a \/ OCONCHOLOGIST VOLUME XXII NO, 1 ISSN 0885-1263 | CALIFORNIA || ACADEMY OF SCIENCES |} OCT 2 2 1963 | D danacy OCTOBER, 1985 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the. official publication of the Houston Conchol- ogy Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. It is distributed as part of the dues to all members. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays’ of the follow- ing months: August, September , October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. are held at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Caroline Street in Hermann Park, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas members will be charged additional postage. Only one copy will be mailed a family membership. Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June 1 through May 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but will receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by- laws. RATES AND DUES Family membership Single membership Student membership Single Issues Extra sets mailed members (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Odé Emily R. Oakes Jan Hobbs 512-452-7794 473-5296 1 (713) 585-3031 3319 Big Bend Drive 3207 Flamborough Rt. 4, Box 500 Austin, Texas 78731 Pasadena, Texas 77503 Alvin, Texas 77511 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from ama~ teurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands of the Editor the first day of the month preceding publication dates. Photos accompanying such material are welcomed. TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1965 A POT OF ‘GREEN’ By JAN HoBBs Ordinarily I am not one to go chasing after a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. However, from time to time I do make exceptions; this is an account of one. My husband, Lonnie, and I were invited to accompany my parents on a vacation to the beautiful state of Hawaii in April, 1985. Lonnie has talked of wanting to see the islands for a long time, so we just couldn't pass up the opportunity. I began to read all I could about the history, geography, tourist attractions, and of course, the shell fauna of our destination. In an old National Geographic I came upon mention of a sight that intrigued me. The more I thought about it the more I became deter- mined to see it. The author mentioned a laborious trek on the Big Island of Hawaii to see a beach of green sand. Now we have all heard of the beaches of black sand, and Lonnie and I have seen beaches from tan to sugar white, but green? I read page after page of guide books looking for the specific loca- tion, because the magazine article described it in general terms. Exactly how to get there eluded me. Then in a new issue of the Hawaiian Shell News was an article about a gentleman on the Big Island who invited visitors to view his extensive shell collection. Feeling confident that here was someone who would know what I sought, I wrote to him. Alas, he had never even heard of such a place, but he was so kind and helpful that he investigated and sent to me a copy of the directions to this "pot of gold". Without his help, I expect we would never have seen it. (Our visit with him is another whole story.) With only two days to spend on the Big Island, we had to "make tracks". One of those days I just had to see the famous volcano Kilauea, but the second was reserved strictly for searching for the green sand. There were two choices: the first was to hike two or more miles in the sun and heat with no shade to be found; the second was to rent a four-wheel-drive jeep. We were not opposed to walking, but because of the time and distance restrictions, the jeep seemed the wisest choice. We were able to rent one, and at 5 a.m. we were off on one of the finest adventures of our vacation. Our destination lay at the southern tip of the island, and we had spent the night on the other side at Hilo. A steady rain made us question the wisdom of our journey, but once we crested Kilauea, the day was clear and beautiful. We had little difficulty finding the famous Ka Lae, the southernmost point in the United States, but from there the going got rough. There is certainly no way one could make the trip without a jeep (other than walking), and most of the time I could walk as fast as the jeep could drive. At times I chose to walk to rest my body from the jolting. The "path" crossed at least two old lava flows. Driving across the lava reminded me of climbing a rough mountain full of boulders, except this lay basically horizontal. Back of the sea lay the unexpected dry barrenness characteristic of the leeward side of the islands we saw. Driving was so slow and so rough we questioned the validity of our odometer reading. The distance was fairly crucial, as the directions said it was easy to miss the green TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 sand if one wasn't careful. The coastline was a continuous mass of lava meeting the sea, so we regularly walked down to check for signs of green sand. At last, there it lay before us. “Beach” is not really an accurate term for what we found, so we will continue to wonder if we really found the right place, but considering the harshness of the trail and shortness of time, we decided to settle for what we found. The “sand” lay in pockets in the lava. The color was an avocado green, and the composi- tion was really green crystals, not sand. But what an interesting sight to see pockets of the green stuff lying against the black lava. The lava in the area was spotted with green crystals embedded in it. Erosion by the sea had broken the crystals free and deposited them in masses upon the shoreline. Surprisingly, there was little of the black lava ground up in it, so I could only surmise that the crystals were more durable than the black substance we think of as lava. We sat and enjoyed the rugged beauty and tranquility of this place. There was no other sign of human activity or noise. The vast blue waves curled in to provide a most peaceful setting. Before long, I had to start searching for a mollusk or two. We cared little if the spray got too close or our clothes got a little dirty, for the search was on. There lodged in a crevice was a giant Cypraea that Lonnie managed to work loose. It was scarred and battered, so we left him in what we hoped was a safe place to continue his existence. I turned over any loose rocks I could manage, but there were not very many. Finally I was rewarded with the first Cypraea I had ever found. There in a depression on the underside of the lava rock were two Cypraea caputserpentis, all shiny and beautiful. One was noticeably larger than the other. (This was the pattern of subsequent finds of the cowries: usually two together and one larger than the other.) There was very little drift in the area, but an occasional deposit of broken shells yielded a few small specimens that were new and lovely to us. We stayed as long as we dared, but our scheduled flight out of Hilo was the last of the day, and we didn't want to miss it. The return drive included a stretch of road construction, so the jeep and every- thing inside was layered with dust. We arrived at the airport with only a few minutes to spare, looking windblown, bedraggled, and dirty, but you should have seen the smiles on our faces! That day was perhaps the most memorable of our shelling experiences and one we will cherish. Our thanks are to Rocky Chibana, without whose help we might never have found the “pot of green" at the end of my rainbow. TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 VACATIONING IN THE DUMP AND THE PIT By Lucy CLAMPIT AND EMILY OAKES Ever dream of spending your vacation at a dump? Or ina pit? Try it. You'll like it. Quite a few HCS members did this summer. At the end of May, Jerry and Lucy Clampit went to Orlando, Florida to visit members Dave and Lucille Green. Port Canaveral, home of the famous scallop dump, is only an hour drive from Orlando. Emily and Bill Oakes and Freya and Donald Oates journeyed to Orlando and Canaveral in August. Dave and Lucille Green accompanied them to the dump and the river dock area. They made two trips there, en route to Sanibel and en route home, with a weekend visit to the Sarasota fossil pit. Lucy said the dump was closed to collectors and guarded during the day, so their first stop was at the boat docks. The crew members on the scallop boats consider most shells to be junk. Sometimes they save the big shells or throw them on the dock. Some gave them shells; others sold shells to them for “beer and cigarette” money. Lucy said they were able to obtain very large helmet shells, horse conchs and lightning whelks. Dave purchased over a dozen junonias from one boat. They were also able to get tuns, Murex, and two dark brown olives. One man had a large cowrie which he refused to sell. Their high point at the docks was being able to get on a scallop boat and pick out shells before the catch was taken to the processing plant. While the boat was trawling, a net was torn, and the boat had to return for repairs with only a partial load of scallops. Emily reports they were unable to get on boats or on the docks where scallops were unloaded. Lucy and her team went to the old dump first which consists of moun- tains of old scallop shells. The biggest find was several arrowhead sand dollars. The guard leaves the "new dump” about 5:30, so that's when the Houston members went there, except that Emily says the area was open on Sunday and other collectors were there. This dump is alandfill. All HCS members had a GREAT time collecting. Buckets filled up rapidly as they tried to avoid getting under the sea gulls that were disturbed. Emily says this smelly mess isn't for everyone. There are flies and maggots and mosquitos. Bill says he won't go back. They wore masks lined with Vicks their second trip! When they returned to Houston, Lucy and Jerry had at least 32 species of shells. Here is their list of the identified shells from the boats and dump: TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 GASTROPODS Architectonica nobilis Polinices duplicatus Natica canrena Strombus alatus Phalium granulatum Cypraecassis testiculus (old shell) Cassis madagascariensis spinella Jonna galea Distorsio clathrata Distorsio constricta macgintyi Murex fulvescens Murex pomum Fasciolaria lilium hunteria Fasciolaria tulipa Pleuroploca gigantea Scaphella junonia Busycon perversum Busycon spiratum Oliva sayana Oliva sayana? (dark brown) Conus delessertii PELECYPODS Pecten raveneli Argopecten gibbus Arcinella cornuta Chione latilirata Macrocallista maculata Arca zebra Glycymeris undata Laevicardium laevigatum There are a few others, including a Murex, that Lucy has yet to identify to her satisfaction. She has lumped all of the olives, even the dark brown ones, under Oliva sayana, but she feels they need more study. On previous trips Dave and Lucille have collected other species in- cluding Trivia, a small cowrie, Maculated Baby's Ear, and some uniden- tified bivalves. Dave has obtained more junonias, a Lion's Paw, and a large cowrie (probably Cypraea cervus) from the boats. He and Lucille went two days in a row in late August (met up with Emily and Bill the second day) and reported they got 300 Phalium granulatum one day. Emily relates that they bought only a few shells as few boats had shells or were going out in August. They had an exciting time trying to retrieve a “huge” horse conch in the river but never made it. Also there was a Busycon on the wall, which Emily says was right-handed, which they couldn't get. The drop off, due to low tide which allowed them to see the shells, was some eight feet. They did find several horse conchs and busycons at another place on the river. They all highly recommend collecting at Port Canaveral. After only ONE AFTERNOON of collecting, Lucy and Jerry brought back 4 large boxes of shells on the plane in addition to some in their luggage! The others have garage-fuls of smelly shells they brought back in the Oakes' new van! Lucy recommends when you go to the dump, you wear old shoes and garden gloves and take a small hand rake in addition to your usual buckets and bags. They also recommend old clothes and a WIDE BRIM hat for sea gull droppings! If you go in the cooler months, the ODOR might not be so bad, and there will be more boats in port. The boats come and go constantly from the docks, but by late spring they have harvested most of TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Florida's scallops, and many move to ports farther up the coast. When you visit the boats be sure and take a lot of small bills. It's similar to shopping in Mexico - you bargain for the shells. Give Lucy or Emily a call when you start planning your trip, and they can give you some more tips. Remember that Helen Cornellisson wrote about her experiences (Vol. XXI, No. 4), and she has ideas to help you "be ready for the dump and the pit.” The March, 1985 issue of Hawaiian Shell News has an article with additional information. Emily's party went on to Sanibel for a week's shelling. She reports “no shells at Sanibel” but admits she got about 100 epitoniums near the Lighthouse and that Freya and Donald collected Busycon perversum at Blind Pass. They were joined by Nancy McPhaul, Marsha McDugle, and Joyce Crumley during the week at Sanibel and to go to the Sarasota fossil pit. They had to pay $50.00 to get in because the Visitors’ Supervisor does not work except by appointment in July and August. It was "beastly hot,” Emily says, but everybody got as many fossils as they wanted to carry home, and fossils are not smelly! Now comes the cleanup and the task of identifying all the spoils of these particular kinds of collecting. Most of the shells would all go to waste, remember. There can't be any guilt attached to being as gluttonous as you care to be in a dump and a pit! & x Fig. 1 These Scaphella junonia were purchased from the scallop boats off east Florida and are part of the “loot" brought home by Lucy Clampit and Vave Green. TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 REFERENCES TO HELP IDENTIFY FOSSIL MOLLUSCA FROM SOUTHERN FLORIDA By Paut E, Drez Several of our club members have visited some of the fossil pits during their travels through central and southern Florida. For many, this is their first experience at collecting fossil mollusca and after the long trip back to Houston, the weary traveler is next faced with the problem of identifying his/her “treasures.” Because of my familiarity with the molluscan faunas of this area, Connie Boone asked if I would put together a short list of references that a member might use for correctly identifying the fossils. I have listed below the publications that I have found to be the most useful in my own work. This list is by no means comprehensive, but it is only meant to be a starting point for identification of mollusca from the extremely rich faunas of the Floridian peninsula. The publications are meant to help with the identification of fossils from the three formations that are most commonly collected: lower to middle Pliocene Pinecrest (pits near Sarasota), upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene Caloosahatchee (Mule Pen Quarry) and Pleistocene Bermont (Belle Glade Pit). The Bermont has also been referred to in the literature as Unit A, "Glades" and unnamed post-Caloosahatchee formation. You will notice that many of the publications are "old" and out of print. Some of these should be in the club's library or available in local libraries (e.g. Rice University or University of Houston). The most recent comprehensive publication, Olsson and Harbison, 1953, has been out of print for many years, but has been reprinted (see footnote 2). This is a must publication for anyone interested in the Caloosahatchee or Pinecrest faunas. One must remember that much more work is needed on the Caloosahatchee and Pinecrest faunas, and that there are many undescribed species, especially in the Pinecrest. 1pall, W. H., 1890-1903, Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida with special reference to the Miocene Silex beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchee River: Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., v. 3, ‘pts. 1-6, 1654p. 60 pice (Good general reference on fossil mollusca from the Tertiary of Florida and other formations in the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains). 4DuBar, J. R., 1958, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the late Neogene strata of the Caloosahatchee River area of southern Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 40, 267 p., 12 pls., 49 figs. (Review of geology and stratigraphy of southern Florida plus illustration of many species of common fossil mollusca). TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 leardner, J., 1943[1944]-1948, Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 199, 310 p., 38 pls. (Discusses several species that also occur in the Tertiary of Florida). SGertman, R. L-, 1969, Cenozoic Typhinae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the western Atlantic region: Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont., v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 143-191, 8 pls. 3Heilprin, A., 1887, Exploration of the west coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee Wilderness: Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Trans., v. l, 134 p., 19 pls. (Interesting original reference for many Caloosahatchee and Pinecrest species; most species are reviewed in more recent publications). SHoerle, S. E., 1970, Mollusca of the "Glades" unit of southern Florida-pt. II, List of molluscan species from the Belle Glade rock pit, Palm Beach County, Florida: Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont., v. 8, no. 2, p.- 56-68. (A comprehensive list of mollusca from a classic Bermont (Unit A) formation locality, including references for each species). lMansfield, W. C., 1930, Miocene gastropods and scaphopods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 3, 185 p., 21 pls. (Description of a northern Floridian fauna that occurs in the upper part of Jackson Bluff which has many species in common with the more southern faunas). lMansfield, W. C., 1932, Miocene pelecypods of the Choctawhatchee formation of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 8, 240 p., 23 pls. (Description of pelecypods from the Jackson Bluff area). IMansfield, W. C., 1935, New Miocene gastropods and scaphopods from Alaqua Creek valley, Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 12, 64 P-, 5 pls. (Additional species described from the Choctawhatchee). 1Olsson, A. A., 1967, Some Tertiary mollusks from south Florida and the Caribbean: Paleontological Research Institution, 61 p., 9 pls. (Description of many new fossil mollusca from the Pinecrest formation and other stratigraphic beds). TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 201sson, A. A. and A. Harbison, 1953, Pliocene Mollusca of southern Florida with special reference to those from North Saint Petersburg. Special chapters on Turridae by W. C. Fargo and Vitrinellidae and fresh-water mollusks by H. A. Pilsbry: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Mon. 8, 457 p., 65 pls. (Best general reference for Caloosahatchee formation; also contains many Pinecrest species). 1o1sson, A. A. and R. E. Petit, 1964, Some Neogene Mollusca from Florida and the Carolinas: Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 47, no. 217,781 (p., 7 ples (Describes several new species from Caloosahatchee and Pinecrest plus a short discussion of the geology and stratigraphy of southern Florida. The Pinecrest formation was first designated in this publication). Sroumey, M., and F. S. Holmes, Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina: 152 p., 30 pls. Charleston, South Carolina. (Another interesting original reference which includes many species that occur in the Tertiary of Florida). lrucker, H. and D. Wilson, 1932, Some new or otherwise interesting fossils from the Florida Tertiary: Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 18, no. 65,24 p., 3° ple. tucker, H. and D. Wilson, 1933, A second contribution to the Neogene paleontology of southern Florida: Bull. Amer. Paleontology, v. 18, no. 66, 20 p., 4 pls. “Vokes, E. H., 1963-1984. Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont. (Several papers discuss and/or describe many species of Muricidae from the Tertiary of Florida). Vokes, E. H., 1964, The genus Turbinella (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in the new world: Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont., v. 2, no. 2, p. 39-68, 3 pls. *Vokes, E. H., 1966, The genus Vasum (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the new world: Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont., v. 5, no. 1, p- 1-36, 6 pls. SVokes, H. E., 1969, The anadarid subgenus Caloosarca in the western Atlantic region: Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont., v. 7, no. l, p. 1-40, 6 pls. (Discusses and/or describes several species of arcidae pelecypods from the tertiary of Florida). TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 SVokes, H. E., 1969, Observations on the genus Miltha (Mollusca: Bivalvia) with notes on the type and the Florida Neogene species: Tulane Studies Geol. Paleont., v. 7, no. 3-4, p. 93-126, 7 pls. 1These publications are out of print and have not been reprinted. Many of these publications can be consulted in university or club libraries, and occasionally occur on old book lists and would be available for purchase. 2This out of print publication was reprinted in 1979 and is available from American Malacologists, Inc., P. 0. Box 2255, Melbourne, FL 32902. 3This out of print publication was reprinted in 1964 and is available from Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850. 4this publication is available from the Florida Bureau of Geology, 903 W. Tennessee Street, Tallahassee, FL 32304. Sarticles from Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology can be consulted in many university libraries. 6This out of print publication was reprinted in 1974 and is available from Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850. PUBLICATION NOTE The Northeast Florida Marine Mollusk Checklist, an annotated summary of recent marine mollusks collected by members of the Jacksonville Shell Club from Northeast Florida waters, has been published by that club. It is authored by Dr. Harry Lee and Ms. June Dawley. The report is comprised of 46 pages with a list of 437 species, with legend of the collections in which the cited material can be found. It is in typescript, and xerographic copies with binder may be obtained from Ms. Dawley at 11732 Sands Avenue, Jacksonville, Florida 32207 for $5.00 postpaid. Additions have already been made to this list and published in the Jacksonville Shell Club's newsletter "The Shell-o-Gram" Vol. 26, No. 5, Sept.