MERA GRAAL EMA AMAA ES

EX LIBRIS
William Healey Dall

Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library

This book was bound through

the generosity of the

NATIONAL CAPITAL SHELL CLUB

Division of Molluske
ional Library

<i ene e = ee Oe Sas

PIES hype EA BRITANNICA’

A dard vy of (lastory

ee

BRITISH SHELLS: —~)
ee ee Saar 5a
MARINE, = and pan SH - Warer>

ee the id manite : LA arranged ee

Division of Mollusks

go eee t ~~ Sectionc ‘Library
EMBELLISHED wih FIGURE S,
OO ae vs vy ) in ee
Lae eee

GEORGE MONTAGU. EL.S.

Gz SS Se ie ding 7 ccf ho ldbo.a ait
Esa Veber Od tH Mer Hay Of Soon tho » fram rea
scale ff bee cH 1 holds arank, which loot
rigs YAS Vn n,and leave tchind a gap
Whi ch nalured self would rue.
Part 1. ) Sidliryf lect

a «<a S
‘on oe ANG? “4. Fam a

~ Sa =—_
ari Ce, VEEP F vine PMs
i a

e@ ©

Vat “eater freateie':
q a ors

eh ay

iu

TESTACEA BRITANNICA:

OR,

BRITISH SHE LES.

PART I.

PRINTED BY J. S. HOLLIS, ROMSEY :

AND SOLD BY J. WHITE; FLEET-STREET, LONDON.

La

7 1
INTRODUCTION.
—e>—

AS natural hiftory has, within the laft half century.
occupied the attention and pens of the ableft philofo-
phers of the more enlightened parts of the globe, there
needs no apology for the following fheets ; fince the
days of darknefs are now paft, when the refearches of
the naturalift were confidered as trivial and uninte

refling.

In the prefent age, it is acknowledged, that every link
in the great chain of nature is important, the ftudy of
which may tend not only to the comforts and luxuries
of life, but to the love, adoration, and, admiration of

that being, who alone was capable of forming the whole.

When the great Linn aus firft began his fyftem of
nature, he did not confider conchology as worthy his no-
tice, as fhells are only the covering or exuvie of ani-

mals; but as their extreme beauty, and variety, natu-

rally attrated attention, and their durability enabled

A 2! thena

il

them to be preferved without trouble, no branch of

natural hiftory has been more fought after.

If it were poffible to add to the defcription of each
fhell, that of the hiftory of the animal inhabitant, it
would, moft undoubtedly, have been of great importance

with refpeét to their arrangement: fuch indeed has been

partially attempted, but if we confider the difficulty of

obtaining the greater proportion of fhells in a recent,
or living ftate, we fhall at once perceive the impoffibi-

bility of clafling them by the animal.

Great as the difficulty may be, to define the nu-
merous fpecies according to the Linnzan, or any other
method, by the order, fituation, and number of teeth,
and formation of the hinges, in bivalves; and the ftruc-
ture of the mouth, or aperture, in univalves; yet we
believe it is lefs perplexing, than it would be by the
animal itfelf, from the impoffibility of inveftigating by
diffection, the anatomical parts of the more minute
fpecies : fo that upon the whole, it muft be confeffed,
though arbitrary, the only, method of throwing fhells

into divifions or genera is, by their form and ftrudture.

Various have been the attempts of different authors

with regard to fyftematic arrangement, but we do not
think

P ill
think they have improved upon the Linnean plan, or
in the leaft elucidated the fubje€t: it muft, however, be
confeffed, that fome of the generic charaéters of that
great naturalift, are not fufficient diftinétions, though
we admit, it would perhaps be difficult to alter them for
the better: and as to the animals, that inhabit the fame
genus of fhells, being all the fame, as has been generally
fuppofed, we may venture to afirm, that fimilar fhells
are fometimes inhabited by very different animals; and
that few of the Linnzan genera of teftacea, are wholly
inhabited by the fame kind of animal. On this fubjeé,
however, much remains to be done, being as yet in

confiderable obfcurity.

Some new genera might probably be formed with
advantage, as a vait variety of fhells have been difcover-
ed fince the laft edition of the Syftema Nature, which
were wholly unknown to Linn 2us ; and amongft them
many productions of our own coafts, which do not
ftritly belong to any of the Linnean genera. We have,
however, pretty ftri€tly adhered to that arrangement,

except in a few inftances.

The genus Lepas, we have divided into two: after
the plan of Doftor PuttreNney, as not pofflefling any

fimilitude, except in that of the animal inhabitants.
Thofe

iv
Thofe of the feffile kind, are termed Balanus ; while the
pedunculated are continued under their original title.
In the Oftrea, thofe which are aurited, are feparated
under the generic denomination of Peéten; and we have
alfo added a new genus next to the Serpula, for fuch as
bear fome affinity to that tribe, but do not come under
the Linnzan charatters of the genus, being indepen-
dent, and not affixed by the bafe to other bodies; which
we heave called Vermiculum. Thefe laft, indeed, were
almoft wholly unknown to Linn aus, and are entirely

of the more minute kind.

In the fpecies, as far as were known to that author,
we have alfo retained his trivial names, wherever they
could be clearly identified, except in a few imftances,
where thofe of fome englifh authors were adopted, as
better known to the britifh conchologift; or where we

had occafion to place them in different genera.

It is not our intention to trace the hiftory of con-
chology frem the earlieft writers on ‘the fubjeét, as we
have chiefly quoted thofe of more recent date, fince

that branch of philofophy has been better underftood.

Amongft the foreign topical writers, Marrin1,
Cremnitz, MuLLerR, SCHROETER, and GUALTIERI

ftand

Vv
itand high in reputation, to whom we have referred in
general ; efpecially the copious works of the two for-
mer, whofe numerous figures have, by the aid of GmeL-

iN, enabled us to afcertain many of the Linnean fpecies.

Of englifh teftaceological authors, there are few
who have treated on the fubjeé at large; amongft thefe
Lister ftands foremoft, and who firft attempted a de-
{cription of englifh fhells in 1678, in his Hiftoria Ani-
malium Anglie; and afterwards his Synopfis, which
contains, amongft a vaft variety of foreign f{pecies, all
his englifh fhells, with additions. This work was finifh-
ed in 1694, and the laft edition was publifhed at Oxford
in 1770, under the infpection of Do€tor HuppEsrorp.

After Lister, PeTIVvER was the only one for fome
years, who added io conchology any thing new, except
a few provincial hiftorians, Plor, Morton, BorLase,
Date and others. Nothing, however, appeared in the
leaft compleat on the fubje@, exclufively on englifh fhells,
for near a century after the writings of Lister, when
Mr. PENNANT treated profeffedly on that hiftory, in
the fourth volume of his Britifh Zoology, publifhed in
1777; to the no {mall advantage of that {cience, by the
addition of a great number of well executed figures, and
by far the greater part of what he defcribed; in which

he nearly adhered to the Linnzan fyftem.
In

Vi

In the year 1778, Da Cosra brought out his Hifto-
ria Naturalis Teftaceorum Britanniz, or Britifh Concho-
logy, with copious defcriptions, embellifhed with 123 fi-
gures of diftin@ {pecies, many of which were unknown
to preceding writers. This author has profeffedly en-
tered upon a new fyftem, built upon his Elements of
Conchology, before publifhed; and it is to be lamented,
that he did not at leaft adopt the Linnzan fpecific, or
trivial names, to which the ear of the conchologift has
been fo long familiarized: his fynonyms, however, are

copious, which facilitates the identity of each {pecies.

At this time, no one had thought the more minute
fhells of our coafts, of fufficient importance to give them
a thorough inveftigation, or at leaft to defcribe them,
although fomething of this nature had been attempted
at Rome by PLAncus in 1760, entitled Liber de Conchis_

minus Notis, in Littore Ariminenfi.

To the indefatigable refearches of Mr. Boys of
Sandwich, this tafk was referved, by whofe ample affift-
ance Mr. WALKER was madeacquainted with all the mi-
crofcopic fhells of that coaft, which enabled him in the
year 1784 to publifh a work, entitled Teftacea minuta
rariora; in which are defcribed 87 minute fpecies, ac-
companied with figures, the moft part of which were
entirely new. This undertaking laid open an entire new

field

vil

field in britifh teftaceology; and thofe who have fince
paid any attention to the fubjeét muft own, that their
labours are amply repaid by the fuperior beauty and
elegance of this diminutive tribe; and it muft be con-
felfed, that the hiftory of fhells cannot be compleat
without them. From thefe probably fome new genera
might be, with propriety, formed; and to which alone
we are indebted for feveral fpecies of the Nautilus ge-

nus, a defideratum before in the britifh Fauna.

Since this period, a catalogue and defcription of
fhells, found in Dorfetfhire by Do&tor Puttreney, has
been given in Hurcuins’s hiftory of that county;

amongft which are many new and rare fpecies.

Mr. Donovan is alfo at this time publifhing a Hif-
tory of Britifh Shells, with elegant coloured figures,
whichis to be concluded in fixty numbers, making five
vols. o€tavo, four of which have already been laid be-
fore the public; thefe, however, have not included the

more minute fpecies.

In the Linnzan Tranfa€tions Mr. ApaAms has entered
upon the fubjeét of minute fhells, and has given figures

of feveral perfeétly new, from the fouth coaft of Wales.

b Much

Vill

Much, however, remains to be done; for when we

confider the locality of the produétions of nature, and
the {mall portion of our extenfive coafts, which have
been examined with a microfcopic eye, it need not be
feared that the fubjeét will foon be exhaufted, or that we
have yet a knowledge of one half of the fmaller {pecies,
which elude the refearches of the naked eye. In order,
therefore, to make the hiftory of britif conchology as
compleat as the nature of things would admit, a work
was wanting, that would bring the whole into one view,

fyftematically arranged.

- Such a work we have been induced to undertake,
by the great variety of fhells which have fallen to our
lot to difcover, many of which have never been defcribed
as englifh, and fome entirely new; which, together with

thofe already known, will make near four hundred and

feventy different fpecies; a number far exceeding any
thing hitherto on the fubjeét, and more than treble thofe

defcribed by Da Costa; and we truft it will be re-

ceived with that candour ufually beftowed on fo intri-

cate, and arduous an undertaking; as our beft endea-
vours have not been wanting to elucidate a fubje€&, the
invefligation of which has been produétive of fo much

pleafure and amufement, our refearches having been ex-

tenfive;

oe

ix
tenfive; not confined to the clofet, but have drawn the

hidden treafures from their native fites.

The defcriptions are as concife as poflible, confiftent
with the neceffity of giving a full and perfect idea of each
fpecies; and figures are given of fuch only as are en-
tirely new, or have not appeared in any englifh work,
except in fuch cafes where it was thought requifite for
the purpofe of comparifon.* To which, in many in-
flances, is added a fhort defcription of the animal in-
habitant, a circumftance of no-.fmall importance in aid

“of difcriminating fome nearly allied fpecies; though of

no generic ufe in conchology. An attention to this
alone, could have induced us to refer, in many inftan-

ces to MuLLER.

The fynonyms are drawn from fome of the beft au-
thors, and moft topographical writers omitted, except
in a few cafes, where the objects were in obfcurity.

b 2 Should

* As it was impoflible to be aware of the extent of Mr. Donovan’s cabi-
net, or of the fhells he intended to figure, duplicates will unavoidably occur
in a few inftances in our work, as fome of the plates were engraved when lit-
tle more than two volumes of that publication had made its appearance. Some
fpecies alfo originally intended to have been given in this work, have been
anticipated by Mr Donovan, and thereby we are enabled to refer to good
figures to illuftrate our intentions, without multiplying reprefentations of the
fame fubjects.

x.

Should the following fheets be deemed to poffefs
any {mall {hare of merit, the public are indebted to the
labours of a friend, who not only undertook the en-
graving, but in part alfo the colouring of the figures;
executed from the objeéts themfelves, they are a faith-
ful reprefentation, unadorned with the gaudy, high-

celoured tints, which too often miflead.

But for this affiftance, fo neceffary in the fmaller
{pecies, this work might never have feen the light; and
it is only to be regretted, that it was found too large an
undertaking for the hand that gave it exiftence, to figure

all the fhells that could have been wifhed.

As this friend of fcience, however, may not unde-
fervedly feel the fhafts of the critical artift, it may be
right to difarm them, by obferving that, the feminine
hand of the engraver was felf taught, and claims no
ether merit in the execution, than what refults from a
defire to further fcience by a corre&t reprefentation of
the original drawings, taken by the fame hand; both
equally the works of amufement, not labour for emolu-
ment. Further, it was not originally intended that any
but coloured figures fhould be given, and that only toa
few copies, printed on fuperior paper ; but overpowered
‘by the defire of particular friends, plain imprefficns are

fuffered

- x1

fuffered to go into the world with the inferior copies,
though executed only for the purpofe of colouring,

To the naturalift therefore, and not to the artift an
appeal is made; if the reprefentations are correét out-
lines of the objeéts, the defign is accomplifhed ; and we
truft {cience will be confidered as having reaped mor
advantage from fuch, than fromvhighly finifhed engrav-

ings devoid of corre€tnefs and charaéter.

The fpecies hereafter defcribed, with a few excepti-
ons, are in our own cabinet, and have chiefly been colle&-
ed from their native places by ourlelves, or by the hands
of a few friends, whofe conchological knowledge, and
{cientific refearches are too well known to be doubted :
but under every individual, the authority of its being
britifh will be found; and when any doubts are enter-

tained, it is particularly fpecified.

Aware that fome fhells have been given as englif
which never originated there, we have been cautious of
admitting any thing, but upon the beft authority; and
where we have expreffed doubt, we beg it may not be
confidered as arrogance, ar contempt of the opinion of

sthers, but a wifh to develop truth: weare all liable to
err,

err, but thofe leaft, who fearch for nature where nature

flows.

Subjoined will be found a fuccinét defcription of
the feveral animals inhabiting fhells as recorded by Lrn-
n «us and others: and a fketch of the Mullerian arrang-
ment of univalve fhells, by their feveral inhabitants.
To which is added a copious alphabetical as well as
fyftematical index.

It now only remains for us to return our fincere
thanks to fuch friends as have affifted us through this un-
dertaking with fpecimens, and information on the fub-
jeGt; and we take this opportunity of publicly acknow-
ledging their favours.

Amongtt thefe, particular obligations are due to
our much efteemed friend, and able conchologift, the
late Mr. Boys of Sandwich, by whofe kind affiftance we
have been able to afcertain almoft the whole of the mi-
nute fhells found on that coaft, as publifhed by Waker,
with many additions entirely new.* In thefe acknow-

ledgments

* From this patron of fcience, we alfo received a nomenclature by Door

SOLANDER, of many minute fhells he had fent to Bullftrode for the Dutchefs

of Portland; and others received from the Doétor at the fame time, from her

Grace’s cabinet in return. This has been of confiderable fervice to us with
refpect to fynonyms.

Xl
ledgments we beg leave 'to include our thanks to Mr.
Henry Boys, fon to our late worthy friend; for his

joint affiftance.

To that able naturalift, the late Doftor PuLTENEY
of Blandford, we are indebted for many rare {pecimens
fram the coaft of Dorfetfhire, and for his information
and remarks; which were not of lefs affiftance to us than
his Catalogue, publifhed in Hutcuins’s hiftory of that

county, and feparately for the ufe of his friends.

/
To Mr. Swainson and Mr. Sowersy of London,

we beg alfo to return our acknowledgments for their af-

fiflance in fpecimens ; and moreover for the ready accefs

to their cabinets: and for fimilar aéts of kindnefs, our

thanks are equally due to the Rev. THomas RAcketTT.

The very friendly affiftance given us by that pro-
moter of {cience, and attentive obferver of nature, Mr.
Beyer of Weymouth, and in particular, for the per-
miffion of feleGting any thing from his httle cabinet of
fome of the more rare fhells, found on that coaft, de-
ferves our warmelt thanks; as it enabled us to add feve-

ral nondefeript fpecies to this work.

And laft, though not leaft, our valuable and wor-

thy friend, Dofttor Latruam of Romley, claims our

par-

KIv
particular acknowledgments, not only for the ready ac:
cefs to his well {tored livrary on natural hiftory; but for
the very great affittance of fuperintending the prefs, and
thereby contributing not a little to the furtherance of the
defign, which otherwife, for want of convenience, might

have continued much longer in darknefs.

We fhall now conclude this introdu€tion by remark-
ing, that in the various purfuits of natural hiftory, our
notes on fhells indigenous to Great Britain had fome
years paft increafed fo confiderably, and fo far exceeded
any thing extant upon the fubjeét, that we had begun to
throw them into fome form, with intention of giving our

difcoveries to the world on fome future day.

At this jun@ure, being informed by a valuable
conchological friend, that fuch a work was undertaken
by an acquaintance who would be much obliged by any
affiftance, we did not hefitate to relinquifh our defign,
wifhing the fubje& in more able hands; and moft chear-
fully communicated fuch information as was thought
conducive to fuch a hiftory; being always ready to lend
our feeble aid to the friends of fcience. Several plates
were engraved for this work, but for what reafon the
letter prefs never made its appearance is not known; it

was, however, not intended to take in the minute f[pecies.

As

AV

As foon, therefore, as we were informed from the
beft authority, that this {cheme was abandoned, (which
we fhould have the more regretted, if it had been intend-
ed to include the whole britifh teflacea) we again took
the refolution of giving our difcoveries to the public ina
fyftematical arrangement, which fhould include fhells of
every defcription, found within the ifland of Great
Britain, and its circumfluent feas; the refult of which,
is the following fheets, in which no pains have been
fpared either in colleéting the fynonyma of authors, or
in pointing out the miftakes into which they may have
fallen. By thus confulting the various writers referred
to, the fynonymsare founded upon ftrié@ perfonal invefti-
gation, and not copied from others; a circumftance too
frequently the caufe of unneceflary extenfion of fpecies,

and the perplexity of fcience.

We do not pretend to affert that no errors are to be
found in this work, on the contrary, it would be furpri-
fing if there were not many on a fubjett fo intricate and
abftrufe; it muft however be recolleéted, that in many
inftances where individuals have been decribed in a very
laconic manner, reference to fuch objeéts can only de-
pend on individual opinion; for we may venture to af-
firm, that fearce two conchologifts will be found to a-

c gree,

XV1
avec, as to the identity of a large portion of the Linnean
‘Yeftacea: in order, therefore, to obviate thefe embarafs-
rents, authors have too frequently been induced to fol-
low each other. Under thefe difficulties we have en-
deavoured to clear the way, as well as the nature of cir-
cumftances would admit,

Whenever we have pointed out the errors of others,
it has been wholly with a view to elucidate the fubje&,
without the leaft intention of difparagement to fuch
works; and we truft it will be found, that none of our

illuftrative remarks carry with it invelive.

We, in our turn, expeét fimilar remarks by others,
who may hereafter treat on the fubjeft, when time and
opportunity may have encreafed the catalogue of en-

glifh fhells: till then, we hope our endeavours will be
rewarded by the approbation of the fcientific reader, (at

leaft for the good intention,) with whom it remains to
determine, whether we have fallen fhort, or not, of the
general plan.

GEORGE MONTAGU.
Knowle, Sep. 1, 1803.

XVil

FSH OLO SEO <P GOO 588 55500e=-——

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

—<—
DIV. I. | Gen. III. LEPAS.
Page
MULTIVALVE SHELLS. 1) Anutifera 15
- 2 Anferifera 16
Gen. I. CHITON. oe =
Page. 4 Scalpellum 18
1 Marginatus 1 5 Fafcicularis 557
<2 Levis 2
3 Septemvalvis 3 Gen. IV. PHOLAS.
aver ite Es 1 Daéiylus 20
6 Crinitus ib: a Any ae
7 Fafcicularis 5 see ae
4 Candidus 24
Greig iil BALANUS 55 Striaie =<
1 Communis 6 :
2 Balanoides 7 = opts
3 Punétatus 8 BIVALVE SHELLS
& Rugofus ib. te
5 Clavatus 10 : nee
6 Tintinnabulum ib. Gen. V. MYA.
7 Coftatus 1] 1 Pholadia 28
8 Conoides UF) 2 Arenaria 30
9 Striatus ib. 3 Truncata 32
10 Diadema 137} 4 Margaritifera 33
c2 5 Ovalis

‘

5 Ovalis

> Pigtorum
Inaequivalvis

6
a
8 Suborbicularis
g

Pubefcens

10 Pretenuis

Gen. VII.

OnmBNAGThOW eH

a
= ©

11 Diftorta
12 Bidentata

SOLEN.

Siliqua
Novacula
Entfis
Vagina
Pellucidus
Legumen
Fragilis
Antiquatus
Minuius
Vefpertinus
Squamofus

2 Pinna

TELLINA.

Fervenfis
Squalida
Leta
Donacina
Tenuis
Striata
Fabula
Solidula
Fautta

10 Craffa .

wMmrNoanrhwoh He

11 Proficua
12 Radula
13 Bimaculata

«

_ Gen. VIII.

Gen. IX.

14 Lattea

15 Rotundata
16 Flexuofa

17 Carnaria

18 Inzequivalvis
19 Maculata

CARDIUM. ,
Edule

ne

2 Aculeatum
3 Echinatum
4. Ciliare

5 Levigatum
6 Nodoium

7 Elongatum
§ Exiguum

9 Medium

10 Rubrum

11 Difcors

12 Muricatulum
13 Arcuatum
14 Corneum

15 Amnicum
16 Lacuftre

17 ‘Tuberculatum

MACTRA.
1 Solida

2 Subtruncata

~ 3 Stultorum

4 Dealbata

5 Comprefia
6 Boyfit

7 Triangularis
8 Lutraria

9 Hians

10 Glauca

11 Tenuis

89
568

ab
Gen. X. DONAX. : Bhi. HEY
' age. iy pe =i
; ~~ 1 Tranculus 103 4 Minuta 140
2 Denticulata 104 5 Nucleus 141
iM 3 Complanata 106
bi 4 Plebeia 107 Gen. KIVE’YPECTEN.
, 5 Irus 108 1 Maximus 143
P 6 Caftanea 578 2 Jacobeus 144
3 Opercularis 145
F Gen. XI. VENUS. 5 Oe. ae
1 Paphia 110 5 Lineatus 147
2 Verrucofa 112 . 6 Diftortus 148
8 Striatula 113 7 Obfoletus 149
4 Jflandica 114 8 Glaber 150
5 Chione ata Bs: 9 Levis ib.
6 Exoleta 116
7 Undata 117 Gen. XV. OSTREA,
8 ‘Tigerina 119 ;
9 Sinuofa 120 q tee oe
10 Ovata ib. 2 striata oe
11 Minima 121 c
19) Sulbeacdata ak Gen. XVI. ANOMIA.
13 Granulata (io?) 1 Ephippium 155
14 Deflorata 123 2 Squamula 156
15 Decuffata 124 3 Aculeata 157
16 Pullaftra 5 4 Undulata ib.
4 17 Perforans 127
18 Virginea 128 Gen. XVII. MYTILUS.
| 1S Aurea 129 :
1 Edulis 359
20 Sulcata J 131 2 Incurvatus 160
21 Triangularis 577 3 Pellucidus ib.
22 Spinifera ib, 4 Barbatus 161
| 5 Modiolus 163
3 Gen. XI. _CHAMA. : 6 Umbilicatus 164
: 1 Cor 134 7 Rugofus ib.
5 ae 8 Preecifus 165
Gen. XIII. ARCA. 9 Crifta galli 166
¥ .Pilofa 136 10 Difcors . 167
2 Lattea 138 11 Difcrepans 169

12 Cygneus

Gen. XVIII.

UNIVALVE SHELLS.

Gen. XIX.

Grn. XX.

P ok =

12 Cygneus
13 Anatinus
14 Avonentis
15. Striatus
16 Ungulinus

1 Peétinata
2 Ingens
3 Muricata

DI Va Tit.

NAUTILUS.

1 Beccarii

2 Beccarii perverfus

3 Crifpus
Levigatulus
Calcar
Depreffulus

Umbilicatulus

Craffulus
Lacuftris
Carinatulus
Semilituus
Rectus
Radicula
Subarcuatus
Jugefus
Coflatus

CYPRAA.

Pediculus
Ar@tica
Bullata
Voluta

PINNA.

Page.
4170
17a
az
173
582

178
180
183

XX

Gen. XXI.

OMIT POW eH

10
1]
12
a)
14:
Tes)
16
17
18

Gen. XXII.

Gen. XXIII.

BULLA.

Lignaria
Ampulla
Patula
Aperta
Haliotoidea
Plumula
Catena
Emarginata
Denticulata
Hydatis
Akera
Cylindracea
Umbilicata
Truncata
Obtula
Diaphana
Fontinalis

Hypnorum

VOLUTA.

1 Tornatilis
2 Pallida

3 Jonenfis

4 Denticulata
5 Alba

6 Catenata

1

~
~

CO ~~ D on YP OO bt

BUCCINUM.

Undatum
Lapillus
Reticulatum
Macula
Ambiguum
Hepaticum
Bilineatum

Perdix

9 J.uneatum

o
10

Gen. XXIV.

hore

Gen. XXV,.

ODIDMA Glo

_

Lineatum
Cinétum
Minimum
Terreftre
Obtufulum
Breve
Minutum
Leve
Obtufifimum

STROMBUS.

Pes Pelecani

Coftatus

MUREX.

Defpectus
Antiquus
Corneus
Erinaceus
Purpureus
Linearis
Muricatus
Turricula
Rufus
Sinuofus
Coftatus
Attenuatus
Gracilis
Nebula
Septangularis
Fufcatus
Tubercularis
Adverfus
Reticulatus
Minutiffimus

TROCHUS.
Ziziphinus

XxXl

Pare.

2 Tenuis 275
3 Exiguus O77
4 Striatus 278
5 Tumidus 280
6 Craffus 281
7 Magus 283
8 Cinerarius 284
9 Umbilicatus 286
10 Terreftris 287
1 Fufcus 289
2 Cinereus ib,

PART I.
GEN. KX VIL... SPURBO,
*

1 Terebra © 293
2 Cinétus 295
3 Clathrus 296
4 Clathratulus 297
5 Elegantiflimus 298
6 Nitidiflimus 299
7 Unicus ib.
8 Subtruncatus 300
9 Truncatus ib.
10 Littoreus S01
11 Tenebrofus 303
12 Rudis 304
13 Striatulus 306
14 Vinétus 307
15 Auricularis 308
16 Canalis 309
17 Craffior ib.
18 Parvus 310
19 Coftatus 3h1
20 Striatus 312
21 Bryereus 313
22 Ccniferus 314

23 Denticu-

XX

GEN.“X XVII. - (Continued.) Pages
? Page. 59 Sexdentatus © 337
°3, Denticulatus 315 60 ‘Tridens 338
94 Cimex ib. 61 Carychium 339
25 Subumbilicatus 316 62 Junipert 340
26 Ventrofus B17 63 Elegans 342
27 Ulvxe 318 64 Fafciatus 346
28 Pullus 319 65 Fontinalis 348
OC &} * [9 * *
a ae a 66 Perverfus 355
4 rl: <a 2 67 Bidens 357
31 Vitreus $21 Bs :
32 Decullatus 322 68 Laminatus 359
33 Reticulatus ib. 6? Biplicatus oon
34 Spiralis $23 a Labiata | ee
‘ 35 InterftinGtus 324 mM Vertigo 363
36 Unidentatus ib. 72 Jugofus 586
37 Plicatus », 325 Gen. XXVIII. HELIX.
2 = © “ *
|. Ae 1 Stagnalis 367
40 Semicoftatus ib. 2 > ie ae 369
41 Unifafciatus 327 3 ae ie ie
42 Cingillus 328 4 Pe grid 372
43 Quadrifafciatus 1b. Ves Aa aus
44 Interruptus 329 3 pene taaria S12
45 Retiformis 330 di Putris 376
46 Fufcus A 8 Glutinofa 379
47 Strigatus 331 9 ange. 380
48 Carinatulus ib. 10, Eymata et
49 Rivulus ib. 11 Levigata 382
50 Sandvicenfis 332 12 eet 384
51 Fulgidus ib. 1 mayer 386
Ee eNalus ne 14 Tentaculata 3889
53 Scriptus 333 a pee? Bi
54 Subarcuatus ib. Byte
55 Elegans cb. 17 Subcylindrica 393
66 Divitus 334 18 Lackhamenfis 394
57 Subrufus ib. Oétanfraéla 596
20 Polita 398
* % 21 Decuffata 399
58 Muicorum ib, 22 Labiofa 400

93 Petra

Gen. XXVIII. (Continued. ) \]

~ Page. |} eX *
23 Petreca A003 ff 59 Cornea
x {I 80 Compianata
©24 Pomatia 405 I 61 Carinata
25 Afperfa 407 | 62 Vortex

26 Nemoralis 411 || 63. Spirorbis

: 27 Hortenfis 412 |! 64 Contorta
28 Arbuftorum 413 | 65 Alba

, 29 Virgata 415 || - 66 Criftata
30 Cingenda 418 || 67 Fontana
31 Rufefcens 420 63. Nautileus
32 Cantiana 422 se
33 Hifpida 423 Gen. XXIX, NERITA.
34 Futca A24 ’ 1 Littoralis
85 Lucida 495 2 Pallidula
36 Trochiformis 427 3 Glaucina
37 Lacuna 428 4A Fluviatilis
38 Spinulofa 429 5 Pellucida
39 Caperata 430 6 Alba
40 Radiata 432
41 Umbilicata 434 Gen. XXX. HALIOTIS.
42 Lapicida 435 1 Tuberculata

43 Ericetorum 437

44 Subcarinata 438 Gren. XXXP"O PATELLA.
45 Depreffa 439

a 46 Paludofa 440 : et
47 Crenella 441 3 ai, cida
A8 Unifpiralis 443 es ie
49 Refupinata 444 4 bimaculata
50 Globofa ib. 5 Fluviatilis
51 Reticulata ib. 6 en
52 Striata 445 i aie
53 Coarétata ib. : oe
54 Tubulata 446 Mualitaris
55 Variegata ib 10 Chinentfis

tan 11 Fiffura

56 Fatciata ib. nay kee
57 Nitidiffima 447 |i 2 /pertura

; 13 Greeca

58 Bicolor ib.

ea

Gen. XXXII.

Gen. XXXIII.

DENTALIUM.

Page
1 Entalis AIA
2 Striatum AI5
3 Gadus A96
4 Imperforatum ib.
5 Trachea AIT
6 Glabrum A97

SERPULA.
*
1 Spirorbis A98
2 Spirillum A99
3 Granulata 500
A Carinata 502
5 Corrugata ib.
6 Cornea 503
7 Heteroftropha 503
8 Siniftrorfa 504
9 Minuta 505
13 Lucida 506
11 Reverla 508
* x
12 Vermicularis 509
13 Triquetra 511
1A Tubularia 513
xe ®

15 Lobata 515

1 TIncurvatum

2 Pervium

Gen. XXXIV. VERMICULUM.
*

518
ib

XXIV

‘ Page
3 Bicorne 519
A Perforatum ib.
5 Intortum 520
6 Subrotundum 521
7 Oblongum 522

* x

8 Latteum 522
9 Striatum 523
10 Globofum ib.
11 Leve 524
12 Marginatum ib.
13 Retortum ib.
14 Perlucidum 525
15 Urne ib.

16 Squamofum 526

Gen. XXXV. TEREDO.

Navalis 527

—

Gen. XXXVI. SABELLA.

1 Alveolata 540
2 Penicillus 541
3 Granulata 544
4 Chryfodon 546
5 Conchilega 5AT7
6 Lumbricalis 549
7, Cirrata 550
8 Arenaria 552
9 Subcylindrica ib.
10 Setifcrmis 553
Tineurta 554
12 Compreffa 555

GENERIC

XX¥
39066 | <LEE> |Oaees——_-

GENERIC CHARACTERS

The feveral Animals inhabiting Shells,

Many of which are found independent, ina true Mollufca ftate.

— a

SHELL, is the natural covering of many animals for
the proteétion, fecurity, and defence of their foft and
delicate bodies; and which grows, and enlarges as the
encreafing bulk of the animal requires: it muft there-
fore be confidered as much a part of the animal as the
covering of a crab or a tortoife.

The animals hitherto difcovered to inhabit the fhells
of Great Britain, which have been thoroughly defined,
- and reduced to fy{tematic arrangement are

1 Doris. 6 Spio

2 Triton 7 Amphitrite
3 Afcidia 8 Terebella
4 Tethys 9 Nereis?

5 Limax

de 1 DORIS.

XXVi

1 DORIS.

Body creeping, oblong, and flat beneath; mouth
placed below on the fore part: vent behind, ufually on
the back, and furrounded by a fringe: feelers two or
four, feated on the upper part of the body in front, and
retractile within their proper receptacles.

The Doris is the inhabitant of the Chzton: many ele-
gant fpecies are mollufca.

—

2 TRITON.

Body oblong; mouth with an involute {piral probof-
cis: tentacula or arms twelve, fix on each fide, divided
nearly to the bafe, the hind ones cheliferous.

The Triton is found to inhabit Balanus and. Lepas s,
and one fingle {fpecies inhabits the fea in a mollufca ftate.

=<

3 ASCIDIA.

Body fixed, roundifh, and apparently iffuing from a
fheath: apertures two, generally placed near the upper
part, one beneath the other: adhere by their bafe to
rocks, fhells, and other marine fubftances ; are more or
lefs gelatinous, and feem to have no other powers of mo-

tion

XXVli

tion than contraéting and dilating themfelves alternate-
ly, by which means they ejeét the water taken in, with
confiderable force.

The A/czdza is rather a numerous genus: is found to
inhabit Pholas, Solen, fome of the Mya, Maéira, and
probably part of other bivalve teftacea: many fpecies
are mollufea.

It is probable this, as well as moft other aquatic ani-
mals poffeffed of little or no locomotion, are androgy-
nous; the power of felf-propagation moft likely extends
to all the inhabitants of multivalve and bivalve teftacea,
but to few, if any, of the univalve, except Serpula, or
fuch as are feffile.

—=<p-—

A TETHYS.

Body detached, rather oblong, flefhy, without pe-
duncles: mouth with a terminal, cylindrical probofcis,
under an expanded membrane or lip: apertures two on
the left fide of the neck.

The Tethys is not found in a mollufca ftate in the
Britifh feas, but is fuppofed to inhabit the greater part
of bivalve fhells; according to Linn aus, the Tellina,
Cardium, Matira, Venus, Oftrea, and others; this, how-
ever, is not without exceptions in many inftances.

5 LIMAX.

XXVIil
5 LIMAX.
Body oblong, creeping, with a flefhy kind of fhield

above, and a longitudinal flat difk beneath: aperture
placed on the right fide within the fhield: feelers four,
fituated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each
of the larger ones.

Thefe are what have been generally confidered as the
generic charaéters of the Limax, Slug, or Snail, and
feem to correfpond with the formation of thofe {pecies
which are found ina mollufca ftate; but with refpeét to
the various animals which have been confidered as be-
longing to this genus, for the moft part inhabiting the
turbinated univalve fhells, we fear too much latitude is
required to bring the whole, or even the greater part of
them, into the Zzmax genus. It is well known that moft,
if not all, frefh-water, as well as moft marine univalve
fhells, are inhabited by an animal poffeffed of only two
feelers, or tentacula, deftitute of eyes at their tips, but
placed at their bafe, varying in fituation in different fub-
jects: in fome alfo the tentacula are long, and fetaceous,
in others fhort, broad and flat.* It is alfo a queftion
whether the aperture on the right fide would take in
thofe animals which have every other charaéter of the
true Limax, found to inhabit the heteroftrophe, or re-
verfed fhells,t all of which have the foramen, or aper-

ture on the left fide.
The

* From the number and formation of the tentacula ; and the relative fituation
of the eyes, Muncer has formed many new genera out of the Linnean Limax.

+ For a definition of this appellation, fee page 351.

ae

XXIX

The Linnean charaéters ccrtainly take in the whole
of the land fhells we are acquainted with, except thefe,
and one or two others; but befides the difference in the
number of tentacula, and fituation of the eyes, the cir-
cumftance of the aquatic teftacea being inhabited by ani-
mals of different fexes, and not hermaphrodites, as in
the mollufca Limaces, and fuch as inhabit moft land
fhells, have never been thoroughly attended to. Thefe,
however various, have generally been confidered to
come indifcriminately within the Limax genus; as fuch
we fhall leave them at prefent, this work being profeffed-
ly on fhells, and not on their animal inhabitants, more
than is fufficient for fpecific purpofes.

At the end of this, we have fubjoined a plan of Mut-
LER’s arrangement of univalve teftacea by the animal,
in order to fhew to what great variety the Linnzan Zz-
max is extended.

=f

6 SPIO.

Body projeéting from a tube, jointed, and furnifhed
with dorfal fibres: peduncles rough with briftles, and
placed towards the back: feelers two, long, fimple:
eyes two, oblong.

The Sfzo inhabits Sabella: one or two fpecies on our
coafts very minute, the cafes, not defcribed under the
article Savella, being invifible to the naked eye.

7 AMPHI-

KKK
7 AMPHITRITE.

Body projeéting from a tube and annulate: peduncles,
or feet f{mall, numerous, with lateral fafciculi, and
branchiez: feelers two, approximate, feathered: no
eyes.

2 he Amphitrite inhabits fome fpecies of Serpula, and
Sabella, or holes in rocks.

—<—-

8 ‘'TEREBELLA.

Body oblong, creeping, naked, furnifhed with lateral
fafcicles or tufts, and branchie: mouth placed before,
furnifhed with lips, without teeth, and protruding a cla-
vated probofcis: feelers numerous, ciliated, capillary,
feated round the mouth.

The Terebella inhabits many fpecies of Serpula, Den-
talium, and Sabella; many are deftitute of any natural
covering, but fix themfelves in holes of rocks.

—_—

9 NEREIS.

Body long, creeping, with numerous lateral pedun-
cles, or feet on each fide, and fafciculi: feelers fimple,
rarely none: eyes two or four, rarely none.

The

‘
7
5

XXXI

The Nerezs is faid to inhabit the Sadella; poffibly in
fome inftances this may hold good, but we fufpeét the
greater part are independent in a mollufca ftate, inha-
biting the fand and mud at the bottom of the fea, where
they form themfelves cells; and are much more active
than the other three preceding f{pecies.

Befides the animals here enumerated, there are doubt-
lefs many whofe habitations are teftaceous, which at pre-
fent are wholly unknown: that of the Nautilus feemsto
be very imperfeétly underftood : it is figured in Rumpf-
Mus. tab. 17. fig. B. but no one appears as yet to have
arranged it, or even ventured to give it a name.

It is moft probable, many of the minute ftraight Naw-
tzlz are inhabited by animals very different from thofe of
the convoluted kinds.

Some fpecies of Serfuda, efpecially thofe of a conca-
merated ftruéture, are doubtlefs inhabited by animals of
a different nature from thofe which refide in fhells of a
more fimple form.

The Vermicula are probably inhabited: by various ani
mals, as their ftru€ture is fo variable ; but it is likely we
fhall ever remain in ignorant conjecture with refpe& to
the conformation, and anatomical definition, of fuch di-
minutive creatures, fo ob{cured by their teftaceous co-
vering.

e MULLER'’S

XXXL

— ant 92 DBAOEO~<DB— OES HLIOH 09+ see

MULLER’S ARRANGEMENT

OF

UNIVALVE TESTACEA,

BY THEIR

SEVERAL ANIMALS.

<p —-

MULLER has divided his Vermes terreftres 8 fluvt-
atiles into genera, by the number, and form of the ten-
tacula, and fituation of the eyes; by which the Linne-
an arrangement of teftacea is overthrown, and mixed in-
difcriminately throughout the Mullerian fyftem: in this
the mollufea Snails, or naked Limaces, are included, as
the fourth column of the plan annexed will evince,
where the Linnean generic namesare prefixed to thofe of
Mu.L.Ler, enumerated in the third column.

WITHOUT SHELL.
; Mill. Syft. Lin. Sf.

Tentacula linear 4 eyes at the tip oft ismnax. ¥ Hamar.
the longett. ‘

UNIVALVE

XXX

UNIVALVE SHELL.

Mull. Syft. Liv. Syft.

Tentaculalinear4 eyesatthetipofthelongeft Helix. Helix.

Tentaculalinear2 eyes at the tip Vertigo. Turbo.
: Helix.

Turbo.
Helix.
Bulla.
Leyes at the bafe pofterior Walvata. Helix.

‘Tentaculatrunca- f{ eyes at the bafe interior Ancylus. Patella
ted 2 ee at the bafe pofterior Carychium. Turbo.

Tentacula trian-

gular 2

[ eves at the bafe exterior ‘Nerita. {
Tentacula ese

ous 2 eyes at the bafe interior Planorbis. {

{ eyes at the bafe interior Buccinum. Helix.

TO THESE MAY BE ADDED,

Tentacula fetaceous 2
Feelers 2 one plumofe

\ eyes at the bafe Turbo.

The laft divifion does not belong to the Mullerian fyf-
tem, but is introduced for the purpofe of fhewing ano-
ther {trong fub-divifion by the animal; and which would
include the Valvata of Mutter. It is very extraordi-
nary, that author did not avail himfelf of fuch a {trong
mark of diftin€tion for his generic character of Valvata ;
whereas, he has only ufed it fpecifically by calling the
only fpecies he knew crzfiata. ‘To this, however, might
be added, his Nerita p2fcinalis, the Turbo fontinals of
this work ; which is alfo crefied or plumofe.

Befides what has already been remarked, that fome
of this clafs are hermaphrodite, and others of different
fexes; it will be found alfo that fome are oviparous, and
others viviparous: and it is remarkable, that all thofe

e 2 with

XXXIV

with four tentacula, whofe eyes are placed at the fum-
mit of the two longeft, are hermaphrodite, and are all
land fpecies. Thofe with two teniacula, and their eyes
{ituated on the head, are of different fexes; and except
two known fpecies at prefent (Turbo elegans, and Cary-
chium,) are all aquatic.

‘Among this laft divifion, one or two are vzviparous,
a circumftance not known amongft the land {pecies.

If under fuch variations thefe animals are all to be
confidered as Limaces, the generic charaéters muft be a
little more extended than thofe fixed by Linnaeus; and
{hould at leaft run thus to comprehend all the varieties.

Body oblong, creeping, with a longitudinal flat difk be-
neath ; aperture moft ufwally placed on the right fide: ten-
tacula two, or four: eyes two,* placed etther at the bafe_
of the tentacula on the head, or at the extremity of the
two longeft.

That the Linnean Limax ought to be divided there
can not be the leaft doubt; but we cannot agree with
Mutter, that it is capable of forming fo many genera,
by the mere circumftance of the eyes being placed a lit-
tle more or lefs behind, or to one fide of the tentacula.
There feems, however, to be two ftrong natural divi-

: fions ;

* Ifthe animal of Turbo elegans fhould prove to be pofle{fed of four eyes,
which we fufpe&, the characters muft be further extended thus, eyes two
rarely four, &c.

XXXKV

fions: firft, thofe with ocellated tentacula; and fecond,
fuch as have their eyes fituated on the head: each of
which might again be divided into two families; thus,

; ' 1 LIMAX.

Body oblong, creeping, with a longitudinal, flat difk.
or fuftentaculum, beneath: foramen, or aperture, mofl
ufually placed on the right fide :_ tentacula ocellated.

Terreftrial, hermaphroditical.

* Tentacula four: eyes two, placed at the fummit of
the two longeft.

** Tentacula two.

i eed

2 LUBRICA.

Body oblong, creeping, witha longitudinal flat difk,
or fuftentaculum, beneath: foramen, or aperture, mofl
ufually fituated on the right fide: tentacula not ocel-
lated: eyes two, placed on the head. Moftly aquatic.
and of different fexes,

* Tentacula, or feelers, four, one of which is plumotfe.
** Tentacula two.

Tothe firft divifion of the Lemax would belong all the
mollufca tribe ufually termed Slugs: of thefe the Lemax
cinereus

XXXVI

cinereus and agrefits, GMELIN p: 3100, and p. 3%01,*
appear to be the link between the teftacea and mollufca,
(being poffeffed of a fhelly fubftance under the fhield
upon the back,) conneéting thefe land animals together ;
as fome of the marine Bulle do that of the aquatic:
Bulla aperta, hahotoidea, and plumula, equally conceal

their fhells.

The circumftance of fome of the naked Limaces pof-
{effing a fhell internally, the anatomical enquiries of
SWAMMERDAM and Lister could not overlook; both
thefe authors have defcribed and figured it.t

That thefe animals therefore belong as much to the
Vermes teflacea as many of the Bulla, there is no doubt;
but it was not thought neceffary at prefent to form a new
genus on purpofe, for a fhapelefs fhell of irregular
growth,

It is ufually fomewhat oval, fometimes flat and thin,
with a membranaceous margin; others are half as thick
as they are broad, and rarely poffefled of any concavity:
colour filvery-white, or ofa micaceous appearance; the
‘upper fide is a little convex, and flightly wrinkled con-
centrically to the fmaller, or pofterior, end: the under

part

* Limax filans. Lin. Trans. iv. p.85. tab. 8. Both thefe Limaces are capable
of fufpenfion, as well as others which are deftitute of fimilar internal confor-
mation. Limax parvus cinereus. Lifer Conch. t. tor. f.101.—Id. t.anat. f.5.

+ Hill. Swammerd. p. 71.3.8. £.8.--Lift. Conch. t. 5. anat, £. 5.—Id.
Angl. p. 128, t. 2. f. 15

XXXVI

part is fometimes rough, and granulated with cryftal-
like, fhining angles.

This fhell is the Lagzs limaczs or Snail-ftone of authors,
and is faid to have been ufed for medical purpofes : ac-
cording to popular opinion, it cures the tertian ague, if
faftened to the patient’s arm.*

Favawne has figured feveral fpecies of Limax in his
Zoomorphofe, tab. 76, that appear to be the intermedi-
ate link between fuch as poffefs an internal fhell, and
thofe with teftaceous covering; thefe have only a fmall
fhell attached to the pofterior end. But as no fuch have
been difcovered in England, we only mention it to fhew
the nice gradations in nature’s work ; and how utterly
impoffible it is to divide that chain, which fhe has fo ad-
mirably linked together.

* Encyclopedia Britannica.

ERRATA.

PeAgn Tek.
Page 2,1. 4, foreight read eighths

9, 17, runr. runs
18, margin, Scalpellum, f. 4.
Stas
38, ditto, Inequevalvisr. Jne-
quivalvis
39, 1. 14, entrance, r. entrances
41, margin, Preetenuis, r, Pre-
tenuis
108, Synonyms, Borl. Corn. t. 38
r. t. 28
152, ]. 22, rockey, r. rocky
175, note,* antenne was, r. were
215, 1. 7, pinnatified, r- pinnati-
fid

217, 1.4, nd, r. fand

245, margin, Lrneatum r. Line-
atum

249, Gualteri, r. Gualtieri

250, dele : after anfraGibus

271, 1.1. month, 1, mouth

272, 1,22, Sandwhich, r. Sand-
wich

288, 1, 16, Anglica r, Anglie

PART, SLT.

Page 327, margin, for 37, read 4,
362, ditto, & p: 5go T. labia-
ta x. labiatus

398, 1. 23, Actinea, r. 447.
21a

409, 410, 412, fpiculi, r, /pi-
cula

464, margin and p. 597, He.
lix Nautileus, r. Nautilea

482, J. 16, breath r. breadth

492, 1.13, heighth, r. eight

524, 1. 9, ftriata, r. firiatum

529, 1. 23, Pholas, r. Pholades

$32, 1.7, acount r. account

552, 1. 3, anterior, r. poferior

595 Index, omitted Lvegui-
ftriata Tellina, 567

597 Membranaceus Helix, r,
Turbo

Goo Striatum Oftrea r. Off renm

601 Vulgare Oftrea, r, Offreum

_ -BRITISH SHELLS.

vy.

Dive | —MULTIVALVE.
PTO BIVALVE.
III. UNIVALVE.

7 a
>
mS 2)
» @& *
ey : 4
Ae ; + i '@
.- aes oan ,ae
’ - - a -
F ="# <a -—
: ‘
: ie*® -) f
fin » “oo = | - -
: a : : r
a Tr _ , ,
-_ *
i - f ;
. - 2
a s s
my : ; ;
* ’ ._
eZ a
os
’
.
ae,
y { ea
Fi
; '
+ ~ -
a
‘ c= se
A ae Aas
a * *2 Aw At
22 roe Ps
5 + \
‘y
% -
se =
4 “
‘ '
~
. ;
= -
al
- ,
‘
*
a ad
‘ - i =
ae ¢
» r >
*
z = LP '
2 « a ~ ©
; ‘ ‘
ley
| y
aie
4 .
aap
Pa
7 i.
‘
—- fee"
a a
-— -*
al -
o
‘ '
* =
{ -
- .
ip
- ‘
, 7 a b
*
” Alenst J
-
‘ ; =
4 -
q3 a
as ©
>
..¥
y * - +
. ;
él .
«
ae i
is) ‘
~
id |
ae :
- ‘

f ha
i * ee ,
a ey
* C. ><
Aad =
sel |
+ TAO
4 ae
©
a
. ius
i *
.

sb a. LE he qu bar

ome? t*

A F
ti oe | ’
1 . Pa
f ~
,
1 -
.
.
-
.
.
Ne:
-
-
?
“
‘
-
; ;
ie ;
*
> « .
“«
‘
‘
A
* ‘
="
. -
. .
fe

Ml
f : {
>
S 4
- $
beds 1
cn
a” a ““ a
?
© | . ‘
ra,
te Caes
: \ at #

, is
ne
ae Kw
e', 7 é
=
Ua dee ey Dae <
4 at = = i _
rr OV
ee ee
rah :
: ;
i
a -) ae
<n,
i ‘i
j ‘
aay S
* ene -
i ra
wee i ~
—

ge: F

a)

- >=
‘
i
.
‘ 4
: ‘ '
\ I ,
.
- =
of] *
sa
beta
‘
.
.
.
%
. 4 S
a - ‘
7 =f
a

DIV; 1

MULTIVALVE SHELLS.

GEN. 1.

CHITON.

i om
Animal a DORIS.

SHELL, conftructed of many plates or valves, placed
tranfverfely on the back of the animal, and lying upon
each other at the anterior edge.
1.
Chiton Marginatus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3206. 26. MARGINATUS.

Br. Zo0l.t..36. f..2.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.
Part. lin. iv. pe 165.

C. with eight valves carinated along the back, pro-
jecting over each other in a point or beak on the dorfal
elevation: when viewed with a glafs appears like fha-

green ;

bo

Levis.

2

green, marginated: colours various, dufky, cinereous-
brown, inclining to flefh-colour, fometimes mottled;
fhape oblong-oval; length five-eights of an inch; breadth
three-eighths.

This feems to be the fhell defcribed by Mr. Pennant,
but we never could obferve the margin fufficiently refleét-
ed to become a charaéter, or that the edge is more fer-
rated than in moft other fpecies. It was originally
found at Scarborough, by the above author: and Dottor
PuLTENEY mentions it on the Dor/et/hire coat.

We have not unfrequently taken it by dredging in Sal-
comb bay, in Devonfhire, affixed to oyfters, and other
fhells, as well as to ftones: have alfo received it from
Sandwich in Kent.

—=<P>—

Chiton Laevis. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3206. 27.
Bro Zool, teSbt, Ss:
Dart. Lig.ivep. 16s.

C. with eight fmooth valves, or very faintly ftriated
tran{verfely: back elevated: valves beaked; margin
broad, finely reticulated, oblong; length half an inch,
breadth a quarter.

This feems to be the C. levis of Mr. PENNANT, who
fays it inhabits the fhores of Loch Broom, in Welt Rofs-

Shire.
Dsl

3

Shire. It is ufually of a fine deep rufous-brown; fome-
times mottled with yellowifh-white, with a {mall line of
the fame along the back; but this is not a permanent
character, as it fhould feem to be by Mr. PeEnnant’s
defcription.

We have frequently found it with the preceding {pecies
in’ Salcomb bay, from which it is principally diftinguifhed
by not being fo broad; in being fmooth, and the margin
being reticulated.

—<—

Shy
C. with feven carinated valves, ftrongly beaked; the Sepremvatvis.
five middle ones divided tranfverfely from the anterior
bafe to the beak, the hinder compartment very fine fha-
green, the other very f{mooth, or faintly ftriated tran-
verfely: the extreme valve at each end rufous-brown, the
reft generally dark cinereous; beaks frequently rufous;
vargin moderately broad, and faintly reticulated: fhape
of the laft deferibed: length half an inch. Found in
Salcomb bay, but rare.

ie
4, Sew

Chiton Cinereus. Lin. Sy. p. 1107.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3204. Cinereus.®
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p- 25.
Furt. Lin. iv. p. 163.

C. with eight valves nearly {mooth, compreffed, oval,
carinated: the valves projeéting into a beak on the back,

ee and

e

Jie
ALBUS.

6.
CRINITUS.

¥

A

and refleéted a little at the pofterior angle at the bafe:
margin moderately broad, edge flightly ciliated: colour
cinereous: length a quarter of an inch.

Found rarely in Salcomb bay, in Devonfhire, on {tones
and old fhells, like the preceding.

Doflor Puttenry fays on rocks, and on oyfters at
Weymouth, and from Poole.

—<>—

Chiton Albus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1107.—Gmnel. Syft. p. $204.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 96. f. 817.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 162.

C. with eight fmooth valves, white, oval, not cari-
nated: firft valve notched on the hinder edge. Smaller
than the C. cinereus. Doétor PuLTENEY fays upon
oyfter fhells from Poole: and on other fhells, but lefs
common : alfo on the Ulva inteflina and latyffima.

—_p>—

Chiton Crinitus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3206.
Bre Zool ts 36.8.1:
Lauri. Lan. Wi ps 161.

C. with feven valves, thick fet with fhort hairs :

five-
eighths of an inch long.

Such

5

Such is Mr. PennaNnt’s defcription, who fays it inha-
bits the fea near Aberdeen. Mr. Boys twnformed us he
found it at Sandwich.

~ rl

Chiton Fafcicularis. Liz Sy/t. p. 1106.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3202. Fascicu.aris.
Chem. Conch. x. t. 173. f. 1688.
Muller. No. 3017.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 162.

C. with eight valves, apparently fmooth, but when
examined with a glafs, will be found to be rough like
fhagreen, except on the elevated dorfal ridge; margin
furrounded with tufts of whitifh hair, one at the junétion
of each valve, and two in the front, making eighteen in
number ; colour brown, or dark cinereous : length five-
eighths of an inch, breadth rather more than two-eighths.

Doétor Puttreney obferves, this fhell is not uncom-
mon on oyflers from Poole. We have found it in confide-
rable abundance in Salcomb bay in Devonfhire, with all
the other fpecies except the albus and crinitus, and is by
far the moft common; ‘like the reft it adheres to oyfters
and other fhells, as well as to ftones ; and with them in-
habits the deep, fo that it is only to be obtained by
dredging. It is alfo found at Sandwich in Kent, where
it feems to be not uncommon; as among a parcel of thefe
fhells we received from Mr. Boys, the greater part were
of this fpecies. On the coaft of Barbary it is of a much
fuperior fize, not unfrequently above an inch long.

CEN.

1856000 GF QOO-~<SB QWDOOC OSs.

GEN, i.

BALANUS.
—=p>—

Animal a TRITON.

SHELL, of many ere&t unequal valves, afhxed by a
broad bafe, or feffile.

1. rite
Commuuis. Lepas Balanus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1107.—Ginel. Syjt. p. 3207.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 165.
Lifter.. Conch. t. 443. f. 286.—Don. Br.
hells.i.t. 30. £.1. Br. Zool. t. 37. £4,
Lepas Cornubienfis. Br. Zool. t. 37. f. 6. var.
Balanus Porcatus. Da. Cofta. p. 249.
Balanus Communis. Pw/t, Cat. Dorjet. p. 25.

B. with a ftrong rugged fhell, of a cinereous-brown
colour; compartments unequal.and frequently indifliné,
compofed of irregular longitudinal ftrie or ridges: of a
conic fhape, detached fhells frequently perfeéily round at
the bafe, and regularly floping upwards: the aperture
not large in proportion ; operculum of four valves tranf-
verfely ftriated, with a longitudinal furrow on the two lon-
geft. Diameter at tne bafe, fometimes an mch, height
nearly three quarters.

This

7

This fpecies is not uncommon on many parts of our
rocky coatts, to which it adheres fo f{trongly as to render it
difficult to feparate whole: moft commonly in clutfters,
by which they are diftorted into various fhapes.

2

Lepas Balanoides. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1108.—Gmel. Sy/t. p 3207. BaLanolDEs.

LTurt. Lin. iv. 166.—Br. Zool. t. 37. £2 5.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 36. £. 2. 3.
Balanus Vulgaris. Da. Co/ta. p. 248. t. 17. f. 7.

Lifter! Conch. t. 444. f. 287.

Id. Angl. t. 5. f. 41.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.

B. witha fub-conic, and fometimes much depreffed fhell,
ufually with fix compartments divided by a deep longi-
tudinal furrow, {mooth, white, frequently deeply fulcated
at the bafe; the pofterior compartments the largeft:
aperture larger in proportion than in the laft {pecies :
operculum of four valves; the two upper flightly ftriated
tranfverfely, the others fmooth. Diameter at the bafe, a
quarter, rarely half an inch.

This is by farthe moft plentiful fpecies on all our rocks
between high and low water mark, fometimes entirely co-
vering them: it is alfo found attached to wood, fhells,
and cruftaceous animals.

Balanus

PuNcTatTuws.
Blas ile dhe ee

4.
RucGosus.

8
Balanus Punclatus, Pult. Cat. Darfet. p. 25.

B. with a very rugged brown fhell; compartments in-
diftin&t ; frequently punctured ; operculum of four valves,
the upper one with a few longitudinal ridges or ftri«; the
edges of the fuperior and inferior valves clofely united at
the top, indented or notched, and lock into each other:
thefe are often pun@lated like a thimble: the bafe {preads
a very little, and is not much broader than it is high,
which does not exceed a quarter of an inch, and ufually
lefs. It 1s a very common fpecies on the South coaft of
Devonfhire, covering whole rocks near high water mark ;
and on the Patella Vulgata clofely cluttered together.
This has probably been confounded with the preceding
fpecies, but is readily diftinguifhed by its dull brown
colour, and rugofe appearance, and efpecially by the
operculum, which is fo effentially different.

A variety: confiderably more elevated, cylindric, and
with the aperture as large as the bafe is fometimes met
with; this has the valves of the operculum more punc-
tated.

The figure is magnified; that of the natural fize was
accidentally omitted.

eee

Balanus Rugofus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.
Chem. Conch. vil. t. 97. Ff. $24.
B. with a fub-cylindric fhell, ufually divided into fix
compartments by furrows which ‘become broad towards
the

9

the top, where the fhell fpreads into angulated points,
and is frequently as wide as at the bafe: the compartments
are irregular, thofe on the pofterior fide broadeft ; thefe
are fometimes wrinkled or ftriated longitudinally, others
are more fmooth, moft times white; but a variety is of a
purplifh red; aperture large, infide margin ridged tranf-
yerlely: operculum of four rough valves but not f{triated,
angulated, erect, forming four ,diflinét points a little re-
flexed. Height from half to three quarters of an inch;
diameter at the bafe ufually much lefs.

_ A variety of this {pecies with a more extended bafe, and
not fo muchin height, has frequently been confounded
with the B. Balanoides: but the breadth of the aperture,
angulated margin, and quadrifurcated oferculum are un-
erring marks of diftinétion. We fhall here take the op-
portunity of remarking, that as the greater part of this
genus is fubje€t to great variety, and frequently run fo
much into each other as fcarcely to be diftinguithed by
common obfervation, it is neceflary to attend to the
operculum, which we have hitherto found an unerring
guide ; at leaft with refpett to the Breti/h fpecies, which
in other refpects approach each other in fome of their
varieties.

For want of that attention to this effential part, fo
much confufion has arifen, that it is difficult to place the
Synonyms to many of this genus.

Cc Balanus

5.
CLrAVADUS.

OTF
TIN TINNABU-
LUM.

10

Balanus Clavatus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p, 25.
Brs\ Za. 87 DAN:

Lepas Elongata. Gel. Sy/t. p. 3218.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 98. f. 838.
Ellis. Zooph. p. 198. t. 15. 7. 8.

B. with a long clavated fhell, flender at the bafe, di-
lated at the top, and ufually cloven into fix divifions :
the compartments three wide, and three narrow, wrinkled
longitudinally, and faintly ftriated tranfverfely. Length
two inches: diameter at the bafe three-eighths of an inch.

This fpecies we believe is not common on our coatt, as
we have never been able to procure it alive, or with its:
operculum. Mr. PENNANT has given a figure of it, but

fufpeéted it was only a variety of the Balanordes.

Door PuLTeney fays it has been found in the fea at
Weymouth, in’ deep dredging. It is therefore probably
a pelagic {pecies. This gentleman alfo informs us, that
it was firft difeovered by Sir JoserH Banks, who
brought it from Newfoundland: and that in Jceland it
grows to the length of three inches.

—<a—

Lepas Tintinnabulum. Liz. Sy/?. p. 1108.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3208.
Lifter. Conch. t. 443. f. 285.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 97. f. 828 to $31.
Br. Zool. p. 73. No. 8.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 166.
Balanus

1]

Balanus Tintinnabulum. Da. Cofta. p. 250.
Palt. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.

B. with a firong fhell, ufually divided into fix raifed
and fix depreffed compartments, the former running to
a point upwards and ftriated longitudinally; the latter
contracting to a point downwards, and tranfverfely ftri-
ated: aperture nearly as large as the bafe, angulated;
colour purple. Length an inch and a half, or two inches ;
breadth rather lefs.

This fpecies though admitted into Briti/h Conchology,
is fearcely to be called an Englifh fhell. It is the pro-
-duce of warm climates, and brought to us on the bottoms
of {hips, where they are frequently feen adhering in
clufters: and of courfe dead fhells are fome times found
on our fhores ; but we doubt if they ever breed in this
climate.

ihe
Lepas Coftata. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 30. f. 2. CosTATUS.

Tart. Lin. iv, pel67.

B. with numerous equidiftant ribs diverging from the
aperture: fhape fomewhat conic.

Mr. Donovan informs us that this fpecies was found
by the late T. Apams, Efg. of Pembroke, adhering to
pieces of broken rock, and 1s in the pofleffion of the Rev.

Cro eA CK

8

CoNoIDESs.

7.

STRIATUS.

‘}2
T. Racxett, of Spelz/bury, Dorfet. The figure above
quoted is about three-eighths of an inch in diameter at
the bafe, nearly round, and of a light colour.

—<fl—

Lepas Conoides. Doz. Br. Shells. 1. t. 30. f. 3.
Lurk. Vik. WW. pe Love

B. with fmooth valves pointed at the apex: aperture
very fmall. Found by Mr. Bryer, affixed to the Lepas
Anatrfera.

This fpecies, which we prefume was found at Weymouth,
is defcribed as above by Mr. Donovan: the figure given
is about three-eighths of an inch diameter at the bafe,
of a conic fhape; the compartments appear to ke fix,
divided at the top; the three pofterior ones larger than
the others; and all ftriated longitudinally, and flightly
tranfverfely ; giving it a reticulated appearance : colour

purplifh.
—<>—.

Lepas Striata. Br, Zool. t. 35.£ 7.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 98. f. 834.
Walker's Min. Shells. §, 87.
Lepas Verruca. Gel. Sy/i. p. 3212. 17.
“ BalanusIntertextus. Pu/t. Cat. Dorfet. p. 25.
Lepas Intertexta. Don. Br. Shells i. t. 36. £1. Durt. Lin.
iv. "p. 166.
Balanus Striatus, Da. Cofta. p. 250.
B. with

13

B. with a comprefled white fhell, with the compart-
ments ftrongly ribbed in an oblique direétion to each
other, and finely ftriated acrofs the ribs: the margin of
the bafe irregularly ferrated: aperture oblique, perfeétly
clofed by an operculum, and fo obfcured that it is diffi-
cult to find, except when alive. Diameter a quarter of
an inch, rarely fo much.

This fingular and curious fpecies, was firft publicly
noticed by Mr. Pennant as an Englifh fhell, from the
Portland Cabinet. Doftor PuLtTeney fays, he has feen
it common on oyfers, but more frequently on the Oftrea
Opercularis, both from Weymouth and from Poole.

We have found it not uncommon upon various fhells
on the South coalt of Devon, particularly in Salcomb
bay ; and fometimes in clufters on the roots of alge.

It is not uncommon on the coatt of Sandwich in Kent,
from whence we have received it; and Mr. WALKER
obferves it is found on the roots of Sea-weeds; the fineft
fpecimens on lob/ters.

——
10.

Lepas Diadema. Lin. Syjt. p. 1198.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3208. DiapeMa.

Chem. Conch. viii. t. 99. f. 843. 844.

Lifter. Conch t. 445. f. 288.

Gualt. t. 106-f. Q.

Ph. Tram. 1758.\pt. 2d. t..342f, 1.

Lepas

14

Lepas Diadema. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 56. f. 1. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 166.
Balanus Balzna. Da. Cofta. p. 251. t. 17. f 2. 2. 2.

B. with a fub-compreffled hemifpheric fhel!, with twelve
compartments; fix depreffed flat and {triated tranfverfely ;
the others which are alternate are prominent, with four,
five, or fix elevated longitudinal ridges, and tranfverfe
ftrize ; at the top is a deep cavity, funnel-fhaped, hexago-
nal within, at the bottom of which is the aperture: the
ribs are alfo furnifhed with openings at their fummit: the
bafe is concave, furnifhed with divifions or cells in a
radiated manner: in live fhells this part 1s covered with
a tough coriaceous membrane. It is ufually of a dirty-
white colour, an inch in height, and two or three inches
diameter towards the bafe; but commonly not half fo large.

The animal figured by Mr. Extis in the Philofophical
Tranfattions refembles a clufter of {mall hooded ferpents,

iffuing from the aperture and openings onthe top of the
ribs.

This fpecies is rarely found in the Southern parts of
this Kingdom, but is often met with on the fhores of
Scotland and the iflands contiguous.

It appears to inhabit fome fpecies of Vihale, by which
it 1s faid that the natives of the Northern parts diftinguilh
one kind from the reft.

Whether this is really diflinét fiom the Balanus Ba-
lenaris, which 1s found adhering to the pectoral wrinkles
of the Balena Boops is doubtful. . EN,

15

— nes 6269 0E OOO <S> QIODIO S060

GEN. Ill.

LEPAS.

— eS

Animal a TRITON.

SHELL, with feveral unequal plates or valves con-
nected by cartilages; affixed by a tubular flefhy peduncle.

—<p>—
I.

Lepas Anatifera. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1109.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3211. ANATIFERA.

Chem. Conch. vili.t. 100. f. 853. 855.

Lifter. Conch. t. 439. f. 282.

Br 2001, ts, 38. to9.

Pult, Cat. Dorfet. p. 26.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 7.

TurteLigeav.. ps 169,
Balanus Anatiferus. Da. Cota. p. 253. t. 17. f. 3.

L. with a compreffed fhell of five valves, the two lower
ones large and fomewhat of a triangular fhape, longitudi-
nally wrinkled, and obfoletely f{triated in a radiated man-
ner from the lower anterior angle; the two fuperior valves
long and tapering downwards to an obtufe point, the upper
part angulated on each fide, top rounded: thefe are

alfo

|

Neo

ANSERIFERA.

10

alfo faintly wrinkled longitudinally, and obfoletely ftriated
from the upper pofterior angle in a radiated manner.. The
dorfal valve is long flender and rounded, fmooth down
the middle, and fulcated on each fide; the cartilages that
conneét the valves, and the peduncle at the bafe are
ufually of a reddifh-orange colour. Length an inch and
a half, and fometimes more, breadth of the largeft part
an inch: colour blueifh-white, and gloffy.

This fpecies is frequently found adhering to the bot-
tom of fhips in great quantity, cluftered together of all
fizes, the fmaller ones adhering by fhort pedicles to the
larger. It particularly attaches itfelf to wood; pieces of
timber are not uncommonly thrown upon our {fhores
covered with them: we obferved one of fir above twenty
feet long, drifted on the coaft of Devon/fhire, that was
completely covered with Bernacles.

This is the fhell which was formerly fuppofed to pro-
duce the Bernacle Goofe, a curious account of which may

be feen in Gerarde’s Herbal.

—<j>—

Lepas Anferifera. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1109.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3210.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 100. f. 856.
Guaii. t. 106. £2. 3.
Lifter. Conch. t. 440. f. 283.
Turi. Lin. iv. p. 168.

L. with a compreffed fhell of five valves, much re-
fembling the preceding fpecies, but is readily diftm-

guifhed

i

guifhed from it by being ftrongly flriated in a radiated
manner, the inferior valve from the lower anterior angle,
and the fuperior one from the upper pofterior margin;
thefe are croffed by very fine ftriz, which give a faint
reticulated appearance: the angles of the valves are much
more {harp and pointed, and particularly the apex: the
dorfal valve is compreffed at the fides, and brought to
a fine carinated edge, whereas in the other it is rounded,
and only fub-carmated down the middle: This is a re-
markable character, and fufficient to difcriminate the fhel]
if all others were wanting: the fuperior valves are alfo
much more compreffed, which makes the fhell extremely
thin or flat on the polterior fide. Length one inch:
breadth not quite three quarters : colour bluifh-white.

This fpecies 1s rarely found with the former; we have
taken it from a piece of drifted wood on the fouth coaft
of Devonfhire, from half an inch in length to the fize
before mentioned; the conneéting cartilages and pedicle
bright orange-red.

—~o
ie
L. with a compreffed fub-triangular fhell of five valves, Sutcara.
the inferior ones wrought with fitteen ftrong ribs diverg- Tas. 1.. f. 6.
ing from the lower anterior angle; that which runs along
the front is larger than the reit, and forms a margin; the
two fuperior valves form a pointed apex, and narrow
downwards to a point, furnifhed with feven or eight ribs

D with

4.
SCALPELLUM.
AR Ua fo4e

18

/

with fmaller intermediate ones, diverging from the pofte-
rior margin ; the dorfal valve fomewhat comprefled, and
flrongly ftriated longitudinally, with a f{mooth fub-cari-
nated edge. Length a quarter of an inch, breadth nearly
as mach : colour dirty-white: pedicle fhort, dufky: fhape
fomewhat like the laft, but fhorter and more triangulated.
This new and elegant {pecies we found on Gorgonia Fla-
bellum on the Dor/fetfhire coaft near Portland Jfand: the
few that were on it were detached, not in clufters; fome
not half as large as that defcribed.

A figure of the natural fize was accidentally omitted.

—

Lepas Scalpellum. Lin. Sy/. p.1109.—Ginel. Sy/t. p.3210. 11.
Chem. Conch. viii. vig. 17. f. A. and a.
Lifter. Conch. t. 439. f. 281.
Gualt. t. 106. f. C.
Ph. Tranf. 1758. vol. 2. t. 34. f. 4. (Ellis.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 168.

L. with thirteen valves of a light brown colour, not
polifhed, but rather rough without any ftrie ; faintly
wrinkled in fome parts, and covered with fhort hairs ;
thofe on the dorfal valve fet in feries or rows tranf{verfely :
the three lower valves on each fide, to which the peduncle
is fixed, aré very fmall; the two next larger; the fupe-
rior one the largeft, running a little oblique to the reft,
and is pointed at the top: the dorfal valve is compreffled,

the

19

the edge rounded at the bafe and runs into a fharp procefs
about half way up; from whence it turns in a diagonal
line to cover the edge of the two fuperior valves: the
the whole fhell is much compreffed; the anterior and
pofterior fides are nearly parallel to each other for rather
more than half way from the bafe; the upper part is
truncated obliquely to the front; the apex turns a little
backward.

The peduncle is large in proportion, cylindric, com-
pofed of many annulations of the fame colour as the fhell ;
is nearly of the fame length, and covered with fhort
> hates:

This fpecies is rarely above five-eighths of an inch long
independant of the peduncle; and three-eighths broad.
It is a rare fhell, and feldom met with on our coaft.

We firft received it from Mr. Boys of Sandwich, and-
fince found it on a {pecies of Gorgonza, to which it feems
to be particularly attached. Curmnitz mentions the
fame circumftance. Hitherto it has been only known as
a produétion of the Norwegian feas, and even there ac-
counted extremely rare. Ours were taken off Plymouth
by trawling.

D 2 GEN.

GEN. IV.

PHOLAS.

—_—

Animal an ASCIDIA.

SHELL, with two large valves open at each end, with
{maller acceffory valves or plates at, or near the hinge,

Hinge, folded back, united by a cartilage; tooth fingle
in each valve beneath the hinge, long, incurvated.

—<I>—.
ie -
Dactytus. Pholas Daétylus. Zin. Syf. p. 1110. 20.
Gmnel. Syft. p. 3214. 1.—Turt. Lin. iv.
p- 172.

Chem. Conch. viii. t. 101. f. 859.

Lifter. Conch. t. 433. f. 276.

Id. Anat.t.19.f. 1. 2.—Br. Zool.t.39.£.10.
Pholas Muricatus. Da. Cofta. p. 244. t. 16. f. 2. 2.
Pholas Hians. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 26.

Borlafe Corn. t. 28. f. 31.

P. with a rough fhell ftriated tranfverfely, and flightly
longitudinally, or from the hinge; the anterior end

{lron gly

a

ftrongly muricated, extending into a beak, forming a
large rictus or gape.

Hinge reflexed and forms feveral cells on the back,
which are covered with two ftriated valves conneéted
longitudinally; below the hinge another long plate-like
valve afixed to the conneéting membrane: teeth, one in
each valve proje€ting inwards ; Jong, curved, flat : colour
white. Length an inch and a quarter: breadth fome-
times as much as four inches.

This fhell has been confidered by fome as diftin& from
the Daéiylus of Linn 2us: GmeE.in however has quoted
the figure of Cuemnirz and Lister which is evidently

this fhell.

The Pholades are all Borers : this is frequently found
in hard clay, marl, and wood: the largeft we ever faw
was on the north fhore at Poole. It is not uncommon
on many parts of our coaft from eaft to weft: and we
have picked it up of a large fize on the fands of Caer-
marthenfhire.

At Salcomb on the coaft of South Devon, it is found in
great abundance together with the P. Candidus and Par-
vus burrowed in the ftumps of old trees, which formerly
grew there, but now covered with the tide except at very
low water. Thefe are taken by the fifhermen and ufed
with fuccefs for baiting theie hooks.

Pholas

aye
Parvus.
Tape di. ts eS

22

Pholas Parvus. Br. Zool. t, 4. f. 13.
Da Cofia. p. 247.

P with a rough white fhell tranfverfely and longitudi-
nally ftriated, except at the fmaller end; the larger end
declines into a kind of beak, where it is muricated: hinge
reflex without cells: plate at the back one, connefted by
a membrane to the valves; no acceflory plate below the
hinge; teeth, one in each valve, flender, curved, fur-
nifhed with a knob at their bafe. Length half an inch ;
breadth one inch.

This {pecies was originally given by Mr. Pennant,
but has ever fince been confounded with the Daéfylus
and Cri/patus.

From the former it may be readily known by not hay-
ing any cells on the refleéted margin of the hinge; from
the latter in not having the longitudinal furrow; and
from both by the knob at the bafe of the tooth,

It is longer in proportion to its breadth than the Dac-
tylus, and fhorter than the Cr2/patus.

If this fhould be the fhell defcribed in the Britz/h Zo-
ology of which we can but little doubt, it 1s unfortunate
that the effential characters were omitted, efpecially as it
is {tated to be like the Crz/patus externally, but never
found larger than a hazel nut. From this circumftance

probably

gues
probably Da Costa was led to believe it was no other
than the young of that fhell.

In this ftate of uncertainty we are rather inclined to
give credit to fo able a naturalift, than to add ours as a
new fpecies, with a greater probability of its being the
fame. The Paruus feems to be a very local f{pecies : is
found in great abundance in decayed wood, below the
town of Salcomb on the coaft of South Devon, the only
place we ever met with it: and where the Cri/patus is
never found, but the Daciylus and Candidus equally
plentiful. The Pholades are all flightly conneéted at the
hinge, and rarely found perfeét except when alive, as the
acceflory valves foon feparate. In a live ftate thefe fmaller
valves or plates are evident and diftinguifhing charatters.

=

Pholas Crifpata. Liz. Sy. p..1111. 25:
Gmnel. Syft. p. 3216. 6.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 102. f. 872. to 874.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 62.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p; 27.
Puri. Lit. Ie el 1S.
Pholas Crifpatus. Br. Zoo]. t. 40. f. 12.
Pholas Bifrons. Da. Cofta. p. 242. t. 16. f. 4. 4.
Lifter. Conch. t.436.f.279. &t. Anat. 19.f. 3.
Id. Angl, t..5. £. 38.
Pholas Parvus. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 69. young.

P. with a ftrong, gibbous, opaque fhell, fub-oval, obtufe,

and very open at both ends: tranfverfely ftriated; half
the

6G:
CRISPATUS.

4,
Canpipus.

2A

the fhell reticulated, and feparated from the plain fide by
a broad furrow down the middle, extending from the
umbo or beak to the oppofite margin: hinge reflex,
{mooth, forming a cavity or furrow at the anterior end:
this end is truncated obliquely to the front margin, which
forms a fort of beak or angle at the end next to the
hinge.

Infide fmooth, gloffy; an elevation acrofs the middle
caufed by the furrow on the outfide: tooth long, flat,
much curved: colour whitifh, or tinged ferruginous.
Length fometimes, nearly two inches; breadth above
three, but more commonly much lefs.

This fpecies is found on various parts of our coaft, bur-
rowed in clay or lime-ftone ; but {paringly on the weftern
fhores, and thofe {mall and dead fpecimens; indeed we
believe it is no where plentiful of a large fize.

Donovan has figured the young of this fpecies for
the Pholas Parvus, but has followed Da Cosra in ex-
prefling a doubt of its being diftinét from the Crz/pata.
Had thefe authors ever feen the true Parvus fuch doubts
never could have arifen.

—

Pholas Candidus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1111. 23.—Gmnel Sy/i. p.
SUD at
Chem. Conch. viil. t. 101. f. 861. 862.
Lifter. Conch. t. 435. f. 278.—Id. Ang. t. 5.
my Gee Pholas

29

Pholas Candida. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 26.—Turt. Lin. iv-.
p- 173.
Pholas Candidus. Br. Zool. t. 39. f. 11.
Da Cofta. p. 246.

P. with a thin, fragile, femipellucid, oblong, yellow-
ifh-white fhell, rounded at both ends; ftriated tranf-
verfely, croffed by finer ftriz in a radiated manner from
the wmbo: a few of the radii at the larger end muricated,
or fet with fhort {pines: hinge reflected, fmooth, forming
a finus at the back: acceflory valve one at the hinge,
none on the connecting membrane below the hinge. In-
fide {mooth, gloffy-white: tooth in each valve flender, in-
curvated, above which on the margin of one valve is an
ere€t tooth-like procefs. Length three-quarters of an
inch; breadth two inches.

This appears to be a very local fpecies on our coafts.

Da Costa certainly could never have examined a
perfe€t {pecimen of this fhell, or he would not have
expreffed a doubt of its being a diftin& fpecies. If every
‘other character was wanting, the ere tooth-like procefs
is fuficient to difcriminate it; but it is alfo readily dif-
tinguifhed from all the preceding fpecies, by the valves

fhutting clofe at the larger end.

LisTeR met with it at the mouth of the river Tees,
but fays it is f{carce. Doétor Putreney {peaks of it as
a fhell of the Dor/fetfhire coaft.

FE We

Db Se
STRIATUS.

.

26

We have only found it alive at Salcomd on the fouth
coaft of Devonfhire, where it is fufficiently plentiful in
decayed wood at low-water mark, in company with the

Daéttylus and Parvus.

Pholas Striata. Lin. Sy/i. p. 1111.
Gmel. Sy/t. p.3215. 3.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.172.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 102. f. 864. 866,
Pholas Nanus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 27.
Pholas Conoides. Phil. Traus. lv. p. 1. t. 1.

P. with a conoid white fheli, the larger end ftrongly
reticulated, the reft irregularly flriated: at the front
margin the lip feems to fold back, and forms a fmooth
furface on the reticulated part: the plate or fhield at
the hinge is large, of a fub-oval fhape, beneath which is
a narrow plate joined to the membrane which conneéts
the valves: in the front is another narrow. plate and
membrane, which feems to prevent the fhell from open-
ing, except at the ends: at the fmaller end it gapes con-
fiderably, the larger end nearly clofed: _ tooth long, flen-
der, and much curved. Length half an inch, breadth
three-quarters.

Whether this fpecies can ftri€tly be faid to be Englifh
may be doubted; it is however not uncommonly found
burrowed in the planks at the bottoms of fhips, returned

from

27

from the Medzterranean, and probably other fouther:
latitudes,

Whether it has bred in our feas and become natural-
ized, is not afcertained. Ina piece of timber now before
us, perforated by this and the Zeredo Navalis, it is re-
markable how effe€iually they deftroy the planks of a fhip
by their conjoint a¢tions: the Pholas perforates the wood
acrofs the grain, while the Z¢redo infinuates itfelf with
the grain in all direétions,

Hale DIV.

28

LB) ig pie ui

BIVALVE SHELLS.

Animal an ASCIDIA.

SHELL, moft commonly gaping at one end.

Hinge, for the moft part furnifhed with a ftrong, thick,
and broad tooth not inferted into the oppofite valve.

> os
1.

PHOLADIA. Mya Dubia. Br. Zool. t. 44. f. 19.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 179
Chama Parva Da. Cofta. p. 234.

Pholas Faba. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 27.

M. with a thin, brittle, opaque fhel!, of a light colour,
and oval fhape, marked with fine concentric ftrie: the

beak is {mall, but prominent, placed at one end: the valves,

when

29

when fhut, have a large oval gape or opening in front,
oppofite the hinge. Infide white: hinge furnifhed with
a {mall plate, or rudiment ofa tooth, projecting inwards.

There feems to have been various opinions, with re-
fpeét to the clafs in which this fhell fhould be placed.

Mr. Pennant, who firft gave it to the public, met
with it in the Portland Cabinet; and feemed to be doubt-
ful with regard to the genus in which it ought to be
placed, by the trivial name of Dudza he affixed to it.

Da Costa has placed it with his Chama, which con-
fifts chiefly of Linnean Mye. Doétor PuLtTEeNney has
made it a Pholas ; we prefume under the authority of
Door SotanperR. It does not however appear that
there ever were fufficient grounds for placing it in the
Pholas genus. Even Dottor PULTENEY himfelf remarks,
that he has feen feveral of thefe fhells, but had not feen

one with the acceffory valves, the effential part of the
character of that genus.

Mr. Pennant and Da Cosra mention its poffefling
a tooth, or the rudiment of one. ‘This circumfiance per-
haps has more inclined us to fix it in the Mya genus;
others may perhaps hereafter remove it to the Myizlus ;
for the {mall elevation of the hinge is {carcely to be deno-
minated a tooth,

Ip

9

ae

ARENARIA.

30

In its general habits, it certainly appears very nearly
allied to the Pholades, but the want of the acceffory valves
forbids its being placed in that clafs: though, if we ad-
mit of the exiftence of a tooth, it is the link that conneéts
the Pholas and Mya. This hitherto feems only to have
been found at Weymouth, or on the Dorfet coaft, by thofe
who have defcribed it. We have found it not uncommon
on the Devonfhire coaft, at Torbay and at Plymouth,
burrowed in detached pieces of lime-ftone; but always
dead fhells, though in good condition. It rarely exceeds
three-quarters of an inch in length; and is frequently
tinged with rufous-brown.

—— Pp

Mya Arenaria. Liz. Syft. p. 1112.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3218. 2.
Br. Zool, t. 42. f. 16.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f. 3. 4,
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 175.—Don. Br. Shells. iii.
Es Os
Chama Arenaria. Da. Cofta. p. 232.

M. with an oval fhell, moderately concave, generally
of a rugged appearance, but fome are more fmooth with
numerous {mall concentric ftriz; infuch the fhells are not
fo thick and {trong as in the more rugofe variety : the hinge
is not very remote from the centre, but neareft the larger
end: the wmbo is rather prominent: one valve furnifhed
with a broad, thick, ereét tooth, by which it is joined to

the

31

the other or toothlefs valve, by the connecting cartilage.
Infide white, gloffy. This {pecies 1s a gaper, the {maller
end is incapable of clofing, and reflects outwards, par-
ticularly in that valve which has the tooth.

It may be rather confidered as a local, but not a fcarce
fhell. Da Costa mentions having received it from Kent,
and the J/le of Wight. We have received it alfo from Kent
and from Port/mouth, and have feen it in great abundance
in the gravelly parts of the fhores of Southampton river,
at low water, buried at the depth of fix or feven inches,
with the gaping end upwards; and fo flrongly wedged
in by the fhingle, that it is difficult to get them up with-
out a pointed iron inftrument.

In this fituation the fhells are always very rugged, but
thofe which are found in fand are more fmooth and regu-
larly grown, and covered with a brown epidermis, which
being removed the fhell is white: thofe of a rufty or
blackith colour are only ftained by the mud or ochreace-
ous clay. The fifhermen about Southampton call them
old-maids, and fometimes colleét them for food. They
are difcovered by a fmall hole on the furface, through
which they eje€t a quantity of water if prefled. The
common fize is about three inches wide; fometimes
though rarely above four; and two inches and a half

Jong from hinge to margin.
Mya

3.
TRUNCATA.

32

Mya Truncata. Lin. Sy/ft. p. 1112.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3217. 1.
Br. Zool. t. 41. f.. 14.—Turt. Lin. iv.

p» 174.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 27.—Don. Br. Shells.
Mi. t. 92.

Lifter. Conch. t. 428. f. 269.—Id. Angl.
t. 5. £..36.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f. 1. 2.
Chama Truncata. Da Cojia. p. 233. t. 16. f. 1.

M. with a fub-oval fhell, truncated at the fmaller end,
where it gapes confiderably more than the Arenaria: it
is wrought with concentric wrinkles, covered with a yel-
low tough epidermis, extending half an inch or more be-
yond the open end, like a thick membrane, through
which the animal extends itfelf: the valves are very con-
cave and refleét at the fmaller end; the tooth like the
preceding f{pecies, very broad and erect. Infide white.

This fpecies 1s found lodged under gravel near low-
water mark, on fome of our coafts; but dead {hells are
more frequently found with the epidermis worn off: in
that ftate they are nearly white, or tinged with yellow.
In this country it feems to be extendet from South to
North, as it is faid to be found in the Orknzes: we are
alfo informed that in Greendand it is the food of man, and
other animals,

We

53

We have taken it alive on the coaft of Devon/hire
meafuring two inches and a half in length, and three
inches and a half in breadth. In this ftate the epidermis
of the fhell joins to the tube or probofcis of the animal,
and becomes on that part a tough, thick, dark-coloured,
coriaceous {kin for its protection: and is greatly wrinkled
when contracted.

The animal is capable of extending this tube to the
diftance of nine or ten inches, and of contra@ing it to
about three, but cannot withdraw it into the fhell.

—--

Mya margaritifera. Zin. Sy/?. p. 1112.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3219.
Br. Zool. t. 48. f. 18:
Dar t€ofia? ps 225. t215. f)'3:
Lifter. Conch. t. 149. 4.—Id. Angl. app.
t. 1. f. 1.—Shroet. Flufscon. t. 4. f. 1.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. £.5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 176.

M. witha thick, ftrong, ovate-oblong fhell, fomewhat
indented or arcuated oppofite the hinge; covered with a
black epidermis: rugged and decorticated, particularly
about the wmbo, and frequently perforated with fmall
round holes. Infide of a greenifh pearly hue: fometimes
of a deep bronze all over, or only in patches on the ele-
vated parts; for the infide is frequently rugged and worn,

as

4.
MarGaritTi-
FERA.

De

Ova tis.

3A

as if the animal was conftantly throwing off part of its
fhell, both externally and internally. Teeth ftrong; in
one valve a fingle tooth, locking into a bifurcated tooth
in the oppofite valve. Length two inches and a half,
breadth five inches.

Inhabits only the rapid rivers, particularly thole of the
moft mountainous parts, and rocky torrents: not uncom-
mon in the northern parts, and in Wales; 1s alfo common
in the rivers of Devonfhire, which take their fource from
the mountains of Dartmoor, particularly the Aun or
Avon.

This fpecies has long been famous for producing
pearls, of a good colour, and of confiderable fize: and
was formerly fought after fer that purpofe. Conway was
noted for them: and we are informed by Campen that
Sir Joun Hawkins had a patent for fifhing them in the
river rt, in Cumberland.

=

Mya Ovalis. uit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 27.
Mya Piétorum. Br. Zool. t. 43..f. 17.
Lifter. Conch. t. 146. f. 1.—t. 147. f. 2. 3.
Id. Angl. t. 2. 30. ,
Da Cofta. p.228 t.15 f.4.—Don, Br. Shells.
ili. t: 89.—Shroet.-Flufscon. t. 3. f. 2. 3.

M. with a flrong oval fhell, of a dufky-green colour,

almoft black at the {maller end, marked with feveral con-
centric

35

centric wrinkles; smo placed near to the larger end:
hinge furnifhed with one tooth, which locks into a bifur-
cated tooth in the oppofite valve; thefe are {trong and
crenated ; befides which it has lateral lamine, two in one
valve, and one in the other. Infide pearlaceous : Length
fometimes near two inches; breadth four. A variety is
frequently found of an olive-green, thin and femipellucid,
with a few faint radiated ftrie from the wmbo: the teeth
not near fo ftrong, and the infide refplendent like mother-
of-pearl.

This variety has been confidered by fome as a diftin&
{pecies: but as they are to be found in all gradations in
fubftance and colour, fuch muft be confidered as varieties
only. The thin fhells, and thofe which are covered with
a green or yellowifh epidermis, are moft commonly found
in ponds ; whereas the dark and ftrong fhells inhabit rzvers.

This fpecies has been defcribed and figured by many
authors for the M. Pidforum of Linnaus. Doétor Put-
TENEY confiders it perfectly diftinét from that fhell, and
indeed we eannot but affent to his opinion. It is moft
probable Linn aus was not acquainted with this fpecies :
and Gettin has certainly confounded the two, if we
may judge from his fynonyms, for he has quoted both
Lister and Cuemnirz for the Pzflorum, whereas the
former has not given a figure of that fhell, but evidently
two varieties of this; the latter has figured the true

Pidlorum.
F 9 The

6.

PIcCTORUM.

36

The ovalis and margaritifera rarely if ever inhabit the
fame waters; this being found,only in the flow rivers,
and never in rapid torrents.

The large and thick variety has, we underftand, been
alfo feparated by fome conchologifis, and called Mya
folida; but certainly without foundation; for there is no
leading charaéter of diflinétion; the fhape, hinge, teeth,
and every other part is the fame; and the only difference
is in the fubftance of the fhell, a circumftance not alone
fufficient to admit of its being a diftinét fpecies.

This very flrong variety is not uncommon in the Avon,
that runs throngh the north of Weli/hire and Somer/fet/hire,
inhabiting the deeper parts of the river.

N

—~g>—

Mya Pigtorum. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1112.
Gmel Syft. p. 3218.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 1. f.6.
Lari. Lin. v. pe 115:
Shroet. Flufscon. t.3.f.2.t.3.f.45,—t.4. £6,

M. with a fub-oval, fub-arcuated fhell, moderately
thin, of an olive-green colour, fometimes darker at one
end, inclining to dufky ; wrought with concentric wrin-
kles: beak or umbo placed near to one fide ;_ hinge nearly
{lrait, from which it declines alike to both ends, which
are equally rounded: the front margin either flraight or a
little indented. Infide glofly, fmooth, pearly; in each

valve

37

valve a fingle broad crenated tooth, with two lateral la-
mine in one valve and one in the oppofite, locking into
each other.

This fhell is not very unlike the ovadzs in the form and
ftruéture of the teeth, but very effentially in fhape and
fize. Doftor Puttreney in his Catalogue of Dor/et/hire
fhells, does not confider the Mya Pidforum of Linn £us
as an Englifh fhell; and at our requeft favoured us with
foreign fpecimens of what is confidered the Linnean
Piélorum, which were in every refpeét like our fhell. It
feems that Do€&tor SoLaNDER confidered this as the true
Pidorum, but not found in England; and named the
ovalis as a diftinét fpecies in the Portland Mufeum. We
believe this is a rare, or at leaft a very local fhell in
England ; it is however not uncommon in the river Ken-
net, above the town of Newbury in Berk/hire, where we
difeovered it, but have never found it in any other place.
It is common in Holland and many other parts of the
Continent, and is generally ufed by painters for holding
their colours, whence the name.

The ovalis, which is common in moft parts ‘of this
kingdom, is ufed for the fame purpofe, but greatly ex-
ceeds the Piflorum in fize, which feldom is more than an
inch from the hinge to the oppofite margin, and an inch
and three-quarters wide.

Cardium

7.
ANEQUEVALVIS.

38
Cardium firiatum apicibus reflexis. Walk. Min. Sills. fig. $5.

M. with a fub-triangular, ftrong, thick, opaque, white
fhell, frequently covered with a brown epidermis : under-
valve deep; beak central, prominent, ftanding high above
the hinge, furnifhed with one flrong, erect tooth fome-
what recurved: Infide fmooth, the margin appearing as
if ground to an edge.

Upper valve not half the fize of the other, fmooth, but
radiated with a few obfolete ftrie from the beak ; at the
hinge a notch to receive the tooth of the oppofite valve.
When clofed the margin of the under valve projects con-

fiderably.

The fingular formation of this fhell is not well defined
by Wa ker, poflibly he had never feen the perfeét fhell :
indeed the fuperior valve might readily be miftaken for
a diftinét f{pecies: he has alfo erred in making it a
Cardium.

This fhell is by no means uncommon ; but rarely to be
obtained alive, or with conneéted valves ; we have found
it on the coafts of Cornwall and Devonfhire, and in a
living ftate dredged from Salcomb-bay. Mr. Boys fa-
voured us with the under-valve from Sandwich for Wat-
KER’s fhell here quoted. Diameter rarely above three-
eighths of an inch.

M. with

Se

M. with a fub-pellucid, fub-orbicular fhell, of a yel- Suzorsicurs

lowifh-white colour, frequently covered with a brown
epidermis; faintly ftriated tranfverfely, fomewhat glofly ;
margin oppofite the hinge nearly ftrait; fides nearly equal,
rounded: hinge central: beak fmall, pointed, turning
to one fide: in one valve a fingle tooth immediately
under the beak, locking into a double one in the oppofite
valve; with a laminated tooth behind the beak in each,
fomewhat remote. Infide gloffy-white: valves fhut clofe.
Length rather exceeding three-eighths of an inch; breadth
half an inch.

We firft difeovered this {pecies in hard lime-ftone at
Plymouth, fragments of which were thrown upon the
beach perforated in all direétions; the entrance of thefe
excavations were much fmaller than the fhell, fo that it
muft have entered in a younger ftate; and from which
_ it never could recede. It is fometimes dredged up in
Salcomb-bay, detached from any other fubftance, fo that
it does not feem to be a Borer mm all fituations; perhaps it
does not enter any thing but lime-ftone, which is not to
be found in this lait place.

This fhell is fo much like the Cardium corneum in
fhape, that it might readily be miftaken for a variety, ex-
cept attention is paid to the hinge, and that this is marine,
whereas the other is only found in frefh-water. A variety
is highly glofled, with a refplendent pearly hue.

Mya

Rts

AO

Mya pubefcens. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 27.

Mya declivis. Br. Zool. No. 15 ?
Turt. Lin. ivi p. 175,
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 82.

M. with a very thin brittle, oval, white, fhell, trun-
cated at the fmaller end: in the larger fpecimens the
outfide appears, through a magnifier, fomewhat like
fhagreen, and is very rough to the touch; flightly ftri-
ated concentrically: behind the cartilage {lope one valve
turns upwards in a fingular manner, and embraces the
edge of the other valve: the beak is nearly central, point-
ed, and turns a little fideways: hinge furnifhed with one
broad tooth-like plate projeéting inwards in each valve,
to which the conneéting cartilage is fixed. Infide white
and glofly. In young fhells the teeth are not very con-
{picuous, nor the outfide fo rough.

This fpecies is not uncommon, of a fmall fize, taken
up with fand from Falmouth Harbour: fometimes met
with on the Devon/fhire coaft; one we received from Ply-
mouth, taken by dredging was two inches broad, and one
inch and a quarter long. Dottor Putreney (who fays
this fhell was firft noticed by the late Dutche/s Dowager
of Portland) {peaks of having feen it two inches and a
half long, and three inches and three-quarters wide:
dredged up at Weymouth.

We

Al

We have reafon to believe the full grown fhell of this
fpecies is the Mya declivis of Mr. PenNanr, which he
defcribes to be frequent about the Hebrides, and that the
fifh is eaten by the gentry. The figure given by the fame
author for Zellina fragilis t. 47. f. 26. is fo extremely like
in fhape to the fmaller fhells of the M. pudefcens, that
we fhould not have had the leaft doubt of its being the
the fame, hadit not been placed with the Tedlens; the
defcription too, anfwers fo well to our fhell, that we are
almoft inclined to think the hinge might not have been
{tri€tly attended to; and certainly it is not the 7. fragi-
lis of LINN 4&US.

Dofor Putteney likens the 7. fragztts of the Britafh
Zoology to the Mya pretenuis; but that fhell is never fo
much truncated as the figure given in that work; whereas
the M. pubefcens is always of that form.

In the broad tooth of the larger fpecimens of this
fhell, is a fmall procefs or denticle, which is not obfer-
_ vable in younger ones.

—<p>— .
10;
Mya prztenuis. Puxit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 28. PRETENUIS.
Chama pretenuis. Petiv. Gaz. t. 94. 4. ape dy dees

M. with an oval, thin, brittle, flat fhell, of a whitifh
colour, marked with a few fine concentric ftrie; wmdo-
very fmall, pointed, turned to one fide, but placed

G nearly

1i.
DisrorTa.

A2

nearly central; valves not capable of clofing at the fmaller
end. Infide white: a broad tooth in each valve hollowed
in the middle, projeéting horizontally inwards ;° the teeth
when clofed cover each other, and by which they are
held together by the conneé¢ting cartilage. Length above
half an inch, breadth one inch.

We are informed that Periver received his fhell from
Poole. It has been called White Spoon-hinge, from the
tooth refembling the bowl of a fpoon. Dottor Putre-
NEY mentions having found it on the North {hore near
Brownfea Ifle, and on the fhore between Weymouth and
Portland ; and remarks with fome doubt whether it is not

the young of the pudbe/cens.

Wehaveno doubt of its being perfe@ly diftin®, and con-
ceive if the Doétor had met with the young of the pube/cens
to have compared, fuch doubts would never have exifted.

This fhell is not truncated, is much more flat, and has
not that fingular flexure of the dexter valve; befides
which the tooth is effentially different.

It is not uncommonly dredged from Faimouth Har-
dour, but moftly fingle valves: is alfo found on the South
coaft of Devon, where we have taken perfect fhells.

<p

M. With a fub-pellucid, thin, fragile, white fhell, rug-

Taz. 1.f.1. ged and diftorted into various fhapes; the valves are

CONVEX

AS

convex, moftly of a fub-oval form; but rifes high at the
umbo, where it projects beyond the margin or commiffure ;
the beak is fmall, placed nearly central, and does not
turn to either fide. In the broader fpecimens the hinge
is placed nearer to the larger end; fuch are not in general
fo uneven and rugofe as thofe of a more fub-orbicular
fhape; but all are more or lefs finuous and indented at
the margin. Infide white: hinge furnifhed with a broad
fub-triangular tooth in each valve, hollowed in the mid-
dle, projeéting horizontally inwards, much like the ju-
befcens : thefe teeth, tike the two preceding fpecies, cover
each other when clofed, and by which the valves are con-
nected witha cartilage. This fhell, which has fomething
of the habit of the two preceding fpecies, is much more
convex than the fretenuis, and the tooth not fo long and
rounded ; it differs alfo from the fube/cens in the fhape of
the tooth, and in not being truncated; and from both in

its rugged and diftorted fhape.

We firft noticed this fpecies at Falmouth, amongft the
fand dredged from the harbour for manure, and have
fince found it lodged in hard lime-ftone at Plymouth, into
which it had bored like the Pholas; probably the occa-
fion of its diftorted growth. It is alfo found on other
parts of the coaft of South Devon, but not plentiful.

The largeft fpecimen we have met with is not above
three-quarters of an inch long and an inch wide; others
are as long as they are broad. This and the two pre-

G 2 cedin g

3.

BIDENTATA.

Ad

ceding {pecies though perhaps not ftriétly belonging to
the Mya genus, cannot be placed with more advantage in
any other of the Linnwan genera. Dottor PuLTeney
informs us, that had Doftor SOLANDER lived to finifh his
fyematic defcription of the Portland Cabinet, it was his
intention to have conftituted a new genus, in which the
Mya pubefcens and pretenuis together with the Solen
bullatus and other fhells in that Cabinet, were to have
been included.

Had fuch a new genus been formed, this fpecies would
doubtlefs have been placed in it; but we did not think
ourfelyes warranted to make fuch an addition in a work
profeffedly local, for the fake of one or two fpecies.

—ip—

M. with a fub-oval, thin, comprefled, dirty-white fhell,
deftitute of {tri or markings of any kind, but not glofly :
moft times covered with extraneous matter that gives it
a roughifh appearance: umdo fmall, placed near to one
end, a little reclined.

Infide {mooth without any tongue or cicairix: hinge
with two broad ereét laminated teeth in one valve, none
in the other; thefe are placed each ftanding obliquely
outwards from the beak, and not very clofe together; and
between them immediately under the beak is a flight ca-
vity for the conneéting cartilage.

Length one eighth of an inch, rather more in breadth.
We

AS

We have feen this fhell not uncommon, burrowed in old
thick oyfter fhells from Salcom) bay, and have reafon to
believe it to be partly the caufe of thofe {mall round per-
forations fo frequently obferved on that fhell.

The hinge of this {pecies does not ftriétly belong to
any one of the prefent genera in conchology ; the
teeth though large, and fland very high in proportion,
have not the appearance of what are ufually termed pri-
mary; they are broad, flat, more than ufually diftant for
central teeth, and equally diverge. The oppofite valve
is deftitute of either fr¢mary or lateral teeth and has only
a flight cavity under the beak.

Whether this fhell grows to a larger fize remains to be
difcovered ; thofe we have found are commonly lefs than
above defcribed, That it is perfeétly diftin& from any
thing we are acquainted with there is no doubt; and as
it feems more nearly allied to the Mya genus than to any
other, it is there placed for the prefent.

GEN.

Animal an ASCIDIA.

SHELL oblong, open at both ends.

Hinge furnifhed with a reflex fubulated tooth, often
double, not inferted into any groove in the oppofite

valve.
=
l. Solen Siliqua. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1114.—Gmel. Syfi. p. 3223. 2.
Sirigua. Br. Zool. t. 45. f. 20.

