel retusae, basi late cuneatae, firme membrana- ceae. Flores 1-3 e ramulis hornotinis in axillis ramentorum nati, pedicellis tenuibus. Urceolus stami- neus calycem aequans, margine 1 0-denticulatus, decem glandulis rotundis parvis instructus. In floribus brachy- stylis styli liberi. Drupa ovoideo-ellipsoidea, apice ob- tusa, endocarpio oblongo-ellipsoideo, tereti, maturitate uniloculari, endospermio nullo. Embryo magnus, coty- ledonibus late ellipticis, apice rotundatis. Shrub 3 m tall. Branches erect to spreading, terete, dark brown. Branchlets erect to spreading, straight, diverging 20°-60° from axis, compressed at apex, 2 mm in diameter, dark reddish brown, smooth, furnished with elongate, light tan lenti- cels. Internodes 4-15 mm long. Cataphylls (ra- menta) produced at base of shoots for 8-12 mm along stem, often congested, diverging slightly from axis, similar to foliar stipules, 1.5-2.5 mm long. Foliar stipules persistent, appressed to stem, erect, triangular to ovate, 2-2.5 mm long, firmly mem- branaceous, distinctly striate-nerved with 6-8 nerves per side, at apex obtuse to acute, 3-setulose, the medial seta 0.5 mm long, the lateral setae 0.3- 0.4 mm long, the keels prominent, entire, the mar- gin entire. Leaves persisting 1 or 2 seasons, scat- tered on branchlets, petiolate, the lamina plane, oblong-elliptic, rounded at apex, sometimes brief- ly retuse, broadly cuneate at base, 50-125 mm long, 33-60 mm wide, firmly membranaceous, drying grayish green adaxially, light brownish abaxially, more or less shiny on both surfaces, abaxially elineate with a faintly distinct central panel demarcated by more prominent and regular venation, the adaxial midrib furrowed, the abaxial midrib prominent, drying dark reddish brown, the lateral nerves 8-12 per side, diverging 50°-60° from midrib, rather straight or arcuately curved, slightly impressed adaxially, prominulous abaxially, the veinlets finely reticulate, obscure adaxially, prom- inulous abaxially. Petiole 5-6 mm long, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, drying dark brown, subterete in cross section, adaxially canaliculate. Flowers 1-3 in ax- ils of last season's cataphylls, the flower color un- known. Bracteoles persistent, broadly triangular, concave, striate-nerved with 1 oblique keel and 2- 3 nerves per side, acute to rounded at apex, the seta 0. 1-0.2 mm long. Pedicel slender, pentangular and 5-ribbed, 3-7 mm long, 0.5 mm in diameter. Calyx 1.5 mm long, divided '/2-% its length, the lobes triangular-ovate, 0.9-1 mm long, acute to acuminate at apex. Petals not seen. Staminal cup equaling the calyx, 1 mm long, bearing 10 small, round, surface glands alternating with the fila- ments, the margin 1 0-denticulate. Brachystylous flowers: filaments 2-2.3 mm long, the anthers not seen; styles free, 1 mm long; stigma minute, de- PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 17 5mm 4mm FIG. 9. Erythroxylum membranaceum. A, fruiting branch; B, stipule; C, detail of fruiting twig; D, endocarp; E, cross section of endocarp, scale as in D; F, embryo, scale as in D. (All from the type, Belem & Magalhaes 932.) Drawing by Pollyanna Quasthoff. 18 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 10. Known geographical distribution of new Erythroxylum species in eastern Brazil. Solid stars = E. andrei; solid circles = E. caatingae; open stars = E. maracasense; small, 8-pointed stars = E. mattos-silvae; solid square = E. membranaceum. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 19 pressed-capitate, 0.2 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: not seen. Ovary: not seen. Drupe ovoid- ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, 9-10 mm long, 5-6 mm in diameter, the mesocarp ca. 0.2 mm thick, the endocarp ovoid, terete, obtuse or broadly acute at apex, unilocular, with little or no endosperm. Em- bryo 7.3 mm long; cotyledons broadly elliptic, rounded at apex, subcordate at base, 6.7 mm long, 4.2 mm wide, 1.3 mm thick; radicle 1-1.5 mm long. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Municipio Aurelino Leal, rodovia Ubaitaba-Lages [= Lage do Banco], 8 km de Ubaitaba, mata virgem e perigosa [sic], planta de 3 m de altura, frutos verdes, 24 Apr. 1965 (fr), R. P. Belem & M. Magalhaes 932 (holotype, CEPEC 1057, F neg. 60130; isotypes, F 1622274, F neg. 60188, IAN 1 19424, NY, UB). ETYMOLOGY— From Latin membranaceus meaning "membranaceous," in reference to the thin leaves of this species. DISTRIBUTION— Southern Bahia, known only from the type collection. ECOLOGY— This species is apparently a local en- demic in the moist forests of southern Bahia, where at least 10 other endemic species ofErythroxylum are known to occur (Mori et al., 1983). PHENOLOGY— The sole collection was gathered with fruit in late April. RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum membrana- ceum belongs to section Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. It appears to be related to a number of species of eastern Brazil in which the striately nerved stipules are relatively small and persistent. It differs from E. distortum Mart, and E. tenue Plowman, both of which are endemic in the same general area as E. membranaceum, in the much larger leaves and stouter branchlets. Erythroxy- lum compressum Peyr., known from moist forests south of Ilheus, differs in the strongly compressed branchlets, subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, apically acuminate leaves, and a staminal tube much short- er than the calyx. Erythroxylum affine St. Hil. non A. Rich. (syn. E. blanchetii O. E. Schulz) is known from Bahia (without locality) south to Espirito Santo and Cabo Frio in the state of Rio de Janeiro. It differs from E. membranaceum in having thick- er, shorter (40-78 mm long vs. 50-125 mm long), apically acuminate leaves, in which the adaxial midrib is prominent and markedly acute in cross section. In E. membranaceum the adaxial midrib is a furrow sunken in the leaf surface. Erythroxy- lum membranaceum is compared with other large- leaved species from southern Bahian moist forests in Table 3. 6. Erythroxylum petrae-caballi Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. Figures 11, 18. Frutex vel arbor parva, ramulis rectis vel flexuosis, tegumento cereo obtectis et lenticellis instructis. Cata- phylla pauca, disticha, stipulis foliaribus similia. Sti- pulae foliares persistentes, parvae, triangulari-ovatae, striate nervosae, breviter 3-setulosae. Folia parva, bre- viter petiolata, decidua; laminae ellipticac vel oblongae, raro lanceolatae, apice obtusae vel rotundatae, mucro- nulatae, basi acutae vel obtusae, chartaceae, supra niti- dae, subtus impolitae. Flores e ramulis annotinis vel hornotinis in axillis foliorum vel ramentorum nati. Petali lamina oblongo-ovata, ligula bilobata munita. Urceolus stamineus quam calyx dimidio brevior, margine integer. Styli liberi. Drupa endocarpio ampullaceo, tereti, uni- loculari, endospermio nullo, embryone magno et crasso pro visa. Shrub 1.5-3 m tall or tree to 9 m tall, densely or openly branched. Branchlets more or less dis- tichous, undifferentiated into short shoots, di- verging 40°-70° from axis, more or less flexuous, compressed at apex when young, 1-1.5 mm in diameter, smooth, reddish brown, soon becoming covered with a thin, whitish wax coating which sloughs off with age, the lenticels punctate or elon- gate, whitish, the bark becoming light brown, lon- gitudinally striate with age. In tern odes 0.5-15 mm long. Cataphylls (ramenta) distichous, produced at base of new twigs, few, scattered, in form similar to foliar stipules, rarely more developed, overlap- ping and covering stem for 3-10 mm, 2.5 mm wide, the spinule (leaf rudiment) 0.8-2 mm long, flattened, black, sharp-attenuate at apex. Foliar stipules persistent, appressed to stem, diverging only slightly with age, triangular-ovate, 1.7-2.5 