ie ote ba ‘ san Se hn — Bh tw gett etna Ait na pt We ye thes het = eabba nga et tek Tia tadante®. se 8 ptr lent Jape Ate ee ee ea -* = hae elit Pe me th Pere a s ee ee ell Roksan aie tealot Bet mere Ai) thi nal t ig e ted ® oot Lecce ht oar aatratt Sree u 7 Fath Bee Hn tee el nett ene is i 5 Seims 9 Fee ht ve ehieetal eb sl ey: miguia hata hehe te Pe't tae wre teal b Baptte ete Sethe hat Hatin = Paha wie tebe cee ate fete igre tt adi grew teP « SH nets tes ot tT A THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE NOTES TAKEN FROM LECTURES DELIVERED BY Be BAKER: Vv. S: PROFESSOR OF THEORY AND PRACTICE AT THE CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE SECOND EDITION REVISED CHICAGO ALEXANDER EGER PUBLISHER 1909 LIBRARY cf CONGRESS DEC 28 1908 Copyrignt cuiry /\4et to & CLASSQ _ XXc, No, 2 eS tee COPY a, COPYRIGHTED AT WASHINGTON, D. C. 1908 BY ALEXANDER EGER ho \ ou . AO, de \q 0 a a. tee PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The frequently expressed desire of Veterinary Students and Practitioners for a small and concise work on Veterinary Theory and Practice has prompted me to publish this little book of Stu- dent’s notes. The similar edition issued several years ago was much appre- ciated by both students and practitioners to whom also I believe this new issue will be as welcome. This being merely a book of student’s notes the language used is somewhat free and non-technical, a fact that will, I hope, be excused by the critical reader. fe a. yy We CONTENTS. MetmeneniomiOnie <<) <0 dha. oe i ee Fe cs 10 PEW VErI ORES OF NEDICINE . 2. oocs0SAcce esc eee cate es 11 waren TION OF DISEASE. 0: 6.2.2 020. 2. oe. 13 LEE. LETS 0 So ae an Oe a Ee ere 13: ane ee Det ee ie da Ba wiee s 15 “TE TREE eC Sacre 18 SD SENS TEC INI a TS es ate ee Se ae 19 ReccHltspen lassive. CONSCSHION 4 iy fon. lees s et 22 esmiuscar Active, COUSESHION« ofc. 8's rt8 ca ho 1 23 framers AND, MP MBOLISM-.. 2... si seebims in eles te ones 24 ENPEAM MATION .:...-..-.: Fe he ete Sao eae icc ge 26 Mimi en Ne pe iO Bee ey en a rs oa eg 28 Pee EO KEEL: A FIORSE .. 2... Ia ace he se ee TN SS es se oy 32 eis Orem enter ae er. Cea oo ot se od See es 33 RATIONAL TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN GENERAL ........... 35 Pees WREATNIENT OF A EVER 12.2.4 0). ie bean oa ee 35 Feuer IaeR ORS BASES one a. Pe ey ke Bag da pa 39 JS is ANE Sie SS Ge ee ee RRR nL AO Al PUeieyminal iste ae ee en ae Aes rs Wi Os a elo eset OD 46 Siipomice lak y mele i os cee Sel ae Bete s WES 50 insye se eS 2 PR ee 53 PO mie ee eee he ie te Lie a 3 55 BiOine wiht tafe ae es ae ks ies Ce ee ae 5D iteaycs or Mimonary Timphysema >. a. =... Oe 61 ANSE TARE Sc 5 eI Wend a oR ea in tig 0S ee APLC 67 PMO Marye CONGESHONM Gc esa an eee Oe eS 68 EWetiiledtans cee Rh Pe en 8S a ae 71 TIS EIT Sy cas ca Ma ete ot eta a ara ar 79 6 CONTENTS, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -Sn wee oe ee ee 88 Anatomy sand . Physiolosy <2. 2:55 228 2p ae ee 88 Phenomena of the Digestive Organs ............-- 90 Diseasessiotathe Mouth 2 ee. 91 Congestion of the mticcal menibrane ~22- ae 90 Stomatitis) Lorene ae 92 GlOssitis 7 (oS iad (wa oe oer 93 Pacotiditis- 2.0354 cs oe ee ee 94 Pitalisni 2 asi sh 2 oe ee er 25 Salivary “Histula:22...5.0 9s. oer 96 Salivary Caled. 2.12 [eles - 97 Diseases of the Throat... 2.2.2 -2.20 98 Pharyneitis sa.'6 on: bse "ey fo Ao 98 Diseases ofthe Oesophacis ... <...5 2.4 98 Ocsophdgitis 505. oe Seis @esophdersmus: oy nS te 99 Chocking ooo. Su. Soe eo ae 100 Diseases of the Stomach +..2......+. 7... 103 Vomition =. “AGS ot eee 103 Indigéstion.< ..'s2.% re7..22 2%. . Se e 104 Acute Gastric: Indigestion .... 2... kee 108 Ghronic-Gastric Indigestion)... 2. ee 108 Gastiitis 2 Se 2p ee re eS 111 Chronic: Gastritis’..2. 22.0 k.. fo. 113 Riptute of the Stomach ....5... 2). sae 114 Constipation’ +k. tts ee 6 or 116 Diarrhea: jos keg ot Gs eee ct ote le er 121 Acute Diarthteas: <.\7.4% <. / 3.2 e 123 Chronic Diarrhosas. As « 93-5 124 Golic Banta oe as eee eek 2 126 Platulent (ColiGs 5 4..osu les So 2 129 Intestinal Obstructions: 2°...) ... = 132 Evetsion’ of the Rectum... .<:..... 2a 135 Hemorrhoids se 6 se So... = 136 Rupture of the Intestinal Wall .......-...- 137 Enteritis. sh.) ee Sis 2 138 Perit enitts< oS oho. oes SS San SES oe 140 Dysentery sy .0 5:26 Siok ~ yee 141 CONTENTS. WiseASES OF THE ABDOMINAL GLANDS... 00.202 .500..00-+> Mince) Cel= PANCECAS, on. devas od es beh ews Sates Coucestion on tie bavers: <2 2 Se Ss oe IVES REIRGIS Siege art 2 reggae ci nek cian eaergre are Brig eee hice mic epatibis cs. a aru Gu ec ee ees ary DO ekeneratiOty ae conse te. yt ee RG HCiEIS tee ate a es Ng he Oe ERs ER re eo be SeverrruiliONAL OR BLOOD: DISEASES. v.55... Sica cw aes DIELS By Ra Snes Se Sa aie eae eter hin Ne POS, erga PEMD TRIMER iSite re OS Ge 88. SP Eg GEE ET lo Vis ee ede Pee re Nk oor a Bg eS “FS TE CIE Oe saa er Alig gene renee hea : eae et Ne ee. Roc Le ke Pe es LSPS PSST ESSA gi en aa eee ee sae ieee COMS 5 pe ois Pas eee oe ee ee ee ee ane ee IG EASE nin | ca cae ore a in os Bae eg SE Re Sapa Sr SRS ge See ee oe gee: cee ene PUL ib nla es © San Chee deen OF Oe ean el age ee Bur ge wen eee Sremig tae ox tain, Wie tN Ves Sk ee he OE eka RC OIOMEVESIM Nes neers oot Paley awe hee ae OTe eam os fc oo Ns. Ne. See SE Ne poe Se oe i pIZOpE icy le vanplianontlis. 6 7M ih oes ol ees we eee PAG ULAG ey Pes Aa en A oh Gee ie eo ee Pree Ee OE tte CIRCULATORY SYSTEM <.5 fo. 5 cece eh ees pL told mete ee geek kn ok ae Es ca he Ses AO IOP Got en en ena? ey Bie eke SRR! peo Ar es ere Se Ge ONS ee Si tags 6 PmCHtC: Minamuiiarety (iseases 7252 Sy. Ss ee oe eine iG MeMinn et ee Ai kcto che oT eee ogee Siael he pines OR ca. pends wc ws We eB es BBO ECS os et ee nS es A eas Ely perecomuge and Atroply -: o4.u. 06.2. .ee. 28, Reeve SD eeICir LAGE Ce orgie 24s eet Ne weed ee eee alyoisem bitters onthe Lreark <<. 4252030) Sa eo es [ETS IE SUES pe HERS er AR te rg Mr a ag ae Direreors Onin. BLOOM VESSELS Ogi t 8 fee bee nce Pongo IGP eshte Pins Sc ce a ee Ne Ro aes . 8 CONTENTS. ANGUTISNE 27.36 ere oe Ee eee 201 Phiebitis 23.) Pei os oe eee 202 WAT 0. cet cs 2 etn ee 202 DISEASES-OF HE URINARY SYSTEM .. 2 2.2. 212. eee 202 ADpumMiniiniae 50.5% , 2a ab 60. Se 204 Plematuria= so... os bat oe ee ee 205 Drabetes: daisipidus<; ows cn a 206 Diabetes Wrellitus: «ie v2) oe oe er 207 Oxaliniass cho Mae ee ee eee 208 Renal Congestion: 25.0..28- 201-2... 209 Nephiitts a. Sito re, a ae el ee 209 Renal “Gateultis 2.23 on. Se ee SAP Cy Stitis,-c5o 0. Cea 2 eee eee 212 DysUfia 2 eh 1 PS Pa aires ae oe ZA2 Lsehiira:< ts 5 oo ae soles Pe . 214 ENURESIS 4.6.55 240. oh oper ft ee er 214 DneEneitis: ee See ee ae oe er 215 CE CGICRS = Uae eer ee ore 8 yoni Sele te ee 216 Cy StS... 5:2 Ao de a ee ee 220 DISEASES OF THE .BONES®. . o. wea Bes ya a area bie iy oN is. eee THE INSTITUTES OF MEDICINE. The Institutes of Medicine are necessary in order to facilt- tate the study of disease. Disease is either functional or organic. A functional disease is one in which the physiological action is disturbed, but does not show pathological lesions or morbid anatomy. A disease 1s organic when it gives indication of morbid anatomy. A dis- ease may be both functional and organic; but it may be purely functional without showing any change of structure, the physi- ological action alone being disturbed. Hence a good knowledge of physiology and anatomy is necessary in order to understand disease,—physiology for the functional diseases and anatomy and histology for the organic. Pathology is the doctrine of disease, 1. e., it is the doctrine of everything connected with morbid conditions, either func- tional or organic. It is divided into: 1. General Pathology. 2. Special Pathology. General Pathology treats of diseased conditions in general without reference to any special case. Special Pathology takes into consideration specific diseases and treats of their morbid ‘anatomy. Under general pathology the following factors come into con- sideration : 1. Etiology—Cause. 2. Symptomatology—Semeiology. 3. Pathogeniy—Pathogenesis (the genera- tion, production and development of disease). 4. Nosology—Classification. 12 THEORY AND PRACTICE ~ 5. Diagnosis—Recognition of the form and kind. | | 6. Prognosis—Probable termination. 7. Morbid Anatomy—Structural changes produced by the disease. 8. Hygiene—Prevention of disease bye good management. 9. Therapeutics—Medicinal ° indications. Etiology—tThe causes of disease are divided into two classes, predisposing and exciting. The predisposing arise within the body,—they are intrinsic. Conformation and hered- ity are examples. Consider a case of purpura hemorrhagica, a specific disease due to the action of some microbe on the red. blood corpuscles. This germ lives especially in dirty stables, but is resisted by animals in good health; let the animals be- come debilitated, however, and microbian invasion occurs. The debilitation may be caused by a decayed tooth, by poor digestion, etc., and we call these predisposing causes. A narrow chest and straight ribs predisposes an animal to chest diseases; a sickle hock to curb; a straight hock to bone spavin. 3 The exciting causes of disease in the horse are:— 1. Overwork or too little work. 2. Exposure to extreme changes of tem- perature and to other meteorological conditions. 3. Indigestible and impure food. 4. Poisons, foul drinking water and con- tagions. Symptomatology—The symptoms of disease are the signs, changes, actions, inclinations, and feelings expressed by the ani- mal. It covers everything that can be noticed as differing from the normal. In order for a practitioner to be able to recognize these, he must first be familiar with the normal habits of the various species of animals. For everything differing from the normal is a symptom of disease. Pathogeny—The generation of disease relates to its minute cause, for example a bacterium; the production indicates how the disease is produced by the cause; the development is the spy OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 13 result of the action of the cause. Tuberculosis is produced by the multiplication of the bacillus of tuberculosis, and this bacillus causes the disease; caseation, cell-infiltration, and miliary tubercles are the result of the germ action. Diagnosis ——TYo be able to diagnose is to succeed, either in veterinary practice or in the human. Next comes logical rea- soning power—to be able to put the symptoms together. The veterinarian cannot ask his patient anything, and he must arrive at his own conclusions from what he sees. _ HAygiene—This relates to diet, ventilation, drainage and general management (housing, blanketing, feeding and exer- cise). Seventy-five per cent of one’s practice is produced by the bad management of the owners of animals. ; CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES. — Diseases are divided into three classes, EPIZOOTIC, ENZOOTIC, and- SpoRADIC. An epizootic disease attacks large numbers of animals over a large tract of country; there is no local cause. Any specific disease may become epizootic, as influenza in horses. An enzootic disease is due to a local cause and it may also attack large numbers over a large tract of country. Spe- cific diseases are at times enzootic; glanders might be or rabies. A sporadic disease is one which occurs in single scattered cases without specificity. Diseases of this kind are non-contagious diseases. THE BLOOD. Arterial blood is scarlet; venous blood is blue; dead blood is black. Under the microscope blood is nearly colorless. It is made tp of water and salts and the red and white blood cor- puscles. It also contains fibrin forming elements; fibrin itself does not appear in the circulating blood. The function of the blood is to carry nutrition. If the circulation is disturbed a disturbance of the nutrition will occur. Some parts of the body suffer more from interrupted nutrition than others, the brain for instance. The amount of intelligence in an animal depends upon the amount and character of the brain circulation. 14 THEORY AND PRACTICE The composition of the blood is as follows: Waker Aer ns on re 784 parts to 1000 Conpusclesey a8 ceo. 131 parts to 1000 Albumin, salines and ex- ERICLIVES Uren cs & 70 parts to 1000 Pabpineet sya nee 2.2 parts to 1000 Any material change in the blood either produces disease or is the result of disease. If the solids increase the water de- creases; if the solids decrease the water increases, — Am es— cess of solids and a decreased amount of water is designated as PLETHORA. ANAEMIA is the condition in which there is-a de- crease in the solids and an increase in the water. A plethoric animal is said to have very rich blood; the blood vessels are in- creased in size, the pulse is stronger and the mucous membranes are brighter. Plethora disposes the horse to certain diseases as AZOTURIA for instance, and ACUTE PLETHORIC LYMPHANGITIS. In these diseases there is an excess of the solids in the blood at the expense of the water. Plethora itself, however, does not con- stitute a disease. The symptoms of ANAEMIA are: Paleness of mucous membranes. Decrease in the size of the blood vessels. Decrease in the strength of the pulse. - General debility. Liberal feeding, especially of nitrogenous food and moderate work are the causes of plethora. Debilitating diseases, chronic indigestion, and poor food, and certain parasites cause anemia of the blood. Physiology teaches that fibrin is decreased in certain animals and they bleed easily. Such a condition is called HEMOPHILIA, where a successive hemorrhage will occur from a small wound For example,.a colt sweating blood is a case of hemophilia. Cases of castration occur in which the colts are disposed to bleed. Cats have more fibrin in their blood than any other ani- mal. It is said that you cannot bleed a cat to death. — Fibrin is also decreased in certain diseases. In pregnancy — there is a decreased amount of fibrin. Some idiosyncrasy may be OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 15 a factor in causing a lack of fibrin in the blood. The function of fibrin is to prevent hemorrhage; if it were not for fibrin every animal would bleed to death. Anemic animals are lacking in fibrin; animals starving to death are an exception. The fibrin in their blood is increased. A local blister increases the fibrin in the adjacent tissues. Dur- ing debilitating diseases as in purpura hemorrhagica, the fibrin is decreased. PUES. To define the pulse concisely is difficult; the various dic- tionaries give a variety of definitions. Probably the American foecker Wictionary has the best. According to it the pulse is the expansion and contraction of the arteries as the result of the action of the heart. The latter part of the definition 1s necessary for the vessels are dependent upon the action of the heart. Arteries have three coats, the middle one, which consists of non-striated muscle, the inner one, the intima, and the outer one or the adventitia. The muscle is controlled by the vaso-motor system, which maintains the tonicity of the vessels. ‘The vaso- motor system is dependent upon the general condition of the body for its vitality. The pulse depends upon the tonicity of the arterial muscles. These muscles depend upon the the vaso-motor system. The vaso-motor system depends upon the general condition. A horse might appear to be in apparently good health but if his pulse runs up to 60 or drops a beat now and again, then something is wrong with him. The pulse is the index to the nervous system. The Effect of an Acute Inflammatory Disease Upon the Pulse. In the first stage the nervous system is excited; the pulse is strong, full, regular and increased in frequency a little. In the second stage the nervous system is still more excited, but the pulse is growing weaker. Under such a condition the pulse is rapid, smaller and weaker than normal. In the third stage, supposing it to be fatal, the general system is becoming ex- 16 THEORY AND PRACTICE hausted, and the pulse keeps growing weaker until finally it becomes imperceptible, the heart ceases to beat and the animal is dead. - - The pulse of the horse varies from 35-45 beats per minute. Under different conditions, on account of some idiosyncrasy, or external influences such as heat, cold, exercise, etc., the pulse of the horse may be faster or slower than 35. In taking the pulse approach the horse slowly and quietly, and in an unconcerned manner place one hand high up on his nose to steady the head. The right hand is the best to use. Let the other feel for the sub-maxillary artery. Roll the artery with the fingers making sure of its location, and then count the pulse. Give the animal time to quiet down else the first count will be too high due to the excitement of your approach. Do not look the horse in the eye. It makes him nervous. The pulse of the ox runs from 45 to 50, with an average of 45. The pulse of the sheep runs from 70 to 80, with an average of-/2°or 79... The’ pulse of the dog 1s 7/2; tieseameeee in the human. In the ox it is not best to take the pulse from the sub-max- illary artery, for the skin over that region is thick, loose and pendulous, and this makes it difficult to find the pulse beat or if found to determine its correct character. The carotid artery in the neck is more suitable. Work the fingers under the mar- gin of the levator humeri and feel for the artery. In the sheep if the wool extends far down on the legs, then listen to the heart. Of the various kinds of pulse we have the following: liFreqiuent and iwnireq wens —referring to the number of beats per minute. Physiological conditions and disease cause the pulse to vary. 2,.Quick and slo w—referring to the actual time of each individual beat. 5. Large and s ma11—with refer- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 17 ence to the volume of blood making up the pulse wave. 4. Hard and soft this characteris- tic measures the compressibility of the artery. When the pulse gets very small and hard, it is said to be wiry—the artery feels like a wire—or thready, as it is some- times called. In inflammatory diseases of mucous membranes the pulse is not as wiry as in the inflammation of serous mem- branes. A pulse is soft because it is more compressible than normal. This is due to prostration of the nervous system. The softest pulse we ever meet with is that of acute bronchitis —a very light pressure will cut it off entirely. The dicrotic pulse is one composed of two beats, both of which correspond to one beat of the heart. The two beats are quite distinguishable to the touch. The phenomenon is only an exaggeration of what occurs in the normal pulse. After each systole the volume of blood in the aorta recoils, thus de- veloping a new positive wave, the dicrotic wave or recoil wave. In certain fevers when the pulse is soft this secondary wave can be felt. The best illustration of a dicrotic pulse can be found in a case of azoturia three days old. In this condition there is not force enough in the left ventricle to empty itself and the systolic action is wavering. The natural effect of this is to produce passive congestion in the capillaries. An irregular pulse is non-rythmic in its action; it may be irregular in frequency, i. e., it may beat at 60 and then jump up to 80 or 90, then drop back again. Or the pulse may be irregular in character ; this is apt to occur when the force of the heart muscle is not equal to the work it has to do. An intermittent pulse drops one or more beats or even part of a beat at intervals. The intermittency may be reg- ular or irregular. Convalescent cases of pneumonia are apt to develop an intermittent pulse. The most common form is a drop of every fifth beat; an irregular intermittency may occur, as a drop of every fifth, seventh and seventeenth beat, etc. 18 THEORY AND PRACTICE Venous Pulse-—This is seen in the jugular vein, due to weak cardiac ‘action. It is produced by the blood flowing back into the jugular during the systolic action of the right side , of the heart. In horses the jugular pulse always indicates a weak heart. In the ox and other ruminants we get the jugular pulse during rumination,—purely a physiological condition. The pulse is the most important means of making a diagnosis. One should become familiar with the various kinds of pulse. The sense of touch should be cultivated so as to be able to dif- ferentiate the characteristics of the pulse. : TEMPERATURE. As regards the temperature of animals there are two con- ditions to be found; warm-blooded animals maintain an even temperature regardless of the surrounding medium. Cold- | blooded animals adapt their temperature to the medium in which they live. All mammals are warm-blooded; amphibians, fishes and insects are cold-blooded. In a warm-blooded animal, any rise in temperature denotes a fever; any loss denotes waning vitality. The amount of the fever is measured by the number of degrees of rise in tempera- ture; the subnormal temperature. is measured by the number of degrees the temperature is lowered. The normal temperature of. the horse is 100; if the tem- perature rises above 104, the case is serious, and if above 106, dangerous. The temperature may rise to 107, 109, or pos-_ sibly higher and recover if reduced promptly, i. e., in a few hours. But if a horse’s temperature stands at 106 for a week he will die; at 107 for three days, or 109 for three hours, or 110 for one hour, a horse will die. A sub-normal temperature of 93 is always fatal in the horse. In fact 2 degrees below normal is very dangerous and nearly always fatal. It is not safe to guess at the temperature, the practitioner must measure it with a clinical thermometer. The best place to take the temperature is at the anus, although there is some danger in inserting the thermometer. The animal may not like it and resist and kick. Therefore always stand to one side of OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 19 the horse, he cannot kick out at the side. When inserting the thermometer in the anus, notice whether it is closed or not. In nervous prostration it is usually relaxed and the thermometer must be held in place. A sub-normal temperature may be produced artificially at-a much lower point than it can occur in disease. The best records of this are in the human. Practitioner Peters took the tem- perature of a woman found drunk in the winter and it was 78.8; she recovered. This is the lowest case on record. It is said that an animal cooled to 75.2 will die. The following is a table of the temperature of the domestic animals, taken from the German with the addition of Dr. Baker’s : : Animal. No. of Observ. German. Baker... Horse 78 99.9 100 On S23. 16 1034 = 101 Sheep 39 103.1 102 s Dog 162 102.6 101.5 Hog | 13 103.4 102 (Brog.) Fowls a LO67-4A 1 107 The temperature varies somewhat according to the atmos- ‘pheric conditions and depends upon the amount of exercise to which the animal has been subjected. In taking the temperature the animal must be quiet, exercise raises the temperature. Driv- ing animals raises their temperature, especially hogs whose fat prevents them from cooling off. In conducting the mallein test for glanders in horses, the temperature should be taken before feeding and drinking; water lowers the temperature. The animals should be comfortably placed so as not to cause them any excitement. CONGESTION. Congestion (Latin congere, to heap up) is defined as the increased flow of blood to a part. It is also called HYPERAEMIA, meaning an excess of blood. It is divided into Active and Pass- ive. The active is coufined to the arterial system, the passive 20 “THEORY AND PRACTICE to the venous. There is “also another congestion which is . called Hypostatic. Congestion is described with the name of the organ affected; as, cerebral, hepatic, renal, etc. A physiological congestion may be produced by nature to allow the organ to perform its function. for example, as par- turition approaches, the mammary glands become congested in order to stimulate the cells to secrete the milk. Otherwise agalactia would be the result. The causes of active congestion are: 1. Increased blood pressure. 2. Diminished arterial resistence. The first is due to an obstruction m one part causing an in- creased volume of blood to another, thus raising the pressure in the vessels. At first their walls remain practically of the same diameter, but later on become dilated by the increased volume of blood. The second is caused by the nerves; the vaso-constrictors be- come depressed and as a result the arterioles dilate. Whatever the irritating factor causing congestion, the imme- diate effect of it is a spasmodic contraction of the blood vessels. Dilatation then follows; the red blood corpuscles pile up in the enlarged lumen of the blood vessel, forming rouleaux, while the leucocytes take up their position along the vessel wall to which they apply themselves very closely. By means of their ameboid movements they work their way through the vessel into the surrounding tissues. At the same time a considerable amount of blood plasma has exuded into the tissues. The blood current has slowed down so that there is almost complete stasis, the blood is thicker and more viscid, and the red blood corpuscles may have been pressed out into the tissues either by diapedesis or rhexis. In hemorrhage by diapedesis the blood passes out into the tissues through the pores of the vessels,—the plasma, the leu- cocytes, and some few red blood corpuscles. In hemorrhage by rhexis the pressure is so great that a rupture occurs in the ves- sel wall, and the whole number of the blood elements passes through the rupture. As a result we get an extravasation of a a eee og SO i t OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 3 21 blood, a patch of tissue outside a vessel infiltrated with blood. Oedema is produced by hemorrhage by diapedesis. If the congestion in the vessel is severe enough to plug it, an infraction may result. The stasis of blood in the vessel cuts off the nutrition from the surrounding tissues and they die. This is most apt to occur where there is no collateral circulation. Petechiz are small red spots formed by the blood oozing out through the vessel. When a more extensive hemorrhage forms, 1. e., an extravasation of blood, it is called ecchymosis.. Hemo- pits is a free disposition, an abnormal tendency to bleeding. It is usually hereditary. After an excessive hemorrhage,—one that ould produce infraction, gangrene is apt to follow. Moderate congestion maintained for any length of time, i. e., indefinitely, will result in hypertrophy. The opposite extreme, anemia, will produce atrophy of a part. The causes of passive congestion are: 1. Mechanical obstruction. Diminished cardiac power. Gravitation. Altered conditions of the: poet Defective secretion. ui Rw The last four of these causes we speak of as more compli- cated. The natural result of diminished cardiac power is less force to drive the blood through the vessels The venous sys- tem especially suffers. Passive congestion of the lungs is com- mon. Passive congestion by gravitation is seen in horses whose legs stock or swell up. The cause of this is a poor circulation in which the walls of the blood vessels are weak and the veins be- come dilated, and the blood settles in them by gravitation. Altered conditions of the blood are seen especially in black- leg, in which the quarters swell up, forming crackling tumors. When one of these is punctured, bloody water flows out; the blood is tarry from the action of the germs causing the disease. The swollen quarters are passively congested. Defective excretions in an animal cause cedematous swellings. 22 THEORY AND PRACTICE In ether words, the emunctories are inactive. For instance, a horse’s legs swell—he is otherwise in good health—give him a purgative and the cedema will disappear. The topical signs of active-congestion are as follows: 1. Redness—Rubor. 2. Enlargement and swelling of arterioles and thickening of their walls—Tu- mor. 2 sted — Calor Aa olor. ’ 5. Altered function of the affected organ. The swelling in active congestion is resilient—press the part with the finger and the depression at once vanishes. The topical signs of passive congestion are: 1. Swelling of an cedematous nature, 1. e., doughy, inelastic; swollen tissue pits on pressure. | 2. Congested area is sharply circum- scribed. 3. Passive congestion tends to degenera- tion, never to inflammation. In active congestion the swelling is resilient, it fades away imperceptibly into the healthy part; the congestion tends to run into inflammation on account of altered nutrition; the liquid oozing through the pores of the vessels is plastic and the swell- ing 1s apt to become permanent; and it may produce death by gangrene. In passive congestion the swelling is doughy, and is sharply circumscribed ; the congestion tends to degeneration, never inflam- mation; the liquid oozing through the pores of the veins is not inclined to coagulate nor organize. In passive congestion of the lungs an apparently paradoxical condition occurs because the blood leading to the lungs is ven-— ous, although carried by arteries; and that going away is ar- terial, but carried by veins. We call it passive congestion of fhe lungs when due to defective cardiac power, and active when due to diminished arterial resistence. ee Ae OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 23 RES Oils OF AChIVE CONGESTION. When active congestion occurs in a part of considerable size and that in excess, moist gangrene-results. Gangrene is of two kinds, moist and dry. Moist gangrene occurs in tissue whose nutrition has been suddenly cut off and which therefore dies. The dead part is moist gangrene. Dry gangrene is the result of starvation, that_is, when the nutrition to a part is slowly cut off. In moist gangrene the part is cold, insensible, and if punc- tured a moisture comes out. If occurring in white skin the color is black. In the horse the color of the gangrenous part is not so well contrasted. The dead part decomposes rapidly and sul- phuretted hydrogen is produced, which is found in solution in the moisture of the decomposing mass, giving it the odor of rotten eggs, a most characteristic smell. A silver probe in- serted in the tissue will at once become black. Between the living and the dead parts there is a red line of demarcation. lf the gangrenous portion is small, the part may slough off, the separation taking place at the line of demarcation. By getting rid of the dead part the life of the animal is saved; but if the dead portion is too large to remove, absorption of the putrefac- tive matters takes place and poisons the blood and kills the ani- mal. The dead part is usually spoken of as having a cadaver- ous smell. . In the time of the outbreak of contagious pleuro-pneumonia in 1887, the disease was found to have existed for two years among the cows in the distillery sheds fed on distillery slops. Amongst these cows were many with bob-tails and it was said that the bull-dogs had bitten them off. But upon inquiry it was found that these animals had been inoculated against pleuro- pneumonia, and that a careless method of inoculation (serum probably decomposed) had set up a violent inflammation in their tails. These had become gangrenous and had sloughed off. Moist gangrene often occurs in the lower lobe of the lung. The part cannot slough off and the animal dies from putrefactive absorptive, products. | If moist gangrene occurs in a small part it is called NECROSIS. 24 THEORY AND PRACTICE In fistulous withers we speak of the parts removed as ne- crotic tissue. Dry gangrene is death of tissue when the part dies from inanition, 1. e., slowly starving to death. The part becomes paler and paler, losing its natural heat in proportion to the lack of nutrition. The results of dry gangrene are: 1. Mummification—the part dries up, shrivels, and dies; it hangs on. and will not come off. 2. Chalky degeneration (calcareous )— most common in the human. In this condition the chalky portion crumbles off as in leprosy. It never occurs in horses. A common example of dry gangrene may be seen in sitfast in the horse. I{ is caused by the screws of thc saddle extending too far down and producing pressure upon the skin; the part loses blood and. dries, becoming gangrenous and insensible to pain. It does not slough, but finally produces a zone of inflam- mation around it. The only way to cure it is to remove thé dead part and to remove the cause. : THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM. ‘A thrombus is a plug or clot in a vessel remaining at the point of formation. An embolus is a clot or other plug brought by the blood current from a distant vessel and forced into a smaller one, thereby obstructing the circulation. . Thrombosis is the coagulation of the blood within the heart or blood vessels during life—it is the plugging of a vessel by a thrombus. Embolism is produced by an embolus, which is a body floating in the blood until it lodges in a vessel too small for it to pass through. In either case active congestion would be produced by increased blood pressure. When a _ thrombus forms in a part which has no collateral circulation, the part dies from inanition. In the brain there is no free anastomosis OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 25 between the vessels and if emboli lodge in them the tissues soon degenerate and die. In embolism a clot has formed perhaps on the valve of the heart, or a little fibrin lodged among the chorde tendinee; a little piece floats off to some distant-vessel and lodges, forming an embolus. An illustration of this may be seen in a horse which suddenly becomes lame; he drives all right for two or three miles and then suddenly goes lame on one leg, in a few imin- utes is practically on three legs. He sweats profusely and the affected leg is cold. After rest he is all right, but this exper- ience occurs again and again until he is practically useless. The cause is an arterial embolus. During exercise the collateral circulation of the leg is not sufficient and an inflammation oc- curs producing lameness. Severe exercise would have caused gangrene if the horse had not become so lame that he could not go any further. An ante-mortem clot is light; a post-mortem clot is black. In making a post-mortem we often find in the cavities of the heart a clot resembling chicken fat, lodged among the ~valves,— a soft and friable mass. The remaining portions of the cav- ities are filled with black clots. The chicken fat clot is formed before death; it varies in color and density, from a soft yellow substance to a fibrinous grayish mass. ‘The old ante-mortem clots are usually found in the posterior aorta or in the iliac arteries. They are more or less hard and somewhat elastic, rather filling the vessels. The degree of hardness indicates their time of formation. Very hard clots may have formed months back, even years perhaps. An ante-mortem clot consists of fibrin, leucocytes and some few red blood corpuscles, which fade out 2 A post-mortem clot consists of all the elements of the blood and if the coagulation is rapid is of a dark red or black color. An IRRITANT is anything that produces a local disturbance pri- marily and a constitutional disturbance secondarily. It is a sub- stance which when applied to a part causes a greater or less de- gree: of vascular excitement. The stimulating influence of an irritant may simply alter the function of the part, it may pro- duce marked congestion and it may result in inflammation. 26 THEORY AND PRACTICE The effects of local irritants are usually the same as in active congestion,—redness, swelling, heat and pain. The topical signs 7 7e the same also: It is the action of an irri/ant to stimulate, but the various irritants do this in different ways. For example, alcohol in- creases th. function and circulatory action of the heart without irritating it; on the other hand tur entine irritates the part tu which it is applied. If aromatic spirits of ammonia be given internally the mucous membrane of the stomach will be irri- _tated and stimulated. If the dose is increased, it produces in- creased functional activity through the increased local irritation upon the mucous lining of the stomach. The secondary or constitutional disturbance of an irritant is produced by reflex action. For example, the local irritation of a nail prick in the navicular bursa causes pain. This is transmitted to the brain by the afferent nerves, where this irri- tation may stimulate the afferent nerves, and as a result be carried to all parts of the body, causing an increase in the tem- perature, in the frequency and hardness of the pulse, and in the respiration. Eventually a general emanciation results. These effects may be mild or they may cause death, but they all come as the result of the action of some irritant. INFLAMMATION. : A constitutional disturbance carried to the extreme always prodtices inflammation. According -to Gould inflammation (Latin inflammare, to burn) 1s a condition of nutritive disturb- ance, characterized by hyperemia, with the proliferation of the tissue cells, and attended by.one or more symptoms of redness, swelling, heat and pain, discoloration and disordered function. As a result the part may be very much discolored. Ke appreciate an inflammation keep in mind active conges- tion; it is impossible to have an inflammation without active con- gestion, although we may have active congestion without inflam- mation. Viscidity of the fluids*of the blood and tissues plays an important part. The increased fibrin causes bad results and aggravates inflammatory tendencies. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 27 In inflammation the topical characteristics of active conges- tion are exaggerated, more pain, burning and throbbing. The proliferation of cells as the result of inflammation is seen in the healing of wounds. It has been said by some that inflam- mation cannot occur without cell proliferation, but I (Dr. Baker) say that it can; the process of inflammation may be going on for hours before any proliferation of cells takes place. But altered function is inseparable from inflammation; inflamma- tion cannot occur without altered function. Inflammation terminates by resolution when the inflammatory deposits soften, liquefy and resolve, leaving no traces of the disease behind. If any trace is left, it is not resolution. The stages of inflammation are three: 1. Hot and dry stage. - 2. Wet stage—the stage of effusion. 3. Stage of suppuration, or formation of pus. : The hot and burning stage is characterized by hyperemia, exudation of plastic substances, infiltration of the surrounding tissues, discoloration of the tissues in the form of redness and suspension of function. This stage is short, an average of six hours. : In the wet stage, or stage of effusion, serum exudes from the blood vessels. The serum is thin, non-coagulable (not plastic); it infiltrates the surrounding tissues and produces cedema. This second stage is long, indefinite, lasting from a day or two to a month or more. [1 is called the wet stage from the effusion of serum: It is particularly illustrated in the inflam- mation of mucous membranes. | The formation of pus in the third stage is brought about by the disorganization of tissue in which the inflammation occurs. The effusion of serum, pressure upon the nerves, and altered nutrition in a part results in a small focus of disorganized tis- sue, which eventually grows into a cavity containing pus. The pus-forming germs are most commonly the cocci (strepto- and staphylo). These germs inoculated into healthy tissue will produce suppuration, but it is possible to produce a suppurative 28 THEORY AND PRACTICE inflammation without them. Hamilton, the Scotch pathologist, demonstrates this as follows: 3 Sterilize the surface of a part, make an incision, and insert a sterile capsule containing a drop of croton oil. Seal over the yound with collodion and after three days you will find pus, but no germs. As soon as the capsule is dissolved, the croton oil cauterizes the part setting up an inflammation which runs the various stages until pus is formed. Of the various terms used in describing inflammation, we have the following: Induration—swelling hardens. Adhesion—a growing together of two surfaces; seen es- pecially in pleurisy, where the costal pleura adheres to the pul- monary pleura. | Organization—the inflammatory deposits (the proliferating cells, coagulated albumen, and fibrin. etc.) become permanent by the growth of the connective tissue cells, new formation of blooa vessels, and the penetraticn of 1ew nerves, the previous seat of inflammation becoming a permanent part of the animal. Disorganzation—a degeneration and liquefying of tissue. In case of resolution, the softening, liquefaction and absorbtion occur, leaving the part perfectly healthy. As a last result of inflammation we may get gangrene,— both moist and dry. It will not differ from that of active con- gestion, except that it will be more pronounced and will occur more. frequently. DEATH. The time comes when every animal must die. With the vet- *erinarian there is little sentiment about this event. It is im- possible to define it; if we say that it is the cessation of life the question immediately arises, What is life? But we do not know. However, we consider animal to be a machine dependent upon three vital functionating systems: 1. Aydraulic system,—that including the heart and blood vessels. - wears occas a ee we OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 29 2. Pneumatic system,—that made up of the respiratory apparatus. 3. Electric system,—that composed of the brain, medulla, . spinal cord and nerves. In general, we may say that death occurs by interruption of one of these three systems every time. Interruption of the function of one will cause death, without reference to the other two. These three are the vital means of sustaining life, and 1f one ceases to functionate, the other two will also. Some pathologists record a fourth channel through which death may occur,—the blood, the poisoning of which~ (nec- remia) results in death. But this in turn acts upon the nervous system to which in such a condition the cause of death may be referred. Death due to interruption of the heart’s action is called syn- cope, and there are two kinds: 1. Sudden—sthenice. 2. Slow—asthenic. Sthenic syncope (sudden heart failure) is purely func- tional. The nerves propelling the heart lose their irritability and the heart ceases to beat. In this condition there is no morbid anatomy, no premonitory symptoms of death. The heart stops beating suddenly. In the asthenic form there is morbid anatomy and there are premonitory symptoms of imminent death. The horse will have repeated attacks of dangerous heart failure, indicating alvular insufficiency, or aneurism of the aorta, etc. _ Sthenic syncope occurs in two forms: | 1. Paralysis of the motor nerves of the heart, in which condition the heart is large, soft, and in a few hours after death will be dull of a black post- mortem clot. _ 2. Tonic spasm, in which condition the heart is small, hard and empty, 1. e., when the animal is posted. The rea- 30 THEORY AND PRACTICE son for this is that the heart contract- ed and failed to relax. If the aminaat had died during diastole, the heart would be large, soft and full; but during systole, death finds it small hard and empty. This condition of the heart is seen in death from tetan- us, in which there are tonic spasms of the whole body. Sthenic syncope always occurs as the result of shock. This may happen during an operation, or as the result of a kick or some severe violence to the solar plexus. Shock is the condi- tion caused by any violent disturbance of the neivous system. Syncope may be caused by hemorrhage, and this is either external’ or internal. Ii the. carotid artery, the juenlae eyemr -or the femoral or brachial artery be severed, it takes no time for an animal to bleed to death. This is external hemorrhage; enough blood is lost to produce syncope. Internal hemorrhage occurs as the result of the rupture of some internal blood ves- sel into either the thorax or abdomen. Castrate a colt, say a Dleeder, and as soon as the ecraseur is removed and the cord is retracted into the abdominal cavity, the hemorrhage begins and in 5 or 10 hours the colt will bleed to death. The symptoms of internal hemorrhage are: 1. Great and increased pallor—mucous membranes pale, finally white as pa. per. This is the most important d1. agnostic symptom. 2. Temperature of extremities. varying according to the rapidity of the hem- orrhage—cold if slow, and more or less warm if rapid. 3. Great and increasing weakness—as death approaches, in case of a hem- orrhage requiring 5 or 6 hours to culminate, cold sweat breaks out on the surface. Then follows a dazed OF VETERINARY MEMICINE. 31 expression of countenance; the eyes get dim;-the animal spreads his legs to prop his body; if down, he strug- gles convulsively to rise; the pulse becomes feeble, small and finally im- perceptible the .expired gir is cold; the breathing convulsive; and as death approaches the pupils dilate. Death due to interruption of the pneumatic apparatus is called ASPHYXIA, whereby the animal is deprived of air. The symptoms of asphyxia are as follows: 1. The mucous membranes are dark and erow. darker. This darkening i: called cyanosis. It does not occur suddenly, but comes on gradually. 2. Eyes bulge. | 3. Nostrils dilate. 4. Breathing labored. 5. Cold sweat usually bedews the body. Ia such a death the post mortem will show more or less cyanosis of all the organs, but especially of the lungs. There is general passive congestion. The blood turns black from the excess of carbon dioxide and from the decrease of oxygen. In the human, the face would be black, but a horse does not show cyanosis in his face. | Death by interruption of the brain and nervous system is called coma. A comotos. condition is one of stupor, insensi- bility, and unconsciousness. When an animal dies from coma, the symptoms are as follows: 1. Prone on the ground. 2. Insensible. | 3. Pulse slow—decreased in frequency vay below normal. 4. Breathing slow and stertorous; slow, deep, irregular breathing and in some cases snoring, is always present in coma, ~ THEORY AND PRACTICE On eS) At the approach of death, the breathing keeps getting slower and more irregular, the pulse the same although it may eon- tinue to beat after the respirations have stopped. In this con- dition of death the brain loses its irritability; the other organs are in normal condition. When it does not pay to treat an animal, the veterinarian is expected to destroy it and this he must know how to do. The quickest and most painless method of killing is to shoot the animal through the fourth ventricle. An animal can lose nearly the whole of his cerebrum, large portions of his cere- bellum without dying, but not the medulla. HOW. TO: KILE-A HORSE. First, fill the gun with sufficient powder to drive the bullet through the cranium of the horse; a 22-calibre revolver will not do it. We use a 44-calibre gun, barrel about a foot long. Use long cartridges. Place one hand over the nose of the horse, holding his nose down toward his breast. Stand in front of him and shoot straight through the medulla. It is not necessary to place the muzzle of the gun against the forehead. If the animal is ner- vous, it may be necessary to blindfold him. Do not attempt to shoot through the ear; the petrous por- tion of the temporal bone is the hardest bone in the body. But shoot high up toward the poll and you will hit the right spot every time. The horse should drop instantaneously. He dies from coma. The bullet causes shock; shock produces coma; and coma, paralysis of the brain. The main objection to shooting a horse is the noise. There are other means of killing but they take longer and are more painful. Strychnine is the most active poison but it is very painful. Dissolve a large dose in water and inject into the jugular vein. When giving it by mouth, give at least 10 grains. Hydrocyanic acid is all right for killing dogs but it is too weak for the horse. The commercial acid does not keep its strength > and the anhydrous is rare, we never get it. One-hundredth of a jes nl la OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 33 drop of the anhydrous acid on the tongue of a horse would kill him instantly. | Chloroform kills by paralyzing the brain and the animal dies from coma. Strychnine kills by syncope, tonic spasm of the heart. Hydrocyanic acid. kills by paralyzing the heart. The chief objection to using chloroform is. that the animal struggles severely during its administration. The feeling of suffocation caused by the chloroform produces violent struggling and in such cases the animal must be restrained the same as for an operation. All poisons considered, probably strychnine is the best to use in killing an animal if you do not wish to shoot him. Death through poisoning of the blood is called necrzmia. The blood dies, or in other words is killed by some specific mi- cro-organism, such as the bacillus anthracis. In this disease the blood is so disorganized by the germ that the corpuscles are wholly broken up and killed. This kind of death can be re- ferred to the nervous system and we can say that the animal dies from coma, yet at the same time the dead blood is the cause of death. In order to determine the channel through which death oc- curs, one must note the effect of the disease processes. If the animal dies in a comatose condition, then the nervous system is the cause; if syncope sets in, then the heart is at fault. A per- son in a faint is comatose, but it is not deep enough to produce death; in real death from coma, the stertorous breathing must be present. All these conditions must be taken into considera- tion in order to determine the correct cause of death. NOSOLOGY. By nosology we mean the classification of disease. Des- eases are divided into two general classes, constitutional and lo- cal. Of the constitutional there are two kinds, exogenous and endogenous; of the local, eight, these referring to the system affected; they are the diseases of the respiratory system, the digestive system, the circulatory system, the urinary, the ner- vous, etc. The following is a simple form of the classification of disease: 34 THEORY AND PRACTICE 1. Constitutional— a. Exogenous. b. Endogenous. 2. Loca]— a. Diseases of the Respiratory System. . Diseases of the Digestive System. — . Diseases of the Circulatory System. . Diseases of the Urinary System. . Diseases of the Nervous System. . Diseases of the Generative System. . Diseases of the Locomotory System. . Diseases of the Cutaneous System. ase hyo Mnn A constitutional disease is one that affects the whole sys- tem primarily; if it localizes itself in any organ, it does so sec- ondarily. A local disease is just the reverse; it is one that affects some part primarily, and the whole system secondarly, i. e., if it does so at all. An exogenous disease is one arising from without the body, i. e., the cause is from without. This includes all of the con- tagious diseases, such as glanders, anthrax, tuberculosis, ete. An endogenous disease arises within the body, the cause pro- ducing it is within the animal. This includes all non-contagious diseases, such as azoturia, acute constitutional lymphangitis, rheumatism, rickets, etc. These constitutional diseases are sometimes spoken of as blood diseases. Local diseases include all the diseases not con- stitutional, and they are classified according to the part in which they are located. 7 | RATIONAL TREATMENT OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. Rational treatment is that prescribed according to the indi- cations present. It is based upon the pathology of the case. Medicinal indications always should follow the pathological con- ditions. The prescriber should give attention to the individual case, and in order to do this, he must be a pathologist. He must first make a correct diagnosis and then follow the lesions up OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 35 to the point where the case is presented to him. Rational treat- ment is based on the motto, Vis medicatrix natura, which means “the power of nature to heal.’ Our efforts must be directed toward the assistance of nature, help tide her over the rough places and difficult conditions. Along the line of general treatment we divide diseases into acute, subacute, and chronic. Acute diseases require prompt and vigorous treatment with the object of either aborting the disease, or of lessening its severity and giving nature a chance to recover. The acute disease requires heroic treatment es- pecially in its early stages, for it tends to run a rapid course, to develop and terminate quickly. For example, in intestinal flatulence, the horse is tympanitic, there is pressure upon the diaphragm causing interference with respiration, and a result- ing cyanosis; the horse will die from asphyxia if he does not get immediate relief. The treatment must be prompt; if ne- cessary let the gas off with a trocar and canula. This is heroic treatment, and many owners object on account of the possible danger, but it is the only way to save the life of the animal. -A subacute disease is mild, arises slowly, and is inclined to terminate favorably. The rational treatment should be mild and need not be so prompt. Small doses less often repeated are given; in fact with no treatment at all, the case will re- cover. | A chronic case is one of long standing. The rational treat- ment is slow, and employs such remedies as tend to produce the absorption of inflammatory deposits. aA CIONAL. TREATMENT. OF A. FEVER. Ephemeral fever or: fabricula is a fever in which it is the disease, there is no morbid anatomy. Fabricula is a _ simple fever. — Nature.—Fabricula is in itself the disease; it does not ori- ginate in any particular organ; runs a benign course; termi- nates favorably in 2 to 8 days. The nature of this disease 36 THEORY AND PRACTICE considers whether it is febrile or inflammatory, the organ af- fected, the course the disease is likely to run, and its probable termination. Etiology—TVThe main factors in causing a simple fever are exposure to wet and cold, fatigue from hard work, irregular feeding, improper diet, sudden change from the open air to con- finement in the stable, change of climate, change from natural life to artificial—any one of these conditions may cause a sim- ple fever. | Symptomatology or Semeiology.—Fabricula. comes on sud- denly; a severe case will be a by rigor, the symptoms of which are: 1. Coldness of extremities. 2. Surface of the body cold. 3. Nose and ears cold. ; 4. Shivering—begins slight and increases in severity until the animal is shaking vigorously ,all over. 5. Breathing increases in frequency, and a peculiar whistling sound is pro- duced. The number of normal respirations in the horse is 10. but ina chill, it may be increased to 60 per minute. The breath- ing is not labored, and there is no dilatation of the nostrils— these are negative conditions. As the chill grows worse, the horse hangs his head, droops his ears; this may last from 2 to 3 hours. The more severe the chill, the longer it will last, and the higher will be the fever following it. To prescribe rationally, consider first the age and species of the animal; then the size, sex, vitality of the patient, duration of the disease, time of the year, the weather, and the surround- ings. All of these conditions have their influence. The treat- ment consists of medicinal prescriptions and hygienic measures. Suppose now you have a horse with a chill. The nervous system is excited, the blood has left the surface, the respirations are rapid, the pulse hard, rapid and strong. The sympathetic nerves control the heart and if we give Fld. Ext. of aconite, this will reduce the irritability of the nerves. We prescribe with this -™ OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 37 a stimulant, alcohol, and the form of the prescription would be as follows: Pidsch xt! Aconites cia eG hes ae 1 drachm SPiSnev ll RECE{.. cat oie re ye hae ae 4 ounces PGW AMOS sae elo Sg ates ela. ow tae wea ee 1 pint M. Sig.