Da. Cofta. p. 235. t. 17. £. 5.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 28.
Lifter. Conch. t. 409. f. 255.
Id. Angi. t. 5.6. 37. F
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 4. f. 29.
Gualt. teft. t. 95. C.

Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 46.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 180.

S. with a ftrait fub-cylindric fhell, truncated at one
end, a little rounded at the other; colour olivaceous-
brown

a7

brown; ftriated tranfverfely, each ftria turning longitu-
dinally acrofs the fhell; towards the back a diagonal line
from the hinge to the oppofite end, that marks the turn
of the longitudinal ftriz; beneath the epidermis the {hell
is cinereous and white, with ftreaks of a purplifh hue:
hinge fituate at one end: teeth in one valve fingle, with
a remote lateral Jamina ; in the other valve two, witha la-
teral inclined tooth, correfponding with the oppofite lami-
nz. Length from hinge to margin an inch; breadth eight
inches.

a

This fkell is common on moft of our fandy fhores,
found buried to the depth of a foot or more near low
water-mark; it frequently elevates one end a little
above the furface, and protrudes its body in fearch of
food; upon being difturbed it fuddenly recedes, This
place is known by a fmall depreffion on the furface. In
maty places it is fought after for food, by the common
people.

<=
32

S. with a ftrait fub-cylindric fhell, in every refpeét like Novacuza.

the Sz/iqua except in the hinge, in which it is effenti-
ally different, being furnifhed with one ftrong blunt cur-
ved tooth in each valve at one end, deflitute of lateral
laminez: thefe teeth turn contrary ways, and when clofed
clafp or hook into each other. This fpecies may pofiibly
have been confounded with the foregoing from its exter-
nal fimilitude, for we do not find it noticed by any con-

chologift.

ENsIs.

VAGINA.

A8

_ chologift. It is found on the fandy fhores of Caermar-

thenfhire, near Laugharne, together with the Sidzqua of
a large fize. We have taken it full an inch long, and
eight inches broad, but is extremely rare.

—lp—

Solen Enfis. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1114.—Gmnel. Sy/t. p. 3224. 3.

IBR Zool. tA Dei tes eos

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 28.

Da. Cofia. p. 237.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 4. f. 30.

Favan. t. 55. A. 3.

Lifter Conch. t. 411. f. 257.

Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 50.— Turt. Lin. iv. p. 180.

S. with a fub-cylindric arcuated fhell, ftriated and co-

Joured like the Sz/zgua: hinge at one end; a fingle tooth
and a lateral lamina in one valve; which lock into two
teeth and double laminz in the oppofite valve.

This fpecies is not uncommon upon many of our
fhores; is readily diftinguifhed from the Sz/zgua which is
invariably ftrait; whereas this is always more or lefs arcu-
ated, but moft fo in younger fhells, It rarely exceeds three-
quarters of an inch in length, and five inches in breadth.

=

Solen Vagina. Gwmel. Sy/i. p. 3223. 1,
. Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 21.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 4. f. 26. to 28,
Favan. t. 55. B. 1.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 180.
Solen marginatus. Pu/t. Cat. Dorjet. p. 28.
S. with

AQ

S. with a ftraight cylindric fhell, rather truncated at both
ends; that end next the hinge a little refle@ed ; ftriated
tranfverfely, each ftria turning longitudinally acrofs the
fhell, but not marked with a diagonal line: hinge clofe to
one end, furnifhed with a fingle {mall compreffed tooth
in each valve, which lie by the fide of each other when
clofed: no lateral lamine: colour orange-yellow. Length
about three-quarters of an inch, and rarely more than
four inches broad.

This feems to be rather a fcarce fpecies; at leaft we
have never met with it but on the fandy fhores of Caer-
marthenfhire near Laugharne. Mr. Pennant fays it in-
habits Red Wharf, Anglefea. Dottor PuLTENEY men-
tions it being dredged up at Weymouth, but rare.

——
Solen pellucidus. Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 23. PeLLucipus.
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 181.

S. with an oblong fub-arcuated, pellucid, fragile fhell ;
compreffed, and rounded at each end, covered with a
greenifh epidermis : hinge near to one end, furnifhed with
a fingle {mall tooth in one valve, locking into two in the
oppofite, with a lateral procefs in each. Length a quar-
ter of an inch: breadth little more than an inch.

This fhell which was firft noticed by Mr. Pennanr,
was totally neglected by Da Costa, who might perhaps
H never

50

never have feen it, and confidered it as a variety‘of the
Enfis in a young ftate. The fellucidus is not much more
than one third as broad as that fhelt in proportion to its
length ; it alfo differs in the hinge. We have found it in
Cornwall, and have received it from Sandwich. Mr. Pen-
nant found it to inhabit Red Wharf, Anglefea. It is
however a rare {pecies.

—g>—
6.

TEGUMEN. Solen Legumen. Liz. Sy/. p. 1114.—Gmel. Syjt. p. 3224. 4.

Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 24.
ow Lifter Conch. t. 420. f. 264.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 5. f. 32. to 34.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 58.—Da Cofta. p. 238.
Gault. t. 91. f. A.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 181.

S. with a flraight, oblong, fub-oval fhell, thin and fub-
pellucid; colour white, but moftly covered with a yel-
lowifh epidermis, and wrought with fine concentric {trie :
hinge near the middle, furnifhed with two fmall teeth in
one valve, receiving a fingle one from the oppofite; with
a hook-like procefs in each valve, pointing towards the
carulage. This fpecies is mentioned as rare, or at leaft
very local by feveral authors, and not to exceed two
inches and a half in breadth. We have found it on the
coalt of Caermarthenfhire, nearly an inch long, and four
inches broad; and very little inferior in fize in Beddeford
bay, on the coaft of north Devon, where it is in great
abundance, and by far the moft common {pecies.

fr, PEN-

ou

Mr. PENNANT mentions it from Red Wharf, Anglesea.
Da Costa from the fhore near Chritchurch, Hampfhire.

Solen fragilis. Put. Cat. Dorfet. p. 28.

S. with a very thin, pellucid, fragile, glofly, white
fhell, fomewhat depreffed in the middle from the hinge to
the oppofite margin; oblong, rounded at both ends; hinge
near the middle, furnifhed with a fmall fubulate tooth in
one valve; in the other two, one of which is fubulate,
the other broad, both recurved.

This is a very rare {pecies; we received it from the
Rev. Mr. Racxert, and believe it was found on the
Dorfet coaft. This fpecimen is nearly an inch and a half
broad, and half an inch long.

Doftor Putteney {peaks of it as belonging to the
Portland cabinet, named by Doétor Soranper. We
confefs this fhell has hitherto efcaped our notice on the
various parts of the coaft we have examined, but can
have no doubt of its being Englz/h, as the Doétor found it
himfelf on Studland beach. This author mentions that
it is marked with one or two reddifh ftripes, in an oblique
direction from the hinge towards the margin ; our fpeci-
men has no fuch markings. _

leis Solen

FRAGILI:

ANTIOUATUS.

52

Solen antiquatus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 28.
Solen Cultellus. Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 25.
Chama Solen. Da Co/ta. p- 238.

Lifter Conch. t. 421. f. 265.

S. with a thin, fub-pellucid, white fhell, moderately
glofly, wrought with fine concentric ftrie ; recent ihells
are covered with a yellowifh-brown epidermis : the ends
are rounded and gaping: hinge placed near the centre :
teeth, a fingle one in one valve, locking in between two
in the oppofite; thefe are erect, and projeét beyond the
commiffure or margin, and ftand rather oblique. Infide
fmooth gloffy white. Length near an inch, breadth two
inches:

Mr. Pennant, who firft gave this fpecies as a Britz/h
fhell, has erred with refpeét to the number of teeth,“ giv-
ing only a fingle tooth in each valve. Da Cosra, and
Doétor Putteney have fallen into the fameerror. It
fhould feem from this circumftance, that the teeth are
eafily deftroyed, and indeed we have found it to be the
cafe, but by the affittance of a glafs readily difcover the
fractured part. We have received it perfeét from Looe

in Cornwall ; but more frequently with the lofs of one or

two teeth. Mr. Pennant fpeaks of its being found at
Weymouth. Da Cosra received it from Dorfetfhire and
Hampfhire. It may however be ranked among our
fearcer fhells.

As this fpecies is certainly not the Cu/tellus of Lin-
nus, we have followed Doftor PutTENEY inthe name
here

53
here prefixed, and by which it was called by Dotto
SOLANDER in the Portland cabinet.

<i

Solen minutus Liv. Sy/t. p. 1115. 42.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3226. 11.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 6. f. 51. 52.
Lifter Conch. t. 426. £. 267 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 182.

S. with an opaque whitifh fhell, rugofe or wrinkled
tranf{verfely ; fub-oval, truncated at one end clofe to the
hinge : valves generally diffimilar, each furnifhed with
two rows of concave {pines running from the umdo; one
along the upper or hinge fide; the other in a diagonal di-
rection the whole length of the fhell. The under valve
projects a little over the other, except at the truncated
end clofe to the hinge. Length a quarter of an inch;
breadth half-an inch.

This very rare fpecies, never before noticed as Brztz/h,
we found burrowed in hard lime-ftone at Plymouth, and
can therefore with certainty add it to the lift of Engli/h
fhells. It is anorthern fpecies, has been found to inhabit
Coral rocks in Norway and Greenland.

Linnaus makes it to be the fize of a cucumber feed;
fome we found were not fo large, but one in particular
far exceeded that fize, the figure of which is given,

Solen

g,
MINUTUS.
Tas. 1. f. 4.

54

Solen vefpertinus. Gil. Sy/t. p. 8228. 20.

Chem. Conch. vist. 7 £..59. 60.
Tellina deprefla. Br. Zool. t.47.£.27.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 186.
Tellina variabilis. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.

Don. Br. Shells. it. t. 41. f. 2.

Turt. Lin.iv. p. 188.—avan.t.49.D. 1.2.

S. with an ovate-oblong, depreffed fhell, moderately
thick; white, or flefh-colour, marked with concentric
{triz, and radiated with carnation from the umdo in all
directions to the margin; beak nearly central, {mall ;
teeth ereét, two in one valve, one in the other; witha
{trong projeéting lamina in each, to which the connetting
cartilage is fixed. Infide fmooth, glofly; margin plain.
In young fhells the colours are much ftronger: fome are
quite purple, others pale pink or orange, more or lefs
rayed, frequently with one or two ftronger rays at the
umbo; and fometimes the interior margin is prettily
{treaked. Full grown fhells are an inch and a quarter
long; and near two inches and a half wide.

Dofitor Putreney mentions this fpecies to be found
on the Dor/fet coat at Poole and Weymouth. It feems to
have been named Tellina variabilis in the Portland Cabi-
net by Doctor SotanpveR; and the above author {tates
he has fome reafon to believe, that Do&tor SoLANDER
intended to remove it from the Tedlens.

We have found this fhell at Falmouth in Cornwall! ; and
not uncommon of a fimall fize at Kingsbridge in Devon-
Shire, and other parts of that coaft: but live fpecimens

are only taken by dredging.
GEN.

NO
nv

——SVSIHISFISSEOEHO-<<VD GSOSG208909s2———_

GEN. VIE

TELLINA.

i

Anmal a TETHYS.

SHELL, generally floping, or fomewhat curved on
one fide.

Hinge moft commonly with three teeth: the latera!
teeth in one valve flat or nearly obfolete.

—~—>—
ie
Tellina fervenfis. Gmel. Sy/f. p. 3235. 31. FERVENSIS.
Purt, Ign. iv. ip. 191.
Tellina ferroenfis. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 10. f. 91.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.
Tellinaincarnata. Br. Zool. t. 47. f. 31.
Tellina radiata. Da. Cofta. p. 209. t. 14. f. 1.
Lifter. Conch. t. 394 f. 241.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 94. f. 9.
Tellina trifafciata. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 60.

T. with a flat, oblong-ovate fhell, three-quarters of an
inch long, and an inch and a half broad, finely {triated

tran{-

9

SOUALIDA.

50

tranfverfely ; and elegantly radiated with red and white:
umbo very {mall, placed nearly central: teeth two in each
valve, no lateral ones: from the wmdo an oblique elevated
ridge runs to one end, where it forms an angle, and ren-
ders all the ftri at that part angulated and more rugofe.
Recent fhells are frequently covered with a thin yellowifh
epidermis. Infide white, or more frequently of a rofy
hue, fmooth and glofly: margin plain. This does not
appear to be a plentiful fpecies. It is fparingly found at
Poole and Weymouth in Dorfetfhire: Da Costa fays at
Scarborough in Yorkfhire. We have found it in Cornwall,
particularly at Falmouth dredged from the harbour; and
on feveral parts of the coaft of South Devon.

Certainly not the trzfafczata of GMELIN.
—<j>—

Tellina fqualida, Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.
Telina deprefla, Gmel. Sy/t, p. 3238. 55?
Guait. 88. L. M.

T. with a thin, flat, fub-oval fhell, faintly ftriated con-—
centrically ; the cartilage end running into a beak: umdo
{mall, central; teeth two in one valve, in the other three,
one of which is a little remote, laminated at the bafe,
fharp at the point: the fmall end of one valve reflects a
little outwards and forms a depreffion on the furface ;
the other turns inwards to correfpond: colour pale
orange-yellow, fometimes almoft white. Recent fheils
are frequently covered with a thin brown epidermis; be-

neath

57
neath which it is gloffy. Infide fometimes yellow, in
others white; margin remarkably fharp. Length an inch;
breadth an inch and three-quarters. Dr. PULTENEY fays
it is found on the north fhore at Poole, and at Weymouth

fparingly.

We have found it in Cornwall and on feveral parts of
the fouth coaft of Devon,

a

3.
Tellina lata. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29. Lata.
Tellina punicea. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3239.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 194.
Born. Mus. t. 2. f. 8.

Chem. Conch. x. t. 170. f. 1654. 55.

T. with an ovate-oblong, flat, and moderately ftrong
fhell, marked with ftrong, regular, concentric ftriz:
equivalve, and nearly equilateral: wmbo f{mall, pointed;
hinge furnifhed with three teeth; the outer one on the
anterior fide bifid, the other exterior one broad, more
diftant, ftanding obliquely tranfverfe, and is a fort of me-
dium between a primary and a lateral tooth; in each
valve one lateral laminated tooth very remote: margin

fharp.

Englifh fpecimens are ufually of a plain yellowifh-
white, without any of the coloured markings obferved in
exotics, which are rofe or carnation, and frequently with
lighter and darker fhades in concentric bands, In fize

I alfo

4.
DoNACINA.

moy
‘ vo

alfo ours are inferior to foreign ones, rarely exceeding
three quarters of an inch in length, and ar inch and
three-eighths in breadth.

This fpecies bears fome refemblance to the 7. /yualida,
but is not fo pointed at the fmaller end; it differs alfo in
the teeth, and {trong defined ftrie.

We were firft indebted to our late worthy friend Do&tor
Putreney fora knowledge of this fpecies as an Engli/h
fhell, who informed us it was found on the fandy beaches
in various parts of the Dor/et/hire coaft ; and we have fince
been favoured with a fpecimen from Mr. Bryer, who
affures us he has more than once picked it up on the
fands between Weymouth and Portland.

—<—_——

Tellina Donacina. Lin. Sy/t. p.1118.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3234. 26.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.—Turt. Lin. iv.
p: 190.
Gualt. t. 88. N ? '
Chem. Conch. vi.'t. 12. f..119 ?
Tellina trifafciata. Br. Zool. No. 33?

T. with a thin, fub-oval, compreffed, femi-pellucid
fhell, faintly marked with concentric ftrie, of a yellowifh
colour, prettily radiated with red: thefe rays in fome are
broken, and make the fhell appear fpotted, or zoned in
belts parallel to the margin: wmbo {mall, placed neareft

to

|

y

vu

to one end; the cartilage end is fhort and much floped
from the hinge, fo as to have a fub-truncated appearance,
like the genus Donax: the hinge is furnifhed with two
teeth in one valve; that behind the beak extends into a
lateral lamina ; a fingle tooth in the other valve. Infide
fmooth, glofly, yellow, rayed like the external part but
more faint. Some f{pecimens are almoft white, but rarely
without a red mark at the wmbo, at which part, and on
the margin of the umbonal regions, the colour 1s ftrong-
eft in all. Length rarely more than half an inch, breadth
three-quarters of an inch.

We have found this elegant fpecies in Falmouth har-
bour; and in Salcomb bay, in Devonfhire: have alfo re-
ceived it from our worthy friend and able conchologift
Mr. Boys of Sandwich, on the fhores of which place it
is not uncommon. Doétor Putteney fpeaks of its being
found at Weymouth fparingly. Mr. Pennant, who pro-
bably intended this for his ¢r¢fa/ciata, has been miftaken
in quoting that fhell of Linn.zus: we believe that {pecies
has never been found in England.

—<
Be

Tellina tenuis. Da Cofta. p. 210. Tenuls
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 19. 3 lower figures.
Tellina planata. Br. Zool. t. 48. £.29.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 188.
Tellina polita. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.
Lifter Conch. t. 405. f. 250. 251.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 11. f. 101:
Gualt. 77. M.
I 2 T. with

6.
STRIATA.

60

T. with a thin, brittle, flat, fub-pellucid, fub-oval,
gloffy fhell, with a few fine concentric {trie ; wmbo {mall,
placed nearty central; the cartilage end fomewhat point-
ed: colour various; white, yellow, carnation, of all {hades,
more or lefs zoned with a lighter colour. Length hali
an inch, breadth three-quarters.

This fpecies is plentiful on moft of our fandy fhores.
It has been confidered by Doftor PuLTENEy, as well as
Doétor SoLanpeR to be diftin& from the pl/anata of Lin-
nus, and which accords with our opinion. Da Costa
had followed Mr. Pennant in quoting that fhell.

The fynonyms of Gmetin’s flanata, certainly do not
accord with our fhell; and yet it appears fomewhat extra-
ordinary that fo common a {pecies as this on our fhores,
fhould not have been known to thofe great naturalifts,

i

Tellina ftriata. Gmel. Sy/t. p. $238.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 194.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 117.
Gualt. teft. t. 89. C.

T. with a fub-oval, flat, thin, fub-pellucid fhell, of a
rofy-white colour, darkeft towards the beak; fomewhat
gloffy, but marked with very fine concentric ftrie: when
examined with a lens fome minutely fine markings appear,
as if it was longitudinally ftriated; but thefe are chiefly
veins in the body of the fhell: wmdo very {mall, pointed,
not quite central; cartilage-flope indented.

Infide

O1
Infide rofy, white round the margin: teeth two, with
{trong laminated ones in each valve placed remote, one

on each fide. Length one inch, breadth five-eighths of
an inch.

The fhell above defcribed, which appears to be the T.
Jfiriata in a depauperated ftate, we were favoured with by
Mr. Bryer, who found it on the beach between Wey-
mouth and Portland,

Cuemnitz has given a good figure of nearly the fize
of ours, and has with doubt called it the Tedlina balau/-
tina of Linn £us, but it 1s certainly not that fhell.

We believe this fpecies has never before been noticed
as Britifh ; but poflibly from fimilitude to the 7. tenuzs
it may have been confounded; it is however at once dif-
criminated by the fine regular tranfverfe ftriz, and {trong
lateral teeth on each fide. Whereas the fenwzs has no la-
teral tooth in one valve, and only one in the other, and
that not very remote.

<=>

Tellina Fabula, Gmel. Sy/t. p. $239. 61.
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 194.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 97.

Tellina difcors. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 54

Fapu.a.

T. with a thin, pellucid, compreffed, oval, white fhell,
with ufually a tinge of blufh, or yellow at the umdo; and
fometimes the whole fhell is of a dull yellow, or yellowifh-

white,

62

white, gloffed with a pearly hue, as viewed in fome par-
ticular lights; wmbo placed nearly central, very fmall,
pointed, and turned a little to one fide: the anterior fide
flopes very confiderably toan obtule point; the oppofite end
is much larger and perfeétly rounded. Infide fmooth,
glofly-white, with ufually more er, lefs tinge of yellow
towards the beak: hinge furnifhed with three teeth in
one valve, one of which is lateral, not very remote : in
the other valve only two {mall central teeth.

The remarkable charaéter of this fhell is, that the valve
pollefled of three teeth, or (as Doétor PULTENEY ex-
preffes it) the left valve, is finely, regularly, and elegantly
{triated in a diagonal direétion; but not very confpicu-
ous without the affiftance of a lens: the other valve is
quite plain, except the ufual concentric wrinkles, which
are faint; this valve turns a little inwards, at the point of
the produced end, to correfpond with the other which
refleéts at that part. It is fubjeét to fome variety, with
refpeét to the diagonal ftrie peculiar to the finiftral
valve; in fome thefe run all over, except down the car-
tilage flope; in others only half way from the fmaller
end, the larger end being only marked with concentric
wrinkles.

This fpecies might readily be confounded with the T.
tenuis, but is broader in proportion to its length, and
more produced and pointed at the {maller end: it is in-
deed more like the 7. /gta in fhape, but greatly inferior

in fize.
We

03 .

We have received it from our worthy friend Mr. Boys
of Sandwich, where it is not uncommon, of a much {u-
perior fize to thofe found on other parts of our coafts:
meafuring five-eighths in length, and one inch in breadth:
whereas thofe on the Dor/et/hire coaft are ftill {maller by
Doétor PuLTENEY’s account, who fays they have been
found on the beach at Studland.

It is alfo found on the fouth coaft of Wales, particularly
near Tenby; but we have never met with it more plen-
tiful than in the fand heaps about Kengsbridge in Devon-
Shire, which is brought from Salcomb bay, for the purpofe
of manure.

It feems this fhell was known to Doétor SoLanpER, by
whom it was named /emzftriata.

Gme.in fays, it inhabits the Norwegian, Mediterra-
nean, and American feas.

— no
&.

Tellina incarnata. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1118. 58 ? SOLIDULA.

Ginel. Syff. p. 3234. 25 ?

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 110.

Lifter Conch. t. 405. f.250. 251.

Id. Angl. t. 4. f. 25.

Turt Lin. iv. p. 190.
Tellina carnaria. Br. Zool. t. 49. f. 32.
Tellina rubra. Da. Coffa. p. 211. t. 12. f. 4.
Tellina folidula. Pult Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.

T. with

9.
FaustTa.

O4

T. with a flrong, convex fhell, of a fub-orbicular fhape ;
the poflerior end in fome projetting into a fhort beak
fomewhat compreffed: colour various; white, yellow,
red, with intermediate fhades; fume are plain, others are
banded or zoned: umébo placed near the middle; hinge
furnifhed with two fmall teeth in each valve. Length
three-quarters of an inch: breadth rather more. The in-
fide of this fhell is generally of a ftronger and much finer
colour than the outfide : in fome it is of a deep red.

This fpecies is found common on moft of the Brzti/h
coafts, particularly the fandy bays and inlets, buried four
or five inches beneath the furface.

This is certainly not the carnaria of LiNN&US, as
was fuppofed by Mr. Pennant; but there feems little
doubt that it is the zncarnata of that author; and what
rather confirms us in this opinion is, that the fynonyms
of Gme in in mott inftances correfponds with ours.

—=<f_—

Tellina Remies. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1119. 62?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3239. 66.
Part. Lins ive ps sh 95.
Chem. Conch i. to422%. 112. 118.
Lifter. Conch. t. 266. f. 102.
Tellina faufta. Pult- Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.

T. with a fub-orbicular, fomewhat compreffed, fub-
pellucid, white fhell, with numerous fine concentric
{trie :

65

ftrize: at the pofterior end a flexure from the umdo to the
margin: wmo fmall, nearly central, and not turning to
either fide: hinge furnifhed with ftrong lateral teeth,
that on the cartilage fide very remote: one of the primary
teeth in each valve bifid. Infide fmooth, white; margin
plain. This fhell is nearly as long as it 1s broad; the fides
flope confiderably, and eccafion the uwmdo to be much
produced. In fome points of view many fine opaque radii
are obferved, as it were within the body of the fhell.

Doftor Puttreney, who firft gave this fpecies as
Britifh, ftates it to have been found one inch and three-
quarters wide, dredged up at Weymouth; and adds that
{mall ones are found on the fhore.

a
Venus craffa. Gmel. Syfi. p. 3288.90.
Tellina craffa. Br Loot Aseut.. 28.

Turt Lin. iv. p. 186.
Peétunculus depreffior. Da. Cofta. p. 194. t.13. f. 4. right hand.
Tellina rigida Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 30.

Lifter Conch. t. 299. f. 136.

Favan. t. 48. O.

T. with a ftrong, thick, fub-orbicular fhell, with fine
clofe-fet, concentric ftriz, interrupted by a few coarfer
ridges: colour white, with broad and narrow rays of
pink, moft confpicuous towards the margin: fome are
plain white, others of a yellowifh caft:. the valves un-
equal; the left or lower valve is confiderably convex, the

K other

10.
Crassa.

66
other much more comprefled : wmbo placed a little to one
fide, point fmall, turning forwards: hinge furnifhed with
two teeth in each valve, one of which is bifid: in the
deep valve two lateral teeth, one more remote than the
other. Infide white, with a tinge of blufh colour. Length
an inch and a half, breadth two inches ; fometimes larger.

Da Cosra, who gives this fhell by the title of Pecfun-
culus deprefior, fays he received it from Cornwall. He
does not choofe to give Mr. Pennant credit for his Ted-
lina crafja, but makes that fhell his Trzgonedla plana.

There is no doubt however that Pennant knew this
fhell by his defcription, and {peaks of it as difltinét from
his Venus borealis, the Trigonella plana of Da Costa.

Dotor PULTENEY notes it as rare at Weymouth, and
on the north fhore at Poole.

We have found it plentiful at Falmouth and at Helford
in Cornwall, dredged up with the fand from thofe har-
bours, but rarely double or live fhells.

Alfo on fome parts of the fouth coaft of Devon, parti-
cularly Salcomd bay; and on the coaft of Caermarthen-
Shire in Wales.
——
11.
PROFICUA. Tellina proficua. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 29.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 18.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 12. f. 118.
Tellina

G7
Tellina reticulata. Liz. Syft. p. 1119. 63.

Gmel. Syft. p. 3240. 67 ?
Luar. Lin. We pelo 5.

T. with a fub-orbicular, fub-diaphanous fhell, befet
with numerous fine, regular, elevated, concentric ridges ;
the interftices or furrows croffed with minute ftria, fcarce
difcernable but by the help of a glafs: wmbo f{mall. pro-
minent, placed nearly central, and turns a little to one
fide: hinge with two {mall central teeth, and broad lami-
nated lateral ones, projecting above the margin; fromthe
apex a furrow runs on the inner fide of the pofterior late-
ral tooth, in which the conneéting cartilage is fixed; co-
lour yellowifh-white. Infide fmooth, glofly yellow: the
tongue or cicatrix to which the animal is affixed, is broad,
and runs into the middle of the fhell; margin plain, be-
neath which is a deprefled pun@ured line, parallel with
the outer edge, nut very confpicuous in younger fhells.
Length an inch and a quarter, breadth fomewhat more.

We were favoured with this fpecies by the Rev. Mr.
RacxerttT, who faid it was found rarely in Dor/fet/hire.
Doftor Putteney fays on the north ihore at Poole, and
at Weymouth.

CuEMNITZz has given a very good figure of this fhell,
and quoted the Tellina reticulata of Linn £us. GMELIN
has not quoted Cuemnitz’s figure, nor has he given any
fynonyms.

K 2 Tellina

12s
RADULA.
Grape oeif In 2.

68
Favan. t. 48. f. 3.

T. with a convex, fub-orbicular, white fhell; befet
with numerous fine fharp-edged {trie concentrically : ex-
tremely rough to the touch like a rafp: wmbo central,
fmall; apex turned to one fide, very little projected ,
umbonal region much depreffed, and marked with an
oblong cordiform cavity; a flexure, at the pofterior end,
running from behind the uméo to the front angle, not
quite parallel with the cartilage flope: hinge with two
fmall teeth in each valve ftanding a little oblique, no la-
teral ones. Infide white, not glofly ; a border round the
margin more perfeétly white than the reft: cicatrax nar-
row, running downward, nearly parallel with the margin.

This fpecies has much the habit of the Jroficua, but 1s
eafily diftinguifhed from it externally by the beak being
lefs produced, by the cordiform depreffion ; by the flex-
ure at the pofterior end, and by the fuperior convexity
and want of the longitudinal ftriz. Internally by not
having any lateral teeth or groove; in the fhape and fitu-
ation of the tongue or cicatr¢x ; and in being invariably
white.

With thefe ftrong and effential chara€teriftic diflinétions,
it is hardly poffible to conceive thefe two fhells can have
been confounded, and yet it is fomewhat extraordinary,
that a fhell fo abundant as this is on fome of our coatts,
fhould have remained fo long unnoticed by thofe who
have written profeffedly on the fubje&t; for we cannot

affix

09

afix any fynonyms to it. The ufual fize is about an inch
and a half broad, and {carcely the eighth of an inch lefs in
length. We have found it notuncommon on fome parts of
the coaft of South Devon; lefs frequent on the Caermar-
thenfhire coaft about Laugharne, and in great abundance in
Cornwall, particularly at Falmouth, amongft the fand
dredged from the harbour for the purpofe of manure ; by
which means it is common in the arable fields about that
place. ;

=.
13.

Tellina bimaculata. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1120. 67. Bimacurare

Gel. Syft. p. 3240. 71.
Chem Conch. vi.t.13.f.127. var. 132. a. b.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 30.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 19. f. 1. & two pur-
ple figures.
Lifter Conch. t.385.£.232.—t.389. £.228?
Da Cofta. p. 213.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 196.
Tellina variegata. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3237. 43?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 192.

T. with a roundifh, fub-triangular fhell, faintly ftriatec
tran{verfely ; whitifh, with two deep-red or purple {pots
or ftreaks at the beak; in fome {pecimens this mark runs
more than half way acrofs the fhell, but never quite; is
much ftronger marked within than on the outfide : wmbo
nearly central ; apex turned a little to one fide ; primary
teeth large; lateral ones ftrong, remote. Length half an
inch ; breadth five-eighths.. It is femetimes found quite

plain,

14.
PACTE A.
Tap. WE if 4,

70
plain, others are marked with a few interrupted rays of
pale purple, which appear like {pots in the fhape of ar-
row-heads, befides the broad purple or red fireaks ; but
in fome the broad marks are entirely wanting, and the
pale-purple fpots or rays only vifible, which variety is
probably the Tellina varvegata of Gme tin. Da Costa
fays he received this {pecies from the fhores of Lancafhire

and Hampfhire. Doctor PuLreney fays f{paringly on the
coaft at Poole and at Weymouth.

We believe it to be amongft the rare fhells of Great
Britain, though we are informed by Mr. Bryer that it
is not uncommon on the fhore between Weymouth and
Portland; fpecimens of which he favoured us with, and
amongft them a variety entirely white.

<i

Tellina la&tea. Lin. Syfi. p. 1119. 65.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3240. 69.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 30.
Chem. Conch vi. t. 13. f. 125 ?
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. 18.
Gualt. t. 71. D.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 195.

T. with a thin, orbicular, convex, white fhell, with
fine concentric irregular wrinkles: wmdo {mall, turning to
one fide, central; hinge furnifhed with two teeth in one
valve, one in the other; thefe are very fmall, but what
at once diftinguifhes this fhell is a deep fulcus or groove

by

71

by the fide of the teeth in each valve, running from the
umbo, into which the conneéting cartilage is fixed.

This f{pecies is not in general gloffy in a recent ftate,
and mo(ft commonly has the ftriz interfperfed with a few
antiquated ridges. Diameter three quarters of an inch,
It is found on many parts of the coaft, chiefly in bays and
inlets. We have met with it {paringly at Falmouth, about
Kingsfbridge in Devonfhire, at Poole in Dorfet/hire, and
have received it from Kent: but it does not appear to be
common any where, and live fheils are very rare.

———

Tellina undata. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 30?

T. with a thin, fub-pellucid, orbicular, white fhell, ra-
ther convex, wrought with fine (almoft obfolete) ftrie
concentrically; moderately gloffy: wmdo fmall, rather
promment, and turned to one fide, placed near the mid-
dle: teeth two in each valve, one of which is bifid, the
other a little diverging. Infide fmooth, gloffy white.
This f{pecies varies a little m fhape, in fome the front
margin is a little ftraitened, and makes one end rather
fmaller than the other, in which cafe the breadth ratber
exceeds the length. Its largeft diameter is feldom more
than an inch, and few equal that fize.

This (hell has much the habit of the Venus undata, and
may readily be confounded with it; the material diftinéti-
on

il3)5

ROTUNDATA.

‘Pape 2: $53;

16.
FLEXUOSA.

72

on is, that it is not fo much produced at the umbo, the
hinge not fo ftrong, and in not having three teeth in either
valve, the effential charaéter of that fhell: nor has it any
cicatrtx within.

We believe Doftor Putteney has given this for the
Venus undata of PENNANT under the title of Tellina un-
data; for we have no doubt if the Doétor had been for-
tunate enough to have found the Venus wndata, he would
not have placed it in the Te//en genus. This laft author
mentions having found it at Poole not uncommon. We
have picked it up on the fhores of that harbour; alfo
on the coaft of Devonfhire, and at Falmouth in Cornwall,
but rarely live or double valves.

mel

Venus finuofa. Don. Br. Shells. t. 42. f. 2.

T. with a thin, pellucid, fragile, convex, fub-orbicu-
lar, white fhell: from behind the wmdo to the lower angle
of the margin, a fulcus runs parallel with the cartilage
flope, and forms a finus or flexure at the edge. It is
finely, but irregularly ftriated concentrically, and is not
very glofly: wmbo placed central, much produced, and
turns to one fide at the apex: hinge with an obfolete
tooth; along the margin, from behind the umbo, a groove
in which is fixed the conneéting cartilage: Infide {mooth,
glofly white. Mr. Donovan has given a figure of a
variety of this fhell, as the Venus fnuofa of PENNANT, in

which

7
i?

which we conceive he has erred. We believe this fin-
gular fpecies wes firft noticed by us in Cornwall, from
which place we fent feveral fpecimens to Mr. Rackerr,
from whofe collection Donovan flates to have taken his

figure,

Mr. Pennant’s fhell is certainly in obfcurity, but it
is impoffible he could have intended this for it, for inde-
pendent of the figure given in the Br. Zoology, which is
not in the leaft like this fhell in fize or fhape, the placing
it as a Venus precludes the poffibility of their being the
fame. The Tellina flexuafa is indeed fometimes a little
indented on the front margin; but this mutt be confidered
as an accidental diftortion; and in no cafe is it found
without the fulcus and finus at the pofterior end, the
{trong {pecific character.

This fhell feldom exceeds three-eighths of an inch in
diameter, and never arrives at half an inch; and in length
is rather more than in breadth.

It is plentiful in the fand of Falmouth harbour, and
not uncommon on the fouth coaft of Devon/fhire.

—i~—

Tellina carnaria- Lin. Sy/t. p. 1119.
; Gmel. Syft. p. 3240. 70.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 126,
Pult Cat. Dorfet. p. 30.
Lifter Conch. t. 339. f. 176.
L Tellina

«

Wiis
CaARNARIA,

74

Tellina carnaria. Don. Br. Shells. a. t. 47.
Kart. Laavas. px 195,
Cardium carneofum. Da Co/ta. p. 181.

T. with a fub-orbicular, fub-pellucid, flattifh fhell,
with one fide rather longer than the other, ftriated in
three dire€tions ; the middle area is rather oblique from
the wmbo to the margin ; the pofterior end in an oblique
direction the contrary way; thofe on the anterior margin
tranfverfe and undulated; thefe {trie are extremely fine
as if cut with an engraving tool: colour moft commonly
white, with a rofy hue; others are pink or carnation,
and fometimes banded with paler and darker fhades : wmbo
nearly central, fmall, and turns a little to one fide: hinge
furnifhed in one valve with two {mall teeth, one of which
is bifid, in the other one tooth: lateral laminated teeth
remote. Infide fmooth, gloffy, moft commonly of a fine
rofe colour. Length rarely more than three-quarters of
an inch; breadth about an eighth of an inch more.

Doftor Putreney fays, this elegant fpecies is found
{paringly at Poole and at Weymouth. Da Costa men-
tions having received it from Scarborough and other
places in that county, and likewife in plenty from De-
vonfhire and Cornwall. We muft however remark a fuf-
picion that Da Costa was mifled with refpe@ to this
fhell being plentiful in the laft mentioned counties, as we
have examined thofe coafls frequently, without ever find-
ing even a fingle valve.

‘Tellina

fo
18.

Tellina inequivalvis. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1118. INEQUIVALYIS.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3233. 23.
Chem. Conch. vi. t.11.f. 106. a. b,c. d.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 41. f. 1.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 189.

T. with an oblong, fub-oval, fub-pellucid, white fhell;
one valve is nearly flat, the other convex : arcuated along
the cartilage flope, and extending into a confiderable ob-
tufe beak at that end; the other end rounded: teeth two;
no lateral teeth. Length half an inch, breadth one inch,

This fpecies, which is an inhabitant of the Mediterra-
nian and Norwegian feas, has been given by Mr. Dono-
vaNnas an Engli/h {pecies; whether it is ftrittly fo is at
prefent to be doubted ; though he affures us it is found on
the coaft of Guern/ey.

19

T. tefta fubovata craffiufcula, decuffatim ftriata, maculis ire MacuLata.
regularibus. Adams Min. Shells. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 252.

This fpecies, which appears not to have been defcribed
before, Mr. Apams adds the following obfervation upon.

It is remarkable in this fpecies, that although the figure
of the fpots in different fpecimens is quite dilfimilar, yet
in both the upper and under fhell they are perfetily
fimilar.

Found at Tenbigh.
L. 2 GEN.

“J
>

ct 992 898 SO EO <S— 00989890922 —-

GEN. VIII.

CARDIUM.

—g>—

Animal a TETHYS.

SHELL bivalve, equivalve, convex, for the moft part
longitudinally ribbed.

Hinge with two teeth near the beak, a larger placed
remote on each fide, locking into the oppofite valve.

i. coumod
Eputt. Cardium edule. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1124. 90.

Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3252. 20.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 19. f. 194.

Lifter Conch. t. 334. f. 171.—Id. Ang. t. 5.

f. 34,
Br. Zool. t. 50. £.41.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 205.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 30.—Gualt. t.71. F,
Cardium vulgare. Da Cojta. p. 180. t. 11. f. 1. 1.

C. with about twenty-fix antiquated ribs, of a yellow-
ifh-white colour; the pofterior end a litttle elongated, and
generally of a darker colour. Greateft diameter rarely
exceeds an inch and three-quarters.

This

cone

=e

Dp
This fpecies is very common in moft of our inlets and
bays, near the mouths of rivers, where the fhore is fandy,

buried three or four inches under the furface; where it is
taken for the table, and is vulgarly called Cockle.

A variety is frequently found quite equilateral, not fo
large, and perfeétly white ; fuch has been confidered as
a diftin& fpecies, but we believe without foundation.

Ze
Cardium aculeatum. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1122. 78. ACULEATUM.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3247. 7.

Chem. Conch: vi. t. 15. £. 155. 157:
Gualt. t. 72. AA—Br. Zool. t. 50. f. 37.
Turt. Lin. iv. p.201.—Da Cofta. p.175.
Don. Br. Shells.i.t.6.—Favan. t.52.A.
Lifter Conch. t. 321. f. 158 ?

Cardium tuberculatum. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 30?

C. witha very convex fhell; the anterior fide rounded,
the other nearly ftraight, or as it were truncated, and
more elongated at the front marginal angle; ribs about
twenty one, with a depreffed line down the middle; the
round end befet with targe compreffed tubercles, the
other part towards the margin with fpines, which increafe
in length at the oppofite fide: colour yellowish brown,
fafciated and blotched with rufous, and fometimes blackilh. ,
Infide glofly purplifh, or flefh colour, with flat ribs, the
furrows on the outfide becoming raifed within; interftices
between the ribs white.

Mr. Pen-

2
We

EEcHINATUM.

48

Mr. PenNnANT has given a very good figure of this fhell ,
and fays it is found off the Hebrides and Orknies.

We have found it on feveral parts of the coaft of South
Devon, particularly on Dawli/h Warren, and at Tor-crofs.
Diameter from the beak to the projecting angle of the
longeft fide four inches, circumference about eleven.

=i

Cardium echinatum. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1122. 79.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3247. 8.
Br. Zool. No. 28.
Da Cojia p. 176. t. 14. f. 2
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 30.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 15. f. 158.
Gualt. t. 72. B.x— Favan. t. 52. C.1. 2.
Lifter Conch. t. 324. f. 161.
fd. Ang. t.5.£.33,—Turt. Lin. iv. p.201.

€. with a very convex fhell, having about eighteen
ribs furnifhed with numerous, clofe-fet, convex {pines ;
colour rully-orange yellow.

This {pecies differs from the aculeatum in being more
round, the ribs more raifed, which with the furrows are
more wrinkled; the {pines are more numerous and con-
tiguous, but not folong; the fhell is ftronger, the teeth
larger; and in fize rarely exceeds. two inches and a half
in diameter. Infide white, glofly; the mbs not fo much
railed at the upper part towards the beak. Mr. Pen-
NANT fays this fhell has fixteen ribs: Linn aus gives it

twenty ;

79

twenty ; in this particular both may be right, for in fome
the fide ribs are fearcely defined but by rudiments of
the {pines.

This is common on moft of our fhores, and very nu-
merous in fome places, moftly worn and bleached white:
live fhells are rarely obtained but by dredging: in this man-
ner we have taken very fine fpecimens from Salcomb day.
At Falmouth in Cornwall a fhell very fimilar to this in
fhape is common on the fhore, and in the fand dredged
from the harbour: thefe have neither {pines nor tubercles,
vaftly ftronger and thicker, the ribs more convex, on
which fometimes are a few rudiments of tubercles; colour
dark rufty-brown: infide furrowed only about half an inch
from the margin.

We dare not venture to give this as a diflinét fpecies,
never having been able to procure it in a recent flate, al-
though we have picked up fome hundreds ; and what is
remarkable, none of the thinner fhells are to be met with
at that place. It is however fometimes found on fome
parts of the Devonfhire coaft with the other, and we have
taken it on the coaft of Caermarthen.

The young of the echinatum have the ridges, or ribs fo
much more angulated or fharp, as to have been confound-
ed with the czlzare

oes 4,
Cardium ciliare. Lin. Sy/t. p.1122.80.—Gmel. Syft. p.3248.9. CILIARE.

BrwZoo. tw5O. t. So.
Cardium

Lay

L#VIGATUM.

80

cee ciliare. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 31.
Don. BreShellr i= t. S2. i. 2.
Chem. Conch, vi. t. 17. f. 171. 172.
Lifter Conch. t. 325. £.162.— Gualt. t.72. C.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 202.
Cardium parvum. Da Dojia. p. 177.

>

C. with an orbicular, thin, delicate fhell; with about
eighteen fharp ribs, furnifhed with very comprefled
pointed {pines ; the grooves or furrows flat at the bottom,
and fomewhat glofly: colour generally white, but fome-
times partly yellowifh.

This elegant fpecies is rather fcarce in England, though
it has been noticed on feveral of our fhores. We have
found it fparingly in Cornwall and Devonfhire. Diameter
rarely above three-quarters of an inch.

a

Cardium levigatum. Zin. Sy/f. p. 1123.88.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3251. 18.
Br. Zool. t.51. £.40.—Petiv. Gaz. t. 93.
Terps
Da Cofta. p. 178. t. 13. f. 6. 6.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.31.—Gualt. t.82. A.
Don. Br. Shells. ti. t. 54.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 18. f. $5. 86.
Lifter Conch. t. 332. f. 169.—Id. Angl.
ted es Oe
Cardium oblongum. Gael. Sy/t. p. 3254. 34 ?
craffuin. ig, poses. Sac
fluviatile. Jd. p. $255. 40.
C. with

8i

C. with a fub-oval {trong fhell, flriated longitudinally ;
covered by a gloffy yellowifh-brown epzdermzs, which
renders the {trie nearly obfolete; a few irregular, con-
centric wrinkles are alfo obfervable: beneath the epzdermis
the fhell is of a flefh colour. Infide fmooth, gloffy, white ;
margin denticulated. Length two inches and a half;
breadth two inches. Young fhells beautifully polifhed
and mottled with reddifh-brown, or pink; infide pink,
except at the margin, where it is broken into fpots in
fome, in others plain white.

This fpecies is found on many parts of our coalt, but
ts not commonly met with in a living or recent ftate.

We have frequently taken it by dredging in Salcom) «
bay.
~ age ;
6.
C. with a flat, fub orbicular fhell; colour rufous-white, Noposum.
with twenty four ribs covered with clofe-fet, obtufe tu-
bercles. Infide white, glofly ; margin ftrongly denticulated.

We found this new fpecies fparingly amongft fand from
Falmouth harbour. Diameter three-quarters of an inch.

Although this fhell bears fome refemblance to the
young echznatum, it muft not be confounded; the young
of that fpecies is always more globofe, or convex; the
ribs are more fharp, and the tubercles more pointed and

diftant.
M C. with

82

ELONGATUM. C. with a comprefled, fub-oval, fub-angulated fhell, of
a yellowifh-white or light rufous colour; with twenty one
ribs, faintly wrinkled and rounded; wmdo not central;
pofterior fide fomewhat elongated, and angulated. Di-
ameter a quarter of an inth.

We found this new fpecies by dredging in Salcomd bay,
but fparingly.
=
8.
Exicuum. Cardium exiguum. Gwmel. Sy/t. p. 3255. 37.

Lifter Conch. t. 317. f. 154.

Walk. Min. Shells. £. 83.
Cardium pygmeeum. Don. Bre Shel issuer te oeeatan ss

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 207.

C. with a very convex, fub-triangular, fub-cordated,
white fhell, with about twenty tuberculated ribs, the in-
terftices ftrongly ftriated tranfverfely : anterior fide much
floped, running into an angle nearly oppofite the umbo.
Old fhells lofe the tubercles and become wrinkled all over.
Infide fmooth, white, frequently rufous at the angulated
fide; margin denticulated. Length from the beak to the
projeCting angle of the front margin rather méré than
half an inch; breadth nearly the fame.

We have found this fpecies in great abundance at Fal-
mouth in fand from the harbour; and not uncommon at
Salcomb, in Devonfhire. Wave alio received it from Mr.
Boys, fonnd on the coaft of Sandwich {paringly.

Cardium

83
9.

‘Cardium medium. Lin. Syft. p..1122.—Gmel. Sy/ft. p. 3246. Mepium.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 200.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 16. f. 162—164.

Lifter Conch. t. 316. f. 153.

Guait. t. 83. f. B.

Don Bra SHU als ta, BD te, Le

C. with a fub-triangular, fub-cordated fhell, with about
thirty fix fmooth ribs, of a white colour, fpotted and va-
riegated with chefnut-brown: fomewhat truncated on one
fide, and running into an angle at the front margin; the
other fide is fhorter and rounded. Infide white, ufually
coloured with ferruginous or chefnut about the truncated:
fide: primary teeth one in each valve, which with the la-
teral ones are {trong and elevated: margin crenated.

On the authority of Mr. Donovan we have given this
as a Briti/h fhell, as he informs us it has been found near
Hartlepool, on the coaft of Durham. ‘The figure given
by that author is fearce an inch in length: foreign {peci-
mens are more than double that fize.

Said to be found in the Mediterranean and American

' feas. It has much the fhape of the Cardium exiguum.
Se
10.
Cardium lzve apice minuto. Walk. Min. Shells. 86 ? RuspruM,

C. with a convex, fmooth, gloffy, pellucid, red fhell :
hinge not quite central; rather broader than it is long,
rounded at both ends: 220 prominent; hinge with nearly

: M 2 obfolete

1k.
Discors.

384

obfolete primary teeth; lateral ones very confpicuous.
Infide glofly red; margin \plain.

Not uncommon in fand from Falmouth, and fome parts
of the Devonfhire coalt, particularly about Kingsbridge.
A minute fpecies not exceeding the eighth of an inch in

breadth.

From the defcription in WaLker’s Minute Shells, we
have little doubt but this is the fhell there defcribed; and
that either the fize was forgot to be placed with the figure,
or that it is found of a fuperior fize on the coaft of
Kent.

——-

Tellina pififormis. Gel. Sy/t. p. 3241 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 196 ?

C. with a very convex, fub-orbicular, gloffy, white
fhell, finely ftriated in an oblique direftion, curved at the
anterior fide, the poflerior end in a contrary direétion,
forming an acute angle with the others ; thefe are fo fine
as {carcely to be obferved by the naked eye: umbo fmall,
central, and turns a little to one fide. Infide gloffy white ;
margin plain; hinge furnifhed with one tooth; in the op-
pofite valve two, one of which is very fmall, with remote
lateral teeth-like amine. Size of a fmal) pea, or rather

more than a quarter of an inch long, and not quite fo
broad.

We

85

We hefitate to determine this fhell to be aétuaily En-
glyfh, having only found one dead fpecimen in fand at
Falmouth, taken from the harbour.

. hs
Cardium fubcordatum antice muricatum. Walk. Min. Shells. MuricaTuLuM.

f. 84.—Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 44.

C. with a heart-fhaped, opaque, white fhell, margin
muricated,

A microfcopic fpecies, minutely fmall, found at Sheppy
ifland, not uncommon.

fata eee
C. with a thin, fragile, femi-pellucid, orbicular, white Arcuatum.

fhell, finely and regularly ftriated tranfverfely in an arcu- Tas. 3. f. 2.

ated manner, as if cut with an engraving tool, with a few

irregular concentric furrows; not glofly: beak or umbo

central, pointed at the apex, and turning to one fide;

hinge furnifhed with one primary tooth in each valve;

laminated teeth remote: on the fide of the middle tooth

a fulcus or groove in which the conneéting cartilage is

fixed. Infide white, a little gloffy, very concave; mar-

gin flightly crenated. Diameter not quite half an inch.

This fhell has fomewhat the habit of the Tedlena diva-
ricata of LINN &US.

We found this elegant fpecies in Falmouth harbour,

dredged up with fand for manure ; but not common.
T ellina

i4.
CorNEUM.

15.
AMNICUM.

pate |
Tellina cornea.

Tellina rivalis.
Cardium Noux.

86

Lin. Sy. p. 1120. 72.

Gmel. Syft. p.3241..76.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 13S. a. b.

Part im ie. p19 7.2

Lifter Conch. t. 159. f£.14.—Id. Ang. t. 2.
FSi

Don. Br. Shells. iii. t.96.

Br. Zool. t. 49. £36.

Lin. Trans. iii. t. 18. f. 39. 40.

Muller verm. 387—Gualt. t.7. B. C.

Da Cofta. p. 173. t. 13. f. 2.

Cardium corneum. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 31.
Cardiumamnicum. Jd. p. 31?

C. with a thin, pellucid, fub-orbicular, convex fhell,
marked with fine concentric ftrie; wmdo central, obtufe,
with the middle teeth very fmall, lateral laminated ones
remote, prominent. Infide fmooth, gloffy blucifh-white :
fizecommonly about three-eighths of an inch in length,
and fomewhat broader.

In the river Thames it is found of extraordinary mag-
nitude, frequently above half an inch long, and nearly
three-quarters wide. Is in a recent ftate always covered
with a thin glofly efzdermis of a lighter or darker horn-
colour.

Common in moft flow rivers and ftagnant pools.

—<—

Tellina amnica. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3242.— Turt. Lin. iv. p. 197.

Muller. verm. p. 205. No. 389.

Tellina

87

Tellina amnica. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 13. f. 134.
Gualt. t.7. CC.—Shroet Flufsconeh. p. 193.
No, 12.—p.194. No.17. 18. t.4.f.7. a. b.
Tellina rivalis. Liz. Trans. iii. p. 44. t. 13. f. 37. 38
Lurt. Lin. iw. p. 187.
Don. Br. Sheils. ii. t. 64. f. 2.

C. with a thin, fub-pellucid, fub-oval, convex fhell,
fulcated tranfverfely ; wmbo placed neareft to one fide;
hinge furnifhed with one central tooth, and two lateral
teeth on each fide in one valve, ftanding parallel one with-
in the other, the outer of which is very fmall; in the
other valve two primary teeth approximating, and ftand-
ing oblique, with one lateral! tooth on each fide: colour
like the preceding f{pecies; fize much inferior. Length
rarely three-eighths of an inch, breadth half an inch.

This fhell had long been confounded in England, until
Do&or Maton defined the diftinction in the Linnean
Tranfatiions. The Doétor remarks, that he generally
found it on the chalky parts of the bed of the Avon, and
in rivulets communicating with it near Sali/bury.

We have found it not uncommon in the northern Avon,
in Wili/hire, a different river from that before mentioned,
running through the north of that county, and difcharging
itfelf into the Brzftol channel; whereas the other flows
through Hamp/hire, and difembogues near Chrifichurch.

It

88

It has alfo occurred to us in other places, particularly
in the water-courfes in the meadows near Wareham in Dor-
feifhire ; but by no means fo plentiful as the C. corneum.

There can be no doubt but this isthe Ted/zna amnica of
Mutter, which he defcribes very well in the following
words, tefta fubcordiformis tranfverfim fulcata, wmbone
obtufo. It is rather unfortunate that the name of Tedlina
rivalis has of late been adopted for this fhell, as it is likely
again to produce confufion, MuLLeR having previoufly
given that name to the 7. cornea of LINN aus.

It is indeed at once diftinguifhed from that fhell by its
more oval fhape, ftrongly fulcated appearance, and by
the wmbo not being in the centre: the hinge is alfo much
ftronger, and the teeth though fomewhat fimilar, are much
larger and more conf{picuous,

Our late worthy friend Doftor PutTEeney, does not
feem to have fufficiently defined the diflinétion in his Car
dium amnicum, to make us confider it other than a variety
of the C. corneum.

A minute fhell not above a line in length, fimilar to this
in fhape, but fomewhat more cordiform, and tumid, and
with teeth as flrong in proportion, is very common in al-
moft all the waters inhabited by either of the two pre-
ceding fpecies; and frequently plentiful in the mud or
{ediment of rivulets, ponds, and even ditches where none
of a fuperior fize are found; but we cannot determine

whether

89

whether it is really diftin&. It is however proper to re-
mark, that the young of the amnzcum extracted from the
parent fhell, though not much inferior in fize, are always
more comprefled.

—<f>—
16.
Tellina lacuftris. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3242.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.197. Lacusrre.
Muller. verm. p. 205. No. 389.
Chem. :Conch.. vi. t. 13. f. 135.
Shroet Flufsconch. p. 191. No 12.

C with a fub-rhomboidal, thin, pellucid, fmooth fhell,
of a pale horn-colour, fometimes covered with a- dark
brown efzdermts; rather compreffed, particularly round
the margin: umbo central, fmall, but extremely promi-
nent, projecting beyond the commiflure, and when the
valves are clofed, and the fhell viewed fideways, exhibits a
cordiform fhape; hinge flight, teeth fmall, in each valve
a primary tooth, one of which is plain, the other bifid;
with lateral teeth in both valves, one on each fide the
hinge, and two additional very minute lamine in one
valve, fituated as in the preceeding fpecies. Length
three-tenths of an inch; breadth four-tenths.

We were firft favoured with this by Mr..Swarnson, in
whofe cabinet of Bratz/h fhells were feveral under the
title of Tellina compreffa. This gentleman informed us
it was found in a river near Bu/ftrode, and that he had
taken it in the river near Long ford, but that it was [carce.

N Since

00

Since that period we have taken it in a ditch, or water-
courfe fubjeét to be overflown by the river Aun, near
Hatch, in Devonfhire; and in the Avon, at Lackham, in
Wilifhire, {paringly; and lately in great abundance in a
{mall pond under the downs, clofe to the village of Wed-
hampton, in the laft county; where neither the corneum
nor amnicum were to be found. It is remarkable this
pond, which affords one or two other of the more rare
fhells, efpecially the Helzx nautzlordes, has no communi-
cation with any other water, but ftands expofed at a very
confiderable diftance from any, and much higher than
any in the neighbourhood.

It is fearcely poffible this fhell can be confounded with
the C. corneum, if the fmalleft attention is paid to the re-
markable produced wmbo, and the compreffed {preading
margin, independent of the fub-rhomboidal fhape, moft
confpicuous in full-grown f{pecimens.

There is no doubt this is the Tellina lacuftres of Mut-
rer, though he fays it has fix lateral teeth, and no mid-
le ones. Cuemnitz obferves that a good magnifying
glafs is required to find all the teeth Mu Ler has given
it, but that it has middle teeth, though theyare very {mall.

In the larger, or full grown fhells, there is no difficulty
in difcovering by theafliftance of a good pocket lens, or
hand megalafcope, the fix teeth defcribed by MuLuer, as
well as the central ones: but younger fhells are fo ex-

tremely

ol
tremely thin that the central and fmaller lateral teeth are
not fo readily difcovered.

The animal of this, as well as the two preceding, are
viviparous, producing from fix to twelve at a time, and
are probably either androgynous or hermaphrodite, as all
thofe we have diffefted in the early part of the month of
June contained perfect young, It isa Tethys, of a pellucid
white colour, with a very long tongue-fhaped foot, .or
fuftentaculum, fituated at the pofterior end, exceeding the
length of the fhell when extended ; by this it moves back-
wards by jerks, dilating and contraéting it alternately :
at theanterior end are two tubes clofe together, the longeft
is neareft the hinge, and is about one-fourth the length.

of the fhell.

N 2 GEN.

Q2

at 0299D O90 DOO <VSr-_QIDIWSO 20 Wem

GEN. IX.

MACTRA.

——.

Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL: bivalve: valves equal, inequilateral.

Hinge: middle tooth complicated with an adjacent
groove, or pit; lateral teeth remote, inferted into the op-
pofite valve.

ie

SoLiDA. Maétra folida. Lin. Sy/t. p.1126.—Gmel. Syft. p.3259.13.
Br. Zool. t. 51, f. 43. A.—t. 52. f. 43.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 23. f. 229. 230.
Lifter Conch. t. 253. f.87.—Id. Angl. t. 4.
f. 24

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 31.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 61.
Turi. Lin. iv. p. 211.

Trigonella zonaria. Da Cojta p. 197. t. 15. f. 1. 1.

Trigonella Gallina. Jd. p. 199. t. 14. f. 66.

M. with a ftrong fub-triangular fhell, of a yellowifh-
white colour; with a few concentric ridges, fides equal ;
wml

Q3

umbo central; lateral teeth large, prominent. Infide
glofly white. Length an inch and a half; breadth an inch
and three-quarters. Worn fhells frequently become deeply
furrowed or zoned, with grey, or flate-colour, and fome.
times vellow. In this ftate it is figured in the Briti/h Zo-
ology, as well as the perfeét fhell.

Da Cosra has given the figure of a worn fhell for his
Trigonella zonarta ; and the perfect fhell he makes difting
by the name of Trigonella Gallina ; and {ays that, it is by
the common people of Cornwall called Hens. He is per-
haps right with refpect to the vulgar name, as we find it
fo called in fome parts of Devonfhire. It is therefore per-
fecily clear that the Maétra Solida of Pennant, and the
Trigonella zonarza, and Gallina of Da CosrTa are no-
thing more than this fpecies in various flates.

It is one of the moft common fhells on the fouth coaft
of Devon, and frequently taken by the common people
about Dartmouth for culinary ufe.

—

Trigonella fubtruncata. Da Cojfia. p. 19S. SUBTRUNCATA.
Mactra Stultorum. Br. Zool. t.52. £.42.

M. with a ftrong, fub-triangular, yellowifh-white fhell,
tranfverfly ftriated, with fometimes a few ridges; round-
ed onone fide, the other more pointed and longer ; umdo
large, \prominent, the fides near the beak much turned
inwards, efpecially the anterior, which is depreffed into a

cordiform

STULTORUM.

904

cordiform fhape, when the whole fhell is viewed fideways.
Hinge not quite central; teeth fimilar to the preceding
{pecies. Infide fmooth, yellowifh-white.

This has frequently been fuppofed a mere variety of
the M. folida, and has been generally placed as fuch in
cabinets. Da Cosra’s defeription of it is very good. It
is found in Hamp/fhire, and we have picked it up on feve-
ral parts of the fouth Devon coaft. It feldom grows to
half the fize of the folzda. Length rarely more than three-
quarters of an inch; breadth an inch, and commonly
much lefs.

When compared with the Macira folida of the fame
fize, it will be found to be more convex and angulated :
the wmdo larger: fides from the beak more ftraight, and
turned inwards, and one end more preduced.

Mr. PENNANT has given a very good figure of this
fhell; but has erroneoufly made it the Maétra Stultorum
cf LINN AUS.

—<g>—

Maégira Stultorum. Zz. Sy/t. p. 1226. 99.

Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3258. 11.

Chem. Conch, vi. t. 23. f. 224. 226.

Lifter Conch. t.251. f. 85.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 31.—Turt. Lin.iv.211.
Tellina radiata. Br. Zool.t. 49. f. 30.
Trigonella radiata. Da Cojia. p. 196. t. 12. f. 3. 3.

M. with

g5

M. with a thin, fub-triangular, femi-pellucid fhel|,
faintly ftriated tranfverfely; covered with a thin efzder-
mis, of a light rufous-brown colour, irregularly rayed
with broad and narrow whitifh lines; fometimes of a red-
difh hue : wmdéo central, prominent, frequently of a pur-
plifh caft: fides nearly equal. Infide pale purple, which
commonly gives a tinge of the fame colour on the outfide,
when the efzdermzs is worn off. Length one inch and a
half; breadth one and three-quarters.

According to Doftor PuLTENEY, this fpecies is found
at Poole and at Weymouth. Da Cosra fays Dorfet/hire,
Cornwall, Chefhire, and at the mouth of the Mer/ey ; alfo
on the coaft of Aderdeenfhire and other fhores of Scotland.
We have found it on the coaft of Caermarthenfhire, Kent,
and Devonfhire, but not common.

This is not the Tellina radiata of Linn us. Mr. PeEn-
NANT was miftaken with refpeét to his Synonyms.

—z>—
4.
DFALBATA.
Ware Sete de

Maétra dealbata. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 31.

Mattra pellucida. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 24. f. 234.
Gmel. Sy/t. p.. 3260. 21.
Lunt. Lin. iv. pi 203.

M. with a thin, fragile, pellucid, oval, white fhell,
very finely ftriated, with a few coarfer concentric wrin-
kles; the fmaller end gaping a little: wmdo not quite
central, but rather neareft the larger end: middle tooth

in

96

in one valve broad, bifurcated, angulated clofe to the
beak ; lateral teeth not very remote. Infide gloffy white,
moderately concave ; margin plain, edge fharp.

Dottor PuLtreney firft noticed this {pecies as a Britz/h
fhell: it was found by Mr. Bryer at Weymouth.

We have feen fpecimens rather larger than that men-
tioned by the Doétor, faid to be found on the fame coaft.
Length one inch; breadth one and a half.

From the circumftance of this fhell not clofing at one
end, there can be very little doubt but it 1s the Madétra
pellucida of Cuemnitz, and not the fragzlis as fome have
thought; indeed the defcription and figure given by him
anfwers perfectly well.

ae

Maétra. compreffa. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 31.

Trigonella plana. Da Cofta. p. 200. t. 13. f. 1. 1.

Venus borealis. Br. Zool. No. 52.

Maétra Lifteri. Gmel. p.3261. 26.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.213.
Lift. Con. t.253. £.88.—Id. Ang. t.4. £.23.

Tellina borealis. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 64. f. 1.

M. with a flat,. thin, femi-pellucid, fub oval, fub-tri-
angulated fhell; of a yellowiih-white colour; fometimes
light ferruginous, and often blackifh, or banded with thefe
colours, occafioned by the foil it is found in: is rather
wrinkled irregularly than ftriated, and not glofly : umbo

{mall},

Q7

fmall, central ; hinge without lateral teeth; cartilage ca-
vity large, triangular; primary teeth fmal!; a fingle one
locking into a bifid tooth in the oppofite valve. Infide
{mooth, gloffy, white; margin plain. Length one inch
and a half; breadth two.

There is no doubt Mr. PENNANT was acquainted with
this very common Brzti/h {pecies, though he has miftaken
it for the Venus borealis of Linn aus: his other fynonyms
confirm this opinion. Da Cosra has erroneoufly con-
fidered the Tellina craffa and Venus borealis of the Britifh
Zoology to be the fame fhell; whereas the defcriptions
given by Pennant, though concife, are fufficient to note

the diftinétion.

It is remarkable, that it does not appear Linn.£us was
acquainted with this fhell: and Gmevin_ has evidently
taken it from Lister, as he fays “Habitat ad oftium fluvit

Angliae Tees ;” and calls it Lzfert in compliment to that
author.

This 1s one of the moft plentiful Briti/h fpecies, and
may almoft be termed a fub-marine fhell, being chiefly
found at the mouths of rivers, or inlets not remote from
frefh water; and though never beyond the flux of the
tide, yet it delights in fituations where frefh water is oc-
cafionally flowing over. It principally inhabits fludge or
muddy places, buried to the depth of five or fix inches.

O Doftor

6.
Boys.
MAB Se te his

Doftor Putreney confiders this to be the Piperata
Chama of the Latins, Matra piperata, Gmel. Syft. p. 3261.
a fhell well known in the Medzterranean, and greatly re-
lifhed as food. It is. not eaten in any. part of England
that we know of: and indeed, thofe we have tafted were
extremely bitter.

The animal has two flender tubes of a yellowifh colour,
placed near together at the anterior end ; one, about three
inches long, is thrown about in fearch of food, fuch as
infects; which may be feen pafling up this tranfparent
fyphon, with the current of water it is continually taking
in, and difcharging at the fhorter tube, placed nearer to
the hinge; retaining only the nutritious matter: but it
occafionally ejeéts the fuperabundant water with confide-
rable velocity from both tubes, particularly the longelt.

—<>—.
Maétra Alba. Lin. Trans. vi..t. 16. f.9. to 12. (Wood.)

M. with an oval, flat, thin, pellucid, glofly, white
fhell, almoft fmooth, or with a few diftant, obfolete, con-
centric ftriz: wmbo placed neareft to the leffer end, very
fmall, and a little turned at the apex: primary teeth one
in each valve, fmall; cartilage cavity broad; lateral teeth
in one valve only, broad, elevated. Infide fmooth, glofly,
white; cicatrix nearly obfolete, large, running from the
{maller end two thirds acrofs the fhell, parallel with the
margin. Length rather more than half an inch ; breadth

exceeds three-quarters.
This

99

This new fpecies was firlt difcovered by Mr. Boys at
Sandwich, who favourea us with feveral fpecimens: we
have fince found it, rarely in fand, from Salcomd bay, and
Biddeford bay in Devonfhire ; and alfo on Studland beach, in
Dorfetfhire, but none fo large asthofe on the Kentzh coatt.

<>

M. with a flrong, fub-triangular, opaque, white fhell ; Trrancuvaris.
umbo prominent, obtufe; fides a little unequal: hinge Tas. 3.f 5.
flrong; primary tooth in one valve large, bifid; in the
other two fmall teeth, with a triangular cavity between;
lateral ones depreffed. Infide white, not very glofly,
margin firongly crenated. Length one eighth of an inch;
breadth rather lefs.

There are no perceptible ftriz on this fhell, yet it has
very little glofs. The hinge does not ftri€tly correfpond
with the characters of the genus, but we could not with
more propriety place it elfewhere. It is a fingular fhell,
and cannot be confounded for the young of any other
{pecies,

We have found it in fand from Falmouth harbour alive,
but not common; and more plentiful, in fand, on various
parts of the coaft of South Devon.

=e 8.
Maétra lutraria. Lin. Sy/ft. p.1126.—Gumel. Syft. p.3259. 14. Lutraria.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 24. f. 240. 241.
Lift. Con, t.415. £.259.—Id. Ang. t.4. £.19.
Br. Zool. t. 52. £44.
O 2 Matira

100

Matra lutraria. Zin. Trams. vi. t. 16. f. 3. 4. (Woods)
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 32
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 58.
Turt. Lin. iv. p.211.—Schroet Fluf[h.t.2.£.1.

M. with an oblong-oval, yellowifh-white fhell; with
irregular concentric {trie ; fometimes almoft {mooth, with

ly a few {mall ridges ; otl ftrongly ridged, efpe-
only a few fmall ridges ; others more ftrongly ridged, efpe
cially at the fhorter end: wmbo fmall, placed nearer to
one end, from which both fides flope a little: tooth in
one valve triangular, no lateral teeth, Infide glofly white ;
gaping a little at beth ends.

This fpecies has frequently been confounded with the
Madéira hians. It is not uncommon on many parts of our
coaft, efpecially near the influx of rivers: is found re-
markably large near Laugharne on the coat of Caermar-
then, and in great abundance: alfo in fome parts of Corn-
wall, but more rare on the fouth coalt of Devon, and in
Dorfeifiire. Not unfrequently taken above two inches
andahalf long, and five broad. It is rarely obtained alive,
except by digging, and that only when the tide is unufu-
ally low: their place of concealment is generally known
by a dimple on the furface, through which they ejeé& wa-
ter to a confiderable height; though the fhell is frequent-
ly buried two feet beneath. The animal of this and the
following fpecies, being an A/czdia, makes a deviation
from the generic character in that refpeét; it is large, and
protrudes feveral inches at the f{maller end in fearch of-.
food; frequently not lefs than feven or eight.

Mattra

101

Maéira hians. Pult. Cat. Dorfet.-p. 32.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 16: f. 5. 6. (Wood.)
Chama magna, Da Co/ia. p. 230. t. 17. f. 4.
Mya oblonga. Gmel. Sy/t. p.3221.10.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.177.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 2. f. 12.— Gualt. t. 90. A.

M. witha flrong, oblong fhell, with rugofe, concentric
wrinkles, moft fo at the end remote from the hinge; o-
paque, dark-brown, with frequently a rufous tinge; fome-
times dark cinereous, and when recent, covered with
a thick, dufky e/zdermzs: umbo {mall, placed near to one
end; the upper margin next to the hinge fomewhat arcu-
ated; hinge furnifhed with one flattifh tooth, grooved on
the fore part, locking in between two in the oppofite
valve, the fmalleft of which is bifid; the cavity to which
the conneéting cartilage is fixed, is large and triangular ;
no lateral teeth. Infide white, with a ftrong, elevated
ridge along the upper fide of the cicatrix: the longer end
very confiderably gaping. Length two inches and a quar-
ter; breadth five inches.

It is very remarkable, fhells fo materially different as
the Maéra lutraria and this, fhould have been fo con-
founded. Da Cosra has given a figure of the M. hans
with moft of the fynonyms of the /wtrarza, and has not de-
feribed that fhell at all. Gmetin expreffes a doubt, whe-
ther it is not a variety of the Mya arenaria. Moft affured-
ly that author had never examined this fhell, or he could
not have expreffed fuch a doubt, as no two can be more
diftinét ; and had he not quoted a tolerably good figure in

CHEMNITZ,

G

Hiaws.

102

Cuemnirz, we could not have fuppofed he intended this

fhell.

This fpecies was given the name prefixed to it by Doc-
tor SOLANDER, as we are informed by Doctor PuLTENEy,
who has very weil defined the diftinétion between this and
the lutrarza, by obferving, that the hinge is placed much
nearer to the pofterior fide; 1s always finuous, or much
hollowed onthe margin below the hinge, towards the an-
terior or long fide. It is a much more rude and rough
fhell; and is diftinguifhed farther, by a ftrong thick rib
on the infide, running in a curved direétion from. the
edge, towards the hinge. And adds, that the markings
of the cicatrix of the animal, is of a different figure from
that of the M. dutrarza: a circumftance not fufficiently
adverted to, as yet, in the defcription and diftinétion of
fhells. We may add to this definition, that the tooth is
n0t triangular, as in that fpecies,

This appears to be a local fhell ; it is not uncommon in
the river between 7Jruro and Falmouth in Cornwall; and
is frequently brought up with the fea-fand to the former
place, which is there colleéted for manure. We have alfo
found it in Falmouth harbour not fo common, and rarely
double valves: live fhells are feldom taken; from which
we conclude it penetrates deep in the fand. Doétor Put-
TENEY {peaks of it as not uncommon on the Dor/fet coatt;
and fingle valves are fometimes found on the fhores of

Devonfhire.
GEN.

103

= anss8OE DDD OOD <S> QIDS OSS Gs seam

GEN. xX:

DONAX.

ay.

Animal a TETHYS.
Shell: bivalve: anterior margin very obtufe.

Hinge: with two teeth in the middle, and one lateral
tooth remote.

ee
liv

Donax Trunculus.. Liz. Sy/t. p.1127.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3263.4. Truncurus.
Br. Zool. t. 55. f. 45.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 32.—Gualt. t. 88. O.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 16. f. 13. —16.( Wood.)
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 26. f. 253.
Favan. t. 49. E 2.
Lifter Conch, t. 376. f. 217.—Id. Ang]. t.5.

f; 35.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 29. f. 1.
Wart. Lan. dV.) Peto 14.

Cuneus vittatus. Da Co/ta p. 207. t. 14. f. 3.

D. with an oblong, {mooth, gloffy fhell, finely ftriated
longitudinally, covered with a thin efzdermis, molt times
of

oe
DENTICULATA.

104

of alight yellowifh colour, fafciated with purple, with two
or three faint white rays from the beak: fome are wholly
yellow, with darker fafcie; wmdo {mall, placed neareft
to the lefler end: teeth {mall, lateral one not very re-
mote. Infide partakes of the colour of the exterior ;
thofe banded with purple are of that colour within, the
others quite yellow like the outfide; margin crenated ;
valves not very concave.

This is not an uncommon fpecies on many of our fandy
fhores: plentiful between Laugharne and Tenby in Wales,
and on Davwlzh Warren in Devonfhire; more rare welt-
ward, and in Cornwall. In Dor/fetfhire not common.
Length moft generally five-eighths of aninch; breadth one
inch and a quarter; fometimes, though rarely, an inch

and a half.
age

Donax denticulata. Lin. Sy/t. p.1127.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3263. 6.
Br. Zool. t.55.£.46 — Turt. Lin. iv.p.215-
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 32.
Lifter Conch, t. 376 f. 218. 219.
Gualt. t. 89. D.— Favan. t. 49. E.3.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 26. f. 256.

Cuneus truncatus. Da Cofia. p. 205.

Donax crenulata. Dom. Br. Shells. 1. t. 24.

D. with a very ftrong, thick, fub-cuneiform fhell, ftria-
ted longitudinally; the interftices punlated, or tran{verfe-

ly flriated; with ufually a few broad purple rays from
the

105

the beak; the larger end much floped and truncated; dt
which part the ftrie run tran{verfely, and fomewhat un-
dulated: a prominent ridge upon the angle of the flope,
running from the beak to the oppofite margin: wmbo
placed near to the larger fide: hinge furnifhed with {trong
teeth: a lateral tooth on each fide the middle ones. In-
fide purple, very concave under the wmbo; margin den-
ticulated. Length about fix-eighths of an inch; breadth
one inch.

Da Cosra muft certainly have been deceived in faying,
it is frequent on moft of our fhores, and that he had re-
ceived it from Effex, Suffex, Cornwall, and other weltern
coalts, the ifles of Sczlly, York/hire, and from Wales; alfo
from Aberdeenfhire, and the Orkney iflands in Scotland ;
and from the fhores of the county of Cork in Jreland.

However this may be, few of our conchological friends
ever found it, and it is in general efteemed fo rare that
many have doubted its exiftence as a Britifh fpecies. We
confefs it has never fallen within our refearches.

Doétor PuLTeENey fays it was found at Weymouth; and
Mr. Bryer, a diligent obferver of nature, favoured us
with feveral fpecimens, which he affured us he picked up
on the coaft of that place; one of which was intirely white,
another plain purple Without rays.

X

This fpecies is much ftronger and thicker than the

Trunculus, the {trie more confpicuous, is much longer
1% in

Q
ve

CoMPLANATA.

ia Sut. 4;

106

in proportion to its breadth, and is at once diftinguifhed
by its truncated, cuneiform fhape.

—ip-—

Tellina variegata, unico radio, five plagula albefcente confpi-
cua. Lifter Conch. t. 384. f. 227.

D. with an oblong, {mooth, and extremely gloffy fhell,
of a light yellow, or faint purplifh colour, with {mall {pots
or ftreaks of white, and one broad ray of the fame from
the beak to the oppofite margin, edged with ferruginous :
in fome a few diftant tranfverfe ftrix, nearly obfolete, are
obferveable; but no longitudinal ones: wmbo placed near-
eft to one end: teeth fmall, efpecially the lateral ones.
Infide purple, margin quite fmooth. Length five-eighths
of an inch; breadth an inch and a quarter.

This elegant fpecies has much the habit of the Truncu-
lus, and no doubt has been fometimes confounded with it ;
from which, however, it is readily diftinguifhed by being
rather more flat, by the fhorter end being more produced,
in not having any longitudinal ftriz, and the margin not
being crenulated ; as well as by the invariable fingle white
ray from the wmdo. It 3s a rare fhell, and not noticed by
any one, we believe, except LisTER.

We have found it fparingly on Milton fands, on the
South Devon coaft, and at Falmouth; .and believe it is
fometimes met with on the fhores of Dor/et, as we ob-

ferved

107

ferved it in the colleGion of a friend chiefly made on that
coaft; placed indifcriminately with the Trunculus.

In a live, or recent fiate, it is covered with a highly
polifhed efzdermzs of a yellowifh colour, which gives to
the white markings a tingeof the fame. In the {pecimens
we have collected, it is fometimes obferved to be banded
concentrically with lighter and darker fhades.

It is in the cabinet of Mr. Swainson under the title of
Donax levigata; but we were unwilling co retain that
name, left it might be confounded with the D. levigata
of Gein, which is a very different fhell. This gentle-
man informed us he received it from Loce in Cornwall.

4.
Donax plebeia. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. $2 PLEBEIA.
Lifter Conch. t. 389. £.!28 2 ARABS Soha.

D. with a thick, ftrong, oblong, ful-oval fhell, ofa dull
yellowifh horn-colour, fmooth, and ;lofly, except a few
diftant concentric furrows; moft conmonly marked with
two brown {ftripes longitudinally fram the beak: umbo
placed neareft to one fide; teeth ery {ftrong. Infide
glofly, paler than the outfide; margn fmooth. Length
{carce half an inch, breadth three-qurters,

Dotior PuLTeney, (to whom were obliged for the
firft {pecimen of this fhell) fays, it was‘ound at Weymouth,
by the late Dutche/s Dowager of Portend ; and obferves,

P 2 that

krus.

108

that it is remarkably diftinguifhed by the fize of the teeth;
which are very large for fo {mall a fhell.

This fpecies has been more recently found on the coaft
of Dorfet; as we are aflured by Mr. Bryer, who has
himfelf taken it on the fhore at Weymouth ; and who fa-
voured us with a fpecimen, which is white, and the two
rays very faint.

ie

Donax Jrus, Lin. Syft. p. 1128.

Gmel. Syft. p. 3265. 11.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.32.—Gualt. t.95.A.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 29. 2. 2.

Turt. Lin. iv. p.216.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 26. f. 268. 270.
Tellina Cornubierfis. Br. Zool. No.35.—Bor. Corn.t.38.f.23.
Cuneus foliatus. Da Cojfta. p. 204. t. 15. £6. left hand.

D. with a fub-ova\ opaque, rugofe, whitifh fhell, with
high concentric memlranaceous ridges reflecting upwards,
broken or undulated, interftices between finely ftriated
longitudinally : wmdolmall, placed near to one end; apex
much turned: teeth /mall, bifid, one excepted. Infide
white, or flefh-colou, generally with dark purple about
the hinge, and toware the longer fide; fometimes wholly
of that colour: margn plain.

No fhell perhaps ‘aries more in fliape than this, fome-

times it is nearly as ong as it is broad: others in breadth
doubly

109

doubly exceed the length, are almoft cylindric, and very
convex; many are flat and greatly diftorted; yet, not-
withftanding {carce two are found alike, the fpecific cha-
raters are {trongly marked. Worn fhells are fometimes
purple on the outfide as well as within.

This fpecies perforates the hardeft lime-ftone, where it
is fometimes lodged in great abundance: we have found
detached pieces of fuch ftone thrown upon the coaft of
Devonfhire, efpecially about Plymouth, perforated like a
honey-comb, with thefe fhells init, It is alfo found in
fome parts of Cornwall.

Doftor Putteney {peaks of it as plentiful on the Dor-
fet coaft in clay, as well as in lime-ftone. It rarely ex-
ceeds half an inch in length; and three-quarters in breadth.

Da Cosra has quoted the Tellina cornubienfis of Pen-
NANT, and Bortase for his Pef&unculus truncatus, in
which he has certainly erred; and indeed his fhell feems
to bein perfeét. obfcurity. The general defcription might
an{wer very well for a worn fpecimen of the Donax Jrus,
but the margin being notched forbids it.

G E IN.

110

—=MMOIIIEBOSOO OY <S~ DOOCSESSIt 2 22

GEN. XI.

VENUS.

—-<i>--- -

Animal a TETHYS.

SHELL; bivalve, the anterior margin of the lip of
one valve fometimes incumbent on the other.

Hinge, with three approximating teeth; the lateral, di-
verging from the afex.

Umbonal, and fub-umbonal regions difting.
a
is

Papua. Venus Paphia. Lin. Syft. p.1129.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3268.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 27. f. 274. 278.
Pult.Cat. Dorfet. p.33.— Gualt. t.85.A.

_ Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 218.
Peétunculus fafciatus. Da Cofta. p. 188. t. 13. f. 3.
Yetula,, ddop. 290).¢. 13.6.5. 6.

VY. with a ftrong, fomewhat flat, fub-orbicular fhell,
with feveral broad and much elevated ridges, varioufly
flreaked, or rayed with brown, purple, red, or yellow,
intermixed with white: umbo central, afex much turned
to one fide, beneath which is a cordiform depreffion: the

cartilage

111

cartilage flope in one valve frequently ftreaked tranfverfe-
ly: hinge furnifhed with ftrong teeth. Infide fmooth,
gloffy white, or flefh colour, with fometimes a brown
mark at one end: margin crenulated.

This fpecies appears fubject to much variety ; in fome
the ridges are broad, and nearly flat, others narrower,
and turn a little backwards, fo much refembling the Venus
Pabhia of Linn £us, that we are inclined to believe, with
Doétor PutTENEY, that it muft be confidered as that fhell
in a depauperated flate. It rarely exceeds feven-eighths
of an inch in length; and one inch in breadth. In com-
paring the foreign V. Paphza with this fhell, we perceive
in the infide the fame fhaped czcatrzx, which is an effential
fpecific character, not fufficiently attended to.

Da Costa’s Pefunculus fafciatus is evidently this
fhell, but his fpecimens muft have been worn, or he
would not have defcribed the margin plain. The Pecfun-
culus Vetula of the fame author, is only a more perfect
variety, with {tronger ridges and markings.

It is not uncommon in fome parts of Cornwall; fre-
quent about Fadmouth, but more plentiful on the fouth
coaft of Devon, particularly on Milton fands.

Dottor Puttreney {peaks of it as a rare fhell on the
Dorfei coaft. An elegant variety, radiated all over with
double and treble lines, we have found on the weflern
fhores.

Venus

VERRUCOSA,

112

Venus verrucofa. Lin. Syjt. p. 1130.—Gmel. Syft.
p- 3269. 6.—Gualt. t. 75. H.
\ Lin. Trans. vi.t.17. £.5.6.( Woad)
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 33.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 44.
Chem. Conch. vi. t.29. £.299, 300.
Lift. Conch. t. 284, £.122.
Favan. t. 47. E. 9.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 219.

Venus Erycina. Br. Zool. t 54,.£48. 48 A.
Borlafe Corn. p. 278. t. 28. f. 32.
Peétunculus ftrigatus. Da Cofte p. 185. t. 1208, 7. 1.

Peétunculus membranaceus. Jd. p. 193. t.13. f.4. left hand.

V. witha ftrong, thick, heavy, fub-orbicular, convex,
rugofe fhell, with numerous, ftrong, elevated ridges,
fomewhat recurved, and broken at the ends, / particularly
the anterior) into irregular warty knobs: uwmdo turned
much to one fide; beneath which is a ftrong cordiform
depreffion; the cartilage flope of the left valve turns in-
ward, flightly ftriated longitudinally, and marked tranf-
verfely with brown ftreaks. Infide fmooth, white; mar-
gin finely crenated.

Diameter from the umbo to the oppofite margin two
inches and a quarter; breadth rather more. The colour
is generally ofa dirty white, but fometimes of a dark ruf-
ty brown, moftly towards the pofterior end. Young fhells
of an inch diameter have the ridges much more perfeét
and diftinét, and the interftices are prettily crenulated.

This

113

This fpecies is not uncommon on fome parts of the
Cornifh coaft, particularly at Falmouth, but rarely alive,
though frequently with the valves united. We have alfo
found it on the fouth coaft of Devon, and in Dorfetfhire ;
and have received fmall worn fpecimens from the coatt of
Kent. Inthis mutilated ftate it has fometimes been con-
fidered a diftin& {pecies, as is the cafe with refpeé to the
Peétunculus membranaceus of Da Cosra.

It is acommon fhell in the Mediterranean.

—<——
Ss

PeQun. ftriatulus. Da Cofta p. 191. t. 12. f. 2. 2. STRIATULA.
Petun. fulcatus. Da Cojta p. 192.
Venus Gallina. Gmel. Syft. p.3270.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 120.

Chem. Conch. vi. t. 30. f. 308. 310.

Lifter Conch. t. 282. f. 120. & t.295. f.131.

Lin. Trans, wi. t. 17. £.7.8. (Wood.

Gualt. t.75. O.
Venus rugofa. Br. Zool. t. 56. f. 50.
Venus Cafina. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 33.
Venus ftriatulus. Don. Br. Shells. 11. t. 68.

V. with a ftrong, fub-cordated fhell, with numerous
fine, prominent, recurved, concentric ftriz: colour white,
or yellowifh-brown, rayed with a few rufous-brown flripes
from the wmbo, and frequently marked with fine, clofe-
fet, zigzag ftreaks of the fame colour, that make it appear
crenated: this is a pretty general chara€ter; however, it
is fometimes quite plain, without being radiated or flreak-

O eds:

“y

4.
IsLANDICA.

114

ed: uwmbo turns much to one fide, beneath which 1s a cor-
diform depreffion: the cartilage flope much depreffed,
almoft {mooth, or faintly ftriated longitudinally. Infide
white; margin finely crenated. Length rather more than
an inch; breadth an inch and a quarter. A variety is
rayed with brown and white.

This fpecies appears to be common on many parts of
our coafts. Da Costa {peaks of it, from Chefhire, York-
Shire, Flinifhire, the illes of Scilly, Caernarvonfhire,
Cornwall, and Dorfet/hire. In the two laft places we have
found it not uncommon, as well as on the fhores of Devon,
Caermarthenfhire, ana other parts of the fouth coaft of

‘ales.

ea
Venus Iflandica. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1131.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3271.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 33.— Gualt. t. 85. B ?
Don. Br. Shells iti. t.77.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.221.
Chem. Conch. vi. t.32. f£.341. 342.
Lift. Conch. t.272.f.108.— Id. Angl. t.4.f.22.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. £21. 2. (Wood.)
Venus mercenaria Br. Zool. t. 53. £47.
Peétunc. craffus. Da Cofta p. 183. t. 14. f. 5.

V. with a flrong, thick, fub-orbicular, convex, white
fhell, wrought with irregular concentric firia; covered
with a rough, but glofly yellowifh-brown, or dufky ef2-
dermis: umbo pointed, turned inwards, and curved to
one fide: no cordiform depreflion. Infide fmooth, white:
margin plain. Length three inches and three-quarters ;
breadth four inches and a quarter,

This

115

This fpecies is not uncommon on many: parts of our
coaft, but is rarely taken alive, except by dredging in
deep water. Is plentiful on the fandy, flat fhores of
Caermarthenfhire ; rarely in Devonfhire and Cornwall, but
on fome parts of the Dor/fet coaft is thrown up in great
numbers, as we are informed by Dottor PuLteney.
It is alfo found on fome of the fhores in the north of
England and Scotland.

This is not the Wampum fhell of the Americans ; that
is the V. mercenaria of Linna&us, and has never been.
found on our coatts.

——

§

Venus Chione. Lin. Sy/i. p. 1131.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3272. 16.'Cuione,
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 33.— Favan. t.47. B.
Chem. Conch. vi. t 32. £.343.—Gualt. t.86.A.
Lijter Conch. t. 269. f. 105.
Don. Br. Shells i.t.17.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.222.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 3.4. (Wood.)
Pestunc. glaber. Da Cofta. p. 184, t. 14. f. 7.

V. with a ftrong, fub-cordated fheH, fomewhat wrin-
kled concentrically, but covered’ “with an extremely
fmooth, glofly; chefnut-coloured epidermis, more or lefs
radiated with a darker {hade: umédo placed neareft to one
end; apex turned fideways, beneath which is a {trong cor-
diform depreffion. Infide white, gloffy; margin plain ;
edge obiufe. Length three inches; breadth three quarters
of an inch more,

QO 2 This

6.
EXoLeETaA.

116

This beautiful fpecies has been efteemed rare in Eng-
land; is mentioned as a Dorfei/hire {hell by Da Costa
and Doétor PuLTENEY. It 1s however a very common
fpecies in Falmouth harbour, in Cornwall; and is taken in
abundance amongft the heaps of fand brought in by the
barges for manure; frequently live fpecimens: we have
feen more than fifty in one heap.

Amongft thefe are found fome of a lighter colour, with
the rays broken into fpots, much like the Venus maculata;
and, as Dottor PutTeney obferves, might well pafs for
the northern depauperated variety of it.

In Cornwall is called Queens. Becomes {carce eaftward,
haviug never found :t on the coaft of Devon, except a few
fingle valves, very much worn.

a
Venus exoleta. Lin. Sy/t. p. 11384.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3284. 75.
| Br. Zool. t. 54. £.49. A. &t. 56. £.49.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 34.—Favan. t.48. F.1 ?
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 38. f. 402. 404. 405. 407.
Lifter Conch. t. 290. f. 126.—t.291. £.127.—
t.292.f.128.—t.293.f.129.— Gualt.t.75.F
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 42. f. 1.
A wrt. Fag. ive p..233.
Lin. Frans. vi. t. 17. £.9. 10. (Wood.)
Venus linéta. Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 34.
Peétun. capillaceus. Da Cofia. p. 187. t. 12. f.5.5.

V. with a ftrong, orbicular fhell, with fine, clofe-fet,
thread-like concentric ftria, fometimes with a few ridges,
or

117

or interftices, rather broader and deeper than the refi;
moft commonly of a light colour, but rarely quite white ;
fome are quite plain, others faintly radiated, or ftreaked all
over with rufous-brown; and not unufual with two or three
broad rays only: it is moderately convex: wmbo-much
turned to one fide, beneath which is a fhort, much de-
preffed, cordiform impreffion. Infide fmooth, white;
margin plain. Diameter two inches. Younger {hells
flope more from the wméo on the anterior fide, and in this
ftate it was made a diftinét fpecies in the Mu/feum Port-
landicum by the name of Venus linéia; which induced
our late worthy friend Doétor PuLtTENey to do the fame.

This flope however is rarely found after the fhell ex-
ceeds an inch anda quarter in diameter, when it gradually
encreafes to rife at that part. The tongue, or cicatrix,
which 1s almoft an invariable fpecific charaéter, 1s alike in
both; it is long, fomewhat taper, and runs into the mid-
dle of the fhel! more than half way acrofs.

It is not an uncommon fpecies on many parts of our
coaft; is plentiful in Cornwall, efpecially about Fal-
mouth; and on the fhores of Devonfhire, but fearcer in
Dorfeifhire; we have alfo found it in abundance on fome
parts of the coaft of South Wales.

—>-—

Venus undata. Br. Zool. t. 55. f. 51.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 233. Unpata.

Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f. 17. 18. (Wood.)
V. with

118

V. with an orbicular, thin, white fhel!, with fine, con-
centric, irregular {triz, which fometimes run into uneven.
wrinkles: young fhells a little glofly: wmbo prominent ;
apex pointed, and turning a little to one fide, without any
cordiform depreffion: hinge {trong in proportion to the
fubftance of the fhell: in one valve three teeth; in the
other two. Infide fmooth, glofly, moderately. concave ;.
margin fmooth; edge acute, and fomewhat undated, by a
{mall projection of the lip oppofite the hinge, from which.
runs a broad cicatrzx into the middle of the fhell.

This {pecies, defcribed hitherto only by Mr. PENNANT,
has been confounded with the Tellina rotundata, but may
readily be diftinguifhed by the hinge, and particularly the
cicatrix in the infide, that fhel! being wholly deftitute of
fuch a mark: the wmdo 1s alfo. turned more to one fide.
We have mentioned before, that Doétor PuLTENEY has
defcribed the Jedlina rotundata for this fhell, as 1s evi-
dent by his calling it 7edlzna undata, and quoting the
Venus undata of PENNANT: indeed he 1s not fingular in
this refpeét, for we have feen it in more cabinets than one
placed as fuch. This fhell does not appear to be a plen-
tiful fpecies, but we have found it at Falmouth, and-on
the. coaft of South Devon, as well as in Biddeford bay :
but no where fo fine as on the fhores of Caermarthenfhire
near Laugharne.

Diameter from the hinge to the oppofite margin, an inch
anda quarter; breadth neara quarter of an inch more.
Young

119

Young fhells are frequently very white and pellucid;
the larger ones yellowilh-white, fometimes tinged with
light ferruginous, and rather opaque,

——

8.

Venus tigerina. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1133.—Gimel. Sy/t. p. 3283.69. Ticerina.

Chem, Conch. vii. t. 37. f. 190. 191.

Lifter Conch. t.337. f.174—Gualt. t.77. A.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 34.—Favan. t.47. D.1.
Lurt. Line p: 231.

V. with a fub-orbicular, flat, lenticular, thin, white
fhell, f{ometimes with a tinge of purple on the edges; ftri-
ated longitudinally, croffed with numerous fine ftriz, moft
confpicuous in the interftices, which gives it a reticulated
appearance: umbo {mall, pointed, and turns a little to
one fide: hinge ftrong for the fubftamce of the fhell. In-
fide {mooth, glofly white; czcatrix fmall, and nearly ob-
folete: margin plain. Length three-quarters of an inch;
and feven-eighihs wide.

We were firft favoured with this elegant fpecies by
Doftor Putreney, who faid it was found at Weymouth,
Studland, and on the north fhore at Poole. Wave fince
received {pecimens from Mr. Bryer, who picked them
up on the fands between Weymouth and Portland.

Weft Indian {pecimens are much larger, fometimes three
inches broad.

Venus

ARABS Qecta le

a:

SINUOSA.

10.
OvaTA.

120
Venus finuofa. Br. Zool. t. 55. f. 51. A.

V. with thin, convex fhells, with a very deep, obtufe
Jinus or bending, on the front.

Mr. Pennant is the only author who has defcribed,
or figured, this fpecies, from whom we have taken the
above defcription: the breadth of the figure is three-
quarters of an inch; the length not fo much. We con-
fefs this fhell is much in obfcurity, and perhaps is only an
accidental diftortion of fome other fpecies. It is {lated to
have been in the Portland cabinet. Donovan has given
the Tellina he of this work for the Venus jinuo/a of
the Brityhk Zoology

—=f—

Venus ovata. Br. Zool. t. 56. f. 56.
Cardium ftriatum radiatum. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 82.

V. with a fub-oval, opaque, brown fhell, fomewhat
compreffed; with ftrong, coftated ftriz longitudinally, ~
and more finely ftriated tranfverfely, caufing tuberculated
elevations on the ribs: wmbo nearly central, apex turning
a little to one fide, beneath which is a fub-cordiform de-
preffion elevated in the middle; fides nearly fimilar. In-
fide gloffy white, or flefh-colour; fometimes fine purple
in the centre; margin flightly crenated. Length three
eighths of an inch; breadth, half an inch,

Ve have found this very pretty fhell at Falmouth, and
on the fouth coaft of Devon. Mr Boys alfo favoured us
with

121

with it from Sandwich, for WaLKeER’s fhell above guoted,
and remarked that it was not uncommon upon that coatt.
The hinge of this fpecies was certainly not duely attended

= ‘ - (2
to by Mr. Watker, or he was not provided with perfect
{pecimens, for it has all the charatters of a Venus and not
the leaft of a Cardium.

Ti.

V. with a fub-orbicular, fomewhat compreffed, flefh- Minima.
coloured fhell; very gloffy, with broad, concentric ftrie: Tas. 3. f. 3.
from the beak two: white lines run half way down the
fhell, in fhape like the letter V meeting at the afex, at
the extremity of each line 1s a red ftreak, diverging out-
wards to the margin. In fome the white lines are wanting,
but we have never feen it without the two fpots near the
margin: umbo prominent, pointed, a little turned to one
fide. Infide gloffy white ; margin plain. Length a quarter
of aninch; breadth rather more.

This fhell is very thick and ftrong in proportion to its
fize, and the teeth very confpicuous. It is a rare {pecies,
which we have only found fparingly at Falmouth, dredged
from the harbour, alive. °

Dee 12.

V. with a ftrong, fub-cordated, white fhell, with ftrong, Suscorpara.
longitudinal, coftated ftriz, and remote tranfverfe ridges, Taz. 3. f. 1.
making the depreffions between of a long {quare, and gives
the fhell a pretty, cancellated appearance: wmbo placed
neareft to one end, much incurvated, and turned a little
to one fide; the anterior fide almoft ftrait, and much

R floping

13.
GRANULATA.

[22

iloping from the beak: cartilage flope large, turned in-
wards, nearly fmooth, and glofly. Infide glofly white ;
teeth very ftrong; margin fub-crenated; valves moderately
concave. Diameter a quarter of an inch.

We give this fpecies with fome doubt, with refpeé to
its being really Brzte/k. It 1s however but right to men-

tion that we once found it in the fand from /almouth
harbour.

—=t>—

Venus granulata. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3277. 33.
Don. Br. Shells iii. t. 83.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 226.

Venus Marica fpuria. Chem. Conch. vi. t. 30. f. 318.

Venus Marica. Born. Mus. t. 4. f. 5. 6.

V. with a thick, fub-orbicular fhell, ftrongly reticu-
lated: colour white, variegated with {pots and flreaks of
dark chocolate-brown: wmbo much turned to one fide,
beneath which is a cordiform depreffion; the cartilage
flope moft frequently marked with a few diflinét, tranf-
verfe, dark lines. Infide gloffy, dark purple; margin cre-
nulated; czcatrix fhort, conic. Length feven-eighths of
an inch; breadth one inch.

Mr. Donovan has given a figure of this fhell, which
he fays was found in Cornwall.

Two inftances only have occurred to us, both dead

{pecimens :

fpecimens : thefe we took out of fand from falmouth
harbour.

It has generally been confidered as an American fhell.

<i

Venus deflorata. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1133. 132.
Gmel. Syft.gp 3274. 24.—Favan. t. 49. P.
Br. Zool. t. 57. £.54.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.224.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 9. f. 79.—82. & 83 ?
Lijter Conch. t 425. f.273.—Gualt. t.85.f.G?
V. with an oblong, fub-oval, thin fhell, ofa yellowifh-
white colour; tinged, or faintly radiated, with purple,
ftrongeft about the wmso; with undulated, longitudinal
ftria, and a few tranfverfe wrinkles, which gives it a re-
ticulated appearance, particularly at the anterior end:
umbo placed a little to one fide, not very pointed, nor
reclined. Infide purplifh, moft fo at the {maller end, and
is frequently on that part highly coloured; hinge with
two teeth in each valve, one of which is large, the other
extremely {mall.

Mr. Pewxnanr is the only one who has mentioned this

as a Britz/h fhell.

We found a perfeét, recent, fpecimenat Falmouth, 1 was
dredged from the harbour of that place, but is no doubt
a very rare [pecies in England. Length one inch; breadth
an inch and three-quarters. Foreign {hells are generally
higher coloured and more radiated.

Fete 2 Venus

14.
DFFLORATA.
WTAapeS., t4:

15.

DecussaTa.

124

Venus decuffata. Zin. Sy/t. p.1135.—Gmel. Syft. p.2294.135.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 34.
Don. Br. Shells ii.t.67.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.241
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 43. f. 455. 456. -
Lift. Conch, t.423..271.—Id. Ang. t.4.£.20.
Guat foe Cos, 1. LL.
Lin. Drang. viet. 17.£,.11, 12) (Woad:)
Venus litterata. Br. Zool. t 57. £53.
Cuneus reticulatus. Da Cojia p. 10¥. t. 14. f. 4. 4.

V. with a fub-oval, fub-rhomboidal, ftrong, reticulated
fhell, fomewhat angulated or cut off diagonally at the an-
terior end; at which part it is moft ftrongly decuflated :
umbo placed neareft to one end: apex turned to one fide;
beneath which isa flight, lanceolate, cordiform depreffion:
Infide {mooth, white, frequently with a little purple on
the margin under the cartilage, and at the truncated end:
the front margin is divided from the middle by a flender
fmooth line, that forms a broad border, and furrounds the
cicatrix ; this mark is broad, runs nearly into the middle
of the fhell, and is divided from the border, to its origin:
hinge furnifhed with three teeth in each valve, one of
which is fmall, ard in one valve is almoft obfolete in the
larger fhells ; the other teeth are flrong and moft com-
monly bifid; middle one always fo.

This fpecies is generally of a plain rufty-brown colour,
but fometimes marked with fort of characlers, or zigzag
lines: the longitudinal flrie are coarfe, and are {carcely
decuffated in the middle part of the fhell; the ends are fre-

quently

\ P25

quently fo ftrongly reticulated as to caufe fmal! warts or
tubercles. g

Is common on many parts of our coaft, and ufually
confounded with the following f{pecies : the fineft we ever
faw, were taken in the inlet between Kingsbridge and
Salcomb, and at the mouth of the Aun, in Devonfhire:
they lay in fhallow water, or about mid-tide, fometimes
buried an inch or two under the fhingle ; and not uncom-
monly expofed on the furface: fize of the largeft, two in-
ches in length; and three in breadth.

The animal is furnifhed with two tubes, an inch or more
in length, which it protrudes in fearch of food; thefe are
divided to their origin.

Legs
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 42. f. 439.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 17. f.13. 14. (Wood.)

V. with a fub-oval, finely decuffated fhell; the anterior
end fub truncated, or fomewhat angulated like the laft;
indeed it is fo nearly allied to the Venus decuffata, that it
has generally been confounded for the fame.

The principal diftinétions are, that this does not grow
to the fize of that fhell; the ‘ftrize in both direétions
are much finer, regular, and equal on all parts except at
the anterior end, where it frequently runs into tranfverfe
ridges; the teeth are nearly fimilar, but in general are

more

16.
Ry <
SULLASTRA.

1206

more regular and more approximating: the cecatrix is
rather longer, as it exceeds half the breadth of the fhell;
and is joined, or very nearly runs into the margina! bor-
der (mentioned in the defcription of the other {pecies) for
half its length from its bafe.

