g^^^

CO

1

DIAMOND

POCKET DICTIONARY

Containing an

HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNT

of the

PERSONS AND PLACES,

and

AN EXPLANATION

of

THE VARIOUS TERMS, DOCTRINES, LAWS, PRECEPTS,

ORDINANCES, INSTITUTIONS, and FIGURES,

in the

Selected and arranged from

CALMET, BROWN, NEWTON, HURU, &c.

bv the

REV. WILLIAM GURNEY, A.M.

Rector of St. Clement Vanes, Strand, ic ^c.

JmONHQN :

Printed by J. Haddou, Finsbury ;

For Simpkin and Marshall, Stationers' Court j '^

and T. Tegg & Son, Ctieapside. .^ J

• ,^ d -""

1836. C J

llA^

PREFACE.

No Volumes equally descrre our attenUye perusal as the inspired
Oracles of God. By these men live, and in them is the lite ot our
soul. They are the inestimable Testament of God our Saviour ;
the blessed means of all true and spiritual vfisdom, holiness, com-
fort, and eternal felicity. Let us then daily search the scriptures,
and understand what "we read ; for these are they that testify of
Christ. Since they are one of the most valuable talents committed
to us, and for which we must give an account at the great day of
the Lord, let us, with all our getting, get the understanding of
them ; let us hide them in our hearts, believing what they assert,
receiving what they ofter, and doing whatsoever they command
us. To assist in the perusal of these divine Volumes, is the tollow-
ing work offered to the public. How far it differs from these ot the
kind, published by Illyricus, or Wilson, in one, or by Simon in two,
or by Ravanell, or Calmet, in three volumes folio: and of the last
of which, a kind of abridgment has been lately pubUshed at Lon-
don, will be easilv perceived, by a comparison of a small part of
any of them here'with ; especially on the larger articles of Angelt,
Anitchriai, Apocrypha, Arabia, Church, Ood, Gospel, Hebrews, d^c.

The principal significations of emblematic words are here briefly
hinted. The gospel signification of types, personal or real, is shortly
touched. Whatever, I know of, in history, correspondent to scrip-
ture-predictions, relative to persons, nations, churches, or cities,
is briefly related ; and except where the predictions were exceeding
numerous, as in the article Christ, Church, Hebrews, have quoted
the prophetic passages, that the readers, by viewing them in their
Bibles, and comparing them with the history here exhibited, may
perceive the exactness of their accomplishment.

Perhaps it may be necessary to observe, (1.) That I have only
lunted the significations which words have in the Bible. (2.) That
I have omitted many words, which could be rendered no plainer ;
or that expressed the name of a person or city, of which almost
nothing was known ; or no more than is plainly hinted in the inspir-
ed passage where it is found. (3.) That the mark at the end

of an article, signifies, that there are other persons, or things of
the same name, but of which nothing important is known. (4.)
• That a word, different from that of the article, printed in capitals,
often refers the reader to its own article. (5). That the mark t
in quotations, signifies a marginal reading. (6.) That, by observing
what words in the text are most hard to be understood, and ob-
serving the first three letters of a word, and their order in the al-
phabet, and seeking for the like word in the same order, one is
to expect to have it explained. (7.) Where two or more words, and
lames of persons or places, are almost alway connected, one will
ordinarily find the explication or account, under the word that is
first in order in the scripture-Hex t ; and where the sameperson or
thing has different names, the explication is to be expected under
that which is most common, or which comes first in the order ot

J PREFACE.

Hie alphabet. (8.) Few fancies of tlxe Christian fathers, or of the
Jewish or Mahometan writers, are here inserted, as I knew not
how they could be of use ; nor have I insisted on criticisms of the
original words, as these could have been of small use to many of
the readers ; and the learned can find plenty of them in the latter
editions of Leigh's Critica Sasra; or in Guseetius' Hebrew Com-
mentaries ; Miller's Onomasticon ; Glassius, Whitby, he. (9.) I
Imve not wilfully kept back the solution of any didiculty ; but it is
often given, especially in historical articles, without the least cri-
tical noise or parade.

I have bestowed no small pains in rendering this edition consi-
derably more i)erfect than the former, if God bless it for promot-
ing the knowledge of his word, and the edification of his church,
) Wiaii esteem my labour richly rewarded,

DICTIONARY

HOLY BIBLE

A ARON, a Levite, the son of ing
-"^ Amrara, and brother of Mo- 13.
ses and Miriam. He was born in
tfte year of the world 2430, about
a year before Pbnraoh ordered
the male infants of the Hebrews
to be slain. When he was grown
up he married .liisheba, the
daughter of Amiuidab, a. chief
prince of the tribe of Judali, and
Had by bei four sons, Nadab and
Abihu, Eleazer and Ethamar,
Exod. vi. 20, 23. He was an holy
and compassionate man, an ex-
cellent speaker, and appointed of
God to be spokesman for his bro-
ther Moses to Pharaoh and the
Hebrews; id. iv. 14—16. Along
with his brother, he intimated
God's gracious purpose of their
speedy deliverance to his dis-
tressed kinsman; and in tliename
of Gixi, demanded of Pharaoli an
immediate allowance for tliem,
to go into tiie wilderness of Ara-
bia, to serve tiie Lord their God.
Pharaoh ordered Aaron and Mo-
ses to be gone from his presence,
and increased the Hebrew servi-
tude, denying them straw wliere-
with to maike their bricks. Aa-
ron and Moses were hereupon
upbraided and i ursed by their
brethren, for asking their dismis-
sion, and so occasioning their
aggravated labour and misery.

About two months after, while
the Hebrews, newly delivered
from Eftynt, fought with Amalek
m Rephidim, Aaron and Hur at-
tended Moses to the top of an adja-
cent hill, and held up his hands,
while he continued encouraging

for victory to them, id. xvii. 1
13T AtSinai.he, withhistwoeld
est sons, and seventy of th^ elders
of Isriel, accompanied Moses part
of his v.ay up to the mount : and,
without receiving any hurt, had
very near and distinct views of
the glorious symbols of il.e divine
presence, when the Lord talked
with Moses, id. xxiv. 1, 2.9—11.
Almost immediately after, he
and his posterity were divinely
chosen, to execute the office of
priesthood among the Jews, till
the coming and death of the pro-
mised Messiali, id. xxix. Scarce
was tins distinguished honour
assigned him, when, to mark
his personal insufficiency for re
commending others to the favour
of God, he himself fell into the
most grievous crime. The He-
brews solicted him to make them
jods, to be their directors, instead
of Moaos, who still tarried in the
mount. He ordered them to bring
him all their pendants and ear-
rings : these were brouijht, perhaps
more readily than he eipectea;
having collected them into a bag,
he caused them to be melted down
nto a golden calf, in imitation of
the ox Apis, which the natives,
and probably too many of the
HeJirews, had adored in Egypt.
This idol he ordered them to
place on a pedestal, to render it
the more conspicuous : he ap-
pointed a solemn feast to be ob-
served to its honour; arid caused
to proclaim before it, " These be
" thy Gods, O Israel, which
" brought thee out of the land
"of Egypt." While he was thus

<ho strugplinij Hebrews, and pray- luxupiea, Moses descended firoiii

B

/4

« ABA

Xear these mountains the Uriel,
kes had several encampments.

To ABASE, signifies to treat
with contempt: to reduce to
meanness and poverty, Dan.
37. Job xl. 11. One is abased,
•when deprived of honour and
wealth, and laid under poverty,
affliction, contempt, Philip. iT.12i
One abaseth hknself, when he
behaves in a humble and debased
manner, as Paul did, when h
though a preacher, laboured with
his hands for his daily bread
2 Cor. xi, 7.

ABBA. There are certain He
brew words, which are retained
by the inspired penmen of the
New Testament, though th(^
wrote in Greek, such as Ablni,
Hosannak, Jehovah, Sabbath, Sc
This evidently imports, that there
were words implying some
ins, not easily infused inl
other language : thus, abba not
only signifies^Mer, but
the idea of the fond, endearing,
familiar language, in which a
beloved child addresses its pa
fent, expressive of ardent love
and confidence. It is remarkable,
that during the extremity cf our
Saviour's sufferings in thegarden,
as recorded Mark xiv. 36. when
suffering under the billows of di
vine wrath, he addresses the Fa
ther by this name, " Abba Fa
ther," &c. : again, when Paul i<
setting before *he Romans (Gen-
tiles) the glorious privileges
which tliey now enjoyed in the
fellowship of the Church, he
says, Rom. viii. 15. " they have
received the spirit of adoption,
whereby they cry, Abba Fatlter,''
that is, are brought into the near-
est connection and most intimate
fellowship. See also, to the same
purpose. Gal. iv. 6. It tias been
remarked, with seeming justice,
that in all languages, the first
lispings of the child to the parent
have a wonderful similarity to
the Hebrew abba.

ABDA, a servant, 1 Kings iv.
6. Neh. ii. 17.

ABDI, my servant; the father
of Kish, 1 Chron. xxix. 12.

ABDIEL, a servant qf God,
I Chron. v. 13-

ABDOK, tervant of judgment.
1.) The son of Hillel, an Ephra-
mite. He succeeded Elon, A. M.
8840 ; and judged the Israelites
eight yearj s after which he died,

ABB

and was buried at Pirathon in the
land of Ephraim. He left forty
sons, and thirty grandsons, who
rode on ass-colts, according to
the manner of the great m,en of
that age, Judg. xii. 13. ('2.) The
son of Micah, one of Josiak'i
messengers sent to consult Hul-
dah, 2 Chron. ixxiv. 20. (3.) A
city, which belonged to the tribe
of Asher; and was given to the
Levites of Gershom's familv,
Josh. xxi. 30.

ABEDNEGO, servant of light,
is the Chaldee name given by the
king of Babylon's officer to Aza-
rath, Daniel's companion. This
name imports the servant of Na-
go or Nego, which is the -sun or
morning star, so called for it*
brightness. Abednego was thrown
into the fiery furnace at Babylon,
with his two companions, 'sha-
drach and Meshach, for refusing
to adore the statue which was
erected by the command of Ne-
buchadnezzar. Daniel was in all
probability at that time absent
from Babylon, for we do not find
that he had the same fate with
his companions. The condemna-
tion of Shadrach, Meshach, and
Abednego, by God's appointment,
redounded to his honour, for he
did not suffer them to be injured
by the flames, but sent his angel
in the midst of them to rescue
them out of the furnace.

The saying of Nebuchadnezzar,
on this occasion, " The form of
the fourth is like the Son of
God," is a satisfying evidence,
that the nations, especially those
among whom the Jews were
scattered abr<iad, were no stranii-
ers to the promise of the coming
of the Messiah. What a striking
representation does this history
furnish, of the salvation whirfi
he finished, who appeared in the
form of a servant, the son of
God, walking in the furnace of
divine wrath, connected with h is
church, yet bringing them forth,
without so much as the smell of
fire passing on them.

ABEL, the second son of the
first pair, was born in the 2d or
3d year of the world- Commen-
tators on Scripture, imitatmt;
the fancies of profane fabulists on
the subject, have laboured deei>*
ly in the unmeaning controversy,
whether Cain and Abel wefi.
twin-brothers, or whether Abel
was bom with a twin-sister. The
point, if settled, is of no manner

ABE

of importance. His parents nam-
ed him Abel, or Vanity, because,
as some suppose, they were now
sufficiently convinced' of the ra-
niiy of all created enjoyments.
It is, however, to be observed,
that among the divers manners in
tvhich God spake unio the fathers
by the prophets, tlie proplietic in-
spiration by which names were
conferreil was none of the least
remarkable. Abel, as tlie hrst on
whom the divine curse, dust thou
art, and unto dust thou shall re-
turn, was executed, was of course
the first instance of the Psalmist's
averment, surely every man rvalk-
eth in a vain shew— every man in
.n"» best estate is altogether vanity.
Abel mas a keeper of sheep, but
Cain was a tiller of the ground;
in this manner did another part
of the curse appear accomplished,
in the sweat of thy face shall thou
eat breai. Though heirs of em-
piie, they must labour for their
subsistence. The nature of their
worship is shortly, but strikingly,
described by tlie inspired pen-
man. In process of time, or ra-
ther at the end of days, that is, on
the Sabbath, Abel brought of the
firstlings of his flock, and of the
fat thereof. This connected with
Heb. xi. 4. By faith Abel qjjirea,
&c. elucidates the manner and
import of early worship ; by faith
in the promised Messiah, the seed
qf the woman, by the bruising of
whose heel the works of the devil
were to be destroyed, h.e brought
of the. /irsf/in^'j of his flock, and
of thejaf thereof, pointing to the
divine dignity and infinite per-
fection of the blessed One, to
whom his faith had respect, and
offered it m sacrifice to God,
as a figure or representation of
the death and sufferings of
Clirist, in the stead of the guilty.
To Abel and his offering God
had resjiect. If it is enquired,
why ? In place of adopting the
conjectures cf any commentator,
we answer with Paul in the fore-
cited. Heb. xi. 4. Abel's offering
was more acceptable than Cain's,
because offered iy faith. Cain,
displeased at the preference open-
ly mzmifested to Abels offering,
was filled with that hatred to
him, which is so forcibly describ-
ed, 1 Jolm iii. 12. Influenced
by the wicked one, the murderer
flrom tlie beginnin;^, he slew his
brother, and tlieir iiistory re-

A 13 K *

mains a striking lesson to profes-
sors of Christianity in every age
of the world.

Abel, being dead, yet speakelh,
He is ranked am<)ng those whc
have obtained a good report thro'
faith; among those whose faith
and patience we are exhorted to
become followers of. In his suf-
ferings and death, from the in-
strument of the wicked one, he
was an eminent type of the great
Sufierei-. and his peace-speaking
blood. Still farther, the blood of
Abel criedtoGod from the ground,
and was answered by seven-fold
vengeance on Cain. With what
oppressive weight has the blood
of Jesus fallen, and still lies on
the he.ids of them and their chil-
dren, who with wicked hands
crucified and slew him ! If Abel's
blood stands foremost on the list
among those whose deaths were
avenged on that generation who
put to deatli the Lord of glory,
for on them vengeance was exe-
cuted to the uttermost ; what
direful wrath will be manifested,
when the blood of the Antetype
of righteous Abel, the head of all
his martyrs and sufferers, shall be
avenged on them that dwell upon
the earth ! Compare Mat. xxiii.
34—38. with Rev. xi. 10.

2. Abel, and which was other-
wise called the field of Joshua, a
place near Bethshemesh, so called
to commemorate the moumir^
of tlie Hebrews for their friends
who were stiuck dead for looking
into the ark. It seems a great
stone was erected in memory of
that wrathful event. 1 Sam." vi,
18, 19.

3. Abel-Misraim, a place o-
therwise called the threshing- floor
of Atad. It was so callecf from
the great mourning of the ■'Egyp-
tians over Jacob's corpse, as the^
carried it to Macphelah. It is
thought to have lien between
Jordan and Jericho, where the
city Beth-hoglah was afterwards
built; but we can hardly think
it was so far east. Gen. 1. 11.
See Joseph.

4. Abel Shittim, a place seven
or eight miles eastward of Jordan,
over against Jericho, in the
country of Moab, and near the
hill Peor. Here the H<?l)rews en-
camped, a little before the death
of Moses, ami fell into idolatry
and uncleanness, through en-
ticement of the Moabitiili, and
B3

e ABB:

ahiefly the Midianitiih, -nomen
■nd were puniahed with the a>jai
of 24,000 in one day. It w;
probably their mourning over
this plapje that gave the naine
of Abel to the spot. Numb, ij

5. Abel-Mehuldh, a city or place
on the west of" Jordan, pertain
irg to thehalf-tp'de of Manaueh
1 Kings IT. 12. Jerom will have
it 10 miles, but others think it
to have been about 16 miles south
from Betshean. Not faf from
this city di(i Gideon miraculous-
ly defeat the Midianitet, Jud^.
vii. 22 ; but its chief honour wa^,
to be the native place of Elishj
the prophet, 1 Kings xix. 16.