mm long, subcoriaceous, striate-nerved with 4-6 nerves per side, light green, turning ferruginous in age, obtuse or acute at apex, 3-setulose, the setae thin-filamentous, turning black and spreading, 0.2- 0.7 mm long, the medial seta a little longer or shorter than 2 equal lateral ones, the setae eva- nescent, the keels sub-alate, the margin erose. Leaves deciduous or briefly persistent, scattered along branchlets, distichous, short-petiolate, the lamina plane, elliptic to oblong, rarely lanceolate, obtuse to rounded at apex, mucronulate, acute to obtuse at base, 20-65 mm long, 10-30 mm wide, chartaceous, adaxially drying gray-green, shiny, abaxially drying very pale green to ochreous, matte, elineate with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib shallowly furrowed, rarely flat, the abaxial midrib drying straw-colored or ochreous, the lat- eral nerves 9-12, diverging 45°-80° from midrib, 20 FIELDIANA: BOTANY I cm 1 mm B FIG. 1 1 . Erythroxylum petrae-caballi. A, flowering branch; B, leaf showing venation; C, stipule, scale as in E; D, short-styled flower; E, petal; F, petal, scale as in E; G, drupe, scale as in H; H, cross section of endocarp; I, embryo, scale as in H. (A, B, D, and E from Grupo Pedra do Cavalo 967; C and F from Grupo Pedra do Cavalo 987; G, H, and I from Noblick & Hahn 3361.). PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 21 rather straight or crooked, anastomosing 1-4 mm from margin, scarcely evident on either surface. Petiole 2-4 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter, suberect, broadly canaliculate. Flowers 1-3, pro- duced sequentially in axils of cataphylls or leaves on current or last season's twigs, rather sparse, "yellow." Bracteoles transversely ovate or trans- versely triangular, concave, 0.8-1 mm long, ob- tuse or acute at apex, the seta 0.1-0.3 mm long. Pedicel slender, 2-1 1 mm long, 0.5 mm in di- ameter, subterete or pentagonal, 5-ribbed, in fruit sometimes articulating with a short, persistent pe- duncle 0.5-1.5 mm long. Calyx 1.3-1.8 mm long, divided '/z-3/! its length, the lobes ovate to trian- gular, 0.7-1 . 1 mm long, acute to attenuate at apex, the tip itself drying dark brown. Petal lamina ob- long-ovate, concave and rounded at apex, 1.2-1.5 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, the claw 0.5-1 mm long, the ligule with 2 simple, ovate auricles, 0.5- 0.6 mm long, with a short, sometimes inflated posterior-medial lobe and a broad, truncate, an- terior flap inflexed between the auricles. Staminal cup l/2 the length of calyx, 0.6-0.8 mm long, the margin entire. Brachystylous flowers: all filaments subequal, ca. 1.5 mm long; or antisepalous fila- ments shorter, 1-1.2 mm long, the antipetalous filaments 1.1-1.7 mm long; anthers orbicular, 0.4 mm long; styles free, 0.5-0.7 mm long; stigma depressed-capitate, 0.2 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: not seen. Ovary ovoid or ellipsoid, round- ed at apex, 1.5-1.8 times length of staminal cup, 0.8-1.2 mm long. Drupe flask-shaped, 9 mm long, 5.5 mm in diameter, red, the mesocarp ca. 0.3 mm thick, the endocarp ovoid, flask-shaped, acute at apex, terete, smooth, unilocular, lacking endo- sperm. Embryo 6.5-8 mm long; cotyledons ellip- tic, rounded at apex, cordate at base, 5.5-7 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide, 1.5 mm thick; radicle 1.4 mm long. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Cachoeira, Vale dos Rios Paragua9u e Jacuipe, ca. 39°05'W, 1 2°32'S, alt. 40- 120 m, Morro Belo, arvore con cerca de 9 m de altura; folhas eliticas e com frutos, Dec. 1980 (fl, imm fr), Grupo Pedra do Cavalo (Scardino, Nob- lick, Paranhos, Guedes, Queiroz, Paganucci, Nas- cimento, Suely, Quaglia) 967 (holotype, CEPEC 26980; isotypes, ALCB 8103, BAH 2984, BOTU, F, HRB 7253, HUEFS 1026, MBM, RB, SP). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Bahia: Municipio de Cachoeira: Cachoeira, Vale dos Rios Par- aguacu e Jacuipe, ca. 39°05'W, 12°32'S, alt. 40-120 m, Esta<;ao da Mata, Jun. 1980 (imm fr), Grupo Pedra do Cavalo 293 (ALCB), same locality, Jun. 1980 (fl bud), Grupo Pedra do Cavalo 811 (ALCB, BAH, BOTU, CEPEC, F, HRB, HUEFS, RB, SP); Morro Belo, Aug. 1980 (fl), Grupo Pedra do Cavalo 504 (ALCB, BAH, BOTU, CEPEC, F, HRB, MBM, RB), same locality, Dec. 1980 (fl bud), Grupo Pedra do Cavalo 987 (ALCB, BAH, CEPEC, HRB, HUEFS). Muni- cipio de Feira de Santana: Serra de Sao Jose, Fazenda Boa Vista, 12°15'S, 38°58'W, 24 May 1984 (fr), L. R. Noblick 3271 (CEPEC, F, HUEFS), same locality, 9 Jun. 1984 (fr), L. R. Noblick & W. J. Hahn 3361, (CEPEC, F, HUEFS, K, MO). ETYMOLOGY— The specific epithet "petrae-ca- balli" is a Latin rendering (genitive form) of the Portuguese Pedra do Cavalo, "horse's rock." This is the name taken by the group of botanists who collected most of the material of this species in the area of the new hydroelectric dam on the Rio Paragua9u known as Pedra do Cavalo. The name Pedra do Cavalo originally referred to a rock out- crop, now destroyed, that extended into the Rio Paragua9u, where cowboys used to take their horses to drink and to be washed (Geraldo Pinto and Larry Noblick, in litt.). The Pedra do Cavalo col- lectors, based at the Universidade Federal da Ba- hia in Salvador and headed by Lecticia Scardino Scott Faria, have conducted a floristic-ecological study of the area to be inundated by the Pedra do Cavalo Dam. DISTRIBUTION— Erythroxylum petrae-caballi is known only from the municipalities of Feira de Santana and Cachoeira in eastern Bahia. ECOLOGY— This species grows in seasonally dry, deciduous forest, especially in forest clearings and along small seasonally dry creeks in the forest. Larry R. Noblick of the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana supplied the following descrip- tions of the habitats of this species in two areas where it has been collected. 1) Serra de Sao Joao, ca. 22 km north northwest of Feira de Santana: "This is a seasonal, deciduous forest that usually undergoes a definite dry season, especially from the end of September through Jan- uary. Within this forest, E. petrae-caballi grows preferentially in the valleys of temporary streams. Annual rainfall is around 800 mm. The main for- est is on a north-facing slope. The forest canopy is about 20-25 m tall. Some dominant tree species are Cavanillesia arborea, Cnidoscolus marcgravii, Goniorrhachis marginata, Cedrela odorata, Gal- lesia gorazema, and Chorisia sp. The shrubby understory includes, in addition to Erythroxylum petrae-caballi, Urera baccifera, Cordia superba, and species of Phyllanthus, Psychotria, and Clavi- ja. The herbaceous layer includes the grass Raddia portoi and species of Tripogandra, Tinantia, and Dichorisandra of the Commelinaceae. A few cac- tus species are scattered here and there; scattered 22 FIELDIANA: BOTANY TABLE 4. Morphological comparison of Erythroxylum petrae-caballi Plowman, E. tenue Plowman, E. distortum Mart., E. cf. mikanii Peyr., and E. passerinum Mart. Character E. petrae-caballi E. tenue /-.'. distortum /-.'. cf. mikanii /•.'