It is a much more elegant fhell, efpecially when young,
variegated with cinereous, brown, or purple zigzag lines.
and fometimes radiated with the fame from the hinge to
the oppofite margin; the ground colour of the older {hells
is ufually brown, the younger ones white, fometimes with
only a few markings at the anterior end. ‘The utmoft
fize 1s an inch and three-eighths 1n length; and two mches
in breadth: it 1s moft commonly broader in proportion
to its length than the V. decuf/ita, but we do not perceive
tlhe material diffin@ion upon a general review, in the
teeth, that Mr. Woop feems to exprefs between thefe
two fhells; and muft confefs the gradations in this refpeét
run fo much into each other that no leading charaéter can
be drawn from them.

This gentleman however is the firft Engli/h author who
has properly divided thefe fhells; to whofe definition may
be added, that the great leading character befides the
ftructure, and fituation of the czcatrzx, is the formation
of the animal inhabitant: that of the V. decuffita (as be-
fore ftated) is pofleffed of two feparate tubes, whereas the
tubes of this are not quite fo long, and connetied almoft

their whole length, except at tbe tip.
This

£27

This {pecies is found with the laft, is frequently eaten
by the common people, and in fome parts of Devonj/hire
indifcriminately called Pullers or Pullets.

There is very little doubt fome of the elegant varieties
of this fhell, have been defcribed under other denomina-
tions: the figure we have referred to in CHEMNITZ Is ex-
a€tly the fhape of ours of that fize; and we have feen it
very fimilar in markings. In our poffeffion are other va-
rieties, with all the markings of Venus Textrzx of the fame
author, vol. vil. tab. 42. fig. 443. the firlt is quoted by

Gme_euIn for the Venus litterata; whether ours is a de-
_ pauperated fhell of that fpecies, is not eafily determined.

—<>-—

D7.

V. witha fub-rhomboidal fhell, concentrically ftriated, Perrorans.

running into {trong wrinkles or ridges at the anterior fide ;
fometimes, though rarely, with very fine longitudinal
ftrie; colour light brown: umbo very near to one end,
fmall, and turned a little fideways: the longer fide much
truncated : hinge furnifhed with three teeth in each valve,
one of which is fmall, the cthers very long, flender, and
curve outwards, middle tooth a little bifid. Infide fmooth,
white, with generally fome purple at the truncated end;
margin plain: cécatrix large, running from the anterior
fide half way acrofs to the oppofite end; valves mode-
rately concave.

This fpecies, at firft fight, might readily be confounded
with

AONE SE yey

18.
VIRGINEA,

128

with the young of the V. decuffata ; but the flender and re-
curvedteeth is a difcriminating charaéter, if all others were
wanting. It rarely exceeds three-eighths of an inch in
length; and five-eighths in breadth. With refpeé to
fhape, it is difficult to fix any as a permanent charaéter;
it is however molt frequently fub-rhomboidal; fometimes
nearly as long as it is broad, generally itrait'on the front
margin, but in fome inftances deeply finuous or indented ;
not very unlike Mr. Pennant’s figure of the Venus fnuofa.

We found this fpecies in abundance on the fhore near
Plymouth, burrowed in hard lime-ftone, detached frag-

ments of which were perforated in all directions, and
ftuck full of them.

—<Ir—

Tenus Virginea. Lin. Sy/t. p.1136.—Gmel. Syft. p.3294. 136.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 34.
Turt. Lin. iv. P QAi,
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 42. £.443. & t.43. £.457,
a. b.c.—Br. Zool. t.55. without number ?
Lifter Conch. t. 403. f. 247.
Cuneus fafciatus. Da Cojia p. 204.

V. with a ftrong, fub-oval fhell, tranfverfely ftriated ;
the {trie 1 in fome {pecimens, interrupted 1 in a.few places by
a deeper furrow: colour various, moft commonly of a
pale rufous-brown, ftreaked and {potted in a very pretty
manner, with ferruginous, or dull purplifh-brown: fome-
times with a few interrupted rays or zigzag lines: and

rarely

129

rarely of a fine blufh-colour, with two or three white,
longitudinal ftreaks: 2mbo placed much to one fide, be-
neath which is a lanceolate, cordiform depreffion; hinge
with three teeth in each valve, the outer ones a little di-
verging, middle one bifid. Infide white, frequently tinged
with blufh-colour; margin plain; edge obtufe; czcatrix
nearly cylindric, running from the anterior fide, not quite
half way acrofs towards the oppofite end.-

This fpecies is not fo common as the decuffata, but is
fometimes taken in the fame places. We have found it
in fome parts of Cornwall, and rarely in Devonfhire and

Dorfetfhire.

Thofe from Guern/ey are extremely beautiful.
-<—a>—
aS Ie

Venus aurea. Gumnel. Sy/t. p.3288.98.—Turt. Lin. iv.p.236. AUREA.

Lifter Conch. t.404. £.249.— Petiv. Gaz. 94.8 ?

Chem. Conch. vii. t. 43: f. 458.
Venus nebulofa. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 84.
Venus rhomboides. Br. Zool. No. 55 2—Turt. Lin. iv. p.241?

V. with a fub-cordated, moderately ftrong fhell, round-
ed at both ends like the laft, but not fo broad in propor-
tion to its length; ftriated tranfverfely, and marked with
very faint longitudinal ftrie, {carcely difcernable without a
glafs: umbo placed near to one end, f{mall, pointed, turned
to one fide; beneath which is a lanceolate, cordiform de-
preffion: colour various, fometimes white, elegantly

S marked

130

marked with brown, or blueifh-black, zigzag Hines; or
mottled with cinereous; others are plain brown, frequent-
ly of a yellowifh tinge, and fometimes deep ferruginous
about the wmbo: in moft there are a few ftreaks at the an-
terior margin. It varies alfo in fhape; fome are nearly
as long as they are broad; others extend at the anterior
end, and become more pointed, but in all the front mar-
gin is confiderably more rounded than in the Virgznea.
Infide yellowifh-white; margin plain; valves concave:
hinge furnifhed with three teeth in each valve, the middle
one a little bifid. Length commonly about one inch;
‘breadth an inch and three-eighths.

This fpecies has fometimes been confounded with the
Virgenea, but maybe readily known, not only by its in-
ferior fize, different colour and markings, but by its being
more convex, the ftriz much finer, and the front margin
more rounded; befides which it is always longer in pro-
portion to the breadth.

Lister has given a very good figure of this fhell, and
has marked it as an Englifh fpecies. It was known alfo
to Doftor SotanpER, and was ¢alled in the Mu/feum
Portlandicum by the name of nebulofa, which name was
retained by Doctor Putreney in his catalogue of Dor-
fetfrire fhells, who fays it is found on that coaft; indeed
we oblerved it on Studland beach.

It is very common amongft the fand taken from Fal-
mouth

*
I Vat
enouth harbour, where we never obferved the Venus Vir-
ginea: it is alfo not unfrequent on the fouth coaft of
Devon. A variety of this fhell is probably the V. Rhom-
borides of the Braty/h Zoology.
4 20.
Pe@tunculus truncatus. Da Cofia p. 195 ? SULCATA.-

V. with a ftrong, thick, fub-orbicular, fub-angulated,
flattifh fhell, with concentric ridges; the furrows or /ulcz
broader than the elevated parts, and both become nearly
obfolete at the fides and towards the beak, where it is only’
wrinkled: the colour is white, but when alive is covered
with a very thick, dufky-brown efzdermis, fo very opaque
that the colour of the fhell 1s not to be feen: awmbo very

prominent and large, turning a little to one fide ; beneath
which is a lanceolate, cordiform depreflion; the cartilage
flope is alfo depreffed, and is much more ftrait than
on the oppofite fide; the exterior margin is rounded. The
infide is white, fmooth, and glofly at the margin; the mid-
dle dull, yellowifh, and PSS rough -when examined
with a glafs; the edge crenated ; hinge remarkably ftron

?

Ce
oO
he

teeth large and prominent; in one valve three teeth, t
middle one much larger than the others, with a deep ca-
vity on each fide, into which the two teeth of the other
valve lock: it has no ezcatrix, but on each fide isa lunated
depreffion, marked with four-or five femi-circular ridges,
to which the ligaments of the animal are fixed for the pee
pole of clofing the fhell. Length feven-eighths ofan
inch; breadth nearly the fame.

S 2 We

&,

132

We received this fpecies from Mr. Sowersy, who in-
formed us it was Engli/h ; and we obferved the fame fhell
in the cabinet of Brztih teftacea belonging to Mr. Swarn-
son, who faid he received it from the Dutche/s of Port-
and as fuch, and that it has been fince found in the north
of Scotland, where it is known by the trivial name of the
brown circular-furrowed northern cockle.

It was marked in Do&tor Puttreney’s cabinet Venus
fulcata, but he did not know it had ever been found in

this country, nor did he believe it had ever been deferjbed,

and therefore named it himfelf.

We have fufpefted this may be the Pedtunculus trun-
catus of Da Costa, though certainly not the Tel/zna Cor-
nubtenfis of PENNANT, which'he erroneoufly quotes. We
fhall here fubjoin the defcription given by Da Costa in
order that our conchological readers may judge for
themfelves.

“A {mall fpecies, very thick and ftrong, of a fomewhat
triangular fhape; the valves pretty concave; the fides
very diflimilar, one being rounded, the other near per-
pendicular, flattifh, or truncated.”

*Outfide whitifh, except towards the upper part, or
round the beak, which is of a light purple colour.”

“Tt is wrought with concentric, tranfverfe, broad, and.
very thick ridges, clofe-fet, with large intermediate fur-
rows

133

rows. On the turn or edge of the truncated fide the
ridges generally divide or fork, and on the truncated fide
they tend obliquely upwards from thofe of the body: this
truncated part is rather in a flope than quite perpendicu-
lar. The beaks are f{trong, pointed, and turn fideways,
The margins are plain.”

“Infide white, {mooth, and gloffy. The margins deli-
cately notched.”

(And adds,) “I received this fpecies from the coaft of
Cornwall,”

‘

GEN,

134

GS ADID OOD <VS—- DIDS IOQI VG ese ———

GEN. XII.

CHAMA.
-—{p>—

Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL; bivalve, ftrong.

Hinge rugged, gibbous; teeth obliquely inferted into
the oppofite valve.

—<—S-

Cor. Chama Cor. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1137.—Gmel. Syft. p. $299. 1.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 48. f. 483.
Lifter Conch. t. 275. f. 111.— Favan. t, 53. G.
Gualt. t. 71. f. E.— Turt. Lin. iv. p. 244.

C. with a fub-globofe, cordated, thick, ftrong fhell;
fmooth, or flightly wrinkled tran{verfely, covered with
a yellowifh-brown epzdermis: uwmbo large, prominent,
much contorted or incurvated, and turned to one fide,
not touching when the valves are clofed: hinge ftrong;
teeth flattifh, Infide fmooth, white; margin plain.

This fhell received its name from its reprefenting a

heart when viewed fideways,
It

135

It is a curious {pecies, and not noticed by any concho-
logical writer as a Britah fhell.

In the cabinet of Mr. Swainson are two, which were
taken in the Brzti/h feas; one nearly three inches in di-
ameter from the coaft of Scotland ; the other, not above
an inch and a half in diameter, was dredged up off the
North Foreland by himfelf; and though deftitute of the
animal, was perfect, very recent, and in good prefervation.

It is found about the Hebrides.

GEN.

136

=D DITOS OO -<VS- DIOS AS ecm

GEN. XII.

ARCA.

—~————

Animal a TETHYS.
SHELL; bivalve, equivalve.

Hinge; with many teeth, alternately locking between
each other.
1.
PILosA. Arca pilofa. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1143. 182.

Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3314. 36.
Pult. Caie Dorfet. p. 35.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 256.—Gualt. t. 73. A.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 57. £. 565. 566.
Lifter Conch. t. 247. f. 82.

Arca Glycymeris. Br. Zoo]. t. 58. f. 58.
Don. Br. Shells. it. t. 37.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f.1. 2. (Wood.)

Glycymeris orbicularis. Da Cofa p. 168. t. 11. f. 2. 2.

A. with a ftrong, orbicular fhell, covered with a dark
brown, pilous epidermis, particularly about the margin ;
beneath this the older fhells are fometimes of a rufty brown

colour,

f

, 137

colour, others almoft white, with zigzag, angular ftripes of
chefnut, or orange-yellow; in younger fhells the mark-
ings are frequently of a carnation colour. It is faintly
{triated longitudinally, with tranfverfe, antiquated wrinkles
or ridges: umbo large, central, and not turned to either
fide. Infide white, with fometimes a little purplifh-brown
at one end; margin ftrongly crenated. Diameter two
inches and a half, or more.

This fpecies and the Arca glycymerzs have been greatly
confounded, and indeed it is not an eafy matter to afcer-
tain them by the fynonyms of GmeEutn.

LisTER has given a very good figure of this fhell, and
marks it as Engly/h, as well as from Guernfey; this how-
ever is quoted by Gmetin for his Glycymeris. We have
had fome doubt whether thefe two fhells are a¢tually dif-
tinct, and whether the variation may not be occafioned
by climate. Doétor Putreney exprefsly fays, they are
totally different; we have therefore followed that able
conchologift, in giving it as the fzlofa of Linn Aus.

This fhell is in’great abundance on the fhore near Pen-
dennis Caftle in Cornwall, of a large fize, but all worn
and mutilated, as if driven from a confiderable diftance.

We have obtained it by dredging, on the fouth coaft of
Devon, but rarely alive, except {mall fpecimens: is alfo
taken on the Dorfet coaft by dredging, at Weymouth and
at Swanage; and we have received it from Kent.

T Arca

Ds
LAcTEA.

138

Arca lattea. Lin. Sy. p.1141.Gmel. Syft. p. 3309. 15.
Chem. Conch. vii-t. 55. f. 547.
Lifter Conch. t 235. £.69.— Petru; Gaz. 't.73.1.
Ree ee Coe pe: It. Tek 52
Part. Lai awe i pe25 2.
Arca barbata. Br. Zool. No. 60. t. 58. f. 59. reference mif-
placed to A. Nucleus.
Arca crinita. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 34.

~ A. with arhomboidal, yellowifh-white fhell, covered with
a brown pilous efzdermis, under which it is furnifhed with
numerous fine, clofe-fet, regular ftrie longitudinally, or
from the wmbo to the margin, with a few concentric wrin-
kles or ridges: the interftices between the flriz are pret-
tily punétured, giving the fhell a reticulated appearance
when examined by a Jens: wmdo not quite central; hinge
furnihed with numerous teeth. Infide white; margin

plain.

This fpecies is fubje& to great variety in fhape, fome
are rounded at both ends, others angulated, or cut off
at one end; and the {triz, which are faint in fome, are
very flrong in others, both tranfverfe and longitudinal,
crofling in a decuffated manner; the tranfverfe {lrie, how-
ever, are always leaft difliné.

Dofor Puuteney has confidered this fhell as diftin&
from the A. laétea of Linn aus, obferving that, that is
much iarger, and is ftrongly ftriated in a reticulated
manner, Engli/h {pecimens, however, are fomeurmes re-

ticulated

139

ticulated very confpicuoufly; and, if we make allowance
for the various effects of climate, it may be conjectured
this is only a variety in a depauperated flate.

This fhell is found in great abundance on fome parts of
the fouth coaft of Devon; and not unfrequent on that of
Cornwall, particularly about Falmouth; but live fhells, or
double valves with the efzdermis on, are rare. It feldom
exceeds half an inch in length; and three-quarters in

breadth.

9

De

Arca Noae. Lin. Syft. p. 1140. 169. Nog.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3306. 2. Taz. 4. fg 6 .

Chem. Conch. vii. t. 53. f. 531. a.
Purts Lit. 16 p- 250.—Gualt. ines Lak
Mufculus Matthioli. Lifter Conch. t. 368.. f. 208.
Arca tortuofa. Br. Zool. No. 57. figure omitted.
Borlafe Corn. t. 28. f. 15. 16.

A. with a rhomboidal fhell, the fmaller end of each
walve turning inwards to meet each other, forming a fharp
angle, giving that end a fub-cordated appearance: the
umbo is placed neareft to one fide: the afex prominent,
and greatly feparated by a deep fulcus, which is fmooth
and glofly: the ftriz that run from hinge to margin are
regular and ftrong ; thefe are croffed with fine, tranf{verie
ftriz, that make the fhell elegantly reticulated: fome are
marked with concentric, antiquated ridges: colour ru-
fous-brown, lighteft at the larger end. Infide whitifh or

ge tinged

4.
MinurTa.

140

tinged with brown: hinge ftrait, furnifhed with numer.
ous teeth.

We have found this fingular fpecies at Milton fands, on
the fouth coaft of Devon, but it is extremely rare. Bor -
LASE firft obferved this to be an Englifh thell, having
found it at the lands-end in Cornwall, but {peaks of it as
rare. Thofe we found do not much exceed half an inch
in breadth, which is about the fize of the figure given
by Bor.tase.

Foreign f{pecimens are much larger.

tiie

Arca minuta. Gmel. Sy/t. p.3309. 14.—Lin. Trans. iii.p. 64 ?
Chem. Conch. x. t. 170. f. 1657, 1658.
Puri. Lignin: p: 252.

Arca Modiolus. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 81.
Adams Micros. t. 14. f. 43.

Arca caudata. Don. Br. Shells iii. t. 78.

A. with an oblong fhell, the anterior fide running into
an angulated beak, cut off at the point; finely ftriated
tranfverfely, interrupted by three or four ftrong concen-
tric ridges: colour white, or yellowifh: wméo very fmall,
turning a little towards the angulated fide; beneath which
is a {mooth depreffion reaching to the end; this part is in-
dented, which gives the produced fide a reflexed appear-
ance. Infide fmooth, glofly; colour the fame as the out-
fide; teeth numerous, angulated, the angular fides placed

towards

141

towards the wmbo: immediately under the apex is a ca-
vity, and a fpace deftitute of teeth, dividing them into
two feries: margin plain. Length three-eighths of an
inch; breadth fearce half an inch.

This curious and rare {pecies we received from Mr.
Boys of Sandwich, for the fhell figured by WaLxer as
above quoted, at which place it is not uncommon. Mr.
Wa ker confidered this fhell as the A. Modiolus of
Linnaus. Cuemnirz has given a tolerably good figure
of this fpecies, which GMELIN quotes as his A. minuta.
Mr. Apams has given an Arca minuta in the Linnean
Tranfactions, but from his. fhort defcription, we cannot
be confident it is the fame. He fays, “Tefta fubrotunda:
firits concentricis, margune integro. Color albus.”

ae

Bie

Arca Nucleus Lin. Sy/t. p. 1143.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3314. 38.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 58. f. 574. a. b.
Br. Zool. No. 59. figure erroneous.
Don. Br. Shells ii. t.63.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.257. -
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 35.—Gualt. 88. R.
Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 3. 6. (Wood.)
Petre Gz. tee Ue to 9.

Glycymeris argentea. Da Cofta p. 170. t. 15. f. 6. dextra.

Nuc.Levus,

A. with a fub-triangular, white fhell, concentrically
wrinkled, and croffed with numerous, minute, obfolete
frie from hinge to margin; covered with a glofly, oliva-

ceous

142

ceous epidermis: umbo placed a little to one fide, beneath
which is a cordiform depreffion. Infide gloffy, filvery
white; hinge angular, befet with numerous, fine, regular
teeth in a peftinated form: margin finely crenulated.
Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth fomewhat
more.

This fpecies is common on molt of our fandy fhores.

Mr. Pennant has by miftake referred to his Arca dar-
bata for the figure of this fhell.

GEN.

143

e965 9OEDDODO <SVS- QO DSSS Sati eem———

GENS,

PECTEN.
—~<>—

Animal a TETHYS.

SHELL, bivalve, neg Neways moft times ribbed or
flriated longitudinally.

Hinge, toothlefs, with a fmall fub-triangular cavity ;
aurated,

1
Oftrea. maxima. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1144.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3315.1. Maximus.
rl Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 35.

Chem. Conch. vii. t. 60. f. 585.
Lifter Conch, t. 163. f. 1.—Ib. Ang. t.5.£.29.
Don. Br. Shells it.t.49.—Turt. Lin. iv.p.258.

Gualt. t.98. A. B.—t. 99, A.
Pe&en maximus. Br. Zool No. 61.

Peéten vulgaris. Da Cofta. p. 140. t. 9. f. 3. 3.

P. with fourteen or fifteen rounded ribs, longitudinally
grooved, and wrought with very fine, tranfverfe fire:

upper valve flat, with a depreflion at the umdo;

; colour
rufous; lower valve very convex, white, tinged with

yellow ;

9
~~

JACoBRUS.

144

yellow; auricles firiated, equal, reCtangular. Infide white,
with rufous-brown round the margin. Length five inches ;
breadth fix. It is fometimes found variegated with pink
and brown.

This fhell is not uncommon on fome parts of our coaft,
and is frequently fold for the ufe of the table, being much
efteemed. Is plentiful in Salcomd bay, in Devonfhire, and
in the fea between Portland and Purbeck in Dorfetfhire.

We are informed by old and experienced dredgers, that
the greateft quantity are taken aiter a fall of fnow.

—<

pies Jacobzea, Lin. Sy/t. p. 1144.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3316. 2.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 36.

Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 258.

Gualt. t. 99. B.— Favan. t. 54. L. 1.
PeGen Jacobi. Chem. Conch. vii. t. 60. f. 588.589.

Lifter Conch. t.165. £.2.—t. 166. f. 3.
Peéten Jacobeus. Br. Zool]. t. 60.-f. 62.

Da Cofta. p. 143. No. 2.

P. with feventeen or eighteen, very convex, ribs; up-
per valve flat, rufous; the ribs rounded, finely ftriated
tranfverfely; with a fmooth, whitifh depreffion at the
umbo : lower valve pure white; ribs angulated, or brought
to a flat furface, {trongly furrowed longitudinally, and
marked with fine tranfverfe ftria: auricles equal, re¢tan-
gular, flriated. Infide white, a little tinged with rufous

at

145

at the margin. Length four inches; breadth five; rarely

found fo large in the Britz/h feas.

This fpecies very much refembles the BP. maximus, but
the fides rife higher towards the hinge; and it is at once
diftinguifhed by the under valve being pure white; and
by the flat, angulated ribs.

It is a rare fhell, but has fometimes been dredged up on
our coaft, particularly in Dorfetfhire, at Poole and at
Weymouth; as we are aflured by Doétor Putteney.

Da Costa informs us he received it from the fame
coaft, as well as from Cornwall, and Scarborough in

York/hire.

—<——
3e

Oftrea opercularis. Lin. Sy/t. p.1146.—Gmel. Syft. p.3325.51. OPERCULARIS.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 36.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 266.

Lifter Conch. t. 190. f. 27.28.—Id. Ang. t.5.

moe

Peéten opercularis. Chem. Conch. vii. t. 67. £. 646.

Favan. t. 54. L. 2. 4.
Oftrea fubrufus. Don. Br. Shells i. t. 12.
Peéten fubrufus. Br. Zool. t. 60. f. 63.
Peéten pidtus. Da Cofta p. 144. t.9. f. 1.2.4. 5.

Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. £. 7. 8. (Wood.)

P. witha fub-orbicular fhell, with about twenty rounded
ribs, finely ftriated tranfverfely: colour various, moft fre-
Vv quently

4.
VarRIUs.

146

quently white, beautifully variegated with red or purple;
fometimes of one colour; white, yellow, brown, or pur-
plifh: the under valve moft highly coloured; the upper
valve is not fo convex as the other: auricles nearly fimi-
lar, ftriated. Infide white, in fome parts a little tinged
with brown. Diameter about two inches and a half.

This fpecies is common on many parts of our coaft:
in Devonfhire and Cornwall is frequently taken for culi-
nary purpofes ; known by the name of Frills or Queens.

-~<¥e—- F

Oftrea varia. Lin. Sy/i. p. 1146.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3324. 48.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 36.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 265.
Don. Br. Shells i.t.1.£.1.—Favan.t.54. B.3.4.5.
Lifter Conch. t. 178. f. 17. 18.
Guailt. t. 73, G.—t. 74. R.

Peden varius. Chem. Conch. vii. t. 66. f. 633. 634.
Br. Zool. t. 61. f. 64.

Peéten Monotis. Da Cofta. p. 151. t. 10. f. 1. 2.4. 5. 7. 9.

P. with about twenty eight echinated ribs; colour va-
rious, fometimes like tortoife-fhell, clouded dark choco-

late-brown and yellow; others plain rufous-brown, or |

yellowifh : upper valve lefs convex than the other; auri-
cles very unequal, the longeft ear on the fuperior valve is
much wrinkled, the other ftriated lengthways : the whole
{hell is rough with concave fpines, but leaft fo towards the
wmlo; fometimes inftead of {pines it is imbricated on the

ribss

ee

147

rips, and only a little echinated about the fides. Immedi-
ately beneath the long ear of the fuperior valve, (which is
not fo broad as the correfponding one of the other valve)
are a few teeth-like lamine ; at this part the fhell is inca-
pable of clofing. Infide partakes of the colour of the
exterior, but lighter. Length two inches and a quarter;
breadth two inches.

This is a common fpecies, frequently dredged up with
oyfters on various parts of the coatft.

—ip—

Peéten lineatus. Da Cofta. p. 147. t. 10. f. 8. Lingarus.
Oftrea lineata. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 36.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 116.

P. with a fub-orbicular fhell, with eighteen narrow ribs ;
colour white, except the ridge of each rib, which is red
on the upper valve: the lower valve is quite white ; the
interflices finely ftriated tranfverfely ; auricles nearly
alike. Infide white. In fhape this elegant fpecies very
much refembles the P. ofercularis, one valve being a lit-
tle more convex than the other; but the fides of this do
not rife quite fo high towards the ears, and the ribs are
much finer; which, with the invariable red line upon the
ridge of each, without any other markings, at once dif-
tinguifhes it.

Doftor Putteney firft noticed this fhell on the Dor-
Seifhire coaft, and fent itto Da Costa, who defcribed it in
his work. In the Mu/feum Portlandicum was called by

Doftor SoLaANDER, Peéten carinatus.
Wie We

(oT

Distortus.

148

We have found it in Cornwall and Devonfhire, but-is
rather a {carce fhell. Length rarely exceeds an inch and
a half; breadth not quite fo much,

' -—<f—

Pecten diftortus. Da Cofta p. 148. t..10. f. 3. 6.
Peéten Pufio. Br. Zool. No. 65.
Lifter Conch. t. 172. 9.—t: 189. £.23.
Id. Anglo. ASG. ti5. £.-S.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 67. f. 635. 636.
Oftrea. Pufio. Lin. Syft. p. 1146?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3324. 49. ?
Don. Br. Shells.i.t.34.—Turt: Lin. iv. p.266,
Oftrea diftorta. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 36.

P. with a very diftorted fhell, with numerous, rib-like
ftrie, fome of which are larger than others: the upper
valve is, in general, much more flat than the inferior, but
it is of fo diftorted a growth, that no two are found alike.
The under valve, by which it adheres to rocks and old
fhells, partakes of all the inequalities of the part to which
it is affixed; and fcarce any ribs or ftrie are to be found
on that valve, except towards the wmbo. \ The fuperior
valve partakes of thefe irregularities more or lefs, though
it is always ftriated, but frequently interrupted by {wel-
lings and depreflions; and the ftrie become undulated,
In the more perfeét fhells the auricles are large, fometimes
nearly equal; in others fcarce any ears are obferved: co-
lour moft commonly rufous-brown, or red and white mot-
tled. It rarely exceeds two inches in length; and one

inch and a half in breadth.
; This

149

This fingular fpecies is not uncommon in the weft of
England, from Dorfetfhire to Cornwall, but the lower
valves are feldom thrown upon the fhores: thefe adhere fo
{trongly to rocks, as not to be eafily feparated; and lie
generally indeep water: perfect fhells, however, are fome-
times obtained by dredging, afhxed to the infide of old
oyfter fhells. .

We have feen it perforated 1 into thofe mafly ftones ufed
for fixing the mooring chains to, in Plymouth harbour ; or
at leaft fe enclofed, ise it became neceflary to break off
part of the ftone to get them out.

—e——-

le

OBSOLETUS.
Peéten obfoletus. Br. Zool. t. 61. f. 66.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 1. £. 2.
Petten parvus. Da. Coffa. p. 153. No. 7.
Oftrea obfoleta. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 266.

P. with numerous, fine, longitudinal ftriz, eight or ten
more prominent than the others, at irregular diftances ;
the valves are equal, and rather flat: the auricles are un-
equal ; one very large, ftriated, the other extremely {mail :
colour dark purple. Infide fmooth, brownifh.

This fpecies, which was firft given by Mr. PENNANT,
appears to be very rare. Da Costa received his from

the coaft of Cornwall.

Peéten

&.
GLABER,

gy.

Levis.

sane Ace tera

150
Peéten glaber. Br. Zoo]. No. 68.

P. with a very thin fhell; fifteen faint rays ; equal ears.

The inner fide of the fhells marked with rays, divided
by a fingle fulcus.

Anglefea. A {carce {fpecies. Small.

We have been obliged to copy Mr. Pennant’s defcrip-
tion of this fhell, not having been fortunate enough ever
to meet withit. The defcription does not fufficiently cor-
refpond with the Ofrea glabra of Linn aus, to induce us
to think it is the fame fpecies.

—<P>——

Peéten levis. Br. Zool. No. 67
Oftrea levis. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 266. 3

P. with a flat, fub-orbicular, thin, pellucid fhell, per-
feCily fmooth, except a few faint concentric ridges: valves
nearly equal; auricles ftrongly ftriated lengthways, crofled
with very fine ftriz; one ear much longer than the other:
colour yellowifh-white. Infide gloffy white. Length five-
eighths of an inch; breadth not quite fo much.

Mr. Pennant feems to be the only author who has
given this fpecies: found in Anglefea. We have found it
at Falmouth, rarely: our fineft fpecimen was dredged up

alive, from Salcomb bay in Devonfhire; this is of a pale,

dull, orange-yellow.
GEN.

151

10000069 OOO ~<S-OASIISS IC oe

GEN. XV.

OSTREA.

=<

Animal a TETHYS.

SHELL, bivalve, inequivalve, rugged or plated; no

auricles.

Hinge toothlefs, with a tranfverfe, ftriated cavity.

1

Oftrea edulis. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1148.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3334. 105. Eputis.

Chem. Conch. viii. t. 74. £682.

Gualt. t. 102. A. B.—Br. Zool. No. 69.

Lifter Conch. t. 193. f. 30.—t. 194. f. 31.

Id. Angl. t. 4 f. 26.— Pult. Cat. Dorjet. p. 36.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 274.—Favan. t. 80. C.

Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 9. 10. (Wood.)
Oftreum vulgare Da Cojta. p. 154. t. 11. f. 6.

O with a fub-orbicular, rugged fheli, with plates or
folds lying over each other: generally of a brown colour.

This fpecies, fo well known, requires little defcription :
it varies greatly in fhape and fize, according to the fitua-

t10n

152

tion in which it is found: fome have very ftrong, thick,
ponderous fhells ; others are thin, with membranaceous
plates or lamin, obfcurely and irregularly ftriated.

A pretty variety is found in Salcomd bay in Devonjfhire,
with a very thin fhell, with large membranaceous plates,
wrinkled into irregular, interrupted ribs: the upper valve
flat, or rather concave on the top, with a corneous mar-
gin, half an inch broad, extremely thin and brittle: ‘the
lower valve convex, clouded with pale purple, particu-
larly round the margin. Thefe are called Rock oy/ters,
and vary fo much from others, taken from a different part
of the fame bay, that they appear like a diftiné fpecies ;
and are very unlike thofe which are cultivated for the
London markets ; they are generally of an orbicular fhape;
with the wmdo pointed, and central. Diameter about three
inches and a half.

It is the nature’ of oyfters in general to have the lower
valve fixed to rocks, or loofe ftones, and frequently to
each other; but this is not the cafe with the variety juft
defcribed, in confequence their fhape 1s more regular.

The appellation of Rock oyfter feems to be given it by
the fifhermen, becaufe they are taken on rockey ground.

For an account of the taking, breeding, and manage-
ment of oyfers, in order to fupply the tables of the luxu-
rious, we refer our readerstothe Brztz/h Zoology ; DALE’s
Hifory of Harwich; and Da Cosra’s Brith Conchology ;

which

7 153

which is extracted from Bilhop Sprat’s Hiftory of the
Royal Society, p. 307. @
—<e
Oftrea ftriata. Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 36.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 45:
Lurt., Lig iv.(p. 275.
Oftreum ftriatum. Da Cofta. p. 162. t. 11. f. 4. 4.
Lifter Conch. ts 202. 203..£. 36.37:
Ib. Angl. t. 4 f. 27.

O. with a fub-orbicular fhell, marked with fine, irre-
gular, undulated, longitudinal, rib-like ftrie; wmbo very
fmall, placed near the top, a little furrounded by the mar-
gin: fuperior valve lefs convex than the inferior: colour

white. Infide {mooth, glofly white, with a pearlaceous
hue; the hinge is a {mall cavity under the beak; a little

below which is an opaque, chalky white fpot, of an oval
fhape. Diameter rarely exceeds one inch and a hall.

This {pecies is fubje&t to great variety in fhape like the
common oyiter, and is frequently diftorted and finuous;
but is never plated or laminated like that fhell. Small
fpecimens are often ftrongly ribbed with fmaller interme-
diate ftriz, and the margin angulated by the ribs; colour
mottled, faint rufous-brown and white.

This fhell, which was firft noticed by Doftor LisTER, 1s
not unfrequently found on fome parts of our coaft; but
moftly fingle valves, and by far the greateft part that of the
under orconcave: thefe having loft the ftriz by being much

worn, are fometimes confounded for the Anomia Ephipprwm.

X GEN.

9

“<

STRIATA.

LSA.
8502 299 GOO <VDS>— QOH SO66 ieem———_-

GEN. XVI.

ANOMIA.

=e

Animal not reducible to any hitherto found in
a mollufcous ftate.

It appears to be different in fome fpecies of Anomza, as
may be feen by comparing that of the Cepa figured by
Murray in his Fundamenta Teftaceologia, t. 2. f. 23.
and the tridentata, fo called by Forskat, in his Jcones
Animalium, t.6. 40.

The animal of the A. fatelliformis feems to be different
from either of thefe, by the defcription Linn £us has
given of it.

SHELL, bivalve, inequivalve; one valve ufually flat,
the other convex: in feveral fpecies the flat valve is per-
forated near the hinge, through which the animal is im-
moveably fixed by a teftaceous plug to fome other body.

Hinge toothlefs : a tranfverfe, linear prominence on the
flat valve, conneéted under the beak of the oppofite valve
by a ftrong cartilage.

Anomia

155

Anomia Ephippium. Lin. Sy/t. p.1150.—Gumel. Sy/t.p.5340.3. Epuiprium,
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 76. f£. 692. 693.
Lifter Conch. t. 204. f. 38.
Brz, Zool.t:62:—Gualt. t.197.B.
Don. Br. Shells i. t. 26.
Lin. Trans..vi.'t. 18. f.11. 12. (Wood.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 280.—Favan. t.41. B.
Anomia TunicaCepz Da Cojia p. 165. t. 11. f. 3.
Anomia Cepa. Lin. Syj/t. p.1151?—Gmel. Syft. p. 3341?
Chem. Conch. vil. t. 76. f. 694. 695.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 37.—TId. vofea

A. with a fub-orbicular, irregularly wrinkled, waved,
and finuous fhell: one valve convex, the other flat, and
perforated at the hinge, by which it adheres to other
bodies, particularly oyfters; taking the impreffion of
whatever it is affixedto. We have feen very elegant, pellu-
cid, comprefled {pecimens, taken from the PecZen maximus,
of a large fize, with all the impreffions of the ribs; fome-
times longitudinal, in others tranfverfe; and which 1s
communicated to the upper valve. Infide pearlaceous,

gloffed with green, purple, violet, or yellow; with all the
intermediate fhades,

The Anomia Cepa of Linnaus is probably only a
variety of this fhell, ftrongly coloured in the infide.

It is very common on moft of our fhores, but rarely
perfeét, unlefs dredged up alive. Diameter fometimes
three inches and a half; moft frequently not above two
inches,

X 2 The

9

SOQUAMULA.

156

The teftaceous plug by which the animal fixes itfelf to
other fubftances, is firmly attached by ftrong ligaments
to the body; and fo clofely cemented, or united to what-
ever it 1s afixed, that they become infeparable; and of
courfe when the fhell is forced from its native place, the
plug is left behind upon the ftone or fhell to which it
adhered.

—>-

Anomia Squamula. Lin. Sy/t. p.1151.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3341.6.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 77. f. 696.
Br. Zool. No.71.—Walk. Min. Shells £.80.
Da Cofta. p. 167.
Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 42.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 37.
Lurt. Lin iv. p.28T.

A. with a fub-orbicular fhell, not unlike the laft, but
confiderably more thin and membraneous; in general
much comprefled; the perforated valve quite flat, the
other fometimes a little convex: colour dirty white when
alive. Infide white, or tinged with green. This, like the
preceding f{pecies, takes the impreflion of whatever it ad-
heres to; and very pretty fpecimens are obtained from
fome of the Peééens.

Frequent on oyfters, lobfters, crabs, and other marine
bodies. Is diftinguifhed from the young of the A. Ephip-
pium by being fmooth, and by the fmall pointed beak or
umbo; is alfo much more flat. Diameter rarely exceed-
ing half an inch,

Anomia

157

Anomia aculeata. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3346. 30.
Chem, Conch. viii. t. 77. f. 702,
Turt. Lin. iv..p. 285.
Gualt. t. 97. B. lower figure.

A. with a thin, compreffed, muricated fhell, with inter-
rupted, longitudinal frie, furnifhed with fmall, concave,
obtufe fpines: beak fmall, turning a little downwards:
under valve flat, generally plain, but fometimes a little
echinated towards the margin; perforated near the hinge.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch; moft frequently not fo
large on our coatts.

We have found this fpecies in Devonfhire and Cornwali,
adhering to the roots of alge; moft commonly of a dirty
white or brownifh colour.

—
Anomia undulata. Ginel. Syft. p. 3346. 34.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 286.
Anomia undulatim ftriata. Chem. Conch. t. 77. f. 699.

A. with an extremely delicate, thin, pellucid, flat fhell,
of a fub-orbicular fhape, with numerous undulated rib-
like ftriza, radiating from the wmbo: beak fmall, pointed,
placed a little within the margin; lower valve almoft
membranaceous, plain; perforation near the hinge, large,
oval. Infide pearlaceous. Diameter about an inch.

This fpecies, like others of the genus, is fubjeft to vary

in fhape, depending intirely on the body to which it isaf-
fixed

Qo
De

ACULEATA,
‘Pany4,:foa,

4.

UNDULATA.

WABs A0its Oe

158

fixed. It is fometimes found on the fouth coaft of Devon;
the fineft fpecimens we have taken by dredging in Sal-
comb bay, adhering to the infide of old bivalve fhells,
efpecially the Cardium levigatum.

Thefe have the under valve convex, and the upper
valve flat, or fomewhat concave; but when the furface is
flat to which they adhere, the lower one conforms to it,
and the upper one becomes a little convex.

A variety is marked with rufous-brown between the
ribs, towards the margin.

This fhell differs from the aculeata in being larger, more
pellucid, and in the ribs or ftriz being more diftant, un-
. dulated, and never furnifhed with fpines.

GEN.

159

——99 0 8| <= EB |e Se2--——

GEN. XVII.

MYTILUS.

==

Animal allied to an ASCIDIA.

SHELL, bivalve; in fome fpecies affixed by a thick
filky by/fus.

Hinge without teeth, marked by a longitudinal furrow:
in fome fpecies crenulated.

——i-
i

Mytilus edulis. Lim. Sy/t. p. 1157. Eputis.

Gel. Sy/t. p. 3353. 11.

Chem. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 750. 751.

Lift. Conch. t.362.£.200.—Id. Ang.t.4.f.28

Br. Zool. No. 73.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 291.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 38.

Lin. Trans. vi. t. 18. f. 13. 14. (Wood.)

Gualt. t. 91.'E.
Mytilus vulgaris. Da Coffa. p. 216. t. 15. f. 5.

M. with anoblong fhell, fomewhat pointed at the beak ;
fides very much floped; antericr fide a little angulated;
pofterior rather indented: colour blackilh-blue, covered

with

9°

“ae

INCURVATUS.

3.
PELLUCIDUS.

160

with a brown efzdermis; fometimes radiated with fine
blue. Infide blue about the margin, whitifh in the mid-
dle: beneath the beak are feveral teeth-like crenulaticns.
Length three inches ; breadth one and a half.

This is the moft common of all Brztz/h fhells, found in
vait beds fixed by the dy//us.

—~<g>—

Mytilus incurvatus. Br. Zoo). t. 64. f. 74.
Lifter Conch. t. 357. £.195. 196.
Turt:) Poativ. te. 2499.

This fhell is very like the laft, but broader in propor-
tion to its length: the pofterior fide much incurvated:
crenulations under the beak the fame.

Whether this is really a diftinét fpecies may be doubted.
It is ufually found fixed into fome crevice of a rock fingly,
and not in beds like the edudzs. Many appear diftorted
about the beak, as if the fhell was prevented in its growth
by accident; and we think the intermediate gradations,
between this and the preceeding, bring them fo near to-
gether, as fcarce to allow a fpecific diftinétion. It 1s how-
ever of a very inferior fize, feldom exceeding an inch and
a half in length; and one inch broad.

——ip—

Mytilus pellucidus. Br. Zool. t 63. £.75.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.292.
Chem.. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 755.

M. with a thin, pellucid fhell, of a whitifh colour, or
tinged

161

tinged with blue, more or lefs radiated with deep blue or
purple, covered with a yellow epidermis. In fhape it re-
fembles the edulis, but not fo much indented at the pofte-
rior fide, and is much more {mooth and glofly. Infide glofly,
blueifh-white, rayed with blue like the outfide; crenula-
tions beneath the beak fmall. Length about two inches ;
breadth one inch.

This fpecies does not appear to be common.

Mr. Pennant fays, it is found in Anglefea, fometimes
in Oyfter-beds ; fometimes in trowling over flutchy bottoms,

We have found it fufficiently plentiful on the fhore near
Southampton ; but rarely elfewhere.

——
4.

Mytilus barbatus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1156.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3353.10. BARBATUS.

Chem. Conch. viii. t. 84. f. 749.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 38.

Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 70.

Gualt. t. 91. H. middle figure.
Mytilus curtus. Br. Zool. t. 64. f.76.A.

Trt: Lig BV pe 292.

M. with a thin, fub-pellucid, fub-ovate, oblong fhell,
covered with a ferruginous-yellaw epidermis, befet with
a thick beard about the front margin, and on the anterior
fide, mixed with fand, broken fhells, and other extrane-
ous matter: the pofterior fide, towards the beak, extends
outwards a little, and rifes above the wmbo, which gives it

Y a

162

a fub-arcuated appearance. Infide white; margin under
the beak quite fmooth. Length rarely exceeds two
inches; breadth one inch.

Da Costa makes no mention of this fpecies. Mr. PEn-
NANT {peaks of it from Weymouth, from whence we have
been favoured with it by Mr. Bryer. Dottor PuLTENEY
alfo {tates it to be on the Dor/etfhire coaft ; and exprefles
fome doubt whether it is not the young of the M. Modiolus.

With refpe&t to the fhape of thefe two fhells, they cer-
tainly are extremely fimilar, but in colour they are effen-
tially different; befides, the Modzolus is never found beard-
ed, is always of a dufky-black colour, and grows to a
very fuperior fize. On the other hand, it muft be admit-
ted that young fhells fometimes differ materially in colour ;
and that, as we never have feen any other which could be
confidered as the young of that fhell, doubts muft be
entertained.

We have found this fpecies in Cornwall and in Devon-
Shire rarely, and have received it from Sandwich in Kent ;
but it does not appear common any where.

A variety is faintly radiated.

The rough, or bearded, appearance of this fhell is oc-
cafioned, in part, by the efzdermzs being broken and di-
vided into fibres, which in a foft, and glutinous ftate, ar-
refts fuch extraneous matter as comes in contaét.

Mytilus .

163

Mytilus Modiolus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1158.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3354.14. Mopiotus.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 85. f. 757.
Lifter Conch. t. 356. f. 195.—t. 359. £198,
Bre Zool. t<6604. 77.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 293.
Da Cofta p. 219. t. 15. f. 5.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 38.
Don. Br. Shells. 1. t. 23.

M. with an oblong, fub-oval, ftrong fhell, covered with
a thick, purplifh-black efcdermis ; fhape like the laft, but

more concentrically wrinkled.

It is a very convex fhell; the wmdo large and promi-
nent : Infide fmooth, pearlaceous.

This is a large {pecies, fometimes growing to the length
of fix inches, and near three inches in breadth; but more
ufually about four inches long, and two broad.

It is a Pelagic fhell, and rarely taken even by dredging,
except in very deep water; but is fometimes caught by
the hook in fifhing for whiting, or other fifh, near the
ground.

Da Cosra fays it is found at Scarborough, and on the
coaft of Wales, as well as in the Orknies, and other coatts
of Scotland; and alfo in Kent and Cornwall.

We have found it rarely in Devonfhire ; and according

to Doétor PuLteNney’s account, has been dredged up at
o o
Yi 2 Weymouth.

6.
UmMBILICATUS.

-
ie

Rucosus.

164

Weymouth. This fpecies is furnifhed with a large filky
byffus, not unlike that of the Pinna, but of a coarfer tex-
ture, by which it adheres firmly to the bottom; and when
taken by dredging is ufually torn from the animal. We
have taken the Pea-crab, Cancer Pifum, and two minute
crabs, Cancer minutus, from one of thefe mufcles; the
former of an unufual fize.

—=>-

Mytilus umbilicatus Br. Zool. t. 65. f.76.
Don. Br. Shells ii. t. 40.
Turt. Lin. w. p. 292.

Mytilus curviroftratus. Da Cojta. p. 220.

M. with a thick, ftrong, oblong, fub-oval fhell, in fhape
much like the two preceding; but is at once diftinguifhed
by a deep depreffion, or wmbzlicus, under the beak, op-
pofite the hinge, which 1s fingularly intorted and wrinkled:
colour dark brown, or blackifh. Length rarely above
four inches. |

Mr. Pennant, who firft defcribed this fpecies; fays it
is fometimes dredged up off Prieftholme Iftand, and that
jt fometimes grows to the length of five inches. And adds,
that the pea-crab is found in this fhell of a larger fize than
ufual. It is a very rare fhell, and feldom found but in the
place before mentioned.

—=io

Mytilus rugofus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1156.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3352. 7.
Br. Zool, t. 63. f. 72.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.290.
; Mytilus

165
Mytilus rugofus. Da Cofta. p. 223.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 37.
Lifter Conch. t: 426. f. 267.
Id. Ang]. t. 4. f. 21.

M. with an oblong, fub-oval fhell, with rugged, con-
centric wrinkles: colour dirty-white, covered with a yel-
lowifh epidermis: fide next to the hinge always rounded;
the oppofite fometimes truncated: umbo fmall, obtule,
placed near to one end. Infide white. It rarely exceeds an
inch and a quarter in length; breadth about half its
length: is however very fubjeét to vary in thape; fome
are very little longer than they are broad, others exceed
the breadth nearly three times, and fo convex as to be
almoft cylindric. It moft ufually gapes at one end, and
fometimes in the front, oppofite the hinge.

This fpecies is found on many of our coafts, burrowed
in lime-ftone, in great abundance: is not uncommon on
fome parts of the coaft of Devon, in company with the
Donax Irus, particularly about Plymouth, and at Torbay.

—=<p>—

8

M. with an oblong, irregular, rugofe fhell, wrinkled, Prmcisus.

and frequently much dittorted: commonly fo much the
fhape of the Solen minutus, as to be eafily confounded for
a worn {hell of that fpecies, having loft the {pines ; others
refemble the Mytzlus rugofus. The particular characters
are, that the hinge is clofe to one end, which fide 1s quite

f{quare as if cut off; the beak large, prominent, and pro-
i jects

aA eee

9.
Crista GALLI.

166

jects further in one vaive than the other; which’ valve is
rather largeft, and receives the other within its margin,
particularly at the oppofite end from the hinge. In fome
both ends are truncated: colour dirty white, frequently
covered with a. brown efzdermis. Infide white, hinge
rough, flrong, inflected, forming a deep cavity underneath
the margin. Length, from hinge to the oppofite margin,.
a quarter of an inch, breadth half an ‘inch, but ufually
much lefs; though we have one {pecimen full three-quar-
ters of an inch wide.

This {pecies is found on fome parts of the Cornz/h coatt,
and we have feen it burrowed in lime-ftone at Plymouth ;
but is moft commonly met with at the roots of Alge,
not unfrequently on many parts of the coaft of South De-
von, as well as at //fracomb in the north of that county :
and we have received it from Wales.

It is readily diftinguifhed from the young of the M. ru-
gofus by the larger end being truncated, and not rounded,
and by the valves being unequal.

—<{>—
Mytilus Crifta Galli. Zin. Sy/t. p. 1155.
Ginel. Syft. p. 3350. 1.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. 75. f. 683. 684.

Id. t. 73. f. 675—-Gualt. t. 104. f. E.
Purt, Lig. Av opi 289).

M. with a rude, rugged, comprefled fhell, varying fo
much in fhape as not to form any fixed character’: colour
opaque

167

opaque, ferruginous, or dull purple. Margin fcolloped,
or cut into deep, irregular notches, on both valves, cor-
refponding with each other, fo as to be inferted, and
fhut clofe. Infide white, or tinged with ferruginous : be-
neath the hinge, in the fuperior valve, flightly crenulated.
Diameter two inches and a half.

This fpecies, though as yet not afcertained to breed in
this climate, has been found alive adhering to the bottom
of fhips; and poffibly may become naturalized, as well
as the [eredo navalis, which was firft introduced in the
fame manner, and now become formidable in fome of
our harbours.

Is common in Jndia, and in the Red Sea.

—< ——
10..

Mytilus difcors. Lin. Sy/t.\p. 1159.—Gmel. Sy/ft. p. $356. 21. Discors,

Chem, Conch. viii. t. 86. f. 764. 767.

DavCotarps 221. tw iis fees

Walk. Min. Shells. £.79.

Adams. Micr. t. 14. f. 41.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 38.

Don. Br. Shells.i.t.25.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.294.

M. with a very convex, fub-cordated, pellucid fhell ;
the pofterior and anterior fides longitudinally ribbed or
ftriated, broader and ftronger on the former: the mid-
dle area is plain, cr faintly wrinkled tranfverfely: umbo
large, prominent; afex turned much to one fide, and

placed

168

placed clofe to the targer end; the anterior fide is fome-
what pointed: colour white, mottled with pink, or pale
red; but thefe colours are, ina recent ftate, obf{cured by an
olive-green, glofly epzdermzs. Infide white, or tinged
with pink; margin crenated on the part.which is ribbed.

We have found this fpecies {paringly on the coaft of
Cornwall and Devonfhire: adhering very ftrongly to the
lower part of the flalks of Alg@, and frequently fo enve-
loped by the bark or film of the plant, as to appear like a
knot or {welling ; the fmaller end of the fhell, however, is
generally uncovered, or it might pafs unnoticed.

Doftor Putreney fpeaks of having found a clufter of
thefe mufcles, adhering to the A/cidza Mentula of GmE.in,
at Weymouth, from which Da Costa took his defcription.
The Doétor afterwards faw them on Oy/ters, from Poole
and Swanage.

We have received fpecimens from Mr Bryer of Wey-
mouth, completely enveloped by the efzdermzs, or fkin of
the A/cidia before mentioned, except a {mall corrugated
opening: two or three were fo fixed to the fame animal,
adhering ftrongly by their dbyfus. This circumftance is
not uncommon on the coaft of Devon/fhire, where we have

feen that animal ftudded with M. dz/cors.

It differs only in.fize, and being of a lighter colour, from
thofe firft introduced into England by Captain Cook,
from

169

from the South Seas, which were an inch and a half in
breadth; whereas the Brzts/h f{pecimens rarely exceed
half an inch in breadth, and three-eighths of an inch in
length,

This fhell has frequently been confounded with the fol-
lowing fpecies, from which it 1s perfettly diftin@, as may
be feen by the comparative defcription there given.

—f—
11.

M. with a fub-oval, compreffed, pellucid, thin, brittle Discrepans.

fhell, covered with an olive-green efzdermis: and, like
the preceding fpecies, is divided into three compartments,
the pofterior and anterior fides ribbed, or ftriated longitu-
dinally; the middle area flightly wrinkled: wmbo placed
as the laft, but very little prominent: both fides rounded,
the anterior one largeft. Infide white, with a faint pearly
glofs. Inferior in fize to the preceding.

The fingular ftru€@ture of this and the M. dzfcors, fo
much refemble each other, at firft fight, that the effential
fpecific characters have been overlooked : and we once re-
ceived a fpecimen ofeach from a friend, an able concho-

logift, for the fame fhell.

The principal diftin&tions are, that this is very little
convex, whereas the other is nearly as thick as it is broad;
this is rounded, and broadeft at the anterior fide ; the other
is fmalleft on that fide, and runs out to an obtulfe point:

Yh, 1t

ee

CYGNEUs.

170

it has only eight, or nine, clearly defined ribs, on the fide
next to the beak; whereas the other has double that num-
ber; which charaéter is invariable: and this is never
otherwife than of an uniform colour, without fpots or
markings of any kind. No author feems to have dillin-
guifhed this fpecies, although fo eflentially different from
the M. difcors. e

Ve found this fhell alive on the fhore between South-
ampton and the mouth of the féchzn, in vaft abundance;
and not uncommon at J/fracomb in Devonfhire, in the
holes or crevices of the rocks, and among various marine
plants, near high-water mark; have alfo received it from
the fouth coaft of Wales.

This is always found detached, and never buried in ani-
mal or vegetable fubftances, like the dz/cors; though it
frequently adheres flightly by its dy/us.

—<

Mytilus Cygneus. Lin. Sy/. p. 1158.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3355.
Lifter Conch. t. 156. f. 11.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 86. f. 762.
Br. Zool. t. 67. {. 78.—Da Cofta p. 214.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 38.—Gualt. t. 7. F.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 55.
Parts Lia. 1m. pu 293:
Muller p. 208. No. 394.
Schroet Flufconch, t. 3. f. 1.

M. with

171

M. with a thin, fragile, femi-pellucid, oval fhell, wrin-
kled concentrically, and covered with an olivaceous-green
epidermis: umbo very {mall, placed near to one end. In-
fide glofly pearlaceous-white. Length rather more than
two inches and a half; breadth near fix inches.

This is the largeft of the Britz/h frefh-water fhells. In-
habits dull, deep*rivers; but rarely found fo large as in
ponds and ftagnant waters.

It bears great affinity to the M. Anatinus, and has, by
fome, been confidered as the fame: the material diftinétion
is, that this is vaftly fuperior in fize, more convex, broader
in proportion to its length, and does not rife fo high at
the hinge; though both fhells are comprefled at that part.

It muft however be allowed, that the fpecific charatters
of diftinétion are not f{trong: and much is to be depended
on the circumftance, of their being frequently found in
feparate places: and that this is not near fo common.

<2

Mytilus Anatinus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1158.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3855.16. Anatinus.

Chem. Conch. viii. t. 86. f. 763.
Lifter Conch. t.153.£.8.—Id. Ang]. t.2.f.29.
Schroet Fluffconch. t. 1. f. 2. 3.
Muller verm. p. 207. No. 393.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 8.9.
Br. Zool. t.68. £.79.—Turt. Lin. iv, p.298.
Da Cofta ps 215. t. 15. f. 2.
Z. 2 Mytilus

13.
AVONENSIS.

172

Mytilus Anatinus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 113.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 38.

M. with a thin, femi pellucid, oval fhell, very like the
M. Cygneus, but ufually of a greener colour, lefs convex,
and the margin at the hinge more prominent, rifing into
a fort of angulated wing. Length two inches; breadth
three and a half. p.

This {pecies inhabits rivers, and other frefh-waters ; is

very plentiful, and frequently found where the M. Cygneus
is not.

<= —

Mufculus anguftior, fub-fufcus, paulo craffior. Liter Conch.
t. 154. f. 9?

M. with a fub-oval fhell, of an olivaceous-brown colour,
with concentric wrinkles: fize of the M. Anatinus, but
broader in proportion to its length, and not fo produced
at the hinge; the pofterior fide generally more obtufe,
and rounded; the front margin nearly ftrait, or frequently
fub-arcuated, particularly towards the fmaller end.

In thefe particulars it feems to differ effentially from
either the M. Cygneus or Anatinus, and is much lefs like
either, than thofe fhells are to each other.

This fhell we found in great abundance in the river
Avon, about Lackham, in Wilt/hire, where it is much more
plentiful than the Anatenus.

Poffibly

173

Poffibly it has been confounded with that fhell, but we
never found it except at the place before mentioned. It
is not in general fo thin as the preceding fpecies ; in fhape
correfponds very well with Lisrer’s figure of the fhell
here quoted, but jn general is more ftrait on the front
margin, clofe to the polterior fide, and frequently makes,
an angle at that part.

—<—
j 5s
Mytilus ftriatus umbonibus produttis. Walk. Min. Shells. £.75. StTRIATUS.

The ftriated mufcle with lengthened beaks.

The colour pellucid white. From Reculver and Sand-
wich not uncommon. Minute.

We are not quite certain, that this fpecies defcribed by
Mr. Waker has ever come under our infpection; but have
‘fometimes met with a fhell, not very unlike the figure
given, except that it had not any confpicuous longitu-
dinal ftriz, and which we have confidered as the fry of the
M. Modiolus, or M. curtus.

We fhall here take the liberty of remarking, that very
great attention is requifite to difcriminate fome of the
‘minute bivalve fhells, and feparate them from the bivalve
Monocult.

The great affinity that the coverings, or fhells, of fome
of this clafs of infecis, bear to the teftacea tribe, has in all

probability

174

probability caufed many to have been confidered as {mall
fpecies of Mytzlus, or the fry of larger; for many fuch
Monocult are capable of fhutting their valves intirely, and
inclofing every part of the animal: in which ftate they al-
ways are when dead, fo that it is no eafy matter to dif-
criminate,

Mr. WALKER is not the only one who has fallen into
this error, in his figures 76, 77, and 78, all of which we
~ have received from Sandwich, and have found them in
other parts.

The firft is found in frefh-water, and is not much unlike
Monoculus conchaceus, GMELIN Syft. p. 3003, but is longer,
in proportion to its breadth, than the figure given of that
infect by Donovan, Britif/h Infects, 1. t. 5.

The other two, given by Mr. WALKER, are marine Mo-
nocult; both found on Oy/ers, and other rugged fhells; and
is not uncommon on the coaft of Devon: efpecially No.
77, about the dby//us of the Pinna ingens: both thefe ap-
pear to differ only in fhape, and do not feem to have ob-
tained a place amongft the apterous infects. When ex-
amined under a microfcope, the fheils are punétured all
over.

To thefe-fuppofed Mytzlc of Mr. Waker, we may
add the Monoculus conchaceus, which has been fent tc us
for fuch ; and we could enumerate many others, which

inhabit

175

inhabit both falt and frefh-water, that might readily be
miftaken for minute fhells: one of which is figured in
Tab. 14. No.8. of this work by miftake, nct having an op-
portunity of examining the animal till after the plate was
engraved.

This, and another fpecies of Monoculus in every refpett
like it, but of a longer and more cylindric fhape, is found
on Oyfters on the fouth coaft of Devonfhire; and on the
byffus of the Pinna engens; a general repofitory for Mo-
mocult and very minute fhells, efpecially Nautzl: and
Vermicult.

Thefe two f{pecies of Monoculus are extremely fmooth,
and glofly, of a blufh-colour when alive, or frefh, and
opaque yellowifh-white when dead; and are diftinguifhed
from any other, by the remarkable “nus in front, near
the end, through which is a groove or channel ; but this
perforation is only to be diftinguifhed when the valves are
laid open. Had Gme in made any mention of this fingular
ftructure, we {hould have been inclined to think thefe were
his M. lutews and M. flavidus:* but as we have not at
prefent an opportunity of confulting the figures of thofe
infects given in Mutter, mutt leave the matter to be de-
cided by entomologifts; craving pardon for this digreffion.

We cannot however quit the fubjeét without remarking,
that the fureft diftin@tion between the fhells of the bivalve
Monoculz

* The antenna indeed of the one figured’in this work was not fimple, but
compofed of feveral briftles.

176

Monoculz and the minute bivalve teftacea is, that the Jat-
ter always, more or lefs, poffefs fome concentric wrinkles
or annulations of growth, as well as fome appearance of
umbo or beak: fuch therefore, which are deftitute of thefe
marks, may with confidence be referred to the former.

If any fuch doubtful objeéts are put into water, even
after the animal has been long dead and dried; and when
foftened, the valves carefully opened with the point of a
fine needle, and afterwards put into a drop of water un-
der a microfcope; the antenne and legs will {oon appear,
ifa Monoculus.

GEN,

177
889999098 HD <B> QOOWS ION

GEN. XVIII.

PINNA.

ie

Animal an ASCIDIA °

SHELL, bivalve, fragile, gaping at one end; and fur-
nifhed with a filky dy/fus or beard.

Hinge, without a tooth; valves connected on one fide,
nearly the whole length.

Linn zus, on the authority of Hasse1guisr, calls
the animal of the Pinna a Limax, or Slug: in this he has
moft certainly been miftaken, as it has not the fmalleft af-
finity; but appears more allied to the animal of the

Mytilus.

It feems to be intirely deftitute of locomotion, remain-
ing immovably fixed by its by/us to other bodies; and fo
firmly attached, that it cannot be difengaged at the will
of the animal, as the fibres are agglutinated to the gravel,
fand, roots of marine plants, broken fhells, and other ex-
traneous matter, within its reach,

Aa The

i
PECTINATA.

178

The Pinna has been long celebrated for giving protec-
tion to a [mall fpecies of crab, and which was fuppofed to
be of great ufe to the animal, by giving it notice either
of approaching danger or of its prey.

Thefeiftories, however, as handed down to us from ear-
lier times, are not wholly unfounded, but mixed with too
much fable to be fully credited in thefe more enlightened
days. The fhell of the Pinna, as well as many others, be-
comes the habitation of fome {mall fpecies of crab, which
feems to live in harmony with the animal inhabitant. It is
however remarkable, that in not lefs than fifty of the.
Pinna ingens we opened, not a fingle crab was found; and
yet in the only {pecimen of Mytzlus Modzolus, taken in the
fame place, no lefs than three crabs were found alive with-

in the fhell.

The ancients equally celebrated this fhell for its filky
byffus, from which they made the moft coftly veftments :
even modern travellers affure us, gloves and {tockings are
manufactured from the beard of this animal at Palermo,
Naples, and Taranto.

—o——

Pinna peétinata. Lin. Sy/t. p.1160.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3363. 2.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 87, f. 770.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 39.—Gualt. 79. C ?
Ti. Tatcive. pa 30h.
Pinna fragilis. Br. Zool. t. 69. f. 80?
Pinna muricata. Da Cofta. p. 240. t. 16. f. 3.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 10.
P. with

179
P. with a pellucid, thin, brittle fhell, of a light horn.
colour, darker towards the beak, where it is faintly varied
with purple and blueifh-green; it is marked with about
eleven longitudinal ftriz, or rather ribs, the whole length
from the afex to the oppolite margin, furnifhed with con-
cave fpines, encreafing in fize at the larger end; about
one third of the fhell, on the fide oppofite the hinge, is
deftitute of ribs; and is finely ftriated obliquely to the ribs,
on which the {pines are very fmall, and the concave fides
turn outwards; the hinge fide is nearly ftrait, turning a
little towards the beak: the other fide bends a little in-
ward under the beak, and is fomewhat convex in the mid-
dle. Breadth three inches at the gaping end, which is
fomewhat rounded ; length fix inches and a half, taper-
ing to the apex; the hinge fide rather the longeft. In-
fide {mooth, with a pearly hue: beneath the afex feveral

tran{verfe, cartilaginous lamine.

A fhell of the above fize we received from a friend, who
took it in trawling off the Edzftone near Plymouth: It is
fometimes taken by the fifhermen about Torbay and on
the Dorfet/hire coaft; and we have feen it from the coaft
of Suffex; but moft times of a fmall fize, not exceeding
three or four inches in length.

Da Costa was certainly miftaken, in making this the
P. muricata of Linn #us; that has been found in E£n-
gland rarely, according to the Catalogue of Dor/et thells
by Doétor Putreney, and is perfeétly diftiné.

Ava 2 Pinna

pide
INGENS.

180

Pinna ingens, Br, Zool. No.81.—Lijter Conch. t.372. £. 213?

P. with avery rugged fhell, with irregular, concentric
wrinkles, running lengthways from the beak at the open
fide, and turning to the hinge nearly at right angles ; fome.
times breaking into lamin or plates: from the beak run
a few interrupted ftrie, which croffing the wrinkles, fome-
times form on the broader part of the fhell, a few diftant
concave f{pines: but thefe muft be confidered as varieties,
for in general it is deftitute of any inclination to be echi-
nated. In the fpined variety it is obfervable, that the
{tria, or ribs from which the prickles arife, are never
above feven or eight, remote from each other; thefe {pines
however, are only found on very young fhells. With
age it is fubjeét to be much diftorted, and 1s indented
in various parts, as well as on the margin: but the moft
perfect, and regular grown fhells, are nearly {trait from the
beak along the hinge, turning a little inwards at the apex :
on the oppofite fide, under the beak, it 1s concave or in-
dented; beneath which it fwells out, and increafes gradu-
ally to the larger end, and 1s always longer on that fide
than on the other: the larger end is a little rounded, but
is more angular next the hinge. Large and old fhells are
of a dark, and rather opaque horn-colour: fmaller ones
paler and more diaphanous: all more or lefs of a change-
able green, at the fmaller end. Infide {mooth, glofly, and
of a pearly hue; laminated at the beak: valves connected
the whole length.

This

18i

This fpecies is not uncommonly twelve inches long;
and feven inches broad at the gaping end.

The principal diftinG@tion between the young and the P.
pectinata confifls, in this being more wrinkled, broader in
proportion to its length, fhorteft on that fide where the
hinge is placed; and in fuch poffeffed of fpines, th. fe as

wellas the ribs, are lefs numerous, and more diftant.

Mr. Pennant feems to be the only one who has made
mention of this fhell, and that under the denomination of
Pinna ingens. He fays, “I faw fpecimens of fome vait
“ Pinne, found amongft the farther Hebrides, in the col-
“leétion of Doctor W-aLker, at Mcffat. They were very
“rugged on the outfide, but I cannot recollect whether
“they were of the kind found in the Mediterrancan or
* Weft Indies.

ListTeER’s fhell, here quoted, is much like this in fhape;
but that feems to be furnifhed all over with {mall {pines,
or fcales, which renders it doubtful.

We difcovered a bed of thefe fhells in Salcomb bay, in
Devonfhire ; where they are caited by the fifhermen French
Mu/fcles or Scallops.

They lie on a gravelly bottom covered with mud, and
long fea-weeds ; and are only to be got, at particular times,
when the fea recedes farther than ufual.

Hh
of ney

182

They ftand upright, with the large end about an inch
above the furface; the lower end fixed by a very large,
{trong by/fus, fo firmly attached to the gravel, that much
force is required to draw them up; and moft commonly
the by/fus is left behind. This beard is compofed of nu-
merous, fine, filk-like fibres, of a dark purplifh-brown,
two or three inches in length. The larger end of the
fhell is naturally a little open, and cannot be clofed by art,
but the animal is capable of effecting it: the beaks of the
valves rarely cover each other exactly.

Some of thefe fhells have been taken annually for many
years, the animal having been accounted very good food;
but they require at leaft five or fix hours ftewing, to ren-
der them eatable: if this is properly attended to, they are
nearly as good as Scallops, but never fo tender.

The bank, on which thefe fhells are found, probably
increafes, fo that the water leaves a greater part bare, at
every {pring tide, than formerly ; and in confequence they
become an eafy prey to Crows and Gulls: few are now to
be obtained, but at fome unufual low tide.

We have taken them of all fizes, from one inch to one
foot in length, and from their general habit cannot liken
them to any of the Linnean {pecies. One of the largeft,
after the animal was taken out, weighed feventeen ounces.
The animal is very difproportionate to the fhell, not oc-
cupying one half of it.

That

183

That this fhell has been found on other parts of the
Brity/h coat, of a fmall fize, is undoubted; for we have
feen it in more cabinets than one, confounded with the
P. peétinata: and we are partly inclined to believe the
figure of the P. fragilis in the Britefh Zoology, was taken
from a {mall fkell of this fpecies; by its fuperior breadth,
and being deftitute of {pines.

—B>—
Seis
Pinna muricata. Lin. Sy/t. p.1160.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3364.4. Muricara.
Chem. Conch. viii. t. 87. f. 769. Tita eee.

Gualt. 79. B?— Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 39.
Puri. Liniv. p. 301,

P. with a thin, brittle, femi-pellucid, flefh-coloured
fhell, darkeft at the fmaller end: with ten or twelve broad
ribs running longitudinally the whole length, and a few
intermediate {mall ones at the narrow end; befet {paringly
with concave prickles towards the larger end, generally
at the extremity: the hinge fide is quite ftrait; oppofite
fide a little inflexed, and not fo long: rounded at the

gaping end.

Doftor PuttenEy, who favoured us with a fpeci-
men of this {fpecies, from the coaft of Dorfetfhire, for the
P. muricata of Linnaus, fays, it has been dredged up
at Weymouth ; and that it is five or fix inches long, by two
or three wide. Our fpecimen was only four inches long.
Young fhells are nearly fmooth, and deftitute of f{pines.

This

184

This fhell differs from the P. feétznata in colour, and in
the ribs being much larger, ftraiter, more diftant, and
covering the whole fhell. Whether it is really the mu-
yicata may perhaps be doubted, but we have been induced
to follow fo experienced and able a conchologift, not-
withftanding the fynonyms of Gme.in and CHEMNITZ
do not accord with ours. In the latter author is a very
good figure of our fhell, differing very little from that we
were favoured with by the Doétor, except in being rather
more {pinous.

DIV.

185
DIV. Il.

UNIVALVE SHELLS.

GEN. XIX.

NAUTILUS.

—- ~~

Animal much in obfcurity.
Rumpf. Muf. t. 17. f. B.

SHELL, univalve, compofed of concamerations, or
cells, communicating with each other by a {mall aperture,
or tube.

We {hall in this place remark, that all the fpecies of
this genus, hereafter defcribed, are minutely f{mall, the
lacuftris excepted; the extreme beauty, or fingularity of
which, is only to be feen under a microfcope.

The animal inhabitant, is at prefent fo little known,
that it has not obtained a place in the Sy/lem of Nature,

and in all probability, is very various,
B b To

pa
BeccaRil.

186

To our worthy friend Mr. Boys, of Sandwich, we are
greatly indebted for the knowledge of many of this curi-
ous genus: by whofe affiftance we have been able to iden-
tify moft of thofe given by WaLkeER, in his Teflacea mi-
nuta rarwra.

Se

Nautilus Beccarii. Lin. Sy/t. p.1162.—Gmel. Sy/. p.3370.4.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.—Planch. t. 1. f. 1.
Walk. Min. Shells. £.63.—Favan. t.69.D.1.
Martini Conch. i. t. 19..f.178. 179.—t.20.
f.175.t0'17.7.—Gualt. t. 1954, HET.
Adams Microfe. p. 640. t. 14. f. 29.

N. with four, or five volutions; with deep fulcated
joints ; ten in the firft fpire: upper part convex: beneath
flat, and the markings lefs diftinét: mouth turned down-
wards, not clafping the body whirl; aperture a {mall per-
foration in a convex front: in this part, however, it ap-
pears to be fubje& to variation; for in fome we have ex-
amined, the front, or part in which the fyphon is placed,
has been depreffed or concave.

The colour is frequently pellucid white, but more com-
monly covered with a brown efzdermis; this, however,
depends on the fituation m which they are found: when.
the animal is alive, the pellucid {pecimens appear of a
crimfon colour. ‘

Found frequent on the Fucus veficulofus, and on the
roots of other Alga, as well as on Oy/fters and other fhells :
and

187

and feems to be a pretty univerfal, littoral fhell, being
found in numbers at Rzmzno, and in the fand of the
South Seas.

—<P—
‘ 2.
Nautilus Beccarii perverfus. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 64. BEccCARIL PER=
Favan. t.7. B. 2. VERSUS.

N. with the fpires reverfed; in every other refpeét like
the preceding f{pecies, with which it is frequently found,
and is equally plentiful on our coafts.

FAVANNE evidently means this fhell, (though he quotes
the Beccarit of Linn £vs,) as he particularly remarks its
volutions turn from right to left. ’

—<e—
She
Nautilus crifpus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1162.—Gmel. Syfl. p.3370. 3. Crispus.

Turt. Lin. iv. p.306.—Gualt. t.19. f. A. D.

Walk. Min. Shells. £.65.—Planch. t. 1. f. 2.

Martini Conch. t. 20. f. 172. f.. 174.

Pavan. £69. D. 2.—Id. t. 7. B. 1.

Adams. Microfc. p. 640. t. 14. f. 30.

N. with lateral fpires, with about twenty flexuous, cre-
nated joints in the exterior whirl, marked by elevated
firix; outer edge carinated; imterior volutions occult:
aperture clafping the body, femi-cordate, furnifhed with

a {mall perforation, cr fyphon. ‘
Bb 2 This

4.
LZVIGATULUS.

188

This is a moft elegant f{pecies, when examined under a
microfcope; both fides are uniform; the aperture equal,
and perfeétly lateral.

It is not uncommon, with thetwolaft, at Sandwich, and
Sheppey iland: we have found it alfo at Teignmouth and
Salcomb, in Devonfhire, particularly on Oyfters, and with
the two preceding {fpecies, lodged in the dby/fus of the
Pinna ingens. Are equally abundant on the fhores of
Weymouth and Swanage, in Dorfeifhire, and on other
parts of that coaft: have received it alfo from the fouth
coaft of Wales,

<p

Nautilus fpiralis geniculis laevibus. Walk. Min. Shells. £. 67.

Nautilus levigatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.—Gualt. t19.B?
Adams Microfc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 32.
Martini Conch. 1. t. 19. £. 168 ?

N. fpiral, with fmooth joints; colour femi-pellucid,
white, and glofly.

To this very concife defcription Mr. Waker adds,
that it is found at Sandwich and Seafalter, but not
common.

We mutt confefs this {hell appears to be in great obfcu-
rity, at Jeaft nothing like the figure, or defcription, has
come under our examination. In a drawing we received
from Mr, Boys, with a reference to this fhellof WALKER,

and

189

and to a fpecimen fent at the fame time, (which we con-
fider as the N. Calcar,) there was nothing in appearance
like the figure of the N. /evigatulus, which is neither de-
{cribed or figured as carinated,

— 5.
Nautilus Calcar Lin. Sy/t. p. 1162.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3370.2. Carcar.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306. Tab. 15. £. 4,

Martini Conch. t. 20. f. 180. 181 ?
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 66 ?
Adams Microfc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 31 ?

N. with a f{mooth, fpiral fhell; with fix joints on the
body whirl, marked by as many flexuous elevated ftrie,
radiating from the centre, but not quite extending to the
margin: back ftrongly carinated: both fides equally con-
vex, {mooth, and rather more elevated in the middle: in-
terior volutions loft after entering the aperture, which is
femi-cordate, clafping the body equally on both fides,
and furnifhed with a {mall perforation.

It is perhaps very difficult to determine which of the
various fpecies, given by different authors for the N. Calcar
of Linn £us, isthe real fhell: GmMexL1n quotes two figures
in MarTinI, that appear perfectly diftinét, vol.1. tab. 19,
fig. 168. 169. the firft of which is {mooth on the back; the
other is not only flrongly carinated, but furnifhed with
fpines on that part. The fame figures alfo occur in
GuALTIERI, t. 19. B. C. and are equally referred to by
Gein: that we have quoted in Martini for our fhell,
is indeed with doubt, for in all we have examined, the

Carina

6.
DEPRESSULUS.

190

Carina was regular, f{mooth, and even; not undulated as

there reprefented, nor is the centre furnifhed with fuch
elevated knobs.

The figure given by Watker for the N. Calcar, ap-
pears to be our fhell in a mutilated flate; that part of the
body whirl which enters the mouth, having been broken,
gives the aperture a very extended appearance. Suchan
appearance accident has thrown im our way, and there-
fore we are inclined to think, that the figure above quoted
in WALKER, was taken from an imperfeét {pecimen of
our fhell. Much allowance indeed muift be made, for the
figures of fueh minute objects, highly magnified under a
microfcope; the eye which examines, and the pencil
which delineates them, will occafionally vary: indeed, we
perceive fo confiderable a difference between the original
drawings of this, and other fhells of Mr. WaLkeER, and
the engravings taken from them, that we fhould fearce
have known them to be the fame; had they not been
marked with the fame numbers.

—

Nautilus: fpiralis, utrinque fubumbilicatus, geniculis depref-
fis plurimis. Walk. Min. Shells. £..68.
Nautilus depreffulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.,
Adams Microfc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 33.

N. with a fpiral, fub-umbilicated fhell, with many de-

preffed joints; colour opaque white.

From Reculver : very rare.
Nautilus

191
die
Nautilus: fpiralis, umbilicatus, geniculis fulcatis. Walk. UmpiticatuLus
Min. Shells. £. 69.
Nautilus umbilicatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.
Adams Microfc. p. 641. t. 14. f. 34,

N. with a fpiral, umbilicated fhell, with furrowed
joints: colour opaque white.

From Sandwich: not common.

—=—
8.

Nautilus: craffus, utrinque umbilicatus, geniculis lineatis. CrassuLus.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 70.

Nautilus craffulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 306.
Adams. Microfc. p. 641. t.14. f..55.
Martini. Conch, i. t. 19. f. 171 ?

N. with a thick, fpiral, doubly umbilicated fhell, with

fine joints; colour opaque white.

From Reculver: exceeding rare.

This, and the two preceding fpecies, never having
come under our examination, we have been obliged to
borrow their defcription from Mr. WALKER.

—=—-

SIC
Nautilus lacuftris. Phil Tranf. LX XVI. t.1. (Lightfoot.) Lacusrris.
Helix lineata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 25. Mab. 6. 3.

Helix nitida. Ginel. Syft. p.3624?—Turt. Lin. iv.p. 511.
Schroet Fluffconch. t, 5. £,27?

N. with

192

N. with a compreffed, fub-carinated, fpiral, fmooth,
glofly, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell; fometimes rufous-
brown: the upper fide convex; apex deprefled, concave,
with three vifible volutions, and a fourth loft in the de-
preflion; thefe are bordered on their outer edge with an
opaque, whitifh line, or band, that runs fpirally to the
centre at the junétion of the whirls: under fide flat, and
deeply umbilicated: concamerations diftant; joints or di-
vifions, only three vifible in the exterior volution; thefe
are nearly equidiftant, and appear like fo many curved,
white lines, radiatng from the Umbzlicus, and are the
fhades of the /epta, or plates that divide the chambers.

The firft of thefe divifions is placed a confiderable way
within the aperture, the third at about two-thirds the cir-
cumference: between the firft two divifions is fometimes
a ftrong wrinkle, of a deeper colour than the reft of the
fhell: aperture narrow, fub-cordate, clafping the body
whirl on both fides nearly equal; but the edge, or margin,
flopes obliquely to the flat or under fide. Diameter two-
tenths, rarely a quarter, of an inch,

Mr. Wacker was the firft who noticed this fhell, but
had overlooked the very fingular ftru€ure of its internal
parts; and indeed we might have fuppofed he had intend-
ed the Helix fontana, but that he exprefsly fays, “The
lineated {nail, with two central, white lines, croffing the
Umbilicus. Thefe are the two moft confpicuous divifions ;
and, frequently has no other perceptible ones.

Mr. Licut-

193

Mr. Licutroor has well defcribed, and given good
figures of both thefe fhells, in the Philofophical Tranfac-
tions of 1786, in which he fays, this has three or four
white lines, which appear like rays from the central
Umbilicus, to different and nearly equidifiant, parts of
the circumference.

We have not, however, yet met with a {pecimen, that
had more than three divifions in the body volution, and
fometimes one in the fecond whirl, not very diftant from
the line of the mouth: poffibly thefe may encreafe with age.

The /eftaor partitions of the cells do not exaétiy accord
with Mr. Ligntroort’sdelcription: the aperture, or open-
ing, inthefe partitions, is indeed triradiated, but the /epia are
not formed of one piece, but of three fub-triangular plates,
each perfeétly diftinét, and unattached to each other,
Two of thefe are placed laterally, even with each other,
on the fides ; the third is an elevated ridge on the interior
volution, ftanding before the other plates, and not ina
line with them ; but, proje€ting imwards, gives the open-
ing the appearance defcribed in a front view.

This formation of the /efta is indeed exprefled, by the
feétions of the fhell that gentleman has given.

This very fingular and curious fhell, though different
from any known fpecies of Nautilus in the formation of
the fepta, (which are ufually of one, compaét plate, with

Ce a

194

a tubular perforation) cannot, however, be placed in any
other genus with fo much propriety. Poflibly many of
the minute f{pecies of Nawizlz, would be found to be va-
rious in the ftructure of the festa, and fome not pofflefled
of tubular apertures, could we difleét them with perfpi-
cuity: fo that the formation of the aperture in the /efta,
had better be confidered (as Mr. Licutroor juftly ob-
ferves) a {pecific, rather than a generic, character.

This may, therefore, be accounted as the only fpecies
of frefh water Nautzlus hitherto noticed.

The animal is an aquatic Lemax, or Slug; it has two
very long, flender, filiform tentacula: at the bafe of
which are two eyes, placed on the head, not on their
fummits, and retraétile, as in thofe of the land kind.

When the animal extends itfelf, the head, tail, and
part of the body, are protruded through the triradiated
aperture, each at a feparate part; the head at that of the
middle ray: after it is dead, it contracts within the two
outer /epta, but never as we could obferve, beyond the
third; which makes that divifion always obfcure.

Mr. Wacker fpeaks of its being found on flags, in
Hernhill brooks, in Kent: it is alfo met with about
Sandwich,- from which place we have received it from
Mr. Boys.

Mr. Licut-

195

Mr. Licutroor fays, in deep ditches of clear water,
adhering to the roots of Carzces ; and that it was collected
near Uptonchurch, not far from Eton, in Buckinghamfhire.

It is alfo found in the neighbourhood of London, as we
have been informed by Mr. Swainson, who favoured us
with many fpecimens taken on water plants, in ditches
in the marfhes about Rotherhithe, where it is not unfre-
quent.

It appears Dof&tor SoLANDER was acquainted with this
fhell, as he returned it to Mr. Boys by the name of Nau-
tilus Segmentinus, previous to the publication of the M:-
nute Shells by Waker; and of courfe before it was de-
{cribed as a Nautilus by Licutroor.

10.

Nautilus oblongus carinatus apertura lineari ovali. Walk. CaRINATULUS.
Min. Shells. £. 72.
Nautilus carinatulus. Twrt. Lin. iv. p. 307.
Adams Microfc. p. 642. t. 14. f. 37.

N. with an oblong, carinated fhell, with a narrow,
oval aperture : colour whitifh, tranfparent like glafs.

From Seafalter and Sandwich : very rare.

Such is Mr. Wacker’s defcription; but he does not
feem to have well expreffed it by the figure, if we may
judge from a very good drawing we have been favoured
with from Mr. Boys. In this the joints are feven, the
extreme one, though globofe, is not a quarter the breadth

Ciers of

ala he
SEMILITUUS.

196

of thofe near the aperture: the joints too, regularly de-
creafe in fize, from the mouth to the end: the back is
arched, but does not appear carinated.

We fkould certainly have confidered this a diftinét fpe-
cies, had there not been a reference on the drawing, to
WALker’s figure; and as we have never had an opportu-
nity of examining either of the fhells, we dare not venture
to give it a diftinét place.

<>
Nautilus femilituus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3372. 12.
Turt.. Lin. iv. p. 308.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 73.
' Martini Conch. i. t. 20. f. 186. 187.
Nautilus fubarcuatulus. dams. Microfc. p. 642. t. 14. f. 33.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 307.

N. with an elongated, fub-arcuated fhell, with elevated
joints; afex incurvated: aperture with a fmall, produced
Syphon: colour opaque brown.

From Sandwich and Sheppey ifland; rare.

Mr. WALKER’s figure does not exprefs the produced
Syphon, and is much too large at that part; whereas, it
tapers confiderably from the middle towards the aperture,
and the /yphon is placed nearly in a line with the back, or
outer margin.

We were obliged to Mr. Boys for fine fpecimens of
this fhell, as.well as a very corre€t drawing, referring to
WALKER’s figure.

Nautilus

107°

12

Nautilus reétus genicalis depreilis.. Wale. Min, Shells. £.74. Rectus.

Nautilus Legumen. Guel..Sy/t. p. 3373 ?—Guait. t.19. P?
Turi. Lin. iv...p.'309.?
Martini Conch. i. vig. 1. f. E. e?

N. with a ftrait, or very little arcuated fhell, with fmooth
joints: {maller at the pofterior extremity than at the
mouth: aperture a {mall /yphon.

From Sandwich ; very rare.

A f{pecimen of this fhell, favoured us by Mr. Boys, was
a {mall matter arcuated, of an opaque-brown colour:
length about one tenth of an inch: the external part had
{carce any appearance of its being concamerated, but one
fide being ground, eight or nine diftinét chambers appear-
ed. The fhell is very thick and {trong for its fize: though
Mr. Wacker fays, pellucid white.

We have very little doubt this is the N. Legumen of
Gmeuiy, although neither the fpecimen before us, nor
the figure given by Waker, has any appearance cf be-
ing marginated.

—= fs.

Nautilus Radicula. Lia. Sy/t. p.1164. —Ginel. Sy/t. p. 3373. 18. Ravi

Pat ALi. pa 309.
Martini Conch. 1. vig. i. G. G. g.

N. with a fub-conic, elongated fhell, with eight or nine
fub-globofe articulations: fmooth, opaque-brown; aper-
ture afmall /yphon. From Sandwich; and varieties with
from two to five joints.

This -

IES),

euima.
abs Gs £4.
BRaba t+: s4Gs

14.
SUBARCUATUS.

Gaba Get. De

15.
Jucosus.
Tab. 14. f. 4.

198

This fpecies appears to be fubject te very confiderable
‘variation, with refpe€t to the fhape of the extreme joint
at each end, as well as in the number: in fome the aper-
ture 1s extended to a conic point; in others it is only a
{mall, round opening on the extreme articulation, which
is globofe: the f{maller end in fome, is rounded; in others,
conic, pointed.

—< je

N. with a fub-cylindric, fub-arcuated fhell, with three
confpicuous, globofe articulations at the larger end: the
remaining joints f{carcely defined: aperture a fmall, pro-
duced /yphon: colour pellucid, gloffy white, fometimes
covered with a brown efzdermis. Length one tenth of
an inch,

Mr. Boys favoured us with fpecimens of this fhell from
Sandwich, and withthem a drawing of what we confider a
variety, differing only in having ten diftinét articulations ;
the extreme cne at the fmaller end longer than either of
the others, except the anterior one, in which the aper-
ture is placed.

—<>—

Nautilus obliquus. Gel. Sy/t. p. $372. 14?
Turt. Lin. p. 308 ?>— Gualt. t.19. N ?
Martini Conch, i. vig. i. f. H. h?

N. with a fub-arcuated, fub-cylindric fhell, a little ta-
pering: with nine, ridged, fub-globole articulations : aper-
ture extended to a {mall conic /yfhon: the extreme joint,

at

199

at the fmaller end, longer than the others near it: colour
opaque-brown. Length more than one eighth of an inch.

This fhell, which we received from Mr. Boys, differs
from N. fubarcuatus in being longitudinally ftriated, or
ridged : in other refpeéts the fhape is fimilar to the variety
defcribed, of that fpecies.

We are inclined to think this may be a variety of the
N. obliquus of thofe authors quoted: the only difference
appears to confift in that being truncated at the anterior
end, and crenated round the margin, inftead of being pro-
duced to a conic /yphon. Such a variety would not be
more extraordinary, if we confider the variation incident
to the N. Radicula: and indeed, the figure of the N. od/z-
guus, given by Martin1, is exactly what our fhell would
be, if the conic part, of the anterior articulation, was cut
off. It is, therefore, very probable the N. odliquus, as
generally defcribed, is nothing more than a variety, or
more probably a mutilated fpecimen, of this fhell.

=

16.

N. with a ftrait, fub-cylindric fhell, a little tapering; Cosratus,

with twelve raifed articulations, furnifhed with four equi-
diftant, ftrong, longitudinal ribs, running the whole length
of the fhell: aperture extended ina conic /yphon. Length
a quarter of an inch.

Mr. Boys favoured us with an excellent drawing of
this new, and curious fhell, found on the coaft of Kent:
and with it, a variety with only fix joints,

GiiN,.

Table £53.

200
eS BFS OD PDO DO <B> DQ S So Te cca —
GEN. \XX,

CYPRASA.

—<G~—
Animal a LIMAX.

SHELL, univalve; involuted, fub-ovate, obtufe,
{mooth.

Aperture, linear, extended the whole length of the
fhell, dentated on both fides.
iif
PEDICULUS. Cyprea Pediculus. Lin. Syft. p. 1180?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3418. 93?
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 43.
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 345.
Cypraea Pediculus,; feu Monacha. Da Co/fa. p. 23. t. 2. £.6.6.
Borlafe Cornw. t.28. f.12.— Gualt.t.15.R.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 39 ?

C. with an oval, glofly fhell, tumid or raifed on the
back, furrounded tranfverfely with elevated ftriz, which
terminate within the lips, giving them a crenated appear-
ance; the furrounding ftriz in fome places divided by
intermediate fhorter ones, or elfe bifurcated; colour pale
purple, with generally, three dark {pots on the ridge of

the

201

the back, the middle one frequently very faintly marked;
outer lip and under part white. Length five-eighths of
an inch.

This fpecies, which is not uncommon on many of our
fhores, has generally been confidered as a variety of the
Pediculus of Linn us; a fhell very common in the Weft
Indian feas; but we cannot help exprefling fome doubts:
refpecting this matter.

We believe this is never found to poffefs that fulcus
along the back, fo invariable in the foreign. ones: the
colour of that {hell too is different, and the {pots are gene-
rally fix, three on each fide the dorfal depreflion.

Thofe, who have defcribed this fulcus as a character in
the Britif/h fpecimens, have certainly confounded them
with foreign fhells ; for in the thoufands we have examined
from various parts of our. coaft; no fuch circumftance has
ever occurred. The fineft coloured, and largeft, of thefe »
fhells, we ever faw, were dredged up alive in Salcomd bay ;
thofe frequently found dead on the fhores have generally.
loft their purple colour, or only faintly tinged.

——

Oo
Cypreea arética. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 39. ARGTIC A...
Martini. Conch i. t 29. f. 309.
Lift. Conch. t.707.£.57.—Id. Angl.t.3.£.17.
Borlafe Cornw.t.28.f.13.—Gualt.t.14.0.P.
Cypraa Pediculus. Br. Zool. t. 70. f. 82.

Dd C. with

3.
BuULLATA.
Gita. iG. 4. dis

202

C. with a very pale, purplith, flefh-coloured fhell, much
like the preceding, but fmaller and deflitute of fpots.

Whether this is really a diftinét {pecies, or only the
young, or variety of the other, is very difficult to deter-
mine: all we can fay is, that it is more common on our
fhores, and is frequently found where the other is not;
and in fome places, where the other is dredged up alive,
we have not been able to procure a fingle fpecimen of
this. It muft, however, be remarked, gradations are
fometimes obferved, that run fo much into each other, as
to create flrong fufpicion of this being the fame {pecies.

It was feparated by Doétor SoLanpER, who gave it
the name we have here prefixed to it, in the Mu/ewm
Porilandicum.

=<

C. with a thin, pellucid, white fhell, in fhape much
like the C. Pediculus ; fome are quite deftitute of tranf-
verfe ftriz; others are faintly ftriated half way from the
back to the inner lip, the other half to the outer !ip mark-
ed with extremely fine longitudinal {triz : «the margin of
the outer lip is net thickened, the edge finely crenated:
the inner lip, even of thofe which are quite {mooth, is a
little denticulated: the afex 1s fomewhat produced and
formed into-two or three {mall convolutions: in fome the
volutions are well defined by a feparating line, in others
they are rtearly even.

Doétor

203

Doé&or PuLttNeEY informed us he had long poffeffed
this fhell in his Cabinet, and had. called it Cyprea Bul-
lata; which name we have retained. Whether it may
be fpecifically diftinct from the Pedzcudus admits of fome
doubt, as in fome inftances the tranfverfe ftriz furround
the fhell, though almoft obfolete: the external volutions
and the tranfparency of the fhell, certainly befpeak dif-
tinGtion: to which we muft add, that it is nearly equal in
fize, and confequently cannot be a young unformed fhell:
befides, we never found it but in Salcomd bay, except a
fingle inflance at Falmouth in Cornwall.

We have taken more than a dozen alive, by dredging,
of different fizes, from a quarter to half an inch in length.

In that part of thofe which are tranfverfely ftriated is a
little purple tinge.

—

4,
C. wih a conoid, convoluted fhell, of a pale greenifh Vo.ura,

colour, with the outer lip white: extreme volutions two, Tab. 6. £7. 7.
very {mall; aperture linear, terminated by a groove, or 4
gutter; both lips denticulated, the inner one but faintly ;

Columella fub-plicated. It is a very {trong thick fhell,

with a beautiful polifh, and quite fmooth; the outer lip

much thickened, with fometimes along the under edge,

and both angles of the aperture a flight tinge of pink.

Length not quite half an inch.

D d 2 This

204

This elegant {pecies has never before been given as an
Englifh thell; but we have feen it amongft a parcel of
{mall fhells from the Weft Indies: and Doétor PuULTENEY
informed us, it was in the Portland Cabinet by the name
of Voluta edentula. It does not however appear to have
fo much the charaéter of that genus as of this, but may be
confidered as a conneéting link. How it came to obtain
the trivial name of edentula is not eafily determined, as it
is denticulated on both fides of the aperture.

This fhell is certainly very rare; the only place we have
found it in, is Salcomb bay, where it is fometimes taken
alive by the Oy/ter dredgers; but is never found on the
contiguous fhores.

The animal, when alive, extends a thin membrane from
each fide the aperture, and almoft covers the fhell; this
is elegantly fpeckled with bright yellow: the more flefhy
parts of the body, before and behind, are {peckled with
pink.

It is probable many of the Cyprea genus, have the pro-
perty of extending thefe lateral membranes over their
fhell, the C. Pediculus has it to a great degree, and when
in motion under water, has a very elegant appearance,
from its diverfity of colours: generally black, orange, and
pink, difpofed in minute fpots.

GEN. XXI.

BULLA.

-~e =.

The Animal was confidered by Linn aus as
a LIMAX,

But later obfervations have proved, that whatever the ani-
mal may be, it is not a Lzmax in feveral {pecies of the
Linnean Bulle. Foran account of the animal of Bulla
lagnaria, we refer the curious to the fecond volume of
the Linnean Tranfactions, page 15.

SHELL, univalve, convoluted, fmooth.

Aperture for the moft part fomewhat contracted, ob-
Jong, longitudinal, the bafe entire.

Columella, {mooth, oblique.

1

Bulla lignaria. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1184. —Gmel. Syft. p. 3425.11. Licnarta.
Lifter Conch. t.714. f.71.—Br. Zool. t.70:£.83.
Martini Conch. i. t. 21. f. 194. 195.
Borlafe Corn. t.28.f.14.— Lin. Tranf.ii.t.2.f.18.
Da Cofta p.26. t. 1.f.9.— Turt. Lin. iv. p. 351.

Pult. Cut. Dorfet. p. 40.
B. with

Dr
AMPULLA.

‘Tab. 7. fe. 1:

206

B. with an oval, thin, brittle, fub-pellucid, yellcwifh-
brown fhell, with numerous tranfverfe ftrie, of a lighter
colour; in fome approaching nearly to white, giving it
the appearance of a piece of veined wood.

It has no external volution, but at the top is deprefled
into a /ub-wmbilicus : aperture large, extending the whole
length of the fhell, but contracts fomewhat at the upper
part. Infide glofly white; Columedla vifible to the end.

This is the largeft fpecies of Bulla found in England :

it fometimes grows to nearly two inches in length, but
more commonly not exceeding one inch and a half.

We have obtained this fhell in Cornwall and Devonfhire
rarely: and we are informed it is fometimes dredged up
at Weymouth ; but is by no means plentiful any where.

This is not the only fpecies of Bulla whofe inhabitant
pofleffes a gizzard of a teftaceous nature.

<i>

Bulla Ampulla. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1183.—Gmel, Sy/t. p. 3424. 10.
Martini Conch. i. t. 22. f. 202. 204.—Jd. t. 21.
f. 188. 189.
Br. Zool. No. 84.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 350.
Gualt. t. 12. E. F.— Favan. t.27. F. 6.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 50. f. 13. & ta9Y. f. 14.

B. with an oblong oval, fmooth, glofly fhell, of an
opaque whitifh colour, mottled and veined with light
chefut :

\.

207

chefnut: no external volution, but in its place an Umbi-
licus: aperture moderately wide: on the lower end of
the pillar lip the fhell is thickened, of an opaque white
colour; but this duplicature does not {pread up the body
of the fhell, as in the B. lagnarza: Columella not vifible
to the end. We found two or three of this f{pecies in fand
from Falmouth harbour, the largeft not above three-eighths
of an inch in length: foreign fpecimens grow to a much
fuperior fize. Poflibly this is the fame as defcribed by
Mr. Pennant fora young fhell of the B. Ampulla ; who
fays it was found near Weymouth. Da Costa has con-
fidered Mr. Pennanvt’s fhell as his B. Navicula, the Hy-
datis of LINN Zus.

icon, 3.
Bulla patula. Br. Zool. t. 70. f. 85. A. PATULA.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 40.

B. with a fmooth, glofly, white, pellucid, oblong, in-
voluted fhell, upper end extending beyend the body;
bafe more extended; aperture large, terminating in a
fhort canal or gutter at each end, moft contratted at the
top; Columella twilted, forming a /ub-wmbelicus or fur-
row on the pillar lip: outer lip plain, and very thin. Mr.
Pennant firft defcribed this fpecies from the Portland
Cabinet, taken at Weymouth. Dottor Putreney favour-
ed us with a fpecimen from the fame place, the length of
which is an inch, breadth half an inch.

The animal belonging to this fhell is faid to poffels a

gizzard, fimilar to that of the Lzgnarva.
Bulla

4.
APERTA.

208

Bulla aperta. Lin. Sy/t. p.1183.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3424. 8.
Martini Conch. i. p. 266. vig. 1S. f. 3.
Chem. Conch. x. t. 146. f. 1854. 1355.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 40.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 350.— Gualt. t. 13. E. E.
Don Br. Sheils. iv. t. 120. f. 1. 1.

Bulla, the Bubble, Da Cofta, p. 30. t. 2. f. 3.

B. with a fub-orbicular, thin, pellucid, brittle, white
fhell: no external convolution or Umbilicus: Columella,
or rather inner lip, very f{mall, flightly involuted, vifible
to the end: the aperture occupies nearly the whole of the
fhell: the outfide is a little wrinkled, but gloffy.

This fpecies has generally been confidered as rare on
our fhores: Da Costa was the firft who gave it as En-
glifh, and fays it is filhed up at Weymouth ; and no where
elfe, to his knowledge, on the Brztz/h coatt.

That author, however, feems to have confounded the
B. aperta with the B. patula of Pennant, (which as yet
we believe has only been found on the Dor/fet/hire coatt.)
as he has quoted that fhell for this; whereas this {pecies
is not mentioned in the Briti/k Zoology; nor was that
fhell known to Da Costa. Gein and CuHemnirz
have followed Da Cosra’s error.

Its ufual fize does not much exceed half an inch in
length; but on the north coaft of Devon, about Beddeford
bay (where it is extremely plentiful) it is no uncommon

thing

209

thing to find them of an inch in length, and three-quarters
of an inch broad.

We have alfo found it of an inferior fize on the oppofite
fhores in Wales, particularly about Laugharne: rarely in
Cornwall, South Devon, and Dorfet/hire, about Weymouth»
and on Studland beach, between Swanage and Poole. It
is not uncommon on fome parts of the coaft cf Kent, at
Sandwich, and Whitftable bay, from whence we have re-
ceived it with the animal, but not large.

The inhabitants of many of the Bud/e are larger than
their fhells, fo that they cannot wholly recede within them :
in this and the two following fpecies the animal has all the
appearance of being truly mollufcous, enclofing the fhell
fo entirely, that no part of it is to be feen.

Martini has badly figured feveral views of the animal,
feparate and attached to the fhell, in the table above
quoted; with figures of the teftaceous plates found within
the body, which conftitute the ftomach or gizzard.

Piancus has alfo defcribed the animal, and has given
a figure of the fhell. Appendix, Tab. xi. fig. F. G.

The animal is rather a fhapelefs mafs, of a fub-oval
_ form; pellucid white, with numerous minute, opaque
fpecks: no vifible eyes, or ¢tentacuda; the anterior end
rounded, but capable of variation: a fhield, with a mem-

Ee branaceous

210

branaceous margin in front, covers the anterior half, di-
vided longitudinally by a pellucid ftreak: another fort of
fhield covers the hind part, and extends into a membran-
ous margin, making four lobes; the body, on each fide,
runs into an angle, pointing backward, clofe to the pofte-
rior fhield. Beneath, the animal is divided into two parts;
that before is the Suftentaculwm, behind which is the mem-
brane that forms the lobated end; and which is capable
of extending laterally, and becoming quite even; the
lobes being only formed by folds; on the potterior fhield
above, are a few ftreaks of opaque white.

Length of the largeft examined, an inch and a half;
breadth one inch; length of the fhell rather more than
half an inch.

The gizzard, or ftomach, is large in proportion, of a
prifmatic fhape, compofed of three teftaceous plates, two
of which are of an inequi-lateral, fub-triangular form,
and exatily fimilar; the other is fmaller, of an ovate-
oblong, inclining to lozenge-fhape, with the angles round-
ed; thefe are concave on the outfide, and united together
by ftrong cartilages.

The circumftance of fome of the animal inhabitants af
this clafs of fhells being furnifhed with teflaceous ftomachs,
has been noticed by others, and indeed feems to have in-
clined fome perfons to an opinion, that no fhell can be a
Bulla, but where its inhabitant is pofleffed of this tefta-

ceous organ of digeftion,
We

211

We fhall however take the liberty of remarking, that
this fyftem will not hold good with refpeét to Conchology,
where the fhells, and not the animals, have been claffed:
could we examine the animal inhabitant of every [pecies
of fhell, we fhould find that, on the prefent arrangement,
fome in each genus would differ from the generic chara¢ter.
But as we never can poflibly have an opportunity of ex-
amining more than a very {mall portion of fhells with
their living animals, fuch new fyftematifts muft again be
reduced to claffification by the fhell,. and not by the ani-
mal. That an attentionto the animal inhabitants of fhells
is of eflential fervice in the difcrimination of {pecies, can-
not be denied, but muft be wholly confined to fpecific,
not generic diftinétions.