-October, 1985. (We receive this newsletter for the HCS library.) TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 SEARCH AND SEIZURE By CoNSTANCE E, BOONE MORE ON THE SPINY MUREX FROM THE RED SEA It is necessary to continue my discussion of the Murex s.s. I col- lected at Fayed, Great Bitter Lakes, Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Africa, because I have received much more information from Dr. Emily H. Vokes. (See Texas Conchologist Vol. XXI(4), July 1985) To begin with, Murex carbonnieri and the Murex specimens I collected at Fayed are indeed separate species, according to Dr. Vokes, and the latter will be given a name in the upcoming Ponder-Vokes monograph on Murex s.se We hope this will be published soon. M. carbonnieri occurs in the southern part of the Red Sea. The Murex s.s. sp- I collected at Fayed occurs in the northern end of the Red Sea (Gulf of Suez) and has also been found in the Mediterranean. Both will be completely discussed in the Ponder-Vokes publication, but I give you the pertinent characteristics of these two muricids and publish figures provided by Dr. Vokes. (Figures published in the E. H. Vokes paper in Annals of the Natal Museum, Vol. 23(2) 1978 “Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the eastern coast of Africa.”) M. carbonnieri (Jousseaume, 1881) gets to be 120 mm. in height and has a protoconch varying from two and one-half to three convex volutions, terminating at a sharp crescentic varix. The siphonal canal has five moderately long primary spines on the adult, usually six on juveniles, alternating with much small adaperturally directed secondary spine- lets. The anterior third of the lip projects as a small labral tooth. The siphonal canal is long. (Figure 1) The spiny Murex I found at Fayed gets to be up to 100 mm. in height and has a protoconch of one and three-quarters bulbous volutions, ending at a small crescentic varix. The siphonal canal has five rela- tively short coarse spines, and essentially there is no labral tooth. The siphonal canal is relatively short and stout. The shell is coarser than M. carbonnieri and according to Vokes in her African paper “There is beading on the major spiral cords that is akin to that of its nearest relative M. carbonnieri.” (Figure 2) In her African paper, Dr. Vokes discussed the species I collected at Fayed as different from M. carbonnieri and listed it as Murex (Murex) sp. aff. M. ternispina Lamarck. My Fayed species is illustrated in Doreen Sharabati's Red Sea Shells (1984) as Murex cf. tribulus Linnaeus, 1758. Other illustrations of the Fayed spiny Murex, accord- ing to Dr. Vokes, are Fig. 47, Plate 4, in Ruth Fair's The Murex Book, listed as Murex sp., Red Sea; in Kiener, Coq. Viv-, plate 8, figure 1 as “ternispina”, and also in Reeve, Conch. Iconica 3, Murex, figure 82. M. carbonnieri is illustrated in Dr. Vokes' African paper and also in Ruth Fair's book. In fact, Figure 15 in Fair's book is the type of this species. Abbott's and Dance's Compendium of Seashells illus- 10 PARAS CONGHOOGIST. Vol. XXL, New 1, Gctober, 1945 Figure 1 Murex (Murex) carbonnieri, an endemic of the southern part of the Red Sea. Figure 2 Murex (Murex) sp. to be given a name in the upcoming Ponder- Vokes publication, found in the upper part of the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. This is the kind of Murex C. Boone collected at Fayed, Great Bitter Lakes, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Br TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 trates this species correctly. In Tc, July, 1985, I stated that the spiny Murex I collected at Fayed “is late tiled M. tribulus in Radwin's and D‘Attilio's Murex Shells of the World, 1976, with M. carbonnieri as a synonym." This was not written canmeceiy as this implied that the figures of M. tribulus in that book represent M. carbonnieri and even my Murex species from Fayed. According to Dr. Vokes, the illustrations provided in that book are actually as follows: Fig. 8, plate 10, listed as M. tribulus is actually M. nigrispinosus, and Fig. 9, plate 10, listed as M. tribulus is actually M. aduncospinosus. Neither is the same as either of the Red Sea shells I am discussing. Neither M. carbonnieri or the Fayed spiny Murex are illustrated in Radwin's and D'Attilio's book. That book put M. carbonnieri in synonymy with M. tribulus on page 72 as well as M. nigrispinosus srispinosus and M. aduncospinosus. In another issue I will provide more information from Dr. Vokes on the much confused M. tribulus, a spiny Murex which she says does not occur in East Africa or in the Red Sea. I will also be able to share other corrections of muricid illustrations in publications we use. NOTES FROM OUR PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS Dr. John W. Tunnell Jr., professor of biology and director of the Center for Coastal Studies at Corpus Christi State University, Corpus Christi, Texas, has accepted a Fulbright Scholar Award to teach and research at a marine institute in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, from August 27, 1985, to mid August, 1986. His address there will be Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios, Advanzados del Instituto Politechnico Nacional, Unidad Merida, Carretera Antigua a Progresso Km. 6, Apartado Postal 73 "Cordemex", 97310 Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Ms. Jane E. Deisler has accepted the post of Curator of Science of the Corpus Christi Museum, 19U0 N. Chaparral, Corpus Christi, Texas 78401. Her responsibilities will include curation of the natural sciences collections, development of science-oriented education programs, design of science exhibits, and research and publications based on the holdings. The museum has cataloged 8,544 lots of mollusks. Most are Gulf of Mexico marines, but there is a moderately good collection of freshwater mussels and of south Texas land snails. Ms. Deisler plans to build the land snail, introduced mollusks and slug collections since these are her interests. TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 PHILINE APERTA (LINNAEUS, 1767) FROM THE GREAT BITTER LAKE, SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT, HAROLD W, HARRY AND CONSTANCE E, BOONE The opisthobranch snails reported here were found by the junior author in May, 1958, on the shore of the Bitter Lake in the Isthmus of Suez, Egypt. The locality was visited to collect the spiny Murex which was abundant there, and the circumstances of collecting and nomenclatural problem of the Murex were discussed earlier in the Texas Conchologist (Boone, 1985). Six of the opisthobranch snails were found buried at the end of wide shuffle trails on the sandy bottom, just beyond the water's edge. Partially dry, stranded specimens were found farther up the beach, at the drift (high tide) line, and two of the fresher of these were collected. These fleshy snails have the general appearance and habits of the naticid, Sigaretus perspectivus, which occurs in shallow, sandy areas at Galveston. While alive, the firm flesh of both snails is white, and completely covers the shell. The Egyptian specimens of Philine aperta (Linnaeus, 1/67) were placed in alcohol soon after they were collected. The largest preserved specimen was 40 mm. long when contracted (Fig. 1). Seen from above, the snails are elongate oval, distinctly flattened dorso-ventrally (Figs. 1, 2), with a constriction slightly in front of the midpoint of the length. A wedge-shaped head shield, or cephalaspid disc, forms a middle part in front, extending backward above the shell sac a short distance. It is flanked on each side by a triangular parapodial lobe, which is a dorsal extension of the foot (Figs. 1, 2, 3). The parapodial lobes are separated from the cephalaspid disc by deep grooves, which continue onto the ventral surface at the front end, toward the midline. They do not quite meet ventrally, and slightly forward of their ends is the small, puckered mouth. No eyes nor tentacles were evident, nor did we find a sensory area in the grooves near the mouth, the so-called "“rhinophore” (O'Donoghue, 1929). The hind half of the animal is an inflated but compressed mass, covered by the tough mantle, which completely incloses the shell. We did not find a shell pore, said to be present on the dorsal surface. Along both sides of the shell sac the tissue extends as a distinct mantle lamella, and these taper out and disappear at the hind margins of the parapodial lobes. At the hind end these two lamellae extend beyond the shell, where they are split transversely, forming dorsal and ventral lamellae across the animal, with a moderately deep pocket between them. The dorsal posterior lamella is cleft in the midline for a short way, and the ventral lamella has a deep cleft near its right side, extending forward the full length of the shell sac. This forms the opening of the mantle cavity proper, which is in the last part of the shell aperture (Fig. 3). Inside the mantle cavity is a long, tapered, triangular gill, but this was not studied in detail. 13 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Shells were removed from several specimens by cutting the shell sac open dorsally in the midline and carefully working the fragile shell free of the sac and the visceral mass inside the shell. Other shells were digested from the partially dried specimens in half strength chlorox (bleaching solution). The shell is entirely white, very fragile, easily broken while still in the shell sac, but two larger ones were removed nearly complete. The largest is 23 mm. high (Fig. 6), subglobose, but with the apical (hind) margin of the aperture extending well above the apex of the shell in a rounded curve. The apex is distinctly sunken, and closed, meaning that the earlier whorls are not evident. Figure 4 shows how the shell is depressed dorso-ventrally, not being evenly inflated as in shells of Bulla and Scaphander. The smaller shell, only 18 mm. high, is shown in figure 5. Even within this slight change in size there is a distinct change in form, the profile being oval but taper- ing behind in the smaller shell, so that it is somewhat pear shaped (pyriform). No spiral sculpture is present. Transverse undulating sculpture is formed by vague, low ridges and shallow depressions, more closely spaced on the older (earlier) parts of the shell. The organs of the body cavity of the head and foot (i.e., the cephalo- pedal hemocoel) were examined by cutting with fine iris scissors along the midline of the cephalaspid disc dorsally, and turning the sides outward (Fig. 7). The cavity is spacious, having at its front end the pyriform, muscular buccal mass, and the spindle-shaped gizzard behind. Circling the buccal mass at its front end is the nerve ring, which was not investigated in detail. Fastening the mass to the body wall are a few muscular strands, extending forward and backward; on retracting, these move the mass forward or pull it back, according to their position. From the upper part of the hind end of the buccal mass there extend a pair of short, knobby salivary glands. Underlying the mass is a tangled tubular clump, the male reproductive organ, which was not studied in detail nor included in the drawing. When the buccal mass is cut free in front and behind, and from the muscles attaching it to the body wall, it can be opened by cutting along the midline on top, revealing the interior. There is no cuticu- lar lining, called a jaw, at the front end (most snails with a radula have such a jaw). Within the muscles forming the thick, bulbous hind part is the radula. This extends downward and backward from the mass as a short radular sac, at the end of which new teeth are formed. The front end of the radula, shown partly dissected from the mass in Fig. 8, has only a single pair of teeth in each row. There are no median (rachidin) tooth, nor any flanking ones (marginals). The teeth which are present are “laterals”; each is fang-shaped, very long, curved, tapering to an acute tip; along the inner side of each tooth, near its base, the sharp blade has numerous minute, saw-tooth denticles, but these are not shown in the figure. Snails with fang-like radular teeth are generally predaceous carni- vores, and Philine is no exception. They are said to swallow small clams, snails and other animals they encounter in the sand (Hurst, 1965). Immediately behind the buccal mass the thin walled esophagus expands into a crushing gizzard. The gizzard contains three elongate, 14 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 thick, calcareous plates, evidently used for crushing the shelled prey on which this snail feeds. The margins of the plates are connected by thick bands of transverse muscle tissue, which on contraction pulls the surface of the plates together. The single, smaller plate is ventral, the other two dorso- lateral. Each plate has a small, flattened inner surface, the one used for crushing, and from this surface the plate slopes outward to the margin. Covering the slope in this species, on each plate there is a circular band or collar of dark cuticular material (Fig. 9). The outer surface of each plate is gently concave, and there are on each two small, shallow pits about midway the length (Fig. 10). In its general development, the history of names in the Philinidae is similar to that of other molluscs. The first species to be named in a fashion acceptable by the principles of binomial nomenclature was called Bulla aperta by Linnaeus, in 1767, in the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae. He cited the locality as being South Africa. Linnaeus had proposed the genus Bulla in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae, in 1758. At that time he included in the genus 23 species, but later workers have recognized this as an heterogeneous group, and erected nearly as many genera to contain them. The genus Bulla was retained for the group which are commonly known as bubble shells. Four years later, in 1772, Ascanius described a snail from northern Europe as Philine quadripartita, thus introducing the generic name Philine. Many later authors have been unable to find any significant differences between the two nominal species, worthy of separate names, and so the species of northern Europe is usually called Philine aperta (Linnaeus, 1767), with the author's name in parentheses to indicate he originally named the species in a different genus. In 1865 Crosse and Fischer described a large Philine from southern Australia as Bullaea angasi. The description, in a few lines of Latin, does not clearly differentiate it from species previously named, notably P. aperta. In the same year Vaillant wrote about molluscs found at the Bay of Suez, and he recorded that he found Bullaea angasi Crosse and Fischer, 1865, there. But four years later Issel (1869), with only a single shell before him, named the species from Suez Philine vaillanti. His description, in a few lines of Latin, again does not specify any significant differences from P. angasi nor P. aperta. In 1929 O'Donoghue wrote about the population at Suez, describing its radula and gizzard plates for the first time, and accepted the name P. vaillanti, without showing convincingly any differences between this and previously named species. Pruvot-Fol (1954) also studied the species from Suez, and concluded that it is P. aperta, and that this species occurs in Europe, South Africa, Ceylon and South Australia as well. In studying the species from Egypt, we have found that there is variation in the shape of the shell correlated with size; the lateral lamellae of the shell sac seem not to have previously noted, if indeed they are present in other populations, nor have the cuticular collars of the gizzard plates. But perhaps these characters were overlooked 15 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 in specimens studied by others. There is a widespread tacit assumption that if two animals are found, separated by great distances, they are by this fact alone worthy of separate names; of course, authors of names who follow this principle, and there are many, even today, may state that the two nominal species “are different", but they almost always leave to others the task of discovering and recording what the particular differences are. Such action totally ignores an important principle of science, that “it is vain to do with more what can be done with less", or, “entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity". First enunciated in the early 1300's, this is known as Occam's Razor, because it urges us to cut away the excessive verbiage, to get at the simplest explanation of the world about us. Of course, if names are merely to indicate an object, and are mutually understood to do so by all concerned, Occam's Razor can be ignored; names can multiply for every trivial difference of color, form or distance of occurrence. But binomial names can and should do much more: that is, indicate the relationship as well as the diversity of organisms. About a hundred trivial names have been proposed, which apply to snails nearly everyone would recognize as belonging to the family Philinidae; although about 17 generic names have been proposed, there is a tendency to place all of the species in the genus Philine, pending more study of the nominal species on a comparative basis (Thompson, 1976). The species are chiefly found in cooler latitudes, and most occur from a few to many meters depth. P. aperta is among the largest in size, most species having shells less than 10 mm. high. All other species seem to have spiral sculpture, of a peculiar beaded sort, which varies among species. Other variable characters are: the shells of some species have a brown spiral band; the shell apex may show several whorls; the shape of the aperture varies; the radula may have a central tooth, and one to six pairs of marginals, beside the single pair of laterals; the gizzard plates vary in size and form, or are absent. These variables are correlated to a certain extent, but the correlation is poorly known. From a limited area, usually only 4 to 8 species have been recorded. And if one studies what little is known about them, it is evident that there is much similarity in species of one area to some, but perhaps not all, species of another area of comparable climate and latitude, although the areas may be separated by pronounced isolation barriers (usually geographical). Perhaps the similar species of the two areas represent the same or analogous species. In the future this may be the basis for recognizing genera, so that they will reflect natural relationship, i.e., evolution within the group, more precisely. 16 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. l, October, 1985 Literature Cited Ascanius, P. 1772. Philine quadripartita, ein sonst unbekanntes Seethier abgezeichnet und beschrieben. kK. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 33:329-331. Boone, C. E. 1985. Collecting spiny Murex. Texas Conchologist 21(4):114-116. Crosse, li. & P. Fischer. 1865. Description d'especes noubelles de l'Australie meridionale. Jour. de Conchyl. Ser. 3, 5:38-55, 2 pls. Hurst, A. 1965. Studies on the structure and function of the feeding apparatua of Philine aperta with a comparative consideration of some other opisthobranchs. Malacologia 2(3):281-347. Issel, A. 1869. Malacologica del mar Rosso. Biblioteca Malacologica. 387 pages, 5 pls. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Ed. 10. Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. 823 pages. Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema Naturae. Ed. 12, Pt. 1, Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. 1327 pages. O'Donoghue, C. H- 1929. Report on the Opisthobranchiata (of the Cambridge Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924). Zool. Soc. London, Trans., Pt. 6, pp/13-841. Pruvot-Fol, A. 1954. Mollusques Opisthobranches. in Faune de France. Paris, Lechevalier. 460 pages. Thompson, T. E. 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society. 206 pages. Vaillant, M. L. 1865. Recherches sur la faune malacologique de la baie de Suez. Jour. de Conchyl. Ser. 3, 5:97-127, pl. 6. Lf TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 10. Explanation of the figures Philine aperta, right side of preserved animal. P. aperta, P. aperta, P. aperta, P. aperta, P. aperta, P. aperta, dorsal view of preserved animal. ventral view of preserved animal. shell, apical view of specimen in Fig. 6. shell, 18 mm. high. shell, 23 mm. high. cephalopedal hemocoel opened, as explained in text. P. aperta, radular mechanism removed from buccal mass, and muscles cut from above, to reveal radula. P. aperta, gizzard plates separated, medial view. The cuticular collar on each plate is shown by the hatched areas. P. aperta, lateral view of left lateral gizzard plate, to show the two holes (present on all plates). 18 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 HEAD SHIELD PARAPODIAL LOBE SHELL MARGIN LATERAL LAMELLA SHELL SAC MOUTH FOOT SHELL SAC MANTLE CAVITY £9 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 20 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 NERVE RING PROTRACTOR MUSCLE BUCCAL MASS SALIVARY GLAND RETRACTOR MUSCLE GIZZARD MUSCLE (DORSAL) Ecc GIZZARD PLATE (RT. DORSAL) BODY CAVITY Me LMU 21 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 FRESHWATER BIVALVES OF ELMENDORF LAKE, SAN ANTONIO, BEXAR CO., TEXAS RAYMOND W, Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 INTRODUCTION As part of a survey of the freshwater bivalves of Texas, a series of urban impoundments have been sampled to determine what portion of the native fauna, in addition to an introduced species, can survive in such habitats. Sampling of a small reservoir in San Antonio revealed a very low-diversity fauna which had an interesting distribution pattern within the impoundment. STUDY SITE AND METHODS Elmendorf Lake is a small impoundment (17.4 surface acres, or 7.04 surface hectares) located on Apache Creek and its tributary, Zarzamora Creek, of the San Antonio River drainage. The reservoir is located within San Antonio approximately 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) west of the downtown district. The shallow water areas of Elmendorf Lake were sampled by dragging a garden rake along the bottom. Each drag was made from as far as the rake could be extended to the shoreline. A series of seven sampling stations (Table 1) were established and sampled with a variable number of rake drags. RESULTS Survey of Elmendorf Lake revealed only three species of bivalves (see Table 1). Three freshwater snails - Physella virgata (Gould, 1855), Planorbella trivolvis (Say, 1817), and Biomphalaria obstructa (Morelet, 1849) - were collected from Elmendorf Lake. Anodonta imbecilis Say, 1829, was encountered at only a single site where it was common. All living specimens recovered were small (largest was 33.4 mm. in shell length), but shell fragments of larger specimens were also encountered. Young shells were yellowish with very fine rays of a light green color. Older shells were light brown. Rays on the posterior ridge are present but faint. Toxolasma texasensis (Lea, 1857) is the most abundant bivalve in Elmendorf Lake but was found at only two of the seven sampling stations. Shells of this species in Elmendorf Lake are somewhat compressed compared to most T. texasensis in central and southern Texas. Periostracum is a dark brown color with a silky appearance in smaller individuals. Nacre is whitish with only limited iridescence. 22° TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Two slightly differently shaped valves present in this population are assumed to represent sexual dimorphism. Degree of this putative sexual dimorphism is less than in populations in the creeks draining into Baffin Bay in southern Texas (Neck, in press a). The largest presumed female shell measures 57.2 mm. in length; largest presumed male shell measures 54.9 mm. in length. This population is probably referable to compressus Simpson, 1900, which is probably merely a regional genetic variant which is present in the San Antonio River drainage including Medina Lake (Neck, in press b). This taxon does not appear to merit subspecific rank. Corbicula fluminea Muller, 1774, is an introduced clam native to parts of eastern China. Now present over most of Texas and much of the United States (Britton 1982; McMahon 1982), C. fluminea is very rare in Elmendorf Lake. Only a single live specimen was collected, although a few other individual valves were collected. Most shells are small; the largest measures only 27.7 mm. in length. Periostracum is honey brown in color at the beaks, becoming progressively darker brown toward the ventral margin. This population is referable to the “white form.” DISCUSSION The freshwater bivalve fauna of Elmendorf Lake is revealed to be a very low diversity and low density fauna. Living individuals were found only at two sites, both of which were bridges. The third bridge site (N. General McMullen Blvd.) is at the very upper end of the reservoir; this area contained very little water, much urban refuse, and was characterized by a very strong organic smell. Restriction of freshwater bivalves in Elmendorf Lake to sites under- neath bridges could result from several factors: 1) shade from bridge reduces thermal stress, particularly in shallow waters, via reduction of solar insolation; 2) shade from bridge limits, indeed eliminates, growth of emergent aquatic plants, e.g. Ludwigia, which could reduce movement of clams; 3) placement by fisherman for future use as bait at preferred fishing spots; 4) shade from bridge reduces water tempera- tures which concentrates fish containing parasitic glochidia which eventually drop to sediment in these localities; 5) rocks in substrate under bridges (for stabilization of bridge structure) prevent accumu- lation of deep silt which is generally inimicable to bivalve survival. Several of the above five factors can probably be eliminated. Restriction of clams from non bridge habitats is not likely to be due to exclusion by thick aquatic vegetation. The collection site behind K-Mart was shaded by black willows, Salix nigra, and supported no Ludwigia. Neither were there any clams at this site. No indication that factor three is valid has been forthcoming. No experiments or detailed field measurements have been performed to determine the relative importance of the remaining three factors. However, experience with other populations of freshwater bivalves leads me to believe that all three may be operative in Elmendorf Lake. Initially, populations underneath bridges are probably high due to concentration of host fish (factor 4); mortality rates of bivalves are 23 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 probably reduced in these habitats due to cooler water temperatures (factor 1) and greater physical support from the mixed clay/silt/rock substrate (factor 5). Literature Cited Britton, Joseph C. 1982. Biogeography and ecology of the Asiatic clam. Corbicula, in Texas. pp. 21-31, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Benthological Investigations in Texas and Adjacent States, Jack R. Davis, editor. Texas Academy of Science, Austin, 278 pp. McMahon, Robert F. 1982. The occurrence and spread of the introduced Asiatic freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Muller), in North America: 1924-1982. The Nautilus 96:134-141. Neck, R. W. In press a. Freshwater mussels of the Baffin Bay drain- age basin, southern Texas. Sterkiana. Neck, R. W. In press b. Freshwater bivalves of Medina Lake, Texas: Factors producing a low-diversity fauna. The Nautilus. Table 1 Distribution of freshwater bivalves in Elmendorf Lake in San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Locality Rake drags A. i.* fT. t.¥ (Co £.% Cove in city pond 5 0 0 0 NW 24th St. bridge 12 ) 18 1 Lake bend 8 0 0 0 Commerce St. bridge 11 8 34 0 Picnic area ri 0 0) 0 Behind K-Mart 8 1) 0 0 N. General McMullen Blvd. bridge 4 0 0 0 *A. i. = Anodonta imbecilis; T. t. = Toxolasma texasensis; C. £. = Corbicula fluminea. 24 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBMERGED, LANDS OF TEXAS, BROWNSVILLE-HARLINGEN AREAL T. R. CaLnan2 ann T. 6G, LITTLETON? INTRODUCTION The State-owned submerged lands of Texas encompass almost 6,000 mi? (15,540 km“). They lie below waters of the bay-estuary-lagoon system and below waters of the Gulf of Mexico, where they extend from the Gulf shoreline to a distance of 10.3 mi (16.6 km) on the inner continental shelf (fig. 1). A detailed inventory of the basic components of these lands was initiated in 1975. Approximately 6,700 surficial bottom samples, including 1,193 samples in the Brownsville-Harlingen area, were collected at regularly spaced intervals across the submerged lands. The Brownsville-Harlingen area, as defined in figure 2, encom- passes a long narrow lagoon system composed principally of Laguna Madre and small South Bay, separated from the Gulf of Mexico and the inner shelf by a modern barrier-island complex composed primarily of Padre Island. The sample-collection phase of the study was followed by an analytical phase that included detailed sedimentological, geochemical, and bio- logical analyses. Many of the samples were analyzed to characterize submerged lands in terms of: (1) sediment distribution, (2) selected trace and major element concentrations, and (3) benthic macroinverte- brate (primarily mollusks, polychaetes, and crustaceans) populations. Additionally, the interconnection of submerged lands with adjacent marshes and associated wetlands led to an expansion of the project to include the distribution of wetlands. Maps and reports derived from the study will be published by the Bureau of Economic Geology as a series of seven atlases of the Texas coast, divided into areas (fig. 1) similar to those defined in the Bureau's Environmental Geologic Atlases (Brown, 1972-1980) and in a special report on submerged lands (McGowen and Morton, 1979). Each of the submerged lands atlases will include a text describing the maps of sediment types, sediment geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and wetlands. The section on benthic macroinvertebrates includes a discussion of the Mollusca, Polychaeta, and Crustacea, and sections on invertebrate distribution as related to sediment and bathymetry. In addition, there are discussions of benthic assemblages and species diversity. A list of all species, numbers of lpublication authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin 2Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78713 . 34606 Bull Creek Road, Austin, Texas 78731 25 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII ’ an err Nn pn araz0$ Aer IZ re) P ae - Cov 2 WHARTON SS co he ee ie SN / wcroria ence RPUS CHRISTI RE : \ ‘Kingswitle co ‘ Las \, Ho. '\ Ll; Oerocher, aay Ajit a i en: FORT 3ENO Oy fc axo o) x Bay City MaTaGoROA * co Z3aY CITY-FREEPORT * AREA 1985 VESTON-HOUSTON 4 AREA State submerged lands Figure 1. Index map showing seven area maps that cover the submerged coastal lands of Texas (modified from McGowen and Morton, 1979, and Brown and others, 1972-1980). 26 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 individuals of each species, and species locations are included in an appendix. The atlas of the Corpus Christi area (White and others, 1983) was the first in the State-owned submerged lands series. Atlases of the Galveston-Houston and Brownsville-Harlingen areas are in press. Reports on molluscan distribution in the Beaumont-Port Arthur, Bay City-Freeport, Port Lavaca, and Kingsville areas will be included in future issues of the Texas Conchologist. DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSES Surficial sediment samples analyzed for this study were taken with grab samplers at sites spaced approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) apart in the bay- lagoon system and on the inner continental shelf to a distance of about 11.2 mi (18 km) seaward of the Gulf shoreline. Fonar, clan- a grab samplers, having a capacity of approximately 0.065 ft? (.0018m~), were used in the bay system, and Smith-McIntyre samplers, having a coecies of 0.46 ft? (.013m~), were used on the shelf. Sediment penetration depths ranged between 1.5 and 3 inches (4 and 7 cm). Of the 1,193 sediment samples collected in the Brownsville-Harlingen area, 216 (fig. 2) were analyzed for benthic macroinvertebrates. Bay-lagoon samples were collected primarily from February to April, 1977; inner shelf samples were collected in April, 1976. Other details on data acquisi- tion and analysis can be found in the Corpus Christi atlas (White and others, 1983). RESULTS One hundred thirty-two species of live mollusks were collected from the Brownsville-Harlingen study area, including 64 gastropods, 64 bivalves, the polyplacophoran Ischnochiton papillosus, and 3 scaphopods. Although 304 total species (live and dead species) were identified (Appendix A), including 183 gastropods, 117 bivalves, the polyplaco- phoran Ischnochiton papillosus, and 3 scaphopods, only those collected live are considered in this report. Almost equal numbers of gastropod and bivalve species were collected on the shelf (48 gastropods, 44 bivalves) and Laguna Madre (25 gastropods, 31 bivalves), but the bivalves accounted for 75.7 percent of the 2,074 molluscan individuals collected on the shelf and 69.7 percent of the 3,191 molluscan individuals collected in Laguna Madre. In South Bay, the gastropod species (9) are only half as numerous as the bivalves (18), but the numbers of individuals are nearly the same (50 gastro- pods, 5/7 bivalves). Many of the benthic species are restricted to a particular environment. For example, 36 of the 64 gastropod species and 29 of the 64 bivalve species were found only on the inner shelf, whereas 16 gastropod species and 20 bivalve species occurred only in the bay-lagoon systen. The most abundant mollusks found in each system are listed in Table l. 27 19385 AXEL, No. 2 Cetobder, Vol. TEXAS CUNCHOLOGIST, *Ba1e UssUTTAPH-8TTFASUMOIg BY JO SpueT pes1euqns 9Yy} UT UOTIeDOT aTdwues yore pue seytoeds ueosn{ Tou Jo 1equnu 8utmoys dey °Z van3sty , i ae JONVYD a Ov — OES / bi-O| ES ) ahs 6-s Eg C 3 ° oe Liga SRE | a fe seideds uposnjjow yo sequiny 8; S ai cy & 8 Vey 5/2 5, x J <2 9 / wg b fe) SSG at t—_—____ \ !w Ol} S O . / oN ! My 1 ’ / . ej}!Asumolg ofe- ets 4 ac dry ott pow ee bi ae es sae ic 28 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Bay~Lagoon System Lower Laguna Madre Fifty-seven species of mollusks were collected in Laguna Madre. These include 25 gastropods, 31 bivalves, and the polyplacophoran Ischno- chiton papillosus. A total of 3,191 individuals were found, of which 962 are gastropods, 2,224 are bivalves, and 5 are polyplacophorans. The gastropod Caecum pulchellum, is more numerous (542 individuals) than any other mollusk species in the study area. Representing 56.3 percent of the gastropod individuals collected in Laguna Madre and 38.6 percent of all gastropod individuals, it is found primarily in sedi- ments of 80 to 100 percent sand. Bittium varium and Crepidula convexa, the next most abundant gastropods collected in Laguna Madre, account for 11.9 percent and 1U.8 percent of the gastropod individuals. They are found primarily in areas with medium to heavy stands of seagrasses. Lyonsia hyalina floridana, Mulinia lateralis, and Nuculana acuta, the most abundant bivalves, respectively account for 15.3 percent, 14.4 percent, and 13.5 percent of the bivalve individuals. Lyonsia is generally found associated with seagrasses in sediments of 60 to 80 percent sand. Mulinia and Nuculana occur most commonly in more open areas where Nuculana occurs in sediments of 60 to 80 percent sand, and Mulinia in sediments of 40 to 100 percent sand. Tellina tampaensis, Abra aequalis, Mysella planulata, Tagelus plebeius, and Ensis minor, although composing a smaller percentage of individuals than Lyonsia, Mulinia, and Nuculana, are nevertheless rather abundant. Tellina, Abra, Mysella, and Tagelus are generally found in open-bay areas in sediments of 60 to 80 percent sand. Ensis occurs most charac- teristically in areas of light stands of seagrasses and in bay margins in sediments of 80 to 100 percent sand. South Bay Twenty-six species of mollusks were collected in South Bay. These include 9 gastropods, 16 bivalves, and Ischnochiton papillosus. A total of 108 individuals were counted, including 50 gastropods, 57 bivalves, and 1 polyplacophoran. Odostomia impressa is the most abundant gastropod found in South Bay, accounting for 32 percent of the gastropod individuals. It is present on clumps of the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Other relatively abun- dant gastropod species are Bittium varium, Crepidula convexa, and c. plana. Bittium and C. convexa occur eedomianrc is in areas a sea- grass, whereas Crepidula plana :; plana is most abundant on shell fragments in grassy areas. Macoma tenta is the most common bivalve, constituting 35.1 percent of the 57 bivalve individuals found in South Bay. It typically occurs in sediments of 40 to 6U percent sand. 29 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Arroyo Colorado No molluscan species were found in the one Arroyo Colorado sample. Inner Shelf Ninety-five species of mollusks were collected on the inner shelf, of which 486 are gastropods, 44 are bivalves, and 3 are scaphopods. Bivalves account for 75./ percent of the 2,074 individuals counted. Natica pusilla, the most abundant gastropod collected on the inner shelf, is represented by 128 individuals, or 32.7 percent of the 392 gastropod individuals. The next most abundant species are Terebra protexta, represented by 40 individuals (10.2 percent) and Vitrinella floridana by 33 individuals (8.4 percent). Natica is associated with sediments of 80 to 100 percent sand, Terebra occurs in sediments of 60 to 10U percent sand, and Vitrinella is found most commonly in sediments of 40 to 60 percent sand. Linga amiantus and Abra aequalis with 259 individuals each, are the most abundant bivalves on the shelf. The next most abundant are Diplo- donta cf. D. soror and Tellina versicolor, numbering 189 (12 percent) and 135 (8.6 percent) individuals, respectively. Linga and Diplodonta occur primarily in sediments of 6U to 8U percent sand, whereas Abra and Tellina are usually found in sediments of 80 to 100 percent sand. Of the 112 scaphopod individuals, Cadulus carolinensis accounts for 45.6 percent, Dentalium texasianum 31.2 percent, and D. eboreum 23.2 percent. Cadulus and v. texasianum are found in sediments of 6U0 to 100 percent sand and D. eboreum in sediments of 80 to 100 percent sand. 30 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. Table l. Lower Laguna Madre Gastropoda Caecum pulchellum Bittium varium Crepidula convexa Bivalvia Lyonsia hyalina floridana Mulinia lateralis Nuculana acuta Tellina tampaensis Abra aequalis Mysella planulata Tagelus plebeius Ensis minor South Bay Gastropoda Odostomia impressa Bittium varium Crepidula convexa Crepidula plana Bivalvia Macoma tenta Inner Shelf Gastropoda Natica pusilla Terebra protexta Vitrinella floridana Bivalvia Linga amiantus Abra aequalis Diplodonta cf. D. soror Tellina versicolor Scaphopoda Cadulus carolinensis Dentalium texasianum Dentalium eboreum att. individuals 31 No. l, Number of 542 114 104 20 October, 1985 Most abundant molluscan species, Brownsville-Harlingen area. Percent of all (962) gastropod individuals 56.3 11.9 10.8 Percent of all (2,224) bivalve individuals Percent of all (50) gastropod individuals 32.0 18.0 16.0 16.0 Percent of all (57) bivalve individuals 3561 Percent of all (392) gastropod individuals 32.7 102 8.4 Percent of all (1,570) bivalve individuals 16.5 16.25 12.0 8.6 Percent of all (112) scaphopod individuals 45.6 31.2 232 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial assistance was provided in part by (1) the General Land Office of Texas with funds in accordance with section 305 of the Coastal Zone Management Act for Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP), (2) the Governor's Budget and Planning Office with grants in accordance with section 308 of the same act for the Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP); CZMP and CEIP funding is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, and (3) the Minerals Management Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior; parts of the study were conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey. Several individuals assisted in molluscan identification. These included Joseph E. Sullivan, Lisa R. Wilk, Stephen M. Robertson, and James A. DiGiulio. Also, several individuals and agencies helped verify our identifications. These included the late Joseph Rosewater, Smithsonian Institution; Robert Robertson and Virginia Maes, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Eric Powell, Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography; Harold W. Harry, Bellaire, Texas; and Granville Treece, College Station, Texas. REFERENCES Brown, L. F., Jr., project coordinator, 1972-1980, Environmental geo- logic atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 7 atlases. McGowen, J. H., and Morton, R. A., 1979, Sediment distribution, bathymetry, faults, and salt diapirs, submerged lands of Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 31 p-, 7 maps. White, W. A., Calnan, T. R.-, Morton, R. A., Kimble, R. S., Littleton, T. G-, McGowen, J. H., Nance, H. S., and Schmedes, K. E., 1983, Submerged lands of Texas, Corpus Christi area: sediments, geo- chemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 154 p., 6 maps. 32 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 APPENDIX A: DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN THE BROWNSVILLE-HARLINGEN AREA Distribution of Molluscan Species L = Lower Laguna Madre, Z = South Bay, S = Inner Shelf, D = Dead *Includes Arroyo Colorado, Brownsville Ship Channel, Port Mans- field Channel, Intracoastal Waterway Phylum Mollusca L Class Polyplacophora Blainville, 1816 Family Ischnochitonidae Dall, 1889 Ischnochiton papillosus (C. B. Adams, 1845) 5) Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Family Fissurellidae Fleming, 1822 Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822) 1 Diodora listeri (Orbigny, 1842) Lucapinella limatula (Reeve, 1850) D Family Trochidae Rafinesque, 1815 Calliostoma cf. C. bairdii oregon Clench and Turner, 1960 Calliostoma jujubinum (Gmelin, 1791) Tegula fasciata (Born, 1778) Family Phasianellidae Swainson, 1840 Tricolia affinis cruenta Robertson, 1958 D Family Neritidae Rafinesque, 1815 Neritina reclivata (Say, 1822) Neritina virginea (Linne, 1758) Smaragdia viridis viridemaris Maury, 1917 Family Littorinidae Gray, 1840 Littorina lineolata Orbigny, 1840 D Littorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791) Family Rissoidae Gray, 1847 Alvania auberiana (Orbigny, 1842) Family Rissoinidae Stimpson, 1865 Rissoina catesbyana Orbigny, 1842 D Rissoina decussata (Montagu, 1803) Rissoina multicostata (C. B. Adams, 1850) Seo Zebina browniana (Orbigny, 1842) D Family Assimineidae Fleming, 1828 Assiminea succinea (Pfeiffer, 1840) D Family Littoridinidae Thiele, 1929 Texadina barretti (Morrison, 1965) 1 Texadina sphinctostoma (Abbott and Ladd, 1951) D cf. Littoridinops sp. D Family Stenothyridae Fischer, 1885 Probythinella louisianae (Morrison, 1965) D Family Truncatellidae Gray, 1840 Truncatella caribaeensis Reeve, 1842 D Family Vitrinellidae Bush, 1897 Vitrinella floridana Pilsbry and McGinty, 1946 i? Cyclostremiscus cf. C. beaui (Fischer, 1857) Cyclostremiscus cf. C. jeannae (Pilsbry and McGinty, 1945) 33 coo TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Phylum Mollusca Cyclostremiscus pentagonus (Gabb, 1873) Cyclostremiscus suppressus (Dall, 1889) Cyclostremiscus sp. A Cyclostremiscus sp. B Episcynia inornata (Orbigny, 1842) Parviturboides interruptus (C. B. Adams, 1850) Solariorbis infracarinata Gabb, 1881 Solariorbis cf. S. mooreana Vanatta, 1904 Teinostoma biscaynense Pilsbry and McGinty, 1945 Teinostoma parvicallum Pilsbry and McGinty, 1945 Anticlimax pilsbryi McGinty, 1945 Aorotrema cf. A. pontogenes (Schwengel and McGinty, 1942) Family Tornidae Sacco, 1896 Cochliolepis parasitica Stimpson, 1858 Cochliolepis striata Dall, 1889 Family Caecidae Gray, 1850 Caecum bipartitum Folin, 1870 Caecum cooperi S. Smith, 1860 Caecum johnsoni Winkley, 1908 Caecum nitidum Stimpson, 1851 Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851 Family Turritellidae Clarke, 1851 Vermicularia fargoi Olsson, 1951 Family Architectonidae Gray, 1850 Architectonica nobilis Roding, 1798 Heliacus bisulcatus (Orbigny, 1842) Philippia sp. Family Modulidae Fischer, 1884 Modulus modulus (Linne, 1758) Family Potamididae H. and A. Adams, 1854 Cerithidea pliculosa (Menke, 1829) Family Cerithiidae Fleming, 1822 Cerithium cf. C. atratum (Born, 1778) Cerithium lutosum Menke, 1828 Cerithiopsis emersoni emersoni (C. B. Adams, 1838) Cerithiopsis greeni greeni (C. B. Adams, 1839) Bitium varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) Seila adamsi (H. C. Lea, 1845) Alaba incerta (Orbigny, 1842) Alabina cerithidioides (Dall, 1889) Litiopa melanostoma Rang, 1829 Family Triphoridae Gray, 1847 Triphora nigrocincta (C. B. Adams, 1839) Family Epitoniidae S. S. Berry, 1910 Epitonium angulatum (Say, 1830) Epitonium apiculatum (Dall, 1889) Epitonium humphreysi (Kiener, 1838) Epitonium multistriatum (Say, 1826) Epitonium novangliae novangliae (Couthouy, 1838) Epitonium rupicola (Kurtz, 1860) Epitonium sericifilum (Dall, 1889) Amaea mitchelli (Dall, 1896) 34 bee ~- cbouuvufuuoves D 542 o woo FPoOorfrooworvororn o i eFouoordg oO il = Tl Jal Bil — J a = = = Jal OO oe Hl om J =) TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, Phylum Mollusca Family Eulimidae Risso, 1826 Eulima bilineatus (Alder, 1848) Eulima hemphilli (Dall, 1884) Balcis arcuata (C. B. Adams, 1850) Balcis jamaicensis (C. B. Adams, 1845) Niso aeglees Bush, 1885 Family Aclididae G. 0. Sars, 1878 Aclis sp. A Aclis sp. B Henrya goldmani Bartsch, 1947 Family Calyptraeidae Blainville, 1824 Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 Crepidula fornicata (Linne, 1758) Crepidula plana Say, 1822 Family Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791 Family Ovulidae Gray, 1853 Simnalena marferula Cate, 1973 Simnalena uniplicata (Sowerby, 1848) Family Atlantidae Wiegmann and Ruthe, 1832 Atlanta brunnea Gray, 1840 Family Naticidae Gray, 1840 Natica canrena (Linne, 1758) Natica pusilla Say, 1822 Polinices duplicatus (Say, 1822) Sigatica Sigatica semisulcata (Gray, 1839) Sinum perspectivum (Say, 1831) Family Cymatiidae Iredale, 1913 Cymatium cingulatum (Lamarck, 1822) Family Tonnidae Peile, 1926 Tonna galea (Linne, 1758) Family Muricidae da Costa, 1776 Murex sp. Thais haemastoma (Linne, 1767) Family Columbellidae Swainson, 1815 Costoanachis cf. C. avara (Say, 1821) Costoanachis lafresnayi (Fischer and Bernardi, 1856) Cosmioconcha calliglypta (Dall and Simpson, 1901) Parvanachis obesa (C. B. Adams, 1845) Parvanachis ostreicola (Melvill, 1881) Suturoglypta iontha iontha (Ravenel, 1861) Mitrella lunata ita (Say, 1826) Family Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815 Cantharus cancellarius (Conrad, 1846) Family Melongenidae Gill, 1867 Busycon perversum (Linne, 1758) Busycon spiratum (Lamarck, 1816) Family Nassariidae Iredale, 1916 Nassarius acutus (Say, 1822) Nassarius albus (Say, 1826) Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822) Family Fasciolariidae Gray, 1853 Fasciolaria lilium G. Fischer, 1807 35 1985 104 x3 32 “Hw oo MVNO UN TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, Phylum Mollusca Family Olividae Latreille, 1825 Oliva sayana Ravenel, 1834 Olivella dealbata (Reeve, 1850) Olivella minuta (Link, 1807) Family Cancellariidae Forbes and Hanley, 1853 Trigonostoma rugosum (Lamarck, 1822) Family Marginellidae Fleming, 1828 Prunum apicina (Menke, 1828) Family Terebridae H. and A. Adams, 1854 Terebra concava Say, 1827 Terebra dislocata (Say, 1822) Terebra protexta Conrad, 1845 Family Turridae Swainson, 1840 Agathotoma metria (Dall, 1903) cf. Bellaspira sp. Pyrgospira tampaensis (Bartsch and Rehder, 1939) Cryoturris adamsi (E. A. Smith, 1884) Cryoturris cf. cerinella (Dall, 1889) Cryoturris serga (Dall, 1881) cf. Drillia acurugata (Dall, 1890) Glyphostoma epicasta Bartsch, 1934 Ithycythara lanceolata (C. B. Adams, 1850) Kurtziella dorvilliae (Reeve, 1845) Kurtziella fargoi (McGinty, 1955) Kurtziella rubella (Kurtz and Stimpson, 1851) Nannodiella oxia (Bush, 1885) Nannodiella vespuciana (Orbigny, 1842) Splendrillia woodringi (Bartsch, 1934) Pilbryspira albocinta (C. B. Adams, 1845) Pyrgocythara plicosa plicosa (C. B. Adams, 1850) Pyrgospira ostrearum (Stearns, 1872) Family Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840 Pyramidella crenulata (Holmes, 1859) Eulimastoma cf. E. canaliculata (C. B. Adams, 1850) Eulimastoma engonia (Bush, 1885) Eulimastoma harbisonae Bartsch, 1955 Eulimastoma weberi (Morrison, 1965) Odostomia bushiana Bartsch, 1909 Odostomia dianthophila Wells and Wells, 1961 Odostomia gibbosa Bush, 1909 Odostomia impressa (Say, 1821) Odostomia seminuda (C. B. Adams, 1837) Odostomia (cf. Pyrgulina) sp. Peristichia toreta Dall, 1889 Sayella crosseana (Dall, 1885) Sayella livida Rehder, 1935 Turbonilla (cf. Turbonilla) sp. A Turbonilla (cf. Mormula) sp. A Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. A Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. B Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. C Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. D Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. F Turbonilla unilirata Bush, 1899 36 1985 STUOWOTDOTAONDS 15 So oo = SUeEsreenereoovrueun &’'ece¢ Sone ecourwrescereuer eure or owe TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. l, Phylum Mollusca Turbonilla elegans (Orbigny, 1842) Turbonilla speira Ravenel, 1859 Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp Turbonilla (aes etetboal iid) sp. A Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) sp. D Family Acteonidae Orbigny, 1842 Acteon punctostriatus (C. B. Adams, 1840) Ringicula semistriata Orbigny, 1842 Family Acteocinidae Pilsbry, 1921 Acteocina canaliculata (Say, 1822) Family Cylichnidae A. Adams, 1850 Cylichnella bidentata (Orbigny, 1841) Family Bullidae Rafinesque, 1815 Bulla striata Bruguiere, 1792 Family Haminoeidae Pilsbry, 1895 Haminoea antillarum (Orbigny, 1841) Haminoea succinea (Conrad, 1846) Atys riiseana Morch, 1875 Family Retusidae Thiele, 1926 Pyrunculus caelatus (Bush, 1885) Volvulella persimilis (Morch, 1875) Volvulella texasiana Harry, 1967 Family Cuvieridae Gray, 1840 Cavolina longirostris (Blainville, 1821) Cavolina uncinata (Rang, 1829) Creseis acicula (Rang, 1828) Family Siphonariidae Gray, 1840 Siphonaria pectinata (Linne, 1758) Class Bivalvia Linne, 1758 Family Nuculidae Gray, 1824 Nucula proxima Say, 1822 Family Nuculanidae Meek, 1864 Nuculana acuta (Conrad, 1831) Nuculana concentrica (Say, 1834) Family Arcidae Lamarck, 1809 Arca imbricata Bruguiere, 1789 Anadara brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819) Anadara chemnitzii (Philippi, 1851) Anadara transversa (Say, 1822) Barbatia domingensis (Lamarck, 1819) Lunarca ovalis (Bruguiere, 1789) Family Noetiidae Stewart, 1930 Noetia ponderosa (Say, 1822) Aunwma oa a October, 1985 26 38 300 [ be = CGOreuoenrFloworn TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Phylum Mollusca L Family Mytilidae Rafinesque, 1815 Amygdalum papyrium (Conrad, 1846) 28 Brachidontes exustus (Linne, 1758) 6 Ischadium recurvum (Rafinesque, 1820) D Modiolus americanus (Leach, 1815) Musculus lateralis (Say, 1822) Lioberus castaneus (Say, 1822) Family Pinnidae Leach, 1819 Atrina serrata (Sowerby, 1825) Family Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815 Pecten raveneli Dall, 1898 Aequipecten muscosus (Wood, 1828) Argopecten gibbus (Linne, 1758) Argopecten irradians amplicostatus Dall, 1898 Family Plicatulidae Watson, 1930 Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 Family Anomiidae Rafinesque, 1815 Anomia simplex Orbigny, 1842 D Family Limidae Rafinesque, 1815 Lima cf. L. locklini McGinty, 1955 Family Ostreidae Rafinesque, 1815 Ostrea equestris Say, 1834 D Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) D Family Lucinidae Fleming, 1828 Lucina pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) 8 Anodontia alba Link, 1807 Divaricella quadrisulcata (Orbigny, 1842) Linga amiantus (Dall, 1901) 6 Parvilucina multilineata (Tuomey and Holmes, 1857) 31 Pseudomiltha floridana (Conrad, 1833) Family Ungulinidae H. and A. Adams, 1857 Diplodonta semiaspera (Philippi, 1836) D Diplodonta cf. D. soror C. B. Adams, 1852 Family Chamidae Lamarck, 1809 Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Chama macerophylla (Gmelin, 1791) Arcinella cornuta Conrad, 1866 Pseudochama radians (Lamarck, 1819) Family Kelliidae Forbes and Hanley, 1848 Aligena texasiana Harry, 1969 19 Family Montacutidae Clark, 1855 Mysella planulata (Stimpson, 1857) 141 Pythinella cuneata (Verrill and Bush, 1898) Family Sportellidae Dall, 1899 Ensitellops sp. D Family Carditidae Fleming, 1820 Carditamera floridana Conrad, 1838 D Family Crassatellidae Ferussac, 1822 Crassinella lunulata (Conrad, 1834) 5 Family Cardiidae Oken, 1818 Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) D Laevicardium laevigatum (Linne, 1758) Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1830) 79 Trachycardium muricatum (Linne, 1758) D 38 N WNNOUS ie) | el — =] Ooew & TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. l, Phylum Mollusca Family Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 Mactra fragilis Gmelin, 1791 Anatina anatina (Spengler, 1802) Mulinia lateralis (Say, 1822) Raeta plicatella (Lamarck, 1818) Rangia cuneata (Sowerby, 1831) Rangia flexuosa (Conrad, 1839) Family Mesodesmatidae Gray, 1839 Ervilia concentrica (Holmes, 1860) Family Solenidae Lamarck, 1809 Solen viridis Say, 1821 Ensis minor Dall, 1900 Family Tellinidae Blainville, 1814 Tellina aequistriata Say, 1824 Tellina alternata Say, 1822 Tellina iris Say, 1822 Tellina lineata Turton, 1819 Tellina squamifera Deshayes, 1855 Tellina tampaensis Conrad, 1866 Tellina texana Dall, 1900 Tellina versicolor DeKay, 1843 Tellidora cristata (Recluz, 1842) Strigilla mirabilis (Philippi, 1841) Macoma brevifrons (Say, 1834) Macoma constricta (Bruguiere, 1792) Macoma tageliformis Dall, 1900 Macoma tenta (Say, 1834) Family Donacidae Fleming, 1828 Donax texasianus Philippi, 1847 Donax variabilis Say, 1822 Family Semelidae Schumacher, 1817 Semele bellastriata (Conrad, 1837) Semele nuculoides (Conrad, 1841) Semele proficua (Pulteney, 1799) Abra aequalis (Say, 1822) Cumingia tellinoides (Conrad, 1831) Family Solecurtidae Orbigny, 1846 Solecurtis cumingianus Dunker, 1861 Tagelus divisus (Spengler, 1794) Tagelus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1786) Family Dreissenidae Gray, 1840 Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831) Family Trapeziidae Lamy, 1920 Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) Family Corbiculidae Gray, 1847 Polymesoda maritima (Orbigny, 1842) Family Veneridae RKafinesque, 1815 Agriopoma texasiana (Dall, 1892) Anomalocardia auberiana (Orbigny, 1842) Callista eucymata (Dall, 1890) Chione cancellata (Linne, 1767) Chione clenchi Pulley, 1952 Chione grus (Holmes, 1858) Chione intapurpurea (Conrad, 1849) 39 October, 1985 105 205 39 20 oo i=] Owworod TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. Phylum Mollusca Cyclinella tenuis (Recluz, 1852) Dosinia elegans Conrad, 1846 Dosinia discus (Reeve, 1850) Gouldia cerina (C. Bb. Adams, 1845) Mercenaria campechiensis (Gmelin, 1791) Pitar sp. Family Petricolidae Deshayes, 1831 Petricola pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818) Family Corbulidae Lamarck, 1818 Corbula caribaea Orbigny, 1842 Corbula contracta Say, 1822 Corbula dietziana C. B. Adams, 1852 Varicorbula operculata (Philippi, 1848) Family Gastrochaenidae Gray, 1840 Gastrochaena hians (Gmelin, 1791) Family Hiatellidae Gray, 1824 Hiatella arctica (Linne, 1767) Family Pholadidae Lamarck, 1809 Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1791 Barnea truncata (Say, 1822) Cyrtopleura costata (Linne, 1758) Diplothyra smithii Tryon, 1862 Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822) Family Lyonsiidae Fischer, 1887 Lyonsia hyalina floridana Conrad, 1849 Family Pandoridae Rafinesque, 1815 Pandora bushiana Dall, 1886 Pandora trilineata Say, 1822 Family Periplomatidae Dall, 1895 Periploma margaritaceum (Lamarck, 1801) Periploma orbiculare Guppy, 1878 Periploma sp. Family Cuspidariidae Dall, 1886 Cardiomya ornatissima (Orbigny, 1842) Family Verticordiidae Stoliczka, 1871 Verticordia ornata (Orbigny, 1842) Class Scaphopoda Bronn, 1862 Family Dentaliidae Gray, 1834 Dentalium eboreum Conrad, 1846 Dentalium texasianum Philippi, 1848 Family Siphonodentaliidae Simroth, 1894 Cadulus carolinensis Bush, 1885 40 1, October, 1985 Nr Lae P=] =| oSCUeEnNuUoFen 35 ot HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC. Officers 1985-86 President: Richard Yuill Program Vice-President: Dee Balderas Field Trip Vice-President: Dr. T. E. Pulley Treasurer: Valerie Middaugh Recording Secretary: Elizabeth Smith Corresponding Secretary: Anne Hilton Directors Paul Drez Bob Eckardt Judy Endsley Jan Hobbs Cynthia Ross John McHenry Immediate Past President: Lucy Clampit Editor, Texas Conchologist: Constance E. Boone Honorary Life Members Dr. T. E. Pulley Dr. Helmer Ode TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS A POT OF 'GREEN' By Jan HODDS sé eis did a Pia Gidve cies eilblie oleve b eveue love! eles teleta allel tian enralei=man 1-2 VACATIONING IN THE DUMP AND THE PIT By Lucy Clampit and Emily Oakes.....-cesecccecccccccesee ID REFERENCES TO HELP IDENTIFY FOSSIL MOLLUSCA FROM SOUTHERN FLORIDA By Paul E. DIO Ze! e)e.c eee ec eile, 6 e6/6 ul eles oe dia reilalie: alieise! ole 1a tel a aoa 6-9 PUBLICATION NOTE ee Sica ai via silsieiwle; oseielte: wl alelwiatoielle tale) eielel elulm enelleehal nl aie tenant 9 SEARCH AND SEIZURE - MORE ON THE SPINY MUREX FROM THE RED SEA By Constance E. BoOonme.-cecccsecceevecccscccccscccceseseslOnl2 NOTES FROM OUR PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS..ccccccscccvccecesscevecees 12 Philine aperta (Linnaeus, 1767) FROM THE GREAT BITTER LAKE, SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT By Harold W. Harry and Constance E. Boone....ccccccesesel3—21 FRESHWATER BIVALVES OF ELMENDORF LAKE, SAN ANTONIO, BEXAR CO., TEXAS By Raymond W. Neck oi clsid cs b.c 6 wepioleeibioe 6. 0le 6 ale) eloig ole roicetad Gita tctatan name aia MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBMERGED LANDS OF TEXAS, BROWNSVILLE-HARLINGEN AREA By T. R. Calnan and T. G. Littleton.....cccscccccccsese e240 Je } ie « KOs CONCHOLOGIST VOLUME XXII NO, 2 arr... ISSN 0885-1263 | CALIFORNIA. | ACADEMY OF SCIF.NCES || : FEB - 3) i SOO LIBRARY : eee JANUARY, 1986 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the official publication of the Houston Conchology Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. It is distributed as part of the dues to all members. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays of the following months: August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. Meetings are held in the Azalea Room of the Houston Garden Center in Hermann Park just east of the Houston Museum of Natural Science, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas members will be charged additional postage. Only one copy will be mailed a family membership. Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June l through May 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLO- GIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but will receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by-laws. RATES AND DUES Family membership $ Single membership $ Student membership $ Single Issues $ Extra sets mailed members §$ 9.00 (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) 0.0 9.0 6.0 2.5 EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Ode Emily R. Oakes Jan Hobbs 512-452-7794 473-5296 1 (713) 585-3031 3319 Big Bend Drive 3207 Flamborough Rt. 4, Box 500 Austin, Texas 78731 Pasadena, Texas 77503 Alvin, Texas 77511 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from amateurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands of the Editor the first day of the month preceding publication dates. 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J MANGROVES ARE LIMITED TO THE INTERTIDAL ZONE IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS (NOT FROST TOLERANT) THEY OCCUR ON GENTLY SLOPING SHORES FREE FROM STRONG WAVE ACTION, USUALLY IN BRACKISH WATER BLACKS GROW IN UPPER INTERTIDAL, REDS IN LOWER INTERTIDAL ZONE Fig. 3 Information on red mangrove and black mangrove. Illustrations by H. W. Harry 45 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBMERGED_LANDS OF TEXAS, BEAUMONT-PORT ARTHUR AREAL T. R. CALNAN2 AND T, G, LITTLETON? INTRODUCTION The State-owned submerged lands of Texas encompass almost 6,000 mi? (15,540 km“). They lie below waters of the bay~estuary-lagoon system and of the Gulf of Mexico, where they extend from the Gulf shoreline to a distance of 10.3 mi (16.6 km) on the inner continental shelf (fig. 1). A detailed inventory of the basic components of these lands was initiated in 1975. Approximately 6,700 surficial bottom samples, in- cluding 574 samples in the Beaumont-Port Arthur area, were collected at regularly spaced intervals across the submerged lands. Results of this project are being published in a series of atlases that includes data on sediments, geochemistry of sediments, all benthic macroinverte- brates, and wetlands (White and others, 1983; White and others, 1985; White and others, in press; White and others, in preparation a; White and others, in preparation b; White and others, in preparation c; White and others, in preparation d). The Beaumont-Port Arthur area, as defined in figure 2, includes a relatively small bay-estuary-lagoon system--Sabine Lake--partially separated from the Gulf of Mexico and the inner shelf by a modern strandplain-chenier system (Fisher and others, 1973). Tidal exchange between marine and estuarine systems occurs through a long, narrow tidal inlet, Sabine Pass, that has been extensively modified for navi- gation purposes. The pass connects to Sabine Lake but also to the Port Arthur-Sabine Neches canal network that outlines the south and west margins of Sabine Lake and is separated from the lake by spoil disposed along the channels. Two major rivers, Neches and Sabine, discharge into Sabine Lake, but a major part of the flow from the Neches River is diverted along the Sabine-Neches Canal. Extensive marshlands and natural coastal lakes occur along the Gulfward part of the map area. High Island, the site of one of several salt domes in the area, rises more than 20 ft (5 m) above the marsh in the southwest corner of the map sheet. Major cities in the map area include Beaumont and Port Arthur. Extensive industrial complexes are located along the Sabine- Neches Canal, and Neches River. Much more detail on the urban, indus- trial, and agricultural setting of the Beaumont-Port Arthur area is provided by Fisher and others (1973). lpublication authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin 2Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78713 34606 Bull Creek Road, Austin, Texas 78731 46 TEXAS CONCHOLUGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 BEAUMONT - PORT ARTHUR AREA GALVESTON- HOUSTON AREA Scone oo / Lowaen are ead feryas : -—t; + GinakeSs PORT LAVACA > © AREA LIVE 0 SAK Q + ae, SAN PATRICIO co. Tin f NUECES re fC Figure 1. Index map siiowing seven area maps that cover the submerged coastal lands of Texas (modified from McGowon and Morton, 1979, and Brown and others, 1972-1980). 47 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSES Surficial sediment samples analyzed for this study were taken with grab samplers at sites spaced approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) apart in the bay- estuary-lagoon system and on the inner continental shelf to a distance of about 11.2 mi (18 km) seaward of the Gulf shoreline. Ponar clam- shell grab samplers, having a capacity of approximately 0.065 ft? (.0018m~), were used in the bay pystem, gue Smith-McIntyre samplers, having a capacity of 0.46 ft~ (.013m”~), were used on the shelf. Sediment penetration depths ranged between 1.5 and 3 inches (4 and 7 em). Of the 574 sediment samples collected in the Beaumont-Port Arthur area, 90 (fig. 2) were analyzed for mollusks. Bay-estuary-lagoon samples were collected in January, 1977; inner shelf samples were collected in October, 1976, and September, 1977. Other details on data acquisition and analysis can be found in the atlas on the State-owned submerged lands in the Corpus Christi area (White and others, 1983). RESULTS Forth-six mollusk species were collected live from the Beaumont—Port Arthur area, including 21 gastropod and 25 bivalve species. Although 129 total species (live and dead) were identified, including the scaphopod, Dentalium texasianum, 6/7 gastropods, and 61 bivalves, only those species collected live will be considered in this report. All species collected are listed in appendix A. Sabine Lake (including the Sabine and Neches Rivers and the Sabine- Neches Canal) Fourteen total species, including 3 gastropods and 11 bivalves, were collected from the 34 stations examined in Sabine Lake. Numbers of species were low throughout Sabine Lake. The highest number at a station is four and 23 stations (68 percent) had no mollusks. Rangia cuneata, the most abundant molluscan species, accounts for 68 percent of the total number of bivalve individuals (table 1) and 65 percent of all mollusks. Rangia was collected live throughout most of Sabine Lake. Rangia is generally dominant in parts of estuaries where salinity is too low for marine species and too high for most fresh-water species. It is almost entirely restricted to areas where salinity is below 15 ppt most of the time and is most abundant far up the tidal rivers where salinity may stay below 1 ppt continuously for months or even years (Hopkins and others, 1973). It never inhabits hard-packed sand, rock, or hard clay bottoms, although it lives in soft pockets or silt-filled depressions in hard bottoms (Hopkins and others, 1973). Rangia has been reported by other workers as abundant in both the Neches River and Sabine Lake (Harrel and others, 1976; Wiersema and others, 1976). In the Neches River, Rangia was most abundant between the salt-water barrier, 36.6 mi (58.6 km) upstream from the river mouth, and a point 23.5 mi (37.6 km) downstream from the barrier. Wiersema and others (1976) found Rangia at all eight of their stations in Sabine Lake, where it was most abundant at their mid-lake stations. 48 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 Inner Shelf Nineteen gastropod and 17 bivaive species, represented by 458 indi- viduals, were collected on the inner shelf. Three species of gastro- pods, Nassarius acutus, Vitrinella floridana, and Parvanachis obesa, account for 69 percent of the total number of gastropod individuals (table 1). All three species also were abundant on the inner shelf in the Galveston-Houston area (White and others, 1985). Nassarius acutus and V. floridana primarily occupy substrates of VU to 20 percent sand, whereas Parvanachis obesa is generally found in sandier substrates ranging from 0 to 60 percent sand. Nuculana concentrica, Tellina versicolor, and Corbula contracta repre- sent 75 percent of the 167 bivalve specimens. Nuculana concentrica and C. contracta are found predominantly in substrates of 20 to 40 percent sand, whereas T. versicolor occurs in muddier substrates of 0 to 20 percent sand. Numerous brackish-water species, including Crassostrea virginica, Rangia cuneata, Texadina sphinctostoma, and Probythinella louisianae, are represented only by dead shells at many stations, especially those with relict muds (McGowen and Morton, 1979). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Financial assistance was provided in part by (1) the General Land Office of Texas with funds in accordance with section 305 of the Coastal Zone Management Act for Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP), (2) the Governor's Budget and Planning Office with grants in accordance with section 308 of the same act for the Coastal Energy Impact Program (CEIP); CZMP and CEIP funding is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, and (3) the Minerals Management Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior; parts of the study were conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey. Several individuals assisted in molluscan identification. These included Joseph E. Sullivan, Lisa R. Wilk, Stephen M. Robertson, and James A. DiGiulio. Also, several individuals and agencies helped verify our identifications. These included the late Joseph Rosewater, Smithsonian Institution; Robert Robertson and Virginia Maes, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Eric Powell, Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography; Harold W. Harry, Bellaire, Texas; and Granville Treece, College Station, Texas. 49 1986 XXII, No. 2, January, Vol. TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, *eaze anyjJAy 210g-JuoMNesg ey JO SpueT pesismqns ey UT VOTIBIOT eatdmes yore pue satoeds ueosnt fom jo azequnu Sutmoys deq °7 eanzyty arr eeeeee eens Serer eee eee ee ee i ee Ry gies S Abetiis Salk Slee Oren Gee wis, Ba eae Hh ake aw eee Rie 0 a.9 Hee a Veit j | ey : j [son QAASaAWD. / a VNVISINOT / ne geet / wml ela.é N s/ ete = : nen e6-s fey Slam te eee ee : a L INIAYS =. 2g w- 0 oe Deree of . waa Ed / ee —— saiveds uDosnjjow yo saquiny / awity 140g / / cia ae roResei Brae / wif 2 oF 8 9 & 2 0 / oot St t+ + HI ‘ wo Ae fo Me z o / a i / \ ) ie f ke, oe - a ay OD ye = / a j . Fe / = °. a : wn” / 4 Xe / 5U TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 Table 1. Most abundant molluscan species of the Beaumont — Port Arthur area. Sabine Lake* Number of Percent of all (14) Gastropoda individuals gastropod individuals Texadina sphinctostoma 12 86 Percent of all (237) Bivalvia bivalve individuals Rangia cuneata 162 63 Macoma mitchelli 17 7 Ischadium recurvum 17 ZL Crassostrea virginica 13 5 Inner Shelf Percent of all (291) Gastropoda gastropod individuals Nassarius acutus 108 37 Parvanachis obesa 50 17 Vitrinella floridana 45 16 Percent of all (167) Bivalvia bivalve individuals Nuculana concentrica 77 40 Corbula contracta ar 16 Tellina versicolor zt 13 *Includes the Sabine and Neches Rivers, the Sabine-Neches Canal, and parts of the Intracoastal Waterway. 51 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 REFERENCES Brown, L. F., Jr., project coordinator, 1972-1980, Environmental geo- logic atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 7 atlases. Fisher, W. L., Brown, L. F., Jr., McGowen, J. H. and Groat, C. G., 1973, Environmental geologic atlas of the Texas Coastal Zone-- Beaumont-Port Arthur Area: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 9 maps, 93 p. Harrel, R. C., Ashcraft, J., Howard, R., and Patterson, L., 1976, Stress and community structure of macrobenthos in a Gulf Coast riverine estuary: Contributions in Marine Science, v. 20, p. 69- 81. Hopkins, S. H., Anderson, J. W-, and Horvath, K., 1973, The brackish water clam Rangia cuneata as indicator of ecological effects of salinity changes in coastal waters: Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, by Texas A&M Univer- sity Department of Biology, Research Foundation, Contract No. DACW 39-71-C-007, Contract Report H-73-1, 250 p. McGowen, J. H-, and Morton, R. A., 1979, Sediment distribution, bathymetry, faults, and salt diapirs, submerged lands of Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 31 p-, 7 maps. White, W. A., Calnan, T. R.