—z ounces every 15 minutes until you get the physiological effect of the drugs. The horse will sweat, and the heart pound hard, but with- out increased irritability. Some will argue against combining a stimulant and sedative together, saying that the one neutral- izes the action of the other, but experience teaches that this is not true. i Hygienic treatment consists 1n putting on woolen blankets and buffalo robes, bandaging the legs, shutting off the draughts, and rubbing the legs of the animal to increase the circulation. As soon as the animal begins to sweat give the doses less frequently, and finally drop them off altogether. The dose above given, with proper hygienic measures will put the animal to - sweating in about 2% hours. _ Suppose now that the disease has been running three days, you are called, say, the fourth day; you find the ears drooping, pulse 60, temperature 105, feces slimy, etc. In this climate, usually some thoracic disease—acute bronchitis, pleurisy, or pneumonia may develop, but in this case let us say that it has not. Now what will you prescribe? A fever mixture, and this is our stock solution. Wilds xt. 2A CONG. 4 Fosse eee es 1 drachm Hid. Ext -Belladonmas ss. ois. 2 es 2 drachms Bl ts GO PAINS nosso es oes Ok Mieke 1 ounce Potassmmm= Nitrates. > —..c.57. esas ee 14%4 ounces SHES Miner Nite sie. esas Hebe 2 ounces PUI A OSA ae eos oe sae te eae 1 pint M. Sig.—2 ounces every 2 hours. Make the dose small'and repeat often, and in this way the physiological action will be produced gradually. Robertson in his Equine Practice gives large doses two or three times a day, but you will get better results with small doses every two hours. This impresses the owner so that he stays on hand and tends to his animal, and this produces better results. 38 THEORY AND PRACTICE As to the hygiene, water the animal every 15 minutes (you may be pretty sure that the owner has been afraid to give the animal anything to eat or drink) until he has had his thirst quenched, then put a bucket of fresh water before him, and keep it fresh. For fodder, give oats and bran mixed and scalded with boiling water. The boiling water ruptures the cel- lulose covering of the grain, and makes it easier to digest. The dose which I have given you is for an average weight animal, say 1,300 pounds. The aconite lessens the irritability of the nerves; the belladonna lessens the congestion; the gen- tian, a vegetable, helps to keep the stomach in order; the po- tassium nitrate is a diuretic and a refrigerant and helps to reg- ulate the temperature. If ammonium chloride be added it will lessen the temperature more quickly. In addition to this pre- scription give a dram of acetanilid every four hours. The bowels will take care of themselves, only take notice whether they move or not. If not, give a soap and water enema. . After getting the temperature down to 102, stop the acet- anilid and put in nux vomica, 1 ounce to the pint. Drop the potassium nitrate. When the temperature gets to normal put the animal on Tr. iron. Keep him quiet even if his legs are stocked. After the temperature has been normal for 48 hours, exercise can begin. - The various procedures in making a diagnosis are as fol- lows: Inspection. Mensuration. Palpitation. Auscultation. Pa eee Percussion. 6. Succussion. These are the means employed to make a physical diagnosis. Inspection.—This implies a thorough observation of the an- imal before touching him at all. It includes the movements of the chest and abdominal muscles; the position of the elbows; the expression of the countenance, which is quick to indicate +) -@fiew OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 39 distress; the extent of dilatation of the nostrils; the amount and character of any nasal discharge, and the appearance of the coat. Mensuration.—This implies the measuring of any part and the comparison of it with the opposite side. The measurements are usually sized up with the eye rather than with a tapeline; in this way the eye becomes trained to routine practice. Prof. Gamgee was a great stickler for tape line measure- ments, but he was more scientific than practical. _ Palpation—This is the act of feeling. See if the surface is cold or hot. Manipulate the parts to find if any soreness be present; feel of the coat; count the pulse; take the temperature; when indicated, lay the hand upon the horse’s hip and feel the impulse of the labored breathing, for it is an important point in diagnosis. , Auscultation—tThis is an application of the ear to the wall of the body cavities to ascertain whether the sound be normal or not. The ear can be applied directly to the surface or a stethoscope can be used. In veterinary practice the ear is more commonly used. Percussion—This is the tapping of the surface over cavi- ties to ascertain the density of the cavity. The practitioner must be familiar with the normal resonance of the body cavi- ties. -This varies according to the amount of flesh overlaying the cavity. A thin horse has greater resonance of his body cav- ities than a fat one. Dullness of the chest indicates disease; dullness of the facial sinuses indicates that they are filled with mucous discharges or pus; dullness of the abdominal cavity is normal, and it becomes resonant only when filled with gas. Succussion.—This is the act of shaking a patient so as to detect the pressure of a liquid in the cavities of the body. RESPIRATORY DISEASES. The phenomena of the diseases of any particular system are the various symptoms and signs which call one’s attention to it. 40 THEORY AND PRACTICE As applied to the horse, the various phenomena of the dis- eases of the respiratory system are as follows: 1. Grunting.- In cattle grunting occurs as a symptom of digestive diseases; in the horse never as such. 2. Coughing. 3. Dyspneea. 4. Roaring. 5. Whistling. 6. Rales—called mucous rales. 7. Crepitation. 8. Friction sounds. 9. Sneezing. 10. Snoring. 11. Wheezing. Grunting.—The grunt is present in acute pleurisy, and indi- cates painful respiration. Coughing.—A cough is a forcible and sudden expulsion of air from the chest. It begins with a sudden and deep inspiration, and then all the respiratory forces come into play to expel the air,—the diaphragm, the intercostals and the abdominal muscles. A cough may be either moist or dry. The moist cough is heard in the second stages of acute respiratory dis- eases; the dry, in the first stage of the acute and in the chronic respiratory diseases. A cough may be shallow or deep; the shal- low is from the throat, and the deep from the bronchi. The throat cough is a hacking, short, sharp and shallow one; the bronchial cough is hoarse and deep. Dyspnoea.—This is labored breathing, interrupted more or less by some interference. It may be slight or severe, and it may be fatal. It is seen in either acute or chronic diseases. In the acute disease it requires prompt attention, but in the chronic it is not dangerous. Roaring.—This is a recognized name of a disease, and is due to the dropping into the larynx cavity of the left arytenoid car- tilage. Whistling —This is a shriller noise than that of roaring. It E eo 4. nh OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 41 may be produced by anything that constricts the caliber of the air- passage. : Rales——This sound is produced by air passing through a li- quid, such as mucous, pus, blood, water, medicine, etc. Crepitation.—A crackling sound heard in the early stages of pneumonia. Friction Sounds.—This is the sound of two dry surfaces rub- bing together, as heard in the second stages of acute pleurisy. Sneezing.—Among the lower animals, this is simply blowing _the nose, there is no cough. Snoring.—A noisy breathing produced usually by a polypus in the posterior nares. It is occasionally the result of nervous dis- ‘ turbance, seen in nervous high-bred Jersey cows. Pug dogs al- ways snore. Wheezing—This is the sound heard when the air passes through a more or less obstructed passage, such as would be caused by a nasal polypus, enchondroma of the septum nasi, or the asthmatic exacerbation of heaves. REENT EIS: Defiution.—Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucous mem- brane lining the nose. It is also called catarrh, which is derived from the Greek katarrein, meaning to flow down, and always refers to the discharge of a mucous membrane. The name ca- tarrh can be applied to any membrane of the body, but it is usually applicable to the nasal membrane. Nature.—Rhinitis may be acute, subacute, or chronic. In the acute form inflammation of the Schneiderian membrane is pres- ent ; it extends back and involves the mucous lining of the fauces. In a very severe case, it involves the sinuses of the head, the frontal and the superior and inferior maxillary. Ettology.—Vhis inflammation is usually brought on by expos- ure to cold winds, or to sudden change of temperature. It can oc- cur in hot weather as well as in cold. In Chicago the northeast wind is apt to cause catarrh in horses that are exposed to it after exercise. 4? THEORY AND PRACTICE Symptoms.—The first symptom is usually sneezing; pain is probably present in the Schneiderian membrane. After a few hours a slight cough develops; elevation of temperature—103 to 104; pulse 48 to 50; lassitude; congestion of the mucous mem- brane of the nose and eyelids. Pathology.—The inflammation runs three stages ; first, the mu- cous membranes are dry and their function is suspended; second, this is the moist stage and a red, limpid, thin, water discharge begins which in 12-20 hours becomes starchy ; third, if the case is bad, suppuration develops, and the discharge is muco-purulent— pus mixed with mucous. In the first stage the function of the mucous membranes is suspended, but as soon as reaction begins, they ‘begin to act again and pour out their discharge, which, however, is not normal, but is degenerated,—a thick, starchy coag- — ulated substance. Not all the mucous follicles suppurate, and what normal mucous is poured out becomes mixed with the pus and degenerated coagulum. In time the discharge may collect in the sinuses, the swollen mucous membranes preventing its escape. It then becomes very offensive, because of decomposition of the mucous element. The ordinary discharge from the nose is usu- ally odorless. : . Eventually the mucous membranes may ulcerate; the perios- teum of the bones desquamate. Treatment.—The acute form of rhinitis is a febrile disease and therefore needs antiphlogistic treatment. The following pro- cedures are recommended: 1. Put animal in a comfortable place. 2. Let him rest; do not work him. 3. Dose him with acetanilid. 4. Give a fever mixture, such as recom- mended in ephemeral fever. 5. Give a diuretic—the kidneys must be stimulated early in every febrile dis- ease, so as to prevent an accumulation of debris in the urinary system. 6. Apply local treatment to the head. : Steaming the head over a tub of hot water is good for this case. Set a wash or soap tub on top of a barrel, and tie the OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A3 horse’s head so that he cannot thrust it down into the hot water. Throw a blanket over his head, and a red hot brick into the tub of water; this will precipitate suddenly a lot of steam, which will bring relief to the animal if the inflammation is located in the head, but not if in the lungs. It is possible to medicate the steam with an ounce of white wine vinegar, or dilute acetic acid, both of which are soothing to inflamed mucous membranes. If the catarrh has reached the suppurative stage, throw an ounce of car- bolic acid or an ounce of tincture of iodine into three gallons of water (hot), and allow the steam of it to penetrate the animal’s head. These will act as antiseptics. (Empirics will burn old leather and old boots, thinking that the fumes will be soothing to the inflamed membranes of the head, but this is erroneus). If the sinuses of the head are involved, the case is severe; but if not nature will effect her own cure. The nature of the dis- charge will enable one to tell whether the sinuses are affected or not. If they are, after steaming, rub a little ammonical liniment on the overlaying skin. B WACO E SATIN TIN OMA: <\cce-cnu Ghasare Oh Seene tots alere oe 6 1% ounce Ol. Terebinth...... Rapa he cee Se ate Rea eae ee % ounce HEZG OSSYD Uli as cere Se sua oa Yane ote ie ees as ad 2 ounces M. Sig.—Rub a little of the ointment over the sinuses—frontal and maxillary—night and morn- ing; in severe cases apply to the throat and fauces. (Linseed oil can be used instead of the cottonseed). After following this treatment for two or three days, the case is practically cured, but you must dry up the discharge and put the animal on a chalybeate course,—a course of iron. Potassiiim: Chlorate... snc. oscrn, oe-sroie «00's 0 ere % ounce Ly Wage SEN pe (CLD HO tance ee eee ie rad ge nr %, ounce PNCOTGIE OIG £210 bee gn ies ecient ee a END 1 pint M. Sig.— Mix and give 1 ounce every 4 hours. In a bad case keep the horse in for a week. As soon as the acute symptoms have subsided discontinue the steaming; stop the use of the ammoniacal liniment as soon as the skin begins to wrinkle, and apply a little cottonseed oil to soften up the skin. Subacute Rhinitis—These cases are mild and will not re- quire much if any treatment. Probably the case will not be 44 THEORY AND PRACTICE brought to you in this stage. However, subacute cases may de- velop into chronic and affect the sinuses of the head. Chronic Rhinitis or Catarrh.—This is sometimes called O- zena. It is a chronic nasal catarrh. Among the English Veter- inarians it is known as nasal gleet. Chronic catarrh always fol- lows the acute if it occurs at all. It has constantly to be dif- ferentiated from glanders. Its symptoms are as follows: 1. An intermittent muco - purulent dis- charge, of heavy specific gravity, and — _ nearly always offensive. The color varies from greenish yellow to whit- ish yellow, according to the amount of coagulated mucous in it. 2. Chunky condition of the discharge fol- lowing the intermittency. This is due to coagulation taking place during the confinement of the discharge over night, and it becomes very offensive. As soon as the animal begins to ex- ercise, chunks of mucous, fetid ana very profuse, pour out of the nose un- til the sinuses are empty. 3. Cough may be present ; usually the sub- maxillary lymphatics are enlarged. 4. Bulging of the sinuses from the pressure of the muco-purulent material within. In such a case the eyes may water a little, the conjunctiva be red, and the corner of the eyes contain a little coag- ulated mucous. 5. Appetite usually good. 6. Coat looks well if the animal has been kept in good condition. Negative symptoms: 7. No ulcerations of the Schneiderian — membrane in sight. If present they are too far back to be seen. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 45 8. If the mallein test is tried, it proves negative. Treatment—The treatment of chronic catarrh is entirely de- pendent upon the condition of the animal when first seen. If the disease has been running for the previous three or four weeks without treatment, or even if treated before, try to cure the case without any operation. Do this by using a nasal douche. Tie the horse from each side and fasten him down, holding his face as nearly perpendicular as possible. Twitch one ear and insert the douche in the nostril. Do not place the twitch on the nose in this case. Insert the douche in the side running the most, using a mild lotion. .A good lotion can be made from a 10 per cent solution of some of the sodium chlorides; sodium bicarbonate; boracic acid; or borax. Borax is borate of sodium. If carbolic acid is used, make up a solution about one-half of one per cent strength. Do not use solutions stronger than those mentioned. Rinse the nose with potash—l to 1000—then use saline. Run through the douche about 2 or 3 quarts or a gallon of this. Internally give the horse iron—exsiccate ~sulphate— one dram in the feed night and morning. In addition to this, if you wish, give him Fowler’s solution of arsenic, one-half ounce night and morning. This dosage would be for a 1000-lb. horse; for a 1600-lb. animal, give one ounce night and morning. Keep all this treatment up for two or three weeks, and feed on soft feed, grass if possible. If the sinuses are not too severely af- fected, this will cure the horse; but if they are full of mucous and pus, of degenerated and decomposing material, or if the sinuses are bulging, then an operation is necessary. Sinusitis —Put the horse on the table or lay him down, using a soft cushion under his head with a strong man to help hold him. Cut out a circular piece of skin opposite the fourth molar tooth, making the opening large enough to insert the instrument. Cut away the cellular tissues so as to expose the bone. Then bore through and withdraw the instrument and cut out the mu- cous membrane. In a long-standing case the pus will be very thick, so thick that it may have to be pulled out. Do not try to get all the pus out. Syringe the sinus well; the air and water will soften the mass so that in 60 to 72 hours the pus will come 46 THEORY AND PRACTICE out easily. After the operation syringe out the cavity with a mild solution such as previously mentioned, and repeat night and morning. Hang an apron over the horse’s head to cover the opening, and leave the hole open. The air will do as much to effect good healing as anything that could be applied. Some prac- titioners use a cob to stop up the opening, and corks are also used, but the wound shotild be left open. Nine times out of ten a case will yield to this treatment. After about three weeks, it will not be necessary to use the syringe longer, as the mass will have become so soft that it can easily be removed. The first two weeks, syringe out once every day; then once every three days. Too much washing maintains a discharge. Nature will do better than local applications. Remember, syringe night and morning for two weeks; then once a day for the third week; and after that two or three times a week. If you meet with a case that has been running a year or longer, the treatment may fail. There are many cases in which the mucous membrane is entirely gone as the result of absorption. Keep the horse on iron all through the treatment; it helps ma- terially to arrest suppuration. This operation is simple and usually satisfactory. Bear in mind that the fetid breath is a symptom of chronic nasal dis- charge.. When this condition is present, always examine the teeth to see that they are not decayed. If you find a decayed molar, remove it first; but if the mouth is sound, get after the nasal catarrh. It is very easy to mistake this condition for glanders. In removing a tooth. two things are to be guarded against, the cutting of the blood vessels and also of the nerves. that sup- ply the roots of the molars. Work above these and do not dis- turb them if possible. Although a very painful operation it is not advisable to use chloroform. LARYNG[ITIS. Definition Laryngitis is the inflammation of the mucous lin- ing of the larynx. Theoretically it may be limited to the larynx, but in every day practice, we usually find that it involves the OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 47 pharynx. It is then known as laryngo-pharyngitis. This is the usual case we find to treat, and it is spoken of as sore throat. In bad cases three or four inches at least of the upper part of the trachea are involved. ! - Pathology.—In this disease the inflammation runs the reg- ular typical course: first the dry, hot stage with suspension of the function of the mucous membrane; then the second or the wet stage with an abundant effusion producing more or less cedema. This cedema makes the parts swell; if it is located mostly around the rima glottidis, it will diminish the size of the air passage and cause dyspncea. Sometimes the passage becomes closed entirely, and the animal dies from asphyxiation. This oedematous condi- tion merits a special name—oedema glottidis. It may result in as- phyxiation in 48 hours. This is always a dangerous condition in man or beast, but more particularly in children under 5 and in people over 60. The first stage is short, 5 or 6 hours only. Sometimes the inflammation goes on to the third stage,—sup- puration, but this never amounts to much. Occasionally the case is so severe as to produce local necrosis in the larynx, and the horse in coughing will throw out threads of necrotic mu- cous membrane. This condition is called necrotic laryngitis, and the part coughed up is called a “sphacelus.’’ The act is called “sphacelation.” This is usually fatal, and in 6 or 8 weeks the horse dies from sphacelemia. In the horse this is a very dan- gerous condition because the larynx cannot be reached to clean it out. Death from cedema glottidis usually occurs within 48 hours” if it ocurs at all; after that there is no danger. Etiology.—The cause is undue exposure. Take a barn hold- ing 40 horses—-brick barn worse than frame—wide open, no fire, and very cold. The bricks hold the chill. The horses feed out at noon in nose bags, and come in at night tired, very much so if the ground is covered with snow and ice. They cannot re- sist the chill of the barn, and the next morning one horse does not eat his breakfast. He has acute laryngitis. Symptoms.—In all bad cases there is more or less chill, which the attendant may or may not see; temperature 104-106; pulse full, round and soft, and increased in frequency; throat swollen, 48 THEORY AND PRACTICE outside and in; (the more it swells on the outside,’ the less it swells on the inside, and those swelling freely on the outside are not the most serrous cases; nose poked out. If this were seen in the first stage, there would probably be a dry, sore, hacking cough with disinclination to swallow. In the second stage an cedematous, moist cough is present, and it is painful. The pain is indicated by the horse shaking his head after each cough. The discharge is profuse, mostly saliva, the reason for which is that the inflammation is in close proximity to the parotid glands, and stimulates them to increased functional activity. This se- cretion passes back through the fauces but. cannot go further down on account of the swelling, and is therefore forced out through the nose. In this condition the nose is sore; pressure on the outside causes the animal to throw up his head, an indica- tion of pain. The case runs along for 4 or 5 days, by which time there may be a little pus, a few mucous follicles may suppurate, and the discharge may be starchy. However, it usually consists of mucous and saliva. The breathing is accelerated; upon opening the mouth it is full of ropy saliva. In all these cases there is more or less dyspnoea, and the mucous membranes become cyanotic acording to the amount of dyspnoea present. The less oxygen the horse gets the darker the mucous membranes become. If the dyspncea becomes severe, the eyes bulge, and the animal makes a great noise both during expiration and inspiration. Death may come any time between 48 and 100 hours, usually in about 75 hours. As death comes on the extremities get cold, the eyes bulge, and weakness develops rapidly; but the animal persistently stands until he drops dead. Prognosis —This depends entirely upon the amount of dysp- ncea present. Laryngo-pharyngitis with cedema glottidis is very dangerous and often fatal. If it takes three or four days for the asphyxia to kill him, the mucous membranes will not only be cyanotic, but they will become ecchymotic as well. Treatment.—As a rule the doctor is called the first day; he sees the horse not eating and discharging from the nose. The following is the course of treatment to pursue: OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. | 49 1. First look after the hygiene, warm up the stable—with a stove if possible. Keep the temperature 60-66 degrees. You cannot treat an animal success- fully in a cold barn. 2. Clothe warmly. 3. Apply the ammoniacal liniment,on the outside of the throat freely. The old theory of a blister supposed its action to be that of a revulsive to draw the inflammation out and to drive it away; but this theory is obsolete. We know now that it acts as a local stimulant, setting up a mild inflam- matory process, and in an acute dis- ease this is always beneficial. 4. After applying the liniment, then put on a hot linseed poultice, which must be repeated night and morning. Do not repeat the application of the lini- ment. Bandage the poultice well. 5. For internal medication give a dram — of acetanilid and repeat every 4 ° hours. Son 6. Give an ounce of fever mixture every hour—small doses will insure that more be swallowed. : 7. See the case every day. If the inflam- mation increases, give a camphor electuary. BR “ Girne Campion aoe. soos sobs Cer pes oe 1 ounce Pts hr POM OOH NG, h.c056 ssc: 0:00 ob 3 e205 wo oreo so o's 6 2 ounces Bue SE ioe GHEY CVT PMI Oe se owe ew oc oe so 8s Sree we 2 ounces EY Xe SANTI EV OEMECA recs occ oo oes be Ris ee ewes 1 ounce LES OVE C1 Pe Ges Segre oes era eG i ee ne gp 6 ounces Pharmacy.—Powder the gum camphor in a mortar, and add a little alcohol. Then add the fluid extracts and stir up and then the theriace. Stir all up together, adding enough pow- 50 THEORY AND PRACTICE dered glycyrrhiza, probably 2-4 ounces, to make the mixture thick enough to administer the dose on a wooden, spatula. In administering a dose, simply take it up on the spatula and wipe it. olf onthe toretie *of' the animal. The advantage of the method is that the dose stays in the throat longer. If the case does not yield to these measures of treatment, do not wait too long for an operation; as soon as the mucous membrances become cyanotic, tracheotomy is indicated. There are several different kinds of teacecromy tubes and they vary in size to suit the animal. Tracheotomy.—Make an incision 2 inches long through the skin to the cartilaginous rings, then turn the scalpel crosswise and cut through the membrane of the trachea. Enlarge the opening with a probe-pointed bistoury. Do not wound the cartilage rings. Insert the tube and fasten around the neck well. The tissues overlaying the wound and adjacent to it may begin to swell and force the instrument out, but this need not occur if the operation is aseptic. The tube should be removed and cleaned every night and morning. This operation does. not cure; keep up the other treatment until the animal begins to yield. An ordinary sore throat is cured by the i iron gargle: BR PEC er “OMLOT ICT cin Cie nh oe okle ah aee Castiale Oey 1 ounce Potassitime: > Chlorate: Joos cco ce we cose eee % ounce PN CUE LOS AAG: Selo covet tin s"s),avs) ab aaae Ge Ute) ate Nia asin eects 1 pint M. Sig—One ounce every four ions In cases not severe enough for the camphor electuary, altern- ate the gargle with the fever mixture. Also use the gargle dur- ing convalescence. Hygiene—Keep fresh water before the animal all the time; give him everything he wants to eat. - CHRONIC LARYNGITIS. Under this head come nearly all the conditions producing noisy. breathing—roaring, whistling, wheezing, thick wind, chronic cough, and paralysis of the throat. ‘ ee ————————————< Panting 100:a qamute, 10. Expired air is cold—air does not reach the capillaries so as to get warm. 11. Ears and extremities cold. 12. Hemoptysis (in bad cases)—bleeding | from lungs. 13. Blood coming from the nostrils is frothy. SI ©) THEORY AND PRACTICE 14. Action of heart is tumultuous—the beats come piling in one after another. 15. Pulse irregular in every respect—fre- quency, force and rythm. In an aggravated case—we do not see it in this country—the horse dies right away. Such can happen in young bloods, in fox hounds, etc., which are at the mercy of the hunter. So far as other causes are concerned, impure air may cause passive congestion of the lungs—the imperfectly zrated blood would not support the brain properly. This occurs in cold sta- bles which are shut up tight, and the air becomes poor in quality. Morbid Anatomy.—There is no free arteriole anastomosis be- tween the lung lobules, and the consequences are grave on ac- count of this fact. The infraction occurs in patches, and what- ever capillaries become plugged, the blood supplying that part cannot get away and it is impure blood. If the impacted por- tion is large enough, the animal will die of asphyxia, but in any case the impacted portion dies, and moist gangrene results: the animal dies in 3 or 4 days. In case the congestion is not severe enough to cause gangrene, then it probably will produce inflam- mation and end in pneumonia. ; These are the four results of pulmonary congestion: 1. Resolution—congested products become absorbed. 2. Moist gangrene of certain portions. 3. Pneumonia. 4. Asphyxia. Post Mortem.—Vhe lesions depend upon the immediate cause of death: 1. Asphyxia—lungs black. 2. Gangrene—lungs green. 3. Pneumonia (always limited to certain pas) por- tions of lung will be red or gray. 4. In case of impaction there will be more or less bloody froth in the tubes. M1- croscopically there is more or less ex- travasation of the blood into the vesi- cles, thrombosis may be present. fe 3b aape eos: OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 71 Hypostalic congestion of the lungs occurs in this condition. The lung is not as severely congested; no bloody froth in the bronchioles; normal crepitation and normal specific gravity of the lung; blood is not forced in—simply due to gravitation; no. exudation, no extravasation, no hemorrhage by rhexis or diape- desis. This kind of congestion plays a very important part in di- agnosis for forensic purposes. Treatment.—Give plenty of fresh air; keep him quiet—do not let the horse be ridden or driven home; take him to the nearest stable and leave him there until he recovers. Clothe him warmly. Give him stimulants—alcohol, strychnine, atropine, aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, strophanthus. Bear in mind that the congestion is due to diminished cardiac power. It used to be practiced to bleed horses in this con- dition, but we do not do it any more. The weak heart dictates the rationality of the treatment. Keep the animal quiet for sev- eral days and watch for pneumatic symptoms. Clothe warmly, bandage legs, and keep on light diet. If gangrene develops, great and sudden weakness come on, loss of appetite, etc. -PNEUMONIA. Defimtion.—Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs, i. e., the air vesicles. It is divided into several dif- ferent classes: ; Location.— 1. Lobar—when a whole lobe is affected. 2. Lobular—when it is limited to the lob- ules. Character— 1. Fibrinous or Croupous. 2. Catarrhal—usually complicated with bronchitis—broncho-pneumonia. 3. Caseous Pneumonia—tuberculosis. 4. Interstitial Pneumonia—when the in- flammation is located in interstitial tis- sue. 72 THEORY AND PRACTICE We also have (1) Contagious and (2) Non-Contagious (sporadic) pneumonia. Pleurisy is sometimes combined with pneumonia and we get pleuro-pneumoma.. Vhe. horse practically always has the lobar pneumonia and it is always fibrinous. He has both the contagious and the non-contagious and has the inter- stitial as a complication in glanders. Occasionally he has the catarrhal form as far as the complication of bronchitis with it is concerned, constituting broncho-pneumoma, but the pneumonia is fibrinous. The catarrhal form is seen most often in children; fibrinous in horses and men. The catarrhal is usually the form seen in dogs and cats. Caseous is seen in cattle, men and swine. Characteristics of cut surface of consolidated lung: 1. Fibrinous—glistening, rough, dry, 1. e., comparatively. 2. Catarrhal—smooth and moist. 3. Caseous—opaque, cheesy, smooth and lustreless. ° 4. Interstitial—this is more the inflamma- tion of the interlobular connective tis- sue, and extends to the vesicles only secondarily. This is the pneumonia which complicates glanders, seen also in coal miners. Fibrinous pneumonia is usuually lobar, while the catarrhal is frequently lobular. Pneumonia may be single or ,double—right or left lateral. It runs through four well defined stages. As- suming now that preceding the pneumonia there must be active congestion of the lungs, the various stages are: 1. Dry hot stage of inflammation in which the function is suspended. Walls of the vesicles are dry, and during respi- ration they crackle and the sound can be heard by auscultation instead of the normal respiratory murmur. Stage lasts 6-10 hours. 2. Stage of effusion—the lung becomes cedematous and will pit on pressure. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 7S In the contagious pleuro-penumonia of cattle the cut lung will drip with serum—never so cedematous in horses. Stage lasts 3-4 days and graduually drifts into the 3rd stage.: 3. Red hepatization—so-called because the lung resembles liver in constituency. The third stage is long according to “the severity or it) “Stage lasts 1-2 weeks and drifts into the fourth. 4. Gray hepatization—this is practically the same as the 3rd stage except that the tissue loses its color and the hemo- globin fades out. The time of crisis comes at the height of the 3rd stage. This is followed by a progressive softening which runs through the Ath. In recovery the inflammatory reposits soften, liquefy and become absorbed, terminating in resolution in the large ma- jority of horses. More horses recover from pneumonia than any other species of animal. It 1s marvelous to what extent they recover. ~ Pneumonia may occur in either one side or the other, either the right or left lateral or both lungs, in which case it is double. We find by experience that it occurs most often on the right side. Right lateral pneumonia is more common than left lateral or double. I think that in this respect it will correspond to the observations in the human subject. A German authority gives the following statistics of 6666 cases of pneumonia in the human: 53./0 per cent were right lateral. So-20 pen cele were: ett daterak 8.07 per cent were double. These will run about the same in the horse. Semeiology.—First Stage—Breathing is accelerated, nostrils dilated slightly, temperature probably 106, pulse 50, full, round and strong. Auscultation reveals a faint crackling sound in the lungs; respiration probably 20. Second stage—By auscultation you hear some crackling and a good deal of dullness; respiration a little faster, probably 24; 74 THEORY AND PRACTICE nostrils a little more dilated; visible mucous membranes highly injected and about the 3rd day they begin to become icteric (yel- low). The secretions become altered, namely, the urine gets scanty and high colored; feces are scanty; what pellets are passed are coated with slime; thirst increases; expired air hot; tubular breathing increased. In normal respiration you do not hear any tubular breathing; the air passes in and out without any perceptible sound. But in case of rapid breathing, as the vesicles begin to fill, we can hear the air rushing in and out through the bronchioles. ‘This is called “tubular breathing.” In normal breathing the only sound we hear is the quiet respiratory murmur. ' The symptoms run along from day to day gradually grow- ing worse: temperature always 106; pulse getting more rapid,—- 3rd day about 60; 4th, 64; 5th, 70; 6th, 75; and 7th, 80. The strength of the pulse will depend upon the extent of the lungs involved. If both lungs are involved, the case is usually fatal. A case of double pneumonia that is fatal generally dies on the 5th day. The animal may live to the 6th, and if he lives to the 7th, there is hope that the crisis will be passed with safety and he will recover. | Suppose that a fatal case with extensive consolidation has been running for 5 days: on the morning of the 5th day you find the nostrils intensely dilated, respirations probably 40-50 per minute, and there is an impulse given to the body by the res- piration. You will detect that impulse by placing your hand on the hip of the animal. This impulse is in direct proportion to the amount of dyspnoea present. This is a valuable point in making your prognosis. In other words, the greater the im- pulse, the greater the labor in breathing with disastrous conse- quences. The mucous membranes begin to get cyanotic by about the end of the 3rd day. This increases until time of death, when they are livid with an orange tinge. As death approaches, the horse sweats in patches, his extremities get cold, and exhaustion develops rapidly. He persistently stands all through the course of the disease until he drops and dies from asphyxia. After the lungs have become solid, under percussion you get oa a Ove OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 45 a solid dense sound,—no sound except the tubular breathing. Note particularly that there is a difference between pneumonia and hydro-thorax. In pneumonia you hear the tubular breath- ing to the very bottom; in hydrothorax you hear no sound be- low the water line. This tubular breathing is a very important symptom in pneumonia, in which it is a diagnostic symptom. No respiratory murmur can be heard for the air vesicles are full. In such a condition the expired air is usually cold, for it does not stay in the lungs long enough to get warmed up. Etiology.—A specific pneumococctis causes an ordinary case in croupous pneumonia. In other cases a bacillus is found, which some bacteriologists consider pathogenic for this disease. But — these germs are usually found in the mouth of the healthy ani- mal so that it yields to the action of germs which are con- stantly present in his mouth. A lowered resistence on the part of the animal will allow the bacteria to grow and multiply. Those exciting causes are as follows: 1. Exposure to cold and wet. If the cold is damp, this aggravates the case. 2. Insufficient ventilation. 3. Defective cardiac power as seen in pas- sive congestion of the lungs. 4. Inhalation of smoke and irrespirable gases. | 5. Foreign bodies taken in through the trachea and bronchi. Gastric flatulence and eructations. Faulty mechanism of deglutition,—epi- glottis does not close over the rima glottis properly, ‘and eructated matter from the stomach falls down the larynx. This ocurs in severe nervous disturbance in gastric flatulence. 8. Traumatisms. _ 9. Broken rib—end jammed into the lung. 10. Old age—senile pneumonia. Pneumonia is a peculiar disease especially as it is seen in Pe) 76 THEORY AND PRACTICE old age. In this condition probably the nervous system is worn out, and we get a weak heart—diminished cardiac power, there- fore, being the cause of the congestion and the pneumonia. Contagious Pneumonia.—We do not know much about its cause. Horses affected with influenza, known as “shipping fe- ver,’ “sales stable fever,” etc., have this pneumonia. This form of pneumonia arising as an accidental feature of influenza is spe- cific—it is contagious. Upon physical examination we find no difference from the ordinary form of pneumonia, but the his- tory is different. I consider that this pneumonia is a local man- ifestation of a constitutional disease. Symptoms.—There are two marked symptoms which occur in the contagious pneumonia: 1. Great nervous prostration. 2. Marked icterus. These symptoms are not so marked in sporadic pneumonia. In the contagious the prostrated nerves fail to act in the liver and we get biliary congestion, the bile becomes absorbed and the mucous membranes become yellow. It takes three or four days for this symptom to appear. Interstitial Pneumonia of Glanders.—This is an incidental lo- calization of the virus of the disease. It attacks the interstitial tissue primarily, and extends to the parenchymatous tissue sec- ondarily. Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia of Cattle—This is a specific usually lobular, but in severe cases may be lobar. In all cases pneumonia which produces a localization of the virus. It is fibrinous. When localized, it becomes - encapsulated, indi- cating that the pneumonia is sharply circumscribed. Its defi- nite localization is a marked characteristic of the disease. This pneumonia becomes chronic; it never terminates by resolution. In ’87-’88 two-thirds of the Cook County cattle died from con- tagious pleuro-pneumonia. Symptomatology.—Contagious pleuro-pneumonia is usually preceded by a rigor. There is high fever on the first day; tem- perature 106; pulse full, round, strong and about 50; fine crack- ling sounds in the lungs; breathing about 22. The second day the temperature is still 106; respirations about 26; not so much OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 77. crackling; lessened respiratory murmur; increased tubular sounds; part is dull under percussion ; expired ditnts nots Wieine is scanty and high-colored; feces scanty; usually complete anor- exia. On the third day the temperature is still the same—106; pulse 66; respirations 30; mucous membranes yellowish; nos- trils dilated; considerable impulse to the body by respiration; thirst increased; elbows turned out; pellets of feces coated with slime; by auscultation the lung substance is dull, by percussion less resonance. The fourth day (now in the third stage), tem- perature 106.5; mucous membranes cyanotic; body impulse in- creased; tubular breathing only (can be heard to the very bot- tom). Fifth day—temperature lowered, 104.5; pulse 80; res- pirations 30; heaving of the flanks; increased cyanosis; extrem- ities cold; rusty discharge from the nose (not always present) ; sometimes actual hemoptysis; ears drooped; haggard counte- nance; expired air cold; pulse growing imperceptible. The an- ime dies wsutially on the 5th day. But if he recovers, the crisis is reached on the 7th day. As the lung clears up you will hear a little respiratory murmur here and there. Most horses recover quickly from pneumonia, but there will be an occasional one that will inger along for 4-6 months and then die. In such a case the consolidation was excessively hard, so that when it ran into the stage of gray hepatization, instead of resolution, the material broke down and formed abscesses. The products become absorbed and the horse dies from septiczemia. Treatment.—There is no specific treatment for pneumonia. Inasmuch as the pneumococcus is recognized as a specific cause, there will probably sometime be found a serum which will coun- teract the disease. Now we must treat the symptoms. With the pathology in mind we come to the conclusion that we must stimulate the heart. A strong heart tends to prevent consolida- tion; a weak heart encourages it. Therefore-if you let the heart get weak, the horse will run down rapidly. -- Strychnine comes at the head of the list of stimulants. You cannot treat pneumonia successfully without it. I have not much use for digitalis—we do not get satisfactory results from using it in treating the horse. It is all right in the diseases of the 78 THEORY AND PRACTICE dog and man. As regards alcohol we get good results from its use. ? Let us suppose a case in the first stage, the short stage. Heroic treatment may abort the disease. I would recommend either lib- eral blood-letting or a fever mixture such as acetanilid, aconite, belladonna and spirits of nitrous ether. The acetanilid will act the same as blood-letting, i. e., lower the temperature. Apply stimulants externally, say a liniment. The ammoniacal liniment is too strong to spread over the broad side. of a horse; the or- dinary white liniment which we use as a sprain liniment is good here. Apply a pint over the surface and then cover it immedi- diately. This warms the animal and seems to act as a special stimulant to the vaso-motor system. Bandage the animal’s legs, put him off by himself where he will not have to breathe the air of other. animals,—where the air is not impoverished by the fumes of urine and feces. With this treatment for 24 hours, if you have been success- ful in aborting the disease, the temperature will have come down to normal, the pulse 50, though soft and perhaps a little weak. If the case comes to you in the second stage, pulse 60-70, mucous membranes. yellow, etc., the case is serious. Pulse at 60 is the danger point—you cannot abort the disease. With a view to eliminating the consolidation, carry the horse to the crisis. Cut out the aconite and potash until you produce diuresis. Give stimulants. ees The following is a prescription for a serious case in the sec- ond stage: 134 Qumine “Sulphate. 20 oe te ee wt ees 1 ounce Spts:- Vim RECUOS. ¢ ac eatin so oe cies 4 ounces uby GOR. Sa Bae & Spee a cee telaus ale ae Coa 6 ounces Ri dis: NUCIS “Volks ook oe ee oe 2 ounces HW: Gent ARG os 2c ek Sa oc eon 2 ounces AQua. GS Sati’ Of Sack ek on en ote ae 1 quart M. Sig.—Give 2 ounces every 2 hours. Also give a dram of acetanilid every 2 hours until the temperature is lowered. If the horse weighs 1800 Ibs. increase the dose. Repeat the stimulating liniment night and morning until he begins to get a ¢ OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79 little sore. Push the fever mixture until you get the heart to pounding like a hammer. External treatment in the form of ice packs over the lungs is good for pneumonia. A linseed poultice with mustard mixed in is preferred by some. Woolen blankets wet with cold water can be applied to the chest and covered with warm dry blankets. This abstracts heat and lowers the temperature, alleviating the congestion. In regard to hygiene avoid drafts, give good bedding, keep cold water before the animal and change often. In lieu of good grass, give scalded oats and bran with a pinch of salt. Give the horse anything that he will eat so as to keep up his appetite. Somctimes a horse will eat corn off the cob when he will not eat anything else. Keep the bowels open,—soap and water enema - once or twice a day if necessary. Keep the temperature at 102-4, but the main thing is the pulse. Keep it at 60 and below and the horse is safe. Watch the action of the kidneys; do not let the diuresis go too far. When sufficient, drop out the potash, the alcohol will maintain sufficient diuresis through the rest of the course. If necessary give a little Tr. Iron and lessen the al- cohol. Bear in mind that strychnine is the sheet anchor and hygiene comes next. | If your case is one of broncho-pneumonia, add chloride of ammonia to the fever mixture. This is a special stimulant for bronchial diseases. PLEURISY. Defimtion.—Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura, a se- rous covering to the inside of the chest cavity (parietal) and to the outside of the lung (pulmonary). Between the two is a partition called the mediastinum. In the horse cribriform open- ings are in it making a communication between the right and left pleural cavities. The pleura normally secretes serum, which, however, is different from the serum of inflammation in that it is non-coagulable. In the horse pleurisy frequently exists as a separate and un- complicated disease, but in man and cattle, it often exists in com- 80 THEORY AND PRACTICE bination with pneumonia. Pleurisy may affect either side (right or left lateral) and it may be on both sides (general). It may originate on either the costal or pulmonary pleura and extend to the other parts by contiguity. In most cases in the horse the costal pleura is the one most usually affected. Etiology.—There are several causes which come into play: 1. Extension of inflammation to the pleura from contiguous tissues. 2. Direct irritation from local injury or from adventitious growths. 3. Exposure to cold and dampness. 4. Blood contamination. Pleurisy in this case is the localization of a spe- cihe disease; e505) the scoutagiede pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. In horses we find an equally typical case in the localization of influenza. : Extension.—The pulmonary’ pleura can easily be affected by an inflammation in the adjacent lung tissue, such as we find in pneumonia. Direct Irritation.—Suppose a broken rib juts into the costal pleura, though not puncturing it. This irritation will set up an inflammation. A shaft thrust into the chest of a horse will often cause pleurisy ; grapy tumors so common in cattle and hogs will cause it, . Exposuxe.—Meteorological conditions will cause pleurisy. If an animal has a long wet coat and stands for some time, he may come down with an attack of pleurisy in a few hours. Blood Contamination.—The so-called “sales stable fever” or influenza, may cause pleurisy, but it is general while that due to the other three causes is localized. Pleurisy may develop from intrinsic conditions within the body, as from anemia or pyemia. Hereditary conditions, acute rheumatism any typhoid fever may cause it. It may be incidental to old age. In these latter conditions the pleurisy develops as a complication. | Course —Pleurisy runs through four well-defined stages: 1. Stage of active congestion. ? Yt ae \ ie i i ; : f ¢ i , Ms 4 fs } f f rs i f ‘ \ a “yy re : \ ‘ ¢ re ae neal val y 4 1 anes - SH te ‘. ig! % | t ted: i j i esis " 7 4 4 F ea ae atrh OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81 2. Dry hot stage of inflammation (first). 3. Oedematous stage of inflammation (sec- ond). 4. Absorption (if horse does not die). Special Pathology.—In the first stage of pleurisy, the pleura becomes congested in streaks, spots or patches. These by ex- tension become confluent until the whole pleural surface is bright red. This condition is accompanied by definite symptoms on the part of the animal. These symptoms are very marked and they do not occur in the congestive stage of any other inflammation. The second stage of pleurisy (the first or dry hot stage of in- flammation) is characterized by a dry hot pleural membrane whose function is suspended. The costal and pulmonary pleura are both dry rubbing on each other, and by auscultation friction sounds can be detected. The second-stage is short, 6-8 hours. The third stage is the second or cedematous one of inflammation and is divided into two parts: A plastic exudation upon the pleural surface (the pleura is so dense that it cannot easily be- come infiltrated) ,—a coagulated mass forming a false mem- brane. In this first part of the third stage pleurisy may termi- nate by resolution, a sort of fatty degeneration of the false mem- brane; or if both pleurae are involved, they may adhere and grow together, forming a perfect adhesion, common in cattle and in people, but not in horses. Recovery may take place after adhesions have formed, but the adhesions remain permanent. The second half of the third stage is characterized by an effusion into the pleural cavity, 1. e., providing adhesions do not form. This effusion is called hydrothorax—water in the chest. The lungs float up until the animal cannot breathe and he dies from asphyxia. If the extent of cedematous pleura is not too big, and the inflammation subsides before the chest is more than one- third full, absorption will take place and the animal will re- cover. ae The special pathology of pleurisy is just as typical as in any other inflammation. All fatal cases of pleurisy die in the second half of the third stage. If the animal goes on to the fourth stage, the stage of absorption, he recovers. Hydrothorax is dangerous or not according to the amount 82 THEORY AND PRACTICE of serum in the chest. Its quantity depends upon the extent of the inflammation and its severity. In most cases the liquid in the cavity is serum, but it may be permanent and the condition is called empyema. Empyema is much more serious than hydro- thorax. | . Symptomatology.—Pleurisy is ushered in with rigor which is more or less severe. As a rule it is less severe than the chill _of bronchitis or pneumonia. The coat of the animal is staring and he has a rise of temperature. The congestion of the first stage is painful; the horse is restless, he paws, gets up and down, and sweats. These symptoms are often mistaken for those of colic. This mistake does no harm except that it delays the proper treatment. This stage lasts a few hours when the horse becomes more quiet, he is disinclined to move and breathes with care. His pulse is increased and begins to get hard; ribs are fixed; abdominal muscles contracted producing a line to the point of the elbow. This depression is called the pleuritic line, which as a rule we do not get in any other disease. As further symptoms we find the elbows turned out; ears drooping and cold; legs cold and the expired air cold. The horse breathes as little as he can because it is painful, and the air does not reach the capillaries. -Auscultation produces friction sounds over the affected part, like two dry surfaces rubbing to- gether. If you force the fingers between the ribs, it will cause pain and the horse will flinch and grunt. If you move him he will grunt. This grunt in acute diseases always indicates pleurisy in the horse; cattle, dogs and men grunt in other conditions. Also in chronic respiratory diseases in the horse we may have a grunt. When pleurisy-is complicated with other diseases we can always detect it by the grunt. The second stage of pleurisy runs along for 24 hours and we find the pulse increased in frequency and hardness: In the first half of the third stage the horse persistently stands; pleuritic line is well marked; breathing increased to 30; temperature 104; urine scanty and high-colored; bowels inactive; friction sounds can still be heard but less on account of the plastic exudate, which lessens the pain as well. Up to this time the animal has eaten practically nothing, but now he begins to eat because the eae Met os yo OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83 pain is diminished. The inflammation may subside right here and the horse go on to rapid recovery—in 4-5 days. But if the case runs through the third stage, then we get an effusion of se- rum into the thorax. The pain grows less and the animal will probably lie down and eat a little. The owner thinks that the horse is getting better, but you can see that the eyes are brighter and his nostrils dilated, and the flanks begin to heave. The pleu- ritic line is lessened, and auscultation reveals increased respira- tory sounds above the water line, and a total absence of sound below. The lung floats up on the surface of the water and works harder than usual. As the serum in the chest increases, and as the case has been running 3 or 4 days, ceedema can be noticed on the legs as high up as the elbow. Oedematous thick- ening in the lower part of the chest between the skin and the ribs can be deteced. This is a very valuable corroborative symp- tom. If the pleurisy is complicated with pneumonia, it is easy to make a diagnosis, for tubular breathing can be heard. If the lungs are consolidated, they cannot float on the surface of the water and it is difficult to diagnose the condition. Some horses seem to be stronger than others and the cedema does not take place, but as a rule some is present. Also we get cedema as the result of local treatment and this must be differ- entiated from the pathological lesion. As the thoracic cavity of the animal fills up with water, no- tice that the nostrils are dilated, that the eyes bulge; the back arched; horse breathes more slowly; the expired air is cold in most cases; with the ear at the nostrils a metallic tinkle can be heard, although this tinkle is not diagnostic. But it is not heard in pneumonia nor in bronchitis. It is a mucous rattle in the bronchi, and is very pronounced. As the dyspnoea increases the mucous membranes get darker and become cyanotic. The horse dies from asphyxia. Hydrothorax may be single or double the same as pleurisy. In the mediastinum are cribriform openings through which the fluid can pass from one side to the other. In many cases these openings become plugged up. If the water does not fill the chest more than one-third full, the fluid can become absorbed and the animal recover. If the inflammation subsides during the 84 THEORY AND PRACTICE first half of the third stage, the plastic exudate instead of soft- ening forms adhesions, and the lungs grow to the ribs. Symptoms of Pleural Adhesions—After a horse has made an apparent good recovery and is put to work again, say he goes out driving, when he stops puts his nose to one side—and forgets all else. He may turn into the ditch and then go on. This act is due to a stitch in his side, a disturbance of the circulation around the adhesion, and it produces sharp, lancing pain. The animal does this once and then again. He is a good horse to get rid of. - Treatment of Pleurisy.—If the doctor is called during the chill, he must treat that symptom until he can make a diagnosis as to whether the case is one of pneumonia, pleurisy, etc. Sup- pose now you have a carriage horse which has had to stand some time after a long drive and upon returning home and going to the stable he soon begins to hang his head, paws arourd, gets up and down, etc. The coachman gives him colic medicine but it does no good. Upon observing the respirations, you see that they are made with care; the animal has a temperature of 105-6; his pulse is 50.