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RY BADLANDS NONGAME

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SURVEY & INVENTORY

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TERRY BADLANDS NONGAME SURVEY AND INVENTORY
FINAL REPORT

(May 1979 - July 1980)

Research Conducted by:

Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Research Bureau

Sponsored by:

Bureau of Land Management
Contract Number YA-512-CT8-217

Prepared by:

Arnold R, Dood
Research Biologist
November 1980

11

This report is dedicated to

the memory of my summer assistant

Dallas E. Haley

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This report is the result of the efforts of many people. I wish to express
my appreciation to them, and also give special thanks to the following Indiv-
iduals: James Albano, Dan Brlcco, William Matthews, and Richard Zander of the
Bureau of Land Management; John Cada, Chris Clancey, Duane Claypool, Krlstl
DuBols, Dennis Flath, Ken Hamlin, Terry Hlghtower, Henry Jorgensen, Vlnce
Kozaklewicz, Tom Kosta, Nell Martin, Lanl Morris, Jon Swenson, and Ken Walcheck
all of the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks.

I would also like to thank all of the landowners on the area for their coopera-
tion, friendship and hospitality. In addition, the following landowners deserve
special thanks; the Haughlan brothers and their families. Art Reukhauf , Mr. and
Mrs. Walt Reukhauf, and Mr. and Mrs. Verlln Hlnes.

And last, but not least, I wish to thank Steve Dood for assistance with the bat
sampling effort, and my wife Terri for her help, patience and support.

This study was funded by the Bureau of Land Management under Contract YA-512-
CT8-217.

Iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE , i

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vl

ABSTRACT vii

INTRODUCTION 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS 10

Breeding Bird Survey 10

Wintering Bird Survey 10

Raptors 10

Small Mammal Sampling 10

Other Wildlife Species 11

Vegetation Descriptions 12

Relative Abundance 12

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13

Nongame Birds (Excluding Raptors) 13

Raptors 20

Breeding Bird Surveys 27

Wintering Bird Surveys 31

Mammals of the Study Area 31

Summer Small Mammal Trap Data 40

Fall Small Mammal Trap Data 42

Reptiles and Amphibians 42

Endangered Species 45

HABITAT PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS 49

LITERATURE CITED 50

APPENDICES 53

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Habitat and status matrix for nongame birds (excluding raptors)
observed on the study area 14

2. Habitat and status matrix for raptors found on the study area. ... 21

3. Summary of breeding bird surveys by vegetation type (numbers

indicate the numbers of breeding pairs/100 ha)

28

4. Wintering bird survey results by vegetation type (numbers indicate

total numbers of individuals observed 32

5. Mammals of the study area and their vegetation type use, relative
abundance and classification 33

6. Results of summer small mammal trapping 40

7. Results of fall small mammal sampling 42

8. A list of the reptile and amphibian species found on the area along
with the vegetation type most commonly observed in, relative
abundance and classification ^3

9. Precipitation records from U.S. Department of Commerce Climato-
logical Data, Miles City FAA AP Station 54

10. Vegetation frequency (% occurrence in 100 2x5 dm frames) for the

four major vegetation types 55

11. Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the creek vegetation

type 57

12. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the creek vegetation

type 58

13. Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the sage-grassland
vegetation type 59

14. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the sage-grassland
vegetation type 60

15. Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the grassland vegetation
type 61

16. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the grassland vegetation
type 62

17. Results of the 197 9 breeding bird survey in the badlands vegetation

type 63

18. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the badlands vegetation

type

64

vl

Table

20. Exact locations and status of all known raptor nests and the
study area in 1979 ....

21,

Exact location and status of all known raptor nests on the
study area in 1980

22. Questionnaire

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1. Map of the study area showing boundaries and major drainages

2.

3. Grassland vegetation type

4. Major creek vegetation type

5. Sage-grassland vegetation type

6. Badlands vegetation type

7. Badlands vegetation type: Ponderosa Pine Subtype

8. Badlands vegetation type: Limber Pine Subtype..

9. Location of known raptor nests on and adjacent to the study area,

Location of known raptor nests on and ddjacent to the study area.

P^SJ?

19. Exact locations of breeding bird and small mammal lines 65

66

67
69

3

Distribution of vegetation types on the study area and vicinity . . A

5
6
7
7
8
9

23
10.

24

11. Distribution and size of prairie dog towns on the area (burrowing owl
observations from Nichols pers. comm.. BLM files and the present

37

Vll

ABSTRACT

A nongame wildlife survey and inventory was conducted in the Terry Badlands
adjacent to the Yellowstone River, southeastern Montana, from May, 1979 to
July, 1980. Four major vegetation types (grassland, sage-grassland, creek,
badlands) and two subtypes (ponderosa pine badlands, limber pine badlands)
were delineated for the area. Occurrence, distribution and relative abundance
were determined for 109 species of birds, 30 species of mammals, and 13 species
of herpetiles. Surveys of breeding bird densities were conducted on belt
transects (2000 m x 100 m) in each of the four major vegetation types In 1979
and 1980. Results of these surveys in 1980 indicated declines of 73%, 54%,
37% and 6% in the sage-grassland, grassland, badland and creek types, respect-
ively, from densities observed in 1979. The extreme drought conditions which
occurred in the spring of 1980 are believed to be the major reason for this
decline. Wintering bird surveys were conducted on the area from 12-16 January
and 15-19 February, 1980. General observations indicated a lack of wintering
birds on the area. Small mammals were surveyed in the four major vegetation
types, two subtypes and grassland coulees utilizing a combination of snap
traps, live traps and pitfalls. Captures per 100 trap nights were highest in
the badland (12.28) and creek (5.58) types. Two rare species of reptiles
(plains hognose snake and milk snake) were observed on the area. The peregrine
falcon and bald eagle, both endangered species, were also observed on the area
during the study. Habitat conflicts and problems, and species in need of
further study are discussed.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years there has been a vast increase in the demands placed on
public lands in the United States. As a result of the current energy
situation, rising human populations and increased leisure time, this trend
is likely to continue. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the federal
agency charged with managing large portions of public lands in eastern
Montana. Valid decisions regarding the best possible use of these public
lands will require new information in a variety of areas. This is particular-
ly true for nongame wildlife. Increased public awareness of wildlife values,
and environmental concerns in general, have brought nongame wildlife values
into the decision-making process. Studies of nongame wildlife in eastern
Montana are few (Martin 1978, Swenson 1978, Martin and DuBois 1980, Matthews
1979, Munson 1979). Efforts to date have been directed at gathering baseline
data on a wide variety of species. Such data are a necessary first step for
land-use decisions but often prove inadequate for site specific management
decisions.

Several possibilities exist for varying types of land use on the Terry Bad-
lands study area. A portion of the study area is presently being considered
for wilderness designation; while, other portions are under active exploration
for mineral resources. The majority of the study area is currently being
utilized for livestock grazing.

This study was initiated in April, 1979 pursuant to contract YA-512-CT8-217
between BLM and the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. The
specific objective was to conduct a nongame wildlife survey and inventory
in the Terry Badlands. This objective was met using the following approach:

1. Constructing a general cover map of vegetation types on the
study area;

2. Sampling nongame species composition within the various
vegetation types for each season;

3. Identifying species and/or community associations of particular
value; and

A. Evaluating potential impacts of energy development on the various
communities.

Results of this study will be used to assist the BLM with broad based land
management decisions for the area.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

The 650 sq. km study area is located 24 km northeast of Miles City, Montana,
in northcentral Custer County and southcentral Prairie County (Fig. 1). The
study area lies within the following boundaries: the Yellowstone River to
the south, Route 253 on the east, Cherry Creek Road on the north, and the
Caprock Road on the west. The study area consists of broken, sparsely vegetated
terrain dissected by numerous coulees and intermittent streams.

Relatively low rainfall and relative humidity along with extremes in summer
and winter temperatures typify the semi-arid climate of the area. Precipita-
tion records from the Miles City FAA AP weather station are presented in
Appendix Table 9. Precipitation during the entire study was considerably less
than normal and by the spring of 1980 the area was impacted by a severe drought.
Above normal precipitation in 1978 mitigated somewhat the effects of the 1979
drought. Minimal snow cover was present during the winter of 1979-80. The
effects of these climatological conditions on nongame wildlife are discussed
in detail in the text of the report. January is the coldest month with an
average temperature of -9.2°C and July is the warmest month with an average
temperature of 23.6°C (Climatological Data, 1978).

The study area and vicinity were subject to widespread grazing beginning in
the late 1800's. Human population on the area peaked in the early 1900 's when
portions of the area were homesteaded and some upland sites cultivated.
Droughts and other factors led to the abandonment of many homesteads in the
1920's and 30's. Livestock grazing has been the major land use since settle-
ment and continues to be with cattle, horses and a few sheep utilizing the area.
For an excellent historical account of the settlement of this area see Haughian,
1977.

The vegetation generally reflects the edaphic and climatic conditions occurring
on the area. Grasslands are dominated by needle and thread (Stipa aomata) and
western wheatgrass {Agropyron smithii) , sagebrush-grassland by big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata) and major creek bottoms by silver sagebrush (Artemisia
oana) . Badland areas are characterized by bare slopes, ridges and coulees.
Vegetation cover ranges from nonexistent to dense, with plant species com-
position variable depending on localized site conditions. Timbered badlands are
dominated by Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) in association with
either ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) or limber pine (Pinus flexilis) . Four
major vegetation types and two subtypes were recognized on the area (Fig. 2).
General descriptions of the types were derived from vegetation frequency measure-
ments (see Methods and Appendix Table 10) and are presented as follows:^

Grassland Vegetation Type

This type occupied approximately 7 percent of the study area and is generally
restricted to level or gently rolling upland areas (Fig, 3). The majority of
this type occurs on the northern portions of the study area. Common grass
species are needle and thread, western wheatgrass, blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis)

^Extreme drought conditions resulted in the undersampling or non-sampling of
many normally occurring species.

-3-

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Figure 3. Grassland vegetation type.

and threadleaf sedge (Carex f Hi folia) . Hood's phlox (Phlox hoodii) and
scarlet globemallow {Sphaeraloea cooainia) are the most abundant forbs found
in the grassland type. The grassland areas are generally devoid of shrubs
although scattered silver sage is found on more mesic sites, and creeping
juniper (Junipems horizontalis) on broken zeric areas. Grazing pressure is
moderate to heavy in this type.

Major Creek Vegetation Type

The major creek vegetation type (hereafter known as the creek type) occurred
on 9 percent of the study area (Fig. 4). The intermittent nature of water-
flows in this vegetation type results in a poorly developed riparian habitat.
It is characterized by a dense growth of silver sagebrush with scattered plains
Cottonwood (Populus dettoides) . Cottonwood trees are generally confined to
the lower reaches of major drainages. Western wheatgrass, needle and thread and
saltgrass (Distiohlis striata) are the common grasses in this type and major
forb species are gaura {Gaura Goooinea) , golden aster (Chrysopsis villosa) and
yellow sweetclover (Melitotus officinale) . As a result of the general avail-
ability of water sources in the form of stock reservoirs this type receives
some of the heaviest grazing pressure occurring on the study area.

Sage-Grassland Vegetation Type

This type, occurring on 19 percent of the study area, is generally confined
to the southern and central portions on level and moderately broken areas

-6-

Flgure 4. Major Creek Vegetation Type.

areas (Fig. 5). The shrub layer is dominated by big sagebrush which ranges
in density from small areas with dense clumps to large grassy areas with few
plants. In the more broken areas the shrub layer is sparse and the frequency
of greasewood (Saroobatus vermiculatus) increases, sometimes equalling that of
big sagebrush. Common grasses in this type were western wheatgrass, blue grama
and needle and thread. Forbs occurring most frequently were prickly pear
(Opuntia polyaoantha) and scarlet globemallow {Sphaeraloea aooainea) . This
type also receives a substantial portion of the grazing pressure which occurs
on the area.

Badlands Vegetation Type

Occurring on 62 percent of the study area this type consists of a mosaic of
vegetation communities (Fig. 6). Generally the slopes, ridges and coulees are
sparsely vegetated. On certain areas such as flat rldgetops and small level
areas the vegetation is more typical of that found in the grassland and sage-
grassland types. Dominant shrub species in this type are big sagebrush, broom
snakewood (Gutierrezia sarothrae) , saltbush (Artiplex nuttallii) and greasewood,
Sandstone outcrops and some of the heads of coulees in this type contain scat-
tered stands of Rocky Mountain juniper. Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron
spioatim) , blue grama, western wheatgrass and prairie sandreed {Calamovilfa
longifolia) are the most frequently encountered grass species and Hood's phlox,
monolepis {Monolepis nutalliana) , and mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia ouspidata)
the most frequently encountered forbs. Rugged topography, lack of water
sources and sparse vegetation result in light grazing pressure in the badlands
type.

-7-

Figure 5. Sage-grassland vegetation type.

Figure 6. Badlands vegetation type.

-8-

Badlands Vegetation Type: Ponderosa Pine Subtype

Ponderosa pine distribution is very limited, occurring on 0.2 percent of the
area, and confined to a small area of higher elevation and generally rocky
terrain in the northeast corner of the study area (Fig. 7). A few scattered
ponderosa pine were also found in the southcentral portion of the study area
in an area known locally as the "cedar hills" but the pine were so limited
as to fail to justify including this area in the subtype. Dominant plants in
the overstory are ponderosa pine and Rocky Mountain juniper with a few scat-
tered limber pine in some places. Understory vegetation in this subtype is
generally similar to that found in the badlands vegetation type. As with all
badlands types, this area is lightly utilized by livestock.

Figure 7. Badlands vegetation type: Ponderosa Pine Subtype

Badlands Vegetation Type: Limber Pine Subtype

This limited subtype (2% of the study area) is also located on areas of higher
elevation and rocky substrate (Fig. 8). Dominant plants in the overstory are
limber pine and Rocky Mountain juniper. This area is a transitional area
between the badlands and grasslands. The understory on level and gently rolling
areas resembles that of the grassland while steeper areas have the same plants
found in the badlands, although in greater abundance. This area is unique in

-9-

:%^:?«?%s

Figure 8. Badlands vegetation type: Limber Pine Subtype

that the normal range of limber pine lies 300 to 400 miles to the west. Even
so, the stands of pine appear to be regenerating and possibly even expanding.

Agricultural Vegetation Type

This type occurs on only a small portion of the study area (2%) . It consists
of areas of cultivated irrigated and nonirrigated croplands and dryland hay.
Most of the agricultural lands are confined to the Yellowstone River flood
plain. No extensive survey work was conducted on these areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Breeding Bird Survey

A survey of the nongame breeding birds on the area was conducted from 4 June
1979 to 7 July 1979 and 30 May 1980 to 25 June 1980. Methods employed were
similar to those used by Hickey and Mikol (1979). Breeding bird survey belt
transects 2000 m long and 100 m wide were established in each major vegetation
type (creek, badlands, grasslands, sage-grasslands). Survey lines were as
straight as possible with slight modifications in the creek type to stay with-
in the habitat. All lines were staked down the center at 50 m intervals and
flagged on the outside edges to assist with accurate data recordings. Each
line was traversed on 7 separate mornings during the course of the survey.
Surveys were conducted between one-half hour before sunrise and 9:00 a.m. on
days with calm winds ( < 8 kmph) and no precipitation. Generally two lines
could be traversed in one morning during the prescribed time limitations. All
birds seen or heard were recorded on prepared data sheets in a manner similar
to that recommended by the International Bird Census Committee (1970).