6. Abel, Abel- Bethmaachak, Abel
Maim, a strong city somewhere
about thf s(juth fi-ontiers of
Mount Lebanon. It probably be-
longed to the tribe of Naphthali.
Sheba the son of Bichri fled here,
when pursued by David's troops.
To free themselves from JoabS
furious siege, the inhabitants, ad-
vised by a prudent woman, be-
headed the rebel, and threw liis
head over the wall, 2 Sam. xx.
14—18. About SO years after,
Benhadad king of Syria took and
ravaged it, 1 Kings" xv. 20. A-
bout 200 years after which, Tig-
lathpilezer took it, and carried
tlie inhabitants captive to Assy-
ria, 2 Kings XV. 29. It was after-
wards built, and was capital of
the canton of Abilene.

ABEY, a city belonging to the
tribe of Issachar, Josh. xix. 20.

ABEZ, an f^^' ; a city of the
tribe of Issachar, Josh. x"ix. 20.

To ABHOll, is a word of very
peculiar import in Scripture. It
may be best understood from its
counterpart, to have delight in.
It is, in a particular manner, ap-
plied to tJiat which is unclean,
unholy, an abomination, and so
detested. Job's clothes abhorred
him, Job ix. ,T1. to point out the
loathsome disease under which he
laboured. In the same sense, Job,
from the discovery of his own
vileness, says, " Wherefore I ab-
hor myself in dust and ashes,"
Job xlii. 6. It seems to be pecu-
liarly applicable to any tl-.ing
which is abominable to God : " I
oAAor your Sabbaths," Isd. i. 13.
God aZiAor* idolatry, Levit. xxvi.
30. When God is said to have
" cast off', and abhorred," Psalm !
Ixxxix. 3S. it evidently reiipectsj
his Old Testament church, wlio'
were abhorred, when he broke.

A B :
down all their hedges, and the
heathen profaned his szuictuary.
The celebrated Leigh, in his Cri-
iica Sacra, gives the foillawing
explication of the word ; " To
hold a thing in such dttestation,
that we turn away our faces, as
from an odious and loalhsoine
sight." The final desUuction of
the enemies of Christ is thus ex-
pressed, Isa. Ixvi. 24. " They shall
be an aiAorn'ng- of all flesh." It
is to be observed, however, that
the word here translated abhor-
ring, is no where efse met with,
but in Dan. xii. 2. where it is
translated contempt. It comes
from a word which signities i
tvonn.

ABI, my father, the daughti-r
of Zachariah, and mother <»
He/ekiah king of Judah, 2 Kings
xviii. 2.

ABIA, the Father, Jehovah,
second son to Samuel, and brother
to Joel. Samuel having trusted
them with th*> adminijtratio!i of
!, and admitted their
of the government.
they acquitted themselves so i!!,
that they obliged the people to
require a kingof him. 'This hap-
pened in the year of the world
2909, before Christ 1191, before
the vulgar era 1195.

y\HI-ABON, the father of uw
demanding, a native of Arliath.
and one of the gallant men ot
" ivid's army.

ABl-ASAPH, a conturfiing fa
ther, one of the sons of Korali,
Kxod. vii. 24.

ABIATHAR, excellent father,
tlie tenth high-pnest of the Jew j,
and fourth in descent from Hli.
When Saul murdered Ahimelech,
his fatlier, and the other priestj,
at Nob, Abiathar escaped to Da-
id in the w ildemoss, and joincil
his party ; and by him David
consulted the Lord at Keilah and
Ziklag, 1 Sam. xxii. and xxiii. 9
and XXX. 7. Saul h.'ia placed
Zadok, a descendant of Eleazar,

the high-pricstliood, instead of
Abiathar; but when David cams
to the throne, he made Abiathar
and Zadok, next to him, thechitf
priests: and thus matters conti.
nuea while David reigned, 2 Sam.
XX. 26. Abiathar and Zadok
designed to have attended David
witli, the ark, as lie fled from Ab-
salom ; but he advised them to
return with it, and procure him
proper information, 2 Sam, it
■i4--23. Just before the death

A B I

ol King David, Abiathar treason-
ably conspired to render Adonijah
his father's successor ; and was
forbidden the execution of his of-
fice by Solomon, on that account;
and confined to his eity of Ana-
thoth; and Zadok was put in his
loom, 1 Kings i. and ii. Thus
was the family of Eli wrathfully
for ever put from the high pi-iest-
hood, 1 Sam. ii. 29, 36. It is
not Abiathar, but his son, that
iaealled Ahhnelech, or Abimelech.
Nor is it Abiathar's father, but
himself, that is mentioned, Mark
ii. 26 ; for it is certain that he
then lived, and might have a great
hand in procuring tlie sTiew-
bread for David: nor does that
tsxt insinuate, that Abiathar
then executed the office of high
priest

deliverance from Egypt was a
figure of the redemption of th<!
church by Jesus Christ who diod,
nay, rather rote again in thii
month, it was made the beginning
of Months, to lead the church to
expect the acceptable year of the
Lord. As the sacred jirtt month
was carried forward to the eighth,
it typified the same symbolical
truth which the change of the
Sabbath also represented.

ABIDAH, the father nf know-
ledge, one of the sons of Midian,
Gen. xxix. 4.

ABIDAN, my father the jud^t,
a prince of the tribe of Benjamm,
who o-iiered. Numb. i. 1 1. ii. 24.
and vii. 60, 66.

To ABIDE, signifies to itaj

or tarry. Gen. xxii. 6. fo dwell

ABIE, or Nisan, the name of or live in a place. Gen. xxix. 19.

the first sacred, and seventh civil
month of the Jewish year. It
contained tJiirty days; and an-
swered to our moon of March.
This word signifies green tars, or
ripe fruit; and was given to thi^
month, bccaiisc, in the middle
thereof, the Jews began their
harvest. On the tenth day of this
month the Paschal lamb was ta-
ken; on the 14th day they did
eat the passover ; and on the seven

which was held as a solemn con-
vocation, ExoU. xii. xiii. On the
15th day they gathered their sheaf
Df the barley first-fruits, and <hi
the 16th they offered it; after
which they might begin their
harvest, lev. xxvi. 4. 14. On
the first day of it the modern
Jews observed a fast fur the death
of Nadaband Abihu ; on the lOlh
a fast for the death of Miriam ;
on the 27 th a fast for the death
of Joshua; on the 29th they
prayed for the latter rain. Their
Megjllath. Taanitli, hotvever,
takes no notice of any of these
superadded solemnities ; which
is an evidence that they never
uni\ersally obtained.

The year, among the Jews,
commenced in September; and
therefore their jubilies, and their
otlier civil matters, were regu-
lated in that wav, see Levit. xxv.
8, 9, 10 ; but their sacred year
commenced in Abib. This change
took place at the redemption of
Israel from Egypt, Excxl. xii 2.
" This shall be to you the begin
niii^ of Months." Havaneili most

A HI
properly observes, that

this

To bear, suffer, or endure, Jer.

X. 10. To be, Gen. xliv, 33.
To join, or cleave to, Ruth ii. 8.
To continue, Eccles. viii. Id.
John xiv. 16. To wait for, Act«

XI. 23. To rest, Prov. xii. 23.
To live, Phil. i. 21. Id 3tan4
firm, Psal. cxix. 90. 125. To
rule or govern, Psal. Ixi. 7. To
abide in Christ, John xt. 4. sig-
nifies continuing in the faith of
his divine person and work;
which is also termed enduring to
the end. Christ's disciples being
united to him, " I am the vine,
and ye are the branches," they
bring forth much fruit; while
severed, or cut qff'itom him, they
can do nothing. Paul calls it
" rooted and built up in him."
Holding by the faithful word, is
said to be abiding in the word,
John viii. 31 ; 2 John 9. The
comfortable communion enjoyed
by believing and holding by the
truth, is a remarkable promise of
Christ to his disciples; " and
my father will love him, and we
will make our abode with him,"
John xiv. 23.

ABIEL, or Jehiel, my father is
God, the father of Kish and Ner,
and grandfather to Saul, the first
king of the Jews.

ABIEZER, mi) father's neip,
of the tribe of 'Benjamui, and
town of Anaiholh, was one of the
thirty gallant men of David'
armv.

Sam. xxv. 3. and afterwards mar-
ried to David.
ABIHAIL, myfitther's sirengih,
B4

8 AB I

<he son of Huri, ano father of
Michael, Mebhulluin, and some
others, 1 Chron. v. I'i. 14.

2. Abihail, the father of Za
Tiel, of the family of Mtrari,
Numbers iii. 35.

3. Abihail, the father of Est
her, and uncle of Mordecai.

4. Ahihait, was the daughter
of Eliab, David's brother, and
wife to Rehoboam, king of Judah:
she was the mother of Jeush,
Shamariah, and Zaham.

ABIHU, mt) father himself, the
son of Aaron the high-priest, and
Klisheba, was consumed, together
with his brother Nadab, by fire
sent from God, because he had
oflfered incense witli strange fire,
instead of taking it from tlie altar
of bumt-otterings. This misfor-
tune happened witliin eight days
after the consecration of Aaron
and his sons, and the dedication
of tht tabernacle, in the year of
the world 2514, before Jesus
Christ 1486, before the vulgar
era 1490. Forgetting the spirit-
ual import of al I the service of
the earthly sanctuary, one class
of commentators have supposed,
that Nadab and Abihu were in
liquor, because the priests are
immediately after prohibited the
use of wine. Another class al-
lege, that there was nothing so
heinous in tlieir transgression,
but it was awfully punished, to
teach ministeis fidelity and ei-
actness.in discharging.their office.
It had" a vastly more important
meaning,— this instance of ven-
geance IS a standing example of
Uiat divine wrath, which shall
consume all who pretend to serve
God, but with incense kindled
from the one altar and ottering
fay which he forever perfects his
vinctified.

ABIJAH, the father of the tea,
the son of Rehoboam ; called also
AUjam.

2. Abijah, the son of Jero-
boam, 1 Kings xiv. 1 — IS.

3. Abijah, the wife of Ahaz,
indmotl'ierof Hezekiah, 2 Chron.
xxix. 1.

ABJECTS, base and vile men.
The word derives its meaninj;
from the word to tmite, tlms,
Psal. XXXV. 15. objects vile, Ains-
worth reads smiters, agreeable to
the septuagint, that is, such as
tmote him with their tongues.
The word is used in the same
sense, Jer. xviii. IS. See SchindA
Itr's Penta^ht S'je tlieword very]

A B I

emphatically used, Job xxt. 8.

ABILENE, the Father's nuin
sion, a small canton in Hollow
Syria, between Lebanon and An-
tilibanus. It appears to have
lien westward of Damascus; an4
took its name from Abila, which
probably was the same with Abfl-
maim. Lysanius was governor
htre in the fifteenth year of Ti-
berius. Luke iii. 1.

ABIMAEL, a father from
God, the son of Joctan, Gen.

ki7tg, king of the Philistines, who
dwelt in Gerar. Captivated with
the beautv of Sarah, and inform-
ed by Abraliam tliat she was his
sister, he took her into his palace,
intending to make her his wife.
God permitted him not to take
her to his bed ; but appeared to
him in a dream, and tnreatened
him with a sudden death, if he
did not immediately restore her
to her husband ; nay, already he
had smitten him, and the womp"
of his family, with a distemper,
that rendered them incapable of
procreation or ohild-birtii. Abi-
melech excused himself to his
Maker, from Abraham's pre-
tence, that Sarah was but hli
sister. He nevertheless restored
her next day, severely chiding
the patriarch £i)r imposing on him.
Abraham confessed she was in.
deed his wife ; but was likewise
his sister, begotten on a different
mother. Abimelech gave Abra-
ham a number of valuable pre-
sents, and offered him a sojourn-
ing place in any part of his king,
dom. He too begged his pray-
ers for the healing of his family ;
and cautioned him to beware of
like dissimulation for the future.
He also gave Sarah a thousand
pieces of silver, or about 115/.
sterling^ to purchase a veil for
covering her face, which still, at
^O years of age, was comely and
parkling; thus she was publicly
instructed and reproved. Abra.
ham prayed for Abimelech's fa.
mil^f, and they were cured of
their distemper. About fourteen
years after, Abimelech dreading
danger to himself or posterity,
from the increase of Abraham's
power, came, with Phichol his
chief captain, and begged he
would enter into a covenant of
friendship; which was readilv
granted. Gen. xx. and xiJ.
22- -52

A B 1

2. Abimelech, the son ana
successor of the former, was like
to be imposed on by Isaac, in the
same manner as his father liad
been by Abraham ; but happen-
ing, from his window, to espy
some sportive familiarity between
Isaac and Rebekah, he immedi-
ately concluded she was his wife,
not.his sister, as both Isaac and
herself had pretended. He im-
mediately sent for Isaac, and re-
proved him, as guilty of what
tended to invole him and nis
subjects in guilt and punishment.
Fear of losing his life, for the
sake of his beautiful consort, was
tlie only thing which Isaac pled
in his own excuse. Abimelech,
therefore, immediately issued or-
ders, that none of his .subjects,
under pain of death, should, in
the least, injure Isaac or Re-
bekah. Abimelech, finding that
his subjects were terrified at, and
mightily envied, the great pros-
perity and power of Isaac, he
politely required him to leave his
territories, because he wasieco7>ie
mightier than they ; or much in-
creased at their expence. Some
time after, Abimelech, mindful
of tlie league his father had made
with Abraham, and dreading dan-
ger from the increase of Isaac's
power and wealth, took witli him
Ahuzzah his fritnd, and Phichol
bis chief captain, and repairing to
Isaac, solemnly renewed the co-
venant with him at Beersheba,
and was there entertained by him
with a splendid feast. Gen. xxvi.

3. Abimelech, king of Israel,
was the bastard son of Gidetm,
by his concubine at Shechem. He
was a most wicked, aspiring, and
bloody wretch. To procure the
government for himself, he insi
nuated to the people of Shechem,
how much better it would be foi
them to have him, their own
citizen and blood relation, to be
their governor, than to have all
the Uireescore and ten sons of his
father to rule over them. His
Shechemite friends took for him,
out of the temple of their idol
Baalberith, seventy shekels of
silver, or a little more than eight

{idunds sterling. With these he
lired a band of vagabonds, who
assisted him to murder, on one
spot at Ophrah, all his seventy
brethren, Jotham, the youngest,
only escaping. The Shechemites
then made him king. It was on
the occasion of the c<jrouation, or

A B r
»oon after, that Jotham from the
top of mount Gerizinr. an adia-
cent hill, pronounced his parable
to the men of Shechem ; import-
ing, that their bestowal of tlie
government on the only nauglity
person in Gideon's family, ar.il
the ungrateful murderer of the
rest, should issue in the speedy
ruin of all concerned. The event
quickly verified his prediction.
Abimelech had not reigned above
tliree years, when there happened
a variance between hijn and the
men of Shechem. While, it seems,
Abimelech removed his residence
toArunirth, a place near Shechem,
and left Zubul to inspect the city
Gaal the son of Ebed, and hit
friends, excited and headed the
conspiracy. At one of their ido-
latrous feasts, they, in the most
outrageous manner, contenmei!
and cursed Abimelech. Inform-
ed of this bv Zebul his officer,
he marched his troops by nichl,
in four bodies, against the Slit-
clieniites; Gaal and hi» friends,
having no time to preptre them-
selves, were easily touted. On
the morrow after, when the mem
of Shechem came out tc the field,
perhaps to the reaping, Abime-
lech and his troops rei: upon and
murdered them. He next t(X)k
the city by assault, murdered the
inhabitants, and demolished the
buildings. A thousand of the
Shechemites fled to the temple of
Baalberith, hoping to defend
themselves, or expecting the
sanctity of the place would pro-
tect them ; Abimelech and his
troops carried fuel from an ad-
jacent wood, set fire to the temule,
and couNumed it, and all that
were in it. He next marclied to
Thebez, a place about nine miles
to the eastward. The inhabitants
fled to a strong tower built
in the midst of their city; Abi-
melech assaulted the tower with
the utmost fury, and was just
going to set fire to it, when a
woman from the top of it struc-y
him with a piece of a milstone,
and brake his skull. He ordered
his armour-bearer to thrust him
through with his sword, that it
might not be said he liad been
killed by a woman. His orders
were executed, and he died,
A. M. '2798, Judg. ix.