-, Morton, R. A., Kimble, R. S., Littleton, T. G., McGowen, J. H.-, Nance, H. S., and Schmedes, K. E., 1983, Submerged lands of Texas, Corpus Christi area: sediments, geo- chemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 154 p., 6 maps. 1985, Submerged lands of Texas, Galveston-Houston area: sedi- ments, geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, 147 p., 6 maps. in press, Submerged lands of Texas, Brownsville, Harlingen area: sediments, geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology. White, W. A., Calnan, T. R., Morton, R. A., Kimble, R. S., Littleton, T. G., McGowen, J. H., Nance, H. S., in preparation a, Submerged lands of Texas, Beaumont-Port Arthur area: sediments, geo- chemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology. in preparation b, Submerged lands of Texas, Bay City-Freeport area: sediments, geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and associated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology. 52 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 in preparation c, Submerged lands of Texas, Port Lavaca area: sediments, geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and asso- ciated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology. in preparation d, Submerged lands of Texas, Kingsville area: sediments, geochemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and asso- ciated wetlands: The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology. Wiersema, J. M., Price, P. T., Davenport, J., and Mitchell, R. P., 1976, Ecological studies in Sabine Lake 1974-1975: Espey, Huston and Associates, Inc., Austin, Texas, document no. 7644, submitted to the Texas Water Development Board, 144 p. 53 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 Appendix A: Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates In the Beaumont-Port Arthur Area Distribution of Molluscan Species Is = Inner Shelf S = Sabine Lake, Sabine River, Neches River, and Sabine-Neches Canal Is S Totals Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Family Fissurellidae Fleming, 1822 Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822) D Family Littorinidae Gray, 1840 Littorina irrorata (Say, 1822) D Family Rissoinidae Stimpson, 1865 Rissoinia decussata (Montagu, 1803) D Family Assimineidae Fleming, 1828 Assiminea cf. A. succinea (Pfeiffer, 1840) D Family Hydrobiidae Stimpson, 1865 _ Hydrobia sp. - D Family Littoridinidae Thiele, 1929 Texadina barretti (Morrison, 1965) 1 t Texadina sphinctostoma (Abbott and Ladd, 1951) D 12 12 Family Stenothyridae Fischer, 1885 Probythenella louisianae (Morrison, 1965) D Family Viviparidae Gray, 1847 ? Campeloma sp. D Family Vitrinellidae Bush, 1897 Vitrinella floridana Pilsbry and McGinty, 1946 45 45 Cyclostremiscus pentagonus (Gabb, 1873) 15 15 Solariorbis infracarinata Gabb, 1881 1 i Teinostoma biscaynense Pilsbry and McGinty, 1945 D D Family Cerithiidae Fleming, 1822 Litiopa melanostoma Rang, 1829 D Cerithiopsis greeni (C. B. Adams, 1839) D Cerithiopsis emersoni (C. B. Adams, 1838) D Seila adamsi (H. C. Lea, 1845) D Family Epitoniidae S. S. Berry, 1910 . Epitonium albidum (Orbigny, 1842) D Epitonium humphreysi (Kiener, 1838) D Epitonium angulatum (Say, 1830) 1 1 Epitonium rupicola (Kurtz, 1860) D D Epitonium apiculatum (Dall, 1889) l 1 Epitonium multistriatum (Say, 1826) 1 1 Family Eulimidae Risso, 1826 Balcis jamaicensis (C. Bb. Adams, 1845) D Balcis arcuata (C. B. Adams, 1850) D Eulima hemphilli Dall, 1884 1 1 P Pd 54 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, Phylum Mollusca Eulima bilineata (Alder, 1843) Niso aeglees bush, 1885 Family Calyptraeidae Blainville, 1824 Crepidula fornicata (Linne, 1758) Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 Family Strombidae Rafinesque, 1815 Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791 Family Naticidae Gray, 1840 Polinices duplicatus (Say, 1822) Sinum perspectivum (Say, 1831) Natica pusilla Say, 1822 Family Muricidae da Costa, 1776 Thais haemastoma (Linne, 1/67) Family Columbellidae Swainson, 1840 Costoanachis lafresnayi (Fischer and Bernardi, 1856) Costoanachis cf. C. avara (Say, 1821) Parvanachis obesa (C. B. Adams, 1845) Parvanachis ostreicola Melvill, 1881 Cosmioconcha calliglypta (Dall and Simpson, 1901) Mitrella lunata (Say, 1826) Family Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815 Cantharus cancellarius (Conrad, 1846) Family Melongenidae Gill, 1867 Busycon perversum (Linne, 1/58) Busycon spiratum (Lamarck, 1816) Family Nassariidae Iredale, 1916 Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822) Nassarius acutus (Say, 1822) Family Fasciolariidae Gray, 1853 Fasciolaria lilium Fischer, 1807 Family Olividae Latreille, 1825 Olivella dealbata (Reeve, 1850) Family Terebridae H. and A. Adams, 1854 Terebra concava Say, 1827 Terebra protexta Conrad, 1845 Family Turridae Swainson, 1840 Cryoturris cf. C. cerinella (Dall, 1889) Nannodiella cf. Ne ~ vespuciana Orbigny, 1842 Agathotoma Agathotoma candidissima (C. B. Adams, 1845) Pyrgocythara plicosa (C. B. Adams, 1850) Family Pyramidellidae Gray, 1840 Pyramidella crenulata (Holmes, 1859) Odostomia gibbosa Bush, 1909 Odostomia seminuda (C. B. Adams, 1837) Odostomia impressa (Say, 1821) Eulimastoma weberi (Morrison, 1965) Eulimastoma engonia (Bush, 1885) Turbonilla elegans (Orbigny, 1342) Turbonilla cf. I. interrupta (Totten, 1835) Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) sp. B Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) sp. A. 55 January, e Totals 17 50 16 108 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, Phylum Mollusca Family Acteonidae Orbigny, 1342 Acteon punctostriatus (C. B. Adams, 184U) Family Acteocinidae Pilsbry, 1921 Acteocina canaliculata (Say, 1822) Family Retusidae Thiele, 1926 Volvulella texasiana Harry, 1967 Family Cuvieridae Gray, 1840 Cavolina longirostris (Blainville, 1821) Class Bivalvia Linne, 1758 Family Nuculidae Gray, 1824 Nucula proxima Say, 1822 Family Nuculanidae Meek, 1864 Nuculana acuta (Conrad, 1831) Nuculana concentrica (Say, 1824) Family Arcidae Lamarck, 1809 Anadara transversa (Say, 1822) Lunarca ovalis (Bruguiere, 1789) Family Noetiidae Stewart, 1930 Noetia ponderosa (Say, 1822) Family Mytilidae Rafinesque, 1815 Brachidontes exustus (Linne, 1758) Ischadium recurvum (Rafinesque, 1820) Family Plicatulidae Watson, 1930 Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 Family Anomiidae Rafinesque, 1815 Anomia simplex Orbigny, 1842 Family Ostreidae Rafinesque, 1815 Ostrea equestris Say, 1834 Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) Family Lucinidae Fleming, 1828 Linga amiantus (Dall, 1901) Parvilucina multilineata (Tuomey and Holmes, 1857) Family Ungulinidae H. and A. Adams, 1857 Diplondonta cf. D. soror C. B. Adams, 1852 January, IS 1 p Diplodonta cf. D. semiaspera (Philippi, 1836) D Family Chamidae Lamarck, 1809 Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Chama macerophylla (Gmelin, 1791) Family Kelliidae Forbes and Hanley, 1848 Aligena texasiana Harry, 1969 Family Montacutidae Clark, 1855 Mysella planulata (Stimpson, 1857) Family Sportellidae Dall, 1899 Ensitellops sp. Family Crassatellidae Ferussac, 1822 Crassinella lunulata (Conrad, 1834) Family Cardiidae Oken, 1818 Trachycardium muricatum (Linne, 1758) Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) 56 1986 Totals 1 17 13 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. Phylum Mollusca Family Mactridae Lamarck, 1809 Mulinia lateralis (Say, 1822) Rangia cuneata (Sowerby, 1831) Rangia flexuosa (Conrad, 1839) Raeta plicatella (Lamarck, 1818) Anatina anatina Spengler, 1802 Family Tellinidae Blainville, 1814 Tellina texana Dall, 1900 Tellina versicolor DeKay, 1843 Tellina alternata Say, 1822 Strigilla mirabilis (Philippi, 1841) Macoma tenta (Say, 1834) Macoma tageliformis Dall, 1900 Macoma mitchelli Dall, 1905 Family Donacidae Fleming, 1828 Donax variabilis Say, 1822 Family Semelidae Stoliczka, 1870 Semele proficua (Pulteney, 1799) Semele nuculoides (Conrad, 1841) Semele bellastriata (Conrad, 13837) Abra aequalis (Say, 1822) Family Solecurtidae Orbigny, 1846 Tagelus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1/86) Tagelus divisus (Spengler, 1794) Family Dreissenidae Gray, 13840 Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831) Family Veneridae Rafinesque, 1815 Mercenaria campechiensis (Gmelin, 1791) Chione clenchi Pulley, 1952 Chione grus (Holmes, 1858) Chione intapurpurea (Conrad, 1849) Callocardia texasiana (Dall, 1892) Dosinia discus (Reeve, 1850) Gemma purpurea (Lea, 1842) Gouldia cerina (C. B. Adams, 1845) Pitar sp. Family Petricolidae Deshayes, 1831 Petricola pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818) Family Corbulidae Lamarck, 1818 Corbula contracta Say, 1822 Corbula caribaea Orbigny, 1842 Corbula dietziana C. B. Adams, 1852 Family Pholadidae Lamarck, 1809 Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1792 Cyrtopleura costata (Linne, 1758) Barnea truncata (Say, 1822) Family Pandoridae Rafinesque, 1815 Pandora trilineata Say, 1822 Class Scaphopoda Bronn, 1862 Family Dentaliidae Gray, 1834 Dentalium texasianum Philippi, 1848 57 January, Is Sore = = i) Clee oS i) NOOUCr 7} CS Sree Sine So oc 12 Ly 1986 12 21 10 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 QQ hihi Ubi: Dr. Thomas E. Pulley at Port Aransas, Texas, with a beachworn Busycon perversum brought by a collector from a Louisiana beach. 58 The collector and Dr. Pulley met at St. Joseph's Island, and the specimen was given to HMNS. The photo is by member E. Joseph Deering. 59 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 IN MEMORTAM DR. THOMAS EDWARD PULLEY 15 October 1916--19 November 1985 Pa Members of the Houston Conchology Society are deeply saddened to know that we have lost our honorary member, our teacher, our friend —— Dr. T. E. Pulley. : Thomas Edward Pulley was born in Oklahoma City, October 15, 1916, but he had lived in Houston, Texas since 1923 and considered himself a Texan. He graduated from Rice University, received his master's degree from the University of Houston, and obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Harvard University where he was a student of the late Dr. William J. Clench. His first interest was entomology, but he used to say, ruefully, that he found there was only one job available in the state of Texas for someone with that discipline and that was held by a fairly young man. He took two master's degrees at the University of Houston, one in education and the other a master of science with his thesis titled “Marine Mollusks of the Texas Coast" (1950). At Harvard he began his study of the bivalves of the Gulf of Mexico. Dr. Clench had had some correspondence with the late Betty Allen of Port Isabel concerning shells found off Texas by shrimpers. He sug- gested that Dr. Pulley get in touch with her to study the bivalves. Dr. Pulley later visited with Betty and also with Jeanne Frisbey in Port Isabel to see material from shrimpers. One story he told was about Betty's garage full of Amusium papyraceum, sometimes called the Sun and Moon Pecten, a shell considered very rare in those days. The descriptions of Chione clenchi Pulley, 1952 and Conus frisbeyae Clench and Pulley, 1952 were published in the Texas Journal of Science from material he got from Betty and Jeanne. His Ph.D. thesis on the bivalves of the Gulf of Mexico was never published, but his “An Illus- trated Check List of the Marine Mollusks of Texas” (1952) in the Texas Journal of Science was widely used for many years as the most authori- tative work available on the subject. His educational years were interrupted during World War II as he enlisted as a U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman in June, 1941, and ended up commissioned an Ensign, discharged finally as Lieutenant in January, 1946, when he returned to Houston with a wife, Jeanne, he had met while at Midshipmen's school. He had also served as a seamanship instructor and Captain of a training vessel but was transferred to an attach transport operating in the Pacific, serving as Damage Control Officer, Bomb Safety Officer, Photographic Officer, Junior Watch Officer, and First Lieutenant. While he told of landing on many islands and going exploring in the Philippines when the war was over, he brought home no specimen shells, just a few polished Pinctada valves and some pearls for Jeanne. 60 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 He had taught science in a Houston junior high school, later became a professor of biology at the University of Houston, and was a lecturer in biology at Rice University. He served as director of the Houston Museum of Natural Science from September, 1957 to 1981. In the beginning, the museum headquarters were in a small building in the zoo, and there was a very limited staff and activities. During his directorship, the museum moved to its present building on Hermann Drive which contains a planetarium as -well as new halls for exhibits and education. He made the establish- ment of a major museum in Houston (and the South) his goal. During his years the museum experienced much growth, both in space and diver- sity of its activities. Educational courses and organized field trips to distant places commenced, with Tom Pulley the enthusiastic partici- pant and teacher. From 1981 to 1985 he served as Director Emeritus and Manager of Collections at HMNS. In 1985 he served as Interim Director. His special interest was the Mollusca, though he knew a lot about everything else in natural history and science. He proceeded to build all the collections at HMNS, acquiring everything from Indian arti- facts, to fossils, to guns, to radios, to cameras, to early tools and instruments, to animals of all kinds, to gems and minerals, to old engines, to oil tools and equipment, to early communication units, to pre-Columbian pottery, and to books. He had built up a study collec tion of mollusks of the Western Atlantic, most specifically of the Texas Coast. He was an avid collector, taking his students on many, -many field trips, leading museum seminars, and organizing and direct- ing field trips for the Houston Conchology Society and other nearby clubs. In the 1970s his study collection of mollusks was donated to HMNS after he ended his teaching at Rice. He was always interested in building the research collection of mollusks at HMNS. He helped to organize discovery teams to the Flower Garden live coral reefs some 100 miles off Galveston, Texas. The Northwest Gulf Marine Mollusk Survey had the museum's backing, and he participated in many of the trips to Stetson Bank, Flower Garden reefs, and Heald Bank to get material which is now part of the research collection at the museum. He energetically sought good material for the growing collection and was instrumental in arranging for the museum to acquire the fine research library. Many of his own books have been donated to this library. Under his tutelage, the mollusk collection was and is being curated and has reached over 20,000 cataloged lots. An estimate is made that that many more lots remain to be cataloged. Researchers are becoming aware of the collec- tion of recent mollusks from the Northwest Gulf which Dr. Pulley said was the best such collection in any museum. Researchers are also becoming aware of the fine library on malacology and paleontology at HMNS. Two mollusks were named for Dr. Pulley: Busycon perversum pulleyi Hollister, 1958, and Macoma pulleyi Boyer, 1969. ite continued his study of the Genus Busycon. The extensive collection 61 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 at HMNS enabled him to make notes on range of species and growth factors. He was satisfied with his determination that all the left- handed specimens should be Busycon perversum. This last summer he tried to unravel puzzles of the Busycon spiratum complex, and we have arranged the cataloged material according to his thinking about possi- ble subspecies in this complex. Through the years he maintained his connections with malacologists across the country. He served as President of the American Malaco- logical Union in 1961 and continued to serve on the Executive Board. In 1968, 1972, and 1979 he helped host the organization's meetings in Texas, always being involved with the field trips as he loved to discuss the beaches with visitors. In 1979 he chaired a symposium on ’ mollusks of the Gulf of Mexico at the Corpus Christi meeting. Club members will remember him as an enthusiastic field trip leader and as a superlative teacher. Many of our members joined the club after attending one of his seminars at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. We all know that he would dig angel wings harder than any- one, that he would stand in the surf zone shoveling sand into his box sieves to get Donax long after we had wearied, and that he could outwalk us on the sand bars. We remember him as a wonderful host who introduced us to deer chili (proclaimed as the best kind), taught us how to crack open oysters and eat the raw animals, taught us his special tricks of peeling shrimp, introduced us to chowder from Texas Mercenaria, took us to Mexico to his favorite restaurant to eat Cabrito cooked over a spit, and fed us hushpuppies and his homemade stew, soup, and gumbo. Trips to the beach included eating whatever was seined or dredged. A lot of us ate things we would never have tried otherwise. And along with all this special gift of feeding us well we were bombarded with knowledge of everything in and near the sea. He was especially supportive of Texas Conchologist, contributing articles and suggesting others, always pushing the Editor to do just a little more research and pointing out references available. Just a few weeks before he died, Dr. Pulley snorkeled and collected as hard as anyone on the field trip he helped plan to Caye Caulker, Belize. He came home with additions to the records by members from this locality. Through the years, other societies benefited from his leadership. de was a past Council member of the American Association of Museums, served as president of the Texas Museum Association, was a Fellow of the Texas Academy of Science, and served as president of the Harris County Arts Council. To his wife, Jeanne, and his sons, Robert M. and Richard L., the membership extends heartfelt sympathy and love. He will be greatly missed by this society. The T. E. Pulley Endowment Fund has been established at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, 1 Hermann Circle Drive, Houston, Texas 77030, to benefit the museum. It would be his wish that we continue 62 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 to support the museum. He would want us to continue adding good material from collecting trips to the mollusk collection. He would like us to work toward making the research in mollusks at HMNS note- worthy. That was his dream. 1949 1950 1952 1952 1952 1953 1959 1963 1972 1979 1980 1983 1984 1984 Bibliography Shelled mollusks of the Texas coast from Galveston to Port Aransas. Texas Journal of Science 1(3): 62-68. Marine mollusks of the Texas Coast. Master of Science, University of Houston. Notes on some marine shells from the Gulf of Mexico with a description of a new species of Conus. Texas Journal of Science 4(1): 59-61 (Senior author W. J. Clench). A new species of Chione from the Western Gulf of Mexico. Texas Journal of Science 4(1): 61-62, photo page 60. An illustrated check list of the marine mollusks of Texas. Texas Journal of Science 4(2): 167-199. A zoogeographic study based on the bivalves of the Gulf of Mexico. Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University. Busycon perversum (Linne) and some related species. The Rice Institute Pamphlet XLVI(1): 70-89. Texas to the tropics, a coral reef off Galveston. Bulletin Houston Geological Society 6(4): 13-19. A review of Busycon perversum (Linne, 1758). Texas Conchologist IX(2): 34. The species of Donax on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America. Texas Conchologist XV(2): 26-35. Marine mollusks of the West Coast of Baja California. Texas Conchologist XVI(4): 89-97. Marine shells of the outer Baja California Coast. Texas Conchologist XIX(4): 77-91. Houston Museum of Natural Science. Texas Conchologist XXI(1): 15-19. The egg cases of Busycon perversum. Texas Conchologist XX(4): 91-101. Constance E. Boone 63 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. l, October, 1985 SIZE CONSTRAINTS ON RACCOON PREDATION ON A -. FRESHWATER MUSSEL, CyrTONAIAS TAMPICOENSIS (LEA, 1838) Raymonp W, Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 ABSTRACT Analysis of shells of a freshwater mussel, Cyrtonaias tampicoensis, from a raccoon, Procyon lotor, midden reveals constraints on predatory activities. Small and medium-sized mussels are more susceptible than large mussels to predation due to limitations on force created by bites at wide mouth gapes. INTRODUCTION Freshwater mussels, due to their lack of dramatic locomotory processes, are forced to rely upon passive defense measures as anti- predator devices. Mussels are often found completely burrowed into the substrate except for the posterior margin of the shell. This posture reduces the chances of the animal being discovered and removed from the substrate by a predator but still allows water exchange via the inhalant-exhalant siphon system. The hard calcareous shell may also serve as protection from many predators but is by no means an absolute defense structure. This anti-predation function is often assumed, but few data have been presented. Below, the importance of the shell as an anti-predatory structure is discussed. METHODS AND RESULTS On 10 May 1978 I collected a sample of eight paired valves of Cyrtonaias tampicoensis from the edge of the water of Resaca de la Palma in Resaca de la Palma State Park, Cameron County, Texas. No other mussel species were present in this predator midden pile. Other species present in Resaca de la Palma include Lampsilis teres, Anodonta imbecilis, Toxolasma parvus, and Corbicula fluminea (see Table 1). Field surveys were made on 26 March 1980 and 24 July 1980. Surveys were made in different portions of the resaca on the two dates; thus, the samples can be totaled for an accurate assessment of the available bivalve fauna. Characteristics of tooth marks on the valves of C. tampicoensis and presence of footprints indicates that the shell midden was produced by a raccoon, Procyon lotor. For each valve, the general dimensions, size and location of tooth marks, mouth gape required to produce tooth marks, and thickness of valve (presented as a range) at location of tooth marks are presented in Table 2. Only the posterior portions of the left valve of 64 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 individuals #1 and #2 and of the right valve of individual #3 were broken by the observed raccoon activity. Individual #7 exhibited a small notch in the posterior right valve which had been refilled by new shell material. A few of the valves examined in this study are shown in Figures 1 and 2. In general, the teeth marks are approximately parallel to the axis of the faint rays. However, on individual number 6, the few teeth marks present are parallel to the growth lines. Teeth marks on individual number 6 were the smallest observed and may have been produced by the action of a small raccoon which could not open its mouth large enough to produce marks perpendicular to the growth lines. DISCUSSION The intent of this report is not to demonstrate that the prime func- tion of the pelecypod shell involves anti-predation. The major function of the shell is to provide support for a soft-bodied organism which has very few internal structures to maintain a particular form or orientation. Secondarily, this "exoskeleton" has become multi- functional. Secondary adaptations involve protection from desiccation in bodies of water which periodically dry up, provision of an adequate calcium supply to buffer metabolic wastes, and/or unfavorable hydro- chemical conditions in addition to anti-predation. Absence of the other four bivalve species in the midden pile is probably the result of several factors. C. tampicoensis is by far the most abundant bivalve species. C. tampicoensis is probably easier to extract from the clay/silt substrate than the more linear L. teres whose anchoring foot would be buried more deeply. The remaining three species are both uncommon and small in size and volume. C. tampico- ensis represents a much larger package of nutrients than the other species. The shells of C. tampicoensis are much like thin-shelled Lampsilis, although shells of L. teres are thicker than those of C. tampicoensis. The data presented in Table 2 provide a beginning point to understand the limitations of raccoon predation upon C. tampicoensis. A raccoon appears able to open its mouth as much as 31 to 32 mm. between points of its teeth (canines are presumed to be the teeth utilized in such activity). However, they may not be able to break shells of C. tampicoensis if the mouth gape required exceeds approximately 22 to 26 mm. Mussel shell thicker than about 1.3 mm. appears to be unlikely to be broken by raccoons at the limit of mouth gape capability. Decreased distinction for thickness between broken and unbroken valves may indicate that the size of mouth gape required may be more signifi- cant than valve thickness in determining whether a mussel shell can be broken by a raccoon. Certainly, thicker shells can be broken by raccoons, but such success may only be possible with small mouth gapes. Indication of shell repair in right valve of pair #7 indicates that individual mussels can survive unsuccessful predation attempts. 