. passerinum Short shoots Absent Absent Present Present Present Stipular 3 2 3 3 3 setae Leaf shape Elliptic to Ovate to Elliptic to Elliptic Elliptic to oblong lanceolate obovate lanceolate Leaf apex Rounded, Acute Rounded, Rounded, Acute to obtuse retuse retuse rounded Adaxial Canaliculate Knife-edged Knife-edged Knife-edged Canaliculate midrib with fine medial ridge Petal ligule Not thickened Thickened, Not thickened Not thickened Not thickened reduced Pairs of 1 1 2 2 2 auricles on ligule Staminal cup Shorter Longer Longer Shorter Shorter vs. calyx Styles No Yes No No No connate Endocarp Ampullaceous- Ovoid-terete Ellipsoid- Ovoid- or Oblong- shape terete terete oblongoid- ellipsoid, terete 6-sulcate ferns are found on the moister upper slopes. The soil is shallow and extremely rocky; the soil itself is sandy mixed with a significant amount of hu- mus." 2) Pedra do Cavalo area: "The forests of the Pedra do Cavalo area are essentially the same. Morro Belo contains a seasonal, deciduous forest with Cavanillesia arborea as one of the most con- spicuous tree species. The 'Estasao de Mata' lo- cality is perhaps a bit more humid since it is closer to the coast and with soil containing a bit more clay. Nevertheless, Cavanillesia arborea was pres- ent here, as were Cnidoscolus marcgravii and Erythrina velutina, etc. "All of these areas have the same type forest: seasonally deciduous to semi-deciduous with a mixture of tree species from the Atlantic coastal forest and the caatinga" (L. Noblick, in litt.). PHENOLOGY— Flowering specimens have been collected in June, August, October, and Decem- ber; fruiting specimens, in May and June. RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum petrae-caballi belongs to sect. Rhabdophyllum. It resembles sev- eral other species in this large and diverse section; these species form a poorly defined, complex group whose center of diversity is the state of Bahia. They all have small, relatively thin leaves, small, striate- ly nerved stipules, and small flowers produced on the new twigs. The species differ mainly in the size and form of stipules and number of setae, form of cataphylls, leaf persistence, shape and form of the adaxial midrib, relative lengths of calyx and sta- minal tube, form of the petal ligule, connation of the styles, and form of the endocarp. In spite of striking similarities in one or more of these char- acters, the species of this group usually are eco- logically specialized in different vegetation types, soils, and microclimates. Three species that appear most closely related to E. petrae-caballi are E. distortum Mart., E. te- nue Plowman (described below), and E. mikanii Peyr. The last species is positively known only from the sterile unicate type (preserved at w) col- lected by Mikan in the state of Rio de Janeiro at "Tocaja" (cf. Mikan, 1837). "Tocaja" is an old spelling corresponding to Rio Itocaia, Pedra de Itaocaia, or Itaocaia, all of which are located near the present-day town of Itaipu-Acu. This is an area of restinga and restinga forest, now largely de- stroyed for beachfront housing, on the coast south- east of the city of Niteroi. There is a species locally common in coastal Bahian restinga forests (cf. Araujo 22, Plowman & Carvalho 12817, Plowman et al. 13959, 13969) that closely resembles E. mikanii, but its identity has not been established with certainty. This plant also may prove to be a distinct undescribed species. Erythroxylum petrae-caballi is compared to these species (including the Bahian plants of E. cf. mi- kanii) in Table 4. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 23 1 mm 1 mm D FIG. 12. Erythroxylum santosii. A, flowering branch, 3-cm scale; B, detail of flowering axillary short-shoot; C, leaf showing venation, 3-cm scale; D, short-styled flower; E, petal; F, stipule. (All from the type, dos Santos 1618.) Drawing by Marlene Werner. 24 FIELDIANA: BOTANY 7. Erythroxylum santosii Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Archerythroxylum O. E. Schulz. Figures 1 2, 18. Frutex. Cataphylla pauca, stipulis foliaribus similia. Stipulae foliares persistentes, late ovatae, subcoriaceae, estriatae, brunnescentes, 2(-3)-setulosae. Folia breviter petiolata; laminae oblongae vel lanceolatae vel oblan- ceolatae, apice acutae vel breviter acuminatae, ipso apice obtusae, basi cuneatae vel obtusae, firme chartaceae, opacae. Flores e ramulis hornotinis in axillis cataphyl- lorum nati, pedicellis brevibus, recurvatis. Petali lamina oblonga. Urceolus stamineus tribus quintis partibus lon- gitudinis calycis aequalis, margine irregulariter 10-den- ticulatus. Styli liberi. Drupa ignota. Shrub 2 m tall. Branchlets weakly differentiated into long and short shoots, diverging 40°-80° from axis, somewhat compressed at apex, 2 mm in di- ameter, light brown, smooth, becoming lightly suberose-verruculose but without lenticels break- ing surface. Ink-modes on long shoots 5-25 mm long, on short shoots 1-1.5 mm long. Cataphylls (ramenta) 3-4, scattered along base of long shoots or congested at tips of short shoots, similar to foliar stipules, the spinule (leaf rudiment) 1.5-2 mm long, black. Foliar stipules persistent, appressed to stem, diverging slightly in age, broadly ovate, 3-4 mm long, subcoriaceous, smooth, nonstriate, drying dark brown or black, rounded at apex, 2(-3)-set- ulose, the 2 lateral setae 0.5-1 mm long, some- times with a short, medial seta to 0.5 mm long, evanescent, the keels sub-alate, the margin entire. Leaves persistent, scattered along long shoots or 1 (2) produced at tip of short shoots, distichous, short-petiolate, the lamina plane, oblong, lanceo- late or oblanceolate, acute or short-acuminate at apex, the apex itself blunt, cuneate to obtuse at base, 40-90 mm long, 20-35 mm wide, firmly chartaceous, opaque, drying adaxially chestnut- brown, abaxially ochreous to ferruginous, dull on both surfaces, elineate with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib yellowish brown with a slender, slightly raised, knife-edged medial ridge, the lateral nerves 9-11, diverging 50°-80° from midrib, curved and arching upward, anastomosing 3-4 mm from margin, the veinlets obscure. Petiole 2-3 mm long, 1 mm in diameter, amply canalic- ulate. Flowers in axils of cataphylls on mature ex- tension shoots or short shoots, the petals yellow. Bracteoles lanceolate in outline, cymbiform, 1.5 mm long, acute at apex, the seta 0.5-0.7 mm long. Pedicel recurved, 5-angled, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.8 mm in diameter, slightly thickened at apex. Calyx 2.5 mm long, divided nearly to base, drying black, the lobes lanceolate, 2 mm long, narrowly acute at apex. Petal lamina somewhat concave, oblong, rounded at apex, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the claw 1.5 mm long, the ligule 1 mm long, bilobed with a pair of suborbicular auricles 0.8 mm long, with an erect, medial lobe or flap, nearly equaling the auricles between and immediately posterior to the auricles. Stamina! cup % as long as calyx, 1.5 mm long, drying dark brown with 1 0 light-colored, longitudinal markings, the margin minutely and irregularly 1 0-denticulate. Brachystylous flowers: filaments white, 2.5 mm long, the anthers subor- bicular, 0.5-0.6 mm long; ovary equaling staminal cup, ovoid, 1.2 mm long, at apex rounded-trun- cate; styles free, 1.7 mm long; stigmas depressed- capitate, 0.4 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: un- known. Drupe: unknown. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Vale do Rio Alcobaca [= Rio Itanhem], Teixeira de Freitas, arbusto de 2 m de alt, flor amarelada, estames brancos, mata, 12 May 1971 (fl), T. S. dos Santos 7<57S(holotype, CEPEC 6910; isotype, F 1839581, F neg. 60125). ETYMOLOGY— Erythroxylum santosii is named for Talmon S. dos Santos, who collected the type and only known specimen of the species. Dos San- tos, who works at the CEPEC herbarium, is an ex- cellent collector who has been instrumental in doc- umenting the flora of southern Bahia. His keen eye and his intimate knowledge of Bahia forests have resulted in discovery of numerous previously un- known species. A number of these, like Erythroxy- lum santosii, are apparently quite rare and have not been found by other collectors. He has also been an able assistant and amiable field compan- ion to many botanists visiting southern Bahia. DISTRIBUTION— Known only from the type col- lection. ECOLOGY— This species grows in the understory of the tropical moist forest in the Itanhem (for- merly Alcobaca) River valley in southern Bahia. PHENOLOGY— The only known collection was flowering in May. RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum santosii be- longs to section Archerythroxylum and is clearly related to E. ochranthum Mart., a rarely collected species known only from coastal Bahia. Ery- throxylum santosii can be separated from E. ochranthum using characters listed in Table 5. 