4. Ahimelech. See Achith, and
Ahirnelech.

ABINADAB, a fuiher cf n
vom, or a free viind. '1.) The
B3

»0 ABl

»oii of Jes e, 1 Sam. xvi. 8. ('2.)
The son of Saul, 1 Sam. xxxi 'I.
'3.) The son-in-law of Solomon, 1
Kiiigsiv. 11.
ABIRAM, my hi^h father. (

The son of Eliab the Rs'ubenite.
He, wilh his brother Datlion, and
Koi-ah, conspired to divest Moses
Snd Aaron of tjie powers confer
red on them by Gt>d ; and, on ac
count hereof, was, with his whole
family and substance, swallowed
up alive by the earth. (2.) The
eldest son of Hiel the Bethelite ;
te lost his life as his father found
Cd the walls of Jericho. 1 Kings
»vi. 34.

ABISH AG.tte error of my father,
a younjf woman, a native of Shu-
nam, in the tribe of Issachar.
DaviJd, at the age of about seventy,
tindinj? no warmth in Itis bed, waj
advised by his physicians to pro-
cure some young person, who
■.night communicate tlie heat he
wanted. To this end Abishag was
presented to him, who was one of
the most beautiful young women
in all Israel. The king mad» her
his wife, but did not know her for
one whole year that she continued
near him. After his death Ado-
aigah demanded her in marriage.
Solomon believed, witli reason,
that he might affect the regal
oower, when he was mcunried to
oneof ttielate king's wives; there-
fore he dispatched him, in the
year of tlie world 2991, liefore Je-
sus Christ 1009, before the vulgiir
era 1013.

ABISHAI, therercard of my fa-
ther, the son of Zeruiah, the sister
of David. He was a noted war-
rior, an early assistant, and steady
friend to his uncle. Entering
Saul's tent along with him, he in-
sisted for leave to dispatch that
tyrant,but was not allowed, 1 Sam.
."txvi. 7— 11. He served in David's
wars with Ishbosheth, and vigor-
ou»!y pursued the flying enwny.
l!i the war with the Edomites, he
cut off 18,000 of them in the val-
iey of Salt. In the war with the
Syrians and Ammonites he com-

inandcd the troops which engaged ! with loss. While Ishbosheth and
with, and routed the latter. In David's troops rested near one

wretch, but was not ponnitfed
He commanded a third part of
the army which defeated Absa-
lom, and headed the household
troops who pursued Sheba the .sor>
of Bichri, 2 Sam-, ii. 18- -24. and
X. 10- -14. and Xvi. 9—11. and
xviii. 2. and xx. 6, 7. and xxi.
-17. andxxiii.JS, 19. 1 Chron.
ii. 16. and xi. 20, 21. and xviii. 12.

Chron. vi. 4. (2.) The son of
Shammai, 1 Chron ii. 28.
ABITAI, the father of the dew,
ivid's wife, 2 Sam. iii. 4.
ABLE, one who is meet, fit,
having power; it is used in this
sense, in such passages as, he is
able to succour the tempted, Heb. ii.
IS. able to save from death, Heb. v-
7. able to sure to the uttermost,
Heb. vii. 25. able to raise from the
dead, Heb. xi. 19. In Rev. v. 3. it
is said, there was none able to epen
the book, or look thereon; that is,
none could unfold and execute the
things written therein. Again.
Rev. XV. 8. no man was able to en-
ter into the temple ; and, are ye able
to drink of my cup f Mat. xx. 22.

ABILIT Y, power, strength, Sec.
applied to God, Eph. iii. 20. To
Christ, Heb. ii. 18. To the Scrin-
tures, 2 Tim. iii. 15. James i. 2l.
To bodily strength, Num. xiii. 30.
Wealth, Deut. xvi. 17. Gifts, 2
Tim. ii. 2. Capacity, Mark iv. 53.
ABNER, my father's lamp, the
son of Ner. He was the uncle of
king Saul, and the general of his
armjr. Being mostly in the camp,
and in high station, it is not sur-
prising he knew not David at
Ephes-dammim : but it was more
culpable, that he guarded his mas-
T so ill in the camp at Hachilah,
hen David and Abishai entered
it, and went off, without being
perceived, 1 Sam. xiv. 50. and
xvii. 55--58. and xxvi. 5—14.
After Saul's death he made Ish-
bosheth king; and for seven years
supported the family of Saul, in
opposition to David; but in the
of his skirmishes came off

:he war with the Philistines he
killed Islibibenob, a noted giant,
who was iust going to murder, his
uncle and king. At another time
he alone attacked a body of Uiree
fiundred, and killed them to a
man. Hiyhly provoked will- Shi
Kid's raillery, he begged hi un-
cle's leave to cut off the insolent

another, hard by Gibeon, Abney
barbarously challenged Joab to
advance twelve of D.ivid's war-
riors, to fight with an equal num»
her of his. Joab consented : the
twenty -fojir engaged ; and, taking
each his fellow by the beard, and
thrusting his sword into his side,
they together fell down dead on

ABO
<Jie spot: a fierce battle ensued ;fTI
&bner and Kis troops were rout-
ed: Abner himself was hotly pur-
jued by Asahel ; he begged him
to stop hii pursuit ; on his refusal,
re killed him by a back-stroke of
his spear. He was however still
pursued by Joab and Abishai, till
he, who in the morning sported
with murder, was obliged at even
to beg that Joab would stop his
troops fiom riieir hosti'le pursuit,

Sam. ii.

Not long after, Abner, taking it
oighly amiss for Ishbosheth to
t&arge him of lewd behaviourwith
Rizpah, Saul's concubine, vowed
he would quickly betray the whole
tingdom into the hands of David ;
fie had scarce threatened it, when
commenced a correspondence

with David, and liad an interview
will! liim at Hebron for that ef-
fect. Abner had just left the
splendid feast wherewith David
had entertained him, when Joab,
informed of tlie matter, warmly
remonstrated to his uncle that
Abner had come as a spy At his
own hand he sent a messenger to
invite him back, to have some
further communication with the
ting. Abner was just come into
Joal)'s presence, when he, partly
from jealousy tfiat Abner might
become his superior, and partly to
revenge his brother Asahel's death,
mortally stabbed him, as he pre-
tended to salute him. Informed
hereof, David heartily detested the
fact, exclaimed against Joab, and
honoured Abner with a splendid
funeral, and a mournful elegy, 2
Sam. iii.

ABOARD, into the ship, Acts
rxi. i.

ABOLISH, to make void, or do
away. Christ abolished the law of
commandments.or Mosaic Ritual
when he died, as the end of the
law for righteousness, and rent the
vale of the temple. He abolished
death, 2 Thess. ii. 8. 2 Tim. i. 10.

ABOMINABLE, Abomination.
Things detestable, unclean, filthy,
abhorred, idols, &e. In general
abominalile isopposed to that w Inch
is Ao/i/, in which God delighteth.
In this point of view, many things
under the law were held abomina-
ble, as a man wearing rvomjin'sap-
yarel, Deut. xxii. 5j. See also
Levit. vii. 21. xi. 43. xix. 7. Deut.
liv. 3. Ita Ixv. 4. Jer. xvi. 8.
Many immoralities are called abo-
mir.ntions, such asltfin^lipt, Prov.
\ii. 22. Isa. Ixvi. 3. Ezek. xvi. 50.

ABO ti

held abominable to
God, Deut.xxvii.l5. to the church,
1 Kings xi. 5. 7. Idols and Ido-
latry are in a distinguished man-

ner lield a/iomj'na^ioni. The man-
ners ami customs of Heathens,
Levit. xviii. 30. Every thing in
doctrine or practice vphich tended
to corrupt the simplicity of the
gospel, is in scripture held abomi-
nation; hence the great whore is
represented. Rev. xvii. 4. as hold-
injj in Iter hand a cup full of abo-
minations ; and, in like manner,
all who profess to know God, but
in works deny him, Titus i. 16.
In this view the expression, to
rvork aJiomination, is to introduce
idolatry, or any other corruption,
into the Church and worship of
God, 1 Kings xi. 7. To cast abo-
mination njion one, is to hold him
as vile and unclean. The harlots
of Greece and Rome, as well as
other ancient nations, were in the
custom of mixing up inflaming,
intoxicating liquors, for their
lovers, to inflame their passions^
a cu.stom remarkably exhibited in
the description of the harlot in
the book of Proverbs. To this,
the cup in the hands of the great
tvhore evidently points ; her world
ly gratifications were truly entic-
ing to her votaries ; and 'indeed,
" of many abominations" she was
truly the inother.

Leistly, the abomination <tf' desj-
laiion spoken of by Daniel, and
quoted by the Evangelists; com-
pare Dan. ix. 27. with Matt. xxiv.
15. Luke xxi. 20. This prophecy
was literally fulfilled, (1.) By the
profanation of the temple by An-
tiochus Epiphanes,Bee Maccabees;
(2.) When the armies of Rome,
then the mistress of all which the
Jews held in abomination, de
stroyed the holy city, and left not
one stone upon another in her
temple : and we may add, (5dty,)
it will be still more fully complet-
ed before the destruction of the
world, when the abominations of
the infidel world shall lay waste
the church of the living God. Pel -
haps it is the first step of this de-
solation which we now see taking
place, in the increasing profanity
and unbelief of the worlcf, bidding
fair to lay desolate the profession
of genuine Christianity, and hast-
ening to the accoinpiishment of
Christ's words. When the Son of
Man corncth, shall he Jind faith upun
the earth.
To ABOUND ; {l.)Togro\v gren!

12 ABO

liv numerous, 2 Pet. i. 8. Mattn.
xxiv, 12. (2.) To increa.se, and
have plenty of temporal or spiri-
tual benefits, Prov. xxviii. 20.
2 Cor. ix. 8. God almunds in grace
towards us, inall rvitdom and pru-
dence, in praciously choosing a fit
person to be our Mediator : in ap-
pointing him his proper work, in
its whole form and periods; in
ordering the circumstances of his
inoamation, debasement, and glo-
rv; Emdofall the mercies, afflic-
tions, and deliverances of his peo-
ple, to the best advantage. In
forming and publishing the gosj)el
of our salvation, and thereby ren-
dering men, naturally foolish and
rebellious, wise, circumspect, and
prudent, Eph. i. 7, 8. Men abound
in the work of the Lord, when , with
noted and increasing pleasure
activitv, they perform amultitude
of goocl works, 1 Cor. xv. 58. Men
abound in transgression when.with
increasing activity, they proceed
from one evil way to another or
worse, ?rov. xxix . 22. Sin almunds
inwardly, when it renders our ra-
tional powers more vigorous, ac-
tive in, and delighted with sin : it
abounds outwardly,when the num
ber of sinners or of sinful acts, and
the number and degrees of their
aggravations do increase ;
lioundt relatively, when its facts,
criminal nature, power, and pol-
lution, are more fully and con-
vincingly manifested, Matth.xxiv
12. Rom. V. 20. Grace in God much
fnore abounds in saving the chief
of sinners, and forgiving, conquer^-
ing, and destroying, the greatest
sins in them that believe, grace in
us much more abounds in resisting
and mortifying the strongest oor-
ruptions, and taking full posses-
iion of these inward powers where
bin had been superlatively strong
and active, Rom. v. 20. The
truth of God abounds, when his
revelations are clearly and wide
Ij displayed; when his promises
are eminently fulfilled; and his
word rendered effectual for the
conversion of vast multitudes;
and is boldly professed by them,
Rom. iii. 7.

ABOVK; (1.) High; overhead.
Gen. vi. IC, (2.) Upwards, E-xod.
XXX. 14. Lev.xxvii. 7. (3.) Bevond,
2 Cor. i. 8. (4.) More than,"Gen.
iii. 14. (.0.) Higher than, Neh.viii.
.5. It is used metaphorically, to
denote the dignity or excellency

cf persons or tilings, Psal. cxiji.4.1ther's sheep, Paul from his persc-
Watth. X. 24 ; or rank, aulhority,|cuting ieal, brought Abririsaj

A B R

end rule, Numb. xvi. 3. Deut.
xxviii. 13. It also denotes what
is spiritual and heavenly. Gal. iv.
26. Col. iii. 1 ; nay, heaven, or
God himself, who is above all
in dignity and authority, James

A BRAM, At^A i/r mighty fathe'
Abraham, father 3f tlu: multitude.
We enter now upon the conside-
ration of a person and character
the most distinguished of any U.
which the Scriptures call our at
tentifin ; and this, whether we
think of his own personal historv,
or rather of his station in the
church and house of God. The
apostle James tells us, he was
called Me /n"e7i<; o/Gorf; and there
can be no doubt he is placed in a
station which makes his history
important to all men, even to the
latest period of time. If we are
ultimately saved,it is as Abraham.'/
seed ; if we are blessed with the
knowledge and belief of the truth,
it is the blessing c^f Abraham com-
ing upon us, for in Abraham all
nations are blessed ;-- -how this
comes to pass, we arc to learn
from what the Scripture records
concerning him.

Abratn was the son of Terah, and
brother of N ah or and Haran, pro-
bably the youngest. He wa!J)orn
A.M. 2008; and in the loOtli
year of his father's life. In what-
ever light it may be considered, it
is an undoubted fact, that every
thousandth year of tlie duration
of the world is connected with
some extraodinary alteration a*
to the state of the church. The
birth of Abraham is a new <Mid
important era. That blessing
which, m the first promise, had
been generally expressed to the
first mother, the seed Qfthe rvoman,
was now to be directed into a par-
ticular channel ; and from the
loins of Abraham, was to proceed
the blessed Saviour himself, who
could say, before Abraham tvas, I
his birth, and for a consi-
derable portion of his early life,
we have no other account of Abra-
ham, but that he was. with his fa-
thers, an idolater, " serving other
gods beyond the flocxl;" so re-
markable does Divine Sovereignty
shine, even in the selection of the
eminent worthies, whose hi»-
tor-.ps are recorded. The same
j>ower which brought Meses from
•Jethro's flock, DnTH4 from his fa-

A B R

from his id()ls,---Maf the excellei
llf {he power might be of God. and
not qf' men. Human Blogi-ai>hers
woulil have been employed in
tracing remarkable and inviting
circumstances, even in early youih
or childhood, foreshewiBg his fit-
ness for his future elevation. The
insq)ired Biofjrapher onlv says,
" Now the Lord had said to A-
bram, get thee out of thy country,"
&c. As to the mode in which Di-
vine Revelation was communicat-
ed in tlie patriarchal age, weshall
have afterwards occasion to spealc;
it is sufficient for ouv present pur-
pose to say, that it was such as
convinced Abram it was the Lord
who spake to him ; and thus re-
ceiving the Revelation, not as the
word of men, but as it was in truth
Ihe word of God, he obeyed, leav-
ing all that was near or dear to
him, and going he knew not whi-
ther. Here was the first step of
that faith of Abraham, which he
had, being yet uncircumcised,
wliich is so highly spoken of by
Paul, Rom. iv. and Heb. xi. jias-
tim. The goc{)el which was
preached li^ore to Abraham, is the
same which is i)reached to us now.
It calls us to ftirsake the idolatry
of our father's house, our native
'usts and hopes, and to follow Je-
sus, the Lamb of God, whither
soever he goes or calls. He enter-
e<l Canaan, the land of promise,
crossing the Jordan soutn of the
sea of Galilee ; he i)itched a tent
at Shecheni, tliere establishetl the
worship of that God who had ap-
•Beared to him, building an altar to
his name. Here God again ap-
peared to him, confirmed his for-
mer promises, and Canaan was
promised to him and his seed for
a possession. Some circumstances
are here too remarkable to pass
unnoticed. (1.) The altar was the
foundation of all worship, in the
patriarchal, as in every other, age ;
no worship was acceptable to God,
but that which was founded upon
the doctrine of the atonement by
the blood of Christ. (2.) The place
where this altarwas built, SAfcAem,
where God appeared to Abraham
at the first, became afterwards
famous as a place of w orship in Is-
rael. (Shechem means carlij in the
morning.) (3.) Here was a sacred
oak, or grove; see Gen. xxxiii. 4.
(4.) Tlie God of Abraham made a
visible appearance to Abraham ;
iee Appearance. By comparing
what IS mentioned under these ar-

A B R 13

ticle<;, trie ro.ider will be enabled
to judge of the nature of patii
archal worship ; how nearly allied
to that of tlie tabernacl"e in the
wilderness, and how much calcu-
lated to prove a shadow of good
things to come !