- He has pleurisy. Adopt heroic meas- ures to abort the trouble; and pleurisy is easily aborted. Put _ the horse on acetanilid and a fever mixture containing aconite. Apply local stimulants—the ammoniacal liniment, the white sprain liniment, or sinapis. The value of the external stimula- tion cannot be over estimated—its ability to abort disease. The liniment must smart and be prompt in its action. By next morn- ing the animal will be all right if you have aborted the case, which can be done 99 times out of a hundred. If you get a case in the second or third stage, or if your first case does not recover, apply a counter-irritant night and morning. Keep up the fever mixture with aconite to the mid- dle of the third stage. Repeat the acetanilid every four hours in moderate doses. Keep the temperature around 102 if possible, but do not dose too much with acetanilid. Keep the animal warm, feed light, and 90 per cent of the cases will yield to this treatment, and recover by resolution in the first half of the stage. The other 10 per cent will go on to hydrothorax. In case of generalized pleurisy “sales stable fever,’ you may OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 85 get a horse with hydrothorax after a three days’ sickness, while it ordinarily takes 10-20 days for this condition to develop. Pleurisy runs into the third stage very rapidly, but the chest does not fill up with water so quickly. Do not carry the stimulation so far as to blemish the side of the horse, but if you do make this blunder, you can tell the owner that it is better to have a scar on the side than to have a dead horse. You can tell a blister by pincing the skin. If it wrinkles, a blister is there. Open it and liberate any pus that is present, for blemishing is always brought about by leaving the pus and serum there. While the sides of the animal are soiled with liniment, put a cloth over the face when you wish to auscultate. Suppose now that you have a case of hydrothorax. Discon- tinue the counter irritant and the aconite. Give stimulants— strychnine, alcohol, etc., alternating with tincture of iron. The temperature in hydrothorax stays about 104. If the chest fills more than one-third full of water you must tap it. This opera- tion is called “paracentesis thoracis.”’ With trocar and canula evacuate the serum. Some prefer to aspirate the serum, some draw it off with a rubber tube, empty- “ing the fluid under water. Some think that it is not safe to draw off the water rapidly but this is a fallacy. As a consequence none of the trocars are big enough. This one that I use is three-eighths of an inch in diameter and has a short point, which is valuable in a case of pleuro-pneumonia. The short point will not be so liable to puncture a solid lung (one such as is char- acteristic of pneumonia). If the lung is not involved, it will be floated so high in the thoracic cavity that it will be out of the way of the trocar. In the majority of cases tap on the right side between the eighth and ninth ribs. Give the animal one- half pint of whiskey twenty minutes before beginning to ope- rate. This will prevent syncope. Never neglect this stimulant. Run the fingers down deep between the eighth and ninth ribs and in the pit that forms insert the scalpel, making an in- cision three-fourths of an inch long. After cutting through the skin, then go through the chest wall—go in slow. The incision should be made close to the anterior border of the rib. Insert the trocar and cannula and withdraw the trocar and the water t 86 THEORY AND PRACTICE begins to flow out. While it is running, if the horse shows any resistance, increase the twitch on his nose—this is all the re- straint that is necessary. If the operation is done between the seventh and eighth ribs, the elbow is apt to interfere, if the ani- mal is in pain and restless. Remove the twitch as soon as the flow is established. If there is any coagulum in the fluid, keep the cannula patulous with a small blunt instrument. The horse will improve at once with this operation. : If the cribriform openings of the mediastinum are plugged, you may have to tap the other side. Wait a day or two before performing a second operation. Do up the wound with a dry dressing and keep on for a few days. In some cases you may have to tap again, but do not operate in the same place; make a fresh opening. Never open up the old sore. Prognosis.—This is according to the color of the serum: if amber colored, it is favorable; if red, unfavorable. | In case of a purulent liquid, clean_out the chest cavity with 2-3 gallons of tincture of 1odine—1 per cent solution. Attach a rubber hose to the cannula, and run the solution (temperature 102) into the chest -from a fountain syringe. Hold there for 10-15 minutes and then let it run out again. In the human two or three opening are made and the cavity is flushed out with a solution of bichloride of mercury. Pneumothorax.—In case of puncture or wounding of the thoracic wall, air may get into the chest. ‘T’his is dangerous and will kill the animal if the pressure is sufficient to interfere with _ the action of the lungs. In such a case stop up the opening as quickly as possible. RECORD OF A’ CASE-OF- PNEUMONI HISTORY.—Case of a bay horse, 8 years old. He was taken sick one forenoon while standing in the railroad yard waiting for the milk train.to come in. He came down with a chill soon after reaching home. Dr. Baker was called to See him the next day (13th). OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 87 The following is the record of his pulse, temperature and res- piration for the two weeks of his sickness: Date. etipa. seulse: Resp. 13 End of Ist stage 104.8 60 24 14 106.2 66 30 15 2nd and 3rd 105.4 Vf 32 16 stages 105.6 70 ' 36° Crisis 17 4th stage begins 104.4 68 48 passed. 18 Gray hepatization 102.6 590 heart be-. 32 gins to pound 19 102.8 56 32 20 103.5 58 a2 21 102 50 20 Nervous 22 LONG). 47, 32 system Zo 1022 48 33. only mod- 24 101.6 48 30) ctrately 25 100. a7, 22- excited: TREATMENT.—tThe following was the dosage: COMI TITS Wan on oo eh narrators e's wocare Sieve ees 1% ounce INU VOMIT atc nat aaa octet on erate dole Sie cae 1 ounce Beta Rc Gr CIN Ee tes St Once ore bole aro cduana rs 1 ounce SH RINGTEU CTH Gls Sane Pal ee Se Mine ae Op tae Ea 3 Ounces PUCOMO IE ark eS rats creer ate tical Soeeie bee tere .» 4 ounces CLA NS AC ener seal sao ns sah vena geal coce wae 1 pint M. Sig.—One dose, 2 ounces every 2-hours. Also give 1 dram of acetanilid every 4 hours. On the 23rd day the quinine was stopped and ammonium car- bonate (1-2 dram) was substituted for it in the mixture, the alcohol being lessened to 3 ounces. The acetanilid was discon- tinued after the fifth day. 88 THEORY AND PRACTICE DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. (Horse. ) The lips are the prehensile organs, the incisor teeth are the nippers. The food pass back on the tongue, and while the animal is chewing, the salivary glands are stimulated to secrete enormous quantities of saliva, which is poured out partly to moisten the food and partly to digest it. Its digestive action is amylolytic, 1. e., digests starch. It takes about 15 minutes for the saliva to act. The food is then formed into a bolus, which passes down the cesophagus to the stomach. In all monogastric animals the stomach is in a collapsed con- dition before eating begins; in ruminants some food is always present in the stomach. In monogastrics the stomach is no larger than the amount of food put into it. After the food en- ters the stomach, the starch digestion goes on for a little time, and some lactic acid is formed. The presence of the food stim- ulates the gastric juice to flow; this juice contains the hydro- chloric acid, and when its secretion is fully established, the starch digestion ceases. As soon as the acidulation comes up to a cer- tain point, the pylorus opens and the products of digestion (now called chyme) pass out into the duodenum, where the bile and pancreatic ferments act upon it. The action of the bile is three- fold: 1. Changes the acid reaction to alkaline. 2. Emulsifies the fat. 3. Acts as a laxative. The pancreatic juice contains four ferments: 1. Amylopsin—to digest starch. 2. Steapsin—to digest fat. 3. Rennin—to digest milk. 4. Trypsin—to digest proteids. In the duodenum the chyme is changed to chyle. In the intestine the food meets with succus intericus, which Pawlow calls the “juice of juices.” The food is absorbed by the villi of the smat: intestine. In the villi are the small lym- —————_ OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 8&9 phatics which take in the fat, carrying it to the receptaculum chyli and from there on through the thoracic duct to the heart; the villus capillaries absorb the other products of digestion and carry them to the liver. The stomach is the fountain of health; if in good condition the animal is well. In man indigestion is the main factor caus- ing disease and this is also true in the other animals. The food is either too bulky, or too concentrated ; too rich or too poor; too wet or too dry; contains too much indigestible matter or not enough of it; the animal is either over-fed or not fed enough; -he is fed at too long intervals or irregularly. As regards the tendency of digestive organs to develop dis- ease, this depends largely upon the parts of the digestive system most often in use: such parts will be most abused. In the horse the food is a short time in the stomach and a long time in the bowels. Consequently the horse has less disturbance in the stom- ach than in the bowels—diseases of the bowels are common. In ruminants the reverse conditions attain diseases of the stom- ach are common and rare in the bowels. The horse, not being a ruminant, should eat slowly and mas- ticate his food thoroughly. It is important that the amylopsis in the mouth should be complete. Many diseases come from bolting the food. Sometimes it is difficult to prevent bolting. Too concentrated food produces diseases of the stomach; too bulky food, diseases of the bowels. It is a recognized fact that wholly digestible food produces paralysis of the stomach. For this reason it is not a good plan to feed a horse on flour: the stomach requires the cellulose covering of the grain to irritate its glands. Nature provides this indigestible matter for an ir- ritating factor and consequently the stomach will not work on too concentrated food. If such is given, the germs present in the stomach take advantage of its inertia and set up a fermenta- tion which leads to gastric flatulence and possibly rupture. On this account some object to cooking the food, but this does no harm if plenty of indigestible stuff is given too. Suppose you scald the oats, this makes them easier to digest and also renders part of the cellulose digestible as well; but you cannot feed the horse the rolled oats which people eat, for it is too concentrated. 90 4 THEORY AND PRACTICE Do not clip the oats for the horse, he needs the hull as an irritant. Clipped oats make work for the veterinarian. Barley, wheat or other heavy grain is too concentrated food —it has not enough indigestible cellulose The horse needs hay. Without it the stomach will not work. PHENOMENA OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGARS The phenomena of Digestive Diseases are fewer than those of the respiratory system but these phenomena are well marked. They are as follows: . 1. Flatulence. 2. Colicky pains. 3. Turning up of the upper lip—expression of nausea. The horse stands still, sud- denly stops eating and then turns up his upper lip. The only exception to this being an evidence of nausea is ~ in the case of a stallion teasing a mare. 4. Constipation — pellets hard, small, scanty, or wholly absent. 5. Diarrhea. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. CONGESTION OF THE BUCCAL MEMBRANE. Defimtion.—This condition is a congestion of the mucous lin- ing of the mouth. It occurs in young animals during teething. When a temporary tooth drops out and a permanent one comes in its place, this produces a circulatory disturbance. The buccal membrane may also become congested as the result of gastric in- digestion. “Lampas” is really an imaginary disease. It is nothing but the congestion of:the bars of the mouth. The bars hang down ‘ usually on a level with the upper incisors, sometimes below in # aes One Ae aires ps a OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 91 old horses. Disease of the bars never occurs except in punct- ure or injury. Ifa horse does not eat, a quack may be called to look into his mouth; he sees the bars projecting down, and as a bluff he says its the,“lampas.” Or the horse falls into the hands of some horse-shoer, who says that the bars must be turned out. This is cruelty to animals. The bars in a horse’s mouth are for the purpose of keeping the oats inside the mouth while being chewed. You cannot ignore the owner’s diagnosis of “lampas.” Take your knife and scarify the first bar about 1-3 of an inch deep. Then give the animal a mouth lotion, bicarbonae of soda, or borax and charge your client $2.00! If your client will permit you, examine the animal further to find the reason of his not eating. Dentition and indigestion are the two main causes of sore mouth. In children, puppies and pigs, convulsions may occur as a result of the nervous disturbance accompanying the rupture of atooth. This can be relieved by scarifying the gum. Hemorrhage of the Palatine Artery.—The palatine artery is often wounded by empirics who try to scarify the bars in case of the so-called lampas. ‘The tissues around the artery are very firm and do not contract down upon it when wounded-as with other vessels. When such a condition falls into your hands, put on your overalls and gown, for the blood will spurt and pour out profusely. Take a tightly rolled wad of a substance like oak- um or cotton (about the size of a goose egg) ; dip the end of the wad in Munsen’s solution of iron and apply it to the roof of the mouth. Holding up the upper lip, wind the oakum tightly to the incisor 6 or 8 times, and then leave it alone. It will be all right the next day. Give the owner a lotion to wash out this horse’s mouth and charge him a good fee! Do not embarrass the horseshoer by running down his work before the owner. As far as possible protect the horseshoers. 92 THEORY AND PRACTICE SPFOMATIFIS. Stomatitis runs a course through three kinds of inflammation: (1) Catarrhal (2) Vesicular and (3) Pustular. Further we recognize two kinds, the contagious and non-contagious. Etiology.—The contagious form of stomatitis is produced by some specific germ, which as yet we do not know. The non- contagious is often due to indigestion; it sometimes occurs through local injuries and infection of wounds. Very fortu- nately for all animals the infection of the mouth wounds is not common. The wounds are common but their infection is not. The salivary wash of the mouth is one continual disinfectant ; the saliva washes the germs away and bathes the wounds. Semetiology.—We see stomatitis in foals and in calves from too much nursing. The foam at the side of the mouth of a lit- tle calf, when in excess, produces sore mouth. This is “baby’s thrush.” A little gastric indigestion may accentuate it. Acari may infect these sore places. The form seen in foals is the ca- tarrhal form. It will show itself in deep red patches, in which a bran-like scurf will form. This is coagulated mucous, a plastic exudate, and it soon gets fetid. The fetor is due to the degen- erated mucous. In’a bad case these patches extend and coal- esce so that the whole lining of the cheek may be involved, even that of the lips and the frenum lingui. The roof is not often af- fected. The catarrhal form occurs later in the fall—the lips of the horse get chilled when he is grazing on the frozen grass in the late fall much worse than in winter. In the vesicular form of stomatitis the patches are covered with little vesicles. These vesicles are probably due to indiges- tion; they are little cankers, coming up first as vesicles then dis- charging and ulcerating. The pustular form may follow the vesicular. The technical name of the pustular form of stomatitis has been given by Prof. Williams as Stomatitis pustulosa contagiosa. It has an incubation of about 3 days. It will likely show as a profuse eruption on the lower lip, sometimes extending around on the outside of the lips even to the outside of the cheeks, down the shoulders, breast to the hoofs. The specific germ has ue 7 7 ay aut OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 93 never been found. ‘The course and termination are the same as equine variola, which in my opinion is the same disease. Horse pox is very contagious to other animals and to people. Never give a horse a ball without examining his mouth for contagious stomatitis. If the saliva from such a case drys on your hands, they will become inoculated with infection. If this does occur, soak the hands in a 5 per cent solution of formaldehyde. Treatment.—In the non-contagious form the first thing to do is to remove the cause. Change the diet of the animal if neces- sary. If the disease occurs in a nursing animal, do not let him nurse continually. Separate him from his mother. Wash the udder and teats with borax and also the mouth of the foal. In adult horses nothing is better than borax. As to the contagious form isolate the animal. It is no use to take him out of the stall, you must isolate the stall. If the partitions are board, they are all right, but if wire, board ones must be put up. Put ropes or chains behind the horse to keep him in. However, he can be used in single harness if he is not tied to a post or watered at a public watering trough. If his bit is used for other horses it must be disinfected. The inflam- mation must run its course but chlorate of potash, a saturated solution, will help. GEO@Sstis: Defimtion.—This is an inflammation of the muscle substance of the tongue. It is usually due to local injury. It may be pro- duced by scalding doses. A puncture produces an inflammation of the ultimate lingual structure, but the scalding dose produces also a catarrhal inflammation of the mucosa. Cause.—The cause is invariably due to local injury. In cat- tle it may take on the form of actinomycosis, tuberculosis, etc. The horse is not often affected with actinomycosis and tubercu- losis is rare. ' In glossitis the tongue swells and protrudes between the 1n- cisor teeth. The mouth hangs open and the tongue hangs out. Deglutition is difficult ; the horse is unable to eat and he may be unable to drink. Constitutional disturbances may occur. | 94 THEORY AND PRACTICE Treatment.—Ascertain the cause and remove any foreign body. If a puncture is present, follow it to the bottom with a probe-point- ed bistury and enlarge the opening. Irrigate well with an anti- septic; if a large wound, bathe with an antiseptic solution. Use water as warm as the horse can stand, carbolized 1 per cent or a 10 per cent solution of boracic acid or a saturated. solution of chlorate of potash. If the swelling does not yield promptly, scar- ify the tongue on the side an inch long and 1-4 inch deep. Bathe the tongue with water 102-3 degrees F. to promote bleeding and then go on using the antisepic soluion. If the mouth gets foul, sponge out twice daily with permanganate of potash. If the tongue is injured by getting caught in a halter chain, and is torn, say three-fourths off, amputate the balance. You cannot get union between incised or lacerated surfaces in the mouth. In examining a horse for soundness, always examine the tongue. A horse with a short tongue is damaged and he cannot feed so well. PAROTIDISIS: Parotiditis is the inflammation of the parotid gland. It is usually acute and it usually goes on to suppuration, forming one large abscess or two or more small ones. The cause may be influenza or strangles, or some other blood contamination. It may be due to local injury. In my experience the disease oc- curs without any ascertainable cause. Sjmptoms.—The parotid gland swells and is very sore; the nose is poked out; deglutition is difficult; neck stiff; and it is hard for the animal to eat. The abscess is likely to be deep- seated, and will take a long time to rupture spontaneously. Con- sequently we do not wait but open it up. Small superficial ab- scesses may rupture of their own accord. Treatment.—Hot poultices are easier than applications of hot water. If you set a man to bathing a part with hot water, he is inclined to get tired and stop before he has accomplished any good results. A hot linseed poultice will soften the abscesses and about the fifth day it can be opened and the pus let out. Into the cavity inject an antiseptic solution, then insert a little OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 95 _ pledget of cotton and poultice some more to finish up the sup- puration. If a poultice is properly made with boiling water, it must be pretty nearly sterile. You never get any infection from a poultice. _ Usually the salivary discharge from the gland is increased and a salivary fistula will follow. This discharge is clear and odor- less. Insert a probe-pointed bistury into the fistula, enlarge the opening of Steno’s duct slightly—to about 1-4 inch in diameter —and inject tincture of iodine full strength. A single dose ought to cure. If not, repeat about once in every ten days. PANS AIE SVE Ptyalism is an increased flow of saliva. This cannot be considered a disease but is a symptom of some other trouble. Ptyalism accompanies many diseases, such as sore throat, te- tanus, sore mouth, etc. As a rule it may be said that any in- flammation near the salivary gland will increase the secretion of saliva. Treatment—The most effectual treatment is to remove the cause. When the horse slobbers too freely while in harness or while eating, there is something wrong with his mouth—either the bit irritates him and causes soreness or his teeth are too sharp and the bit pulls against the sharp corners of the upper molars. It is not at all uncommon for a horse to foam at the mouth a good deal while driving. This, of course, is disagree- able and looks bad. When the veterinarian is consulted he nat- urally expects to find something wrong with the mouth. We usually find that the bar and curb bit (the usual bit for coach horses in order to give them proud carriage) does not fit the mouth or jaw; and for the very purpose to make the horse prance and make him showy, the coachman has the lines buckled down in the curb and touches him up with the whip. Occa- sionally the horse gets crazy, especially a young horse, under such irritating conditions. The horse pulls hard on the bit, and the bar bit with the chain underneath is brought back against the sharp edge, it cuts through the tissues, and injures the bone, 06 THEORY AND PRACTICE The contused bone dies and sloughs off. This condition makes a very sore mouth, therefore always watch for the cause. The horse that slobbers too freely while eating cannot be cured unless you can find some mechanical cause, as the sharp molars. If you do, round them off, especially the front molars where the bit pulls against them. It may be necessary to change the bit for a time; get a bit that will bring pressure on the sides of the bone instead of on the bar: Recommend a chain bit covered with leather or rubber. A straight bar bit is an abomination in a horse’s mouth, such a bit should never. be made. — SAVE VAY: Fo Sse La. The duct of Steno carries the saliva from the parotid glands to the mouth, passing down on the inside of the lower jaw. In a fistula this duct becomes patulous—it is difficult to say ex- actly what does open it, but it is so exposed to injury by blows of various kinds—from kicks, from rubbing on the manger, c., that it is probably opened in this way. Treatment.—Establish an opening between the fistula and the mouth through the natural passage. To do this pass a stiff silver-plated probe, a small one first to establish the opening into the mouth, then use a larger one. By increasing the size of the probe in the course of four or five days you will be able to pass a sound which is at least a quarter of an inch in diameter. Then put a speculum into the mouth, but do not open too wide; pass the hand into the mouth with the front of the hand against the cheek and feel the probe as it comes up. Bend it. Suppose the accident came from the kick of another horse on the cheek. The main damage, was a brttise on the jaw bone. This resulted in inflammation, exudation, organization and final- ly complete obliteration of the duct. This is frequently the case. We find that. the organized lymph is not as the wall of the tube and with pressure you can work an opening through into ~ the mouth, a small one anyway. ‘Take a brass or silver probe and run a piece of tape through the eye of it, drawing it into the mouth from the outside. Leave it there three days, then ‘+ os ¥ re 7 PA ge t ies 2 OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 07 remove it and syringe it out. Clean the outer surface round the opening, scarify the edges of the fistula freely and trim it out to make a raw edge. Put a string around it and draw it up like a draw-string, using a solution of collodion to wash it. Do not give the horse anything to eat; tie his head up for about three days and give him plenty of water. This raises to the maximum the secretion of saliva. After three days give him a little fine hay, letting him eat it off the floor. While he is eat- ing the saliva will run out through the mouth. If this treat- ment does not succeed, then put on a fly blister. This stimu- lation will produce a local inflammation and increase the repair- ing process. Repeat if not successful the first time. Some sur- geons recommend to destroy the parotid gland in bad cases, but this cannot be condemned too strongly. It is very painful and produces very unsatisfactory results. SA Aye Cae uUET. Salivary calculi are calcareous concretions which are found usually in the duct of Steno on the broad side of the cheek about opposite the lower molars. Probably every calculus has a nucle- us, some foreign body which has worked itself into the duct of Steno through the mouth. It may be a little piece of barley or a wheat beard, hull of oats, buckwheat, etc. If this happens it seems never to get out and produces a little local irritation, enough to change the character of the secretion in the duct. The salivary salts accummulate around and on the body and finally the calcu- lus is formed. These calculi are heavier than those of any other part of the body. Their increased density is due to increased phosphate of lime. Also they are slow-forming calculi. They often obstruct the duct to a considerable degree and the part of it nearest the gland becomes distended. Treatment.—Remove the calculus by the aid of the knife, always operating through the mouth, never through the skin. Probably no after-treatment will be required. Sponge the wound three or four times a day with a solution of borax and impress upon the owner that it is a serious case; it is, however, a simple one! 98 THEORY AND PRACTICE DISEASES OF THE THROAT. PHARYNGITIS. © Pharyngitis is an acute inflammation of the pharynx. It is a catarrhal inflammation. Many cases of sore throat are cases of pharyngitis. Usually a combination of laryngitis exists with the pharyngeal inflammation, but both may exist alone. Ettology.—Pharyngitis may come on with sudden exposure to cold and dampness. It may be caused by foreign bodies, acrid substances in the food or medicine, etc. Sometimes the inflam- mation is so severe as to produce a post-pharyngeal abscess. Semetiology.—The symptoms run as follows: 1. Difficult swallowing. 2. Possibly a little fever. 3. Respirations normal. The symptoms in pharyngitis are much the same as those of laryngopharyngitis. Treatment.—In this condition counter-irritation is indicated. ~ Give antiseptic medicine, anodine or stringent medicine with a | syringe. Either give an electuary or give the medicine on wooden spatula or use a syringe. Never drench a horse in case of pharyn- gitis. The iron gargle is good. It consists of tincture of iron one ounce and chlorate of potash % ounce to the pint of water. The dose is 2 ounces. DISEASES OF THE OESOPHAGUS. OESOPHAGITTIS: Oesophagitis in the inflammation of the oesophagus. Etiology.—This condition is caused by an extension of inflam- mation from other parts; by the scalding of the mucosa with caustic drenches; by eternal injury, kicks, etc. Semeiology.—The symptoms may show a rise of temperature; difficulty in swallowing is present. Treatment.—In an ordinary simple case if you remove the Se OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 99 cause, the animal will recover. Give a little antiseptic medicine. A solution of borax, carbonate of potash, a mild dose of per- manganate of potash, etc., are good antiseptics. Sequelae.—Stricture of the oesophagus may follow its inflam- mation. The result is a thickening of the wall with a lessen- ing of the lumen, which in bad cases may amount to stenosis. The wall may be thickened 3-5 times and the lumen not more than % inch in diameter. The animal cannot swallow. Even if the lumen is an inch in diameter, the food will go down with difficulty, although water may be swallowed easily. The food accumulates above the stricture and this occasions frequent choking. Treatment.—Sloppy food or milk is indicated. Take away the solid food. The stricture and dilatation are incurable, and they occur oftener than we imagine. Stricture is common in children which are inclined to eat everything that they see. In case of oesophagitis from local injury, there is more or less enlargement on the outside tissues and this causes choke. If the tissues of the oesophageal wall are not destroyed, the case will recover. Injuries from a kick may press the oesophagus against the vertebrae and actually destroy the tissues of the wall without even wounding the overlaying skin. Eventually an ellip- tical slough may occur; the surrounding tissues swell and become doughy. Open up the tissues over the wound and if such is the case, destroy the animal. But if the wall of the oesophagus is only wounded, sew up the lacerated edges, turning them in to- ward the lumen of the oesophagus. If they are left out, they will form adhesions. Openings into the oesophagus are usually fatal. Following the operation, keep the animal’s head up for a time and feed him on milk and water. OESOPHAGISMUS. Oesophagismus is a spasmodic condition of the oesophagus. It is a functional condition purely nervous. You can see the effects, but you cannot foresee the condition. Usually the spasms subside after a few days. é 100 THEORY AND PRACTICE It is caused by something being swallowed that irritates the nerves, and produces spasmodic contraction upon the bolus. In view of this never give a dry ball, always wet it. In order to remove the obstruction put the fingers at the bot- tom below it and move it up towards the mouth. If the obstruc- tion will not dislodge, you may have a case of choke. Sometimes coachmen get the idea that raw eggs will make the horse’s coat glossy. They even send them down whole, shell and all. This frequently causes choke. Oecesophagismus is a symptom of choke. But if the cause of the irritation is in the thorax, there will be little eating and then vomition. The food may be streaked with blood. : Treatment.—Give a liberal dose of morphine. This blunts the nerves. When the animal is thoroughly under the influence of the drug, then give two or three doses of cottonseed oil. If the oesophagus does not relax, the animal will regurgitate the contents of the oesophagus. Then pass a probe and push the obstruction on into the stomach. Do not wait until the inflam- mation starts up before doing this. CHOKING. Definition.—Choking is obstructed deglutition by the inter- rupted passage of any substance from the mouth to the stomach. The regions of choke are divided into three sections, cervical, thoracic and cardiac. Etiology—NHorses may choke on dry feedings. They are ravenous eaters—they bolt their food without proper insaliva- tion. Cows usually choke on pieces of apples, potatoes, carrots, sections of turnips, etc. If the cutter is out of order, the food will be imperfectly cut up and the large pieces will cause choke. Cows will choke on apples which they have picked up from the ground. Cows which are giving milk are inclined to chew bones —I have known them to chew up a whole washing and get choked! Dogs usually choke on spools, needles, hatpins, etc. Cats the same. Sheep and pigs seldom choke—they are not so raven- ous. Poultry fed once a day and then given meal will eat too fast and choke. Horses occasionally choke on solid substances. fis OF VETERINARY MEDICINE: 101 Semetology.—The horse quits eating and makes spasmodic but ineffectual efforts to swallow. He becomes restless, moves back and forth; has an anxious countenance, etc. Nothing can produce more excitement than a choke. In course of a few hours the obstructed cesophagus produces nausea—animal will stretch and he gets spasmodic cramps of the cervical and pectoral mus- cles. They draw their heads toward the knees. This is seen also in gastric indigestion. It is simply a diagnostic symptom of nausea, and may be so severe as to cause the horse to shriek with pain. If the choke is a cervical one, there will be an enlargement about the first rib. In dogs, cats and chickens the choke is cer- vical ; in cattle the choke is thoracic ; in the horse and in cattle the choke may be at the cardiac opening. The symptoms of thora- cic choke are much the same as in the cervical but the nausea is more marked. The horse fills up his cesophagus to the obstruc- ‘tion and then throws out the food again. He throws it out — through the nose. This is an act of vomition and there is also reverse peristalsis. In cardiac choke the obstruction cannot be seen until the oesophagus becomes filled, and then the obstruc- tion is seen in the cervical region. In cattle any choke leads to tympanitis of the rumen. There is great slabbering of the mouth, present in all animals, however. Dogs, cats and people have violent fits of coughing, but not the horse. If the choke is not removed, it acts as an irritant and pro- duces inflammation running through the first and second courses and terminates in gangrene. The animal dies from septicemia. As regards the horse the conditions producing choke are as follows: 1. Oesophagismus. 2. Oesophagitis — especially a factor when the inflammation runs to ulcera- tion. | 3. Organic diseases of the gullet in the form of a stricture, frequently follow- ing oesophagitis. 4. Diseases of the salivary glands, by which the quantity of saliva is dimin- 102 THEORY AND PRACTICE ished. It is impossible for the food to go down the oesophagus without being thoroughly insalivated. 5. Voracious appetite—the horse bolts his food and it enters the oesophagus dry. Deranged or decayed teeth interfere with mastication. Treatment.—The first thing to do is to give a hypodermic in- jection of morphine—4-10 grains. As a rule it is impossible to move obstructions downward, but they can be moved upward. Give an internal dose of cotton seed oil (about 2 ounces) with a syringe. Then manipulate the obstruction rubbing toward the throat. The animal will throw out the oil, and then give another dose and repeat. You can put a hose through the nose of the horse and turn the water on thus washing out the obstruction at times. Cattle usually choke in the cardiac region. The proper thing to do is to place asspeculum in the mouth (in case the choke is in the cervical region) and let some one press upwards beneath the obstruction, while a small hand goes in and gets it. Or a probe can be passed and push it down into the stomach. In case of a thoracic choke you can cut in and remove the obstruction but the operation is usually fatal. | In severe cases of tympanitis accompanying choke in cattle you may have to tap. In choke in dogs and cats, hold the mouth open and go after the obstruction with a pair of forceps. In the chicken give them a dish of water and they will help themselves. ORGANIC: DISEASES OF THE QGESOPHGr An organic disease of the oesophagus is the change in struct- ure of the wall caused by a stricture. The causes of a stricture ane: 1. Irritation. 2. Congestion. 3. Inflammation. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 103 4. Organization. These changes occuring in the wall lessens its tube lumen, thickens the wall, and destroys its dilatibility. Immediately an- terior to the stricture there will be a dilatation; the older the © case the larger this will be. In connection with the stricture is more or less degeneration of tissue. Symptoms.—These are frequent choking, slow deglutition, contents of the dilatation frequently thrown out and occasionally streaked with blood. Prognosis.—The prognosis is unfavorable because you can- not dilate the stricture nor reduce the dilatation. The ultimate end is oesophagitis with a choke that cannot be romoved. Treatment—Drench the animal with small doses of kind that will tend to cure the inflammation—saturated solution of borax, chlorate of potash or sodium bicarbonate. These should be given several times a day. Give the animal sloppy food and compel him to eat slowly. In order to make a horse eat slowly put stones in his feed, and these will hinder him from getting his food so fast. If this fails there are patent boxes which can be used for this purpose. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. VOMITION. Vomition is called emesis or vomiting. The emetic center is in the medulla. Something disturbs this center, and the re- flex action of the disturbance is transmitted to the stomach. The symptoms of vomiting are: 1. Depression. 2. Turning up of the upper lip. 3. Abhorrence of food. The nausea in- creases until we get a reflex peris- talsis of the stomach, duodenum and intestines. The act of vomiting is as follows: 104 | THEORY AND PRACTICE 1. Deep inspiration. 2. Glottis fixed. 3. Spasmodic forcible contraction of the abdominal muscles. _ 4. Food thrown out through the nose. . Mouth in all animals except the horse open wide. The stomach cannot empty itself without the aid of the abdominal muscles. Horses do not vomit except under peculiar conditions; carn- ivora vomit easily; omnivora comparatively so; and herbivora with great difficulty. Cattle do not vomit because the rumen is large and comparatively insensible. As a whole the ox is phleg- matic. Horses vomit with difficulty on account of the shape of their stomach. At the cesophageal entrance there is a fold of mucous membrane which acts as a valve and serves to keep the food from going back toward the mouth. Except in case ot a distended stomach vomition cannot occur. It is usually accom- panied with gas. There are four conditions under which a horse vomits : Sal 1. Stomach distended with gas and food mostly liquid. 2. Organic disease of the cesophagus with ~ a dilatation of the cardiac opening. 3. Rupture either partial or complete of the walls of the stomach. The rupt- ure must be 2-4 inches long; if it is very long, the horse cannot vomit. 4. Closure of the pyloric orifice which pre- vents the food from passing out into the duodenum. In case of distention the greater curvature will be the most distended and rupture will occur here. INDIGESTION. Indigestion occurs in all animals. It is a functional disturb- ance. It is named gastric or intestinal according to its location. The gastric form occurs in three degrees of severity: — OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 105 1. Acute. 2. Subacute. 3. Chronic. Under the head of acute indigestion we have two or three different conditions: : 1. Engorgement of the stomach. 2. Stomach staggers. 3. Gastric flatulence. Acute gastric indigestion usually comes on suddenly. It is always a serious affection, often producing death either by (1) exhaustion or collapse, (2) asphyxia, (3) rupture of the stom- ach, or (4) gastritis. Etiology.—The chief causes are overloading the stomach, eating too fast, insufficient mastication, insalivation, eating when physically exhausted, and improper food, especially that not assimilable by the animal. The insalivation is very important because it produces amylopsin. Eating when physically ex- . hausted is probably the main cause of indigestion—the horse will eat too fast and the stomach, being depressed, will not act. Do not give a tired horse oats. Let him eat hay for a half hour and then give him the oats. Too much bulk (if very indigestible or too concentrated ) will cause gastric flatulence. Symptoms.—Suppose we have a case of gastric flatulence from bolting the food. The following are the symptoms: 1. Restlessness—the horse lies down, gets up soon, turns around; the worse he gets, the shorter time he lies down. When tympanitis is present, he can- not lie down. 2. Mild colicky pains. 3. Animal looks around, most often to the lett: 4. Trunk more or less disturbed. Flanks fuller than normal, but not tympanitic. The distension is more under the ribs. In intestinal flatulence the disten-. sion is more under in the flanks. 5. Horse sweats at times. 106 THEORY AND PRACTICE 6. Eructations—positive evidence of gas- tric flatulence. It is accompanied by more or less sound, which may be so slight that you cannot hear it without putting the ear to the neck. These eructations give the animal great re- lief, but all cases do not eructate. 7. Nausea—retching and painful vomition, especially in the horse. As a symp- tom of the retching we get a spas- modic contraction of the muscles of the neck and breast the same as in choke. Retching is a painful effort to vomit without succeeding. 8. Rapidly developing nervous prostration. 9. Rapid breathing. 10, Paxpited cold: sit 11. Nostrils dilated. 12. Mucous membranes cyanotic. 13. Pulse rapid, small, weak and hard. In a mild case that recovers the fermentation will let up and | stop. In fatal cases the horse most commonly dies from syn- cope—a result of the great nervous prostration, which is pro- duced largely by the pressure upon the diaphragm, and the ani- mal finally dies from collapse. Death occurs usually from 10-30 hours. The next most common cause of death is asphyxia. The tympanitis is so great and the gas cannot escape because of the cardiac fold of the stomach or of the pyloric end folding upon the duodenum. In such a case the pressure upon the diaphragm is so severe that it interferes with the action of the heart and the respiration. The animal may die in 20 minutes, usually, however, in one or two hours. The third cause of death may ve rupture of the stomach, which may take place in 4-5 hours. If the case runs on for 3-4 days, and the horse does not die from any of the causes just mentioned, congestion and inflammation may result and the case turn into one of gastritis. Death from gastritis can occur in 4-6 days. al PRG OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 107 Great flatulence produces anemia and prostration of the vaso- motor system, and as the flatulence subsides, the atonic blood vessels fill with blood and become congested. Then inflammation follows. 14. The appetite is suspended. 15. Temperature not so much affected until gastritis sets in. During flatulence there may be an elevation of tem- perature. Treatment.—This must be directed toward the arrest of the fermentation, which is always present. The cases are always urgent. Give drugs that will arrest the fermentation without producing more gas. The acid to be combated is acetic acid, not hydrochloric. Neutral salts are indicated,—hyposulphate of soda—the sulphate is most popular and very effectual. Others are sulphite of lime, magnesium sulphate. Such antiseptics as turpentine, boracic acid, salicylic acid, cresylic acid (natural acid of coal tar emulsion), etc., are good. Carbolic acid also. The contra-indications are these: 1. The antacids. 2. Carbonates and bicarbonates. If the carbonates are used in this condition, more gas is pro- duced by the chemical action of the combination of the drugs in the stomach, and therefore those who recommend them are wrong. On the other hand, the neutral salts tend to liquefy the gas already there. In every bad case of gastric flatulence it is a good plan to pass a stomach tube. This opens the cardiac orifice and gives relief. The antiseptics can be pumped through the tube and then drawn out again—this empties the stomach. Turpentine is usu- ally given in capsules, may be given with oil. If the mouth is dry, the pure turpentine will scald it. When mixing the tur- pentine with oil, use equal parts. Bear in mind the nervous pros- tration and give a stimulant, such as sulphuric ether, alcohol, capsicum, ginger, etc. In order to relieve the pain give an ano- dine—fluid extract cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, and sulphuric ether. Do not give opium, but a hypodermic of morphine, 4-5 grains, can be given. 108 . THEORY AND PRACTICE When the horse is relieved, feed on very light sloppy food to avoid gastritis, for this is usually fatal in the horse. Find out the cause if possible, make him eat slower, file “his teeth, give feeding of hay before the oats. ACUTE GASTRIC INDIGESTION. This condition is an impaction of the stomach, producing stupor; it is ordinarily known as stomach staggers. In such a case the horse gets loose in the night and gets at the grain or bags of flour and loads his stomach with solid food. When the stomach becomes filled in this way, it becomes paralyzed. The horse is in a stupor, he hangs his head, droops his ears, partly closes his eyes, stands with his: face against the wall, and in- clines his body forward. If the condition comes on when the horse is out doors, he will probably fall. This usually lasts sev- eral hours, or until fermentation of the mass in the stomach takes place, with evolution of gas. Then the animal wakes, bloats, and unless he gets prompt relief, will die. It then turns into gastric flatulence. Treatment.—The doctor will probably be called during the stage of stupor, as that is the main evidence to the owner that his animal is sick. Bear in mind that the horse is loaded with grain sufficient to kill him. Drench him carefully with quanti- ties of saturated solution of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, or good liberal doses of turpentine. Give two ounces of turpen- tine every hour, until you have given two or three doses. A little renal congestion may follow so much turpentine, or polyuria, and possibly strangury, but these symptoms are harmless. The purpose of this treatment is to prevent fermentation and to dilute the contents of the stomach. After the danger is passed, give the horse a dose of aloes in solution. A case of this kind is al- ways serious and sometimes fatal. Prevent if possible fermenta- tion. Give liberal doses of antiferments, and then produce pur- gation. ) CHRONIC GASTRIC INDIGESTION. This corresponds to dyspepsia in the human. It is funda- mentally a derangement of the stomach in which digestion is im- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 109 perfectly performed. It is not dangerous nor even serious but it takes a long time to cure. Etiology.—Chronic gastric indigestion is usually caused by: 1. Errors in diet. 2. Faulty gastric secretions. 3. Abnormalities affecting the movements of the stomach. The errors in diet include irregular feeding, too long contin- uation of one kind of food, bad quality of food, like musty oats, over-ripe hay or moldy grain. Faulty secretions are usually seen in case of deficiency in se- cretion of the hyrochloric acid, or a deficiency of the gastric juice, in which case the quantity of pepsin will be diminished also. The abnormalities are the chronic thickening of a portion or portions of the stomach wall; chronic thickening of the pylorus, or chronic dilatation of the cardiac orifice of the cesophagus. Semeiology.—The symptoms consist of the following: 1. Capricious appetite—animal sometimes very hungry and at other times will not eat at all. 2. Horse inclined to lick the wall for the lime. and other alkalies; will eat dirt, especially clay, sometimes eats the bedding that has been urinated upon in preference to good hay. 3. Occasional mild attacks of gastric flat- ulence, the only evidence of which are sour eruptions. 4. Excessive thirst—quite common, ani- mal will drink a great deal of water, will try to empty the trough. 5. Polyuria, a result of so much drinking. Often this is the symptom noticed by the owner which induces him to call the doctor. When he arrives, he is told that the horse is flooding the barn. The urine is clear, and there is much of it. 110 THEORY AND PRACTICE 6. Unthriftiness, staring coat, thinness of flesh, pot belly, debility, etc. Animal may become hide bound. 7. Feces usually dry. 8. Pulse, temperature and_ respirations unchanged. Treatment.—Give the animal a complete change of food if possible—grass in season, and change the hay from timothy to prairie. If this is not possible, use any mixed hay containing timothy, clover and red-top. Early cut timothy will do. Crush the grain for a change and add at least 25 per cent bran to the mass. Salt the feed with common salt. . Give antacids and an occasional laxative such as a pint of raw linseed oil.. The best antacid is bicarbonate of soda. For the digestive apparatus prescribe arsenic, gentian, nux vomica, gin- ger, charcoal, etc. The antacids have a peculiar physiological in- fluence upon the hydrochloric acid secretion of the stomach glands. If the flatulence occurs within two hours after eating, there is a deficiency of the hydrochloric acid, and in this case give the hydrochloric acid instead of the soda, or alternate the two. Do not give the two together. Alternate them for a week at a time. A dose of strong hydrochloric acid is about 7 drops of the pure acid (freely diluted). Make up a pint of water and a drarn of the acid—add any other drug that you wish. If the flatulence occurs about five hours after eating, that is indicative of an excess of hydrochloric acid. In such a case give anticids four hours after eating. This will intercept the se- cretions of gastric juice and limit the quantity, or at any rate will prevent any injurious effects from the excess. If the horse has a fair appetite and will eat powders, give him ordinary white arsenic in his feed along with the antacid; but if his ap- petite is poor, in addition to the mixture of the tinctures give him Fowler’s solution. Calculate to give him arsenic three times a day and it should always be given after eating. Do not allow the arsenic to go into an empty stomach. Never put a strong solution into the mouth in concentrated form—small doses will produce poisonous results. Do not give Fowler’s solution clear OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. Pet —it is too strong; it will arrest the appetite and loosen the bow- els. Dilute it freely. In cases of this kind you will have to make many changes in the hygiene usually. You will find, for instance, that young stallions, between one and two years old, and older ones if they belong to the draft class, suffer from confinement. You will frequently find over acute or subacute chronic indigestion in stallions, especially in young ones. Often the main symptom noticed by the owner is the refusal of the animal to eat, and this induces the owner to call the doctor. For this lack of appetite give a mild purgative and follow it with antacids. Let the horse fast for two or three days. In older horses with this trouble always examine the teeth. You will find that deranged teeth are often the cause of indiges- tion. In case you have a young stallion to treat for indigestion, always prescribe exercise, the lack of which is one of the causes of his trouble. GASTRITIS. Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach mucous mem- brane. This disease goes through the same course as any other inflammation. It frequently runs to the third stage of inflam- mation and may terminate in ulceration. It is not very common in horses but 1s common in dogs and cats. Etiology.—In the horse gastritis usually follows a long con- tinued course of gastric flatulence. It is sometimes caused by troumatism, by foreign bodies—by anything that can wound the mucous membrane. In this case infection often follows. The gastric mucous membrane is frequently involved in a general in- flammation along with a similar condition in the whole alimentary track, as seen in influenza. Poisons, such as caustic potash, any of the three vitriols (blue, white and green), arsenic (common form eaten is Paris green), etc., are some of the causes of gas- tritis. Others are mercury, lead, and vegetable poisons, such as _the yew, rhododendron, etc. Semeiology.—The symptoms consist of colicky pains, not like those of colic but abdominal pains. The animal turns his head ib THEORY AND PRACTICE to one side, has a depressed and haggard appearance; he sweats more or less; respirations quickened ; pulse rapid, hard and small, and gets more so as the disease progresses. There is complete anorexia. In the very acute cases the thirst is not increased, but in subacute cases the thirst is greatly increased. The saliva is usually ropy. There may be fecal eructations; flanks tucked up; purgations; constipation. The animal dies in a stupor, and the form of death is syncope. In the dog the symptoms are as follows: vomiting—a dog will drink large quantities of water and will go right off and throw it up again, then come back and drink some more. This is one of the most prominent symptoms of gastritis in the early stages. Upon pressing the stomach, pain is indicated; the dog lies flat on his chest. The other symptoms are much the same as in the horse. Post mortem.—The mucous membrane of the stomach will show inflammation. If caused by long continued gastric flatu- lence, the villus lining (near the pylorus) will be dark red and swollen. If the inflammation is caused by caustic poisons, there will be deep erosions. In some cases you will be puzzled to account for the death, the lesions not seeming sufficient. In case of lead poisoning the stomach at post should show redness without erosion—this poison produces general collapse. If the stomach has arsenic in it the mucous membranes will be dark. If death from poison is sudden, there will be no change in the fecal matter, 1. e. in arsenic poisoning; but if the case is one of 24 hours standing, the fecal matter will be black; if 3-4 days, there will be black diarrheea. Treatment.—First ascertain the cause. If gastritis occurs from poisons give the proper antidote. If it occurs from a caus- tic, give oil—the oil and the alkali will form soap. Give moderate doses of the oil and then repeat. A pint of the oil would be sufficient. Repeat in half pint doses three times a day. Apply a mustard plaster over the belly. Give aconite, alcohol and an anodyne such as fluid extract canabis indica. Give a bland fluid to drink like linseed tea. If the thirst is intense, restrict the water supply—put a little bicarbonate of soda in the drinking water.. As a special stimulant give subnitrate of bismuth, com- Xi OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 135 bine it with salol. During convalescence give lime water, fluid extract gentian, strychnine. : As regards the poisons which cause gastritis, it is essential for a doctor to keep posted on the various antidotes. It is a good plan to carry a dose book in one’s pocket all the time. CHRONTE‘GASTRI TES. Horses are affected occasionally with chronic gastritis. It does net occur often, but when it does, it does not yield to treat- ment readily. It is associated with the following conditions: ~ 1. Continual errors in treatment. 2. Frequent recurring fits of acute indiges- tion. 3. Textural changes in the glandular tis- sues of the stomach wall, such as seen occasionally in heaves. The - secretions are deficient in both quan- tity and quality. 4. Cribbing and long-continued wind suck- ing. 5. Diseases of the liver interfering with the secretion of the bile. . Malignant disease of the stomach. 7. Mechanical injury to the mucous mem- brane produced by bots. These hang to the mucous membrane with little hooklets, and if there are very many, they irritate the mucous lining. Semetology.—The symptoms are long continued and not very expressive. A very capricious appetite will be present; greatly increased thirst; general unthrifty condition; pot belly, hide ON - bound, long string coat, debility, etc. The termination may be favorable if the cause can be removed, but it may develop into the acute form at any time. Treatment.