8. Erythroxylum splendidum Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Megalophyllum O. E. Schulz. Figures 13-15, 18. Frutex vel arbuscula gracilis, virgata. Ramuli recti, adscendentes. Cataphylla sparsa, remota, stipulis foli- PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 25 TABLE 5. Morphological comparison of Erythroxylum santosii Plowman and E. ochranthum Mart. Character / . santosii E. ochranthum Leaf shape Leaf surface Pedicel shape Pedicel length (mm) Calyx lobe shape Ovary vs. staminal cup Oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate Dull, opaque Recurved 1.5-2 Lanceolate Equal Elliptic to oblong Somewhat shiny, translucent Straight 2.5-8 Ovate Twice as long aribus similia. Stipulae foliares persistentes, triangulari- ovatae, estriatae, 2-setulosae. Folia in ramulis dispersa, disticha, petiolata, persistentia; laminae ovatae vel ob- longae vel lanceolato-ovatae vel ellipticae, apice obtusae vel rotundatae, basi breviter acuminatae, coriaceae, ubique nitidae. Flores e ramulis hornotinis vel annotinis in axillis foliorum vel cataphyllorum nati. Petali lamina elliptica vel late ovata, ligula bilobata munita. Urceolus stamineus tribus quartis partibus longitudinis calycis ae- qualis vel calycem aequans, margine integer. In floribus brachystylis styli liberi. Drupa ellipsoidea, parum fal- cata, apice rotundata, endocarpio paulo compresso, manifeste curvato-falcato, triquetro, triloculari, loculis vacuis duobus magnis, loculo fertili parvo, endospermio abundante. Slender, virgate shrub or treelet, 1-5 m tall. Trunk solitary, to 2 cm in diameter. Bark smooth, longitudinally finely striate, light brown, ca. 1 mm thick; wood light tan. Branches all near top on older individuals, ascending, straight, brown, "knobby" at the nodes. Branchlets distichous, straight, often parallel, diverging 50°-70° from axis, compressed when very young, soon becoming ter- ete, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, dark reddish brown, furnished abundantly with pale tan, punctate or elongate lenticels, the branchlets becoming "stub- by" at apex through abscission of terminal bud. Internodes 5-20 mm long. Cataphylls (ramenta) 3-6, sparse, distichous, scattered along base of new shoots, similar to foliar stipules, the spinule (leaf rudiment) 0.8 mm long, erect, straight, black. Fo- liar stipules persistent, erect, straight, triangular- ovate, 1.5-2.3 mm long, subcoriaceous, smooth, nonstriate, drying dark brown or black, obtuse at apex, 2-setulose, the setae filamentous, 0.3-0.6 mm long, evanescent, the keels prominulous, sub-alate, the margin straight, entire. Leaves persistent, scat- tered along younger branches, distichous, petio- late, the lamina plane or somewhat undulate, ovate to oblong, lance-ovate or elliptic, obtuse to round- ed at apex, rarely retuse, short-acuminate at base, 40-105 mm long, 20-45 mm wide, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, adaxially shiny, dark green, abaxi- ally less shiny, lighter green, drying ferruginous on both surfaces, elineate with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib flat, rarely with a fine medial ridge, the lateral nerves 8-12, diverging 50°-70° from midrib, straight, eventually arching and anastomosing 2-3 mm from margin, promi- nulous on both surfaces, the veinlets obscure. Pet- iole 5-15 mm long, 1-1.2 mm in diameter, sub- terete. Flowers fasciculate in axils of leaves or cataphylls on new and seasoned shoots, 1-6 flow- ers produced per node, 1-3 flowers at anthesis at each flowering node per day. Bracteoles persisting, giving nodes a "knobby" appearance, orbicular, concave, 1.2-1.8 mm long, paleaceous, rounded at apex, the seta 0.2-0.5 mm long. Pedicel short, thick, 5-angled or 5-ribbed, 1-2 mm long, 1 mm in diameter. Calyx 1.5-2.5 mm long, divided to near base, pale green, the lobes strongly incurved, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 1.5-2.2 mm long, narrowly acuminate at apex. Petal lamina suberect or spreading at anthesis, creamy white or greenish white, concave, elliptic to broadly ovate, rounded at apex, the apex incurved, 1.5-3 mm long, 1.2- 1.5 mm long, the claw 0.8-1.2 mm long, the ligule bilobed, 0.7-1.5 mm long, the posterior auricle well developed, facing sideways, ovate, 0.5-1.2 mm long, entire, the anterior auricle greatly re- duced or absent. Staminal cup 3/4 as long as or equaling the calyx, 1-1.5 mm long, entire at mar- gin. Brachystylous flowers: filaments 2-3 mm long, the anthers suborbicular, 0.4—0.5 mm in diameter; styles 1-1 .5 mm long, connate 0.3-0.5 mm; stigma depressed-capitate, 0.2-0.3 mm long. Dolicho- stylous flowers: antisepalous filaments 0.8-1 mm long, the anthers orbicular, 0.45-0.50 mm in di- ameter; antipetalous filaments 1.5-2 mm long, the anthers orbicular, 0.40-0.45 mm long; styles 2.2- 2.3 mm long, connate at base 0.6-1 mm; stigma subglobose, 0.2-0.4 mm long. Ovary ellipsoid, shallowly 3-sulcate, rounded at apex, a little short- er to a little longer than staminal cup, 1.2-1.8 mm long. Drupe ellipsoid, somewhat falcate, rounded at apex, 10-13 mm long, 6 mm in diameter, shiny, 26 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 13. Erythroxylum splendidum. A, flowering branch; B, detail of apex of flowering twig; C, detail of fruits on twig; D, stipule, scale as in G; E, short-styled flower; F, long-styled flower, scale as in E; G, petal; H, cross section of drupe, scale as in B; I, embryo. (A, B, D, E, and G from Belem & Pinheiro 2466; C, H, and I from Mattos Silva et al. 1262; F from Belem & Pinheiro 3170.) Drawing by Pollyanna Quasthoff. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 27 28 FIELDIANA: BOTANY reddish orange at maturity, the mesocarp 0.5-0.7 mm thick, the endocarp 9-12 mm long, com- pressed, strongly curved-falcate, unequally trigo- nal with 2 shorter obtuse lobes and 1 longer, nar- rowly acute lobe, acute at apex, 3-locular with 2 larger, empty locules and 1 small, fertile locule; endosperm occupying ca. 80% of fertile locule. Embryo 7.2-9.5 mm long; cotyledons linear-lan- ceolate, somewhat falcate, 5.5-7 mm long, 1 mm wide, 0.1-0.2 mm thick; radicle 2-2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm in diameter. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Municipio de Valenca, km 9 na estrada Valenfa-Guaibim, approx. 13°18'S, 39°00'W, arboreal restinga on white sand near sea level; slender treelet 5 m tall growing in disturbed restinga, flowers creamy white, 6 Feb. 1983 (fl, fr), T. Plowman & A. M. de Carvalho 12818 (holo- type, CEPEC 32439; isotypes, F, F neg. 60186, G, HRB, K, NY, RB, SP, UB, US). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Bahia: Municipio de Valenca: ramal a esquerda da rodovia que liga Valenca ao Guaibim (literal), com entrada no km 9, 1 1 Dec. 1980 (fr), L. A. Mattos Silva, A. M. de Car- valho & J. L. Hage 1262 (CEPEC, F, HRB, HUEFS, MBM, RB), 6 Feb. 1983 (st), T. Plowman & A. M. de Carvalho 1281 9 (CEPEC, F, K, RB), same locality, km 8, 27 Jul. 1981 (fl, fr), A. M. de Carvalho & J. Gatti 815 (CEPEC, F, HRB, K, NY, RB), same locality, km 10, 8 Jan. 1982 (fl, fr), A. M. de Carvalho & G. P. Lewis 1 125 (ALCB, CEPEC, F, SPF), same locality, km 15, 25 Feb. 1986 (fr), J. L. Hage, L. Andersson & M. Hagberg 1953 (CEPEC, F), 7955 (CEPEC, F). Municipio de Cairu: rodovia Nilo Pecanha-Cairu, km 14-18, 29 Apr. 1980 (fr), T. S. dos Santos, L. A. Mattos Silva & E. B. dos Santos 3594 (CEPEC, F). Mun- icipio de Marau: Marau, 1 8 Jan. 1 967 (fl, fr), R. P. Belem & R. S. Pinheiro 3170 (CEPEC, F, NY, UB). Municipio de Itacare: 65 km NE of Itabuna at mouth of the Rio de Contas on the N bank opposite Itacare, 39°00'W, 14°16'S, sea level, 30 Jan. 1977 (fl), R. M. Harley et al. 18417 (CEPEC, F, K..). Municipio de Belmonte: Belmonte, 30 Jun. 1966 (fl), R. P. Belem & R. S. Pinheiro 2466 (CEPEC, F, IAN, NY, UB); ca. 26 km SW of Belmonte along road to Itapebi and 4 km along side road toward the sea, ca. 39°02'W, 16°03'S, alt. sea level, 25 Mar. 1974 (fr), R. M. Harley 17402 (CEPEC, K, NY, RB). Without exact lo- cality: ca. 1832, J. S. Blanchet (BM, G, F neg. 26398, photos F, GH, NY, distributed as "£. grandifolium"). ETYMOLOGY— From Latin splendidus, meaning "shining" or "splendid," in reference to the hand- some, glossy leaves of this species. DISTRIBUTION— Erythroxylum splendidum oc- curs only along the coast of Bahia, Brazil, from Valenca south to Belmonte, covering a distance of only 1 50 km. ECOLOGY— This species grows only in arboreal or shrubby restinga vegetation ntar the sea on sandy soil. It appears to be nowhere very abundant, but some large areas of the restingas of Bahia remain to be explored botanically. PHENOLOGY— Erythroxylum splendidum has been collected in flower or fruit every month from December to July, but no collections have been made between August and November. This may reflect a true flowering period or merely a collect- ing accident. RELATIONSHIPS— The first collection of E. splen- didum was made by Blanchet in Bahia about 1 832; the plant was not collected again until 1 966. Schulz (1907) identified the Blanchet specimen, which has abnormally pointed leaves, as E. grandifolium Peyr., and this is indeed the closest relative of E. splendidum. Erythroxylum splendidum differs from E. grandifolium primarily in having dark reddish brown (vs. light tan or whitish) bark on the twigs, much smaller (40- 105 mm vs. 1 10-250 mm long), ovate to oblong (vs. elliptic) leaves with obtuse or rounded (vs. acuminate) apices. Schulz ( 1 907) placed E. grandifolium in section Megalophyllum O. E. Schulz. This group includes four species from southeastern Brazil with large leaves, nonstriate stipules, and numerous, glom- erate, sessile flowers with more or less connate styles. Three of the species are endemics from Rio de Janeiro. Schulz thought that E. grandifolium grew in Rio and Bahia, and noted that the Bahian specimen of Blanchet had much smaller leaves. The type of E. grandifolium is Riedel 774 collected at "Esperanca," a locality reported to be in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Peyritsch, 1878). How- ever, this species has never been recollected in the state of Rio, but is known from several collections from southern Bahia, where most probably it is endemic in the coastal forests. "Esperanca" is most likely an old name for a fazenda or farm in the area around Ilheus where Riedel spent consider- able time. One of the most distinctive features ofE. gran- difolium and E. splendidum is the endocarp which has one small, fertile locule and two larger, empty locules. This character is found in another species with nonstriate stipules from Bahia, E. caatingae (and probably in the related E. oxypetalum O. E. Schulz) of section Archerythroxylum. However, trilocular endocarps are found also in some species with striate-nerved stipules of section Rhabdo- phyllum (cf. E. laetevirens O. E. Schulz and E. steyermarkii Plowman) as well as in some Old World species (Schulz, 1907). PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 29 1) FIG. 16. Erythroxylum stipulosum. A, leafless flowering branch, 3-cm scale; B, sterile branch with mature leaves, 3-cm scale; C, detail of flowering twig; D, stipule; E, long-styled flower; F, short-styled flower, scale as in E. (A, C, and D from Luetzelberg 26459; B from Black 55-17977; E from Luetzelberg 26187; F from Luetzelberg 26464.) Drawing by Pollyanna Quasthoff. 30 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 17. Habitat of Erythroxylum stipulosum at Chapada de Araripe, Ceara (Plowman & Copula 12716). Ery- throxylum stipulosum is marked with arrow. Erythroxylum vacciniifolium is tall, leafy shrub forming background (Plowman & Cagula 12717). The man is Jose "Arnaldo" Tavares Ca9ula, resident guard of the Parque Nacional de Araripe. 9. Erythroxylum stipulosum Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. Figures 16-18. Frutex dense ramosus, ramulis nigrescentibus, longi- tudinaliter striate fissuratis. Cataphylla conspicua, con- gesta, disticha, paleacea, stipulis foliaribus similia. Stip- ulae foliares oblongo-lanceolatae, striate nervosae, longe 3-setulosae, margine manifeste villoso-fimbriatae, mar- cescentia. Folia brevissime petiolata, decidua; laminae ellipticae, apice et basi rotundatae, firme chartaceae, opacae. Flores solitarii e ramulis annotinis in axillis ca- taphyllorum nati. Urceolus stamineus calyce dimidio brevier, margine integer. Styli liberi. Drupa ignota. Much-branched, erect shrub to 3 m tall with single trunk to 2 cm diameter. Bark smooth, dark brown, longitudinally striate, ca. 1 mm thick, red- dish brown within, the wood light tan. Branches short, ascending and spreading, light brown. Branchlets dense, rather straight, diverging 55°- 90° from axis, compressed at apex when new, more or less longitudinally wrinkled, becoming terete, 1-1.2 mm in diameter, black or dark brown, smooth, sometimes with a few, elongate, light tan lenticels, becoming longitudinally striately fis- sured. Internodes 3-20 mm long. Cataphylls (ra- menta) large, conspicuous, congested, at apex of twigs forming a terminal bud, covering stem through 5-15 mm, 4-6 mm wide, diverging from stem up to 30°, distichous, chaffy, light brown, persisting but marcescent, similar in form to foliar stipules, the spinule (leaf rudiment) appressed to cataphyll, flattened, 1 mm long, acute at apex, black. Foliar stipules appressed to stem, oblong- lanceolate, 3.5-6 mm long, chaffy, straw-colored, markedly striate-nerved with 5-8 closely parallel nerves per side, acute to attenuate at apex, 3-set- ulose, the 2 lateral setae 0.7-1.5 mm long, the medial seta 0.3-1 mm long, the apex of the stipule becoming ragged with age, the keels prominent with a slender medial ridge, fimbriate, the margin densely villose-fimbriate when new. Leaves 1-3 scattered on new twigs, deciduous, distichous, short-petiolate, the lamina plane, broadly to nar- rowly elliptic, rounded and mucronulate at apex, PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 31 FIG. 18. Known geographical distribution of new Erythroxylum species in eastern Brazil. Solid stars = E. petrae- caballi; open star = E. santosii; solid circles = E. splendidum; solid squares = E. stipulosum. 32 FIELDIANA: BOTANY rounded at base, 38-55 mm long, 22-26 mm wide, firmly chartaceous, opaque, drying adaxially dark brown, abaxially pale brown, somewhat shiny adaxially, dull abaxially, elineate with the central panel barely distinct, the adaxial midrib a low, slender, medial ridge, the lateral nerves 10-12, diverging 50°-70° from midrib, straight, then arch- ing irregularly, anastomosing 2-3 mm from mar- gin, prominulous on both surfaces, obscured somewhat by prominent, reticulate veinlets. Pet- iole 2 mm long, 1 mm in diameter, subterete. Flowers produced singly in axils of last season's ramenta, sparse to somewhat congested. Brac- teoles lanceolate in outline, cymbiform, 2.5-3 mm long, chaffy, acute to attenuate at apex, the seta 0.3-1 mm long. Pedicel pentangular, 5-ribbed, 1.5- 3.5 mm long, 0.5 mm in diameter. Calyx 1.5-2 mm long, divided nearly to base, the lobes lan- ceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, incurved, 0.8- 1.8 mm long. Petal: specimen lost. Stamina I cup '/2 length of calyx, 0.6-0.8 mm long, entire at mar- gin. Brachystylous flowers: filaments 2.2-2.5 mm long, the anthers oblong-ovate, 0.5 mm long; styles free, 1.1 mm long; stigma depressed-capitate, 0.3 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: antisepalous fil- aments 1.3-2 mm long, the anthers oblong-ovate, 0.4-0.5 mm long; antipetalous filaments 2-2.5 mm long, the anthers oblong-ovate, 0.4-0.5 mm long; styles free, 2.8 mm long; stigmas depressed-capi- tate, 0.3-0.5 mm long. Ovary ovoid, becoming trigonal in young fruit, rounded at apex, 1.2 times length of staminal cup, 1 mm long. Drupe not seen. TYPE— Brazil, Ceara, Serra do Araripe, Bom Fim, carasco [sic], 17 Jan. 1935 (fl), P. von Luetz- elberg 26187 (holotype, M, F neg. 60126). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Ceara: Serra do Araripe: Araras, 1 1 Feb. 1935 (fl), P. von Luetz- elberg 26464 (NY, F NEG. 16464); Baixa Rasa, 1 1 Feb. 1935 (fl), P. von Luetzelberg 26459 (M, F neg. 60127). Municipio de Crato: Parque Nacional do Araripe, access road E of federal road BR-122, ca. 20 km SW of Crato, ca. 7°20'S, 39°35'W, alt. 860 m, 18 Jan. 1983 (st), T. Plowman & J. Tavares Copula 12716 (ALCB, CEPEC, EAC, F, O, HRB, IPA, K, M, MBM, MO, NY, P, R, RB, SP, U, UB, US). Bahia: regiao de Barreiras, Chapadao da Panair, Serra do Mimo, Grameal da Onca, 1 Jan. 1 955 (st), G. A. Black 55-17977 (IAN, F neg. 60129). ETYMOLOGY— The specific epithet is derived from Latin stipulosus, "having very large stip- ules," in reference to the large, conspicuous stip- ules. DISTRIBUTION— Erythroxylum stipulosum is known only from the Serra do Araripe on the bor- der of Ceara and Pernambuco states, and from one collection near Barreiras in western Bahia. ECOLOGY— This species inhabits an open vege- tation type best described as "closed shrubby caa- tinga" (Eiten, 1983). There is little agreement on the classification of dry vegetation types in north- eastern Brazil, and different authors vary widely in their opinions. In the Serra do Araripe, E. sti- pulosum was said to be growing in carrasco, a term which locally is used for closed caatinga scrub vegetation on sandy soil. It is noteworthy that the species was not found growing in adjacent habitats of cerradao or "cerrado woodland." Three other species of Erythroxylum were found growing alongside E. stipulosum in the carrasco vegetation on the Chapada do Araripe: E. vacci- niifolium Mart., E. rosuliferum O. E. Schulz (if distinct from E. betulaceum Mart.), and E. loef- grenii Diogo. Of these only E. vacciniifolium is widespread, occurring from Ceara south to Santa Catarina in a diversity of habitats. The other two species are restricted to dry formations in north- eastern Brazil. None of these four species occurred in adjacent cerrado woodland where E. barbatum O. E. Schulz and E. suberosum were found. Nei- ther of the latter was found in carrasco. Clearly the distribution of species in these related yet ap- parently different habitats needs to be studied more closely. PHENOLOGY— Erythroxylum stipulosum flowers apparently from mid-January to mid-February with the advent of the winter rains. Since rains are notoriously unpredictable in northeastern Brazil, the flowering time may vary appreciably from year to year. Fruits are unknown in this species. RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum stipulosum is a very distinct species, easily distinguished by its long, fimbriate stipules. It belongs to section Rhab- dophyllum, but within that large group has no ap- parent close relatives. It may be related to E. pel- leterianum St. Hil. and E. subracemosum Turcz., both of which have somewhat fimbriate but much shorter stipules. Erythroxylum stipulosum might also be confused with the poorly known E. stro- bilaceum Peyr. (syn. E. warmingii Peyr.) from Mi- nas Gerais, but in that species the stipules are en- tire (vs. fimbriate), the enlarged cataphylls of the ramenta are caducous (vs. persistent and marces- cent), and the pedicel is much longer (9-1 1 mm vs. 1.5-3.5 mm). Additional collections of E. stipulosum are nec- essary to furnish better material of mature leaves (especially from Chapada do Araripe), flowers, and PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 33 FIG. 19. Erythroxylum tenue. A, flowering branch; B, habit of entire plant; C, detail of twig apex; D, stipule, scale as in F; E, leaf showing venation; F, short-styled flower; G, long-styled flower, scale as in F; H, petal, scale as in F; I, immature fruit. (A, B, C, D, E, F, and H from Plowman & Carvalho 12812; G from Pinheiro 2046; I from dos Santos 1712.) Drawing by Marlene Werner. 34 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 20. Restinga forest habitat of Erythroxylum tenue at type locality near Itubera, Bahia (Plowman & Carvalho 12812). The palm at left is pia9aba (Attalea funifera), which is characteristic of this habitat in southern Bahia. Erythroxylum mucronatum Benth., E. martii Peyr., E. nobile O. E. Schulz, and E. \ cuspidifolium Mart, were also found growing with E. tenue in this same restinga forest. most importantly fruits, in order to determine its relationships with other species. 10. Erythroxylum tenue Plowman, sp. nov. sect. Rhabdophyllum O. E. Schulz. Figures 19-23. Frutex gracillimus. Rami et ramuli recti, tenues. Cata- phylla pauca, remota, stipulis foliaribus similia. Stipulae foliares persistentes, manifeste striate nervosae, 2-setu- losae. Folia in ramulis dispersa, breviter petiolata, per- sistentia; laminae anguste ovatae vel lanceolatae, apice late vel anguste acutae, basi obtusae vel acutae, mem- branaceae, supra aliquantum nitidae, subtus impolitae. Flores e ramulis hornotinis vel annotinis in axibus brev- issimis in axillis foliorum vel ramentorum nati. Petali lamina lingulata. armeniaca vel ochracea, ovata vel ob- longa, ligula bilobata munita, utroque lobo usque ad medium valde incrassato et auricula brevi proviso. Ur- ceolus siam i nous calyce longior (x 1.2-1.5), margine eroso-crenulatus, quinque dentibus antisepalis promi- nulis munitus. Styli usque ad medium connati. Drupa ellipsoidea, apice rotunda ta et subexcentrica, endocarpio obovoideo, apice subexcentrico, tereti, longitudinaliter nervoso, maturitate uniloculari. Shrub to 3 m tall with 1 slender trunk ca. 2 cm in diameter. Bark thin, smooth, more or less shiny, dark brown with scattered brown lenticels, ca. 1.5 mm thick; wood light tan. Branches plagiotropic, horizontal, somewhat storied, straight, without short shoots. Branchlets distichous, slender, straight, diverging 30°-90° from stem, a little com- pressed at apex, soon becoming terete, 1 mm in diameter, smooth, dark brown, somewhat shiny, without lenticels. Inter nodes 1-15 mm long. Cata- phylls (ramenta) few, scattered along base of new shoots, the spinule (rudimentary leaf) straight, brown, 0.3-0.7 mm long, caducous. Foliar stipules persistent, appressed to stem, diverging somewhat with age, broadly ovate to broadly triangular, 1- 2 mm long, markedly striate-nerved with 4-6 nerves per side, pale green, becoming chaffy with age, obtuse to rounded at apex, 2-setulose, the setae minute, filamentous, 0.2-0.3 mm long, eva- nescent, the keels prominent, slightly alate, the margin entire. Leaves persistent, scattered along branchlets or sometimes clustered toward apex, distichous, petiolate, the lamina plane, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, broadly to narrowly acute at apex, rarely obtuse or acuminate, obtuse to acute at base, 24-67 mm long, 9-28 mm wide, mem- branaceous, adaxially medium to dark green, shiny, PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 35 FIG. 21. Slender habit of the type plant of Erythroxylum tenue (Plowman & Carvalho 12812). drying dark, grayish green, abaxially dull, very pale green, drying ochreous or ferruginous, elineate and with no distinct central panel, the adaxial midrib flat with a very slender, low, medial ridge, the lateral nerves 9-1 2 per side, diverging 50°-70° from midrib, sinuous, obscure on both surfaces when fresh, appearing slender and faint when dried, the veinlets fine, open-reticulate. Petiole 