Before proceeding farther in the
consideration of the events of A-
braham's life, it may be proper t<,-
take some notice of the promises
whichweremadetohim in Haran,
and renewed at Shecbem ; and
which, more fully illustrated af-
terwards, form what is called the
Abrahamic covenant. Great con-
fusion has taken place amon^J
writers on this subject, because it
is obvious, that a direct temporal
promise was made to Abraham, of
receiving Canaan as an inheri-
tance for his seetl after him ; g
promise which was fulfilled in aa
earthly, literal manner: henca
the Abrahamic covenant has been
considered by many as temporal
and fleshly, and opposed to the
new covenant, which is heavenly
and spiritual ; while, on the other
hand, as Abraham declared plain-
ly, that, by these promises, he was
led to look for a better country,
that is, an heavenly ; as it is ma-
nifest, that these promises con-
cerning Isaac, respected the Me*
siah ; and those of Canaan, point-
ed to heaven itself, the subject*
have been so blended, and confus-
ed, that, in the minds of many,
they have become wholly unintel-
ligible. The fact is, that the great
design of all the di vine revelations
made to Abraliam, was to set be-
fore him the everlasting gos])eI,
and the hope of eternal life there
with connected. To confirm these
truths, God sware to him by him-
self.pledging these two immutable
things; his word and oath; and,
still farther to illustrate them, I*-
gave him the covenant qf clrcnm.^
cisian. Paul, in writing to the
Romans, enumerates the advan-
tages of the Jews, and says, that to
them pertained, among other
things, the covenants, that is, both
the old and new covenants; now
they pertained to the Jews; be-
cause they were the seed of Abra-
ham, and to him and his seett
these covenants were given. The
great Abrahamic cot)cnan/,was that
everlasting covenant which shal.
stand fast to a thousand grnera-
tions, see Psalm cv. 8, 9, 10. In
faith of th«( fulfilment of this A-
braham died, not having recei»eU

14 ABA

(htm, but seen them afar off,
&c.; and to illustrate, and con-
firm these promises, which con-
stitute that everlasting covenant,
which is well ordered in all things,
and sure, the covenant of circum-
cision was given ; or, as Paul
expresses it, the law mat added
till the promised seed should come.
This under-eovenant then, if we
may so term it, is distinguished
from the other to Abraham, by
the name of the covenant of cir-
cumcision. Circumcision was un-
deniably a Jleshly ordinance, but
U was a sign or a seal of the right-
Kmsness which is bii faith ; it
tommunicated no righteousness;;
for, savs Paul, What then, are we
(Jews'jbeHe- then theii, (Gentiles f)
No in no wise . but it was a sign
or seal of that true circumeision
of the heart, not qfthe letter, whose
praise is not of men, but qf God,
see Rom. ii. '29. Now, as that
righteousness, of which it was
the pledge, or sign, was not to
be confined to the Jews, so Abr.3-
ham was commanded, not only
to circumcise Isaac, but all who
were bom in his house, Gen.
xvii. 12. The commandment to
circumcise or cut off the fore-
skin of his seed, was to Abraham
a sign of the everlasting right-
eousness which should be brought
in, by the cuttirig o^"that blessed
one, who, coming into the world,
Viid, thus it beconuth us to fulfil
til righteousness. The foun dation
fien of this covenant, was, the
manifestation of the Son of God
in flesh ; it was therefore necessary
that the under-covenant should
contain a pledge of it. For this
purpose, the promise of Isaac
was given ; and as the great mys-
tery of Godliness was a super-
natural divine work, which hu-
man research could never scan,
so the birth of Isaac was held out
♦o Abraham, under such circum-
stances, as faith in the veracity of
God himself could only surmount.
" He considered not his own
body, norv dead, nor yet the dead-
ness of Sarah's womb, &c." Again,
As the grand purpose for which
the Son of the Highest took part
with the children in flesh and
blood, was that " through death
he might destroy death," &c. |
the nature and nianner of that j
atonement, which was in due
time finished without the gatesof
Jerusalem, was exhibited to
Abraliam, in the wonderful com-i

A B R

mand to otier up his son, bis
only son Isaac, whom he loved.
Gen. xxii. For the same purpose,
that remarkable revelation made
to him, under the horror of great
darkness, at the going down of
the sun, recorded chap. xv.
Lastly, as the ultimate design of
the sufferings of Christ was to
bring many sons to glory, so the
manner in which that should b°
accomplished was exhibited to
him, not only in Canaan itself, but
in his trials, &c. during his so-
journing there as a mere stranpfer,
having no inheritance in it, no,
not so much as to set his foot
on.

From these remarks, if well
founded, it will be obvious, that,
in reading Abraham's history, we
are to think of it as recorded for
our learning, in tracing these im
portant doctrines of revelation,
as there exhibited ; and this will
appear still more obvious, if we
attend farther, that the Scripture
warrants us, not only to consider
Abraham himself as the father of
all who should hereafter believe,
but that his family and household
which he commanded after him,
represent to us the chuieh of the
living God. It is in this point
of view that Paul, that well in-
structed scribe in the Old Testa-
ment, considers Sarah as the re-
presentative of the new cove-
nant, and of Jerusalem which is
above, the mother of us all ; Ha-
gar, as the old covenant, and the
Old Testament church, &c. And
this opens the subject still farther,
by leading us to consider the his-
torical events which are recorded
as taking place in Abraham's
family, as prophetical of the his-
tory of the chinrch. Thus, we
are told, that when Isaac was
weaned, ih.e son of the bond-wo-
man scorted ; and the order was
given, cast out the bond-woman
and her son. Now Paul expressly
tells us, that this was a represen-
tation, by allegory, of the rejection
of the Jews, the Old Testament
church, for scofBng, that is, per-
secuting to . the death the true
Child of promise ; and this hap-
pened when the church of Goa
was to be weaned from the carnal
ordinances of the law.

With this as our key, we shall
now shortly glance at the leading
events of Abraham's history. In
the limits of this work, it can
only be a j^lance • the subject i;j

A B R

worthy of much closer investiga-
lion than we can gite it.

We.have seen Abraham erecting
his tent and altar at the oak of
Shechem, and there wf)rshipping
the God who appeared to him :
«e shall therefore only add, that
it is to be regretted our transla-
tors do not render the word,
which in Gen. xii. 6. is;translated
the plain of Moreh, the oak of
Moreh. This mistranslation fre-
quently occurs ; and thus we read
of the plains of Mamre, Gen.
xviii. 1 ; whereas, if it had been
correctly said, the oaks of Mamre,
■we would liave instantly recog-
nised Mamre to have been a place
of worship. The translators oc-
casionally notice this meaning of
the word on the margin, as in
Joshua.

For the connection between the
oak, the fir, and other'green trees,
and places of worship, see Grove,
Oak, &c. A famine arising,
Abraham leaves Sliechem, and
goes down to Eg\pt, where, from
the beauty of Sarah, she is taken
into the house of Abimelech, the
king ; fn-n whence, after various
plagues from the Lord, she is de-
livered. The spiritual design of
this part of Abraham's history is
very obvious. It corresponds with
Jacob's going down afterwards
to Egypt wiUi his family, com-
pelled also by famine ; from wiiich
his fami-ly were delivered by an
outstretched hand, and with great
judgments on the kingdom of the
Egyptians. The reader will rea-
dily recollect the coincidence with
what took place in Abraham's
family afterwards, in the spiritual
Sodom and Egypt, from which
the church will also be completely
delivered, with great judgments".
In the thirteenth chapter of Ge-
nesis, we find him returning to
the place of the altar which he
had made there at the Jint-, that
is, between Bethel and Hai, (see
ver. ."5, 4.) It will be recollected,
that between Bethel and Hai
stiinds that village of which the
tiet says, " But thou, Beth

prophe
leh.em

leh.em Ephratah, though thou be
little among the thousands of
Judah, yet out of thee shall he
come forth to me, tliat is to be
Ruler in Israel," &c. Mich. v. 2.
Surely it came forth from the
Lord of Hosts, to direct Abraham
to build his first altar wliere the
Lamb cf God was in due time to
be bom. (See more lu'W, as to

A B R. 15

this, under Bethel, Rachel, &c.
We next find the separation be-
tween Lot and Abraham an im-
portant partof Abraham's history:
but which will more naturally
fall to be examined under the
article Lot. Following the divine
commandment to walk through
the land, he comes to the oaks of
Mamre, wiiere, as before, he
builds an altcir to the Lord. This
place became also remarkable in
the history of the church. This
Mamre was in Kirjath-arba, af-
terwards Hebron, where David
reigned seven years over Judah.
The fourteenth chapter contains
an account of the slaughter of the
ten kings, deliverance of Lot,
and communion with Melchise-
dek ; as to which, see tlie articles
Lot and Melchisedek.

In the fifteenth chapter of Ge-
nesis we have a very interestinj<
and particular account of a more
detailed revelation made to Abra-
ham, of the divine purposes to-
wards him and his seed. We
are told, ver. 1. that the Word,
Jehovah, came to him in vision,
and unfolded the divine plan, (l.|
As to his seed, Christ, ('i). As
to liis temporal seed, as repre-
senting the seed of Abraham o>
all nations; of whom says Paul,
" If ye be Christ's then are ye
Abraham's seed, and heirs ac-
cording so the promise," Gal.
iii. 29. (3.) As to the inheritance
promised. A grander display
of the gospel, of the ground of
a sinner's hope, and of the atone-
ment by the death of Christ,
is no where to be met with than
in the revelation made to Abra-
ham, as recorded in this chapter.
In ver. 8. he puts the interesting
question, " Whereby shall I know
that I shall inherit ?" Wonderful
indeed is the answer. The Word,
Jehovah, directs him to take the
five different species of animals
afterwards enjoineii by the law,
to he used in sacrifice, a lieifer,
goat, ram, turtle, arid pigeon ; to
divide and arrange them. A hor-
ror of great darkness is brought
over him ; and when the sun
went down, and it was dark,
behold a iburning lamp, and
smoking furnace, passed between
the pieces, and the Lord says,
" Kruiw of a suretj/," Sic, Never
was a grander exhibition made
to guilty man of what took place
in the hour <(/' darkness, when the
jfieat Sacrifice was uttered \q

16 A B R A B R

OoA; that sacrifice of the &<.n off treated as visionaries to have 3«>

the liviiia God, in whom
exhibited all that the variou
offering's of the law intended
when tlie smoking furnace of
divine wrath, the burning lamp
of divine justice passed throui;h
the soul of the Son of God. Let
us survey, for a little, what pas:>ed
with Abraham, and then let
turn our eyes to the sufferini; Lord
of Glory, w'ho, tlioughhe were the
Son, yet learned he obedience by
the things which he suffered!
Here is to be seen how not only
Abraham shall inherit the pro-
mises, but also all his seed. When
the important question arises in
the mind of the guilty, " Lord
God, how shall I know that 1
ihall inherit the kingdom of
heaven, the heavenly Canaan ?"
what answer does the Scripture
furnish ? It directs us to the gar-
den of Gethsemane ; it turns our
minds to the crucified Redeemer,
and there displays the ground of
our inheritance.

There is a particular account
Eiven of what should be literallv
ftilfilled to his fleshly seed ; but,
as we have already shewn, this is
no argument against its spiritual
and extensive meaning. Abra-
ham's question was not respecting
nis seed, and whether they should
inherit; but "whereby shall I
know that / shall inherit ?" A-
braham never inherited Canaan ;
if he had, the heifer, ram, &c.
cannot be easily understood as a
ground of temporal inheritance.
At same time, the particulars
mentioned as to the temporal
part of the promise, their bondage
400 years in a strange land ; their
deliverance, connected with great
substance to them,andjudgment
on their enemies; that their return
should be in tfie fourth genera-
tion ; the cause for the delay, that
the iniquity of the Amorites was
not yet full ; are all circumstances
most wonderful in their literal
fulfilment, but still more so in
their prophetical aspect ; a sub-
ject which we cannot so much as
•nter upon in our confined limits,
In the sixteenth chapter, we
have a most particular account
of Abraham's connection with
Hagar, and the birth of Ishmael.
Such is the aversion of the present
day firom develeping the spiritual
meaning of scripture, that had
not an inspired apostle pointed
the way, we should have been

much as hinted at it. But we
must here take the oppoitunity
of remarking, that those who
abolish the spiritual and prophe-
tical design of the histories of the
Old Testament, especially such
as that now under consideration,
do more to answer the purposes
of infidelity than the more open
enemies ofVevelation We have
only to refer our readers to Gal.
iv. 22—31, where they will find
high authority for the view we
ihortly hinted of the subject of
this cha])ter. Sarali stands the
representative of the great, the
everlasting covenant, allied to
Abraham by the lasting, endear-
ing tie of marriage ; his wife,
and thus named Sarai, my lady,
my princess. Tliat Sarai mif;nt
obtain children by her, (see ver. 2.)
he gives Hagar, her handmaid,,
o Abram. Divest this history
of its allegorical design, it is ripe
subject for the scoffer : view it as
prophetical, it becomes worthy
of Him from wham it proceeds,
the rvonderful counsellor. Hagar
is the covenant of circumcision,
the old covenant, which was added
to the everlasting covenant, to
raise up seed to Abraham, till the
time of the promise should draw
nigh. But we must not enlarge :
every section of this important
history is so rich a mine of the
mysteries of the kingdom of hea-
ven, that each would require a
volume to illustrate. See more
at large, Hagar, Ishmael, AlU-

In the seventeenth chajiter we
have still a farther illustration of
the covenants, and a particular
account of the introduction of
circumcision. In the eighteenth,
we nave a most interesting por-
tion of this eventful history. Three
en came to Abraham as he sai
[ his tent-door; the account of
hat passes between them is most
circumstantially related, and ex-
hibits Abraham's personal situa-
tion with his Lord in a very re-
markable light. It has been ad-
mitted by most commentators,,
that this revelation was made to
Abraham by the Lord Jesus Chrisi
himself as the angel of the cove-
nant, fbreshewing his future in-
carnation, and attended bv two
angels. Abraham accordingly
knew him as such, and addressed
him in that character. The pro-
mise of Isaac js certainly pledged,

A E R

And Sarah appfars in her natural
unbelief. God's purpose to over-
throw Sodom and Gomorran is
then revealed ; and Abrahams re-
markable intercession is particu-
larly recorded. This chapter is
particularly recommended to ihe
reader's attention and consider-
ation, in the following particulars:
(1.) The direct and immediate
communication that appears sub-
sisting between Abraham and the
Lord, tlie Judge of all the earth.
('-!.) Abraham's hospitality, as re-
ferred to by an apostle. (3.) The
importance of the subject revealed
in the birth of Isaac, when so great
pains are taken to renew and en-
force it; plainly evincing, that a
more important matter than tlie
birtli of Isaac was in view. (4.)
Sarah's unbelief, the natural ope-
ration of the mind, from tlie cir-
cumstances oflier time of life : the
manner in which her unbelief is
overcome, the same as that by
which tlie natural unbelief of the
gospel is vanquished in the human
ueart, viz. It any thirty too hard
for God t (5.) The overthrow of
Sodom and Gomorrah, an ensam
pie of sutlering the vengeance of
eternal Hre. (6.) Abraham's inter-
cession, a type of the irvtercession
of the great Advocate. (7.) " /
tvilt not destroy for ten's sake," an
earnest that everlasting destruc-
tion shall not be executed agaiiist
the ungodly, until the ininuity of
mankind be full, and faith rare
on earth : so true is it, that the
gospel is the salt of ihe earth, and
thai this world is onlv preserved
from tliat judgment for which it
is ripe, till the last elect vessel of
mercy is brought in.