65 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 1, October, 1985 Table 1 Freshwater bivalve counts in Resaca de la Palma, Resaca de la Palma State Park, Cameron Co., Texas. Sample Dates Bivalve species 26 Mar 1980 24 July 1980 Cyrtonaias tampicoensis 138 163 Lampsilis teres 84 41 Toxolasma parvus 0 1 Anodonta imbecilis 1 4 Corbicula fluminea 8) 7 Figure 1. Valve pairs of Cyrtonaias tampicoensis which were successfully broken by raccoon. Above - valve pair #1; Below - valve pair #2 66 TEXAS CUNCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1980 Figure 2. Valve pairs of Cyrtonaias tampicoensis which were not broken by raccoon. Above - valve pair #4; Below - valve pair #5. 67 1986 January, 2; UTI, Vol. TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, *yanom usdo 07 [Teuwfue Jo AIFTTqe peeoxe oO} pewnseid sie sadueISTp ssey. fseaTea y30q uo peated jou o1e sy1eW Y}00) ssnedsq ‘sjUaWeINnseeM odes YyINOM TeOTIeAOaYI 21e BsaUL xy *A}FAFIOE uoosde1 AQ UsyoOIG 219M SBATRA VSoyL x *SATPA JUZTI = Y SAATPA 3JeT = JT STezqued = 9 faoTzejsod = g ‘10TIeqUe = Y fSaATeA Tessnu uo SyIeM YI00R Jo UOT IeD0T b *adeios eTZuts Aq epew sem YOTYM YAS YOO YSeZIeT JO YUIPTM ¢ *syiew y.207 peAIesqo soNnpoad 02 YANOM UT WeTD SATT JO SaaTea peated soetd 03 peatnbe1 sdey 2 “BATRA JO SSOUYOTYI STQeTACA SoIeoTpuy e8ue1 fsy1ew y.903 YIFM JuTOod ye aaTeA JO ssaUyTYL t 1 “Oo va aD ey, , arn ¥¥€° €€ Ly°l - ZE°T 9°74 T°SL 9°00T & 1 ‘a 9V co *%8°ZE O8°T - OS°T €°ey °TZL A A re 8 T'S c°0 *%8° VE Ov°T — ZE°T S°SY L°69 L° 16 9 uxt ‘Vv R°T G°0€ co°T - “ZS°T L°ty 0°89 6° L6 C a9 1.‘S Pa ret 2°97 OGL = 27°1 6° RE Z°729 c°68 9 art “a O°T Toes O€°T - @Z°T 0°04 6°99 C°¥6 — #€ a3." “a sage L£°ST Ce°T - 61°T Z°0€ L£°9S ’6L #2 U2 ‘d 8°T 0°8T T= 20° 7° O€ c°LY 8°89 xT p2OFIB201 AEH = UIPTM AEH «= BdBD YANO = |SSOUAOTYL PATEA —-WIPTM — JYBTOH - YIBUET °(um uy SsjUamMeINSesM [Te) sexey *AQuNOD uozeme) *y1eg 23e3S BUTE eT ep eoeSeYyY WoIZ STSsueco;dme, SeTeUDIIAD JO sqUSMeINSeeM [TOYS @ OTdUPL 68 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 MONOGRAPH By H, Opé DISTRIBUTION AND RECORDS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA IN THE NORTHWEST GULF OF MEXICO (A Continuing Monograph) Family HALIOTIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 This family is well known for the several large sized members living on the Pacific coast of the North American continent, where they are collected as food (abalones). The shells are flat and ear shaped with a number of open holes in the last, very much enlarged, whorl. This row of holes is a primitive characteristic which has also persisted in some fissurellids. Two species have been described for the Western Atlantic, only one of which occurs in our waters. An extensive discussion of the Western Atlantic species is given by R. W. Foster in Johnsonia, Vol. 2 (21), pe 37-40, 1946. A later brief discussion on the ecology and distribu- tion of our Western Atlantic species is given by Titgen, R. H., and Bright, T. J-, in Northeast Gulf Science, Vol. 7 (2), p- 147-151, 1985. The identity of the Brazilian species is in doubt. Abbott 1974 suggests that it may be a Polynesian specimen and Titgen and Bright imply that it may be the same as pourtalesii. The name of the only genus Haliotis Linne, 1758 derives from the Greek words for salt (used poetically for sea) and ear. In the Western Gulf of Mexico only a single species: 78. Haliotis pourtalesii Dall, 1881 It is now clear that this species is widespread, although never common, in the Western Gulf of Mexico. A specimen somewhat less than one inch in size was collected on Oct. 7, 1967 by divers operating from the U.S.S. Haynsworth on a collecting trip for the Houston Museum of Natural Science and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This single dead shell together with other shell debris was obtained from the inner cavity of a large sponge, collected at a location 113 miles S.E. of Galveston (27 deg. 53 min. 15 sec. N- 93 deg. 19 min. W). This location is named the "24 fm lump” by fishermen and is an algal reef. In Texas Conchologist Vol. 5 (6), p- 63-68, 1969, some data about the Museum collection are given and in Vol. 9 (2), p. 48, 1972, this Haliotis and some other material of Haliotis is listed. Further data have been assembled by Titgen and Bright, 1985 in their Table 1. Live specimens have been reported from Florida reefs at 356 m. and from off Texas reefs. Dead shells from Louisiana off Cameron, collected at depths varying between 57-85 m., are in the HMNS collection. The largest recorded size is about 30 mm. (Titgen and Bright, 1985). 69 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 Fig. 1 This Haliotis pourtalesii, a dead shell, was collected Oct. 7, 1967 at "24 fm. lump” 113 miles southeast of Galveston, Texas, and found in a large sponge brought up by divers. It is displayed in the Texas Shells exhibit on the second floor at HMNS. 7U TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 In my opinion the occurrence of this species in the Western Atlantic is another indication of the close relationship between Panamic and Caribbean faunas. The evolution of H. pourtalesii from Pacific stock should be clarified. The history of the discovery of H. pourtalesii is better known and is so interesting that it may be briefly stated here. Pourtales dredged a single live specimen off Florida in 1869. This specimen, with other material, was sent to Washington, where Dall saw it. Soon thereafter the speci- men, together with much other fine invertebrate material, was sent to Stimpson in Chicago to be included in the work by Stimpson on the invertebrates of the East Coast. The Chicago fire of 1871 destroyed all of it. Fortunately, Dall was able to describe the Haliotis from memory ten years later (Dall, 1881, Bull. M. C. Z. 9, p. 79). It was only much later (in 1911) that Henderson obtained new material from off Sand Key, Florida, which now is considered the neotype of the species. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 4 lots, no live material. Depth range: 31 - 61 fms. Geographical range: North Carolina to Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Yucatan, Brazil?? Maximum size (in the HMNS): 21.5 m. Family SCISSURELLIDAE Gray, 1847 This family, whose members possess the primitive character of an anal slit, is therefore related to Haliotis. It is exclusively composed out of very small species mostly occurring in deeper water. Along the Texas and Louisiana coast three species have been collected, one of which is undescribed. Two species are scissurellas of the Subgenus Anatoma Woodward, 1859, and the third belongs to the Pacific Genus Sinezona Finlay, 1927. Originally I had selected the generic name Schismope for this material, but since Abbott (1974) believes that Schismope Jeffreys, 1856 is merely a synonym of Scissurella d'Orbigny, 1824, we may for the time being report this material as belonging in Sinezona Finlay, 1927. It conforms well with Abbott's all too brief characterization of that genus: “Similar to Scissurella, but the slit is closed at the margin of the outer lip, leaving a slotlike hole some distance back from the edge of the lip.” (Abbott 1974, p. 17) Anatoma occurs in deeper water on sandy, shelly bottoms, but Sinezona is an inhabitant of the coral and algal reefs. Genus Scissurella d'Orbigny, 1824 Material of this genus occurs in rather deep water, is mostly in poor condition because of erosion, but can still be easily recognized. It all belongs to the Subgenus Anatoma Woodward, 1859. 71 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 19%6 79. Scissurella proxima Dall, 1927 This species was never properly illustrated but I have seen the type, and it conforms well with most of our material, although this is mostly in poor condition. For a descrip- tion see Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 70, art. 18, p. 1lu. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 8 lots, no live material. Depth range: 63 - 167 fms. Geographical range: South Carolina to Florida Keys (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: 1.8 mm. 80. Scissurella cf. crispata (Fleming, 1828) A second species that, with some hesitation, I give the name crispata occurs in our material. It is considerably flatter than proxima and its sculpture is much coarser. If seen from above the upper surface of the whorls is coarsely ribbed and the ribs appear slightly nodulose because of crossing spirals, which are not as delicate as in proxima. Also, the underside is much more coarsely ribbed than proxima and the two spiral flanges, almost lamellae, border- ing the anal slit are much more strongly developed than in proxima. I believe that this might be a southern form of crispata Fleming, but it does not compare well with material that I have seen. From the literature it would appear that crispata is a widespread species, essentially circumarctic with occurrences in deep water in tropical areas. It has been found on both sides of the North American continent (Baja California and West Indies). To judge from the many synonyms cited by Abbott, it is variable in shape and lives in slightly deeper waters than proxima (60 - 1215 fms. according to Abbott). Records HMNS Survey Collection: 3 lots off Louisiana, no live material. Depth range: 51 — 85 fms. Geographical range: Arctic seas to Florida and the West Indies, Europe, Alaska to Baja California, Japan (Abbott, 1974). Maximum size: 2.1 mm. Genus Sinezona Finlay, 1927 This genus, originally described from Australia, has so far not been reported from the Western Atlantic. Surprisingly, it is not rare in the material from the coral and algal reefs off the Texas and Louisi- ana coast. This Pacific genus once more indicates the close relation- ship between Panamic and Caribbean faunas. 81. Sinezona spec. indet. In the collection of the HMNS there are no less than 8 lots of this very small scissurellid, which in shape is complete- 72 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 ly different from Anatoma. The single hole in the anal slit has elevated thin borders so that it looks as a small pus- tule with a hole on top. The anal slit forms a considerable shoulder at the upper side of the whorl. Seen from the top the shell is quite flat. Abbott's (1974) description of S. rimuloides (Carpenter, 1865) fits this species rather well, as far as shape is concerned, but spirals in our species are only delicately visible on the upper part of the whorl and in a few specimens very faintly on the base. In some speci- mens strong riblets are developed on the base, while in other specimens the base is almost smooth. Records HMNS Survey Collection: 8 lots, none alive. Mostly on coral and algal reefs off Texas. Also on shale outcrops, and on sandy mud (off Louisiana in 55 fms.). Depth range: 14 -— 55 fms. Geographical range: Only known from our material from the coral and algal reefs off Texas and Louisiana. Maximum size: about 1 m. FREER RBBH ANNUAL AUCTION TO BE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC The annual fund-raising auction sponsored by the Houston Conchology Society will be held on Sunday, April 27, at the Garden Center immediately east of the Houston Museum of Natural Science in Hermann Park. It will be open to the public this year. Robert and Jodi Eckardt are chairmen of the event planned from 1 to 6 p-m. on that date. There will be an oral auction, silent auction tables, and several tables of sale shells, as well as some shells on consignment from dealers. The annual project to raise funds to continue our support to the museum, to purchase books for our library, and to continue Texas Conchologist has caused the enlargement of efforts this year. Plans include display of shells by members to interest the public in our society. Anyone interested in helping with the event, by donating shells, by presenting a display, or by assistance to the chairmen in any way, is asked to call the Eckardts at 463-345u. 73 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 INFORMATION SOUGHT ABOUT EARLY TEXAS CONCHOLOGISTS There is regrettably little information recorded in the molluscan literature about two early Texas conchologists, J. A. Singley and J. D. Mitchell, who published papers on Texas mollusks in the 1890s. J. A. Singley may have lived at one time at Giddings, Texas, according to a reprint with his signature and address that is in the molluscan library at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Abbott listed him in American Malacologists as one of the persons about whom he could find no information. Andrews' book Shells and Shores of Texas, 1977, lists papers by Singley as follows: 1893 Contributions to the natural history of Texas: Part l, Texas Mollusca, In Fourth Annual Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1892, Austin: Ben Jones and Co. 1894 List of Mollusca collected in Texas in 1891. In Fishes of Texas and Rio Grande Basin, ed. B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall, pp. 123-125. Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., Vol. 12 for 1892. Washington, D.C. Paul McGee published a brief note on Singley and Mitchell in Texas Conchologist 7(2):14. Perhaps someone with a talent and interest in genealogical research who reads this will undertake to seek more information about Singley and write his biography. We know a little more about Mitchell, the first native born concholo- gist. He was from pioneering families in Texas and grew up near Port Lavaca, later moving to Victoria, Texas. He published several pamphlets on mollusks and papers on mollusks and Texas sea life in journals. He is not mentioned in Abbott's American Malacologists. However, an article concerning his life and contributions to the knowledge of Texas mollusks was published in Texas Conchologist 3(4). It was a summary of the information gathered by Michael N. Boone (son of Constance E. Boone) for a junior high school history project and which was published in Texas Junior Historian. Several species of mollusks from Texas were named for Mr. Mitchell by William H. Dall of the Smithsonian Institution, including Amaea mitchelli. A review of the story in TC, with update of information and with notes from pamphlets published by Mr. Mitchell, will appear in a later issue of Texas Conchologist. We will appreciate any information you can add to what is known about Mr. Mitchell. H. W. Harry and C. Boone 74 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 WORLD RECORD SIZED Umpracucum FOUND IN GULF By Jim Keeter A world record sized Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1796) was brought up in shrimp nets off Cape St. George Island, Florida West Coast, in late 1984 by Captain James Silva's vessel "The Norther.” The shell, 11.1 cm. long x 9.00 cm. wide, was given to The Apalachi- cola National Estuarine Sanctuary by Vavid Hill and now resides in the Sanctuary Local Marine Mollusk Collection in Apalachicola. Official confirmation of the identification and size of the shell was made by Dr. Fred Thompson of the Florida State Museum in Gainesville, Florida. The largest Umbraculum umbraculum previously recorded is the 10.3 cm. long specimen from Mauritius (Indian Ocean) registered in 1977 and now in the Delaware Museum of Natural History. The registry of this new record was made to Robert J. L. Wagner, editor of Standard Catalog of Shells which includes and updates records of the largest sized shells found throughout the world. [The Editor remarks that this species is listed in Compendium of Seashells, 1982, page 280, as occurring in the Indo-Pacific and the Caribbean and said to be rare. There the animal is measured to be 4 inches for the 10 cm. shell (a limpet-like shell which sits on top of the large animal). See also American Seashells 1974, pages 346, 347, and Neville Coleman's What Shell Is That? 1975, pages 101, 102 (Australia). At press time, we have ‘not been able to find out if the species from the Panamic Province is still considered a different species. Having collected a specimen at night by lantern at Venado Island off the West Coast of Panama, my memory is that the animal there was reddish and was smoother and jelly-like. It is listed in Myra Keen's Seashells of Tropical West America 1971 as Umbraculum ovale (Carpenter, 1856). The only animal I have seen of Umbraculum umbraculum was a preserved one brought in by a Freeport shrimper and shown to us in the early 1970s by Mildred Tate at a club meeting. In those days, shrimpers working off Port Isabel, Texas, did bring in specimens with some regularity, and the late Betty Allen used to have the shells for sale in her shop. I am not aware of anatomical studies of Gulf specimens. The shell brought in off Cape St. George Island was empty.] 75 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 SYNOPSIS OF SUPRASPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING OYSTERS PUBLISHED Harry, H. W. 1985. Synopsis of the supraspecific classification of living oysters (Bivalvia: Gryphaeidae and Ostreidae) Veliger 28 (2): 121-158. This paper extends the classification of the living species of oysters beyond that proposed by Stenzel (1971) in order to indicate their diversity and relationships more precisely, according to the author. Recent members of the superfamily Ostreacea are subdivided into two families, four subfamilies, ten tribes (all new) and 24 genera and subgenera (12 new). Illustrations are provided of the shells of type species of the new genera and subgenera, as well as of significant anatomical features. Two junior homonyms are renamed at the species level. This important paper continues the work by Dr. Harry on the living oysters, starting with his 1981 paper on "Nominal species of living oysters proposed during the last fifty years” Veliger 24 (1): 39-45. Since that time Dr. Harry has worked on collections in several museums and examined the animals of most of the living oysters. Several HCS members were helpful in providing dry, preserved or living specimens of oysters from worldwide field trips. The work will continue as Dr. Harry examines other museum material and does more field work. Three genera are named for persons known to club members, as follows: Myrakeena angelica (Rochebrune, 1895), named for A. Myra Keen; Teskeyostrea weberi (Olsson, 1951), named for Margaret C. Teskey; and Booneostrea cucullina (Deshayes, 1836), named for Constance E. Boone. The HCS library maintains a subscription to The Veliger, and the _ volume number mentioned above is available to members. FF FE HH HH HF HH HCS MEMBERS WIN AT BRAZORIA FAIR Three HCS members received blue ribbon awards for their displays in the Brazoria County Fair Sea and Shore Exhibit, October, 1985. Bea Sanchez won a blue ribbon and a trophy for her large display of varied marine life. Harold and Freida White came away with a blue ribbon and a special award trophy for their cases of West Australian shells. Jan Hobbs, a newcomer to the world of displaying, received two blue ribbons, one for a world-wide non-self-collected exhibit and one for a growth series of Busycon and Dinocardiunm. Only Brazoria County residents can enter this annual competition. 