—<_—
5s

B. with a fub-oval, extremely thin, pellucid, white fhell, Harroromea.
with fomewhat the habit of a Halzotzs, but deftitute of the Tab. 7. f. 6.
fmall perforations that mark that genus: it 1s fmooth and
gloffy, but not quite deftitute of wrinkles: aperture oval,
not quite extending to the afex, which is fmall, obtufe,
and convoluted fideways, fcarce making two volutions:
the body of the fhell is very fmall, and only turns a little
inwards, fpirally: interior part vifible to theend, Length
‘three-quarters of an inch; breadth half an inch,

This fpecies differs from the B. aferta in the aperture~
not extending to the upper end, and in having a con-
torted apex.

Eee2 Wwe

212

We have taken this new and rare fhell by dredging ia
Salcomb bay ; and have found it of a very inferior fize on
ether parts of the fouth coaft of Devonfhire, particularly
at Torcrofs ; and once on Studland beach, in Dorfetfhire.
It has alfo been found at Weymouth, by Mr. Bryer.

The animal, like that of the preceding fpecies, fo com-
pletely envelopes the fhell, that not the leaft appearance of
it is to be difcovered, either in a dead or living ftate. It
is of an oval fhape, and of a reddifh, or brown colour;
fometimes nearly white: has much the appearance of a
contraéted, naked Limax, and indeed feems to be nearly
allied to that clafs of animals.

‘The upper part of the body is very convex, covered
with a thick, tough, ligamentous fkin, that conceals the
fhell, and extends downwards on each fide, where the
edges are thin, and detached from the body: in the fore
part of this margin is a_fnus, through which the animal
protrudes an appendage, or arm, fomewhat flat, a quarter
of an inch in length, the extremity of which is bifid; the
lower divifion terminating in a thread-like procefs. The
body of the animal beneath, or rather the Suflentaculum,
is oblong and flat, with a deep depreffion between. it and
the marginal fkin: the head is furnifhed with two fmall,
white tentacula, at the bafe of which, are two {mall black
eyes.

The fhell may be felt under the fkin on the back, but
is difficult to be extratted without breaking, from the
extreme

213

extreme toughnefs of the part that covers it; the beft me-
thod of effecting it, is to make a longitudinal incifion on
the back, with a pair of fharp pointed {ciflars,

The animal is poffeffed of confiderable locomotive
power; and when in motion, frequently contra¢ts the mar-
gin or loofe fkin into wrinkles, or folds, expofing the

fides of the body.

It is in fize three times as large as its fhell, and is in-
capable of much contraétion, or expanfion: at firft fight
might be miftaken for the animal of B. aferta, but on
comparifon, will be found effentially different externally,
and more particularly in being deftitute of the teftaceous

gizzard, fo remarkable in that animal.

At the time the plate was engraved, we had not been
fortunate enough to obtain a larger fpecimen of the fhell
than the figure reprefents; but have fince found it of the
fize defcribed,

In the fingular circumftance of the fhell being enclofed
within the animal of fome of this clafs, there is a confide-
rable analogy between them and the Laflyfia. The L. de-
plans poffeffes a flexible, corneous fubflance, under the
fkin on the back, termed a fhield; which differs only from
thefe fpecies of open Bud/e in not being of a teftaceous
fubftance: this is of an oval fhape, pointed at one end,
which turns inward, and a little to one fide, in a fub-con-
voluted manner: it is marked with concentric wrinkles :

-colour purplifh-brown,
This

6.
PLuMuLaA.

Mab..15.i 9.

214

This, therefore, feems to be the link between the true
mollufca animals, and the teftacea: and it is probable fu-
ture refearches may difcover, that many which have hither-
to been confidered as belonging to the mollufca tribe, are
really teflaceows, upon diffection.

—>——

B. with an ovate-oblong, depreffed, pellucid, thin fheli,
of a yellowifh-white colour, tinged with brown at one end ;
the other end minutely convoluted on the back, or upper
part, like the Bulla Haliotocdea, but much f{maller; the
convolution makes one turn: it is ftrongly wrinkled con-
centrically for fo delicate a fhell, and is poflefled of two
or three ray-like indentations, running from the margin
towards the apex. The infide, aswell as the outfide, is fome-
what glofly and wrinkled; the aperture extends the whole
of the fhell, like the B. aperta: the pillar lip is flightly
turned inward, to form the {mall deprefled volution ; but
the aid of. a glafs is requifite to difcover the formation of
this part. Length halfan inch; breadth near a quarter.

This is another of thofe fingular mollu/ca animals, with

a concealed fhell under the {kin upon the back : its fhape
is fub-oval, but variable; the Suftentaculum is large, and
ovate, but ufually in folds at the edges: the front is gene-
rally roundifh; the body is fmall, covered with a broad,
thin, fub-orbicular, reticulated membrane, variable in
fhape, frequently turning back at the margin: the head,
which is moft times concealed under the membrane or
fhield, is furnifhed with two broad tentacula, which are
fometimes

215

fometimes quite expanded, and conic; at other times
rolled up, and look like cylindric tubes: at the bafe of
thefe above, are two fmall black eyes: on the right fide
of the body is a protruded foramen; immediately behind
which is a large plumofe appendage ; the fhape is comprefl-
ed, broad towards the bafe, and tapering to an obtufe point ;
pinnatified, the pinne ftanding alternate; thefe are fome-
what retractile, and changeable in form: beneath the
tentacula is a broad, bifid membrane, ufually projecting
into an angle on each fide, but very variable in fhape.
Diameter nearly double that of the fhell: colour pale yel-
low above; beneath pellucid, yellowifh-white. It does
not poffels a teftacecus gizzard.

We difcovered this new and fingular fpecies on the

rocks at low-tide, at Mzlton fands, on the fouth coaft of

Devon.

=r

a

é

Bulla puntata. Lin. Trans. v. p.2. t.1. f. 6.7.8? (Adams.) CATENA.

B. with a pellucid, white, glofly fhell, clofely and
finely ftriated tranfverfely all over; which, under a ftrong
magnifier, are feen to be interwoven or formed into links
like a chain: afex obtufe, with a vifible involution: aper-
ture extremely large, occupying almoft the whole of the
fhell, except a fmall part at the top; in figure very much
refembling the B. aferta. A variety with a more tran{pa-
rent zone round it, taking in eight or ten of the catene,
which are more ftrongly defined; the reft of the fhell ap-

pears

fabs wheitests

8.
EMARGINATA.

216
pears as it were frofted, and not fo gloffy, poffefling a /ub- .

umbilicus, and the outer margin of the aperture clofe to
the body is winged, or reflected a little, forming a depref-
fion or /ulcus on that part.

This beautiful fpecies is an elegant obje& for the mi-
cro{cope, rarely exceeding one-tenth of an inch in di-
ameter.

We found feveral of thefe fhells amongft the fand at
Bigberry bay, on the fouth coaft of Devon.

If this is the fame as the B. funétata defcribed by Mr.
Apvams, which we fufpeét, it is found alfo on the fouth
fands at Tenbigh.

It is probable this, and ail the open fpecies of ‘Bulla,
are inclofed under the {kin on the back of fome mollu/ca
animal, like the Bulla aperta and Halvotoidea.

—<fe- --

Bulla tefta gibba apertura emarginata. Lin. Trams. v. t. 1.
f.9.10. 11. (Adams)

Mr. ApAms’s obfervations on this fhell run thus: .

Shell pellucid, fmooth: lip fub-arcuated. B. emargz-
nata, puncfata, and denticulata, agree in their general
habits; and truncata is moft nearly allied to cylendrica.

Bulla

217
9.

Bulla, tefta oblonga fubaequali obtufa levi, apertura ad api- DENTICULATA.
cem denticula acutiffima. Ziv. Trans.v.t.1.f.3.4.5.(Adams)

Mr. Apams’s obfervations are, “Shell pellucid white.
nd at the Wafh not commen:”
—>—.
10.
Bulla Hydatis. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1183. —Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3424.9. Hypatis.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 118. f. 1019.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 40.—Gualt. t. 13. D. D.
Turt. Lin. iv..p. 350.
Bulla Navicula. Da Co/ta, p. 28. t. 1. f. 10.

B. with an oval, fub-pellucid, thin, fragile fhell, of a>
greenifh or yellowifh horn-colour, fometimes covered
with a thin, ferruginous epidermis: the body is tumid,
no external volution, but in its place an wmbilzcus : aper-
ture large at the bafe, contraéting more at the top, and
extending rather beyond it: outer lip very thin; inner,
or pillar lip a little thickened, and whitifh. Young fhells
are fometimes very gloffy and pellucid; older ones gene-
rally fomewhat opaque, a little wrinkled longitudinally,
and very finely ftriated tranfverfely, only obfervable by
the aid of a glafs; the Colwmedla is not vifible to the end.
Length one inch ; breadth three-quarters of an inch.

Da Costa mentions this {fpecies as being found at Wey.
mouth, but rare, and has quoted the B. Ampulla of Prn-
NANT for his fhell; probably for no other reafon than .
that the Ampudla was not known to him as Engilz/h.

Ff It

218

It does not appear to be uncommon on fome parts of
the weftern coaft. We obferved it in the cabinet of Mr.
Bryer at Weymouth, and was informed by that gentle-
man, that he had frequently picked it up between that
place and Portland.

Doftor Putteney found it in the harbour at Poole,
where we alfo noticed it; but no where fo plentiful as on
Studland beach, in Purbeck: an eafterly wind having pre-
vailed for fome time, a large quantity of alg@ was thrown
upon this extenfive fandy fhore, among{t which were
thoufands of thefe fhells, in.all ftages of growth, from the
largeft to the moft diminutive, not equal in fize to a hemp-
feed; moft of which contained the animal.

We have likewife taken it in Salcomb bay in Devonfhire,
and at Southampton, but have never been able to afcer-
tain it on any more eaftern or northern part of our coatft.

It is faidto be a Mediterranean {pecies, and is defcribed
by Ge in as like the B. aperta; furely he could never
have compared thefe two fhells: if he had likened it to
the Bulla Naucum we fliould have coincided with him in

fimile.

The. animal inhabitant is a fhapelefs mafs, deftitute of
either eyes or tentacula; the head, or forepart, has a tranf-
verfe cpening, which runs along the fides, and forms fin-

like membranes, that expand on part of the under fide of
the

21¢

the fhell: the {kin is warty, tough, and of a dufky-brown
colour. The gizzard or ftomach 1s a very fingular ftruc-
ture: it is fmallin proportion, and confifts of three fub-
oval, corneous plates, held together at their edges by liga-
ments, and furrounded by a ftrong, cartilaginous, or muf-
cular fubftance: it is of a fub-triangular fhape, with the
alimentary canal attached to its centre. The plates on
the infide are well formed for comminuting its food:
they are of a dark purplifh-brown, or chocolate colour,
with a longitudinal ridge, and feveral tranfverfe furrows
on each; the upper parts reflect outward, and are bare of
covering even when connected together, fo that their
ftruGture is partly feen without opening the ftomach: the
lower part of the gizzard is convex and mufcular.

To a conchologitft, perhaps, it would be difficult to de-
{cribe the appearance of the corneous organs of digeftion
better, than by faying they refemble fo many {mall Chztons.

—<-
igte

Bulla Akera. Gmel. Syft. p. 3434. Akera:

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 358.
Bulla foluta parva. Chem. Conch. x. t. 146. f.1358. No.1.2.3.
Bulla foluta magna. Jd. x. t..146. f 1359. 1361?

Bulla foluta. Gmnel. Sy/t. p. 3434. 48 2
Turt. Lin iv. p. 358.
Bulla refiliens. Don Br. Shells. i. t. 79.

B. with an extremely thin, pellucid, horn-coloured
fhell, of an elaftic nature: fhape oval, fomewhat wrinkl-
Fr f 2 ed

220

ed longitudinally ; afex obtufe, convoluted, canaliculated ;
the volutions even with the body: aperture large at the
bafe, much contra¢ted at the top; the outer lip extremely
thin, frequently only a film, the upper part of which lies
clofe to the body whirl, but does not adhere until it has
takenalmoft one volution: pillar lip a little thickened, and
white. Infide white; Co/wmedla vifible to the end. Some-
times this fhell is fo exceflively thin, that it is fcarce more
than membranaceous, except the body part, and is not fo
pellucid: others are almoft tranfparent horn-colour with-
in and without.

The remarkable charaéter of this f{pecies is its elafticity ;
for though it feems fo extremely delicate, as fcarce to bear
handling, yet it is fo tough and flexible, that it does not
eafily break. Length about three-quarters of an inch;
breadth not quite half an inch.

This fingular, and elegant fhell has been confounded
with the B. Hydatzs, though fo effentially different. We
have feen it placed with that {pecies in more cabinets than
one. It is true their general habit is fomewhat fimilar;
but the elafticity, and external volutions of this, are at
once fufficient to diftinguifh it: befides, the Colwmella is
vifible to the end in this, which is not the cafe in the other.

Donovan has given feveral very good figures of it,
but of an extraordinary fize; and fays, it was difcovered

fome years ago on the fhores of Bamff in Scotland ; and
fince that, at Lymington, and in a moat near Port/mouth.
This

|

This author obferves, that in a young ftate it has the
appearance of a winged infeét, and fports in its watery
element with all the livelinefs of a butterfly, and formed
a pleafing object when kept alive in a glafs of fea- water.

We have found this fpecies in the harbour at Poole ;
and on the fhore near Southampton, it is by no means un-
common between that town and the J/tchin, where the
fifhermen call them /ea-fnails, and affured us they were
very lively in the water in warm weather, and fometimes
quitted their fhells; this circumftance however is to be
doubted. Cuemnirz has defcribed and figured it very
well, and {peaks of it as a Dutch and Norwegzan fhell: he
has alfo given another from Ceylon, which feems to differ
only in being of fuperior fize.

—_—<
12.
Bulla cylindracea. Br. Zool. t. 70. f.85. CYLINDRACEA,
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 120. f. 2. 2. Tab.7 £. 2,

Lifter Conch. t. 714. f. 70.
Bulla cylindrica. Pu/t. Cat. Dorjet. p. 40.

B. with a flender, cylindric, fmooth, gloffy, white hell ;
aperture the whole length, very narrow, a little dilated at
the bafe: no external volution, but in its place a deep
umbilicus : outer lip thin, acute, flraight ; inner lip thick-
ened, opaque white: Columedla a little indented. Length
five-eighths of an inch: breadth not two-eighths.

Dottor Putreney informs us, this rare fhell has been
found

sy
UMBILICATA.
Atab, Wi. ta 4

222

found at Weymouth. We have taken it at Falmouth in
Cornwall, and in Devonfhire, about Texgnmouth and Daw-
iifh in the fouth, and Biddeford bay in the north: alfo on
the coaft of Caermarthenfhire, fparingly.

Lisrex mentions it from Barnftable.

This fpecies has frequently been confounded with the
Voluta pallida, but is at once diftinguifhed by not being
convoluted, and in the Colwmella being deftitute of folds.

Mr. ApaAms is miftaken in the diftinguifhing characters
between this and the V. pallida, ( Lin. Tran/: vol. iii. p 253.)
by faying this has no polifh: his fpecimen muft have been
worn. It has not, indeed, fo fme a polifh; but recent
fhells poffefs confiderable glofs.

Doétor Turron has given the B. cylindracea of Pen-

NANT, for the B. cylindrica of GME in, which is a very
different fhell.

=i —-

B. with an oblong-oval, fmooth, white fhell: afex
rounded, wmbilicated: aperture extremely narrow, the
whole length of the fhell, dilating a little at the bafe.
Length one-eighth of an inch; breadth one half its length.

This fhell has much the habit of B. cylindracea, but
is not fo cylindric, and is broader in proportion to its

length.
f=) We

223

We found this fpecies, {paringly, amongft fand from
Falmouth harbour.
<>
14.
Bulla truncata. Lin Trans. v.t.1.£.1.2. (Adams.) TRUNCATA.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 358. Tab. 7. f. 5.

B. with a fub-cylindric, opaque, white fhell; the
upper part longitudinally flriated, the lower plain: apex
truncated, and largely wmbzlecated, fhewing the involuti-
ons: aperture the whole length, extremely narrow, but
dilated a little at the bafe, and contraéted moft in the
middle.

This fhell has fomewhat the habit of the laft, and of the
fame fize; but differs in being truncated at the top, in
the involutions being confpicuous within the wmédzlicus,
and in being partly ftriated. We found this not uncom-
mon in fand at Falmouth; rare from Salcomb bay, Devon-
Shire, and Weymouth.

Worn fhells are fometimes deftitute of ftriz.

Not B. truncata of GMELIN.
—<——.
15.
Bulla craffa, apertura medio coarctata. Walk. Min. Shells. £.62. Ostusa.
Bulla Regulbienfis. Durt. Lin. iv p 351. Tab. 7. £. 3.
Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 28.

B. with

224

B. with a moderately ftrong, fub-cylindric, opaque
white fhell, wrinkled longitudinally: apex convoluted,
obtufe; volutions four or five, very little produced :
aperture nearly the whole length of the fhell, narrow,
rather more comprefled in the middle, dilated at the bafe:
inner lip thickened, fmooth, white.

Length two-tenths, rarely a quarter of aninch; breadth.
about halfits length.

We were firft favoured with this fpecies from Mr. Boys,
for the fhell figured by Mr. Wa ker, as above quoted ;
and have fince found itin great abundance on the fhore
near Southampton; rarely at Salcomb in Devonfhire: and
not uncommon about Laugharne on the coaft of Caermar-

thenfhire.

In a recent ftate itis frequently covered with a chefnut-
coloured efidermis. It was once fent to us for the Voluta
pallida; but from that fhell it is readily diftinguifhed by
being much fhorter, the volutions more deeply divided,
more obtufe, and in wanting the effential character of a
Voluta, the plicated columella. It is, indeed, more nearly
allied to the laft fpecies of Bulla, but differs not only in
being much larger, but in the produced volutions, and
the aperture not reaching quite to the top, as well as be-
ing deftitute of the regular longitudinal ftriz on ler: upper
part-of the fhell.

B. with

295

16,

B. with a {mooth, glofly, pellucid, white, fub-oval Diapnana.

fhell; body large, ventricofe, with three very {mall volu-
tions: apex fomewhat pointed, but not much produced :
aperture fub-oval, nearly the length of the fhell; outer lip
attenuated ; inner lip fmooth; Columella plain, not vifible
to the end. Length rarely exceeding three-eighths of an
inch; breadth two-eighths.

This is a fcarce f{pecies, found only in Salcomb bay, ex-
cept one mutilated fpecimen at Falmouth; from the for-
mer place we have taken it alive by dredging, adhering
to the infide of old oyfter fhells.

Is fo extremely thin and brittle, that it is difficult to
obtain perfeét; and is fufficiently tranfparent for the
Columeila to be feen through the fhell.

It is not very unlike the figure of Voluta Fonen/is in the
Britifh Zoology, but not quite fo long, and the outer lip
{preads more upwards; it cannot, however, be that fhell,
as it wants the plicated Columella, the effential character
of that genus.

Conchologifts have thought that fome of the Cypree
affume a very different appearance, in their young and
adult ftates; fuch a prevailing opinion, from perhaps a
fingle inftance in a foreign fpecies, pofhibly not well au-
thenticated, may lead to a conjecture that this is no other
than the young of Cypra@a Pediculus; a circumftance

Gg -which

Taba 7. £3.

Lie
SONTINALIS,

220

which has been hinted by one or two of our conchologi-
cal friends. To this we fhall only obferve; the animal is
effentially different, not poflefling any of that beautiful
membrane which the animal of Cypr@a Pediculus throws
over the whole of its fhell; but is like a common aquatic
Limax; ofa pale colour.

<>

Bulla fontinalis. Lin. Sy/ft. p. 1185. —Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3427. 18.
Lifter Conch. t. 134. .34.—Id Ang. t.2. £.25.
Chem.. Conch. ix. t. 108._f.877. 878,
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 40.—Gualt. t. 5. C.C.
Schroet. Fluffconch. t. 6. f. 11.
Dur. Won awe. 352.

Planorbis Bulla. Muller Verm. p. 167. No. 3538.

Turbo adverfus. Da Cofta p. 96. t. v. f. 6. 6.
Favan. t. 61. E. 9.

B. with four or five reverfed volutions, of a glofly, pel-
Jucid, light hern-colour: the body whirl large, the others
very {mall, and not much produced: aperture oblong-
three-fourths the length of the fhell.

Old fhells are fomewhat ftriated, or rather wrinkled
longitudinally, with two or three faint tranfverfe ridges
on the bedy whirl. Length half an inch; breadth a
quarter.

This fpecies is not uncommon in ftagnant pools, as well
as running waters, in many parts of the kingdom ; but is
in general, not above half the fize defcribed.

Tt

927

——/

It is moft frequently found on the under part of the
leaves of aquatic plants.

The animal is of a light colour, with a yellowifh caft:
Tentacula two, fetaceous, long: eyes two, black, placed
underneath, at the bafe of the Tentacula. When in motion,
it covers great part of the fhell with a thin, pinnated mem-
brane, thrownout on the right fide, extending quite behind.
and partly on the left fide, covering the {maller volutions :
thismembraneis very deeply divided or digitated, the points
of which meet, and fometimes interfeci on the back of the
fhell; and are fo tranfparent as {carce to be diflinguifhed,
but by the affiftance of a glafs. The Suflentaculum, or
foot, is long and narrow: the foramen, or common aper-
ture, 1s on the left fide, as muft be the cafe with all the
animals of this kind inhabiting heteroftrophe fhells.

It has very confiderable loco-motive power, and tranf-
ports itfelf by adhering to the furface of the water, with
the fhell downwards: againft which it crawls with as much
apparent eafe as on a folid body; and will fometimes let
itfelf down gradually by a thread afhxed to the furface of
the water, in the manner of the Lzmax filans* from the
branch of a tree.

-

The property of crawling under water, againft its fur-
face, is not wholly confined to this fpecies; but we know
of no other teftaceous animal capable of fufpending itfelf
under water in the fame way.

* For an account of the Limax filans, {ee Lin Trans. vol. iv. p. 85. tab. 8.

Gge It

18.
Hypnorum,

228

It has the power of throwing its fhell about in an extra-
ordinary manner, either in defence, or to remove ob-
flruétions, continuing at the fame time fixed by its foot.
Probably this fingular motion is fometimes occafioned by
a minute {pecies of Hirudo,* which infefts this and many
other frefh-water teftaceous animals ; twenty or more may
be feen adhering to its fides like flender white filaments.
This Leech is not uncommon on the Helix peregra, H.
foffaria, and H, nautileus ; as well as the Patella fluviati-
lis; and probably on all other animals belonging to uni-
valve ¢effacea at particular feafons, which inhabit frefh-
water.

=i

Bulla Hypnorum. Lim. Sy/t. p. 1185.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3428. 19.
Chem Conch. ix. t.103. f.882.883.a.b.c.
Dirt Mimi Poss
Schroet Fluf[conch. t. 6.£.9. &f. 15.a.b.
Bucc. heteroftrophon. L.ijter Conch. t. 1059. f. 5.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 10. f.8.
Favan. t. 61. F. 18.
Turbo Walk Main. Shells. f. 54.
Planorbis turritus. Muller Verm. p. 169. No. 354.

B. with five or fix, reverfed, taper, fmooth, gloffy,
pellucid, horn-coloured fpires: the body-whirl half the
length of the fhell, the others tapering to a fine point ;
aperture narrow at the top, fpreading a little at the bafe ;
outer lip extremely thin; pillar lip a little thickened :

* Gordius inquilinus. AZull. Verm. i. p. 33. No. 164.
Columella

229

Columella within fomewhat indented. Length five-eighths
of an inch; breadth two-eighths.

This f{pecies has fometimes been confounded with the
laft defcribed, but is readily diftinguifhed by its taper,
produced fpires; and by the aperture, which is much
fhorter, and more contra¢ted: is alfo much more glofly,
and of a darker colour. It is a more local fhell; we have
found it tolerably plentiful in a watery ditch near Exeter ;
and in Wilt/hire of an extraordinary fize, meafuring nearly
three-quarters of an inch. In a pond, fubjeét to be over-
flowed by the Avon in that county, we have feen great abun-
dance; and inthe fame field were plenty of the B. fontzna-
lis, and yet they had never communicated with each other,
for in neither place were they to be found together. This
is Petiver’s Buccinulum fluviatile heteroftrophon, wha
fays, it is found in fome ponds and ditches about London.
We have received it from Kent.

Da Costa was unacquainted with this fhell, but erro-
neoufly quoted it for his Turbo adverfus; the Bulla fon-
tinalis of Linn £us; as is evident by his defcription and

figure.

This and the preceding are two of the few known f{pe-
cies which are heterofirophe fhells, or turn from right to
left, from the afex to the aperture; that is, the fpires re-
prefent a left-handed {crew, turning contrary to the fun’s
apparent motion.

Both:

230

Both Linnaus and Ge in appear to be perfetily
unacquainted with the natural hiftory of this fhell, having
defcribed it to inhabit wet mofs, which befpeaks it to be a
Jand fhell; whereas, it is an aquatic; the animal of which
is incapable of refiding out of water. The latter author
has alfo expreffed his doubts, whether it was not a variety
of B. fontinalis. How fuch doubts could ever have ex-
ifted, even from a comparifon of the two fheils, inde.
pendent of their natural hiftory, is very extraordinary :
the animals too are eflentially different.

Animal dufky-black; Tentacula two, moderately long,
fetaceous, black; eyes placed on the head, at the bafe of

the feelers: Suftentaculum not quite fo long as the fhell.

No fins, or membrane that covers the fhell, like that
of the Bulla fontenalis.

GEN.

231

GEN XXII,

VOLEU PA:

—

Anmal a LIMAX,

SHELL, univalve, fpiral.

Aperture, longitudinally extending near the whole
iength of the fhell, ecaudated.

Columella, plicated : no wmbzlicus, nor interior lip.

~s 1.

oP : TorNATILIs.
Voluta tornatilis, Zin. Sy/t. p. 1187.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3437, a

Lifter Conch. t. 835. f.58.
Martini Conch. i. t. 43. f. 442. 443,
Bie Zoot lets oe
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 41.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 57.
Dhitiglig J bihpe abe p- 260.
Turbo ovalis. Da Coffa p. 101, 4.8. f. 2. 2.

V. with an oval fhell of eight fpires, the firft very large,
the others {mall, and tapering to an extreme fine point:
of

9

PALLIDA.

232

ofa pale purplifh red, finely ftriated fpirally; with two
white fa/cie, or bands, on the body whirl: aperture long
and narrow; outer lip thin; Columella with one fold.
Length three-quarters of an inch.

This elegant fpecies appears to be local, and rather
{carce upon the Englifh coaft. Da Costa fays he re-
ceived it from Teignmouth and Exmouth in Devonfhire.
It mult, however, be extremely rare at thofe places, as a
Jong continuance there never furnifhed us with a fingle
fpecimen: but further to the weft on the fame coaft, at
Zorcrofs, we have fometimes taken it by dredging.

Doftor Putreney fpeaks of it as rare in Dorfetfhire,
but that it has been found at Weymouth.

Mr. PENNANT notes it from Angle/ea.

We found it not unplentiful on the flat, fandy fhore,
near Laugharne in Caermarthenfhire, among the drifted
fand about high-water mark: at this place a diligent
fearcher might pick up a dozen in a morning. Is alfo
found fparingly on other parts of the fouth coaft of Wales.

——

Voluta pallida. Lin Syf. p.1189.—Gmel Sy/t. p.3444.30.
Lijter Conch, t. 714. upper left hand figure.
Lin Trans. iii. p. 253. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 365.

Bulla cylindracea. Da Cofta. p. 31. t. 2. f. 7. 7.

Bulla pallida. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 66.

V. with

233
V. with a fmooth, gloffy, white, cylindric fhell: upper
volution extremely fmall, and fcarcely defined by a fepa-
rating line: apex obtule : aperture narrrow, extending near
the length of the fhell, fpreading a little at the bafe;
outer lip thin: Colwmedla plicated, with four {trong folds.
Length half an inch; breadth a quarter.

It is very extraordinary Da Costa fhould have made
this the Bulla cylindracea of the Britt/h Zoology, a thell
neither convoluted nor plicated on the Columedla. Mr.
PENNANT exprefsly fays, his fhell 1s wmdzlrcated at the
end: a characler fufficient to diftinguifh it from this.

The V. pallzda is certainly a very rare fpecies on the
Britifh coaft. Da Costa muft have been mifinformed
with refpeét to its being found plentiful on the weflern
coalts, for not a fingle fpecimen has ever come within our
frequent refearches in thofe parts; nor does Doétor Put-
TENEY mentjon itin his Catalogue of Dorfeifhire Shells.
Mr. Apams, however, notes it from Tenby.

This fhell is of a finer polifh, and fmoother than the
Bulla cylindracea ; broader in proportior to its length,
the aperture not {o much contrafed, and is at once dif-
tinguifhed by the true characters of a Voluta,

—<f>—

Voluta Jonenfiss Br. Zool t. 71. f 87.
Lurt. Lin iv. p. 360.

Hh V. with

Se
JONENSIs.

4.
DENTICULATA,

234

V. with a very thin, brittle fhell, with two fmall fpires.
Inhabits the ifle of Yona, or Y Columb-kil,

This is all Mr. Pennant fays of the fhell. Was it
not placed in the Breti/h Zoology as a Voluta, we fhould
have been inclined to think it a variety of our Bulla di-
aphana.

=
Turbo bidentata. Walk. Min. Shells. £.50, & f. 53. young.

V. with feven or eight volutions, tapering to a fine
point, the lower one large, the others gradually decreaf-
ing: of afemi-pellucid horn-colour, inclining to purplifh-
brown towards the top: aperture oblong-oval, half the
length of the fhell; outer lip furnifhed with two or three
tubercles near the margin,’ and frequently with three or
four white denticulations further within the aperture:
Columella plicated, with three or four white folds, which
are much elevated, and appear like teeth, but fpirally
turn ‘with the Columella. Length near half an inch;
breadth not a quarter. It is fubjeét to fome variety with
refpeét to the denticulations on,the outer lip; fome have
more, others lefs, or even deftitute of them in young
fhells: the plications on the Columedla vary alfo from two
to four, but moft commonly three.

Tf we had not received this fhell from Mr. Boys for
Watxer’s Turbo bidentata, as above quoted; we fhould
hardly have confidered it as the fame; as he fays it is found

on

235

on the roots of rufhes in marfhes near Faverfham. Poffi-
bly the marfhes where they were found, were {ubjeé to
the flux of the tide; for it is evidently a marine fhell.
We have found it plentiful on the fhore between Plymouth
and Dock, feeding on alg@ at high-water mark; and alfo
fparingly on another part of the fouth coaft of Devon/hire,
as well as at Barnftable and Il/fracomb in the north; near
Aberavon in Wales; and at Southampton.

Very young fhells fometimes poffefs only one fold on
the Columella; in which ftate we confider it to be WALK-
ER’s fhell, figure 53.

A remarkable chara€ter of this fhell is, that the Colwmedla
extends no turther than the upper part of the body volu-
tion; the fuperior {pires being deflitute of any pillar, or
internal {piral divifion.

5

Voluta alba opaca longitu- Walk. Min. Shells. f. 61. ALBA.
dinaliter ftriata. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 361.
Adams Microfe. t. 14. f. 27.

V. with an oval, white fhell, with four volutions, finely
{triated: aperture long, narrow. Length one tenth of an
inch.

Mr. Boys favoured us with this minute fpecies, for
Warker’s fhell above quoted. It is opaque, but glofly.
Said to be not uncommon at Sandwich and Shepey Iland.

Hh 2 V. with

6.
CaATENATA.
Pab: 6. £2:

236

V. with an oblong-oval, ftrong, fub-pellucid, white,
and extremely gloffy fhell, with four bands of opaque,
white, oblong fpots, connected by {mall- rufous fpots or
ftreaks, ina very elegant manner, like fo many {mall chains:
upper volution fearcely defined; apex indented, involu-
ted: aperture the whole length of the fhell, linear: outer
lip thick, but not marginated, and obfoletely denticula-
ted: Columel/a quadriplicated, with two flrong, and two
faint folds. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth at the
top one eighth. We obferved feveral of this new and
elegant fpecies in Mr. Swainson’s cabinet of Brztzh
fhells, under the title of Cypr@a catenata ; who obligingly
favoured us with a {pecimen.

The trivial name we have therefore continued it by, but
have been induced to place it in this genus, from the
ftructure of the Columelia, and not being denticulated on
the inner lip. It is, however, a connecting link between
the two genera. We are wholly indebted to that Gen-
tleman for all we have been able to colleét concerning
this fhell: who, in a letter upon the fubjett, fays,

“ T never found this fhell alive; I got three or four dead
{pecimens, inthe fediment at the bottom cf pools of water,
(if they may be fo called) left in the holes of the rocks in
St. Aujile bay, near Fowey: have heard of its being taken
off the Lizard, and alfo at Penzance.”

Ts faid to be found in Guern/ey of a fuperior fize.

GEN.

237

EE HAECSOSO VO <B> SO OSL D206

GEN XXIII.

BUCCINUM.

—a

Animal a LIMAX.

SHELL, univalve, fpiral, gibbofe.

Aperture, ovate, ending ina fhort canal or gutter, to
the right.

iE
1.

Buccinum undatum. Lin. Sy/f. p. 1204. UnpatumM
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3492. 93.
Lifter Conch. t. 962. f. 14. 15.
ddvAnels teat. 253.
Martini Conch. iv. t. 126. f. 1206.1211.

Br. Zool. No.90.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.404.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 42.
Buccinum vulgare. Da Cojfia p. 122. t. 6. f. 6. 6.
Buccinum ftriatum. Br. Zool. t. 74. f. 91.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 404.

B. with feven or eight, ventricofe fpires, undulately
ribbed, tranfverfely ttriated, and croffed with finer longi-
tudinal itrie.

This

238

This common fpecies is flrong, and grows to a large
fize, frequently five inches in length; 1s fnbjeét to vary in
colour, from white to chefnut-brown, but more frequent-
ly the former, in parttinged with rufous-brown. In fome
fhells the ribs are ftrong; others are only a little ribbed
towards the top; this variety is the B. firzatum of Mr.
PENNANT.

There are f{carce any of our fhores but what produce
this fhell. Is commonly taken in dredging by fifhermen,
who either ufe the animal for bait, or deftroy it, from a
fuppofition that it is very deftruétive to the large feollop,
Pecien maximus; by infinuating its tail (as it is termed)
into the fhell, and deftroying the inhabitant: this we have
been affured they will do even ina pail of fea water.

Small fhells are fometimes very thin, and prettily
marked with brown: old ones are frequently covered with
a brown efzdermis, or rough extranecus matter.

The {pawn of this {pecies is found in large clufters upon
moft parts of our coaft, in which the young are frequent-
ly feen. In this flate, and for fome time after they are ex-
cluded, they have an obtufe globular apex; and have
been defcribed as a diftinét fpecies. The Murex decolla-
tus of Pennant and Donovan is no other than this, or

the fry of Murex de/pectus.

Buccinum

239

Buccinum Lapillus. Liz. Sy/t. p.1202.—Ginel Sy/t. p.3484.53. Lapmius.
Lifter Conch. t. 965. f.18. 19.
did. Agel. t.'S. f° 55.6.
Martini Conch. iii. t. 121. f. 1111. 1112,
Ta Mivests VIQS fo WO4. M25. Siva.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 18. f. 5.
Br. Zool. t.72. £.89.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.397-
Puit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 41.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 11.
Purpuro-Buccinum. Da Cofta. p. 125. t. 7. f. 1.2. 8. 4. 9. 12.

9

B. with a thick fheli, with five or fix fpires, ftrongly
{triated fpirally, and fine, elevated, irregular, undulated
ftrize, longitudinally : afex {mall, pomted: aperture oval ;
outer lip waved, or fub-denticulated; pillar lip fmooth,
replicated. Length rarely exceeds two inches ; breadth
an inch.

This fpecies is fubje€t to great variety ; in fome the lon-
gitudinal ftriz are membranaceous and fharp; others are
almoft fmooth and deftitute of any: the colour is ufually
dirty-white, or yellowifh; but fometimes prettily banded
with chefnut-brown, or yellow. Young fhells vary fo
much in fhape as fearcely to be afcertained; fome are ex-
tremely ventricofe in the body whirl, with the upper vo-
lutions very fmall; and the whole fhell muricated with
concave, fpinous ridges: others are more taper, and only

{pirally ridged.

This is one of the moft common fhells upon our coatt,

adhering to rocks quite up to high-water mark,
The

2
Je

RETICULATUM,

240

The famous purple, or Tyran dye, has been, amongft
others, extra¢ted from the animal of this hell, an account
of which is detailed in the Philofophical Tranfattions,
No. 1684 by Mr. Coxe; and is inferted in Da Costa
and the Brate/h Zoology. M. Reaumur has alfo written
upon it, in the Parzs Memoirs for the years 1712 and 1717.
It is fuppofed that fingular and beautiful dye is yielded
only by the ovarium; if fo, it is no wonder many have
been difappointed in their refearches for it, as probably
it is only to be found at a certain feafon of the year, when
that part is dilated by impregnation.

—<>—_

Buccinum reticulatum. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1264.

Gmel. Syft. p. 3495. 111.

Martini Conch. iv.t.124. f.1162.to1164

Lifter Conch. t. 966. f.21.

BG, Z00l- sed. te. 2.

Turt. Lin. iv. p 406.

Dae Cofep. 131. t. 7. t 10.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 42.

Fd Don. Br. Shelis. iii. t. 76.

Buccinum vulgatum. Gel. Sy/t. p. 3496. 120.

Martini Conch. iv. t 124. f.1165.1166.
Buccinum Pullus. Bre Aeol tI2. £183.

B. with a ftrong, reticulated fhell, with feven or eight
coftated volutions tapering to a fine point, and wrinkled
with tranfverfe elevated ftriz, which rife into tubercles
upon the ribs, and gives it a decuflated appearance: aper-

ture

241

ture fub-oval; outer lip even, not thickened at the back,
denticulated within; inner lip replicated, glofly white,
fometimes faintly crenated : colour ufually brown.

A variety has the outer lip attenuated, and no denticu-
lations: another variety is fmaller, with the ribs more dif-
tant, and fometimes with one rib larger and more raifed
than the reft: colour purplith brown: infide purple. , T his
appears to be the B. vulgatum cf Gme tin, and the B.
Pullus of PENNANT. It muft, however, be remarked,
that all thefe varieties run fo much into each other, both
in the ribs and colour, that no permanent diftinétion can
be made.

Worn fhells fometimes become quite white, efpecially
the young ones.. The largett fhells are an inch and a
half long, and nearly three-quarters wide at the bafe.
Common on many of our fhores.

—<—S—-
4.
Buccinum minutum, Br. Zool. t. 79. inner angle beneath left Macura.
hand. Tab. 8. f. 4.

Buccinum minimum. Tvyrt. Lin. iv. p. 387.

B. with fix or feven ribbed fpires, tranfverfely ftriated
like the B. reticulatum: apex pointed: aperture fub-orbi-
cular; outer lip gibbofe at the back, denticulated within;
inner lip replicated, and faintly denticulated: colour va-
rious, mottled rufous, brown, and white, or wholly pale

purple, and fometimes red; but rarely wholly white, In
Ii all

5.

AMBIGUUM.
Rab. Seite aa

242

all thefe variations it preferves the invariable charatteriftic
mark of a {mall {pot of a dark purplifh colour at the outer
edge of the canal; and has generally a purplifh tip. It is
at once diftinguifhed from the young of B. reticulatum,
by the gibbofe outer lip. The length of this fpecies rarely
exceeds half an inch; breadth one quarter of an inch.

It is not uncommon in fome of the fmall bays about
Falmouth ; we have alfo found it on the north and fouth
coafts of Devonfhire, in Dorfetfhire, and in Wales: and
once received it from a friend on the Kentz/h coaft for the
B. Pullus of Linn aus, but is certainly not that fhell.

——
Buccinum ambiguum. Pult. Cut. Dorfet. p. 42.

B. with athick, ftrong, fub-conic, white fhell, with fix
ftrongly ribbed fpires, finely ftriated tranfverfely : the ribs
are diftant, and {well at the junétion of each {pire into
knobs or tubercles: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip
thickened by the rib, flightly denticulated; inner lip re-
plicated, with generally two faint diftant folds. Length
rather more than half an inch; breadth three-eighths.

We were firft favoured with this fpecies from Doctor
Putteney, who fays, it is found between Weymouth and
Portland on the fands, and on the north fhore at Poole.
The Doétor is certainly miftaken, in quoting the B. Pul-
Jus and B. minutum of Pennant for this fhell; the for-
mer being only a variety of the B. reticulatum, and the

latter

243

latter we believe our B. Macula, This is perfe€ily dif-
tin@ from either of thofe fhells, not only in being much
broader in proportion to its length, but in the ribs being
much more diftant, and gibbofe at the fpiral junctures. It
is, we believe, a very rare {pecies: many of thofe we have
examined, were ftained in part with a ferruginous colour,
not natural tothe fhell.

Ir. Bryer, who has taken feveral of thefe fhells on
the fhore between Weymouth and Portland, informed us,
they were all of that colour; though we obferved feveral
in Doétor Puttreney’s cabinet perfectly white, that ap-
peared to be live, or recent fhells,

—<e—.
6.
Buccinum hepaticum. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 41. ' HepaTicum.
_ Lifter. Conch. t. 975. f. 30. Tabs 83'fii 1s

B. with a ftrong, brownith fhell, with feven or eight
ribbed volutions: a tranfverfe line, or depreflion, near the
top of each fpire; which, cutting the ribs, forms that
part into {mall knobs; in other refpects it is fmooth, ex-
cept a few ftriz atthe bafe of the body whirl, and is fome-
what gloffy: the volutions are rather tumid, and ftrongly
divided; afex fharp: outer lip thick, turning inwards to
an edge, beneath which are feveral denticulations or ftrie ;
inner lip folded back, with one tooth-like ridge on the up-
per part: colour a little varying with a few ferruginous
{pots, and fometimes a white fa/cea on the infide of the
outer lip. Doctor PuLTenery favoured us with this {pecies,

an which

QAA

which he fays is found in Purbeck, and dredged up at
Weymouth ; but rarely.

It feldom exceeds an inch in length; and five-eighths
of an inch in breadth.

att
7.

BILINEATUM. Buccinum bilineatum. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3476.
Turts, Lin. iv-p. 391.
Buccinum porcatum. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 41.
Buccinum decuflatum. Br. Zool. App. t.79. two bottom figures,
Lifter Conch. t. 998. f. 63.

B. with an ovated, fmooth, whitifh fhell, girdled with
two, three, or four bands of brown fpots; the upper part
fet round with two feries of tubercles, upper volutions
fmooth: aperture large, fub-oval; outer lip flightly den-
tated ; inner lip rugofe, and granulated.

Foreign fpecimens exceed two inches in length: that
figured by Mr. Pennant is ayoung fhell, fcarcely an inch
long, and was found at Weymouth.

i
8.
PERDIX. Buccinum Perdix. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1197.—Gmel Sy/t. p. $470. 3.
‘bab. Sod. G- Lifter Conch. t. 984. f. 43.
Martini Conch. iii. t. 117. f. 1078. 1080,
Pult. Cat Dorfet. p.41.—Gualt. t.51.£.F.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 385.

B. with

245

B. with a fub-oval fhell, with five or fix volutions; the
firft very large and tumid, the others {mall in proportion,
marked with flat, tranfverfe ridges, broader than the in-
terftices: colour yellowifh-brown, marbled and fpotted
with white: aperture large, oval; outer lip thin, plain;
lower part of the inner lip a little replicated, forming a
fub-umbrlicus.

Exotic fhells grow to a large fize; thofe which have
been found in England are not larger than a hazel nut,
as we are informed by Doétor PutTeney; who fays, it
has been dredged up at Weymouth, and thrown up after
ftorms. -We obferved it in Mr. Bryer’s cabinet, who
affured us he found it on the fame coaft.

—<2—
a
Buccinum lineatum. Da Coffa. p. 130. t. 8. f. 5. Lrngeatum..
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 41.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 15.
Tart: Lan. iweip., Sats

B. with a ftrong, fmooth, conic fhell, with five or fix
volutions, regularly banded with alternate, fpiral lines, of
chocolate-brown and white, that gives it the appearance
of being ftriated: apex fharp, pointed: aperture oval;
outer lip a little fpreading, margin marked by the brown
lines, that look like crenule, Length a quarter of an
inch; breadth one eighth.

Da

10.
Cinctum.
abs USeets 1.

246

Da Costa fays, this fhell is found in great abundance
in Cornwall, but does not mention any-particular part of
that coaft. If we did not know that fhells are extremely
local, we fhould be induced tothink he had been deceived;
as we never could find it on any of the fhores in that
county, nor in Devonfhire. Dottor Putteney fays, it
is common on the coaft of Dorfet; fometimes in great
numbers adhering to fucz and grafs wrack.

On fuch good authority the exiftence of this fhell as
Englzfh could not be doubted, though we always confidered
it as extremely rare, or at leaft very local; never having
been fortunate enough to find it till lately, and that fpar-
ingly, between Weymouth and Portland. From the fame
place we have been favoured with feveral {pecimens from
Mr. Bryer, amongft which was one entirely white, and
another variety lineated with pale brown and white.

=

B. with a conic, white fheil, marked with a fine thread-
like girdle, of arufous-brown colour, round the middle of
each fpire: volutions fix or feven, nearly even, finely and
clofely ribbed, and obfoletely ftriated tranfverfely in the
depreflions between the ribs: afex fharp: aperture nar-
row, oval; outer lip thickened with a broad rib at the
back, and denticulated within; inner lip fub-crenulated
by the tranfverfe ftriea at the bafe; on the edge of the
outer lip, near the end, is a fmall rufous fpot, and
another at the upper angle of the aperture; from thefe,

: two

2AF

two obfolete broken lines are to betraced round the bafe
of the fhell.

Whether thefe markings are permanent charaéters, we
dare not determine, as only one {pecimen of this new fhell
has come under our examination: but in other refpeéts
is fo very different from any Brzte/h fpecies of Buccinum
hitherto defcribed, that it cannot be confounded.

_Found by Mr. Bryer on the fhore near Weymouth, to-
gether with feveral other new and rare fhells, which will
enrich this work. Length barely a quarter of an inch.

—=lp——

il.

B. with a ftrong fhell, with five reticulated, taper fpires : Minimum.

the ribs that run longitudinally are confiderably raifed,
which being cut by the tranfverfe ftria, gives it a decuf-
fated appearance: aperture oval ; both lips fmooth: co-
lour varying from light to dark chefnut-brown, without
any fpots or markings. Length fcarce two-tenths of an
inch, and more than double its breadth.

We found this fpecies in confiderable abundance on the
fouth coaft of Devon, at the mouth of the Aun, amongtt
the drifted fand; and rarely alive by dredging at Salcomd
and Torcro/s.

It does not appear to be noticed before by any concho-
logift and is probably a local fhell.

Buccinum

Tab.8: 4:2.

5 Bede
TERRESTRE.
Tabi8; 4.3:

248

Buccinum Acicula. Muller. Verm. p. 150. No.*840.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 60.
Gualt. t. 6. B. B.
Buccinum longiufculum. Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 26.
Buccinum obtufulum. Twrt. Lin. iv. p 416.
Schroet. Flufjconch. t. 8. £. 6. a. b.
Id. Erdconch. p. 142.

B. with fix flender, fmooth, giofly, pellucid, white
{pires, terminating in an obtufe point: the volutions not
much raifed, but well defined by the feparating fpiral
groove: aperture oblong, fub-oval; outer lip thin, even;
pillar lip thickened, forming a fmall gutter: no teeth.
Length a quarter of an inch; breadth fcarce one fourth its
length,

The remarkable charaéters of this thell are the uncom-
mon obliquity of the {piral turns of the volutions, and the

‘length of the firlt {pire, which, more than double, exceeds

that of the fecond, and is nearly equal to the three fuc-
ceeding.

Mr. Boys originally favoured us with this fpecies for
the fhell figured by Waker as above quoted; who
{tates it to be found in Faverfham Creek only ; which im-
plies it to be marine: but was doubtlefs carried there by
fome neighbouring ftream; for it 1s a land fhell.

We have procured it from the top of Barham downs
in Kent, where it is common on the roots of the grafs, and

under

246:

under mofs: and have found great abundance, amongfta
variety of {hells brought down by the floods in the river Avon
at Lackhamin Wilifhire.. Thefe are fuperior in fize to thofe
from Kent, but of courfe dead thells though perfeét.

ScHROETER wasat a lofs whether to place this amoneft
his land or frefh-water fheils, and has therefore given it a
place both in his Fluffconchylien and Erdconchylien ;. and
what is extraordinary, has affixed to it the fynonyms of
Helix oétona, notwithftanding he exprefsly fays, it does
not anfwer to the defcription of the Lzennean fhell, as it
neither has a /ud-wmbilicus, or roundifh mouth.

Mutter has committed the fame error, and has equally
quoted Guattert’s figure; which is a minute fpecies,
and not the leaft correfponding with the Linnean defcrip-
tion of H. oéfona.

Ge un has continued the error of thofe authors, not
having been acquainted with the fhell in queition; and,
in order to correfpond with their defcripticns, tells us it
has fometimes fix fpires, the firft twice as large as the next;
and the wmbzlzcus inconfpicuous. This, though it accords
partly with ScHROETER’s and Mutter’s fhell, certainly
does not correfpond with, “tceffa /ubperforata turrita:
anfrattibus otto, apertura fubrotunda,’ the fpeeific cha-
ratters given by Linn us to his H. offona.

That Guarreri fhould make this an aquatic, is not
furprifing, as all our land-fhells are occafionally carried
Kk into

is:
OgtTusuLuUM.

Breve.

15.
Minutum,

250

into ftreams and rivers, and cannot be afcertained but by
a knowledge of their feveral animals ; fo that when a fhell
is found in water that has never before occurred, it has
at once been confidered as belonging to that element;
and has led to innumerable errors.

—=<>—

Buccinum obtufulum. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.
Adams Microfe. t. 14. f. 25.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 59.

“The bellied whilk of three fpires with an oval aper-

ture: colour opaque white.” From Faverfham Creek;
very rare.

This is one of the few of Mr. WaLxeERr’s fhells we have
not had an opportunity of examining; have therefore
copied the defcription pot his work, Itisa microfcopic
{pecies.

——

Buccinum breve: tefta quinque anfraétibus: Iongitudinaliter
coftatis: tranfverfim ftriatis: color albus opacus, cauda
brevifima. Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 3. 4. (Adams.)

Shell white, with five whorls, which are longitudinally
ribbed and tranfverfely ftriate. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 387.

—<_—

Buccinum minutum: tribus anfraétibus: longitudinaliter cof-
tatis: coloralbusopacus. Lin. Trans. iii. t.13. £.5.6.( Adams)
Shell

251

Shell white, opaque, with three whorls, which are lon-
gitudinally ribbed. Turé. Lin. iv. p. 387.

i
16.
Buccinumlzve: tefta levi tribus anfractibus, cauda elongata: Lever.
color albus opacus; anfraétus primus fecundo multo ven-
tricofior ; apertura ovalis.
Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 7. 8. (Adams.)

Shell fmooth, with three whorls and a long beak. Turé.
Lin. iv. p. 387.
—p—-
1S
Buccinum obtufiffimum: tefta levi, tribus anfraétibus, aper- OsTUsISsIMUM.
tura coarétata, cauda elongata.

A precedente differt et in aperturee forma, et quod anfraétus
ipfi funt quam proxime magnitudinis aqualis.
Lin. Trans. iii. t. 18. £. 9. 10. (Adams)

Shell f{mooth, with three whorls, and a long beak : aper-
ture contracted. Turt. Len. iv. p. 387.

The four preceding fhells we have been obliged to copy
from Mr. Apams, who found them on the coaft of Pem-
brokefhire; they are all microfcopic fpecies.

The two firft feem to differ in nothing but the number
of volutions. The two laft appear to be young unformed
fhells not perfeéted at the afex; poflibly the young of
Murex defpectus juft efcaped from the egg.

Kk oe It

252

Jt muft be remarked, that moft turbinated univalve fhells,
when firft produced, have few volutions, and their apex
abrupt, fwelling into a round knob: even the common
garden {nail, Helix afperfa, is fo different in its infant
ftate, as to have been confidered a diftin¢t fhell: great
care is therefore requifite in difcriminating the minute
{pecies.

We have always reje€ted thofe whofe apex was glcbofe,
and deftitute of a finifhed fpire.

GEN.

_-—2ett COOOSOOO~<B>-QOOHIS CS sere.

GEN XXIV.

STROMBUS.

=p

Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, fpiral.

Aperture ending in a canal to the left: outer lip for the
moft part much expanded.

gE
4 ie

Stromb. Pes Pelecani. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1207. Pes PeLecant
Gmel. Syft. p. 3507. 2.
Martini Conch. iti. t. 85. f. 848. 850,
Lifter Conch. t.865. f.20. —t.866.f.21.b.
Br. Zool. No. 94.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.42.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 4.
LTurt. Lin. iv. p. 417.

Aporrhais quadrifidus. Da Co/ta. p. 136. t. 7. f. 7.

S. with a pyramidal fhell, tapering to a fine point, with
ten ribbed, or rather tuberculated, volutions; on the body
whirl are two rows of fmaller tubercles beneath the larger
ones: outer lip much expanded, quadrifid, the upper

angle

254

angle running far up the fpire; the lower one formed by
the tail or canal; thefe are more or lefs channelled be-
neath: flefh-colour. Length near two inches,

This fhell is fubjeft to great variety with refpeét to the
outer lip, which increafes by age: young fhells have all
the appearance of a Murex, without the leaft expanfion
of the lip, and all gradations are to be met with from that
to the perfect fhell.

Da Costa fpeaks of this fpecies as pretty general on
many parts of the Engli/h, Welch, and Scotteh coafts.

We have found it not uncommon at the mouth of the
Ex, on Dawlifh Warren in Devonfhire, but rarely perfec, .
except after violent ftorms.

Live fhells are fometimes obtained at Torcrofs by deep
dredging; but more frequently old and worn f{pecimens
which are invariably inhabited by a new and fingular fpe-
cies of Sipunculus, who clofes up the aperture with agglu-
tinated fand, leaving only a {mall round hole, within which
it recedes. This animal is capable of withdrawing its an-
terior part within the other, in the fame manner that the
common Lzmax draws in the larger tentacula, to which
the eyes are affixed; it has no other mode of contracting
or expanding.

The animal of the S. pes. Pelecanit has a long fnout,
and two filiform ¢entacula of a pink colour; the former

{potted

255

{potted with white: eyes black, at the bafe of the éenta.
cula beneath; /ufientaculum fhort, white.

—_<S in
2

ms

Strombus coftatus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 42. fae COSTATUS,
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 94.
Strombiformis coftatus. Da Cofta p. 118. t. 8. f. 14.

S. with ten or eleven volutions of a dark brown colour,
tapering to a fine point; furnifhed with numerous, fine,
clofe-fet ribs, and an elevated, {piral line, turning round
the bottom of each volution, becoming double at the bafe
of the fhell, and is loft in the upper part : aperture fub-
orbicular, outer lip a little expanded; inner lip fmooth,
with a fub-canal. Length rather lefs than half an inch,

It varies in colour from light brown to a deep chefnut,
but nfually the latter. In fome the outer lip is a little
thickened at the margin.

Da Costa fays this fpecies is found on the coafls of
Cornwall, We have taken it on Milton fands on the
fouth coaft of Devon ; but is certainly a rare Englz/h fhell.

GEN.

256

3 9986|<22 > |a eee»

GENCEXXV.

MUREX.
—zg—.
Animal a LIMAX.

SHELL, univalve, fpiral, moft times rough with mem-
branaceous folds, or knobs.

Aperture ending in a ftrait, entire canal: fometimes
{lightly reflecting.

1
DesrecTus. Murex defpeétus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1222.—Gmel. Syjt. p.3547. 74.
Lifter Conch. t.913. f.4.—Id. Angi. p.155.
t. 3. f. I,

Martins Conch. iv. t. 138. f. 1292. & 1294. |
Br. Zool. No. 98.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 445.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 43.
Don Br. Shes. tot. SY.

Buccinum magnum. Da Cofia p. 120. t. 6. f. 4.

M. with a thick, ftrong, white fhell, with feven or eight
ventricofe volutions, tapering to a fine point, faintly ftri-
ated both tranfverfely and longitudinally: aperture fub-
oval; outer lip plain; inner lip replicated, {mooth; Colu-

mella

257

‘nella at the bafe, in old fhells a little twifted ; tail, or ca:
nal, a little reflected; infide yellowifh. Length five in-
ches. Young fhells fometimes of a ferruginous-brown.

This, the largeft turbinated fhell of the Brztz/h feas,
is local, but not uncommon in fome parts. Inhabits the
deep; fometimes dredged up with Oy/ters, and eaten by

the poorer people; but more frequently ufed as a bait for
Cod and other fith.

Da Cosra fays, it is found in Effex, York/hire, Scot-
land, and ireland. Do&tor PuLTENEY mentions it on the
Dorfet coaft, but not plentiful. It muft beextremely rare
on the more weltern fhores, as not a fingle {pecimen has
ever occurred in Devonfhire, or Cornwall: and we are
affured by Mr. Bryer, it is a perfect flranger to the coaft
about Weymouth. Is fometimes taken in Kent.

=>

Murex antiquus. Gel. Sy/t. p. 3546. 73.
Don. Br. Shells. iv.t. 119.
Martini Conch. iv. t: 138. f. 1293. & 1296.
Br. Zool. No. 97.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 445.
Murex carinatus. Br. Zool. t.77.£.96.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.438.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 109.

M. with a firong fhell of a pale brown colour: voluti-
ons eight, {triated tranfverfely, marked with faint longi-
tudinal ftrie: the middie of each volution rifing into,a
flrong, undulated, carinated ridge; fometimes two, but

L | the

ou

ANTIQUUS,

258

the lower one is moft ufually faint; the two fmalleft volus
tions are generally f{mooth: aperture oval, ending in a long
canal; outer lip even, except where the ridges terminate ;
pillar lip a little replicated, fmooth; infide livid-white.

~ Length three inches and a half.

This fhell feems to be fubjeét to great variety: fome are
irregularly ribbed, which rife into angulated protuberan-
ces on the carinated ridge; others are ftrongly bicarina-
ted, without the angular undulations. Mr. PEnNaNntT’s
figure appears to have three plain ridges on each volution.
Ge in quotes a fhell of Martini, which is not unlike
our de/pectus. Martini feems to confider this as a vari-
ety of that fhell, and has given feveral figures, that appear
to run fo much into each other, as to favour the opinion;
one of which is not unlike the carznatus of the Britz/h Zo-
olory, If it is a variety of the def/pectus, it is rarely found
in our feas, except in Scotland ; from whence we have re-’
ceived it.

——t-

Murex corneus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1224.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3552.97.
Lifter Conch. t.9138. £.5.—Id. Angl. t.3. f. 4.
Br. Zool. t. 76. f. 99.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.43.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.449.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 38.

Buccinum gracile. Da Co/ia, p. 124. t. 6. f. 5.

M, with eight ftrong, taper, white fpires, tranfverfely
{triated, and faintly wrinkled longitudinally; volutions
rounded, divided by a ftrong feparating line, or depreffion :

aperture

250

apertuye oblong-oval; canal long, and a little reflex-
ed. Length three inches; breadth an inch and a quarter.
Live fhells are ufually covered with a brown epidermis.

Da Costa fays it is found in York/hire, Northumber-
land, and Effex; and in the Orknzes, and other fhores of -
Scotland ; as well as on the Jri/h coaft..

Doétor Putteney fpeaks of it as not very uncommon
on the Dorfet coatt, at Weymouth, Studland, and Poole ;
moft probably dead and mutilated fpecimens.

It is a pelagic fhell, and rarely taken in a recent ftate,
but by dredging. in deep water. We have found it on
fome of the fhores of South. Devon, particularly at Torbay ;
and have taken it not uncommonly by dredging at Tor-
crofs; and fometimes at Salcomd; but in no one inftance
alive, though occafionally perfeét; yet always more or
lefs covered with extraneous matter. From this it muft be
inferred, that they either inhabit the deeper parts beyond
the reach of the dredge, or the more rocky fituations
which cannot be fearched by the ufual means.
<p Ep ‘
Murex erinaceus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1276.—Gmel. Syft. p.$550.19. ERINACEUS. -
Lifter Conch. t.942 f. 38?—Gualt t.49 H.
Br. Zool t.76. £ 95.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.432.
Don. Br. Shells. 1. t. 35.
Pult. Cat. Dovfet. p. 43.
Buccinum porcatum. Da Cojta. p. 133. t. 8. f. 7.7.

Lil M. with

5.
PuRPUREUS.
abs 9. t.. 3.

260

M. with a very rough, ftrong, angulated fheH} of a
dirty white, or brownilh colour; with feven or eight ru-
gofe fpires much produced, and terminating ina fine point :
on each volution are fix or feven rugged, prominent, lon-
gitudinal ribs, crofled by tranfverfe, elevated f{triz: the
whole {hell imbricated with {mall concave, or arched {cales,
very confpicuous on the body: aperture oval; canal tu-
bular; outer lip thickened by a rib, inner margin denta-
ted; pillar lip fmooth gloffy-white. Length an inch and
three-quarters, and nearly an inch wide.

In very young {pecimens the gutter or canal is open, and
the whole fhell is covered with elevated points, which be-
ing fometimes worn, gives it a pretty cancellated appear-
ance, and in this {tate may readily be miftaken fora diftinét
{pecies.

This is not uncommon on many of our fhores; but the
fineft and moft perfeét fpecimens are taken by dredging;
fometimes a pretty variety, mottled or zoned with ferrugi-
nous and white.

— agi

M. with a very rugofe fhell, of a dark purple colcur,
with fometimes a few fpots or blotches of white: voluti-
ons nine or ten, rounded, and tapering to an extremely
fine, fharp point, furnifhed with nineteen or twenty ribs,
running a little oblique to the right; croffed by numerous
fharp, elevated ridges, which rife into angles upon the ribs,

making

261

making the fhell very rough, and giving it a cancellated
appearance: aperture narrow, oval, terminating in a ftrait
canal ; outer lip thin; margin white, crenated by the firie :
Columella ftriated tranfverfely oblique to the end of the
canal, and fomewhat tuberculated; infide purple, mark-
ed by the ribs. Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth
a quarter of an inch.

This new, elegant, and rare fpecies, we have taken a
few.of alive, by dredging in Salcomb bay, in Devonfhire.

In all the fpecimens we have feen, the outer lip has
been more or lefs white, with here and there a few ob-
{cure {pots of the fame colour, without regularity, on
other parts of the fhell.

—<—

6.

M with a rugofe fhell, of a light brown colour : voluti- Linearts.

ons feven or eight, rounded, and ftrongly ribbed, crofled by
elevated ftriz or ridges, the fummits of which are purplifh-
brown, and form fine, fpiral, thread-like lines, all up the
fhell; thefe are, however, fometimes interrupted, as in
fome fpecimens a few of the ridges are plain brown: the
fhell tapers to a fine point, and is generally -darkeft at the
apex: in dead fpecimens that are bleached white, and
have loft the lineated appearance, the apex is‘generally of
a purple colour: the ribs are nine or ten in number:
aperture oval, terminating in a ftrait canal; outer lip
thickened at the back by a rib; margin within crenated;

pillar

diab: Olea ag

262

pillar lip fmooth. Length exceeding a quarter of aninch ;
breadth one eighth.

This new and elegant fpecies, we firft difcovered in fand
from Falmouth harbour, and afterwards took feveral alive
by dredging in Salcomb bay, in Devonfhire; but is a rare »)
fhell in both places. :\
.
: — 4
Je A
MoricatTus. M. with a ftrong, rough fhell, with fix or feven ventri-
Tab.9.f.2. cofe, > arte volutions, tapering to a fine point: the
tuberc are formed by interrupted, longitudinal ribs,
croffed by ftrong, elevated ftrie; and in fome parts are
pointed, or angulated: apex fmooth: aperture oval, ter-
minating in a long flender canal, which together, rather
exceed the length of the reft of the fhell; outer lip fharp,
and dentated at the edge; margin within crenulated; pillar
hip fmooth. Length half an inch; breadth a quarter.

a

We procured a few of this new, and rare fpecies, by
dredging in Salcomd bay. It is generally covered witha
thick orange-red epidermis, or extraneous matter, that ob-
{cures the markings; beneath which the fhell is white,
tinged with fleth-colour, and fometimes ftained greenilh.

—~—f———

S.

TuRRICULAs M. with feven taper, ribbed fpires, of a white colour,
Tab. 9.f.1. and fomewhat glofly, terminating in a fine point, and ftri-
ated tranfverfely: the volutions are flrongly defined, not

rounded,

203

rounded, but rife perpendicular above each other, the top
of each being almoft flat; the ribs at that part angulated,
or turrited, and fuddenly decline to the feparating line:
aperture narrow-oblong, ending in a broad canal; outer
lip a little thickened by a rib; upper part angulated; pillar
lip fmooth. Length threé-quarters of an inch; breadth
rather more than a quarter.

We are indebted to Mr. Boys for our firft acquaintance
with this fpecies, who informs us, it is not uncommonon
the fhore of Sandwich in Kent.

Have fince found it at Biddeford bay, in Devonfhire,
and on the fouth coaft of Wales, particularly about Tenby
and Laugharne.

9

M. with fix taper ribbed fpires, of a pale rufous-brown Rurvs.
colour, and fometimes chefnut: the volutions are gene-
rally furnifhed with fifteen or fixteen fmall ribs, flriated
tranf{verfely: aperture narrow, oblong, ending in a fhort
canal; outer lip f{mooth, rarely thickened by a rib; pillar
lip fmooth, Length three-tenths of an inch; breadth one
eighth.

&

This fpecies is found with the laft at Sandwich, Bidde-
ford bay, and on the coaft of Wales: we have alfo taken
it on the fouth coaft of Devon, and in Dorfet/hire, where
the other has never occurred. It has indeed, fomewhat

the

1G.
SINUOSUS.

‘Tabs9. tf. Se

264
the habit of that fhell, but is readily diftinguifhed from it,
by being rather more flender, not fo large in the body vo-
lution, the fpires a little rounded, not flat at the top, and

the colour is never white; the ribs, too, are generally
more in number.

We have taken it alive by dredging onthe coaft of De-
vonfhire, of a dark purplifh colour, probably its ufual ap-
pearance in that tate: as all thofe of a different colour from

other places were dead fhells, and deprived of much of
their beauty.

~<2>—

M. with a flrong, thick, white fhell, with fix coftated
volutions, tapering to a fine point: the fpires are very
little raifed, and feparated only by a fine thread-like line:
the ribs are feven on each fpire, ftrong, much elevated,
and arched, but do not quite extend to the upper part of

each: the whole fhell is finely and regularly ftriated tranf-

verfely, or acrofs the ribs, and is moft confpicuous in the
depreffions between them: aperture narrow, oblong-oval ;
canal fhort, andnot much contraéted ; at the upper angle
is a deep finus ; the outer lip is flightly thickened by a rib ;
inner Jip replicatedon the Columedla. Length three-quar-
ters of an inch; breadth a quarter.

We were favoured with this new, and rare fpecies, by
Mr. Bryer of Weymouth, who foundit on the fhore near
that place. Itis at once diftinguifhed from all other Braiz/h

{pecies,

265

fpecies, by the fingular “nus or gutter in the upper part
of the outer lip.

=<

Buccinum coftatum. Da Co/ta p. 128. t. 8. f. 4. 11.
Murex coftatus. Br. Zool. No. 100. t. 79? inner qua- Cosrarus.
drangle upper left figure.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 43.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 91.
Murex truncatus. Twrt. Lin. iv, p. 446.

M. with fix taper volutions, furnifhed with eight or
aine elevated ribs, deftitute of any ftrie, and frequently
glofly: colour various; fome are wholly of a deep pur-
plifh-brown, or chocolate, or partly mixed with white;
others yellowifh-white, with fine f{piral ftreaks of brown,
that look like ftria; and not unfrequently quite plain dull
white, but fuch muft be confidered as dead, and injured
fhells: aperture narrow, terminating ina canal, very lit-
tle more contracted than the reft of the mouth, and is
nearly ftrait ; outer lip ufually thickened by a rib at the
back, the margin thin; inner lip very little replicated.
Length three-tenths of aninch at moft; breadth one-eighth.

Da Costa fpeaks of this fpecies from Cornwall and
Devonfhire. We alfo found it in both thofe counties, par-
ticularly at Falmouth inthe former; and at Biddeford bay,
and Salcomd bay, in the latter; but only alive in the laft
place. It is likewife met with on fome of the fandy fhores
of South Wales, efpecially about Laugharne.

M m Dotto

1D.
ATTENUATUS.
Wab. 9. £.'6:

266

Doftor PULTENEY informs us, it is rare on the coatt of
Dorfet ; and Mr. Pennant notes it from Anglefea.

Mr. Bryer favoured us with it from Weymouth.

It does not, however, appear to be plentiful any where ;
and is rarely procured in a recent {ftate.

—<—

M. with an elegant, flender fhell, with eight fpires, re-
gularly tapering to a very fine point, deftitute of flrie,
and furnifhed with nine equidiftant, ftrong ribs : volutions
{carcely raifed, and feparated only by a very fine line; the
ribs are arched, or undulated, as they rife in the middle of
each volution: aperture narrow, contracting a little at the
canal, which is moderately long, and nearly ftrait: outer
lip thickened at the back with a rib; inner lip plain.
Length halfan inch; breadth one-eighth, or rather more.

This fhell, which we do not find defcribed by any au-
thor, appears to be very rare, never having been able to
procure more than three or four fpecimens ; the firft was
in fand from Falmouth harbour, others from Bzddeford
bay, of an inferior fize; all of which were of the fame
plain, yellowifh-white colour, without ftriz, or markings
of any kind; one or two of which poffeffed a little glofs
between the ribs.

It bears fome refemblance to the M. coftatus, but is
much

267

much more elegant in fhape, more contracted in the apers
ture, and formed with a greater number of volutions.

In fize it is nearly double that of the coftatus, and is
readily diftinguifhed by its more flender form.

Ss

M. with a flender fhell, with nine or ten coftated volu- Graciuis.
tions, tapering to a fine point: the ribs are eleven or Tab, 15. f.5.
twelve in number croffed with numerous ftrie: thefe ribs
do not continue throughout the fhell, but are feparated at
the juncture of each {pire by a flat {pace, at which part
the tranfverfe {trie are uninterruptedly continued ina {pi-
ral direftion up the fhell, like fine threads; at the bafe of
the body whirl, which is deftitute of ribs, the tranfverfe
{trie are {tronger and more diftant: the ribs are very con-
vex or arched, giving the volutions a tumid appearance:
aperture narrow; canal moderately long, afcending ; outer
lip a little fpread, margin arcuated; inner lip very flight!y
thickened. Length feven-eighths of an inch; breadth
two-eighths.

This new, and elegant fpecies, was picked up on the
fands of Biddeford bay in Devonfhire, and is the only one
we could procure: the colour is yellowifh, inclining to
pale ferruginous in the futures, or divifions of the fpires.

ie
Murex acuminatus. Br. Zool. t. 79? inner quadrangle lower Negura.
| right hand. Tab, 15. £.6.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 446.
Mm 2 M, with

P52
SEPTANGULARIJS

ge Cc PLS i es

268

M. with eight taper, coftated {pires, terminating in a
fharp pointed afex, flightly, but elegantly reticulated, as
if covered with fine gauze: the volutions are {carcely ele-
vated between the ribs, and only feparated by a fine thread-
like line: aperture narrow, oblong-oval, ending in a ca~
nal turning a little to one fide; outer lip fharp; inner lip
replicate, {mooth, glofly: colour various, fometimes yel-
lowifh-white, others pale purplifh-brown, or rufous; but
the moft beautiful variety is of a blufh-colour, with the
decuffated ftrize white.

Worn fhells, that have loft the fine ftrie, might be con-
founded for the M. coffatus, without proper attention: it
is, however, in that ftate afcertained by the turn of the
canal, by the aperture being much fhorter and not fo con-
traéted, and by the fuperior number of ribs, which is
ten or eleven, and thofe not fo much elevated.

We have found this pretty fhell at Falmouth; and on
the north and fouth coafts of Devonfhire, particularly Bed-
deford bay: and have received it from the fouth coaft of
Wales, where it is not uncommon about Tenby and
Laugharne. Allo from Weymouth. It is, however, by no
means plentiful, and good f{pecimens rare: the largeft ra-
ther exceed half an inch in length; and two-tenths of an
inch in breadth.

-—_—
M. with feven or eight, ftrong, fmooth, taper volutions,

terminating in a fine point, of a light purplifh-brown co-
lour

269

Jour, and fomewhat glofly ; with feven longitudinal ridges,
that run the whole length, f{carcely interrupted by the fe-
parating line: the fides, or fpace between the ribs, are but
little concave, which gives the fhell a heptagonal appear-
ance: aperture oblong-oval, ending ina fhort canal; outer
lip {harp at the edge, thickened at the back by a ridge,
the upper part contracted to an angle, where the margin
is a little indented; pillar lip a little replicated. Length
five-eighths of an inch; breadth two-eighths; but rarely
fo large.

Sometimes this fhell is white at the junction of each
volution; worn fpecimens are dull, opaque white.

We found this rare fpecies firft at Falmouth, and fince
alive in Salcomb bay, taken by dredging.

Have alfo received it, amongft fome {mall fhells, from
Mr. Bryer, who found it at Weymouth.

—_

Murex fufcatus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1225.
Gel. Syft. p. 3562. 145.
Guailt. t.56.H.
Lifer, Conch. t: 121.47.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 43.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 458.
Turbotuberculata. Br. Zool. t. 82. f. 111* ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 494.

M, with

16,
FuscatTus.

17.

TuBERCULARIS.

270

M. with ten or twelve tuberculated fpires, of a yellow-
ifh-brown colour, tapering to a fine point; the volutions
are curioufly wrought, with three or four feries of crenu-
lated ftriz between the tuberculated fpiral ridges: aper-
ture fmall, oval, ending in a flight canal: the bafe fpirally
ftriated,

The tubercles in large fhells extend into ftrong conic
{pires, on the lower volution; and fometimes run together
into a fharp fpiral ridge, like a fcrew.

This very rare Briti/h fhell has been found at Weymouth
by Mr. Bryer; it was about an inch and a half in length,
and half.an inch broad at the bafe.

Mr. PennaANT’s fhell is of this fize, and was found on
the coalt of Northumberland.

Pertiver has given the figure of a fhell, very much like
that in the Brztw/h Zoology, but does not ftate it to be En-
slik. Vide Petiver’s Gazophylacium Nature, Tab. 5.
fae.

—<P—

M. with nine or ten, flender, taper, tuberculated volu-
tions, feparated only by a flight depreflion: colour chef-
nut-brown: apex pointed; aperture fmall, oval, ending
in a canal, fomewhat enclofed by the Columella turning
inward, Length a quarter of an inch,

We

271

We found this fpecies, in drifted fand, at the month of
the Aun in Devonfhire, {paringly. It has alfo been picked
up on the coaft of Sandwich, by Mr. Boys.
Fenerae 18.
Turbo turritus perverfus novem anfra&tibus punétatus aper- ADVERSUS.
tura coarétata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 48.
Chem. Conth. ix. t. 113. £.966 ?
Turbo Punctatus. Turt. Lin. iv p. 501.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 21.

M. with ten or eleven, reverfed, tuberculated {pires,
tapering to a fine point: the volutions fcarcely defined by
the feparating line, with three ferics of tubercles on each,
the middle row fmaller than the others: aperture oval,
ending in a ftrait canal; bafe with two or three {mooth,
{piral ridges. Length three-eighths of an inch; fome-
times, though rarely, half an inch; breadth not quite
one-eighth. Colour opaque light brown.

This fpecies has much the habit of the preceding, but
is at once diflinguifhed by the volutions turning the con-
trary way.

It differs alfo a little in the fhape of the aperture and
canal; and particularly, in the middle feries of the tuber-
cles being {maller.

We firft received this fhell from Mr. Boys, for that of
Wa ker’s above quoted; and have fince found it {[paring-
ly on the Corny/k and Devonfhire coalts.

Strom~

Us

RETICULATUS.

a7 2

Strombiformis reticulatus. Da Cojia p. 117.
Murex reticulatus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 43.
Borlafe Corn. p. 277.

M. with eleven or twelve, much reticulated volutions,
of a rufous-brown colour; ftrong, flender, and tapering
to a very fine point: on each volution are four fpiral
ridges, interfected by longitudinal furrows, running a lit-
tle oblique, forming the whole furface equally reticulate:
the feparating line {mall, and not much depreffed: aper-
ture oval, angulated at the upper part, the lower end a
little contraéted into a flight canal, or gutter; outer lip
thin, a little indented by the fpiral ridge; pillar lip repli-
cated; bafe not reticulated. Length five-eighths of an
inch; rather more than one eighth broad.

This fpecies is extremely common on fome parts of the
Cornifh coaft, particularly in the fand, dredged from Fal-
mouth harbour for the purpofe of manure: and frequently
found adhering to fhips cables in heaving the anchor.

It feems to grow more fcarce eaftward ; though we have

- found the largeft fpecimens in Devonfhire. Is noticed by

Dottor Putrenry onthe Dor/fet/hire coaft: and has very
rarely been taken at Sandwhich in Kent. Have alfo met
with it in South Wales.

A variety has one or two ftrong ribs crofling fome of
the volutions,

This

2735

This fhell may eafily be difcriminaied from the M. ¢u-
bercularts by the aperture, whichis only a little contracted
at the end, forming a fub-canal; whereas the other is a
perfect {lender tail, or gutter.
>

20.

Murex quinque anfraCtibus fpiraliter ftriatis, coftis remotis, Minurisstmus?

canali claufo, Lin. Trans. ii. p. 65. (Adams.)

Shell with five fpiral ftriated whorls, and remote ribs :
beak clofed. Turt. Lin, iv. p. 460.

A minute, elegant, and pellucid fhell, from the coafi
of Pembrokeshire.

Oe

of

274.
0900 9 OO HOOD <B> QTDSHDOCo tte

GEN XXVI.

‘TROCHUS.

—Sa

Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, fpiral, fub-conic.

Aperture, fub-tetragonal, in fome angulated, in others
rounded ; tranfverfely contracted.

Columella, oblique.

1: mie

ZIZIPHINUS. Trochus ziziphinus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1231.—Giel. Syft. p.3579.80.
Chem. Conch. v. t. 166, f. 1592. 1594.
Lifter Conch. t.616. f.1. —Id. Angl. t.3.f.14.
Br. Zool. t. 80. f. 103.
Da Cofia. p.. 37. t. 3. £.252%
Borlafe Corn. t. 28. £7.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 472.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.44.

: Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 52.
Trochus Conulus. Br. Zoo] t. 80. f. 104.

Y. with a conic fhell, terminating in a very fine point,
with feven or eight volutions, wrought with feveral fpiral
ridges ;

275

ridges; the firft of thefe in each volution is larger, and
more prominent than the reft, and ferves to mark their di-
vifions: colour livid, or reddifh ; in fome darker, and 0}
a purplifh hue, ftreaked with longitudinal, broad, waved
lines of a deeper fhade, which are moft diftin@ on the
larger ridge, at the bottom of each volution: aperture
fomewhat compreffed, angulated: infide nacred: bafe
flattifh, with circular ridgesy generally of a paler colour

than the reft of the fhell, and without {pots ; imperforated..

The upper volutions are frequently finely tuberculated,
but not eafily perceived by the naked eye.

It is acommon fpecies on many of our fhores; plenti-
ful about Marazion in Cornwall, and on the coaft of
South Devon; frequently found with Turbo littoreus,
adhering to ftones, between high and low-water mark.
Length one inch; breadth at the bafe nearly the fame.

Animal yellowifh, mottled with reddifh-brown; tenta-
cula filiform, rufous-brown, paler beneath; eyes pedun-
culated; on each fide the body above the /u/tentaculum,
four very {mall filiform appendages on each fide.

—=>-—

Trochus fragilis. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 44.
Trochus papillofus. Da Cofta, p. 38. t. 3. f£. 3?
Gualt. t. 61. G. M.
Trochus Granatum. Giel. Sy/t. p.3584?—Turt. Lin iv.p.476?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1654—5 ?
Nn 2 T. with

PL
TENUIS.
‘Baba Os tase

276:

T. with a thin, fragile, conic fhell: in fhape and ge-
neral appearance much like 7. zzzephinus ; but is readily
diftinguifhed by the fine granulated ridges that compofe
each volution, without the larger one at the bafe of each,
fo confpicuous in that fhell. The aperture is not fo much
angulated ; the bafe more rounded, and marked with nu-
merous, fmall, reddifh fpots, never obferved in the other
fpecies; the volutions too are more rounded; and the
fhell not fo thick and ftrong: bafe imperforated: the
Columella refle&ts a little, and forms a {mall ridge and
depreffion in the place of an wmbelicus: colour brown,
with broad, longitudinal, deeper coloured ftripes ; fome-
times flefh-coloured, with a few faint pink markings.
Length an inch and a quarter; breadth rather lefs.

This f{pecies has probably been confounded with the T.
ziziphinus, and may poflibly be the variety of that fhell
defcribed by Linn aus, inthe Mufeum Regine, as being
tota pallida anfrathbus bafi gibbis, firiatis, fubtilifime
puntirs papillofis.

Door PuLTEeNEyY, who favoured us with this fhell,
fays it is found on the north fhore at Poole, and at Weymouth.

Da Cosra’s defcription anfwers in moft refpe&ts; but
his fhell is ftated to have a wide and deep cavity at the
bafe, at the bottom of which a tortuous wmdzlicus is feen.

This, however, his figure does not in the leaft exprefs;
he adds alfo, that the infide is white, but not pearly: this
might

oy
277
might be in a dead and worn fpecimen, but in recent

fhells that part is of a fine pearlaceoushue. Poflibly fome
variety of this {pecies may be umbilicated, as in fome fpe-

cimens we have feen a {trong inclination towards it. Da
Costa received his from Cornwall, but fays, he never
met with it from any other Brztz/h coalt.

Not 7. fragilis of Gmeuin ; have therefore not adopted

Doctor Putreney’s name, which at the time of writing

he had probably overlooked the circumftance of its being

preoccupied for a different fhell.

—<f-
Se

Trochus exiguus.. Pult. Cat. Dorfei. p. 44. Exicuus.
Rafter Conck. t. 6Y60 4025
Trochus exafperatus. Br. Zool. No. 105.
Trochus. Conulus.. Da. Coffa. p. 40. t.2.f. 4. 4.
Don. Br. Shells. i..t. 8. £22.
Trochus erythroleucos. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3581 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 473 2
Chem. Conch. v. t..162. f. 1529. a. bs

T. with a ftrong conic fhell, with fix volutions, termi-
nating in a fine point; each volution wrought with four
or five fmall, fpiral, crenated ridges: the wreaths defined
by a broad, and more elevated ridge, finely cut diagonally
with ftriz, or notches, that give it the appearance of
twifted cord; the interftices between the ridges, are very
finely ftriated in the fame direétion: colour various, cine-

reous-brown, or purplifh: the larger ridge frequently red,.
and

4.
STRIATUS.

278

and fometimes fpotted with white: the afex almoft uni-
formly of a fine deep crimfon: the bafe imperforated, mark-
ed with circular ridges: aperture angulated; infide white,
not pearlaceous. Length rarely three-eighths of an inch;
breadth a quarter of an inch.

This is not the 7. Conulus of Linnazus. It has much
the habit of 7. zzzzphinus, but on comparifon will be found
perfectly diftinét; that fhell not pofleffing the fine crenu-
lated ridges, fo confpicuous in this fpecies; is alfo more
pyramidal than that fhell; and moft times readily diftin-
guifhed by the crimfon tip.

Da Costa received it from the coaft of Devonfhire ;
and fays that it is not uncommon on the Su//ex coatt.

Doctor Maron in his Weftern Tour fays, he found it at
Treryn cove, near the lands end, in Cornwall.

Doftor PULTENEY gives it as a Dor/fet fhell, but {peaks
of it as rare. We have not been fortunate enough to find
it either on the Devon or Cornafh coafts, and confider it as
a f{carce fhell in England, never having occurred to us, ex-
cept on the fhore between Weymouth and Portland.

—<f-——

Trochus ftriatus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1280.—Gmel. Sy/ft. p. 3579.78.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 44.
Turt. Lin. iv. p.471.-—Gualt, t.61.f. N.
Lifter Conch. t. 621. f. 8.
Trochus

279

Trochus ftriatus. Chem. Conch. v. t. 162. f.1527. 28.
Trochus parvus. Da Cofta p. 41.

T. with a conic fhell, tapering to a fine point: volu-
tions fix, flat, and f{earcely defined by any feparating line;
each wrought with eight or nine fine fpiral ridges, inter-
feted by very {mall longitudinal ftriz, moft confpicuous
in the larger volutions: colour cinereous, with inter-
rupted, longitudinal, dark, purplifh-brown lines; fome-
times of a dull crimfon or purplifh hue, with darker lines
of the fame colour; the {treaks in fome are broad, 1n others
narrow: aperture angulated; infide pearlaceous, except
at the margin of the lip: bafe flat, with fine circular
ridges: imperforated. Size of the exzgwus, and has much
the habit of that fhell, but is readily diftinguifhed, not
only by the colour, but by being broader at the bafe, and
in wanting the large {piral ridge at the bottom of each vo-
lution; as well as the crimfon tip. The pearlaceous in-
fide appears alfo another diftinguifhing charaéter, as weil
as the fuperior number, and finenefs of the ridges on each
volution,.

We have found this {pecies plentiful amongft fand from
Falmouth harbour; and not uncommon in Devon/hire,
particularly in one part of Salcomb bay, where we have
taken them alive from the rocks at extraordinary low tides ;
but are feldom uncovered by the water. It is alfo found
on the Dorfet coaft fparingly. Is not the 7. parvus of
Mr. Apams given in the Linnean Tranfaciions, vol.an.
t. 65. the young of this fpecies?

Trochus.

1 UMIDUS.

Dab; 10. i) 4. 4.

280
Trochus Naffavienfis. Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1676 ?

T. witha ftrong, fub-conic, tumid fhell, with five voluti-
ons, wrought with extremely fine, clofe-fet, {piral ftriz, in-
ter rupted only by a deep feparating line; the volutions pro-
jeGt confiderably, but are not rounded: the point is fmall,
but not taper; at the bottom of the body whirl is a fub-
carinated edge: the bafe is a little rounded, and furnifhed
with a fmall wmbdelicus, frequently decreafing with age,
and fometimes almoft clofed in the larger fhells: aper-
ture fub-quadrangular, pearlaceous within: colour prin-
cipally cinereous-brown, fometimes with a yellowifh
caft, and rarely of a dark purplifh-brown; all more or lefs
{treaked with fine, obfcure, undulated lines, longitudinal-
ly : the purplifh coloured {pecimens are fometimes {potted
with white at the top of each volution. Length feldom
more than a quarter of an inch, and never quite three-
eighths; breadth ufually more than its length. The outer
coat of this fhell is extremely thin, under which the mo-
ther of pearl, gives it a fingular bronze appearance, in
fome particular points of view.

This may be confidered by no means a plentiful fpecies.
We have hitherto only taken it alive, by dredging, in Sal-
comb bay, where it is frequently found adhering to {tones
and broken fhells: dead ones are met with fometimes on
other parts of the coaft of Devon, particularly at Torcro/s,
amongft alge brought on fhore by the feine, and other
fifhing nets; thefe are moft times occupied by the fmaller
Cancer Bernardus,

Have

281

Have alfo received a fingle fpecimen from Wales, and
another from Kent; and obferved one in Mr. BryeEr’s
cabinet at Weymouth, found on that fhore.

Animal pale, with a few dufky {pots above at the pofte-
rior end, andatrant{verle ftreak of the fame behind the
lip: ¢entacula two, fetaceous; eyes black, placed on pedi-
cles behind the tentacula, and capable of turning about
in various directions: on the fides of the pofterior end are
four flender appendages, originating from under the cor-
neous operculum, which is fixed to that part.

6
Trochus craffus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 44. Crassus.

Trochus lineatus. [/. p. 44.

Turbo lineatus. Da Cofta p. 100. t. 6. f. 7.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. 't. 71.
Furt. Lin. iv. p. 480.

T. with a ftrong, thick, fub-conic fhell, with five round-
ed volutions, feparated by a {mall deprefled line: apex
moderately pointed when perfe&, but generally worn and
decorticated: colour cinereous, or light brown, covered
with fine, clofe-fet, zigzag lines, of purplith-brown; and
fometimes dark purplifh-black: aperture rounded on the
outer lip, angulated at bottom, furnifhed at that part witha
blunt, to oth-like protuberance; outer lip acute, inner mar-
gin purplifh; pillarlip fmooth, white, not pearly ; the white
part extends almoft acrofs the bafe, and is a little flattened
as if worn, but is an invariable character: in fome a flight

Oo umbilicus,

282

umbilicus, others totally devoid of fuch a mark: infide
pearlaceous. Length an inch; breadth rather lefs.

This fpecies varies a little in fhape; fome are more conic,
and the volutions more round and tumid than others; but
are always readily diftinguifhed from any other of the ge-
nus by the tooth, and the flat white fpace at the bafe.

The outer coat is rather thick, but when removed, the
whole fhellexceptthe apex, is of a beautiful mother of pearl.

Da Costa, who firft noticed this fhell from Cornwall,
Devonfhire, Dorfetfhire, Caernarvonfhire; Hampfhire, and
Norfolk, has placed it in the Turbo genus, from the fub-
orbicular fhape of the mouth, It 1s, however, fufficiently
angulated to rank it amongft the Trochz.

We have found it plentiful in many of the places men-
tioned by Da Cosra, particularly on the rocks at Ma-
razion in Cornwall, not unfrequent near Falmouth, and
very common on many parts of the coaft of South Devon.

It is always found adhering to rocks, or loofe ftones,
and feldom below mid-tide.

Doétor Putteney fent us the young of this fhell, ra-
ther more than half grown, for his Trochus lineatus.

Animal dufky-cinereous, frequently fpeckled with white, —
with two long, flender, pale tentacuda, ftreaked tranf{verfe-
ly,

283

ly, or annulated with black: eyes at the bafe of the tenta-
cula behind, placed on fhort, broad pedicles: margin of
the body, above the /uffentaculum, turnifhed with a feal-
loped, fin-like membrane; beneath which, on each fide, are
three long filiform appendages annulated with black, that
are continually in motion: behind the left eye is a fort of
plume, compofed of feveral fimple contiguous fibres,

—S-=

Trochus Magus. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1228.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3567. 7. Macus.
Lifter Conch. t. 640. f. 32 ?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1656. to 1660.
Br. Zool. t.80. £.107.— Lurt. Lin, iv. p.462.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 44.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 8. £f. 1.
Trochus tuberculatus. Da Cofta. p. 44. t.3.f.1. 1.

T. with five or fix, tumid, but rather depreffed voluti-
ons, marked by a deep feparating line, and terminating
in a very fine point: the volutions are wrought with fine
{piral ridges, or {trize, and the upper part of each undated,
or tuberculated, moft confpicuous in the two largeft: co-
lour various, but moft times white, or bluth, elegantly
marked with undulated ftripes and blotches of crimfon,
purple, or chefnut-brown; and fometimes prettily fpotted
all over with pink: aperture compreffed, angulated: wm-
bilacus large and deep. Size, ufually about an inch di-
ameter at the bafe, and three-quarters of an inch high;
fometimes, though rarely, an inch and a half broad.

Ooe2 The

S
CINERARIUS.

284

The young of this fpecies is frequently of a plain, light-
brown colour, ftrongly marked with clofe-fet, longitudinal
{riz between the ridges: the bafe projecting into a fub-
carinated edge, above which the fulcus is crenated.

It is not uncommon on many of our fhores; very plen-
tiful at Falmouth, amongft the fand from the harbour, of
an extraordinary fize; but moftly worn, and mutilated.

We have taken it alive, by dredging, in Salcomb bay,
and other parts of Devonfhire; but is rarely found in that
{tate above the loweft water-mark.

Animal with two moderately long, fetaceous ¢entacula,
annulated with black ; behind which, at the bafe, are placed
the eyes on peduncles: upper lip ciliated: the fides of the
body furnifhed with feveral filiform appendages. _

iP

Trochus cinerarius. Li. Sy/t. p.1229.— Gmiel Sy/t. p.3568.12.
Lifter Conch. t. 641. f. $1.—Id Angl. t. 3.
£152
Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1681? f. 1686.
Br. Zool. No.106.*— Turt. Lin. iv. p.463.
Don. Br. Shells. iti. t. 74. two upper and
two lower figures.
Trochus lineatus. Da Coffa. p. 43. t. 3. f. 6. 6.

T. with a conic, {pirally ftriated fhell!, not quite regu-
larly taper, but terminating in a {mall produced afex : the
volutions

285

volutions are not much raifed, but feparated by a fine line:
colour cinereous, marked with fine, approximate, undu-
Jated lines of brown; fometimes of a purplifh hue, that
cover the whole fhell in a longitudinal direétion: aperture
angulated; wmbzlicus fmall, but deep. Size at the bafe
five-cighths of an inch diameter; height the fame. Young
fhells are more flattened, or at leaft are broader in pro-
portion to their height; but the afex is always produced
and pointed,

This is a very common fpecies on moft of our fhores,
but has frequently been confounded with the next, though
fo effentially different.

Doétor Putteney has certainly fallen into this error,
in making the T. cenerarius of PENNaNT, and the wmdz-
licalis and cinereus of Da Costa the fame.

Animal very like that of the T. craffus, but paler; ten-
tacula and cirri, or feelers on the fides of the body, rather
Jefs annulated, the former in fome points of view appear
flightly ciliated: on the forehead a fcalloped membrane
divided in the middle. In a very pretty drawing executed
by Mr. Henry Boys, we perceive four {lender filaments
cn one fide of the body and three on the other; but in all
thofe we have examined there were only three on each
fide; and were deftitute of the plume, obfervable in the
animal of 7. craffus. It is probable thefe czrrz on the fides
may belong to the whole of this genus,

Trochus

9,
UMBILICATUS,

286

Trochus umbilicaris. Br. Zool. t. 80. f. 106.
Lifter. Conch, t. 640. f. 29?
Chem. Conch. v. t. 171. f. 1685.
Trochus umbilicalis. Da. Cojia. p. 46. t. 3. f. 4. 4.
Trochus cinerarius. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p 44.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 74. three middle
figures.

T. with a ftrong, flattifh fhell, rounded at the top; the
apex deprefled, and not pointed: the volutions are five,
nearly even, defined only by a fine, thread-like line, and
wrought with nearly obfolete {piral ftriz: colour white,
or greenifh, marked with longitudinal, waved, or zigzag
lines of a light or dark purple: aperture compreffed, an-
gulated: umbilicus large, and perforated to the apex.
Diameter, at the bafe, three-quarters of an inch; height
not five-eighths of an inch. Young shells are extremely
flat; thofe of three-eighths of an inch at the bafe, {carce
rife in height one eighth,

No two fhells feem to have puzzled conchologifts more
than this and the preceding, and even the later authors
have heaped confufion upon confufion; fome have made
them the fame, others have reverfed their trivial names,
or multiplied them into three diftiné& fpecies, from fome
accidental markings. Mr. Pennant, though very con-
cife, feems to have defined the diftin&tion pretty well; but
has erred in marking this fhell the wmbdzlicaris of Lin-
‘.£uS; that {pecies is very different, and not found in
England.

Upon

-87

Upon a firiét examination of a great variety of both
thefe f{pecies, we are aftonifhed they-could ever have
been confounded. This fhell is invariably more rounded
at the top, more comprefled or flattened, and the apex
more deprefled; and, what is remarkable, the afex is fo
thinly covered, that it is ufually worn, and the Columella
becomes pervious; fo that if a {mall pin is introduced at
the wmbalicus the point may be felt at the apex.

In the colour they are effentially, and invariably diffe-
rent; the ftreaks of this are always broader, and of a much
finer colour; whereas the cenerarzus is conftantly of a dull
cinereous, with the f{treaks fo fine and regularly difpofed,
as to make the fhell appear longitudinally ftriated.

Animal much like that of T. conerarius, but darker and
more ftrongly marked with black annulations on the ¢enta-
cula, and lateral cerrz: eyes pedunculated the fame, and
fituated behind or rather on the outfide of the tentacula.

=<
10.

Trochus terreftris. Br. Zool. t. 80. f. 108. TERRESTRIS.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 111.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 122. f. 1045. a. b. c.
Lifter Conch. t. 61. f. 58.
Favan. t.64. O.1.3.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.471.
Petiver Gaz. t. 22. f. 10.
Trochilus exiguus quatuor fpirarum elegantiflime ftriatus. Mor-
ton Northamp. p. 416.
Trochilus terreftris Mortoni Da Cofta. p. 36.“

Trochus terreftris tertius. Jd. p. 36.
T. with

288

T. with a thin, conic fhell, of a livid-white colour, with
five or fix volutions nearly flat, finely ftriated longitudinally,
divided by a very fmall depreffed line, and a prominent
ridge at the bafe of each: apex produced, but not very
pointed: aperture much compreffed. angulated: bafe flat,
{lriated from the centre: umbilicated: round the bafe a
{trong carinated edge. Diameter rather more than a quar-
ter of an inch; height not quite fo much.

' There can be little doubt but this is the fame as that
found by Morton in Northamptonfhire, and afterwards
by Mr. Hupson in the mountains of Cumberland, com-
municated to Mr. Pennant. Da Costa does not ap-
pear to have been acquainted with this fhell, but has taken
his defcription from the authors above quoted. He alfo
gives another fpecies, which he calls Trochus terreftris
Liftert, and quotes Lister’s Anglica, Morton’s North-
ampton, and the Philofophical Tranfaciions. This we are
inclined to think is our Helzx trochiformis.

The Trochus terreftris is the only true land fhell of
that genus found in England, and may be confidered
as very rare. It may not however be improper to remark
in this place, that many of the long Turbines may readily
be miftaken for 7rochz-in their infant ftate, when only
three or four volutions are formed; the bafe of which is
generally flat, and the aperture tranfverfely compreffed.

Such we have frequently received from our friends for
new fpecies of Trochz ; in particular the Turbo Mu/corum.
Trochus

289

Wi.
Trochus fufcus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 471s Fuscus,
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 24.
Trochus umbilicatus quinque anfra¢libus marginatus apertura
fubrotunda. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 58.
The five-{pired, umbilicated, marginated top fhell, with
a roundifh aperture.
The colour opaque-brown. From Sandwich ; common.
Not being acquainted with this fpecies, we have been
obliged to copy Mr. Warker’s defcription. The figure
given is about the fize of our T. twmzdus ; poflibly a va-
riety of that {pecies, unlefS a {mall figure was forgot to be
given.
=e
cz
Trochus cinereus. Da Cofta. p. 42. t. ili. f. 5. 5. CINEREUS,

This fpecies, which Da Costa fpeaks of as common
in Suffex, Effex, Cornwall, Chefhire, Northumberland, and
in the Orknies, we have never been fortunate enough to
identify ; poffibly it is only a variety either of the T. cine-
varius, or T. umbilicatus.

- Doftor Putteney confidered it as a variety of the for-
mer: but, notwithftanding, we think it right to give it a
feparate place, on account of fome characters which muft
create a doubt of its being either of thofe fhells.

It is thus deferibed: “The fhell is thick and ftrong, of
Pp the

290

the fize of a cherry, fhape obtufely pyramidal, or not
quite tapering to a point,

The bafe is very concave, with fome circular furrows;
the mouth roundifh and capacious, within fine mother of
pearl; the outer lip fmooth and even: the inner, or pil-
lar lip, has two jags or flight teeth, and two furrows crofs-
ing it tranfverfely: from hence. it widens, runs oblique,
and forms a fpacious cavity, at the bottom of which lies the
umbilicus, deep, cylindric, and fo hollow as to admit the
head of a large pin. All this part is of a dark afh, greatly
variegated with blackifh lines or ftreaks, which run length-
ways and acrofs: but the beginning of the umbzlzcus is
generally pearly, and ofa fine light greenifh colour. The
body and turban have five bellied, or fwelled, wreaths or
whirls, feparated by a very depreffed line; they are circu-
larly ftriated, but faintly, and the colours are exaétly the
fame as on the bafe.

The outer coat being taken off, the whole fhell is fine
mother of pearl.

Da Costa has quoted Wattace, Lrster’s Concho-
lory, DALE, and Watts, but we can find nothing that
throws more light upon the fubjeét.

The ftru@ure of the aperture certainly indicates a dif-
tint fpecies, as none of the Brite/h Trochi poffefs any
thing like two teeth, as a permanent charatter; at the

. fame

291

fame time, fo common a fhell as it is defcribed to be,
can hardly be fuppofed to efcape the notice of concholo-
gifts of the prefent day.

We mutt, therefore, either conclude Da Costa was
deceived with refpeé to its being common ; that it is only
a variety of one of the-more plentiful fpecies; or fufpeét
that the fhell in queftion is foreign, as is the figure quo-
ted in Lister, tab. 633.

END OF PART f.

Noltis, Printer, Remfey.

A er att
F ~ ; Re tm,

| ae ri j
ao : an re wwaayly vs Neiualdn iy Samui Ten 2 .
es . | ; thie | Se
- : ; + ~* %

ee ms ay Adc ran He et te

s i : _.

. : i! Pe. ‘ _ it é E Pa

x x ee a “7 WH : ‘ i : a weg
i. i _/ . p

ee JB yal, PVM: VORMTD, |

‘ 4 :
ar , ongenmngy an ee : nat : bis
; ' - Sia eR vee varie oy Me ys aden Says, i 5 ;
ly a ee ages was
; ‘ '
“a
?
1
i
}
;
p
A ‘
; ‘

TE STAC RA BRUT ANNI CA

yy, lel. y, & M4 of dio

a Et aa OF
2 BRITISH SHELL. Sa
fo eae ae. i ae D
MARINE, LAND, and rai SH- WATER
te vais the most minute. sy. wee ee and
EMBELLISHED with FIGURE S,
oe a. oe

CEORGE MONTAGU. EL.S.

CULO of good.
eon Oey

Couper 5

> 1%
P)
i } x 4 Ae

Ny

.. yan sty Sh ae a ey wad v
io ~~ 2 4h
ua
ine all _— ae

1n-e., ii is ae
¥ ¥ a

TESTACEA BRITANNICA ;

OR,

BRITISH SHEELG

BART IF.