We cannot leave this ch&pter
without noticing the very jtimsy
explication which .Mr.Brown g'
of the IHth and 19th verses of it.
" Shall 1 hide from Abraham tha
thing which I do, seeing that A
b.-aham shall surely become <
great and mighty nation, and all
the nations of the earth shall be
blessed in him ? For I know him,
that he will command his chil
dren , and his household after him,
and they shall keep the way of the
Loid, to do justice and judgment,
that the Lord may bring ujwn
Abraham that which he hath
spoken of him." ' To reward hi
(or his religious education of his
family, the Lord disclosed to him
his intention to destroy these
wicked cities,' &ays Mr. Brown,

A much grander object was m
'ev^. The reader of Scripture,
ho has been at all attentive to
le prophetical analogy of events,
cannot have passed unnoticed,
that the destruction of Sodom,
d cities of the plain, is one ol
the clearest displays of the final
judgment of the ungodly which
the Scripture exhibits. It is re-
markable, that as the (gospel is the
glad tidings of great joy, that
there is salvation from the wrath
to come, so our value for that gos-
pel mur.t be in. jjroportion to the
views we have of that wrath from
which it delivers. In the first
. lace, then, it was not to reivard
Abraham for his religious educa-,
tion of his family ; but that he
might be enabled to instruct his
household in the way of the Lord.
doing justice and judgment, he set
before Abraham his grand design
of executing judgment on the
wicked; because, said Jehovah,
their sin is very (grievous. But, in
the second place, this awful event
was unfolded to Abraham, and
stands recoriled for the instruction
of Aiirahani's great family and
household in allages, and for the
establishment of their hope in the
true Son of Promise. It is im-
portant still farther to remind,
that this was matle known to A-
raliam, because he was surely to
become a great and mighty nauon.
Abraham will only become a great
and mighty nation, when destruc-
tion shall overtake the world of
the ungodly ; when the.smoke ol
the torments of the great SodoiB
shall ascend up to heaven, as that
of old Sodom did typically, then
shall Abraham's household re-
joice, and again they shall cry, Al
leluia.

We come now to the considera-
tion, of what may justly be called
the most memorable event in the
whole history of this father of the
church of God: we allude to the
ottering up of his son Isaac. The
circumstancesattending this trans-
action, are so numerous, and at
the same, time important, that it
would require much more exten-
sive limits than ours, to investigate
them, even though very slightly ;
but we feel this to be the less ne-
cessary, as there is scarcely to bo
found a single Commentator, whci
does not acknowledge that we are
here called to consider the great
sacrifice of Isaac's Lord, the tru^
and only Son qf the Father ivhcm

H

A B R

ke lovtih. We have been led to see and on the third day, he receirei
\\\« faith of Abr-aham remarkably hira from the dead m a figure. In
tried, iH the promise of the birth like manner Isaac's Rreatantetype,
of Isaac, and called to believe in Jesus Christ, who lay under the
hope against hope ; but having re- sentenceof death, the burnt offer-
ceifed this son beyond the course ing aixeptable to God, was on the
ot nature, and led to consider Kim I third day received from the dead
as having all the promises '•entring I by ■

; I by his father ; so early do we fin<l

L jtbe Scriptures bearing witness, an

.Paul says, 1 Cor. xv. 4. "Ana

This trial of his natural affection that he was buried, and rose again

all ackntjwledge ; but the Ch

from the dead the third day, ae-

is still farther called to consider | cording to the Scriptures.'

This

the subject a*s vastly more import
ant, trial of his/ai7A; for if Isaac
dies, where are all the promises of
God ? and thus, as Paul says, he
could only oft'er him, by account-
ing that God was able to raise him
from the dead. Here also we are
called to think of tlie manifesta-
tion of the divine purpose in Jesus
Christ: was Isaac bom beyond the
course of nature, it was to prefi-
gure Him who was born by the
power of the H ighest overshadow -
ing a virgin, who had not known
man W as Isaac, from whom a
leed like tlie host of heaven should
spring, to be sacrificed ? It was
to prefigure him who should, like
the grain of wheat, be sown in the
eartii, from whom should .syjring
a company, like the sand on the
sea shore, innumerable. This
command to Abraham, to sacri-
fice his son, while 't tempted, tJiat
is, tried the faith of Abraham, was
still farther intended to exhibit
to him, and it is written to un-
fold to us, the glorious mystery
of God's good-will towards the
guilty.

Abraham is called to go to the
land of Moriah, tliat is, tlieX^^ror
rather nwrthip q/" Jehovah. How
legible, in such a circumstance,
the {>lan of God, who shoxild, in
the fulness of time, establish his
worship in this very land, and sa-
crifice his well-beloved, perhaps
on the very spot where Isaac was
bound. Certain it is, Jerusalem
and its vicinity was called tlie latul
qf Moriah ; on one of these moun-
tains the temple was built, where
the worship of Jehovah was dis-
played. And as Abraham called
the place Jehovah Jirch , there can-
not exist a doubt, that in that very
place the Lord was seen.

We may farther observe, that
we are told. Gen. xxii. 4. that, on
the third daj), Abraham saw the
place afar oif. From the leaving
home, Isaac travelled under sen-
tence of deatb from his father:

was that day qf Chri^it, which A-
braham rejoiced to see afar off.

The various circumstances re
corded by the spirit of G(A1, bear

that he that runs may read ; cor
is it necessary tliat we should de-
tain our reatlers with any
ration of them.

Sarah. Abraham, on this occa-
sion, ])urchased the only possession
he ever enjoyed in Canaan, viz. a
burying-place. Here Abraham,
Sararh, Isaac, and Jacob, were
buried ; and, to be laid here, Jo-
seph, when he was a dying, gave
commandment concerning his
bones. As this is an instance of
liis faith, see Heb. xi. '^1. The
attentive reader will readily per-
ceive, in tlie purchase of this pos-
session of a burying-place, the
purchase of a place of safety in
ihe grave from tlie true son qf
Heth, him that hath the power of
death, tliat is, the devil. The
jianicular account we have of the
manner in which Rebekah became
the wife of Isaac, in distinction
from the daughters of Canaan,
gives us a most beautiful allego
rical account of tlie connection
between Christ and his church.
The year following, Abraham
marrie'd Keturah, by whom he
had six sons, to whom he gave
gifts, and sent to the east country,
where they became liuads of nu-
merous tribes. The knowledge
of the true God they carried with
them ; and the vestiges of Chris-
tian worship, though greatly cor-
rupted, is still to be traced amon^
their descendants. Abraham diec
in the 175th year of his age, and
was buried by his sons, Isaac ano
Ishmael.

Thus we have faintly tracetl t\\e
outlines of this important history,
which M well entitled to close re-
search and investigatici. Abr?

A B S

ham was famous among the na-
tions of ancient history : even
pagans, heathens, and Mahomet-
ans, have borrowed from his life
to embellish their heroes. It is
very probable that human sacri-
fices, making their seed pass
through the lire, &c, among the
nations of Canaan, took their rise
from the oblation of Isaac.

Abraham's seed is chiefly Christ.
" He speaketh not of seeds," says
Paul, " as of many, but of one,
that is, Christ." Secondly, Abra-
ham's seed according to tlie tiesh,
" of whom, according to the flesh,
(Jhrist came." The Jews boasted
that thev had Abraliam for their
father ; but Christ told them, that
God couldeven of (Gentiles)stones,
raise up seed to Abraham. Flesh-
ly connection with Abraham had
its advantages: " chiefly, because
to tliem were committed the ora-
cles of God." " Unto you, first,"
>:aid Peter, " God raising up his
Son Jesus, sent him to bless you."
Paul tells us, that Jesus Christ,
when made for a little lower than
the angels, took hold of the seed of
Abraham. KavonoUi most cor-
rectly observes, that the word
eviXaiJi/SaveTai signifies to lay
hold upon one that is flying away.
Our Lord denies that the Jews
were the seed of Abraham, other-
wise they would do the works of
Abraham ; and Paul tails us, that
tliose who are accounted for the
seed, an those who are blessed
with the faith, of Abraham : then,
says he to the Galatians, aie ye
Abraham's seed, and heirs accord-
ing to the promise.

ABROAD, without the city ofj
Sodom, Gen. xix. 17. Out of the
house, Exod. xii. 46. Out of the|
tent, Levit. xiv. 8. Wherever this I
word occurs, the meaning may be^
understood from the words in con-
nection, such as scatter, bring
forth, spread, &c.

ABSALOM, the father of peace,
the third son of King David : his
mother was Maacah, the daughter
of Talmai king of Geshur. He
was a most comely man : every
year he cut the hair of his head,
and it weighed 200 shekels, or
about six pounds English weight.
He had three sons, who all died
in their childhood, and a beauti-
ful daughter called Tamar, 2 Sam.
131.3. and xiv.2j--27.andxviii.l8.
When Tamar his sister was
ravished by Amnon, Absalom re-

A B S

!■»

solved on a thorough revenge.
After two years, he invited his
brethren to a sliearing feast at
Baalhazor. When Amnon had
drunk hard, Absalom ordered his
servants to kill him ; and then
flell to his grandfather at Geshur
in Syria. Hehad continued threa
years in exile, when Joab, ob-
ser.ving David's fondness of a re-
conciliation, prompted an artful
widow of Tekoah, by a feigned
speech concerning the danger of
her son, who, she pretended, had
in a passion killed his brother, to
solicit it. Absalom was recalled •
but lived two years at Jerusalem
without entering his father's pre-
sence. Stung with grief and in-
dignation, he sent for Joab, with
a view to engage him to be his
advocate with the king. Joab at
first refused to g:o ; but Absalom,
by burning of his corns, obliged
him to it. On coming, Joab un-
derstood his intent, and went di-
rectly to King David, and procur-
ed his admission to court. Scarce
was this reconciliation effected,
when Absalom prepared to usurp
his father's throne. He got him-
self a number of horses ^md cha-
riots, and fifty men to run before
him. By kind usage of those who
came to his father for judgment,
by indirect hints that their causes
were good, but his father neglect-
ed to do them justice, and by
wishes that it were in his power
to do them right, he won the
hearts of the people.

About Whitsuntide, A.M. 2980,
in the 40th year after David's
unction by Samuel, and the 4th
afler Absalom's return from Sy-
ria, he, under pretence of fulfilUuij
a vow, solicited his father's per-
mission to repair to Hebron, a city
southward of Jerusalem. Two
hundred persons of note attended
him thither, without suspecting
his designs. He immediately
opened his mind to them ; and
caused it to be proclaimed in all
the cities of Israel, that he reigned
in Hebron. Ahithophel, David's
principal counsellor, upon invita-
tion, revolted to him with the
first: the body of the Israelites
followed Ills example. David,
with a handful of such friends as
he could depend on, fled from
Jerusalem. Ahithophel, after
makint; him publicly defile ten ol
his father's concubines, advised
Absalom, without delay, to give
him the command of 12'(^00 oho-

sen troops, and he would direct.
!T pursue his father, and appre.
liend him, before he had time to
recover from his fright. This
advice was extremely proper
answer his end . But'Hushai was
also consulted : he pretended A
hithophel's counsel was not sea
sonable, as David and his friends
were brave and desperate fellows,
and would readily spring forth
from pits, or like hiding-places
and all of a sudden cut off some
of Absalom's forces; and so dis
pirit the whole party before it
was firmly established. To flj
Absalom's vanity, and give David
time to put himself in a posture
of defence, he advised to assemble
every man of Israel capable to
bear arms; and that Absalom
should command them in person
he pretended, that with this huge
host they should, without fail,
ruin David and his party, whether
Uiey found him in city or field.

Hushai's advice was approved
and followed. Absalom collected
liis troops ; marched over Jordan
to attack his father; a battle was
fought in the wood of Ephra
his raw undiscipled host was
easily defeated by the providence
of God, and his father's veterai
troops. The wood tore vast num-
bers of them to pieces, or otlier
wise occasioned their ruin. Da
vid had ordered his warriors t<
spare th.e life of his rebellious
^on ; but riding through the
wood, an oak branch caught hold
of his high valued hair, and
hung him by it instead of an
halter, while hismule went away.
Informed hereof, Joab hasted to
the place, and i)ut an end to his
life. He had erected a proud
monument to perpetuate his
fame; but had not the honour
to be buried therein. His corpse
was cast into a pit, as the carcase
of an ass, and a great hea|) of
stones thrown over him. Whether
his father, who so lamented hii
death, removed it to a more ho-
nourable sepulchre, we know not,
'i Sam. xiii. xiv. xv. xvi. and xvii.
ABSENCE, when spoken of
God, as in Psalms Ixxvii. 7. it
implies his withdrawing the light
of his countenance. The word
i.1 general is used in Scripture, as
ill common life.

ABSTAIN, to forbear using.
Ahttinence is strictly a forbearing
of the use of food, Acts xxvii. 22.
During their sacred ministrations

A B Y

the Jewish priests were to abstain
from wine and grapes, or any
thing produced by the vine. Lev
X. 9. So were the Nazaritet
during the term of their vow
Numb. vi. 3. The whole He
brew nation were to abstain from
the flesh of atiijnals declared un-
clean by the law ; and from the
fat of such as were sacrificed to
the Lord ; and from the blood of
all. Lev xi.and iii. 17. and vii.
'23. To avoid giving oflence to
Jewish or weak Christians, the
apostles enjoined tlie Gentile con-
verts to refrain eating of things
sacrificed to idols, 1 Cor. viii. 7 —
10. but Paul declares it the
doctri-ne of devils to abstain from
any wholesome food, under pre-
tence of intrinsic holiness and
devotion, 1 Tim. iv. 3, 4.

To ABUSE ; to use persons oi
things from wrong ends or mo-
tives, or in a sinful or dishonour-
able manner, Judg, xix. 25. Men
ab)i3e themselves tvith mankind,
when they commit the horrid siu
of Sodom, that brought ruin on
that and the cities around, 1 Cor.
vi. 9. Men abuse the world, when
they use the good things of it to
dishonour God, and gratify theit
own lusts, 1 Cor. vii. 31.

ABYSS, or deep. Hell is called
by this name in Scripture; as are
likewise the deepest parts of the
sea, and the chaos, which in the
beginning of the world was
covered with darkness, and upon
which the spi>-it of God moved.
Gen. i. 2.