Species, sex (with special attention to singing males), and location on the
transect were recorded for all birds seen or heard. Results of these surveys
were summarized and the total number of singing males for each species on
each replication was tabulated. An average was then calculated for each species
over the seven replications and this figure was used to calculate the density
of breeding pairs per 100 ha for each vegetation type. Locations of the breed-
ing bird survey lines are presented in Appendix Table 19.

Wintering Bird Survey

A wintering bird survey was conducted on the area during 12-16 January 1980
and 15-19 February 1980. Each major vegetation type and one subtype was traversed
on foot for one full day (sunrise to sunset). Species, numbers, and flock size
were recorded for all nongame bird observations.

Raptors

Four aerial and numerous ground searches were conducted on the area to locate
as many raptor nests as possible. Aerial surveys were conducted during spring
before trees became foliated and again in the fall after defoliation. Potential
and actual raptor nesting sites, initially located from the air, were subsequently
checked on foot. All raptor nest sites thus located were recorded on a map of
the study area. Additional time was spent observing as many sites as possible
to determine their status (i.e. occupied, number of young, etc.). Other field
work precluded detailed observations of fledglings, dispersal areas and so forth.

Small Mammal Sampling

Summer small mammal sampling was conducted in July and August using methods
similar to those employed by Flath (1979b). Two trap lines, at least 0.5 km
apart, were set in each major vegetation type, and one trap line was set in
each of the two subtypes. An additional line was set in the head of a grassland

-11-

coulee because of the possibility the area might hold unique species not found
in the other types. Exact locations of all small mammal trap lines appear in
Appendix Table 19. Each line consisted of 25 stations 10 m apart with 1 sunken
can pitfall (dia. 15.5 cm), 2 snap traps and 1 Sherman live trap at each station.
Snap traps and live traps were baited with a 50-50 mixture of peanut butter and
rolled oats. Pitfalls contained approximately 3 cm of water to drown the small
mammals captured. Trap lines, once set, were checked daily for a minimum of 5
consecutive days. Species, sex, standard body measurements, station number and
trap type were recorded for each specimen. Testes, ovaries, and the uterine
horns were examined macroscopically for evidence of reproductive activity. Snap
traps that had been sprung and live traps closed without captures were also
recorded. Traps were checked as early in the morning as possible to retrieve
specimens before decomposition became severe. All unidentifiable or unique
specimens were frozen for later identification. Study skins were prepared
and skulls were cleaned for representative specimens of all species captured.
Specimens were deposited in the Department's nongame mammal collection in Bozeman.

Fall small mammal sampling was conducted during the last week of October using
methods similar to those employed by Matthews (1979). During the fall season
only one line was placed in each of the four major vegetation types. Each
line consisted of 25 stations 10 m apart with three snap traps and one Sherman
live trap per station. In addition one of the snap traps at every third station
(i.e. 1, 4, 7, 10...) was replaced with a Victor rat trap. Peanut butter and
rolled oats wereused for bait and fall trapping was terminated after three
consecutive days for each type. All specimens and data were handled in the same
manner as previously reported for the summer survey.

The number of nonfunctional traps (snapped or closed without capture) was sub-
tracted from the total number of trap nights before calculation of the number
of captures per 100 trap nights.

Other Wildlife Species

All observations of nongame wildlife on the study area, whether direct or
indirect (tracks, scats, etc.), were recorded. For each observation, the
date, time, species, location, vegetation type, age, sex (if possible), total
number and activity were recorded. Wildlife identification was aided by 7 x 35x
binoculars, a 35x spotting scope, various field guides (Burt and Grossenheider
1964, Robbins et al. 1966, Stebbins 1966, Murie 1975), and cassette recordings
of bird songs.

Unusual specimens of reptiles and amphibians encountered during travel of the
area were collected and preserved in a 10 percent Formalin solution for later
identification.

Bats were collected using 1.3 cm mesh mist nets and a 20 ga. shotgun. Most
collecting occurred near water sources (stock tanks, ponds, etc.) at dusk.
Nets were left in place and checked regularly for a period of four hours.
Gunning terminated approximately one hour after sunset. For all bats collected,
the sex was determined and standard body measurements were recorded. Specimens
were then frozen for later identification.

Other species of small mammals such as cottontail rabbits {Sytvilagus spp.) and
thirteen lined ground squirrels {Spermophilus trideGemlineatus) were collected
with a .22 caliber rifle for species identification and verification.

-12-

Additlonal time was spent searching reservoirs, prairie dog towns, etc. for
unusual species. Ten of the largest prairie dog towns were completely searched
on foot in an effort to locate possible evidence of black-footed ferret {Mustela
nigripes) and burrowing owl (Athene ounicutaria) activity.

All species listed as being of special interest or concern for Montana are
from a list compiled by Flath (1979a).

Scientific names in this report are from the following sources (with a few
minor exceptions): vegetation, Hitchcock and Cronquist (1976); birds, Skaar
(1980); mammals, Hoffmann and Pattie (1968); reptiles and amphibians, Stebbins
(1966).

Vegetation Descriptions

The vegetation map of the study area was developed through modifications of
the infrared aerial photography vegetation interpretations (Ecological Consulting
Services Division, Helena, Montana) provided for the Prairie and Kinsey planning
units (the study area occupies portions of these units) . Modifications included
separating the upland-grassland type into the sage-grassland and grassland
types, and delineating a major creek type. These modifications resulted after
aerial and ground reconnaissance of the study area revealed that separation of
these types was justified.

Vegetation frequency (% occurrence in 100 2 x 5 dm frames) measurements were
made by placing a 2 x 5 dm frame at 20 m intervals along the 2000 m bird tran-
sect lines in each major vegetation type. Only living plants which were rooted
within the frame were counted. Extreme drought conditions resulted in the
undersampling or non-sampling of many normally occurring species.

Relative Abundance

The relative abundance of nongame species on the area was determined by the
number of observations, variety of vegetation types utilized, season of obser-
vation, and breeding status. This information was compiled and the following
method of delineating relative abundance developed:

Abundant: >75 observations on the area and occurring in most
vegetation types.

Common: Observed 10-75 times and occurring in at least two of the
vegetation types.

Uncommon: Observed 3-10 times and usually restricted to one
vetetation type.

Rare: Observed 1-3 times on the area and limited to one vegetation

type.

Exceptions to the above are explained in the text of the report (e.g. species
that undoubtedly occur on the area but were not seen during the course of the
study due to low observability and other variables, etc.).

y

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

NONGAME BIRDS OF THE STUDY
AREA (EXCLUDING RAPTORS)

A list of all the nongame birds observed on the area, their relative abundance
(present and historical), breeding status and the vetetation type in which
they were most frequently observed is presented in Table 1. The historical
relative abundance presented is derived from Cameron (1907, 1908) and the
author refers those who wish to know in more detail the historical status of
nongame birds in this and surrounding areas to these excellent papers. Some
of the changes occurring since the late 1800 's and early 1900 's along with a
brief discussion of unique and "special interest or concern" species recorded
during this study, is presented below.

Although Cameron's work included areas other than the study area it still
provides a basis for general comparisons of relative abundance. It should be
noted, however, that man had already changed the status of several species
prior to Cameron's work. Therefore, the status as presented by Cameron does
not imply, necessarily, the pristine conditions. Species such as raptors and
black-billed magpies were being seriously depleted by the numerous poison baits
placed on the area for wolf control. Effects of these baits on various raptor
species will be discussed further in that section of this report. Certain
species that are found in riparian habitats and listed by Cameron as abundant
were found to be uncommon or rare (i.e. yellow warbler, American redstart, etc.).
This is undoubtedly due to a lack of well developed riparian habitats on this
study area and probably does not reflect an actual change in abundance over
the region. Changes in relative abundance that have occurred were most notable
in the shorebird and waterfowl categories. Before the development of the numerous
stock ponds that now exist, little water was available in eastern Montana with
the exception of major river and tributary systems (i.e. Yellowstone, Missouri,
Tongue and Powder). The majority of Cameron's observations of shorebirds and
waterfowl were on the Yellowstone River or "prairie ponds" which formed after
snovmielt and heavy rains. These ponds were highly ephemeral and were primarily
utilized by nongame birds as resting areas. Cameron even reports finding shore-
birds resting on the prairie when no ponds existed. Development of stock
ponds has enhanced waterfowl and shorebird use of the area. It is plausible
that some shorebird species have been induced to breed in the area where
previously such an opportunity did not exist.

Several observations of rare nongame birds occurred during this study. Mocking-
birds were sighted on two occasions on the study area. The first observation
was in the first half of May 1979. The second was in the third week of June,
1980 and occurred in a brushy grassland coulee. This observation could indicate
breeding by this species on the area. Another species of interest is the
Sprague's pipit. This species was common in the grassland habitat during 1979
(see breeding bird surveys) but few were seen or heard in 1980. It is believed
that a reduction of residual vegetation from drought had an adverse impact
on this species. The Philadelphia vireo was sighted during the last week of
May 1980 in the ponderosa pine subtype. Very few records of this species
occurrence exist for Montana. Skaar (1980) questions the records of this
species for the latilong in which this observation occurred. Timing of this
observation probably indicates a migrant bird.

-14-

Table 1 . Habitat and status matrix for nongame birds (excluding raptors)
observed on the study area.

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

1

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance^

1

His-
torical
JAbun-
jdance^

I

Status^

Qassifl

1 I,

'cation

Species

CO

C

to

iH
XI

CO

m

1 ^

1 w

2

o

Sage-
Grassland

tu
u
u
1

-

White Pelican

Pelaaanus erythrorhynchos

1

X

C

R

t

N

1

Double-Crested Cormorant

phalaaroGorax auritus

X

C

R

t

N

Great Blue Heron

Ardea herodias

X

c

C

B

N

Black-Crowned Night Heron

Nya tie or ax nyo t i cor ax

X

1

u

t

N

Sandhill Crane

Grus canadensis

X

1

u

U

t

G

Killdeer

Charadrius vociferus

X

X

A

A

B

N

Mountain Plover

Charadrius montanus

X

R

U

t

SI

Long- Billed Curlew

Numenius amerioanus

X

X

U

vc

B

SI

Upland Sandpiper

Bartramia longicauda

X

U

t

SI

N

Spotted Sandpiper

Actitis macularia

X

U

c

b

Solitary Sandpiper

Tringa solitaria

X

U

c

t

N

Willet

Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

X

R

OM

t

N
N

Greater Yellowlegs

Trinrja melanoleuoa

X

X

U

u

t

Lesser Yellowlegs

Tringa flavipes

1

X

u

c

t

1

N

Least Sandpiper
Calidris minutilla

X

u

OM 1

1

t

i

N

Lonfj-Billed Dowitcher

Lvmnodromus scotopaaeus

1

X

R

1

t

1

N

Semipalmated Sandpiper i
Calidris pusilla 1

1 1

1

X R 1

1 I

R

1

t 1
1.

N

-15-

Table 1.

Continued.

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance

His-
torical
Abun-
dance

1
Status^

Qassif i ■
cation*^

Species

m

T3

C
CO
iH
XI
CO
«

CO
1-1
CO
CD
CO

C^

Sage-
Grassland

0)

u
u

Marbled Godwit

Limosa fedoa

X

U

t

N

American Avocet

Reaurvirostra ameviaana

X

U

U

t

N

Wilson's Phalarope

Steganopus tricolor

X

c

OM

t

N

Bonaparte's Gull

Larus Philadelphia

X

u

R

t

N 1

Common Tern
Sterna htrundo

X

R

t

1

N

Black Tern

Chlidonias niger

X

R

U

t

N

Rock Dove

Columba livia

X

U

B

1

N

Mourning Dove

Zenaida macroura

X

X

A

A

B

N

Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor

X

c

A

B

N

Belted Kingfisher

MeqaoerMle alcyon

X

c

uc

b

N

Common Flicker

Colaptes auritus

X

C

C

B,W

N

Red-Headed Woodpecker

Melanerpes erythrooephalus

X

u

A

b

N

Downy Woodpecker

Piaoides pubescens

X

R

t

N

Eastern Kingbird

Turannus turannus

X

C

C

b

N

Western Kingbird

Ti/rannus verticalis

X

c

A

b

N

Say's Pheobe

Saijornis saya

X

c

C

B

1
1

N

Least Flycatcher

Eripidonax minimus

X

R

R

t

N

Horned Lark

Eromophila alpestris

X

A

A

B,W

N

-16-

Table

Continued.

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance^

His-
torical
Abun-
dance^

Status^

Classifi-
cation'*

Status

tn

c
tfl

to

m

-3

c
to
1-1
tn
tn
to
u
o

T3
C

to

1 tn

oj tn

00 to
to u

(/3 CJ

tu
u
u

Violet-Green Swallow

Tachyeineta thalassina

X

X

C

R

b

N
N

Tree Swallow

Iridoproone biaolov

X

U

R

b

Rough-Winged Swallow

Stelgidopterux r^ufiooll-lfs

X

U

b

N

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustioa

X

X

C

C

B

N
N

Cliff Swallow

Petroohelidon purrhonota

X

X

A

A

B

Black-Billed Magpie

Pioa pica

X

C

c

B,W

N

Common Crow

Corvus brachyrhynohos

X

X

U

U

t

N

Pinon Jay

Gijmnovhinus ayanocephalus

X

C

c

b,W

N

Red-Breasted Nuthatch

Sitta canadensis

X

R

t

N

House Wren

Troqlodytes aedon

X

C

c

B

N

Rock Wren

Salpinotes obsoletus

X

A

A

b

N

Mockingbird

Mimus polyqlottos

X

R

t

N

Brown Thrasher

Toxo stoma rufum

X

U

c

b

N

American Robin

Tuvdis migvatorius

X

C

c

B,W

N

Swainson's Thrush

Catharus ustulatus

X

R

u

b

N

Mountain Bluebird
Sialia aurruaoides

X

C

u

b

SI

Townsend Solitaire

Myadestes townsendi

X

U

u

W

N

Sprague's Pipit

Anthus svraaueii

X

c

b

N

-17-

Table

Continued.

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance^

His-
torica]
Abun-
dance

Status^

Classifi-
cation'*

Species

CO

-s

CO

Xl

CO

m

3
CO
1-1
to
to

CO

u
o

Sage-
Grassland

u

Bohemian Wax\i?ing
Bombucilla cfarrulus

X

C

A

W

N

Loggerhead Shrike

Lanius ludovioianus

X

X

C

C

b

N

Starling

Sturnus vulgaris

X

U

B,W

N

Philadelphia Vireo
Vireo philadelphicus

X

R

t

N

Orange-Crowned Warbler
Vemivova aetata

X

U

u

t

N

Yellow Warbler

Dendroiaa petechia

X

R

A

b

N

Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Dendroiaa aoronata

X

X

C

C

t

N

American Redstart
Setophaqa vutioilla

X

R

C

t

N

House Sparrow

Vassev domestiaus

X

C

C

B,W

N

Western Meadowlark

Agelaius phoeniaeus

X

X

X

A

A

B,W

N

Yellow-Headed Blackbird

Xanthoaephalus xanthoaephalv

IS

X

U

c

t

N

Red-Winged Blackbird

Agelaius phoeniaeus

X

C

c

B

N

Orchard Oriole

Icterus spurius

X

u

b

N

Northern Oriole
Icterus galbula

X

u

C

b

N

Brewer's Blackbird

Euphaga ayanocephalus

X

c

A

b

N

Common Crackle

Quisaalus quiscula

X

c

C

b

N

Brown-Headed Cowbird

Molothrus ater

X

c

A

b

N

Western Tanager

Piranga ludoviciana

X

R

t

N

-18-

Table

Continued.