—Look at the molar teeth and attend to them if need be. Attend to the hygiene; give antacids such as bicarbon- ate of soda, lime water, prepared chalk, subnitrate of bismuth, etc. Put them in the drinking water. A horse with this trouble 114 : THEORY AND PRACTICE will drink all that he can hold. Other drugs are gentian, ginger, nux vomica, tonic doses of quinine, arsenic, etc. RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH: Rupture of the stomach may be partial or complete. Remem- ber that the stomach wall consists of three coats, the outer lay- ers of non-striated muscle, covered with a serous coat, the peri- toneum, and an inner mucous coat which lines the stomach. In _ partial rupture the serous coat gives away first, then the mucous. Ettology.—Rupture may occur in gastric flatulence, repeated attacks of which will terminate in rupture. The rupture will probably occur in a much milder attack of the flatulence than perhaps first occurred; every attack of flatulence weakens the stomach wall. In posting a case of rupture, the tear may be a foot long—this probably took place when the horse fell. That which occurs in case of distension is usually 2-4 inches long. And the post will reveal something about the time of the rupture; if it has taken place 6-8 hours before. death, the edges of the laceration will show congestion; if the tear took place when the | animal fell, the edges will not be congested. Semeiology.—The symptoms of rupture are not diagnostic. Never state the diagnosis positively, to be contradicted afterward by a post. The following symptoms are usually confirmed by post mortem in case of rupture but they are present in other diseases too: 1. Vomition is a usual symptom. There is not necessarily an actual expulsion of food and injecta, but there may be retching. In some cases there will be no vomiting at all. In rupture of the diaphragm and in gut-tie we get vomition also. Horses have vomited 2-10 hours after rupture as proven by the congestion and in some cases in- flammation of the edges of the rupt- ure. We may find an extensive peri- tonitis in case of rupture, this show- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 5 ing that time may elapse and the ani- mal live after the rupture has taken place. The peritoneum may show exudation as the result ‘of the contact with the injecta from the stomach. 2. Great nervous prostration. 3. Increase in frequency and decrease in size and strength of the pulse. 4. Sweating in patches. ~ 5. Anxious countenance. 6. Animal lies down and then rises up on his forward feet, sitting on _ his haunches like a dog. 7. Hurried respiration. 8. Mucous membranes cyanotic—the cyan- osis is due to the nervous prostra- tion, which lessens the heart’s action and thus induces the cyanosis. As death approaches, the ears, extremities and nose get cold; the perspiration is cold; there is trembling of the muscles, more particularly the caput muscles. Death may take place anywhere from ¥%4-20 hours. In the majority of cases it occurs in 2-6 hours. The nervous prostration and death from syncope may occur at any time. A sensitive nervous system will collapse quickly from an attack of rupture and the animal will die in half an hour, while a phlegmatic temperament will not show so quick a re- action. One case is recorded as living 50 hours after rupture. The symptoms after the rupture has taken place are as fol- lows: . 3 ; 1. Pain ceases. 2. Tympanitis ceases. 3. Sudden cessation of the flatulence. In a case where rupture occurs say 18 inches long without any congestion of the lacerated edges, we must conclude that the rupture took place when he fell, and that he died from asphyxia. In such a case you could not say that the rupture killed him, it was the dropping. On the other hand if you find a partial rupture 116 THEORY AND PRACTICE and the mucosa bulging outside the wall, then the rupture causes the death. Treatment—To begin with all cases of rupture are fatal— whether. the rupture is partial or complete. But seeing that the symptoms of rupture are not very diagnostic, the doctor must continue the case right up to the end. Treat the case for acute gastric indigestion. Occasionally at post mortem, holes will be found in the wall of the stomach, varying from the sizeof a dime to a dollar. A horse dying in the city which recently has come in from the country will always have bots. To these some attribute the cause of the holes, and it is also common to refer the cause of colic to bots—men say that the horse has the “bots.” This is wrong; the bots are not the cause of colic, or of the perforated condition of the stomach as found post mortem. The bots may cause gastritis by irritating the stomach mucosa or they may become so numerous as to make an obstruction, the only two conditions in which they can be responsible for any lesion. The real cause of the holes in the stomach is this: They occur in a degenerated condition of the wall. In such a case the animal has probably been in a clover patch where in half an hour he can eat enough clover to blow himself up like a balloon! He dies, and if the post mortem is delayed 4 or 5 hours, the stomach will degenerate, and the warm weather will only aggravate the condition. The abundance of the gastric juice which was stim- ulated by the clover digests the stomach wall in patches. This is known as post mortem congestion. CONSTIPATION: Definition.—Constipation is a condition of the bowels in which the feces are unnaturally retained, or if rejected, are scanty, hard and dry. It is not usually a serious matter, but it occasionally leads to death through after developments. The large intestine is the part involved; constipation usually occurs in the floating colon or rectum. Etiology—The casual factors are three; OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 7, 1. Feeding on bulky, innutritious food with too little water. 2. Defective peristalsis, amounting in some cases to paralysis of the large bowel. 3. Deficient secretion of the succus en- tericus. Intestinal obstructions may cause constipation. Pathogenesis—In regard to the first cause, bulky food will not cause constipation if the horse gets plenty of water; defi- ciency of water, however, will of itself cause constipation whether the food is bulky or not. But suppose the horses are wintering in the barnyard on straw, and have to go a long way to get water. If the weather is cold, they will not go so often, and fur- thermore they will not drink much when they do go. This causes constipation. Or it may be mid-summer when the grass is dry and short. The animals have to go into the bottoms to get the grass and the streams are dried up. They get bulky, innutritious, dry hay and little water. These are two conditions to cause constipation. : In cases of constipation from the second cause, we shall find that the horses are over-fed, perhaps kept for a long time on one | kind of feed. As a result the secretions are defective, the nerv- ous system is tired, and this fatigue reacts causing paralysis of the bowels. The third cause, a deficient secretion of the succus entericus, is a peculiar condition, and may be due to inactivity of the glands, or to excessve absorption of the fluids of the bowel. Semetology.—The symptoms of constipation depend upon the cause. In case the first cause is operating to produce the disease, there will be a general unthrifty condition. The horse will be thin, more or less hide-bound, his coat will be long and staring and the feces scanty and dry. If the constipation is caused by the second factor, the pellets will be small, hard and dry, some- times dropping on the floor like marbles. In both these cases the feces usually pass with some straining on the part of the animal; he may be unable to have a passage at all. If the third cause is the factor producing the constitution, we shall get inactivity of the bowels due to nervous depression, which, in many cases, means paralysis of the colon. In the morning you may find an 118 THEORY AND PRACTICE absence of fecal matter, the horse perhaps will not eat his break- fast, and is inclined to lie down a good deal. If you drive him out, he will paw, and if loose in the box stall he will turn around and lie down again. This condition continues, gradually growing worse in the way of pawing more, getting up and down at shorter intervals, switching the tail, etc. At the end of the third day or the beginning of the third, the temperature rises. It may be 102°, and the pulse is increased in frequency about 50. By the end of the third day the temperature will be 103°, pulse 55; fourth day, temperature 105°, pulse 60 and getting small and hard. By the morning of the fifth day the animal is in bad condition,—tem- perature 105° or more, pulse 60 to 70, respirations 25 or 30, hag- gard countenance, injected mucous membrane, etc. He begins to tramp,—to walk round and round the stall. If he does not get relief before night, he will die from enteritis. If the constipation is caused by a defective peristalsis, the rectum is apt to be everted to the extent of two or three inches. This is caused by straining. The everted rectum is very dark red, and if it stays out very long it becomes nearly purple. In constipation from the first two causes 5-15 days may elapse before enteritis develops, but in all cases, if the horse is not re- lieved, the enteritis will eventually kill him. When a foal cannot have its first passage on account of the dryness of the meconium, you will find that the mare has been worked too hard and kept on dry feed so that there is not enough water in her system and the young foal partook of the same dryness from which the mother suffered. If the mother is kept on soft feed for a month before the birth, this is not likely to occur. In case the foal does not have a passage by the end of 10-12 hours, he must be relieved. If the constipation is due to the third cause, the contents of the bowel in this case are not hard and dry; there is no impac- tion nor disturbance, simply paralysis of the bowel. The normal motion of the fecal matter has ceased, and the contents are lying persistently in one place. This acts as an irritant but not enough to stimulate the bowel to functional activity. enough, however, to produce congestion and eventually inflammation. The paralysis of the bowel is probably caused by too long continuation of one OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 119 kind of food; the bowel gets tired, and this tired feeling may be due to a loss of irritability by the peripheral terminations of the sympathetic nerves, which supply the bowel with motor power. Treatment.—Naturally constipation would indicate the use of a purgative, but much judgment needs to be used in treating a case of this kind. As a rule, the drastic purgatives are contra- indicated. The oleaginous, lubricating purgatives are better. Consequently we give raw linseed oil instead of aloes, sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda. Sometimes these saline laxatives work fairly well when the case is due to the second cause, but otherwise they are not useful in equine practice. The linseed oil stimulates the bowel sufficiently and it also lubricates it. It can be repeated with safety, but not so with the other purgatives. In cases of severe constipation, aloes will not work; if you repeat the dose even after a reasonable length of time, and the bowels do finally get started, super-purgation and death will probably fol- low. In addition to the oil, the horse needs a stimulant, which in this case should be strychnine. I think that strychnine in con- stipation is indispensable; it will do more to cure the trouble than any other drug. You can use other stimulants right along, too, such as ginger, capsicum, and carbonate of ammonia. Further, give enemata (soap and water); these are indispensable, too. They should be warm, about 100 degrees. As a rule, in treating constipation, anodynes are necessary until the case gets along into a late stage, when the pain may be so severe as to require an anodyne on humane principles. We are inclined to think that they tend to decrease peristalsis, which you want to increase, and therefore they must be such as will not interfere with the very thing you are trying to bring about. Chloral hydrate and chloroform can be given. To an average sized horse we usually give a quart of linseed oil. Combine with this an ounce of fluid extract of nux vom- ica and a dram of the fluid extract of ginger, or half a dram of fluid extract of capsicum. In giving a soap and water rectal in- jection, do this by gravitation. You can use a pump, but gravi- tation is better. Hang a bucket on the wall and let the solution run in through a hose, which should be inserted in the rectum anywhere from 2-6 feet. In this way more can be introduced 120 THEORY AND PRACTICE than with the pump. The pump forces the water in, but the bowel resists it and will throw it out quicker. Consequently the water does not stay in long enough to soften the fecal matter. The injection should be repeated every 3-4 hours. The oil should be repeated night and morning in pint doses but with each repetition, lessen the quantity of nux vomica. Give an ounce the first dose, and a dram every subsequent dose. Suppose the trouble runs on and does not yield to this treat- ment, give stronger remedies, such as eserine, arecolin and barium chloride. You can give a grain and a half of eserine with a half grain of strychnine dissolved in a dram of water—give hypoder- mically. Fifteen or twenty minutes before giving these doses, give half an ounce of cannabis indica. Or give him morphine, but cannabis is better than morphine. If this does not work, in the course of two hours give a grain of arecolin and a half grain of strychnine. Dissolve in water and give hypodermically. Some add to either or both of these from % to 1% grains of pilocar- pine, but this produces more pain than the other remedies. If the horse gets no relief by the fourth day, and the fever begins, the pulse begins to climb up, his countenance is dis- tressed, etc., the doctor begins to get worried. If warm enemas have been given, change them to cold—this will help very much. Run the hose in slowly five or six feet and use plenty of water. The cold water will reduce the temperature, which by this time may be 106 degrees. In half an hour the temperature will come down two degrees. It will allay the pain and stimulate the sym- pathetic system. This cold injection often saves a horse. This is especially true if the case does not yield to eserine or to are- calin. Never repeat eserine or arecolin oftener than three hours apart. If you repeat them alternate them, and do not forget that the stimulants are as useful as any other part of the treat- ment. In case of an infant suffering from constipation, give a soap and water injection, inserting the finger, and let him have an ounce of New Orleans molasses, or a half ounce of linseed oil, or an ounce of castor oil. If in 6-10 hours very urgent symptoms come on, do not wait for the acéion of oil, but resort to eserine or arecolin. Dr. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 121 Quitman cuts out the eserine in case of complete paralysis of the bowel, but if the strychnine is given first to stimulate, then the eserine will work all right in such cases. Eserine should not be repeated under 3 hours. The dose is 1% grains. Horses afflicted with any kind of paralysis in any part of the body will take large doses of strychnine. Counter irritation is good in cases of constipation.- If mus- tard does not seem strong enough, then take croton oil. Mix croton oil (1 part) with linseed oil (8 parts). The doctor should apply this externally himself, and be careful not to blemish. The irritant acts as a purgative as the result of absorption. In obstinate constipation we find that massage of the bowels is very practical, especially for dogs, cats and the human. It can- not be applied to the horse. In treating the dog, lay him on the left side, fill him up with soap and water and firmly work the water out of the colon. Begin on the right side and work along the colon and down the left. DUARRIHOR A: Defimtion.—Diarrhcea is an unnatural fluid condition of the feces. It is a peculiar functional disturbance in which there is an excessive secretion of the succus entericus. This additional intestinal juice helps to produce the fluidity of the feces. Ac- companying the diarrhoea are increased peristalsis and increased amount of mucous and gelatinous exudate accumulating on the _ mucous membrane of the bowel. This is a catarrhal condition. In superpurgation we have diarrhcea, but it is not functional ; ibis te tesultcor the action of tac dose. Etiology.—Diarrhoea is caused by the action of some irritant in the bowels. This irritant acts as a stimulant. Undue fer- mentation may be present, brought about by specific germs, es- pecially fungi and molds. Or there may be inactivity of the liver in which there is a defective secretion of bile,—there is not bile enough to change the acid chyme to the alkaline chyle. If the contents of the bowel are not alkaline, then diarrhoea takes place. ~This is the cause of 95 per cent of all the cases that occur. Par- asites, various intestinal worms, especially the ascaris megaloce- phalus (not so much tape worms), mechanical and chemical irri- _ tants, local irritants such as would produce a local inflammation 122 THEORY AND PRACTICE. ~ with alteration of structure, excess of bile which is of itself a laxative (ox gall is the standard family laxative), bad hygiene (poor food, such as hay cut from the bottoms which overflowed the previous spring, the action of the sand being the cause of the diarrhoea; foul water containing wigglers and parasites, and ir- regular and overfeeding), exposure to cold and dampness, over- heating especially on a hot day—these are the principal factors producing diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is also a symptom of influenza. Semeiology.—tIn diarrhoea there is usually a watery discharge from the bowels, often spoken of as alvine discharges. The color is dirty brown or it may be clay or yellow. The dirty brown is the usual color when the liver it not affected. The lighter color indicates a deficiency of bile, a yellow color an excess of bile. In case of an excessive secretion of bile there will be a switching of the tail prompted by the irritating action of the bile, which scalds the anus. This is bilious diarrhcea. In all cases of diarrhoea vacuations are frequent; in mild cases the discharge may be frequent too, but it is not so fluid. There is more or less pain present, and in bad cases actual cramps. If the case is acute the animal may lose a day or two from his work. Increased secretion and increased peristalsis are nature’s remedies to get rid of irritants. Consequently in diarrhoea we find the mouth pasty, like the coated tongue in the human. The mouth smells sour. As a result there will be a lowering of temperature, i. e., subnormal. The amount of the fall of temperature depends upon the nervous prostration which results from the evacuations. The mucous membranes become blanched and they become paler as death approaches; the pulse gets smaller, weak and hard; animal has a dejected appearance; he sweats in patches, due to the rapid onset of the disease; ul- timately he dies from syncope, or collapse. Diarrhoea runs a very rapid course; in young animals 6-10 hours may be fatal. In case of superpurgation (an overdose or injudicial repetition) the course is very rapid. Do not repeat a dose of aloes under seven days, for you are liable to get serious results. Be very careful about repeating purgative doses. Some say that oil will kill a horse. “I know better.” You can give OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. a6 him a gallon. It is better to let the horse die from other trouble than from supergation. 7 The bowels of the horse are very sensitivve; I do not be- lieve in much purgation for it is weakening. The danger lies in injudicial repetition of the dose. The strongylus tetracanthus sets up an enteritis rather than a diarrheea. In all cases where the temperature runs down, the surface gets cold, especially in young animals. Foals shut up from their mothers should not be separated for more than four hours, for the milk will spoil and produce diarrhcea in the foal. Let the colt suck some every four hours. Never overheat a mare suckling a colt; for this produces an unthrifty condition of the colt. Post mortem.—General pallor ; the mucous lining of the bow- els is pale; intestinal epithelium eroded in places over extensive areas ; may find inflammation; peritoneal coat spotted ; eccymosis ; contents of the rectum more or less bloody, called by some dys- entery, but it is really blood diarrhcea. In dystentery we have a rise of temperature; in diarrhoea, a lowering. Treatment.—Remove the cause. For the excessive peristalsis opium is the only remedy; for the condition of the bowels give antacids. If the fermentation is microbic, give antiseptics. Salol is the best ; it is effectual and harmless. Opium is best given in powder by mouth. To prevent nervous prostration, give a stimulant—zingiber or capsicum, or if the case is serious, ammon- ium carbonate or alcohol. Strychnine is contraindicated. The object is to tide nature over while the other drugs get to work. In acute cases astringents are useless; in chronic they are indis- pensable. In cases of bloody feces, give an injection of starch gruel with laudanum. When the bowels are running, an enema locks them and you are apt to get enteritis. For dogs, cats and ‘people give subnitrate bismuth (10 grains) and salol (5 grains). © ACUTE DIARRHOEA. Treatment.—This consists of antacids and antiseptics, the antacids to neutralize the contents of the stomach and bowels and the antiseptics to arrest the fermentation in them. 124 : THEORY AND PRACTICE Prescription— Salole ao tie Sh eee 5 grains SUSIE” es eet. eke as 10 grains Take every four hours. Both these drugs are harmless and the two doses usually pro- duce the desired result. This prescription is good for man as well as for animals. In grown people diarrhoea does not always. yield to the antacids and it is necessary to change to acids, in which case use sulphuric acid. Usually excessive thirst is a symptom of diarrhoea; sulphuric acid cures this and stimulates healthy secretions when the anta- cids fail. CHRONIC DIARRHOEA. Chronic diarrhoea is exceedingly disagreeable. The horse comes out of the barn in a normal condition so far as the bowels are concerned, drives a mile or two, when he begins to empty himself and keeps on getting looser as he travels. This is par- ticularly true of driving horses. The cause of this trouble lies in over-heating the horse when he is in a plethoric condition. This purges him and he never gets over it. The mucous membranes become excessively irri- tated and this excites the sympathetic nerves which control the bowel. The result is chronic looseness. Chronic diarrhoea can be controlled to a certain extent but it cannot be cured. Treatment.—Give antacids and astringents. Hygiene will do more for the animal than any other measure. Give the best quality of food in rather limited quantities, especially hay. The army allowance for a horse is fourteen pounds a day, this for an average sized horse; in this condition give 10-12 pounds. Add dry bran to the oats to make him chew slowly and he will masti- cate better. Jf he is inclined to drink too much water measure the water for him; give it to him in a pail, 1% gallons four times a day, six hours apart. If the thirst is excessive put a little bicarbonate of soda or hydrochloric acid in the water. Do not give any corn. Keep him on oats and bran. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 125 BR Prescription Soda Bicarbonate '.5< &.% so deed oaks 2 ounces Centian RS PUly 25 eo okn ae coca ncd ieee 3 ounces Quercus Rat Alba: .BPulvic.cs .ccc.c sence’ 16 ounces ETL OV tat otnray oles a oe ass es a, ae dle’ og emo eel 1 ounce CR ATCOd Bice stha cia erreie s cisinlal ooo oe hte eet tis 3 ounces Make into 60 powders and give one night and morning. Recommend the driver of the horse to start out slowly, and go that way for an hour, increasing the pace of the animal grad- ually. Especially is this necessary in hot weather. In bad cases it is necessary to give this treatment continually, and the horse will keep in a very comfortable condition. After a month’s treat- ment leave it off for a week or two periodically. The main treatment is the hygiene. Use soft diet such as scalded oats for horses. If you give ground feed a little bran should be added; pour hot water on it and steam well, adding a little salt. For horses that scour from indigestion stir up a little wheat flour and cold water ( a pint of flour to a gallon of water) and give that. This will often be effectual. The following is the classification and desaipeeia of the three principal worms associated with colic: 1. Ascaris megalocephala, inhabiting small intestines. 2. Strongylus armatus (sclerostoma equi- num), found in the large intestines of the horse. 3. Oxyuris curvula (commonly called pin worms), found in the intestines and rectum of the horse. The ascaris megalocephala belongs to the family ascarides of the order of nematodes. It is the largest species of its kind. It is a large, round, yellowish white worm from 10-14 inches long. It is oviparous and common in the small intestine of the horse, ass and mule. When these worms are numerous to cause an obstruction they may cause colic. | The strongylus armatus is a blood sucking worm found in the large intestine of the horse. It is from 1 to 2 inches long; body gray or reddish brown and broad in its anterior part. The mouth 126 THEORY AND PRACTICE is provided with a ring of fine teeth by which it holds to the mucous membrane. The larve of the worm may be found in aneurisms and may produce tumors as large as a hazel nut in the wall of the intestine (verminous cyst). The oxyuris curvula is the ordinary pin worm and is most common in the rectum. It measures from 1 to 3 inches long; curved in the anterior part of the body; the posterior half is attenuated. Its mouth presents three great rounded lips. It be- longs to the family oxyuride of the order of nematodes. Ascaridae (family). Ascaris megalocephala (species). Large round worm (common). Z Strongylidae (family), = Peon suet armatus (sclerostoma = equinum). | = | The armed worm. eo [oe ~Oxyuridae (family). RS Oxyuris curvula (species). Common pin worm. GOLIC: ~ Colic in the abstract, of course, relates to the colon; but as a disease we apply the word to peculiar abdominal pain. Colic is divided into two classes, spasmodic and flatulent. Spasmodic colic is a painful affection of the bowels without fever or inflammation. The pain is intermittent and is pro- duced by irritation of the mucous lining of the bowels. This ir- ritation extends to the muscular coat, which contracts spasmod- ically through the stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. This contraction is usually violent and painful. It is the effort of nature to increase peristalsis by pushing the irritant along. If nature is successful in. doing this, the trouble ends; but if not, then the action is repeated. Therefore the pain is intermittent. If nature fails entirely, the irritation wil later produce conges- tion and inflammation, and eventually death by enteritis, at Ss OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 127 In such a case the spasms increase in violence as the case runs along. Ina favorable case they may stop altogether, but if they do recur, it is with decreased violence until they stop. Etiology.—As to the causes of colic, first comes error in diet, producing indigestion. This covers overeating, poor food, heavy drinking soon after eating, frozen food,—this chills the mucous lining and the reaction from the chill is accompanied by cramps, eating when physically exhausted, drinking large draughts of cold water especially when warm, and still more so if the horse 1s tired, intestinal concretions,—usually the calcareous ones (a cal- culus in the bowel does not cause pain until it rolls out of its pocket, then it acts as an irritant, but the pocket in which it grows has become accustomed to its weight gradually), para- sites such as ascarides, strongylus armatus and strongylus tetra- canthus. Of these three worms the last two mentioned are more likely to produce colic, the first to produce diarrhoea. The young embryos of these worms work their way into the colic artery, start a colony and eventually cause an aneurism, which is more or less obstructed by worms. Any alteration or disturbance of the circulation in the bowels produces violent pain the same as con- gestion in pleurisy causes pain. ‘This pressure in the colic artery produces pain sufficiently to ultimately kill the animal. The strongylus tetracanthus usually exists in large numbers and produces extreme pain, for which we use irritating poisons such as arsenic, sulphate of copper, sulphate of zinc, sulphate of iron in large quantities, and any preparation of lead. Another cause of colic is exposure to cold and dampness. If a horse falls down or lies down on the ice or snow, exposure to the cold is likely-to produce colic. Colic may be produced by violence in the form of kicks, severe accidents, etc. Semeiology.—Colic usually comes on suddenly. The irritant, whatever it is, irritates the lining of the bowel and nature will ‘submit to this disturbance only up to a certain point. Then she gives away suddenly. The irritation sufficient to produce colic may be accumulating for several days or it may do its work ina few hours, but when the colic begins, it runs a rapid course. If the horse is watched prior to the development of the disease, it will be noticed that he gets uneasy first, may lie down and kick 128 THEORY AND PRACTICE his hind feet up, turn around, switch his tail, lie down and roll and get up again. He may be quite comfortable for a few minutes, then another cramp comes on a little more severe than the preceding one. As a result he lies down and may attempt to remain on his back, then goes through the same restless motions again until he exercises himself enough to sweat. He rolls and - kicks and switches his tail until he feels easier. In the majority of cases nature cures the trouble. These vio- lent contractions succeed in moving the obstruction along. Sev- enty-five percent of these cases will be well when the doctor arrives. The pulse is increased in frequency due to the violent exertion, but it is not altered in character until the trouble has been running a considerable length of time with the possible danger of enteritis. The exercise may also catise an elevation of temperature. Pressure on the belly may give relief, while in enteritis or peritonitis, it increases the pain; this is a means of diagnosis. According to the idea of the laity retaining the urine causes colic, but this does not occur except when the horse has a habit of urinating under certain favorable conditions and holds the urine too long, thus causing a contraction of the neck of the bladder. This is painful in itself and of course he is unable to - void his urine. Overdistension of the bladder also causes pain. Some horses refuse to urinate while in harness; others will not urinate on the stable floor. Most all cases of colic are due to the first cause—errors in diet. The effect of this is indigestion, and we can say that sev- enty-five per cent of the colic cases are due to indigestion. The feces in most cases are hard and dry. If the trouble is in the large bowel, the horse will stand stretched out as though he wanted to micturate. This action on his part is usu- ally looked upon as a symptom of the disturbance being in the large bowel, but the owner gets the idea that the irritation is in the bladder. Again, when the large bowel is involved in colic, the horse will usually resist the entrance of the hand into the rectum, but will not if the trouble is in the small bowel. Occasionally we find that indigestion produces diarrhcea,— a mi aes OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 129 quite an extensive loosening of the bowels with severe cramps in connection with it. Treatment.—Bear in mind that the trouble is always urgent, therefore be quick. If you delay, he will get well without your help! On the other hand he may develop enteritis. Stimula- tion is the main point as regards curing the horse. The object of this is to assist nature in forcing the irritant, whatever it is, along the bowels. Of course these stimulants naturally increase the pain, but by so doing you are assisting nature to overcome the trouble. If the contents of the bowels lie along in one place, this will produce inflammation and death. The stimulants usu- ally given are the more active ones such as sulphuric ether, lib- eral doses of nux vomica, strychnine, ginger, small doses of eserin or arecolin, barium chloride, aromatic spirits of ammonia. Give anodynes freely, such as chloral hydrate, tincture of aconite (freely dilute it in small doses and repeat often), can- nabis and in exceedingly violent cases injections of morphine, not desirable but allowable. Friction on the belly gives relief. To overcome the indigestion use some neutral salt to act as an anti- septic. Give sodium sulphate in 2-ounce doses. Turpentine is an excellent remedy, being an antiseptic and a stimulant. Ginger and capsicum are also good remedies. Watch the case closely; stay with it for a time. Colic doses are usually repeated in half hours but sometimes they must be repeated every 15 minutes. For violent colic away from home tie a small piece of tobacco to the bit, and the horse will swallow enough of it to give him relief. Pipa iE NT COEIC: Flatulent colic is similar in many respects to spasmodic colic, but instead of the cramp we have tympanitis. This, whether of the bowels or the stomach, is always due to the fermentation of food. In case of impaction of the colon, when there is paralysis of the bowel, there is sometimes a little flatulence, but it is never a distressing symptom. In that case the flatulence as it occurs passes off naturally. . In flatulent colic the tympanitis distends the bowels and 130 THEORY AND PRACTICE presses strongly forward against the diaphragm. This disturbs the breathing, making the horse breathe faster and more shallow, producing rapid nervous prostration or asphyxia. Rupture of the bowels frequently takes place, the symptoms are self-evident. The body is distended, the flanks tympanic or drum like, and the rectum sometimes everted more or less. Pathogenesis.—There is indigestion. The undigested food fer- ments; the flatulence starting in one portion of the bowel pro- duces a fold on itself so that the gas as it forms, cannot escape and the more gas that forms the greater is the pressure upon the fold. Then it presses forward upon the diaphragm and causes asphyxia, or nervous prostration. Naturally as a result of this, the mucous membrane becomes greatly cyanotic; breathing is more rapid and shallow; the ears droop; the head hangs and in the course of 2-4 hours the horse in many cases is ready to topple over. Treatment.—In a very bad case, when the doctor arrives, he has not time to wait for medicine to act; you cannot relieve the case with the hose and the disturbance being in the bowels, it takes the medicine a long time to reach that place. In the mean time the animal is likely to die. Consequently you must tap the dis- tended bowel with a trocar. This is considered by some a rad- ical operation, but with horses it seems quite necessary. Keep _ the trocar with you all the time. Keep it well cleaned. Boil it after each operation. ‘ We usually tap on the right side for that is the most promi- inent point of the distension. Clip the hair off from a small place, scratch it with the finger and then wash the part with an antiseptic solution. Make a puncture about 5-8 to 1-2 inch deep and then insert the trocar downward, inward and forward, at least six inches, especially in a fat horse. If you strike the bowel, gas will escape. We find two kinds of gas in these cases, sul- phuretted hydrogen and carbonated hydrogen. The first is the one usually found. Touch a match to the escaping gas and it will burn with a blue flame. If the force is great, it may make a flame a yard long. Just as soon as all the gas has escaped, re- insert the trocar into the cannula and pull the two out together siowly. This will prevent the fecal matter from coming out into ¥ as Pa aa - ty ba: ty i Bye b pis e Fr x 4, -—s OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 131 the peritoneal cavity. Put some vaseline on the opening to keep the dirt out. If possible keep the horse standing during the op- eration. Occasionally he will lie down and you cannot get him up. Tap on the right side if possible, but either side will do. After the gas has escaped the horse can get ap. Then dose him. The best remedy we have is turpentine. It is quick to act—it will act in ten minutes. No other drug will act so quickly. In addition to the turpentine it is a good plan to give a liberal © dose of sulphate of sodium—4-6 ounces. After the flatulence has been relieved, give an injection of soap and water. In case of considerable pain, give an anodyne; the best one is probably chloral hydrate. Give a 1200-lb. horse about two ounces, either in a capsule or in tissue paper. Give liberal doses of linseed oil. Occasionally when tapping a horse a stream of blood will come out through the cannula, but I have never known this to be serious. In case you do not get the gas the first time you insert -the trocar, keep on trying until you do strike the bowel, always inserting it in a new place each time. Sometimes the owner will not let you tap his horse, which may be an especially valuable one. Assure him that the operation is a perfectly safe one—that it is absolutely harmless. If he still refuses, you can resort to eserin or arecolin, which should be given hypodermic- ally. When using these violent remedies, give the animal an ano- dyne so as to blunt the sensibilities ; for these drugs will increase the pain. In a moderately bad case, give the eserin, arecolin or barium chloride—one dram in a pint of water. There is little use to give injections while the abdomen is dis- tended. Bear in mind that getting the gas out does not cure the ‘trouble; this does not remove the cause. You must introduce an anti-ferment with the food. In tapping for this trouble there are only two organs to avoid, the bladder and the kidney. If you puncture straight down, you are likely to strike the bladder. Tap downward, inward and forward and you will go in front of the bladder. .To avoid the kidney dip downward. | Some unfavorable results occur from tapping. These may be enumerated as follows: Peritonitis; tetanus; abscess; intestinal fistula. Peritonitis and tetanus do not occur very often, tetanus 132 { * - THEORY AND PRACTICE probably the more frequently of the two. The germ producing it is introduced with the trocar. Peritoneal abscess is the most common result. It is located between the parietal peritoneum and the skin. This abscess is very serious if neglected. The pus that forms in it will extend to the flank and break out there. If this occurs, open the abscess and take out the pus, then syringe it out thoroughly, and it will heal very soon. This con- dition is no reflection upon the doctor, such abscesses will occur in spite of good technique in operating. Exercise all possible precaution against dirt to reduce the danger. Sometimes you will get a peritoneal abscess on the inside. The resisting power of horses is strong except in the peritoneum. In case of intes- tinal fistula, there is a chronic discharge from the bowel through the puncture. The liquid portion of the bowel contents comes out through the puncture and it does not take long for this to become a fistula. The best treatment is to cauterize it. Inject into the opening a solution of sulphate of copper the strength of an ounce to a pint of water—that is a little less than 8 per cent solution. Shoot down through the fistula about two drams of the solution and smear the external opening with vaseline. This injection will produce a sloughing and inflammation and the debris will empty the bowel. Usually one injection will cure the trouble. | In using the trocar and canula, do not leave the canula in the tissues more than two or three minutes. Congestion may gather around it and fix the tissues so that when you take it out an opening remains. Two or three minutes is long enough. In all bad cases there is great nervous prostration. For this give alcohol, strychnine, ginger, capsicum, and oil of turpentine. In close ribbed horses you will find that the flank does not distend much and is not so drum like as in a long flanked horse. These cases require more prompt attention than long flanked horses. INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS. The intestinal obstructions consist of calculi, dust balls, bots or any other foreign object that might get into the bowels. As OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 133 applied to horses these will probably cover all that you will ever find. Milch cows are inclined to eat all kinds of stuff, such as ~ table cloths, etc., dogs are inclined to swallow marbles, spools of thread, and in fact any hard substance. Other obstructions of the intestines are caused by: 2. Hernia and strangulation. 5. Serichiine. 4. Volvulus. 5. Intussusception. Calculi are composed of carbonate of lime and usually some carbonate of magnesia with it. They also contain more or less of the phosphates of lime and magnesia. These saits accumulate on the outside of the stone in thin layers and they always begin to form around a nucleus. This is usually a piece of a nail, a screw, any foreign object such as a little pebble, etc. It must be something that does not dissolve so that the salts of the in- testinal juices will form around it until it grows to a very large size, and attains a great-weight. Starting small in this way, the calculus forms a pocket, the lining of which becomes irritated, not enough to do any harm but enough to set up a sub-acute in- flammation that runs into a chronic. The result is cell prolifera- tion of connective tissue which forms a fibrous pocket which grad- ually becomes accustomed to the growing calculus. The calculus does no particular harm unless it falls out of the pocket. The “dust balls” usually form in animals feeding on mill cleanings from which they get dust and chaff of various kinds. These balls are light and usually round and of a black color,— most always black. Sometimes these balls form in considerable numbers, a half dozen in one animal. Stricture.—In this condition you must bear in mind that there is likely to be cell proliferation and inflammation. The forma- tion of fibrous tissue thickens the wall of the intestines and de- stroys its elasticity, producing more or less stenosis. Some do not reduce the size of the tube while others reduce it to almost nothing. Strictures of this kind might produce a fatal obstruc- tion in the bowels. | Volvulus——This is sometimes called gut-tie or gut- twist. The word means a turning around. There are two ways in which 134 THEORY AND PRACTICE the volvulus occurs: 1. In one case the intestine seems to turn right around on itself, making from one to four turns; this is fatal. 2. In the second we have a hernia with more or less de- generation, and in this conditions say the horse rolls, a portion of the bowel passes through making a twist on each side of the hernia. ‘This causes a rupture of the mesentery through which the bowel passes. This is fatal. Intussusception.—This is an invagination of a portion of a bowel into another portion of itself. This apparently should occur often yet it does not, much to our surprise. It never occurs un- der normal conditions. In order to bring it about there must be a dilatation of a part, which is probably due to a minor amount of degeneration with relaxation, naturally causing the wall to dilate. When this takes place, the motion of the intestinal wall forces it right into the expanded part. It is seen most often in the ileum, a portion of which slips into itself or passes out through the ilio-czecal valve into the colon. The result is obstruction of the bowel, and usually strangulation of both ends of the fold. This causes death through gangrene of the invaginated part. Horses never recover from intussusception, but cattle some- times do. Other animals do not recover. It is always fatal in dogs. People sometimes recover in the same way as animals do. This condition is comparatively common in babies but rare in adults. Semetology of Intussusception—There are violent colicky pains and the case grows worse in spite of treatment. You may blunt the sensibilities with drugs but the disease grows steadily worse. Death usually takes place in 10-20 hours. There is a profuse perspiration; hagard countenance; occasional attempts to vomit; animal is inclined to sit on his haunches; strains as if trying to defecate; apt to stretch a good deal; always some flatu- lence; before death he becomes quite stupid. Treatment—We can only recommend general principles and the first is a careful examination of the animal in hand, espe- cially in case of entire males. Stallions have been treated for colic when their trouble was hernia. Give oil ad libatum, a quart to start with and repeat in pint doses once or twice a day. Give rectal injections, cannabis indica, chloral hydrate, and morphia, pers AS b OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 135 and counter-irritation to the abdomen. Give eserine, arecolin or anodynes. Never neglect making a post mortem examination on all ob- scure intestinal affections. [EVERSION- OF THE RECTUM. Defimtion.—This is a protrusion of the rectum through the anus. The mucous membrane may extend out from the size of a grape to several feet. It occurs in all animals. In parturient paresis in cows the rectum has been known to extend out 6 feet; in dogs have seen it protrude 1% feet. Etiology.—Constipation is the main cause. A dry season in pasture with the streams dried up, dry feed, etc., too little water —these conditions cause constipation and they are responsible for the results of it. Barnyard diarrhoea will sometimes cause a prolapsed rectum. Empiric treatment of colic such as a piece of soap inserted in the anus, cauterizing it and thickening it, may bring about this condition. Treatment. The tail must be bandaged and the protruding part be washed with warm water and milk, to which has been added laudanum 1% ounce to the pint. Give the horse a liberal dose of chloral hydrate, 2 ounces for a 1,200 pound horse. This treatment will not paralyze but will blunt the sensibilities and contract the muscles (sphincter). Then try to replace the pro- truding part, using especial care not to wound the tissues. Use the palm of the hand. If the portion is expelled, inject more of the solution (milk and water). There are various means em- ployed to keep the rectum in place, such as a rope twisted in the form of a truss; some take two crucial stitches in the anus, but if the animal strains at all these will burst. The best way is to keep a man with his hand upon the part until it stays in place. This is expensive but it is the only practical way. The con- gestion will subside in 3-4 hours, although it may take 10. The laudanum per rectum relieves the pain. You can use an oint- ment composed of petrolatum 8 parts and opium 1 part. The opium will have overcome the peristalsis. In cows and dogs, 136 THEORY AND PRACTICE when the bowels have been exposed for some time, the parts usually become gangrenous. In this case do not replace the gut, but excise the protruded part. Cut off the part 1% inches out- side the anus and then pull out the gut to get at the normal part. Cut off the remaining part so that the edges are normal tissue and suture the coats together, making the ridge on the inside. Use the interrupted stitch. Before sewing sterilize the parts. After replacing pack with oakum. Give the animal suf- ficient opium to prevent defecation for three days. Then give a dose of oil and enemata. HAEMORRHOIDS. A haemorrhoid or bleeding pile is a little tumor of blood due to interrupted circulation by pressure from fecal matter. The fecal matter pressing upon the gut produces passive congestion in a localized part of the blood vessels. Constipation is always the cause of piles. A portion of the-anal rose is caught in the sphincter and pinched. This interrupts the circulation and forms external piles. If the piles are on the inside they are pro- duced by the hard fecal pellets. Internal piles become chronic. The feces rub them and make them bleed, hence the hemorrhage. Semetology.—The symptoms are bleeding and painful defeca- tion. The horse will switch his tail and the fecal matter is cov- ered with blood. In the human sometimes a severe hemorrhage occurs. The anus may be too small and contracted, making de- fecation difficult. If the feces are hard great harm may de done. When internal piles become chronic there is so much irrita- tion that it leads to a local inflammation of the rectal follicles and runs through the first, second and third stages. If the abscess is not treated and cured it will ulcerate and perforate the bowel. This is always fatal. In the horse the abscess is about two feet deep; in the hog 3-5 inches. It is not uncommon in hogs and in the human to see an opening on each side of the anus. In the horse the abscess may contain 3-4 quarts of pus. If the abscess is not opened it will rupture in from 10-30 days and become chronic. This is called an anal fistula, Re tee o ¥. ne PW ree SF s ita ‘ s ‘ ‘ j pecs i if : ) 1 f ¢ : t aN A : ; .. ‘ . > A ; i . *) 2 u es j 5 Ce igi ‘ welts f . ty ’ z 2 . , Aa ‘ “ = x x } Fi 4 ¥ "i f , : * ote 3 hse ; d 4 : ; ) - , 4 : £ . ay ; : 3 t AP ‘ Hy 7 : : v Pi i 7 f : : ; | | i 7 x : ] ~ of RoAaea 3 a : : | ; t Liey v ; 2 % vl ‘ e : ; f A r F Ser 4 ae Fr ey 7 - . 7 1 5 i y oe) : = 5 - 4 . - 4 \ z 7 / , * ? - 7 : f , rae ier B Prtea Sas ; Aye * , ‘ 2 . - / : pty Sf ; ‘ ‘ ; Basan f taht ye { ~~ co , a ¥ vA 7 ¢ OF VETERINARY. MEDICINE. 137 Treatment.—First overcome the constipation. This is often very difficult, especially in the human. In the domestic animals, loosen the bowels with oil and then diet. Give dose (big) of chloral hydrate; after a half hour dilate the anus with a specu- lum and explore. If hemorrhoids are found, remove. Use anti- - septic solutions for 10 days and keep the bowels open. Give salol. In case of external piles, remove in the same way, put- ting back only as a last resort. Sulphur ointments should be applied after each defecation. In the human astringents are re- lied upon but they are not much good. Imperforated anus sometimes occurs. The foetus may be born with the skin closing over the anus. In such case cut through and open up the anus. RO RENE Or Wi INGEST TNA WAL: Rupture of the intestinal wall occurs occasionally but not as often as rupture of the stomach. It is usually caused by flat- ulence. The first attack very seldom ruptures a bowel and not very often the stomach, but repeated attacks lead to degeneration of some part which finally ruptures with much less provocation than may have existed some time before. The rectum is some- times ruptured by reckless force used in back-raking. Semetology.—There are no diagnostic symptoms of this trouble but there will be pretty nearly the same symptoms as occur in case of rupture of the stomach. These are great nerv- ous prostration; a small, weak, rapid, hard pulse which finally gets wiry and imperceptible; animal sweats in patches; sits on his haunches.- When the rupture is in the rectum there is usu- ally violent straining and the animal dies from syncope. Death usually occurs in from 2-10 or even 20 hours. : The only positive proof of rupture of the bowel is the post mortem. Naturally there is no special treatment but since there are no diagnostic symptoms you have to treat the case until the animal dies, 138 THEORY AND PRACTICE ENTERITIS: Enteritis is an inflammation of either the small or large bowel. We consider enteritis as a true inflammation but there are author- ities, writers and text-books that consider it more in the light of apoplexy. It usually comes on suddenly, runs a rapid course and terminates fatally. We do not believe that any cases of this disease ever recover but there are practitioners who claim to have cured many cases of it. Probably their cases were pro- longed cases of colic, perhaps with local irritation just develop- ing prior to the removal of the cause. It often affects primarily the mucous coat, and extends outward to the muscular coat and then the serous. The ordinary case runs its course in 6-20 hours and dies. The inflammation is so violent and severely acute as" to produce rupture of the capillaries with more or less hemor- rhage by rhexis. This results in extensive extravasations and great tumefaction. In the sheep, cow, and human cases of enteri- tis may recover, but in the horse I think never. . Etiology.—At first there is dullness and slight uneasiness ; the horse hangs his head, refuses his food, turns his head and looks around to one side; he soon develops fever; breathing acceler- ated ; pulse increases in frequency and hardness ; abdominal mus- cles are more or less contracted, for which reason the breathing will be more or less shallow ; pain upon pressing the belly. The horse will lie down, roll, kick and sweat, but in lying down he usually goes down very carefully,—unlike a horse with colic. Fever runs up to 104 and 105. The mucous membranes get very much injected and cyanotic. When the horse passes feces, which may be in the rectum or colon at the time of defecation, you will notice that the lining is very dark red. The animal develops a haggard, anxious counte- nance. After a severe case has been in progress for 4-5 hours, the pulse becomes rapid, small and hard, running somewhere be- tween 70 and 100. The horse ceases to lie down and walks con- tinually if he is loose, with head elevated, eyes dazed, and stop- ping occasionally and sighing. When a horse sighs, it is almost a sure sign of a fatal termination. Horses never sigh exept in the late stages of disease. The extremities get cold, horse q ‘e ue oe ~ w, OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 139 gets stupid and loses sensibility to great extent. If the enteritis is in the small bowel the animal will sometimes vomit or try to; as death approaches, the mucous membranes get livid; he finally stops, stands quietly, pain seems to be continuous; pulse 100-120, probably imperceptible at the jaw; breathing rapid, shallow, and the expiring air cold; he sweats in patches and the muscles tremble. We presume that gangrene has set in and the horse is only waiting to die from nervous prostration.. I do not think that such a case lives long enough to die from septicemia. The horse stands as long as he can until weakness overcomes him and then he drops and soon dies. He may live 48-60 hours with this disease but an ordinary case will run its course and termi- nate in 6 hours after the first symptoms are visible. Post Mortem.—Upon opening the bowel there is found patches of ecchymosis on the serous covering. The wall is greatly thickened in the average case 1%4 to 34 inches. The contents of the bowel are semi-fluid and bloody. This blood is from hemorrhage by rhexis. The thickened bowel wall will be infiltrated with serum and lymph. On the surface of the mucous membrane there will be a gelatinous coat of more or less coagu- lated lymph. The general appearance of the mucous membrane is very dark red, almost black. Other animals suffering from enteritis are usually very quiet, semi-stupid as it were. Pulse and temperature run about the same as in the horse. Treatment.