The ancient Hebrews, as well
as the generality of the eastern
people at this day, were of opi-
nion, that the abyss, the sea and
waters, encompassed the "vhole
earth; that the earth was as it
were immersed, and floating up-
on the abyss, almost, say they,
like a water-melon swimming
upon and in the water, which
covers a small moiety of it. Far-
ther, they believed that the earth
s founded upon the waters, or

least, that it had its foundation
on the abyss. Under these wa-
ters, and at the bottom of this
abyss, the Scripture represents
the giants, or Rephaims as con-
fined.

These depths are the abode of
devils and wicked men ; " I saw,"
says St. John, in the Revelations,
" a star fall from heaven, and to
him was given the key of tin?
bottomless pit. And he opened

A C C

Uie bottomless i>it, and there arose
a smoke out of it, as the smoke
of a great furnace, which obscur-
td the sun and air; and there
came out of tlie smoke locusts,
which scattered tliemselves over
the whole earth. And thej had

king over them, which is the
angel of the bottomless pit, whose
name is the Destrojer." And
in another place, the Deast is
represented to us as ascending
out of the bottomless pit, and
making war against the " two
■witnesses of Gc>d." Lastly, " the
angel of the Lord descends from
heaven with the key of the bot-
tomless pit, and a gieat Jiain in
his hand, he laid hold on the
dragon, that old serpent, which
is the devil and Satan, and cast
him into the bottomless pit, and
shut him up, and set a seal upon
him, that he shtmld deceive the
nations no more till the thousand
years sliould he fulfilled; and
after tliat he should be loosed
a litle season."

Fountains and rivers, in the
opinion of the Hebrews, are de-
rivetl from the abyss or sea. They
issue from thence through in
visible channels, aiid return
through others of their own
forming ujkhi the earth. At the
the time of the deluge, the deeps
below, or the waters of the sea,
lirokc down their banks, the
fountains forced their si)ring:s,
and spread over the earth, while
at the same time the cataract,s
of heaven were opened, and
overflowed the whole world.

The abyss wliich covered the
earth in the beginning of the
world, and was jiut in agitation
by the Spirit of God, or by an
impetuous wind ; this abyss was
so called by way of anticipation,
because it afterwards composed
the sea,and the waters of the abyss
issued from it, and were formed
by the flowing of it; or rather,
the earth sprung up out of the
midst of this abyss, like an island
rising out of the sea, and appear-
ing suddenly to our eyes, after
having been for a long time con-
cealed under water.

ACCEPT, or Acceptance, to be
received favourably. This word
s of the most significant mean-
ing in the original. It implies
tliat divine regard which is op-
posed to " hiding of the face."
It pnxticularly refers to the divine
it four through the atonement by

A C C

21

the blood of Chri»t : this is what
Paul calls acceptance in the belov-
ed, Eph. i. 6. This is the prayer
of the church, Psal. xx. 6. " The
Lord accept thy .burnt-oH'erings.
The divine ac'cevtance of the of
ferings under tne law was ex-
pressed bv fire ; therefore Elijah
said, " Tlie Lord that answereth
by fire, he is God." In like man-
ner, when God accepted Gideon's
and Manoah's offerings, he did it
by fire, Judges vi. 21. and xiii.20.
After Christ, the great sacrifice
for sin, was ottered, the divine
acceptance was declared, in raising
him from the dead. Thus, this
is called the accepted time, th.e
day of salvation. Tnere is a sinful
acceptance of persons, in shewing
partial respect in judgment or
otherwise ; see Prov. xviii. 5.

Our accets to Gc
by Jesus Christ, tlie way, the
truth, and the life, R(mi. iii. 2.
Eph. iii. 18. The ground of
this access was pointed oul'under
tlie law. The high priest aloiv
had access into the holiest of all
but when the vail of the temple
was rent in twain at the death ol
Christ, a new and living way of
access was laitl open, through the
vail, that is U) say, his flesh. By
his death, also, the middle wall
of partition was broken down, and
Jew and Gentile had both free
and unlimited access ; whereas,
before, the Gentiles had no nearer
access in the temple-worship out
to the gate.

ACCHO was a city of Galilee,
on tlie coast of the Mediterranean
sea, about 32 miles south of
Tyre. It was built on a plain,
but had mountains surrounding
it on all sides, except towards the
sea; on the south was Carmel;
on the east of the mountains of
Galilee ; and on the norlli the
ladder of Tyre, about 12 miles
distant. It had a fine harbour,
and on the north of it the river
BeJus ; and the sea-shore afford-
ed great quantities of sand for
making of Glass. It was given to
the tribe of Asher ; but they
suffered the Canaanites to con-
tinue in it, Judg. i. 31. It made
no great figure till Ptolemy Phil-
adelphus king of Egypt rebuilt
it, and called it Ptolemais ; Siftet
which it often shared in the dis-
tress of the Syrian war. The
Christian religion was early esta
^]i«h»ji here; and here PaiJ

22 ACC

▼isitcd the saints in his way to
Jerusalem, Acts xii ". Cliurch
history infoims us, that here were
oishops in the 'Al, 3d, -Ith, 5th,
and 6th cenHiries of the Christian
era. In the lith and 13th
turies it was a place oi' great
strength, and was tiie object of
no small contention between the
Mahometans and the Europeans
in the sacred wars. It began
bout that time to lie called St.
Jbhn de Acra ; and here the
knights of St. John of Jerusalem
fortifietl themselves a long time,
This place has become familiar
to the minds of Britons, as the
scene of much valour sliewn b>
Durcountr; men under Sir Svdnev
%mith, in the late exi)edition to
Egypt.

ACCOMPLISH; (].) To per-
tbrm ; fiUfit ; fully execute, Jer.
xUv. 25. I'A.) To bring to pass
what is desired, purposed, or
promised, Prov. xiii. 9. (3.) To
nnish; so days are accomplished,
Acts 3Lxi. 5. Luke ii. 6.

ACCORD: of its, or liii own
accord, freely, without pains or
eonit/aint. Lev. xxv. 5. 2 Cor.
»iii. 17. With one accord, with
universal harmony and agree-
ment. Acts i. 14. and ii. 46. and
V. 12.

ACCORDING, (1.) Agreeably
to, 2 Tim. i. 9. (2.) Even as; in
proportion to, Acts iv. 35. God
rewards all men according lo their
rvorki; that is, agreeably to the
nature of their works, 2 Cor. v.
10. Rev. ixii. 12 ; but deals not
with his elect according to the
merit of their works, whether
good or bad, 2 Tim. i. 9. Tit.
Si. 5.

To ACCOUNT, to reckon, judge,
value, Deut. ii. 11. The Hebrews
made accminl for the paschal
lamb ; every eater paid his sliare
of the price, Exod. xii. 14. To
put a thing to one's account, is
to charge it on him as his debt ;
to reckon it to him as his gCKHl
deed, Philem. 18. Phil. iv. 17.
To take account, is to search into
and judge a matter, Matth. xviii.
23. To give account, is to have
our conduct tried, whether it be
reasonable andlawlul or not, Rom.
xiv. 12. Heb. xiii. 17. 1 Pet. iv.
5. God giveth tiot account of hit
matters : he does not ordinarily
/nform his creatures of the rea-
sons and circumstances of his
conduct ; nor is he under obliga-
tion to do it, Job xxxiii. 13.

ACC

The word acamnt is gcneralli
used in scripture in asvuoniirnms
sense with imputation: thus,
" The Lord shall coutit, when he
writeth up the people, that this
man was born there," Psal.
lixxvii. 7; that is, be shall ac-
count strangers from Ethiniii.i
and Tyre as citizens of Zion.
Abraham believed God, and it
was counted, or reckoneil, or ini.
puted, t-o him for righteousness.

ACCURSED. Th.e Hebrew
word ilherom, and the Greek
Anathema, which our version
often renders accursed, signify
things set apart or devoted; and
with Jews and Christians marked
the highest degree of excom-
munication. The cities of king
Arad, the seven nations of Ca-
naan, the sacrifices of false gfxls,
were accursed, or devoted to' des-
truction, Numb. xxi. 2, 3. Deul.
vii. 2. 26. Exod. xxii. 19. No-
thing devoted to the Lord, under
the form of a curse, could be
redeemed, Lev. xxvii. 28, 29.
The wealth o\' Jericho was accurs-
ed : the gold, silver, brass, and
iron, were, under the form of a
curse, set apart to the service of
God, and the rest devoted to
ruin, Josh. vi. 16. 19. and vii. 1.
The hanged malefactors were
accursed o/Gocf, devoted to public
punishment, and in emblem of
Jesus, dying under the curse,
Deut. xxi. 23. Haters of Christ,
and preachers of righteousness
by the works of the law, are
accursed, Isa. Ixv. 20. Gal. i. 8. 9.
To be Anaihsma Maranatha, is
finally separated from
Christ and the saints, and devoted
everlasting punishment by
him at his second coming: thi?
one word is Greek, and the other
x/riac, to import, that neither
Jews nor Gentiles shall l)e ex-
cepted, I Cor. xvi. 22. To call
accursed, is to account him
a deceiver, and act towards him
as such in our nrofe.->sion and
practice, 1 Cor. xii. 3.

Paul says, according to out
version, Rom. ix. 3. " He wi-;;.,
etl himself accursed from Christ.''
This has given rise to stran)^
perjilexity among commentators,
which would beinstantlyremoveiZ
observing, that the expression
n the past tense, thus ; " he
■e, or formerlu, wished himself
accursed from Christ, as his kins-
men according to the flesh (viz.
the Jews) now do:" or, in othc

A C II

woTd«, he had continual sorrow
of heart on their account, because,
In the opposition they -were now
shewing, they were actuated by
no other spirit or temper, than
what at one time conducted him.

To ACCUSE, to charge with a
crime, Dan. iii. 8. Accusation is
the act of chargini; one with a
fault; or the charge itself, Luke
xix. 8. 1 Tim. v. 19. Men's <Aou^/i/i
accuse them ,w hen their conscience
charges their sins on them, Rom.
ii. 15. Moses anntsed the Jews, in
Christ's time, his law pointed out
and condemned them for their
hatred of Chr' t, who was prefi-
gured in it, John v. 45. Satan is
Me accuser of the brethren before
God, day and night.

ACELDAMA, a field, said to
have lien on the soutli of Jeiusa-
lem, just north of the river Shi-
loah. It is said to have been the
tame with the fullers' field, where
tiey whitened their cloth, Isa. vii.
J. It is certain it was the potters
Held, whence they digged their
materials : its soil being quite ex-
hausted by them, it was of very
small value. When Judas brought
back the thirty pieces of silver,
which he had gotten for betraying
his .Master, the high priest and
rulers pretended it was not lawful
to cast it into the tre.isury, as it
■was the price of blood, and pur-
chased with it this field to bury
strangers in ; and so it came to be
called Aceldama or Hackeldama,
the field of blood, Zech. xi. 12, 13.
Math, xxvii. 8. Acts i. 18. Tra-
Tellers assure us, that it is now
eovered with an arched roof, and
will consume a corpse in two or
Ihree days.

ACHAIA, a country of the
Greeks in Europe. Sometimes it
was taken largely, and answered
to Grecia Proper, now called Li-
vadia : btit Achaia Proper was a
very small canton on the south of
Greece, and north of the Pelopo-
nesus or Morea, Its capital, and
only city of note, was Corinth.
Gallio was the Roman deputy
nere when Paul preached the gos-
pel, and founded various Chris-
tian congregations, Acts xviii.
1 — 12. 2 Cor. i. 1.

ACHAN, or Achar, trotible or
he trouliler, a descendant of Judah
by Zerah, Zabdi, Garmi. At the
taking of Jericho, he, contrary to
the express charge of JjiAua, co-
veted part of the accursed spoil ;
having seized a Babylonish gar

A C H

V)

ment, a wedge of gold, and t»c
hundred shekels of silver, he con
cealed them in his tent. Offend-
vith his crime, God marked
his indignation hereat, in the de-
feat of three thousand Hebrews
before Ai, and the slaughter of
thirty-six. Pained with grief, Jo-
shua'and the elders of Israel rent
their clothes, and cried to the
Lord for help. The Lord inform-
ed Joshua, that one of the pet>ple
had taken of the accursed spoil,
and hid it among his stutt'; till
the discovery and punishment of
whicl), they should have no assist-
ance from "him. By the direction
of God, the whole assembly of Is-
rael sanctified themselves, and
prepared for a solemn search on
the morrow : the search was re-
ferred to the determination of tht;
lot: First, the tribe of Judah;
next the family of Zerah; next
the family of Zabdi ; and lastly,
Achan himself was taken : admo-
nished of Joshua, he confessed his
offence. The stolen goods were
brought, and publicly exposed to
the view of the assembly : then he,
and his children, and all his cat-
tle, were publicly stoneti to death ;
and the dead bodies, with his
household furniture, burnt to
ashes in the valley of Gilgal, cal-
led from that event Achor, Uiat
is, trouble; and a great heap of
stones cast on Uiem. 1 Chron. ii.
5--7. Josh. vii. This history has
a verv important tvpical mean-
ing, for which see Ac/ior.

ACHIM, rising again. A son
of Zadoc, Math. i. 14.

ACHISH, it is so, or sure it is,
the king of Gath, to whom David
fled, 1 Sam. xxi. 10. Also, ano-
ther king of Gath, in the davs of
Solomon, 1 Kings ii. 39, 40. "

ACHUKTllA, In a box or cqffh:
Some think it signifies Ecbatana,
the capital or chief city of Media,
built by Dejocesor Phraortes, and
surrounded with a sevenfold wall
of different colours and unequal
height. But, perhaps, it signifies
but a strong iox or press, in which
the old rolls of the Medo-Persian
court were deposited, Ezra vi. i.

ACHOR, trouble, the valley near
Jericho, where Achan was stoned.
The valley of Achor being a rest
forfiotks, and a door of hope, im-
ports, that under the gospel, chief-
ly during the thousand years reign
of the saints, the issue of dis-
couraging troubles, and the ordi-
nances and influences of GodV

S« ACQ

f;;race, shall afTord restful pasture
to his people, and encourage their
solid hope of the heavenly bliss ;
even as the Hebrews first en-
campment in tlie vallev of Achor
was to them an hopeful pledge of
their complete possession of the
promised land, Joah. vii. '26. Isa.
ixv. 10. Hos. ii. 15. The ven
geance of God beinj; executed
aj^alnst Aehan in this valley, as
accursed of God, by Inking of the
accursed i\\ma,KnA that very valley
becoming aiterwards a door qf
itove, leads us to tliink of Him,
who was made a cuv^eforus, and
by whtMe death, a dimr of hope i
opened to the guilty.

ACHSAH, neat, rvanton, the
daughter of Caleb, see Joshua xv.
16— 1?. Judjjcsi. 12—15.

ACHSHAPH.a prisoner, a city
near mount Tabor. Joshua con-
quered the king of it, and gave it
to the tribe of ^i/ier. InJertime's
time, about 400 years after Christ,
it seems to have been a small vil-
lage called Chassalus, Josh. xii.
viO. and xix. '25.

ACHZIB, a Har, a city pertain-
ing to the tribe of Aslier. It is
tliought to have been the same
with Eedippa, now Zib, which
stands on the shore of the Medi-
terranean sea, about half way be-
tween Tyre and Ptolemais, Josh,
xix. 29. ' There was another city
of this name in the tribe of Judah,
Josh. XV. 44. The houses, forts, or
families of Aehzib, mere a lie to
the kinffs of Israel ; disappointed
them, or proved unfaitlxful to tlieir
Tllcgiiince, dviring tlie Assyrian
mvajiion, Mic. i. 14.