2.5-4 mm long, subterete, broadly canaliculate. Inflores- cences produced in the axils of leaves or cataphylls on current or last season's shoots on a short axis to 2.5 mm long, the axis itself very short-pedun- culate, the peduncle flattened, appressed to stem, 0.5-0.7 mm long. Flowers ca. 3 per node, ap- 36 FIELDIANA: BOTANY FIG. 22. Flowering branch of the type plant of Erythroxylum tenue (Plowman & Carvalho 12812). pearing sequentially, one at a time. Bracteoles per- sistent, minute, spirally imbricate on short axis, broadly ovate, concave, 0.6-1 mm long, mem- branaceous, sparingly nerved, obtuse or rounded at apex, the seta 0.1-0.4 mm long. Pedicel terete, 5-ribbed, 1.2-4 mm long. 0.5-0.7 mm in diame- ter, slightly thickened toward apex. Calyx 1-1.5 mm long, divided '/j-'/z its length, pale green, be- coming ochreous, the lobes triangular to ovate, acute to obtuse, 0.5-0.7 mm long. Petal lamina Ungulate, rather thick, convex with slightly de- pressed midrib, recurving at anthesis, pale orange to ochreous, ovate to oblong, rounded or truncate at apex, 1.2-2 mm long, 0.8-1.2 mm wide, the claw 0.7-1 .5 mm long with a pair of gibbous bulges at base, the ligule bilobate, thickened, 0.6-0.7 mm long, creamy white, each lobe with a single, re- duced auricle 0.5-0.6 mm long, separated by a swollen, Ungulate, indexed flap. Stamina! cup 1.2- 1.5 times length of calyx, 1-1.3 mm long, erose- crenulate at margin with 5 short, protruding, an- tisepalous "teeth." Brachystylous flowers: fila- ments somewhat variable in length, 1-1.7 mm long; anthers 0.4-0.5 mm long; styles 1-1.3 mm long, connate for half their length; stigmas depressed- capitate, 0.2 mm long. Dolichostylous flowers: an- tisepalous filaments 0.8 mm long, the anthers 0.5 mm long; antipetalous filaments 1.2 mm long, the anthers 0.4 mm long; styles 3 mm long, connate for 1 mm; stigma depressed-capitate, 0.3 mm long. Ovary obovoid-obconic, broadly rounded at apex, Vz-'/j the length of staminal cup, 0.6-0.9 mm long. Drupe ellipsoid, slightly excentric at apex, round- ed, 10 mm long, 6 mm in diameter, red at ma- turity, the mesocarp 0.7 mm thick, the endocarp narrowly obovoid, slightly excentric at apex, nar- rowed at both ends, terete, with ca. 1 2 longitudinal nerves, unilocular with 2 collapsed rudimentary locules at base; endosperm occupying ca. 50% of locule. Embryo 7 mm long; cotyledons oblong, the apex rounded, slightly excentric, basally subcor- date, 6.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 0.3 mm thick; radicle 1.3 mm long. TYPE— Brazil, Bahia, Municipio de Itubera, km 1 1 na estrada Itubera- Valen9a, 1-2 km no ramal de acesso a Estacao da Telebahia, ca. 13°40'S, 39°07'W, near sea level, slender, erect single- stemmed shrub 3 m tall, calyx yellowish brown, petals dirty yellowish, ligule white, 4 Feb. 1983 PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 37 FIG. 23. Known geographic distribution of Erythroxylum tenue in Bahia in eastern Brazil. 38 FIELDIANA: BOTANY (fl), T. Plowman &A.M.de Carvalho 12812 (ho- lotype, CEPEC 32462; isotypes, ALCB, F 1916664, F neg. 60187, G, GH, HRB, IPA, K, LE, MBM, MO, NY, p, R, RB, SP, u, UB, us). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED— BRAZIL: Bahia: Municipio de Camamu: Acarai, estrada ao lado sul, 1 Jul. 1971 (fl, imm fr), T. S. dos Santos 1712 (CEPEC, F). Municipio de Marau: rodovia BR 030, trecho Ubaitaba- Marau, 45-50 km a leste de Ubaitaba, ca. 50 m alt., 14°H'S, 30°01'W, 12-13 Jun. 1979 (fr), S. Mori el al. 1 1 965 (CEPEC, F, K, NY, RB). Municipio de Itacare: Itacare, 6 Jan. 1967 (fl, imm fr), R. P. Belem & R. S. Pinheiro 3009 (CEPEC, F, K, NY, RB). Municipio de Itabuna: Fa- zenda Pirataquice, 30 Nov. 1970 (fl), L. Emygdio de Mello Filho 3022 & M. Emmerich 3560 (CEPEC). Mu- nicipio de Ilheus: prope Ilheus, Feb. 1 822 (fl), L. Riedel 612 (F, fragment, K, LE, F neg. 599 1 7, p, excluded syntype of E. bongardianum C. A. Meyer ex Peyr.); km 35 na estrada Ilheus-Serra Grande, 22 Oct. 1983 (fl), A. M. de Carvalho el al. 2007 (CEPEC, F); Fazenda Barra do Man- guinho, ramal com entrada no km 10 da rodovia Pontal- Olivenca, lado direito, 3 km a oeste da rodovia, 5 Feb. 1982 (fl), L. A. Mattos Silva, T. S. dos Santos & B. Boom 1443 (CEPEC, F); entre km 5-8 da estrada Olivenca-Ma- ruim, alt. 30-50 m, 14 Oct. 1983 (fl), M. P. M. de Lima et al. 22 (CEPEC, RB), same locality, km 7, 16 Apr. 1986 (fl), L. A. Mattos Silva, T. S. dos Santos & J. L. Hage 2043 (CEPEC, F); estrada que liga Olivenca a Vila Brasil, km 7, 16 Feb. 1982 (fr), L. A. Mattos Silva, A. M. de Carvalho & T. S. dos Santos 1528 (ALCB, CEPEC, F, HBR, RB); estrada que liga a Estacao Hidromineral de Olivenca ao Povoado de Vila Brasil, 5 km ao sudoeste de Olivenca, 8 Feb. 1982 (fl, imm fr), L. A. Mattos Silva, T. S. dos Santos & G. P. Lewis 1487 (CEPEC, F, HRB), 26 Apr. 1983 (fl), L. A. Mattos Silva, T. S. dos Santos & B. E. Leuen- berger 1688 (B, CEPEC, F, HUEFS, RB); ramal novo para o povoado da Vila Brasil, com entrada no km 28 da ro- dovia Ilheus-Una, lado direito, inicio do ramal km 3, 27 Feb. 1985 (fl), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13963 (CEPEC, F, K, MO, RB), same locality, km 7, 27 Feb. 1985 (fl, imm fr), T. Plowman, L. A. Mattos Silva & T. S. dos Santos 13964 (CEPEC, F, GH, NY, RB, SP). Municipio de Una: estrada Ilheus-Una, 1 9 Nov. 1983 (fl), R. Callejas, A. M. de Carvalho & L. A. Mattos Silva 1757 (CEPEC, F, MBM, NY). Municipio de Itapebi: Rodovia Itapebi a Camaca, 17 Oct. 1969 (fl), J. A. de Jesus 465 A (RB). Municipio de Porto Seguro: km 7 da estrada Porto Seguro a Santa Cruz Cabralia, Tapera- pua, 20 Apr. 1982 (fl, fr), A. M. de Carvalho, S. G. da Vinha & E. S. Brito 1228 (CEPEC, F, RB, SPF); estrada Porto Seguro-Eunapolis, km 13, 18 Oct. 1969 (fl), /. A. de Jesus 465B (CEPEC, RB); Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal, 18 Jan. 1974 (fl, imm fr), T. S. dos Santos 2725 (CEPEC, F, K); rodovia para povoado de Trancoso, km 5 depois de Arraial d'Ajuda, 5 Nov. 1983 (fl), R. Callejas, A. M. de Carvalho & L. A. Mattos Silva 1688 (CEPEC, F, MBM, NY). Municipio de Guaratinga: km 10, Guaratinga a Sao Paulinho, 29 Mar. 1973 (fl), R. S. Pinheiro 2046 (CEPEC, F). Municipio de Ibicoara: regiao da Serra do Sincora, 24 Feb. 1943 (fl), R. L. Froes 20092 (IAN, NY). ETYMOLOGY— The specific epithet is derived from Latin tenuis, "thin" or "fine," referring to the slender trunk and branches of this species. DISTRIBUTION— Erythroxylum tenue grows only in moist coastal forests in southern Bahia, Brazil, from Valenca south to Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal. The Froes collection from Serra do Sin- cora appears to be somewhat out of range. How- ever, forest habitats do occur in this area (R. Har- ley, in litt.), and other species from the Atlantic forest, such as Ruellia affinis (Mart.) Lindau and Brunfelsia clandestine! Plowman (Plowman, 1981), are known to occur here. ECOLOGY— This species grows primarily in the understory of restinga forest on sandy soils near the coast, but has also been collected in areas of mata higrofila or tropical moist forest further in- land, presumably on clay soils. It may be occa- sional to relatively abundant at any one locality. PHENOLOGY— Erythroxylum tenue flowers and fruits throughout the year. The flowers are pro- duced sequentially such that only a few flowers on an individual are open at a given time, but the flowers appear over a relatively long period. RELATIONSHIPS— Erythroxylum tenue was first collected by Riedel at Ilheus in 1822. Riedel's col- lection (no. 612) was cited as one of two syntypes of E. bongardianum C. A. Meyer ex Peyr. The second element (Langsdorff s.n.), from Espirito Santo, was the basis for the manuscript name "£". bongardianum C. A. Meyer" appearing on one sheet at LE. C. A. Meyer had worked with F. E. L. Fischer at LE on a general