—It is difficult to prescribe rationally for enter- itis for there are antagonizing conditions. Our best efforts, how- ever, should be directed toward removing the cause in the hope that if we succeed the effects will cease. As a logical reasoning for this conclusion, we will say that whatever the cause of enter- itis is 1f it is not removed, the horse will die. Consequently we want to get a free evacuation of the bowels and we treat as for constipation. Give oil in liberal quantities and eserine and are- colin. Give rectal injections, liberal counter-irritants, alcoholic stimulants, give anodynes liberally, such as chloral hydrate, canna- bis indica, etc., morphia not being so much indicated. In other animals besides the horse, opium is used freely. To quiet the bowel suspend peristalsis and then give attention to reducing the fever, Such antipyretics as acetanilid are good but in the horse 140 THEORY AND PRACTICE the disease runs such a rapid course that we have not time for the drugs to act. We rely chiefly upon removing the cause and evacuating the bowels. It is always advisable to make a post mortem of a case of enteritis, especially so as to convince the owner that it was impossible to save the animal. In mild cases such remedies as camphor, aconite and bella- donna are indicated. Bleeding has been resorted to and has been found useless. PERLVONITIS: Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity. It covers the mesentery and is reflected over the intestines. This serous membrane becomes inflamed and the inflammation runs close to pleurisy. The stages are the same. Two forms of peritonitis exist, acute and chronic. The acute form runs its course in about 10 days, the chronic may run along for months. Ettology.—The most common cause is traumatism with in- fection. External violence, kicks from other horses for in- stance, especially those severe enough to produce ventral hernia; | exposure to cold and dampness; strongylus armatus; starvation; old age (no appreciable cause known) ,—these are the main causes of peritonitis. In the third stage of peritonitis the effusion ac- cumulates in the abdominal cavity and this condition is called ascites. Ascites may be due to chronic kidney and liver dis- eases without peritonitis, it being a dropsy from obstruction of the portal circulation or from defective secretions of the urine. It is sometimes tuberculous, and often follows castrations and abdominal operations. Semetology.—Pain is severe but the animal is comparatively quiet. Motion aggravates the pain so that instead of rolling and tossing and kicking, the horse is quiet. His back is more or less arched; abdominal muscles fixed; pulse and temperature up, temperature about 104, pulse 60-100; pulse hard and small; pres- sure upon the belly causes pain. In the third stage the exudate is profuse. This is difficult to recognize as the distension of the belly 1s not marked. The legs swell; dropsical enlargement under OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 141 the belly is usually seen but not always. The mucous membranes are first injected and later get pale; emaciation is rapid. The prognosis is usually unfavorable when the disease is extensive enough to be appreciable. Post Mortem.—Fatal cases of peritonitis have ascites so that the post mortem will show much serum in the abdominal cavity. This varies in color from amber to red, depending upon the acuteness of the attack. The peritoneum is generally red and over most of the surface, is softened and easily torn or punctured. In a chronic case you will usually find the heart, liver or kidney dis- eased. : Treatment.—We can prescribe for this condition in a ration- al manner. Control the fever with acetanilid, keep it down be- low two. Apply counter-irritants freely and repeat. A sina- pism 2 or 3 times a day is the best local application. Give mor- phine hypodermscally and give a stimulant with liberal doses of aconite, quinine and belladonna. Keep the animal quiet; bear in mind that motion aggravates the trouble as well as increases the pain. Death from castration is usually due to septic peritonitis. Fol- lowing a case of this kind you will usually have a swelling of the sheath and extreme redness of the wound. In addition to internal treatment and mustard on the belly, bathe the swollen parts freely and insert a disinfected hand up into the inguinal canal twice a day or so to make sure it is kept open. DY SENTERY. Dysentery is known as bloody flux. It is an inflammatory dis- ease affecting the intestines and floating colon. The fever is of the same character as typhoid—a low prostrating form of fever. The discharges from the bowels are fluid, and contain an excess of mucous with some blood and pus and much fetor. These evac- uations are accompanied by tenesmus of the rectum. Etiology.—The animal has a predisposition, i. e., is weak con- stitutionally. The cause is probably specific: Some think that malaria is a cause. Dysentery is most commonly seen in cattle which are pastured on land overflowed with water or on hay cut 142 , THEORY AND PRACTICE from such land. The hay contains much sand and no doubt many germs, some of a specific character and these may be the cause of the dysentery. The feed should be examined for molds, ani- mal parasites, and bacteria. Semeiology.—Dysentery starts as a diarrhoea, but with a tem- perature of about 2 degrees. The prostration is greater than in diarrhcea. The coat is staring; almost complete loss of appetite ; excessive thirst; tenesmus of the rectum; back arched, all four feet brought nearer each other ; tail cocked, head lowered ; invol- untary cramps and straining; fecal matter is largely a jelly-like substance streaked with blood and has a fetid discharge. This is due to the degeneration of the mucous follicles in the rectum which are ulcerated. The molecular death (decomposition) causes the stench; sulphuretted hydrogen gas is formed. The tissues blacken a silver probe. : Prognosis.—There is a tendency to a fatal termination. The diagnosis should be guarded. If the disease lasts a week or ten days marasmus takes place, emaciation and nervous prostration develop very rapidly and death results from collapse. Post Mortem.—The lining of the rectum is of a purple color and very much swollen; it shows numerous little elevations which upon closer examination prove to be ulcers. They look like pap- ules. In young stock there would be general pallor of all the membranes. Treatment.—Prescribe a complete change of food. This 1s all important. Give the best obtainable food and see that the water is pure. Give linseed tea with a little bicarbonate of soda. Laxatives are not indicated. Quiet the rectum by starch and laudanum injections with a 10 per cent solution of boracie acid added. Give opium internally by mouth and tonic doses of quinine. Salol and bismuth are good remedies. Ailay cramps by hypodermic injections of morphine. Chloroform combined with opium and camphor are indicated. It is all important to give attention to hygiene. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 143 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL GLANDS. LIVER-SPLEEN-PANCREAS. Diseases of the liver in the lower animals are less common than in the human, but when they do exist they are probably just as serious. The lower animals lead more natural lives and are less given to dissipation and therefore they are less given to dis- ease. hey are accustomed to eat what is given them and drink what is provided them and keep more natural hours. In the human this is very different. Many of the liver diseases in the human arise from drinking alcoholic drinks. ' The phenomena of the liver diseases are as follows: 1. Jaundice or icterus. This is a general yellowness of all parts of the body. It shows in the visible mucous mem- branes and in the skin, 1. e., in the hu- man. 2. Lameness—in very serious acute dis- eases of the liver the horse oftentimes is lame in his right forward quarters. Occasionally he has colicky pains. 3. Bilious diarrhoea, if the liver is work- ing excessively. 4. Feces gray, in case of torpidity of the liver. ; . General listlessness. 6. Diarrhcea. tn CONGHESTION- OF TEE LIVER. = We recognize three congestions of the liver: 1. Active congestion, involving the hepatic arterial system,—the nutrient system. 2. Passive congestion, involving the venous or portal system. 3, Biliary congestion. 144 4 THEORY AND PRACTICE Bear in mind that there are two distinct circulations in the liver, the arterial and the portal or biliary. In the hepatic arterial system we find that there is an in- creased flow of blood to the normal liver during the active stage of digestion. This is normal of course, but in disease there is an excess of blood during digestion. Etiology of Active Congestion.—Over-feeding on nitrogenous food is a principle cause. This makes an animal plethoric. This alone without any exciting cause is liable to develop hepatic ar- terial congestion at any time. Exercise, especially when an animai is In a gross condition during hot weather excites a plethoric condition. It is seen in horses that are pampered and very lib- erally fed and more or less idle. Over-feeding with too little work results in rupture of some of the blood vessels of the liver and as a consequence hemorrhage. This hemorrhage is not suffi- cient to do any harm with a first or second attack, for the rup- tured vessels heal and the clot becomes absorbed, leaving an anemic patch, usually white. These patches can be seen on the surface of the liver under the capsule. These may vary in size from 1% inch to 34 inch in diameter. They are old chronic infarcts. These are common in old cattle and occasionally in horses. _ Ina more severe case rupture of the larger blood vessels oc- curs ; the hemorrhage is greater, and if it is a third or subsequent attack, degeneration takes place to a greater or less extent. Con- sequently the infarction and hemorrhage are greater. Sometimes rupture of the capsule takes place with a fatal internal hemory- hage. Etiology of Passive Congestion (Portal)—This depends mostly upon the enervation, that is, nervous prostration of the animal. This is the principal cause of portal congestion. General enervation is seen in influenza, pneumonia and in other affections. The liver gets torpid and does not work as actively as it should. The bile is not secreted in proper quantity and biliary capillaries become congested, probably as a result of defective cardiac power. The congestion produces pressure upon the liver lobules, inter- fering with the outward flow of the bile through the minute bile ducts. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 145 In case of pneumonia there is a different pathogenesis. There is a defective cardiac power. In all bad cases of pneumonia there is more or less obstruction of the arterial circulation in the lungs. This is especially so in the third stage, and the obstructed circulation dams up the outlet and leads to dilatation of the right ventricle, which in turn prevents the blood from leaving the liver. Consequently in most cases of pneumonia on about the fourth day we get considerable jaundice. In chronic diseases of the kidneys there is an insufficiency of secreting substance, and consequently an insufficient secretion of the urine. The retained urine by pressing upon the portal vein, causes ascites. Biliary Congestion.—-Biliary congestion occurs secondary to the active or the passive. It is a direct result of pressure upon the lobules and bile ducts. Then absorption of the bile takes place "and we get a jaundiced condition. . Post Mortem.—In passive and biliary congestions the liver is darker than normal,—in streaks or in spots, usually in streaks. There are fine yellow markings. These are the surcharged bil- lary ducts. Semeiology.—Listlessness is an important symptom. In ac- tive congestion pressure over the region of the liver will often cause pain. The horse or other animal will try to get away from one. Jaundiced mucous membranes are a sign; feces are usually dry, or after a period of constipation there may be a slight diar- rhoea ; mouth coated and has a soapy feeling and a sour smell. In bad cases the animal grinds his teeth. In chronic cases the animal is hungry for salines. He will eat dirt, lick the wall, and chew the manger. Pulse and temperature will not vary much from the normal, unless the trouble is secondary to some other disease. In bad cases the appetite is poor and the animal gets unthrifty. Treatment.—Treat according to the cause. If the hepatic dis- turbance is secondary to some other disease, treat the original disease. If the original trouble is in the liver, let the treatment center there. In case of a fat horse, let him fast. Give him a purgative, calomel or bicarbonate of soda. When you get re- sults from these begin on some acid mixture, nitric acid or aqua 146 THEORY AND PRACTICE regia. If there is no anemia, give sulphate of soda night and morning for a week or two and regulate the diet. BE PALILTS: Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. It runs through the three stages of inflammation and goes on to suppuration in the form of liver abscesses. This condition cannot be diagnosed dur- ing life. | Semeiology.—The symptoms are general unthriftiness; lan- guor, animal unable to do much; the disease does not usually kill unless the abscess is large and ruptures internally. If the inter- nal rupture takes place, the disease will terminate in pyzemia in about a hundred days. Post Mortem.—The capsule of the liver is thickened due to cell proliferation. The interlobular connective tissue is also thick- ened. Liver abscesses are usually associated with some other dis- ease as glanders, strangles, etc. CHRONIG HEPA Fits: This condition is cirrhosis of the liver. It is a subacute and chronic inflammation of the liver, affecting the interlobular nbrous connective tissue. The liver is large and hardened and the edges are rounded and thickened. The color is lighter than normal, © more of a bluish color than the usual thick red. This condition is found in old animals which are starving because their teeth are too poor to grind up the food before them. Special Pathology—Hypertrophy of the connective tissue pro- duces pressure upon the biliary ducts and lobules and as a result we find yellow markings through the liver. The liver is brown in patches and the lobules are anemic. The capsule is as hard as cartilage. This produces pressure upon the veins and portal circulation causing ascites. The word cirrhosis comes from the Greek kirros, meaning orange-yellow and refers to the yellow condition of the liver which is the result of the fibrous condition. This hardening may be applied to any organ but it more properly OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 147 belongs to the liver. The hypertrophy of the connective tissue may produce atrophy of the parenchyma, that is, the epithelial cells which make up the lobules. It is often the primary lesion of ascites of old dogs. Treatment.—This should be directed toward putting the ani- mal is a better condition. Attend to its teeth, give him better and more easily digested food; give him potassium acid tartrate in his feed. PALLY DEGENERATION: Fatty degeneration of the liver occurs in fat-pampered horses and dogs. The liver of a dog with ascites may be five times the natural size. In such a case the liver is large, soft and yellow and there is jaundice. The dog is fat and weak. Treatment.—Reduce the artificial heat; decrease the amount of food and increase the work gradually. Sheep develop fatty degeneration if fed on non-nitrogenous food, such as white tur- nips. In such a case prescribe pea-meal and oats. The liver is large and yellow; miscropical examination shows fat globules in the liver cells; many of the lobules are transformed into fat. The animal may die from fatty degeneration of the liver and still appear thrifty. 3 ICTERUS. Icterus is a yellow condition of the whole system. This is caused by two factors: 1. Suppression (non-secretion of the bile) ; 2. Reabsorption of the bile. These two conditions may be differ- entiated by the presence or absence of biliary acids in the urine. These are glycocholic and taurocholic acids. When these acids are found in the urine they are a sure sign of reabsorption of the bile; when they are absent from the urine, it means that no bile has been secreted by the liver, that is, suppression. — Test for Biliary Acids in the Urine.—Put a dram of urine in a test-tube and in it dissolve a little cane sugar. To this add carefully so as not to mix a dram of sulphuric acid, holding the tube slanting so that the acid passes down under the urine. If 148 THEORY AND PRACTICE biliary acids are present, a deep purple band will form between the urine and the sulphuric acid; if not, a brown band will form. In case the acids are present it is a sure indication of obstructed bile ducts and a consequent reabsorption. If the brown band is the reaction, then this is a sign of suppression. Etiology of Suppression.—Enervation is an important symp- tom. It occurs in the disordered hepatic circulation of cirrhosis, in tuberculosis, actinomycosis, fatty degeneration, etc. - Ettology of Reabsorptian.—This condition is due to obstruc- tion of the bile channels. The obstruction may be: 1. Ductus choledochous—biliary calculus. 2. Tumefaction of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, probably from local inflammation, and this causes the same condition in the duct. 3. Stenosis—stricture and obliteration of of the duct. 4. Tumors in the duct. 5. Pressure upon the duct from without. 6. Parasites. The ones most commonly found are the ascaris megalocephalus and the fasciola heptaica. The first is found in the horse, ox and sheep; the other found in any animal. Semeiology.—In absorption of the bile there is general yei- lowness of all parts of the body. The icterus is much greater than when due to suppression. ‘The urine is high-colored; feces eray and offensive; mouth feels pasty and soapy; smells sour; usually a loss of appetite, not always, in bad cases the tem- perature rises on the 3rd day; by the 5th day the temperature will be up to 106; pulse increasing slowly, 60 by the 5th day; itching of the skin, horse rubs himself raw; skin gets thick and wrinkly; scurvy with desquamation of the epidermis. On the neck the skin lies in rolls size of finger. There is a distinct labored action of the right shoulder. The animal becomes ema- ciated, anzemic and finally dies from blood poisoning. In suppression there is a less yellowness of the mucous mem- branes, and even this is pretty much the only symptom. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 149 ~ Treatment.—In reabsorption get rid of the obstruction. Pur- gation is indicated; for a horse of 1,600 prescribe six powders of calomel (1 dram) and bicarbonate soda (1 dram), one powder every two hours. Give these powders while the horse is fasting, then two hours after give 1 ounce of aloes. Let the horse have plenty of water, but nothing to eat. Twenty hours after giving the ball let him have soft feed and hay. When the purgation ceases give alterative doses magnesia sulphate or soda sulphate night and morning for two weeks and then start in on quinine and nitro-muriatic acid with nux vomica. & Ournine Sulphate. so Ss he es wes 2% drams A GusNarOsMiits ACLs Se eer tee Rh 1 dram ERULUREES SORES rete eee ine eh ees ec cetde ett e, D i pint M. Sig—Give 1 ounce two or three times a day one-half hour before feeding, with the object of dissolving any biliary calculi. Do something for the itching. Acetic acid (1 ounce) to a pint of water will make a good lotion. When applying, leave wet. In hot weather put on a sheet; in cold, a blanket. Tie the animal so that he cannot rub. The absorption of the bile into the blood poisons it and causes the itching. In case sheep suffer from flukes, change the pasture. SPLEEN. The spleen is subject to the various organic changes which take place in other tissues, such as congestion, inflammation, atrophy, hypertrophy, thrombosis, tuberculosis, carcinoma, mela- nosis, etc. The symptoms of disease of the spleen are negative. Case of Lymphadenoma in a Horse.—The case was a draft stallion weighing 2,200 pounds, aged 5 years. He was sold in February and began serving in April and did good service up to June. The animal began getting languid and listless and in a month’s time would not serve at all. He got cross and irritable, lazy, and emaciation set in. He ran down rapidly. He died the last of July a mere skeleton. The post mortem revealed a spleen weighing about 60 pounds. The organ was 6 inches thick and the surface was studded with numerous little tumors which ap- peared to be fibrous tissue. The horse was sold as a sound ant- mal; suit was instigated, but the owner lost. 150 THEORY aND PRACTICE PANCREAS. The pancreas is most commonly affected with fatty degenera- tion, but that is very seldom. One of the evidences is fat in the feces, probably due to a faulty action of the pancreatic juice. The symptoms are indefinite and are not diagnostic. The animal is anzemic and shows irritability. CONSTITUTIONAL OR BLOOD DISEASES. A constitutional disease is one in which the whole system or blood is affected primarily, and if the disease localizes itself it does so secondarily. The exogenous diseases are contagious ; the endogenous are non-contagious. The word “contagious” refers to a disease that is due to a specific virus peculiar to the disease itself. The agent of the disease is called the contagium. If an animal is affected with a contagious disease, the spe- cific virus of that disease inoculated into another susceptible ani- mal will produce the disease. There are different means of in- oculation: 1. Artificial—scarify the skin and intro- duce the virus. ; 2. Natural—exposure through the alimen- tary tract, respiratory, or through any mucous membrane or abraided sur- face, or accidental wound. The contagium or specific virus in most contagious diseases is a known micro-organism—an animal parasite (protozoon) or a vegetable parasite (bacterium). In not all contagious diseases has the specific virus been found. In such cases we cannot call the causal agent a micro-organism, and yet we can reasonably presume it to be one or else the disease would not be specific. As regards the difference between bacteria and protozooa, Sternberg gives a concise definition: The animal organism, that is a protozoon, receives food particles into the interior of the body assimilating the nutritious portion, and subsequently ex- truding the non-nutritious residue. A vegetable organism is OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 151 nourished through the cell wall, which encloses the protoplasm, by organic or inorganic substances held in solution. This defi- nition allows the vegetable organism both organic and inorganic food. The discovery of the various agents of contagious diseases has produced the germ theory. This is as follows: When a specific germ of a specific disease is inoculated into a healthy animal, it will produce that same specific disease and no other. The period of incubation is the time elapsing between the inoculation and the first physical signs of the disease. This may be called the incubative stage. VARIOLA. Variola is a specific disease affecting all animal life, but each species of animal has its own kind of variola and this is com- municable to all other species. The human variola is the small pox; equine is the horse pox; bovine, cow pox or vacina; then we have goat pox, pig pox, chicken pox, etc., but every pox is contagious. Course.—Variola runs through four definite stages; viz. 1. muuple; 2. Vesicle; 3. Pustule; and 4. Scab... Prior to the physical manifestations of the pox, there is probably a little fever, es- pecially in the lower animals. In the human the pox is fre- quently fatal as is the case in black pox. In the lower animals the pox is mild. This disease is non-recurrent ; one attack rend- ers an animal permanently immune. Chicken pox may render some little degree of immunity in the human, and cow pox most certainly does. Vaccination is based upon the 1. Intercommunicability of the disease. 2. Non-recurrence of the disease. History of Vaccination—Dr. Edward Jenner, an English country practitioner, discovered the principles of vaccination. He was the first to notice that the milkmaids did not take the small pox, that they were practically immune. In 1768 he discovered the reason why. He examined cows and people and found that the cows frequently had kine pox. He began inoculating people £52 THEORY AND PRACTICE with the serum of the kine vesicles in 1/96. He met with such success that he announced his discovery to the world in 1798. Vaccination was introduced into America in 1800. It has proved so successful that the adoption of it has become world wide. The specific cause of variola has never been found. Etiology.—There is nothing known about the cause of pox.— The disease has proved to be of a specific nature, and is more than likely due to some germ, but the causal agent has not yet been demonstrated. Course.—Variola equina runs through four well defined stages, pimple, vesicle, pustule and scab. The pimple stage is short, about 24 hours. The vesicles contain serum which is thin, clear and transparent. About the second day it begins to get cloudy and the fourth day pustules form. Coagulation of the lymph and drying of the skin make the scab. This desquamates about the 21st day, leaving an oval shallow circular red pit. Equine variola usually attacks the mouth first, then spreads over the lips, cheeks, neck and shoulders and continues down tle legs. Contagious stomatitis may be a form of variola. In case of infec- tion from stomatitis use continuous applications of a 2 per cent . solution of formaldehyde. Treatment.—Wash the mouth with potassium chlorate, or so- dium biborate solution. Keep a special watering bucket for the animal and keep him separate from the other animals. Thorough- ly disinfect the stable after recovery. Sheep sometimes die from variola. Occasionally equine variola is enzootic. In such a case horses become infected after being fed or watered from contaminated food or water. In 1877 an outbreak occurred in Montreal and the stable men in several places contracted the disease. ANTHRAX. Anthrax has various different names. The French- call it Charbon; the Germans, Milzbrand ; other names are Splenic fever, Woolsorter's disease, Putrid fever, Petaechial typhus; in East India it is called Loodiana disease, in South Africa, Horse sick- rer » adtaratial ale OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 50 ness, 1n the Highlands of Scotland it is called Bruay. Some writers call it contagious carbuncle. In the human subject, when anthrax is due to inoculation through a wound, it is called malig- nant pustule. Anthrax is essentially malignant. As a rule it develops without any swellings or external manifestations, although there may be swelling. All warm blooded animals are subject to it. At one time it was thought that the birds and fowls did not have it, but this is erroneous. The disease usually runs a rapid fatal course, sometimes killing in 12-24 hours. In the horse many mild cases recover, but the recovery is slow. Some never fully get over the disease. Anthrax is especially noticed among fast horses, pacers and trotters. They may recover, but they never recover their former usefulness. They may have a wabbly gait. Anthrax has been known from time immemorial. In the siege of Troy, animals are recorded as having anthrax. The people ate the animals and 60,000 of them died. It occurs epizootically and enzootically. Etiology.—The cause of anthrax is the bacillus anthracis. It was discovered by two Frenchmen in 1850—Rayer and Davaine. The disease is communicable from animal to animal and from animal to people. The germs may be taken in through any channel, but most often by the mouth through food. The germs can enter any abraided surface, wounded skin, etc. In case of a skin wound the part should be excised. People can get malig- nant pustule through handling dirty rags, etc. Whether the animal dies from the disease or not depends upon the conditions of immunity. The course of the disease depends upon: 1. The natural immunity of the animal. 2. Strength of the culture, that is the amount of attenuation of the germs. 3. Number of germs inoculated. The period of incubation is short—may be four hours. The disease is non-recurrent. One attack renders immunity to an animal. Pasteur proved this to be true and because of his in- vestigations we now practice vaccination against it. He used broth as a culture medium and kept it at a temperature of 42 degrees C. He found that the germs died ina month. When he 154 THEORY AND PRACTICE introduced the broth into a healthy animal, it produced a con- stitutional fever. Pasteur experimented upon sheep, using two or three inoculations a week apart, and after the reaction of the fever, he found that the sheep were immune. ‘This immunity usually developed after the second inoculation. Koch claimed that a hypodermic inoculation of anthrax would not immunize an animal from the natural infection; he further claimed that the germs were dead in a degenerated carcass, but he was not correct. There is no doubt that germs have infected people in carcasses two or three years old. Koch has immortalized himself, but he has made so many ridiculous announcements that he has lost caste amongst modern pathologists. Horses get anthrax by grazing on lands flooded the previous spring. The streams are liable to contain a decomposing carcass which carries the germs. The disease may come through the food, through the flies, stings etc. Semeiology.—Some cases of anthrax develop external tumors. When the disease takes the form of apoplexy there is no swelling. In case of splenic apoplexy the animal dies suddenly. The first thing noticeable is a high temperature, which in 3-4 days runs up to 106. The visible mucous membranes become cyanotic, due to the disorganization of the blood. Weakness is progressive and rapid. A few hours before death the animal staggers, then goes down, dying from syncope. Post Mortem.—Vhe tissues show petechiz or ecchymoses. The blood spots are local hemorrhages. The spleen is large and black, and full of coagulated blood. If the suspended contents will gravitate, this is diagnostic of anthrax. Upon opening the heart the blood will be found to be black, thick, and non-coagu- lated. The liver will be congested and the kidneys are surrounded with fat. These are the only lesions found post mortem. An- - thrax is wholly a blood disease and it is a good plan to corrobor- ate the diagnosis by a blood examination. Inoculate a small laboratory animal with some of the blood, spleen, kidney, etc., to see if anthrax develops. In making a post mortem, always re- member that the disease will attack the doctor as well as any one else. Use rubber gloves, keep the flies away. Do not allow the carcass to be skinned, burn it. If it must be buried, cover it with OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 55 slaked lime 5 feet deep. Otherwise the earth worms will bring the germs to the surface and infect the animals grazing near by. Treatment.—lf the case is the first one diagnosed, then treat the fever and when the animal dies, as he surely will, hold a post mortem. If the post mortem confirms the diagnosis, then quar- antine against the source of infection. No medical treatment will touch anthrax. You can vaccinate, however. Get the printed directions which come with the virus and follow them carefully. Make sure of your diagnosis before saying anything. The iat around the kidneys is the same in Texas fever. The blood of anthrax is not like that of any other disease. RABIES. The name rabies is derived from the Latin rabere, to rave. In the human subject it is called hydrophobia. This word means dread of water, but the disease is the same as in any other ani- mal. Water sets the patient into paroxysms, but so would any- thing else. Rabies is a peculiar contagious disease. It presents its symptoms through the nervous system in the form of parox- ysms which are invariably fatal. All warm blooded animals are subject to it. The virus seems to live in the saliva, but an emul- sion of brain or spinal cord of a rabid animal will produce the disease when inoculated into another animal. Other parts, such as the blood, feces, etc., when inoculated, give negative results. The rabid virus may be absorbed through a wound. It is usually easy to trace the origin of the disease. We regard the history of every Case important. Ettology.—It was formerly supposed that dogs go mad by reason of a spontaneous development of certain conditions, such as deprivation of water, confinement, ungratified passion, etc., but recent investigations show that rabies may occur in any dog and in any place, the one thing needful being a bite from another ani- mal. Bites around the head are much more dangerous than when located in other places. Pasteur states that only one out of five bitten by rabid animals develop the disease. So far as the speci- fic virus is concerned, we do not know much about it, but the 156 THEORY AND PRACTICE agent must be large for it can be filtered out from the saliva. The so-called Negri bodies are a phenomenon of this disease. In 1903 Negri discovered the small bodies in the nervous tissues of rabid animals. They can be seen under the scope in the from of little granular oval or round masses which stain red. They are found © in the gray substance of the brain, especially in the horn of Ammon. Investigation of these bodies is being conducted in many laboratories and all reports do not agree as to the import- ance of these bodies from a diagnostic standpoint. They have been found in animals not diagnosed as having rabies. Prof. Negri, Dr. Lagorio (Chicago), and Dr. Frothingham (Boston) have done much work on the subject of rabies. Dr. Frothingham claims that these bodies are a positive evidence of _ rabies. So far as the deprivation of water is concerned, any animal will develop a fever when deprived of water. Statistics prove that we have more rabies in the fall and winter than in the summer and the temperature has nothing to do with it. The period of incubation may be as short as a week, and it runs an indefinite length of time. Rabies may be traced to a bite 6 months past. The incubation period averages 28-35 days. The periods are the same in all animals. Semetology.—Horse. The first thing noticed is nervousness. There is an unnatural twitching of the muscles of the face and the patient is irritable, inclined to bite his attendant. He drinks slowly and on the second day cannot drink at all. He shakes his head, breaks the bucket, etc., and does not eat because of the par- alysis of the muscles of deglutition. The horse grows constantly more restless and has spasmodic fits of kicking; makes attempts to bite, but does not really do so. According to the severity of the attack paralysis sets in sooner or later and the animal staggers until he goes down in a fit of unconsciousness. The bitten part seems to itch and the horse rubs his wound against the stall. If the wound is on a leg, the animal nibbles the part, bites it, tears it, wounding himself severely. There is no fever, the animal dies comatose. Death occurs about the fifth day. The course and termination of this disease indicates that OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 157 it is specific. The symptoms in other animals will be taken up by Dr. White and Dr. Merillat. Differential Diagnosis ——There is no danger in making a mis- taken diagnosis for no other disease comes close to it. In the horse cerebro-spinal meningitis has some similar symptoms. In the dog acute indigestion must be differentiated. Dogs vomit in indigestion, but not in rabies. Because a dog bites, he is not necessarily mad. He will bite in case of worms, brain trouble, etc. In dog practice it is sometimes difficult to make a diagnosis between the diseases of the brain and those of the stomach. Treatment.—Rabies is always fatal, consequently medicinal treatment is useless and the only thing is preventive treatment. Pasteur discovered the efficacy of inoculating an animal with attenuated virus. He inoculated chicken broth with attenuated saliva of a rabid dog (saliva was old) and it gave no results. Then he inoculated a rabbit with an emulsion of the brain of a rabid dog; then he used the inoculated animal to inoculate the next and so on until he had inoculated 50. He found that the 50th attenuation was very mild in action, and when an emulsion from such an animal was used, it was slower to act. He used attenuations of the 50th degree up to the 12th, making the inocu- lations 3 or 4 days apart, and this course of treament produced immunity. The Pasteur treatment as carried out today is practically the same. An emulsion of spinal cord of a rabbit is used and kept in the incubator for 3 days when it is sufficiently atten- uated. This attenuated virus is used for the inoculation. Dr. Lagoria inoculates for 21 days, using a 3rd day attenuation for 3 days, 2nd day attenuation for 5 days, etc. If the bite occurs on the face or neck, the treatment should occur immediately. In all cases it should begin by the 3rd day. GLANDERS. Glanders or farcy (French, La Morve; German, Rotzkrank- heit) is a specific inflammation especially characteristic of the equine species, horses and asses. It is communicable to the 158 THEORY AND PRACTICE human, dogs and cats. It has recently been found that it could be inoculated into the bovine species. Bovines are generally con- sidered to be immune. Glanders is considered a fatal disease. Some mild cases can possibly be cured, but these are infrequent. External glanders refers to the specific eruption of the Schneiderian membrane; internal glanders attacks the invisible mucous membranes such as those of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, etc., and the lungs in the form of interstitial pneumonia, the liver and internal lymphatic glands. Farcy is an eruption of the external lymphatics and ducts. It is spoken of as cutaneous glanders. In all fatal cases of either glanders or farcy the one runs into the other. A horse seldom dies from the one form of lesion without the other appearing. The disease runs two courses, acute, and chronic (subacute). The acute form kills in 3-6 weeks, although the horse might run along for a longer time; the chronic form lasts indefinitely. The disease is as old as anthrax. The French wrote about it in 1618. LaFosse, 20 years later described it as ulceration of the mucous membranes. It exists quite generally in the unciv- ilized world as well as the civilized. Etiology.—The specific germ of glanders called the bacillus malleus was discovered by Loeffler and Schultz in 1882. These men were members of the German board of health. The germs are found in. the discharges of glanders and farcy. With them are also found many other bacteria. Semeiology.—The earliest symptoms are fever and diabetes, insipidus. These symptoms are not usually noticed unless the horse is a valuable one and is observed to miss a meal or two. The horse may show so marked polyuria as to flood the stable. He has a good appetite, but in spite of it he loses flesh rapidly. He is not sick long before a nasal discharge begins in the form of a red limpid serum mixed with mucus. After a few days this be- comes muco-purulent and streaked with blood. If you look into his nose you will notice a red local swelling elevated at least 4 inch. This is the pustule of glanders, and when it ruptures the hemorrhage causes the pus to be reddish. The mucus from the nose is of a catarrhal nature, coagulated and starchy. It has no actual diagnostic appearance, but it is suspicious because of its ieee f ra + Se) ee ed ' OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 159 resemblance to melted butter. This sticky discharge accumulates around the rim of the nostrils and dries there more or less. This interferes with the respiration. The horse blows his nose and a stringy discharge flips up and lodges on the side of the face where it attracts dust and dirt. The glandered horse always has a dirty face. The stall also will be just as dirty. You can always tell a glandered horse’s stall. In the course of a week the submaxillary lymphatics will swell. They catch the debris and germs. As a rule they do not suppurate. This symptom is not diagnostic, for you get the same in chronic catarrh. The pustule in the nostril ruptures, eventually ulcerates, and death occurs from molecular degeneration. The ulcer has an elevated, ridged edge with a depressed center. Ultimately the whole mucous membrane of the nose has a mouse eaten appear- ance. In a mild case, especially if the pustules form high up in the nostril, the air passages become constricted and we get wheezy breathing, but this is not diagnostic. | Cough, accelerated breathing and pneumonia are the next symptoms. ‘The pneumonia is interstitial because it involves the interlobular connective tissue. The lining of the bronchi become ulcerated. In the course of a week we get cuticular manifesta- tions, particularly in the inguinal region and at times in the pec- toral. The legs are doughy and the nodular swellings discharge and ulcerate. These ulcers do not heal, but remain in a state of continual discharge until death. _ In such a condition the horse is dejected, hangs his head and looks miserable. The discharge from the nose may became some- what offensive. The animal dies from collapse. During the whole course of the disease the fever stays up to 102° to 104° or even more. The pulse is increased in frequency and decreased in size and strength. In subacute glanders a chronic discharge from the nose is usually the first thing noticed. It is of the same character as that in the acute only not so exaggerated. The case runs along with no other symptoms except the discharge and the enlarge- ment of the submaxillary lymphatics. Such a case may keep up indefinitely if well cared for. But during all this time the horse 160 THEORY AND PRACTICE is sowing the germs of the disease everywhere. The termination of a chronic case is a sudden development of the acute form. This comes from exposure such as an animal would get on board ship or in the army, or even poorly ventilated stables may be a cause. Acute Farcy.—This form of glanders starts with abscesses in the lymphatics. They begin as small nodules about the size of a hazel nut and suppurate, rupture, discharge and ulcerate. The legs swell and eventually the eruption involves the greater por- tion of the body. The condition grows worse rapidly and after 2-4 weeks the case runs its course. Chromc Farcy.—In a mild form the inflammatory areas on the leg become indurated while small nodules spring up in other parts. ‘The course is slow. Many of the ulcers heal, leaving hairless scars. Sometimes the farcy buds come up on the head and neck pretty thick; they heal and leave scars. Such a case may continue for years until some unfavorable condition develops to produce a severe exacerbation. Besides the conditions previously mentioned, severe purga- tion may bring on a sudden development of acute glanders. 9 dram doses of aloes following 7 draw dosage will produce se- vere purgation. In this climate chronic glanders runs its course in about 3 years, but in North Dakota and Montana it may run along for 10 years. How is the disease carried? The usual port of entrance is thought to be the alimentery tract. The virus may be absorbed from any mucous surface or through any abrasion of the stom- ach lining. Feed boxes, drinking places and hitching posts are sources of infection. A glandered horse is prone to rub his nose and the sticky discharge therefrom contaminates everything it comes in contact with. Dogs discharge much more freely than the horse. They carry the glanders germs from one. place to another. The period of incubation of glanders may. be as short as a week. This is difficult to estimate for we do not know what time the case was infected. Treatment.—All kinds of treatment have been tried but they are all a failure except possibly the mallein test. It is useless OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 161 to attempt to give medicine and it only endangers the life of the attendant. Destroy all glandered horses. In order to do this you must get the consent of the owner or else fall back upon the state. The state law must be given liberal consideration. You cannot take a man’s property from him without due process of law. In case the owner objects go to the state’s attorney and find out what action to take. Quarantine the premises in the in- terest of the public health if the owner is obstinate. The quaran- tine can be maintained indefinitely. The main trouble in glanders comes with the handling of sus- picious horses. In a stable where one or two animals have the disease and the rest are exposed how will you protect the public? The first thing to do, if the doctor is working under the state law and has the power, is to quarantine the place. If the doctor has not this power, then let him report it to the state officer. In most of the states there are laws regulating the disposition of animals affected with contagious diseases and glanders is one of these diseases. Glanders, foot and mouth disease and Texas fever are recognized and handled officially. -Most states require practitioners to report all cases of contagious diseases. In [Illi- nois there is a $500.00 fine for failing to report to the state veteri- narian any contagious case. After the stable has been quarantined then test the animals with mallein. Mallein is an albuminous_ serum. It varies in strength but that prepared by the United States is taken as a standard. A dose of that which is made in Washington is 1 cubic centimeter, about 16 drops. This comes in bottles ready for use and is in- jected under the skin in the side of the neck. The object of \ making the injection in this place is to select a place where the swelling will be visible. The hair should be clipped off and the skin washed before the injection is made. This should be done about ten o'clock at night. The temperature of the horse prior _ to the injection should be taken three times a day, morning, noon and night. The horse should be in good condition and the tem- perature should be taken under favorable circumstances. Do not take the temperature soon after drinking cold water but before eating or drinking and at a time when he is not warm from exer- 162 THEORY AND PRACTICE cise or work. He should not come from an over-crowded or ill- ventilated stable in such a case if ever you want a normal tem- perature. After making the injection take the temperature the next morning at 7 o’clock, then every two hours during that day and if necessary through the night. If the horse has glanders you will get an elevation of temperature from 3-6 degrees. The maximum temperature will usually be found about 14 hours after the in- jection. The temperature, as a rule, in these cases rises slowly but persistently. It keeps rising for 24-30 hours. It will then fall within 2 or 3 degrees of normal and stay there. At the point of injection there will be a swelling varying in size from 3-9 inches in diameter. It is usually about 34 inch thick. Radiating, swollen lines will be seen running from it. These are sometimes 3 or 4 inches long, may be a foot and they are apt to run downward toward the point of the shoulder. This swelling is intensely painful. The constitutional effects of the mallein test are as follows: The horse hangs his head, loses his appetite and is disin- clined to move. This depression is so well marked that it 1s an important symptom. It indicates that the diagnosis of glan- ders is unquestionable. A great many cases have been tested, destroyed and posted and I have never heard of a case with these symptoms of depression proving to be anything else but glanders. Of course there will be varying degrees of severity of reac- tion from the test. The temper ature may run along to 105 or 106, and there be present swelling, soreness and depression, and there would be no question of its being glanders. But suppose the maximum temperature is 103, swelling is 3 inches in diameter, no soreness, no radiating lines, no depression,—then this is a suspicious case. You cannot say that he has or has not glanders. Every animal should either be named or marked on the tempera- ture blank. Mark the last case as suspicious. In case the horse has not glanders the mallein test will give no results at all, there will be no elevation of temperature. How- ever there may cases come up that will give a little temperature, possibly a degree or two. There will be a slight local swelling, but no radiating lines. Before night these symptoms will be gene. You would declare such a case sound. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 163 Disposition of the Ammals.—The strong reactors should be destroyed, the mild ones quarantined and tested again at the end of two months. The non-reactors should be taken out to a clean fresh place and be kept separate from the others. When the tests are made again at the end of the month you may find some that give a marked reaction showing that the disease has de- veloped in that time. On the other hand some will react suspi- ciously at the first test and then when tested again show clearly that they were not infected. Such cases should be tested several times. It is important to protect a man’s horses as far as possible. Do not kill any more horses than is absolutely necessary. The failure to react on the part of some of these animals that are tested-two or three times creates the impression in the minds of many that the mallein test immunizes the animal. In some mild cases the mallein seems to act as a curative and the animals become sound again, living along indefinitely, while in others the addition of a little more poison than they already have in their system precipitates the disease to sudden termination. This point is being debated throughout the world today by prominent veterinarians, but we aim to be conservative and protect the public. If you are acting under a state veterinarian who is in- clined to be radical, argue the point with him and if you feel that he is unreasonable, more so than you can endorse, you better re- sign than be caught by his mistake. Thorough disinfection must be given a stable where a glan- dered horse has been found and destroyed. This is much easier done where the barn has a good floor. Clean out the stable thor- oughly, wash the stall, etc. Fill a large bucket with boiling water, put in three or four ounces of carbolic acid, one half ounce of bichloride of mercury to three gallons of water. Then with an old broom scrub the stall. Wet it good and let it soak a while then scrape out. Do this two or three times. If the stable is tight enough to use formaldehyde and fumigate, do so. Shut the stable up tight, suspend a number of sheets in it and spray the formaldehyde over the sheets, starting at the far side from the door. Do the work very rapidly and back out toward the door as you work. Let it stand five or six hours in this con- dition, then open the windows and doors letting in all the fresh 164 THEORY AND PRACTICE air possible until it is thoroughly ventilated. Then whitewash extensively with fresh slacked lime and sprinkle the floor liber- ally with a ten per cent solution of coal tar emulsion. Where the glandered horse has stood take out the manger and burn it. Some think that the life of the germ is only a few months, that it will die with time. This is recognized as correct for out- doors—for water troughs, fence posts, hitching posts, etc. But inside this is not so. The harness used on glandered horses should be cleaned very thoroughly and the bits boiled. Mallen Test.—We have occasion to have great confidence 1n the Mallein Test. If the horse has an elevation of temperature to begin with we may get a reading of thermometer that will not tell us much as regards the diagnosis. But if the temperature is normal and the reaction is definite, say 3 or 4 degrees above normal then the case is one of glanders. If the temperature rises 3 degrees and depression is slight then do not kill the animal but test again a month later. Suspicious cases should be retested. If thought advisable, confirm the mallein test with some other. such as the Strauss test or the agglutination test. Strauss Test—Inoculate under the skin or into the peritoneal cavity of the male pig some glander’s pus. In three days the pig will show swelling of the testicles which are sore under pressure if the pus is specific for glanders. In thus inoculating the pig other germs will no doubt be introduced into his system so that the pig will die probably anyway from an infection but the swell- ing of the testicles is the diagnostic point. _ Agglutination Test.—This test is a new laboratory method. It is based upon the theory of the agglutination of germs by an infected serum. The serum is first diluted and then inoculated with a suspension of the dead glander’s germ and after a defin- ite length of time agglutination of the germs takes place. This reaction can be seen in a test tube, in the test tube the germs make a floculant white precipitate at the bottom of the tube. Post Mortem.—Suppose we have a case which shows no evi- dence of the glander’s lesion. At post you will probably find an interstitial pneumonia or glanders abscesses in the liver or lym- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 165 phatic glands. Many cases will show internal evidence of glan- ders which were wrongly diagnosed during life. Order the animals which react strongly, killed, that is, those that have a marked temperature or swelling. Mild cases usually react less and less to each test. They should be held over and tested again. Never inject mallein into an animal when there is fever present from some other cause than the glanders infection. All suspicious cases should be quarantined and tested again. The mallein test will hurry the termination of an acute case. In Montana glanders is mild; horses live for years with the disease and scatter the germs everywhere. Canada gets her glanders cases from Montana and this has compelled her to re- fuse to admit any reactor into her boundaries. Reactors should be kept in continuous quarantine. The owners can put them to work, but they must be kept out of the way of other animals. The Board of Live Stock Commission of Illinois can make rules that are just as binding as laws. The old laws put the quarantined cases in the barn and kept them there but eccording to the present regulations the horses can go on tie public high- ways providing they are inspected every week at the owner’s ex- pense. The veterinarian can charge $2.00 for every 10 horses or fraction of ten. The object of these inspections is to catch the cases that develop early. If the owner works his horse after he has been ordered to hold his animal in he can be arrested. The time limit of quarantine is 90 days if nothing develops, but the quarantine can be held indefinitely. The law says that the owner must carry his own waterpail; that he cannot water his horses at public watering places; that he cannot use other stables. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN GLANDERS and- ~CHRONIG CATARRH. ~Ulceration of Schneiderian No ulceration at all. Membrane. Discharge intermittent. Discharge continuous. Discharge usually unilateral. 166 THEORY AND PRACTICE Discharge usually bilateral. Coagulated in chunks, not Discharge resembles melted but- eluey. ter. Discharge always fetid. Discharge odorless with exten- Sive necrosis of the turbi- nate bones. RECORD OF FIVE CASES TESTED WILE Maree ae The first three cases occurred in Dr. Vernon’s practice. M. ce Case No. 1 Case No. 2. Case No. 3. Temperature before INJeCHOM. 3.22. O00 ps m 101 100 101 Temperature after injection...... 6:00 a. m. 10225 100 10235 a 8:00 a. m 103:6 102 104 “ 10:00%as me 103:4 - 102:4 103:6 ee 12-0052. 103:4 102 103:4 iu 22002 Dp. m0, 10352 101:8 101:8 ‘ 4:00 p. m. 102 101:2 4 6:00 p. m. 101:6 101:2 The first case developed a swelling at the seat of injection 8 by 10 inches. There was no swelling the next morning and the horse showed no depression. In the second case the swelling was slight and there was no depression. In the third case was a swelling 5 by 10 inches with no de- pression. The question arose what to do with these animals. As the temperature and swellings were not typical it was decided that they should be liberated. The next two cases were under Dr. Schneider’s observation. Case No. 1—Gray. CasSe No. 2—Roan. ‘Temperature before iIMmyjectiones.... SO se 1a 99:9 100:6 es 7:00 p. m 101:6 101:5 a 10:00 p. m 101:4 100:8 Temperature after : injection... .. 6:00 a. m. 104:1 100:3 ‘ie 8:00 a. m 105:8 102:6 10:00 a. m 105:8 104 oy 12200 ".m: 105:9 103:3 s 2200) py. cm: 105:3 102:4 OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 167 ss 4:00 p. m. 105:7 104:2 . 