To ACKNOWLEDGE; (1.) To
own or confess, Gen. xxxviii. 26.
(2.) To observe; take notice of,
Isa. xxxiii. 1.'^. (3.) To esteem and
lespect, Isa. Ixi. 9. 1 Cor. xvi. 18.
(4.) To approve ;)f, 2 Cor. i. 13.
Philem. 6. (5.) To worship, pro-
fess, and own as a God, Dan. xl
39. We acknowledge the Lord in
all our ways, when in every mat-
ter we request his direction and
assistance ; when we observe what
direction or encouragement his
word and providence afford us in
our affairs, temporal or spiritual,
ProT. iii. 6.

To ACQUAINT; to geta fami-
liar knowledge and intimacy,
Psal. cxxxix. 3. Acquaintance,
persons to whom one is familiarly
known and intimate, Job xix. 13.

ACQUIT, to clear from charge
of guilt, Nah. i. 3.

ACRE. The English acre I-,
4840 squire yards, the Scotch
6160 2.5ths, the Roman 35(00, and
the Egyptian aroura 3698 7-9ths;
but the Hebrew Tzemea appears to
mean what one plough tilled at
one time. Ten acres of vineyard
yielding; one bath, and the feed qf
an homer or ephah, imports exces-
sive barrenness ; that the best
ground sliould scarce p/oducethe
tenth part of the seed, Isa. v. 10.

ACT, Action, a died; particu-
larly a more noted one, Is<i. lix. 6.
Deut. xi. 3. Activity, an al?t
briskness, attended with wisdoi
and prud'>nce in doing business
Gen. xlvU. fi.

The ACTS nf the Apnstlet, are
an inspired liistory of their actio.ns
and sutlVrtngs, at or after the as-
cension of their adored Master.
It chiefly relates these of Peter,
Jahn, Paul, and Barnabas, It
gives us a particular account of
Christ's ascension ; of the choice
of Matthias in place of Judas ; of
the effusion of the Holy Ghost at
the feast of Pentecost ; of the mi-
raculous preaching of tlie gospel
by the apostles, and the success
thereof, and their persecutions on
that account, chap. i. to v. of the
choice of the deacons, the prose
cution and murder of Stephen,
one of them, chap. vi. and vii. of
a more general persecution, and
a dispersion of the Christian
preachers into Samaria and places
adjacent ; of the baptism and
baseness of Simon tlie sorcerer
and of the conversion and bajitism
of the Ethiopean eunuch, chap,
viii. of Peter's raising Dorcas to
life, preaching to and baptizing
the Gentiles ot' Cornelius' family.

and vindication of his conduct
herein, chap. ix. 32—43, and \,
and xi. 1 — 18. of the spreading o.
the gospel among the Gentiles by
the dispersed preachers ; and the
contribution for the saints at Je-
rusalem, in the time of a dearth,
chap. xi. 19--39. of Herod's mur-
der of James ; imprisonment ot
Peter, and fearful death, chap. xii.
of the decrees of the church at Je-
rusalem, which condemned the
imposition of Jewish ceremonies
and enjoined to forbear eating ot
meats offered to idols, or of things
strangled, or blood, chap. y.ti.
The rest of the book relates the
conversion, labours, and suffer-
ings of Paul, chap. ix. 1--31. and
xiu. and xiv. and xvi. to the end.
It crtitains the history of tl)«'

"1^;

ADA
ting and regulation t)f the
ristian cluirch for about thir-
y years.

Luke the evangelist v/as the
enman of this history : he wrote

as a continuation of his histo-
tf of Christ. The Marcionite
Jiid Manichean heretics of the
«arly ages of Christianity utterly
dejected it. The Ebionites tran-
slated it into Hebrew, grossly
lorrupting it. Other heretics at-
.empted to obtrude on the church
a variety of forged imitations of
it: as Abdias's Ads of the Apos-
tles, the Acts of Peter, Paul,
John, Andrew, Thomas, Phi-
lip, Matthias, &c.

ADAM. God created rrian up-
on the earth male and female ;
and he blessed them, and called
their name Adam. It is a name
tiuly descriptive of man ; it sig-
nifies Earth, and the Lord God
formed man of the dust of the
ground. This name is, however,
generally confined to the first
man, our common parent. When
the Almighty Creator had fitted
«p this vast fabric, when he had
formed, arranged, and fructified
tlie innumerable and various ve-
getabie and animal tribe; he
completed his work, tlie mas-
terpiece of Creation, by creating
man in his own image, and in
his <jwn likeness. God made
man upright ; and, without
doubt, Adam came from his Ma-
ker's hands, not only perfect as
to his body, but likewise in his
mind ; tlie spotless image of his
Creator in knowledge, righteous-
ness, and true holiness ■■ admira-
bly fitted for the rule and do-
minion of his vast empire, then
in all its parts very good; one
universal scene of harmony and
oliss ; the Supreme Ruler put all
things under liisfeet. The Scrip-
tures, in their usual simple, yet
striking manner, record one
mzirkable instance of the e:
lise of Adam's sovereignty. His
numerous vassals of the brute
freation are brought to attend
flieir Lord, " to see what he
would call them ; and whatever
Adam called every living crea-
Uire, that was the name there.
>!'." But yet he is alone ; created
tor this world, and its enjoy-
ments, in a manner in which the
must sagacious of his subject
tribes could not participate with
him: '• For Adanj," in the wide
tplcndid creation, " there was

ADA 25

not fund rm help meet fr)t him."
Paradise w;\s completed, for " the
Lord God caused a deep sleep to
fall upon Adam, and he slept ;
and he took one of his ribs, and
closed up the flesh in the stead
thereof. And the rib which the
Lord God had taken from man,
made he a woman, and brought
her unto Adam," Gen. ii. 21, 22.
He is represented as receiving
her in a marmer, expressive at
once of his afJection, and of the
sense he entertained of the inti-
macy of their union. Marriage
was now instituted by God him-
self. And as there was no in-
clemency in the air, no shame,—
because guilt, the parent ol

shame, was unknown, thej

ent both naked. Before we
proceed to take notice of that
awful revolution which seems to
have speedily followed this com-
pletion of bliss, it may be neces-
sary to enquire a little more par
ticularly, Isi, into the origi-
nal constitution (if the first man,
as the image God ; and, 2dly, into
the nature of his situation in pa-
radise ; because these two points
misunderstood, have, on the one
hand, opened a door for the ridr
cule of the infidel, and on the
other hand, to those who retain
a regard for revelation, have
a veil on the important sub
ject, of the entrance of sin. lit
Gen. ii. 7. we are mformed thai
God breathed into man the
breath of lives, (as tiie original
text is,t by which he became a
living soul. Man appears pos-
sessed of vegetable and aniti.il
life, in common with other am
mals, but he is a living soul, in a
distinguished point of view ; he
possesses a life breathed into him
by the God of the spirits of at
flesh, in which none of the vege-
table or animal world partake
with him. The power of reason
is but a very lame account of this
distinguishing principle in man
above the brutes that perish
When the Prince of Life himself
died on the cross, his vegetable
and animal lives, in which he
had been partaker with his
children, by which he grew in
stature, S,c. were undoubtedly
terminated. Pilate wondered that
he was dead already. Yet we
find him saying to his father,
" Into thy hands I commend
my spirit:" This is evidently that
" Spirit which returns to GoC

SB ADA

who Rave it." This chief seat of
life ill man, i.i most strikmgly
distin^^uished from the other facu'
ties of the human mind, by the
term conscience. Now, as Adam
rame upright, (the original word
signifies straight, direct,) from his
Maker's hands, he became a liv-
ing soul, in an eminent degree ;
iieeause his conscience, which af-
terwards accused and condemned
him as a transgressor, was now
spotless ; and he shone, the image
of his Maker, in spotless righte-
ousness; and lived in his smiles,
that true life of which the Psalm-
ist says, " Life lies in thy favour;"
he lived that true life, to which
the second Adam renews his
sons ; for, said he, in the days of
his flesh, " Verily, verily, I say
unto you, the hour is coming,
and now is, when the dead shall
hear the voice of the Son of God';
and tliey that hear shall live,"
John V. 25- -2. We find Adam
placed in the garden of Eden to
keep it; the fullest liberty grant-
ed him to eat of and enjoy all
its fruits, " Imt of the Tree of
Knowledge qfGood and Evil, thou
Shalt not eat of it; for in the day
that thou eatest .hereof thou
Shalt surely die." This precept
has by some been considered as
a precejit of no moment or con-
se(juenc« in itself, but that Adam
might be taught the peri'ect obe-
dience due to his Maker. He
was now placed in Eden, on a
covenant of works, importing,
that, upon condition of his per-
fect obeilience to every precept of
the divine law, he and all his pos-
terity should be rewarded with
happiness and life, natural, spi-
ritual, and eternal; but in case
of failure, should be subjectei' to
the contrary, deaih ; to which he
consented. Consulting the words
Covenant, Eden, and Law, the
reader will perceive how much
schoolmen have darkened know-
ledge, by introducing a covenant
of works, &c. without the small-
est cou'itenance from the Scrip-
tures. The peculiar nature ot the
two trees of Eden will be more j
(ully explained in their proper
place. It is sufficient at prehent'
to observe, that Adam's life ini
paradise was a life of faith— He]
received the sovereignty of the'
world committed into his hands;
but one tree was preserved, a!
token of his subjection : and to!
rtmind him that man lives notbvj

ADA

bread only, but by every word
that proceedeth out of the mouth
of G(xi. He had said, in the day
thou eatest thereof thou shall surely
die. As long as our first parents
believed God, they lived by faith,
as the just in every age do ; when
the seducer beguiled Eve, it was
by the introducing of unbelief
into her mind. Yea, hath God
said so ? Avoiding many fables
which have been founded on the
history of Adam, by the old poets,
Jewish Talmudists, Mahometans,
and many others, we shall briefly
narrate the circumstances by
which sin and death entered in-
to this world, according to the
scriptural account of it. The
devil observed the serpent to be
an animal of peculiar subtilty ; by
his means, probably assuming his
form, he beguiled Eve, by entic-
ing insinuations, so as to corrupt
"ler mind from simplicity in be-
ieving the truth she had heard
from God. Thus, deceived her-
self, she deceived her husband,
and both were subjected to the
threatened curse. It is wonder-
fully remarkable, that the old
6er])ent has in all ages, but never
more strikingly than in the pre-
sent day, employed the same
means of corrupting men's minds,
as to the certainty of that word
of God, on which the life de-
pends. It matters not, whether
the doctrine reaches our ears
from the mouth of a seqient,
polished philosopher, or an a-
theistical reasoner ; every insinu-
ation, as to the truth of divine
Revelation, proceeds from the
same teacher, and will assuredly,
if hearkened to, produce the samt
consequences, as in Eden. If
this manner was the Image C
God defaced in man. Guilt seiz-
ed their consciences. In that very
day they died. Proclaiming their
own shame, and their inability to
cover their own nakedness, they
sewed fig leaves for aprons. la
the cool of the day, they heard
the voice, the Word, Jehovah, walk
ing in the garden, andiledto hide
themselves. God called for A-
dam : enquired into his and Eve'
guilt, establishing it on thei*
consciences. He then gracHou.>i>
proceeds to preach the gospeL
and ojiens before the condemned
pair a door of mercy in the com-
ibrtable promise, that the seed ol
the woman should bruise the
h tad of the serpenl; he then de

A D /■
noutices those parts of the curse
which were sUU to be executed
against Adam and all his guiltj
race, those not excepted who were
to share in the gi-eat deliverance.
Sorrow, painful child-bearing, and
Jiumbling subjection to the wo-
man and her female offspring.
Labour and toil.scantycrops, hard-
Jy wrought for, and other afflic-
tions to Adam ; but chieflv to both,
and on their posterity till the end
of time. Death! Dutt thou art,
and to dust thou shalt return ; a
merciful sentence indeed, when
compareed witli that eternal death
to which thej had subjected them-
selves ! Their dirine benefactor
then prooeeded to teach them,
that although they had not only
exposed themselves to everlasting
shame and contempt, but were
totally unfit to prepare themselves
a covering, that office he would
take as his : he clothed them with
skins, probably of sacrificed ani-
mals ; an earnest of the clean li-
nen, the white robes washed in his
blood, with which his Redeemed
Elect should be eternally clothed.
As the earthly paradise was now
forfeited, they were driven from
that garden of God, into this
■world, in which sin and death
have ever since reigned with sove-
reign sway. Soon after this, Cain
and Abel were born in the image
of their father. Their histories
will be found under their respec-
tive names. After the deatfi of
Abel, Adam, in the 130th year of
jis age, had Seth born to him ;
and afterwards a number of other
children. He lived 9,10 years, and
died.

Agreeably to our plan, we shal'
■snention, as concisely as possible,

few of the more striking linea-
ments of " the first Adam, of the
earth, earthy," in which we may
trace the features of " the second
Adam, the Lord from heaven."
Ir. ever;r part of the history we
have been faintly sketching, much
important instruction is to be
found. When we compare type and
antetype,predictionandevent,pro-
mise and accomplishment, Scrip-
ture acquires a solidity which bids
defi ance to all created force. The
persons exhibited, the events re-
corded, the scenes described, the
institutions ordained, in one age,
which were the shadows of good
things to come, are not only m-
structive and interesting in them-
wUfS, but acfjuire a weight and
C 2

ADA 27

importance which they possessed
not before, when viewed in their
relation to him, to whom all the
prophets gave witness ; and whose
person, character, and work, are
the fulfilling of all that was writ-
ten of old time. How forcible is
the apostle Paul's expression, con-
cerning the first Adam, " who is
the figure of him that was to
come:-"" Horn. V. 14. Nay, Christ
is called the second Adam, be-
cause of the similitude the first
bare to him. Adam was the Son
of God, Luke iii. 38 ; he was the
immediate offspring— the direct
workmanship, of the Creator-
Christ was the Son of God, the
only begotten of the Father. This
beginning of the new creation was
indeed a new thing in the earth.
Adam was created in the image of
God, in righteousness and in true
holiness— but Christ is the express
image of his person, as well as the
brightness of the Father's glory.
The first Adam was made aUving
soul, the second a quickening
spirit. All the generations of the
human race have sprung from
Adam ; and in all that befel him,
he stood their representative. By
his one transgression, many were
made sinners ; because of him
death passed upSn all iTien,because
all have sinned in him. How emi-
nently did he thus prefigure that
one man, by whose righteousness
the free gift comes upon all to
justification of life ? The whole
redeemed elect spring from the
second Adam. He is the corn of
wheat that shall shake with fruit
like T,ebanon.— The one commu-
nicated a living soul to all his pos-
terity ; the other, as a quickening
spirit, shall raise them up at the
last day. By the imputation of
the first Adam's sin, death reign-
ed over those who had not sinned
after the similitude of Adam's
transgression ; by the imputation
of the righteousness of the second
Adam to infants, grace shall much
more abound in them to eternal
life. Adam was the glory of the
first creation ; Christ is the excell-
ing glory of the second. In A-
dam, human nature shone in its
brightest colours, but he tarnished
them— how is their lustre restored
in the Son of Man, crowned with
glory and honour at the right hand
of God H Adam and Christ bear a
[ing resemblance in respect of
dominion and sovereignty. " Thott
madest him to have dominion ovf.»

tri

ADA

the works of thy hands,""- -was
truly said of the rirst Adam--of
the second, we are assured, that
even in the days of his flesh, while
tabernacling among men, he exer
cised unlimited autiiority over the
whole natural world, and that in
a manner to which Adam could
never pretend— things visible and
invisible"-the prince of the power
of the air fled at his command ;
the boisterous elements heard and
obejt'd his word; disease, death,
and the grave, fulfilled his plea-
sure. But wlien we see Jesus,
who was for a little time lower
than the angels, far above all prin-
cipality, and power, and might,
and dominion, after his resurrec-
tion, we find him with all power
in heaven and earth in his hand ;
he reigns and rules amidst his ene-
mies. At the morning of the re-
surrection, when he shall appear
in his own glory, and in his Fa-
ther's glory, and' all the holy an-
gels with him, then he shall ap.
pear the glorious antetype of A-
dam. Was the first creation over
which Adam reigned very good T
How good will the new heavens
and earth appear, wherein dwell
eth righteousness ! Adam's whole
history in paradise affords us an
impressing emblem of the state of
the resurrection. What was writ
ten aforetime of the first ruler ir
paradise, and his seduction, was
written for our profit, when we
read it with an eye to the heaven-
ly paradise of God, where, to the
Lamb in the midst of the throne,
it will be eternally hallelujahed—
" Worthy is the Lamb that was
slain, to receive glory, and honour,
and mi^ht, and dominion," &.c.
The marriage of the first pair
speaks to us concerning Christ and
the church. Cast into the deep
Bleep of humiliation and death,
his church and spouse wa* formed
out of his broken body— his pierced
side— and through the endless
ages of eternity will their connec-
tion last. Pone of my bone, and
Jlesh qfmyjleth. Blested are they
that are called to the marriage-
supper of tlie Lamb.