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance

His-
torical
Abun-
dance

Status

Classifl
cation

Species

en

T3
C
CO

rH

■%

PQ

T3

c

CO
iH
CO
M
CO

u
o

1 CO

<U CO

00 CO
CO ^1

A!

-

American Goldfinch

Spinas tristis

X

X

U

C

b,W

N

Red Crossbill

Loxia auwvrostra

X

U

C

b,W

N

Rufous-Sided Towhee

Pipilo erythrophthalmus

X

R

b

N

Lark Bunting

Calamospiza melanooorijs

X

C

C

B

N

Savannah Sparrow

Passeroulus sandwiohensis

X

X

U

U

t

N

Grasshopper Sparrow

Passeroulus savannarwn

X

C

R

b

N

Baird's Sparrow

Ammodramus bairdii

X

R

OM

t

N

Vesper Sparrow

Pooecetes qramineus

X

C

C

b

N

Lark Sparrow

Chondestes gvammacus

X

X

A

A

B

N

Dark-Eyed Junco

Junoo hyemalis

X

U

C

b

N

Tree Sparrow

Spizella avhovea

X

X

C

A

t

N

Chipping Sparrow

Spizella passevina

X

C

A

b

N

Clay-Colored Sparrow

Spizella pallida

X

X

u

C

t

SI

Brewer's Sparrow

Spizella hrewevi

X

C

R

b

SI

Field Sparrow

Spizella pusilla

X

X

u

t

SI

Harris' Sparrow

Zonotriahia querula

X

R

R

t

N

White-Crowned Sparrow

Zonotriahia leuoophrys

X

X

u

C

t

N

Table 1 . Continued,

-19-

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance^

His-
torical
Abun-
dance^

Status^

Classifi-
cation**

Species

w

CO
iH

5

CO
CO

CO

u

o

Sage-
Grassland

Creek

McCowen's Longspur
Caloarius maoownii

X

U

A

b

N

Chestnut-Collared Longspur
Caloarius ornatus

X

C

C

b

N

Snow Bunting

Plectrophenax nivalis

X

u

A

t

N

^ A = Abundant (>75 observations)
C = Common (10-75 observations)
U = Uncommon (3-10 observations)
R = Rare (1-3 observations)

2 A = Abundant
VC= Very Common
C = Common
U = Uncommon
0M= Occasional migrant
R = Rare

Data from Cameron 1907, 1908

^ B = Known breeding

b = Circumstantial evidence of breeding
t = Known occurrence
W = Known wintering

** N = Nongame

SI= Special interest or concern
G = Game species

Order Charadriif ormes

All three species (mountain plover, long-billed curlew, upland sandpiper)
listed as being of "special interest or concern" for this order are known to
occur on the study area. The mountain plover was observed on one occasion in a
prairie dog town on 15 August 1979. Timing of this observation would suggest
that this was a migratory bird although the abundance and distribution of prairie
dog towns on the area have the potential of supporting breeding birds of this
species. Cameron (1907) states that this species was a "regular summer visitor.

-20-

i

but scarce," and that two or three pairs nested on the prairie dog towns in
the vicinity of Terry. The long-billed curlew was observed on six occasions
in the grassland and sage-grassland types. Curlews are known to breed on the
area as two adults were observed with two prefledgling young during July 1979.
This species was listed by Cameron (1907) as being a "very common summer visitor."
He also stated that curlews nested all over the prairie and in the fenced pastures
of ranches. This is no longer the case and reasons for the decline are unknown.
The upland sandpiper was observed on three occasions in the sage-grassland and
once in the grassland type. These obsei-vations took place during their breeding
season (May and June). It appears therefore that they may breed on the area.
Historically, this species was common (Cameron, 1907) , particularly, on large
prairie flats in the area and breeding was known to occur.

Order Passerif ormes

Of the nine species listed as being of "special interest or concern" for this
order, four (mountain bluebird, clay-colored sparrow. Brewer's sparrow, field
sparrow) are known to occur on the area. The mountain bluebird was observed
on several occasions and circumstantial evidence indicated breeding occurred
on the study area. This species was most commonly observed in the badlands
type, especially in areas with pine and/or patches of juniper. Cameron (1908)
found, as in this study, that they are one of the earliest spring arrivals
(may be seen as early as March). He stated that they were not common except
during migration, but found that several pairs remained to nest in the pine hills.
The clay-colored sparrow was observed on several occasions both singly and in
small flocks during spring migration both years. Although none were observed
during the breeding season, it is possible they breed on the area. Cameron
(1908) listed this species as common on spring migration and rare at other times.
Brewer's sparrows were frequently observed in the sage-grassland type and were
known to breed in fairly high densities (27.2 pairs/100 ha) during 1979. Numbers
were drastically reduced In 1980 (1.5 pairs/100 ha) in the sage-grassland and
on the area as a whole. This is probably due in part to effects of the drought.
Thorne (1895) listed the Brewer's sparrow as a common breeding species. While
Cameron (1908) stated he had not "recognized" the species. Finally, several
field sparrows were seen on the area during the spring migration. Sanders (1916)
mentioned one specimen of this species collected on 11 May 1902 in Miles City.
Skaar (1980) listed the field sparrow as a species with circumstantial evidence
of breeding in this area. It is possible, therefore, that they do breed on the
study area.

RAPTORS

Table 2 lists the raptor species found on the area, as well as the vegetation
type in which they were most frequently observed, relative abundance (present
and historical), status, and classification. In addition, general locations
of all raptor nests from 1979 and 1980 are presented in Figure 9 and Figure
10, respectively (a more detailed description of nest location, status and
nest structure is presented in Appendix Tables 20 and 21. Terminology utilized
when describing nest status (i.e. active, occupied, inactive, etc.) follows
Postupalsky (1974) . Historical relative abundance is derived from studies
conducted by Cameron (1907). Because of the importance placed on raptors
when making land use decisions, a species-by-species account is presented
below.

X

-21-

Table 2 . Habitat and status matri^ for raptors found on the study area,

Vegetation type

most frequently

observed in

Rel-
ative
Abun-
dance

Histor-
ical
Abun-
dance

1

Species

CO

c

CO

5

Grassland

Sage-
Grassland

Creek

Status^

Qassif i-
cation"*

Turkey Vulture
Cathartes aura

X

R

R

t

N

Sharp-Shinned Hawk

Acoipiter striatus

X

R

C

t

N

Cooper's Hawk

Aaaipitev cooperii

X

1
1

^

R

t

SI

N

Red -Tailed Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis

X

X

A

r
c

B

Swainson's Hawk

Buteo swainsoni

X

R

c

t

SI !

Rough-Legged Hawk

Buteo laqopus

X

U

u

t,W

N

Ferruginous Hawk
Buteo rerjalis

X

R

u

t

SI
SI

Golden Eagle

Aquila chrijsaetos

X

X

C

R

B,W

Raid Eagle

Ilaliaetus leucoaephalus

X

u

OM

t

E

Marsh Hawk

Circus (j'janeus

X

X

X

C

C

b,W

N

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

X

R

t

SI

SI

1

Prairie Falcon

Faloo mexioanus

X

c

C

B,W

Peregrine Falcon
Falco peregrinus

X

R

R

t

E

Merlin

Falco Golwnbarius

X

R

C

b

SI

American Kestrel

Falco fiparverius

1 X

X

A

A

B,W

N

1

Great Horned Owl

Bubo virginianus

X

X

C

B,W

"

Burrowing Owl

Athene cunicularia

X

! u

I

c

b

SI !

Short Eared Owl

Asio flamneus

X

C

OM

b,W

N

-22-

Table 2 . Continued.

^ A = Abundant (>75 observations)

C = Common (10-75 observations)

U = Uncommon (3-10 observations)

R = Rare (1-3 observations)

2 A = Abundant
C = Common
U = Uncommon
0M= Occasional migrant
R = Rare

Data from Cameron 1907, 1908

■^ B = Known breeding

b = Circumstantial evidence of breeding
t = Known occurrence
W = Known wintering

"* N = Nongame

SI= Special interest or concern
E = Endangered

Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) - Turkey vultures were observed on three occasions,
twice in the badlands type (15, 18 May 1980) and once in the sage-grassland
type (5 May 1980). All three observations occurred on areas immediately adjacent
to the Yellowstone River. No evidence of breeding was found. Skaar (1980)
lists circumstantial evidence of breeding by this species in the latilong which
Includes the study area. Historically, this species was considered rare.
Cameron (1907) states that the only time they were numerous was in 1883 after
the slaughter of the northern bison (Bison bison) herd and after which they
declined so that by 1906 they were regarded as accidental wanderers.

Sharp-Shinned Hawk {Aaoipiter striatus) - All of the sharp-shinned hawks observed
on the area were perched in cottonwood trees in the creek type. Three were seen
together during the fall migration in 1979 and one was sighted during the spring
migration of 1980. As it was only observed during migration it is unlikely the
species breeds on the area and it was therefore listed as rare. Cameron (1907)
listed it as "tolerably common and undoubtedly breeds," although he never located
a nest. Because his observations were over a wider area than this study, it is
unlikely his comments reflect the historical situation on this study area.

Cooper's Hawk (Aooipiter aooperii) - One female Cooper's hawk was sighted during
the spring migration of 1980 perched in a small cottonwood on the edge of the
limber pine badlands. It is unlikely this species breeds here, consequently
it was listed as rare for this area. This species is of "special Interest or
concern" for Montana. Cameron (1907) also listed this species as rare for the
area having observed it only three times in sixteen years.

-23-

</>

i

O UJ
2 «9

^ ^

o i

«« S

> U uj

s ia

S t» i S

«/>

<4

o = »= z

U O (/> —

o ae w

a. u o

(t @ © ® (^ © ®

(U

3

(U

o

CO
T^
T3

cd

-O
C

cd

a
o

n

c

u
o

4-1

a
n)
u

o

U-l

O

c
o

o
>-l

(U

3
00
•H

-24-

-25-

Red-Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaioens-ts) - Red-tailed hawks were most frequently
observed in the creek type where numerous nests were found in the scattered
cottonwoods. A total of eight and thirteen active nests were located on and
adjacent to the study area in 1979 and 1980, respectively. All nests were
located in cottonwoods and were very visible in the spring and fall but difficult
to spot during summer. Most active nests had one to three inactive (i.e. old)
nests in the Immediate vicinity. Red-tailed hawks were known to evict a pair
of great horned owls which occupied an old red-tail nest. One red-tailed hawk
nest which had been active was abandoned when seismographic surveys and associated
disturbances occurred in the vicinity. Hunting by adults usually occurred in
the surrounding badlands and sage-grassland types. Red-tailed hawks are one of
the most common raptor species found on the area in summer months. Migrations
from and through the area took place in October. As red-tailed hawks left the
area, a corresponding increase in rough-legged hawks was noted. Historically
red-tails were common on this area (Cameron 1907).

Swa Inson ' s Hawk {Buteo swainsoni) - The only Swainson's hawk observation on
the study area took place during the spring migration of 1979. No evidence of
breeding was observed on the area although potential for breeding does exist.
The lack of sightings was the basis for listing this "special interest or con-
cern" species as rare for the area. Paucity of Swainson's hawks is possibly
related to habitat factors which better serve the needs of red-tailed hawks.
Historically this species was common in this area and Cameron (1907) described
a migration of several thousand Swainson's hawks through this part of Montana.

Rough-Legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus) - All observations of rough-legged hawks
occurred during fall and winter. A reduction in the numbers of red-tailed
hawks with fall migration corresponded with an increase in the numbers of rough-
legged hawks observed. This species was obsei-ved using the sage-grassland type
for foraging and was often seen perched on fence posts and telephone poles in
this type. Because the records of this species are wintering records, and even
then not in great numbers, it was listed as uncommon for this area. The effect
on this species of a more severe winter could not be ascertained. Historically
it was a common winter resident but became very scarce when traps and poison
were put out for wolves (Cameron 1907).

Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo vegalis) - The majority of the sightings of this species
occurred during spring migration. The only active nest of this species on the
area was located on a scoria butte on the edge of the badlands. Adults from
this nest were observed hunting on the adjacent grassland vegetation type. Be-
cause only one active nest was located, and sightings during migration were not
common, this "special interest or concern" species was listed as rare for this
area. Cameron (1907) listed this species as "a resident but never common."

Golden Eagle (AquiZa ohrysaetos) - Three active nests of this species were
located in 1979. Two active and two occupied (but inactive) nests were located
in 1980. In addition, golden eagles were frequently observed in the sage-grassland
type, particularly around prairie dog towns, and are known to winter on this
area. Because of these factors this "special interest or concern" species was
listed as common for this area. Cameron (1907) stated this species was formerly
very common but that it had been almost exterminated by traps and poisons set
out for wolves.

-26-

Bald Eagle (Haliaetus leucoaephalus) - See the endangered species section of
this report.

Marsh Hawk {Ciraus cyaneus) - Marsh hawks were frequently observed hunting in
a wide variety of vegetation types. During 1979 they were very common on the
atea, but during 1980 observations dropped dramatically. This can probably
be attributed, at least in part, to the severe drought. Still, they were
listed as common for this area. Although no nests were located, it is likely
they breed here. Historically it was one of the most abundant hawks, being
second in abundance only to the kestrel (Cameron, 1907) .

Osprey (Pandion haZiaetus) - This species was observed on several occasions on
the study area. Ospreys were usually seen flying adjacent to the Yellowstone
River although one was observed at a large reservoir on the area. All of the
birds seen were probably migrants and it is unlikely that they breed on this
area. This, coupled with the lack of sightings, indicated this species of
"special interest or concern" was rare for this area.

Prairie Falcon (Faloo mexioanus) - In 1979 two active nests of this species
were located on the area; however, in 1980 additional efforts were expended
and eight active nests were located. Even so, it is unlikely that all active
nests have been found. All of the nests were located in cavities in sandstone
cliffs with ledges overhanging the majority of nests. The one exception was
a nest that was located in a cavity in a scoria butte. The majority of nests
were located in and on the fringe of the badlands type and most prairie falcons
were observed around known nest sites. Adults were often observed using the sage-
grassland and grassland types for hunting. This common species Is known to
winter on the area and was listed as being of "special Interest or concern" for
Montana. In the past this species was a "tolerably common resident" (Cameron, 1907)

Peregrine Falcon {Falco peregrinus) - See the endangered species section of
this report.

Merlin {Falco ooZumbarius) - Only one merlin, a "special interest or concern"
species, was observed on the study area in 1979 and this was most likely a
migratory bird. In 1980 however, a breeding pair was located in the badlands
type. In spite of the fact that the area was visited on three occasions, and
behavior of the adults indicated the nest site was close, it was never located.
It should be noted, however, that a sandstone outcrop with numerous ledges and
large cavities as well as several small cottonwoods with abandoned magpie nests
occurred in the Immediate area. Bent (1938) and Ellis (1976) stated such sites
were used for nesting by this species. Cameron (1907) listed this species as
a "tolerably common fall migrant" but also reported seeing a group of five
birds on 20 August 1899 and on 21 July 1904 which indicated their presence in
this area during the summer. Because only three individuals of this species
were seen it was listed as rare for this area.

American Kestrel {FaZco sparverius) - The creek and sage-grassland types were
the areas where this abundant species was most frequently sighted; however, they
were common in the other types as well. Two active nests were located in 1979
and three in 1980. All nests were in cavities in large cottonwoods and many
more nests undoubtedly existed but were not located. Cameron (1907) stated this

-27-

species was a "sununer visitor, everywhere abundant," and in fact was the most
common hawk in eastern Montana. He also stated that all birds were gone by
the middle of October. The wintering observations which were recorded for
this species during this study were probably related to the mild open winter.