6:00 p. m. 105:2 104:2 = 8:00 p. m. 105 103:3 oF 10:00 p. m. 104 104 - 4200) az mM: HOS 1 103:8 The first case developed a swelling 4 by 5. Second case developed a swelling 3 by 4. Both of these cases showed great depression the day fol- lowing the injection and the next day also. It was supposed that they had the disease and they were destroyed. STRANGLES. Strangles Gourme (French), Druse (German), is a conta- gious disease peculiar to the horse. Some writers describe it under the name of Coryza Contagiosa Equorum. The specific germ was described by Schultz in 1888 and he called it streptococcus equi. Horses of all ages may contract the disease but it is gen- erally known as a colt disease. It is non-recurrent, but possibly in rare cases it may attack an animal the second time. Strangles runs two courses, the regular and the irregular. The irregular course used to be a disease called Bastard Strangles, but this name has become absolete. In its nature strangles is a pyogenic fever. No other species of animal is ever attacked. The regular form manifests itself in abscesses about the throat, in the submaxillary space, in the glands about the head. It runs a course of about a week or two when the abscesses will have ruptured spontaneously and healed benignly. The abscesses usually discharge for about a week. : Inoculation with pus from these abscesses ll not produce the disease but cohabitation of the diseased and healthy animals seems to transmit the infection. It cannot really be explained how the infection is carried. It may be from the pus or it may be from the expired air or discharges of the diseased animal. Ettology.—The streptococcus equi is the cause. The aes of incubation is from one to two weeks. Semeiology.—There is at first a high fever which is soon fol- lowed by loss of appetite and swellings around the throat and 168 : THEORY AND PRACTICE branches of the lower jaw. The abscesses may be numerous or few, large or small. Regularly they occur around the head and throat. If the retropharyngeal glands are involved the dyspnoea may be dangerous and death from asphyxiation occur. The mortality is not high. About 99 out of a 100 recover, but occa- sionally one will die. The death depends a great deal upon the environment and the weather. Wet and cold are unfavorable to the sick animal. : Strangles usually starts from the nose and there may be some cough. At first the pulse is rapid but in a few days it becomes weak. The mucous membranes become injected and if the abscesses occur around the throat and maxillary glands the deglutition is apt to be interfered with. In a few days they will rupture spontaneously unless they are too deep-seated. Then the fever subsides, the appetite returns and rapid recovery takes place. The temperature may start out at 106 but in 4 days go down to 104, at which place it stays until the abscess rup- tures, when it returns to normal. In the irregular form the character of the fever is the same but the abscesses form somewhere else than around the throat, either internally or externally. They are often seen in the spleen _and lymph glands and the pectoral and inguinal branches of the lymphatic ducts. They may break out about the legs. If the abscesses are superficial and can be opened or ruptured the animal will make a good recovery, but if the abscesses follow one another then the animal may not get well for six or eight months. If they rupture internally the case may be fatal. The pericardium and occasionally the heart itself is often the site of these ab- scesses. They occur on the pleura and rupture into the pleural cavity. Treatment.—Strangles must run its course—it cannot be aborted. Rational treatment will help to produce a favorable ter- mination. In this and every other febrile disease the patient should be housed and kept warm. Let the food be laxative. Crushed scalded oats and salt are good. Apply linseed poultices to the abscesses to soften them and repeat the application night and morning. Open the abscesses, do not let them rupture. They should be opened 3 or 4 days after they start. Syringe OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 169 them out and still keep on the poultice. This will hasten the recovery. After 2 or 3 days remove the poulticing but cover the sore if the weather necessitates it. If dyspnoea is accentuated, perform tracheotomy. As to medicine, give quinine and whisky every 4 hours. If the temperature is around 104 or 105 give small doses of aceta- nilid. Keep the temperature at 104 or less. As soon as the ab- scess has been opened or ruptured put the patient on tincture of iron. For the irregular case, if you can make a positive diag- nosis, give quinine and whisky, but if the case runs for a long time use anti-streptococcus serum. This may effect a recovery. It would be a good plan to give all suspected cases a prophylactic dose of the serum. Post mortem reveals nothing more than the abscesses. BUBRSATTI: Bursatti is the name of a disease which produces inflamma- tory swellings in the skin with raw suppurating surfaces. These are called cankers. The name “bursatti” is derived from an East Indian word meaning rain, and the disease is spoken of as rain sores. Up to the present time it has proven to be incur- able. It may yield for a time but the cankers will return. The disease is found mostly in the South and the outbreaks occur in the summer. It is not considered contagious, but rather infec- tious. The inflammation is located in the subcutaneous tissue and the tumors may be found in the internal organs. Inoculation © with the serum from the ulcers does not seem to produce the disease. The cause of it is not really known. It is believed to arise from filth. It seems to occur in horses which have not been kept clean and whose harnesses have never been cleaned. The harness rubs against the skin until the surface is raw and an ulcer forms. If the ulcer heals it will eventually return. This condition interferes with the welfare of the animal and he runs down in flesh, getting thin and worthless. In India it is con- sidered a hereditary disease and animals so affected are con- demned for breeding purposes. The raw surfaces of these ulcers 170 THEORY AND PRACTICE itch a great deal and the itching seems to be around the outside of the ulcer, which is slightly raised. Two or three of these ulcers will start in the same region and by spreading they will join together. 3 Treatment.—Vhe hygiene is considered important. See that everything is cleaned up and prevent the harness from rubbing the skin. The horse should have a liberal diet and be fed on good nutritious food. Prevent the horse from scratching or bit- ing the raw surfaces if possible. If called early extirpate the inflammatory area if it is not too large. In addition to this give rational treatment. The sores of bursatti are similar to the so- called summer sores although there is a distinction. Neither will endure winter. The following is a summer sore lotion which seems to be effectual in some cases: R SUS. TM CeCe a eer kos) eae een eee drams xiss A COHGS ACIE 6s oe and aru ake ioe drams iss Phenol: Giguid) “4.5 2.5 c2 ye so ak drams ivss Hucalyptols. oes +. CR eee ce M ij Cararine ly ee stor. sate fe eS Race be entara Mrne e grains iss ENO) eat 0 a Oar popes ope Daca uae taes tam eas OWE ek edt LE ounces iv M. Sig.—Apply to sore 3 times daily with soft brush or swab. To prepare dissolve the eucalyptol in the alcohol; dissolve the caramel in H, O, then add the acetic acid and phenol and shake. BOTRYOMYCOSIS. Closely related to bursatti is the disease called botryomycosis and it is often difficult to differentiate them. In botryomycosis the tumors which go on to ulceration are due to the invasion of a micrococcus called the botroyomyces. The tumors which are formed are inflammatory growths, often of very large size. Scirrhous cord may be caused by this microbe. The tumors should be removed with a knife and all the parts of the growth thoroughly cut out as the botryomyces invade the outer zone of the tissue. In the discharge from the abscess colonies of the microbe may be found but these are the older organisms and are not as active as those in the outer parts of the tumor. The knife OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 171 seems to be the only treatment, although the summer sore lotion has been tried with some results. The knife should always be applied to scirrhous cord. CORN SIAL DISHASE. Horses and cattle die from a disease known as corn stalk disease when turned into a stalk field in December and January. In these months the disease seems to be prevalent. The animals eat the nubbins and stalks and suddenly they come down with an affliction and next morning are found dead. It is supposed that they get the disease from the corn stalks. Animals that get a mild attack do not die so early but become delirious or at other times may become stupid and finally die in a comatose con- dition. This shows that the disease is due to some toxin. All animals which contract the disease die from it sooner or later. i WIR AN. Surra is a constitutional disease of the infectious type. The infection is not carried from animal to animal but is due to the introduction into the animal of a haematozoon known as the try- panosoma Evansi. This parasite has a long whip-like body with a tail something like a flagellum. The parasite was discovered by Evans. The organisms are taken into the body through the medium of the food and water. The disease affects the horses usually in the low, swampy regions. It is called trypanosomiasis. From the alimentary tract the parasite enters the blood and more or less disorganizes it, producing great debility, emaciation, fever, Capricious appetite and finally death through syncope and col- lapse in from 6 weeks to 6 months. Post Mortem—There are no post mortem lesions found. There is a disease found in the northwestern part of this country and in Canada and Montreal called Swamp fever or Swamp dis- ease. It has the symptoms of surra but the tyrpanosome has not been found in the blood nor are the lesions at post specific. Surra is very prevalent in the Phillipine Islands. 172 | THEORY AND PRACTICE Treatment—No known therapeutic treatment has had any effect so that preventive measures are the only ones which can be counted on. Keep the horses on high land or drain the low swampy places. If the horse takes the disease this can be rec- ognized by the peculiar symptoms. The animal will run down rapidly and in a few weeks generally dies. It is presumed that the trypanosomata are excreted in the feces and urine and these products should therefore be taken care of as far as possible or else the animal killed. INFLUENZA. The word influenza comes from the Latin word meaning “in- fluence.” The disease was so named in human medicine on ac- count of the influence the planets are supposed to have upon the atmospheric conditions and the resultant changes upon the ani- mal life on the earth. No disease spreads so rapidly as in- fluenza. The especial cause has been attributed to several differ- ent micro-organisms. Pfeiffer isolated a bacillus which he thought was the specific cause and called it by his own name. Kitasato and Canon corroborated Pfeiffer’s discovery. Ehrlich claimed that the germ was a streptococcus. Influenza is recog- nized today as a contagious disease but the means of communi- cation are not known, probably it is through the alimentary tract. The germs may be taken into the respiratory tract first and then when expelled, lodge in the pharynx and are swallowed. It is thought that horses get the disease from eating and drinking from common receptacles. It is a good plan to have their drink- ing water constantly running and this will carry away any foreign matter that may accumulate. The disease is not at- mospheric but it travels along the lines of commerce. The at- mosphere may influence to the extent that a decrease in ozone will produce depression while an increase in the ozone stimulates the animal. . Influenza is a blood disease and it produces catarrhal dis- charges from all the mucous membranes. Semetology.—The disease presents different symptoms ac- cording to whether it is involved with complications or not. The ae jalel ee, OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 173 symptoms of the uncomplicated form of the disease are as fol- lows: Great nervous depression: and languor with high fever. During the first twenty-four hours the fever is about 106 and then it falls to 105 or 103. The animal is inclined to lie down more or less, his legs swell and he generally loses his appetite. After twenty-four hours there is a profuse discharge from the nose and after forty-eight hours a marked loosening of the bowels. The inflammation sometimes attacks the urinary appa- ratus and produces profuse micturition. If the animal is not well blanketed his coat stares, breathing is accelerated and the mucous membranes are injected. The head hangs, the ears and the eyelids droop. In the corners of the eye is coagulated mucous. Often the throat is sore and there is a troublesome cough. This cough is inclined to remain with the animal and become chronic. It is thought by some that this disease produces roaring and this cannot be disputed. _ In the uncomplicated case the fever generally goes down to normal in three or four days and the appetite is regained and the animal makes a good recovery in from five to ten days. The discharge subsides and the animal seems to be none the worse for the attack. It is thought that one attack renders the animal immune for at least six months. The complications of influenza involve the lungs in the form of broncho-pneumonia, which is always of the contagious va- riety and the symptoms are those of a grave pneumonia; the bow- els are beginning with constipation and ending with diarrhcea, the symptoms being rapid exhaustion, loss of appetite aud exacer- bation of fever—animal dies in 5-10 days if recovery does not take place; the brain in which there is first a period of excite- ment and then one of profound coma, the animal finally dying of spasms of the lungs or of heart failure; the feet are hot to the touch and after a given time the depressed convex sole of a typ- ical founder can be recognized. Diagnosis.—The diagnosis of influenza is based upon the con- tinued fever, with great depression and symptoms of stupor and coma; the rapidly developing, dark colored mucous membranes, swelling of the legs and genitals. The evidence of colic and con- gestion which is followed by diarrhoea indicates a complication 174 THEORY AND PRACTICE of enteritis. The diagnosis of brain trouble is based upon the excessive violence which interrupts the otherwise continual stu- por of the animal. Prognosis.—Influenza is a serious disease principally on ac- count of the complications. Uncomplicated influenza is only fatal in 1/5 per cent of the cases. Treatment.—While the appetite remains the patient should have a moderate quantity of hay, good oats and bran; or even a little fresh clover, if obtainable, can be given in small quan- tities. The sick horse should be placed in a well-ventilated stall. To reduce the temperature inject quantities of cold water into the rectum. Antipyrene may be used with alcohol or strychnine. The congestion of the internal organs can be relieved by poultic- ing and hot water applications, after which the patient must be blanketed. Iodide of potash reduces the excessive nutrition of the congested organs and thereby reduces the temperature. This drug also acts as a diuretic. Small doses of Glauber’s salts and bicarbonate of soda used from the outset will prevent constipa- tion and its evil results. If founder occurs, it is difficult to treat. When recognized, bleeding and hot and cold applications are the most useful. PURPURA HABViGR k Eea GICs: Purpura hemorrhagica (French, anasarca) is frequently one of the sequela of influenza. It is an infectious disease though not contagious. There is a difference of opinion as to the spe cific germ of this disease. Tizzoni, in 1889, found a bacillus which he considered the specific germ. Robes corroborated it in 1890 and Kolt in 1891. After this Marmorek of the Pasteur Institute claimed that the streptococcus was the cause. Al- though the disease may follow influenza yet it may often de- velop and run its course as an original disease. This disease is characterized by the destruction of the blood elements on a large scale. The blood becomes thin and oozes out through the pores into dependent parts by diapedesis ; it may be circumscribed or diffused when it produces purple spots (petechiz) or patches (ecchymoses). OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 175 already spoken of. It occurs as an original disease in badly ven- tilated and badly drained stables or as a sequel of debilitating fevers. Symptoms.—The fever is regular and quite persistent at 104. The legs swell and when the swelling gets above the knees and hocks it terminates abruptly. The swelling creeps higher and higher and in three or four days the lips begin to swell and the eyes become bloated. There is also a pendulous swelling under the abdomen. Early in the disease the mucous membranes are ecchymotic, the spots varying in size from %4 to % inch in diameter. They may be seen on all the mucous membranes. In some severe cases there is a fetid discharge from the nose. The mouth fills with a ropy saliva. A yellowish, gummy liquid comes out through the skin on the legs and trickles down the hair. The swelling is so great as to prevent the horse from eat- ing and it diminishes the caliber of the air passage and causes wheezy breathing. | When the symptoms develop as above described the horse usually dies within 5-15 days. The five-day course accompanies the disease of an original lesion; the fifteen days course is the result of some other previous disease. The kidneys are usually depressed and toward the latter end of the disease the horse may have diarrhoea and colics. Post Mortem.—Upon opening the body we find ecchymotic extravasations everywhere, especially on the mucous membranes. In addition there is more or less general infiltration. All parts are cedematous. The large bowels will show quite a liquid con- dition of the contents, which are bloody. The blood itself is thin and coagulates very slowly. Treatment.—The serum treatment would be the best for its action upon the blood would kill the germs. Marmorek man- ufactured a serum which has been used with good results in some cases and in others not. Use antiseptics and stimulants inter- nally. Bichromate of potassium in one to three grain doses in one or two ounces of water given 2-3 times a day will tend to destroy the germs in the blood. In connection with this use tincture of iron and sweet spirits nitre in liberal doses. Some add a little quinine. The prescription is as follows: 176 : THEORY AND PRACTICE on 134 . Tr. Perr CWO. Seles nek ae Seen oe oe ounce ij QuUInINIAASU ply. Wek ee ees eee eee dram iv SPU suNate MmbNer ch ee-eisce eae ee seca DE ounce iv AUKUA-Q aS tenet cee eis aa ee eee pint j M. Sig.—Give 2 ounces every 4 hours in a moder- ate case, but if the case is bad give it every 2 hours. In addition to this give the bichromate. Do not give a febri- fuge. The iron has double action as it helps make the red blood corpuscles regenerate and tends to limit the hemorrhage by its astringent action upon the blood vessels. If the muzzle begins tc swell bathe it with hot water. In a bad~case keep a man at this treatement all the time, night and day. The hot water drives the liquid blood to some other part where it is not so dangerous. Never tap the horse as sloughing will follow. The fluid will not flow out. In case the dyspncea interferes with the respiration perform tracheotomy, but an operation upon a horse with purpura is apt to be dangerous and fatal. Keep the horse quiet and feed him generously with oats, corn, bran, etc. All mild cases recover, but 40-60 per cent of the cases are fatal. SCARLATINA: Scarlatina is a very contagious infectious disease closely re- lated to purpura, but it has somie prominent differentiating fea- tures. Some have thought it a milder form of purpura but they - have over-looked important features. Scarlatina comes on of- tener as an original disease than purpura. In scarlatina the hemorrhage is in the form of petechize and the blood spots are scarlet, while in purpura they are purple. In scarlatina there is always some sore throat, in purpura never. The swellings in scarlatina are usually in patches and lumps usually on the trunk, while in purpura the legs swell and also the abdomen. The swellings are smooth while in scarlatina they are lumpy. In scarlatina the lymphatic glands suppurate, while in purpura they never do. In both diseases the fever and pulse are about the OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 177 same. Animals usually recover from scarlatina while in purpura many die. | Treatment.—A case of scarlatina is apt to hang on for two or three weeks without any change, while a case of purpura gets better or worse within a week. In scarlatina we have to treat the sore throat. Put counter-irritants and bandages on the throat and use such antiseptics as guaiacol. Give quinine in larger doses than for purpura. Give iron gargle for the throat and keep the horse mildly stimulated with nitrous ether. In some bad cases the throat ulcerates and then it is a good plan to swab the throat with nitrate of silver. Use the swab on the end of a long stick. Scarlatina in the horse seems to conform with scarlet fever in the human but purpura has no similarity whatever. So far as the relationship between scarlatina and purpura is concerned it is found that scarlatina runs into purpura before death, but this does not necessarily mean that the two diseases are the same. It is seldom that animals die from scarlatina. Post Mortem.—In scarlatina there is an absence of the gen- eral infiltration that is seen in purpura. There is difference enough to warrant us in saying that the two diseases are not the same. RHEUMATISM. | Rheumatism is a non-contagious disease that arises’ in the body and it is specific. It is a very peculiar constitutional disease. Its real character is not known, but old theories attribute it to an excess of some natural acid in the blood, such as lactic acid, uric acid, etc. This is evidence of indigestion and in every case of rheumatism—we can trace the condition back to some form of stomach disturbance. In herbivora we have more hippuric acid than in other animals and if this runs to excess we are apt to get rheumatism. Rheumatism is divided into various classes according to the part affected. For instance, we have rheumatic fever. In such a case the whole system is affected and there is no localization of the affection. It is generally fatal if the animal is not very 178 THEORY AND PRACTICE . strong. Death comes either from endocarditis or from valvulitis or both. Occasionally it is due to pericarditis. Another form of the disease is found in the localization of the trouble in the loin and it is then called lumbago. When it attacks the nerves it is called neuralgia. The nerve usually affected is the trifacial nerve. If the disease locates in the muscles it is called muscular. rheumatism. Sometimes it attacks the sciatic nerve and then it is sciatica. When it attacks the joints it is called articular rheu- matism. The disease is inclined to attack the synoval membranes of the joints and tendons and it frequently jumps about from one place to another and is called flying rheumatism or metastatic rheumatism. It does not seem to leave the part of the body first affected. : Rheumatism may be either acute or chronic. There are some who do not consider rheumatism to be a specific disease, but claim that it is only a shield for some other condition. Sir Richard Critcherson found that by injecting a dog with lactic acid he could produce rheumatism. Many are now looking for the specific germ of rheumatism. The disease is, probably, largely hereditary. The exciting cause may be due to faulty assimilation as is seen in dogs fed on meat only. In some cases it occurs without any apparent exciting cause but there is usually exposure to cold or damp. Animals that are left out in bad weather get rheumatism. Semeiology.—Rheumatic fever usually starts with a tempera ture of 104 or more but sometimes not over 103. A rheumatic animal is more or less stiff and not inclined to move. The ap- petite is good and does not vary much. The animal may or may not lie down. The pulse is increased in frequency and hard- ness. It runs about 45 to 60. The fever can be reduced with acetanilid but as soon as the drug is stopped the fever will come back again. If a little of the blood is drawn it will coagulate very quickly. After the dis- ease has been running for ten days or a few weeks the animal may die suddenly. Or if he lingers along he loses flesh. His legs swell and you get a jugular pulse. He may live in this con- dition for several weeks, 7 OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 179 Post Mortem.—Post mortem show that the trouble is in the heart, which may give evidence of endocarditis, valvulitis or pericarditis. In all cases the animal is liable to die suddenly from syncope. In inflammatory rheumatism the joints swell but never run to suppuration unless bruised. The parts are sore and produce great lameness. If left to run its own course the in- flammation is apt to run five or six weeks. It usually leaves the joints permanently enlarged, especially if in the hock. Metastatic or flying rheumatism is inclined to attack the sheaths of the tendons in the legs. The disease migrates from one leg to an- other but is usually constant. The horse never recovers and has what is called chronic rheumatism. Sciatica comes on suddenly. The horse steps short with the affected legs and does not want to be pulled back; the act of backing up seems to cause muscular pressure and it consequently causes pain. If he is made to back up he will carry the leg that is affected with rheumatism. Upon manipulating the sciatic nerve you can detect the soreness. In neuralgia rheumatism at- tacks the fifth nerve. The horse will hold his head tipped more or less and there is twitching of the facial muscles and partial closing of the eye. The horse is disinclined to move and shows many evidences of distress. Pressure upon the part will cause him to wince. Neuralgia is not very common in the horse. Lumbago.—When this condition attacks a horse he will show stiffness, will turn with difficulty and will not move readily. His back will be arched. Semeiology.—The symptoms of lumbago are well marked in the dog. The subacute form sometimes attacks the intercostal muscles and is called plewrodymia. It closely resembles pleurisv but in pleurodynia there is no fever and auscultation reveals no friction sound. It resembles pleurisy in its fixed condition of the ribs, soreness of the intercostal muscles, careful breathing, turning out of the elbows, etc. A subacute attack in the muscles of the neck seems to cause contraction of the neck muscles so that the head is turned to one side. On the concave side of the neck the muscles stand out. prominent and are called the cords of “torti colis.” In muscular rheumatism the horse has a stiff action and is dis- 180 THEORY AND PRACTICE inclined to move. He has probably been exposed to cold drafts and consequently caught cold in his muscles. Rheumatism is not fatal unless it attacks the heart, which it does in two forms. When the spasmodic pain. attacks the heart it is called angina pectoris. In the human there is the sen- sation of suffocation. The presumption is that if the heart, 1s interfered with it may produce death or spasm of the heart but this cannot be detected in the horse. Acute rheumatism in the form of rheumatic fever is never fatal unless it attacks the heart. In this case only a few cases recover. ‘ Subacute or Chronic.—From what is known we find that this form of rheumatism generally attacks young animals. When it attacks older animals it is more mild. The attacks are painful, but not dangerous. The synovial membranes may become af- fected but when the disease locates in the muscles it usually be- comes chronic. In old horses it may cause sudden and severe lameness which may leave in a few minutes, or it may last hours. In dissecting a case like this you will find calcareous deposits in the joints or in the synovial membranes. It is supposed that this calcified fringe gets in between the two bearing surfaces and causes the lameness. If the horse is compelled to proceed the de- posit is pushed back in place and the lameness ceases. Torti colis may be caused by violence and rupture of the lig- amentous attachment to cervical vertebra on one side of the neck and this makes the head turn in the opposite direction. In the very young animals this can be cured by means of splints on the neck. Treatment of the Acute-—In rheumatism there is an un- healthy condition of the blood. Therefore antiseptics are indi- cated with the general idea of increasing the alkalinity of the blood and of changing the urine from acid to alkaline. Particu- lar attention should be paid to the digestion. Salines are effectuai. Salicylate of soda should be given in liberal doses. Give three dram doses every hour night and day for ten to fifteen days in order to get the desired effect. The best treatment known is salicylate alkaloid of oil of wintergreen (aspirin), but this is very expensive. The human dose is five grains every four hours, OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 181 Other salines are nitrate of potash, one dram three times a day, sulphate of magnesium and all of the laxative salts, iodide of potash, vegetable alteratives, etc. The following is good treatment: SKIT ENS 5 WG deters aetna erie we Se angaen ee ounce vi iS Bixee COLCIICE » asa Coe. 5 ae ole Sokers ounce ij ala AIG WG [shunts (0 Ue eratepeat sate cepnt ig eee Aer ek Maer ae pint ij M. Sig.—2 ounces every 4 hours night and day. The first remedy you adopt should be used for about ten days and then switch to some other. An acute case seems to run a course of about six weeks. Jf you have been using the pre- scription given above then change to sulphate of magnesium. It is useless to apply stimulating lintments. An application of chloroform for a few minutes, which is allowed to evaporate, will allay the pain. The following is a good liniment: R : Tr, Arnica Tr. Aconite Me SO) INIT yet teen ones se Sa Shai ee aa aa ounce j MG RIOPOLOUIM = ee oe oe oe oe a ees dram j Jat OEE aad (eer: 6 ges ie Sa lg ea ce A Sar ounce viii In all acute cases of lameness and swelling a fly blister is very beneficial. LYMPHANGITIS. This fs an inflammation of the lymphatic ducts. Lymphadenitis is inflammation of the lymphatic glands. There are three forms of lymphangitis, plethoric, acute and septic. Epizootic, acute plethoric form, develops suddenly in horses that are plethoric and yet are doing no work. The plethroic condition of the horse while at rest is the etiological factor in the case. It comes on in horses — that are very high fed and worked heavily. It may attack any part of the body but generally the hind legs. Sometimes the for- ward legs. It is usually found in the morning after a day of rest, such as Monday, for instance. This disease is called by some Monday morning sickness. In Scotland it is called the “weed.” In England it is called the “shot of grease” or the “shakes.” The affected lymphatics swell and become inflamed. Pathogenesis.—Vhe blood is plethoric and the lymphatic ducts 182 THEORY AND PRACTICE become congested on account of overwork. We presume that in such a case the metabolism during the forty-eight hours previous to the attack has been great, thus producing debris enough to clog the lymphatic ducts. This seems to act much the same as active congestion in altering the nutrition of the part. The inflammation may be so severe as to run into the third stage and may result in an abscess. : The more modern hypothesis is that it is always due to infec- tion through some obscure abrasion in the affected leg. Symptoms.—lf the horse is in a warm stable then he will be found with a chill, which is sometimes very severe. The severity of the attack depends upon the severity of this chill. In the course of a couple hours the doctor will be called and when he arrives he will find the horse lame in the hind legs, which are sore and hot. The temperature will be about 106. The swelling increases rapidly and runs down the inside of the leg and varies in size from the size of a finger to that of a wrist. By the end of the first day the whole leg becomes involved from the foot to the abdomen. When the inflammation subsides it will leave the leg large for at least ten days and sometimes permanently. An abscess may form as large as the fist and it may hold a quart or two of pus. During all this time the animal is off his feed. His appetite returns as the fever subsides. One attack pre- disposes an animal to another and each time the affected leg is left a little larger until the horse gets the chronic big leg, called Elephantiasis. This enlargement is fibroid all the way up the leg and it is incurable. If the inflammation is not fibroid in nature then exercise will help drive it away. Treatment.—lf called to an acute case during the chill, treat it vigorously. Give aconite or potash every fifteen minutes until the horse begins to sweat and keep him well blanketed. Drop off the frequency of the dose as soon as the chill subsides. Give him aconite, spirits of nitrous ether, nitrate of potash and water. Give these every hour and then take off some of the blankets. In addition to this give a full purgative dose of aloes and dose with acetanilid every hour for four hours. The dose should be governed by the weight of the horse and the height of the fever. Keep up the fever mixture until diurssis is produced and OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183 then drop off to every four hours and then to three times a day. As soon as the treatment has been started, have a man bathe the legs of the animal with hot water. Take care that the water is not too hot, for it will scald the legs. The water should be 115 degrees. The bathing should be done three times a day, about an hour at each time. It is very important to have the affected leg warm and well wrapped. If this treatment 1s per- sisted ia the swelling will go down and the fever will subside. Continue until the leg is reduced one-half. The animal should not be fed for forty-eight hours. After the leg begins to get better exercise should begin. Walk him around in a warm place, each time increasing the exercise, commencing with about ten minutes. If the case comes to you neglected, then the treatment is different. Give him purgatives but do not bathe. Leave out the ether and acetanilid. Give him potash and exercise him. If the swelling can be driven out the case is curable, otherwise not. | . Stallions and jacks have sores in the form of eczema which come from lymphangitis. The sore starts with a small pimple which itches. The horse either bites or scratches the place until it becomes raw and granulates and has a tendency to spread. The treatment consists in removing the cause. If feeding is the cause, lessen it and substitute bran. Give a mild purgative. A large stallion should not get more than seven drams-for a pur- gative dose. Stallions cannot stand as much as a working horse. Give a purgative once a month and between the purgations give sulphate of sodium night and morning. For local treatment mild applications are the best. If much granulation tissue forms around the sore it must be removed with the knife and then ap- ply zinc lotion once or twice a day. Rub the sore gently to re- move the loose scabs. Jack sores are more difficult to heal. EPIZOOLIC EYMPHANGIFIS. This is a new disease in some parts of the world and old in others. It is caused by a fungus called the saccharomyces: far- ciminosus. The disease is also called ulcerative lymphangitis. It is communicable in many cases by contact. 184 THEORY AND PRACTICE The fungus can grow in the horse and in the mule. After it enters the wound it begins to grow slowly and soon starts up an inflammation (in three weeks to three months) and a nodule forms under the skin with hardening and thickening of the sur- rounding lymphatics ducts and glands. The nodule softens, rup- tures and discharges pus and an indolent ulcer forms. It usually occurs on one leg, may be on two and it may occur on any part of the body. The poison is carried from this point and it may break out anywhere. When it attacks the leg it involves the whole leg from the foot to the body. A few cases recover spon- taneously and many are curable by proper treatment if applied early. The rest continue to grow worse. Inasmuch as the pus carries the germ the disease is liable to spread to other animals. It is fatal in ten to fifteen per cent of cases. The pus is yellow or grayish yellow and is often mixed with blood. Sometimes it contains flukes. | The first symptom is an indurant sore covered with pus and a scab surrounded by a slightly swollen area with radiating lines of discharge running from it. The ulcers heal and recur and the skin becomes thickened. The ulcers sometimes occur on the conjunctiva and also on the Schneiderian membrane. The af- fected horse does not show any constitutional disturbance unless the case is very advanced.. This disease may be mistaken for glanders or farcy. In glanders or farcy the mallein test is posi- tive, the pus is oily or glutinous and the ulcers are cup-shaped. In lymphangitis the mallein test 1s negative, likewise the Strauss test and the agglutination test, the pus is thick and creamy, the ulcers are flat and show more granulations, and the nodules are less firmly attached to the skin and more movable than in glan- ders. There is an absence of the bacillus malleus and the pres- ence of the specific fungus, the saccharomyces farciminosus. Treatment.—lf the case is gotten early enough remove all the tissue involved with the knife. If removal is impracticable open the abscesses and treat antiseptically. Bichloride 1-250 or Lugol's solution or a solution of formaldehyde 1-200 are ap- propriate antiseptics. All advanced cases should be destroyed. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 185 AZOTURIA. Azoturia is a non-contagious blood disease of the plethoric type. It is almost if not entirely peculiar to horses. It may ex- ist in the human. The disease is characterized by sudden pros- tration and if the animal is down he is usually unable to rise. Azoturia invariably follows exercise after a period of enforced idleness and continued high feeding on such food as oats. In such a case an excess of nitrogen is probably developed in the system and the excretory organs cannot take care of all the ex- tra waste material. It occurs in all ages and breeds, in both sexes. We find it more common in half breed draft horses than in full blooded animals, probably because the half breed is more violent than the other in his exercise after a period of idleness. Etiology.—Azoturia is due to idleness, high feeding and then exercise. The resulting condition is called plethora. The animal gets itchy and sometimes he gets down and becomes caught in some way or other and in his efforts to get up he exercises so violently as to bring on the disease. In case of indigestion from idleness if colic pains arise, the struggles of the animal may bring on an attack of azoturia. If a horse is to be cast for an: operation and has not been prepared by dieting, his struggles in the apparatus may bring on an attack of azoturia. If a highly fed animal is idle he will become plethoric. All of the organs become sluggish in action and the blood becomes rich in solids at the expense of the watery constituents. The animal becomes indolent and his circulation is interfered with. When he be- gins to exercise again the circulation increases, the pulse in some cases running up to 60; he feels good and takes very active ex- ercise, and ‘as a result of this exercise there is tissue metamor- phosis. .The waste material produced in the system is nitrogen. _Every contraction of the muscles separates the nitrogen from the tissues. ‘The muscles get their nitrogen from certain kinds of “rood. The surplus nitrogen must be eliminated from the system by the kidneys or it will poison the blood.. The kidneys excrete it in the form of trea. The surplus water aad salts in the blood of a plethoric animal can be gotten rid of through other channels but the kidneys must take care of the excess of nitrogen. The thick 186 THEORY AND PRACTICE blood cannot circulate so freely through the organs and we get a capillary stasis, the kidneys become congested and there is an im- paction of the capillaries with blood. This interferes with the action of the kidneys and the coloring matter of the blood is forced out into the urine, giving it the dark color which we see in the urine of azoturia. The action of the kidneys may be so disturbed that there is total suppression of the urine and the horse may die in two hours; but if the kidneys are partially active then the life of the animal is prolonged. When he recovers, it is because the kid- neys are restored to their normal activity, but if he dies it is because the kidneys cannot eliminate the urea and uremic poi- soning takes place. Uremic blood poisoning is the immediate cause of death. Other organs are congested as well as the kid- neys, the lungs especially. As the animal goes down he gives way to a peculiar motor paralysis of the muscles, due to mus- cular congestion. This congestion causes pressure upon the nerves of the trunk and the muscles become paralyzed. The muscles most often affected are the gluteal, posterior portion of the dorsal and the anterior crural region. The congestion of these muscles is often so severe as to interrupt the circulation and a cassation of the muscle activity takes place, leading to atrophy. When the congestion is very tense with little swelling, the muscles get hard and the pressure upon the nerves is severe and often fatal. Usually, but not always, the hind parts are affected, more often the left hind quarter. Post Mortem.—Where death sets in soon after congestion, we shall find the muscles, particularly the affected ones, darker colored than normal. The heart is filled with black clots of blood; the kidney and liver are soft and the kidneys may be gangrenous. There may be abscesses in the kidneys. The cere- bral meninges will be more or less congested with some effusion in the arachnoid space. The animal will be fat on the inside even if lean on the outside. If the blood is plethoric, the animal does not need to be fat in order to be predisposed to disease, Animals that are hard worked usually get an abundance of oats and they are the ones most apt to take the disease though the work may keep down the fat. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 187 Semeiology.—When the horse is taken out after a period of idleness he feels good and dances around full of life. The dis- tance he will then be able to go depends upon the amount of ni- trogen set free by the muscular exertion. He may go one- fourth of a mile, he may go twenty miles, but he soon begins to sweat and blow. The blowing is due to congestion of the lungs, the sweating to congestion of the skin. He begins to look around, has an anxious countenance and gets lame in the hind quarter. ‘The fetlock knuckles—that is the first symptom of the paralysis. The affected leg drags, he cannot bear any weight on it, then the other fetlock knuckles and that leg becomes helpless and all at once the horse is down. During this time the muscles of the back often swell hard as a board. The horse lies quiet for a time but colicky pains come on, he gets restless, the nerves become intensely excited, pulse tumultuous, weak, uneven, and finally dicrotic, and there is a convulsive motion of-the limb. In the early stage you will not find any abnormal condition of the urine, but within an hour or two you will find it thick, and a dark coffee color. The color is due to the pigment set free from the blood; the thickness 1s due to mucous. Sometimes it is so thick that it will not flow through the catheter, and you have to assist it by putting the hand in the rectum. The fever rises to 103 or 104. Pain and nervousness cause him to make attempts to get up and he can get up upon his fore feet but his hind parts are helpless. He may walk on his front feet and drag his hind legs along for some distance. As the disease progresses and uremic poisoning sets in the animal becomes delirious (the first effect of uremia) and runs on to a comatose condition and finally death. Death usually oc- curs in convulsions. The mortality in the city is about 60 per cent. Death occurs in about 48 to 72 hours, though the disease often runs on to five or six weeks. Sometimes the urine contains tube casts, hematin and hemoglobin. The tube casts indicate nephritis and in case of abscess there will be pus in it. In case of gangrene gas will bubble out through the catheter. In mild cases the symptoms are only partially developed. He may go down and get up again but there will be pain and lame- ness in one quarter, in that respect diiferent from colic. The 188 THEORY AND PRACTICE animal often gets well after lying down an hour or two. It seems that a three days’ stay in the stable is worse than a three weeks’ period of idleness, for in the longer time of rest the animal gradually loses the good appetite he had at first and consequently eats less and the system becomes used to the change. The cap- illaries become enlarged and can accommodate the larger amount of blood. Treatment.—Wherever you find the animal, draw off the urine to relieve the distress of an overfilled bladder. If he is nervous give him an ounce of fluid extract Gelsemium for the first dose and if a second is needed, a half ounce. It is doubtful if a purgative is needed, as there is already a lack of water in the system and a purgative would further reduce it. I never found much benefit in purgatives, though I usually give an aver- age dose of aloes. Diuretics are dangerous; if the congestion is severe the diuretic will surely kill. The potassium diuretics are especially dangerous. Give a mild stimulant. BL Six (Gersemiante ss. 4 se eee ounces ij Potassrum= Brome 2 ce ot ta oe ounces ij AGUA HOS TAG kn 2 tans os sae sic Dos eee pint i M. Sig.—Give a 2-ounce dose about every three hours. In addition to this Dr. Ellingwood suggests lithium citrate (1 dram in water) every two or three hours for the first 50 or 60 hours, then three times a day. For local treatment use hot fomentations. Wring out a rug in hot water and apply over the loins. Cover with water proof and then dry blankets. This keeps the steam in. During con- valescence give nux vomica. Remember that a horse’s chances are much better for recovery if he is able to remain in the stand: ing position. If he cannot bear about two-thirds of his own weight slings may be tried, but they usually aggravate the symp- toms. co If the muscles waste in the hind quarter, treat by stimulating with setons. Put in three setons about two inches apart and leave them in about six weeks. Send the animal to pasture and give a good long rest. It may take six months for the animal to become strengthened again. If necessary you can medicate the te hie Cy ie Mat OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 189 setons with cantharides, turpentine, etc. Be sure to give gentle exercise. Although the urine is so dark colored and full of the coloring matters of the blood, yet a microscopical examination of a por- tion of it under the high power lens does not show any pigment crystals. Also an examination of the blood does not reveal any diagnostic features. The red blood corpuscles are normal in color and size and do not give evidence of having lost their con- stituents. In fact some authorities consider the pigment body which colors the urine to be directly a muscle element and not a blood. Muscle hemoglobin, however, has the same compusi- tion as blood haemoglobin. Friedberger and Froehuer says that the blood in azoturia will show the hemoglobin crystals. _ Azoturia is a complex affection. It is rather a disease of the liver and blood forming functions than of the kidneys, although the vulgar idea is that the disorder is one of the urinary tract. It is. directly connected with a plethora in the blood of nitro- eenized constituents with extreme nervous and muscular dis- order. The poisoning is not present when the animal is taken from the stable. It would seem as if the aspiratory power of the chest under the sudden exertion of the over-fed animal speedily drew from the liver and abdominal veins (portal system) the accumulated store of nitrogenous matter in an imperfectly oxi- dized or elaborated condition, and as if the blood surcharged with these materials was unable to maintain the healthy functions of the nerves and muscles. The pathology, however, is little understood. We must content ourselves for the present with theories. DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. There are three means of determining the diseases of the heart and blood vessels ;—inspection, palpation and auscultation. By inspection you detect any change in the position of the heart and the force of the heart beat can be determined. The char- acter and rhythm of the pulse you get by palpation. Ausculta- 190 THEORY AND PRACTICE tion reveals the sound of the heart. The heart has a normal sound and any deviation from this can be detected. by ausculta- tion. 7 The various phenomena of the heart diseases are (1) Lan- guor; (2) Lassitude, impeded respiration during the disease, often amounting to distressing dyspnoea; and (3) Condition of the visible mucous membranes. The diseases of the heart are divided into two classes,—func- tional and organic. The functional are acute and are three in number, palpitation (thumping), cyanosis (blue disease) and syncope (fainting fit). Spasm of the diaphragm, sometimes spoken of as thumps, is often mistaken for palpitation. The organic diseases of the heart are chronic or structural diseases. PALPITATION: Palpitation is the tumultuous action of the heart. It is a disturbance of the rhythmic action of the heart and is sometimes seen aS a symptom of some other disease, for instance anzemia. Hard work often bring it on, especially on a hot day. It occurs through a disturbance of the equilibrium of the nervous system (sympathetic). When the condition comes through exertion, the animal is exhausted and the heart is over-taxed. The action of the nerves may be direct or reflex. Acute indigestion may cause thumps. This form of the disease may come on while the animal is standing quietly in the stable. Spasm of the diaphragm is caused by excitation of the phrenic nerve center and it is thought that this excitement is due to some form of indigestion. Too hard or too fast work after a full meal is apt to cause thumps and it may be mistaken for palpita- tion. It may sometimes develop without any apparent cause. The condition is seen most frequently in fast horses. If a horse comes in from a run with the thumps and in great distress, give him a dose of whisky and a full dose of aconite. He may re- cover in twenty minutes and he may be laid up for several days. Semetology.—There is increased effort with decreased power of the heart. The pulse is irregular in every way. It is gen- a. ine Ba tess a Me * ures: OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 191 erally very rapid, say at seventy-five, but it is up and down and all around and the force of the beat is irregular. The result is passive congestion of the lungs and there is rapid breathing with considerable dyspnoea in a bad case. No signs of pain especially, but the distress of the animal is great. There is a jugular pusse, distension of the veins of the head and neck and the palpitation of the organ itself is sometimes so great as to shake the whole body. In hiccough there is sudden contraction of the diaphragm, which also gives an impulse to the body, but you cannot see the pounding of the heart on the ribs. Thumps are not as fre- quent as palpitation. You may get six impulses in a minute and on the other hand only one in the course of three minutes. In palpitation there is apt to be two or three a second. Thumps may stop any time, while in palpitation the thumps keeps up for one to two hours to a day or two. In palpitation the blood ves- sels will be greatly dilated, while in-thumps they will not. Treatment.—In all cases there should be perfect quiet. If the disease is due to organic disturbance of the heart’s action ~ then strong stimulants are indicated, such as alcohol, whisky, dig- italis (most important of all) and nitro-glycerine is often re- sorted to when the others fail. Tincture of cactus is good in the human when the palpitation is due to indigestion. If the palpi- tation is due to the disturbance of some other organ then the condition is reflex and it is necessary to treat the organ dis- turbed. In case of anzmia treat the blood; in plethora and too much fat, give a purgative, reduce the feed and give more ex- ercise. The excited condition of the heart should also be treated. © For this aconite is the best for it slows the heart without de- pressing it. Give about ten drops of the tincture of aconite with _ about seven drops of the extract. Give whisky also, a half pint for the first dose and then, if necessary, repeat in two ounce doses every fifteen minutes until the animal is relieved. After the attack is over then treat the cause. If the horse is suffering from nervous exhaustion then give cardiac stimulants, such as digitalis. Powdered digitalis and solid extract of belladonna are prescribed, twenty grains each, night and morning. If the blood is faulty give iron, 192 THEORY AND PRACTICE CYANOSIS. Cyanosis is known as the blue disease. This occurs only in young animals,—those newly born. It is sometimes found in foals immediately after birth and is due to the non-closure of the foramen ovale between the two auricles. This allows a mix- ture of the venous with the arterial blood in the left cavities of the heart. It is characterized by a dark purple or bluish color of the visible mucous membranes, shortness of breath and gen- eral feebleness. Foals thus affected generally live only a few hours after birth. If the young animal should live it would grow up very weak. This condition is often seen in babies— blue baby it is called and they may recover from good nursing. If they can be kept alive for eight or ten days they will get well. SYNCOPE. Syncope is fainting and when applied to the heart it means a fainting fit. The heart fails and loses its irritability and will not respond to the nerves. This causes the nerve centers to be anemic and a consequent lack of blood to the brain. It rarely occurs among horses. The condition could be induced by a rapid and great loss of blood or by intense pain or by mechanical interference with the circulation of the brain. 3 Uterine hemorrhage is a common cause of syncope in the human. Rapid breathing from the jugular produces it. You should be able to differentiate between syncope and apoplexy. Apoplexy is caused by hemorrhage into the brain while syncope is caused by a lack of blood or anemia to the brain. In ‘apo- plexy there is a purple appearance; in syncope palor. Semetology.—There may be a partial or total loss of con- sciousness; the pulse sinks rapidly and the animal drops to the ground. The surface of the body turns cold, the breathing is scarcely to be perceived, but the state lasts only a few minutes. If the case is attended with much hemorrhage it may be fatal. In paralysis of the heart the symptoms may be similar to those of fainting. In apoplexy there is more stertorous breathing than in syncope. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, _ 7 193 Treatment.—Dash cold water on the head. Lay the animal flat with his head as low as possible in order that the blood may flow into the brain with the least resistence. Do not let the animal get up too soon or else the attack may return. As soon as the consciousness returns give whisky or carbonate of am- monia. Then afterwards general tonics, rest, and nourishing foods are indicated. ACUTE INFLAMATORY DISEASES. This will embrace myocarditis, endocarditis and pericarditis. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the serous sack surrounding the heart; endocarditis is the inflammation of the serous lining of the heart, the endocardium; myocarditis is the inflammation of the muscle. Pericarditis runs about the same course as pleurisy (acute, with which it is often associated) and terminates in the same way with serous effusion into the pericardium, constituting hy- dropericardium, the same as hydrothorax. : Etiology.