PRINTED BY J. S. HOLLIS, ROMSEY:

AND SOLD BY J. WHITE; FLEET-STREET, LONDON.

ao

s% sao ‘anion @ 2h. ea RAT

‘

> ae ; OWA cD Mt ep e-W 14g i ‘hie aetee

. af
’ .
< - a vec ae ; an
. a * ° — Sou
¥ rt j ‘
= = ‘ ’ J
is } Py , a:
al . bd a =
7 4 ’ Z 7 m4
4 fi 4 a ty A ‘
= ‘ 2
’ - ? iid
, * 4 ma
= a . “ey
us ’ i
% a
r ~ ‘ x ‘ 7 d ~
-
= ~~ -* ‘
4 a ‘ » i
2 ae ee a
-- > ; gi hs +)
- i
-s
ae ‘ 7 uJ ; i
. £ . 1 y i
. ‘a my

es 090TH ETOH DOD <VS- TOO SSO Ct o———-

GEN. XXVII.

TURBO.

——<

Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, fpiral.

Aperture, contrated, orbicular, entire.

—aP

. *MARINE.T %

Turbo Terebra. Lin. Sy/t. p.1239.—Gmel. Sy. p.3608. TeEREBRA,
Martini Conch. iv. t. 151. f. 1415. to 1419.
Lifter Conch. t. 590. £. 55 2—t. 591. f 57.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 8.
Br. Zool. t. 81. f. 113.
Don. Br. Shells. 1. t. 22. £. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 497.
Strombif. Terebra. Da Co/ta. p. 112. t. 7. f. 5. 6.
Turbo ungulinus. Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 45.
T. with
+ It was not thought requifite in a partial work, to follow the Linnean fub-
divifions in each genus; we have therefore divided this genus into Marine and

Land: to the laft are added all the frefh-water fhells, andthe reverfed, or heterc-
Srrophe {pecies, are brought together at the end, for the facility of comparifon.

294

T. ofa long, taper fhape, with from twelve to fixteen
volutions, terminating in a very fine point; the larger
whirls are fomewhat rounded, the fmaller ones lefs diftinét,
marked with many fine, {piral ftrie, or fharp elevated
ridges: colour light-brown, fometimes rufous-brown :
aperture orbicular; outer lip thin, fragile, and femi-pel-
lucid. Length generally about an inch and a half, fome-
times two inches; breadth at the bafe five-eighths of an
inch,

Worn fhells, that have loft the outer coat, are frequenly
marked with ftreaks of chefnut-brown, or with an inter-
rupted f{piral belt. This fpecies is not uncommon on fome
of our fhores, but moftly mutilated. We once found it
alive, in great abundance, adhering to alge, thrown up
at Dawlif/h in Devonfhire, after a fevere {torm: and have
dredged it up from Salcomd bay, and other parts of the
fame coatt.

Door Putteney confidered this as the 7. ungulinus
of Linn us, and not the Terebra. Gein, however,
quotes Martint’s figures, which are certainly this fhell ;
and does not quote any author for the wngulinus but
MULLER.

Poflibly both thefe fhells are mere varieties, with the
{piral ridges more or lefs numerous and prominent.

Animal yellowifh, ftriped with dufky: centacula two,
fhort, withthe eyes placed at their bafe,
Strombif,

205

Strombif. cinétus. Da Coffa. p. 114. t. 7. f.8.
Martini. Conch. iv. t. 152. f. 1425,
Lifter Conch. t. 592. f. 60.
Turbo cinéus. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 22. f.1.
Turbo variegatus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1240?—Gmel. Sy/?. p.3608 ?
Turbo exoletus, Turt, Lin. iv. p. 496.

T. of a long taper fhape, with twelve or fourteen vo-
‘ations, rather raifed, and feparated by a deep depreflion ;
wrought with obfolete fpiral ftrie, with two flrong, ele-
vated ridges in the middle of each volution: colour white,
or purplifh, marbled and variegated with chefnut, gene-
rally in longitudinal, undulated ftreaks ; afex fharp point-
ed: aperture orbicular. Length two inches and a half;

breadth at the bafe, five-eighths of aninch.

This is a much flronger fhell than the preceding f{pe-
cies, and is at once diflinguifhed by the two remarkable,
elevated ridges. Da Costa received it from the coaft
of Lincolnfhire, and Lanca/hire, and fufpected it to be the
T. exoletus of Linn aus.. Martinv’s figure above quo-
ted, exprefles the fhell pretty well, and which GmeELIn
has. referred to for the 7. variegatus. Doftor Turton
has confidered it the exoletus by his quotations.

This 1s certainly a very rare {pecies on the Engli/h coalt.
We have received it from Sandwich in Kent.
This and the preceding fpecies are the two moft per-

fe€tly turrited fhells of the larger fpecies found in Eng-
land ;

2

Cinctus,

Ss

CLaTurRus.

296

land ; for we cannot confider Turbo dupizcatus of Lin-
N £US, at prefent, as properly belonging to the fhells of
Great Britain.

Lister had no better authority for placing it in his
Anim. Anglia tab. 3. fig. 7. than that he bought it of a
fifherman at Scarborough. On the fame ground PEn-
NANT admitted it into the Br. Zoology, fig. 112. Da
Costa did the like, under the title of Strombzformis bi-
carinatus, tab. 6. f.3. Donovan, following thefe ex-
amples, has figured it in his Br. Shells, tab. 102. Well
aware from experience, that the fimple authority of a
fifherman is not fufficient to flamp its validity, we have
omitted it in our catalogue, thoroughly believing it never
has been found on the Brztz/h coaft. Is generally fup-
pofed to be an oriental {pecies.

=

Turbo Clathrus. Lin. Sy/t. p.1237.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3603.63.
Borlafe Corn. t. 28. f. 9.
Lifter Conch. t. 588. f. 51.
Martini Conch. iv. t. 153. £. 1434, to 1438
Bri Zod. tiB%—e fo ddd, Ake Ag
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 45.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 28.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 493.
Sirombit clathratus. Da Cofta. p. 115. t. 7. f. 11.

T. with from nine to twelve taper fpires, terminating
in a fine point; the volutions extremely rounded, fepara-
ted by a deep depreffion, and regularly barred the whole

length

297

Tength of the fhell, with from.nine to twelve regular, and
diftant, high, membranaceous ribs, runninga little oblique:
aperture orbicular, margin thickened by a rib that fur-
rounds it: colour white, fometimes with a few brown
markings. Length an inch and an half; breadth at the
bafe half an inch. Exotic fpecimens are frequently larger.
and have the ribs and markings ftronger.

This elegant fpecies, which much refembles that once
coftly and much coveted fhell, the Wentle-trap, is found
on feveral parts of our coaft, but no where plentiful. We
have taken it at Falmouth in Cornwall, and on the fhores
of South Devon; but feldom perfeét, except {mall ones.

Young recent fpecimens are beautifully white, and
polifhed between the ribs.

Da Costa fpeaks of it as plentiful on the eaftern coafts
of Wales, and in Scotland. Is alfo found in Dor/et/hire
and Kent.
—<e-
4.
Turbo clathratus fex anfra€tibus apertura ovali marginata. CLaTHRatuLus
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 45.
Turbo Clathratulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f£. 19.

This fpecies originally defcribed by Mr. WaLker, dif-

fers in nothing from the preceding, except in fize, and in
the number of volutions, and ribs, We were firft fa-

Qq voured

5.
ELEGANTISSI-
MUS.

Arabs a0: 2.

208

voured with a {pecimen of this fhell from Mr. Boys, with
reference to the figure in Tefla minuta rariora: shave
fince found it on the coaft of South Devon {paringly ; and
have received it from Mr. Bryer of Weymouth, asa, fell
of that fhore.

It has generally five or fix volutions, .and the ribs are
about fifteen in number, placed nearer together, and the
fhell rather more flender than the T..Clathrus, of the fame
fize: there 1s, however, fo much fimilitude, that doubts
muft be entertained whether they are really diftin@, efpe-
cially as the number of ribs in that {heli is apt to vary;
nor does there appear any effential difference in the aper-
ture, although Mr. Wacker calls it oval.

en

Turbo turritus novem anfraétibus ftriatis apertura rotunda.

Walk. Min. Shells. f. 39.

T. with from nine to thirteen flat fpires, well defined
by the feparating line; long, taper, and terminating in a
fine point; the volutions are cut longitudinally into regu-
lar, equidiftant furrows, the whole length of the fhell,
fcarcely interrupted by the feparating line, and run a lit-
tle oblique to the right; the /ulcz are moderately deep,
but not fo broad as the elevated ridges: aperture fub-
orbicular, a little angulated at the upper and lower parts ;
inner lip fomewhat reflected: colour gloffy, femi-pellucid,
white. Length commonly-a quarter of an inch, rarely
three-eighths; breadth nota fourth part of its length. A

remark -

299

remarkable characier of this fhell is, that the extreme
{pire turns perpendicularly upward, and then downward
on the volution beneath, making half a lateral turn.

Mr. Watker, who [peaks of this fpecies as very rare
at Sandwich, could only have taken his defcription from
fmall and worn fpecimens, as he ftates it to have but nine
{pires, and to be opaque. In that flate we received it
from Mr. Boys for the fhell above quoted. We have
found it not uncommon in fand from Falmouth harbour;
and more rarely on the coaft of Devon, but have obtained
it alive from Salcomd bay in the fouth, and from //fracomd
in) the north: in this. {late it is covered with a brown ef2-
dermis, which ob{icures the beauty of the fhell.

—_>—
6.

T. with nine extremely flender, f{mooth, pellucid-white Nitipissimus.
fpires, terminating in a fine point: the volutions greatly Tab. 12. f. 1.
raifed and much rounded, feparated by a deep depreflion:
aperture fub-orbicular; inner lip.a little refle¢ted. Length
one eighth of an inch.

We found this fpecies in fand from Falmouth harbour,
very rare.
ete

i
ie

Turbo turritus feptem anfraétibus firigatis apertura ovali. Unicus.
Walk. Min. Shells £. 40. Male 1258. oe
Turbo albidus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. £. 17.
Qq 2 T, with

300

T. with nine flender, glofly, pellucid-white fpires, ter-
minating in a fine point; the volutions rounded, feparated
by a deep depreflion, and wrought with fine longitudinal
ridges, or frie, fomewhat undulated; the intermediate
fpaces with extremely fine tranfverle flrie, fcarce per-
ceptible, except greatly magnified: aperture fub. orbicular,
inclining to oval. Length two-tenths of an inch,

This, and the preceding fpecies, are the moft flender
fhells hitherto known: found with it, and equally rare.

One we received from Mr. Boys,for Watxker’s fhell as
above quoted, was not near fo long, and was opaque as
defcribed by that author.

8. .

SUBTRUNCATUS

T. with fix or feven rounded fmooth fpires, feparated
Tab. 10. f. 1.

by a deep depreffed line, gradually tapering to an obtufe
point: aperture fub-orbicular, inclining to oval: colour
pellucid yellowifh-white. Length two-tenths of an inch;
breadth about one fourth its length. Some of this f{pecies
are a little gloffy, and faintly ftriated longitudinally.

We found this on the fhore at Southampton, and in fand
from Salcomd.

9, : ——
TRUNCATUS. Helix Truncatula. Gmel Sy/i. p. 3659 ?
Tab. 10, f. 7. Turbo nitidus, Lin. Trans. iii. p. 65. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 487. :

T. with

301

T, with a cylindric, fmooth, gloffy, pellucid, horn-
coloured fhell, with four fpires: apex abrupt, as if muti-
lated: the volutions confiderably raifed, and divided by
a deep depreffed line: aperture fub-orbicular, flightly mar-
ginated, refleéting a little on the pillar lip. Dead fpeci-
mens are opaque yellowifh white; and a rare variety is
longitudinally ftriated, or marked with crenul@ in the /u-
éures, or {piral divifions.

We found this fingular fpecies, not uncommon, on the
fhore at Southampton, at Plymouth, and other parts of
the Devon/fhire coatt fparingly: have alfo received it from
Mr. Bryer of Weymouth.

The number of volutions are almoft invariably the fame,
one inftance only occurred which had five; the fhape of
this fhell was rather more flender. Length ufually two-
tenths of an inch; breadth one third its length,

—<Ijo—
10.
Turbo littoreus. Liz. Sy/t. p.1252.—Gmnel. Sy/f. p. 3588.8. Lirtoreus,
Chem. Conch. v. t. 185. f£. 1852. 1. 2. 3.4.5.
* 6.7. 8.—Br. Zool. t. 81. f. 109.
Lift. Conch. t.535. £.43.—1d. Angl. t.3. f. 9.
Da Cofia. p. 98. t. 6. f.1. 1.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.45.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.480.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 33. f. 1. 2.
Turbo obtufatus. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1232 ?—Ginel. Sy/t. p, 3588.12
f Puit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 45.
Painted Turbo. Walk. Min. Shells. f. $1.
T. with

302

T. with a very ftrong, fub-oval fhell: the firft volution
large, the others, which are four or five, are fmall and
nearly flat, feparated only by a fine line: aperture fub-
orbicular; outer lip thin; inner lip thick and ftrong.
Length frequently an inch. Full grown fhells are ufually
fmooth, of a uniform brown colour: younger ones are
often fafciated with broad, white, or purplifh-brown bands,
marked with fine f{piral ftrie, and have the apex more
acute than in adults.

This fpecies is fo various in flape and markings in its
infant ftate, that it has frequently been miftaken for a diffe-
rent fhell: and we fufpeét a variety is the T. obtufatus of
Linn aus, figured in Cuemnitz vol. v. t. 185. a. b.c. d.
e.f. Such are not uncommon on our fhores: the {trie
on fome are numerous and fmall; others deeply fulcated,
and the ridges fharp, and a little reflexed: fume marked
with narrow fa/cia, others with one white band only on
the body. Frequently found.of an orange-yellow, finely
{triated all over; the upper volutions f{carce diftinguifhable
from the flriz, and fometimes of a different colour.

A variety elegantly chequered withebrown and white ;
{more rare) is alfo figured by CuemNniTz.

The litioreus, ufually known by the name of Perv-
winkle, is frequently taken and fold by meafure in many
of cur fea-port towns.

Animal ftriped with black: tentacula two, fetaceous,
not

303

not quite round, annulated, or flreaked tranivenciy wh
black: eyes at the bafe of the ten{acula, prominent.

—

4

ll.
T. with a flrong, fhort, conic fhell, nearly as broad as Tenesrosus.

it is long; of a dark chocolate-brown, with five, rather

ventricofe, fpires: the lower volution occupies half the

length of the fhell: afex obtufely pointed: aperture fub-

orbicular; outer lip thin, except at the lower angle, where

it fpreads a little, and from thence continues to thicken on

the pillar lip; infide very dark purplifh-brown. Diame-

ter a quarter of an inch.

This littoreal fpecies, is found on the mud, and on rocks
near high-water mark, and even in ditches fubject to the
daily flux of the tide.

We had for a long time confidered this fhell a variety of
the young 7. /zttoreus, or T. rudis; but late obfervations
have inclined-us to think it diftinét; it is therefore given
a feparate place, but not without fome doubt.

It is by no means fo common, having at prefent only
found it in one or two places on the coaft of Devonfhire,
and once obtained it from Kent: and have obferved, where
# was mott plentiful, no /ittorews or rudis occurred. The
colour is invariably darker than either of thofe fhells, and
without markings of any kind; it is faintly wrinkled acrofs
the {pires, but rarely fpirally ftriated as in the young /2t-

toreus,

12.
Rupls.

304

toreus, and that in an obfolete manner; add to this, the
ftrength of the fhell feems to indicate its being formed and
full grown: befides it is to be remarked, that no interme-
diate fizes are to be found of the fame colour and fhape,
except from the tenth of an inch to one quarter,

We muf however remark, that fome of thefe littoreal

hells are by no means eafily afcertained in the pullus or

fry tate; and, indeed, fome of them in the more advan-
ced ftages are not readily identified.

The aperture of this fhell is guarded with a corneous
operculum, like that of the litioreus.

When we confider the vaft variety the T. dittoreus is
fubje& to in different {tages of growth, it is but right to
acknowledge, that there is no fmall difficulty in determin-
ing what are really belonging to that fpecies, amongft the
littoreal fhells of our coafts; the fhades and gradations are
fo intimately blended, that it is fearce poflible to deter-
mine what marks a chara¢ieriftic line of divifion,

—<Oo

Turbo rudis. Don. Br. Shelly. i. t. 33. £.3.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 480.
Chem, Conch. v. t. 185. f. 1853..

T. with 2 thick {trong fhell, with five ventricofe volu-
tions, well defined by a feparating line; and fometimes

faintly marked with fpiral ftrie, moft confpicuous at the
bale :

505

apex rather pointed: aperture fub-orbicular; imner lip

thick, a little refle&ted, and fometimes in old fhells forms

a {mall depreffion, or /ub-wmbilicus: colour dirty yel-
low-white, or brown. Length three-quarters of an inch;
breadth rather lefs.

. Very young fhells are of a deep-brown colour, but in
every other refpeét the fame ; except being proportion-
ably more flender.

This fpecies, which no doubt has been confounded
with 7. lzttoreus, is at once difcriminated by the round
tumid volutions, in all its various fages of growth. It
is not fo common as that fhell, but is found plentiful on
the fhores about Falmouth, efpecially under Pendennis -
Caftle, adhering to the rocks. We have alfo found it at
Plymouth, and other parts of the Devonfhire coalt; but
rarely above half an inch in length.

Animal yellowifh, without {pots or ftripes, with two
fetaceous tentacula of the fame colour, moft commonly

_marked with a longitudinal dufky ftreak on the outfide.

The invariable difference in the colour of the animals
of this and the /2¢toreus, is a {trong charaéteriftic diftingti-
on. Inthe operculum they alfo differ ; this is more round
and more ftrongly fpirally ftriated; but both are equally
corneous, and permanent.

#* <
We have lately been favoured with fome notes taken
i by

13:
STRIATULUS.
Mabe LO. t.'5.

306

by Mr. Henry Boys of Sandwich, accompanied with
many elegant drawings of various fubjeéts in natural hif-
tory ; amongft which is a very good figure of this fhell,
with the following remarks :

« Has much the habits of Turbo littoreus, and the va-
‘ rieties of both fhells run much into one anothers it dif-
«fers however in the diftin€inefs of the whirls, in the co-
*“lour being generally yellow, being a {maller fhell, and
«in being viviparous ; befides, the two fhells are feldom
“ found together ; on the fpot where this Turdo is found
“there are not any of the T. /dttoreus, though the latter
“are abundant in the neighbourhood. On Stones be-
«tween high and low water-mark at Wazt/table, on the
“ Hearn fide of the copperas works.”

ee

Turbo firiatulus. Ziv. Sy/t. p.1238.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3604.67.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 494.
Turbo carinatus. Da Cofta. p. 102. t. 8. f. 10.

T. with four or five volutions, each terminating in a
flat top, which marks their divifions; the bafe is wrought
with fine fpiral ftriz, which towards the upper part rife
into three diftant, elevated, membranaceous ridges, con-
tinuing throughout the fuperior volutions; but become
faint towards the apex : the furrows are deep and round-
ed at the bottom: it is ftrongly ftriated longitudinally
from top to bafe; but moft confpicuous in the fur-
rows, being a little interrupted by the ridges, yet giv-

mg

a

a ae

307

ing it a pretty cancellated appearance, particularly on
the lower part of the body whirl: apex not very pointed :
aperture fub-orbicular, angulated at the upper part, and
marginated. Length two-tenths of aninch; breadth not
quite fo much. It is rather a {trong fhell for its fize;
when recent is fub-pellucid white: dead fhells are opaque.
Is a very rare f{pecies, and when perfeét, is a moft elegant
and curious fhell.

Da Costa is the only author who has given it as an
Englifh {pecies: he received it from Cornwall. We have
alfo found it in fand from Falmouth harbour, and on the
coaft of South Devon; but very rare in both places.

Linn aus fays it is a Medzterranean hell.

~~

T. with a fmooth, conic fhell, with fix rounded volu- V

tions, of a fub-pellucid, rufous horn-colour: the lower
fpire marked with four, and fometimes five, purplifh-
brown, or chefnut coloured bands, with a broad fpace
between the three lower and the upper ones; in the fecond
and third fpires are only two bands: the afex is fmall,
but not very pointed: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip
very thin; inner lip thick, white, furnifhed with a nar-
row channel, which terminates in a {mall wmdilicus.
Length rather more than three-eighths of an inch.

This fpecies is fubjett to fome variety: fometimes it
ero is

14.
INCTUSe

PS.
AURICULARIS.

308

is of a light horn-colour, and the bands faint; others are
quite plain, and might be miftaken for: Turbo canalis, was
it not forthe mouth of that fhell being fub-angulated, and

the pillar lip with a much larger canal, and wmbzlicus.

It alfo bears fome refemblance to Turbo quadrifafciatus,
but is vaftly larger, not near fo thick and ftrong, and is
deftitute of the fub-carinated edge at the bafe.

We difcovered this fhell alive in Salcomb bay, at low
water-mark, adhering to alg@; fome are of a greenifh
colour between the bands; and when examined under a
magnifying glafs, appear in fome lights to be finely reti-
culated. ;

<Q

T. with aconic, fmooth, fub-pellucid, light horn-co-
loured fhell: volutions five, much rounded, and deeply
divided by the feparating line : afex moderately pointed,
and ufually of a darker colour: aperture fub-oval, or
rather ear-fhaped; outer lip thin; inner lip much re-
flexed upon the body, forming an angle about the mid-
dle, behind which is a narrow umbzlicus. Length three-
eighths of an inch ; breadth not quite two-eighths.

This fomewhat refembles Helix foffaria, but befides
being a marine fhell, is effentially different in the mouth.
Is a are fpecies, never having found it any where but on
the fhore near Southampion, and there not common.

T. with

P.
a
#

309

16
T. with a conic, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, with Canatis.
five fmooth, rounded volutions, the lower one large in Tab. 12. f.11.
proportion to the reft : afex pointed: aperture fub-orbi-
cular, fub-angulated; outer lip extremely thin; pillar
lip broad, white, furnifhed with a channel or groove,
terminating in an wmbilicus.

This fpecies has fomewhat ‘the habit of Helix tentacu-
lata, but is at once difcriminated by the aperture, and
groove on the Colwmella; is alfoa marine fhell. It rarely
exceeds three eighths of an inch in length, and a quar.
ter in breadth. We found this only on the fhore near
Southampton, where it is plentiful: and with it what muft
be confidered a variety, with two brown bands on the
body ; in every other refpe& the fame: fuch however is
rare,

aie
lids

Turbo levis quinque anfraétibus apertura fub-rotunda mar- CRassior.
ginata. Walk. Min. Shells. £. 24.

T. with a ftrong, thick, opaque, yellowifh-white, co-
nic fhell, with five rounded volutions, divided by a deep
depreffion, and terminating in a fine point: aperture fub-
orbicular; pillar lip wrinkled, that and the infide white.
Length half an inch; breadtha quarter. Live fhells are
covered with a thin, light yellowifh-brown efzdermzs, be-
neath which a few obfolete ftrie are obferved in a fpiral
direétion on the body whirl.

Tt

18.
Parvus.

310

. It has fomewhat the habit of the preceding fpecies, but
is readily diftinguifhed by being thick and opaque; in
being longer in proportion to its breadth, and in having the
volutions more raifed ; the body whirl too is not fo large
in proportion to the fuperior ones. In fome inftances
we have feen this fhell, when young, with an inclination
to a groove, and wmdzlicus on the pillar lip, but never
fo large as in the other, and which always clofes up with
age.

We are indebted to Mr. Boys for our firft acquaint-
ance with this {pecies, from whom we received a great
many fpecimens of all fizes, with a reference to Mr.
WALKER’s figure as above quoted: and who informed
us, it is not uncommon on the coaft of Sandwich.

Have fince found it in tolerable abundance on the
fhore of Biddeford bay.

It feems Mr. Waxxer had by fome accident made a
miftake, in placing a minute figure by the fide of the
large one.

—< fe

Turbo parvus. Da Coffa. p. 104.—Walk. Min. Siells f. 43.
Turbo ewreus. Liz. Tras. iii. p. 66. t.13. £.29.30.( Adams)
j Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488.
Turbo laGteus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3604?
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 90.
Turbo fubluteus. Lin, Trans. iii, t. 13. £.15. 16. var. (Adams)
T. with

31)

T. with a ftrong, conic fhell, with five or fix voluti-
ons, coarfely ribbed: colour various; fome glofly white,
others dark chefnut-brown, or pale rufous, fometimes
variegated ; but the moft beautiful {pecimens are dark
with white ribs: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip thick-
ened by a rib. A variety is only ribbed on the lower
volution; others are fometimes found worn quite fmooth
and gloffy, and might readily be miftaken for diftiné
fpecies; but this is not unufual with many fmall fhells
taken amongft fine fand, by the conftant friétion of which
they are worn and polifhed. ‘The general fize is about
one eighth of an inchin length. Perfeét fhells have the
ribs {trong and diftant, from nine to eleven on the body
whirl.

We have found this fpecies in great abundance in
Cornwall, particularly at the land’s end, and at Fal-
mouth; and not uncommon on the coaft of Devonfhire,
Dorfeifhire, and various other parts; indeed, it appears
to be one of the moft common fhells on all our fandy
fhores.

Da CosrTa mentions it from Guern/fey.

<i

uv)

‘Turbo coftatus. Lin. Trans. iii. p.65. t.13. f.13.14.(Adams) Costatus:

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 487.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 47.
Turbo craffus. Turt. Lin iv. p. 500.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 20.
T. with

Tab. 10, i On

2Or
STRIATUS.

312

T. with a ftrong, fub-pellucid, glofly, white hell,
with four or five volutions, much raifed, and well defined
by the feparating line; furnifhed with ftrong ribs, and
finely ftriated tranfverfely, moft confpicuous between
the ribs: afex rather obtufe: aperture fub-orbicular ;
lip a little expanded, bordered by a ftrong, prominent,
fulcated rim, ftriated in the depreffion: a ridge zifes at
the upper angle of the aperture, and runs tranfverfely
backward, then turns downward, and joins to the mar-_
gin of the lip behind; this ridge is bordered above by a
fine depreffed line, where the longitudinal ribs terminate.
Length nearly one eighth of an inch; breadth about one
third its length. Dead and worn fhells become opaque ; in
which flate Mr. WALKER defcribes itas rare at Sandwich.

Mr, Anas found it on the coaft of Pembrokefhire. It
is not uncommon‘on various parts of the coafts of De-
vonfhire and Dorfetfhire, efpecially in fand from Salcomd
bay; we have alfo taken it in fand from Falmouth, and
other parts of Cornwall. Ina recent ftate, it is one of the
moft beautiful microfcopic fhells, hitherto difcovered on
the fhores of Great Britazn.

—Q

Turbo firiatus. Lin. Trans. iil. p.66. t.13.£.25.26.( Adams)
Walk. Min. Shells. £2.49.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488.
Turbo Shepeianus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 22. ;
T. with

313

T. with a pellucid, gloffy, white heli, with fix volu-
tions, fomewhat rounded, and feparated by a well defi-
ned line: the upper part of each volution faintly ribbed ;
the whole fhell very finely and regularly ftriated tranf-
verfely: apex moderately pointed: aperture fub-oval,
marginated. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth ra-
ther more than one third of its length.

Live fhells are covered with a brown epidermis, that
- obfcures their beauty; in this {tate we found it plentiful
at Plymouth at the roots of alge. It is allo common on
other parts of the coaft of Devon; and fparingly at Fal-
mouth, and other parts of Cornwall. Mr. WALKER fays
Shepey ifland, very rare: and Mr. Apams found it on
_ the coaft of Pembrokefhire.
—>—
é BAI
T. with a ftrong, conic, gloffy, white fhell, with feven Bryereus.
fmooth fpires finely coftated: the volutions are fomewhat Tab. 15. f. 8.
rounded, and well defined by the line of feparation ; but
{carcely interrupt the ribs, (which are feventeen or eigh-
teen in number,) from continuing throughout the ‘hell:
aperture oval; outer lip ftrong; pillar lip replicate,
fmooth,

A variety with ftronger, and fewer ribs, not exceeding
ten or twelve in number.

At firft fight this has fomewhat the appearance of Tt.
Sf coftatus

22,
ConireRUS.
abe lo: 1.2.

31A

coftatus, but the ribs are finer, more numerous, ahd def-
titute of the tranfverfe firie: in the aperture alfo ‘it ‘is
effentially different, not poffefling the marginated lip fe
confpicuous in that fhell.

The fize is double that of the coftatus: length rather
lefs than a quarter of an inch.

We received feveral of this pretty fpecies from Mr.
Bryer of Weymouth, who found them at.different times
on that coaft. It 1s alfo an occidental fhell.

<i

T. with a ftrong, taper, white fhell, with fix volutions
terminating in rather an obtufe point, and furnifhed with
about twelve undulated ribs, interrupted only by a fine
feparating line; the interftices between them, at the top
of each volution, are formed into {mall cavities, giving
that part a fcalloped or denticulated appearance; thefe
fingular indentations continue throughout the fpiral di-
vifional line: the ribs are crofled by extremely fine, clofe-
fet ftrie, not difcernable without the affiftance of a lens:
aperture oval, oblique, ftrongly marginated; pillar lip
not reflected. Length a quarter of an inch; breadth one-
third its length.

This very elegant fhell we were favoured with by Mr.
Bryer, who found it at Weymouth with the preceding

Mpecies,

T. with

. 315
23.
T. with a conic, fub-pellucid, white fhell, with fix Dentieucatus.

volutions, terminating in an obtufe point, furnifhed with
nine or ten coarfe ribs, that project at the top of each
fpire, forming ftrong indentations like the preceding
fpecies: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip thickened by
a rib; pillar lip {mooth, indented, with one or two fmall
tubercles at the bafe adjoining the ribs. Length not quite
a quarter of an-inch; breadth one half its length.

This fpecies we have received with the laft from Wey-
mouth, and at firft fight took it to be a mere variety of
that fhell; but upon more attentive comparifon, it is
found to have the aperture more approaching to round,
and not properly marginated, but only thickened by a
rib; itis much more conic, the ribs ftronger, lefs nume-
rous, and forming deeper denticulations at the junction
of each fpire; the interftices between the ribs deftitute of
ftriz, and fub-pellucid ; and what feems the ftrongeft fpe-
cific diftinétion is, that the ribs do not undulate, but run
oblique to the left, from the aperture to the afex.
24.
Turbo Cimex. Lin. Sy/ft. p.1233.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3589. 5.. CIMEX.-
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 481.—Gualt. t. 44. X.
Dog. Bro Sheis. i. ta2. f. 1:1.
Turbo cancellatus. Da Cofta. p. 104. t. 8. £6. 9.

T. with four ftrong, conic, cancellated, white volu-
tions, well defined by a confiderable depreffed line: it is
remarkably thick for its fize, and the decuflated firiz are

Sfe coar{e

95.
SuBUMBILICA-
TUS.

516

coarfe, which gives it the appearance of being deeply
punétured all over: afex rather obtufe: aperture fub-
oval, margin thick; outer lip crenated on the infide.
Length one eighth of an inch; breadth nearly one half
its length.

We have found this fpecies at Falmouth in Cornwall,
and on the fouth coaft of Devon, but rarely: have alfo
received it from Sandwich in Kent.

It is fometimes taken in Guernfe , and is a fhell of the
Mediterranean; but does not feem any where plentiful.

—<-—

T. with a fmooth, fub-gloffy, conic, yellowifh-white
fhell: volutions four or five, very tumid, the firft occu-
pying above half the fhell: apex rather obtufe: aperture
oval; outer lip even; inner lip a little reflexed, forming
a fulcus or /ub-wmbilicus. Length one eighth of an inch;
breadth one half its length.

This fpecies, noticed by Mr. Bryer on the fhore at
Weymouth, differs from Turbo Ulve in being more ven-
tricofe, and more tumid in the volutions, and effentially
in the aperture; and in being more umbilicated.

From. 7. ventrofus it not only differs in the greater
proportional breadth at the bafe, but in the aperture be-
ing exa€tly ovate, and not contracted into an acute angle

at

- 317

at the upper end, asin that and the Ulve; itnever grows
to the fize of the latter, and exceeds that of the former.

—<f—-

Turbo eburneus. Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 15.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 36.

T. with a fmooth, gloffy, thin fhell, with fix ventri-
cofe, or much rounded volutions, of a light pellucid
horn-colour; but when the animal is in it, the appear-
ance is black: afex moderately pointed: aperture fub-
orbicular, clofed by a thin, wrinkled, corneous ofercu-
lum: margin almoftintire the whole way round. Length
one eighth of an inch; breadth about one third its length.

This fpecies is not uncommon on the Kentz/h coaft, at
Folkftone and Sandwich, confounded with JT. Ulve, for

which we have received it.
f

It is however perfeéily diftin& from that fhell, and
may be readily diftinguifhed by its {ftrongly elevated and
rounded volutions, gloffy appearance, and colour; the
other being always dull-brown, opaque; and _ vaftly
thicker.

This fhell retains the greater part of its black colour
when preferved with the animal in; but dead fpecimens
are opaque white, as Mr. WALKER defcribes it; and was
probably the-only ftate in which Mr, Jacoss had ever

: feen

26.

VENTROSUS.

Pab.i12: £1;

he
ULv&.

318

feen it, by giving it the name of eburneus, (as Mr. ADAms
informs us. }

—<

Turbo Ulve. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 120. —Turt. Lin. iv. p.499.
Da Cofta. p. 105.
Helix Ulva. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.

T. with from five to feven fmooth volutions; not

-rounded, but nearly flat, feparated by a fmall line; apex

moderately pointed: colour opaque, dark, or rufous-
brown: aperture fub-oval; inner lip reflected on the Co-
lumella, forming a flight depreffion behind, but no um-
biltcus. Length generally about a quarter of an inch;
but we have found it at Poole of an extraordinary fize,
nearly three-eighths of an inch Jong, and one eighth
broad. Dead {hells are frequently of a dull opaque white ;
operculum corneous, radiated with arched ftrie from the

inner margin.

This is a very common fpecies in moft of our inlets
and harbours, but feldom on the open fhores expofed to
the fury of the waves.

Is frequent on ulv@ and other marine plants, and on
the mud about high water-mark; fometimes in fuch vaft
profufion as to almoft cover the furface: and it is obferv-
able, where thefe are found in quantity, fearce any other
convoluted fhell is feen, except perhaps 7. littoreus, TF,

rudis, and one or two other common {pecies.
Turbo

319

Turbo Pullus. Liz. Syft. p. 1233.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3589. 6. Putius.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet.p.45.—Turt. Lin.iv.p.481.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 2. f. 2. to 6.
Borlafe Cornw, p. 276.

Turbo piétus. Da Cofta. p. 103. t¥8. f. 1. 3.

T. with four or five rounded, fmooth, gloffy volu-
tions ; the firft large, making nearly half the length of
the fhell; afex not very pointed’: colour fo various that
{carce two are found alike, but all more or lefs ftreaked
and fpotted in an elegant manner; generally pink, or
purple with dark undulated lines, or {potted with white ;
fometimes purplifh-brown with white fpots. One varie-
ty has the lines extremely fine, appearing like ftrie;
others have them broad or marked with interrupted
bands. Aperture fub-orbicular, large; in old fhells
fpreading on the Columedla. Wength three-eighths of
an inch; breadth half as much.

The operculum belonging to this fhell feeems to have
efcaped notice, indeed it is only to be found in live fpe-
cimens, which we believe do not frequently occur; it is
remarkably ftrong, thick, and teftaceous, very convex,
white, and fmooth externally ; the interior part, when
feparated from the animal, is a little concave, and has a
{mall and fingular fpiral turn near to one end.

This beautiful {fpecies is not uncommon on many parts
of the Cornifh coaft, efpecially at Whztfand bay, and at
Faimouth ; and is equally plentiful on fome of the fhores

of

29,
PuNcTURA.
pliable n tana

30;
RuBeEr.

320

of Devonfhire, particularly at Milton fands in the fouth,
and I/fracomd in the north; but is rarely procured alive,
except at very low tides, or by dredging. Doétor PuL-
TENEY {peaks of it as,a rare fhell on the fhores of Dor-
Jfetfhire; and we believe grows {carcer eaftward.

The animal is painted like its fhell, with two very long
filiform tentacula; beneath thefe, at the bafe, are two
{mall black eyes; clofe to which are two minute feelers,
or cirrt, and on each fide is another, little inferior in
length to the tentacula ; thefe appendages are in conti-
nual motion, and are capable of turning in all dire€tions.

we

T. with fix very glofly, rounded volutions, rather ta-
per in fhape, and finely reticulated: colour tranfparent
yellowifh-white: aperture fub-orbicular. Length the
tenth of an inch; breadth one third its length.

We found this elegant fpecies at What/and bay in Corn-
wall, and in fand from Salcomb bay in Devonfhire, but
extremely rare; its beauty is only to be feen under a
{trong magnifier, as the work is extremely fine; by the
aid of a microfcope it appears delicately pun@tured all
over, and wrought with extremely fine decuffated ftrie.

——<D—-

Turbo Ruber. Lin. Trans. iii. t. 13. f. 21. 22. (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488. -

T. with

321

T. with five pellucid, fmooth, gloffy, reddifh-brown
volutions, rounded, and divided by a fine feparating line:
apex pointed: aperture fub-orbicular, a little refle@ed
on the pillar. Length one eighth of an inch, or more;
breadth nearly one third its length.

We found this {pecies at Whzt/and bay in Cornwall,
and with it a fhell in every refpeét like, but in colour,
which is perfe€tly white, and fo tranfparent that the
whole of the Colwmella may be feen through the fhell.

<>-—--
Si
T. with a thin, pellucid, white, fmooth, fub-cylindric Virrgus.

fhell, with four very rounded volutions, feparated by a Tab. 12. f. 3.
deep depreffed line: afex rather obtufe: aperture fub-

oval, contracted at the upper end; outer lip thin; inner

lip a little thickened. Length one eighth of an inch;

breadth one third its length.

This {pecies muft not be confounded for the white va-
riety of the laft defcribed; it is more flender, the volu-
tions are ftronger, and run fingularly more oblique;
and is at once diftinguifhed by its fub-cylindric fhape, in
which it refembles more the 7. firzatus ; but differs from
that fhell in being perfe&tly fmooth, and in not having a
marginated aperture.

The Columella of this fpecies is vifible through the
fhell.
F Et We

322
We found it very {paringly at Whit/and bay in Cornwall.
—<gr—.
32.
DecussaTus. Turbo pellucidus. Zin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t. 13. f. 33. 34?
Tab. 12. f. 4. (Adams.)—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 489.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 52 2

T. with a fub-pellucid, fomewhat gloffy, white fhell,
with five rounded volutions, well defined by the fepa-
rating line; ftrongly ftriated longitudinally, and croffed
with extremely fine ftrie, mn a decuffated manner: apex
not very pointed: aperture fub-oval, contraéted at the
upper part; outer lip thin; inner lip not fpreading on
the Columella. Length fearce one eighth of an inch;
breadth not half its length.

We found this fpecies very rare in fand from Salcomd
bay. It differs from 7. Punciura in being more inclined
toa cylindric form, more {trongly ftriated longitudinally,
and in the aperture being more oval.

oo ———
DOe
ReETICULATUS, Turbo reticulatus. Lin, Trans. ii. p. 66. t. 13. f. 19, 20.
(Adams.)—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 488.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 14.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. $2.

T. with a ftrong, conic, opaque, light-brown {hell,
with fix rounded, and much raifed volutions, ftrongly
reticulated: afex pointed: aperture fub-orbicular, mar-
gin thick; inner lip fpreading on the Columella, forming

a

323

a groove or fub-umbilicus. Length fcarce one tenth of
an inch; breadth full one half its length.

We received this fpecies from Mr. Boys for Wat-
KER’S fhell above quoted. That author defcribes it to
be pellucid white: thofe we have examined were all
opaque, and of a dirty-white, or light-brown; poffibly
dead fhells. This is perfeétly diftin@ from the preced-
ing, being much broader in proportion to its length,
more conic, more ftrongly ftriated tranfverfely, and the
aperture ftronger, and more rounded.

—~—
34.
Turbo canaliculatus. Lia. Trans. iii. p. 253?(Adams.) SPIRALIS.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 46. Tab. 12. £9.

Turt. Lin, iv. p. 489.

T. with a pellucid, gloffy, white, conic fhell, with
four or five volutions; the largeft marked with tranf-
verfe, fpiral ridges, half way from the bafe; the reft
finely ribbed longitudinally: volutions nearly flat, but
well defined by the feparating line, which is marked with
a very fine fpiral ridge: apex rather obtufe; aperture
fub-orbicular, pillar lip turns imward and forms an appa-
rent fmall denticle, which in faét is a plication or ridge,
that runs fpirally fome way up the Columella ; a charac-
- ter in this and the three following fpecies not fubjeét to
‘vary like the denticulations in fome other fhells, but is
the.conflant formation of the Columella, occafioned by
ihe intortion of the pillar lip, as in the Voluta tornatzlts ;

. T t°2 to

35.
INTERSTINCTUS
Pape 12: tf, 10.

36.
UNIDENTATUS.

324

to which genus they become a fort of link. Length
one line; breadth half its length.

We found this in fand from Salcomd) bay in Devonfhire,
very rare.

ee ENS,
Turbo interftinGtus. Lin. Trans. ui. p. 66. t.13. f. 23. 24.
(Adams.J—Turi. Lin. iv. p. 438.

T. with a gloffy, white, taper fhell, with five, rather
flat, but finely ribbed volutions, divided by a fmall fe-
parating line: afex obtufe: aperture fub-oval: pillar
lip a little reflexed, with a fingle fmall tooth. Length
one line; breadth one third of its length.

We found this fpecies in fand from Bigberry bay in
Devonfhire: very rare.

—

T. with a ftrong, conic, fmooth, gloffy, fub-pellucid,
white fhell, with rather an obtufe apex : volutions five
or fix, not much raifed: aperture fub-oval; outer lip
plain; Colwmella furnifhed near the middle with one
tooth. Length two tenths of an inch; breadth nearly one
half its length.

We found this in fand from Salcomb bay, and alive on
the Peéien maximus, dredged out of deep water ; but is
by no means common.

It

-

325

It might readily be confounded for 7. ulve by its fhape.
but its fingle tooth 1s an invariable difcriminating mark,
independent of its colour, which is always glofly white,
with ufually a tinge of purple, or rofe-colour at the tip.

~o
SHEE
T. with a fmooth, glofly, fub-pellucid, white fhell, Pucarus.

with fix rather flender fpires terminating im an obtufe
apex; the volutions are nearly flat, defined only by a
fine, feparating line; aperture fub-oval, contra¢ted a
little to an angle at the upper part ; outer lip even; in-
ner lip thickened, and furnifhed with a fingle tooth-like

fold. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth one third
its length.

Found in fand from Salcomd bay, but rare.

This fpecies muft not be confounded for Turbo uniden-
tatus, which is vaftly thicker and {tronger, much broader
at the bafe in proportion to its length, more tumid in
the volutions, and larger in the aperture. It is more the
fhape of Helix polita, but 1s neither fo finely pointed, nor
is the aperture fo long, and is at once diftinguifhed from
that fhell by its tooth-like plication.

ae 38:
T. with a fmooth, white thell, rather flender in fhape, PaLtipus.
with fix or feven fpires tapering to a moderately fine
apex ; the volutions not much raifed, but feparated by a

well

39.
Nivosus.

40.
SEMICOSTATUS.

326

well defined line: aperture fub-orbicular ; outer lip ar-
cuated; a faint duplicature on the pillar lip deftitute of
any tooth, but a fmall wmbilicus is formed by its refle€ti-
on. Length more than one eiglith of an inch; breadth
{carce one third of its length. .

From Salcomb bay, fand, very rare.
~~

T. with a fmooth, gloffy, white fhell, rather flender,
and tapering to an obtufe point: volutions five or fix,
much rounded, and deeply divided by the feparating
line: aperture fub-oval ; inner lip, and Columella quite
fmooth and even: no wmbilicus. Length nearly one
Ime; breadth fcarce one third its length.

This fpecies has fomewhat the fhape of Turbo inter-

finélus, but is deftitute of the tooth, as well as the ribs.
/

Found in fand on the fouth coaft of Devon, very rare.

—=p-

T. with a fhort, conic, white fhell, obtufely pointed:

volutions four or five, rounded, well defined by the fe-
parating line, and wrought with faint ribs, and fine ob-
folete transverfe flriz on the body whirl, both of which
are incon{picuous on the fuperior fpires; the ribs do not
extend to the lower part even of the body, where the
fpiral tranverfe ftriz become moft conf{picuous: aperture

fub -

Ee

327

fuborbicular; pillar lip alittle reflexed, Columella {mooth.
Length half a line; breadth one half its length.

Found in fand on the fouth coaft of Devonfhire, but
very rare.

This at firft fight might be confounded with Turbo
Spiralis, but differs in the volutions being more rounded,
in the ribs being coarfer, and in being deftitute of the
tooth-like plication of the colwmedlla.

Highs 37.
Turbo trifafciatus. Lin. Trans. v. p.2.t.1. £13. 14 ?(Adams) Unipasciatuse
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.

T. with a fmooth, conic, white fhell, with one, and
rarely two bands of purplifh-brown on the body, one
on the fecond {pire, and fometimes alfo on the third: the
number of volutions are five: and it is obfervable when
it has two fa/cie on the lower fpire, they occupy no
more fpace than when there is but one: the fpires are
very little raifed, and divided only by a {mall line: the
bands on the fuperior ones are clofe to the feparating
line: aperture fub-oval; exterior lip thin, and turning
outwards ; inner lip f{preading on the Columella ; imper-
forated.

The figure given by Mr. Apams is longer in propor-
tion than this fhell, in every other refpe& correfponds.
Length one eighth of an inch; breadth more than one
third its length.

We

42,
CINGILLUs.
Lab 12 By:

|—«43z
QUADRIFASCIA-
TUS.

328

We found this fpecies rare on the fhore at Southams-
fon, and in fand from Burrow ifland in Devonfhire.

=

=e

T. with a conic, fub-pellucid fhell, with fix volutions,
marked with alternate bands of horn-colour and chefnut-
brown, ufually three of each on the body, and two on

the other f{pires; frequently obfolete towards the tip, -

which is of a uniform brown. Recent fhells are ob{cure-
ly ftriated with the whirls, but very confpicuous at
the bafe: apex moderately pomted: aperture fub-oval,
contraéted at the upper part; outer lip thin, not turn-
ing outwards as in the laft defcribed ; inner lip a little
thickened; imperforated. Length exceeding one eighth
of an inch; breadth one third its length.

This fhell is readily diftinguifhed from any varieties of
the preceding, by the outer lip being in a line with the
fhell, not turning outward; by the brown bands being
darker, and the intermediate fpace not fo white; and in
live fhells by the fpiral ftriz, which are ftrong at the
bafe ; it is alfo a more flender fhell.

We found this fpecies in great abundance alive on the
fhore at Plymouth, in one particular {pot only; and alfo
at Salcomb at very low water.

See | ieee

Cochlea parva. Da Cofta. p. 85.
T. with

eg Oa a ames te i

° 329

T. with a ftrong, fmooth, fub-pellucid, fub-conic
fhell, with four volutions; the firft very large, occupy-
ing morethan half the fhell: colour white, ufually mark-
ed with four faint brown bands on the body, and fome-
times two on the fecond fpire; others have the bands
united, and form two very broad ones on the firft {pire :
apex rather obtufe: aperture fub-orbicular, thickened
within, but floped to a fharp edge on the outer lip; _pul-
lar lip broad, with a {mall groove ending in an wmdelicus.
Length rarely a quarter of an inch; breadth one eighth.

A variety is quite white; but. thofe are old and worn
fhells; many appear plain white until carefully examin-
ed, when the faint bands may be traced. Live fhells are
darkeft, and fometimes tinged with green. This f{pecies
has fomewhat the habit of 7. canals, but is at once dil-
tinguifhed by the thick outer,lip; it never grows to half
the fize, is much ftronger, more opaque, and at the bafe
of the lower volution this has always an angulated ap-
pearance, or is fub-carinated ; whereas the other is per-'

feétly rounded at that part.

We found this fhell plentiful at Falmouth, amongit

fand from the harbour: and alfo on the fouth coaft of

Devon, particularly on the fhore of Salcomd bay at low-
water, inhabiting alge.

me 44,
Turbe interruptus. Lin. Trans. v. p. 3. t.1. £.16.17.(Adams)IntERRUPTUS.
Turt, Lin. iv. p. 500.
Vv T. with

330

T. with a pellucid, gloffy white, conic fhell, marked
with interrupted, longitudinal, ochreaceous ftreaks, moft
confpicuous on the two larger f{pires; frequently form-
ing two rows of oblong {pots on the lower one: volutions
five, not much raifed: aex moderately pointed: aper-
ture fub-orbicular; outer lip not very thin; inner lip
reflexed.. Length one eighth of an inch; breadth one
third its length.

We found this fpecies at Falmouth in Cornwall; and
on the coaft of Devonfhire {paringly at Il/fracomb, and in
fand from Salcomé bay and other parts.

—>—
45.
RETIFORMIS. Turbo tumidus quatuor anfractibus reticulatis apertura fub-
ovali. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 37.
The Turbo with four tumid reticulated fpires, with
an oval aperture: colour white and opaque.
From Sandwich, very rare.
—=—
46.
Fuscuse Turbo quinque anfra&tibus firiatis apertura fub-ovali. Walk.

Min. Shells. §. 42.

The five-fpired, flriated Turbo, with a fub-oval aper-
ture: colour opaque-brown,

From Byfing Wood, near Faverfham, very rare.
Turba

331
47.

Turbo firigatus. Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 16. STRIGATUS.
Turi. Lin. 4. p. 500.
Turbo tribus anfraétibus primo ftrigis tribus tranfverfis aper-
tura fubovata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 38.

The three-fpired Turbo, the firft fpire with three
tranfverfe ridges, and a fub-oval aperture; the colour
opaque white.

From Sea/falter,, very rare.

—>—-
48.
Turbo carinatulus. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500. CARINATULUS,
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 18.
Turbo turritus carinatus feptem anfractibus apertura coar€ta-
ta marginata. Walk.Min. Shells. f. 44.
The taper, carinated Turbo, with feven fpires, and
contraéted, marginated aperture: colour opaque white.
From Sandwich, very rare.
—e |
49.

Turbo ftriatus quatuor anfraétibus apertura ovali marginata. RivuLus.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 57.

The ftriated, four-fpired Turbo, with an oval margi-
nated aperture: colour opaque white.

From a ftream near Faverfham, very rare.

Vve2 Turbo

505
SANDVICENSIS.

51.
Futeibus.

52;
ALBULUS.

332

Turbo Sandvicenfis. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 23.

Turbo tribus anfra&libus reticulatis apertura unidentata.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 55.

The three-{pired, elegantly reticulated Turbo, with
one toothed oval aperture: colour pellucid white.

From Sandwich, exceeding rare.

The fix preceding, minute fpecies, we have been
obliged to copy from the Teflacea minuta rariora in Mr,
WALKER’s own words.

——< Pin

Helix fulgidus. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 254..(Adams.)
Part. Lis toi. 531.

T. with a fub-conic, pellucid, fmooth, gloffy fhell,
variegated with white and bronze, ufually in bands: vo-
lutions three, the firft very large: apex fmall, obtufe:
aperture {ub-orbicular, margin attenuated. Length
half a line.

We found this fpecies in fand from Whit/and bay
Cornwall.
—ge—

Turbo quinque anfraftibus longitudinaliter coftatis, aper-
tura fubrotunda. Lin. Trams. ii.t. 13.f. 17. 18. (Adams.)

Turbo

333

Turbo albulus. Shell opaque, with five longitudinal
ribbed whorls: aperture roundifh, not margined. Turt.
Lin. iv. p. 488.
—-<>—
Soe
Turbo tefta levi tribus anfra@tibus, lineis fufcis charaéteri- Scriptus.

formibus, apertura fubrotunda. Lin. Trams. iil. p. 65. t, :

13. f. 11.12. (Adams.) Obs. Iftee linez lineis Lichenis

{cripti omnino fimiles.

Shell fmooth, opaque, with three whorls, and brown

lines, refembling charaéters: aperture roundifh. The
lines exa@lly refemble thofe on the Licien /cripius. Turt.

Lin. iv. p. 487.
—<fe—
54.
Turbo decem anfraétibus longitudinaliter coftatis, tefta ad api- SuparcuaTus
cem fubarcuata. Color albus. Lin. Trams. itt. p. 66.
t. 13. f. 27. 28. (Adams.)

Shell pellueid, white, and a little curved towards the
tip, with ten longitudinal, ribbed whorls. Turt. Len.

iv, p. 488.
55

A. Turbo fex anfra@ibus fpiraliter ftriatis, coftis remotis, ELEGANS.

apertura ovali. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 66. t. 13. f. 31. 32.

( Adams.)

Shell pellucid, with fix fpirally ftriate whorls, and
remote ribs: aperture oval. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 489.
Not

56.
Divisus.

57.
SUBRUFUS.

334
Not Turbo elegans of GMELIN.
——<p—

Turbo quatuor anfraétibus, lavibus et firiatis ; apertura fub-
ovali. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 254. (Adams.)

Shell pellucid, white, with four whorls, each divided
into two parts; the upper one {mooth, the lower one
{pirally ftriate: aperturefub-oval. Turt. Len. iv. p. 489.

<> -

Turbo fubrufus tefta levi quinque anfra&tibus fuperne fub-
angulatis. Lin. Trans. v. p. 3, t. 1. £.18. 19. ( Adams.)

Shell fmooth , with five whorls fomewhat angular
above: opaque, dull red, the upper part of each whorl
marked with a white tranfverfe band. Turt. Lin. iv.

Pp: 500.

The fix laft fhells never having come under our in-
{peétion, we have been obliged to copy from the defcrip-
tions of minute fhells, given by Mr. Apams in the Lin-
nean Tranfaétions, as produétions of the coaft of Pem-
brokefhire.

28) AND

Sa5
**®TAND AND FRESH-WATER.+ .
Turbo Mufcorum. Liv. Sy/t. p.1240—Gmel. Syft.p.3611.94. Muscorum.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 123. f. 1076.
Muller Vern. it. p. 105. No. 304.
Schroet Erdconch. p. 140. t. 1. f. 7.
BriiZoale tose LBP
Lift. Angl. t.2.f.6.— Turt. Lin. iv. p. 499.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 35. f. 6.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 46.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 80.
Turbo cylindraceus. Da Cofta. p. 89. t. v. f. 16.

T. with a fmooth, gloffy, fub-pellucid, fub-cylindric
fhell, with fix fpires, of a yellowifh-brown horn-colour ;
apex obtufe: aperture fub-orbicular, marginated; the
margin white, a little reflexed, forming a depreffion, or
fub-umbilicus ; pillar lip frequently furnifhed with a fingle
tooth. Length rather more than the eighth of an inch ;
breadth about one third its length. Dead fhells fre-
quently become yellow, and in a further advance to-
wards decay are white and opaque.

_ The young, even after they are nearly arrived at full
growth, are deftitute of the white marginated aperture,
and the tooth; nor indeed is this laft mark always to be
found in apparently adult fpecimens. In the more infant

ftate it has a trochzform bafe and aperture.
This

+ The Turbo fufcus and rivulus appear to belong to this divifion, but as
they are unknown to us, it was thought proper to leave them together with
the few other of Mr. Waxker’s fhells not identified.

336

This fpecies feems to be pretty generally diffufed, but
is rather fcarce in fome fituations: it is found under mofs
at the roots of trees, or in the crevices of the bark, and
on old walls.

Doétor Soranper had named it Turbo dolioluformis,
as Mr. Boys informs us.

We have followed moft authors in quoting T. Mu/co-
rum of the Britifh Zoology for this fhell, but cannot
help exprefling fome doubt, as the figure does not in the
leaft reprefent it, but is more like Helix lubrica.

Ge tin has erred in quoting tab. 1. fig. 6. of Scuro-
ETER’s Erdconchylien for a variety of this, which he fays,
is furnifhed with eight teeth. ‘That fhell is perfeétly
diftin&, andis certainly our Turbo Funzpert. The muf-
corum never has more than one tooth; and, as we be-
fore remarked, is as frequently without any.

Fig. 8. tab. 2. Lister Anim. Anglie which GMELIN
has referred to 2 this fhel!, though with doubt, is cer-
tainly the Helix obf/cura.

In company with this is fometimes found, what muft
at prefent be confidered as a variety; it is not abovehalf
fo large, with the fame number of volutions, and is ex-
a€tly fimilar in fhape, but the aperture is not margina-
ted; and is always deftitute of the tooth.

Helix

O37

Helix minuta. Muller. Verm. ii. p. 101. No. 299 ?
Gmel. Syjt. p. 3660?—Turt. Lin. iv. p.538 ?

T. with a {mooth, brown, horn-coloured, oval fhell,
with five fpires fomewhat rounded: apex obtufe: aper-
ture fub-orbicular; outer lip’ uneven, fub-angulated;
ufually furnifhed with fix teeth, four on the outer lip,
and two on the inner. Length one line; breadth one
half its length. Younger fhells have only four teeth.

We firft noticed this fpecies on the Zres pfeudacorus
or yellow-flag, ina boggy place in Cornwall, and after-
wards in Devonfhire, but rare: and fince in great abun-
dance among the rejectamenta of the river Avon, after
floods, about Lackham in Wiltfkire; probably wafhed
from the neighbouring meadows.

It is alfo found about Sandwich in Kent.

This fhell might readily be confounded, at firft fight,
for the young of 7. mu/fcorum; the diftorted aperture,
and teeth, however, are at once fpecific marks of
diftin@ion. To T. Vertigo it alfo bears fome refem-
blance, but the fhape of the aperture, number of teeth,
and contrary turn of the volutions of that fhell, is fuffi-
cient to difcriminate them.

If Muxuer had not exprefsly faid, “apertura ovale
edentula” we fhould not have had a doubt of this being his
H. minuta: the teeth, however, are not always readily

XX difco-

59,
SEXDENTATUS«
‘Tab. 1 eae f, 8,

60.
TRIDENS.
eaityed kei dares

338

difcovered, till the aperture has been well cleaned, and
it is poflible even that penetrating naturalift may have
overlooked this circumitance, in a bad fpecimen of fo
minute a {pecies.

—<j—

Turbo tridens, Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3611.—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 499.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 46.—Gualt. t. 4. F.
Helix tridens. Muller. Verm. ii. p. 106. No. 305.

T. with a fub-cylindric, Tmooth, gloffy fhell, of a
light-brown colour: volutions fix or feven, {carcely
raifed, or diftinguifhed, but by the feparating line: apex
obtufe: aperture fmall and curved; outer lip furnifhed
with one tooth on the margin; pillar lip a little reflexed,
with two long and two fhort teeth alternate. Length
a quarter of an inch,

The fpecies here defcribed we received from Doftor
PutTeNney, who has given it in his Catalogue of Dor-
feifhire hells ; and who fays it is found on water plants,
by the river Stour in Dorfeifhire. Dead fhells are ufu-
ally white. It is poffible moft of this fpecies may have
only three teeth, efpecially fuch as are not full grown;
thofe we examined were rather larger than ufually de-
fcribed, and had all five teeth ; two however are very
{mall, and might eafily be overlooked,

On the authority above flated, it is here given as

Britifh,

Ee a ae -

339

Britifh, though it muft be acknowledged we have never
been fortunate enough to find it.

——
61.

Carychium minimum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 125. No. 321. CarycHiuM,
Schroet. Fluffconch. p. 324. No. 122.

Helix Carychium. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3665.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 541.

Turbo Walk. Min. Shells. f. 51.

T. with a gloffy, pellucid, white fhell, with five volu-
tions finely ftriated longitudinally, rounded, and well .
defined by the feparating line: afex obtufe: aperture
fub-oval, contraéted, marginated; outer lip thickened
inwards in the middle by a knob; pillar lip furnifhed
with two teeth, and fometimes the rudiment of a third,
above the other two, Length fcarce one line; breadth
one third its length.

This, the fmalleft cf our land fpecies, is not unfre-
quent in woods, and on mofly banks.

We have found it in feveral parts of Wilt/hzre, parti-
cularly in Lackham wood, and in drifted fand of. the ri-
ver Avon: alfo in Devonfhire, and other parts. Is com-
monin Kent. Mr. Boys fent it to us from Sandwich, for
Mr. Wa .keEr’s fhell above quoted; who fays, it is found
on the moffly banks of a ftream near Faverfham.

The minutenefs of this fpecies has probably been the
XX 2 caufle

62.
SunirPert.
abe 12. i. 12.

340

caufe of its obfcurity, for it is by no means uncommon
under decayed wood, particularly the bark, in damp
places. The ftrie with which it is furnifhed are regular,
but foextremely fine, as to render a good lens neceflary
to difcover them.

Mutter, who has divided his fhells into genera, from
the ftru€ture of the animal inhabitant, has called this a
Carychium, genus xxv. where this {pecies ftands alone ;
the charatters are “tentaculis duobus truncatis, oculis ad

bafin poftice.”

This author is perfe@ly corre&; the animal is of a
yellowith- white, with only two fhort, cylindric, obtufe,
or truncated tentacula; at the bafe of which between, or
nearly behind them, are placed two very confpicuous,
approximating, black eyes.

=o

,

Schroeter Erdeonch. p. 140. t. 1. f. 6.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1236. a. b.

T. with a fub-cylindric, opaque, brown fhell, with
eight or nine fpires ftriated longitudinally-oblique: the
volutions are not rounded, or much raifed, but well de-
fined by the feparating line; the four firft are cylindric,
the reft taper to an obtufe apex : aperture fub-orbicular,
raarginated, reflexed, white, furnifhed with feven teeth,
three on the outer lip, and four on the Columella:* at

the

* Thefe proje@tions, ufually called teeth, are not properly denticles or +
tooth-fhape protuberances, but are fine white /aming,:or ridges, running

JA}

the bafe behind the pillar lip is a fingular and large ca-
vity, formed by the contraiion of the throat, or interior
gart of the mouth, and the greatly expanded lips; the
nargin of the aperture does not quite meet upon the
‘ody whirl. Length rather more than a quarter of an
nch; breadth not half its length.

This appears to bea rare fhell, or at leaft extremely
ocal in England. We firlt found it, very fparingly on
mn old moffy wall at Kafton Grey in Wiltfhire, ten or
welve years ago; and never fince till lately, when we
difcovered confiderable abundance at the roots of jun?-
ber bufhes, on the fides of the hills, near Devzzes, in the
fame county.

Cuemnirz has given a tolerably good figure of this
fhell, but too large; and likens it to the 7. mufcorums
but that it is not pellucid, is {harper pointed, with nine
fpires; and has the mouth befet with teeth: and alfo ob-
ferves, that ScuROETER remarks, it is not uncommon
in Thuringia. Indeed it appears to be from the latter
author, that the former obtained his knowledge of the
fhell; but unfortunately has jumbled with it the Turdo
iridens, by quoting the Helix tridens of MuLier.

Gmetin has alfo fallen into this error, by quoting
Cuemnitz’s fhell for his 7. trzdens.

ScHRO-

fpirally backwards, ina parallel direCtion to each other: thofe on the exterior

lip may in moft inftances be traced through the outfide of the fhell, and are
nearly a line in length.

63,

ELEGANS,

342

ScHROETER makesa comparative defcription between
this and the 7. mu/fcorum, and exprefsly fays this has
feven teeth: his figure is alfo more the natural dimen-
fions, than that given by CHEMNiTz, who has made it
nearly double its real fize.

a

Turbo elegans. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3606. 74.
Lifter Conch. t.27. £.25.—Id. Angl. t.2.f.5.
Chem. Conch, ix. t. 123. f. 1060. a, to e.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 45.—Gualt. t.4. A. B.
Shroet. Fluf[conch. p. 366. t. 9. f. 15. a. b.
Nerita elegans. Muller Verm. ii. p. 177. No. 363.
Turbo tumidus, Br. Zool, t.82. £.110.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.480
Turbo firiatus. Da Cofia. p. 86. t. 5. f..9.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 59.
Morton Northamp. p. 415.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 495.
Turbo lincina. Lin. Syft. p.1239?—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3605.71?
Turbo reflexus. Liz. Sy/t. p.1238 ?2—Gmel. Syft. p.3605.70 ?

T. with five ventricofe volutions, tapering to rather
an obtufe afex, marked with ftrong fpiral ftrie, croffed
by finer longitudinal ones, giving the fhell a reticulated
appearance: colour generally cinereous, with a tinge of
purple, the tip frequently quite purple, and void of {triz;
fometimes: prettily fafciated with fpots, or broken bands
of purplifh-brown, or longitudinally. ftreaked with the
fame. Dead fhells are often white. ‘The aperture is or-
bicular, projecting on the pillar lip, a little reflexed;

mar-

a

3438

margin faintly marked by the firie +» behind the pillar lip
a cavity, or /ub-wmbelicus: operculum teftaceous, fpiral-
ly firiated. Length five-eighths.of am inch; breadth
three-eighths.

This elegant fpecies is the only Bretz/h land hell with
a teflaceous operculum. Itas-rather local, but fufhcient-
ly plentiful in fome parts; chiefly inhabiting dry gravel,
or fandy foil, under mofs. We have found it in great
abundance, clofe to the fea at the roots of fern, to the
welt of Tenby in Wales ; as well as in the woods at Lack-
ham in Wilifhire. . It has alfo been found in fome parts of
Kent, Lincolnfhire, Yorkfhire, and Norihamptonfhire.

Da Costa fays in Surry about Darking : and Pen-
NANT.-in the woods of Cambridgefhire.. Doctor PuLre-
NEY Obferves, it is common on the higher downs of
Dorfeifhire, efpecially near the fea, and that he had feen
it plentiful on Hod Hill near Blandford: we alfo no-
ticed it on Portland, and at Swanage in the fame county.

On the continent it is found in France and Italy; and
according to CHEMNITz on the Pyrenean mountains un-

der bufhes,

SCHROETER feems to have been puzzied where to
place this thel!, whether amongft his Jand, or frefh-water
{pecies; as he obferves, fome make the animal to poflefs
four tentacula, while others give it only two: but ap-

pears

JAA

pears to have favoured the latter opinion; from whence
he concludes, it muft belong to the water, as the animals
of all land fhells poffefs four tentacula: and he appears
the more confirmed in that opinion, on account of its
being furnifhed with a ftrong teftaceous operculum.

It is indeed the only inftance we can produce, of a land
fhell being provided with a permanent teftaceous ofer-
culum ; but the animal of Turbo Carychéum, as well as
this, has but two tentacula: and MuLLER informs us his
Vertigo pufilla, our Turbo Vertigo, which is alfo a land
fhell, is inhabited by a /zmax of a more fingular forma-
tion; for-with only two tentacula, the eyes are placed at
their tips: fo that, although we have not hitherto dif-
covered any aquatic /¢max with four regular tentacula,*
yet fuch animal poffeffing only two, is not a criterion of
its being an inhabitant of the water.

The animal of this fhell has alfo another uncommon
property for a land dimax, as we are informed by Lts-
TER, who fays they are of different fexes. Whether
this is the cafe in the few other land fpecies with two ten-
tacula remains to be proved; it is however probable,
and that thofe with four tentacula are invariably her-
maphrodite, and have their fuperior ones ocellated.

Lister has further elucidated the fubjeCt, by giving
a

* The plumofe appendage on the back of the head of Turbo fontinalis and
Helix criftata, cannot be confidered as proper tentacula.

BAS

a diffe€tion of both fexes of the animal in his Exerce-
tatzo tab. 1. where it is reprefented with two tentacula
only, and the eyes placed at their bafe.. The fame plate
is given in his Conchology tab. 4. Anat. and unfortunately
in thefe plates a figure is given of a compreffed Helix
without explanation; but which is evidently the fhell of
the animal figured at No. 4. in order to make a compa-
rative view of the organs of generation. The want of
fome explanation of the figure of that fhell has led to
error and confufion ; though he has exprefsly referred to
Tit. 5. of his Anzm. Angle for the proper fhell of the
anatomical figure of the /zmax in queftion.

Gerorrroy, as well as Lister, was perfelly right
in giving the animal only two ¢eniacula, and in making
it a land {pecies.

The animal is of a pale brown colour, with a long
fnout, which is firongly ftriated tranfverfely : tentacula
two, fomewhat compreffed, wrinkled, and fub-clavated,
with {mooth, glofly, black tips:* eyes placed clofe to
the bafe of the ¢entacula on the outfide, a little elevated.

ay The

* It is perhaps to be doubted whether the fmooth glofly tips to the ¢enta-
eula are not really eyes, and as much deferving the appellation, as thofe on
other fpecies of land /imax ; if fo, the animal is more effentially different from
all others of its congemera, in poffefling four fuch organs. Why LisTER
fhould not have confidered thefe fub-globular, highly polifhed extremities, as
much the eyes as thofe placed at the bafe, is not to be determined: but if he
was led to conclude they could not be fuch, becaufe they were not internally

retraCtile, or capable of being drawn within the tentacula ; it is certainly not
a fufficient reafon: for it fhould rather be confidered, that as the fextacula are

64,
FasciatTus.

346

The fnout is ftrong and mufcular, and is ufed in
crawling to hold by, in order to bring forward the body ;
it is alfo of confiderable fervice in removing obftacles,
efpecially the earth when it retires to its hibernaculum.

The tentacula are fomewhat contraétile, but not tu-
bular; of courfe the animal is incapable of withdrawing
their tips into the interior part, like the more common
limaces.

—=- —

Turbo fafciatus. Br. Zool. t. 82. f. 119.
Da Cofta. p. 90.—Favan. t. 65, A. 1.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 18. f. 1. 1.
Lifter Conch. t. 19. f. 14.
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 481.

Helix bifafciata. Puit. Cat. Dorfet. p.49.

T. with a thin, fub-pellucid, taper fhell, with nine
fpires a little rounded, but not much raifed: apex mo-
derately pointed: volutions not regularly ftriated, but
wrinkled acrofs the whirls; colour white, longitudinally

ftreaked

(for fome wife purpofe) formed to be conftantly exerted, fo it became neceffa-
ry to protect fo-delicate a part by a corneous covering, as in the Cancer tribe.

With fubmiffion therefore te the anatomical abilities of Doétor L1s-
TER, who certainly did not confider that part to be ocellated, we think it right
to remark that, whoever, well qualified for the nice operation of the diffetion
of thofe parts, may hereafter undertake the inveftigation, we have little doubt
but our conjectures will be afcertained to be juft, and that the animal will
really be found to poflefs four eyes, two on the tips of the sentacula, and
two at their bafe.

ee

347

ftreaked with brown or chefnut, which at the bafe fre-
quently become confluent, and form one or two regular
bands: aperture fub-oval; outer lip thin; pillar lip a
little reflexed, forming a {mall cavity behind. Length
near three-quarters of an inch; breadth a quarter.

This fpecies was firft noticed by Lister in Wales;
and afterwards by PENNANT as frequent in Angle/ea, on
fandy foil near the coaft. It is certainly a local {pecies,
though very abundant in fome places near the fea, and
rarely, we belive, but in arenaceous foil, within the in-
fluence of faline air. On the coaft of Caermaythenfhire,
and on the hill above Whzt/and bay in Cornwall, it is in
fuch vaft profufion, that a perfon cannot ftep without
crufhing numbers. At the laft place is a prevailing opi-
nion, that they contribute much to fatten fheep,* it is in-
deed impoffible that thofe animals fhould browze on fuch
fhort grafs without devouring a prodigious quantity,
efpecially in the night, or after rain, when they afcend
the ftunted blades.

9 i aa Is

* In the Aiftory of Cornwall, Borrase fays, p. 286. “The fweetett
4* mutton is reckoned to be that of the {malleft fheep, which feed on the com-
**mons where the fands are fcarce covered with the green fod, and the grafs
“exceedingly fhort; fuch are the towens or fand-hillocks in Pzran-jand,
*< Gwythien, Philac, and Senan-green, near the land’s end, and elfewhere in
“like fituations. From thefe fands come forth. {nails of the turbinated kind,
‘but of different {pecies, and all fizes from the adult to the fmallelt juft from
“the egg; thefe fpread themfelves over the plains early in the morning, and
<< whilft they are in queft of their own food among the dews, yield a moft fat
‘* ning nourifhment to the {heep.”

65.

FonTinaLis.

348

Is alfo very plentiful in fome parts of South Devon,
clofe to the fea, efpecially at Bzgberry bay: even the
drifted fand at this place is full of dead fhells, to the
depth of four feet.

In all thefe places it is obfervable, that not one is to be
found as foon as you quit the fandy foil.

Doftor Putteney fpeaks of it as plentiful on the
downs in Dorfetfhire, near the fea. We found it alfo at
Kingsbridge in Devonfhire, not uncommon in one or two
fields, probably brought from fome diftance in fand,

(commonly ufed in that part for manure) as not a fingle

fhell is to be met with in any other place within fome -

miles.

The Turbo fafciatus fhould feem to be peculiar to
England, as we do not find it defcribed as inhabiting
the continent, by any foreign writer. It does not ap-
pear to be in the twelfth edition of the Syfema Nature ;
nor is it, that we can find, in that of GMELIN, except
where ListeEr’s figure of it is erroneoufly quoted for
Hehx detrita. Mutter and SCHROETER appear to be
equally unacquainted with it.

ie

Turbo fontinalis. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 45.
Don Br. Sheils. iti. t. 102.
Walk. Min Shells. f. 56.

Petiv. Gaz. t. 18. f. 2.
F Helix

ee

3AQ

Helix pifcinalis. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3627. 44.
Turt. Lins ive pyi2.
Helix pufilla. Gmel. Syft. p. 3627. 45.
Turt. Lin. 4. p. 513.
Turbo thermalis. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3603. 61 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 493 ?
Trochus criftatus. Schroeter Flufconch. p. 280. t. 6. fo
Nerita pifcinalis. Muller Verm, ii. p. 172. No. 358
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 247. No. 61.
Nerita pufilla. Mudler Verm. ii. p. 171. No. 357.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 246. No. 59.

T. with a thin, fub-pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, with
four or five much rounded, very prominent, {mooth, or
finely wrinkled volutions; the laft fmall, and rather com-
prefled, giving the fhell an obtufe apex: aperture per-
fe€tly orbicular; lips thin; inner lip flightly attached to
the body whirl: bafe perforated with a fmall, but deep
umbilicus. Length and breadth nearly the fame, rarely
exceeding a quarter of an inch.

This fpecies is not uncommon in fome of our rivers
and fmall ftreams; fometimes in ftagnant waters, and
particularly in drains or water-courfes, in low fwampy
ground.

We have found it in various parts of Wilifhire, efpeci-
ally in the Avon, and in the moat round the old caftle
at Marlborough: in Devonfhire not far from Exeter ;
and in Dorfetfhire in Perbeck very plentiful. In the

river Kennet about Newbury, it is not uncommon.
1G

350

It is frequently covered with a concreted, ftony matter,
and fometimes a brown epidermis: dead fhells are white.

Although by no meansa fcarce fpecies, it has been in
confiderable obfcurity, notwithftanding PeTiver gave
a figure of it near a hundred years ago, and fays, “I
have obferved this in frefh-water, and if I miftake not,
in the New River.”

Mutter has doubtlefs given this fhell in two places,
but in neither does he mention the fingular ftru€ture of
the animal inhabitant; a circumflance that would not
have efcaped the difcriminating eye of that great natu-
ralift, if it had ever come alive under his examination.

ScHROETER has given it in no lefs than three places,
as fo many diftin& fpecies; two of which are evidently
thofe of Mutxer: the other under the title of Trochus
criftatus, defcribes both the fhell and the animal per-
feétly well: he fays he received it from Profeffor HEr-
MANN, by the name of Federbufchtragers (plume-bear-
er), by which appellation it is alfo to be found in Mar-
tint Berlin Magaz. iv. 247. No.59. Grorrroy in his
German edit. calls it Cochlea eel critata: in his
French edit. Le Port Plumet.

From thefe authors it appears to have been found in
water courfes, {mall ftreams, and fifh-ponds, about Paris,
as well as in Szveden.

The

351

The operculum of the fhell is corneous, permanent,
wrought with fine {piral ridges, with a {mall knob in the
centre.

The animal is of a pale colour, with two fetaceous
tentacula placed as ufual, and another fimilar one, fitu-
ated on the right fide, clofe to the head; and near this,
on the middle of the hind head, is an appendage of a
moft elegant plumofe ftru€ture, (like that of the animal
inhabiting Helzx criftata.) very pellucid, extremely fen-
fible, and capable of inftantaneous retraction: the eyes
are fituated on the head, at the bafe of the two anterior
tentacula.

*EE REVERSED.

Animal with the foramen on the left fide.

<>

We have thought it proper to make a feparate divi-
fion of the reverfed fhells of this genus, in order that
they might be brought together the better for compa-
rifon; and perhaps it may not be improper in this place,
to define what is really intended by this term.

Nothing appears more confufed and incomprehenfible,
than the various defcriptions of different authors, con-
cerning

552

cerning the fpiral turns of a Acteroftrophe thell; fome
eall it from right to left, others vice verfa,, from left to
right,

Every conchologift knows, that moft convoluted fhells
turn one way, and that there are a few {pecies which are

heterochiical, or invariably turn contrary to the ufual
manner: fome indeed have doubted, whether this is a

permanent charatter; there requires, however, no ar-
gument to prove it is fo, to thofe who have taken the
trouble to examine the common fpecies of Aeteroftrophe
thells, which daily prefent themfelves to our notice in
our rural walks. Indeed, it is rather ftrange, that not
one of thefe fhells, whofe nature is to have their fpires
turn in the more unufual manner, has (to our know-
ledge) ever been met with to vary from that formation ;
as fuch accidental deformities have been found in a few
inftances, amongft thofe which are ufually termed dex-
trals, or have the more ufual {piral turns, and have be-

come lu/us heteroftrophon hells.

In order therefore to explain, which way the turn of
the {piral convolutions of a reverfed fhell takes, omitting
the vague fignification of turning to the right or left;
we fhall obferve, that the more common turn of fhells is
with the apparent motion of the fun, or as the index or
hand of a clock moves.

But in order tobe more clearly underftood; let us

compare the fpiral volutions of a fhell to a common
cork-

OE ee

353

_tork-ferew, and we fhall find, that whether the mouth,

or apex, is placed upwards, the fpires will turn from the
upper to the lower end like a common ferew, which is
in the fame direétion as the index of a time-piece, and
what is commonly underftood by a dextral or right-
handed fcrew. Asa further definition, fuch fhells have
their aperture on the right fide, when examined with
that end downward; and is in the dire@tion of the {un’s
apparent motion.

On the contrary, a reverfed fhell, when placed ina
perpendicular pofition, has its fpiral volutions in an op-
pofite direttion to the motion of the index of a watch,
or aclock, or to acommon fcrew; and in faé refem-
bles what is ufually termed a finiftral, or left-handed
fcrew. Thefe have their aperture on the left fide, or
oppofite the left hand of the perfon holding the fhell
with the mouth downward; and the opening is oppofite
the fun’s apparent motion.

In order to determine whether a flat fhell, whofe vo-
lutions are laterally placed, is a reverfed fpecies, we
have only toexamine which way the volutions turn from
the afex or centre, towards the mouth; and if we find
it contrary to the motion of the index of a watch, it isa
heteroftrophe, or reverfed fhell: and vice ver/a,

In fome of the more depreffed fpecies of Helix, or
Nautilus, attention is requifite to be paid to the mouth,
Lz In

O54

in order to determine which is really the upper fide of
she fhell, for it is on that fide the fpiral turns are to be
taken from the centre or afex ; and in moft inftances this
is to be determined by the oblique direftion of the aper-
ture to the under part, where the lip rarely extends fo
far as on the upper part. In fixed fhells, fuch as Serpula,
there is no difficulty, as the fide which is /e/ile muft be
confidered as the bafe, or under part. Thus in the Ser-
pula lucida the fixed part is fometimes very fmall, and
the mouth protends fpirally upwards in a contrary di-
reétion to the fun; and therefore muft be confidered a
reverfed or heteroftrophe fhell, the fame as if the volu-
tions neareft the mouth had turned laterally upon the
the centre or fixed ones.

This fhell, indeed, is moft frequently found with re-
gular lateral volutions; and though fubjeé to great va-
riety with refpe&t to contortions, it invariably turns the
aperture one way.

In fome fpecies of Nautzlus, however, there can be
no rule to afcertain whether it is dextral or finiftral; for
when the aperture is exaétly lateral, the lip collapfes
the body equally, and the fides of the fhell fimilar, as in
N. Calcar, it cannot be defined. d

In others of that genus, as in N. Beccarit and Becca-
rit perverfus, two fhells, the principal diftinétion of
which, is the contrary turn of their volutions, it is eafily

deter-

- ee

i

355

determined, by the convexity of the upper fide; and of

* courfe, the aperture being placed fomewhat beneath.

Having thus, we hope, pretty clearly defined what is
a reverfed fhell, or at leaft explained what is confidered
as fuch by us, we fhall proceed to defcribe the tew of
that family in the Turbo genus.

—<f>—
4 66.
Turbo perverfus. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1240. PERVERSUS.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 959. a. ‘Fabs Five. 12.

Lift. Angl. t.2. £.11 2—Favan. t.65. L4.
Berkenhout. p. 206. 3.

Hill Swammerd. p. 69. t. 8. f. 1. 2.
Schroet Erdconch. p, 138. t. 1. f. 5.

T. with eight or nine reverfed, fub-pellucid, regular.
tapering fpires, of a yellowifh or greenifh horn-colour,
obfoletely firiated: volutions a little rounded, and di-
vided by a deep feparating line: aperture fub-orbicular;
outer lip a little reflexed; pillar lip not detached, or
projecting on the body whirl, the edges white and thin:
in old fhells a round, obfolete, tooth-like knob, is ob-
fervable atthe edge of the upper angle, but is moft com.
monly without any. Length rarely exceeding a quarter
of an inch; breadth one fourth of its length.

This fpecies is extremely local, and by no means fo

plentiful or common as 7. didens, with which it is rarely
found: | We have taken it in Wiltfhire, and in Cornwall

near’ Penryn, in both places adhering to the trunks of
. haa Ae A , trees :

356

trees: and in Devonfhire near Kingsbridge, under the
loofe bark of old. apple trees, where no other fhell was
to be met with, but 7. Mu/corum.

No fhell feems to have puzzled conchologifts more
than this; being generally placed in cabinets as the
young of T. dedens.

The difficulty of obtaining a fpecimen, with a perfeét
full grown mouth, has probably led to this error. It
differs however in fhape, fize, and colour, particular-
ly in the bottom volution, which is even and round;
whereas the dzdens has a prominent ridge, and depreflion
on that part; befides, the pillar lip of this refleéts upon,
and adheres to the body whirl, forming a fmall depreffi-
on, or fub-wmbilicus: in the other the pillar lip is per-
feily detached, thick, and prominent.

Cuemnitz has given a bad figure of this fhell, and
with it a variety, which is doubtlefs no other than a
young bzdens, .

Da Costa probably had never feen this fpecies, and
has given the dcdens for the young, and the T. labiatus,
for the adult fhell. Linn us particularly fpecifies his
fhell to be without teeth, by faying, “Turbo perverfus
tefta turrita pellucida, anfraclibus contrarius apertura
edentula.” Gmetin has certainly not given this fpecies
for his perver/us, as he fays, “tefta pellucida: anfratizbus
contrarits non crenaiis, apertura tridentata. From this
{pecific charaéter, as well as from the fize, which is ftated

to

OOF
to be about three-quarters of an inch in length, there is
little doubt but his fhell is the 7. damznatus.

Animal dufky above, light beneath; tentacula four,
fhort, cylindric, clavate, furnifhed with eyes at the tips
of the longeft.

—— Ge
67.
Turbo bidens. Zin. Sy/t. p.1249.—Gumel. Syjt. p.3609.87. Bivens.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 498. Rabe tet.

Chem. Conch. ix. t 112. f. 559. b. (young)
Lifter Conch. t. 41. f. 39. (right hand.)
id Ansh %..2: ¥. 10.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 46.
Turbo perverfus. Br. Zool. t. 82. f. 116.
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 72.
Helix perverfus. Muller Verm. it. p. 118. No. 316.
Strombif. perverfus. Da Cota. p. 108.

T. with twelve taper, reverfed fpires, {welling a littlein
the middle, and marked with fine longitudinal {trie ; the
volutions rather flat, but well defined by the feparating
line: colour opaque chocolate-brown ; frequently cine-
reous, or ftreaked with it, efpecially dead fhells, or fuch
as have been expofed to the fun: aperture fub-orbicular,
the upper part compreffed on the outer angle near to the
body; pillar lip furnifhed with two teeth-like folds. that
run a confiderable way into the fhell: the margin of the
lip is white, a little reflexed; the inner lip is not loft on
the body whirl, as in T. ferverfus, but is raifed, and per-

feGily

358

fe&tly detached from it; and at the back of the lower
volution, behind the mouth, is a prominent ridge, and
a depreffion. Length rarely half an inch; breadth one
fourth its length. —

This fpecies is the moft common of all the Briti/h land
fhells: it is found in every part of the kingdom in woods,
and fhady places, particularly on trunks of trees, moffy
and ivy-grown walls. In its young ftate, before the
mouth is formed, it has been confounded for 7. perver-
Jus of Linn aus: but even in that ftate it is readily dif-
tinguifhed by the bafe being flattifh, and appears un-
formed ; which is never obferved in the other at any age,
the laft volution being always rounded. In the colour
too, it is effentially different, as in no inftance is it found
to be of that light, pellucid, greenifh horn-colour.

Da Costa, as well as others, has fallen into this er-
ror, Donovan has evidently given a figure of this
fhell, but is miftaken in quoting the T. perverfus of Lin-
N&us, as well as making it the Strombzformis perver/us,
of Da Costa. ‘The fhell figured by that author is the
I. labtatus of this work, though he erroneoufly defcribes
the T. d:dens as the young of that fhell.

This fpecies was called by Doctor SoranperR Turbo .
nigricans.

Animal dufky: tentacula four, fhort, cylindric, cla-
vate ;

359

vate; the two longeft furnifhed with eyes at their tips.
The tentacula not fo long in proportion, as thofe of the
perverfus; colour of the animal darker.

ao

Turbo perverfus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3609. 88.
Turt. Lin, iv. p. 4982
Br. Zool. 81. f. 17.—Gualt. t.4. C.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 46.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. £.960, No. 1.
Lifter Conch. t. 41. f. 39. (left hand.)
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 137. t. 1. f. 4, a.
Helix bidens. Muller Verm. ii. p. 116. No. 315.

T. with ten fmooth, glofly, pellucid, reverfed fpires,
‘of a rufous horn-colour: fhape like the T. dbzdens, lar-
geft in the middle, and tapering from thence to a {mall
round point: the volutions rather raifed, but not pro-
minent, yet well defined by the feparating line: aper-
ture fub-orbicular, compreffed at the upper outer mar-
gin, where it joins the body; lip white, flightly margi-
nated, and ‘reflexed; pillar lip a little thickened, not
elevated, or detached from the body whirl, furnifhed
with two white folds, or teeth-like Jamine, very confpi-
cuous; and deep within the mouth are three or four
prominent ridges, difcernable through the fhell when
held up to the light. Length nearly three-quarters of an
inch ; breadth one fourth of its length.

In live fhells, the animal gives it a dark appearance;
and

68.
LAMINATUS.
A abel lb. ae

360

and when dried and contracted within, the upper volu-
tions only, are of a dufky-brown colour. Old fhells are
fometimes worn and decorticated, becoming of a cine-
reous colour in ftreaks and blotches; but never regularly
{triated, though pofleffed of faint, longitudinal wrinkles,
only obfervable by the affiftance of a lens,

This {pecies has been confounded with T. dzdens and
perverfus. Dofor Putreney, in his Catalogue of Dor-
Setfhire fhells, makes it the laft mentioned; fays it it is
much more common than the dzdens ; and remarks, that
it is much larger than that fhell, and not rarely furnifhed
withthree teeth. Poffibly the Do€tor had never obferved
‘all the damzn@ on the outer lip, but only the one on that
part moft confpicuous. It appears to be very local; for
we have never found it but in Lackham wood, in the
north of Wiltfhire, and at Bow Wood, the feat of the
Marquis of Lanspown, in the fame county. Itis, how-
ever, found {paringly in Kent, in the neighbourhood of
Sandwich. .

This fpecies is like T. ferverfus on the back of the
lower whirl, behind the lip, being quite even and round-
ed; but its fuperior fize, fhape, and laminated mouth,
forbids its being confounded. From T. didens it differs
effentially, in being fuperior in fize; in tranfparency,
gloflinefs, and want of ftriz, as well as in the connexion
of the pillar lip to the body; and the back of the lip
being even,

Animal

361

Animal light-brown, paler beneath; tentacula, and
eyes, fomewhat like the laft.

—=pPp—-

Turbo bidens. Giel. Sy/t. p. 3609. 87. var. 2
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 960. No. 2 ?
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 139. t, 1. f. 4. b.
Helix papillaris. Maller Vermi.ai. p. 120. No. 317?
Gualt. t. 4. D. E?

T. with twelve or thirteen reverfed, taper fpires, “of
an opaque brown colour, marked with numerous, ftrong,
and regular ftrie the whole length of the fhell, inter-
rupted only by the feparating line, which is moderately
deep and well defined: aperture fub-orbicular, much
compreffed at the upper part, and flightly at the extre-
mity: lips rather thick, white, and reflected; margin
connetted all round: pillar lip prominent, and detached,
furnifhed with two white teeth-like amine, approxima-
ting. Lengththree-quarters of aninch; breadth one fifth
of its length.

This {fpecies has much the habit of T. dzdens, but is readi-
ly diftinguifhedby its colour, fuperior fize, and particular-
ly the fhape of the mouth. Itisalfo obfervable that this
fhell, though much fuperior in fize, has the teeth inva-
riably much nearer together ; the margin of the aperture
is alfo more reflexed and more produced.

We firft difcovered this fpecies fparingly at Eafton
Grey in Wilifhire; and many years after obferved it in
Aaa the

69.
BIpLicatus.
Tabsitietscae

WO

LaBIATA.
Mabe ad, £6;

562

the cabinets of Mr. Swainson and Mr. Sowersy, in
London; by whom we are informed, it was not uncom-
mon in the neighbourhood of the metropolis, efpecially
in Hyde Park.

ti -

Strombif. perverfus. Da Cofta. p. 107. t. 5. f. 15.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 112. f. 957 ?

T. with nine reverfed, taper fpires, of an opaque,
light-brown colour, wrought with numerous, ftrong,
and regular ftriz, the whole length of the fhell: the vo-
lutions are flat, feparated only by a fine obfolete line,
which does not interrupt the longitudinal ftriz: aper-
ture fub-orbicular, with a “nus at the upper end, and fur-
nifhed with two teeth-like /amzne on the inner lip ; mar-
gin much refleéted, very broad, thick, and white, fur-
rounding the mouth; pillar lip a little detached from
the body whirl. Length five-eighths of an inch; breadth
one eighth.

This fpecies cannot be confounded with any of the
preceding heterofirophe fhells, for independent of the un-
fually flat volutions, the broad, thick, marginated aper-
ture, 1s an unerring mark of diftinétion.

Da Costa feems to have known this rare {pecies,
having given a good defcription of it, as an old fhell of
his Svrombiformes perverfus ; where he not only makes
mention of the volutions, not jutting out beyond each

other,

363

other, but that the border round the mouth is very
broad, flat, thick, milk white, and turned greatly out-
wards. Which characters neither belong to the 7. d7-
dens, nor perverfus.

That it is found in the neighbourhood of London is
without doubt, as Mr. Swainson informed us it was no-
ticed in Hyde Park, about twenty years ago, adhering to
the trunks of trees, on the north fide of the ferpentine
river, near its banks.

This gentleman further remarked, that he believed it
to be f{carce, never having found more than three or
four, and thofe in an ozier-ground in Batter/ea fields,
near the wind-mills, as far back as the year 1790.

We believe this was named by Doftor SoLanper,
Turbo labiatus, which name we have retained, efpecially
as it feems to be known by it, and is fo marked in Mr.
Sw aAtnson’s cabinet.

=<

Vertigo pufilla. Muller Verm. ii. p. 124. No. $20.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 349. No. 142.
Helix Vertigo. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3664. 155.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 541.

T. with an opaque, brown, oval fhell, with five re-
verfed fpires faintly ftriated: afex obtufe: aperture fub-
orbicular, fub-triangular, fub-marginated, indented, ufu-

Aaa 2 ally

lie
VERTIGO.
Tab. 12.

f.

O-

364

ally furnifhed with three white teeth, two on the Colu-
mella, and one on the exterior lip oppofite ; and a large
plate, or protuberance, at the angle of the outer lip.
Length half a line, or fearce larger than a poppy feed.

It has much the habit of Turbo fexdentatus, but be-
fides its being reverfed, it is more cylindric, more ob-
tufe at the apex, and differs effentially in the fhape of
the aperture, and in the teeth.

We were firft favoured with fpecimens of this f{pecies
by Mr. Boys of Sandwich, who informed us, it was not
uncommonat that place, on old walls covered with ivy :
and have fince found it rarely amongft the reedlamenta
of the river Avon in Wiltfhire.

The infant ftate of this fhell has much the appear-
ance of a Trochus, the aperture is quadrangular, tranf-
verfely’ compreffed; and the bafe flat and umbilicated.

Mutter gives this fhell fingly, in his twenty-fourth
genus, under the title of Verizgo: the charatters being
taken from the animal, run thus, * Zentaculis duobus
“lineartbus, aprce oculatis.”

This is, we believe, the only inftance of a imax pof-
felling but two tentacula, furnifhed with eyes at their
‘ips, and none at their bafe.

With

365

With refpe& to the number of teeth, it is fubjeét to
fome variety, having in one or two inftances lately,
found it to poffefs fix, and the rudiment of a feventh ;
in which ftate MuLLER has particularly deferibed it, but
does not mention the more ufual appearance of that part,
which for fome time occafioned us to doubt, whether
with propriety, the fynonyms of MuLLeErR’s fhell, could
be affixed to it, though his calling it fnifrorfa, which
implies a reverfed, or heteroftrophe {pecies, inclined us
to think it the fame.

This naturalift fays, it is found on rotten wood, but
fpeaks of it as rare.

In the fpecimen now before us, the teeth are fet in
pairs, two on the Colwmella, two on the right fide, and
the fame on the left, with the rudiment of a feventh be-
tween the two pair on the exterior lip: the plate de-
{fcribed above, at the angle of the outer lip is lefs
confpicuous, being elongated into one of the largefi
teeth.

Muuter fays,-““Apertura fub-quadrata, margine fum-
“mo albo, arcuato, ad anfracium oppofiitum tranfverfo.
“* Dentes in ore aperture fex minimi albe cum rudimento

“ feptimz, tres nempe in externo aperture, tres in anfrac-
* tu vicino.”

Thofe who have an opportunity of examining this

fhell,

366

fhell, will find this defcription to accord with ours, when
itis obferved, MutueR has apparently divided the na-
tural order of the teeth; but it will be feen, the pair on
the inner angle of the outer lip, ftand one on each fide,
the upper of which, is confidered by himas belonging to
the Columella, or in the vicinity of the volution.

The irregular fhape of the aperture might alfo be con-
fidered by fome as a fub-fquare, but to us it appears
more properly fub-trilateral, with rounded angles.

367
———=EISTLGOIOOO<S> GOOIEF9220————

GEN. XXVIII.

HELIX.

—<fe—
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL, univalve, fpiral, fub-diaphanous, fragile.

Aperture contraéted, either fub-rotund, or femi-
lunart.

— ir

*OVATE, OR TURRITED. ’

Helix ftagnalis. Lin. Sy/t. p.1249.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3657.128. SpraGNatis.'
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1237. 1238. "Tab: iGe toes
Muller Verm. ii. p. 132. No. 327.
Lift. Conch. t.123. f.21.—Id. Angl. t.2.f.21.
Schroet. Flufconch. p.304. t.7. f.1. to4.—t.
Nin. C. £2 15,
Helix

_t The very great connexion between the Turbo and Helix of the Linnean
genera, has frequently occafioned a removal of {pecies from one to the other.
Indeed, if none were to be placed in the former, but what had the aperture
ftriétly orbicular, and entire; nor in the latter, any but thofe poflefling a fub-
lunar or roundifh mouth, we fhould be at a lofs where to place a great many
fpeciesof both thefe genera. We have, however, followed the Swedifh natu-
ralift pretty clofely, except in a few inftances; particularly that of placing
all the depreffed {pecies without any regard to the fhape of the mouth, in the
Felix genus.

368

Helix ftagnalis. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 136—Gualt. t. 5. 1. L,
Da. Cofta. ps 935%. 5. f. 1d
Favan. t. 61. F. 16. & 23.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 48«
Don Br, Shells. ii. t. 51. £. 2.
Turt. Lin. 4. p. 536.

H. with a thin, brittle, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell,
with fix or fevent{pires, the firft very large. the others
fmall and tapermg toa very fine point; body a little
wrinkled longitudinally, with a few faint, irregular,
tranfverfe ridges ; aperture oval, large, more than half
the length of the fhell ; outer lip thin; pillar lip thick-
ened, {mooth. Length one inch and three quarters ;
breadth one inch,

This fpecies which is the largeft of all our frefh-water
univalve fhells is not uncommon in many of our flow
rivers, and ftagnant waters. It is frequently covered
with a green epidermis, and fometimes a concreted
{tony matter, that almoft obliterates the upper voluti-
ons. Some authors have made this fhell into two or
three fpecies, apparently from fize only.

Mr. Pennant has figured the H. paluftris as a vari-
ety, tab. 86. letter B.

It is fubje@t to a gibbofity on the body whirl, which
in fome old fhells is large and very prominent.

The

309

The figure of this common fpecies is given, for the
purpofe of comparing with it, what is confidered as the
H. fragilis of Linn aus; for which reafon a medium
fpecimen was chofen for the engraving, in order to
adapt the fize to that of the other.

ie -

Helix fragilis. Zin. Sy/t. p. 1249.—Ginel. Sy/t. p. 3658.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 309. t. 7. £.8?

H. with a thin, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, much
refembling H. fiagnalzs, but is more flender, particularly
in the fmaller fpires, and the volutions are ufually more
diaphanous, and always turn more oblique.

There is very little doubt that this is the H. fragzlzs of

Linn £us, but whether it is really diftin& is difficult to
de termine ; all we can fay is, that till very lately no fhell
of fuch flender growth had ever occurred to us, amongit
the flagnalis, in the various parts of the kingéom we
have taken that fhell: and upona comparifon of all the
varieties of the fagnalis received trom our friends, a con-
fiderable difference appears, more particularly in the
{maller fhells, which are much more flender in the fupe-
rior volutions.

The only place in which this has ever occurred to us,
1s the canal mtended to make a junction of the Kenneé
and Avon, between Chifpenham and’ Laycock, in Wilt -

flare: reany, that were collefted from that water, were

Bbb ali

Q
“ae

FRAGILIS.

McbeamiOnts. 7

3.
PALUSTRIS.

Tab. 16. -£, 10.

370

all of the fame flender fhape; and in the younger fhells,
there were, in all we examined, a few opaque white lines,
croffing the fmaller volutions. The largeft meafured an
inch and a half in length, and not quite three-quarters
of an inch wide, in the largeft part.

There does not appear to be any material difference
between the animals of thefe two fhells; both are of a
yellowifh colour, with two fhort, flat, conic tentacula,
at the bafe of which the eyes are fituated: the fexes too

are diftinét, as is ufual in aquatic domaces.

Having faid thus much, we muft leave to future ob-
fervations the a€tual determination, whether it is really
diftin& or not: in giving it a feparate place, we have

only followed the example of abler naturalifts, but we .

mutt confefs it admits of fome doubt.

The-figure given by Scuroerer for the Linnean
fragilis, we have quoted, but not without a note of in-
terrogation, as it is not fufficiently taper, or flender in
the Randhee volutions.

— Le

Helix aes Gmel. Syft. p.36538.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.537.
Lifter Conch. t. 124. f. 24.
dd, Aggl. t. 2. i. 225
Muller Verm. ir. p. 131. No. $26.

Schroeter Flufconch. p. 308. t. 7. f. 7.9.10. ’

& 11?—Hill Swammerd. p. 73, t. 9. f. 4.
Helix

a

371i

Helix paluttris. Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 48.
Helix fragilis. Muller Verm. p. 48.
Helix ftagnalis. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 136. B. (var.)

H. with a fub-pellucid, brown, horn-coloured fhell,
with fix fpires, tapering to a fharp point; the volutions
are a little rounded, but not much elevated, flightly
wrinkled longitudinally, and fometimes marked with 1f=
regular tran{verle ridges, particularly on the body whirl:
aperture oval, nearly half the length of the fhell; outer
lip thin; pillar lip replicated, in old hells forming a
flight cavity behind; infide gloffy purplifh-brown, fome-
times dark-purple. Length commonly about three-quar-
ters of an inch; breadth three-eighths; but fometimes,
though rarely, exceeds an inch in length.

This fpecies is much more flender at the bafe than the
ftagnalis, and more gradually taper. It is not uncom-
mon in watery ditches, in low {wampy fituations, in va-
rious parts of the kingdom; it does not, however, appear
to be fo generally known as H. ftagnalzs, and poffibly
has fometimes been confounded for the young of that
{pecies ; as was the cafe with Mr. Pennant. Doctor
Putteneys H. fragilis is only a variety of this fhell,
with the volutions rather more rounded, and the afex
more obtufe. Such are not uncommon, and we are per-
feétly clear the Doétor’s fhell is no other, as he favoured
us with a fpecimen.

The paluftris is generally covered with a dark efider-
Bbb 2 mus,

372

mis, fometimes almoft black, and not uncommonly worn,
or decorticated about the apex.

We have found it in Kent, Hamp/hire, Wiltfhire, Dor-
Seifhive, Devonfhire, Cornwall, and other parts.

Animal dark cinereous, fpeckled with a lighter colour:
tentacula fhort, flat, conic: eyes fituated at their bafe.

=p

4. .
FossSaria. Helix glabra. Gmel Sy/t p 3658?
Tab. 16, f. 9. Schroeter Fluffconch, p. 320. t. 7. f. 15 2?

Buccinum glabrum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 135. No. $28 ?

H. with a thin, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, with
five or fix fpires: has much the habit of Helcx paluftrcs,
but not half the fize, and the volutions rounder, more
deeply divided, and the aperture not fo oblong: is alfo
more generally flender, and rarely has any tranfverfe
wrinkles. Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth not
one half its length,

This fpecics is not uncommon in moft parts of the
kingdom, in moift places, particularly in muddy ditches,
drains, and water-courfes, which are frequently dry, in
which cafe the animal perifhes; for though it is more
amphibious than any other fpecies we are acquainted
with, yet it cannot exift without moifture; it is, how-
ever, more frequently found at the edge of water, thanin

it,

373
it, preferring moifture to actual fluid, and is rarely found
immerfed. but in fhallow pools, expofed to the fun.

} ; n
It never creeps up the plants, but always. keeps on
the mud.