76 HOUSTON CONCHOLOGY SOCIETY, INC. Officers 1985-86 President: Program Vice-President: Field Trip Vice-President: Treasurer: Recording Secretary: Corresponding Secretary: Directors Paul Drez Judy Endsley Cynthia Ross Immediate Past President: Editor, Texas Conchologist: Richard Yuill Dee Balderas Valerie Middaugh Elizabeth Smith Anne Hilton Bob Eckardt Jan Hobbs John McHenry Lucy Clampit Constance E. Boone Honorary Life Members Dr. Helmer Odé TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 2, January, 1986 TABLE OF CONTENTS SEARCH AND SEIZURE - Dendostrea frons FOUND ON MANGROVE ROOTS By Constance E. BOOM is: 6la)l osalaiio tel eliaa Cone (ei alel oi tale.tute Marana a ¢ hgdeua hana MOLLUSCAN DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUBMERGED LANDS OF TEXAS, BEAUMONT~PORT ARTHUR AREA By T. R. Calnan and i Sh G. BL EELSCON 6c sic: alee wie 6s le ele lee elete IN MEMORIAM — DR. Ti. E. PULLEY sielsseteiele: (aj sie o ele letalelelele oceiatettettatorenen siete SIZE CONSTRAINTS ON RACCOON PREDATION ON A FRESHWATER MUSSEL, Cyrtonais tampicoensis (Lea, 1838) By Raymond W. Nek aisles Sie Sa Sse ie Gilaiiclia wiete’eteniehet ale letetaae here 41-45 46-57 58-63 64-68 DISTRIBUTION AND RECORDS OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA IN THE NORTHWEST GULF OF MEXICO (A continuing monograph) - HALIOTIDAE AND SCISSURELLIDAE By H. OGEisls wis aisloiaieldleie su iclorele ce sialsiprerelcleliole ele celaimvelutelerele tmeraiata ANNUAL AUCTION TO BE OPEN TO THE PUBLEG i cid/cleswialele alee ove eialeiare rata INFORMATION SOUGHT ABOUT EARLY CONCHOLOGISTS By H. W. Harry and Cc. BOOHE 4 ose cise gia) cielelevelave bieibln\aaimiera aie WORLD RECORD SIZED Umbraculum FOUND IN GULF By Jim Kee Der een vie eiateralla: erollete mretede iar elaieue oub alaialle lalate rolentawsis aim SYNOPSIS OF SUPRASPECIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING OYSTERS PUBL TSHED ic /cle ie ieles) sl aleiel aietepdal a alee) ale aitate laltevaltel tal citaita tennia HCS MEMBERS WIN AT BRAZORIA AER 64's clei cinta ore a eratalereleia tale lolol aie maltenanaia 69-73 73 74 75 76 76 ~ f on. / Z ee ee “ a CONCHOLOGIST VOLUME XXII NOS, 3, 4 ISSN 0885-1263 STEERS SE EES | canon | | ACADEMY OF SCIENCES | a ae afyca ce MAY ? s 1986 i | 4 | LIBRARY | 8 IM DID MAY, 1986 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is the official publication of the Houston Conchology Society, Inc., and is published quarterly at Houston, Texas. It is distributed as part of the dues to all members. The Society holds regular meetings the fourth Wednesdays of the following months: August, September, October, January, February, March, April, and May. The meeting is held the third Wednesday in November. Meetings are held in the Azalea Room of the Houston Garden Center in Hermann Park just east of the Houston Museum of Natural Science, beginning at 7:30 p.m. The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST is published October, January, April and July. It is mailed postpaid to regular members in U.S. postal zones. Overseas members will be charged additional postage. Only one copy will be mailed a family membership. Dues extend from the beginning of the fiscal year of June 1 through May 31. However, the July issue of the TEXAS CONCHOLO- GIST each year is the fourth quarterly due on the regular dues year beginning June 1 of the previous year. Memberships will be accepted throughout the year but will receive quarterlies of that fiscal year. Members receive meeting Newsletters and have all other privileges provided by the Society's by-laws. RATES AND DUES Family membership Single membership Student membership Single Issues Extra sets mailed members’ §$ 9.00 (Postage for overseas members required) Subscription $10.00 (Seamail $5.00, Airmail outside U.S., $8.00) EDITOR CIRCULATION Constance E. Boone Mr. Grytch Williams 668-8252 664-2809 3706 Rice Boulevard 6644 Belmont Houston, Texas 77005 Houston, Texas 77005 EDITORIAL STAFF Helmer Ode Emily R. Oakes Jan Hobbs §12-452-7794 473-5296 1 (713) 585-3031 3319 Big Bend Drive 3207 Flamborough Rt. 4, Box 500 Austin, Texas 78731 Pasadena, Texas 77503 Alvin, Texas 77511 The TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST accepts contributions for publication from amateurs, students, and professionals, subject to approval by the Editor. Manuscripts should be typed, double spaced and should be in the hands of the Editor the first day of the month preceding ~ publication dates. Photos accompanying such material are welcomed. TEXAS CONCHOLUGIST, Vol. XXII, Nos. 3,4, May, 1986 FROM THE EDITOR This edition is a combined issue to complete Volume XXII, due mainly to the fact that the editor travelled to South America in April and will be travelling again in July. Also, we feel that we can afford to offer this as the final issue this year, since we have provided our readers with well over 100 pages. Our issues have increased in size, but they have cost us more money also. We were concerned with the rising cost of printing and postage and needed to know if the recent annual auction would support the continuance of larger issues. At this time, we feel confident to announce that Volume XXIII will be on schedule, beginning with the October issue. The auction was a success. We look forward to publishing our quarterly and continue to plan for large issues. HOWEVER, we do need support from our members in making the issues interesting to all the membership. We appreciate short or long arti- cles about your collecting trips. We want you to feel free to pursue a special interest by researching a family or genus and writing about it for others to learn more about shells. (For instance, I'd like an article by a diver on success in finding shells.) Two researchers in this issue point out that information WRITTEN DOWN by the amateur collector aids in knowing more about mollusks. You can be of help just by recording notes of what you see in the field. We would all like to hear more about mollusks. They are fascinating animals. Call and tell me what you see on the beach if you want help in producing copy. We will appreciate articles for the October issue by the August meeting. Constance E. Boone (713) 668-8252 WINTER COLLECTING ON TEXAS BEACHES Several collections of prized shells were made on Texas beaches during the last winter months. Helen Cornellisson hit the jackpot collecting our common Simnia on the Gulf beaches at Port Aransas January 25, 1986. She and her sister literally tore apart into small pieces every bundle of Gorgonia (sea whip) they found on Mustang Island near the state park. They shook the clumps of sea whip and collected over 200 specimens that one day. One bundle produced over 4U specimens. Specimens were very good adults. This species was named Simnialena marferula by Cate in 1973 in "A Systematic Revision of the Recent Cypraeid Family Ovulidae,” supple- ment of The Veliger, Vol. 15, page 75. It is not listed in the 1974 edition of American Seashells but does appear in Shells and Shores of Texas, Andrews, 1977. Please refer to the issue of Texas Conchologist Vol. XIX, No. 3, April, 1983, page 49, for a discussion of this species and a correc- tion of the measurement of the holotype at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural distory. 77 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, Nos. 3, 4, May, 1986 Our new member David G. Alder reports that he found hundreds of live Dinocardium robustum on San Jose (St. Joseph's Island) across the jetties from Port Aransas. Freya Oates and Susan Sweny, and later Freya again, found bonuses of live Epitonium on the beach from Jamaica to San Luis Pass, Galveston Island in January. They discovered them in the tangle of worm tubes and seaweed washed up at tide line. Hundreds were collected. Emily Oakes and Constance Boone couldn't stand missing out on this bonus and went down to try their luck. By the time they got to Jamaica (on a freezing morning in January with the north wind blowing sand 30 miles an hour) the "worm goop” was covered with sand and not fresh. The tide was way out, and there had been no new deposit since before the north wind blew in. Nevertheless, they hopscotched down the beach to San Luis Pass, checking every larger amount of “worm goop" and found over 75 Epitonium, most still live. Most were E. angulatum. It was an interesting experience for the two. An unknown collector knew to do the same thing, and she drove in her car the same route. They kept passing each other as they sought "good" deposits of “worm goop” en route to San Luis Pass. Carrie McElroy and her parents, Bob and Pat McElroy, scoured the beaches and huge deposits of “worm goop” at San Luis Pass in January. Examining this thoroughly, they report NO Epitonium angulatum, but Carrie did find a fairly good Amaea mitchelli. Bob found a really huge Sinum perspectivun. Reinstated member Larry Horner reports finding another Amaea mitchelli at San Luis Pass this winter. Dr. Harold W. Harry dug small Cyrtopleura costata, Barnea truncata, and Petricola pholadiformis in the muddy inlet at the little park near the ferry landing on Bolivar in January. He kept them alive and has been observing the animals and will report on this, we hope. He would like to have live Pholas campechiensis to study. The Bob Eckardts dug nice angel wings at the Bolivar Dump Road Gulf flats, and the club held a field trip there. About eight members were able to dig angel wings. Localities for beds of these shells seem to be getting scarce in our area. Jan Hobbs found her first E. angulatum in April at Apffel Park on Galveston Island when she chanced on a patch of “worm goop.” She collected over 150 fresh-dead specimens — a very exciting "first." Constance E. Boone 78 TEXAS CONCHULOGIST, Vol. XXIL, Nos. 3, 4, May, 1986 WHAT LAND SNAIL DID JOSIAH WILBARGER EAT AFTER HE WAS SCALPED IN 1833? RAYMOND W, Neck Texas Parks and Wildlife Department 4200 Smith School Road Austin, Texas 78744 Josiah Pugh Wilbarger was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, on 1U September 18U1. After living in Missouri for five years, Wilbarger moved to Matagorda County, Texas, in 1828. About a year later he moved up the Colorado River in western Bastrop County to a tract which included the mouth of what became known as Wilbarger Creek. Located ten miles upstream from the present location of Bastrop, Wilbarger's home was on the absolute frontier of Anglo settlement in a land still controlled by the Comanches. In August 1833, Wilbarger and four companions were exploring the lands northwest of their holdings; these areas are now part of the city of Austin (which did not exist in 1833). The party was returning to their homes when they stopped at midday to rest themselves about one- half mile above Pecan Springs on the Tannehill Branch of Boggy Creek. The area was quite open, having trees which "were not large.” There was sufficient cover, however, in the form of "brush and timber” to allow several Indians to approach the party unobserved. The Indians fired upon the group, whereupon the Anglo settlers jumped behind small trees and returned fire. In the exchange, two of the men in Wilbar- ger's party were critically wounded while two others fled on horse- back, believing Wilbarger also to be dead. Wilbarger was assumed to be dead because he had been shot in the back of his neck as he ran after them. This neck wound was received after he already had suffered “an arrow through the calf...and...a flesh wound in the hip,” after which “his other leg was pierced with an arrow." When he was struck in the neck, Wilbarger fell to the ground, apparently dead (but only paralyzed). The Indians scalped him but did not cut his throat, assuming that he was already dead. His other two wounded companions were killed when their throats were cut. Wilbarger. lost consciousness until sometime later when "the evening was far advanced.” Wilbarger was alone, naked, hungry and bleeding when “he dragged himself to a pool of water.” Refreshed by drinking water but chilled by the cool pool, Wilbarger crawled out of the water and warmed himself in the sun and once again collapsed. After re- awakening, Wilbarger returned to the pool to drink additional water. He then “crawled over the grass and devoured such snails as he could find, which appeased his hunger.” Attempting to make it to Reuben Hornsby's house (six miles away), Wilbarger fell exhausted after “about six hundred yards...under a large post oak tree.” Wilbarger was discovered by a relief party the next day. He survived 79 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 the effects of his wounds, although his scalp never entirely covered the exposed skull. Later, the bone became infected and pieces flaked off, exposing the brain. Wilbarger died on 11 April 1845, almost twelve years after he was scalped, of complications which developed after he hit a low door frame in his cotton gin. < The above adventure was recounted by the brother of Josiah, J. W. Wilbarger, who published a compendium of stories concerning Indian attacks on early settlers (Wilbarger 1889). The story was written “from the lips of Josiah Wilbarger...and confirmed by Wm. Hornsby, who still lives and others who are now dead." Today, one can never know how much embellishment of the true events occurred between 1833 and 1889. In fact, alleged time sequence of some of the events are somewhat contradictory. However, the key point to be considered in this paper is the identity of the snail which “appeased” Wilbarger's hunger. SITE LOCATION AND SURVEY METHODS The exact location of the creek pool which quenched Wilbarger's thirst and the stand of grass which supported the snails which "appeased his hunger” will never be known. The written version of the story (Wilbarger 1889) places the spot "one-half a mile up the branch above Pecan Spring, and four miles east of where Austin afterwards was established, in sight of the road now leading from Austin to Manor." In 1936, a granite marker was placed on the southeast side of Manor Road (now Old Manor Road) on the right bank of the Tannehill Branch. This spot is slightly over one-tenth mile above Pecan Springs and about 3.7 miles from the State Capitol. Brune (1981:434) stated that Josiah Wilbarger crawled to Pecan Springs but gave no supportive reasoning. The distances given by Wilbarger (1889) more closely fit the eastern portion of Bartholomew Park. However, construction of park facilities, maintenance mowing of grass/weed areas, park user impact, and invasion by non-native plants has substantially altered the biotic communities of the city park. A survey of the larger snails of the area to the southeast of the original location of the historical marker was performed to determine the possible species of snail(s) consumed by Josiah Wilbarger. Plant communities of this area also have received substantial human impact. Houses, unimproved roads, and pastures have been present on this plot at various times in the past. However, sufficient time has ensued since direct human utilization that floral and faunal communities (including land snails) have returned to a reasonable approximation of natural communities. In reality, reconstructed plant communities of this site more closely resemble the description of the site than the area of Bartholomew Park. SURVEY RESULTS The upland area is a severely impacted prairie site which is presently dominated by a juniper-dryland willow (Juniperus ashei-Baccharis neglecta) savannah. Most abundant grasses are K-R bluestem and little 80 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum and Schizachyrium scoparium). Some small mesquite (Prosopis glandulc glandulosa) are present. Substrate is a gray brown clay soil with some small gravel present. Trash piles are present in this area. Snails were sampled in an area with no trash and an area with substantial lumber trash on the ground. A slope area with a gravel soil exists at a slightly lower elevation than the upland area. Dominant plant communities are juniper - mesquite — dryland willow open woodland and a juniper-little bluestem savannah. Several woodland communities are present at this site. Small gullies are dominated by Texas sugarberry, bois d'arc, pecan, and poison ivy (Celtis laevigata, Maclura pomifera, Carya illinoinensis, and Khus toxicodendron). Creek terrace woodlands are dominated by cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia), bois d'arc, roughleaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii), pecan, and western soapberry (Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii). Creekbed woodlands are dominated by black willow (Salix nigra) and several weedy non-native trees, i.e. privet (Ligustrum sp-), Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina), and chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum). A fenceline woodland has developed along Old Manor Road; dominant species are cedar elm and Texas sugarberry. Land snails with shells greater than 10 mm (either diameter or height) were noted in each plant community (see Table 1). Helicina orbiculata was the most common species and was found in all habitats, except the creekbed which contained no snails. Two closely related bulimulid species were recovered at the site. Rabdotus dealbatus is normally found in deciduous woodlands associated with creeks and rivers in central and portions of eastern and southern Texas. Rabdotus mooreanus is found in grassland, savannah, and open woodland habitats in central Texas. Polygyra texasiana is found in wooded habitats which have downed wood or rocks to provide cover. Praticolella berlandieriana is found in disturbed open woodland habitats. Mesodon roemeri is found in deciduous woodlands with substantial downed wood. DISCUSSION Six macrosnails were observed at the study site (Table 1). The only clue given as to the habitat is that Josiah Wilbarger “crawled over the grass." This habitat would exclude M. roemeri which is found under downed wood in woodlands. Both P. texasiana and P. berlandier- iana are not abundant in grassy areas ; (normally found under downed wood), are rather small to be eaten by humans, and are rarely found in concentrations of over four or five individuals. H. orbiculata is also rather small and is most commonly found in open wooded areas with downed wood. R. dealbatus is normally found in wooded areas. In grassy areas of central Texas, the only large species of land snail normally present is Rabdotus mooreanus, the Texas prairie snail. A process of logical analysis and elimination indicates that the snail eaten by Josiah Wilbarger was most likely R. mooreanus. Rk. mooreanus is often encountered in large numbers in archeological sites in central Texas. Most workers have assumed these shells repre- sent food resources consumed by aboriginal inhabitants of central 81 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 Texas. In at least some cases, this assumption seems warranted (Neck 1981), but other explanations are available (Clark 1973; Hester 1975). Herbert Lehman (in Greene 1972:62) reported that he ate snails (probably Rabdotus alternatus) while a captive of the Apaches in the 1870's. MacNeish (1958) reported pieces ("some uncomfortably large”) of unidentified snail shell in human coprolites from Tamaulipas, Mexico. Certain health risks are present from consumption of uncooked land snails. Land snails are intermediate hosts for a variety of nematodes whose primary hosts are mammals (Malek and Cheng 1974). Undoubtedly, Josiah Wilbarger would not have been concerned with this possibility if he had been so informed. LITERATURE CITED Brune, G. 1981. Springs of Texas. Vol. 1. Branch-Smith, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas, 566 pp. Clark, J. W., Jr. 1973. The problem of the land snail genus Rabdotus in Texas archeological sites. The Nautilus 87:24. Greene, A. C. 1972. The last captive. Encino Press, Austin, Texas, 161 pp. Hester, T. R. 1975. The natural introduction of Mollusca in archaeo- logical sites: An example from southern Texas. J. Field Archaeology 2:273-275. MacNeish, R. S. 1958. Preliminary archeological investigations in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 48(6):1-210. Malek, E. A. and T. C. Cheng. 1974. Medical and economic malacology. Academic Press, New York, 398 pp. Neck, R. W. 1981. Analysis of the gastropods recovered from archeo- logical sites in the Palmetto Bend Reservoir. Pp 121-127, in Phase III: Prehistoric archeological research within Palmetto Bend Reservoir, Jackson County, Texas. (Research staff of Texas Archeological Survey). Palmetto Bend Series vol. 6. Texas Arch. Survey Res. Rpt. 82:1-146. Wilbarger, J. W. 1889. Indian depredations in Texas. Hutchins Printing House, Austin, 672 pp. Reprinted 1935, The Steck Co., Austin. 82 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 Table 1. Occurrence of land snails in various plant communities at Wilbarger scalping site, Austin, Travis County, Texas. H.o. R.d. R.m. Pate P.b. Mefe Total Upland-trash x xX xX xX 4 Upland-no trash xX xX 2 Gravel slope xX xX xX x 4 Gully woodland xX xX ».¢ x x 5 Terrace woodland xX xX xX xX 4 Creekbed woodland 0 Fenceline woodland xX xX xX X X X 6 Total (7 habitats) 6 4 4 4 3 4 _ AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION PLANS SUMMER MEETING The annual meeting of the American Malacological Union will be held July 1-5, 1986, at Monterey, California. The Houston Conchology Society is an affiliate member, and all members are welcome to regis- ter and attend. The meeting will be held at the Sheraton Hotel at Monterey in the heart of historic Cannery Row and the home of the new Monterey Aquarium, which registrants will visit. There are several symposia planned, including one by Dr. Roger Hanlon on cephalopods and another on nudibranchs. Dr. James Nybakken is president this year. There will be field trips, but collecting will not be allowed except at the fossil collecting site. Meeting jointly with AMU will be the Western Society of Malacologists. Anyone desiring more information is asked to contact Constance E. Boone, at 668-8252. Registration forms and outline of the program are available. 83 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 SEARCH AND SEIZURE By ConsTANCE E, Boone I FINALLY COLLECT LIVE Xenophora! On a week's collecting trip with Dr. Emilio Garcia in January to the Dominican Republic, I finally collected live Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, 1780). All of the party of collectors, including Barbara Hudson of our club, did collect many live specimens of this fairly common carrier shell. I have been many times to localities in the Bahamas and Florida where this species was collected by friends, but I was never lucky. This time, Dr. Garcia assured me that I would find live specimens, but I have been promised this before and ended up coming home only with specimens other persons collected. Most of us have this species from offshore dredgings both from Texas and Florida. Some of you collected it at Harbour Island in the Bahamas, and some of you got specimens at Belize (I went there twice last year and didn't find any!). We do not have the species onshore or in our bays in Texas -- so far. It is usually brought in by shrimpers here. The collection at the Houston Museum of Natural Science does contain specimens from the Northwest Gulf of Mexico. In the Dominican Republic we stayed in Santo Domingo and travelled every day by van some two hours along the coast west to a little inlet and peninsula called Playa Las Salinas. Emilio had found this spot several years ago on a trip there, and this was the only really productive area for shells we found on this trip. The area was patrolled by the navy, and there was a salt industry on flats before you reached the point and the beach. A few bathers and picnickers came every day, but there were certainly no other shell collectors unless you count the native fishermen who did bring in shells in their nets for food. There were small piles of “holed” Strombus gigas, Strombus costatus, and some Strombus raninus on the beach. (The holes are made by the natives to cut the muscle to extract the meat for food.) Incidentally, we saw very few adult S. gigas. The sand was coarse and dark. There was usually a good debris line. That first morning I loped down the beach, checking the debris and picking up nice dead shells, including Xenophora. (Later, we discovered that some of the dead carriers still had animals and oper- culuns. ) ‘ Encouraged by this, we plunged into the very cool water, first finding a rock shelf, then a drop off to three feet where there was sand and patches of algae and rock. Emilio had told us that we would probably find the Xenophora in this area and to examine the algal clumps which might be the carrier. Every clump I picked up turned out to be a decorated urchin or a rock! So I snorkeled out to the grassy patches just a bit farther offshore. I stayed in about four to five feet, as I do not dive and cannot get down to get shells beyond that. Besides, I am uneasy in water over my 84 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 head. I am not that good a swimmer. None of the trips I go on have much of a buddy system. Everyone is so busy getting or trying to get shells that you don't stay very close to each other. Eventually, Emilio came snorkeling by and asked if I had found a live Xenophora. He said they were everywhere in the grass. He was tired of picking them up and didn't need them. He was headed down to another point where he hoped to find more Conus daucus (which he had found before there). At that time, I had not found a live Xenophora, but I said I would! Pretty soon, I saw a clump of rocks "sit down” in the grass. I knew it had to be something live. It was a live Xenophora. From then on, I did get the live shells, and later on I found everyone else had also. During the four days we went to this beach, it is my personal knowledge that at least 100 live Xenophora were seen. This really was the home for this species. Those who snorkeled better found them in abundance in the grasses a little deeper and farther out from shore. The specimens are not pretty. They are decorated mostly with black rocks and broken pieces of shells. The arrangement is certainly not artistically done in these specimens. How they carry all the solid black rocks is beyond me. One very interesting specimen was collected by Dr. Cecil Bankston of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It had two live Turritella attached to it. You see it pictured here. The Turritella are filter feeders, so I guess they didn't mind tagging along with the grazing Xenophora. Once cemented on, I do not know if they could escape. However, note that they are attached on two different layers and not digitate but in different directions. Dr. W. F. Ponder's new account of recent species and subspecies, Xenophoridae of the World, Memoir 17 of the Australian Museum, 1983, is most helpful in learning about Xenophora. Dr. Ponder recognized three subgenera within the Genus Xenophora: Stellaria (with 5 species and one subspecies), Onustus (four species), and Xenophora s.s. (with 13 species and 2 subspecies). He described a new species, X. granulosa, from the central Indo-Pacific, and three new subspecies, one from Hawaii, one from the Gulf of Aden, and one from Kermadec Islands. Fossil species are discussed. The species I found is listed as Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora. Recently, the species of Xenophora in the Eastern Pacific has been made a subspecies of this species. Dr. Ponder has now made the Panamic species a synonym of X. conchyliophora. Most of the specimens I have from the Panamic area have orderly layers of bivalves as attachments, but I understand the shells of this Xenophora and the animals cannot be distinguished from the Atlantic species. Therefore, we will no longer use X. robusta for specimens from the Panamic area. It is X. conchyliophora. We have two other members of the Family Xenophoridae in the Western Atlantic. Those of us who got the dredge baskets from off Florida did get specimens of the deep water Xenophora (Onustus) caribaea Petit de 85 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 Fig. 1, 2 This Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1780) was collected live in the grasses at Playa Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, by Constance E. Boone in January, 1986. Most of the speci- mens were adorned with cemented black rocks, making the light-weight shells quite heavy. 