Great Horned Owl (Bubo vivginianus) - Great horned owls were commonly observed
"on the area in the sage-grassland and badland types. In addition, seven active
nests were located in both 1979 and 1980 in a wide variety of situations (i.e.
old house, cliffs, old red-tailed hawk nest, ledge in grassland coulee, etc.).
Wintering by this species was also known to occur on the area and in view of
this fact, and the wide variety of nest sites employed, it was listed as being
common. Cameron (1907) stated that the horned owl was a common and year-long
resident of this area.

Burrowing Owl (Athene auniaularia) - In 1980 two active nests of this species
were located in the prairie dog towns of the area. Nests were recognized by
observing the adults in the vicinity, and by scattered broken cow chips around
the burrow entrance. Bent (1938) stated that the nests of this species were
profusely lined with finely chipped, dry horse or cow droppings and that this
lining, which usually showed at the entrance of the burrow, seemed to be char-
acteristic of occupied nests. In addition to the two nests, approximately
six observations of other birds occurred each year and it is probable that more
nests were located on the area. Nichols (pers. comm.) also indicated that the
study area was used for breeding by this species. All observations of burrowing
owls during this study occurred on or immediately adjacent to prairie dog towns
in the sage-grassland type. Because sightings of this "special interest or con-
cern" species were not numerous it was listed as uncommon for this area. Histor-
ically, it was listed as a "common resident" (Cameron 1907) but no evidence of
wintering by this species was observed during this study. The species is
generally migratory in the northern parts of its range (Bent 1938) .

Short-Eared Owl (Asia flammeus) - This common species was observed most often
in the grassland type and in grassy areas in the sage-grassland type. Although
no nests were located, several fledgling young were seen and breeding undoubtedly
occurred on the study area. Approximately 30 observations of this species
occurred in 1979 while in 1980 that number dropped to only two. Again, it is
possible this was a reflection of the adverse effects of the drought. This
species was known to winter on the area and historically Cameron (1907) listed
It as an "erratic winter visitor, tolerably common some winters and in others
not observed." It was interesting to note that he makes no mention of breeding
or summering. In fact, he states that May 7 is the latest data he observed
this species.

BREEDING BIRD SURVEY

A summary of the results of the breeding bird surveys for both years is
presented in Table 3. Individual transect results are presented in Appendix
Tables 11-18. In 1979 the sage-grassland type had the highest average density
of breeding pairs (146.8 per 100 ha), while the creek type had the greatest
diversity^ of breeding pairs (14 species). During 1980, however, the creek

^Diversity is used in this report as a synonym for the "numbers of species."

-28-

Table 3. Summary of breeding bird surveys by vegetation type (numbers
indicate the number of breeding pairs/100 ha).

VEGETATION TYPE

Species with singing

Sage-
Grassland

Grassland

Badlands

1
Creek

males on strip

1979

1980

1979

1980

1979

1980

1979

1980 1

Killdeer

23.6

14.3

Spotted Sandpiper

1.5

1

Mourning Dove

5.0

4.3

3.6

2.2

Belted Kingfisher

0.7

2.9

Common Flicker

3.6

5.0

Red-Headed Woodpecker

2.9

0.7

Eastern Kingbird

5.7

9.3

Western Kingbird

7.2

1.5

Saj's Phoebe

1.5

2.9

Horned Lark

1.5

2.2

35.0

37.9

House Wren

0.7

Rock Wren

10.0

4.3

Brown Thrasher

0.7

SpraRue's Pipit

1.5

12.2

Loggerhead Shrike

0.7

2.9

2.9

Western Meadowlark

52.2

30.0

29.3

15.7

37.9

21.5

51.5

50.0

Red-Winged Blackbird

2.2

5.0

— ■■ —
Northern Oriole

1.5

Brewer's Blackbird

0.7

0.7

Common Crackle

0.7

Brown-Headed Cowbird

3.6

Lark Bunting

38.6

■ ■

Grasshopper Sparrow

7.2

34.3

1.5

3.6

1.5

Vesper Sparrow

0.7

0.7

Lark Sparrow

12.9

5.7

2.2

0.7

19.3

12.2
. . ....

6.5

6.5

Brewer's Sparrow

27.2

1.5

1.5

2.2

1.5

Chestnut-Collared Longspur

20.0

2.9

Total Number of Breeding
Pairs/100 Ha.

146.8

1

40.1

133.0

61.6

75.9

47.4

113.4

106.1 j

Number of Species with
Breeding Pairs on Strip

9

5

6

8

6

6

14

1
16

Numbers of Species
Observed on Strip

15

11

«

10

11

9

23

1

25 1

1

-29-

type had both the highest density (106.1 pairs/100 ha) and the highest diversity
(16 species). The western meadowlark was the most abundant breeding bird in
three of the four major vegetation types (badlands, creek and sage-grassland).
They were outnumbered in the grassland type by horned larks and grasshopper
sparrows in 1979 and horned larks in 1980. A brief summary of the results for
each of the four major vegetation types follows:

Sage-grassland

1979; The results from the 1979 survey in this type indicated it contained
the highest breeding pair density (146.8 pairs/100 ha) and the second highest
diversity (nine species). An additional six species of birds were observed
on the sample strip, although no singing males were recorded for these species.
Meadowlarks were the most abundant breeding bird with an average of 52.2 pairs/
100 ha. Lark buntings and Brewer's sparrows followed with averages of 38.6
palrs/100 ha and 27.2 pairs/100 ha, respectively. All three species reached
their greatest levels of abundance in the sage-grassland type.

1980; Results from the 1980 survey revealed a decline of 73% in breeding bird
densities in the sage-grassland type. Density in this type was the lowest of
all types sampled (40.1 pairs/100 ha), as was diversity with five species.
Species with singing males on the strip that were recorded in 1979 but not 1980
were as follows: mourning dove, Sprague's pipit, lark bunting, grasshopper
sparrow and vesper sparrow. A major reason for the decline in density and
diversity observed in this type was the extreme drought compounded by the fact
that cattle were wintered on and adjacent to the strip. The combined effect
of these two factors was a drastic reduction of residual cover and vegetative
structural diversity.

The Brewer's sparrow and clay-colored sparrow observed in this type are species
of "special interest or concern" for Montana. Destruction of the sagebrush
component in this type may result in a species density and composition resembling
that of the grassland type. A similar situation may exist in large grassy areas
with little sagebrush which are sometimes found in this type.

Grassland

1979: Breeding bird densities observed in this type were moderate (133.0 pairs/
100 ha); however, diversity (six species) was low when compared with other types.
Lack of vegetative structural diversity as compared with other types probably
accounts for this, although the grasslands were in good condition with large
amounts of residual vegetation at the time of the survey. Horned larks were
the most abundant breeding bird in this type with an average of 35 pairs/100 ha.
They were followed by grasshopper sparrows and meadowlarks with densities of
34.3 pairs/100 ha and 29.3 pairs/100 ha, respectively. Relatively high breeding
densities of Sprague's pipits and chestnut-collared longspurs were recorded in
and for the most part confined to this type.

1980: Breeding bird densities declined drastically (54%) to 61.6 pairs/100 ha
in 1980. Diversity, however, increased from six to eight species. This increase
was a result of one pair of vesper sparrows and a pair of Brewer's sparrows
which established territories on the strip. Horned larks were again the most
abundant breeding bird with a density approximately equal to that which occurred

-30-

in 1979. They were followed in abundance by western meadowlarks, which as
well as Sprague's pipits, grasshopper sparrows and chestnut-collared longspurs
all showed a drastic decline in densities. The decline in densities of these
species was probably related to a need for substantial residual grass cover.
Here, as with other types, residual cover was reduced by the drought and cattle
grazing. Results of these surveys also indicated that heavy grazing would reduce
densities and change or reduce species composition on these areas.

The long-billed curlew and upland sandpiper observed in this type are "special
interest or concern" species for Montana. Scattered silver sagebrush occurred
on some mesic sites in the grassland type. Where such sites are large enough
the breeding bird density and diversity may be similar to that of the sage-
grasslands.

Badlands

1979; This type had the lowest overall density with 75.9 pairs/100 ha and also
low diversity with only six species. Five additional species without singing
males were observed on the sample strip which resulted in a slightly higher
number of total species for this area as compared with the grassland type
(11 species vs. eight species). Western meadowlarks were the most abundant
species in this type with a density of 37.9 pairs/100 ha. Following in decreasing
order were lark sparrows (19.3 pairs/100 ha) and rock wrens (10 pairs/100 ha).

1980; Breeding bird densities declined 37% to 47.4 pairs/100 ha although the
same six species of the previous year were present. Densities of all species
declined or stayed approximately the same. Once again, the drought was believed
to be the major factor in the decline. It was interesting to note that the
diversity remained the same which suggested that the species found here are well
adapted to the extremely dry conditions which typically occur in badland areas.
In addition, the effects of the drought on vegetative structure probably was
not as great as on areas more accessible to heavy livestock pressure.

Of the species observed in this type, two in particular were confined to the
badlands vegetation type. Rock wrens and Say's pheobe were commonly found
around sandstone outcrops and more rugged areas in the badlands. Overall, a
general lack of vegetation in badlands areas is one plausible explanation for
the low breeding bird densities and diversities observed.

Creek

1979; Of the four types sampled, the creek type contained the highest diversity
with a total of 14 species. Density was moderate with an average of 113.4 pairs/
100 ha. In addition, nine other species without singing males were observed on
the strip. Again, western meadowlarks were the most common species with a den-
sity of 51.5 pairs/100 ha. This figure was second only to that found for meadow-
larks in the sage-grassland type (52.2 pairs/100 ha). Meadowlarks were followed
by killdeer and western kingbirds with densities of 23.6 pairs/100 ha and 7.2 pairs/
100 ha, respectively.

1980; This type had both the highest density (106.1 pairs/100 ha) and diversity
(16 species) of the major vegetation types surveyed in 1980, and showed the smallest
decline (6%) from the previous year. As in 1979, an additional nine species

-31-

wlthout singing males were observed on the strip. Species with the highest
densities were western meadowlarks (50.0 pairs/100 ha), killdeer (14.3 pairs/
100 ha) and eastern kingbirds (9.3 pairs/100 ha).

A possible explanation as to why this type was least affected both in density
and diversity by the effects of the drought was that a majority of the nongame
birds found here were associated with the scattered cottonwoods which occurred
there (e.g. common flicker, red-headed woodpecker, kingbirds, house wrens, etc.).
In addition, the drainages received what little water was available from
snow melt and some new growth occurred. Also, constant grazing pressure
on this type could have the effect of lowering the values observed below what
would have occurred had the area remained ungrazed. Destruction of the cotton-
woods found in this type would have a very adverse affect on both densities and
diversities of nongame birds.

Limber and Ponderosa Pine Subtypes

Although no survey transects were conducted in these subtypes, time was spent
searching the areas to locate nongame bird species. Species unique to these
subtypes were the least flycatcher, pinon jay, red-breasted nuthatch, Swainson's
thrush, Philadelphia vireo, American redstart, western tanager, red crossbill,
and dark-eyed juncos. In addition, certain other species were found in their
greatest abundance in these timbered types (e.g. yellow-rumped warblers, chipping
sparrows and mountain bluebirds). Destruction of the timbered types on the
study area would result in elimination of species unique to these types and
drastic reductions in the numbers of those species found in greatest abundance
here.

WINTERING BIRD SURVEY

Results of the wintering bird surveys are presented in Table 4. These surveys
were conducted in January and February to avoid including late fall stragglers
and early spring migrants. Conditions were mild and open during the winter of
1979-80 and this probably increased the number of species observed over that
which occur in a severe winter. Data from only one winter make such conjectures
open to question. General observations, however, indicate a lack of birds
wintering on the area. Species of "special interest or concern" known to
winter on the area were the golden eagle and prairie falcon (wintering by bald
eagles, an endangered species, is covered in that section of the report).

MAMMALS OF THE STUDY AREA

A list of mammal species occurring on the study area, the vegetation type in
which they were most frequently observed, relative abundance and classification
is presented in Table 5. In addition, a discussion of individual species is
presented below.

Merriam's Shrew (Sorex merriami) - Only one specimen of this species was captured
on the study area; therefore, it was listed as rare. Although this specimen
was captured in the creek vegetation type it generally inhabits arid sagebrush
desert, sagebrush-grass semi-desert, and occasionally dry grassland habitats
(Hoffmann and Pattie 1968). A possible explanation for the capture in the creek

-32-

Table 4 . Wintering bird survey results by vegetation type (numbers indicate
total numbers of individuals observed).

Vegetation Type Observed In j

Species

Creek

Badlands

%

CO
.-1
«
to
to
u

Sage-
Grassland

Ponderosa

Pine

Subtype

Limber

Pine

Subtype

Agri-
cultural

Rough-Legged Hawk

Buteo lagopus

1

1

Golden Eagle

Aquila ahrysaetos

4

1

Marsh Hawk

Circus ayaneus

1

Prairie Falcon

Falao mexiaanus

1

American Kestrel

Falao sparverius

1

Sharp-Tailed Grouse

Pedioaetes phasianellus

7

1

1

Sage Grouse

Cenbvooevous urophasianus

1

14

Ring-Necked Pheasant

Phasianus aolahiaus

1

Gray Partridge

Pevdix perdix

10

J

Great Horned Owl

Buho virginianus

1

1

1

Short-Eared Owl

Asio flammeus

1

Common Flicker

Colaptes auritus

1

Horned Lark

Eremophila alpestris

2

62

Black-Billed Magpie

Pica pica

4

2

5

4

Pl?{on Jay

Gumnorhinus ai/anocephalas

20

American Robin

Turdus miqratorius

24

3

3

Townsend's Solitaire

Mijadestes townsendi

4

Bohemian Waxwing

Bomhjcilla garrulus

90

1

Starling

Stuvnus vulgaris

40

House Sparrow

Passer domestiaus

12

Western Meadowlark

Sturnella neglecta

1

1

American Goldfinch

Carduelis tristis

35

Red Crossbill

Loxia leuoo-Qtera

.. .... ,

4

-33-

Table 5 . Mammals of the study area and their vegetation use, relative
abundance and classification.

Vegetation type most
frequently observed in

Relative
Abundance^

Classification^

Species

13

iH
T3

m
ta

■a

c

CO

■;:!

0)
CO

u

T3

C

cfl

iH

1 CO

Q) CO

M CO

CO U

03 O

cu
u
u

Merriam's Shrew
Sovex merriami

X

R

SI

Big Brown Bat

EfJtesious fuscus

X

C

N

Small-Footed Bat

Myotis leibii

X

R

N

White-Tailed Jack Rabbit

Lepus townsendi

X

C

N

Desert Cottontail

Sylvilaqus auduboni

X

X

C

N

Porcupine

Evethizon dorsatum

X

U

N

Beaver

Castor canadensis

X

U

F

Northern Pocket Gopher

Thomomifs talpoides

X

X

C

N

Ord ' s Kangaroo Rat

Dipodomys ovdi

X

C

N

Wyoming Pocket Mouse

Perognathus fasciatus

X

U,C

N

Least Chipmunk

Eutamias minimus

X

u

N

Black-Tailed Prairie Dog

Cynomi-fs ludovicianus

X

C

SI

Thir teen-Lined Ground

Squirrel Spermophilis

ti'idecemlineatus

X

X

u

N

Eastern Fox Squirrel

Saiuriis niaev

R;

ver

5ot toi

1

R

N

Bushy-Tailed Wood Rat
Neotoma ainerea

X

C

N

Western Harvest Mouse
Reitl^odontomy s
meqaZotis

X

U

N

Deer Mouse

Pepomysous manioulatus

X

X

X

X

A

N

-34-

Table

Continued.