This fhell has probably been confounded for the young
of the falufiris, but is generally of a lighter colour, and
is rarely, if ever, found with that fhell. It is extremely
common in fome parts of Devon/hire, and in many other
places, where the palufiris is not to be found: in the
fouthern parts of that county, every little fplafh, or mud-
dy place by the road fide is full of them; but have ne-
ver found the other in thofe parts. We have even met
with it upon the top of one of the higheft hills in Corn-

_wall, at the verge of a {pring near the Lizard, where
no other f{pecies of {hell was to be found,

Animal dufky : éentacula two, fomewhat compreffed,
fhort: eyes on the head, at the bafe of the tentacula.

—<a
5.
Helix peregra. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3659.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.537. PEREGRA.
Muller.Verm. ii. p. 130.324. Tab. 16. f. 3.

Favan. t. 61. E. 4.
Helix putris. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 137.
Helix atrata. Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1244. 1. 20
Cuall.t.5, fC. ©.
Schroet. t.6. f. 3. 6.—t.7. f. 12 2—& t. Min,
©. f, 2,
H. with

374

H. with a thin, fub-pellucid, yellowifh, horn-coloured
fhell, with four fpires; the firft very large and tumid,
the others very fmall: afex fine, and pointed: volutions
wrinkled longitudinally: aperture extremely large, oval,
three-fourths the length of the fhell; outer lip thin; pil-
lar lip thickened; infide white, or yellowifh: outfide
ufually covered with a thick, blackifh, or dufky;brown
epidermis. Length one inch; breadth five-eighths, ufv-
ally much lefs.

This f{pecies, the moft common of all our frefh-water
fhells, is frequently confounded with Helex auricularia,
which is a much more local fhell; whereas this is found
in moft of our flow rivers, and ftagnant waters.

Mr. Pennant has given a good figure of it, and has
quoted the H. putris of Linn zus.. We do not however
think it is that fhell. Da Costa has quoted PENNANT’S
figure, for his trzanfraétus, which is probably the H.
putris of Linn Aus.

The animal is perfe€tly an aquatic fpecies, and is ne-
ver found to expofe itfelf on the plants out of water. It
is of a yellowifh colour, with two broad, flat tentacula, a
little tapering: eyes at the bafe of the tentacula, beneath.

Scuroerer has evidently confounded this fhell with
H. auricularia, and has made other fpecies out of
varieties.

Helix

ted

375

6.

Helix auricularia. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1240.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.$562.,AuricuLarRia.

Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1241. 1242.
Gualt.t.5. F.G.— Favan.t.61.E.3.E.11.
Lifter Conch. t. 123. f; 22.

Id. Afgl. t. 2. £. 23.

Schroeier Fiuffconch. t. 6. f. 4.5.
Muller Verm. it. p. 126. No. 322.

Br. Zool. t..66. f. 138.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 540.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.

Don. Br. Shells. ni. t: 51. f. 1.

Turbo patulus. Da Cofia. p. 95. t. 5. f. 17.

H. with a thin, brittle, fub-pellucid fhell, of a light
yellow colour, with four fpires, the firft extremely large,
occupying almoft the whole of the fhell: apex very fharp
pointed: the largeft volution is longitudinally wrinkled,
and frequently marked with one deep depreffion: aper-
ture fub-oval, extremely large; outer lip much extended,
thin, and fomewhat reflexed, efpecially at the bafe: the
upper part rifes high, is much rounded at the junétion,
and frequently projects in a right angle; pillar lip repli-
cated; within fmooth, yellowifh. The outfide of the
fhell is fomewhat gloffy, but frequently covered with a
ferruginous- brown epidermis. Length an inch, or more;
breadth three-quarters of an inch.

This, and the preceding fpecies, have been in general,
confounded for the fame; there is, indeed, great fimili-

tude between fome of the varieties, but the great cha-
racteriftic

‘Pabeli6u terse

7

(Purris.
Tab. 16. f. 4.

576

ra@eriftic diftinG@ion is, that the fecond volution of this,
is much f{maller, and as it were more funk in the body
whirl; the aperture much larger, more expanded, and
rifing to a fhoulder as high as the oppofite fiderof the
volution; the body too, is vaftly more tumid in general.

This is not near fo common a fhell; though it is not
unplentiful in fome parts, in large ftagnant pools, and
flow rivers. We have found it of a fuperior fize in the
the river Avon, in the north of Wilifazre: and is not un-
common in the Kennet in Berk/hire.

Door PuLTENEY fpeaks of it as a Dor/fet/hire fhell;
but we never could find it either in that county, De-
vonfnire, or Cornwall; where the HZ. peregra is very?
common.

Animal dull greenifh-yellow: head broad; tentacula
broad, flat, conic, fpeckled with brighter yellow: eyes
placed on the head, at the bafe of the tentacula. Is ca-
pable of receding within its fhell as much as the pere-
gra, and does not cover any part of it when in motion,
hike'the glutinofa.

he

Helix putris.. Zin. Sy/t. p. 1249.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3659.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1248.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 128. t. 1.4. 2.
Id. Fluffconch. p. 265. No. 98.
Hill Swammerd. p. 69. t. 8. £4.
Helix

a

377
Helix putris, Lit. Conch. t.123. £.23.—Id. Angl. t.2.f.242
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 538.—Gualt. t. 5. H.
Helix limofa, Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 48.
Helix fuccinea. Muller Verm. ii. p.97. No. 296.
Turbo trianfraftus. Da Cofta p. 92. t. 5. f. 18.

H. with an extremely thin, pellucid fhell, of a red-
difh-yellow colour, inclining to orange, with three
fpires; the firft very large, making at leaft four-fifths
of the fhell; the others of courfe very fmall, but the
middle one is vaftly fuperior in fize to that which forms
the afex : it is a little wrinkled longitudinally, but glof-
fy: aperture oval, extending two-thirds the length of
the fhell; outer lip extremely thin, frequently quite
membranaceous, and elaftic; pillar lip very flightly
thickened. Length three-quarters of an inch; breadth
not half an inch; but ufually not. near fo large.

It is a very common [pecies in wet places, amonstft
willows, and fub-aquatic plants: in its firft ftate 1s
greenifh-yellow, almoft membranaccous, and afterwards
becomes more orange. Dead fhells are frequently bleach-
ed white.

The animal is not an aquatic, though it refides always
near water, or in moift places, upon the {talks and leaves
of plants ; it is, indeed, fometimes found in water, but we
confider it more by accident than choice, and foon re-
gains its former {tation on fome neighbouring plant.

CG cc This

378

This fpecies has been greatly confounded with its con-
geners, H. peregra, and the young of H. auricularia,
but is at once diftinguifhed by its tranfparency, and by
the form of the body volution, which is very little fwel-
led, and tapers to the fecond {pire without any promi-
nency at the junétion; and the divifion, or feparating
line, runs much more oblique: it is never covered with
an epidermis, and is more flender in proportion to its

length.

CHremnitz has given a tolerable good figure of
this fhell, and quotes the H. fuiris of Linn 2us; and
GMELIN quotes CHEMNITz’s figure for his puiris.

Da Cost a’s defcription feems to anfwer tolerably well -

for this fhell, but his figure is more like AH. peregra, and’
he has quoted Mr. Pennanrt’s H. putris, which is cer-
tainly that fhell, not only in figure, but is defcribed to,
inhabit ponds.

The animal of this has four tentacuda, fituated like
the generality of land /imaces, two long and two fhort ;
and the eyes are placed on the top of the longeft ;* thefé
tentacula

* It is more fully {tated in another place that.the aquatic f{pecies of /imax,.
or fuchas.can exift under water, are invariably poflefled of two tentacula only,
and thofe deftitute of eyes at theirtips. Linn aus, as well as GMELIN, par-
ticularly remarks, that the animal of H. putris has four tentacula ; a character
fufficient to determine all controverfy, for none of the animal inhabitants of

_ the other fhells hitherto confounded with this, have more than two fentacula,
and thofe difering in fhape.

=

379

tentacula however, are rather fhort in proportion, and a
little clavated at the point ; about half way down is a fort
of annulation, from which part it fuddenly increafes in fize,
and then continues cylindric to the bafe ; thefe are dufky
behind, continuing in a line on each fide the head,
backwards. The colour of the animal in general, is pale
yellowifh, {potted with cinereous: it is larger in propor-
tion to its fhell, than any other fpecies we are acquainted
with, the H. glutinofa excepted, not being capable of
withdrawing its body within the margin of the aperture.

8.
Helix glutinofa. Ginel. Syft. p. 3659. GLUTINOSA.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 537. Tab, 1624.5.

Buccinum glutinofum. Muller Verm. ii. p. 129. 323.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 271, No.79.

H. with an extremely thin, diaphanous, fub-orbicular
fhell, of a glofly yellowifh horn-colour, nearly fmootk,
or obfoletely wrinkled: volutions three, the firft, or body,
occupying almoft the whole of the fhell; the others ex-
tremely {mall, and fo little produced, as fearce to be feen
when the fhell is lying with its mouth upwards : aperture
oval, vaftly large, extending nearly to the apex ; no ac-
tual duplicature on the inner lip, nor the leaft inclination
toa cavity, or wmbilicus; but the under part of the body
is more opaque and wrinkled, and lefs gloffy for a con-
fiderable fpace from the aperture, than any other part
of the fhell. Length rather more than half an inch;
breadth three-eighths.

Cac This

9,
LuTEA.

ab wtO. tatoz

380

This fpecies was firft noticed as an Englifh fhell by -

Mr. Boys, who with his ufual liberality, favoured us
with feveral fpecimens, together with remarks upon its
natural hiftory. It is an aquatic fpecies, and not uncom-
mon in the marfhes at Deal.

The animal is poffeffed of only two flat, triangular,
tentacula, with the eyes at the bafe: and when undif-

turbed, covers its fhell with a fine trah{parent membrane. .

Is found on the leaves of the yellow water lilly,
Nymphea lutea.

We are inclined to believe this is a very local fhell in
England, though poflibly may have been overlooked as
the young of the auricularza ; from which, however, it is
eafily difcriminated by its almoft membranaceous tex-
ture, obtufe, and deprefled apex ; as well as being defti-
tute of the /ub-umbilicus formed by the repand lip of
that fhell: the animal too, is eflentially different.

<i>

H. with a fub-oval, fub-pellucid, moderately flrong,
fmooth fhell, of a dull orange-yellow colour: volutions
{carcely three, the firft extremely large, the others very
fmall: afex obtufe, not prominent: aperture patulous,
oval; outer lip not attenuated; inner lip pretty ftrong,
and a little fpreading on the Columedla. Length nearly

half an inch; breadth rather more than a quarter.
This

ee

381
This fhell has fomewhat the habit of ZH. limofa, but

not quite fo tumid, and though of inferior fize, is always
much thicker and ftronger. If, indeed, jt had ever oc-
curred in frefh-water, we,might have been inclined to
confider it a variety of that {pecies, but hitherto it has
only been found on the fea fhore, and that rarely.

We have taken it upon the open part of the coaft of
South Devon, and believe it has been dredged up in Sal-
comb bay, but generally mutilated at the. apex, and never
alive; from which circumftance doubts may be enter-
tained, of its really belonging to that clafs of fhells. All
we can fay further on the fubje& at prefent is, that the
fubftance of the {hell is fuperior to any of its affinities,
and the number of volutions inferior to thofe, to which
it bears the greateft refemblance. If the delicate texture
of our frefh-water fhells was capable of bearing the vio-
lent agitation of the fea, and the confequent friétion,
many would undoubtedly be found on our fhores: but
this very rarely happens, even in our bays and inlets,
and no one inftance has ever occurred to us, on the open
or more expofed fhores, except with the Helix vivipara.

—<O

10.

Helix limofa. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1249.—Ginel. Syft. p. 3661. Limosa.

Chem, Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1246. 1247.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 131. t. 1. f. 3.
duit. Lin. iv. p. 539.

H. with

DPab.-16. £ 2.

ze
LZVIGATA.

382

H. with a thin, glofly, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell,
with four fpires, the firft extremely large and tumid, the
others very {mall, and the afex very fine.

This f{pecies has fo much the habit of Helix auricula-
via, that it is not an eafy matter to feparate it from the
young of that fhell. We have, however, followed the
very re{peétable authors above quoted, in giving it a dif-
tinct place, though not without fome doubts. It rarely
exceeds five-eighths of an inch in length, and three-
eighths broad.

-The only diftin@ion feems to confift in the body, or
firft volution of this fhell, being lefs ventricofe at the
junétion of the fecond fpire than in’the aurtcularta; in
being thinner and more tranfparent, and the mouth not
fo patulous.

We firft received this fhell from Mr. Boys of Sand-
wich, where it is not uncommon; and have fince found
it {paringly in the river Avon, in Wiltfhire.

The fhell here defcribed, anfwers very well to the de-
fcription and figure given by CHEMniTz, which GMELIN
quotes for the Linnean limo/fa.

—<Qe

Helix laevigata. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1250.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3663.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p.49.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.540.

Don. Br, Shells. iii. t. 105.
3 Helix

if,

390
Helix lavigata. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 17.

Br. Zool. t. 86.6. 139:
Helix neritoidea. Chem. Conch. x. t. 165. £.1598. 1599 ?

H. with a thin, fragile, fub-pellucid, flefh-coloured
fhell, with three volutions; the firftextremely large, the
others very fmall, very little produced, and placed late-
rally: afex compreffed. It is wrinkled tranfverfely, and
flightly ftriated longitudinally or fpiraily, but always,
when alive, covered with a thick, rough, brown epzder-
mus, which generally rifes into regular, equi-diftant, mem-
branaceous, {piral ridges: aperture fub-orbicular, vaflly
Jarge, margin thin; infide {mooth, light purplifh-brown;
fometimes nearly white: no umbilicus.

This appears to be rather a fcarce fhell, but is found
fparingly upon fome of our flores. We have taken it
by dredging at Southampton; and at Torcrofs and Sal-
comb in Devonfhire :. have alfo found very {mall f{peci-
mens on the fhore at Teignmouth; and at Falmouth in
Cornwall. The Jargeft in our cabinet is three-quarters
of an.inch in length, or rather more, and five-cighths in

- breadth; but it is rarely found half an inch Jong. Mr.

PENNANT was miftaken in fuppofing it to inhabit
frefh-water > it 1s rather a pelagic fhell, and feldom ta-
ken alive but in deep dredging. Do&or PuttTeNey
gives itas a Dorfet/hire fhell, and fays it was found on
the beach at Studland. We have alfo taken it at that
place, and have received it, very {mall, from Mr. Boys:

at Sandwich, tor the fpecies figured by WaLker.
TAT Te cae

A-de em
‘

384

The figure given by Cuemnirz, -we have referred to, .
with doubt, as it appears to be more regularly, and ;
{trongly ftriated longitudinally, and feems to poflefs a |
fulcug or groove in the pillar lip, as well as expofing
more of the Columella: that author, however, quotes
Waxker’s fhell.

If it fhould be H. nerztozdea in a depauperated flate,
it may alfo be the Bulla velutena of MuLieR Zool. Dan.

Animal whitifh, with two fhort, fetaceous tentacula;
and two eyes placed at their bafe behind: /wfentaculum
broad, oval.

—~<p>—.
12.
Derrira. Helix detrita. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.
Fab. 11.8 te Chem. Conch, ix..t. 134. f. 1225. a. d.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3660.—Gualt. t. 5. N. ._ 2
Muller Verm. ii. p. 101. No. 300.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 538. .

Schroet Erdconch. p. 27. te 1. f. 1.

Id. Fluf[conch. p. 324.—t. Min. A. f. 4.
Helix acuta. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3660. 136.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 538.—Gualt. t. 4. f. N.

Muller Verm. ii. p.100. No. 297.

Chem. Conch. ix. t. 134. f. 1224. No. 1. 2.

Favan. t. 65. A. 5.

H. with a fub-pellucid, conic fhell, tapering to a .
moderately fine point : volutions fix, not much elevated,
but a little rounded, and well defined by the feparating
; line :

385

x

line: colour white, fomewhat gloffy, a little wrinkled
longitudinally, and commonly marked with one ferru-
ginous band, or fa/cza, round the middle of the body,
continuing fpirally up the fhell, at the bafe of the,ather
volutions, but fainter, and loft in the fourth fpire: aper-
ture oval; outer lip thin; inner lip a little reflected on
the Columella, forming a {mall cavity, or /ub-uwmbilicus.
Length three-quarters of an inch; breadth three-eighths.

This f{pecies appears to be fubje€t to confiderable va-
riety with refpett to the bands; fome have three /a/cie
on the body, the middle one of which is very narrow,
the others broad: the fecond volution has one, and fome-
times two ; the other fpires are covered by the band, ex-
cept at their junétion. Others have the fa/cie broken
into longitudinal ftreaks; which, as well as the banded
fpecimens, are frequently faint and obfolete on the under
part, in the line of the mouth,

Doftor Puttreney ftates this fhell to have been found
near Weymouth, by Mr. Bryer. We have been favour-
ed with {fpecimens from that gentleman, who at the fame
time informed us, he found them ima pool near Weymouth,
and in a ftream near Dorchefter ; but rare in both places ;
and that all the Engli/h {pecimens, he had feen, were
-deftitute of bands,

Thefe are not fo white and opaque as foreign fhells,
‘but rather inclining to light horn-colour; are thinner;

Ddd and

13.
WIVIpARA.

386

and more diaphanous: and when the animal is fuffered

_ to-remain within the fhell, it contraéis, and gives a dark-

er.colour to the fuperior volutions.

It is certainly a very rare fpecies, or fo large a fhell
could not have fo long efcapeéd notice.

The H. acuta figured by Cuemnitz, which he flates
to be found in Jtaly, appears to be only a variety of the
detrita.

GmeE.in has-confidered them as diftin@ ; but has fal-
len into an error in quoting Lifter Conch. t.19. f.14. the
Turbo fafciatus of this work, which is perfe@ly diftinét,
and does not feem to have been known to Linn aus.
Mutter has made the fame miftake. Doétor Putte-
NEY had certainly confidered the H. detrita and acuta
as only varieties, as he quotes both thofe fhells figured

by CHEMNITZ.
.

—<ge

Helix vivipara. Lin. Sy/t. p.1247.—Gumel. Sy/t. p.3646.105
Chem. Conch. ix t 182. f. 1182. to 1185.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 99. f. 16.—Gualt. t. 5. A.
Lifter Conch. t. 126. f. 26.—Id. tab. Anat.
f. 6.—Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 18.
Schroeter Fluffconch. t.8. f£.1. 2.—& t. Min.
Oxf. 6.— Fanon. t, 61. D9.
Br. Zool. t. 84. f. 132. & t.85 upper fig,
(young.)—Don. Br. Shells. iii. t 87.
. Helix

387

Helix vivipara. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 528.
Hill Swammerd. p. 75. t.9. f. 13.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 48.
Helix compaétilis. Jd. p. 48. (young. )
Cochlea vivipara. Da Cofia. p. 81. t. 6. f. 2. 2.
Nerita vivipara. Muller Verm. ii. p. 182- No. 370.

H. with fix ventricofe fpires, feparated by a deep, de-
prefled line: fhape fub-conic, fuddenly terminating in
a {mall point: colour olive-green, with three brown,
fafcie on the body, and two on the fuperior volutions,
growing fainter, and becoming obliterated before they
reach the fourth fpire : it is flightly wrinkled tranfverfely,
with two or three ftronger, and coarfer than the reft,
that feem to mark the annual growth of the fhell: aper-
ture fub-orbicular, contraéted a little at the upper part;
pillar lip refleGed, behind which, in fome, is a _fub-um-
bilicus ; infide {mooth, white, banded like the outfide.
Length rarely an inch and a half; breadth one inch.

Da CosrTa is certainly miftaken, in faying this fhell
is found in great abundance in all our rivers and flagnant’
waters; for except in the Ziames, and other waters
communicating with that river, we have never found it.
In the neighbourhood of Reading, near the junétion. of
the Kennet with the Thames, and in f{treams, and water-
eourfes about that place, it is in vaft abundance; but
becomes f{earce farther up the former river, and is wholly
loft before it reaches Newbury.

Ddd e2 The

388

The fameauthor has alfo erred in calling the operculum
of this fhell teftaceous, for it is of a flexible, corneous
fubftance, wrinkled concentrically, and of a pellucid,
reddifh-brown colour. ;

The animal is viviparous, and very prolific; we have
taken a great number of young ones from the larger
fhells, each with their teflaceous covering and oferculum.

Shells, not half grown, have the fpires lefs produced,
and their volutions not fo tumid; in which ftate it has
been taken for a diftin& fpecies; and we confider the
H. compactilis of Do&tor Put teney, and the fhell figur-
ed by Mr. Pennant, without number, in plate 85, to
be no other,

The vivipara is the ftrongeft frefh-water fhell in En-
gland, capable of bearing, fora time, the rude actions
of the fea; fo that it is fometimes found on our more ex-
pofed fhores; ‘we have dredged it up from the deep at
Torcrofs, inhabited by Cancer Bernardus.. The moft
contiguous river is the Dart, at the diftance of fix miles
apparently too rapid for fuch fhells: poffibly they inha-
bited a lake of frefh-water contiguous, which a few years
fince broke its bounds, and made a temporary junétion
with the fea: it has not, however, occurred inany of the

rivers in Devonfhire.

Helix

389
14,

Helix tentaculata. Lia. Sy/t. p. 1249.—Guel. Sy/t. p. 3662. TentacuLaTa.
Chem, Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1245.
Lifter Conch. t. 132. £.32.—Id. Angl. t.

OF fs 19.

Petiv. Gaz. t. 18. f. 8.— Gualt. t. 5. B.
Schroeter Fluffconch. t. 7. f. 19. to 22.
Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 140.
Turt Lin. iv. p. 539.
Hill Swammerd. p. 32. t. 10. £12
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.
Don Br. Sheils. iii. t. 93.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 33. (pullus)

Helix fpherica. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3627.

Turbo Nucleus. Da Cofta..p. 91. t. 5. f. 12.

Nerita Jaculator. Muller Verm. ii. p. 185. No. 37

Nerita fpherica, Muller Verm. ii. p. 170. No. 356. (pullus)
Schroeter Fluff[conch. p. 341. No. 82.

H. with a fmooth, conic, pellucid, horn-coloured
fhell, with five, and fometimes fix, rounded fpires, di-
vided by a deep feparating line: apex pointed: aperture
fub-orbicular, contra€ted at the upper part; outer lip
moderately ftrong; pillar lip reflexed. Operculum tefta-
ceous, concentrically wrinkled. Length half an inch;
breadth a quarter, ,

This is a very common fpecies, found in moft flow
rivers, and flagnant waters. Is frequently covered with
a dark-brown, or dufky epidermis: fometimes with a
calcareous concretion.. Dead fhells become white. It
is, we believe, the only {pecies of Brith frefh-water

fhells

15.
Lusrica,

390

fhells that poffeffes a teftaceous oferculum, except the
Nerita fluvratilis.

The /pherica of Mutter is certainly no other thana
young, and more ventricofe variety of this fhell; fuch
are not uncommon, perfeétly white. Waker has fal-
len into the fame miftake, his figure 33, being no other
than the young of the . tentaculata; of which we are
confident, having received his fhell from Mr. Boys.

Animal pale, with two very long, flender, fetaceous
tentacula, which are continually in motion; at the bafe
of thefe, are fituated the eyes, which are protuberant.

— le

Helix lubrica. . Gel Sy/t p. 3661. 142.
Turt. Lin iv. ps 53%
Lift; Aagl.t.2.f.%
Petiv. Gag. t- 30. f. 7-
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 135. f. 1235.
Morton Northamp. p. 415 ?
Muller Verm. ii. p. 104. No. 303.
Schroeter Erdconch, p. 141. t. 1. f. 9.
Helix Stagnorum. Pzit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.
Turbo glaber.. Da.Cofia. p.87. t. 5.f. 18,

H. with a fmooth,. glofly, pellucid, horn-coloured
fhell, with fix fpires very little rounded, and not much
raifed, but well defined by the feparating line: apex ra-
ther obtufe: aperture oval; outer lip rather thick, but

not

3gf

not marginated or reflexed, and generally of a reddifh-
brown colour ; inner lip replicated; no teeth, nor wmdi-
licus. Lengtha quarter of an inch; breadth one third
its length.

This fpecies is not uncommon in moift woods, ditch

banks, and {hady places; efpecially under decayed wood,

or timber that has lain fome time on the ground; it [el-
dom afcends the trunks of fianding trees, or even the
ftalks of grafs or other vegetables, but refides chiefly on
the ground. Is at once diftinguifhed, when alive, by its
extreme gloffinefs; but dead fhells frequently become
white and opaque.

It was. known to Do&tor SovanpER, and was proba-

bly firft named by him H. lubrica, as he fent it to Mr.

Boys under that denomination.
Animal dufky: tentacula four, clavate; eyes placed
at the ends of the two longeft.

—=<
16.

‘Helix obfcura. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3661. 141. OzBscuRA.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 539.
Muller Verm. i. p. 103. No. 302.
Favan. t. 65. F.— Walk. Min. Shells. £. 41.
Turbo Rupium. Da Cofta p. 90.— Lift. Angl. t. 2. £. 8.

:
H. with a fub-cylindric, fub-conic, opaque, brown,
‘horn-coloured fhell, with from five to feven {pires, fome-
what

392

what rounded, and well defined by a deep feparating line:
volutions fub-ftriated, or rather wrinkled longitudinally :
apex rather obtufe: aperture oval, marginated, white,
reflexed; behind the pillar lip a groove or /ub-umbzlicus.

Length three-eighths of an inch; breadth more than one

third its length.

This fpecies inhabits the fame places as the preceding,
efpecially moift woods ; and frequently afcends the trunks
of trees. It differs from that fhell in being larger, not fo
taper, by its dull cae brown colour, and wrinkles and
particularly by its white, marginated, and reflexed aperture.

We originally received this from Mr. Boys, for
Watker’s fhell referred to, who fays it is found at Fa-
verfham; the figure, however, given in the Mznute Shells,

1s vaftly too large, unlelfs it is atended for a magnified
engraving.

We have found it in a moift wood at Lackham in Wilt-
Jfhire, onthe trunks of {mooth-barked trees, fuch as afh
and hornbeam, not uncommon; and rarely in Devonfhire
in dry banks. It alfo affe&ts high fituations, for we ob-
ferved them in confiderable abundance, and of fuperior

fize, upon the top of the higheft part of Portland ifland,
under ftones.

That it is not a common fhell is certain, but muft be
‘confidered as more local than rare, thongh it is by no
means generally known,

If

wy

303

If this fhould be Lister’s fhell, of which there is very
Tittle doubt, we are informed it is found in the rocky
parts, over the torrents about Cravan in York/hire. Da
Costa quotes the Philofophical Tranfaétions, No. 105.
fiz. 8.---WaALLACE Ork. p.39.---and Morton North-
amp. p. 415. for his Turbo Rufiwm; and it is probable
they belong either to this, or to the Helax lubrica, but
we are in doubt to which the fynonyms fhould be placed.

The ob/cura in its young flate, or before the mouth is
formed, has much the appearance of a pyramidal T7o-
chus. In this ftate we fufpe&t ScuroeTeR in his Erd-
conchylien, has defcribed it, p. 141. tab. 1. fig. 8. and
which Mutter afterwards defcribed under the title of
Helix ventricofa, p.102. No.301. and GMELIN p.3661.

Animal pale-brown; beneath lighter: tentacula four:
eyes placed at the tips of the two longeft.

=>
17.

Helix fubcylindrica. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49. SUBCYLINDRICA
Lin. Syft. p. 1248 ?
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3652. 118 ?

H. with a cylindric, imperforated, fub-pellucid, light
chefnut-coloured fhell, with four {pires, terminating in
an obtufe, fmooth, button-like whirl, as if truncated ;
. the volutions a little rounded, and well defined by the
feparating line, furnifhed with clofe-fet, rib-like, lon-
gitudinal ftrie, in fome the whole length ; others princi-

Eee pally

18.

TAcKHAMENSIS.

dab. 11; £2

504

pally apparent in the futures: aperture oval; outer lip
thick, but not marginated; pillar lip replicated. Length
a quarter of an inch ; breadth one third its length.

On the authority of Doftor Putreney we have given
this fhell as Englifh, who fays it is found on water plants
in rivers and ponds.

We cannot, however, help exprefling fome doubts
that the Doétor has been deceived ; as the fpecimens he
favoured us with, appear to be a foreign variety of our
Turbo truncatus, which isa marine fhell; and from which
it differs in nothing but being rather larger, of a deeper
colour, and cfu more ftrongly ftriated.

{t is not uncommon amongft the fmaller fhells from
the Weft Indies; but whether it is the /ub-cylindrica of
Linnus, which is quoted by the Dottor, we are not
quite clear.

—i--

H. with a fub-pellucid fhell, of a dull, rufty-brown
colour, wrinkled longitudinally : volutions feven, almoft
flat, but well defined by the feparating line; the firft
three or four larger fpires are fub-cylindrical, the reft
more fuddenly taper to an obtufe point: aperture fub-
oval, marginated, reflexed, whitifh, with frequently a

purple tinge; inner lip fcarcely Poppe on the body,
the

ai 7

ce

395

the lower part refle@ting much, forming a confiderabie
linear cavity, or /ub-wmbilicus: no teeth. Length five-
eighths of an inch, or rather more ; breadth a quarter.

This fhell fometimes varies to horn-colour, and cine-
reous, but moft commonly of a rufty, or rufous-brown.
It appears to be rare, or at leaft a very local, nonde-
{cript fpecies.

We firft found it in a moift wood at Lackham in Wilt-
Shire, in one {mall {pot only, adhering to the trunks of
afh and hornbeam trees; and afterwards tolerably plen-
tiful in the woods belonging to the Marquis of Lawns-
pown, at Bow Wood, in the fame county, not very dif-
tant from the former place; and in no other part.

It feems to be a long time arriving at maturity, for
fcarcé one out of ten has the mouth perfectly formed.
In its infant ftate, when it has only four or five {pires,
it has much the appearance of a conic Trochus ; and the
aperture is fomewhat quadrangular.

It has much the habit of H. ob/cura, but is more than
double the fize of that fhell, and the exterior lip turns
rather more outwards.

Animal pale, lighteft beneath: tentacula four, cla-
vate: eyes placed at the tips of the longeft.

Eee 2 Helix

19,

OcTANFRACTA.

aby d icky, Be

3906
Helix o€ona. Br. Zool. t. 86. f. 135 ?

H. with a pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, with feven
or eight fmooth, or very finely wrinkled, flender fpires,
gradually tapering to a fine point: the volutions are
rather flat, but well defined by a confiderable depreffed
line: aperture oval; outer lip very thin; pillar lip re-
flexed. Length above five-eighths of an inch 5 breadth
two-tenths of an inch.

This is ufually covered with a dufky-black epi-
dermis, which wholly obfcures the fhell, and is very dif-
ficult to remove. It is a rare, or at leaft a very local
{pecies; and is probably the fhell mentioned by Mr.
PENNANT: but is not the H. odfona of Linn aus.

It is properly an aquatic fpecies, but is probably fome-
what amphibious, like Helzx fof/arza, preferring moifture
at particular feafons, to aétual fluid.

We have hitherto found it only in one part of England,
a {plafhy place by the road fide, half way between
Fowey and Looz in Cornwall, where they were plentiful
in all ftages of growth: the young are lefs flender, and

shave only five or fix volutions. Some of thefe we put

into a glafs of water, where they lived for fome weeks,

- but generally crawled up the fide, and feemed reftlefs

till they got out of that element, though continued to
live when confined at the bottom: fome put into wet

mofs _

397

mofs lived a great while, others put in a dry place very
foon died.

This is not the fhell defcribed by Do&tor PuLTENEY
for the H. odfona of PenNaNnrT; his is the true Linnean
octona.

* The Doétor favoured us with a fpecimen of his fhell;
and we think he muft have been deceived with regard to
its being Engli/k. It is a much more flender fhell than
this, terminates in an obtufe point, and the volutions
are more rounded, and gloffy white, or very light horn-
colour. In the aperture too it is effentially different,
being fub-orbicular ; the pillar lip turns inwards at the
bafe, and forms a contraétion, nearly allied to the Buc-
cinum genus; the length is five-eighths of an inch; and
not more than one eighth broad at the bafe. CnueEM-
n1Tz feems to have figured this fhell, vol. ix. tab 136.
fig. 1264. and his defcription anfwers very well, but he
does not quote the H. offona of Linn aus, butecalls it,
Helix o€tona Indie occidentalis.

We have alfo received it from the Weft Indies.

Gmez in quotes CHemniTz’s figure for the Linnean
octona, which is not the leaft like our fhell: and alfo
a minute fhell given by Scuroerer in his Fluf[conchy-
lien tab. 8. fig. 6. which is undoubtedly the Bucconum
ierrefire of this work, and not at all like either.

Animak

20.
PoLira.

398

Animal dufky, with two fhort flat tentacula, at the
bafe of which the eyes are placed.

—<f>—
Helix polita. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 49.
Turbo politus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3612.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Turbo levis. Br. Zool. No. 115. t. 79. (upper fig.)

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 497.
Strombiformis glaber. Da Cota p. 117.
Smooth white whelk. Borlafe Cornwall p. 277. ?

H. with a flrong, white, and extremely gloffy fhell,
perfeétly fmooth, without wrinkles or ftriz: volutions
from nine to thirteen, depending on age and fize; quite

flat, and {carcely defined by any feparating line; flen-

der, and gradually tapering to a fharp point: aperture
oval, forming an acute angle, or contraétion, at the
upper end; outer lip rather thick, but not marginated,
or reflexed ; inner lip replicated. Length five-eighths
of an inch, ufually lefs; breadth two-tenths of an inch.

This fpecies is found rarely on the weftern fhores ;
Da Costa fays Exmouth in Devonfaire ; and Dogtor
PuLTENEY [peaks of it in Dorfet/hire, but not common.

We have found it fparingly in Cornwall and Devon-
Jjhire, the largeft of which was taken from the ftomach
of an Adlinea pedunculata ; minute fpecimens are fome-
times found on Oyfters and Scallops. In this infant ftate
they

|
{
‘

2

599
they are of exquifite polifh, and when the animal is
alive, frequently appear mottled with pink and pale-
green: are alfo fomewhat arcuated, and very feldom

found perfetily firaight.

—<>—
27.

H. with a flender, white fhell, with eight or nine Decussata.
‘{pires tapering to a fine point; volutions very little Tab. 15.f 7.
raifed, and the feparating line extremely fine; thefe are
ftrongly, and regularly ftriated in a longitudinal direéti-
on, croffed by very minute ftrie, that gives it a flight
decuffated appearance, when examined by a lens : aper-
ture narrow, fuboval, contracted at both énds ; outer
lip fomewhat expanded, and a little thickened at the
back ; inner lip a trifle replicated. Length three-tenths
of an inch; breadth one tenth.

In fhape this fhell is fimilar to Helix folita, except in
the aperture, which ftands rather more oblique, the
outer lip more expanded in.the middle, and contraéted
at the lower angle.

We have been favoured with this new and elegant
fpecies more than once, by Mr. Bryer of Weymouth,
accompanied with an affurance, that he found them at

different times, on the fhore, between that place and
Portland ifland.

Turbo

99

LaAsiosa..
Tab. 1g, f. 7.

AO0O

Turbo coftatus. Pult. Cat. Dorfet..p.45. ?
Turbo albus. Br. Zool. No. 114. t. 79?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 497 2 :
Turbo membranaceus. Lin. Trans. v. p. 2. t. 1. f. 14, 15.
(Adams)—Turt. Lin. iv. p. 500.
Strombiformis aibus. Da Coa, p. 116? '

H. with a fub-conic, fub-pellucid, light horn-coloured
fhell, with feven, and rarely eight, flattifh fpires, ter-
minating in a fine point, and furnifhed with from fifteen
to eighteen faint ribs, on the three largeft whirls; the
fuperior volutions fmooth: afex frequently purplifh :
aperture oval, lips thickened within, white; the margin
of the outer lip thin, a little reflexed, and ufually
of a purplifh-brown; the back of the outer lip a little
gibbofe, and generally whiter than the reft of the Tale
pillar lip fpreads confiderably on the body whirl; Colu*
mella within undulated, forming a {mall elevation, like
an obfolete tooth.

The aperture is a ftrong charater; it is nearly half
the fhell, and confequently makes the body volution pro-

_portionally large; it ftands a little oblique, confiderably

expanded at the margin, which is reflexed, and is con-
traéted in the throat by the thickening of the fhell.

-

A variety is much more thin and pellucid, fome quite
deftitute of ribs; others only partially ribbed on the up-
per part of one ortwo of the largeft volutions; thefe are
frequently ftreaked longitudinally with brown, fome-

4 times

AO1

times in an undulated manner: fuch are ufually larger,
and not fo thick in the lips, but the margin of the aper-
ture is equally repand.

Tt is obfervable in all thefe fhells, the back of the body
volution is invariably deftitute of ribs, and the infide of
‘the mouth in frefh fhells, extremely glofly: the fpires
too, are very little raifed, and the line of feparation very
fine, which in worn fhells, fearce mark them: fuch are
frequently found quite white. Live fpecimens are co-
vered with a yellowifh-brown epidermis.

Length rather more than a quarter of an inch; breadth
nearly one half its iength.

This fpecies is not uncommon in Cornwall, particu-
larly about Falmouth; and is equally plentiful on the
fouth coaft of Devonfhire, and Dorfeifnire; and the
{mooth variety at Southampton. Have alfo found it
more f{paringly, about Biddeford in the north of Devon,
and on the fouth coaft of Wales.

In our communications with our late worthy friend
Doftor Putteney, we fent him this fhell, which he
acknowledged to be his Turbo coftatus, and confequent-
ly clearly proved that he had fallen into an error, in
quoting the Turbo parvus of Da Costa: poflibly, how-
ever, he has been right in quoting Strombiformis albus
of the fame author, for we find he was not fingular in

Fit that

AO

that opinion, as this fhell is not uncommonly confidered
as fuch, by collectors.

It was figured in Triton Britannicus,* where we ob- ‘
ferved that name affixed to it, and which the Doétor al-
-fo refers te.

In quoting Da Cosra we confefs, it is more from
popular opinion than from our own, if his defcription is
to be attended to: the fmooth variety of this fhell is,
indeed, when worn and bleached, milk white, glofly, and
the f{pires are nearly level, or not prominent beyond one
another, only feparated by a flight furrow. To this
part, therefore, of Da Cosra’s defcription it would in
that fiate fomewhat accord; but we cannot conceive
how it could be placed in the genus Strombiformiitte
Needle Snails, of that author, the characters of which
are “very long, flender, and taper in fhape.” In his
fpecific defcription, however, he fays, ‘ of a taper fhape,
“not flender, but very fwelled, or bodied.”

The Turbo membranaceus of Mr. ApAms, we have
very little doubt, is the lineated variety of this fhell,
which is not unfrequently met with, exattly correfpond-
ing with the defcription given by that gentleman, except
in the number of fpires, which is known’ to vary with

age:

* An intended work on Conchology with this title, never appeared before

fie public: Doctor PuLveney quotes it asa M.S. and informs us, tt ise
acw impreffion of Da Costa’s plates, with feven additional tables.

at

‘

A03

age: his figure is much too flender, an error his drafts-
man has not unufually fallen into, in thofe reprefenting —
the natural fize.

—_<b>-

H. with a ftrong, conic, opaque, dark, purplifh-brown Perrza.
“fhell, with five fpires; the fir large, occupying nearly

two-thirds of the length; the fuperior ones fmall: afex
fharp, pointed: the volutions are very little raifed, but
fufficiently defined by the feparating line, which, in the
future of the body whirl, rifes upon the bafe of the fu-
perior volution, with a flight, akrupt, ragged edge, and
does not turn inwards and become loft, as is ufual with
moft fhells, at the junction of the fpires: it has no regu-
lar ftriz, but is wrought with faint, irregular wrinkles,
acrofs the volutions, which, in the under part of the
body, above the mouth, is worn quite plain: aperture
lunated; outer lip confiderably projefting, margin at-
tenuated; pillar lip fmooth, flat, and partly fpread upon
the body whirl, in a diagonal line, the whole length of
the aperture; this, as well as the infide, and the ofercu-
lum, (which is of a corneous fubftance,) is of a deep,
glofly purple: the inner lip is ftraight, and brought to
an edge, as in many of the Nerztes, but the mouth does
not ftand fufficiently tranfverfe to claim a place in that
genus; and, indeed, the afex is more produced than is
ufual in that tribe. Length rather more than a quarter
of an inch, but never fo much as three-eighths, of which

Sif 2 the

AOA

the aperture extends full one half; breadth two-tenths
of an inch.

A variety is irregularly ftreaked, or blotched with ru-
fous, or white, on the upper part of the larger volution,
but the fmooth part of the pillar lip, and infide, are in-
variably of the fame dark-purple colour.

This fpecies, which at prefent appears to be a nonde-
fcript, may poffibly have been confounded for the fry of
fome of the larger littoral fhells; though, on clofe exam1-
nation, will be found to be effentially different from any
Britih {pecies, hitherto noticed; the mouth, alone, be-
ing a ftrong fpecific mark of diftinétion; and if atten-
tively examined, will always prove an unerring guide.

We have, as yet, only met with it on the fouth coaft
of Devon, near the mouth of the river Aun, not far from
the village of Bantum, adhering to the rocks, a little
beneath high water-mark; and there in no inconfiderable
abundance: and lefs plentiful in a fimilar fituation at
Swanage in Dorfetifhire.

Upon a curfory view, it may be miftaken for Turbo
tcenebrofus, being nearly the fame fize, and cclour; the
fhape, however, is not only very different, but the fmal-
left attention to the aperture, and a comparifon of the
defcription of each, will prevent their being confounded.

€# cuz.

AOS

**SUB-GLOBOSE, OR DEPRESSED; APEX PRO-
DUCED.

Helix Pomatia. Lim. Sy/f. p. 1244.—Gmel. Sy/i. p. 3627.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 128. f. 1138.
Fdaix. t. 108. f. 908. to 912. var. reverfed.
Lifter Conch. t. 48. £.46.—Id. Ang]. t.2.f.1.
Br. Zool. t.84. £.128.—Gualt. t.1. A.B.C.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 145. t. 1. f. 10.
Da Cofia. p. 67. t. 4. f. 14.
Favan. t. 63. D. 1?—E. var. reverfed.
Hill Swammerd. p. 65. t. 4. f. 2. 3.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.
Puri, Lig. iv. p. 513.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 84.
Muller Verm. i. p. 43. No. 243.

elie Pomaria. Muller Verm. it. p. 45. No.244. var. reverfed

H. with a fub-globofe, moderately firong, fub-pellu-
cid fhell, with five rounded volutions, ftrongly wrinkled
longitudinally: colour yellowifh-brown, commonly with
three faint faf/cie on the body, one of which continues
round the fecond fpire: aperture femi-lunated, margin
rather thickened, and turns a little outwards; pillar lip
much reflected over the umbilicus. Diameter about two
inches.

This is the largeft fpecies of land fhells, found in
England ; is fubje@t, like the common garden {nail, to
much variety in colour; fome are nearly white, with

{carce

40§

fcarce any appearance of bands. It is not an aboriginal
{pecies of this kingdom, but was firft introduced about
the middle of the fixteenth century, either as an article
of food, or for medicinal purpofes. Is fuppofed they were
firft imported from Jtaly, and turned out in Surry, bya
Mr. Howarp at Albury ; where they encreafed prodigi-
oufly, and are by far the moft common fpecies about
Afhted, Boxhill, Leatherhead, Darking, and the neigh-
bouring parts.

It is alfo faid that Sir Kenetm Dicsy difperfed
them about Gothurft, near Newport Pagnal, in Buck-
inghamfhire, where they did not thrive much. Mr.
Morton informs us, fome were turned out by Lord
Hartron at Kerby in Northamptonfhire, but that they
did not encreafe,

They are commonly ufed as food in many parts of
Europe, efpecially during Lent; and are preferved and
fattened for that purpofe; but we do not find they grow
to that fize fpoken of by Varro, who fays the fhells
would hold ten quarts. They were a favourite difh with
‘the Romans, who had their Cochlearia, or nurfery, and
fattened them (as we are told) with bran and fodden
wine.

It has been found according to Da Costa, in Ox-
Sordfhire, about Woodftock and Blanden: in Gloucefter-
Jire about the parifh of Chedworth ; and in Dorfetfhire.

Dottor

EN ee eee ee

ee Se

——_

407

Door PutTENEY, however, obferves he never found
it in this laft county. Doétor Lister fays in Hertford-
Shire, about Ware and Puckeridge.

i

We have received it from Kent; and once found a
fingle fpecimen near Devizes, in Wilifhire ; which, with
thofe mentioned in Gloucefterfhire, feems to be their fur-
theft northern limits at prefent.

By fome, it is faid to poffefs a teftaceous operculum;
if fo, it is only prepared for fecurity in the torpid feafon,
and is caft off as foon as the animal is reftored to loco-
motion: for no fuch appendage is to be difcovered du-
ring the fummer months.

Moft authors, however, fpeak of the operculum as hike
chalk or plafter; and that it is compofed of two or three
lamine of different degrees of hardnefs; but not tefta-
ceous. That it is not of a fhelly nature, there can be
no doubt, for in all fuch fhells, furnifhed with a teflace-
ous oferculum, it is as much fixed to the animal as any
other part, and is never deciduous; whereas, the ani-
mal of the Helex Pomatza, throws off the covering of the
aperture of its fhell, as foon as it iffues from its hyder-
naculum.

—=ue——
26.

Helix afperfa. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3631. 58. ASPERSA.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 59. No. 253.
Helix

A08

Helix afperfa. Chem. Conch. ix. t. 180. £..1156. 1158.
- Lifter Conch. t.49. £.47.—dd. Angl. t.2.£.2.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 65.f.4— Turt, Lin.iv, p.515»
Favan. t. 63. D. 2. 3. 4.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 131.
Helix, hortenfis. Br. Zool. t. 84. f. 129.
Turt, Lin. iv. p. 529.
Nat. Mijcel. t. 30.
Helix Lucorum. Puit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 48.
Cochlea vulgaris. Da Cojta. p. 72. t. 4. f. 1.

H. with a fub-globofe fhell, with four volutions, the
fuperior ones placed fomewhat laterally: aperture femi-
lunar, rather elongated, margin reflefted, white: no
umbilicus. Diameter {carce an inch and a half.

It varies much in colour and markings, but is ufually
white, with fa/cce of dark brown, which are frequently
broken, and appear mottled all over, with purplifh- .
brown and white; fome are’entirely of a dull yellow-
brown, without /a/ce or ftreaks.

An accidental variety, with the volutions turning the

_ contrary way, was found by Doftor Laruam at Dart-

ford: and we obferved in the cabinet of Mr. Swainson,

another variety, with the volutions vaftly extended and
detached, in a fingular fpiral form, like a fcrew.

At the approach of winter, the animal forms a cover-
ing to the aperture, or an operculum of a coriaceous

fubftance, compofed of many coats or folds; which it
retains

409

retains during its torpid ftate; but is thrown off on the
return of fummer, as foon as its locomotive faculty is
reftored.

It may be expeéted in the hiftory of this animal, fo
long celebrated for aéting the part of Cupid in its amours,
that fomething fhould be faid upon a fubjett fo fingular
and extraordinary.

So much, however, has been already written by diffe-
rent authors on the loves of Snaz/s, which requires more
than common faith to credit; that we mutt beg to refer
our curious readers to the more recent accounts of the
ations of Snails in love, given in the firft volume of the
Naturals Mifcellany ; where the author very properly
prepares the reader for the belief of fuch wonders, by
faying, “I muft requeft my readers to fummon all their
philofophical faith to receive the furprifing particulars.”

That the hermaphroditical animal of the Helix a/perfa,

as well as H. nemoralis, (or at leaft fome of them,) pol-

fefs {mall teftaceous /piculz at certain feafons, mult be
admitted ; but that they are miffile darts, we have much

reafon to doubt, though it is natural to f{uppofe the ani-

mals are furnifhed with them, for the purpofe of ftimu-

lating each other to love, becaufe it is only at that feafon

they are found to poffefs them. If fuch are ever dif-

charged at each other, ' we have been extremely unfortu-

nate in our obfervations, for in no one inftance, could

Ggeg _ we

410

we ever find the dart penetrated; though at the time the
animals are clofe, the point may irritate: but it is neither
fuficiently ftrong, nor fharp-pointed, to penetrate the
tough fkin with which thefe animals are furnifhed; and,
indeed, the extremely vifcid fecretion, with which they
are fo copioufly provided, adheres fo ftrongly to thefe
Spiculz, when wholly projeéted from the body, that they
are for a time held by it. Perhaps we may be told here-
after, that this tough excretory fluid is ufed as a cord to
regain thefe darts after they have been difcharged: but
fuch we fhould hold equally fabulous, with much of the
accounts related by various authors.

Thefe celebrated love-darts are fub-pellucid-white,
and very brittle, about a quarter of an inch, or three-
eighths in length, and fomewhat triangular, like the
blade of a fmall fword.

Some authors feem to have confidered this as the
Helix Lucorum of Linn xus, but it certainly admits of
much doubt. Gmexrn did not think fo, for he has
given all the fynonyms of this fhell to his H. a/perfa;
and has made his H. Lucorum a very different fhell; a

figure of which is given in Lisrer’s Conchology, tab,

1058. fig. 1.

Doftor Turton has confounded the fynonyms of the
afperfa with thofe of the hortenfis, not confidering the
former as an Englzh fhell, and therefore has quoted this

fhell

|

All

fhell of Lister, PENNANT, and Da Cosra, for the
hortenfis.

i
26.

Helix nemoralis. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1247.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3647. NeMoratis»
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1196. 1198.
Td. t. 109. f. 924. var. reverfed. -
Lifter Conch. t. 57. £. 54.
Id. Angi. p. 117. var. 2. to 9. t. 2. Fei Sa
Br. Zool. No. 131.—Favan. t. 63. He
Don. Br. Shells. 1. t. 13.
Born. p. 334. 385. t. 16. f. 3. 8.
Muller Verm. ii. No. 246. p. 46.
Hill Swammerd. p. 70. t. 8. f. 5.
Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 48.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 529.
Petiv. Gaz. t- 91. f. 9. to 12.—fd. t. 92.

f. 9. 10.—Gualt. t.1. P.&Q. left hand.
Schroeter Erdconch, t.1.£.13. to 17.—t.2.
£283 29. 180:
Cochlea fafciata. Da Coffa. p. 76. t. 5. f. 1. 2.3.4.8.14. 19.

H. with a fub-globofe, fub-pellucid fhell, with five
volutions of various colours; moft frequently yellow,
or reddifh, fafciated with dark chocolate-brown, from
one to five in number on the body, but rarely two;
thofe with five bands have the two uppermoft much
fmaller than the reft. Infome the /a/cie are very broad;
others have a fingle narrow zone throughout the volu-
tions, on a bright yellow ground; fometimes plain yel-
low, red, or dull purplifh-brown; but in all varieties the

Ggge2 inner

Lap i
Horrewnsis.

A12

inner margin of the lip, the edge, and pillar lip are in-
variably of a dark colour.

The aperture is lunated; bafe imperforated. Greateft
diameter not quite an inch.

This is one of the moft common fpecies in our woods,

hedges, and fhady places.

We have obferved fimilar /pzcu/z, or amorous darts, to
thofe of Helix afperfa, ifluing from this {pecies, in the
month of May.

—_—

Helix hortenfis. Giel. Sy/t. p. 3649. 109.
Cham. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1199. 1201.
Mul. Verm. p. 52. No. 247.
Lifter Angl. p. 117. No. 1.
Beri. Pp: S657 t- 16. cdo lo.
Gualt. t. 1. Q. right hand.
Schroeter Erdconch. t.2. f. 27.

H. with the fhell in every refpeét like the preceding
fpecies, but confiderably lefs, and invariably with a
white margin to the aperture. It is fubjeét to nearly all
the varieties of the H. nemoralis, except that of red,
or flefh-colour. Greateft diameter three-quarters of an
inch.

Various have been the opinions concerning this fhell ;
Murzer and Born have confidered it as quite diftinét
from

‘

A13

from the H. nemoraiis, and have given the white Tip as
an invariable charaéter.

Gme_e.in and Cuemnitz have expreffed a doubt.

To this fubje& we have paid confiderable attention,
by colle&ting thefe fhells from different parts of the king-
dom; and have invariably found the fmaller fhells with
the white lip, and the larger with a brown margin to
that part; and have never yet found the red or flefh-
coloured variety with the former. It has heen conjec-
tured, that this fhell is only the young of the other, but
the perfeét formed mouth precludes all fuch idea: it is
alfo much lefs common, which would not be the cafe if it
was the young of the nemoralis, and the red variety
would equally occur. From thefe circumftances we are
inclined to believe, they are perfeétly diftin&.

That they are full grown fhells is evident from the
firu€ture of the lip; for the nemoraits is larger before the
_ lip is formed: and we cannot think it an accidental va-
riety in a depauperated ftate, becaufe neither of their
mouths ever vary.

—

Helix Arbuftorum. Lin. Sy/t. p.1245—Ginel. Sy/f. p.3630.53. Aru

Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1202.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 55. No. 248.
Lifter Conch. t. 56. £.53.
Md. Angl. t. 2. f.4.
Helix

ee

STORUM.

‘AIA

Helix Arbuftorum, Br. Zool. t. 85. f. 130.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 136.
Puit. Cat. Dorjet. p. 47.
Turt. Lin. w. p. 514.
Cochlea unifafciata. Da Cofia, p. 75. t. 17. f. 6.

H. with a fub-globofe, fub-pellucid fhell, with five
volutions a little rounded, well defined by the feparating
line, and wrinkled longitudinally: colour ufually mot-
tled cinereous, and brown in ftreaks, and lines; fome —
pale, inclining to yellow; others dark, approaching to
chefnut, with moufl commonly a fingle band of brown
about the middle of the body, continuing fpirally at the
bafe of the fuperior volutions, and is gradually loft be-
fore it reaches the apex. This fingle belt or fa/cza has
been confidered as the {trong chara@ter of the fhell ; how-
ever, it is frequently deftitute of that mark, and is often-
times fo faint as {carcely to be traced; the mottled ap-
pearance, therefore, is the moft conftant and unerring
character: aperture lunated, margin reflexed, the infide
bordered with white; in young fhells a /ub-umbilicus is
obfervable, which is concealed by the refleéted lip in old
ones, when the aperture is completely formed. Greateft
diameter about three-quarters of an inch.

This {pecies may be confidered as very local, but fuf-
ficiently plentiful in fome parts. It delights in wet, and
fhady places, particularly amongft willows and alders,
where the foil is black and boggy. In fuch places in the
neighbourhood of Lackham in Wili/hire, contiguous to

the

e

A15

the river Avon, it is the moft common fhell, but we have
rarely found it elfewhere.

Da Cosvra obferves it is not a common fpecies, but
fays he has feen them from Surry, Hamp/hire, and Wilt-

shire.

Doéior Putrenery remarks it is not common in Dor-
Setfhire.

We once received a fingle fpecimen from the north
of Devonfhire.

Animal dufky, tentacula four, fuperior ones mode-
rately long, with the eyes at their tips.

—<i >

Helix virgata. Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.
Petiv. Gaz. t.17. f. 6.
Gack. t.2. LM. P.
Lifter Conch. t. 59. f. 56.
Cochlea virgata. Da Cofta p. 79. t. 4. f. 7.
Helix zonaria. Don Br. Shells ii. t. 65.
Br. Zool. t. 85. £.133. A. (var.)
Helix Pifana. Muller Verin. ii. p. 60. Nos 255.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3631.
Schroet. Erdconch. p.188. t.2. £.22. & 22.2.

H. with a fub-globofe, fub-pellucid fhell, with fix
confiderably produced, and rounded volutions: colour
white, tinged with blufh, with one dark purplifh-brown

band

A416

band on the middle of the body, continuing fpirally at
the bafe of the fuperior volutions quite tothe afex, which
is prominent; at the bafe there are ufually three or four
fine circular lines of the fame colour; thefe are fome-
times confluent, and the white part appears between in
{pots ; others have two or three broader, circular bands
at the bafe; none of thefe, however, run clofe to the
ambtlicus, which is deep but not large: aperture luna-
ted, lip thin, and not reflexed, except at the part clofe
to the wmbzlicus ; within pale purplifh-brown, with a
white, thread-like elevation round the margin.

A variety is not uncommon, of a plain rufous-brown
colour, with fometimes a dafh of cinereous, obfoletely
banded at the bafe, or with a fingle white fa/cza on the
body; others wholly of a flefh-coloured white, with a
white belt on the lower volution. Length generally half
an inch; breadth the fame; but we have received it
from Kent, full five-eighths of an inch diameter. °

This and the following fpecies have been confounded
together; Da Cosra and others have confidered it as
the Helix zonaria of Linna&us, to which we cannot
affent, though Gmexin has quoted Da Cosra’s fhell for
his zonaria.

Nor is it the zonaria of PENNANT; that author was
not acquainted with this fhell, except the plain variety
quoted.

Mr. Don-

A17

Mr. Donovan informs us, that Da CosTa was not
poffeffed of Pennanv’s fhell till after his work was pub-
lifhed, and that this miftake ftands corref&ted in fome of
his M.S. notes.

This author, however, confiders the H. virgata to be
the H. zonarza of Linn £us, as he fays, GMELIN admits
Da Cosra’s fhell to be the Linnean zonaria. How-
ever this may be, that author has quoted other fhells
perfeGtly diftin€&, and not the leaft allied to this.

Doétor PutrEeNey, who gives this as a Dor/fet/hire
fhell, exprefsly fays, “not zonaria of Linn £us ;” and
we are much inclined to coincide with the Doétor.

The virgata may be confidered as a local f{pecies, but
is found in prodigious abundance in fome fandy, or bar-
ren ftony fituations. Moft plentiful near the coaft,
efpecially about Whit/and bay in Cornwall, and in the
fouth of Devonfhire ; where it 1s a prevailing opinion,
they contribute not a little to fatten fheep; the ground
in fome places being covered with them. It 1s alfo found
in the more interior counties; 1s not uncommon in Wel¢-
fire; but no where in fuch abundance as within the in-
fluence of faline air. Is the moft common fpecies about
Kingsbridge.in Devonfhire, and on.the coaft to the eaft
and weft of that place, in company with Turbo fafcratus.
PeTIVeR noticed it on Newmarket heath, near Cam-
bridge.

Hhh Animal

80.
CINGENDA.

A418

Animal of a pale colour, not much unlike that of the
following fpecies.

Bee

Helix zonaria. Br. Zool. t. 85. f. 133.
Gualt. t. 2. H.=—t: 39 C?

H. with a fub-pellucid fhell, with fomewhat the habit
of the preceding: it has five volutions, the larger ones
rounded, but are a little angulated, or flattened at the
top; the three fuperior fpires are very little elevated
above the reft: apex obtufe and depreffed: colour yel-
lowifh-white, with feveral fmall bands of chefnut, or
purplifh-brown, running fpirally up the fhell, which are
frequently broken, and form fhort Iongitudinal ftreaks,
efpecially on the flat, or angulated part, onthe top ofeach
{pire ; the bafe is flightly umbilicated, and has generally
one broad circular band, at fome diftance from the um-
bilicus, and a broad white belt between that and the
finer girdles, which are fometimes as many as feven or
eight, perfe@ly diftin&, but frequently run into each
other: fome have two circular bands at the bafe, clofe.
together. The fpiral belt ufually becomes faint, and
frequently quite loft in the upper volutions ; but the agex
is commonly defined by a black fpiral line.

A variety is fometimes found quite plain, or with only

a few faint girdles on the body. Aperture lunated, mar-
gin attenuated, not reflexed, except clofe to the wméz/z-
cus, where it turns confiderably outward, and partly
overlaps

A1g

overlaps the perforation. Breadth at the bafe three-
quarters of an inch; height half an inch.

This fpecies differs eflentially from Helix virgata both
in fhape and markings; it is larger, broader in propor-
tion to its height, and depreffed on the top; whereas that
{hell has always a produced afex, and never more than
one belt on the fuperior volutions.

Mr. Pennant has given a very good figure of this
fhell, which he defcribes to be fafciated fpirally with nar-
row ftripes of white, dufky, and yellow. Such are not
uncommon, and is by far, the moft elegant variety.

This muft be confidered as one of our moft rare
{pecies, or at leaft extremely local: the only place we
ever found it in, was on the rocks that verge the town
of Tenby on thefouth, clofe to the fea; and on the fands
to the weft of that place, contiguous to the fhore: in
thefe places we obferved it twelve years ago, and lately
procured {pecimens from the fame fpots: it feems con-
fined to a fmall diftri@, as we could not find it elfewhere
in the neighbouring country.

Mr. RackettT informed us, he found it near St. Jves
in Cornwall, on the flope of the hill defcending to the
town. Mr. Pennant has quoted the H. zonarza of
Linn us for his fhell; but we donot think the defcrip -
tion re correfponds, to confider it as. fuch.

Hhh 2 GMELIN

A420

GMELIN makes the virgata of Da Costa, his zonarta;
but we think he has miftaken the fpecies, for neither of
the fhells here defcribed, have a reflexed margin to the
aperture, which feems to be the charaéter of the Linnean
{pecies,

It has alfo been thought by fome, that this is the H,
maculofa of Linna&us, but the fame objeétion holds
againft its being that fhell.

Animal pale-yellow: tentacula four, the longeft darker
than the body, with a dufky ftreak at the bafe of each,
running backward, and furnifhed with eyes at their tips:

JSuftentaculum longer than the fhell.

= g—
31.

RUFESCENS. Helix rufefcens. Br. Zool. t. 85. f. 127.

Lifter Conch. t.71.—Id. Angl, t. 2. £.12.
Puit. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.

Cochlea rufefcens. Da Co/ta. p. 80. t. 4. f.6.

Helix fericea, Muller Verm. ii. p. 62. No. 258 ?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3617 ?

Helix Turturum. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 521?
Ginel. Syft. p. 3639 ?

Helix hifpida. TJuwrt. Lin. iv. p. 512.

Helix obvoluta 6 Muller Verm. ii. p. 27. No. 229?

Schroeter Erdconch. p. 194. t. 2. f. 24 2

H. with a fub-pellucid, rufous-brown fhell, with fix
volutions not much raifed, but well defined by the fepa-
rating

A2)\

rating line, and ftriated, or rather wrinkled longitudi-
nally: {hape in general, confiderably compreffed, and
the afex very little elevated, fo that its height is not
above half the breadth. Sometimes it is two-thirds as
high as it is broad, and the afex more produced: on
the middle of the lower volution is a flight, fub-carinated
edge, which is more ftrongly marked by being of a lighter
colour like a band: aperture femi-lunated, outer lip
thin, a little refleGted at the lower angle: umédzlicus large
and deep. Diameter at the bafe, half an inch.

This fhell fometimes appears a little mottled when the
animal is alive, efpecially .in the lighter coloured varie-
ties: fome are quite pale, others of a deep orange-brown.

The young of this fpecies are frequently hirfute, or
covered with fhort hairs; in which ftate it has been con-
founded and defcribed for Helix hifpida; and we fufpett
1s the H.. tomentofus of Mr. Apams, Linnean Tran/fatti-
ons, vol. iil. p. 254. and of Turton’s Linnzus, iv.

P- 525.

It is, however, readily diftinguifhed in that ftate from
the hz/pida, by its more compreffed fhape, in being more
Opaque, and by the wmbzlicus, which is much larger:
the hairs too, are fhorter, and feldom {pread all over the
fhell. This hifpid appearance wears off before they are
half grown, ‘The animal of this is dufky, that of the
other light coloured; both have four tentacula, and

eyes placed at the tips of the longeft. ;
t

eo
‘CANTIANA,

A22

It is a common fpecies in moft parts of England, in
moift woods, and fhady places. |

—<_>—

H. with a fub-pellucid fhell, with much the habit of
the preceding; it has the fame number of volutions, is
equally compreffed, but of a much fuperior fize, and
has not the fub-carinated edge, though a faint white
band is frequently to be traced on that part: the colour
too is lighter, with a blueifh, or lead-coloured tinge, on
the fuperior volutions, produced by the dark colour of
the animal; the bafe and round the mouth rufous. The
aperture is like that fhell, but the wmdbzlecus is lefs in
proportion. Diameter at the bafe above three-quarters
of an inch; height half an inch,

This is probably the fhell Dof&tor Lister mentions as
a variety of the H. rufefcens, which he {peaks of as being
found in Kent, and fays it is larger, lighter coloured,
and with a {maller wmbzlicus. There is no doubt, how-
ever, of its being a diftiné fpecies, and very local, hav-
ing never obtained it from any part but Kent, where it
is found chiefly upon the chalky foil.

We have received it from our much efteemed friend
Mr. Boys of Sandwich, by the name rufefcens cantiana,
by which, we have been informed, it was known in the
Portland cabinet.

Helix

a

A423
oe
Helix hifpida. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1244.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3625. 42. Hisprpa.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 122. f. 1057. 1058.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 73. No. 268.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. f. 13. 14.
Morton Northamp. p. 416 ?
Da Cofta. p. 58. t. 5. f. 10.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 186. t. 2. f. 21.

H. with a fub-globofe, thin, fragile, diaphanous fhell,
with five rounded volutions of a very light horn-colour,
covered with fine, thick-fet, fhort, downy, whitifh hairs ;
aperture lunated; lip thin, not refle¢éted, except at the
angle clofe to the umbzlicus, where it turns back, and
partly furrounds the perforation: bafe rounded: wmdéz-
lacus very fmall, and round.

‘This fpecies feldom much exceeds a quarter of an inch
in breadth, and fomething lefs in height; is fo remark-
ably light, and fo covered with hairs, that when let fall
upon a hard body is {carce heard,

It appears to be a very local fhell, having found it
only about Tremough houfe, near Penryn in Cornwall,
where it is tolerably plentiful: and fparingly in Devon-
Shire and Wiltfhire. Da Costa fpeaks: of it from the
laft mentioned county, as well as from Hamp/hire and

Lincolnfhire.

Doétor Putteney fays, it is common in Dorfetfhire

in woods, among mofs, and in wet and fhady places.
We

34.
Fusca.
Mab..13; 0a

A2QA *

Weare inclined to believethe Do€tor, as well as others,
have confounded this with the young of the H. rufefcens,
which is frequently hirfute, and not uncommonly placed
in cabinets for this {pecies; but we before remarked in
the defcription of that fhell, that the fhape and wm-
bilicus are very different. This, too, is never of that
rufous colour, which Da Cosra has unfortunately given
to his fhell; his defcription, however, in every other re-
fpeft is very good,

<>

H. with a thin, pellucid, rufous horn-coloured fhell,
with five or fix volutions, almoft {mooth, or very faintly
wrinkled longitudinally: aperture lunated, lip thin, not
reflected, except a little at the lower angle; at which
part is a {mall depreflion, but no wmbzlicus.

This has much the habit of H. rufefcens, but is more

‘pellucid, not fo much wrinkled, and is at once diftin-

guifhed by not having any umbelzecus.

We were favoured with this fpecies from Mr. Boys
of Sandwich, who informed us, it was known about Lon-
don by the name prefixed. It feems, however, to be a
vare fpecies, very little known, and not defcribed by
any one.

y 4

It rarely exceeds three-eighths of an inch in diameter
at the bafe, and is not a quarter of an inch in height.

We

q
1
4

Wag

A25

We once found it in a wood in Devonfhire; this was
fo uncommonly thin (though not of an inferior fize) that
as the animal dried, the fhell contracted with it into de-
preflions..

a

Helix lucida. Puli. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.—Gualt. t. 2. G..
Helix nitens. Ginel. Sy/t. pa3633. 66.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 516.

Chem. Conch. t. 127. f. 1130. 1131.
Helix pellucida. Br. Zool. No. 134?
Helix nitida. Muller Verm. p. 32. No. 234.

Petiv. Gaz. t. 93. fi 14:

Schroeter Flufcanch. t. 5. f. 32. 33.

H. with a fmooth, gloffy, thin, pellucid, horn-co-
joured fhell, with five, and fometimes fix volutions, the
lower one rounded, the reft almoft flat and depreffed,

or very little raifed above the body whirl: the bafe is of

a lighter colour, more opaque, and has frequently a faint
tinge of green: umbilicus large and deep: aperture lu-
nated, margin thin, and not the leaft reflected. Diame-
ter at the bafe ufually three-eighths of an inch, fome-
times haif an inch; height not above two-tenths.

This is not an. uncommon fpecies, is found in many

parts of England, in moift woods, as well as in dry.

banks. »

We have found a fhell inhabiting-wet places, and once
alive under water, fo much like this, that we dare not
34 give

or
DOs

Lucipa,

420

give it a diftinét place, though we are much inclined to
believe it a different {pecies. It is more pellucid, the
apex more produced, and never has that opaque green-
ifh colour at the bafe: that found under water (which
we take to be SCHROETER’s fig. 32) was of a light,
tranfparent horn-colour. Others, taken in wet drains
and ditches about Newbury in Berk/hire, are of a rufous
horn-colour, (which is probably ScuROETER’s fig. 33):
the animal is black, and when alive, gives the fhell a
deep chocolate-brown colour. This laft we have alfo
found on a fwamp, in a wood belonging to Lord Cui1F-
FORD in Devonfhire, rather lighter in colour.

We are aware that the colour of fhells is fome-
what affeGied by the foil, at leaft fuch as live in moift or
watery places: thofe found at Newbury are doubtlefs of
a darker colour, from partaking of the foil, which is
peat.

This laft never exceeds a quarter of an inch in
breadth. That found under water, was crawling upon
brooklime, and was confiderably larger: it was in a
water-courfe, or drain to a fwamp,. near Penzance in
Cornwall. Thefe, however, appear from their fhape
to be the fame, but whether they are really diftin& from
the luctda, or only varieties, the obfervations of future
conchologifts muft determine. We do not recolleé,
whether the animal of that we found under water, was
of the true aquatic kind, or whether it poffeffled four re-

trattile-

—

427

trattile tentacula, and had by accident fallen into that
~ element; but we never before or fince, found one fo large,
fo extremely thin and pellucid, or of fo light a colour.
The animal of this is dufky above; tentacula four, of
the fame colour, cylindric, a little clavate at the end,
the longeft furnifhed with eyes at their tips.

——_—s ES
V0,
Trochus terreftris, Lifteri. Da Cofta p. 35. TROCHIFORMIS.«
Lifter Angl. p. 123. Tab. 11. f. 9.
Phil. Trans. No. 105. f. 9 ?
Helix Trochulus. Muller Verm. p. 79. No. 276.

H. with a thin, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, fome-
times inclining to rufous; with fix rounded volutions,
nearly {mooth, and gloffy, ftrongly divided by the fepa-
rating line: apex confiderably produced: bafe a little
rounded: aperture fub-lunated, tranfverfely compreffed ;
lip attenuated, in old fhells a little refleCted at the lower
angle, forming a /ub-wimbilicus, {carce diftinguifhable in
young {pecimens, though moft times a little concave in
the centre of the bafe. Length about one-eighth of an
inch; breadth nearly the fame.

This {pecies has much the habit of a Trochus, but the
lunated mouth forbids its being placed in that genus.
It is a rare fhell; we firft obferved dead f{pecimens a-
amongft the drifted fand in the river Avon in Wilifhire ;
and afterwards found it {fparingly, alive, in Lackham
wood, in the fame county; and alfo in a wood clofe to
Lord Currrorp’s houfe in Devon/fhire.

Iii 2 It

on
Die

Lacuna.

Tab. 13. £. Gs

A28

~ It feems partial to moift fituations, and is generally
found on decayed wood, or timber that has lain fome
time on the ground.

Mr. Swainson has this fhell in his cabinet; and, we
believe, faid he found it in Kent.

Animal light coloured, paler beneath; tentacula four,
the fuperior ones not very long, furnifhed with eyes at
their tips.

—<—S—

H. witha thin, pellucid, fub-globofe fhell, of a light
horn-colour, with four tumid, fmooth fpires, the firft
large, the two uppermoft very {mall, and placed fome-
what lateral: aperture large, fub-oval; outer lip ex-
tremely thin, membranaceous; pillar lip thick, white,
grooved with a long canal or gutter, which terminates

-ina f{mall, but deep umbilicus. Length a quarter of an

inch ; breadth nearly the fame.

The form of the pillar lip, and the lateral fituation
of the fmaller volutions, give this fhell much the ha-
bit of a Nerzta; but the fhape’ of the mouth makes it a
Helix. It muft not therefore be confounded with the

Nerita pallidula, whofe pillar lip is fome what of the fame ~

form, but much broader; the fmaller volutions more la-
teral, and more compreffed: the body, and mouth too,
are vattly larger.

We.

A29 :

We never found this fpecies any where but on the
coaft of Devonfhire {paringly, and on the fhore near
Southampton, where it is plentiful about high water-
mark, but moft frequently dead fhells; fome of which
have the efidermis worn off, and in that {tate are white.

Have received {mall fpecimens from Folkftone in Kent.

A variety is rarely found with two rufous-brown
bands.

—~<gs—
: 38.
Helix fpinulofa. Pii?. Trams. LXXVI. t. 2. f. 1. to 5. Spinutosa.
( Lightfoot.) Tab. I S8210,5

Helix aculeata. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3638.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 81. No. 279.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f..1209.
Morton Northamp. p. 415?

Helix nucleata. Zurt. Lin. iv. p. 520.

H. with a fub-pellucid, thin, brown, horn-coloured
fhell, with five rounded volutions, well defined by the
feparating line, furnifhed with regular, membranaceous
{triz, that rife into fine hair-like fpines, particularly
round the middle of each volution: afex confidera-
bly produced; aperture femi-lunated: bafe perforated.
Length one tenth of an inch; breadth nearly the fame.

The ftriz of this fpecies feem to be formed by the efz-
dermis, which rifes in fome parts into thin, flat, briftly
procefles,

39.
CapERATA.
‘abolisie its

A430

proceffes, that give it a {fpinous appearance: neither
thefe, nor the ftriz, are teftaceous, but flexible, and
eafily rubbed off. It does not appear to be a plentiful
fpecies: we have found it in the woods at Lackham in
Wiltfhire, and about Kingsbridge in Devonfhire; and
have received it from Sandwich in Kent. This is proba-
bly the fhell defcribed by Mr. Morton, to be found in
Morfley wood, in Northampionfhire, but is extremely
rare; he fays, it had five wreaths, and that the live fhell
is alittle briftly.

Licutroot, who has given a good figure of this
fhell, in the Philofophical Tranfattions for 1786, fays,
it was found near Bullftrode, at the foot of pales, upon
old bricks and ftones, after rainy weather, in June and

July.
It was called by Doftor Soranper Helix delectabilis.

Animal light coloured, paler beneath: t¢entacuda four,
the fuperior ones long in proportion to the animal, fub-
clavate, furnifhed with eyes at their tips.

—«e-—~

Helix navia. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3623. 245 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 510 ?—Gualt.t. 2. N?
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 133. f. 1207 ?
Schroeter Fluffconch. t. 5. f£. $5.
H. with a fub-pellucid, and fomewhat comprefled
fhell, fafciated with purplifh-brown and. white: volutions
fix

3

A351

fix, furnifhed with ftrong, regular, clofe-fet, longitu-
dinal ftriz; on the upper part of the body whirl is ufu-
ally a brown beit, which continues up the lower part of
the fuperior volutions: at the bafe of the fhell are gene-
rally feveral {mall circular bands; thefe are frequently
interrupted or broken, and appear f{potted. Sometimes
the brown fa/ci@ run into each other, and are elegantly
{potted with white: aperture lunated; lip thin, not re-
flected: wmbilieus moderately large and deep. Diame-
ter atthe bafe commonly three-eighths of an inch, rarely
half an inch; height about a quarter.

This fpecies is fubje&t to great variety in markings;
fome are dark-brown witha fingle white belt on the body,
and minutely fpotted with white: others are cinereous-
brown, or grey; but in moft, fome faint appearance of
fafcie are to be traced, and moft commonly the white
band round the middle of the body volution: the apex
is of a dark colour. In fhape it is a medium between
the Helix virgata and radzata; is not fo produced as
the former, nor fo ‘flat as the latter; in the bands, or
fafcie@ at the bafe, it fomewhat refembles the firft, and
in being ftrongly firiated, is like the laft.

The umbilicus is much lefs than in the radiata, al-
though the fhell is much fuperior in fize.

Jt is a local fpecies, and feems to affeét dry fituations.

We

40.

RADIAT A-

A432

We have found it fparingly in Wilihire, and not un-
commonly upon fome of the hills in the fouth of Devon-
Shire, efpecially about Stanborough and Woolcomb, a-
mongtt the fhort ftunted herbage of the barren pafture
land. Itis alfo rarely met with in Cornwall; but the

fineft and largeft are found in the barrack-yard of
George’s-Square, at Plymouth Dock, againft the wall ©

facing the fouth; fo hot a fituation in fummer, that
fcarce any other f{pecies is ever found.

We have alfo received it from Kent, of a light cine-
reous colour, with fo little appearance of bands or fa/cre,
that it might readily have been miftaken for a diftiné
fpecies, was it not for the ftrong, regular ftrie, which,
amonetft the Britz/h Helices, feems to be confined to this
and the radiata. Mr. Boys favoured us with this fhell,
by the name of Afex-nzger, by which it was known to
Do@or SoLanper, and placed as fuch in the Portland
cabinet.

+e

Helix radiata. Da Cofia. p.57.'t.4. f. 15. 16.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.
Lifter Conchst: 1058. f. 21;
Gualt. t. 3. Q.—Petiv. Gaz. t. 31. f. 5.
Morton Northamp. p. 416.

Helix rotundata. Mull. Verm. ii. p- 29. No. 231.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 199. t. 2. f. 25.
Gin]. Sy/t. p. 3633. .

H. with

A338

\

H. with a compreffed, fub-carinated fhell, of a light-
brown colour, prettily rayed with chefnut : volutions fix,
not much raifed, but well defined by the feparating line,
and firongly marked with clofe-fet, regular, longitudi-.
nal ftrie, from the apex acrofs the volutions: aperture
lunated : wmbilicus extremely large for the fize of the
fhell, the turn of the fpires vifible to the end. Diame-
ter a quarter of an inch.

This fpecies is not uncommon in many parts of Eng-
Jand, on old walls, and dry banks; and not unfrequent
in woods, or under ftones, or timber-that has lain for
fome time.

We have found it in many parts of moft the fouthern
counties. It is fubje€t to fome variety; fome are of a
pale horn colour, with fcarce any vifible rays; dead
{hells become whitifh and opaque, with faint brown rays;
but in all ftates, it is eafily diftinguifhed by its comprefled
fhape, deep and large wmbilicus, and regular, deep-
cut ftrie.

Not radiata of Gmeuin, nor firiatula, which Doétor
PutreneyY has quoted with doubt; but.we fufpeé the
votundata,

Animal light-cinereous ; tentacu/a four, fuperior ones
filiform, fub-clavate, furnifhed with eyes at their tips.

: Kkk H. with

41,
U MBILICATA.

Tab. 13. f. 2.

ABSA

H. with a fub-peilucid, dark, horn-coloured fhell,
inclining to chocolate: volutions five, much rounded,
divided by a deep feparating line, and finely ftriated
acrofs the whirls: afex moderately produced: aperture
lunated; lip attenuated, not refle€ted; wmbalicus ex-
tremely large and deep for the fize of the hell, the fpires
vifible to the end. Diameter at the bafe one tenth of
an inch; height not quite fo much,

This fpecies has much the habit of the preceding, and
might readily be confounded for the young of it, was it
not always of a uniform dark colour: upon nice infpec-
tion too, it will be found to be not fo flat, the volutions,
much more raifed, and flrongly divided, and the ftriz
lefs confpicuous.

We firft difcovered this fhell on loofe built walls, that
enclofe the fields about Tendy in Caermarthenfhire, in vaft
profufion, lurking under the upper ftones; and at firft
fight took them to be the young of the 7. radiata, but
by the affiftance of a lens was foon convinced to the con-
trary ; befides, not a fingle radiata was to be found in
that neighbourhood. They feem to be confined to the
north fide of that town, and were not to be met with
elfe-where : nor were we able to difcover it in any other —
part of England, till about ten years after; when we
found it in confiderable abundance under loofe ftones,
on the fummit of the hill, in Portland ifland, and onthe

top

A35

top of Corff Cuftle, in Dorfetfhire: and under the tiles
of Laycock Abby, and Lackham Houfe, in Wiltfhire.

It is proper to remark, that the young radzata is quite
flat when of the fize of this fhell, has only three or four
volutions, but is ftrongly ftriated, and fub-carinated.
In this the firiz are at all times fcarcely difcerned by
the helpof a glafs, and the afex is confiderably produ-
ced, even in their moft minute ftate, when not fo large
as a {mall pin’s head ; and the lower volution rounded,
without the leaft appearance of a carinated edge.

It is remarkable, that this fhell always affects fuch lofty
places as on the tops of houfes, without one being found
near the bafe; and in that fituation its inhabitant braves
equally the fcorching beams of the fun in fummer, and
the frigid winds of winter, without attempting to defcend.

Animal dufky-black, with four tentacula of the fame
colour ; fuperior ones not very long, furnifhed with eyes
at their tips: /u/fentaculwm fhorter than the fhell.

——=f—

Helix lapicida. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1241.—Gmiel. Sy/t. p. 3613. 2. Lapicipa.

Chem. Conch. 1x. t. 126. f. 1107.
Muller Verin. it. p. 40. No. 240.
Lifter Conch. t.69.f.68—Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 14.
Br. Zool. t.:83. f. 121.—Guait. t. 3. N?
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 46
Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 39. f. 2.

Kkk 2 Helix

4356
Helix lapicida. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 502.
Schroeter Erdconch. p. 191. t. 2. f. 23.
Petus Gaze te 92s te hve
Helix acuta. Da Cofta. p. 55. t. 4. f.9.

H. witha fub-pellucid, compreffed, brown fhell, vas -
riegated with darker fhades: volutions five, almoft flat,
or very little raifed; and the fhell is nearly equally con-
vex above, and below; the lower volution ftrongly cari-
nated, or brought to a fharp edge, which continues {pi-
rally throughout the fuperior volutions, and marks their
feparation by a fine thread-like ridge: it is ftriated, or
rather wrinkled, acrofs the whirls, and the whole fhell
is minutely and elegantly fhagreened: bafe furnifhed
with a wide, and deep umbilicus: aperture fub-oval,
fub-lunated, margin fharp, white; outer lip reflexed;
inner lip fpreading on the body. Breadth three-quar-
ters of an inch; height about three-eighths.

This fpecies is found in many parts of the kingdom in
fhady woods, as well as in rocky expofed fituations,
fuch as the top of the hill in Portland ifland; where it
is not uncommon. Sometimes in hedges, and ditch-
-banks, or on old walls, but is not a very plentiful fhell
any where; though it has been found in moft of the
fouthern counties.

We believe does not extend into Cornwall, or Devon-
Shire ; at leaft we never could find it in thofe parts.

Animal

A37

Animal rufous-brown along the back, the fides dufky ;
a ftreak of the fame at the bafe of each of the longett
tentacula ; thefe are furnifhed with eyes at their tips.

—<>-——
43,
X Helix Ericetorum. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3632.—Gualt. t. 3. P. Ericerorum.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 132. f. 1193. a. b.
Lifter Conch. t. 78. £. 78.
did: Ang) te 22 £43:
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.
Lurt.. Lin. iv. p..516.
Muller Verm. ii. p. 33. No. 236.
Helix Erica. Da Cofta. p. 53. t. 4. £.8.
Helix albella. tm 2001s, ta:95. £..192,
Tart. Lin. iv. p. 503.
Helix Itala. Lin. Syft. p. 1245.?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3636 ?

H. with a fub-pellucid, compreffed fhell; volutions
fix; the firft remarkably rounded, the fuperior ones.
{carce elevated above the body whirl, wrinkled acrofs
the {pires: colour white, fometimes with a yellowifh
tinge; on the upper part of the larger whirl is a brown
‘band, which continues fpirally at the bottom of each of
the fmaller volutions, and marks their divifion; at the
bafe of the {hell are frequently other {mall circular bands,
from one to five in number: wmbdzlicus remarkably large
and deep, expofing nearly half the breadth of the {mal-
ler volutions: aperture fub-orbicular, fub-lunated ; mar-
gin thin, a trifle refleled. Breadth three quarters of an
inch S

44,

SUBCARINATA.
aby 27 0tOs

A38

inch; height little more than a quarter. Some va-
riety is obferved in this fpecies, with refpeét to the
ground colour, as well as that of the fa/c7e; the former
is from a pure white to a pale yellowifh-brown, efpeci-
ally on the under part; and the bands vary from a pale
to a deep purplifh-brown: but it is not unufually found
without any bands, and when dead and bleached is
pure white.

This is notan uncommon fhell upon dry, fandy heaths,
and barren land, in many parts of England; but we
never met with it fo plentiful as upon the fandy decli-
vity of the hill above Whit/and bay, at the extremity of
the peninfula of Cornwall; where, together with Helix
virgata, and Turbo fafciatus, the ground is perfe@ly
covered,

It has fomewhat the habit of the former of thefe laft- .
mentioned fhells; but is at once diftingnifhed, by its
comprefled fhape, and capacious wmbelicus, in which it

‘exceeds every other of the larger Bretz/h {pecies.

—<f>—
Helix. Walk. Min. Shells. £. 22 ?

H. witha fub-pellucid, white fhell: volutions three ;
the lower one large, the others fmall, a little produced,
and placed fomewhat lateral: round the bafe of the body
wreath are two fine ridges; and on the upper part
another, which continues round the middle of the fecond

volution,

ABG

volution, and is loft inthe future, or divifion, towards
the apex ; between the ridges, the fhell is finely ftriated
acrofs the fpires ; from the lower ridge, at the bafe, com-
mences a depreffion, or femi-circular channel, which
finks into a deep and large wmbzlicus: aperture oval;
outer lip projecting confiderably; inner lip reflefted,
and {preading into a fharp angle, elevated on the body
whirl. The mouth, as well as the whole fhell, is thick
and ftrong for its fize. Diameter at the bafe one tenth
of an inch ; height rather more than half as much.

This fingular, and curious fpecies, has much the ha-
bit of a Nerzta, but the form of the aperture gives it a
a place amongft the Helices.

We have found it fparingly amongft fine fand from
Salcomb bay, Bigberry bay, and Milton fands, on the
fouth coaft of Devon: and have received it from Dover
in Kent, of a very inferior fize, found on that coaft by
Mr. Lyons.

—<~—
45.

H. with a depreffed, fub-pellucid fhell, of a light- Depressa.
brown colour: volutions three or four; the fuperior Tab. 13. £5.
ones fcarce elevated above the body, but well defined
by the feparating line, and flightly wrinkled: afex very
confpicuous, but very little raifed, or produced; lower
volution perfeétly round or cylindric, fo as to forma
large wmbelicus, in which the others are diftin@lly feen:
aperture

¢

46.

PaLuDosa.

AAO

aperture round, nearly even, lateral, and not clafping
the body, but fpreading a little on that part.

We found this fpecies fparingly in fand from Whitfand
bay, and Falmouth in Cornwall; and at Burrow leet
in Devonfhire. Diameter fearce one line.

This is by far the moft compreffed of any Bretz/h ma-
rine fhells, and bears fome refemblance to Helix criftata,
but is much fimaller, ftronger, more opague, and the
apex rather more prominent.

i

Helix paludofa. Da Cofta p. 59.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 23,
Morton Northamp. p. 417.

H. with a {mooth, fub-pellucid, white fhell, with four
rounded volutions, well defined by the feparating line;
the fuperior ones very little produced from the body
whirl, fo that when viewed fideways the apex appears
but little elevated: bafe largely umbilicated, fhewing

the turns of the {maller volutions: aperture round, mar-

gin thick, opaque white, refleéted, not quite meeting on
the body. Diameter one tenth of an inch.

Da Cosra has given this fpecies from Mr. Morton, -
who found it plentiful in boggy places in Northampton-

ntre.

It

AAI

It is not an uncommon fhell in many parts of Eng-
land, but from its fmallnefs has efcaped general notice.
Mr. Wa ker fpeaks of its inhabiting marfhy ground,
and not unfrequent about Faverfham. We have received
it from Mr. Boys of Sandwich. It is moft commonly
found in rivers and ftreams of water, after floods, a-
mongft the fand, and other refufe, brought down by the
current; having been fwept from the neighbouring wet
and fwampy fituations. Is very plentifully found after
a flood, on the banks of the river Avon, in North Wilt-
fhire, about Lackham; and not uncommon amongft
the drifted fand of the Kennet, at Newbury in Berk/fhire.

Sometimes met with in dry fituations, on ditch-banks
and old:walls.

a

47.
Turbo helicinus. Pid. Trams. LXXVI. t. 3. f. 1. to 4. CRENELLA.
( Lightfoot.) Tab. 13. fi.

H. in every refpeét like the laft, éxcept that it is ftri-
ated acrofs the volutions ina {trong and regular manner,
and is frequently covered with a light-brown efzdermis.

We received this fhell from our eftimable friend Mr.
Boys, by the name prefixed ; he confidered it as diftin&
from the H. paludof2, and faid it inhabited moffy walis,
and banks, where that fhell was not to be found. We
cannot, however, help expreffing fome doubts with re-
fpeft to its being really diftin@, with every fubmiffion

Loh to

AAQ

to fuch authority: but as we have frequently found it
with the faludofa, and often times fo little ftriated as
fearce to be feparated, think it but right to prepare
others for fo nice a difcrimination.

Mr. Licurroor has given a very good figure of this
fhell in the Philofophical Tranfactions for 1786, confi-
dering it a nondefcript fpecies. Whether he was ac-
quainted -with the H. paludofa of Da Costa, which
is figured in WALKER’s minuta rariora is uncertain;
but probably not, or he would have mentioned the great
fimilitude between thefe. He particularly fays, the vo-
lutions are tran{verfely furrounded with numerous fharp-
edged membranaceous rings, which are fragile
and deciduous.

If it is really diftin@ from the H. paludofa, we fear no
permanent, fpecific character of diftinétion, will ever be
fixed; for every gradation is to be feen, from the ftrong-
eft ftriated, to thofe deftitute of any fuch mark: both
are equally pellucid white, when divefted of their brown
epidermis, in a living or recent ftate ; and opaque in
old dead fhells.

In fome the ridges or ftrie are much elevated, and
moftly membranaceous, but in fuch {trong marked fpe-
cimens the bafe of thefe ftrie are permanent or teftace-
ous, not to be deftroyed by rubbing off the epzdermis ;
whereas, in others that appear ftriated when frefh, are

wholly

AAS

wholly divefted of fuch appearance, by depriving them
of the epidermis. !

According to Mr. Licutroor, it has been found near
Bullfirode, upon bare ftones in moift weather.

This fhell was named Turbo Crenellus by Do€tor SoLan-
DER, as we have been informed by Mr. Boys, who fa-
voured us'with a lift of names given by that gentleman to
many of the minute, and other fhells, which he had fent
to the Duche/s Dowager of Portland at Bullftrode, for
infpecétion, previous to the publication of the Teflacea
minuta rariora. From this circumftance it is evident,
Mr. WaLkeER was acquainted with this fhell, before it
was given to the public by Mr. Licurroort, but for
what .reafon it was omitted in the Minute Shells does not
appear, unlefs it was then confidered as an accidental
variety of the faludo/a.

—<w—
48.

Helix utringue umbilicata apertura rotunda unici anfraétus. UNisPiRALis. .

Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 27.

The fingle f{pired, umbilicated, round mouth’d {nail.
The colour white, opaque, and glofly.

From Sandwich ; not common.

i kis Helix

AAA

49.
RESUPINATA. Helix apertura ampla ovali anfraétibus apicis refupinatis.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 24.
The fnail with a large, oval mouth, and the fpires of
the tip turned backwards.
The colour of horn, femi-pellucid and glofly.
From Sandwich: very rare.
—<—r—-
50.
GLozosa. Helix globofa duobus anfra€tibus laevis apertura inbrotaada.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 25.
The {mooth, round fnail, with two fpires and a round-
ifh mouth.
The colour white, opaque, and gloffy.
Front Sandwich: not common.
i
lin
RETICULATA. Helix reticulata. Turt. Lin. iv. p.525.—Ad. Micr. t.14.£.12.

Helix unici anfrattus fub-umbilicata apertura rotunda mar-
ginata eleganter reticulata. Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 26.

The round mouth’d, reticulated, ingle fpired, flightly
fub- umbilicated fnail.

The aay white and pellucid.

From Reculver ; extremely rare.
Helix

AA5
52.

Helix ftriata. Turt. Lin. iv. p-532.—Adams Micr. t.14£.13. Srriatas
Helix ftriata apertura fub-ovali anfraétibus fupradorfalibus.
Walk. Min. Shells. fig. 29.

The oval mouth’d, ftriated fnail, with three fpires re-
fle@ed on the back.

The colour greenifh-white, pellucid.

From Sandwich: very rare.

—~<>—
5S

Helix anfraftibus duobus apertura fub-rotunda ad umbilicum Coarcrata.
coarttata. Walk. Min. Shells. £. 30.

The fnail with two fpires, and a roundifh aperture
contracted near the umbzlicus.

The colour white and pellucid.
From Sandwich: not common.

Mr. Boys favoured us with this fhell, with a reference
to WALKER’s figure: from the appearance we have little
doubt, but it is the fry of fome fpecies of land Helzx.

The preceding fix fhells, which we have been obliged
to copy from the Teftacea minuta rariora, (never hav-
ing come under our examination, the laft excepted) are
reprefented to be very minute.

54,
TuBULATA: |

55.
‘VARIEGAT Ae

56.

FAscraTa.

AAG

Helix tribus anfraétibus longitudinaliter ftriatis. Lin. Trans.
ili. p. 67. (Adams. )

Obs. Singularis hac in fpecie ef conftructio, nam tefta,

umbilict loco, tubo marginato qui extra, tea fuperficiem
extenditur, inftruda of. Fig. 35.36.

Shell with three longitudinally ftriate whorls, and a
margined tube at the bafe, in the place of an wmbzlicus,
extending beyond the furface of the fhell. Zuré. Lin.

Pen esp
—}

Helix tefta levi quatuor anfra&ibus, primo ventricofiore,
lineis rubris notatis. Lin Trans. iil. p. 67. (Adams.)

Obs. Baf imperforata. Tefta fub-pellucida, aperture
margine patentifima.

Shell imperforate, fub-pellucid, fmooth, with red
lines: whorls four, the firft more ventricofe: margin of
the aperture very much fpread. Turt. Lin. iv. p.531-

—g=—

Helix tefta levi tribus anfraGtibus, primo ventricofiore,- fub-
umbilicata, apertura ampliata. Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 20.
21. (Adams.)

Obs. This delicate fpecies is pellucid white ; firft {pire

marked with three tranfverfe belts of a rich marone co-

jour, the middle one broad, the lateral ones. narrow.
Sheld

AAT

Shell fub-umbilicated, fmooth, with three whorls; the
firft more ventricofe: aperture dilated. Turt. Lin. iv.
P+ 520°
—~<@—--
57.
Helix tefta duobus anfraGtibus, fubtiliffimé tranfversé ftriata. NiTipissIMac
Lin. Trans. v. t. 1. f. 22. 23. 24. (Adams.)

Obs. Corneous, pellucid, umbilicated; eafily diftin-
guifhed by the uncommon brilliancy of its gloffinefs.

Shell umbilicate, with two whorls very finely ftriate
tranfverfely. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 525.

—<—>—
58.

Helix tefta lavi duobus anfra€tibus, vix umbilicata. Liz. Bicoror,
Dra: Nat, Laks 2 26,527,

Obs. This fpecies differs from the preceding, to which
it is nearly allied in other refpeéts, in being perfeétly
fmooth, devoid entirely of any gloffinefs, and in having

the infide of the fhell white.

Shell flightly umbilicate, fmooth, with two whorls.
Turt. Lin. tv. p. 525s

The preceding five fpecies we have been obliged to
copy from the defcriptions of minute fhells given im the
Linnean Tranfaétions by Mr. Apams; found on the
coaft of Pembrokefhire.

We

59.
Cornea.

AAS

We fhall however take this opportunity to remark,
that great attention is requifite in the inveftigation of
thefe microfcopic f{pecies, which we fear have already
been unneceffarily multiplied, arifing from the difficulty
of defcribing and delineating fuch {mall obje&ts under a
microfcope. Thofe who have been in the habits of
ftudying the dimmutive works of nature in this way, are
aware of the difficulty. Much caution is alfo requifite in
admitting thofe minute fpecies of fhells, with ‘only two
or three volutions as diftinét, unlefs they poffefs fome
charaéter which ftrongly marks them as fuch, as many
are probably the fry or young of others. Upon this
principle we have reje@ted many which have come under
our infpection, rather than puzzle f{cience with uncer-
tainty. :

rr REP SE OR a +

*** DEPRESSED, APEX COMPRESSED.

Helix cornea. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1243.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3623. 35.
Lifter Conch. t.137.f.41.—Id. Angl. t.2.£.26.
Ciem. Conch. ix. t. 127. f. 1113. 1115.
Schroet Fluf[conch. t.5.f.19. 20. 21.—& t.Min.

C. f. 7.—Gualt. t. 4. D. D.

Muller Verm. ii. p. 154. No. 343.
Petiv. Gaz. t.92.f.5.—Br. Zool. t.83. f.126.
Favan. Zoomorph. t.75. D. 1. 2.3.
Pult.' Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.

Hil]. Swammerd. p. 83. t. 10. f. 3.
Helix

ie tl

Aaa

AAQ
Helix cornea. Don. Br. Shells, ii. t. 39. f. 1,
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 510.
Helix nana. Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 125. (young.)
Helix Cornu Arietis, Da Cofta. p. 60. t.4. f£. 13.
Helix fimilis. Gmel. Syft. p. 3625 ?

Planorbis_fimilis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 166. No. 352 ?
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 245. No. 58.

H. with a depreffed, fub-pellucid fhell, of a brown,
or cinereous, fometimes rufous horn-colour, lighteft on
the under part: volutions four, rounded, and feparated
by a deep fpiral line: afex much depreffed, forming a
confiderable cavity : the under part nearly flat, or a little
concave: it is confiderably wrinkled acrofs the voluti-
ons, and has fometimes one or two larger, antiquated
ridges: aperture almoft equi-lateral, fub-lunated; margin
thin, a little oblique downwards; inner lip a little fpread
on the body whirl, whitifh at the angles, and round the
inner margin. Diameter ufually about an inch, rarely
an inch and a quarter.

This, the largeft fpecies of our deprefled Helzces, is
not uncommon in fome of our flow rivers, and flagnant
waters, efpecially in old water courfes and drains in low
fwampy fituations; but is certainly more local than Da
Costa defcribes it to be; who fays, it is common in all
ponds, rivers, and lakes throughout England. ‘This cer-
tainly is far from being the cafe; however, it is fufficient-
Jy plentiful in fome parts, though we have never found

Mmm it

60.
ComPLANATA.

A50

it further weftward than in Dorfet/hire; where, about
Wareham, it is abundant.

This is one of the fhells that yield a beautiful {carlet
dye, but all attempts hitherto to fix it either by acids or
aftringents have proved ineffectual.

— tr

Helix complanata. Lin. Sy/t. p.1242.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3617.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 506.

Helix Planorbis. Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 123.
Peitu. Gos. t, OCR A,
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 46.
Chem. Conch, ix. t. 127. f.1121. 1122.
Lifter Conch..t. 138. f. 42.
Id Angl. t. 2. £. 27.
Favan. t. 61. B. 5.—Gualt. t.4. E.E.
Hill. Swammerd. p. 84. t.10. f. 5.

Planorbis umbilicatus. Muller Verm, ii. p. 160. No. 346.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 239. t. 5. f. 22.

to 25.—& t. Min. C. f. 4.
Helix limbata. Da Cofta. p. 63. t. 8. f. 8.-—t. 4. f. 10.

H. with a depreffed, fub-pellucid fhell, of a light
horn-colour; fometimes rufous, or light chefnut-brown,
and not unfrequently covered with a dark-brown epider-
mis: volutions five, laterally placed upon each other,
gradually decreafing to the centre, making the fhell con-
cave at top; thefe are rounded and well defined by
a ftrong feparating line: the under part is alfo a little

concave,

A51

concave, and the whole fhell finely ftriated or wrinkled
acrofs the whirls: round the margin of the bafe is a fine
carinated ridge: aperture oval, fomewhat angulated,
not even, but flanting towards the bafe. Diameter about
five-eighths of an inch.

This fpecies, which has been generally miftaken for
the H. Planorbis of Linn us, is common in moft flat
countries abounding with wet ditches and water-courfes:
is frequent alfo in rivers, and ponds.

Animal dufky, with two long, flender, fetaceous tentacu-
la, of the fame colour, opaque, and very dark in the mid-
dle, but fomewhat tranfparent along the fides : eyes placed
on the head, at the bafe of the tentacula beneath.

<<
61.

Helix Planorbis. Lim. Sy/t. p.1242.—Gmel. Syft. p.3617. CarinaTa.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 505.
Planorbis carinatus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 157. No. 344.
Chem. Conch. 1x. t. 126. f. 1102. a. b.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p.226. t. 5. f. 13.
14.15.
H. with a depreffed, flat, {ub-pellucid fhell, of a light
horn-colour, fomewhat glofly ; volutions four, laterally
placed upon each other; the outer one broad, not much
rounded, but floping gradually to a fharp carinated
ridge, that furrounds the fhell: the interior volutions
are fmall, and fuddenly decreafe to the centre, where it
finks into a fmall wmbzlicus: the bafe is nearly flat, the
inner volution not being funk, but is on a leve! with the
Mmm 2 others :

A52

others: the whole fhell is flightly wrinkled acrofs the
whirls: aperture narrow, oval, angulated, Diameter
rather more than half an inch.

This and the preceding f{pecies have been generally
confounded together in cabinets under the title of Pla-
norbis; but they are perfe€tly diflin@, though it is dif-
ficult to afhix to them their proper fynonyms. There is
little doubt, however, that this is the H. Planorbis of
Ge tin, and of Mutter, as in the charatéteriftic de-
{cription of the laft author, he fays “ carina marginalz
media,” and calls the fhell Planorbzs carinatus: and in
his Planorbis umbilicata (which we confider as the com-
planata of Linnzus) he fays, “carina marginali tn-
fera;” which well defines the complanata, or what has
been termed by Britz/hk conchologifts Helix Planorbis,
from a fuppofition it was that fhell of Linnaus.

In order, therefore, to prevent confuffon, we have not
given the Linnean utle to this f{pecies, as the name of
Planorles is fo well known to Englifh colleftors for a
very different fhell ; but have adopted the name given
by Mutter.

The great diftin€tion of thefe two fhells is, that this is
not fo thick as the complanata, the body whirl is not fo
rounded, but flopes gradually to the carinated ridge,
which is not placed fo low, and is equally confpicuous
above and beneath; a circumftance not obfervable in the
other. The bafe, or under fide, in this is more flat, and

fome-

A53

fometimes even inclined to convexity: but a moft effen-
tial character is, that the volutions taper more fuddenly
to the centre, terminating in a fmaller, but deeper wm-
bilicus. The aperture is alfo more compreffed, and the
continuation of the carzna within the mouth more con-
fpicuous. This fhell is not near fo commen:as the com-
planata, but is fometimes found in the fame waters.