86 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 Fig. 3, 4 This Xenophora (Xenophora) conchyliophora (Born, 1/80} specimen was collected by Dr. Cecil Bankston of Baton Rouge at Playa Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, in January, 1986, and had two live Turritella specimens attached at different levels. 87 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 Fig. 5 Prized by collectors this is a specimen of Xenophora pallidula (Reeve, 1842) from the Philippines, often with many interesting shells attached and frequently with a crown of sponge which can be as high as 10-12 inches on the shell. Tested with vinegar on advice from Dr. Harold Harry, the growth proved to be of glass sponge material. It did not dissolve. Often this species has many deep water shells attached. Recently, a new species of Terebra was named after being found on several specimens of this species of carrier shell. Photos by Constance E. Boone 88 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 la Saussaye, 1857 and Xenophora (Onustus) longleyi Bartsch, 1931. Note that Dr. Ponder places both of these in the Subgenera Onustus. Both attach few shells and live in mud or soft bottoms. They don't need camouflage. They live below the limits of light penetration. The shells extend with skirts instead of having attached shells that overhang the periphery. This new book discusses habits of Xenophora, and thus I learned that the species I found has been studied by several authors, and a lot is known about it. Locomotion has been described for X. conchyliophora as a “leaping motion” by Morton, as a "one-legged stomp” by Linsley and Yochelson, and as a “looping” or "gallop" by Crozier. It is said to be able to extend to a height equal to that of the shell and can lift up two or three times the weight of the shell and animal by using its muscular column or trunk. It moves by thrusting forward for about half its diameter and then falling forward, using its oper- culum to some extent. There are several discussions of the placement of the operculum in this locomotion. The food for my species was discussed as being microscopic algae collected from the substrate beneath the shell. The feeding posture is described as the animal being lifted by the foot above the substrate so that the proboscis has to be extended to gather food. That is evidently what my first live Xenophora was doing. It was raised above the substrate, and when it sensed me above it in the water it simply “sat down.” I was very interested in the discussion of method of attachment of foreign objects discussed in Dr. Ponder's book. Apparently, an ob- ject, such as a dead shell or rock, is maneuvered into position by the “proboscis” or snout, and in X. conchyliophora it has been determined that the dead shell or rock chosen for attachment is held between the snout and tentacle bases, the shell surface is cleaned, and the object is cemented to the edge of the periphery. Gaps are filled with sand or tiny pieces of debris to ensure a firm bond. Bivalves are usually cemented with interiors facing up. As the shell grows, the objects originally on the periphery lie across the shoulder of the succeeding whorl to which they are also cemented. The objects can be many dif- ferent things the animal finds in the sea. The cemented material is implanted so that it overhangs the periphery and helps provide a skirt or frill to raise the base and aperture above the substrate. This helps the animal “safely graze and facili- tates its method of locomotion” (quoted in the book from St. Jean). St. Jean also said that everything this animal does suggests means of eluding detection, including the feeding posture, the locomotion with no continuous trail, the habit of burying the faeces, and the attach- ment of foreign material. With ali that is known about the species I collected, and true also for all the Xenophoridae, according to Dr. Ponder, researchers still need to discover the nature of spawn. It is thought that there is a long planktonic larval life to account for the wide geographic range of some species. 89 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 TOM PULLEY AND THE TRAIN (The following account was written by the late Dr. T. E. Pulley for the 100th anniversary volume of The Nautilus and printed in the January, 1986 issue. It was prepared in July, 1984, in response to the request from Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, editor of The Nautilus, for personal anecdotes typifying Dr. Pulley's mentor, the late Dr. William J. Clench of Harvard, since the 100th anniversary issue of The Nautilus in January was to be dedicated in part to Dr. Clench. Both Dr. Pulley and Dr. Abbott were students of Dr. Clench. In Dr. Abbott's earlier article titled “Farewell to Bill Clench" (The Nautilus 98(2): 55-58) Bill drew a huge arrow in the sandy beach for his students that pointed to a waiting train. We reprint Dr. Pulley's memory of Bill here with permission from Dr. Abbott.) Everyone who knew Bill was aware of his capacity for enthusiasm over a new shell. We who worked with him at the MCZ often witnessed the thrill of anticipation with which he opened each new package of shells and spread out the contents on the wide brown table. It was almost like watching the bright-eyed wonder of a small child at his first real Christmas. But Bill had the same happy way of appreciating most of the other simple pleasures of life. He and Julia once invited me and my wife and 5-year-old son to a Sunday afternoon picnic; Bill would grill the hamburgers. When we arrived at his chosen site I was a bit surprised to see that we were on a nice grassy spot, but it was on the railroad-right-of- way. There were houses nearby, but they were mostly concealed by trees. I had known that Bill liked trains, and I soon learned that we were here to wave at the afternoon train when it passed by. We lighted the charcoal and opened some beer and cokes. When the coals were ready, Bill grilled the hamburgers and they were delicious. As we were finishing I-saw that Bill kept glancing at his watch. Soon we heard the faint whistle of one of the last steam trains, and Bill quickly jumped to his feet. He strained to view the- big engine when it first came into sight around a distant bend, and long before it was near us he raised both hands in the air and began to wave. As the train approached he began jumping in the air and waving more excitedly. The engineer saw him and began tooting his whistle in a long series of short bursts. The excitement was catch- ing, and by the time the engine had reached us my son was as excited as Bill, and I was amazed to find that I, too, was jumping and waving like a 5-year-old. The smiles that were exchanged between Bill and the engineer as the train roared by led me to believe that this must have happened many times before. I understood Bill's joy that afternoon as the train passed by, because I had taken part init. I later realized that Bill experienced this same kind of happy pleasure in many of the less dramatic events of daily life. To Bill, the thrill of seeing a new shell, meeting an old 90 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 friend or making a new one, finishing another number of Johnsonia, or even telling one of his old bad jokes was comparable to his pleasure that day by the railroad tracks. Tom Pulley, July 1984 C.0.A, 1986 CONVENTION The Conchologists of America's 14th annual convention will be held at the Sheraton Yankee Trader Hotel at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from July 15 - July 19, 1986. It will be hosted by the Broward Shell Club. All shell collectors, whether novice or advanced, as well as shell dealers and scientists from around the world are invited. For further information and pre-registration packets, please contact Ruth Chesler, Convention Chairman, at 7401 S.W. 7th Street, Plantation, Florida 33317. NEW EDITION OF AMERICAN MALACOLOGISTS DUE SOON Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, editor, plans a new edition of American Malacol- ogists. He invites shellers to send him biographical sketches, molluscan interests and travels for entry in this edition. If you have already filled out a new sketch, you need not send another now, but the Houston Conchology Society has many new members since the last edition was published (1974 and Supplement 1975). If you have a question about what to send, write for a form or check out the earlier issues from our library. Dr. Abbott's address: American Malacolo- gists, P.O. Box 2255, Melbourne, Florida 32901. There is no charge for the entry. DUES NOTICE Our fiscal year is June 1 - June l. Pay your dues to Mrs. R. E. McElroy, HCS Treasurer, 5202 Bryanhurst, Spring, Texas 77379 so you won't miss Volume XXIII. 91 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 ANATOMICAL NOTES ON Opostomia sp. LIVING ON THE PEARL OYSTER, PINCTADA MAZATLANICA AT ACAPULCO, MEXICO Harold W. Harry 4612 Evergreen st. Bellaire, Texas 77401 The large number of nominal species proposed in the opisthobranch family Pyramidellidae, particularly in the eastern Pacific area, is surely far greater than the number of biological species there (see Keen, 1971, and the earlier papers she cited). The amount of varia- tion within species is rarely and briefly noted. The precise habitat of the species, which are now known to be intimately associated with other animals, chiefly molluscs, as external parasites, is rarely mentioned. Nothing seems to be known of the anatomy of the flesh in pyramidellids of that area. Such a state of affairs impedes study of the group; it encourages the pernicious habit of naming new species, or at least gives writers pause in identifying their material, when, as in the present case, specimens could justifiably be referred to more than one nominal species, or even to more than one subgenus or genus. The supra- specific taxa are presently arbitrarily limited, vague, poorly defined and not mutually exclusive. But such a state of affairs, which is not limited to the pyrami- dellids, need not prohibit further study of the group. If we record our observations of unidentifiable species in sufficient detail, with descriptions and illustrations of the shell and anatomy and precise data on the habitat, an acceptable specific identity can be made later. Meanwhile, information will be available which will hasten the resolution of the impass now encumbering the nomenclature and classi- fication of the group. In an earlier note in the Texas Conchologist (Harry, 1985) I reported finding in July, 1984, the pearl oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica being sold as food by street vendors in the older part of Acapulco, Mexico, and that I bought four specimens for anatomical studies. These speci- mens had been soaked in alcohol in Acapulco, which was drained off and only replaced after the moist specimens were flown back to Houston. The associated organisms adhering to or boring into the shell of such bivalves are often of interest. These pearl oysters must have been given a perfunctory cleaning by the vendor, at least enough to make them attractive for sale. But they still contained considerable epibiota. On one of the four specimens, and only one, there were several specimens of a small white snail. The general aspect of the shell - smooth, subglobose, with moderate spire and rounded, large aperture - reminded me of the pulmonate land snails of the family Succineidae, but of course their presence ina marine setting indicated they were more likely to be prosobranchs, particularly since they had an operculum. On closer look, I was 92 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 surprised to find that the head of the animal was distinctly that of the opisthobranch snails of the family Pyramidellidae, which I had described earlier in the Texas Conchologist (Harry, 1984). This was further remarkable, since the apex of the shell is scarcely hetero- strophic (coiled anticlockwise, whereas the later shell is clockwise), nor is there any columellar lamella in the shell aperture. Both characters are generally present in that family. However, the ten specimens were clustered about the base of the large byssus of the pearl oyster, and indeed, byssal threads had been cemented to two empty shells, which suggests this snail may have fed on the mucous of the bivalve, and this is characteristic of odostomias. The shells nearly fit several nominal species of Odostomia, distributed among the subgenera Evalea, Amara and Heida as defined by Dall and Bartsch (1909; the species, plus some named later are listed in Keen, 1971). Rather than encumber the literature with additional nominal species, the specimens are presently designated Odostomia sp. Shell: The largest shell was attached by a byssal thread and slightly worn, but has 4 3/4 whorls and is 5.52 mm. high. The next largest has 4 whorls, is 4.83 mm. high and has a diameter of 3.17 mm. (Fig. 3). The shells are minute, moderately thick for their size, faint tan when fresh but pure white when the periostracum is worn off. The shape is turbinate, with the whorls inflated, evenly rounded, and the suture deeply indented. The spire is about equal to the height of the aperture. The shells are imperforate, the outer lip sharp, the aper- ture is nearly subcircular below, but above is drawn out to a point ending at the suture. There is a distinct parietal and columellar callus, and thus the peritreme is complete. No apertural denticles or lamellae are present. The body whorl is slightly flattened on the shoulder, but the periphery is evenly rounded. The shell is smooth but not polished, faintly roughened by closely spaced, discontinuous growth lines, and occasionally with small areas of faint, closely spaced spiral incised lines on the penultimate and body whorl (Fig. 3). The first half of the apical whorl is smooth, polished, without sculpture, and separated from the later shell by a faint, sharp line (line not shown in the Figs.). It is slightly upturned, indicating a very reduced heterostrophy. Flesh: The animal (Figs. 4, 5, 6) is entirely white. There are two flattened, triangular tentacles, meeting in the midline, each with a groove along the lateral margin. The eyes are small black cups, deeply situated, in the base of the tentacles. A true mentum extends forward below the tentacles, projecting slightly at the foot margin; it is a flattened, narrow ridge, attached throughout its length to the top of the foot. The retracted foot is oval with sides nearly parallel; the front and hind ends are broadly rounded; there is no anterior marginal groove. On the sole, the hind half of the foot seems bounded by a low ridge, and this half seems to be a sucker, but the point needs verification from live material. There is a thin, horny, transparent operculum attached transversely to the dorsal surface of the hind end of the foot; it is oval, with ends nearly pointed, and as long as the shell's aperture is high, but it 93 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 does not fill the aperture in the preserved snail. On its outer surface the operculum has curved growth lines parallel to its margin, but no nucleus was seen, nor any evidence of spiral growth. The mantle margin is slightly thickened, not reflected over the shell, and without papillae or siphons. The hypopeplar (or perisomatic) mantle cavity is very shallow behind the body stalk, and it extends as a median dorsal mantle cavity in front, along the entire outer lip of the shell's aperture. No penis nor any reproductive groove was found in either of the two larger specimens examined. Within the median mantle cavity the rectum is incorporated in the wall at the very angle of the right side, thus subtending the suture of the shell. The anus opens simply at the thickened mantle margin. Separated by a narrow space slightly to the left of the rectum, on the roof of the mantle cavity is a low, narrow, well defined lamella, which passes from the mangle margin to the apex of the mantle cavity. Below that lamella, paralleling it on the floor (diaphragm) of the cavity, is a much higher one. The two unite at the upper end of the cavity. I could not find an appendicular pocket of the mantle cavity, extending above its upper end, but such may be present. The large lamella extends beyond the aperture of the median mantle cavity, where it turns to the right, and the last part is a free, subquadrate flap. The attached part of this lamella has a neobranch on it: although the free margin is straight, paralleling the margin of attachment of the lamella to the diaphragm, the sheet of tissue between the two margins is much larger than the space within which it is contained; it consequently bulges out alternately on each side of the lamella with symmetrical regularity, and the resultant folds appear to be the lamellae of a gill. There is no true “gill” (ctenidium) homologous to that of the pectinibranch prosobranchs (the Caenogastropoda). To the left of the neobranch there is a large, flattened, triangular body, with its long axis somewhat transverse; this seems to be glan- dular, having alveoli inside it, and a few darkly colored particles in its wall. Above and adjacent to this glandular mass is a flattened, quadrate body, which I have tentatively identified as a kidney. This seems to have transverse markings which may represent internal trabeculae (infoldings of the body wall of the kidney sac). Above and immediately to the left of the quadrate organ, at the upper end of the median mantle cavity is a heart of two chambers in an elongate peri- cardial sac. Not much detail could be determined of the upper visceral complex - that part of the body apicad to the median mantle cavity - the tip of which was broken off in the specimen drawn in figures 4 and 5. It seems to be mostly occupied by the liver, which in these specimens was white, not the usual tan or greenish brown of the liver of most preserved molluscs. Imbedded in the mass on the columellar side, about half way up the upper visceral complex, is a flattened, subcir- cular, compact alveolar mass which may represent the gonad. Near the lower end of the mass is a large body which may be the stomach. Within the head, I could find no radula or jaw; a mass of small, 94 TEXAS CONCHOLUGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 brittle tubules may represent a retracted proboscis or salivary glands or both; nothing could be determined of the nervous system. The columellar retractor muscle is a continuous broad strip subtending the columellar (hind) side of the body stalk (the part of the body joining the head and foot to the upper visceral complex) just above the perisomatic mantle cavity. It does not extend apicad very far, and attached along the body whorl and columellar part of the shell's aperture. The presence of mantle cavity lamellae, a mantle cavity gland and heterostrophic shell apex in the pyramidellids and related snails have recently been reviewed by Robertson (1985). The first two of those characters, plus the circumstances of their occurrence, the size and shape of the shells, the peculiar tentacles and mentum, the position of the eyes and the apparent absence of radula and jaws all point to the genus Odostomia, sensu lato, as the proper one for this species. Whether the lamella on the columellar wall of the shell's aperture is always absent in this species, or variable in its presence, must await further study. Perhaps the specimens studied were not fully developed? The reduced heterostrophy of the shell apex in groups in which heterostrophy normally occurs is a phenomenon more frequent than the literature indicates, and should be more carefully noted in the description of shells. The eight remaining shells have been deposited at the Houston Museum of Natural Science. References Dall, W. H. and P. Bartsch. 1909. A monograph of the West American pyramidellid mollusks. Bull. U.S. Natl. Museum No. 68, 258 pages, 30 pls. Harry, H. W. 1984. The animals of some shelled opisthobranch snails of Galveston. Texas Conchologist 20(3):68-75. Harry, H- W. 1985. The commensal shrimp, Pontonia margarita Smith, 1869, in the pearl oyster of the eastern Pacific. Texas Conch- ologist 21(3):110-112. Keen, A- M- 1971. Sea shells of tropical West America. Stanford Univ. Press. 1064 pages. Robertson, R. 1985. Four characters and the higher category systema- tics of gastropods. Bull. Amer. Malacological Union Special Edition 1:1-22. 95 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Explanation of the figures 1. Odostomia sp. from a pearl oyster at Acapulco, Mexico. A juvenile shell of 1 1/2 whorls, showing reduced heterostrophy. Drawn by transmitted light to show internal shell features (dashed lines). 2. A slightly larger shell. 3. A specimen of 4 whorls, 4.83 mm. high. Note patch of spiral incised lines on body whorl to left of aperture. 4. Underside of a preserved animal removed from the shell. 5. Upper side of the same animal. The apical tip was broken off. 6. Same animal, with median mantle cavity opened to show struc- tures therein. The heart was cut through, and is not shown. 96 TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 L2m™ N N A UPPER MANTLE CAVITY LAMELLA * ANUS _LEFT TENTACLE FREE END, LOWER MANTLE CAVITY LAMELLA_ SOLE OF FOOT OPERCULUM ~COLUMELLAR RETRACTOR MUSCLE TEXAS CONCHOLOGIST, Vol. XXII, No. 3, 4, May, 1986 MANTLE CAVITY GLAND _ ATTACHMENT OF UPPER MANTLE LAMELLA _ RECTUM CUT SURFACE, UPPER VISCERAL COMPLEX ’ : H AGisees ee is Hs Sie