monograph of Ery- throxylum, continuing earlier studies of the Bra- zilian species by A. G. H. Bongard. Although nei- ther of these studies was ever published, O. E. Schulz, in preparing his worldwide monograph for Das Pflanzenreich, obtained the handwritten manuscripts and some of the lithographed plates (Schulz, 1907). Schulz cited in synonymy many nomina nuda from Bongard's and Fischer and Meyer's manuscripts. The original manuscripts have not been located at LE, and possibly were retained by Schulz at B and subsequently destroyed during World War II. I here designate one duplicate of the Langsdorff collection at LE as the lectotype of E. bongardian- um C. A. Meyer ex Peyr., for which I give the following reasons. The description published by Peyritsch applies principally to this collection. Peyritsch annotated many Erythroxylum speci- mens at Leningrad and may have had access to Meyer's notes. Meyer annotated only the Langs- dorff collection as "E. bongardianum," a duplicate of which Bongard had previously annotated as "E. ovatum"; Meyer annotated the Riedel collection at LE as "E. minutiflorum." Last, Peyritsch himself PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 39 stated in a note appended to his description that the Riedel collection strongly suggested a separate species. From this analysis, it is clear that the Langsdorff collection must be chosen as the lec- totype of E. bongardianum. The Langsdorff col- lection, however, in fact belongs to E. passerinum Mart., so that E. bongardianum must be placed in synonymy under that species. In spite of this confusion, the new name E. tenue is correctly ap- plied to Riedel 612. Erythroxylum tenue belongs to section Rhabdo- phyllum. Within this large and diverse complex, E. tenue belongs to the species group discussed above under E. petrae-caballi. Of the several sim- ilar species in this group that occur in Bahia, Ery- throxylum tenue is the most distinct. The com- bination of a slender habit, the lack of short shoots, the small, narrowly ovate to lanceolate leaves, the brief elongation of the flowering axis, the thick- ened, reduced petal ligule, and the connate styles all serve to distinguish E. tenue from any other species. Table 4 gives the characters by which E. tenue differs from its closest congeners in Bahia. Acknowledgments This paper is dedicated to Jack Staehle who has supported my fieldwork in Brazil. I deeply appre- ciate his generosity and continuing interest in Field Museum's programs of botanical exploration in the Neotropics. I would like to thank the curators of the follow- ing herbaria who kindly lent or allowed me to study specimens cited in this study: AAU, ALCB, B, BAH, BM, BOTU, C, CEPEC, CGE, E, EAC, F, G, GH, GUA, HRB, HUEFS, IAN, IPA, K, LE, M, MBM, MO, NY, OXF, P, R, RB, SP, SPF, U, UB, UEC, US, and W. The following institu- tions were especially generous in providing me with valuable duplicates of their Brazilian collec- tions: ALCB, CEPEC, EAC, GUA, HRB, HUEFS, IPA, K, MBM, NY, RB, SP, and UB. Fieldwork in Brazil leading to this paper was greatly facilitated by a number of institutions and individuals. Primary among these is CEPEC, Ita- buna, which I have visited on three occasions and where I received generous hospitality and collab- oration. Paulo Alvim, Roberto J. Pereira, and most recently, Walny Sou/a da Silva made the excellent botanical facilities of CEPEC available to me and arranged for visits to several key localities. In field and herbarium work at CEPEC, I was ably assisted by Luiz A. Mattos Silva, Talmon S. dos Santos, Sergio da Vinha, and Andre M. de Carvalho; both Carvalho and Robert Voelks graciously provided hospitality in Ilheus. In Salvador, I received kind assistance from Hortensia P. Bautista, Geraldo Pinto, and Jorge C. A. Lima at Herbario Radam- brasil; from Ivomar C. Brito and Lecticia Scott Scardino Faria of the Universidade Federal da Ba- hia; and from Pedrito Silva of CEPLAC. Larry Noblick of the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana supplied valuable data on localities and habitats, especially of Erythroxylum petrae-ca- balli. Field studies at the Chapada do Araripe in Ceara were facilitated by Luiz Bezerra de Oliveira of the Institute Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Florestal. Afranio Fernandes and the late Prisco Bezerra of the Universidad Federal de Ceara (EAC) provided hospitality in Fortaleza and helped ex- pedite fieldwork at Serra do Araripe. I am also indebted to Jose "Arnaldo" Tavares Ca9ula, res- ident guard at the Parque Nacional de Araripe, for transportation and field assistance. Rupert Barneby, Scott Mori, Sandra Knapp, and Michael Huft offered helpful scientific and tech- nical comments for improving the manuscript. Al- icia Lourteig and Bronwen Gates provided infor- mation on Gounelle's collections, and Dorothy Araujo was instrumental in locating Mikan's lo- cality "Tocaja." Rolf Singer patiently corrected my Latin diagnoses. Christine Niezgoda provided technical assistance with the figures. Finally, I am grateful to Marlene Werner and Pollyanna Quast- hoff for preparing the excellent line drawings. Literature Cited BRITTO, K. B., AND L. R. NOBLICK. 1984. Herbario da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Anais do XXXIV Congresso Nacional de Botanica (Porto Ale- gre), 2:209-213. BRITTON, N. L., AND J. N. ROSE. 1937. The Cactaceae. Vol. 2. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C. BURCK, W. 1895. Over de eigenaardige heterostylie der bloemen van Erytroxylon [sic]. Nederlandsch Kruid- kundig Archief, 6: 254-262. EITEN, G. 1983. Classificacao da vegetacao do Brasil. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Coordenacao Editorial, Brasilia. GANDERS, F. R. 1979. Heterostyly in Erythroxylum coca (Erythroxylaceae). Journal of the Linnean Soci- ety, Botany, 78(1): 11-20. GATES, B. 1982. Banisteriopsis, Diplopterys (Malpigh- iaceae). Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Gar- den, Monograph 30: 1-238. 40 FIELDIANA: BOTANY MATTOS SILVA, L. A., AND S. A. MORI. 1981. Os tipos do herbario Centre de Pesquisas do Cacau. Centre de Pesquisas do Cacau, Boletim Tecnico, 89: 1-72. MIKAN, J. C. 1 837. Kiistenreise nach Cabofrio, pp. 95- 1 70. In Martius, C. F. P. von, ed., Aus Brasilien. Flora, 20, Beiblatt2:95-170. MILLOT, A. 1920. Notice necrologique sur P.-E. Gou- nelle. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 89: 109-112. MORI, S. A., AND L. A. MATTOS SILVA. 1979. The Her- barium of the "Centre de Pesquisas do Cacau" at It- abuna, Brazil. Brittonia, 31(2): 177-196. MORI, S. A., B. M. BOOM, A. M. DE CARVALHO, AND T. S. DOS SANTOS. 1 983. Southern Bahian moist forests. Botanical Review, 49(2): 155-232. PEYRITSCH, J. 1878. Erythroxylaceae. In Martius, C. F. P. von, ed., Flora Brasiliensis, 12(1): 127-177. PHILLIPS, E. P. 1935. The genera Erythroxylon L. and Nectaropetalum Engl. South African Journal of Sci- ence, 32: 305-3 1 2. PLOWMAN, T. 1981. Five new species of Brunfelsia from South America (Solanaceae). Fieldiana: Botany, n.s., 8: 1-16. . 1982. Three new species of Erythroxylum (Ery- throxylaceae) from Venezuela. Brittonia, 34(4): 442- 457. . 1983. New species of Erythroxylum from Bra- zil and Venezuela. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Har- vard University, 29(3): 273-290. 1984. New taxa of Erythroxylum (Erythroxy- laceae) from the Amazon Basin. Acla Amazonica, Su- plemento 14(1/2): 117-143. . 1 986. Four new species of Erythroxylum (Ery- throxylaceae) from northeastern Brazil. Brittonia, 38(3): 189-200. SCHULZ, O. E. 1907. Erythroxylaceae. In Engler, A., ed., Das Pflanzenreich, 4(134): 1-164. SCHUMANN, K. 1903. Gesamtbeschreibung der Kak- teen. J. Neumann, Neudamm, Prov. Brandenburg. PLOWMAN: NEW SPECIES OF ERYTHROXYLUM 41 Other Fieldiana: Botany Publications c>. Publi Publ THWWSITYOFILLIMOIS-UHBMIA COOS CHGO