We firft difcovered it in the river Avon about Lack-
ham in Wiltfhire, but all dead and bleached white; which
feems to be the chara€ter of this fhell in that flate. We
do not, however, believe they inhabit that river, but
are brought into it in the time of floods; though we
could never find it elfewhere, amongft the other {pecies,
which is common in that neighbourhood. We after-
wards found it near Wareham in Dorfetfhire, where it is
not uncommon in the meadows clofe to that town, in the
ifle of Purbeck, in ditches and water-courfes ; in company
with the complanata. Thefe were covered with a dufky-
green epidermis when alive. It is, doubtlefs, found in
other places, as we have feen it in feveral cabinets of
Englifh thells, mixed, and confounded with the compla-
mata, under the title of Helzx Planorbis.

Animal pale, of a yellowith tinge, with two long,
flender, fetaceous tentacula; with the eyes placed at
their bafe, beneath. Differs from the animal of H. com-
planata in the tentacula being fomewhat longer, and -
particularly in their being pellucid yellow, and not

darker in the middle,
Helix

62.
VorTEX.

A5xt

Helix Vortex. Lin. Syft. p.1243.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3620.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 127. f. 1127.
Schroeter Flufconch. p. 218. t.5. £.16. 17.
Lijter Conch. t. 138. f. 43.

Id. Angl. t. 2. f. 28.

Petiv. Gag. t. 92. f. 6.

Gualt. t. 4. G. G.

Br. Zool. t. 83. f. 124.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47:

Turt. Lin iv. p. 508.

Don. Br. Shells. iti. t. 75.

Helix Planorbis. Da Co/fa. p. 65. t. 4. f. 12.

Planorbis Vortex. Muller Verm. ii. p. 158. No. 345.

H. with a fub-pellucid, very depreffed, horn-coloured
fhell: volutions fix or feven, placed lateral; the upper
fide concave; bafe or under fide flat, and even, the
whirls being only marked by a very fine line; the exte-
rior volution is fub-carinated, or brought to an edge at
the lower part : aperture compreffed, fub-oval, angulated.
Diameter three-cighths of an inch, rarely half an inch.

This is a very common fpecies in rivers, ponds, and
watery ditches, adhering to aquatic plants under water.

It is readily diftinguifhed from any other Brztz/h thell
by the number of volutions, which exceeds any of the
depreffed: Helices, and is much more flat in proportion,
to its fize, the H. Spirorbis excepted, with which it has
been confounded. - Its ufual colour is light-horn, but is
fometimes rufous-brown; and often covered with a

dufky,

455

dufky, or greenifh epidermis when alive: dead fhells
become white.

Animal dufky, with two long, flender, filiform, ¢en-
tacula; and two black eyes placed at their bafe.

=i
63.
Helix Spirorbis. Gel. Sy/t. p. 3624. 36. SPIRORBIS,
Planorbis Spirorbis. Muller Verm. i. p. 161. No. 347.
Schroeter Fluf[conch. p. 236. No. 47.
157 BN ae peg Cn et to

H. with a depreffed, fub-pellucid, horn-coloured
fhell, with fix volutions, placed exattly lateral upon
each other, fo that both the upper and under fides are
equally flat; the volutions, however, are as much convex
beneath as they are above, and the exterior whirl is nearly
round, and deftitute of any carina: aperture oval, in
fome nearly orbicular. Diameter of the largeft three-
tenths of an inch.

- This fpecies is not uncommon in the fame place as the
H. Vortex, with which it has generally been confounded
in Englifh cabinets.

Mutter has very well defined the diftinGion by fay-
ing, “ Planorbis tefta flavefcente, utrinque concava, equa-
li; anfractibus teretibus.” This, when compared with
his leading characters of the Vortex, will be found to be

{trong

A56

{trong fpecific diftinctions. ‘ Planorbis tefta flavofu/ca.
fub-carinata, fupra concava, fubtus plana.” -

It is fomewhat extraordinary that ScHROETER fhould
have given a figure of this fhell, and a very exatt de-
{cription, with the title of, “Cornu ammonis 6 gyris ro-
tundis circumfcriptum,” making a comparative diftinéti-
on between it and the Vortex, and yet had not difcovered
it to be the Spzrorbis, as is evident by his defcribing
that fhell in another place. :

This fpecies never grows fo large as the Vortex, but
both are alike finely ftriated, or wrinkled, acrofs the vo-
lutions in an oblique direétion; and the number of
whirls are equal in fhells of the fame fize.

. The Spzrorbis is never carinated like the Vortex, con-
fequently the aperture is not angulated at the exterior
margin, as inthat fhell: this too has the volutions raifed,

and rounded equally on both fides, and a deep feparating »

line; the other has the volutions on the under fide quite
flat, and the line of feparation not fo deep; befides
which, this is not quite fo thin or depreffed as the Vor-
tex, when compared with that fhell of the fame fize.

Thefe diftinguifhing charaéters are invariable, and by

which both {pecies may be readily known from each other,

This has generally been defcribed as the more rare,
but we believe it is equally plentiful in England, at leaft
it

a

A57

it has as frequently occurred to us; fometimes in the
fame pools with the Vortex, and at other times in
feparate places.

i
64.

Helix contorta. Lin. Syft. p. 1244. ConrTorTA.

Ginel. Syft. p. 3624. 37.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 127. €. 1126.
Petiv. Gaz. t. 92. f. 8.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 511.
Schroeter Fluffconch. p. 243. t. 5. f. 29.
Don Br. Shells. iii. t. 99.
Planorbis contortus. Muller Verm. ii. p. 162. No. 348.
Helix craffa. Da Cofta p 66. t. 4. f. 11.
Helix umbilicatus. Pu/t. Cat. Dorfet. p. 47.

H. with a depreffed, fub-pellucid, brown, horn-co-
loured fhell; fometimes rufous, or chefnut, and not un-
frequently covered with a dufky epidermis when alive:
dead fhells become white. It has five or fix volutions
placed lateral; the outer one rounded, not carinated;
thefe all rife on the upper part almoft to an edge, being
very clofe together, with only a very {mall, but deep
depreffed line between; in the centre a /ub-wmbilicus:
the bafe, or under part, is largely and deeply umbilicated,
thewing every volution, fpirally defcending to the bot-
tom in a very elegant manner: aperture arcuated, by
clafping the body whirl. Diameter two-tenths of an
inch, and not quite one tenth thick,

Nnn Da Costa

A58

Da Costa, as well as Dof&tor PuLteney, has fallen
into an error in quoting the H. complanata of Linnaus
for this fhell: and the laft author is equally miftaken, in
confidering the chefnut-coloured variety of this {pecies
to be the H. paludofa of Da Costa. It is at once dif-
tinguifhed from any of the Helzces with a deprefled apex,
by its thicknefs in proportion to its fize; and particu-
larly by the fingularly large, and fpirally formed

umbilicus.

There can be no doubt this is the H. contorta of Lin-
N£uUS; CHEMNITZ has given a very good figure of it for
that fhell, which Gme in quotes: MuLLER and ScuRo-
ETER have alfo confidered it as fuch.

It is rather a local fpecies; but we have found it not
uncommon in the river Avon, about Lackham in Wilt-
Shire afier floods; having been {wept from the ditches in
the neighbouring meadows, where it is found alive in
abundance,

Is common alfo in the ditches in the ifle of Purbeck
near Wareham, and at Charmouth in Dorfeifhire.

We have alfo received it from Kent.

Animal dufky, with two long and very flender, fili-
form tentacula, with the eyes placed at their bafe.

Helix

A5
2 65.

Helix umbilicata quatuor anfraétibus apertura fubrotunda. Aba.
Walk. Min. Shells. £. 19.
Helix alba. Ginel. Syft. p.3625.—Turt. Lin. iv. p.511.
Petry. Gaz. t. 92. £. 7;
Planorbis albus. Muller Verm. iii. p. 164. No. 350.
Schroeter Fluf[conch. p. 225. t. 5. f. 12.

H. with a fub-pellucid, light horn-coloured fhell, co-
vered when alive, with a brown epidermis, that renders
it opaque: volutions four, placed lateral, compreffed :
the outer one rather inclining to an edge, but is not ca-
rinated: on the upper part, the afex is depreffed into a
Jub-umbilicus: the bafe more ftrongly umbilicated : the
whole fhell, when examined by a common magnifying
glafs, is obferved to poflefs very fine ftria, both tranf-
verfe and longitudinal, in a flightly decuffated manner :
aperture fub-orbicular, fub-lunated, clafping the body
whirl; margin thin, oblique.

This fpecies, which is defcribed and figured by Wat-
KER, we originally received from Mr. Boys of Sand-
wich for fuch: and have fince found it of a much fupe-
rior fize, rather exceeding a quarter of an inch in dia-
meter; which is more than double that which Mr.
Watker took his figure from.

Itis one of the moft common of the compreffed fpecies
of Helix; is plentiful in tbe river Avon about Lackham
in Wiltfhire, as well as in the fifh-ponds; and in many
other places in the fame county, efpecially at Wedhamp-
ton, in ditches and ponds, of a fuperior fize.

Nnn 2 We

66.
CRISTATA.
Vic. L

Fig. 7. 8.

A460

We have alfo found it both in the north and fouth of

Devonfhire ; in Dorfet/hire about Wareham; and have
received it from South Wales.

Young fhells have only three volutions, but are readi-
ly diftinguifhed in all ftates, by their extremely fine ftrie,
which give them a fort of roughnefs,

Animal of a light colour, with two long, flender, fili-
form tentacuda; and two black eyes, placed at their
bafe, on the top of the head.

—p——

Helix cornea quatuor anfraétibus apertura rotunda, Wajk.
Min. Shells. f. 18.
Valvatacriftata. Muller Verm. i. p. 198.No. 384.

Schroeter Fluf[conch .p. 240. t. 5. f. 26. a. b.
H. with a fub-pellucid, light horn-coloured fhell, with

three, and fometimes four, depreffed volutions; the
apex very little funk; bafe, or under part deitalatetel
expofing nearly the whole of the interior whirls: the
volutions are remarkably rounded, or cylindric, and are
ftriated, or flightly wrinkled tran{verfely: aperture per-
feétly orbicular, attached to, but not interrupted by,
the body whirl; margin not thinner than the reft of the

fhell, and very little oblique. Diameter one tenth of
an inch.

This fpecies we alfo received originally from Mr.
Boys, for the fhell given by Wacker, as referred to,

but

AGI

but have fince found it not uncommon in drifted fand,
in the river Avon with the laft, and fometimes on aquatic
plants; but more plentiful in a ditch near Wedhampton
in Wiltfhire: it may, however, be confidered as rather
a {earce, or at leaft, a very local fpecies. :

When alive, itis covered with a very thin efzdermis,
which removed, the fhell is a little glofly : dead ones
become white and fomewhat opaque. It is at once dif-
tinguifhed from all others by the cylindric volutions,
and perfeétly round mouth; and in a living flate, by
poflefling a corneous operculum, ftriated {pirally to the
centre, but fo clofe as to appear, at firft fight, like
concentric circles.

The animal too, is different from any we are acquainted
with, except that of Turbo fontinalis, to which it bears
great refemblance. It is dufky above, light beneath,
with four tentacula, or feelers, two of which are placed
as ufual in other aquatic /zmaces ; thefe are light-colour-
ed, fetaceous; on the right fide of the head behind, is
a third flender feeler, not quite fo long as the others,
and clofe to it, more in the middle of the hind head, is
a creft, or plumofe appendage, very pellucid, and ex-
quifitely fenfible, retracting inftantaneoufly at the leaft
motion: eyes two, placed at the bafe of the two ante-
rior tentacula: fore part of the body bilobated, making
the head to appear as if iffuing from a fheath, when
viewed underneath.

MULLER

67.
Fontana.
iab.os t6

AO2

Mu.Lter, as wellas Scuroerter, has defcribed the
fingular ftru€ture of this animal; the former has made
a diftinét genus of it, under the title of Valvata.

Thefe fhells are frequently taken up by the larve of
Phryganee to cover their cafes: fuch is mentioned by
Mutter; we have feen thofe cafes wholly covered with
this, as well as moft other of the {mall Aelices, laid in
regular order with their apertures all placed one way :
and not unfrequently three or four fpecies on one cafe.

a
Helix fontana. Phi).! Trans, LK XVI.t.2. f.1. to 4.( Lightfoot)

H. with a pellucid, horn-coloured fhell, extremely
flat, but nearly equally convex on both fides, yet de-
preffed in the centre; the bafe furnifhed with a fmall,
perfeé&t umbilicus: volutions four; the outer one is
brought to an edge, but not properly carinated, as it is
formed only by the gradual flope of the fhell on each
fide: it is fmooth, gloffy, and almoft deftitute of wrin-
kles: aperture contracted, and nearly brought to an
angle externally; the internal angles clafp the body
whirl nearly equal on both fides, taking in half the dia-
meter of the firft volution: margin very thin, and
much oblique. Breadth not quite two tenths of an inch.

This fpecies has been confounded with the Nautzlus
dacuftris, to which it bears much refemblance external-
ly,

AO3

ly, but is flatter, and not fo convex on the upper part,
and is at once diftinguifhed from that fhell in not pof- |
feffing thofe lines which mark the concamerations.

It was firft noticed by Mr. Acnew, gardiner to the
Dutche/s Dowager of Portland; and was given in the
Philofophical Tranfactions of 1786 by Mr. Licurroov,
who ftates it to be met with in clear waters in the neigh-

bourhood of Bulifrode in Buckingham/fhire.

We have found it fparingly in the ditches about Ware-
ham in Dorfetfhire: and near the village of Wedhampton
in Wiltfhire; but have obferved it in greater abundance
in a fifh-pond at Lackham in the fame county, and in
the river contiguous, adhering to aquatic plants; fre-
quently deep in the water.

It appears to be a local fpecies, and not very plenti-
ful any where; though we are informed it is not uncom-
mon about Sandwich in Kent; from whence we were
favoured with it by Mr. Boys.

Animal light chefnut: fentacula two, long, flender,
filiform, lighter coloured than the body ; eyes placed on
the upper part of the head at their bafe: head long;
JSuftentaculum fhorter than the tentacula.

From the extreme pellucidity of the fhell, a ftrong
and regular pulfation is obfervable (by the afliftance of
a com-

68.
NAUTILEUS,

AOA

a common pocket lens) in that part of the animal with-
in the fecond volution; and which is of a reddifh chefnut.
When the animal is in motion (which is very flow) the
exterior whirl appears almoft empty.

—<E >

Turbo nautileus. Lin. Sy/ft. p. 1241.
Gmel Syft. p. 3612. 98.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 501.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 123. f. 1077. A. a.
Planorbis imbricatus. Mull. Verm. ii. p. 165. No. 351.
Schroet. Fluffconch. p. 238. No. 50.

Helix Walk. Min. Shells. £. 20. & 21.
Helix carinata. Turt. Lin. iv.p. 510.
Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f. 10
Helix f{pinofa. Turt? Linviv. pos.
Adams Microfc.t. 14. f. 11.—Zd. t.
29.7; 39. ‘

H. with a pellucid, light horn-coloured fhell, much
depreffed, with three or four volutions ; upper fide flat,
but the whirls well defined by the feparating line ; afex
not funk below the reft of the fhell: under fide largely
umbilicated.

It is furnifhed with diftant, elevated annulations, or
ribs, which feem to be partly teftaceous, and partly
membranaceous, for they are ftronger, and more perfeé,
when the fhell is covered with a dark brown epidermis ;
in which flate a dorfal ridge or fub-carinated edge, of

a mem-

405

a membranaceous nature, is obferved, which frequent-
ly fhoots into {pines of the fame texture.

This circumftance is not fo common, and feems to
depend either on age, or on the water it inhabits: in
fome. places it is found only of a light, pellucid horn-
colour; in others always dark-brown. It is fubje&t alfo
to fome variation in the aperture; this, however, is
generally round, not interrupted by the volution;
fometimes, indeed, it projeéts, and does not adhere;
others clafp the body whirl a little, and are fomewhat
compreffed into a fub-oval. Thefe laft muft be confi-
dered as mere varieties. It is diftinguifhed at once by
the diftant annulations, though not always confpicuous
without ‘being confiderably magnified. Thefe varieties
had mduced Mr. WaLkKER to make them into two dif-
tin {pecies.

Linn £us, in the tenth edition of his Syftema Natu-
re, had made it a Nawtzlus under the title of Crifa, and
afterwards removed it into the Jurdo genus. In this re-
{peét we have deviated from that great naturalift, by
making all the depreffed fhells Hvdices, without regard
to the mouth; a charaéter in itfelf extremely vague,
though perhaps it will be very difficult to find a better,
for the divifion of the two genera fo nearly conneéted.

We originally received feveral of thefe fhells from our
friend Mr. Boys, for thofe of the minuta rarvora, who
Ooo obferved,

A0G J
obferved, they were not uncommon in the ditches about
Sandwich. We have alfo found it, of a larger fize than
ufual, in a pond at Wedhampton in Wiltfhire, with the
Helix alba. Diameter one eighth of an inch. ~

In a pond at Knowle, near Kingsbridge in Devonfhire,
it is in profufion; thefe are of a light colour, with a
greenifh tinge, and rarely {pined; but the ribs are fre-
quently very confpicuous, efpecially onthe under part:
and in a ditch of running water, which occafionally flows
from the pond, they are equally abundant, of a dark
colour, and ftrongly fpined along the dorfal carina; an
evident proof that this variety is occafioned by adventi-
tious circumftances, fuch as the nature of their food,
and quality of the water they inhabit. It is found on the
under fide of the leaves of many fub-aquatic plants, but
feems partial to the creeping Water-parfnep, Sium nodi-
florum, and Water-creffes, Sifymbrium Nafturtium.

Animal of a pale colour ; tentacula two, fetaceous ;
eyes on the head, fituated at the bafe of the tentacula.

GEN,

AG?
ib

mS SSLSLOCO-<S OCS ISAS 22——
i Dy ee’ O64
NERITA.

es
Animal a LIMAX.
SHELL univalve, fpiral, gibbous, flattifh beneath,

Aperture femi-orbicular; lip of the Colwmella tran{-
verfe, flattifh and truncated.

af

Nerita littoralis. Zin. Sy/t. p. 1253.—Gmel. Syft. p. 3677. Litroratis.
Br. Zool. t.87.£.143.— Turt. Lin. iv.p.550.
Lijter Conch. t 607. f. 39. to42. &f. 44.
dd Aagh. t. 3.f.. 0b 12,13:
Da Cofta. p. 50. t. 3. f. 7.--t. 4. £2. 3.
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 20. f. 2.
Turbo neritoides. Liz. Sy/t. p.1232.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3588, 2.
Chem. Conch. v. t.185. £.1854. No.1.to11.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 479.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 44.

N. with a thick, flrong fhell; colour various, com-
monly plain light, or orange-yellow, red, or brown;
fometimes prettily mottled, or chequered brown, or yel-
low and white, and rarely fafciated; volutions four or
five, the firft very large, the others {mall and placed la-

Ooo 2 teral,

aa
PALLIDULA}

AGS

teral, fometimes quite’flat; others are fomewhat produc-

ed, but the feparating line is very fmall, and fearce dif-

cernable at the apex : aperture fub-orbicular, fub-lunated,
fometimes inclining to oval; margin thickened within,
the edge fharp. It is not fo flat at the pillar lip as ufual
in fhells of this genus, but fpreads a little at that part.
Length three-quarters of an inch; breadth not quite
fo much.

This fpecies is extremely common on all our thores -
is fubjeét to great variety; both as to colour and fhape,
which feems to have occafioned fome confufion, as
there is little doubt but the Nerita Jittoralzs and Turbo
neritoides of Linn &us are only varieties of the fame fhell.

‘

—

Nerita pallidulus. Da Coffa. p. 51. t. 4. f. 4. 5.
Don. BroSreisv We tb. Teds Ie
Nerita pallidula. Twrt. Lin. iv. p. 548.

N. with a fub-pellucid, light-brown fhell, with three
volutions, the firft extremely large, the others very
fmall, and placed lateral, fearcely produced, but well
defined ; is when alive covered with a rough brown ef7-
dermis, beneath which the fhell is nearly fmooth, or
faintly wrinkled; aperture femi-lunated ; outer lip thin,
fringed by the efzdermzs; pillar lip thick, white, con-
cave, and umbilicated; infide glofly. Length near half
an inch; breadth three-eighths,

Da Costa was the firft writer who defcribed this
{pecies,

469

fpecies, and fays, he received it from Kent, and Dorfci-
frre, but confidered it as a rare fhell. We have found
it at Falmouth in Cornwall, and at Tezgnmouth, and
Milton fands on the fouth coaft of Devon/hire.

It is certainly a rare fpecies, at leaft thofe of any fize;
though not unfrequent at the laft mentioned place,
about the bignefs of ahempfeed. Dead fhells become
yellowifh-white, and fomewhat opaque: and in old {pe-
cimens it is obfervable, the pillar lip is lefs concave,
and the wmbdzlicus {maller.

This fhell was firft fent to the Dutche/s of Portland by
Mr. Boys, and was numbered 125 in her grace’s cabi-
net of minute fhells. We have alfo been favoured with
it from the fame quarter, and are affured, it is found
alive on the rocks of Dover and Margate.

<<

Nerita glaucina. Lin. Sy. p 1251. —Gumel. Sy/t. p. 3671. 3. GLAUCINAs

Chem. Conch. v. t. 186. f. 1856. 1859.
Lifter Conch. t.568.£.19—Id. Angi. t.3.f.10.
Br. Zool. t.87.£.141.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.545.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 50
Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 20. f. 1.

Cochlea Catena. Da Coffa. p. 83. t. 5. f. 7.

» N. with a ftrong, fmooth, id fhell, faintly wrin-
kled, ofa livid or purplifh fle{h-colour, fometimes fer-
ruginous, or chefnut, about the apex: fome are plain,
but moil times marked with {pots or flreaks in girdles;

thefe

et

4.
FLuviatTiLis.

479

thefe are rarely feen in full grown fhells on the body
“whirl, but in young fpecimens, which are ufually white,

thefe markings are extremely elegant, but vary in fhape
andcolour: volutions fix, the firft very large and ventri-
cofe, the others {mall in proportion, rounded, produced,
and placed fomewhat lateral: afex very fharp pointed:
aperture fub-oval, fub-lunated; outer lip rather thin,
even; pillar lip thick, reflexed, forming a large and
deep umbilicus; mouth clofed by a corneous oferculum.

Length an inch and a half; breadth fomewhat lefs.

This fpecies feems principally to inhabit the deep, as
it is thrown up in vaft abundance on many parts of our
open fhores; is common on moft of our fandy coafts,
but no where more plentiful than on thofe of South
Wales, and Devonfhire.

ie —

Nerita fluviatilis. Lin. Sy. p. 1253.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3676.
Chem. Conch. ix. t. 124. f. 1088. *
Br. Zool. t.87. £.142.—Gualt. t.4. L. L.
Lifter Conch. t. 607. £.43. & t. 141. f. 38.
Id. Angl. t.2.£.20.—Turt. Lin. iv.p. 549.
Schroet. Fluffconch. t.5.f.5. to10.—& t.Min.
C. £.8.—Mull Verm. ii. p.194. No. 381.
Da Cofta. p. 48. t. 3. £.8.
Favan. t. 61. D..3. 4.17. 20.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 50.
Hill. Swammerd. p. 83. t. 10. f, 2.
Don. Br. Shell. i. t.16. f. 2.
Nerita

a

aa

OD a oh Reece

A71
Nerita lacuftris. Gmel. Sy. p. 3677 ?—Gualt. t. 4. M. Mey
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 550.

N. with a fub-pellucid, fub-oval fhell, elegantly fpot-
ied, ftreaked, or mottled with white and purplifh-brown,
pink, or pale-brown; with all the intermediate fhades,
for fcarce two are found alike, either in colour or mark-
ings; fome have one or two fpiral bands: volutions
three, the firft extremely large, the others very {mall,
but well defined, and placed lateral; afex minutely
{mall, a little produced: is frequently covered with a
brown or greenifh efidermis when alive, which remo-
ved, the fhell is glofly and fmooth, except examined by
a Jens, when it is found to be finely wrinkled: aperture
funated; outer lip thin; pillar lip broad, flat, and white;
mouth clofed by ateftaceous oferculum, of an orange-yel-
low. Lengththree eighths ofan inch; breadth two-eighths.

This fpecies is found plentiful in many of our flow
rivers, adhering to ftones, but rarely in rapid waters;
and of courfe, feldom orever feen in the mountainous
parts, where the rivers are tonrents. In fuch are only
to be found the Mya margaritifera, for rarely any othér
fhellis to be met with where that inhabits, except Patella
fluviatilis.

There feems very little doubt that the Nerita lacuftris
is a mere variety of this fhell; the only figure referred to
by Gme tin is that given by Guatrert, neither which,
nor its defcription, give any reafon to fuppofe it diflinct.

When

ro

De
PELLUCIDA.

ALBA.

A472

Whenaliveit is frequently corneous, or biackifh, fpot-
ted with white, as defcribed by Gme.in: fuch are
now before us, but can only be confidered as one of the
numerous varieties the fluviaizlis is fubje& to.

—PP-

N. tefta levi pellucida, anfraétibus tribus. Lin. Trans. il.
p: 67 (Adams.)
Shell fmooth pellucid, with three whorls, Pembroke-
fhire coaft. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 550.

—f>-

N. tefta levi fub-pellucida, duobus anfractibus. Lin. Trans.
. iil. p. 67. (Adams.)

Shell fmooth fub-pellucid, with two whorls. Pem-
brokefhire coaft. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 550.

Thefe two minute fpecies we have given on the autho-
rity of Mr. Apams; at the fame time think it proper to
remark, that there does not appear any diftinguifhing
charatter; for if {hells are to be feparated by being a
little more or lefs pellucid, or by one {pire more or lefs,
fpecies would be multiplied without end. At the fame
time we are inclined to give Mr. Apams credit, yet in
many inftances we confider he has miftaken the fry of
fome, for -diftin& fpecies; and fufpett in thefe two in-
ftances the young of Nerita glaucina may be referred
to: fuch are not uncommon amongft fand on many of

our fhores.
GEN.

OO Ee

So

A473
———mamCAAOCOOSOOO <> OOSSIISCsa=——-
GEN. XXX.

HALIOTIS.

ae

Animal a LIMAX.

SHELL univalve, auriform, dilated,
Spire flat upon the fhell, lateral.

Difk longitudinally perforated with feveral holes.

: 1.

Haliotis tuberculata. Lia. Sy/t. p. 1256. TUBERCULATA.
Gmel. Syft. p. 3687.2.
Martini Conch. i. t. 16. f. 148. 149s
Lifter Conch. t. 611. f. 2.
Id. Angl. t. 3. f. 16.
Br. Zool. t. 88. f. 144.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 50.
Don Br. Shells. i. t. 5.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 558.
Haliotis vulgaris. Da Cojfa p. 15. t. 2. f. 1.2.

H. witha ftrong, thick, opaque, rough, fhell, ofa reddifh-
brown colour, and fometimes mottled, when cleared of
Ppp extrane-

A7A
extraneous matter with which it is covered, particularly
Balani, and Serpule ; efpecially S. granulata, and Si-
niftrorfu: the fhape is oval, flat, {triated longitudinally,
and wrinkled tranfverfely: near the inner margin is a
ridge the whole length of the fhell, which terminates in
one fpiral turn at the end, a little produced; this ridge
is befet with tubercles, which increafe in fize as they re-
cede from the afex, and become flat or concave; the
laft fix, and fometimes as many as nine, are pervious:
below the ridge is a depreffion or furrow; behind which
the margin is rounded, and turns inward; the front mar-
gin is thin. The infide is entirely open, concave, and
of a beautiful mother of pearl: the inflected edge forms
a flat rim on the interior fide, quite up to the fpire, and
is nacred like the infide. Length from three to four
inches; breadth from two and a quarter to three inches.

This fpecies probably inhabits the-deep,.as we have
not been able to learn that it has ever been taken alive
on our coafts; though it is fometimes thrown upon our
fhores after violent florms, in Suffex, Dorfetfhire, and
Devonfhire. In. Guernfey it is found in great plenty,
adhering to the rocks at the loweft ebb; the animal ufed
for culinary purpofes, and the fhells Ae the. houfes

of fome of the common, people, being fludded, in the

plafter on the outfide.

GEN.

|

~~ IITECSSOHOO<S— GOOCHOSC+e-a—
GEN. XXXI.

PATELLA.

—fp-

Animal a LIMAX.*

SHELL univalve, fub-conic, ufually deftitute of
any fpire.

i

Patella vulgata. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1258.—Gmel. Sy. p. 3697. VULGATA,
Martini Conch. 1. t. 5. f. 33.
Br. Zool. t. 89, f. 145.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51.
Lifter Conch. t.535. f. 14.
Id. Angl. t. 5. f. 40.
Don. Br. Shells. t. 14.
| Turt. Lin. iv. p. 565.
Borlafe Cornw. t. 28. f. 3.
Patella deprefla Br. Zool. t.89.f.146.— Turt. Lin. iv. p.566.
Patella vulgaris. Da Cojia. p. 3. t. 1. f. 1.2. 8.

Pp ps P. with

+ The animals of this clafs do not appear materially different; thofe ex-
amined were like the Limaces inhabiting. convoluted aquatic fhells, poffeiled
of only two tentacula, and the eyes fituated at their bafe.

A76

P. with a fub-conic fhell. fubje&t to much variety in
its degree of elevation, in the prominence and number
of ridges, and in the indentations at the margin; fomuch
fo as to have occafioned it to be multiplied into two or
three different fpécies. The full grown fhells are ufually
of a conic fhape, and fomewhat oval; the vertex approxi-
mating rather to the fmaller end, but frequently nearly

‘central, marked with numerous fine {trie from the apex
to the margin; which laft is fometimes indented a little,
fometimes quite plain: colour brown, orcorneous. In-
fide fmooth, gloffy, and ae a yellowifh horn-colour,
whitifh at the bottom.

Others are more deprefled; vertex placed, more to
one end, and the whole fhell furnifhed with {flrong ele-:
vated ribs, with intermediate ftrie; the margin flrongly
indented, and angulated by the ribs: outfide, when
cleaned, frequently ftreaked or rayed with brown: in-
fide of old fhells white, but in young ones of a deep cho-
colate-brown, with white ftreaks at the margin. Thefe
are the moft effential varieties, and would certainly ap-
pear very diftinét, were it not for the intermediate gra-
dations, that feem to run into each other, and which
has obliged later writers to confider them the fame. It
is proper, however, to remark, that thefe varieties (if
they are really fuch) have nothing to do with fize orage,
for we have found the depreffed ones nearly as large as
thofe of a conic fhape; and which are always more or

lefs ribbed ; whereas the latter are more properly ftriat-
ed 5

as:

ed; and are rarely indented, or angulated at the edges,
or only faintly fo. Thefe too are always, when alive,
of a horn-colour within, and not white or brown like
the others: but whether they are really diftin@ is not
ealy to determine. Both inhabit all our rocky fhores
in vaft abundance; the largeft we ever faw were on the
rocks at Marazion in Cornwall of the conic kind: fome
of which were near two inches and a half long, two
broad ; and an inch and a half in height.

We have alfo found the deprefled ones two inches in
length, by one and three-quarters broad; and not above
three-quarters of an inch in height; with the ribs ex-
ceedingly ftrong, and angulated at the margin,

——pP—-

Patella pellucida, Zin. Syft. p. 1260.

Ginel. Syft. p. 3717. 133.

Chem. Conch. x. t. 168. f. 1620. 21.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 3. £. 1.

Lifter Conch. t. 542. 543. f. 26. 27.

, Id. Angl. App. p. 38. t. 2. f. 10.

Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 150.

Pult. Cat, Dorfet. p. 51.

Borlafe Cornwall t. 28. f. 1. 2.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 582.— Petiv. t. 75. £.3.
Patella coeruleata. Da Cofta. p. 7. t. 1. f. 5. 6.
Patella lzevis. Br. Zool t.90. bottom fig. without number
Patella intorta. Jd. t. 90. f. 148.
Patella caerulea. Giel. Sy/t. p. 3697. 24.

P. with

2»
PELLUCIDA-

478

P. with a pellucid, thin, yellowifh, horn-coloured
fhell, of an oval fhape, rounded at the top, with an ob-
{cure apex at one end; and beautifully rayed with dot-
ted lines of azure: thefe lines vary in number, ufually
from three to feven, that are moft confpicuous, running
from behind the beak to the margin; but the fides in
fome are radiated in an obfcure manner.

This is the defcription of the young fhells, and fuch
as have generally been confidered as the P. pellucida.

Old fhells are fub-pellucid, and moft frequently dufky-
brown; fome are conic, others quite flat with the vertex
nearly central, or a little to one end, radiated with blue
in the fame manner as the young, but the colour is lefs
brilliant, and frequently very obfcure: thefe blue rays,
in fome, rife into fine elevated {trie all round the fhell,
terminating at the apex; befides which it has fome cir-
cular wrinkles: aperture oval, margin plain, rather
inclining upwards at each end. Infide gloffy, of a

changeable opalacious colour, frequently ofa blueifh caft.

Length near an inch; breadth not quite three-quarters.

Nothing can be more different in appearance, as to
fhape, than this fpecies is in its infant and adult flates ;
and were it not for the regular gradations, would pro-
bably have continued to be formed into two or three
{pecies ; as Mr. Pennant has done with refpeét to his
P, levis and intorta. He is however not fingular im this,

for

a a

A79
for other authors have confidered fome varieties of this -
fhell as diftinét fpecies: the P. caerulea of GmeE in is
certainly nothing elfe than a full grown fhell.

ie
It is remarkable, however, that the very thin tranf-
parent fhells have the bottom, or margin, always even,
and not turned upwards at the end; and yet fome, not
half the fize, are more opaque, and have all the fhape of
full grown ones.

Tt has alfo been remarked, that the pellucid variety is
always found on the leaves, and the others on the ftalks
of alge ; however this may be, there appears no poffi-
bility of fixing a permanent diftinction,*

It is a common fpecies on many parts of the Corni/h
and Devonfhire coa{ts: is never found adhering to rocks,
but we have frequently taken it alive afier ftorms, ad-
hering to the Fucus digitatus, that has been thrown
up by the violent agitation of the fea. It is not uncom-
mon on the coaft of Dorfetfhire ; and we have received
it from Sandwich in Kent, where it is always found on
the fame plant; the ftalk of which the animal excavates,
probably as food, and forms a cell; fometimes two or
three are found in the fame: and Mr. Boys affures us,

It

* Variety of fituation will occafion variety in fhape ; while young it feeds
only on the leaves, and their -fhape at the margin correfponds with the flat |
furface they adhere to: fo when they attack the ftalk, they acquire that
fhape which a convex furface requires for clofe conta& ; and which occafions
the difference of growth in the old. and young fhells.

Parva.

480 ¢

it is occafionally feen on the broad bottom part of the
leaf, while the plant is growing on the rocks. We have

-found the young in clufters on the leaves, but rarely

on the ftalks, though fometimesi@m the roots.
——

Patella parva. Da Cofta p. 7. t. 8. f. 11.
Don Br. Shells i. t. 21. £. 2,
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 592.

P. with a thin, fub-pellucid, fub-conic, oval fhell, of
a blueifh-grey, and fometimes horn-colour, tinged with
purple; but ufually covered with a dark epidermis, or
extraneous matter, that obfcures the fhell ; it is obfoletely
firiated longitudinally, wrinkled circularly, and elegant-
ly marked with purplifh-red lines, radiating from the
apex to the margin; in fome thefe lines are broad, in
others narrow and undulated, running into each other
like the links of a chain; fometimes only vifible at the
margin, and always moft confpicuous in the infide: ver-
tex placed neareft to one end, pointed, refleéted, but
not curved. Infide fmooth, gloffy, of a purplifh hue.
Dead fhells become white, and lofe all their markings,
except two lines immediately above the beak, which join
and form the fhape ofa V. Length three-eighths of an
inch ; breadth two-eighths; height not quite fo much:
rarely half ai: inch long.

Da Costa feems to be the firft author that defcribed
this fhell; and fince by Mr. Donovan: the former,
however,

’ AS}

however, appears to have only met with dead fpeci-
mens, by his faying it is whitifh m its ground colour, ‘as
well as having no glofs within; neither did he feem ac-
quainted with its natural hiftory. The latter author is
alfo filent on this head, and has followed Da Cosra, in
{tating it to be a produttion of the Dorfeifhzre coalt,
the only place he ever received tt from. We firft found
it in fand from Falmouth harbour, and Whet/and bay, in
Cornwall, not common, and all dead fpecimens; and
afterwards in great abundance alive, in Sa/comb bay in
Devonjhire: they always lie near the loweft water-mark,
adhering to loofe ftones, old oyfters, and other fhells,
and are moftly obtained by dredging.

It is alfo found fparingly on other parts of the fame
coaft, thrown upon the fhores. We have received dead,
and much worn fhells, from Sandwich in Kent.

It feems to be a local {pecies, and has not often been
obtained by colle@ors in.a recent ftate.

Do&or PuLTENneEyY does not give it in his Catalogue
of Dorfet Shells, notwithftanding Da Cosra received
it from that coaft, and has been found by Mr. Bryer
at Weymouth.

Mr. Boys informs us, that although only dead fhells
are to be met with at Sandwich, it is found alive on the
rocks at Dover.

Oqq P. with

es

3 A,
BIMACULATA.
Tab. 13. f, 8.

56
“FLUVIATILIS.

A482

P. with an opaque, oval fhell, of a gloffy yellow co-
lour, and perfeétly fmooth, with only the rudiment of a
vertex at the fmaller end, marked by a tranfverfe, ob-
long, black fpot; another oblong fpot of the fame co-
Jour near the other end, placed longitudinally : the fhell
is convex, but not much elevated. Infide concave,

fmooth, gloffy, yellow; margin thin. Length a quar-

ter of an inch; breadth rather more than one eighth;
height about one ‘ftxteenth of an inch.

We found one of this rare and fingular fpecies at Fal-
mouth in Cornwall; and another, in every refpeé the
fame, at Milton fands, on the fouth coaft of Devon:
they were both recent and perfeé& fhells, but not alive.

—<—

Patella fluviatilis. Gmel. Sy. p. 3711. 98.

Guailt. t. 4.f. A. A.

Lifter Conch, t. 141. f. 39.

-Id. Angl. t. 2.°f. 32.

‘Da Cofia. p. 1. t. 2. f. 8. 8.

Favan. t. 61. A. 3. 4. |

Schroeter Fluf[conch. t. 5. f. 1. 2.8.
Ancylus fluviatilis. Muller Verm. ii. p. 201. No. 386.
Patella lacuftris, Br. Zool. No. 149.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 577.

P. with a fub-conic, pellucid, horn-coloured fhell,
iufually covered with a dark-brown, green, or dufky
eprdermis,

A83

epidermis, and marked with a few circular wrinkles:
vertex fharp, placed near to one end, reflexed, or fome-
what hooked: aperture or opening oval, margin, thin,
infide glofly. Length three-eighths of aninch; breadth
two-eighths ; height not quite fo much.

A variety is fometimes metywith, finely ftriated longi-
tudinally from the beak; and we received fome fpeci-
mens from a frefh-water ftream, near Folk/tone in Kent,
more flyongly ftriated than ufual ; which were confider-

ed as a diftin&t fpecies.

Thefe were of an inferidr fize, and covered with
a dufky cfidermis: they appear to us to be only a
variety, differing in nothing but the ftrie being more.
confpicuous.

This {pecies has generally been confidered as the P. la-
cuftres of Linn aus, the fynonyms, however, of GMELIN,
are certainly thofeof the P. fluviatilis. It isa very com-
mon fhell in moft of our rivers, and in many {mall
ftreams and ftagnant waters, adhering to ftones, and
rarely to the leaves or ftalks of aquatic plants. Is al-
moft the only fhell, we believe, found to inhabit the rapid
torrents, with the Mya margaritifera. In Devonjfhire,
efpecially in the fouth, every little ftream produces abun-
dance; even the cold rills that originate from fpringss
and flow down the wooded declivities, except where gra-
nite prevails: on the contrary, about the eaflern parts

Qag2. - of

6.
LacustTris.

A8A4

of Kent, it has been confidered a rare [pecies, and the
P. lacuftris altogether as plentiful; a fhell we believe
not known fo far weft as the former county. Such is
the locality of nature’s ftores.

—

Patella lacuftris. Lin. Syft. p. 1260?
Gel. Syft. p. 8710. 97.
Favan. t. 61. A. 1?—Turt. Lin. p.577
Schroeter Fluf[conch. t. 5. £. 4. a. b.
Patella oblonga. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51.
Phil. Trans. LK XVI. p. 168. t. 3. f. 1.
2. 325. Lightfoot.)
Ancylus lacuftris. Muller Verm. ii. p. 199. No. 385,

P. with a thin, pellucid, compreffed, and almoft mem-
branaceous fhell, of a pale horn-colour, moft commonly
covered with a greenifh efzdermis: fhape oblong: ver-
tex very fmall, pointed, a little refleéted, ftanding ra-
ther oblique, or turning to one fide; not quite central,
but rather neareft to one end: outfide nearly fmooth,
er very faintly wrinkled, but not gloffy: aperture ob-
long-oval, nearly equal at each end: margin membra-
naceous. Infide fmooth and gloffy. Length a quarter
of an inch, or rather more; breadth one eighth; height
about half its breadth. .

Door Putteney fays, this fhell is found on plants
in the river Stour in Dorfet/hire, and has quoted the
P. fluviatilis of Gme tin and Mutter, in which we

think

A485

think the Do@or has erred: the latter author has well
defined this fhell No. 385, where he fays “Ancylus tefta
membranacea mucrone vertices fubcentrali, apertura ob-
longa. \t differs from the fluviatzlis in being much
longer in proportion to its breadth, in being much more
comprefled, and in the vertex being much {maller,
placed more central, and always turning a little to one
fide. It is not near fo plentiful a fpecies as the other,
never attaches itfelf to ftones, but is always found on
plants under water, efpecially the Sczrpus lacuftrtis and
other rufhes, as well as the common reed, Typha latzfo-
hia, {talks of the common flag, and Lrus pfeudacorus. Is
not uncommon upon thefe plants in the ditches of Deal
raarfhes, in Kent, particularly on the laft, as we are in-
formed by Mr, Boys; and Licurroor fpeaks of its
being found on the fame plant, in waters near Beacons-
field, in Buckinghamfhire. Muwuer fays “ Foliis Nym-
phee, Potamogetonis, GS Stratiotis adheret.”

We have them tolerably plentiful in a fifh-pond at
Lackham in Wiltfhire; and in the river Avon, on the
{talks of the Yellow water-lily; but is rarely, if ever,
found in rapid waters, in which the fluviatilis feems

moft to delight.

—————

od
je

Patellaantiquata. Liv. Sy/. p. 1259.—Gmel. Sy. p. 3709? ANTIQUATA.

Martini Conch. i. t. 12. £111. 112.
Lifter Conch. t. 544. £.31,
Patella

Tab. 18: £59:

A86

Patella antiquata. Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51.
/ Patella Mitrula. Gwel. Sy/t. p. 3708.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 575.

P. with a ftrong, thick, opaque, white fhell, fomewhat
of a conic fhape, furnifhed with concentric, imbricated:
‘wrinkles : vertex varying ; fometimes obliquely pointing
upwards, often extended and recurved; and frequently
obtufe, and placed near to one end: aperture oval,
fometimes nearly round. Diameter about half an inch.

Door PuLteney informed us, this fhell had been.
found at. Weymouth after a fevere ftorm, by Mr. Bryer
of that place; and ina lift of the fhells found by this
gentleman on that coaft, which he obligingly favoured
us with, this is mentioned.

<<
8.

Uncarica. Patella Ungarica. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1259.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3709. 89.
Martini Conch. i. t. 12. f. 107. 108.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51
Don. Brea Shellsc it. B20. s. V
Borlafe Cornw. t. 28. f. 4.
Gualt. t.9. W.
Patella Hungarica. Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 147.
; Lurt.-bitep. 576.
Patella Pileus Morionis major. Da Cofia. t. 1. f.7. 7.

P. with afub-conic, fub-pellucid, thin fhell; vertex much
reflected, terminating in a fpiral turn underneath, of two
; or

A87

or three {mall wreaths, rarely inclined-to either fide, ex-
cept at the afex, where the whirls are only vilible on
that fide which makes it a dextral fhell; but frequently
projects as far as the margin, fometimes quite low, and

almoft touching that part; others are more confiderably
elevated.

Ina live, or recent, ftate, it is covered with a rough,
pilous efzdermis, of a brown colour; beneath which the
fhell is of a deep flefh-colour, inclining to carnation: ~
finely firiated longitudinally, and. frequently wrmkled
tranfverfely. Infide extremely fmooth, and glofly, ge-
nerally of the fame colour, but brighter, fometimes
white; margin of the aperture nearly round, more or
lefs undulated or indented, and crenated: the epidermis,
which projects beyond the margin, forms a ciliated bor-
der. Diameter rarely more than an inch; and half an
inch, or five-eighths-in height.

This is a rare fpecies, and, as far as we have been able
‘to afcertain, is only found on the coafts of the weftern
counties. It has beew dredged up at Weymouth in Dor-
fetfhire; and is fometimes found on the fouth coaft of
Cornwall aid Devonfhire, efpecially about Looe, and at
Plymouth; at the latter place, we have taken it by
dredging, attached to Pecéen opercularis, which iscom-
monly called Fra//.. Have alfo found it on the fhore at
Milton fands, and have obtained it alive from the bay

f ee :
~of Salcomb in the fame county, on the Pinnaingens.
“One

9.
MILITARIS.
ab: 13.f11.

A488

One fpecimen, from the laft place, is of an extraordi-
nary fize, meafuring two inches in diameter, and one
inch and a quarter in height: it is thick, ftrong, opaque,
and much wrinkled tranfverfely.

Dead fhells ufually become white, or very little tinged
with flefh-colour, are deftitute of efzdermis, and lofe the
crenated margin,

——p—

Patella militaris. Lin. Mant. p. 553.
Lifter Conch. t. 544. f. 32.
Favan. i. p. 538. t.4. B. B.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51.

P. with a fub-pellucid, fub-conic, white fhell, finely
ftriated both ways, fo as to give it a pretty cancellated
appearance: vertex much refleéted, recurved, and turn-
ed to one fide, defcending almoft to the edge of the fhell,
but projefting beyond it: aperture round, and even.
Infide gloffy white. Diameter at the bafe about half an
inch.

This {pecies has fomewhat the habit of the laft, but is
not fo broad at the bafe in proportion; and is at once
diftinguifhed by the beak turning to one fide, by being
reticulated, and a much ftronger fhell. In a recent ftate
it is covered with a brown, pilous epidermis.

This is certainly a very rare fhell on the Engli/h coaft,
but

489

but has been found at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer;
a fpecimen of which we received from Dottor Put-
TENEY.

<Q

10.
Patella Chinenfis. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1257. CHINENSIS,
Martini i. t. 13. f. 121. 122, Tab. 13. f. 4. 4.

Lifter Conch. t. 546. £. 39.
Patella Sinenfis. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3692.
Turt. Lin: p. 562.
Patella albida. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 129.

P. with a very thin, fub-pellucid, fub-conic fhell, of ,
a pale-brown, or whitifh colour, fometimes tinged with
blufh, much compreffed, and rounded at the margin:
vertex central, terminating in a very fmall, fub-fpiral
volution: flightly wrmkled concentrically, and rough
with fhort, concave fcales, not unufually all over the
fhell, but commonly moft-on one fide, and rarely to-
wards the top. Infide extremely gloffy, fmooth, and _
white, furnifhed with a fub-fpiral Colwmella, or pillar lip,
which extends from very near the margin to the end,
and forms the external fub-volution: it is broad, flat,
thin, and ftands oblique to the fide of the fhell.

There feems very little doubt but this is the P. Chinen-
fis of Linnaeus. Martini gives a figure of it, and
quotes that fhell; and Gmexin quotes Martini for his
P. Sinenfis.

Rrr This

1
FissuRa-

AGO

This fpecies we believe had never been noticed as
Britifh, when we were firft favoured with it by Colonel
Gerorce, of Penryn in Cornwall, in 1795, who took it
from an ovyffer fhell; and we afterwards found a few
others on oyfters from Helford harbour, the fame place
from which the original came. As far as we have been
able to afcertain, it is always attached to thofe fhells, as
we have fince taken it {paringly in Salcomb bay in De-
vonfhire: thefe were alive, adhering very clofely to the
upper valve. Some are rather more conic than others,
but are rarely above a quarter of an inch in height:
diameter five eighths of an inch, ufually lefs, having tak-
en it of all intermediate fizes, between that and one
tenth of an inch,

Donovan gives his as a produftion of Cornwall.

It has been received from Jndza, and is a fhell of the
Mediterranean Sea.

— {fe

Patella Fiffura. Lin Sy/ft. p- 1261—Gmel. Syft. p. 3728.
Martini Conch. i. 't. 12. f. 109. 110.
Lifter Conch. t. 543. f. 28.—Petsv. t..75. 2.
Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 152. (number mifplaced)
Da Cofta. p. 11. t. 1. f, 4.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 51.
Don.- BY. Bre. i. t. 8.'t. 2.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 592.

P.. with

AQ1

P. with a fub-pellucid, conic fhell, of a brown colour
when alive, flrongly, and elegantly cancellated: vertex
a little reflected: diftinguifhed by a longitudinal fiflure,
or flit at the anterior end, from the margin upwards,
about one fourth the length of the fhell: Infide fmooth,
glofly, flefh-coloured ; margin oval, crenated. Length
half an inch ; breadth three eighths; height the fame.

In young fhells the vertex is much more reflexed, and
fometimes flightly hooked, turning backwards almoft per-
pendicular to the pofterior margin. Worn fhells become
white, or pale flefh-colour, and lofe their crenated edge.

This appears to be a local fpecies, and feems to be
chiefly confined to the weftern coafts. Dottor PuLTe-
NEY mentions it on the fhores of Dorfet/fhire; and Da
Cosra on thofe of Cornwall and Devon/fhire, particularly
at Barnftable; but had probably never feen a live, or
recent {pecimen, as he defcribes it to be white.

We have found it fparingly on fome parts of the Corn-
ufh coaft; and more plentiful on that of South Devon,
obtaining the moft perfeét {pecimens by dredging in Sal-
comb bay, adhering to ftones, and old oy/fer and other
fhells: but not common, or of a large fize. Have alfo
‘received {mall ones from Sandwich in Kent..

—te——

Patella Fiffurella. Gmel. Sy. p. 3728. 193?
Turt. Lin iv. p. 5922
Rr ts P. with

To
APERTURSA.
Tab. 13..£. 16.

13.
GReca.

AQ2

P. with a fub-conic, fub-pellucid white fhell, marked
with ftrong, longitudinal, tuberculated ribs, and a few
circular ridges, that give it a cancellated appearance:
vertex reflected, the point very fmall, and turning down-
wards: not detached, but adhering tothe top of the fhell,
fometimes making one convolution ; immediately above
which is a rhomboid perforation. Infide fmooth, gloffy,
white; margin oval, edge crenated by the ribs.

This rare fpecies we firft found in fand, from Falmouth
harbour in Cornwall, and afterwards dredged it up alive
in Salcomb bay, in Devonfhire, adhering to ftones.
Length not quite a quarter of an inch, and {carce one
eighth of an inch in heighth.

Yn one inflance this fhell had a few brown ftreaks run-
ning half way up from the margin.

At the time the figure was engraved, we were not in
poffeffion of fo large a fpecimen as above defcribed.

—f>——

Patella Groeca. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1262.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 37286
Martini Conchs i. t. 11. £. 98.
Lifter Comh.tnS27s ta 2e
Br. Zool t. 89. £. 153.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 52.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 598.
Patella reticulata. Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 21. f. 3.
Patella Larve reticulata. Da Cofa t. 1.f. S.
P. with

493

P. with an oblong, oval, thick fhell, of a dull brown
colour, ftrongly reticulated; fome of the longitudinal
ridges are much coarfer than the reft, andare frequently
tuberculated by the croffing of the tranfverfe ftrie: ver-
tex not much elevated, truncated, and furnifhed with an
oblong perforation. Infide fmooth, white, fometimes
rayed with dull purple or brown; margin not even, but
fomewhat indented or arcuated at the fides, and finely
~ crenated. Length about three-quarters of an inch ;
breadth fearce half an inch; height a quarter.

This fhell is rarely found of a fuperior fize on the En-
glyh coaft, but foreign fpecimens are fometimes an inch
andahalfinlength. It has generally been confidered as a
rare {pecies in this country: Da Costa {peaks of it from
Weymouth, and obferves, that he never could learn that
they inhabit any other Britz/h coaft.

' Doétor Putteney alfo mentions it from the fame
place, and from Poole. We have found it on Stud-
land beach in Dorfet/hire, larger than ufual. Is rare in
Cornwall ; but on fome parts of the fouth coaft of Devon
not uncommon, efpecially on Milton fands: and fre-
quently dredged up alive in Salcomb bay, but feldom
exceeding half an inch in length. It is not unufual on
Sandwich flats in Kent, as we have been affured by Mr.
Boys. Dead fhells are moft commonly of a pale-brown,
or yellowifh-white, and fometimes ftreaked, or {potted

with dark-brown.
GEN.

494
emt 88S SSS OO BS OOTISES&901———-

GEN. XXXII.

DENTALIUM.

— Io

Animal a TEREBELLA.

SHELL univalve, tubular, nearly ftrait; not divided
into chambers; and (for the moft part) pervious, or
. @pen at both ends.

—=ir——
q.

ENTALIS, Dentalium Entalis. Lin. Sy/t. p.1263.—Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3736.
Martini i. t. 1. £. 1..2.
Lifter Conch. t. 547. f.2. & t. 1056. f. 4.
Br. Zool. t. 90. f. 154.— Petiv. t. 65.9.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 52.
Borlafe Cornw. t. 28. f. 5.
LTurt. Lin. iv. p. 601.

Dentalium vulgare. Da Cofta. p. 24. t. 2. f. 10.

D. with a flender, fmooth, gloffy, fub-arcuated fhell,
tapering to a {mall point, pervious: fometimes marked
with a few circular wrinkles of annulations: colour
white or yellowith. Length an inch anda half; diame-
ter at the larger end two-tenths of an inch; andone.

fourth as much at the fmaller end,
This

AQS

This fpecies is found on many of our fhores, particu-
larly thofe of the welt of England ; is not uncommon on
the coaft of Sandwich in Kent, and on the fandy flats of
Caermarthenfhire. It is, however, rarely taken alive,
even by dredging, from which we may conclude it is a

pelagic fhell.

A variety is marked with dufky bands: and fometimes
a little ftriated towards the point.

—=t}

9)
Dentalium Dentalis. Giel. Sy/t. p. 3796. 3? STRIATUM.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 600.
Born Myf. t. 18. f. 13.

D. with a flender, fub-arcuated, taper fhell, very fmall
at the point, and pervious, regularly and clofely ftriated
the whole length of the fhell; the ftriz in frefh f{peci-
mens are very confpicuous, and are about twenty in num-
ber: fometimes a few faint annulations are obfervable at
the larger end: colour white, but not gloffy. Length
half an inch; diameter of the largeft part, one line.

We have found this rare fpecies at Falmouth in Corn-
wall, and on the fouth coaft of Devon/hire.

It is readily diftinguifhed from the young of the pre-
ceding fpecies, by its being elegantly ftriated.

D. with

, AQ6

Ganus. D. with a fub- pellucid, fub-arcuated fhell, tapering
Tab. 14. f. 7. to a fmall point, pervious, contraéting a little towards
. the larger end; is white, glofly, and perfe&tly fmooth,
fatigue the f{malleft appearance of wrinkles or ftrie.
Length f{carce three-eighths of an inch; diameter of the

largeft part, about one fixteenth.

This is a pelagic fpecies, found in many parts of
the Briti/h channel; and is known to mariners by the
name of Hake’s-tooth, who frequently find it within -
foundings, adhering to the log line (as we are informed)
but moft likely to the plumb line.

A. oe
{MPERFORATUM. Dentale apice imperforata tran{verfaliter fub-ftriata. alk.
Min. Shells. £. 15.
Dentalium imperforatum. Adams Microfc. t. 14. £.8.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 602.

D. witha cylindric, fub-arcuated fhell, flriated tranf-
verfely: aperture round, a little contracted at the mar-
gin: the oppofite end clofed, truncated, and furnifhed
with a {mall round protuberance: colour white or cine-
reous. Length one eighth of an inch ;. breadth one
third of its length,

We firft received this fhell from Mr. Boys, for that
of WaLker referred to; and have fince found it in fand
from Falmouth harbour, but rare. Mr, WALKER fays

trom Sandwich, not yery common,
+ D. with

AQ7
Veo.

D. with a fub-cylindric, arcuated fhell, marked with Tracuea.
regular, ftrong, tranfverfe ftriz, or annulations: aper- Tab. 14. f. 10.
ture round, from whence it tapers a little to the other
extremity, which is clofed, truncated, and furnifhed
with a fmall, round protuberance: colour ferruginous-
brown, lighteft towards the fmaller end. Length rather

more than one eighth of an inch; diameter one fifth of
its length.

This fpecies is at-once diftinguifhed from the laft, by
being more arcuated, and a little tapering; is longer in
proportion to its breadth, the margin of the aperture
even, and not contracted, and the annulations ftronger,
giving it the appearance of the windpipe or ¢rachea of
an animal,

7

We found it in fand from Milton in Devonfhire, but
is extremely rare.

6.

D. with a cylindric, arcuated, fmooth, gloffy, white Graurum,
fhell, devoid of either ftriz or wrinkles, and equal in
fize throughout: aperture orbicular; the other end
clofed, rounded, and fub-marginated. Length fearce -
one line; diameter one fifth of its length.

This nondefcript fpecies is found amongft the fand at
Biddeford bay, but more plentiful near Barnftable, on
the north coaft of Devonfhire, amongit the rejeclamenta
of the river, occafioned by the influx of the tide.

» SS GEN.

498
++ 8 2909S @ OO ~<VS- QI OS VSO CC come
GEN. XXXIII.

SERPULA.

ae

Animal for the moft part a TEREBELLA.

SHELL univalve, mhuiee adhering, or affixed to |
other bodies; (in fome f{pecies divided into cells.)

——O>

* SPIRAL.
Te

SPIRORBIS. ‘Serpula Spirorbis. Liz. Sy/t. p. 1265. —Gmel. Sy/f. p. 3740.

Martini Conch. i. t. 3. f. 21. A. B.C. |
Lifter Conch. t. 553.— Gualt. t. 10. f. O.
Chem. Conch. 1x. t. 116. £.999 ?

Br. Zool. ts 91. FE 18S.

Da Cofia.'p: 22..%.25 f 11.

Don. Br. Shells. i. t. 9

LTurt. Lin. iv. p. 603.

S. with an opaque, white fhell, with three or four re-
gular, lateral whirls, rounded on the upper part, and a
little wrinkled: umbilicated in the centre: bafe flat,
fpreading. Diameter one eighth of an inch.

This

499
This fpecies’ is common on ftones, fhells, and alee,
on moft parts of our coatft.

A-variety is not unfrequent with the mouth ereét,
and fometimes one or two volutions turning a little {pi-
rally upwards. Thefe, however, muft be confidered as
accidental diftortions, by being obftructed in their gene-
ral growth.

Animal a Terebella, with branched, ciliated tentacula,
and a clavate, or fub-funnel fhaped probofcis, ufually of
a pale colour.

>
9

Serpula Spirillum. Liz. Syft. p. 1264. SPIRILLUM,
Gmel. Syft. p. 3740.
Martini Conch. i. t. 3. f. 20. C. D.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 602. .

S. with a fub-pellucid, glofly, white fhell, with two
or three fub-cylindric whirls a little wrinkled: thefe are
moft commonly placed laterally ; umbilicated in the
centre, and fometimes pervious; but frequently the
_ mouth turns upwards, and not uncommonly the volu-
~ tions rife fpirally upon each other, attached by the
{maller end. Diameter one line..

This fpecies has much the habit of the preceding, but
is diftinguifhed from it, by its gloffy appearance, being
more cylindric, and not fpreading at the bafe. It is

Sss 2 . | found

ete
‘GRANULATA.

500

‘found on fome fpecies of alga, feldom on ftones, fhells,

or cruftaceous animals, like the laft, and rarely, if ever,
in company with that fhell.

On the Corallina officinalis, from Milton rocks, 1s
found in great abundance, a minute fpecies of Serpula,
differing fo little from S. Spzrzllum, except in fize, that
we dare not give it a diftin& place, though we are in-
clined to think it is really different, as it never grows
above one third the fize of that fhell. Although this is
found to inhabit the fame f{pecies of Zoophyta as'S. minu-
ta, yet they are rarely found together.

This very intricate clafs of thells requires a thorough

knowledge of their animal inhabitants; and which, in
the fmaller fpecies, is attended with a confiderable dif-
ficulty, for even when colleéted, put into fea water im-.
mediately, and examined upon the fpot, few appear to
protrude themfelves fufficiently for critical notice: in-
deed it muft be admitted, many of the fpiral kind are in~
habited by animals of very fimilar appearance.

—P-—

Serpula granulata. Gmel. Sy/i p. 3741.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 604.
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 100.
Serpula fulcata. Lin. Trans. iii. p. 254. (Adams.)
Lurt..Lin. iv. p. 608.

-S. swith

LL

501

S. with an opaque, white fhell, with two volutions,
deeply grooved longitudinally, or in a fpiral direction,
and tranfverfely wrinkled, efpecially in the furrows:
aperture round. Size of the Spzrordzs.

This fpecies bears fome refemblance to S. heteroflro-
pha, but is at once diftinguifhed by the whirls not being

-reverfed: the two fulcz are much deeper, making the

upper part of the fhell more ftrongly tricarmated: the
inner volution is nearly obfolete, only being marked by
‘the third, or imterior ridge.

This is alfo much more rounded at the top, with only
an wmbelicus in the middle; whereas the other is con-
cave at the top, and the interior volutions confpicuoufly
tapering to.a fine point, within the depreflion. In co-
lour and fize too they alfo differ; this is of a white, like
glafs enamel, but not fo gloffy; whereas, the heteroftro-
fha is of a dull brownifh, or dirty-white, and never
grows to half the fize.

We have found this fpecies in great abundance on the
‘rocks, as well as on the under fide of loofe ftones at
Milton; and fometimes on old fhells from other parts of
the coaft of Devonfhire, efpecially Arca pilofa ; and have
received it from Guernfey on Halvotis tuberculata, {pe-
-cimens of which we have feen perfeétly covered with it,
but fometimes in company with a [pecies of Serpula very

different from any of the genus hitherto defcribed. It

has

4,
CarINATA,

5.

CoRRUGATA.

502

has one very thick, rounded, glofly, white volution; very
convex, and wrinkled tranfverfely, with a minute um-
biltcus at the ~ and fometimes only a future.

Not having icersaitied this to be truly Bratz ifs we’
cannot give it a diftinét place in this work.

Animal a Teredella, of a buff-colour, with ten ciliated
rays, and a fub-funnel fhaped probofcis at one fide, of
the fame colour, with a brown margin, ciliated, hyaline.

—

S. with a dull, opaque, white, {piral fhell; the outer
whirl rifing into a carinated ridge on the top; the mid-
dle concave, fometimes pervious ; the interior volutions
inconfpicuous ; bafe a little fpreading: aperture round.
Size about half that of the S. Spzrorbzs, from which it is
readily diftinguifhed, by. the angulated fhape of the ex-
terior whirl, which is formed like S. triguetra, but al-
ways regularly fpiral.

This we found on old: valves of Arca pilofa, with the
laft, in confiderable abundance; and plentiful in Salemod
bay, on Pinna ingens, and many other fhells, efpecially
Trochus cinerarius and parvus, unmixed with any other
{pecies.

—<>—

S. with a ftrong, fpiral, white fhell, roughened by
tran{verfe wrinkles; a {mall portion of ate fecond volu-
tion

505

tion only vifible: centre umbilicated: bafe very little
{preading: aperture orbicular. Diameter about one
eighth of an inch.

This fpecies is not uncommon on the flate rocks at
Milton, and fometimes on the under fide of loofe frag-
ments, in company with S. heteroftropha. It is a much
ftronger fhell than S. Spzrillum, and never expofes fo
much of the interior volution; and, though more wrin-
kled, poffeffes a fuperior glofs, when cleared from ex-
traneous matter.

Animal orange-red, with eight, greenifh, ciliated rays ;
and a fub-funnel fhaped probofcis, of the fame colour.
6.
S. tefta regulari rotunda pellucida, tribus anfractibus. Liz. CORNEA.
Trans. v. t. 1. f. 33. 34. 35. (Adams.)

Obs. Brownifh horn-colour.

‘Shell regular, rounded, pellucid, with three whoris.

Furt. Lin. iv. p. 608.
——

S. with a ftrong, fpiral fhell, of a dull dirty-white HerrrostRo-
colour, with two or three reverfe volutions placed late- PHA.
rally, furnifhed with three longitudinal ridges, one
along the back, and another on each fide, roughly wrin-

.Eled tranfverfely.: the bafe is flat, and fomewhat {pread-
ing:

8.
SINISTRORSA.-

504

ing: aperture orbicular, and invariably placed oppofite
the fun’s apparent motion. Diameter not a line.

Is not uncommon upon oyfer and other fhells, and
upon alge; fometimes in company with S. Spzrorbis,
but from which it is readily diftinguifhed by the longitu--
dinal ridges, and by the contrary turn of the volutio ns

Is found in fome parts of Kingsbridge bay, on the
under fide of flate ftones, between high and low water-
mark, in fuch vaft. abundance, that the furface of the
{tones is covered with them; and in this fituation are un--
mixed with any other fpecies: poffibly the fub-faline
quality of the water fo far up this inlet, at ebb tides, is
not congenial to its congenera, for we never found any

of the other Serpul@ fo far up. N

—>—
Serpula. Walk. Min. Shells. £.13. 14.

S. with a femi-pellucid, gloffy, white fhell, with two-
or three reverfed volutions ufually placed lateral, but
fometimes coiled upon each other: it is fomewhat wrin-
kled tranfverfely, but has no longitudinal irregularities :
aperture orbicular. Diameter one line.

The form of this fpecies is much like S. Spirllum, but
is at once diftinguifhed from it, by the aperture turning
the contrary way: it has the fame fub-pellucid appear-

ance

505

ance as that fhell, and when recent, has a tinge of red,
from the colour of the animal, which is {carlet.

From being a heteroftrophe fhell, it might be more
readily confounded for S. duczda, but is double the fize,
not fo pellucid, and is broader at the bafe; this, too, 1s
principally found on cruftaceous animals; the other is
peculiar to Sertularia, efpecially S. abzetina ; and nei-
ther is found in any one inftance, to inhabit the place of
the other.

Mr. Wacker has figured two, which we confider as
only this fhell in different ftages of growth; he defcribes
them as differing only in the number of fpires, one hav-
ing four, the other two; the laft of which he exprefs-
ly fays, is found on lodfers. Both are figured as reverfed
{pecies, a circumf{tance omitted in the defcription, but
fufficient to confirm our opinion, efpecially, as we have
never obferved this fhell attached to any thing on our
coafts but the common Jlodfter, Cancer Gammarus, and
Spiny lobfter, C. Homarus, taken on the fouth coaft of
Devon.* It does not conftantly occur on thofe animals,
but is fometimes thickly cluftered together on various
parts of the fame fubjeét.

—<g>—
9.

S. with a very fmall, fpiral fhell, of a dirty-white co- Minuta.
jour, with two or three lateral volutions, wrinkled tranf-
Tet verfely :

* On the Guernfey coaft is fometimes found to inhabit Haliotis tuberculate.

‘10.
Lucipa.

506

verfely : fometimes it has a flight, longitudinal furrow,
on each fide, forming a ridge, or carina, along the back.
Diameter a quarter of a line.

This, very minute fpecies, is alfo an heteroclitical
fhell, and not eafily diftinguifhed from S. heteroftropha,
except by its inferior fize, rounded bafe, and habits:
this affects only the Corallina officinalis, (E.x1s Coral.
tab. 24. f. 2. and Zoophytes, tab. 23. fig. 14. 15.) fre-
quently in abundance, both on ftalks and branches.

This Coralline is plentiful en the rocks about Melion,
which are partly of the fame flaty nature, on which Ser-
pula heteroftrophais found; but none of that fpecies oc-
cur on the rocks contiguous to this Coralline ; indeed the
S. hetcroftropha is rarely expofed, but lies concealed, af-
fixed to the under part of the loofe, flat, flate ftones: this,
on the contrary, is always expofed to the rude aétion of
the waves.

The young of this, as well as moft of the longitudi-
nally fulcated, or ribbed f{pecies, are quite fmooth, and
may be eafily miftaken.

Animal a Teredella, with ciliated feelers, and clavated
probofcis, varying in colour from brown to green.

—_—

-Serpula reflexa. Lin. Trans. v. t..1. f.31, 32? (Adams.)
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 608.
Serpula

507

Serpula vitréa. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3746?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 607.
Ellis Zooph. 'p. 37.

S. with an irregular, pellucid, glofly, white fhell,
always more or lefs fpiral; fometimes lateral, with two
or three whirls; in others the volutions turn upon each
other, with the aperture proje€ting upward, and not un-
frequently the fpires are unconnected. Diameter half
a line.

This is at once diftinguifhed from all other fpecies, by
its extremely fmooth, glofly, and vitreous appearance.

It is by no means an uncommon fhell, but we believe
is pecuhar to fome fpecies of Sertularza, efpecially S.
abvetina, on which it is almoft a conftant attendant ;* and
fometimes on S. argentea: is gregarious and very nu-
“merous on the branches of thofe Zoophytes, which are
thrown up on moft of our coafts, efpecially in the welt
of England: and we have been affured by Mr. Boys,
(who fent it to us by the name prefixed,) that it is not
lefs common on the coaft of Kent, on S. abzetina.

This, though fubje&t to much variety in fhape, will
be always found to turn its aperture towards the appa-
rent motion of the fun, and confequently is a hetero-
flrophe thell.

Ttt 2 Animal

* Evuis fays this Sertularia “is frequently infefted with little minute
fhells,- called Serpulas.”

ilies
“CREVERSA,

508

Animal red, with plumofe tentacula of a pale colour,
and two brown {pots on the head.

—fis—

S. with a fub-cylindric, rugofe, white fhell, much
wrinkled tranfverfely, more or lefs fpiral, and tapering
to a {mall point, but fubje@ to great variety in its turns
and windings; fometimes, three or four whirls, pretty
regularly placed laterally, making a diameter of half an
inch: others have the fmaller end projeéting, and the
larger end coiled, either lateral or upon each other, and
open in the middle. Sometimes, the fmall end turns
contrary to the reft of the fhell; but it is remarkable, in
a {pecies fo irregular in growth, that the aperture fhould
almoft mvariably turn in the reverfed direétion. Dia-,
meter at the larger end, one tenth of an inch.

This is fometimes taken on the coaft of Devon/fhire,
upon the Peélen ofercularis, and rarely on crabs.

The animal is a Terebella, with branched, ciliated ten-
tacula, {potted with crimfon, which, when fpread, al-
moft furrounds a double funnel-{haped probofcis, placed
one within the other, the {talk of which is long and flen-
der, and originates on the left fide below the dentacula:
this in fome is green, others reddifh, the interior funnel is
cutin deep longitudinal flrie ; external one ciliated round
the margin: on the right fide, correfponding with the
probofcis, is a fhort, cylindric appendage.

; ** CON-

509
** CONTORTED, IRREGULAR.

Serpula vermicularis. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1266.
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3743.
Br. Zool. No. 159.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 605.
Da Cofta. p. 18. t. 2. f. 5.
Serpula intricata. Lin. Syft. p. 1265.
Gel. Syft. p. 3741.
Br. Zool. t.91.f.158. (fig. mifplaced}
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 603.
Martini Conch. t. iii. f. 24, A?

S. with a cylindric, white fhell, gradually tapering,

generally terminating in a fine point, and wrinkled
tran{verfely.

Nothing has puzzled the conchologift more than the
four fpecies of Linnwan Serpule under the denomination
of Vermicularis, wntricata, triquetra, and contortuplicata.

We have collef&ted a vaft quantity of thefe Serpule
fingle and grooped, angulated and cylindric, with all
the intermediate gradations, which connect them fo
nearly, that were it not for the animals, we fhould have
been induced to have confidered them as one and the
fame f{pecies: we have, however, by the animals more
than by the hells, formed them into two f{pecies: name-
ly, vermicularts and triquetra.

This

12.

VERMICULARIS,

510

This is to-be met with from the fizesof a fewingthread
to that of a {wan’s quill, as frequently in groops, twilted
and contorted in all dire€tions, as fingle; and is never
obferved to fpread at the bafe, or to poffefs the fmalleft
degree of carina along the back; and is generally at-
tached its whole length to fome other body: this cir-
cumftance, independent of the difference in the animals,
is the only leading charatter, by which it may be known
from S. tubularia, which is attached only in part to->
wards the {maller end, and ufually afcends in a confide-
rable angle.

We have feen both thefe fhells moft complicatedly
entwined with each other, and mixed with S. triquetra ;
and fome of the laft poffeffing fo little appearance of a
ridge along the back, that had not the animals been
confulted, it would not have been poffible to have di-
vided them, As the animals therefore are the only cer-
tain criteria, thefe fhells, as well as many others cf this
intricate genus, will ever be confounded in cabinets.

It may be thought, that although we have brought
four of the Linnean fpecies into two, in fome inftances
we have multiplied others of the Brite/h Serpule : to this
it can only be faid, that as far as human fallibility will
admit, care has been taken to fix characters of diftinéti-
on, from fhape, habits, or animal; except, therefore,
in S. reverfa, we have not a doubt but thofe defcribed,
are really diftin@. The inhabitant of that fhell, we muft

conlefs,

511 :

confefs, is fo: very fimilar to the animal of this, that a
reference will fave the trouble of a repetition: the cir-
cumftance of that fhell being always coiled ina circular
form, and generally ina reverfed manner, added to its
folitary habit, are {trong prefumptive evidence of dif-
tinction.
—<>—
13.
Serpula triquetra. Lin. Syft. p. 1264. TRIQUETRA.
- , Gmel. Sy/ft. p. 3740.
Martini Conch. i. t. 3. f. 25.
Part. Lo: We ps 603.
Bajter Opufc. i. t. 9. £..2. A. B.
Br. Zool. No. 156.
Serpula vermicularis. E//is Coral]. t. 38. f. 2.
Don. Br. Shell. iii. t. 95.
Serpula angulata. Da €ofta. pe20et. 25 459.
Serpula contortuplicata. Lin. Sy/t. p. 1266.
Ginel. Sy/t. p. 3741.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 604.
Br. Lid. HNO 158% ts 91. Lave
(figure mifplaced.)

S. with a ftrong, opaque fhell, irregularly twifted and
* contorted; fometimes nearly f{trait, or only a little flex-
uous, roughened with tranfverfe wrinkles, and ufually
more or lefs carinated: in fome the dorfal ridge is much
elevated, and the bale fpreads fo much as to give it a
triangular appearance; and, not unfrequently, there are
two other {maller ridges along the fides, one on each fide
the dorial carina.

Tn

beg

In many inftances, however, the ridge along the back
is fonearly obfolete, efpecially in old fhells, and fuch as
are grouped, that they would with difficulty be fepa-
rated from S. vermicularis, were it not for the animal;
fuch have been generally confounded for that fpecies,
and is figured by Exits; but the fingle, trumpet-ihaped
probofcis, of the animal, forbids it to be the S. ver-
micularts.

That figured by Donovan, appears alfo to be a tra-
quetra for the fame reafon, but the tentacula of the ani-
mal are wanting in this figure; though that part is very
well reprefented by Extis.

It is with no fmall difficulty, and in fome degree un-
certainty, that we have placed the fynonyms to this and
the preceding {pecies, as heretofore the animals have not
been attended to fufficiently, to form the beft and fureft
chara¢ter of diftinétion.

If the tr¢guetra, and the Linnean contortuplicata be
carefully examined, the animals will be found to be the
fame, poffefling only a fingle, trumpet-fhaped probolcis,
as reprefented by Exurs for the Vermicularis: and it
will be obferved, that all the fhells inhabited by fuch
animal, are, whether grouped or fingle, more or lefs
furntfhed with a dorfal ridge, though in fome of the lar-
ger {pecimens it is {carcely to be difcerned, orat leaft might
be paffed unnoticed. On the contrary, the vermzculares

and

513

and the Lennean intricata never poffefs the fmalleft de-
gree of carina, and the animal, as before remarked, has
a double-trumpet, or funnel-fhaped probofcis.

The Serpula triquetra is moft times of a dirty-white,
but fometimes red, or tinged with that colour; fuch we
have in large groups as well as fingle, a circumftance
never having occurred to us in the vermzcularis.

It is, like the laft, equally plentiful on all our coafts, ad-
hering to ftones, old fhells, cruftaceous animals, timber,
and various other fubftances: a {pecimen in our cabi-
net, ona piece of glafs bottle, is more than commonly
f{pread at the bafe, as if it was requifite to take a firm
hold of fo f{mooth a furface.

The tentacula of the animal are two, plumofe, or
furnifhed with numerous, ciliated fibres, varying in co-
lour, being barred with blue, yellow, brown, or red,
and all the intermediate fhades: the trumpet-fhaped
probolcis is finely ftriated, and the margin crenated.

=
14.

S. with a round, taper, opaque, white fhell, flightly Tusuxaria.
wrinkled tranfverfly; the fmaller end is ufually fub-
convoluted irregularly, fometimes only flexuous; this
part is fixed; the larger part is detached frequently for
half its length, and afcends in a confiderable angle from
the bafe, though rarely perpendicular: the ereét part is

a nearly

514

nearly ftrait, or flightly flexuous; but always’ turning
with the fun: aperture orbicular. Diameter at the lar-
ger end two-tenths of an inch, gradually tapering to a
fine point; length four or five inches.

This fpecies has probably been confounded with the
S. vermicularis, from which, indeed, it might be difficult
to feparate it, was it not for the great difference in the
animals. We have, however, obferved that S. vermi-
cularis is ufually attached to fome other body its whole
length, and never refleéts in the manner of this.

It is by no means common; thofe we procured alive
were at Torcrofs in Devonfhire, where an opportunity of-
fered of examining the animal, by putting the fhells in-
to a glafs of fea water as foon as they were dredged up:
thefe were affixed to old bivalves; the fineft {pecimens
were on that of the Maéira lutraria: two had their bafe
entwined, and the larger ends attached longitudinally,
afcending in an angle of thirty degrees.

The animal is an Amphitrite, with between fifty and
fixty annulations; the head long, white, barred with
pink and green; on each fide a loofe, fcalloped, tranf-
parent membrane, capable of contraétion and expan-
fion, and- frequently furrounding the under part: ten-
tacula two, beautifully feathered, each originating from
‘a fingle ftalk, placed near to each other on the fore part

wf the head: on one fide of each of thefe ftalks are long
fibres,

51g

fibres, placed in regular order; thefe again are furnifhed
on each fide with finer fibres. When the animal with-
drew its tentacula it became fomewhat convoluted, as
the fibres clofed, and turned a little fpiral up the ftalk :
their colour pale yellow, or yellowifh-white, the fibres,
or pinne, annulated with pink, fo as to form regular,
femi-circular lines, when the plumes were {pread.

ae

*EE CONCAMERATED:

LS:
Serpula Nautiloides. Gime]. Sy/t. p. 3739 2 Lopata:

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 602?
Nautilus lobatulus. Twrt. Lin. iv. p. 307.
Adams Microfe. t. 14. £ 36.
Walk. Min. Shells. £.71.

S. with a compreffed, f{piral, lobated fhell; fhape va-
rious, fometimes roundifh, others oblong; above con-
vex ; with fix, feven, or eight lobes: beneath flat; the
interior volution only marked by one or two {mall ele-
vations, and frequently not vifible: colour white, or
yellowifh: apérture minutely fmall, fcarce definable.
Diameter barely one line.

This fpecies-has much the habit of a Nawtz/us, the in-
terior part being divided into unequal, parallel concas
merations.

Vvv2 We

¥

516

We originally received it from Mr. Boys, for WaAL-
‘KER,S fhell above quoted; have fince found it ad-
hering to the roots of fucz, common on the byfus of
Pinna ingens on the coaft of Devonfhire, and fometimes
on fhells. Is found alfo at Sandwich and Whitftable in
Kent, where, as well as on many of our arenaceous
fhores, it may be found dead amongft the finer fand.

The circumftance of its being feffile, or fixed to other

bodies in a living ftate, forbids it claiming a place
camonegft the Nautzlz.

"GEN,

517
omc STIOOS OOO <> OOS ALAS E ere —

GEN. XXXIV.

VERMICULUM.

——o
Animal a TEREBELLA ?

SHELL, univalve, fhape various: not attached, or
adhering to other bodies.

—— iE

We have been induced to feparate the Linnean clals
of Serpule, not only from their diffimilitude in ftructure,
but becaufe many of them do not come under the generic
charaéter, (of being fixed to other bodies.) Thofe,
therefore, which are independant, or not attached to
ether bodies, we have formed into a new genus, under
‘the title of Vermzculum. Thefe, again, might with pro-
priety be divided into two diftin& genera; thofe which
are convoluted, or {ub-convoluted, and thofe which
are ftraight, and of a bottle fhape: the latter of which
Mr. Wacker has very fignificantly diftinguifhed by the
name of Lagena. The number of thefe, however, as
yet difcovered are inconfiderable, we fhall therefore only
make them into two divifions of the fame genus.

4 ; The

2»
IncurvatTum,

°

Pervium.

518

The animals of two or three fpecies we have examined,
are not the leaft like any thing obferved in the genus
Serpula ; when alive they rarely protrude any thing be-
yond the fhell; but when recently dead, a flefhy bulb,
without any vifible tentacula, or feelers, makes its ap-
pearance; but hitherto we have not been able to fix
any thing as definable charaéters.

* SUB-CONVOLUTED.

Serpula incurvata. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 7.
Serpula reéta anfraCtibus tribus contiguis regulariter involutis.

Walk. Min. Shells. £. 11.

The ftrait horn Wormfbhell, with three clofe intorted
fpires at the tip; the colour white, femi-tranfparent.
From Sandwich, rare.

This fhell is fomewhat in fhape like Nautzlus femletu«
us of Linn&us; but is perfeétly fmooth, cylindric, and
has neither Syphon in the aperture, nor internal conca-
merations. Length f{caree one line. )

——w-—

Serpula re@ta umbilico pervio anfra@u apicis unico involutos
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 12.

The fingle-fpired ftrait horn Wormfhell, with a per-
vious

519

vious umbilicus? the colour whitifh, tranfparent and
gloffy. From Reculver, very rare.

This is rather fmaller than the laft, and differs from it -

in the turn of the leffer end, where it only makes one
.volution, which is open or pervious.

=<

Serpula_bicornis, Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
a Adams. Microfc. t. 14. f: 2.
Serpula bicornis ventricofa. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 2.

The bellied femi-lun2r Wormfhell; colour white,
opaque and gloffy. From Sandwich and Reculver,
though not common. Length one line.

We received this f{pecies from Mr. Boys for that de-
f{cribed by Wacker, the figure of which does not exaét-
ly exprefs the formation of the fhell, which reprefents
only two compartments, whereas it has three; the mid-
dle one is extremely fmall, fometimes raifed, at other
times depreffed: is fub-oval, compreffed, and firiated
longitudinally on the longer fide from the aperture; the
other fide is fmooth: it contra&ts towards the mouth,
which is very {mall and orbicular.

—=<>—

Serpula perforata. Turt Lin. iv. p. 609-
Adams. Microfc. t. 14. Es
‘Serpula bicornis umbilico perforato. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 3.
The

°
ve

Bicornz,

4,
PeERFoRsTuM,

§.

tyrortum.

520

The femi-lunar perforated Wormfhell: the colour
white, opaque and gloffy. From Sandwich, very rare.

The fhell, which Mr. Boys favoured us with for that
given by WALKER, was not perforated, and differed fo
little from the preceding, that we are inclined to believe,
it is no other than a mutilated {pecimen of that fhell.

We have found it in Cornwall, and fometimes with the
{mall interior compartment worn off, which gives it the
appearance of being naturally perforated.

——

Serpula fubovalis intorta umbilico pervic. alk. Min.
Shells. f. 1.
Serpula Seminulum. Lin Sy/f. p. 1264 ?
Gel. Syft. p. 3739 ?
Turi. Lin iv. p. 602 ?
Martini Conch. i. t. S. £22. a. b?
Gualt. t. K. f. S.
Serpula ovalis. Ling Lranss Bete FAS ASO.
(Adams.)
Turt. Lin, iv. pi 608.

“V. with a fub-oval, compreffed, opaque, gloffy-white
fhell, compofed of three, and fometimes four, compart-
ments; the interior ones varying in fhape and fize;
fome are longer in proportion to their breadth than
others: thefe have ufually only three well defined com-
partments: but the largerand more fub-orbicular fhaped

variety

521

variety has fometimes five, one of which ‘is extremely
fmall and linear: thefe fub-volutions are defined by a
depreffion, and are wrinkled tranfverfely : aperture com-
preffed, femi-lunar. Diameter one tenth of an inch.

This is fo variable in its formation, that without great
attention, it might be formed into feveral {pecies.

We have found it plentiful on all the fandy fhores we
have examined; the fineft and largeft on the coatfts of
Devonfhire and Cornwall. It frequently happens, that
the interior part is worn, and becomes pervious; in
which ftate Mr. Wa ker has figured it; for we cannot
confider it any other than his fhell ; and we are the more
confirmed in this opinion, by the fpecimens favoured us
by Mr. Boys from the coaft of Sandwich for it, none of
which were perforated.

If this is the S. Semznulum of Gme.in, of which there
3s. very little doubt, it is found in the Adriatic and Red
Seas ; and fometimes in a foffile ftate.

fo
6.
Serpula fubrotunda dorfo elevato. Walk. Min. Shells. f.4. Suprorunpum,

V. with a fub-orbicular, fub-compreffed, {mooth,
gloffy, opaque, white fhe; compofed of three com-
partments, the middle one elevated above the others on
the upper fide; not vifible beneath: aperture {mall,
oes angulated ;

522

angulated; margin in live fhells yellow. Diameter a-
bout half a line.

This fpecies is not half fo common as the laft; but is
found in fand on feveral of our fhores.

—-_

=

OxstoncuM. V. with an oblong, oval, opaque, gloffy, white fhell,
Tab. 14. f.9, fomewhat compreffed; on one fide a fingle longitudinal
future, that feems to divide the fhell into two parts: on

the other fide, the middle compartment is furrounded by

a faint depreffion, that feparates it from the exterior one,

and is more elevated; aperture a little produced, oval:

margin yellow. Length not half a line.

In fand from Salcoms bay Devon/fhire: rare.

The five laft defcribed fpecies have fomewhat the ha-
bit of Nauéz/i, though not regularly concamerated, or
divided into chambers: they are contraéted at the angu-
lated turns, which form the fub-volutions.

** BOTTLE-SHAPED, NOT CONVOLUTED.

Oe

LAcCTEUM. Serpula laétea. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Microfe. t. 14. f. 4.
Serpula tenuis ovalis levis. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 5.

The

528

The thin, fmooth, egg-fhaped Worm-fhell: the colour
pellucid, with milky veins. From Sandwech, not common.

We have found this fpecies on the coaft of Devonfhire.
It is not compleatly egg-fhaped, as Mr. WaLxeER de-
{cribes it, but is fomewhat compreffled; the white lines
mark the compartments, which appear to be four: the
border round the fhell is alfo opaque white: aperture
extremely fmall. Length half a line.

—<>—

Serpula (Lagena) ftriata fulcata rotunda. Walk. Min.
Shells. £..6.
Serpula Lagena. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Microfc. t. 14. f. 5.
V .with a pellucid, gloffy, white, fub-oval fhell, with
a flender, produced mouth; finely ftriated longitudinal-
ly, very confpicuous by being more opaque than the
reft of the fhell: fhape like a Florence flafk: aperture
fmall, orbicular. Length not half a line.

This elegant {pecies is mentioned by Mr. WALKER to
be rare at Sandwich, Reculver, and Shefey. We have
received it from Mr. Boys, and have found it in fine
fand on the fouth coaft of Devon/hire.

oo
Serpula (Lagena) levis globofa. Walk. Min. Shells. f. 8.
The {mooth round Flafk Wormfhell : the colour white

and tranfparent.. From Sandwich, very rare.
ARK 2 This

9.
STRIATUM,

10.

GLoBosuU™M.

p Un |
LEVE,

12.

MARGINATUM,

ays
RETORTUM.

524

This feems to differ from the laft in being deftitute of
{triz, and in the mouth not being lengthened, but ter-
minating in a {mall round aperture; and is rather lefs.

—<a—
Serpula (Lagena) levis ovalis. Walk. Min. Sheil. f. 9.

The fmooth oval Flafk Wormfhell: the colour bluifh-
white, very tranfparent like glafs. From Sandwich,
very rare.

This differs from the laft in being more oblong, and in
having a produced, cylindric month, like the frzata.

=
Serpula (Lagena) marginata. Walk. Min. Shells. f.7.

The bordered Flafk Wormfhell: the colcur white,
tranfparent and gloffy.. From Reculver, very rare.

This is in fhape like the globofum, rather lefs, a little
compreffed, and diftinguifhed by an elevated ridge, or
margin, that furrounds the fhell longitudinally.

We have found it in fand on the coaft of Devon: but
never with the mouth fo much protruded as Mr. WaL-
KER’s figure reprefents,

—>>——

Serpula (Retorta.) Twrt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Adams Maicrofc. t. 14. f. 6.
Serpula

525

Serpula (Retorta) rotunda marginata cervice curvatim exerto.
Walk. Min. Shells. f. 10.

The marginated Retort Wormfhell ; the colour white
and opaque. From Sandwich not common,

This fpecies differs from the laft in havinga produced,
fub-cylindric, recurved mouth; the body is more orbi-
cular, and the margin that furrounds the fhell more
ftrongly defined. The fpecimen we received from Mr.
Boys is a little compreffed, and has a fmall depreffion,
or fub-umbilicus, on each fide near the centre. Diame-
ter not half a line.

-

14.
V. with a bottle-fhaped, fmooth fhell, furnifhed with Perzucipum.

fix, equidiftant, longitudinal ribs, and a {mall knob at Tab. 14. f. 3.
the bafe; neck very long, fub-cylindric: aperture ex-
tremely f{mall: colour white, tranfparent, and glofly.

Length not one tenth of an inch. Found at Sea/falter.

——fe—-

15.
V. with an Urn-fhaped, fmooth, glofly, femi-tranfpa- Urnz.

rent white fhell; at the bafe a flender appendage, or Tab, 14. f. 1.
knob: aperture produced by a conic neck,

Length fcarce one line. Found in fand from Shefey
ifland,

V. with

526
16.
SouUAMOSUM. V. with a fub-globofe fhell, marked with undulated

Tab. 14. f.2. ftriz, like the fcales on a fifh: aperture a little produced.
A minute fpecies from Sea/falter.

For the three preceding fpecies, we are indebted to

Mr. Boys, who, with his ufual liberality, favoured us

with excellent drawings, with an affurance, that he had
feen the fhells from which they were taken.

GEN.

527
<a HABOLBOGOOO~<B> GOO SEIS S6—-

GEN. XXXV.

TEREDO.

a

Animal ufually defcribed asa TEREBELLA*

SHELL cylindric, taper, flexuous, lodged in woody
fubftances; with two teftaceous, hemifpherical valves,
anteriorly truncated, covering the head of the animal:

and two others, of a lanceolate fhape, near the extremity
of the tail.

=

1.
' Teredo navalis. Lin. Syf. p.1267.—Gmel. Sy/t. p.3747.1. Navatis.

Martini Conch. t. 1. f. 11.

Planc. Conch. 17. No. 2.

Sellius Hit. Natur. Teredinis. 1733.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 53.

Piil. Trans. 1741. No. 455. t. 2. (Bajter.
Br. Zool. No. 160.

Turt. Lin. iv. p. 609.
Serpula Teredo. Da Cofta. p..21.

ee *
I. with
* The animal certainly has none of the characters of a Teredclla.. It has

neither tentacula, branchia, tubercles, nor fafticulr ; and is diftin& from any
XN teftaceous animal we are acquainted with.

528

T. with a thin, brittle, flexuous fhell, of a whitifh
colour, tapering to the extremity: aperture orbicular;
infide fmooth, pervious: at the fmaller end the fhell be-
comes thick and ftrong, and is furnifhed within with
plates or /amine, which contract that part very con-
fiderably, and leave a very {mall opening: the anterior
valves, attached to the head of the animal, are of a hemi-
{pheric form, one half the front projeéting in a fharp
angle, and fomewhat pointed; thin and brittle, finely,
and regularly ftriated longitudinally on the front angle,
which terminates in a regular line backward, where the
ftrie conform to the angular fhape of the valve, and run
tranf{verfely acrofs the middle, or truncated part; this
part is covered with a light-brown efzdermis ; the hinder
part, or that which is attached to the animal, is white
and fmooth.

ra

The infide of each valve is white, furnifhed with a
long, flat, curved tooth, projeGing inwards under the
hinge, as in moft the Pholades, and a fhort, lateral tooth
at the extremity of the hinge, correfponding in each
valve: the margin, oppofite the hinge, runs to an acute
angle, at the point of which, in each valve, is a fmall
knob, which comes in contaét when the. valves are
brought together; and as this is the only bearing point
befides the hinge, it may readily be conceived the fides
are extremely open.

Near the extremity of the tail of the animal, are fixed
‘ two

i - -
‘a en

5209

two lanceolate plates, or valves, one on each fide; a
little concave on the infide, and rounded at the end:
the office of which is to clofe the extremity of the tube
at the thickened part. Thefe feem to be properly the
fhells of the animal, being attached to it. The tubular,
teftaceous cafe, or fheath, which lines the hole made
by this animal in wood, though neceflary to its exiftence,
appears only to be formed as an apartment, in which
it may move with eafe and fecurity; for it is obfervable,
that no two tubes ever touch each other, although the
lamina of wood between them 1s frequently not thicker
than paper. The tube is feldom fo long as the animal,
as the interior part of the perforation is ufually not lined
with it for two inches or more: the fmaller end is always
even with the furface of the timber perforated, but fo
{mall as not eafily to be difcovered; but fufficient to ad-
mit the furrounding element, and which the animal can
regulate by the pofterior valves,

It has been erroneoufly imagined, that the animal
perforates wood by means of its anterior valves; but
there is no reafon for afcribing fuch a property, becaufe
their fhape has been likened to an auger, when we find
all the Pholas, the Mytzlus rugofus, the Donax Irus, and
many others perforate not only wood, but even the
hardeft lime ftone, without the affiftance of their fhells,
a part impoflible to effec it.

It is obfervable the Teredo bores acrofs the grain of the
Yyy wood

550

wood as feldom as poffible; for after it has penetrated
a little way, it turns, and continues with the grain, tole-
rably ftrait, until it meets with another fhell, or per-
hapsa knot, which produces a flexure: its courfe then
depends on the nature of the obf{truction, if confiderable,
it makes a fhort turn back in form of a /ypion, rather
than continue any diftance acrofs the grain.

We had an opportunity of examining a great, number
of thefe fhells in the Dock-Yard of Plymouth; where
every means have been tried to prevent the deftruétive
quality of thefe pernicious animals, which are now be-
come naturalized to theclimate, and have increafed con-
fiderably, though fuppofed to be of oriental origin.

The piles we examined had been recently taken up to
be replaced with new; thefe we were informed, had not
been under water above four or five years, and though
perfeétly found and folid oak, were greatly perforated.*

It muft be prefumed, that the tube is lengthened as
the animal’s growth requires; and that it can extend the
whole length of the perforation without quitting the tail ;
but that it cannot recede far, by reafon of the increafe
of the anterior valves affixed to the head, and the taper

fhape

* The method now adopted to preferve the timbers neceffarily ufed about
the docks, is to cover that part which is continually under water, with fhort,
broad-headed nails, which in falt water, foon cover every part with a ftrong

coating of ruft, impenetrable to thefe animals: and we are affured this has
been found to fucceed better than fheathing with copper.

53]

fhape of the tube. This part is rarely above three-quar-
ters of an inch in diameter at the larger end, anda foot
in length, in our climate; but exceeds that in the more
fouthern parts, from whence it was brought into our
harbours to the deftruction of our fhips, as Linnzus
juftly obferves, calamitas navium.

This fhell has been ufually placed amongft the uni-
valves, but certainly without reafon, for undoubtedly,
it is as compleat a multivalve, as any other of that
clafs, and ought to be either placed with the Pholas, or
between that and the Ba/anus, for it has no affinity either
to the Serfula or Dentalium.

GMELIN in a marginal note exprefles himfelf thus,
“ Teredines intra vegetabilia habitantes, que deftruunt,
“wile genere, vitiu, et habitatione, navalis certe, ipfa
“valvarum vermt adhaerentium fabrica, propius ad

“ pholades accedunt, quam ad ferpulas.”

We have, however, thought proper to leave it where
Linn gus laft placed it, for the confideration of thofe
who may write-more largely upon this branch of natu-

ral hiftory.

It might be afked by thofe of lefs philofophic minds,
why an animal fhould be formed wholly for deftruétion.

The anfwer is, that the greater apparent deftruétion,
affigned to certain beings, is but the neceffary link in
Yyy2 the

532

the great chain of nature: all, more or lefs, are endowed
with the fame inclinations, even man, intellectual man,
is the molt deftructive of all animals.

The powers with which fome of the feemingly moft
contemptible beings are endowed, to promote the {fpeedy
deftruction of ufelefs matter, cannot perhaps be better
exemplified, than by Mr. SMEATHMAN’s curious acount
of the Termes, or what has been commonly called Whzte-
ant, given in the Phlofophical Tranfactions for 1781,
to which we refer our readers.

That the Teredines, as well as the Pholades, and many
other aquatic animals were created, by the Father of the
Univerfe, for equally beneficent purpofes in that element
cannot be difputed; for though they may feem to impede,
and even deftroy the operations of man in fome degree,
yet, they are of fuch importance in the great fcale of
nature, that, as it has been obferved, it would not be
dificult to prove, we fhould feet the want of one or two
fpecies of larger quadrupeds much lefs, than one or two
fpecies of thefe defpicable-looking animals.

Were it not for thefe, whofe office it is to perfe&t what
nature has already begun on land, either by the means
of infeéts, or tornadoes, which by the aid of rapid tor-
rents would fill the tropical rivers with timber, and not
only choke them up, but even endanger the navigation
of the neighbouring feas, and perhaps the diftant ocean;

for

533

for without fuch powerful agents of diffolution; wifely
created, fuch trees might under water endure for ages.*
Whereas, nothing can more plainly demonflrate the
power of an all-wife Ruler of the Univerfe, than the
works affigned to thefe little, and feemingly defpicable,
beings, whole bufinefs is to haften the total deftru@ion of
all ufelefs matter, and proves them a neceffary, connett-
ing link in great nature’s chain, fo beautifully defcribed
by STILLINGFLEET.

* In the Leverian Mufeum is an oak ftake, which is faidto be one of thofe
driven into the river Thames on the invafion of Jutius Casar, eighteen
hundred years fince. Timber is frequently taken out of bogs, which have
probably lain fince the deluge, and perfectly found.

534
rene 390 600 DOO <B> QIOESCOCt ce
GEN. XXXVI.

SABELLA.

—<<>>--~

Animal various, AMPHITRITE, TEREBEL-
LA, SPIO, and NEREIS 2

THE animal inhabiting fome of the Linnean Sabelle
has, by later authors, been confidered as an Amphitrite ;
and to this new genus the SabeMa Penzcillus and granu-
lata have been removed.

=

Before we enter upon the defcriptions of the feveral
fpecies of Sabella indigenous to the Brztz/h coatts, it may
not be improper to remark, that in placing them amongft
fhells, we have deviated from our own opinion, and have
followed the fyftem of Linn 2us, and other later wri-
ters, in continuing this genus amongft the Vermes
Teftacea.

The tubes in which the animals of this clafs are en-
clofed, are all, more or lefs, compofed of extraneous
matter agglutinated together, fuch as fand, gravel, and

broker

535

broken fhells, of a finer or coarfer texture, according to
the nature of the animal inhabitant; and not prepared
by a teftaceous fecretion from the body of the animal,
forming a compatt, folid fubftance, the true charatter

of a fhell.

Amongft the Sabelle of Linnzus many larve of
fub-aquatic flies are placed, feveral of which are to be
found in our rivers and ftagnant waters: but thefe, de-
riving their origin from winged infeéts, have no claim
of affinity to a Sadella, much lefs to a place in Con-
chology.

We are not aware that any true Sadella is found in
frefh-water; and certainly no winged infe& has yet
been difcovered, to perform its change from the larva

to the perfe& fly, in falt-water. :

GmeELin has enumerated a great many Sadelle, which
inhabit frefh-water, principally on the authority of
SCHROETER; many of which are varieties only of the
fame imperfe& infe&, the larva of Ephemera vulgata,
fome that of Phryganea, and perhaps other Neuwrofte-
rous infects.

The tubes, or cafes, in which thefe larve are con-
cealed, are formed of whatever extraneous matter is
near, and which is encreafed as its growth requires: this
accounts for the many elegant varieties of fuch tubes.

Some

530

Some are compofed wholly of fmall fhells of various
kinds; others of fragments of fhells mixed with fand,
bits of ftick, ftalks or fibres of plants; and it is remark-
able, that fome f{pecies attach pieces of ftick longitudi-
nally, while others bite off {hort pieces,and place them
tran{verfe, like bafket-work, fome placing them trian-
gular, others quadrangular, or lozenge-fhaped. But
the moft beautiful variety, is that found in waters a-
bounding with Helzx nautileus, with which we have
feen thefe cafes compleatly coated in a regular and moft
elegant manner, with their apertures outwards, and fome
of the animals yet alive. Another variety, coated with
fine fand, and minute bits of fhining mzca, found in Corn-
wall, and other ftreams running over micaceous granite,
is deferving notice: but we muft not enter further on a
fubjet which more properly belongs to Entomology.

Why a part of the Linnean Sabelle fhould be removed
ito the Mollufca clafs of Vermes, and others left amongft
the Te/ftacea is difficult to determine; for thofe whofe in-
habitants are Nereis, have no more claim to a place a-
moneftt fhells, than fuch as are inhabited by an Amphi-
trate, or Terebella; and might certainly, with as much
propriety, be transferred to their proper animal clafs.