Veg
Freq

etation type most
uently observed in

Relative
Abundance

Classif icatlon^

Species

to

iH

-§
PQ

CO

iH

m
w
CO

u

Sage-
Grassland

0)

u
o

Muskrat

Ondatra zibethica

X

U

F

Prairie Vole

Micro tus oahroqaster

X

X

C

N

House Mouse

Mus musoulus

Ag

r icul

tural

locally
common

N

Bobcat

Lynx rufus

X

U

F

Raccoon

Procyon lot or

X

U

P

Red Fox

Vulpes fulva

X

X

U

P

Coyote

Cants latrans

X

X

X

C

P

Badger

Taxidea taxus

X

u

P

Striped Skunk

Mephitis mephitis

X

u

P

Long-Tailed Weasel

t-fiistela frenata

X

u

P

Pronghorn

Antilocapra amerioana

X

X

A

G

White-Tailed Deer

Odoooileus virginianus

X

U

G

Mule Deer

Odoooileus hemionus

X

X

C

G

^ A = Abundant (>75 observations)
C = Common (10-75 observations)
U = Uncommon (3-10 observations)
R = Rare (1-3 observations)

The same criteria are employed for observable species (e.g. coyotes)
and trappable species (e.g. mice).

■ N = Nongame

SI = Special Interest or Concern
F = Furbearer
B = Game
P = Pr*?dator

-35-

type was that these areas have a poorly developed riparian habitat. Hoffmann
and Pattle (1968) stated that sunken can traps would probably turn up many
specimens of this hitherto "rare" shrew and, indeed, the specimen was captured
in a pitfall trap. In all probability , this "special interest or concern"
species would have been missed if pitfall traps were not employed.

Big Brown Bat {Eptesicus fesous) - Ten specimens of the big brown bat were
collected on the area and many more were observed. Collection of these specimens
occurred at widely separated sites and indicated this species was common on the
area. Breeding colonies were located at two sites and more sites undoubtedly
existed. Sandstone outcrops and caves were utilized for breeding and roosting;
while stock reservoirs were used for feeding sites.

Small-Footed Bat {Myotis leibii) - Only one specimen of the small-footed bat
was captured on the study area, therefore, it was listed as rare. This specimen
was captured in a mist net placed at an artesian stock tank in the sage-grassland
type. Swenson (1970) reported several specimens of this species were taken
in Miles City, Montana and one was captured in Glendive, Montanaa. The present
study area was between these two localities and this specimen serves to further
define the range of this species in Montana.

White-Tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus toWnsendi) - This species occurred most frequently
in the sage-grassland type. The numerous observations of this species which
were obtained at night and while walking the area during daylight hours justified
listing it as common for the area. Local landowners stated that in peak population
years this species becomes abundant on the area. Coyotes, golden eagles and red-
tailed hawks were observed utilizing this species as prey and other predatory
species undoubtedly do likewise.

Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni) - Thirteen desert cottontails were
collected on the area and many more were observed. They were most often found
in the badlands and sage-grassland coulees. This species was listed as common
for the area and was known to be an important food source for the predatory
mammals and birds occurring here.

Several cottontails were observed adjacent to the Yellowstone River bottomland
which resembled the mountain cottontail (S. nuttalli) but no specimens were
collected and the identification could not be verified. The study area lies
within the range of this species (Hoffmann and Pattie, 1968) and they stated
that in eastern Montana where desert and mountain cottontails are S3mipatric, the
latter is restricted to riparian shrubs along streams and river banks. Also,
presence of the mountain cottontail was documented considerably east of the
present study area (Matthews, 1979).

Porcupine {Erethizon dorsatum) - Evidence of porcupines on the area was obtained
from one direct observation in the sage-grassland and indirect observations (gnaw
marks on trees, tracks) in the limber and ponderosa pine badlands. Nowhere was
sign abundant and this, in conjunction with the lack of direct observations and
limited extent of pine habitats, justified listing this species as uncommon.

Beaver (.Castor canadensis) - This furbearer was found exclusively in the creek
type at one large reservoir, and only in small numbers. It was therefore listed
as uncommon for this area. Damage to the scattered cottonwoods occurring on
the area and the damming of irrigation channels often results in destruction of
individuals by the local landowners.

-36-

■a

Northern Pocket Golpher (Thomomys talpoides) - The two specimens of this
species collected during this study were from a local rancher who trapped them
in a hay meadow. This species was also known to occur most frequently in the
grassland type and creek type as evidenced by active mounds. Some evidence of
their activity was also observed on grassy areas in the badlands but to a more
limited extent than the previously mentioned types. Based on evidence of their
activity, the pocket gopher was listed as common for this area.

Ord's Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordi) - This species was frequently observed at
night while traversing roads in the sage-grassland type. Observations indicated
this species prefers sites with sandy soils and probably occurs on these areas
in other vegetation types as well. All specimens taken were hand captured on
and adjacent to roads at night. Numerous sightings led to this species being
listed as common for this area.

Wyoming Pocket Mouse (Perognathus fasaiatus) - This species was captured in
greatest numbers in the sage-grassland type and was the most abundant small
mammal in these areas. It also occurred in the creek and grassland types, al-
though in lower numbers. Trapping data indicated that this species was most
susceptible to capture in sunken can pitfalls. It was uncommon-to-common on
this area.

Least Chipmunk (Eutamias minimus) - This species was mainly confined to the
heads of grassland coulees and areas of the badlands containing pine and/or
juniper. Some specimens of this species were captured during small mammal
sampling while others were taken with a .22 caliber rifle. Even though this
species was locally common on certain sites, it was listed as uncommon for the
area.

Black-Tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys Zudovicianus) - The distribution and size of
prairie dog towns on the area is presented in Figure 11. The majority of dog
towns on the area were in the sage-grassland area, immediately adjacent to the
creek types. Heavy cattle grazing in these areas may be important in maintain-
ing and increasing prairie dog distribution (Knowles, pers. comm.). The importance
of prairie dogs in the prairie ecosystem is well documented (Henderson et al.
197A, Flath 1978). Numerous species (burrowing owls, black-footed ferrets,
mountain plovers) depend on these sites for their perpetuation. Also, evidence
from direct observation indicated the importance of these areas as a food source
for the predators and raptors of the study area. The large numbers and wide
distribution of prairie dogs on this area contributed to the density and diversity
of predatory mammals and birds observed. Prairie dogs, a "special interest or
concern" species, have been and continue to be a very controversial species.
Presently, there is an increasing demand from the landowners of the area for some
form of prairie dog control. A survey of landowner attitudes, both on and ad-
jacent to the study area, was conducted both orally and in the form of a confiden-
tial written questionnaire (see Appendix Table 22) to determine the level of
prairie dog populations they would tolerate on their lands and public lands
under their control. Results of these surveys indicated most landowners prefer
total extirpation of this species in this area. Reasons expressed for this lie
in the elimination of potential livestock hazards (i.e. burrows) and the perceived
benefits of increased livestock forage production and decreased erosion. To
follow this course of action would have many adverse Impacts on the nongame
species dependent on and associated with prairie dog towns. Therefore, it Is

-37-

e

o

u

<4-l

X

c

o

•H

4J

to

>

yi

(U

CO

JD

O

tH

3

o

bO

c

•H

»

O

u

u

3

J3

v^

CO

•

cu

••^N

>-l

>!

CO

•d

0

0)

*J

J=

m

4J

u

c

c

o

(U

CO

CO

0)

C3

u

3

o-

o

w

(U

J=

60

u

O

T3

■a

c

(U

CO

•H

,1-1

CO

-•H

tu

CO

t-l

>-<

1-1

0->J-i

O

s

CQ

<U

N

»*

•H

•

to

6

Id

o

c

o

to

c

to

o

u

•H

Ql

J-)

Cu

3

^

CO

•H

iH

1-1

O

4-1

x:

CO

u

Q a

3
00

-38-

recomraended that studies of the general ecology and biology of prairie dogs be
conducted and actual benefits of control efforts be determined before any
intensive control work is conducted. Studies such as these should be conducted
with landowner cooperation and support if possible. Until the time such in-
vestigations can be accomplished, cooperative agreements should be worked
out with individual landowners for limited prairie dog control. Although
there might be some negative impacts on certain nongame species in the short
term, if the landowners can be convinced to assist in an overall program for
nongame perpetuation, much will have been accomplished.

Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel (Speimophilis trideaimlineatus) - Although no
specimens of this species were captured in the course of the trapping effort,
several were observed and collected in the sage-grassland and creek types.
This species occupied the more grassy areas in the sage-grassland and creek
types. The relative abundance of this species was not accurately sampled with
the techniques employed. Therefore, it was listed as uncommon on the area.

Eastern Fox Squirrel {Sciurus nigep) - Evidence of the occurrence of this
species was from three leaf nests observed in cottonwoods adjacent to the
Yellowstone River. This species was confined to the Yellowstone River bottom-
lands and Hinz (pers. comm.) reported observing fox squirrels approximately 10
miles east of the study area. In addition, Hoffmann et al. (1969) lists records
of this species west of this area as well.

Bushy-Tail Woodrat {Neotoma ainerea) - Broken sandstone outcrops and abandoned
homesites were the areas where this species was commonly observed. It follows,
therefore, that it occurred most frequently in the badlands type, although it
can be found in broken rocky areas in other types. In view of the fact it
occupies most of the aforementioned sites, it was listed as common for the area.

Western Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) - This species was relatively
uncommon on the area and was generally found in the sage-grassland vegetation
type although one specimen was captured in the creek type. Trapping data
indicated this species was more susceptible to capture in the fall than during
summer .

Deer Mouse (Per omy sous maniculatus) - This ubiquitous species was the most
abundant mammal on the study area. It was trapped in all vegetation types and
was usually the most abundant mammal trapped. Trapping data indicated the
broken, rugged terrain of the badlands type provided the most suitable habitat
for this species on the area.

Muskrat {Ondatra zihethioa) - This furbearer was also confined to the major
creek types on the area, although a few were found at large reservoirs removed
from this type. Although it was listed as uncommon for this area, it was locally
common at reservoirs where suitable conditions existed.

Prairie Vole (Miorotus oahrogaster) - This species was most frequently captured
in the creek vegetation type and secondly in the grassland type. Specimens
were also taken in the limber pine badlands although not with the frequency of
the other types. It was the only vole captured on the area although Matthews
(1980) reported capturing Miarotus pennsilvaniaus immediately east of the area
and it was probable that this species occurred on this study area as well.

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House Mouse (Mus musoulus) - The only specimen of this species captured on the
study area was at the residence of one of the local landowners. This species
was probably confined to areas of human habitation, agriculture, and immediately
adjacent localities.

Bobcat (Lynx rufus) - Evidence of this species on the area is from one sighting
in the sage-grassland type, tracks in the badlands, and specimens captured by
local trappers. All of the bobcat sign and the majority of cats trapped were
from the badlands type. Because of the lack of actual sightings and the limited
nature of indirect evidence, this species was listed as uncommon on this area.
Local landowners stated that the bobcat was previously more common, but high fur
prices and intense trapping pressure had dramatically reduced their numbers.

Raccoon (Procyon lotov) - Evidence of the occurrence of this species on the
area was from indirect (tracks) observations, one sighting in the sage-
grassland, and landowner contacts. Tracks of this species were found in the
creek type and this species was largely confined to these areas. Because only
one direct sighting was made and tracks were seldom located, this species was
listed as uncommon for the area. This species was much more common on the
Yellowstone River bottomland adjacent to the study area.

Red Fox (Vulpes fulva) - This species was largely confined to the Yellowstone
River bottomlands and areas immediately adjacent to them. It was also known to
occur in the deciduous coulees on the northern and western fringes of the area,
but in lesser numbers. Only one sighting of a red fox was made on the study
area. Therefore it was listed as uncommon. Historically, this species probably
did not occur on this area as the following statement from the Terry Tribune
March 22, 1945 illustrates: "A red fox killed by a cyanide cartridge less than
a mile upstream from the Powder River bridge (just south of the present study
area) was brought into town by A. C. Drew, predatory animal hunter. These
animals are a rarity in this country, several old timers remarking that they had
never seen one before."

Coyote (Canis latrans) - Coyotes were observed all seasons and in all vegetation
types of the study area. However, they were most frequently observed in the
badland and sage-grassland types. Domestic sheep graze parts of the study area
and this usually results in efforts to control coyotes. M44 cyanide guns and
aerial gunning were used for control on portions of the area. In spite of
control efforts, it was not unusual to see coyotes or indirect evidence (scats,
tracks, etc.) of coyotes on the area.

Badger (Taxidea taxus) - This species was observed on three occasions in, or
adjacent to prairie dog towns and once in the grassland type. Other indirect
evidence (diggings, tracks, etc.) was noted in several dog towns where no
individuals were observed. Infrequent sightings justified listing this species
as uncommon for the area. This may be an artifact of their low visibility and
the species may be more common than indicated.

Striped Skunk {Mephitis mephitis) - This species was seldom sighted on this
area because of its nocturnal habits. When found, it was usually located in the
creek type or areas immediately adjacent to them. Most direct observations of
this species were road kills on the fringes of the area.

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Long-Tailed Weasel {Mustela frenata) - No individuals were observed on the
study area, but they were observed immediately west and north of it. Therefore,
it is probable that they occur on the study area. Sightings off of the area
were in the badlands type, immediately adjacent to sage-grassland types. Be-
cause there were no observations on the study area, this species was listed as
uncommon.

Mule Deer (Odoooileus hemionus) , White Tailed Deer {Odoaoileus virginianus) ,
Pronghorn (Antilooapra amevioana) - These three species of big game animals
occur on the area and can be locally common. White-tailed deer are largely
confined to the Yellowstone River bottomlands, areas immediately adjacent to it,
and the deciduous coulees to the north of the area. Antelope are generally in
the sage-grassland and grassland types. Mule deer are most often observed in
badland areas. A detailed description of the game species occurring on the area
will be prepared by the BLM after completion of their studies.

SUMMER SMALL MAMMAL TRAP DATA

Results of the summer small mammal sampling effort for each major vegetation
type, the two subtypes and grassland coulees are presented in Table 6. Tech-
niques employed during this study did not effectively record some of the small
mammal species known to occur on the area. Species such as kangaroo rats,
thirteen-lined ground squirrels and northern pocket golphers were sampled by
other means and were discussed in the mammals section of this report. A brief
summary of results by vegetation type follows.

Table 6 . Results of summer small mammal trapping.

Vegetation
Type

Captures/100
trap nights
Line 1

Captures/100
trap nights
Line 2

Total trap
nights

Total captures/

100 trap

nights

No.
Species
Captured

Badlands

10.76

13.78

1173

12.28

1

Grasslands

1.53

1.69

1179

1.61

4

Sage-
Grasslands

1.06

1.48

1338

1.27

3

Creek

7.26

3.87

1093

5.58

4

Ponderosa
Pine Badlands

5.39

482

5.39

2

Limber Pine
Badlands

4.12

583

4.12

2

Grassland
Coulees

4.06

493

4.06

3

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Grassland - A total effort of 1,179 trap nights resulted in the capture of 19
small mammals in this type. Of these, eight were deer mice {Pevomysous maniaulatus) ,
five prairie voles (Miarotus ockr'ogaster) , five Wyoming pocket mice (Perognathus
fasoiatus) and one western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megatotis) . Total
captures per 100 trap nights, 1.61, was low in this type, although diversity was
high with four species.