Adam, Ada-mah, Adcifni, a city
pertaining to the tribe of Naphtali.
It was situated near the south end
of the sea of Tiberias : just by it
the waters of Jordan stood ai an
heap, till the Hebrews passed over.
Josh. iii. 16. and xix. Z7>, 36. Per-
haps Adami was a differe-.it city
from Adamilh.

ADA
ADAMAH, or Admah, earthly
the most easterly of the four cities
destroyed by fire and brimstone
from heaven. Some think the
Moabites built a city ot that name
neartowhere the other had stood,
Gen. xiv. 2. Deut. ixix. 23. To Le
made at Admah, and tet ai Zeboim,
is to be made a distinguished mo-
nument of the fearful vengeance
of God, Hos. xi. 8

ADAMANT, the same precious
stone which we call a diamond.
It is the hardest and the most va-
luable of gems. It is of a fine pel-
lucid substance; is never fouled
by any mixture of coarse matter ;
but is ready to receive an elegant
tinge from metalline particles:
being rubbed with a soft substance
it shines in the dark : but its lustre
is checked, if, in the open air, any
thing stop its commimication with
the sky. It gives fire with steel,
but does not ferment with acid
menstruums. No fire, except the
concentrated heat of the solar rays,
has the least Impression on h;
and even that affects but its weak-
est parts. Some diamonds are
found in Brazil, but those of the
East Indies, in the kingdoms of
Golconda, Visapour, Bengal, and
the Isle of Borneo, are the best.
We know of no more than four
mines of diamonds in India. That
of Gani or Coulour, about seven
days journey east of Golconda,
seems tlie most noted. About
60,000 persons work in it. The
fioodness of diamonds consists in
their rfaler or colour, lustre, ami
weight. The most perfect colour
is the whitish. Their defecU are
veins, flaws, specks of red or black
sand ; and a bluish or yellowi.-.li
cast.

The finest diamonds now in the
world are, that of the late king of
France, Louis XVI. weighing 136
3-fourths caracis; that of the
56

Duke of Tuscany, weighing
1-half caracts, and wortn 195,374
pounds sterling ; that of the Great
Mogul, weighmg 279 I-half ca-
racts, and worth 779,244 pounds ;
that of a certain merchant, weigh-
ing 242 1-lhird caracts. There is,
also one in the French crown that
ighs 106 caracts. The adamant
diamond was the third jewel in
the second row of the high priest's
breast-plate, Exod. xxvhi. 18. E -
zekiel's forehead was made like an
adamant ; he was endued with un-
daunted boldness in declaring
Goil's message to the Jews. EzeU,

A 1) M
Jii. 9. ■VViol.ed men's heart;: ate at
an adamant. Tlie s,in of Judah
■was written with a pen of iron, and
point of a diamond ; their corrupt
inclinations were deep rooted and
fixed in their heart ; and all their
crimes were indelibly marked by
God, Jer. xvii. 1.

ADAR, high, or eminent, the
12th month of the Jewish eccle-
siastic year, and the 6th of their
civil. It had '29 days, and an-
swered to our February and part
of March. On the third day of it,
the second temple was finished
and dedicated, Kzra vi. 13. On
the seventh, the Jews fast ttjr the
death of Moses : on the 13th, they
commemorate the fast of Either
and Mordecai: on the 14th, they
observe the feast of Puriin, Esth.
iv. and ix. 17. On the '26th, they
commemorate the release of Je-
hoiachin, Jer. lii. 3 1 . Every third
year there was a second Adar add-
ed, consisting of thirty days.

2. Adar, the son of IshmacI,
Gen. XXV. 15. (3.) A king of E
dom. Gen. xxxvi. 39 ; named also
Hadad, 1 Chron. i. 60. (4.) The
name of a place. Josh. xv. 3.

To ADD, (1.) To join or put to,
Deut. iv. 2. (2.) To increase,
Prov, xvi. 23. (3.) To bestow.
Gen. XXX. 24. (4.) To prjceed, to
utter, Deut. v. 22.

ADDER, a venomous animal,
drought forth alive, without eggs.
It is considerably smaller and
shorter than the snake, and has
black spots on its back ; its belly is
quite blackish : it is often called
viper. Wefind the word adder five
times in our translation, but
suppose always without warrant
from the original. Hhepiphon,
Gen.xlix.17. is probably the blood-
snake, a serpent of the colour of
sand, and which lies among it,
and, especially if trampled upon
gives a sudden and dangerous bite,
Pethen, Psal. Iviii. 4. and xci. 13
and cxl. 3. signifies an asp. Tzi
phoni, Prov. xxiii. 32. signifies thai
dreadful serpent called the6aii7i*/i;.

To ADJURE, (1.) To bind one
by oath, as under the penalty of a
fearful curse, Josh. vi. 26. Mark v.
". (2.) To charge solemnly, as by

ADO 2U

To ADMIRE, to wonder at any
thing for its greatness, excellency,
rari§, 2 Thess. i. 10.

To ADMONISH, to instruct,
warn, reprove, 1 Thess. v 14. The
admonition of the Lord is instruc-
tion, warning, and reproof, given
■ the Lord's name from his vvord,
a way becoming his perfections,
and intended for his honour, Eph.

.4.

ADONAI is one of the names d
God, and signifies properly mj
lords, in the plural number, ai
Adoni signihes my lord in the sin-
gular number. The Jews, who,
either out of respect or supersti-
tion, do not pronounce the name
of Jehovah, read Adonai in the
room of it, as often as they meet
with Jehovah in tlie Hebrew text.
The ancient Jews, however, were
not so scrupulous: there is no law
which forbids them to pronounce
this name.

ADONIBEZEK.the king of Be-
zek. Just before Joshua entered
the land of Canaan, Adonibezek
had waged a furious war with tlie
neighbouring kings: seventy of
them he had taken captives ; and,
cutting off their thumbs and great
toes, had caused them, like dog-.,
to feed on the crumbs that fell
from his table. After Joshua's
death, the tribes of Judah and Si-
meon, finding themselves pent up
by the Canaanites, resolved to
clear their cantons of these ac-
cursed nations : among others,
they fell upon Adonibazek; took
his "capital, and made him prison-
er; and cut off his thumbs and
great toes : he thereupon acknow-
ledged the just vengeance upon
hiin, for his cruelty toward his fel-
low princes. They brought him
along with them to Jerusalem,
where he died, about A.M. 2670.
Judg. i. 4-— 7.

ADON UAH, was the fourth son
of King David, born at Hebron.
When his two eldtjr brothers, Am-
non and Absalom, were dead, and
Chileab perhapsweakand inactive,
and his father languishing under
the infirmities of old age, Adoni-
jah attempted to seize the king-
dom of Israel for himself. Hepre-

the displeasure of God, Acts xix,
13. Matth. xxvi. 63,

To ADMINISTER, to manage
and give out as stewards, 2 Cor,
viii. 19. Administration, a public
c/tiice, and the execution thereof,

Cor. xii. 5.

C 5

authority, and under pain of pared himself a magnificent equi-

page of liorses and horsemen, and
fifty men to run before him : this
displeased not his father. His in
terest at court waxed powerful
Joab the general of the forces, A
biattiar thehigh-priest,and others,
were of his party ; though Benai

ah, Zadok, and Nathap. the pro-
phet, and the most of the miijlity
men, were not. To introduce
himself to the throne, he prepar-
ed a splendid entertainment at
Knrogei, and invited all his breth-
ren except Solomon, whom he
knew his father had designed for
his successor on the throne ; as
well as all the grea* men of Ju-
dah, except such as were in So-
lomon's interest.

While they caroused at their
cups, and wished Atlonijah an
liappy reifrn, Nathan the jirophet
got intellit;ence ot their designs.
He and Bathsheba immediately
informed King David, and applied
in favour ot Solomon. Adonijah's
opposers were ordered directly to
anoint Solomon with the utmost
solemnity. Adonijah's party were
alarmed with the shouts "of ap-

they dispersed in great terror anil
amazement. De.^erted by his
friends, and sensible of his crime,
Adonijah fled lor protection to
the Koms of the altar, probably
that in the thresliing-tloor of
Araunah. Solomon sent hini word
that his life should be safe, pro-
viding he behaved himself cir-
cumspectly for the future. He
came and presented himself on
his knees before Solomon, Hiid
then, at his orders, returned tt>
his own house. Soon after lils
father's deatli, he made Bathsheba
his agent, to request for his wife
Abishag the . Shunamite, who
had been his father's concubine.
Solomon suspected this as a pro-
tect to obtain the kingdom, and
being perhaps informed otherwise
of his treacherous designs, ordered
Benaiah his general to kill him.
His death happened al)o, t a year
afler Ills attempt to usurjj'the
kingdom. 1 Kings i. 6. 03. ii.

13. as.

ADONIKAM, is mentioned a-
mong those who returned from
the captivity, K/ra ii. 13. Two
circumstances have been noticed
as remarkable respecting him.
1st, his name, as a cliaracter of
Antichrist. 2d, his cliildven, 666,
corresponding with the number
of the beast, Rev. xiii. 8.

ADONIRAM, t!ie principal re-
ceiver of Solomon's tribute, and
director of the 30,000 sent to cut
timber in Lebanon, for building
the temple, and other magolti-
cent structures, 1 Kings v. H,

A D O

ADONIZKDKK, king of Jrru
salem, A. M. i.'JOI. Being inform-
ed that Joshua had taken Jericho
and Ai, and that the Gibeonites
had submitted to Israel, be en-
tered into an alliance with Ho-
ham king of Hebron, Pirain king
of Jarinuth, Japhia king of La-
chish, and Debir king of Kglon,
to attack and punish the Gibeon-
ites ; and so deter others from
submission to the Hebrew inva-
ders. The Gibeonites begged the
protection of I-^raal, and quickly
obtained it. Joshua encountered
the allied troops of the five Ca-
naanitish kings, and easily rouled
them: hailstones of a prodigious
weight killed even more of the
dying remains, than were slain
by the sword. The sun stood s'.ill
a whole day, till Joshua entirely
cut oil' these desperate opposers of
Heaven. The five kings hid
themselves in a cave near Makke-
dah. Its mouth was stopped with
large stones, till the Hebrews had
leisure to execute them. In the
afternoon, Joshua returning from
Uie pursuit, had them brought
out. Af^er making his principal
officers trample on their necks,
he slew ami hanged tliem on live
trees: at the selling of the sun,
he ordered their carcasses to be
thrown into the cave where they
had lain hid. Quickly afler, the
cities l)elongiiig lo Uiem, Jerusa-
lem excepteil, were taken, and
llie inhabitants slain. Josh. x.

ADDICTION, is either, (1.) .Va-
turul, whereby one takes a stran-
ger into his family, and dealt
with him as his own child : thus
tlie daughter of Pharaoh adopted
Moses; and Mordecai, Esther.
In this sense the word is never
used in scripture. ('<!.) Kational,
whereby God takes a whole peoule
to be his peculiar and visible
church, exercises his special care
and government over them, ajiil
bestows a multitude of ordi-
nances, and other privileges, on
them. This adoption, for I50U
years, pertained to the Jews; they
being the onlv visible church of
God on earth, Koin. ix. 4, (3.
Spiritual, in which sinhii men, by
nature childixa of Satan and
wrath, are, upon their union
with Christ, graciously taken by
God into his church. (4.) Glori-
ous, in which the sainu, being
raised from the dead, are at the
last dav solemnly owned to be
the children of God, and havn

A D U

5\

or Adriatic sea, coinvt-'Jiends orW
that sea on the east of Italy, and
which is otherwise called the
Gulf of Venice; and seems to
have taken its name from Adria,
an • ancient citv, which stood
somewhere in the territory A
Venice, on the north-east of Italy,
but from Ptolemy and Strabo it
api>ears, that the whole sea adja
cent to the Isle of Sicily, and even
the Ionian or Tuscan sea on the
south-west of Italy, was ancientlv
called Adria. Somewhere in this
sea, the ship that transported Pdu\
to Rome was terribly tossed, Acts
xxvii. 27.

ADRIEL, the Jlock of God, 2
Sam. xxi. 8.

To ADVANCE, to raise to a
higher station or rank, 1 Sam.
xii. 6.

ADVANTAGE, (1.) Profit,
pain. Job xxxv. 3. (2.) A fair

ADR

the bli^sful inheritance publicly
adjudged to them ; and enter,
soul and body, into tlie fiUl jios-
session of it. This the saints now
nait for, Rom. viii. 23.

ADORAIM, the strength of the
lea, a city, 2 Chron. ii. 9.

ADORAM, their praise, (1.)
King David's general receiver oi
the tribute, 2 Sam. xx. 24. Whe-
ther he was the same with AJo-
nireim, we know not. (2.) Ado-
ram, or Hadoram, kine liehobo-
am's chief treasurer, and overseer
of his works. His master sent
him to deal with the ten revolting
tribes, to reduce them to their
allegiance. Suspecting him to
have been the encourager of
their oppressive taxes, or from
fury at liis master, they stoned
him to death on the spot, 1
Kings xii. 18 2 Chron. x. 18.

ADORN, to deck, dress, or
beautify: spoken of, (1-) Adorn- [opportunity to prevail over one;
ing a place, Luke xxv. 5. (2.) 'or actual prevalence over him, 2
The body, 1 Pet. iii. 3. (.".) The, Cor. ii. 11.

mind of a Christian, 1 Pet. iii. ADVENTURE, to do a thing
4.-9. (4.) Tlie profession by a by exposing one's self to danger,
good conversation, Tit. ii. lO.j Judg. ix. 25.

A.) The heavenly adorning ofj ADVERSARY; one of the
the church, Rev. xxi. 2. emphatioal and distinguishing

ADRAMMELECH and Anam- names of Satan; and so applied
melech were two idols of the men I to his agents,
of Sepharvaim. In the Hebrew] ADVERSITY, distress and

language, and probably in theitrouble • *-

Assyrian, the first signified mas'- {which i
nifi'cent king, and the last ^eiii/e! attempts; and like a furious wiiio
/ting. In the Persian, the first-blows in our tace, Psal. x. 6-
signifies Aring 0/ Jtoci* ; and thej To ADVERTISE, to inform
last in the Arabic signifies muchibefore-hand, Numb, xxiv. 14.
the same. Possibly both were! To ADVISE; to give or take
worshinped as the preservers ofiCounsel or advice, 1 Kings xii. 6.
cattle. ADULLAM, a most beautiful

ADRAMMELECH and S7iare- city : and hence called the glory
ler were sons of Sennac/terib. It, qf Israel. Some will have it to
is possible the former iiad been 'have been situated in the south-
named after the above-mentioned- east of the territory of Judah,
idol. Dreading their father's in- j near t