That the Sabella genus fhould be wholly expunged,
and the feveral animals placed in their refpeétive gene-
ya amongtt the Mollufca, there can be no doubt; for
thofe, whofe cafes are made up of agglutinated frag-

ments

537

ments of fhells the exwvz@ of other animals, are as little
deferving a place amongft Teftacea, as thofe formed
wholly of fand, or compofed of both: fuch are equally
extraneous fubftances, foreign to the animals, and are
only attached by a mucus, or glutinous fecretion, which
forms the internal coating, and is the only part of fuch
tubes really belonging to the animals ; and which, in any
{pecies cannot be termed more than coriaceous, but
more commonly membranaceous, of a thin, flimfy,
flexible fubftance when moift, but extremely fragile
when dry.

It may be afked-why, as we do not confider the Sa-
bella in the leaft conneéted with fhells, nor even deferv-
ing a feparate place in the Syftem of Nature, we have
deviated from our hypothefis. To this we fhould reply,
that we have only followed the example of greater natu-
ralifts, at the fame time fubmitting our obfervations to
thofe, who may hereafter take up the fubje& on a more:
enlarged {cale.

We are aware it will be faid, that fhells are only the
‘coverings of animals; granted; but they are really tef-
taceous, wholly fecreted, and prepared by the animals,
and as much a part of them, as the covering of a ter-
toife, which is infeparably fixed. We admit, however,
that it is an imperfe& clafs in the Svffema Nature, and
was originally rejefted by Linn 2us as fuch: but as it
was impoflible to bring thei feveral animals into any

L Zz regular

538

regular fyftem, from the very little knowledge hitherto
obtained of them; and as the more durable parts of fuch
animals were fo eafily preferved, and fo extremely covet-
ed from their attraétive beauty, it became neceffary to
throw them into fome fyftematic arrangement, in order
that the fpecies might be afcertained, and names given
them, for the more ready communication of naturalifts
on the fubjeét. Indeed, could we afcertain the feveral
{pecies of animals inhabiting fhells, we are inclined to
believe, they would ftill continue to be divided and fub-
divided by the form and ftruture of their coverings, as
much as the Tortoi/e, Echinus, or the more cruftaceous
animal the Cancer, whofe bones are external. It muft,
however, be admitted, that the animal inhabitants of
fhells may, as far as they can be afcertained, be an ef-
fential aid in difcriminating fpecies.

The animals inhabiting fhells, as far as we yet know,
are confined to a very few genera, as may be feen in our
generic defcription of fuch ; fome of which are found in
a mollufcous ftate, and are properly feparated. On the
contrary, as the tubes, or cafes, ufually called /abelle,
are of that fragile, imperfe&t, and perifhable nature
without being readily definable; a covering from agglu-
tinated pebbles, to a thin tranfparent film not preferv-
able; we muft fyftematize the animals and not their oc-
cafional coverings, (from which many of them retire at
pleafure, and all independent of them) and endeavour
to make fuch fubfervient to fpecific purpofes only.

Let

539

Let us afk, in return, if it is not inconfiftent with a
fy{tematic arrangement, to defcribe the animal in one
place as a Vermes Mollu/ca inhabiting a tube, and in ano-
ther place as a Vermes Teftacea, or Sabella, inhabited by
an Amphitrite, or a Tcrebella? Such, however, is the
cafe in fome modern fyftems,* and muft be where the
animal is capable of living independent of its cafe or co-
vering, and may fometimes be found deftitute of it in
perfeé vigour.

Surely, it. would have been a much more natural ar-
rangment, to have placed the Echznus in the order Te/-
tacea, than the Sabella: indeed, fome authors have con-
fidered thefe as fhells; but in the Lennean fyftem are
placed amongft the mollufcous animals, though covered

with a fhell.

We fhall not, however, enter more largely on this fub-
je&t in a monographical work ; it is for thofe to confi-
der who write a general fyftem, whether the Sabdella
fhould not be expunged from the book of nature asa
fubftantive, and only defcribed with their feveral ani-
mals, with a view to fpecific diftin@ions: and by fo do-
ing, all the cafes of larve belonging to winged infeéts,
which have been moft unaccountably intruded upon the
Teftacea clafs, would naturally find their way to thofe

jf) LoBZ 2 perfeét

* Gmetin has defcribed Amphitrite Auricoma in its proper place as a

mollufcous animal, and its cafe amongft the Te/facea, under the title of Sa-
bella Belgica.

qe
ALVEOLATA,

540

perfeét flies to which they properly belong, and confoli-
date their feveral hiftories, which are now broken and

divided.

Having faid thus much, we fhall, without further apo-
logy, proceed to the defcription of the feveral Sabelle
which have occurred on our fhores, together with fuch
of their animals as have come within our refearches.

<P

Sabella alveolata, Lin. Syft. p. 1268.
Gmel. Syfi. p. 3749. 3.
Br. Zool. t. 92. f. 162.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 610.
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 53.
Tubularia arenofa Anglica. Ellis Coral. p. 90. t. 36.

S. with numerous tubes placed parallel to each other,
clofely joined, but not interfering; compofed of fine
fand and comminuted fhells, cemented together in an
aggregate mafs: the aperture of each tube is confidera-
bly expanded, and has fomewhat the appearance of a
honeycomb: the length of fome of thefe tubes near-
ly three inches. °

This gregarious fpecies is not uncommon on many of
our fine fandy fhores, covering the funken rocks for a
confiderable fpace between high and low water-mark.

Mr.

41

Mr. Pennant mentions it on the coaft of Angle/ca,
Waernarvonfhire, and Yarmouth: at this laft place Exuis
alfo noticed it about low water-mark.

We have obferved it in prodigious maffes on the coaft
of Caermarthenfhire, between Laugharne and Tenby ;
andalfo a little to the weft of Tezgnmouth in Devonfhire.

The animal is a Yeredella, furnifhed with three feries
of pale, gloffy briftles, fet in an oval form on the head ;
the outer feries refle&@ ; the interior, which immediately
furround the mouth, incline inwards: the body, like the
reft of its congeners is provided with many tufts of
briftles on each fide, but the three uppermoft are much
more confpicuous than the reft.

Mr. Extis has given a very good figure of the animal
magnified, and a very copious defcription; to which we
refer the curious reader.

—<p>—
DZ.

Sabella Penicillus. Lin. Syft. p. 1269. PENICILLUS.
Martini Conch. i. t. 4. £. 32.
Pallas Mifc. Zool. t. 10. f. 1.
Corallina Tubularia Melitenfis. Ellis Coral. p. 92. t. 34.
Amphitrite Ventilabrum. Gil. Sy/t. p. 3111.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 82.
Scolopendra. Bafier Op. Subj. i t. 9. fi 1. ALB,

S. with

5AQ

S. with a long, flender tube, gradually tapering to |
the lower extremity, which is fmall, and flexuous; the
upper part ts nearly {trait; the interior part is formed of
a tough, coriaceous, fub-pellucid fubftance, fmooth
within; the external covering is wholly extraneous
compoled of the fineft particles of fand, or earthy mat-
ter, agglutinated together, forming an even, and fome-
what fmooth furface, of a dull brown colour, fometimes
marked with a few faint wrinkles. Diameter at the lar-
ger, or open end, a quarter of an inch; length fix or
feven inches-

This {pecies, not hitherto noticed as Brzti/h, is found
on feveral parts of our coafts, but does not grow to the
fize met with inthe Medzterranean. We firft noticed it
on the fhore at Teignmouth, and afterwards dredged up
feveral, with their animals, at Torcrofs in Devonfhire,
adhering to Afczdia Mentula, and interwoven with adbze-
tina and other Sertularia: have alfo found it onthe
north fhore, near Poole, cluflered, and fingle.

x

The beauty of the animal inhabitant (which is an Am-
phitrete) is not to be feen in fuch as are brought to Eng-
land in {pirits: we muft examine fuch in their natural
element, to form a perfeét idea of their extreme ele-
gance. Thofe we took alive were immediately put in
a glafs of fea water, and by fuch means were kept alive
two or three days, giving a full opportunity of examin-
ing them in various ftates. In this fituation the plumofe

‘ tentacula

5A3

tentacula did not appear divided, and irregular, or one

-f{maller than the other, as deferibed, and figured by Ex-
Lis, and afterwards by Martini, who has evidently
copied from the former; but are thrown out and ex-
panded fo as to form a regular circle; the feathers, or
ciliated fibres that compofe the tentacu/a, are longer on
the upper part than beneath. It is probable, an unna-
tural divifion of thefe fibres, ina preferved fpecimen from
Malta, had mifled the accurate eye of fo great a natu-
ralift, for if Mr. Evxis had ever had an opportunity of
examining the living animal, he would have given a
much more correét and elegant figure of the beautiful
plumofe tentacula.

To Mr. Henry Boys of Sandwich, we are not only
indebted for the knowledge of this Sabella being found
at Whitftable in Kent, and not uncommon about South-
fea Cafile near Port/mouth, on ftones at low water-mark,
but for feveral well executed drawings, accompanied by
a very correc defcription.

The body is flattened, long, with numerous joints and
fafericulr; a refle@ted, f{calloped membrane round the
neck: tentacula two, furnifhed with about twenty-four
long &ibres, or feathers, ciliated on both fides;* thefe are
of
* Mr. Boys obferved twenty-four in one, and twenty-one in the other.
The tentacula are capable of great contraction ; in which ftate, as well alive
a3 in thofe preferved in fpirits, the fibres appear feathered only on one fide,
by reafon of their clofing ; in this {tate they arejprefented by Enis,

(FRANULAT As

5AA

of a pale colour, {potted with red, which, when fpread,
appear difpofed in circles.

A Sabella much refembling the Penzcillus, and the
animal an Amphitrite, of very fimilar make and colour,
but differing fomewhat in the formation of the tentacula,
occurred to us on the coaft of Devonfhire; whether it is
a mere variety, or diftin@, we are not fufficiently au-
thorifed to determine, having only feen one fpecimen,
and that in a languid flate when examined.

In this the fibres of the ¢entacula are jointed, or knot-
ted, and befides the ciliated fides as in the other; they
were verticillated at the joints, like thofe plants of the
Cryptogamia clafs called Egquifetum or Horfe-iail: thefe
joints are at regular diftances.

The tube was not near fo long as ufual in the Penicél-
dus and was partly compofed of coarfer materials, par-
ticularly broken fhells: it had been attached to fome
other body near the fmaller extremity.

—fP—

Sabella granulata. Lin. Syft. p. 1268.
Martini Conch. 1. t. iv. f. 27. & 26?
Pallas Mifc Zo0ls CHG. 46s OL eo
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 53.

Sabella tubiformis. Br. Zool. t. 92. f, 163.

Nereis conchilega. Jd. No. 34.
; Sabella

545
Sabella Belgica. Gmel. Syft. p. 3749.
Lurt. Lin. iv. p. 611.
Amphitrite auricoma. Gmel. Sy/t. p. $111.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 82.
Muller Zool. Dan. i. p.87. t.26. f.1.6.
Terebella conchilega. Turt. Lin. iv. p. 84.

S. compofed of fine fand, agglutinated together into
a thin, brittle tube, without any membranaceous internal
coating. Length two inches or more: diameter at the
larger end three-eighths of an inch, gradually tapering
to half that fize at the {maller end.

This is not uncommon upon many of our fine fandy
fhores.

Great confufion has arifen with refpeét to the fyno-
nyms of this Sabedia: Gme.in has given it firft under
the article Amphitrite, quoting Martini, tab. 4. f. 26,
27. and afterwards as a Sadella, with reference only to
the 27 fig. of that author.

Dofor Turton has given it an additional place in
the genus Terebella, with reference to the Sabella tubi-
formis of the Britifh Zoology; and Mr, PENNANT has
given the animal as Nerevs conchilega.

The animal is certainly the Amphitrite auricoma as
defcribed by Gmexin, and is generally known by its two
rigid, glofly, gold-coloured, briftly tentacula.

Aaaa Sabella

4.
CurysobDon.

546

Sabella Chryfodon. Lin, Sy/t. p. 1269 ?
Gmel. Syft. p. 3749 ?
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 610?
Martini Conch. i. t. 4. f. 29. 30.
Pallas Mifc. Zool. t.9. £. 14. 15. 16.
Bajter Opufe. Sub. i. t. 9. £4.

S. with a cylindric tube, of nearly the fame fize
throughout, and about as large as a goofe quill, com-
pofed of fand, fragments of fhells, or fmall, flat pieces
of ftone, clofely cemented together on a tubular mem-
brane, which is fmooth on the infide: the upper part is
furnifhed with numerous, long fibres, of the fame tex-
ture, projecting in a fub-funnel fhape, but generally
fomewhat compreffed fideways.

Is fometimes conftru&ted wholly of fand: others are
formed of large fragments of flate, and not unfrequently
mixed with whole fhells, fuch as Nerzta littoralzs.

Thefe are not uncommon in moft of our inlets and
bays, but rarely on the more ex poled fhores: the largeft
we remember having feen, was in the inlet that runs up
to Kingsbridge in Devonfhire, where it is very common
a foot in length, and compofed of very coarfe materials :
but this is a circumftance, entirely depending on the na-
ture of the fhore the animal inhabits, and which does
not appear to be very choice of fituation, like the ani-
mals of the two preceding, who can only inhabit fuch
places as will afford them fine fand.

The

5AZ

The Chryfodon is ufually buried in a perpendicular di-
retion; the funnel, or mouth of the cafe, is always
about an inch above the furface, and 1s readily diftin-
guifhed by its branched fibres: it is generally ftrait, ex-
cept where larger ftones intervene, in which cafe it is
flexuous. Found moft times congregated between high
and low water-mark.

This, and the Sadella conchilega, have molt probably
been confounded; and, indeed, it is difficult to deter-
mine which of thefe is the Ciry/odon of GMELIN.

It is fometimes wholly compofed of broken fhells, in
which ftate, it may be miftaken for that f{pecies; but is
never found creeping, or laterally attached.

The animal isa Terebella of a flender form, but con-
fiderably largeft at the anterior end: joints about forty,
with as many fafciculz and branchi@ on each fide, the
firft nine or ten much larger, and nearer together than
thofe on the middle of the body; round the mouth are
numerous, long, filiform ¢entacula, like the body, of a
a pale flefh-colour; behind the head are fhort, branched
feelers. Length fometimes four or five inches.

VI

Sabella conchilega. Pult. Cat, Dorfet. p. 54.

Terebella conchilega. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3113.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 84.

Sabella rudis. Br. Zool. No. 161. t.26. lower figure.
Aaaa 2 S. with

Bie
CoNCHILEGA,

548

S. with a thin, fragile tube, compofed of largefrag -
ments of fhells, and little or no fand, cemented f{paring-
ly on a thin membrane, ufually attached its whole length
in a flexuous or ferpentine form on old bivalves. . Mr.
Pennant, and Doétor Puttreney both mention this
circumftance on the Dor/fet/hire coait: it is not, how-
ever, confined to that part, but is common throughout
the weftern fhores, and elfewhere.

Is rarely found on ftones; and what is pofhbly a varie-
tv is fometimes feen creeping amongft the branches of
Sertularia abietina: if this laft is diftin@, we dare not
venture to give it as fuch, never having as yet had an
opportunity of examining the animal. .

The animal of S. conchilega is a Terebella, of a dull
orange colour, with numerous, pellucid tubercles, and
branchie on each fide: tentacula round the mouth nu-
merous, flender, filiform, and extremely long; retrac-
tile, but ufually extended two or three inches, or more,
and exceeds the length of the body; their colour is
orange-yellow, prettily fpotted with red; and when the
animal is in vigour, they are in continual motion, thrown
about in all dire€tions: behind the head are fhort, branch-
ed feelers, of a deeper orange colour.

Do&or Turton has erroneoufly made this animal
the inhabitant of Sadella tubzformis,

We:

5AO

We have feen this Sadella as large as a goofe quill, com- »
plicated, entwined, and interwoven together; and not lefs
than four or five inches in length. Is readily diftinguifh-
ed from S. Chryfodon by its habits, and by the want of the
funnel-fhaped, fibrous mouth; as well as by its compo-
nent parts being more unconneétedly put together.

The animal, too, differs effentially from that of the
other, efpecially in the more numerous joints of the
body, which are not only fwoln, or knotted, but the tu-
bercles are remarkably prominent; and a much greater
difproportion between the fize of the anterior part,
taking in ten or eleven joints, .and the reft of the body ;
befides, the anterior part of this appears, through a lens,
to be punctured or cancellated.

—<lo-

; 6.
Sabella lumbricalis. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3752 ? LuMBRICALIS.
Turt. Lin. iv. p. 613?
Fab. Faun. Groen. p. 374. No. 369 ?
Pult. Cat. Dorfet. p. 53:
S. with a ftrong tube, compofed of coarfe fand, and
fometimes mixed with fragments of thells, firmly cement-
ed together in a rough manner, upon ftones, fhells, and
other bodies, in a ferpentine form, and frequently en-
twined with Serpula triquetra and vermicularis; to
which itis very little inferior in flrength, being by farthe
ftrongeft of all the Sadella tribe. Length two or three
inches; diameter one quarter of an inch, Common on
all our fhores.

The

a

Je

CIRRATA.

550

The animal 1s a Zerebedla, with the probofcis a little
fpreading, and fringed round the margin with briftles:
the mouth befet with four long aculez, and intermediate
fhort ones: behind the ciliated margin of the probofcis
is a fcalloped ruff; and, on the back of the head, are nu-
merous capillary tentacula, of a red colour, like the
body, thefe are curled up when the animal is dead,

Difcharges a beautiful purple dye.

We have followed Doftor Putreney in the prefixed
references, though with doubt, as the tube is far from
being fragile, and the animal appears to be deftitute of
the {pines on the back; fuch at leaft never occurred to us,
although the fa/czculz and branchie@ are always con-
{picuous.

—<Y—

Terebella cirrata. Gmel. Sy/t. p.S112.— Trt. Lin. iv. p.83.

S. with a thick, fragile tube, a little tapering, com-
pofed of fand, mixed with clay, flightly agglutinated to-
gether; foft when moift, and crumbly when dry. Length
fix or feven inches; diameter half an inch, or more; of
the aperture a quarter.

This is gregarious, but not attached, ftanding upright
in a muddy bottom, between high and low water-mark,
with about an inch above the furface: is fo extremely
foft, that it is difficult to obtain more than two or three
inches of the tube perfect,

We

551

We have never as yet obferved this, but in one brancl:
of the inlet that runs up to Kingsbridge. It is the tube
of Terebella cirrata, and as it has not, we believe, been
defcribed as Englifh, and poffefling as much claim toa
place in the Sabella genus as many others. could not be
omitted,

The animal is furnifhed with two feries of teniacula or
feelers, thofe on the upper lip, or round the mouth, are
extremely numerous, long, filiform, and of a pale co-
lour; thefe ufually contraét into curls: the others, fitu-
ated behind the head, are alfo numerous, fhort, ftrait,
branched, and of a reddifh flefh-colour: the body, when
extended, is nearly a foot in length; the annulations,
about ninety, furnifhed, as ufual, with fa/ceculz and
branchee ; the tubercles very prominent, but the joints
not tumid as in the animal of S. conchilega: colour pale,
inclining to purplifh-brown on the upper part near the
head: when bruifed difcharges a red liquor.

When drawn from its cafe, it becomes confiderably
larger in the anterior part of the body, than the bore of
the tube, but tapers greatly towards the tail.

This clafs of amorphous animals will, in all proba-
bility, ever remain in great ob{curity; the great fimi-
litude of many, their variable forms, and different ap-
pearances in the living, and the dead ftates, efpecially
when preferved in fpirits, will always occafion great
dificulty in difcrimination. ne

€

fal

Ove
ARENARIA,

9.

SUBCYLINDRICA

552

The animals of S, Chryfodon, conchilega, and cirra-
ta,.approach each other fo nearly, about the hind, or
anterior part, that aétual comparifon is ‘abfolutely re-
quifite to diftinguifh them; the bodies, however, fome-
what differ; but the number of joints is not wholly to
be depended on in fome fpecies: the cafes or tubes, as
well as the habits of the animals, are effential auxiliaries
in this clafs of animated nature.

<j

S. with an extremely fragile, cylindric tube, com-
pofed of pure fand, flightly cemented together without
any internal membrane, like S. granulata, but is never
fo large, and is equal in fize at both ends. . RES

This is very common on the Dor/ei/hire coaft, efpeci-
ally at Weymouth and Portland; and are driven up in-
fuch abundance at Studland, that the beach is covered
with them. Thefe are ufually from one to two inches in
length, and about the fize of a raven’s quill; but are
probably only fragments, or that part of the tube the
animal forms above the fand, which is continually de-
{troyed by every little increafed agitation of the fea,
and as frequently replaced.

The animal unknown.

——Re—

S. with.a long, fub-cylindric, flender, fragile tube,
compofed of fine fand, and minute bits of broken fhells,
cement-

553
cemented together on a fine membrane, adhering by
their flat fides.

This fpecies is not uncommon in fand from Salcomb
bar, above three inches in length, but more commonly
broken into pieces of one or two inches; never more
than one tenth of an inch in diameter, and nearly the
fame fize throughout.

Animal unknown.
Se
10,

S. with a long, flender tube, gradually tapering to Sztirormts.
the lower end to half the fize of the upper part; com-
pofed of very fine fragments of fhells, and minute flat
bits of ftones, agglutinated together at their edges, and
ftanding oblique towards the larger end, lying on each
other in an imbricated manner. Length three or four

inches; fize double that of a hog’s briftle. ‘

Taken up with fand from the bar off Salcomb, and
fome parts of the bay.

A variety is compofed of fine fand, in which cafe the
imbricated ftru@ure is not obfervable: fome have a late-
ral branch near the {maller end; poffibly another in a
younger {tate attached.

Animal unknown.

Bbbb S. with

1b B
CurTa.

554

S. with a fmall, fhort tube, compofed of fand and mi-
nute bits of flat flones, agglutinated to a tough mem-
brane; fometimes formed wholly of the fineft fand, de-
pending entirely on the foil it inhabits: the cafe is a lit-
tle tapering to the lower-end, by which it is fixed, and
which is generally, for a quarter of an inch, deftitute of
any covering, but a flexible membrane, by which it ad-
heres to the fhingle under the furface, between high and
low water-mark, and ftands about a quarter of an inch
above. Length {carce an inch; fize of a crow quill.

This Sadella is gregarious, covering the whole furface
of the fhore in the inlet near Kingsbridge ; appearing
like bits of ftraw covered with mud, and as clofe and
numerous as ftubble in a field.

Animal a Teredella, {mall, of a pale yellowifh-green
colour; probofcis pointed, with a few upright, filiform,
green ¢entacula, and numerous, flender, ciliated feelers,
of a pale colour; thefe are much longer, and more flen-
der than the others, and are in ‘conflant motion, but
both are quickly protruded and contratted.

When the animal was immerfed in fpirits the tentacula

inftantly contraéted, and were totally obfcured. Being

divefted of-its cafe, a radiated tuft was perceived on each
fide the head: the annulations of the body about fix-
teen, with as many fa/ciculz, and {hort peduncles on each

fide.
S. with

555

S. with a fhort, broad, and extremely flat tube, com- Comprussa.
pofed of large pieces, or fragments, of flat bivalve fhells,
chiefly of the Peélen genus; thefe are laid without order,
but fometimes cover each other at the edges, and inva-
riably placed with the concave fide inwards, which leaves
a narrow perforation.

The length of thofe we procured was about an inch
and a half, formed of five or fix fragments of fhells on
~ each fide, finely agglutinated together; thefe pieces are
in general three-eighths of an inch broad, and forma
moft fingular ftru¢ture. Inhabits the deep at Torcrofs
in Devonfhire.

The animal inhabitant has hitherto eluded our re-
fearches.

ADDENDA.

ADDEND.A.

—

TO render this work as compleat as poflible, it be-
came neceflary to give a few fupplementary pages, in
order that thofe fpecies, which had been difcovered fince
the printing of the genera to which they belong, might
be defcribed: ‘this will alfo give an opportunity of not-
ing any recent occurrence, or of adding any additional
reference to fuch as are already defcribed, efpecially
thofe of the Briti/hk Shells, which, being a periodical
work, couldonly be referred:to as the numbers came out.

The additions here given are fyftematically arrang-
ed, and where fuch fhells have been before defcribed,
“a reference to the page is added.

—— 8 686|<ZEZ>|@see-—-——_—_

MULTIVALVE.

—<g=—
BALANUS.
—<o— ir P
STRIATUS. This fhell, though generally confidered as a Mulzz-
_p. 14, -valve,.and as fuch placed with the Linnean Lepas, has

certainly

557

certainly no claim to either; but is more allied to the
parafitical Mytzlz. It is always feflile, irregular in growth,
bivalve, inequivalve; lower, or fixed valve concave:
upper valve, or oferculum, {maller, flat: hinge indif-
tinét, no apparent teeth.

With thefe charafters, it fhould be removed from its
prefent fituation, and might, with propriety, be placed
-as a Mytilus, unlefs any thing in the hinge, hereafter
obfervable in larger {pecimens, fhould be found to bring
it nearer the genus Spondylus.

The animal is a Trzton, with fourteen ciliated feelers,
fix on each fide, and two ereé&.

ie -

- LEPAS. |

—=<=——-
“Lepas fafcicularis. E//is. Zooph. p. 197, t. 15. f. 6. FascicuLaris,

This fpecies of Lepas, defcribed and figured by Extts,
As certainly very diftin& from any before given; and as
it was from St. George’s Channel, (meaning, we prefume,
the Channel between England and Ireland,) it muft be
-confidered as belonging to Brity/h Teftuceolory.

Exvrisdefcribes it thus, “Lepas fafcicularis, tefta

- guinguevalor levi corpus tezente, valvula dorfali baf;
-“< dilatata, angulo acuto prominente, ftipite nudo.”

In

DACTYLUs,
p. 20.

CRISPATUS.

Deas.

%

CANDIDUS.
Ds ete

558

In fize it is equal to L. anatifera, but differs confide-
rably in the formation of its,component parts or plates :
the upper valves are pointed at the afex, and turn back~
wards, giving the front of the fhell a convexity ; where-
as the other 1s rather concave: the dorfal valve fpreads
greatly at the bafe, and forms a confiderably fharp, pro-
minent angle, whereas in anatifera, this valve is regu-
larly femi-circular.

—fr- -

PHOLAS.
—ge—

Pholas Daétylus. Don. Br. Zool. iv. t. 118.

This fhell has four acceffory valves; the one, not be-
fore defcribed, is very fmall, and ftands ereét at the in-
ner end of the two large plates to fupport them. The
difficulty of obtaining them quite perfeét, occafioned us
to believe it had only three.

—<—>—
Solen crifpus. Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3228.

Ge in has miftaken ListeEr’s fhell, which is Pholas
cri/patus, and therefore has defcribed this in both genera.

—<e
Pholas eandida. Don. Br. Shel/s. iv. t. 132.

Pholas

559

Pholas ftriata. Don Br. Shells. iv. t. 117.
Favan. t. 60. F. 2.3.6.9.—Gualt. t. 105. F.

This is by fome called Pholas lignorum, or Dutch
wood-mu/fcle.

aes 00 DOE OOO <I ODIDSOC 1

BIVALVE.

——Q—-

MYA.

—< ~~.

Mya dubia. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 108.

Plentiful at Torbay, in fragments of lime ftone, driven
on fhore by winter florms, but is not to be found in the
rocks, which are ever uncovered by the loweft ebb tides ;
and of courle is rarely obtained alive : in this flate, how-
ever, we have procured it, and proved beyond doubt,
that it cannot belong to the Pholades, as it is void of
acceffory valves.

The perforations in which thefe fhells are concealed,
are fometimes lined with a concreted, calcareous fub-
ftance, clofely conneéted with the reft of the ftone, and
equally hard, compofed of feveral coats, or lamine, of
a different texture, not unfrequently half a line, or more,
za thicknefs: the openings to thefe chambers are {mall,

and

STRIATUS.
p- 26.

PHOLADIA.
p- 28.

560

and have fomewhat the appearance of two holes broken
into one, which is adapted to the fhape of the tubes of
the animal.

The inhabitant is an A/czdia, with two very long, flen-
der, white tubes, exceeding the length of the fhell;
thefe are conneéted together their whole length, but ter-
minated by two orifices, ciliated with flefhy fibres, of a
dark purplifh-brown: the body is alfo white; near the
pofterior end is a foramen, through which, a {mall foot,
or fuftentaculum, 1s fometimes protruded, and doubtlefs
the apparatus, which affifts in perforating rocks, being
always placed in its cell with that end downwards, and
incapable of turning,

It is probable this, as well.as all other fimilar animals,
whofe habits are to perforate ftone, are provided with
an acid, or fome folvent menftruum capable of perform-
ing that office: it muft alfo be recollected, that this,
feemingly laborious tafk, is not affected in any given
time, but is the work of years; as the chamber for the
lodgement of the animal, only requires enlarging as
the fhell grows.

Stone of a vitrifiable nature, is impenetrable to thefe
animals, but all fuch as are wholly, or even partly cal-
careous, are more or lefs attacked;* and while this, the

Mytilus

* This remark might be attended with confiderable national advantage, if

purfued with experimental application, under the direction and encouragement

561

Mytilus rugofus, Donax Irus, Venus perforans, and fome
others, are deftroying the hardeft lime ftone; the Pho-
lades are performing fimilar works, afligned by nature;
on fofter fubftances, fuch as chalk, indurated clay, and
wood, which in like manner are perforated by fome fol-
vent power; not by the thin, fragile fhells, that cover
fuch animals, as fome have erroneoufly afferted, and is
too generally credited. All thefe become fixed in their
cells for life, for as they enter in the moft minute fate,
the excavations are conic, with the {mall end outwards,
fo that the fhells are as it were become enclofed.

It is moft probable, the young of thefe, and other per-
forating A/cidie, that drill the {mall round holes fo fre-
quently obferved on fhells; and not the Trechi, which
are incapable of fuch works.

——
Don. Br. Shells. iii. t..73.

Under the article Pear/, in the Encyclopaedia Britan-
nica, we find the following note:

«There has been in thefe parts, (1. e. at Perth, in
_“ Scotland,) avery great fifhery of Pearl, got out of the
frefh-water Mu/c We From the year 1761 to 1764,
**10,000/. worth, were fent to London, and {old from

Cee “105. to
of Government. A coating of pounced flint, or glafs, laid on timber with a
firm cement, would effectually preferve it from the calamitous ravages of the
Teredo navalis, and other animals of fimilar habits,

MaARGARITIFE-
RA.
p. 23.

562

* 105. to 1/,16s. per ounce. We are told that a peail
“had been taken there, that weighed 33 grains. But

‘this fifhery is at prefent exhaufted, from the avarice of

«the undertakers: it once extended as far as Loch-Tay.”

Thefe Mu/cles were doubtlefs the Mya Margaritifera,
and it is probable many other rivers m Great Britain
might afford at this time a fufficient quantity to repay
the experiment. In many of the rivers of Wales,.as well
as in Devonfhire, we-have obferved thefe fhells m abun-
dance; but whether they equally produce pearls we can-
not determine; thofe, however, found in the former
rivers are ufually more rugged than what are obferved
in the latter; a circumftance more favourable to the
production of pearls; and it is a known faét, that the old,
rugged, decorticated fhells, are only worth examining;
the fmooth ones rarely produce any, or fo inferior in
fize, as to be of no value.

In Doftor PuLTENEY’s view of the writings of Lin-
NUS, page 42, it is faid, that the Swedih naturalift
made a remarkable difcovery relating to the generation
of pearls, in the river pearl. mufcle, Mya Margaritifera.
It appears, that five or fix years are requifite, after the
operation, to compel them to produce fear/s the fize of
a vetch. 7

This extraordinary operation the Doétor regrets we
are unacquainted with, and which was confidered of fo
-much

.
ee

SO3

much importance, that the author was rewarded with a
munificent premium from the ftates of the kingdom on
that account.

It is, however, fuppofed, that perforations, or par-
tial fraétures in the fhell, will occafion the produétion of
pearls ; for as thefe produce diftortions, and ruggednefs
in the fhells, it appears to have the fame effet as on
fuch as acquire it by age, and common accidents: but
how thefe fhells are opened without deftroying the ani-
mal, and the pearl taken out, (which is faid will be re-
newed again after a certain period) we do-not pretend
to determine..

a ae
- Mya depreffla. Don. Br. Sheils, iii. t. 101. OVALIs.
Mya ovata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 122. p. 34.

Although Mr. Donovan has given thefe two fhells as
diftinét, he very juftly expreffes a doubt. That they are
only varieties we cannot hefitate to determine ; and we
have already gone further, by giving them as ponderous
varieties of our Mya Ovalis. Donovan obferves, both
thefe fhells inhabit the New River, near London, and
the Froome in Somerfetfhire. We have found them
in the Avon, many miles above and below its conflux
with the Froome: at Bath they are thrown up in great
abundance after floods, and commonly ufed for putting
colours in.

Geec 2a That

564

That it is dificult to difcover f{pecific chara€ters of
diftinGtion in fome of the produétions of nature, all na-
turalifts will allow; and when no permanent diftinguifh-
ing marks appear, we can only refer to habits: in fol-
lowing this courfe there feems nothing to divide thefe
two fhells from each other, nor from that which we ‘
have defcribed as the ovalis: all the gradations that join
them are commonly found in the fame waters. That the
foil and nature of the water have confiderable effe&
upon fhells, there can be no doubt, particularly in
{ftrength, and colour; for inftance, thefe fubje€ts, which
are figured in the Brztr/h Shells, with elegant yellow ra-
dit, are rarely found in the Avon with fuch markings;
and inftead of the ground colour being green, are ufual-

ly of a dark olive-brown, and frequently dufky.

, The animals of thefe frefh-water Mya, are certainly
not A/ezdie, but are fimilar to thofe inhabiting the river
Mytili.

—<>—

SUBORBICULARIS Phi. fhell, which is fo fimilar in fhape to the Cardium

corneum, is effentially different in the animal inhabitant,
which appears to be a Tethys, of a very pale colour, with
one long tube, not internally divided, but furnifhed with
only one opening: and about the middle of the fhell in
front, is a retraGtile, flender foot, half as long as the
Syphon, capable of adhering to the {mootheft furface, and
will afcend the fides of a glafs filled with fea-water. The
animal of C. corneum is fimilar to that of C. lacuffre.
SOLEN.

P- 39.

505

SOLEN.
—iite—
Solen marginatus, Dow. Br. Shells. iv. t. 110. VAGINA,
p- 48.
‘ —

This, which has generally been confidered as a rare Petiucibus.
ipecies, we have found plentifullat Torcro/s, by dredging. pp» 49+

—=ip—
Solen antiquatus. Do. Br. Shells. iv. t. 114. ANTIQUATUS~
» 52
te! Pp

Have fince feen fpecimens in the cabinet of Mr. Bry- Fracius.
£R, taken on the fhore near Weymouth. p. SL

—<fr—

S. with an extremely flat, pellucid, thin, white fhell, Souamosus.
of a fub-orbicular fhape; moft minutely, and elegantly
punctured all over, appearing under a common pocket
lens, like fine fhagreen; befides which, there are a few
obfcure, concentric wrinkles, moft confpicuous round
the margin: umdo very fmall, pointed, central, and not
turning to either fide. Infide fmooth, glofly white,
with obfcure ftriz radiating from the hinge; margin
plain, and rather more opaque than the reft of the fhell:
teeth two, double, diverging on each fide the umbo ; thefe
are thin, but ftand ereét, confiderably above the com-
miffure; a depreffion, or furrow, on the margin, divides
each tooth into two lamine almoft to the beak, where
they are united and form an acute angle.

One

Pinna.
Mab.a15. 5S:

500

One valve of this curious fhell has as yet only come
under infpettion ; we found it in fand from Salcomd bay:
it was recent, and as ‘clear and pellucid as the Bulla
aperta; being very flat, has the appearance of a feale of
a fifth. Length three eighths of an inch; breadth half
an inch,

The hinge does not appear to ftridly belong to any
of the Linnean genera, but feems to be moft nearly al-
lied to the Solen, which has induced us to give it a place
as fuch, for the prefent.

— to

S. with a thin, pellucid, fragile, depreffed, white fhell,
of a fub-oval fhape, ftrongly wrinkled. concentrically :
umbo {mall, placed very near the {maller end, from’
whence the connetting cartilage runs in a ftraight line
on the longeft fide, and joins the valves nearly the whole
width of the fhell, like a Penna; the fhort end declines
a little from the beak; the margin oppofite the hinge is
femi-circular, and extremely thin and brittle; the valves
are diffimilar, the upper is. a little convex, the lower
flightly concave.

Infide white, fomewhat pearlaceous: a blunt tooth in
each valve running flraight from the beak; that in the
concave valve is largelt, and uneven on its furface; thefe
are not inferted, but ftand by the fide of each other when
the valves are clofed,

Length

307

Length from hinge to the oppofite margin above
three-eighths of an inch ; breadth three-quarters.

This curious, nondefcript fpecies, we took alive, by

dredging at Torcro/s.

a
TELLINA.
—_——
“Peta inzequiftriata. Dow. Br. Shells. iv. t. 123. LzTA.
peode
—< ——
Wellina rigida. Don. Br. Shells. iti. t. 103. CRASSA.
p- 65.
<p
‘Venus borealis. Don. Br..Shéils. iv. t. 103. RaDULA.

We cannot agree with Mr. Donovan in confidering yee
this fhell the Venus borealis of GMELIN: it is perhaps
difficult to determine the true Linn@an fhell, under that
denomination,

GMELIN is by no means corre in his fynonyms,
having referred to no lefs than three very different fpe-
cies for it; thato° Guacriert, quoted tab.’ 75. fig. 5. is
probably intended for fig S. as there is no fig. 5. in the
plate: thofein Lister’s Concholog y, and Anim. Anghe,
are our Maétra compreffa, the Venus borealis of Pen-

NANT:

EcHINATUM.
p- 78.

‘TuBERCULA-
TUM.

568

NANT: that referred to in CHEMNITZ, may poflibly
be the true dorealis, but that author alfo unfortunately
quotes Lister, and Gua tier the fame; none of
which are the leaft like this fhell.

—<f>—

CARDIUM.

<a

Cardium echinatum. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 107. £. 1.

—
Cardium tuberculatum. Don. Br. Shells. iii, t. 107. f. 2.

The fhell figured by this author, is a very good repre-
fentation of that ponderous Cardiwm, we made mention
of under the article of Cardium echinatum. It probably
isthe Gmelinzan tuberculatum, and poflibly a diftin&
fpecies.

We have noticed this ftrong and thick fhell, deftitute
of {pines, on the fhore of Dawli/h warren at the mouth
of the Ex in Devonfhire, where at times it is plen-
tiful; and have remarked, that on other parts of the
fame coaft where we have taken the echinatum, and acu-
leatum, not one of thefe ftrong fhells were to be found ;
a circumftance that favours an opinicn of its being diftinét.

It probably inhabits the deep, as we have never yet

obtained it alive.
Cardium

569

Cardium edule, Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 124. f. 1.1.
—>—.

Cardium rufticum, Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 124. f. 2.

This is another of this very intricate clafs that feems
to have puzzled thé conchologift. It is faid to grow
to a larger fize, and to poffefs fewer ribs than the edule,
and thofe more elevated ; but whether it is really diftinét
from that fhell, certainly admits of doubt.

We lately received from a teftaceological friend, Mr.
Swanson, what he confiders as the ruffecum, obferving,
that fuch were known by the name of Roffcockle, and
were fold fer three pence per dozen, on the Efex coatt,
when half a peck of the common fort fold only for one
penny: fuch are taken only on one particular fand off
Leigh, after {trong gales of wind.

This fhell very well accords with that figured by Don-
ovan, and is not unlike that given by Cuemnitz,
which Gme cin quotes. If it ts really diftin&t from edule,
we fear no permanent character will be found, by which
it may be diftinguilhed from the latter, as the number
of ribs vary. That the fmaller cockles are ufually defti-
tute of the rufous colour, and are more fub-orbicular,
mutt be admitted; the ribs are alfo finer; but are not
thele marks the effect of immaturity P

é

Dddd If

EDULE,
p- 76.

Rusticum,

570
If the larger fort is diftin&, it appears equally plenti-

fal with the other, for we have obferved in many places,
this is the fort principally eaten, the fmaller ones being
rejeCied as young, and left to grow larger; and we muft
confefs, that the great variety now before us, run fo much
into each other, as to render it impoffible to divide them,
although the two extremes appear different.

—=<=f>-—--
LacusTRe. The animal of this fhell, as well as its congenera cor-
p- 89. neum and amnicum, is certainly an Afczdza, not a Te-

thys as was flated by miftake.

—<>—
MACTRA.
——
ae eee HAT, Maétra fubtruncata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 126.
seks ye
P —~—
STruLTORUM. Maétra ftultorum. Don. Br. Shells. iti. t. 106. |
p- 94.
—s>
‘CoMmPRESSA. Tellina plana. Don. Br. Shells. ii. t. 64.
p- 96.

By miltake we have referred to this fhell of Dono-
v AN, under the title of Tellina borcalis, inflead of plana.

Mattra

571

Maétra glauca, Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3260. 20.
Chem. Conch. vi. t. 23. f. 232, 233.
Born. Mu. t. 3. f, 11. 12.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 125.

M. with an oval fhell, of a dirty-white colour, very
finely ftriated tranfverfely, and marked with broad and
narrow glaucous rays: the anterior end wrinkled: the
the beaks refle€t backwards, with a narrow gape between
them. Length ufually two inches and a half; breadth
three and a-half.

On the authority of Mr. Donovan this is added to
the Fauna of Britifh Shells; who informs us, it was dif-
covered by Mifs Pocock in 1801, on Hale fands, under
Lelant in Cornwall. Itis probable thefe extenfive fands
may be very produétive at times, but we muft confider
this lady as extremely fortunate; for in our vifits to
that part of the Cornz/h coaft, efpecially lately at the
place mentioned, and about S¢. Jves, no fuch fhell was
to be found, although Venus Chzone was plentiful, and
which was brought to us by the fifhermen for M. glauca,
not knowing the difference: this may account for their
faying this fhell is at times found on that coaft in plenty.

The very good figure given in the Britifh Shells, 1s

confiderably larger than is ufually defcribed, meafuring
three inches and a half, by four and a half.

Dddd ae M. with

GLAUCA.

Tenuts

572

M. with a compreffed, fub-triangular, equilateral,
femi-pellucid, thin, white fhell, concentrically wrinkled:
umbo {mall, central, much produced, and not turning
to either fide.

Infide moderately fmooth and gloffy, with a broad,
but nearly obfolete, conic cicatrax, running to a point
acrofs the middle of the fhell, towards the beak: hinge
furnifhed with a bifurcated tooth, and a narrow foviola ;
and remote, lateral, laminated teeth, one on each fide in
one valve; in the other a plain fingle tooth, with a
correfponding cartilage cavity, but no lateral damine.
Length a quarter of an inch; breadth rather more.

We firft difcovered this fpecies at Southampton, where
it is not uncommon on the fhore to the weft of the town:
and have fince received it from Mr. Bryer of Weymouth.

The hinge is fomewhat fimilar to that of M. compreffa.
but the fovzola is not fo broad, and is at once diftinguith-
ed by the lateral teeth, which that fhell is deftitute of:
it differs alfo in fhape, being much more angulated, and
produced at the beak, as well as the czcatricula.

In comparing it with the young of Maéira folida and
Stultorum, it differs from them, not only in fhape, but
effentially in the central, or primary teeth, and in pof-
fefling lateral ones only in one vdlye, which both valves
of thofe fhells are furnifhed with.

The

a

—

eee eee eee

Sr

573
DONAX.

The animal inhabitant of this fhell is an Afcidia, and Ixus,
not a Tethys ; which is probably the cafe with moft fuch p- 108.
whofe nature it is to perforate other bodies: it has two
flender, pellucid, white tubes, fpotted with opaque
white; thefe are not half fo long as the fhell, and joined
together, except near the end, where they diverge, and
become of a pink colour, the openings ciliated with
feathered fibres of the fame: in fome the points and
fringe are of the fame colour as the reft of the tubes.

=<

D. with a ftrong, glofly, chefnut-coloured fhell, fur-Cysranza,
nifhed with a few irregular, tranfverfe, antiquated ridges,
or wrinkles; one fingle ray of the fame colour, but
darker, runs from the beak to the oppofite margin, in a
curved direction, and divides each valve nearly in equal
parts; from this to the pofterior end the colour becomes
pale: wmbo obtufe, rather inclining to the anterior, or
longeft fide. Infide of the fame colour, fmooth and glof-
fy, with a fmall trace of the ray at the margin: hinge
very flrong; teeth, one very large, and one fmall, in
each valve; no lateral teeth: czcatrix broad, running
from the anterior fide one third acrofs the fhell, in a
tranfverfe dire€tion, from which continues a marginal
line almoft to the oppofite fide: margin plain. Length
a quarter of an inch; breadth three-eighths,

This

UNDATA.
p- Lea 7

CANCELLATA.

574

This appears.to be a nondefcript fpecies, at leafi we
have not been able to find any thing like it defcribed : it
comes neareft to Donax plebera in fhape, being fub-
cuneiform, and the teeth are equally ftrong in propor-
tion; in thefe, however, it differs, efpecially in their ob-
liquity, being the reverfe of each other; that fhell, too,
has a lateral tooth, and the beak turns towards the pof-
terior or fhort fide; whereas, in this, if any ate it 1s
inclined to the longer or anterior fide.

It appears to be a rare fpecies, as only one mutilated
fpecimen of a fingle valve, had come under examination
ull very lately, which was taken at Falmouth in Corn-
wall, five or fix years ago; from which we did not
choofe to hazard a defcription: a few other fpecimens,
recently found at St. Au/tle’s bay in that county, and on
the coaft of Devon, has enabled us to add it to the cata-
logue of Briti/h Shells. They are all exaéily alike in

colour and markings.

eo
VENUS.
—>—

Venus undata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 121.

—<f>—

Venus cancellata. Don Br. Shells. iv. t. 115.

This may poflibly be V. cancellata of GMELIN p.3270.
but

575

but be that as it may, it is without doubt the young of
Venus verrucofa: in that ftate it is not only much lefs
convex, but the tranfverfe ridges are much thinner,
deftitute of the warty appearance, or very imperfectly
fo at the anterior end, and faintly ftriated longitudinally
in the furrows, which gives it a cancellated appearance
towards the beak, where the tranfverfe ridges are not
much elevated.

When thefe fhells attain the length of an inch and a
quarter, or thereabouts, they lofethe longitudinal ftrie,
and the ridges become ftrongly verrucofe; they are,
however, in mofi of the full grown fpecimens, to be

trage? about the wmbo.

Cuemnitz has figured the young V. verruco/a vol. vi.
tab. 29. fig. 304. 305. and refets to the V. cancellata of
-Lixnaus: and in the fame tab. fig 305. 307. is another
which he gives as a variety ; this is much broader in pro-
portion to its length, than what the verruco/a is ufually
foundtobe. Thefe figures Gmexin quotes for his V.
cuncellata; fo that by collating thefe references with
the figures tn queltion, and comparing the various and
numerous {pecimens, now before us, of the verrucofa, from
the fize of a pea upwards, we have-very little doubt but
in its younger flate it has been defcribed as a diftinét
{pecies, under the title cancellata; and that thefe are
aciually one-and the fame fhell, in different periods of
growth. It mult alfo be remarked, that the verruco/a

ae

Dy

WIRGINEA.
?~ 128.

AUREA.
p. 129.

676

is fubjeét to other varieties, from having its ridges partly
worn down; in this ftate the warty appearance is loft
even in the largeft fhells, the ridges become f{mooth,
not reflected, and deftitute of longitudinal ftrie: in
young fhells, when the ridges are partly worn, the longi-
tudinal {trie become more confpicuous. Thefe varie-
ties have been the caufe of much perplexity, but an
opportunity of examining on the weftern coafts fome
hundreds of thefe fhells in all ftages, may be allowed to
warrant fuch an opinion.

Soe

The figure in the Br. Zool. tab. 55, without number,
is probably intended for the defcription of Venus fom.
boides of that work, as the number of that ‘hell is ao
and there is no other figure with that number. The re-
ference to Mr. Pennanvt fhould therefore fland thus
for our virginea. Ven. rhomboides, Br. Zool. No. 55.
tab. 55. figure without number.

——<

Having quoted Venus rhomboides of Br. Zool. for this
fhell by miftake, we beg it may be removed to Venus
virginea, and coupled with the figure there referred to:
and in its. ftead the Tellina rugofa of PENNANT to be
placed as the V. aurea, the reference to which, will

ftand thus: Tellina rugofa, No. 94. tab. 57. fig. 34.

V. with

577

V. with a ftrong, fub-triangular, yellowifh-white fhell, Prancotarrs,
with a few antiquated, concentric ridges, in other re-
fpe&ts fmooth: umbo central, remarkably prominent,
and turned a little to one fide; each fide floping nearly
equal, and forming the umbonal regions into an acute
angle; under the beak a lanceolate, cordiform depref-
fion. Infide fmooth; hinge very firong in proportion,
furnifhed in one valve with two ftrong teeth, one
running backwards parallel with the cartilage flope, bi-
fid, or divided longitudinally ; the other is triangular; ~
and near it, running parallel with the cordiform depref-
fion, isa ftrong, lateral damzna, of a femi-lunar fhape,
the convexity inwards ; and a deep groove between that
and the margin: the other valve is poffeffed of three
teeth, two of which greatly diverge, in order to admit
the triangular tooth of the oppofite valve between them ;
and a lateral tooth, which locks in between that and the
marginal edge ; the margins are plain. Length half an
inch; breadth nearly the fame.

This extremely rare fhell, was found on the coaft of
Devonfhire.

<P

V. with a fub-oval, fub-triangular, yellowith-white spwiwera,
fhell, wrought with numerous, fine, concentric, paral-
lel, equidiftant, elevated, and fomewhat refleted ridges,
about thirty fix in number: thefe ridges at-the anterior

Eeee ‘fide,

578

fide,* on the margin of the cartilage flope, on both
valves, become confluent in pairs, and form fhort, ob-
tufe fpines, reflecting backwards; this double row of
fpines forms a deep cavity for the cartilage: wmbo {mall,
nearly central, and turned a little to one fide, beneath
which, is a ftrong, lanceolate, cordiform depreflion.
Infide {mooth, white ; hinge furnifhed with a fingle pri-
mary tooth, and a fmall cavity on each fide in one valve,
which locks in between, and reciprocally reeeives two
in the other valve; the former has alfo a remote, late-
ral lamina on each fide, which the latter is deftitute of,
or very obfolete: the margins are plain. Length half
aninch; breadth rather more. |

This new, and interefting fpecies, has fomewhat the
habit of that rare, and valuable fhell Venus Dione; and,
indeed, is not unlike the figure of it given by Lister,
but the {pines are neither fo confpicuous, nor placed fo
remote from the end; this fhell, too, wants the inner row
of {pines on each fide, obfervable in the other, and alfo
differs fomewhat in the hinge. 5

In fhape, it much refembles Venus frriatula, but rather
longer in proportion to its breadth; the concentric
ridges are, however, finer; and more refemble thofe on

the young Tellina Radula.
We

* This is ufually termed the anterior end, but certainly is more properly
the polterior, for the tube, or part from which the animal receives fultenance,
is protruded at the other end; and in all bivalve fhells, is uppermoft in their
native fand, d

579°
We found a perfe& fhell of this curious {pecies, in a

heap. of fand, that was brought from Salcomd bay ; and
a fingle valve, larger than the above defcribed.

=i

CHAMA.

=i

Chama cor. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 134. Cor.
“ . p- 134,
—<

PECTEN.

—P—
Oftrea lineata. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 116. Beate acne

: p. 147.

There are feveral beautiful, and fingular varieties of Levis.
this fpecies ; fomeare dull yellow, others purplifh-brown p. 150.
or chefnut, with one or both valves mottled, and fome-
times ftreaked with white, or yellowifh ; and though ap-
parently fmooth, when examined by a lens, are found
to be very finely fhagreened. One {pecimen in our cabi-
net, has the margin, for the breadth of one tenth of an
inch, very confpicuoufly ribbed or rayed, the reft of the
fhell more ftrongly fhagreened than ufual; the rayed
part divided from the other, by a very regular concen-
tric line; the rays about fifty in number: the infide
edge finely crenated.

Eeee 2 This

OTRIAT Ae
p- 153.

580

This was taken at Plymouth by the trawl net, and is
rather larger than that before defcribed.

ay

OSTREA.

—-=p>—

In making this fhell of Lister an oyfler, we had fol-
lowed our precurfors, but not without doubt; for though
we had never feen the flat, or what had been termed the
upper valve, there always appeared fufficient character
im the hinge of the convex valve, to have placed it with
the Anomze, had not Lister, Da Cosra, and others,
fpoken of it as an Oyfter, with fo much confidence. It
is, however, beyond difpute, an Anomza, and we think,
there is fo little doubt with refpeét to the A. undulata
being only the young of it, that the synonyma of thefe
two fhells, fhould be brought together under the title of
the latter. .

It is now eafily accountable, why fo many concave,
or, as was termed, the under valves, were found in pro-
portion to the upper or flat valve; for, as Da Costa
fays, there are hundreds of the former found to one of
the latter. The fat is, that the ftriated, or concave
valve, is the upper, and the flat, or perforated valve
adheres fo firmly to the rocks, as not often to be fepa-
rated with the other; and therefore the perfeé fhell is
never met with but alive, adhering to other fubftances :

indeed,

581

indeed, this valve would not be difcriminated from that
of A. Ephippium, if found detached from the other, be-
ing always deftitute of ftrie. It is evident, therefore,
thofe who have defcribed the flat valve, muft have mif-
taken for it, the flatteft of the concave valves that have
been fomewhat worn, as Da Costa expreffes. it, “the
“ outfide work is generally more obfolete.” We have
recently taken alive, a few larger and ftronger fpeci-
mens, on the fouth coaft of Devon, adhering to old bi-
valves, (about an inch and a quarter in diameter,) which
confirms our opinion.

Allthe Anom@ are fubje@ to fuch variation in growth,
that it is impoflible to fix permanent {pecific charat¢ters
to many of them, and we fufpeét the exotic {pecies are
multiplied beyond their natural limits.

When we gave the A. Sguamula as diftin&, it was
more from popular opinion, all of which feems to have
flowed from Linnaus; we muft, however, acknows
ledge, that if the Sguamula is continued as diftin&t, we
fhall in all probability never find the young of the Ephzp-
prum; if, therefore, the fynonyms of Sguamula as well as
Cepa, were conjoined to thofe of Ephippium, no vi-
olence would be offered to nature, for there really are
no diftinguifhable charatters.

—Ire-

MYTILUS.
—
Mytilus edulis. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 128. f. 1, 1.
Mytilus

EpuLis.
p. 159.

UNcGuLinus.,

582

Mytilus ungulinus. Dow Br. Shells. iv. t. 128. f. 2. 2,
Gmel. Sy/t. p. 3354. 12.
Chem. Conch, viii. t. 84. £. 747.
Id, t. 85. f..756.

On the authority of Mr. Donovan, this is given asa
Brity/h {pecies; who fays, “ feveral fhells of this kind
“were picked up by Milfs Pocock, on the coaft of
« Cornwall.” . yeu

It very much refembles. M. edudis, but is generally al-
lowed to be more pointed, and curved at the beak; be-
neath which it fwells, or projeis more at the pofterior
margin: according to different authors, the hinge feems

‘to be furnifhed with from two to fix teeth at the tip, and
‘the groove with numerous crenul@ : valves very convex,

of a greenifh, or blueifh-black colour. Length four or
five inches ; breath from two, to two and a half.

Inhabits New Zealand, Cape of Good Hope, and Med:-

terranean.

Much caution is requifite, in determining the fpecies
of this genus, fo fimilar to each other, and fubje& to fo
much individual variation by climate, and other circum-
ftances: which have already, we fear, been the occafion
of multiplying the fpecies beyond their natural bounds.

‘

—~<f>—

Mytilus anatinus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 113,

PINNA.,.

8

PINNA.
—=a

This fpecies, is doubtlefs the fame as Mr. Pren- INncens,
NANT noticed in the cabinet of Do&tor WaLKeER of P- 180,
Moffat ; we are informed by the author of the Elements

of Natural Hiftory, vol. 2. p. 381. that a very large
{pecies was found by Doctor Wacker, off the ifland of
Barra, in 1764; called by him Pinna borealis.

— 2 $8 O@|<Z > |e ees=——___

UNIVALVFE.

ae

BULLA.
oes

Bulla aperta. Vignette. 2. £. 1.—animal, f. 2.—its gizzard, APERTA.
aoa. p- 208.
Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 120. f. 1.

=P
Bulla Haliotoidea. Vignette 2. £. 6. enclofed by the animal, HatroTomea,
p- 211.
—go—
Bulla plumula. Vignette 2. f. 5. enclofed by the animal, PLuMULAs
= p. 214.

Bulla

Hypbatis,
p. 217.

CYLINDRACEA,

p- 221,

584

Bulla Hydatis. Vignette 1. f. 1. 2.—animal’s gizzard, 3.4.5.
~~

Bulla cylindrica. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 120. f. 2.

It is unfortunate, that this fhell, which was properly
firft named by Mr. Pennant, and we believe has hither-
to enly been noticed as Bretzk, fhould have been fo
confounded; efpecially, as the figure given in the Britz/h,
Zoology is very expreffive.

Da Cosra firft led to thefe errors, by making it the
Voluta pallida of Linna&us, not knowing the fhell.
Donovan, following Da Costa, fell into the fame
error; but afterwards correéted his miftake, by figuring
the true cylindracea of Pennant, and by acknowledg-
ing, that it more clearly correfponds with that fhell than
the V. pallada: unfortunately, however, this author has
referred to Bulla cylindrica of Gme in, a fpecies total
ly different, and not the leaft allied to it, if we may
judge from the figure referred to by that author, in Fa-
VANNE, CHEMNITZ, and GyaLTIERI: nor does’ he

quote the Brztz/hk Zoology.

Door PULTENEY was not aware, or rather, did not
recollect, that the name of cylindrica was preoccupied
for a very different fpecies of Bulla, or certainly he
would not have recorded it*by that name, and thereby

have continued perplexity ; but he feems to have been
iaduced to do fo, from its being fo called in the Mu/feum

Port-

585

Portlandicum. As, however, Mr, PENNANT was the
original author of the name given to the fhell in queftion,
and whom Dottor PuLTENEY quotes, and not the cylin-
drica of Gmeuin, it could be wifhed he had adopted the
name of the former, and not of the latter.

Lister probably was the firft who figured B. cylin-
dracea, Tab. 714. fig. 70. and has marked it with an A.
denoting it as Engli/fh; at the fame time adding ( Barn-
Jftable,) the place from whence he obtained it. With
two figures of this fhell is alfo placed Voluta pallida,
without any number, or mark to denote diftinGlion; and
over them are thefe words, “exzgua, alba, vere cylindra- ;
*‘cea:” this circumftance has, amongtt other things,
ferved to confound thefe fhells.

»
BUCCINUM.
=< Q>—
Buccinum undatum. Don. Br. Shells. iii. t. 104. UNvATUM.
PIS he
a P

We have been lately favoured with a variety of this AMaicuum.
fhell from Mr. Racker, mutch thinner, and with a’ p- 242.
greater number of ribs, (fifteen inftead of eleven) and
thofe regularly and finely ftriated tranfverfely, without
rifing into tubercles.

F Eft *" MUREX.

GRACILIs.

p- 267.

TENutIs.
p. 275.

gucoasus.

586

MUREX.

—e_———

At the time we defcribed this hell, one fpecimen only
had occurred, and that fomewhat worn. We have now
the fatisfattion to fay that, Mr. Bryer has fince favor-
ed us with a live fpecimen, taken with two or three
others, by dredging in the weft bay of Portland. This is
larger, exceeding an inch in length, with thirteen ribs :
the whole. fhell of a yellowifh brown, except between
the jun@ion of the fpires, which is purplifh-brown, and
a white band round the middle of the body whirl, be-
ginning at the upper angle of the aperture, and termi-
nating about the middle of the outer lip; the fame mark
appears in the other, but almoft obfolete: the exterior
lip is fharp at the edge, thickened at the back by a rib,
and fub-crenated within. - This extremely rare Murex,
is one of the moft beautiful of the Bretz/h {pecies.

=e

TROCHUS.

———
Trochus papillofus. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 127.

—<fp—_
TURBO.
—<3>—

T. witha fub-oval, ventricofe fhell, with four fpirally
ridged volutions; the firfk very large, occupying three-
fourth

587

fourths of the fhell: apex not much elevated, but mode-
rately pointed: aperture fub-orbicular; outer lip thin,
fub-crenated by the ridges ; pillar lip broad and {mooth,
imperforated.

Diameter about three-eighths of an inch, ufually as
broad as it is high.

Wereceived a fhell of this defcription from a concho-
logical friend, for the T. obtufatus of LINNZUs; it was
of a dull orange-yellow colour, and was taken on the
coalt of Dor/fet.

Mr. Gisss, who has recently taken at our defire, a
tour of refearch onthecoaft of Cornwall, brought feve-
ral of thefe fhells from the rocks at low water-mark,
near St. Jves.

Thefe agree in every refpeé with that from Dor/fet/hire,
except in colour; fome are dark-purple, with the ridges
white; others greenifh onthe outfide, the infide dark
purplifh-brown, or chocolate-colour: on the body are
ten or eleven, much elevated, fharp ridges, reflecting a
little upwards; on the fecond volution are three or four,
and fometimes the fame on the third, but more common-
ly worn fmooth.

Amongft the variety of littoral fhells that have puz-
zled the moft able teftaceologifts, and which in the com-
Ffff 2 mon

‘e

OcCTANFRACTA
p. 396.

588

mon perriwinkle, T. luttoreus, and T. rudis, differ fo
much at various periods,of growth, that it is no eafy
matter to identify them; this feems to be the molt d:f-

‘tant, without the gradations which might bring it to any

of its congeners; but is certainly not 7. obtw/atus, which
is defcribed to be fmooth, roundifh, and very obtufe; a
fhell we have before, under the article Turbo littoreus,
doubted if not a variety. We muft, however, confefs
that, although we have in part fallen into the opinion of
{cientific friends, in giving this a diftin& place, yet we
are not without fufpicion, that the intermediate links may
be found on fome parts of our coafts, that would con-
neét this with T. lzttoreus, as the varieties of that fhell
in its infant flate are infinite.

—a

HELIX.
=f

In the former part of this work, we referred this fhell
to H. offona of the Britz/h Zoology, but with doubt: we
are indeed almoft inclined to think, the figure of a mu-
tilated fpecimen given in that work, muft be referred to
the Linnean oétona, which the author has quoted, and
in which he had probably been deceived, as to its being
Englifh, as others have.

Mr. PenNANT’s defcription unfortunately conveys lit-
tle or nothing, and a mutilated figure not much more;

, fo

589

fothat we mufl ever remain inthe dark with refpeci to his
intentions; indeed, he feems to have been quite unac-
quainted with any thing relative to the hiftory of the
fhell, as a native of this county, and therefore our
doubts will the more readily be pardoned.

This author has referred to a minute fhell in Guatti-
ERI, tab. 6. fig. B. for his fhell; the Buccznum terreftre
of this work, a fpecies not in the leaft like what is con-
fidered in general by colle¢tors as the H. odfona of Lin-
N&Uus; and yet Gme -in has fallen into the fame error,
by quoting the fame figure in Gua.TieR1, though he
does not notice PENNANT’s fhell.

Doftor Turton, of courfe, has followed Gme.in’s
errors, and has added a reference to PeNNANT’s hell ;
though he has omitted the Bucconum Acicula of Mut-
LER, which the other has as erroneoufly quoted.

The H. oétanfraéta is, as we have before afferted, per-
feétly diftinét from thefe fhells, except that of the Br.
Zoology, and poflibly may be entirely new, as hitherto
we believe it has only been found in one place, and that
in Cornwall, as remarked in the former hiftory of it.

If it really is a new fpecies, the merit of its difcovery
refts with Mr. Gisss, whofe induftrious exertions for
colle@ing, and excellent difcrimination. efpecially of the
more minute fpecies, have tended to enrich thefe fheets.

In

_

590

Yn a recent vifit to the neighbourhood where this fhel
was difcovered in the year 1798, {trict fearch was made,
with a view to afcertain if it had fpread; but although a
great many were obferved of all ages, in the fame muddy
pool, on the fide of the high road, upon the top of a
hill; not one could be found in fimilar fituations, either
contiguous, or in any other parts of the country. From
thefe we renewed our cochlearzum, the firft colony hav-
ing failed, probably from the different nature of the
waters.

ae

ASPERSA. Helix hortenfis. Don. Br. Shells. iv. t. 131.
p. 407.

ALPHA-

a
7
5901
mmm SCS OSE ED DS OOS SISOS S9-——
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
—————
A Page.
Page. Anatiferus Balanus 15
ACICULA Buccinum 248 Anatinus Mytilus 171 582
Aculeata Anomia 157 Angulata Serpula 511
Aculeata Helix 429 Anterifera Lepas 16
Aculeatum Cardium 77 Antiquata Patella 485
Acuminatus Murex 267 Antiguatus Solen 52 565
Acuta ~ Helix $84 436 Antiquus Murex 257
Adverfus Murex 271 || Aperta Bulla 208 583
Adverfus Turbo 226 Apertura Patella 491
fireus Turbo 310 Arbuftorum Helix 413
Akera Bulla 219 Arética Cyprea 201
Alba Maétra 98 Arcuatum Cardium 85
Alba Voluta 2935 Arenaria Mya 30
Alba Helix 459 Arenaria Sabella 552
Alba Nerita 472 Arenaria Chama 30
Albella Helix 457 Arenofa. Anglica Tubularia 540
Albida Patella 439 Argentea Glycymeris 141
Albidus Turbo 299 Afperfa Helix 407 590
Albulus ‘Turbo $32. Atrata Helix 373
4 Albus Chiton 4 Attenuatus Murex 266
Albus Strombiformis 400 Avonenfis Mytilus Ts
Albus Turbo ib. Aurea Venus 129 576
= Albus Planorbis 459 Auricoma Amphitrite 545
} Alveolata Sabella 540 Auricularia Helix 275
r Ambiguum Buccinum 242585 Auricularis Turbo 308
Amnicé Tellina 86

Amnicum Cardiuin ib. B
Ampulla _ Bulla 206 Balanoides Lepas 7
Anatifera Lepas 15 Balanoides Balanus ib.

Balanus

Balanus Lepas
Balzna Balanus
Balzenaris Balanus
Balauitina Tellina
Barbata Area
Barbatus Mytilus
Becca ril Nautilus
Beccariiperverfus Nautilus
Belgica Sabella
Bicarinatus Strombiformis
Bicolor Helix
Bicorne Vermiculum
Bicornis Serpula
Bidens Turbo 357
Bidens Helix .
Bidentata Mya
Bidentata Turbo
Bifatciata Helix
Bifrons Pholas
Bilineatum Buccinum
Bimaculata Tellina
Bimaculata Patella
Biplicatus Turbo
Borealis Tellina
Borealis Venus 96
Borealis Pinna
-Boyiii Mactra
Breve Buccinum
Bryereus Turbo
Bubble Bulla

Bulla Planorbis
Bullata Cypreea

Cc

‘Caerulea Patella
Calcear Nautilus
Canaliculatus ‘Turbo
Canalis ‘Turbo
Cancellata Venus

o> |

i)

Cancellatus
Candida
Candidus
Cantiana
Caperata
Capillaccus
Carinata
Carinata
Carinatulus
Carinatulus
Carinatus
Carinatus
Carinatus
Carinatus
Carnaria
Carneofum
Carychium
Carychium
C affina
Caftanea
Catena
Catena
Catenata
Caudata
Cepa
Chinenfis
Chione
Chryfodon
Ciliare
Cinétum
Cinétus
Cinétus
Cinerarius
Cinereus
Cinereus
Cingenda
Cingillus
Cimex
Cirrata

Page.
Turbo 315
Pholas 25
Pholas 24 558
Helix 422
Helix © 430
Pe&tunculus 116
Helix 451 464
Serpula 502
Nautilus 195
Turbo 831
Peéten 147
Murex 257
Turbo 306
Planorbis 451
Tellina 63 74:
Cardium 74:
Turbo $39
Helix ib.
Venus 113
Donax 573
Cochlea 469
Bulla 215
Voluta 236
Atca 140
Anomia 155
Patella 489
Venus 115
Sabella 546
Cardium 719
Buccinum 246
Turbo 295
Strombiformis 295
Trochus ° 284 286
Trochus 289
Chiton 3
Helix 418
Turbo 328
Turbo 315
Sabella 550

Cirrata

—— re

Cirrata
Clathratulus
Clathratus
Clathrus
Clavatus
Coar&tata
Coeruleata
Communis
Compaétilis
Complanata
Complanata
Comprefla
Comprefla
Conchilega
Conchilega
Conchilega

- Coniferus

Conoides
Conoides
Conoides
Contorta
Contortuplicata
Contortus
Conulus
or
Cornea
Cornea
Cornea ~
Corneum
Corneus

-Cornu arietis

“Cornubienfis —
‘Cornubienlis
Corrugata
Coftata
Coftatum
Coftatus
‘Coftatus

Pace.
Terebella 550
Turbo 297
Strombiformis 296
Turbo ib.
Balanus 10
Helix 445
Patella 477
Balanus 6
Helix 887
Donax 106
Helix 450
Matira 96 570
Sabella 555
Sabella 547
Terebella 545 547
Nereis 544
Turbo 314
Balanus 12
Lepas ~ ib.
Pholas 26
Helix 457
Serpula 509 511
Pianorbis 457

Trochus' 274 2

Chama 134 579
Tellina 86
Helix 448
Serpula 503
Cardium 86
Murex 258
Helix 449
Tellina 10
Lepas

Serpula 502
Lepas 11
Buccinum 265
Balanus 11
Murex 265

Ci

93

Coftatus
Coftatus
Coftatus
Coftatus
Craffa
Cratla
Craffa
Craffior
Craffulus
Craflum
Cratfus
Craffus
Craffus
Crenella
Crenulata
Crinita
Crinitus
Crifpata
Crifpatus »
Crifpus
Crifta galli
Criftata
Criftata
Criltatus
Culteilus
Curtus
Curia
Curviroftratus
Cygneus
Cylindracea
Cylindraceus
Cylindrica

Daétylus
Dealbata
Declivis
Decollatus

Geos
me RePano

Strombus

=] 255
Strombifermis ib.
- Turbo 311 400
Nautilus 199
Tellina 65 567
Venus 65
Helix A5T
Turbo 309
Nautilus 19%
Cardium 80
Pe&unculus 114
Trochus 281
Turbo res |
Helix 441
Donax 104
Arca 138
Chiton 4
Pholas 23
Pholas 23 558
Nautilus 187
Mytilus 166
> Helix .* 460
Valvata ib.
Trochus 349
Solen 52
Mytilus 161
Sabella 554
Mytilus 164
Mytilus 170
Bulla 221 232 584
‘Lurbo 335
Bulla 221

D
Pholas ~° 20558
Mactra 95
Mya 40
_Murex 233
Decuflata

Decuffata
Deculfata
Decuffatum
Decuflatus
Deflorata
Deleétabilis
Dentalis
Deaticulata
Denticulata
Denticulata
Denticulatus
Depretia
Depreila
Depreffa
Depre ‘a
Depreffior
Deprefiulus
Deipectus
Detrita

* Diadema

Diadema
Diaphana
Diicors
Difcors
Ditcors

‘Difcrepans

Diftorta
Diftorta
Diftortus
Divitus
Dolioliformis
Denacina

Dubia

' Duplicatus

E/burneus
Echinatum

Edentula

Venus —
Helix
Butccinum
Turbo
Venus
Helix
Dentalium
Donax
Bulla
Voluta
Turbo
Mya
Tellina
Helix
Patella
Peéfunculus

’ Nautilus

Murex
Helix ~ 4
Balanus
Lepas
Bulla
Tellina
Cardium
Mytilus
Mytilus
Mya *
Oftrea
Pef&en

Turbo
‘Turbo ~

Tellina
Mya
Turbo,
E

‘Turbo
Cardium
Voluta

594

Page: -

124
399
244
322
123
“430
495
104
217
234
315
563

54 56
439
475

Shi
78 568
204

Eduale
Edulis
Edulis
Elegans
Elegans
Elegantiffimus
Elongata
Elongatum
Emarginata
Enfis
Entalis
Ephippium
Erica
Ericetorum
Erinaceus
Erycina
Erythroleucos
Exafperatus
Exiguum
Exiguus
Exeleta
Exoletus

' Faba

Fabula
Fafciata
Fafciata
Fafciatus
Fafeiatus
Fafciatus
Fafcicularis
Fafcicularis

Fautia

-Ferroenfis

Ferventis
Fiffura
Fiffurella

Flexuofa

. Page.
Cardium + 76 569
Ofirea 151

Mytilus 159 581

Nerita 842
Turbo 333 342
Turbo 298
Lepas 10°
Cardium 82
Bulla 216
Solen 48
Dentalium 494
Anomia 155
Helix 437
Helix ib
Murex 259
Venus bie
Trochus 5 ha
Trochus ib.
Cardium 82
Trochus yy,
Venus 116
Turbo Soe)
F

Pholas 233
Tellina 61
C ochlea 411
Helix 446

Peftunculus , 110

Cuneus 128
Turbo 346
Chiton sid
Lepas 557
Tellina 64
Tellina 55
Tellina ib.
Patella 490
Patella’ . 491
‘Tellina “22

Fluviatile

\

Fluviatile
Fluviatilis
Fluviatilis
Fluviatilis
Foliatus
Fontana

_Fontinalis

Fontinalis
Foffaria
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fragilis
Fulgidus
Butea >
Fui{catus
Fafcus
Fuicus

Gadus
Gallina
Gallina
Glaber
Glaber
Glaber
Glaber
Glabra
Glabrum
Glabrum.
Glauca
Glaucina.
(slobofa
Globolfum
Glutinola
Giutinofum

Cardium
Nerita
Patella
Ancylus
Cuneus
Helix —
Bulla
Turbo
Helix
Solen
Mactra
Pinna
Tellina
Trochus
Helix
Turbo
Helix
Murex
Trochus

Turbo
G

Dentalium
Trigonella
Venus
Peétuncnlus
Pecten
‘Turbo
Strombiformis
Helix
Buccinum
Dentalium
Maétre.
Nerita
Helix

_ Vermiculum

Helix

Buceinum

- @
PRs a

Glycymeris
Gracile
Gracilis
Granatun
Granulata
Granulata
Granulata
Greeca °

Haliotoidea
Helicinus
Hepaticum
Heterefiropha
Heteroftrophon
Hians

Hians

Hifpida
Hortenfis
Hungarica
Hydetis
Hypnorum

Imbricatus
Imperforatum
Inzequivalvis
Ineequivalvis.
Incarnata
lucurvata
Incurvatum
Tncurvatus
Ingens
Interru ptus
Interftinéius
Intertexta
Intertextus
Intorta

ggg

Page.
Arca 136
Baccinum 258
Murex 267
Trochus B75
Venus 122
Serpula 500
Sabella 544.
Patella 492
H
Bulla 211 583
‘Turbo 441
Buccinum 243
Serpula 503
Buccinum 228
holas 20
Maétra 101
Helix © 420 423
Helix 408 412
Patella 436
Bulla 217- 584
Bulla 223
I
Planorbis 464
Dentalium 496
Mya 38
Teéllina 75
Tellina 55. 63
Serpula 518
Vermiculum 518
Mytilus 160
Pinna 180: 583
Turbo 329
‘Turbo 324
Lepas 12
Balanus ab.
Patella , 477
Tntortum

Intortum
Intricata
drus
Tlandica
Ttala

Jacobzea
Jacobzeus
Jacobi
Jaculator
Jonentfis
Jugofus
Jugofus
Juniperi

Labiata
Labiofa
Lackhamentis
Lattea
La&lea
Lattea
Laéteum
Laéteus
Lacuna
Lacuttre
Lacutftris
Lacuftris
Lacuftris
Lacufiris
Lacuftris
Leta
Leve
_Lizeve
Levigata
Levigata
Leevigatulus
Levigatum

Vermiculum
Serpula

Donax 108
Venus

Helix

i
Oltrea
Pectten
Peélen
Nerita
Voluta
Nautilus
Turbo
Turbo

L

Turbo
Helix

Helix
Tellina
Area
Serpula
Vermiculum
Turbo
Helix
Cardium
Tellina
Nautilus
Nevita
Patella 432
Ancylus
Tellina 57
Buecinunr
Vermiculum
Donax
Helix
Nautilus
Cardium

Leavis
Levis
Leevis
Levis
Lzevis
Lagena
Laminatus
Lapicida
Lapillus

Larve reticulata

Legumen
Legumen
Lignaria
Lignorum
Limbata
Limofa
Lincina
Lin&a
Linearis
Lineata
Lineata
Lineatum
Lineatus
Lineatus
Lineatus
Lifteri
Lifteri
Litterata
Littoralis
Littoreus
Lobata
Lobatulus
Longiufculum
Lubrica
Lucida
Lucida
Lucorum
Lumbricalis
Lutea

Chiton
Peéten
Oitrea |
Turbo
Patella
Serpula
Turbo
Helix
Buccinum
Patella
Solen
Nautilus
Bulla
Pholas
Helix
Helix
Turbo
Venus
Murex
Oltrea
Helix
Buccinum
Trochus
Turbo
Peéten
Mattra

_ Trochus

Venus
Nerita
Turbo
Serpula
Nautilus
Buccinum
Helix
Helix
Serpula
Helix
Sabella
Helix

$77 (385

281 234

147 579

124 127

Lutyraria

2

Lutraria

Macula
Maculata
Magna
Magnum
Magus
Margaritifera
Marginatum
Marginatus
Marginatus
Marica
Marica fpuria
Matthioli
Maxima
Maximus
Medium
Membranaceus
Membranaceus
Mercenaria
Militaris
Minima
Mimimum
Minimum
Minuta
Minuta
Minuta
Minutiflimus
Minutum

Minutus
Mitrula
Modiolus
Modiolus
Monotis
Muricata
Muricatulum

; a“
Maétra

M ;
Buccinum
Tellina
Chama
Buccinum
Trochus
Mya
Vermiculum
Chiton
Solen
Venus
Venus
Mufculus
Oftrea
Peéten
Cardium
Peétunculus
Helix
Venus
Patella
Venus
Buccinum 241
Carychium
Arca
Helix
Serpula
Murex
Buccinum 241
250
Solen
Patella
Arca
Mytilus
Peéten
Pinna
Cardium

33

178

|

Muricatus
Muricatus
Mutcorum

Neevia
Nana
Nanus
Naffiavientfis
Navalis
Navicula
Nautileus
Nautileus
Nautiloides
Nebula
Nebulofa
Nemoralis
Neritoidea
Neritoides
Nitens
Nitida
Nitidiflima
Nitidiflimus
Nitidus
Nivotus
Noz
Nodofum
Novacula
Nucleata
Nucleus
Nucleus
Nux

Obliquus
Oblonga
Oblonga
Oblongum

Pholas
Murex
Turbo

N
Helix
Helix
Pholas
Trochus
Teredo -
Bulla
Helix
‘Turbo
Serpula
Murex
Venus
Helix
Helix
Turbo
Helix
Helix
Helix
‘Turbo
‘Turbo
Turbo
Arca
Cardium
Solen
Helix
Arca’.
Turbo
Cardium

19

O
Nautilus
Mya
Patella
Vermiculum

Oblon

gum

Oblongum
Obdicura
Obioleta
Obioletus
Obtula
Obturatus

Optulilfimum

Obtululum
Obvoluta
Octanfratta
Octona
Opervcularis
Opercularis
Orbicularis
Ovalis
Ovalis
Ovata
Ovata

Painted
Pallida
Pallida
Pallidula
Pallidulus
Pallidus
Paludofa
Paluftris
Paphia
Papillaris
Papillofus
Patula *
Patulus
Parva
Parva
Parva
Parvunr
Parvus

Cardium
Helix
Oftrea
Petten
Balla
Turbo

;
Buecinum

Buccinum 248

Helix

aA
ellxX

Petten

“Oltrea

Glycymeris
Mya "
Turbo
Mya

Venus .

aie

Turbo
Bulla
Voluta
Nerita
Nerita
Turbo |
Helix
Helix

._ Venus

Helix
Trochus
Bulla
“Turbo
Chama
Cochlea
Patella
Cardium
Pholas

396
Helix QA9

Parvus
Parvus
Parvus
Peétinata
Pediculus
Pellucida
Pellucida
Pellucida
Pellucida
Pellucidus
Pellucidus
Pellucidus
Penicillus
Perdix
Peregra
Perforans
Perforata
Perforatum
Perlucidum
Perverfus
Perverfus
Perverfus
Pervium

Pes Pelecani

Petraa
Pholadia
Pictorum
Pidius
Pidtus

Pileus merionis

major
Pilofa
Pinna
Piperata
Pifana
Pifcinalis
Pifcinalis
Pitiformis

tt

Page.

Peéten 149
Turbo 310
Trochus 279
Pinna 178
Cypraea 200 201
Mactra 95
Helix 425
Nerita 472
Patella 477
Solen 49 565
Mytilus 160
Turbo 322
Sabella 541
Buccinum 244,
Helix Sia
Venus Lei;
Serpula 519

Vermiculum 6519
Vermiculum 525
Turbo 355 357 359
Helix 857
Strombif. S357 .362
Vermiculuin 518

Strombus 25S
Helix 403
Mya 28559
Mya 34 35 36
Peéten 145
Turbo 319
\ Patella A486
Arca 136
Solen 566
Maétra 98
Helix 415
Helix 349
Nerita ib.
‘Tellina. , 84

Plana
Planata
Planorbis
Plebeia
Plicatus
Plumula
Polita
Polita
Politus
Pomaria
Poiatia
Porcatum
Porcatus
Precifus
Pratenuis
Pretenuis
Proficua
Pubefcens
Pullaftra
Pullus
Pullus
Punttata

- Punétatus
Pundiatus
Pun@ura
Punicez
Purpureus
Purpuro
Pulilla
Pufilla
Pulilla
Pufio
Putio
Putris
Pygmeeum

Quadrifafciatus

Trigonella
‘Tellina

Helix 450 451 4

Donax
‘Turbo

Bulla

Helix
Tellina
Turbo
Helix
Helix
Buccinum
Balanus
Mytilus
Mya
Chama
Tellina
Mya
Venus
Buccinum
‘Turbo
Bulla
Turbo
Balanus
Turbo
Tellina
Murex
Buccinum
Helix
Vertigo
Nerita
Oftrea
Pecien
Helix
Cardium

O

> 1
Turbo

214

2Za5 2

240

373

599

QOuadrifidus

Radiata
Radiata
Radiata
Radicula
Radula
Reétus
Reflexa
Reflexus
Regulbienfis
Remies
Refiliens
Refupinata
Reticulata
Reticulata
Reticulata
Reticulatum
Reticulatus

Reticulatus -

Reticulatus
Reticulatus
Retitormis
RKetorta
Retortum
Reverta
Rhomboides
Rigida
Rivalis
Rivulus
Rotundata
Rotundata
Ruber
Rubra
Rubrum
Radis
Redis

Page.
Aporrhais 255
bet
Tellina 55 94.
Trigonella 94.
Helix 432
Nautilus 197
Tellina 68 567
Nautilus 197
Serpula 506
Turbo 342
Bulla 993
Tellina ~ 64
Bulla 219
Helix 444
Tellina 67
Helix 444
Patella 492
Buccinum 240
Cuneus 14
Murex 272
Strombiformis _ 1b.
‘Turbo 329,
Turbo 330
Serpula 524
Vermiculum Fils
Serpula 508
Venus 129
Tellina 65°
Tellina §6 37
Turbo 331
Tellina® 71
Helix AS2
Turbo 320
‘Tellina 63
Cardium 83
Turbo S04
~ Sabella AT

Rufefcens

Rufefcens Cochlea
Rufefcens Helix
Rufefcens cantiana Helix
Rufus Murex
Rugofa Venus
Rugofus Balanus
Rugofus Mytilus
Rupiun Turbo
Rullicum Cardium
S
Sandvicenfis Turbo
Scalpellum Lepas
Scriptus ‘Turbo
Segmentinus Nautilus
Semicoftatus Turbo
Semilituus Nautilus
Seminulum Serpula
Semiftriata Tellina
Septangularis Murex
Septemvalvis Chiton
Sericea Helix
Setiformis Sabella
Sexdentatus Turbo
Shepeianus Turbo
Siliqua Solen
Similis Helix
Similts Planorbis
Sinenfis Patella
Siniftrorfa Serpula
.Sinuofa Venus
Sinuofus Murex
Solen Chama
Solida Maétra
Solidula ‘Tellina
Soluta Bulla
-Soluta magna Bulla
Soluta parva Bull«

72

600

Spheerica
Spheerica
Spinifera
Spinofa
Spinulofa
Spiralis
Spirilum
Spirorbis
Spirorbis
Spirorbis
Squalida
Squamofus
Squamoium
Squamula
Stagnalis
Stagnorum
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striata
Striatula
Striatulus
Striatulus
Striatum
Striatum
Striatum
Striatum
Striatus
Striatus
Striatus
Striatus
Striatus
Strigatus
Strigatus
Stultorum
Subarcuatulus

=

Page.

Helix 389
Nerita 8 Tabs
Venus 577
Helix A6bA
Helix A29
Turbo 323
Serpula 499
Helix A55
Planordis sea) ae
- Serpula 498
Tellina 56
Solen : 565
Vermiculum 526
Anomia 156
Helix 367 371
Helix 390
Lepas 12
Pholas 26
Tellina 60
Anomia 157
Oftrea 153
Helix AA5
Venus 113
Peétunculus 1b.
‘Turbo 306
Oftrea (153
Buccinum - 237
Dentalium A95
Vermiculum 523
Balanus 2)
Pholas_*~ 26 559
Mytilus 13
Trochus 278

‘Turbo 312, $42
Peétunculus L112

Turbo 331
Ma@ra 935 94 57
Nautilus 196

Subzrcuatus

‘

Subarcuatus
Subarcuatus
Subcarinata
Subcordata
Subcylindrica
Subcylindrica
Subluteus
Suborbicularis
Subrotundum
Subrufus
Subrufus
Subrufus
Subtruncata
Subtruncata
Subtruncatus
Subumbilicatus
Succinea
Sulcata
Sulcata
Sulcata
Sulcatus

‘TYenebrofus
‘Tentaculata
‘Tenuis

‘Tenuis

Tenuis
Terebra
Terebra
Teredo
Terreftre
Terreftris
Textrix
Thermalis
Tigerina
‘Tintinnabulum
‘Tintinnabulum

Nautilus
Turbo
Helix
Venus
Helix
Sabella
Turbo
Mya
Vermiculum
Oftrea
Pecten
Turbo
Mattra
Trigonella
Turbo
Turbo
Helix
Lepas
Venus
Serpula
Peétunculus

92

T
‘Turbo

Helix

Tellina

Mara
Trochus 275
‘Turbo
Strombiformis
Serpula
Buccinum
Trochus

Venus

_ Turbo

Venus
Balanus
Lepas

10

Page. Page.
198 Tornatilis Voluta 231
333 Tortuofa Ayca 139
438 Trachea Dentalium 497
121 Trianfractus Turbo 877
393 Triangularis Ma@ra 99
552 Triangularis Venus 577
310 Tridens Turbo 338
39 Tridens Helix 333
521 Trifafciata Tellina 55
145 Trifafciatus Turbo 327
ib. Triquetra Serpula 509 511
334 Trochiformis Helix 427
570 Trochulus Helix ib.
93 Truncata Chama 32
300 Truncata Mya 32
316 Truncata Bulla 223
377 Truncatula Helix 300
17 Truncatus Cuneus 104
131 . Truncatus Peéunculus 131
500 | Truncatus Murex 265
113 | | Truncatus Turbo 300
‘Trunculus Donax 103
| Tubercularis Murex 270
303 Tuberculata Haliotis A473
389 Tuberculatus Turbo 269
59 Tuberculatum Cardium 77 568
572 Tuberculatus Trochus 283
586 Tubiformis Sabella 544.
293 Tubularia Serpula 513
293 Tubularia melit. Corallina 541
527 Tubulata Helix 446
248 Tumidus Trochus 280
987 Tumidus ‘Turbo 342
127 Tunica Cepzz Anomia 155
349 Turricula Murex 262
119 Turritus Planorbis 228
11 Turturum Helix 420
10
Hhhh Vagina

602 7
Page
V Vulgaris Mytilus 159
/ me Vulgaris Cochlea 408
Vagina Solen 43 565 Vulgaris Haliotis 473
Varia Ofirea 146 Vulgaris Patella 475
Variabilis Tellina 54 Vulgata Patella ib.
Variegata Tellina 69 Vulgatum Buccinum 240
Variegata Helix 446
Variegatus Turbo 295 ~ Cue
Varius Peflen 146 Ulvez Turbo. 318
Ventilabrum Amphitrite 541 Ulvee Helix ib.
Ventrofus Turbo 317 Umbilicalis Trochus 286
Vermicularis Serpula’ 509 511 Umbilicaris Trochus ib.
Verruca _Lepas 12 Umbilicata Bulla 229
Verrucofa Venus 1S Umbilicata Helix 434
Vefpertinus Solen 54 Umbilicatulus Nautilus 191
Vertigo ‘Turbo 363 Umbilicatus Mytilus 164
Vertigo Helix ib. Umbilicatus Trochus 286
Vetula Peftunculus © 110 Umbilicatus Helix 457
Vinétus Turbo 307 Umbilicatus Planorbis 450
Virgata Helix 415 || Undata Tellina -71
Virgata Cochlea ib. Undata ‘Venus 117 574
Virginea Venus 128 576 Undatum Buccinum 237 585
Vittatus Cuneus 103 Undulata Anomia 157
Vitrea Serpula 507 Ungarica Patella 486
Vitreus Turbo 321 Ungulinus Mytilus 582
Vivipara Helix 386 Ungulinus Turbo 293
-Vivipara Cochlea 387 Unicus Turbo 299
Vivipara Nerita ib. Unidentatus Turbo 324
Voluta » Cyprea 2038 Unifafciata Cochlea 414
Vortex Helix A454 Unifafciatus Turbo S27
Vortex Planorbis sib. Unitpiralis Helix 443
Vulgare Cardium 76 Urn Vermiculum 525
Vulgare Buccinum a7 1
Vulgare Dentalium’ = 494 ae Z
Vulgare Otirea 151 Ziziphinus Trochus 274
Vulgaris Balanus ay Zonaria Trigonella 92
Vulgaris Petten 143 Zonaria Helix 415 418

EXPLA-

i

a ee ae ee ee

~f
7~

0035
a2 95 OOOO OO <P> OOS LHA90225e————

EXPLANATIONS

OF THE

Abbreviated Names of the principle Authors referred to.

Adams Microfc.
Bafter.

Borlafe Cornw.
Born. Mus.
Br. Zool.

Chem. Conch.
&
Martini Conch.

Dale.

—>—-

Effay on the Microfcope, &c. by George Adams, with con-
fiderable additions and improvement, by Frederick Kanmak-
er, F. L. S. Second edition; 4to. London, 1798.

Job. Bafteri. Opufcula Subfeciva. Harlem, 1754, Ato.

William Borlafe. The Natural Hiftory of Cornwall. Ox-
ford, 1758. Fol.

Born, Ignatius 4. Teftacea Mufei Caefarei Vindobonenfis.
Vindobonz, 1780.

Britifh Zoology, 4th vol. by Thomas Pennant, 4to. & 8vo.
Edition 4. London, 1777.

New Syftem of Conchology, in German, by F. H. W. Mar-
tini, and J. H. Chemnitz, xi. Ato. Nurenburgh, 1769,
and Copenhagen, 1788.

Samuel Dale. Natural Hiftory of the Sea Coaft and Country

about Harwich, fubjoined to Taylor’s Hiftory and Antiqui-
ties of Harwich. London, 1732. Ato.

Don.

Don. Br. Shells.

Da Cofta

Ellis Coral.

Ellis Zooph.

Faun. Suec.

Favan.

Ginel. Syft.

Gualt.

Lin. Syft.

Ling Trans.

604A
The Natural Hiftory of Britifh Shells, with coloured figures,
by E. Donovan, F. L. S. London, 1799, 1803. 8vo.

Britifh Conchology, by E. Mendez Da Cofta. London;
Mos ator

Natural Hiftory of the Corallines, and other Marine Produéti-
ons of the like kind, commonly found on the coaft of Great
Britain and Ireland, by John Ellis, F. R. S. London;
1755. Ato.

Natural Hiftory of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes,
colleéted from various parts of the Globe, by the late John
Ellis, F. R. S. &c. Syftematically arranged, and defcribed
by the late Daniel Solander, M.D. F. R.S. &c.. with 62
plates. London, 1786. 4to.

Caroli Linnzi Fauna Suecica. Holm. 1761. Svo.

La Conchyliologie, ou Hiftoire Naturelle des Coquilles de mer,
d’eau douce, terreftres et fofliles, de M. Deflallier D’ Argen-
ville, troifieme edition, par M. M. de Favanne, de Mont-
cervelle, Pere & Fils. iii. 4to. lxxx. tab. Paris, 1780.

Linnezi Syftema Nature. Edit.13. a J. F. Gmelin. Lip-
fie, 1788. 8vo.

Nic. Gualtieri Index Teftarum Conchyliorum que adfervan-
tur in Mufeo. Tab. cx. Florentiz, 1742. Fol.

‘Caroli Linnzi Syftema Nature. Edit. 12. Holm. 1767.
8vo.

TranfaGtions of the Linnzan Society. London.
Lifter

Lifter Angl.

Lifter Conch.

Muller.

Petiv.

Phil. Trans.
‘Planc. Conch.

Pult. Cat. Dorfet.

Schroet. Erdconch.

Schroet. Flufconch.

Swammerd.

605

Martini Lifteri Hiftoriae Animalium Angliz, Tres Traétatusy
London, 1678. 4to. .

Martini Lifteri Hiftoria five Synopfis Methodicze Conchyliorum
et Tabularum Anatomicarum, Editio altera. Recenfuit e¢
indicibus auxit, Gulielmus -Huddesford. Oxonii, 1770.

Fol.

O. F. Mulleri, Vermium terreftrium & fluviatilium, Animalium
Infuforiorum, Helminthicorum & ‘Teftaceorum, non mari-
norum, fuccinéta Hiftoria. Hann. & Lips. 1773. 4to.

Jac. Petiveri, Gazophylacium Nature & Artis, Decades De-
cem. London, 1702. Fol.

Philofophical Tranfaétions of the Royal Society of London. —

Planci, Jani. Liber de Conchis minus Notis, in Littore Ari-
minenfi. Editio altera, Roma, 1760. 4to.

Catalogues of the Birds, Shells, and fome of the more rare -
Plants of Dorfetfhire, from the new and enlarged edition
of Mr. Hutchins’s Hiftory of that County, by Richard
Pulteney, M.D... Rv Ss) S&F... S;

Defcription of the Land Shells found about Thangelftedt in
Germany, by Johann Samuel Schroeter. Berlin. 1771.
Ato. German.

Defcription of the Frefh-water Shells of Thuringia in Germa-
ny, by Johann Samuel Schroeter, 4to. 1779. German.

Swammerdam’s Book of Nature, or the Hiftory of Infeéts, by

John Hill, M.D. London, 1758. Fol.

da urt.

-

606 :

Syftem of Nature, tranflated from Gmelin’s laft edition of the
celebrated Syftema Nature of Sir Charles Linné, by Wil-
liam Turton, M. D. Swanfea, 1800, 1803.° Svo,

Lurt. Lan,

y Walk. Min. Shells, Teftacea minuta rariora nuperrime deteéta in arena littoris Sand-
vicenfis, 4 Gul. Boys, by G. Walker. 4to. London, 1784.

FINIS. -

Hollis, Printer, Romfey.

—=7 4 SS] LL |S 98s e=a——

INDEX to the PLATES.

I,
1 Mya __— Diftorta
2 Mya Pretenuis -
3 Lepas Scalpellum
4 Solen Minutus
5 Balanus Punétatus .
6 Lepas Sulcata

di Pholas Parvus

TES
ye Tellina Radula
3 Tellina Rotundata

4 Tellina LaStea
Tl.
4 Venus Subcordata
2 Cardium arcuatum
3 Venus Minima
4 Venus __ Defllorata
5 Maétra Triangularis
6 Venus Perforans
7 Maétra Boyfii
IV.
1 Venus Tigerina

2 Mytilus Preecifus

NOOPhONW

~®OnW D orb 100

NA oO hpPwWNW FE

Arca
Pecten
Anomia
Anomia

Maétra
Donax
Pinna
Donax |

Cypreea
Voluta
Nautilus
Nautilus
Nautilus
Helix
Cypreea

Bulla
Bulla
Bulla
Bulla
Bulla
Bulla
Bulla

Noz
Leevis
Aculeata
Undulata

VV Wes
Dealbata
Plebeia
Muricata
Complanata

VI.
Bullata
Catenata
Lacuftris
Radicula
Subarcuatus
Fontana
Voluta

VII.
Ampulla
Cylindracea
Obtufa
Umbilicata
‘Truncata
Haliotoidea
Catena

106

202

203

2 306

221
223
222
223
ot!

215

Oboe to

OxrADaAAWON

NSOOHhWN He

meOAAGCSO HHH eH

Page, Page.
Bulla Diaphana 225 10 Helix Spinulofa 499
Helix Subcarinata 4338 11 Helix Caperata 430 -
12 Turbo Perverfus 355
VIII.
Buccinum Hepaticum 243 XII.
Bue. Minimum 247 1 Turbo Nitidiffimus 299
Buc. Terretire 948 2 Turbo + Unicus 321
Buc. Macula 241 3 Turbo ' Vitreus ib.
Bue. Perdix 244 4 Turbo Decuffatus 322
5 Turbo Punétura 320
Lp 6 Turbo Vertigo 363
Murex = Turricula 262 7 Turbo Cingillus 328
Murex Muricatus, ib. 8 Turbo Sexdentatus 337
Murex Purpureus 260 9 Turbo Spiralis 323
Murex Linearis 261 10“Turbo — Interflinétus 324;
Murex _—_ Septangularis 268 11 Turbo Canalis 309
Murex Attenuatus 266 12 Turbo Juniperi 340
Buccinum Ambiguum 242 13 Turbo Ventrofus a1F
Murex Sinuolus. 264
XIII.
»& t Helix Futca 424
Turbo Subtruncatus $00 2 Helix Umbilicata 434
Turbo Elegantiflimus 298 3 Helix Crenella 441
Trochus ‘Tenuis 275 4 Patella Chinenfis 489
Trochus Tumidus 280 § Helix Depreffa 439
Turbo Striatulus 306 * 6 Helix Lucana 428
Turbo Coftatus Sita 7 Helix Labiola 400
Turbo Truneatus 300 8 Patella Bimaculata 489,
S Patella Antiquata 485
XI. 10 Patella Apertura. 49}
Helix Detrita 384 11 Patella Militaris 488
Turbo ‘Tridens 338
Helix Lackhamenfis 394, XIV.
Turbo Laminatus ; 359 1 Vermiculum Urnz 425
Turbo Biplicatus 361 2 Vermiculum Squamofum 526
Turbo Labiata 362 3 Vermiculum Perlucidum 595
‘Turbo Bidens 357 4 Nautilus Jugofus 198
Helix O€tanfraGta 396 5 Nautilus Cottatus 199
Helix Trochiformis 427 6 Nautilus Radicula Te.

7 Dentalium
8 Monoculus

Gadus

9 Vermiculum Oblongum

10 Dentalium

Buccinum
Turbo
Solen
Nautilus
Murex
Murex
Helix
Turbo
Bulla

OMNIA MHP WY BH

Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix
Helix

QOwuexrnouw»ruwohd re

i"

Trachea

x V.
Cin&um
Coniferus
Pinna
Calcar
Gracilis
Nebula
Decuflata
Bryereus
Plumula
|
De ViES

Limofa
Auricularia
Peregra
Putris
Glutinofa
Lutea
Fragilis_
Stagnalis.
Foffaria
Paluftris

—<_P-—

VIGNETTE I.

—_

ts

Nn. ©

~~)

Bulla hydatis, natural fize, p. 217..
Ditto, with the anterior part of the

animal, and lateral fin-like mein:
. branes protruded.

oo

mal. Natural fize.

The gizzard or ttomach of the ani-

4. Ditto, as it appears when firft ex-
tra&ted from the animal, magni-
fied ; fhewing the tipsof the plates
A. A. A. covered by a thin mem-
brane, and furrounding mufcular
integument, thickened at- the
upper part B.

C The part attached to the mouth,
with the Oefophagus, or gullet,
communicating with the gizzard.

D. The inteftinal, or alimentary ca-
nal.

5. The gizzard laid open at its anteri-
or end, fhewing the three corru-
gated, corneous plates, E. E. E.
with their conneéling ligaments
F. magnified.

6 A plate of ditto of its natural fize.

7 Helix criftata, natural fize, p. 460.

8 Ditto, with the anterior part of its
animal protruded, as in the act
of crawling, magnified

VIGNETTE. If.

1 Bulla aperta, natural fize, p. 208.
.2 Animal of ditto, with the fhell con-
cealed under the pofterior fhield A

3 The gizzard, of its natural fize,
compofed. of three tetlaceous
plates, fhewing the {maller plate
B. with the connecting ligament
Cc.

4 Another view of the gizzard, fhew-
ing the two larger plates D. D.
with their connecting ligament.

E. The gullet. F. The alimentary
canal.

5 Animal of Bulla plumula, p. 214.

G. Its protruded foramen. H. H. the
lower lamina, or border of the
fuftentaculum.

I. The upper lamina, under the mid-
dle of which the fhell is conceal-
ed. K. A plumofe feeler. -L.
the tentacula, at the bafe of which
the eyes are placed,

—<$—<—<$<<—$

6 Animal of Bulla haliotoidea, p. Sig,

~

M. The membranaceous thiel: ;
under which the fhell is co ;
ed. N. a finus, through which
an appendage, or arm, 1s fome-
times protruded. O. The tentas
cula, at the bafe of which the eyes. my
are placed.

A)

®

— ———
@
-
Ae
.
~

*
~
=e
*
ay” >
bbe!
ut ab
Be
' r
.'? 7

1 st
i
« “>
te
.
+
’
*
xi
,
‘
:
i
J
7
s
®
<
’
a
:
7
A se
Fm
«
ew Oy pe ng ty
= ome
- wy
‘
e
7
~~
eas
&”~ (
‘i

) ele 7 Sieh

i

eH elt yup,

9

v

a

ti

aa

r
= J A 7
=
; ; 4 v
a. - ‘d =
* 7
+
i ® 1
i
=
6 a
1 im > a
-_
e
‘ Ce
we :
- I
* ay
_— ai =
a 7 ° ; ‘
: ‘
® -
‘
1
= j
‘ = =
a
7 i
f 1
on ‘
Lag

48

7

“

785

YY
NS

7

f

j

-

“ ‘ a a May .
gato pl Gs

- oe,’

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

AIT

3 9088 01348 6832