Sage-Grassland - A total effort of 1,338 trap nights resulted in the capture
of 17 small mammals in this type. Of these, nine were Wyoming pocket mice,
seven deer mice, and one western harvest mouse. Captures per 100 trap nights
(1.27) were the lowest of all types sampled, but diversity was moderate with
three species. The Wyoming pocket mouse was dominant in this type while in all
of the other types sampled, the deer mouse was the most abundant species.

Badlands - A total effort of 1,173 trap nights resulted in the capture of 144
small mammals in this type. All specimens captured were deer mice, resulting
in the lowest diversity of all types sampled; however, captures per 100 trap
nights (12.28) were the highest recorded for any of the vegetation types sampled.

Creek - A total effort of 1,093 trap nights resulted in the capture of 61 small
mammals in this type. Of these, there were 47 deer mice, nine prairie voles,
four Wyoming pocket mice and one Merrian's shrew {Sorex merriami) . In addition,
the fall sampling effort resulted in the capture of one western harvest mouse
bringing the number of species found in this type to five and making it the
most diverse of all the types sampled. Captures per 100 trap nights (5.58)
in this type were second only to that of the badlands type (12.28). Of the five
species captured in this type only the Merriam's shrew is listed as being a
species of "special interest or concern" for Montana. This specimen was the
first of its species captured in a creek vegetation type (Flath, pers. comm.).
The number of prairie voles captured in this type is of interest in that they
were fairly common and voles were shown to be an important item in the diets of
predatory birds and mammals (Riechel 1976, Flath 1979c).

Ponderosa Pine Badlands Subtype - A total effort of 482 trap nights resulted in
the capture of 26 small mammals. Of these, 25 were deer mice and one was a least
chipmunk {Eutamias minimus). Captures per 100 trap nights (5.39) were high,
though diversity with only two species was low. The small mammal species
composition was similar to that found in the badlands type but densities were
lower.

Limber Pine Badlands Subtype - Five hundred and eighty-three trap nights in this
type resulted in the capture of 24 small mammals. Of these, 21 were deer mice
and three were prairie voles. Captures per 100 trap nights were moderate (4.12)
although the number of species (2) was low. The presence of prairie voles in
this type can probably be accounted for by its proximity to the grassland type
and the grassy habitats that occur between the stands of pine.

Grassland Coulee - These areas were sampled because it was felt that the unique
vegetation found in grassland coulees might support species of small mammals
not found in other types. The presence of snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.),
rose (Rosa spp.), creeping juniper (Juniperms horizontalis) and skunkbrush
sumac (Rhus trilohata) provided a unique habitat situation. A total effort of

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493 trap nights resulted in the capture of 20 small mairanals. Of these 17
were deer mice, two least chipmunks and one prairie vole. Captures per
100 trap nights (4.06) were moderate as was diversity at three species. Deer
mice were more common in grassland coulees than grassland in general, probably
as a result of the numerous cracks and crevasses found in the coulees. In
addition, the presence of least chipmunks may possibly be related to the brushy
nature of vegetation found in this type.

FALL SMALL MAMMAL TRAP DATA

Results of the fall sampling effort for the four major vegetation types are
presented in Table 7. The fall small mammal sampling effort resulted in no
new species of small mammals captured. However, the western harvest mouse
was added to the creek vegetation type where it had not previously been recorded.
Only two species of small mammals (deer mice and western harvest mice) were
captured and captures per 100 trap nights were not significantly different than
that found during summer small mammal sampling.

Table 7 . Results of fall small mammal sampling.

Vegetation
type

Badlands
Grasslands
Sage-Grassland
Creek

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

Table 8 presents a list of the reptile and amphibian species, vegetation
type in which they were most frequently observed, relative abundance and
classification. A brief discussion of each species follows.

Turtles (Testudinata)

Painted Turtle (Chrysemys piota) - This was the only species of turtle located
on the study area. It was usually found at large Intermittent pools on creeks
and at stock reservoirs, and can become locally common in these areas.

No observations of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) or spiney softshell
turtles (Trionyx spinifevus) (both "special Interest or concern" species) were
recorded on the area but the potential exists for their occurrence at stock
ponds and large pools in the major creeks of the area, especially where these

Total Captures/

Total Trap

100 trap

No. Species

Nights

nights

Captured

289

14.19

1

299

.67

1

292

4.11

2

297

3.37

2

-43-

Table 8 . A list of the reptile and amphibian species found on the area
along with the vegetation type most commonly observed in ,
relative abundance and classification.

Vegetatioi
Frequently

1 Type Most
Observed In

1

1

Relative
Abundance^

1-- ■

1

1 Classif ication^

Species

Badlands

CO

to
to
n)
U

o

•a

a

CO

rH

1 ">

Q) to

tjC <o

(U
C_5

Painted Turtle

Chrysemys picta

X

U

N

Racer

Coluber constrictor

X

X

X

C

N

Plains Hognose Snake
Heterodon nasicus

X

R

SI

Milk Snake

Lampropeltis triangulum

X

R

SI

Bull Snake

Pituophis melanoleuGUs

X

X

C

N

Plains Garter Snake

Thajrmophis radix

X

U

N

Prairie Rattlesnake
Crotalus viridis

X

X

c

N

Short-Horned Lizard

Phrynosoma douglassi

X

u

N

Plains Spadefoot Toad

Scaphiopus bombifrons

X

u

N

Rocky Mountain Toad

Bufo woodhousei

X

X

A

N

Northern Chorus Frog
Pseudacris triseriata

X

A

N

Leopard Frog
Ram pipiens

X

C

N

Tiger Salamander

Ambystoma tigrinum

X

X

J

c

N

^ A = Abundant (>75 observations)
C = Common (10-75 observations)
U = Uncommon (3-10 observations)
R = Rare (1-3 observations)

2 N = Nongame
SI = Special Interest or Concern

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areas occur adjacent to the Yellowstone River. A local landowner (Reukhauf
pers. comm.) reported that a large snapping turtle frequented the area on the
northern vicinity of the present study area many years ago and that, at one
time "tortoises" (probably western box turtles; Terrapene omata) occurred on
the area, but none have been seen in the past twenty years. Documentation of
the latter species for Montana is lacking.

Snakes and Lizards {Squamata)

A total of six species of snakes and one specie of lizard were observed on
the study area.

Racer {Coluber constrictor') - This species was observed in all vegetation types
on the area and was quite common. It was most often observed in the badlands
and creek types and was known to den with rattlesnakes in badland areas.

Plains Hognose Snake (Heterodon nasicus) ~ This species was located once during
this study in the sage-grassland type. This species is listed as being of
"special interest or concern" for Montana and was rare on this area. Matthews
(1980) also captured two hognose snakes to the immediate east of the present
study area.

Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum.) - One specimen of the milk snake was
captured in the sage-grassland type during this study. It was listed as rare
for this area and Is a species of "special interest or concern" for Montana.
Little is known about this species or its distribution in Montana.

Bull Snake (Pituophis melanoleucus) - Members of this species were most
frequently encountered in the sage-grassland and grassland types. A total of
14 individuals were recorded on the area during this study and, therefore,
it was listed as common.

Plains Garter Snake {Thomnophis radix) - This species was uncommon on the area
and was usually found in the creek type or in sage-grassland areas adjacent to
it. Only six individuals of this species were observed during this study.

Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridus) - Rattlesnakes were observed in all
vegetation types on the area. They were most common in the badlands type and
two active dens were found in these areas. Rattlesnakes were common on this
area and were abundant at certain localities around den sites during spring
and fall. It was noted that the number of observations in 1980 dropped sub-
stantially from 1979 and the possibility exists that this was related to the
drought conditions which occurred.

Short-Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi) - Two observations of the short-
horned lizard occurred on the study area in the sage-grassland type. This
species was probably more common than the data indicated, but they are secretive
and difficult to locate.

It should be noted here that the potential exists for the occurrence of sage-
brush lizards (Scetoporus graciosus) on this area. A proprietor of a cafe in
Terry who was born and raised on the study area stated that as a child he used
to climb in the rocks of the badlands and catch "sand lizards". When asked to
identify the lizards by leafing through the color plates in the Field Guide to

-45-

Western Reptiles and Amphibians (Stebbins, 1966), he immediately pointed to
the sagebrush lizard. Several visits were made to the general area where he
had captured these lizards but none were located. His observations of lizards,
other than short-horned lizards (i.e. horny toads), was corroborated by a new
arrival to Terry who mentioned he too had seen a small lizard in the badlands.

Frogs and Toads (Salentia)

Two species of toads and two species of frogs were found on the area. None of
the species found were listed as "special interest or concern" species for
Montana.

Plains Spadefoot Toad (Saaphiopus hombifrons) - This species was observed at
a small pool below a seep in the badlands type. It is probably locally common
when conditions for breeding are correct (Black, 1970) . Because of the lack
of precipitation on the area during the study, they were never found in great
numbers.

Rocky Mountain Toad (Bufo woodhousei) - This was the most common toad found on
the study area. Numerous specimens were collected in all vegetation types. It
was generally found around pools of water formed after thunder showers and at
moist locations on the area, including pools in creeks and at stock reservoirs.

Although it was not observed on the study area, it is likely that the great
plains toad {Bufo cognatus) occurs here. Specimens of this species were col-
lected twenty miles to the west of the present study area (Dood unpublished
data) in habitat situations similar to that found on this area (i.e. sage-
grassland vegetation type).

Northern Chorus Frog {Pseudacvts triseriata) - Chorus frogs were common on the
area and most notable in the spring when every reservoir and intermittent pond
resounded with their voices. Their presence was less noticeable as summer
progressed and singing terminated. They were found in every vegetation type in
situations where sufficient water existed.

Leopard Frog (Nana pipiens) - Leopard frogs were observed most often in the
creek type in pools with sufficient water to last through the summer and where
riparian growth was dense enough to provide concealment. They were also observed
around stock reservoirs and were at least locally common on the area where
year-round water supplies existed.

Salamanders {Caudata)

Tiger Salamander {Amby stoma tigrinwn) - The tiger salamander was the only
species in this order captured on the study area. Three specimens were captured
in pitfalls set for small mammals in the sage-grassland and one in a pitfall
in the grassland coulee. In addition, four dead larvae were found at a stock
pond in the sage-grassland that was rapidly disappearing from the effects of
the drought. Indications were that this species is uncommon but this was
probably due in large part to their secretive nature. It is likely that they
were common or even locally abundant at stock ponds, especially during the spring,

ENDANGERED SPECIES

Of the five species listed as endangered in Montana (grey wolf, whooping crane,
black-footed ferret, peregrine falcon and bald eagle), two are known to occur

-46-

on the area (peregrine falcon and bald eagle) . In addition, the potential
existed for the occurrence of the black-footed ferret on this area. A brief
discussion of these species is presented below.

Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes) - Reliance of the black-footed ferret
on prairie dogs was documented by Henderson et al. (1974) and others. The
density and distribtuion of prairie dog towns and the relative isolation of
the area contributes to the possibility of ferrets occurring here. Time was
spent during the study in the active search of prairie dog towns for ferrets
and evidence of ferret activity (trenches, plugged burrows, etc.). No positive
sign was located, nor were any individuals observed. More intensive work will
be required to document their occurrence on this area. For any ferret manage-
ment program to be successful, the ecological needs and biology of prairie dogs
must first be evaluated. Problems with prairie dog management were discussed
earlier in this report. A generally negative attitude towards ferrets was
expressed by landowners of the study area (data from questionnaire returns and
personal interviews). The attitudes are not the result of any dislike of
ferrets per se but have developed from fear of political fallout if a ferret
sighting occurred in this area. For a ferret management program to be success-
ful, these fears must be allayed and the cooperation of the landowners must be
insured.

Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) - In the period before settlement grey wolves were
common on this area. The situation changed dramatically with the destruction
of the bison herds and the introduction of domestic livestock. Concurrent with
this change a great deal of control was exerted on wolves and other predators in
this area. Control measures ranged from shooting and trapping to poison baits.
Adverse affects of these baits on wolves and other species, most notably the
raptorial birds, were noted by Cameron (1907, 1908). By the early 1900's the
wolves in the area were under control and, in fact, declining rapidly. Presented
below are bounty claims for Prairie County and excerpts from the Terry Tribune
which tell the story of the wolf's last years in this area (data compiled by
Ken Hamlin).

Bounty claims for Prairie County, from the County Courthouse

May 10-Dec. 7, 1915 6 adults and 1 pup

Full year 1916 8 adults and 10 pups

Full year 1917 6 adults

Full year 1918 1 adult

Full year 1919 2 adults

Full year 1920 4 adults

Full year 1921 1 adult

Full year 1922 1 adult

Jan. -May 1923 0 bounty ended at this time

Terry Tribune:

1910 - 6 wolves reported in the Red Hills.

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June 18, 1915 - "Wolves killed a calf on Cherry Creek, they are quite a menace
this summer."

June 25, 1915 - Cherry Creek - 4 colts lost to wolves, went wolfing and got 4
pups.

October 22, 1915 - "Ed Guenthier from Saugus, (authors note: on the current
study area) a few days ago killed one of the largest wolves ever seen In the
Saugus section, it measured 7 feet in length. For the past few years, wolves
have been rather bold in the Saugus section."

January 18, 1918 - wolves and coyotes killing a lot of stock on the northside
(authors note: Cherry Creek area).

February 21, 1919 - Many young cattle and horses killed by wolves on northside
(badlands) .

March 7, 1919 - Hunters looking for wolves - none killed, 3 seen.

July 13, 1923 - the leader of a band of wolves on Cottonwood Creek was killed.

August 24, 1923 - "owing to the fact that wolves and coyotes are getting numerous
on northside ranges and are taking a heavy toll of young stock, the Terry Sports-
men have arranged a wolf hunt . "

The last wolf known to have been killed on this study area was in 1922 by
government trapper Ed Guenther (Haughian, 1977) and may have been the final
wolf which was bountied in Prairie County. No wolves have been seen on this
area since that kill and it is extremely unlikely any occur, or have occurred
since that time. The most recent wolf kill in eastern Montana occurred 24
miles north of Glasgow, Montana (Montana Outdoors, 1979) in October 1978. This
is far north of the present study area. Re introduction of wolves into this
area is not biologically or politically feasible.

Bald Eagle {Hatiaetus leucoaephalus) - All the observations of bald eagles
occurred during the period from December to March. The greatest number that
were observed in a single day occurred on 27 March 1980 when 3 adults and 4 sub-
adults were located on the study area adjacent to the Yellowstone River. This
species was known to winter on the Yellowstone River in this area but no summer
records were recorded and no evidence of breeding was found. Bald eagles
probably winter here as long as the river remains free of ice. Swenson (pers.
comm. ) stated that wintering survey flights conducted in southeastern Montana
indicated that the majority of wintering occurs on river bottoms and that upland
wintering is uncommon and usually within 15 km of a river. Historically, this
species was listed as an occasional visitor which formerly bred here (Cameron
1907). Cameron also reported a nest on the Powder River (south of the present
study area (15-20 km) and stated that two adults were found dead on the Powder
River after eating poison baits put out for wolves.

Peregrine Falcon (Falao peregrinus) ~ Only one sighting of a peregrine falcon
was made on the study area. This observation was recorded by BLM biologist
William Matthews 8 May 1979 and was probably a migrant bird. No evidence of
breeding by this species was recorded on the area during this study, however,
this species was known to breed here in the early 1900's (Cameron 1907). Cameron

-48-

stated this species was a scarce resident and mentioned an eyrie on the north
side of the river about 2 km west of the Terry ferry crossing (The ferry was
located at approximately the same location as the present bridge across the
Yellowstone River at the town of Terry) which places the nest on the present
study area.

Whooping Crane (Grus ameriaana) - No known documented sightings of whooping
cranes occurred on this area. In view of current population levels and lack
of well developed riparian habitats, it is unlikely the area would be utilized
by cranes, even as a resting area during migration, except for rare "accidental"
occurrences. Whooping crane migration routes lie considerably to the east of
this area (Whooping Crane Recovery Team, 1979).

HABITAT PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Any evaluation of potential habitat conflicts resulting from increased human
activity and development must consider the basic biology and general ecology
of the species involved. Very little data is available in these areas for
the majority of nongame species observed on this area. It Is recommended,
therefore, that species-specific studies be initiated to more precisely describe
biological and ecological parameters of the nongame species occurring on the
area. The specific species found on the area which are most desperately in need
of such basic studies, generally, are those listed as being of "special interest
or concern" for Montana. A particular need is to better understand the black-
tailed prairie dog and animals associated with them (i.e., burrowing owls, black-
footed ferrets). Also, the ecological requirements of raptors on the area need
to be further defined. Four species in need of immediate attention are the
prairie falcon, bald and golden eagles, and Ferriginous hawk. Studies should
be directed at determining food habits, territorial requirements, behavior (espe-
cially the tolerance to man-made disturbances), etc. Evidence from the observation
of numerous nongame species suggests that a variety of vegetation types are re-
quired to sustain them. For example, protection of raptor nest sites without
consideration of other aspects of the biology of the animal may be meaningless
if foraging areas, territorial requirements, etc. are compromised.

Once such species-specific information is available it will be possible to
better evaluate the potential impacts of various land use decisions, and to make
decisions which will permit the maintenance and/or enhancement of nongame wild-
life. When the impacts of various land use decisions are evaluated, care should
be taken not to overlook the insidious aspects of habitat conflicts (i.e., distur-
bance factors, etc.).

Because data on nongame species are so limited, it is difficult to determine
the potential impacts of the various types of land uses. Data from this study
shows that extreme drought conditions has adverse impacts on many species of
nongame wildlife. Heavy livestock grazing during such periods probably increases
the impacts of drought. Consideration should be given to reduced or restricted
grazing during periods of drought to lessen impacts on nongame wildlife. Obser-
vations during this study have also shown that even a small increase in human
activity can adversely affect some nongame species. In view of this, current
energy exploration (seismograph work, test wells, etc.) should be confined to
the period of October through March to minimize impacts on nongame wildlife.
Also, work should be conducted in such a manner so as to prevent disturbance of
wintering bald eagles on the Yellowstone River.

LITERATURE CITED

Bent, A. C. 1938. Life histories of North American birds of prey. Dover
Publications, Inc. New York, New York. 482 pp.

Black, J. H. 1970. Amphibians of Montana. Montana Wildlife, January, 1970.
32 pp.

Burt, W. H. and R. P. Grossenheider . 1964. A field guide to the mammals.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 284 pp.

Cameron, E. S. 1907. The birds of Custer and Dawson Counties. Auk 24:241-270.

. 1907. Ibid (continuation of above). Auk 24:389-407.

. 1908. Ibid (conclusion of series). Auk 25:39-56.

Climatological data, 1978-80. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Miles City, Montana, FAA AP.

Ellis, D. H. 1976. First breeding records of merlins in Montana. Condor 78:112-
114.

Flath, D. L. 1978. At home with the prairie dog. Montana Outdoors. March/
April 1978. p. 3-8.

. 1979. Personal Communication.

. 1979a. Nongame species of special interest or concern. Wildlife

Division, Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. 73 pp.

. 1979b. Evaluation of sampling techniques for small mammal community

species composition. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the
American Society of Mammologists, Portland, Oregon, June 20, 1979. 7 pp.

. 1979c. Annual report nongame surveys and inventory. Wildlife Division,

Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. 36 pp.

Haughian, M. 1977. By the banks of the Yellowstone. Published by author.
Terry, Montana. 120 pp.

Henderson, F. R. , D. F. Springer and R. Adrian. 1974. The black-footed ferret
in South Dakota. South Dakota Dept. of Game, Fish and Parks. Tech. Bull.
No. 4, 37 pp.

Hickey, J. J. and S. A. Mikol. 1979. Estimating breeding-bird densities on
coal lands in Montana and Wyoming. FWS, U.S. Dept. of the Interior.
181 pp.

Hinz, T. 1980. Personal Communication.

Hitchcock, C. L. and A. Cronquist. 1976. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ.
of Washington Press. 730 pp.

Hoffmann, R. S. and D. L. Pattie. 1968. A guide to Montana mammals: identif-
ication, habitat, distribution and abundance. Univ. Mont. Print. Service.
133 pp.

-51-

, et al. 1969. The distribution of some manimals in Montana, I. Mammals

other than bats. J. Mammal. 50(3) :579-604 .

International Bird Census Committee. 1970. Recommendations for an international
standard for a mapping method in bird census work. Audubon Field Notes
24:732-726.

Knowles, C. J. 1979. Personal Communication-
Martin, P. R. 1978. Black-footed ferret inventory and management development
plan for southeastern Montana. FWS, U.S. Dept . of the Interior. 31 pp.

, and K. L. DuBois. 1980. Southeast Montana wildlife study progress

report. Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 48 pp.

Matthews, W. L. 1979. Wibaux-Beach wildlife baseline study — nongame species.
93 pp.

. 1980. Wildlife of Prairie County Terry study area. Bureau of Land

Management. 52 pp.

Montana Outdoors. 1979. "Was a wolf killed in Valley County?" Vol. 10, No. 1.
pp. 9-10.

Munson, J. R. 1979. Wibaux-Beach wildlife baseline study — game species. 42 pp.

Murie, 0. J. 1975. A field guide to animal tracks. Second Edition. Houghton
Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 375 pp.

Nichols, P. 1979. Personal Communication.

Postupalsky, S. 1974. Raptor reproductive success: some problems with methods,
criteria and herminology. Raptor Res. Rept . No. 2:21-31.

Reichel, J. P. 1976. Coyote-prey relationships of the National Bison Range.
M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Montana, Missoula.

Reukhauf , W. 1979. Personal Communication.

Robbins, C. S., B. Bruun and H. S. Zim. 1966. A guide to field identification
of birds of North America. Western Publishing Company, Racine, Wisconsin.
340 pp.

Sanders, A. A. 1916. Additions to the birds of Custer County, Montana. Auk
33:203-205.

Skaar, P. D. 1980. Montana bird distribution. Privately printed. Bozeman,
Montana. 66 pp.

Stebbins, R. C. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. The
Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 279 pp.

Swenson, J. 1970. Notes on distribution of Myotis leibii in eastern Montana.
Blue Jay 28 (4) : 173-174.

-52-

. 1978. Intake terrestrial wildlife study final report. Intake Water

Company. 7 2 pp.

. 1980. Personal Communication.

Thorne, P. M. 1895. List of birds observed in the vicinity of Fort Keogh,
Montana, from July, 1888 to September, 1892. Auk 12:211-219.

Whooping Crane Recovery Team. 1978. Whooping crane recovery plan. December
1978. FWS, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 178 pp.

APPENDIX

-54-

Table 9 . Precipitation records from U.S. Department of Commerce
CI imato logical Data, Miles City FAA AP station.

1978

1979

1980

Precipitation (cm) Deviation from normal (cm)

January 1.30 0.05

February 3.02 1,73

March 0.31 -1.35

April 1.19 -2.01

May 17.30 12.07

June 3.53 -4.90

July 6.38 2.44

August 2.06 -0.99

September 8.64 5.61

October 0.69 -1.12

November 5.51 4.22

December 1.60 0.38

TOTAL 51.53 16.13

January 0.84 -0.41

February 2.90 1.60

March 0.66 -0.99

April 1.93 -1.27

May 3.45 -1.79

June 1.96 -6.48

July 7.09 3.15

August 1.70 -1.35

September 0.08 -2.95

October 0.81 -0.99

November 0.51 -0.79

December 0.13 -1 . 09

TOTAL 22.06 -13.36

January 0.84 -0.41

February 0.84 -0.46

March 0.71 -0.94

April 1.68 -1.52

May 0.71 -4.52

June 7.67 -0.76

-55-

Table 10. Vegetation frequency (% occurrence In 100 2x5 dm frames) for
the four major vegetation types.

Vegetation Ty

1
pe 1

SPECIES

-a
c

(0
iH
0)
M

ca
u

o

Sage-
Grassland

Q)
U
U

CO

c

(0

t-H

•a

CO

GRAMINOIDS

Agropyvon dasy staahyum (thickspike wheatgrass)

5

6

Aqropyron aristatim (crested wheatgrass)

3

Agvopyron smithii (western wheatgrass)

54

70

64

12

Acjropypon spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass)

3

1

22

Agvopyron trachyaaulum

2

Andvopogon saoparius (little bluestem)

2

9

Bouteloua qraoilis (blue grama)

36

52

18

14

Bromus teatorum (cheatgrass)

3

Calamovilfa longi folia (prairie sandreed)

5

7

1

11

Carex fili folia (threadleaf sedge)

26

4

8

Carex sp. (sedge)

4

Distichlis striata (saltgrass)

6

22

5

Festuca oatoflora (six weeks fescue)

1

.

Hordewn jubatum (foxtail barley)

1

Koeleria ovistata (prairie junegrass)

11

1

1

Poa oompressa

4

Poa sandberqii (sandberg bluegrass)

9

14

5

2

Schedonnardus paniaulatus (tumblegrass)

7

1

Stipa comata (needle and thread)

80

42

24

10

Stipa viridula (green needlegrass)

2

FORBS

Astragalus qilviflorus (milkvetch)

1

t

Chaenactis douqlasii (dusty maiden)

1

Chenovodium sv. (lamb's quarter)

1

Chrusopsis villosa (golden aster)

7

Comandra imbellata (bastard toadflax)

3

Gaura ooccinea (gaura)

9

Gluaurrhiza lepidota (wild licorice)

2

Gvindelia squarrosa (gumweed)

1

-56-

Table 10. Continued.

Vegetation Type

SPECIES

(0

to

CO

cd
u
o

c

CO

r-{
1 CO
dJ CO

60 to

n) u

U
U

CO

•a

c
to

•o

10

PQ

FORBS CON'T

Lyqodesmia junaea (skeletonweed)

4

1

Mammillaria vivipara (pink pincushion cactus)

1

Melilotus officinale (yellow sweetclover)

6

Monolepis nuttalliana (mololepis)

4

Muhlenhergia ouspidata (mountain muhly)

4

4

Opuntia polyaeantha (prickly pear)

1

11

2

3

Phlox hoodii (Hood's phlox)

16

3

6

Plantago elongata (plantain)

1

Salsola kali (Russian thistle)

1

Sphaeralaea aooainea (scarlet globemallow)

12

9

1

Sporoholus aivoides (alkali sacaton)

4

Sporobolus GTyptandrus (sand dropseed)

3

Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)

3

5

Thevmopsis rhombifolia (golden pea)

1

Vicia americana (American vetch)

4

1

-

SHRUBS AND SUBSHRUBS

Artemisia cava (silver sage)

22

Artemisia frigida (fringed sage)

22

15

4

Artemisia longifolia (longleaf sage)

1

Artemisia ludoviciana (cudweed sagewort)

2

Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush)

10

1

8

Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale saltbrush)

1

Atriplex dioica

1

Atriplex nuttallii (saltbrush)

6

Eurotia lanata (winterfat)

5

Gutierrezia saro.thrae (broom snakeweed)

3

1 7

Saraobatus vermiculatus (greasewood)

3

NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

Equisetum awense (snakegrass)

1

-57-

Table 11. Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the creek vegetation
type.

-ab

Species (singing mal

es)

^

u

M

u

cu

•a

T3 U

u

c

u

u

D.

0) -o

(U (U

(U

^1

<u

nJ

u

nj

-d

T3

a.

bO 1-1

T) J«!

c

to

X

Q)

M

CrH

0)

a

C ^1

C M

o 3

i-i

C -H

to O

u

- 3

CO

•a D.

3

u 13

(U

Crt

U -H

U -H

^ o

C 0)

•H XI

<0 0)

0) 0)

u o

•a -H

<U -H

0) o

T)

(U ^

<U ^

CO u

o ^

:s M

33 a

x: -H

(U u

(U UA

4J CX

0)

u "O

r^

^

W 60

JJ M

M M

S u

1 u

1 t3

u o

3 U

U 60

4J 13

w

Date

m <fl

r-l

M

to C

0) C

« to

B "H

-d to

-a o

U -H

(U to

r-H C

O C

3

(U <U

•H

to

tfl -H

0) -H

u a

O r-\

0) .H

0) o

O U

M &

0) -H

D- to

O

.^^

!^

h4

a l:^

3 t«i

O crt

a (K

pj PQ

Di S

■z o

PQ CO

M t^

CAl W

3S

6-6-79

10

6

1

0

3

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

6-8-79

10

7

0

2

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

6-9-79

10

4

2

2

2

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

6-10-79

8

5

2

2

1

0

2

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

6-19-79

8

4

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

6-21-79

15

4

2

0

2

2

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

6-22-79

11

3

2

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Maximum No.

Singing

Males

15

7

2

2

3

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Average No.

Singing

Males

10.29

4.71

1.29

1.14

1.4:

.71

.71

.43

.57

.29

.43

.14

.29

.14

No. Breed in;

r
>

Pairs/100 ha

51.5

23.6

6.5

5.7

7.2

3.6

3.6

2.2

2.9

1.5

2.2

0.7

1.5

0.7

Species without singing males observed on strip; Horned Lark, Mourning Dove,
Kestrel, Brown-Headed Cowbird, Starling, Savannah Sparrow, Lark Bunting,
Cliff Swallow, Brewer's Blackbird.

Additional species observed (off the strip) while running route; Rock Wren,
Say's Phoebe, Red-Tailed Hawk.

-58-

Table 12. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the creek vegetation
type.

Species (singing nlales)

Date

Western
Meadowlark

)-i

OJ

Xl
■H
.H
■H

Eastern
Kingbird

Lark
Sparrow

Red-Winged
Blackbird

Common
Flicker

Brown-Headed
Cowbird

Belted
Kingfisher

00
C

•H

c

U 0)
3 >

O O

Western
Kingbird

Brewer's
Sparrow

Grasshopper
Sparrow

Red-Headed
Woodpecker

Common
Crackle

Brewer 's
Blackbird

Brown
Thrasher

5-30-80

12

5

5

3

0

2

3

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

5-31-80

9

3

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

6- 1-80

15

2

1

2

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6- 2-80

5

3

1

1

2

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

6- 3-80

10

3

1

2

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

6- 4-80

9

2

2

1

2

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

6- 5-80

10

2

2

0

1

1

0

1

2

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

Maximum number
singing males

15

5

5

3

2

2

3

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Average number
singing males

10

2.86

1.86

1.29

1.0

1.0

.71

.57

.43

.29

.29

.29

.14

.14

.14

.14

Number breeding
pairs/100 ha.

50.0

14.3

9.3

6.5

5.0

5.0

3.6

2.9

2.2

1.5

1.5

1.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

Species without singing males observed on strip; Horned Lark, Mallard, Starling,
Violet-Green Swallow, Cliff Swallow, Common Nighthawk, Kestrel, American
Goldfinch, Sage Grouse.

Additional species observed (off the strip) while running route; Rock Wren,
Northern Oriole, Sprague's Pipit.

-59-

Table 13. Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the sage-grassland
vegetation type.

3,D

Species (singing males)

Date

u

to

lU o

CO (0

0) a;

00

a

•iH

4J

13
3

to

Brewer's
Sparrow

Lark
Sparrow

Sprague's
Pipit

Grasshopper
Sparrow

Horned Lark

Mourning
Dove

Vesper
Sparrow

6-4-79

14

6

6

2

0

1

1

0

0

6-5-79

13

6

10

3

1

5

0

1

0

6-8-79

11

16

7

0

0

1

0

1

0

6-9-79

13

11

3

5

0

1

0

0

0

6-10-79

7

9

6

5

0

2

0

2

0

6-17-79

8

0

4

1

0

0

1

1

0

6-19-79

7

6

2

2

1

0

0

2

1

Max. No. Singing
Males

14

16

10

5

1

5

1

2

1

Ave. No. Singing
Males

10.43

7.71

5.43

2.57

.29

1.43

.29

1.0

.14

No. Breeding
Pairs/100 ha.

52.2

38.6

27.2

12.9

1.5

7.2

1.5

5

0.7

Species without singing males observed on strip; Common Nighthawk, Brewer's
Blackbird, Black-Billed Magpie, Short-Eared Owl, Cliff Swallow, Killdeer.

' Additional species observed (off the strip) while running route; Clay-Colored
Sparrow.

-60-

Table 14. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the sage-grassland
vegetation type.

Species

(singing ma

les)^^

Date

U
- "^

C rH

<u o

<U OJ

Lark
Sparrow

Horned
Lark

Brewer ' s
Sparrow

Loggerhead
Shrike

5-30-80

9

0

0

0

0

5-31-80

6

2

0

0

0

6- 1-80

7

2

0

0

0

6- 2-80

2

1

1

0

0

6- 3-80

5

1

1

2

0

6- 4-80

5

0

0

0

1

6- 5-80

8

2

1

0

0

Maximum number
singing males

9

2

1

2

1

Average Number
singing males

6.0

1.14

.43

.29

.14

Number Breeding
Pairs/100 ha.

30.0

5.7

2.2

1.5

0.7

Species without singing males observed on strip; Lark Bunting, Brown-Headed
Cowbird, Mourning Dove, Killdeer, Black-Billed Magpie, Red-Winged Blackbird.

Additional species observed (off the strip) while running route; Rock Wren,
Ring-Necked Pheasant, Canada Goose.

-61-

Table 15. Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the grassland vegetation
type.

Species (singing males)

Date

Western
Meadowlark

Horned
Lark

Grasshopper
Sparrow

Sprague's
Pipit

Chestnut
Collared
Longspur

3

o
)^

.i«! 1-1

u to
to a

h4 Crt

6-21-79

4

4

4

1

4

0

6-22-79

7

4

5

6

5

0

6-23-79

5

6

12

4

3

0

6-26-79

8

13

10

2

6

1

6-27-79

9

4

9

2

5

2

6-28-79

3

5

4

1

3

0

7- 2-79

5

13

4

1

2

0

Maximum Number
Sinking Males

9

13

12

6

6

2

Average Number
Singing Males

5.86

7.0

6.86

2.43

4.0

.43

Number Breeding
Pairs/100 ha.

29.3

35

34.3

12.2

20

2.2

Species without singing males observed on strip; Brewer's Blackbird, Lark
Bunting.

Additional species observed (off the strip) while running route; Killdeer,
Upland Sandpiper.

-62-

Table 16 . Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the grassland vegetation
type.

j Species (sinking males)

Date

Horned
Lark

Western
Meadowlark

Chest nut-
Collared
Longspur

Grasshopper
Sparrow

Brewer's
Sparrow

Lark
Sparrow

Vesper
Sparrow

Brewer's
Blackbird

6-10-80

8

5

2

0

0

0

0

1

6-17-80

9

4

2

0

0

0

0

0

6-18-80

9

2

0

0

1

0

1

0

6-19-80

7

3

0

1

0

0

0

0

6-20-80

7

2

0

1

1

1

0

1
0

6-24-80

6

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

6-25-80

7

3

0

1
0

0

0

0

0

Maximum Number
Singing Males

9

5

2

1

1

1

1

1

Average Number
Singing Males

7.57

3.14

.57

.29

.29

.14

.14

.14

Number Breeding
Pairs/100 ha.

37.9

15.7

2.9

1.5

_1.5_

0.7 0.7

0.7

Species without singing males observed on strip; Cliff Swallow, Killdeer.

Additional species observed (off the strip) while running route; Long-Billed
Curlew, Common Crow, Kestrel, Brown-Headed Cowbird.

-63-

Table 17 . Results of the 1979 breeding bird survey in the badlands
vegetation type.

Species (singing males) ^

Date

to

C rH

u S

(U o

m (0

0) (U

c

V

Lark
Sparrow

Mourning
Dove

0)

CO xi

- o
>, <u

CO J=
V3 (X,

Loggerhead
Shrike

6-23-79

17

2

3

1

0

0

6-26-79

5

2

1

1

1

1

6-27-79

7

0

4

0

1

1

6-28-79

9

3

7

0

0

6-29-79

4

2

5

0

1

7- 2-79

9

3

4

0

0

7- 7-79

2

2

3

0

1

Maximum Number
Singing Males

17

3

7

1

1

Average Number
Singing Males

7.57

2.0

3.86

.86

.29

.57

Number Breeding
Pairs/100 ha.

37.9

10.0

19.3

4.3

1.5

2.9

Species without singing males observed on strip; Brewer's Blackbird, Black-
Billed Magpie, Common Nighthawk, Brown Thrasher, American Goldfinch.

-64-

Table 18. Results of the 1980 breeding bird survey in the badlands
vegetation type.

Species (singing males)

Date

Western
Meadowlark

Lark
Sparrow

M c

O 0)

o u
PA 3

Mourning
Dove

Say's
Phoebe

Loggerhead
Shrike

6-10-80

2

2

2

1

1

1

6-17-80

5

2

1

1

0

0

6-18-80

7

3

2

0

1

1

6-19-80

5

3

0

0

2

1

6-20-80

5

3

0

2

0

0

6-24-80

2

2

1

1

0

0

6-25-80

4

2

0

0

0

1

Maximum Number
Singing Males

7

3

2

2

2

1

Average Number
Singing Males

4.29

2.43

.86

.71

.57

.57

Number Breeding
Pairs/100 ha.

21.5

12.2

4.3

3.6

2.9

2.9

Species without singing males observed on strip; Brewer's Blackbird,
Kestrel, Red-Winged Blackbird.

Additional species observed (off the gtrip) while running route; Common
Nighthawk, Ring-Necked Pheasant, Black-Billed Magpie.

-65-

Table 19,

Exact locations of breeding bird and small mammal lines.

Breeding Bird Lines

Sage-grassland
Grassland
Badlands
Creek

T10NR48E
T13NR48E
T12NR51E
T11NR49E

start Sec. 13NW'4

start Sec. SZNE^s

start Sec. SSElj

start Sec. 16NWls

end Sec. 12NW!s

end Sec. 28NE!i

end Sec. 6SE?i

end Sec. 8NYh

Summer Small Mammal Lines
Sage-grassland
Grassland
Badlands
Creek

Ponderosa Pine Badland
Limber Pine Badland
Grassland Coulees

Line #1
T10NR48ES13NW52;
T13NR48ES32NEJs
T12NR51ES5SEJz;
TllNR49ES22NEJi
T13NR50ES34SW1s
T12NR49ES5SW!5;
T13NR48ES32SEJi

Line #2
T10NR48ES12SW1s
T13NR48ES29SEJ£
T12NR51ES5NWli
TllNR49ES9SWls

Fall Small Mammal Lines
Sage-grassland
Grassland
Badlands
Creek

T10NR49ES5SEJi;
T13NR49ES12SWis
T13NR50ES34SWk
T10NR48ES10NEJt

-66-

Table 20. Exact location and status of all known raptor nests on the
study area in 1979.

Species

Location

Status

Nest Structure

Red-Tailed Hawk

T13NR48ESllSEk

Active 1+ young

Cottonwood tree

T13NR48ES12SEJz;

Active 1+ young

Cottonwood tree

T13NR49ES17NWJ2;

Active 1+ young

Cottonwood tree

T13NR49ES14S^^^^;

Active 2+ young

Cottonwood tree

T12NR50ES22NWis

Active 1+ young

Cottonwood tree

T11NR49ES5SE12;

Active 1+ young

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES35SE12;

Active 1+ young

Cottonwood tree

TllNR48ES29NWh:

Active, presence of

young unknown

Cottonwood tree

Great Horned Owl

T13NR48ES11SEJz;

Active 2 young

Cavity in cottonwood

T12NR50ES28NW52;

Active 1+ young

Sandstone outcrop

T12NR49ES36NWis

Active 3 young

Sandstone outcrop

T13NR48ES32SEiz;

Active 3 young

Sandstone ledge in
grassland coulee

TllNR49ES16NWis

Active 1+ young

Sandstone outcrop

TllNR48ES2NEi5

Active 1 young

Old red-tailed nest
in cottonwood

T10NR49ES30NWJs

Active 3 young

Abandoned building

Golden Eagle

T12NR50ESlNWls

Active 1 young

Cliff

TllNR49ES23SWJs

Active 1 young

Cliff-portion of cliff
with nest broke away
in October

T10NR49ES4NWii

Nest found after
young had fledged

Cliff

Prairie Falcon

T13NR49ES26SEJS

Active 2+ young

Cavity in sandstone
outcrop

TllNR48ES25ra5i

Active 2+ young

Cavity in sandstone
outcrop

American Kestrel

T13NR49ES14SWJ2;

Active

Cavity in cottonwood

T12NR50ES22SEJs

Active

Cavity in cottonwood

Inactive

T13NR50ES26NEJa

Probably red-tailed hawk

Cottonwood tree

TllNR49ES15SWJs

Cottonwood tree

T11NR48ES23SEJs

Probably golden eagle

Sandstone pinnacle

TllNR48ES32SE}i

Probably red-tailed hawk

Cottonwood tree

T10NR48ES4NWi2;

Golden eagle

Cliff

Unknown

T13NR49ES15NWJ2;

Cottonwood tree

T13NR50ES19NWiz;

Cottonwood tree

T12NR51ES8SWh;

Cottonwood tree

T12NR50ES13NWJz;

Cottonwood tree

1 T12NR48ES26SWJz; 1

Probably red-tailed hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES26NWJi

Probably red-tailed hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES22SEis

Probably red-tailed hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES28SEJi

Cottonwood tree

^T12NR48ES30NE?i ]

Cottonwood tree

-67-

Table 21. Exact location and status of all known raptor nests on the
study area in 1980.

Species

Location

Status

Nest Structure

Red-Tailed Hawk

TllNR48ES16SEli

Active

Cottonwood tree

T11NR48ES6SE5s

Active

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES30NE52;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES26SWia

Active

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES22SE12;

Active, then abandoned

Cottonwood tree

TllNR50ES4SWlz;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T12NR50ES13NWJ2;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T12NR51ES8SW!z;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T13NR50ES19NWJ2;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T13NR49ES14SWJ2;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T13NR49ES17NW5i;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T13NR48ES11SEJ2;

Active

Cottonwood tree

T13NR48ES12SEis

Active, displaced Great
Horned Owls which had
occupied the nest

Cottonwood tree

Great Horned Owl

T10NR49ES30NWJi

Active 3 young fledged

Abandoned building

THNR48ES36NWJ2;

Active

Abandoned red-tailed
nest in cottonwood

T11NR49ES16NW52;

Active 1+ young

Sandstone outcrop

TllNR49ES7NEJs

Active

Abandoned red-tailed
nest in cottonwood

TllNR48ES2NE?s

Active 1+ young

Abandoned red-tailed
nest in cottonwood

T12NR50ES28NWJs

Active J

Sandstone outcrop

T12NR50ES22NWis

Active

Abandoned red-tailed
nest in cottonwood

Golden Eagle

TllNR48ES32SEJi

Occupied inactive

Cottonwood tree

T11NR48ES23SE%

Active

Sandstone pinnacle

T10NR49ES4NW%

Active 1 young fledged

Cliff

T12NR50ESlNl^'a

Occupied inactive

Cliff

Prairie Falcon

T10NR48ES22NEJ5

Active

Cavity in sandstone
outcropping

T11NR48ES25NV^

Active

Cavity in sandstone
outcropping

T11NR49ES30NWJ2:

Active

Cavity in sandstone
outcropping

T12NR48ES3SEJz;

Probably active, nest
located after young
fledged

Cavity in sandstone
outcropping

T12NR49ES5SWJ2;

Active 5 young fledged

Cavity in scoria
outcrop

T12NR49ES28NEJs

Active

Cavity in sandstone
outcrop

T12NR51ES7SWJ2;

Active 1 Cavity in cliff

T13NR49ES26SEJs

Active 1+ young

Cavity in sandstone

pinnacle

-68-

Table 21

Continued.

Species

Location

Status

Nest Structure

American Kestrel

T10NR49ES19SWls

Active

Cavity in cotton-
wood tree

TllNR48ES2NElz;

Active

Cavity in cotton-
wood tree

T12NR50ES22SE?2;

Active

Cavity in cotton-
wood tree

Burrowing Owl

TllNR49ES25NWli

Active

Prairie dog burrow

TllNR48ES12SEis

Active

Prairie dog burrow

Ferruginous Hawk

T13NR48ES34SWJi

Ac t ive

Scoria butte

Merlin

T13NR49ES36NWJs

Actual nest not located

Inactive

T10NR48ES13SWis

Cliff

T10NR48ES4Wia

Golden Eagle

Cliff

T11NR48ES29NW%

Red -Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T10NR49ES17NWls

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T11NR49ES15SW%

Cottonwood tree

TllNR49ES5SEli

Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T11NR49ES6SE12;

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES35SE!i

Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES 341^-2;

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES28SE52;

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES26NWi2;

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES15SWJ2;

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR48ES3NEJ2:

Ferruginous Hawk (active

1977)

Sandstone butte

T13NR48ES34SEJ2;

Ferruginous Hawk

Scoria butte

T12NR49ES5SEls

Golden Eagle

Limber pine

T12NR50ES14SEi2;

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T12NR51ES8NEJi

Possibly used by Great
Horned Owl in early spring

Cottonwood tree

T13NR50ES26NE!i

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T13NR50ES23SW12:

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

T13NR49ES15NWJi

Probably Red-Tailed Hawk

Cottonwood tree

-69-

Table 22. QUESTIONNAIRE.

1. List your order of preference for the land uses listed below.

A. Existing land use (i.e. grazing, ranching).

B. Future energy developments (coal mines, oil wells, etc.)

C. Wilderness designation (for that portion of the area from Custer

Creek east to Terry) .

How would you feel about wilderness designation for the area if you would
still be allowed to maintain and use existing roads, wells, fences, etc.

3. What are your feelings about nong.3me wildlife (i.e. songbirds, hawks, snakes,
mice, etc.). Do you enjoy them, feel indifferent, etc.

4. What are your feelings on prairie dogs? What level (how many acres) of

dog towns would you tolerate on your ranch (none, 300 acres, 1 section, etc.)

5. Would you support programs to enhance and/or maintain certain species of
nongame wildlife on your ranch and if so under what conditions?

What are your feelings with regard to recreational users of you ranch and

how many users would be a tolerable level (i.e. none, 20 or more per year, etc.)

What are your feelings toward endangered species (black footed ferret, bald
eagles, peregrine falcon)? Would you like to see them protected? And would
you be willing to give up some existing practices to save them?

-70-

Table 22. Continued,

If active energy developments were initiated, what restrictions would
you like to see placed on such developments.

The following space is provided for any additional comments or suggestions
you may have regarding the Terry Badlands nongame survey.

Thank you very much for your cooperation and ideas.