—Pericarditis may be induced by cold, damp stabling, exposure and fatigue, wounds caused by broken ribs and blood contamination. Diseases that usually exist as complications are influenza, strangles, purpura hemorrhagica, pyemia, rheumatism and probably most common of all is rheumatic fever. These diseases may cause the inflammation of the pericardium through the blood, but the inflammation can also extend to the heart by the inflamed adjacent tissues. © Semetology.—When arising as it most usually does from some previously existing fever, the symptoms of the original disease will be the most prominent. As the pericarditis devel- ops you will notice that the heart gets weaker and becomes ir- regular in rhythm and strength; the heart then becomes so weak as to bring on distressing dyspnoea, such as seen in influenza and rheumatic fever. If the inflammation is not severe the effusion that follows will be small. The various stages will be like those of pleurisy,—first, congestion; second, inflammation ; third, effusion. In case of extensive effusion the fluid often coagu- 194 THEORY AND PRACTICE lates and coats the heart inside of the pericardium, and the layer may be a half inch thick. This causes the muscles of the heart to soften and weaken. ‘The pulse gets weak, soft and fluttering and there is always considerable fever. This condition tends to dyspnoea and consequently a watery effusion increases in the sack. The dyspneea is due entirely to the faulty thoracic circu- lation. In consequence of the altered circulation and passive congestion there is more or less exudation and the lungs become sufficiently involved to get a cough associated with the disease. ~ With the increased weakness of the heart there will be cold- ness of the extremities, cedemic enlargements, loss of strength, final collapse and death. Even where the trouble is moderately severe it usually leaves a chronic lesion and affects the horse afterward. _Clots may form in the posterior aorta and cause sudden death. Treatment—lf the condition can be diagnosed in the first stage depletion is indicated. You can give diuretics and qui- nine. Then after the first stage is passed stimulants are indi- cated, mild at first but increased as the weakness develops. If you let the heart get weak then the effusion will be greater, so you must keep up the heart. The heart in this condition is very susceptible and digitalis cannot be used in a mixture but must be given once every three hours alone, as the case requires. Counter-irritants to the left chest or hot fomentations are good for the heat allays the pain; cold will aggravate it. In the third stage cantharides to the left side can be applied as a vesicant. Give iron and stimulants to maintain a strong heart. Salol and quinine are also indicated. The salol is usually given in dram doses every three to six hours. Acetanilid can be given with it. But in spite of all you can do the animal as a rule dies and the autopsy shows serum in the pericardial sack and accumulations around the heart. ENDOCARDITIS. This is the inflammation of the endocardial lining of the heart. Associated with it is valvulitis, the inflammation of the valves of the heart. Endocarditis frequently occurs as a com- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 195 plication of rheumatism. It is a more frequent disease of horses than is generally known and often gives rise to symptoms that ‘are first obscure and unnoticed. In influenza we find the heart becoming involved in consequence of the morbid material conveyed through the heart by the blood stream. Septic dis- _ eases in any form may produce their evil effects upon the heart through the channel of the blood. In acute endocarditis we find the delicate, sensitive lining of the cavities roughened. Coagulation of fibrin may follow upon the inflamed surface and becomes deposited in shreddy-like gran- ular elevations. Fibrinous clots may form and early death re- sult. The subacute endocarditis is the most common form of the disease and it may not become appreciable for several days. It is usually confined to one or more anatomical divisions of the heart and all the successive morbid changes follow each other in comparatively slow processes. When vegetations form upon the inflamed membrane, por- tions are liable to break off and be carried elsewhere by the blood, thus constituting emboli, which are capable of ‘suddenly plugging certain vessels and thereby interrupting important functions. In most cases of either acute or subacute cases of endocarditis the most alarming symptoms disappear in a week or ten days but they usually leave the heart in such an impaired condition that the circulation is abnormal for a long time after- ward. These changes usually consist of thickening or indura- tion of the membrane lining the cavities of the heart. Especially do these changes persist if the valves of the heart have been in- volved in inflammation. Even a slight attack of inflammation will render them less flexible than: normal so that the free passage of the blood is interfered with and furthermore they cannot close up tightly so that some blood escapes at each con- traction. The resultant efforts of the heart to compensate this condition leads to hypertrophy of its walls, more particularly of the left wall, thereby producing fullness of the capillaries in the lungs, pressure upon the air cells, difficult or asthmatic breathing and. in a few months complete disability. The weak heart and inability to work finally results in a dropsical condi- 196 \ THEORY aND PRACTICE =) tion of the extremities and passive congestion of the kidneys may follow. Valvular disease follows a large per cent of cases of acute endocarditis, which is of itself seldom fatal in its early stages. Semetology.—Vhere may be a chill with a sudden rise of tem- perature. The heart beats hard and the pulse is irregular. If . the animal is compelled to trot there is evidence of great pain, difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath. If the valves of the right side are affected we shall find a jugular pulse. The pulse is always fast. The animal is not disposed to eat much, the surface of his body is cold, mucous membranes may be purple and in nearly all cases there is suppression of the urin- ary secretion. In fatal cases death occurs about the fourth day. Endocarditis may be suspected in all cases where the symp- toms of cardiac affection are associated with rheumatism, in- fluenza or any septic matter. Endocarditis may be distinguished from pleuritis by the ab- sence of any friction murmur, absence of pain when the chest wall is percussed and the absence of effusion in the cavity of the chest. It may be differentiated from pericarditis by the ab- . sence of friction sounds and want of an enlarged area of dull- ness on percussion. : Treatment.—Blood-letting is contra-indicated. If you can purify the blood the heart may recover. Give antiseptics, such as salol, hyposulphite of soda, bicarbonate of soda, ete. To guard against the chronic induration of the valves give iodide of potash. This should be given in 1 to 2 dram doses early in the disease and may be repeated two or three times a day for several weeks. In all cases see to the hygiene—good nourishing food and warm quarters. Absolute rest is necessary. Endocarditis is usually fatal. In the autopsy there are black patches on the lining of the heart. These may extend around the valve. 3 Acute valvular disease cannot be distinguished from endocar- ditis, and chronic valvular affections are generally the result of endocardial inflammation. The valves of the left side are the ones most often affected,—the mitral and the aortic semilunar. The lesion may be mere inflammation and swelling or it may con- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 197 sist of organized vegetations upon the surface of the valve. Ad- hesions may occur and the chordz tendineze may be shortened or lengthened. The fibrous tissue may become changed into carti- lage or bone or it may become the seat of lime deposits, resulting in ulceration, ruptures and fissures. If the heart dilates too much there may be atrophy and shrinking of the valves. _ Symptoms.—Valvular disease may be indicated by a venous pulse, by a jerking, irregular and intermittent pulse, by palpita- tion and dyspnoea, attacks of vertigo, congestion of the brain and dropsical swelling of the limbs. Hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart usually follow the valvular disease. Treatment.—When the pulse is irregular or irritable, iron, gentian and ginger may be given. For the jerky violent action of the heart give 20 to 30 drop doses of digitalis or of veratrum viride. The potassium iodide and general tonics are of tempor- ary benefit and stimulants should be_given when the animal is weak. Very few animals recover and remain uséful for any length of time when the valves of the heart have once been in- volved in organic disease. MY OCAURDIEELES, Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle. This disease sometimes accompanies pyzmia and septicemia. It can be traced to foreign bodies, especially in cattle. Foreign bodies may be swallowed and passed through the walls of the stomach into the muscle of the heart and there set up an inflammation. Strangles may cause this inflammation in the horse. It usually terminates fatally and at autopsy we find three or four abscesses in different parts of the body. The myositis is shown by the inability of the heart muscle to contract forcibly and it results in a weak, rapid, soft pulse with irregular heart sounds. ‘The course of the disease is very rapid and terminates suddenly from paralysis or rupture of the heart. The heart muscle at post has a yellowish, boiled appearance and is so friable that it tears easily. Small abscesses may be scattered through it. If the disease is of long duration and be- comes chronic, the fibrous tissue may increase to great extent, 198 THEORY AND PRACTICE extending through the muscle in every direction and largely re- placing it. This makes the wall of the heart very hard. Treatment.—Quiet is of the greatest importance. The animal should be kept in an airy stall, his legs should be well rubbed and bandaged with flannel. Aid the heart by the use of tonics and stimulants. Strychnine in 2-grain doses twice daily, whisky in 4-ounce doses every two to four hours and digitalis in 1-dram -doses every three to six hours are indicated remedies. HYPERTROPHY AND AT ROPE Hypertrophy of the heart means enlargement and it occurs with or without dilatation of the cavities. This unnatural con- dition may be general or local, over one ventricle or both or in- volving only part of one. It alters the shape of the heart, which has a much rounder appearance when hypertrophied. The left ventricle is the most likely to be involved, probably on account of the larger amount of work it has to do. The enlargement may be due to the dilatation of the cavities or it may be due to increased thickness of the walls. In draft horses both are likely to occur together. Ossification of the valves may occur. Simple hypertrophy is the condition in which the ventricular walls are thickened but the cavities are normal in size. ° Eccentric hypertrophy implies both the thickened walls and the dilated cavities. Concentric hypertrophy implies the thickened walls and the contraction of the cavities. Hypertrophy with dilatation is by far the most frequent form of cardiac enlargement. The heart may be three or four times its natural size. Etiology.—Long-continued, severe exertion is apt to cause car- diac enlargement, especially when- associated with valvular dis- ease. The weakened valves prevent the systolic action of the heart from doing perfect work and the blood is not all pumped out of the ventricles. In diastole the new blood forced into the ventricles stays too much there and the efforts of the heart mus- cle to take care of it result in dilating the cavities. Mild inflam- mation is liable to produce simple dilatation, simple hypertrophy OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 199 or eccentric hypertrophy, but the concentric hypertrophy follows over-exertion. The horse usually dies from some disease aggra- vated by the weak condition of the heart. Semetology.—The heart gives a powerful, heaving impulse at each beat; pulse full and strong, except in simple dilatation, in which it gets weaker and weaker until severe dyspnoea results. If the pulse is small and feeble at the jaw we may conclude that there is some obstacle to the escape of the blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. Treatment.—Give the animal rest and keep from excitement. Digitalis, iodide of potassium and stimulants are indicated. _Atrophy is the contracting and wasting of the muscular sub- stance of the heart. The heart grows smaller and harder and the muscle fibers lose their striations. In the muscle protoplasm are to be found around the nuclei brown pigment granules and in severe cases the pigments may lie loose between the fibers. This condition is called brown atrophy of the heart. The chief symptom is weakness of the pulse. In the horse the pulse could not be taken at the jaw and as the consequence changes are apt to occur in any part of the body. PALEY DEGENERATION. This form of degeneration may involve the whole organ or it inay be limited in patches, which would give the heart a mottled appearance. When the condition is general the heart is flabby and in extreme cases collapses when cut. Fatty infiltration de- posits fat between the fibres while in degeneration the muscle protoplasm itself is changed into fat. Fatty degeneration is often associated with other morbid conditions such as obesity, dilata- tion, rupture, aneurism, etc. When it exists alone its presence is seldom suspected previous to death. It may be due to de- teriorated conditions of the blood in wasting diseases, excessive hemorrhages, or to poisoning with arsenic and phosphorus. Fatty infiltration co-exists with obesity. Svmptoms.—The most prominent symptoms of fatty degener- ation are a feeble action of the heart, a remarkably slow pulse, 200 THEORY AND PRACTICE general debility and attacks of vertigo. It may involve a lia- bility to sudden death from rupture of the walls. Obesity of the heart is the deposit of intmense quantities of fat around the heart. The result of this is a very weak heart, shortness of breath, which runs into dyspncea. The animal may be all right when standing still but as soon as exercised the trouble shows. POLY PID OR TUMORS OF THE BEAR Tumors may develop on the inside or outside of the heart. On the inside they are more likely to take the form of polypi. They are usually originated from particles floated from some other part of the body, which have become attached to the base of the heart valves. These polypi may become regular fibrous growths such as are seen following an inflammation. They are more often found upon the lining of the auricle than upon the ventri- cle. Fragments of these vegetations often float off and lodge in some other part of the body, as the brain, where they produce coma and finally death. When these tumors form in the heart they can be diagnosed by auscultation ; a rasping sound reveals their presence. Vascular tumors are frequently found on the outside of the heart at the apex. RUPTURE. Rupture of the heart may occur as the result of some previous disease, such as fatty degeneration, dilatation with weakness of the walls, etc. It may be caused by external violence, a crushing fall, pressure from some great weight, etc. Jumping often causes it. } The rupture more frequently occurs in the left ventricle, al- though it may occur in the auricles. Death quickly follows a rupture. Segmentation of the heart fibres also occurs frequently. The heart fiber is a syncytium, i. e., it is composed of cells joined to- ey ; ee , OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 201 gether end to end. In segmentation the cells break apart at their cement lines of attachment. Sometimes the heart is found misplaced. It is sometimes on the right side and sometimes in the front of the chest cavity, or in the abdomen. This condition of the heart is called Ectopia Cordis. DISEASES OF THE BLOOD VESSELS. FC RCEE REE ES: Inflammation of the lining of an artery is called arteritis. This inflammation sometimes spreads to the media and adventitia and it is hard to find what causes it. The strongylus armatus is often found right under the coat of the vessel where it sets up an inflammation. Other worms may cause.this condition. The iliac artery in females is sometimes injured in parturition, set- ting up ill results. ~ The most common result is the formation of a thrombus at the point of inflammation. It may grow so as to obstruct the ves- sel and it is then spoken of as thrombosis of the artery. The par- tially organized lymph may become detached and float off to some other part, as an embolus. When an embolus reaches a vessel too small for it to pass, it becomes lodged and plugs the vessel, producing embolism. Treatment—Embolism is incurable and thrombosis may pro- duce serious results. Thrombosis must be treated with hot and cold applications externally and internallv—acetanilid, quinine and belladonna. In case of arteritis of the iliacs give a laxative and cold rectal injections (60 degrees F.) with a little belladonna in it. Keep the animal warm in cold weather. It is incurable. ANEURISM. Aneurism is a dilatation of the arteries and it 1s sometimes called a pulsating tumor. This may be the result of one or two causes. First may be mentioned weakness of the arterial walls, which the pressure dilates. The walls may get very thin and 202 THEORY AND PRACTICE sometimes rupture and the animal bleeds to death. This condi-— tion usually occurs in the posterior aorta. Worms may cause aneurism, especially in the colic artery. If the aneurism is external, apply pressure in the form of a truss. If it is in a vessel that can be dispensed with, ligate it. It may occur from stricture caused by arteritis, the dilatation be- ing anterior to it. - PHLEBITIS. Inflammation of the veins is called phlebitis and it is either traumatic or idiopathic—idiopathic as regards its origin. In the horse it is usually traumatic. As the result of the inflammation there is extensive exudation into the vein, which finally becomes obliterated at the point of injury. More or less pus is discharged. The idiopathic form is seen in the human, but seldom or never inthe horse. Inthe human it is associated with milk leg at times. Syvmptoms.—Local heat and swelling. If the vein is obliter- ated, it is like a cord. Treatment.—Ordinary antiseptic treatment. If there is a suppurating wound present, it must be curetted and treated freely with antiseptics. VARIX. Varix is a dilated vein, sometimes called varicose veins. It is due to obstruction or weakness of the venous walls. Vari- cosity of the jugular is sometimes met with, especially where the two jugulars meet. Treatment.—Pressure is about the only treatment. In the human elastic stockings and bands are used on the legs. In the case of bone spavin you will find the saphena major enlarged. In firing, be careful not to press the iron too heavily when over the part. = DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. The chief function of the kidneys is the removal of the sur- plus nitrogen of the body in the form of urea, and the surplus OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 203 water. Most of the poisons of the body are thrown off through the kidneys; bacteria and foreign bodies largely escape through the same channels. The kidneys, therefore, are the sanitary scavengers and purifiers of the system, and when their functions are impaired or arrested, the retained poisons quickly show their presence in the resulting disorder of the skin, nervous system, and in fact all the other organs. On the other hand, scarcely an im- portant organ of the body can suffer derangement without a cor- responding disorder of the urinary system. The prominent causes of urinary diseases may be summed up as follows: All extensive inflammations and acute diseases attended by fever diminish the liquids of the urine and increase the solids— waste products—resulting in the irritation of the urinary organs or the poisoning of the system at large by the retention of the surplus waste. Diseases of the heart and lungs, by interfering with the free onward flow of the blood from the right side of the heart, tend to throw that liquid back upon the veins, and this backward pressure of venous blood reacts upon the kidneys. Poisons in the food and water (such as irritant diuretic plants, musty hay or oats), green vegetables covered with hoar frost, excess of phosphates in such food as bran, peas, beans, lentils, vetches, rape cake, cotton-seed cake, etc., privation of water, pro- ducing too great concentration of the body tissues,—these are direct causes of disturbance in the kidneys. A disordered liver producing an excess of bile will color the urine; an excess of hippuric acid and its allied products favor the formation of stone; of taurocholic acid, the restruction of the blood elements and consequence irritation of the kidneys; of gly- cogen, the production of saccharine urine. Any disorder leading to impaired function of the lungs is causative of an excess of hippuric acid, of bile, of oxalic acid, of sugar, etc.. in the urine, resulting in irritation of the urinary passages. Diseases of the brain and nervous system, notably of the base of the brain and the spinal cord, induce various urinary disorders, such as chylous urine, diabetes, and albuminuria. 204 THEORY AND PRACTICE In some cases the changes in the urine are the sole sign of disease. In health the horse’s urine is of a deep amber color and has a strong odor. Ona feed of grain and hay it may show uniform transparency, while on a green ration there is an abun- dant white deposit of carbonate of lime. Of the morbid changes the following are to be looked for: (1) Color; white from de- posited salts of lime; brown or red from blood clots or coloring matter ; yellow or orange from bile or from blood pigment; pale from excess of water; or variously from vegetable ingredients (santonin makes it red; rhubarb or senna, brown; methylene blue, blue, tar or carbolic acid, green). (2). Density: ~ The horses urine may be 1.030 to 1.050, but the specific gravity may exceed this, as in diabetes, or it may sink to 1.007, as in diuresis. (3) Chemical reaction: The horse on a vegetable diet has alkaline urine, while in the sucking colt or in a horse fed on flesh or on his own tissues, as in starvation or abstinence during disease, the urine is acid. (4) Organic constituents: Albumen, mucous shreds, casts, worms, ete. (5) Salts: These crystalize out spon- taneously as the result of excess of some acid or base in the urine. Pus is frequently found in the urine associated with albumen. ALBUMINURIA. In the horse this can be safely called equine Bright’s. It oc- curs in two forms, acute and chronic. It is mostly due to indi- gestion. The chief symptom is the presence of albumin in the urine, but sometimes none may be present. Accordingly, several tests should be made for the determination of the albumin. You cannot rely on a single sample. Tube casts are also present. These are cylinders of fibrous coagulum, the coagulation having taken place in the uriniferous tubules to which the casts conform in shape. In the present of fatty degeneration the casts will have a waxy appearance, due to the presence of fat and oil in them. Test for Albumin in the Urine-——Put some of the urine in a test-tube and boil it: if any albumin 1s present, a white coagulum will form. Heating the urine will also precipitate phosphates if in excess, but nitric acid will dissolve them. If the urine is strongly alkaline, neutralize it with a little acetic acid, for alka- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 205 line urine may coagulate when heated even though albumin is not present. Another test consists in placing a little urine in a test-tube and carefully pouring down the side of the tube a little strong nitric acid—pour it in such a way that it goes to the bottom of the tube underneath the urine and a white line of coag- ulation will form between the acid and the urine. Semeiology.—The first indication of equine Bright’s 1s stiff- ness in the gait of the horse—on the hind parts. In old con- firmed cases they step about eight or ten inches to a step, are stiff in turning and inclined to stretch. Ultimately the horse will suffer constitutionally,—animal will become hide-bound, coat long, becomes weaker and weaker in the hind parts, finally gets down and is unable to get up, delirium follows, then uric acid poisoning and death. 3 Treatment—The treatment is usually not applied early enough for the disease is not then diagnosed. But if it can be detected in its early stages, the stomach should be given a com- plete change of food. If possible the animal should be put on | erass. Give him stomachics and saline purgatives. Exercise regularly. Give gentian, nux vomica, arsenic, zingiber, with a little charcoal and potassium. Diuretics in any form are not indicated. Give plenty of bran and sloppy food. After a few weeks’ time change to a sour tonic. Piece Gent, RG) SeUlyve ess eta es bn ounce j PAV OLOCHIORIC cA ClO: cic's als wae eee Sa wees dram j PMG ONUO Net er 8h haz on A ccc B IG eae ace ake Bee ounce iv PANG eae Shell acct acces seca Ae apa oats tale haces boo @ 6 DING ay M. Sig.—1 ounce 8 times a day before eating. After using this treatment for a week or ten days go back to the other treatment. HEMATURIA. Hematuria is bloody urine but not a high-colored urine ne- cessarily. The blood is usually passed in clots and they can be seen on the floor. Etiology.—Severe strain of the loins, cystic calculus, strong diuretics, various parasites in the kidneys, especially the strongy- 206 ~ ‘THEORY AND PRACTICE lus gigas, congestion and degeneration of the kidney and can- cers, especially melanosis, are the principal causes of this dis- ease. The strongylus gigas seems to be partial to the kidney and develops enormously there. A male 10 inches long and a female 14 inches long were taken from the kidney of a dog that died in the Chicago Veterinary College. Treatment.—Treat as the symptoms indicate. If the disease is caused by strain, apply cold applications and keep up for two or three hours. If this fails to do any good, give the horse a cold water injection and run the hose in three or four feet. lia calculus is found in the bladder it must be removed. If the hemorrhage continues and no calculus in the bladder has been found nor any bruise, the cause may be a renal calculus. Hydro- chloric acid internally will reduce the alkalinity of the urine. In case of parasites nothing can be done. DIABETES INSIPIDUS: Diabetes insipidus or polyuria is profuse micturition and as- ~ sociated with it is great thirst. The urine is clear as water and horse passes it every fifteen to thirty minutes. Stable men call the condition flooding. The specific gravity of the urine is about the same as water—1.002 or-1.003. In horses clear urine is fre- quently a sign of blood poisoning, as in glanders. Etiology.—The chief cause is indigestion, or mal-assimilation of the food. Improper food, such as musty oats or hay or kiln- dried oats, or too free use of diuretics may be the cause of the indigestion. The horse will run down in flesh, he develops a long staring coat, gets wabbly behind and finally dies from collapse. The ap- petite usually remains good. Horses generally recover but mules do not. Post mortem shows a general pallor of all the parts; the kidney, especially the cortical portion, is soft. Treatment.—lodine is the best remedy and should be given in large doses. Toa 1,200 pound horse give a dram of the iodine crystals in a linseed bolus. This quenches the thirst and inei- dentally reduces the flow of urine. In the horse one dose is - ' Pa OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 207 usually sufficient; if not, repeat in three or four days. Follow- ing the dose of iodine, treat the indigestion. Give bicarbonate of sodium.—a dram three times a day for a week and then change to hydrochloric acid for a week. Then go back to soda. Give vegetable bitters and feed on grass or bran. Do not let the horse bolt his food. A trild form of polyuria is seen in horses fed continuously on hay and oats without any change. —The common remedy is a tablespoonful of starch in the food three times a day. Give bran - with the oats and a mild purgative if the animal is not working. DIA BE EES MrbLit Us: Diabetes mellitus (glycosuria) is a condition where sugar is found in the urine. It is comparatively common in the human but it is seldom found among the other animals. Dogs fed ex- clusively on liver develop fatty degeneration of the liver and it is suspected that they die from glycosuria. Professor Williams says that he never saw this disease in the horse or in herbivorous animals. Ettology.—The predisposing cause is continuous over-eating. The disease is a sort of indigestion. Semetology.—The urine is excessive in amount and of high specific gravity. Next symptom is lassitude. Then follows swelling of the feet and red spots on the skin of the legs. These spots become larger and finally break out in raw sores. Treatment.—All starch and sugar should be withheld from the food and the diet should consist of meat and nitrogenous foods. Give plenty of water. Avoid irritating substances. Besides sugar in the urine, pus may appear, also mucus in increased amount. The mucus may be seen as a floculent cloud which is easily shaken up when the urine is in a bottle. It never © settles. Unless the pus is very abundant it need give no alarm. It may be caused by calculi or some irritating substance in the food or medicine. The urine must be examined microscopically to determine its presence. In order to clear up the urine, remove the cause of the irritation. Give the animal something to allay 208 THEORY AND PRACTICE it and also give him a laxative. Give the horse fluid extract Saw Palmetto in ounce doses three times a day. OXALURIA. Oxaluria is a disease seen in horses oftener than in any other animal. It is a condition in which the oxalic acid of the body crystallizes out in the urine in the form of oxalate of lime. Oxa- iic acid itself is a product of imperfect combustion of the nitro- genous and amyloidal substances of the body. This condition is found to be comparatively common in animals which are overfed _and are given irregular work. Fatiguing labor after a period of idleness and high feeding will cause it. The most aggravated cases are found in trotting stallions. Symptoms.—Great dullness and languor are marked symp- toms. In severe cases there is rapid loss of flesh,—a difference in flesh can be seen in a horse within a week. He has a capricious appetite. On examination nothing can be found. The animal runs from bad to worse and gets stiff in the loins. In from ten to fifteen days a bran-like scurf appears on the skin, «due to altered sensibility of the skin nerves. This is a prominent symp- tom. In four or five weeks, if the disease runs that long, he becomes hide bound and emaciated. He passes water oftener than normal and the urine is of pale amber color.. The urethra becomes scalded by the urine and he dreads to micturate. The mouth is furred, has a sour smell and a soapy feel. The bow- els are irregular. Upon testing the urine the reaction will be neutral, but after standing a little while it will be alkaline. Ex- amined microscopically oxalates of lime will be found,—octahed- ral crystals in the horse and dumb-bell shaped in the dog and human. These crystals are soluble in nitric acid, but not in water and are not affected by boiling in acetic acid or by potassium hydroxide. Treatment.—Indigestion being the cause of the condition, give the animal a complete change of diet and withhold all sac- charides. Give him bran, grass, etc., and gentle and regular ex- ercise. Drinking water should be pure, rain water is the best. es A) aii x OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 209 In addition to this give mineral acids, hydrochloric acid. Give Saw Palmetto. If he is in much pain, give a little morphine or codine and combine a little belladonna with the palmetto. RENAL CONGESTION. Renal congestion is hyeremia of the kidneys. It may occur as a sequel of any debilitating disease. It may be the result ot irritating substances applied to the skin or being present in the food. .Absorption of cantharides, which has been spread over a large surface, or too much turpentine administered internally, exposure to cold and dampness, accidental injuries or violence, blood contamination,—these are the principal causes of renal con- gestion and in all cases the Malpighian tufts of the kidney are congested. In Azoturia passive congestion occurs. | Post Mortem.—The kidneys are very large and red; there will be ecchymoses corresponding to the Malpighian tufts and sometimes on the surface. : Treatment.—Ascertain the cause 1f possible and remove. If too much turpentine has been given, give the horse a-small dose of oil and’saw palmetto. Belladonna is indicated internally. Ap- ply hot rugs to the loins and give perfect rest for a few days and a light diet. Nephritis usually follows. NEPHRITIS. Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys. There are two | forms. The first form is the mild or subacute. It follows some debilitating disease such as influenza,—in fact any weakening disease in which the fever has been high for some time, say a week. Congestion occurs around the loops of Henle and the Malphighian tufts and is due to the accumulation of debris in the system resulting from the previous fever, during which the kidneys were inactive. Pathogenesis.—High fever lasting for about a week without diusesis being produced. The kidneys fail to remove the accu- mulating debris and become congested to the extent of inflamma- 210 THEORY AND PRACTICE tion as a result. This is Bright’s disease of the kidneys. It is seen most often in the dog, cat and htman, but seldom in the horse. | Post Mortem.—The kidneys are found congested. Symptoms.—The animal seems to be convalescent from the fever which first attacked him when suddenly the appetite fails the urine becomes scanty and high-colored, in some cases quite red. Upon testing it albumin is present. Emaciation takes place and general debility comes on rapidly. There is a staring coat, cedema of the legs and stiffness of gait. Treatment.—Hygiene should be good; give scalded oats and bran, equal parts. The kidneys must be made to work or the horse will die. Diuretics are strongly indicated; at the same time keep the bowels slightly relaxed with sulphate of sodium. When the disease becomes chronic the animal will die but he may live for two or three years. The second form of nephritis is the acute parenchymaious. This form comes on suddenly with a tendency to kill in about five days or produces one or more abscesses, later. If it attacks both kidneys it will kill in five days, but if only one is affected the horse may live for some time and possibly recover. Ettology.—Anything that causes renal congestion may cause acute parenchymatous nephritis. Sometimes severe strains of the psoas muscles cause inflammation which extends to the kid- neys. The most typical cases come from cold and dampness. Symptoms.—The horse is in great pain and has an anxious countenance, glistening eyes, and although restless is disinclined to move and yet may sweat. His temperature may run up four to six degrees. He does not seem to wish to move his hind legs and stands persistently. He passes only a small quantity of urine and it is hot and high-colored. If pressure is put against the af- fected part there is pain. If the horse is forced to move he has a straddling gait. There is great loss of appetite. He grows rapidly worse and may die in the course of three days, but the general average is five. The urine is entirely suppressed before death. The form of death is syncope. Post Mortem.—In a very acute case without pus the kidneys % he a OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 211 will be swollen and dark red. Occasionally you will find part _of one or both gangrenous. Treatment—This form of acute nephritis requires prompt treatment. Put hot wet rugs over the loins and change them every half hour. Keep the animal where he is warm and com- fortable. Give rectal injections of warm water with a little bella- donna in it,—Fl. Ext. Bella, half ounce to water four pints. Give horse linseed tea to drink, acetanilid in moderate doses as often as he can stand it and aconite in small repeated doses. No matter what the treatment, however, the animal very seldom, if ever, recovers. | RENAL CALCULUS. A renal calculus is a calcareous secretion which is usually found in the pelvis of the kidney. It may be in the form of stone of considerable size or it may be in the form of gravel, which floats down through the ureters with the urine into the bladder. The calcareous material may lodge in the ureters or may remain in the bladder to form large stones. In case the ureter becomes obstructed the pelvis of the kidney will become distended, local inflammation will follow with more or less sup- puration. Suppuration nephritis will be the ultimate result unless the stone is dislodged. A horse in this condition would die from a combination of pyemia and urzmia and coma would be the form of death. The stone is composed of carbonate and phosphate of lime, the carbonates predominating. Symptoms.—Colicky pains at irregular intervals are present, especially after severe exercise. The urine is exceedingly heavy, _ being charged with earthy salts. Occasionally there is some blood in the urine and it will clot on the floor. Upon examination of. the ureter through the rectum you can detect the distension and will feel the soft, fluctuating enlargement which can be traced to the kidney. | Treatment.—Give the horse pure water to drink (rain water is the test). Give plenty of bran and grass in season and hydrochloric acid in dram doses once a day in a pint of water. 1S) — LS) THEORY AND PRACTICE : CY STELES: Cystitis is inflammation of the lining of the bladder. Etiology.—The inflammation may result from calculi or from gravel. The most common cause is irritation of the skin or ir- ritating substance in the food or water. In the human it is often caused by gonorrhcea. © ; Semetology.—Nervous excitement is marked at first and then depression comes on. Elevation of temperature may or may not be present. Micturition is very painful with spasms of the bladder (tenesmus). The horse urinates frequently and the urine is in small quantities, hot and high-colored, sometimes streaked with blood, especially if the condition is caused by cal- culi, or gravel. The bowels are apt to be congested and the stools coated with slime. If the cause of irritation is in the alimentary tract, then its mucoussmembrane will be congested and catarrhal. The disease may run a rapid course and termi- nate fatally in three or four days. But in a mild case it may run three or four weeks. Treatment—General anodyne course should be followed. If the inflammation is caused by a calculus, remove it if possible. The anodyne course is ‘to give him linseed tea with rain water. To keep up the strength of the horse, give him raw eggs and milk and if he will eat it, grass. If the cause of the irritation can be removed, then put the animal on stimulants such as strychnine, nitro-glycerine, etc. Flush the bladder with a sat- urated solution of boracic acid two or three times a day. The catheter should be sterilized and the solution should be run in from a fountain syringe. Cramps may occur, but when they cease, go on with the treatment. Keep the bowels open with a laxative and give rather liberally saw palmetto and san metto. DY SURTA: Dysuria is the painful passage of urine.- This may be caused by the partial obstruction or irritation of the mucous lining of the ureters. The most aggravated cases of this is seen from gravel in the from of cystic calculi or smaller grains floating OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 215 down the ureters. In males the next most common cause is en- largement of the prostrate glands. It generally comes in old age, and is attributed to too much stud work. Occasionally, but rarely, it is seen in geldings. This enlargement of the prostrate is called by horsemen the “bean.” It is sometimes so great as to press upon the neck of the urethra. Other causes of dysuria are thickening of the neck of the bladder from cystitis or the bulbus portion of the urethra, cancer of the penis, tumor of the glands penis, foulness of the sheath from the accumulation of sebaceous material, producing swelling and pressure. Another cause is the horse urinating in his sheath either from habit or malformation. In the female, at the opening of the vagina there is often found a small tumor, called a carbuncle, which extends sometimes into the ureters and makes micturition slow and painful. Prolapsus of the uterus mav be a catise; hardened feces may press down upon the vagina and urethra. In the male stings of bees may cause swelling of the sheath. Treatment.—lf{ possible locate the cause. This is sometimes very difficult. In case of enlargement of the prostrate in the dog or stallion the old treatment consisted in applying tizcture of iodine to the perineum and giving idodide of potash internally for a long time. But this is more or less injurious to the re- productive power of the animal. Pass the catheter occasionally : in bad cases it may be passed two or three times a day. In the human the prostate gland may have to be removed in part, but this is a very dangerous operation. In case of thickening of the neck of the bladder give external treatment that will allay the irritation of the mucous membrane of the bladder, which is often due to the acid condition of the urine caused by eating too much meat. In such a case alkalies will overcome the acidity: and relieve. Retire the animal from stud work according to the severity of the case. In foulness of the sheath, wash the parts with soap and water and introduce a wad of carbolized cotton ¢ dipped in carbolized oil. Swab out once a day and at each dress- ing bring the penis down, pulling gently and slowly. 214 THEORY AND PRACTICE TSCHURILA: Ischuria is suppression of the urine. There may be none ex- ~ creted or there may be inability to pass it when it is present. When the latter is the case it 1s usually from paralysis of the muscular coat of the bladder. This condition usually exists when the horse is kept too long without giving him a chance to urinate. Some horses are pe- culiar as to when and how they do this, so never fail to humor them in their peculiarities in this respect. Therefore, when you notice colicky pains, switching of the tail, and restlessness you can suspect the cause. Many horses dislike to urinate while down; therefore in azoturia the water should be drawn from them. When a horse is to be swung, never fail to draw the water from him or rupture of the bladder may occur. When no urine is secreted as in purpura hemorrhagica. then the kid- neys are at fault. Treatment.—When the urine is not secreted diuretics and dif- fusible stimulants are indicated. If there is spasmodic contrac- tion of the bladder, then anodynes should be given,—as hot water and belladonna. Try passing the catheter smeared with solid extract of belladonna. This will often relieve the constric- tion. If you are sure of paralysis being present, give one dram of powdered nux vomica in the feed night and morning for a few days. . The condition should be treated promptly and the animal not neglected. Otherwise the case may become serious. ENURESIS. Enuresis is incontinence of the urine. When the animal can- not retain the urine in the bladder it dribbles away as it forms. The condition is usually due to paralysis of the neck of the bladder; the sphincter muscle fails to contract and the urine dribbles down the legs, scalding them. It is sometimes very painful. In the male the penis becomes paralyzed and hangs down. Treatment.—Nervous tonics are indicated, with local shock- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 245 ing such as dashing water on the perineum. This often resus- citates the.waning power. A gallon of water given by rectum produces a shock and this comes in good in this condition. Nux vomica taken continuously for a month will promote the general health. Strangury is the passage of the urine in drops on account of severe irritability of the mucous lining of the bladder or of the muscularis. The urine comes away every few minutes in drops or in small quantities. Apparently there is hyperzsthesia of the bladder mucosa. The retention of the urine causes inflammation of the bladder. The treatment must be toward allaying the irritability. Therefore give anodynes such as opium, belladonna, etc., and laxatives,—oil and linseed tea to drink. URETERIEETS. Inflammation of the lining of the urethra is called urethritis. Any of the causes producing inflammation in the bladder may cause urethritis. If a stallion copulates with a mare suffering from leucorrhoea, urethritis is apt to follow. Treatment.—Mild soothing diuretics and stimulants in the form of copaiba, 1 dram dose three times a day, or oil of sandal- wood are good remedies. Suspend the horse’s stud work. Be careful about using local injection. A+solution of bichloride of : mercury 1 to 2000 can be used and twenty-four hours after an- other solution 1 to 6000. Do this twice a day for two or three days. In all these cases relax the bowels with the medicines. As a rule the inflammation does not extend further up than three to six inches, but if it does it is due to the irritation of gravel in the bladder. If the condition arises in a stallion, re- tire for a week or two. Clean the parts with soap and water three times a day and at the same time syringe mild antiseptics into the urethra. Solution of sulphate of zinc in warm water 1s the best. Do not manipulate the penis after injection. Rupture of the bladder may occur occasionally but it is very rare. It is more likely to occur in the human than in the other 216 THEORY AND PRACTICE animals. It may be seen in cases of azoturia or in cases of strain of the psoas muscles. Eversion of the bladder often occurs. The bladder protrudes through the vulva, appearing like a case of prolapsus or a poly- pus. Examination will tell the difference. The lining of the bladder is velvety and soft and the openings can be found. Re- turn the bladder to its proper position with a probang and give anodynes and oil. TUMORS. A tumor may be defined as any prominence or growth, un- natural, on the body or in any organ or gland. It may be com- posed of the same tissue as where it grows, or it may be en- tirely dissimilar. A tumor grows by self-proliferation, the same as other parts of the body; new blood vessels and lymphatics ex- tend into the growth and furnish it nutriment. These nutrient vessels are usually much enlarged. As a rule nerve fibers ex- tend into a tumor. Tumors are subject to all the changes which occur in any other tissue, such as fatty degeneration, suppuration, ulceration, gangrene, pigmentation, calcification, ete. | Necro- sis sometimes takes place, often to such an extent as to entirely destroy the tumor. Tumors are of various shapes and forms: nodular, when re- sembling nodules; tuberous, when like a tubercle; fungoid, when cauliflower shaped; polypoid, when like a polypus; papillary, when they are shaped like the crater of a volcano; dentritic, when they have roots or branches. Tumors may be single or multiple; this is particularly seen in black cancer, such as is seen around the tails of white horses—the so-called melanotic tumors. Tumors are either malignant or benign. A malignant tumor has the following characteristics: (1) It invades the surround- ing tissues by peripheral or eccentric growth; (2) it has a tendency to recur after removal; (3) it will spread to other parts of the body, causing metastasis; (4) it has a tendency to interfere with the nutritition of the body and results in cachexia. The real cause of tumors is not known. Predisposing causes are such as heredity, mechanical injuries, parasitic invasion,—in OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. AWE fact anything that will lower the resistence of the animal. Con- heim developed the theory that tumors are due to embryonal displacement,—either to misplaced cells or to superfluous cells. Tumors do not develop in young animals so much as in old. The melanotic tumors in horses do not develop until the age of ten or fifteen years. Tumors may be divided into six large classes: 1. Connective tissue tumors (histoid). a. Fibroma. b. Myxoma. c. Sarcoma—tround, spindle-celled, mixed, and giant-celled. d. Endothelioma. Lipoma. . Chondroma. . Osteoma. . Glioma. Myomata. Neuromata. Angiomata. Epitheliomata. Teratomata. These are mixed tumors, which are composed of all kinds of tissue. They are con- genital. Teeth and hair may be found in them. Tumors of the first and fifth classes are most likely to be- come malignant. A malignant tumor is called a cancer, and UN Etna Oe (ake there are several different kinds, such as hard, soft, pigmented, etc. A hard cancer is called a scirrhus cancer, especially by the old writers. A scirrhus cancer is very hard and dense and con- sists of white tissue. It is sometimes of uneven hardness; other times it has hard projections extending from it into the tissue to which it is attached. The tumor cuts like cartilage and from the cut surface a persistent hemorrhage is prone to occur. When operating it is difficult to arrest the hemorrhage. The scirrhus has a special liking for the lymphatic glands. Unless’ such a growth interferes with mastication or some other functional ac- tivity it will produce little or no harm until it begirts to break down, when ulceration may take place and eventually the tissue 218 THEORY AND PRACTICE refuse to heal. Early removal with the knife is the only treat- ment. As examples of the soft cancers may be mentioned the en- cephaloma, fungus hematoid, seen growing in the eyes o1 cat- tle, medullary fungus, etc. The soft cancerous fungi may be found in any of the tissues, but mostly in the glands. In the horse it is often found on the penis and may extend to the tesh- cles; also on the vulva in the mare. It may affect bones and may arise in the periosteum. To the touch the tumor has a soft fluctuating feel, but there is no pus in it. Upon cutting into it a profuse hemorrhage will take place. Around such tumors is a network of veins which have increased in size greatly and this feature makes it difficult to operate. These tumors often break down and granulate, going on to ulceration. Colloid degeneration frequently takes place in tumors, es- pecially in epithelial tumors. The colloid material is amber-col- ored and resembles half melted glue in consistency. Other forms of degeneration are the mucoid and the contents may be- come very fluid, forming a cyst. Of the connective tissue tumors which become malignant the sarcoma is the most common type. The tumor cell is a rouad cell or spindle shaped. The round celled sarcomata are the most malignant. These tumors are very prone to metastasis. The so-called melanotic cancer is a type of sarcoma. Each cell con- tains an abundance of pigment, which is often of so great amount that the form of the cell, its nucleus, etc., cannot be made out. The pigment may invade the intercellular substance as well. These black tumors have every feature of malignancy. Some- times they develop very suddenly, producing great lameness. No tissue in the body is exempt from them, but their favorite sites are the vulva, the anus, and the bare part under the tail. When removed, they come back in some other part. They are found most frequently in old white horses. The epithelial cancer is common. This tumor is composed of epithelial cells, which can be of any type. The tumors may grow and develop in the skin and mucous membrane or in the glands. Metastasis usually follows and even though the tumor be removed, it will most always recur. \ OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 219 A benign tumor usually is surrounded by a capsule. It may consist of fat, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue or bone. The fibrous connective tissue tumor is called a fibroma. It may be soft or hard. The polypus is a form of soft fibroma which is usually found in the nose. It is attached by a pedicle and in the horse it may be so long as to interfere with the epi- glottis. It produces a difficulty in breathing, a sort of snoring or snuffling, the same as heard in the pug dog. The best way to remove a polypus 1s with a wire ecraseur. If the neck of the polypus is small, it can be twisted off with a pair of forceps. After removing, wash out with perchloride of iron—1 dram to the pint of water—twice a day. Another kind of fibroma is the wart. The eyelids and the legs are the usual places for warts. Not only is the connective tissue increased to form the bulk of the wart, but the surface epithelium is increased also and they may become malignant. An interesting polypus is sometimes found in the uterus of the mare and may grow to a large size. It could be confused with an everted bladder or with an impervious hymen in filleys. The condroma or cartilaginous tumor develops commonly on the sternum of the horse or ox, following injury. In the horses we may find one growing near the trachea, following trach- eotomy or from kicks and wounds. If they are limited in size, they can be removed with the knife, but when large, removal is impracticable. In the early stage of their growth they are largely made up of fibrous connective tissue. The so-called osteoma or bone tumor is usually an inflam- matory growth and it is not a true tumor. The lipoma or fatty tumor consists of fat and it is liable to grow in any animal and in any part. Such a tumor is easily re- moved; it is non-vascular. Apply a little cocaine when ope- rating. 7 The neuroma is a nerve tumor and it is most commonly seen as a sequel of neurotomy. In this operation the nerve should be drawn down and cut off so that the end will draw up into the limb. Then it will not grow out into the granulations which form during the healing of the wound. You will find that when 220 THEORY AND PRACTICE the horse is not benefited by the operation of neurotomy, it is usually due to the formation of one of these tumors. CYSTS. Cysts are very common and they are important. Examples are Capped Hock, Capped Knee, Wind Galls, etc. They may grow on any part of the body, inside or outside. They may contain hair and they are lined with skin as well as being cov- ered with it. They usually follow an injury. When produced they rapidly fill with serum and an acute inflammation takes place in from 12 to 48 hours. Treatment.—For cystic tumors on a horse’s legs the first thing to do, especially if they are of large size, is to puncture them. In capped hock it has been proven that a puncture car be made with safety and it is the only satisfactory treatment. If the tumor is not tapped, eventually a fibrous growth may form, which may prove dangerous to remove. Operation.—First find where the point of injury is and lo-— cate the size and position of the cyst by fluctuation. Open it with a probe-pointed bistoury, never a scalpel, as near the bottom as possible. Quickly catch your knife and insert slowly at the bottom, inward, upward and outward, till the point of the knife is about an inch from the insertion and then cut though. Some- times you will not cut deep enough and the serum will not flow. Do not be afraid if the blood flows freely, for the hemorrhage can be stopped. Syringe out the cyst with a caustic solution. This will prevent reforming. Tincture of iodine, full strength, can be used. Never svringe after the first time. Dip a wad of oakum in some antiseptic solution and insert in the sack. Bathe the wound with hot water an hour at a time and insert a fresh piece of oakum after each bathing. Keep up this treatment for 10°to 20 days, by which time the place will usually become healed. ‘A hard fibrous scar will usually form in the place of the cyst and the parts should be bathed with witch hazel and soap, equa! parts, added to the same amount of water. Wrap the parts in flannel and give a little walking exercise. “Animal will be all right in about six weeks. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, Le Ili an old case is brought to you, open and make a new wound of it, poultice and after about a month put on a mild blister. If the wound tends to heal with the formation of much fibrous tissue, rubbing will help this very much. Serous cysts on the knees of cattle can be opened and treated all right if they are young in growth, but if old chronic cases, the doctor would better let them alone. Where they form in other parts of the body, from kicks and injuries, etc., they can be opened at the bottom and some caustic be injected. Use hot applications.an hour at a time and regulate the diet. In capped elbow, where the tumor is small and bagging, it can be removed by ligating. Tie a cord around it tightly and after two or three days another a little tighter and then cut off and sear with a hot iron. Considerable inflammation is apt to accompany this method, however. : The ovarian cyst is common in women, cows and cats. It 1s a dropsical condition of the ovary and it does not always involve the whole of the organ. In the human these cysts may become malignant by the growth of the epithelium lining the cavity. Sometimes these cysts can be treated heroically by inserting the hand in the vagina and another hand in the anus and crushing the cyst between the two. The sertum escapes into the abdominal cavity and does no harm. Give soft feed and rest and the animal will recover in a day or two. Mucous cysts develop in the mucous membrane and fill with mucus instead of serum. In the mouth they are sometimes called Ranula, and they grow into long, tuberous forms. Slit them up full length and wash out with boracic acid. ; Cysts in the thyroid gland are called bronchocele when they are filled with water, and goitre when they fill with the solid colloid substance. Goitre is very common in dogs and they fre- quently develop into malignant growths of the sarcoma type. _Treatment—In new growths, paint the parts with_ iodine once a day and give iodide of potash internally. If the skin gets sore, cease the treatment for a time and then continue again. It is a dangerous operation to attempt to dissect such a tumor out. It is, however, an operation that is becoming more 222 THEORY -AND PRACTICE common every day, especially in the human. Goitre is also very common in the stallion. ; Dentigerous or teeth-bearing cysts are often found. Tu- mor teeth may be found most anywhere, but frequently at the base of the ear, sometimes in the maxillary sinuses or the frontal and also in the testicle or ovaries. When they develop at the base of the ear, there will first be seen a little swelling, which will grow suddenly and finally rupture. Upon cutting it through a molar tooth may be found which seems to grow without a matrix. Certain inflammations may result in hard fibrous swellings which become more or less permanent. The so-called scirrhous cord is one example. It is not a true tumor, but is the result of inflammation following castration and the botryomyces is sup- posed to play a role. Some part of the fibrous mass will usually give evidence of an abscess in the wall of which the fungus can be found. Several different kinds of these botryomyces have been described and probably no particular kind is specific. The fungus seems to be a very large sized coccus, which is found in masses much like the zoogleea. Muscle tumors, or myomata, are not very common. If a proliferation of the non-striated muscle they are called letomy-— oma; if of the striated, rhabdomyoma. Leiomyoma is the most common. In the horse leiomyoma of the kidney has been re- ported and in the sheep, of the liver. In the human a common tumor is the uterine fibroid, which is a mixture of non-striated muscle and fibrous connective tissue. Leiomyoma of the ovary is rare. DISEASES’ OF FHE- BONES. All of the lower animals are subject to diseases of the bones. The horse especially is more prone to bone disease because of high feeding and rapidity of gait. In health bone is insensible, but in disease it is very sensitive. Inflammation of the bone substance is called osteitis; of the periosteum, periostitis; of the marrow, osteomyelitis. The OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 223 three forms of inflammation are difficult to separate. They are usually the result of external injury. Inflammation of the bone has the same phenomena as in- flammation occurring in connective tissue. It is attended by very many of the same changes, but on account of the dense sub- stance making up the bone tissue somewhat different results come about. Serum, fibrin and pus may be found but they will be less in amount. The hard substance of the bone will be absorbed to greater or less extent and become replaced by animal matter, and there results a deficiency in the earthy or mineral matter. The newly formed tissue is the so-called granulation tissue of bone, which after a time becomes calcified. ‘This tissue may be very vascular and its vascularity may be diminished. Although the bone is much enlarged as the result of the inflammation, yet it is much lighter. This condition is a rarifying process and it is called osteoporosis. The Haversian spaces are much in- creased in size and the bone is made porous. Osteoporosis de- pends upon increased destruction of the bony tissue. It may be observed both in spongy and compact bone. Osteosclerosis is analogous to cicatricial formation of the fibrous connective tissue and is a result of inflammation of bone. It may occur without any apparent cause in senility in the diploe of the skull, causing it to become thick and dense. It always occurs about carious and necrotic areas, constituting one of the chief means by which the sequestrum is surrounded by new dense bony tissue. Osteosclerotic exostoses of ivory-like hard- ness are called eburnations. Such bone is much heavier than ’ normal. Periostitis may be acute or chronic. In the acute form the morbid changes are found first in the periosteum itself, which becomes swollen, hyperemic and more or less infiltrated with blood. As a rule infection takes place and suppuration occurs. The pus usuually collects between the periosteum and the bone, elevating the membrane—(subperiosteal abscess). This fre- quently brings about a molecular destruction of the surface of the bone, causing the mineral structure to crumble away, and leaving softened and excavated areas, while particles of the dis- e274 THEORY AND PRACTICE integrated bone lie free in the surrounding tissue. To this mole- cular death and destruction of bone the name caries is given. Caries usually occurs in cancellated bone. It is often seen in fistulous withers, caused by the pus burroughing down to the bone. The depressed surface has a peculiar feel. It is also seen in poll-evil and may involve the axis or even the dentata. Foot Rot in sheep is often followed by caries. In treating such a condition, open up the sinuses or diseased parts and scrape out all the diseased portions and a little of the healthy part as well. Treat antispetically and the bone will granulate the same as other tissues. s The acute forms terminate either in recovery without dam- age to the bone, when the abscesses are absorbed or rupture ex- ternally; or in caries or necrosis, with subsequent chronic dis- turbances induced by the proceeds of bone-destruction, that may continue during the entire life of the animal or require surgical interference. Chronic periostitis is divided into fibrous and ossifying forms. In fibrous periostitis the characteristic feature is the transforma- tion of the periosteum into a dense fibrous tissue, which closely adheres to the bone. Ossifying periostitis is sometimes seen in tuberculosis and in pregnancy. Osteitis and osteomyelitis are almost invariably associated. It is almost impossible to find the bone inflamed without the in- volvement of the marrow. ‘This inflammation is infectious and seems to depend upon the bacteria which are disseminated bys the blood and lodge in the vessels of the bone. The disease usually begins in the marrow cavities of the long bones, but may occur in the short bones, or even in the flat bones of the skull. The marrow is first found to be deeply congested and of dark- red color. When the bone is sawed through the congested mar- row, bulges outward. In the majority of cases there is more or less suppuration and the pus collects in small cavities, forming abscesses in the bone. In severe cases wide spread necrosis may result. The greater number of cases heal by resolution, some, in erosion of the bone, external evacuation of the pus, necrosis and then a chronic inflammation set up by the sequestrum. _Some THEORY AND PRACTICE 225 cases are fatal in consequence of pyemia. The extent of the necrosis that may follow osteomyelitis and periostitis is variable acording to the severity of the case. In severe cases the entire shaft may die. The-dead bone is known as a_ sequestrum. Chronic osteomyelitis results from the acute chiefly by the continued irritation of the sequestrum. Necrosis of bone is death of the part, due to the nutrition being shut off. This is usually caused by injury to the peri- osteum. We see necrosis sometimes suddenly develop from ex- ternal injuries, such as occur in the bars of the mouth from the bit. The bone dies and large pieces slough off—the sequestra. When the shaft of the large bone dies this way, it usually soft- ens and liquifies and flows out through a fistulous opening. The discharge is ichorous. In the meantime new bone is forming under the periosteum. It is lacking in the characteristics of normal bone but it does very well The treatment for necrosis consists first in using slings un- less the horse shows inclinattion to lie down. Soon as the pus can be located, open up and let it escape. If practical, remove all the dead bone. In necrosis of the bars of the mouth (the lower jaw, it is not always necessary to operate except where the parts are very sore and swollen. Then with a scalpel cut several openings down to the bone and this will allow the escape of the pus, if any, and quicken the suppuration of the part if necroces, and if not, it may prevent it. Always cut down through the periosteum; then let alone until the pieces come out. -Do not force them out or use forceps. After they are removed, wash out with an antispetic solution three or four times a day. The patients usually make a nice recovery. If the lesion is in the lower bars of the mouth, when the patient is getting well, use the common link bit or rubber covered one. If the shafts of the long bones are affected, make a large independent opening by trephining; remove the sequestrum and wash out the cavity twice a day with antiseptics. 226 ; THEORY AND PRACTICE ATROPHY: Of BONE: Atrophy of bone is an interstitial absorption of the bony substance. This usually takes place in the cancellated portion of the bone, but it may occur in the compact bone, which then becomes softened and wastes away. It is not an inflammatory process although it may start as such because of some injury. In this condition the bone becomes diminished in size and weight and if it happens in the bicipital groove, it allows the patella to become dislocated very easily. This condition is incurable, though cotienes internal treat- ment is in order,—such as iron, arsenic, etc. The disease usually occurs in old animals. CONSTITUTIONAL. OSTEOPORGST Constitutional. osteoporosis, or the big head, is a very pe- culiar disease because of which it little understood. The path- ological changes seem to be identical with those of localized esteoporosis. Some think that it is rheumatic, others that it is due to a parasite and consequnetly infectious. It is often found in breeding farms and affects large numbers of horses. The horse seems to be the only animal that is affected. It is more common in driving horses than in the running. In this condition we usually find the urine thick and Pec: aginous; the horse tucked up in the flanks and inclined to lie down a good deal; back is arched; horse grows thin in flesh; but the appetite keeps good. The affected bone is probably painful and often the first sign is a peculiar lameness, which is ‘ntermitting and frequently locates across the Joins. It cannot always be located and is often mistaken for rheumatism. The disease is not confined to the head alone, all the bones are af- fected, in fact if the bones of the head become affected, the rest ‘of the body is usually affected also and the horse may go to pieces all at once. This disease is much more common in the south than in the north. . Some claim to get good results by using iodide of potash and trephining into the enlargement and injecting antiseptics. This oP cd . Cs Sev i at 0 Gans OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 227 treatment does not seem to bring good results. Hyposulphite of soda and calcium phosphate in equal parts three times a day is good. Give a complete change of diet and a change of loca- tion. In acute cases death may take place in two or three months. In autopsy we find the face bones so soft that you can run the fingers through them. They are red and vascular, like granulating tissue. OSTEOMALACIA. Osteomalacia is an acquired disease of the bones of un- Known origin. It is rather common in the human and bovines, but not so in other animals. In the human it usually affects adult individuals of the female sex, though it is often seen in males. It is thought to be caused by an innutritious diet, es- pecially such as would occur among the poorer classes. Preg- nancy, rheumatism, infection, intoxication, etc., have been blamed for its development. (See Merillat’s, Vol. IT.) The disease is characterized by a soft, plastic condition of the bones, which depends upor the replacement of the original calcified osseous tissue with a new uncalcified osteoid tissue. The bones become subject to frequent ‘fracture and increasing deformity, while the patient becomes more and more feeble and a profound cachexia comes on. Patient may die of exhaustion, but much more commonly succumbs to pneumonia or to some other intercurrent affection. The bones usually retain their lamellar arrangement and their external and internal construction are alike histologically un- changed, except that the great mass of bone is decalcified and the altered bone appears homogeneous, sometime fibrous.. The decalcification usually begins at the periphery and extends in toward the center. Some of the lacunar cells remain-after de- calcification but many die. As the disease progresses, the os- teoid substance melts away and increases the spaces between the columns of bony tissue. The marrow is frequently congested and may be hemorrha- gic or pigmented, from previous hemorrhages. The bones are so soft that they can be easily broken in two. Frequent frac- 228 THEORY AND PRACTICE tures occur and serve to deform the bone. The ordinary form of the disease attacks the spinal column and throrax and spreads to the limbs and head. The most interesting and important changes occur in the pelvis, which yields to the pressure of the spinal column and the thighs. It becomes wholly transformed, making the bearing of young almost impossible. Fragilitts ossuwm is a hardening of the bones to the extent of brittleness and only occurs in old animals. It is due to the absorption of the animal matter and inflammation is -usually the cause. In this condition fractures are very easy to occur. RACHITIS: Rachitis or rickets is a degenerate softening of the bones that occurs only in the young. It is due to some disturbance that prevents the ossification of the bone. It is really a con- stitutional disease and nutritional disorder. The lesion is char- acterized by deficient calcification and increased absorption of the bones, which in consequence are permanently altered in size and shape. All the parts of the skeleton are affected. The bones are usually shortened, thickened, rarified, curved, and twisted. The rarified condition is most frequently seen in the epiphyseal ends of the long bones, which become considerably enlarged. This disease is not infrequently congenital, and seems at times to be hereditary. Bad hygiene, malnutrition, and certain inflammatory diseases seem to be exciting causes. In the con- genital form the causes mentioned probably operate upon the voung through the mother. The disease usually manifests itself in the first and second years of life. In cases that live beyond puberty the disease recovers but the deformities persist. Den- tition is irregular and delayed. The animal, however, may be well up to two to six years and then be affected. It is com- mon in puppies that are fed on starchy food. Foals, too, are . apt to have it. The first intimation of the disease is a peculiar lassitude and the play is not so lively; the long bones of the legs begin to bow, OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 229 especially in the front legs, the convexity being outward. The femur is usually curved anteriorly as well as externally. At the articular ends of the bones, where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis, instead of a narrow distinct white line, one finds an enlargement consisting of porous, irregularly formed bone in which there is a widely separated plexiform or fibrillar ar- rangement of osteoid substance deficient in lime-salts. These areas alternate with others of irregular ossification. The mar- row is much like that found in the fetus. Next to the growing cartilage of the epiphysis is a zone of osteoid tissue in which the bony partitions inclose patches of cartilage. The irregular growth and rarefaction of the bones give them a pronounced predisposition toward bending and fracture, es- pecially of the green-stick variety, while the continued pressure produced by the weight of the body results in permanent de- formities. | Treatment.—There should be a complete change of food. In the foal, wean him and feed on cow’s milk liberally, say a gallon three times a day, and more as he grows older. Skim milk even if it is sour is better than fresh milk, because it con- tains less fatty matter; in addition give bone dust, oatmeal, etc., but leave out corn and everything that tends to fat. In puppies change the food; give boiled meat with oatmeal, make a strong stew of it. If the legs in the foal do not get strong, apply splints and bandages. Lime water is good for rickets. Cod liver oil is ‘good for puppies. MeAeiING OF 7 BONE “CREPAIR): When a bone breaks, either completely or incompletely, there results more or less hemorrhage; the surrounding tissues are torn and infiltrated with blood; a moderate degree of inflam- matory exudation and cellular emigration takes place, but in the absence of infection the inflammation subsides after a few days, ee soon to be followed by regeneration. As early as the second day the cells of the periosteum begin to grow and proliferate and show many karyokinetic figures. In two or three days a vascular formative tissue has developed which is rapidly developed and 230 THEORY AND PRACTICE differentiated into osteoid and chondroid tissue. This formative tissue produced by the peristeum is known as the external callus; that which extends in between the fragments is known as the intermediary callus. The tissue regenerating from the medulla is called the myelogenic callus. The periosteal callus extends around the fragments like a capsule for some little distance on each side of the break. At the end of the first week the inner layers of the newly formed tissue have become differentiated into osteoid tissue and hyaline cartilage especially so in young and in animals like the dog, and then calcification sets in and porous bone develops—the bony callus. During the succeeding two or three weeks the amount of bony callus constantly increases. The myelogenic callus is formed by the proliferation of the osteoblasts; it 1s not of so much importance as the periosteal] callus. At about the end of the seventh week the periosteal callus is totally ossified, consisting of a porous, rather soft, os- seous tissue, Which gradually becomes substituted by new bone of considerable density by means of lacunar resorption and the formation of medullary spaces on the one hand (osteoclasts break down bone) and the production of new lamellze or growth by apposition on the part of the osteoblasts on the other hand. In this way is produced a more solid dense bone—the definitive callus. - ; . When great dislocation of the fragments has occurred, it may take several months or even years before the reparative processes are fully complete. In case of great dislocation the medullary canal is usually not restored. Bones unite all right if given a chance. They are stronger at the point of fracture after healing than before. It is a pop- ular idea that horse’s bones will not unite well. Dogs, sheep and young steers take care of themselves and assist us but the horse never does, that is why we have such poor success in the healing of a horse’s fracture. When the bones fail to keep in position they become intensely inflamed and this is kept up until gangrene sets in and ends the life of the animal. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. PRM DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Diseases of the brain and nervous system are not as com- mon in the lower animals as in the human. The lower animals are less liable to fatal results from shocks, as from fright or operations. These diseases are divided into three classes—(.1) cerebral, when applied to the brain; (2) spinal, to the cord; (3) peripheral, to the nerves. Paralysis of one whole side of the body is called paraplegia. On account of the decussation of the nerves in the medulla, and in fact all along the spinal cord, injuries on one side of the brain produce paralysis on the other side of the body. The ef- fects of sudden injuries to the brain are very noticeable, but slowly encroaching injuries are very puzzling in the effects which they produce. Any derangement of the nervous system nas a tendency to produce either an increased functional activity or a depression, that is, hyperaesthesia or paralysis. | CEREBRAL CONGESTION.—This disease is called vertigo, megrims, and sometimes blind staggers. It is due to a disturb- ance of the circulation resulting in a hyperemic condition of the _ brain. It is more or less sudden in its attacks and it is usually due to pressure on the large veins of the neck by ill-fitting har- ness. It may be due to a plethoric condition of the animal and is associated with torpidity of the liver and indigestion, which re- sults in paralysis of the pneumogastric nerve. The horse will often stop, shake his head and let his ears droop!; the muscles of the head and neck twitch, the eyes pro- trude, and he may become blind; his nostrils will be dilated and his breathing stertorous. He rears and plunges, loses co-ordina- tion and goes down in a heap. The shock to the nervous sys- tem causes him to sweat, and while down he will often froth at the mouth. : While the animal is down dash cold water on his head and face. Take off his harness and give him plenty of air. As soon as the fit is over learn the causes of it and remove them if pos- sible. {i plethora is at the bottom of it, lessen his feed and give purgatives. These attacks often come from stomach and liver troubles. 232 THEORY AND PRACTICE CEREBRAL ANAEMIA.—This is a bloodless condition of the brain. There results a loss of motor and sensory power and the mucous membranes are pale. There will be great nervous prostration from weakness and debility. The treatment should be rational; treat the general symptoms to supply the body with nutrition. CEREBRAL EmpoLus.—In this condition some of the blood vessels of the brain become plugged by a clot and thrombosis results. Paralysis of all parts of the brain supplied by these occurs. The clot is usually formed by reason of weak cardiac power or valvular insufficiency. The thrombosis is similar to softening of the brain. The symptoms are stupor, weak minded- ness and pale mucous membranes. APOPLEXY.—As applied to the brain this disease means cere- bral hemorrhage. It is characterized by a sudden loss of both motor and sensory power. The hemorrhage may occur in one of — three ways: first, in rupture of the blood vessels of the brain; second, from the filling of the ventricles with serum; and third, from a hemorrhage into the arachnoid space. The first and third ways usually prevail in the horse. The disease comes on suddenly always: the horse falls to the ground, froths at the mouth and the special senses are sus- pended,—he cannot hear, taste, smell or see. If the case is se- vere death will result in from a few hours to eight or ten days. If not severe, the clot may become absorbed. The horse never fully recovers—he is liable to go mad in any future disturbance. It is not considered safe to bleed an animal in this condition. Blevate the head, pack it in ice and keep the rest of the body warm by clothing and friction. Give an enema and inhalations of ammonia, hypodermic injections of alcohol, atropine, etc. Never give medicine by the mouth in such a case, because the function of deglutition is suspended. CEREBRAL MENINGITIS.—This disease is inflammation of the coverings of the brain. Cerebritis is inflammation of the brain substance. -It is not possible to draw the line between the two as in the human. The condition exists in two forms, acute and chronic. The meningitis is usually due to idiopathic or traumatic OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 233 influences. The idiopathic influences are exposure, exhaustion, sunstroke, etc. Semetology.—lhere is marked congestion of the visible mu- cous membranes, especially those of the eye. There is muscular twitching and excitement of the animal; the twitching sometimes amounts to spasm of the limb or of two limbs. ‘These spasms sometimes involve the whole body, producing cerebral convul- sions. The period of excitement is usually followed by one of depression, and then an abnormal activity. In some cases it amounts to stupor or coma; but in meningitis this stupor period is comparatively short and the excitement returns. There is a well-marked constitutional disturbance until the animal be- comes delirious and he tries to climb over the manger. This desire to climb comes on during the first twenty-four hours. Convulsions may come on at the same time and throw him down, _but he gets up and goes on climbing again. During the stupor he will hang his head and seems almost inclined to fall. _The symptoms of meningitis are more violent than those of eerepuitis. “ lim cerebritis there is less fever and less excitement and the periods of stupor are more complete and longer con- tinued. In cerebritis the animal will stand a great part of his time with his head against the wall or manger; his appetite is usually lost, partly due to fever and partly due to the loss of sense. After a time, particularly in meningitis, the animal will lose his power of co-ordination, goes down and is unable to get up again; he will lie prone and keep his legs going. During the comatose condition the stupor can be broken by moving the legs in an unnatural condition,— as by crossing them. Put your finger in the eye or ear and no resistence is offered. Death usually takes place in two or three days. Cerebral meningitis runs a very rapid course compared with the human, terminating in the lower animals sometimes as quickly as the end of the first day. The differential diagnosis between. it and blind staggers is quite simple: in blind staggers there is no fever, no congestion of the mucous membranes and the eyes are not bloodshot, while the very opposite occurs in mad staggers or cerebral meningitis, the bloodshot eyes being 234 THEORY AND PRACTICE a special characteristic. Blind staggers usually yields to treat- ment while mad staggers is difficult. Treatment.—Purge the animal with aloes and give diuretics —potassium salts. Allay the nervous irratibility with gelsemium, aconite or belladonna. JBelladonna is particularly indicated on account of its contracting the arterioles. An ice poultice to the head is good, but the horse is dangerous to handle so do not get caught in the stall in trying to apply the ice. It is very difficult to do much for the horse in this disease and recoveries are rare. In case of recovery give the animal three or four months’ rest. It is difficult to diagnose this disease with any degree of cer- tainty. At autopsy the meninges are thickened, with adhesions here and there. You will find coagulated lymph in the ventricles, also in the sulci and other parts of the brain. Cerebral Softening.—Ila this disease there is a softening of the brain substance, which is altered in color. It is sometimes quite liquid and is softened always, especially in spots. It looks like abscesses and the color varies from dirty pink to white. Many cases have been seen where the cerebrum looked like pus. Cerebral softening is known among horsemen as a “dummy.” Such cases are quite common. It is hard to say what is the cause, but we think that the condition comes from acute or sub- acute attacks of cerebritis or from interrupted circulation in the brain. In the human it is caused by long-continued use of alcoholic drinks. The disease is in reality nothing more than pyogenesis of the brain. The symptoms are very marked but require close observation to detect them. The horse is more or less stupid and seems to lack ambition and often staggers. Mild excitement will arouse him for a time and you must look out for this in examining a horse for soundness. The animal looks stupid, will stub his toe when backed out of the stall. His ears may be moving back and forth and his face lacks expression. To tell a dummy just observe him-as he backs out of a stall or turns around in it. He lacks complete power of co-ordination. Staggers and wab- bles a little. Cross his feet and they will stay there. The ae OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. “D5 treatment is, useless. The real “dummy,” however is due to chronic dropsy of the lateral ventricles. Mye iris.—This disease is inflammation of the spinal cord. The meninges are usually involved. The causes are violence in the form of external injuries, disease of the bones of the verte- bre, and exposure to dampness and extremes of temperature. If often comes on without any appreciable cause. Semetology.—When the meninges of the cord are first af- fected, the first symptoms will be tonic spasms of the limbs, usually the hind ones. This is probably because it affects the loins first and then extends forward. The spasms are often so severe as to jerk the horse off his feet and throw him down. He stamps spasmodically and involuntarily. If the cord itself is first affected there is an absence of these spasms and instead there is a loss of motor power. You will notice that the hocks dip into each other, the toes will turn out, the gait will be wab- bly,—no spasm and no delirium. The motor paralysis increases so that finally the animal cannot move without falling; if he does not move, he will stand braced from twenty-four to forty- eight hours. While lying his expression is haggard and he looks in great distress. In chronic meningitis the animal is very excitabie, the least bit of excitement affecting him. He will also manifest nervous twitching. : : Parests.—This disease is ordinarily spoken of as paralysis or it may be called: palsy. It is a loss of the motor power as concerning the voluntary movements of the body. It is a symp- tom of other diseases. Paraplegia is the most common form of the paralysis,—meaning paralysis of the body transversely. The causes are centric’or reflex. Centric is due to external violence, perhaps severing of the cord, or anything that will pro- duce pressure on the cord, as fracture of the vertebre. Reflex causes must be referred to the periphery of the body, from whence a disturbance is carried to the nerve centers. We see this in canine. distemper and in nephritis in all females. The reflex form of paraplegia resists treatment very much. It is especially likely to occur from indigestion ; impaction of the rumen in cattle may cause it. 236 THEORY AND PRACTICE The symptoms show a partial or complete loss of power, usually the motor. If the cause is reflex, there 1; a loss also of the sensory. Constipation is usually present ; the muscles around the neck of the bladder are relaxed and the urine dribbles away. Prick the hind parts of the horse and he will not show any pain. If this is done in the dog he will cry out. This shows that the motor nerves are affected and not the sensory. Hemiplegia is paralysis of one whole side of the body or the part. The cerebrum is usually affected. In mild cases a rupt- ured blood vessel may be the cause. Recovery is rare and also the disease itself in the lower animals. Treatment—Remove the cause. If impaction is at the bot- tom, then give such drugs that will loosen the bowels. Dogs usually recover from hemiplegia if they have not been attacked with distemper. Bitches usually die. Give the animal rectal injections with hot and cold packs. Give diuretics and stimu- lants. HypRocEPHALUS.—This is rare, especially in the adult. It is seen in the fetus and renders parturition difficult. The symp- toms are very similar to those of cerebritis, but more mild in character. The animal is stupid, keeps getting more so until coma sets in and he dies. The effusion is usually in the sub- arachnoid space. In the early stages of hydrocephalus there is fever and a lit- tle irritability. The stupor and insensibility keep on increasing with occasional epileptic fits until the disease terminates in coma, then convulsions and death. Pathology.—In autopsy, on opening the cranial cavity we no- tice that the- brain is altered in form; the fissure between the hemispheres is almost obliterated. In cutting down through the corpus callosum you find water in the ventricles, varying in quantity from 1 to 8 ounces. Upon emptying the water out we find the septum lucidum broken down, making one cavity. The arachnoid is thickened and opaque, particularly over the cere- bellum and it is often studded with spots of inflammation. The fluid in the ventricles is usually pale, thin and watery, but some- times quite turbid. Effusion may take place in the lateral ven- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 237 tricles, also between the cord and its coverings. A horse so affected in the chronic form is a dummy. The treatment is not very satisfactory. In mild cases the disease may give way to iodide of potash, iron, vegetables bit- ters, or mild counter-irritants externally. Keep the animal quiet ; give soft diet and rest. TABES DORSAEIS:. Tabes dorsalis or locomotor ataxia, is the same as sclerosis of the cord. It is sometimes called “crick back.’ In the do- mestic animals the disease affects the white matter of the cord. In the human the gray matter may become involved. This con- dition is a contraction and hardening of the columns of the cord. In the horse it is usually the supralateral column. The infero- lateral may also become affected. The loins are about the first to become affected, but the disease may start in the cerebellum and travel down the cord. The motor columns are affected more than the sensory. oe: Etiology.—The disease usually develops as the result of ex- posure to cold and storms, especially if the horse is not in good condition. It may occur in old horses and debilitated ones. In all probability defective cardiac power is the exciting cause, and if an antemortem clot should form in the aorta, some particles of it would be apt to float away and lodge in the vessels of the cord. The minute vessels of the cord are easily dilated and torn and the gray matter can be easily ruptured. In, cases of syphilis in horses this condition is usually present. Semetology.—Tabes dorsalis comes on slowly. We _ notice first an unsteady gait behind, especialy if the animal turns quickly. If the disease originates in the cord, then the lesion seems to be confined to the hind limbs; if in the cerebellum, then the animal is wabbly both before and behind. The eyes squint, which is particular evidence of sclerosis of the cerebellum. If the lesion is in the cerebellum the animal will walk in a circle and the more severe the lesion, the smaller the circle he will walk in. The paralysis increases continually and usually the symptoms are incfeased also. In an acute case the muscles of 238 . THEORY AND PRACTICE the hind parts waste also. The inclination to throw the weight upon the fore limbs on account of the increasing paralysis causes the muscles of the hind limbs to be inactive and therefore to waste away. = In the horse we have no evidence of acute pain; in the hu- man it is said that there are pains in the legs at times. Treatment.—There is no treatment that will cure the dis- ease and the prognosis must therefore be incurable. If you give strychnine, electricity, bromine, iodine,iron or arsenic and liberal ciet with gentle exercise, this course of treatment will prolong life. | TETANUS. Tetanus is a continuous tonic spasm of the muscles of the body. Usually the voluntary muscles are the ones involved, but the involuntary muscles may be involved also. _ Etiology.—The bacillus Nicolaier is the specific cause. This germ was discovered in 1884. Nicolaier found the germ in the earth and introduced it into animals and produced tetanus. The germ is drum-shaped carrying its spore in one end. It lives in the dirt everywhere but it is anerobic. For this reason the disease will result from small wounds which easily close up more readily than from large wounds that are open and ex- posed to the air. The germ will not grow where there is free access of the oxygen. More than one-half of the tetanus cases come from small nail pricks that hardly lame the animal. All animals are subject to it but the horse, perhaps more than others. Different parts of the body are affected. When the whole body is affected it is called OrrHotoNos. When the masseter mus- cles are affected it is called Trismus. Both forms are com- mon. The tetanus germ must be associated with other germs in order to set up its infection; it cannot work alone. Semetology—The symptoms are clearly diagnostic. The first thing you will notice is a contraction of the masseter mus- cles. They will be drawn around the mouth. The animal seems to have little difficutly in eating and he secretes an enormous amount of saliva. After a few hours he becomes excitable, the OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 239 nose is distended, the facial muscles twitch and any little disturb- ance excites the animal. The eyeballs seem to be retracted in the orbit and look small. The membrane conjunctiva is liable to be raised constantly over the eyeball and makes jumps over it, and when the head is raised will cover the eyeball. An in- _telligent horseman will notice the beginning stiffness of gait. Trismus is usually well marked; after twenty-four or forty-eight hours the development seems to be quite gradual, other times violent, in which case the animal finally will soon die. The spasms which were at first in the masseter finally affect the whole body. The dorsal, cervical and gluteal muscles are the most affected. The tail is elevated and it maintains that posi- tion and trembles. The respiration is hard drawn and the nos- trils are dilated; the ears stand like sticks, the limbs are stiff and are straddled; locomotion is very difficult; no elasticity of the joints; flanks are tucked up; ribs are tightly drawn, due to con- traction of the intercostals. As the pain becomes intense, the animal sweats profusely and is very excitable. The spasms come on from time to time and between times the muscles re- lax a little, but not enough to cause much hope. The action is spasmodic. During this exasperation of the spasms the gluteal muscles, which are so strong at the hind legs, often shoot out behind like a goose flying, and the action throws the animal off — the floor and he cannot rise until the muscles relax. An animal usually does not rise after going down. The spasms are easily brought on,—a rat or loud talking or the presence of a stranger may be the cause. The saliva is ropy, the pulse grows hard; the appetite remains good but the bowels are inactive.. The peristal- {ic action is interfered with. | As a rule the horse persistently stands aid if he can get up after being down, it is a favorable sign. Death comes.from two causes,—syncope and asphyxia. The muscles of the throat contract and cause als asphyxia. Death occurs in from two to ten days. Prognosis—When a spasm throws a horse down, there is little hope. If the animal can eat and the trismus is slight and the respiration is not affected then the results may not be sa 240 THEORY AND PRACTICE bad. We find by experience that if the animal lives fifteen to twenty days he will usually get well. Treatment:—There is no specific treatment. Give a rational course toward allaying the symptoms, bearing in mind that if the animal lives two weeks he will probaby recover. Pay at- tention to the hygiene. If it is cold, clothe him warmly; if it 1s hot, keep the animal cool. Keep away exciting conditions. Give linseed gruel—about two gallons, and keep this Before him all the time. Give him nothing else to drink. Let the horse have as much of the gruel as he will drink. The gruel tends to loosen the bowels. Purgatives are useless. It is a good plan to put the horse in a sling. Bear in mind that he cannot recover on his side. Give drugs that will quiet the nervous system, such as bel- ladonna, prussic acid, morphine, ether, chloral hydrate, lobelia and gelsemium. If the tetanus antitoxin can be given in time it will cure the disease, but it must be given early. Some claim that this is useless, but it has not proven so in my experience. Give about 40 cc for the first day then 20 cc the second; the third day the same. If on the fourth day the animal is hold- ing his own, then give another dose of 20 cc. Keep this up tor ten days. If however the animal begins to grow worse, then drop the serum treatment. The following is a good prescription: BR Gelsemiim Wi: JB hore cS oe ras eee 1 ounce onela: Wik Ae ee. oe a ee ae aie oe 1 ounce Bella donita> Wl Shima s.. Ss-c oa toa cee 1 ounce ACGUia: Ge (OS 2c eo eet eet & Womens 8 ounces Give one ounce every 3-4 hours. If possible give per mouth; but if there is much trismus, dil- ute it and give per rectum. If administered this way let it be about blood heat. A hypodermic of 4 grains of morphine three or four times a day is good with this prescription. The post mortem shows very. few lesions. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 241 CHOREA: Chorea is convulsions of the voluntary muscles and it is most common in dogs. In the dog it occurs oftener in the legs while in the horse it is seen most often in the neck and hind quarters. In the horse it seems to arise as an original lesion while in the dog and in the human it usually follows some other disease. In _ the horse it may come on suddenly from indigestion, particularly that which arises from over-feeding. In dogs and children it may occur from worms in the intestines. In all these cases there is an increased irritability of the nerves. ieee Semetology.—The disease comes on suddenly, especially in a case of distemper in the dog. The disease often attacks a fore- leg which will be lame for a day or two before any jerking begins. If you make the animal step on the affected leg by tak- ing the other up, he will go down and when there is jerking in it he cannot bear any weight upon it at all. The-condition rap- idly spreads to the whole body and the animal finally dies from exhaustion. During these attacks the dog will whine, particularly if alone. There probably is not much acute pain, only general distress. The jerking may be continuous night and day. Event- ually the animal becomes emaciated, especially the dog. Some think that the disease is transmissible, so much so that animals thus affected are condemned for breeding purposes. At any rate the offspring of choreic stallions are liable to have the disease. Horsemen call it shivers. In the stall the horse will show his trouble by putting his leg out to one side in a peculiar man- ner. In backing out of the stall, he may take a few steps all right and then be unable to go further. The tail may shiver as well as other parts. Chorea is liable to become chronic and all chronic cases of this disease are without exception incurable. There is no special lesion revealed by the post mortem, ex- cept that in long-standing cases we find thickening of the arach- noid, effusion into the arachnoid space and hardening of the outer layer of the cord. In acute cases in the dog the medulla show softening. 3 Treatment.—Chorea is very unsatisfactory to treat. In severe cases it is incurable. Constitutional tonic treatment is about all 242 THEORY AND PRACTICE that can be done for the animal. Give a liberal diet, correct the hygiene and avoid fatigue. For drugs give iron, zinc, copper and in some cases small doses of-strychnine. You can combine with these cinchona and gentian. In case of whining dogs you can relieve that by combining a vegetable with a mineral tonic. If a valuable puppy gets chorea following distemper give it a stimulant. Nitrate of silver in bread pills is very good; give for a week and alternate with sulphate copper or arsenic tonic. Recoveries are rare. DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. The diseases of the reproductive system are not so common in the lower animals as in the human. There are only two speci- fic diseases, the malignant and simple pox. SIMPLE POX. In its nature simple pox is a phlyctenoid eruption. The erup- tions occur on the vulva and extend into the vagina. It is never seen in the sheep, pig or dog. It is common in the human and in the mare. The eruption is a simple blister called a phlyctena. This oecurs in the male sometimes on the body of the penis. The period of inoculation is from 24 hours to 3 days. The lips of the vulva swell as large as the wrist. In the stallion the sheath swells. The disease is transmissible from one animal to another by contact. No special constitutional disturbance is produced. The disease is self-limiting and if copulation ceases recovery will take place in 5 to 10 days. Treatment.—Give cool laxatives and mild stimulants. For a local application use sulphate of zinc (5 grains) to the ounce of water. Bathe the parts three times a day. This disease is also known as coital exanthema. MALIGNANT POX. Malignant pox is known as dourine or equine syphilis. The disease was brought to this country from France. In 1817 it was OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 243 - known in Prussia; in 1821 in Hungary; in 1836 in Italy. It has never been known in Belgium or England. The special pathology of this disease was gotten from Hanover. Etiology.—The trypanosoma equiperdum is the specific para- site causing the disease. It is a single-celled animal parasite. This parasite was discovered in South Africa in connection with the tetse fly disease and sleeping sickness. The lesions resemble syphilis in the human, but the two are different. Syphilis is transmissible in the human but dourine is not in the horse. A syphilitic stallion cannot impregnate a mare. If a syphilitic mare should conceive she will abort or else the foal will be born dead. Semetology.—The pustules on the vulva are the first notice- able indications of the disease. They may occur on the glans penis and are accompanied by the swelling of the sheath. In the mare the vulva swells. The appetite is bad and the animal becomes lazy. If the disease occurs in an acute stage, it will probably kill; if it is chronic, in the course of a month or so the animal begins to be wabbly in his hind parts. Sometimes the pustules heal and are replaced by others. After a month or so pigmentation takes place in the skin,—on the inside of the thighs, scrotum, vulva, and elbow. The pigmented patches are about the size of a quarter and turn white. The pigmentation is a pro- gressive process. The hair gets shabby and the animal wab- bles more and more. As weakness develops the legs swell and in 12 to 16 weeks a profuse muco-purulent discharge takes place from the nose. The scrotum and testicles may be very large. In the mare the mammary glands swell and the clitoris and the connective tissue are protruded. The mucous membrane of the clitoris is of yellowish color. The subacute runs into the chronic. Although such animals should recover in after years yet they . should be retired from breeding, which always revives the dis- ease. The only peculiar morbid anatomy is in the spinal cord, but the locomotor ataxia is different from that of other diseases. Treatment.—Dourine is a contagious disease; therefore get ~~ 244 THEORY AND PRACTICE rid of all the animals that are affected. If necessary quarantine them. The old quarantine laws allowed the animals to go back into the stud after four or five years, but it was found out that they gained no results. URETHRITIS. In stallions this condition comes always from serving mares that are affected with leucorrhoea. It resembles gonorrhoea in the human. It is characterized by pus, but no germ has been isolated as has been done in the human. The micturition is painful. Retire the animal for a few days. Give a purgative and saw palmetto. Use the zine sulphate solution as an external applica- tion twice a day. Butt Burnt is similar to urethritis but it affects the covering of the penis rather than the uretha. It is usually the result of too frequent copulation. Inject into the sheath a solution of ace- tate of lead—4 ounces to the pint of water. Manipulate the part and repeat night and morning. Burnt Doc 1s a foulness of the sheath from the accumulation of natural secretion under the sheath, which produces a catarrhal discharge. Use the same treatment as for the preceding. | PHIMOSIS. Phimosis is the inability of the animal to extend the penis. This may be due to congenital malformation. It may be due to ulcer or to some other interference, as edema of the sheath. This condition can be recognized by the foulness of the sheath in which the animal urinates. Treatment.—Cast the animal and insert a probe-pointed bist- oury and cut down the sheath about 1 to 2 inches. Bring the organ down and wash off the parts. The sheath should be cleaned out night and morning until the wound has begun to granulate. Then use your white solution. Horses may get the notion that they cannot draw the penis OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 245 down and consequently urinate in the sheath. Put a twitch on the animal and bring the penis down. * PARAPHIMOSIS. Paraphimosis is the inability on the part of an animal to re- tract the penis. There may be a swelling of the sheath and the penis itself may be swollen. Following castration we find a typi- cal example of this disease, probably on account of the malnutri- tion of the penis. The penis swells mostly on the dorsal side and the covering becomes tense and glistening, sometimes gan- grenous. Such a severe case is usually due to local irritation. Paralysis of the penis may be the cause. Treatment.—lf the condition comes from castration, you will have to reduce the swelling. Give diuretics internally and plenty of exercise and fresh water. If it comes from injury and in- flammation has set in, put on ice pack tight upon the horse’s body near the penis. Keep this up until the swelling goes down. Give diuretics and laxatives. Sometimes we find that the penis is cold and cyanotic; scarify it from six to a dozen cuts and foment it with tepid water. This will produce a dilation of the vessels and consequent hemorrhage. In case of paralysis try the cold water treatment by throwing very cold water upon the retractor muscles. Do this twice a day. The electric battery can be ap- plied here and strychnine internally. After putting the penis in place then put a bandage around the body to hold the wet packs in place. In the dog you will find that the penis is purple and congested. Scarify it and bathe the parts with water. If you cannot do bet- ter, amputate. DROPSY OF LHE OVARIES. Dropsy of the ovaries follows congestion and large cysts re- sult. The condition is common in old cows and in the human, but not in the other animals. When the dropsy is extensive the affected ovary cannot be bred from. When a chronic congestion occurs as in this condition, the animal is always in heat. But 246 THEORY AND PRACTICE it is an unnatural condition, and the animal will not breed. Such animals seem to change their form-in time and become more masculine in looks. They do not make good breeders or good feeders and the best thing is to spay them. The cystic ovary can be crushed and the fluid allowed to escape into the abdominal % cavity. HY DROMETRA. Hydrometra is dropsy of the womb. The mixture that fills the womb is a mixture of serum and pus. It is the result of long- continued inflammation. It may follow parturition and it may follow without any assignable cause. If you are sure of your diagnosis open the os uteri with the hand and empty the womb. Wash out with boracic acid. After a week or two, change to sulphate of zinc. Give a tonic of iron and alcohol. NYMPHOMANIA. This is a condition where the mare is always in heat. The clitoris is in a state of chronic congestion. Excess of passion in the male is called satyriasis, but the disease is more common in the human than among the lower animals. Females in this con- dition are in heat all the time, but as a rule they do not breed. The disease is more common in the cow than in other females and it is due to luxurious living. Sometimes it may be caused by cancer of the clitoris and in such cases it should be amputated. Males should be put to harder work and the hygiene attended to. Females should be spayed. HYSTERIA Hysteria is an excessive nervous condition seen in females only. The whole body is in a hyperaesthetic condition. It usu- ally comes on with the period of cestrum. The congenital organs are congested and in the attacks that follow the symptoms are similar to those of tetanus. The spasms may throw the animal OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 247 off the feet and are manifested by kicking, biting, etc., The tem- _ perature runs high. Try bleeding the animal. If this does not work give gelsemium. Give a purgative and keep the animal quiet. LEUCORRHOEA. Leucorrhoea is a muco-purulent discharge from the vagina and uterus. The discharge is whitish in color and in most cases it is caused by a retained placenta. We also see this trouble in fillys that have never been bred. The mare is usually unthrifty, becomes thin in flesh, has a staring coat and a more or less purulent discharge. The trouble may run on for years and become chronic. Wash out the vagina and look for deavaliock If present treat the sore places with pure boracic acid in the powdered state, and keep this up for about two weeks. Give iron, arsenic and vegetable bitters. ONANISM: The word .“‘onanism” means alone. It is really masturbation on the part of the animal. The act becomes a habit and leads to general debility. It produces softening of the brain and will eventually cause death. Horses are very subject. to it. and the habit ruins young studs. The offspring of such an animal will be weak and inferior. The horse should be watched.and exer- cised. Attend to the hygiene. Various mechanical appliances are used to prevent the acts of self abuse, and when these fail castration is the only remedy. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE. SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. Simple ophthalmia is inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is usually the result of some foreign body being introduced into the eye or the extension of some inflammation through the lach- 248 | | THEORY AND PRACTICE rymal ducts in catarrh or glanders. It is often caused by facing 4 cold wind in long drives or from caustic substances getting into the eye. | The eyelids are more or less swollen and the extreme sensi- tiveness of the eye causes the animal to keep the eyelids shut. There is more or less pain and a copious discharge of tears. The cornea becomes inflamed if the condition lasts long and it be- comes opaque. Examine the eye for a foreign body and if fotnd remove-it. This is best done with a curved pair of forceps holding the curved side toward the eye so as not to injure it. Foreign bodies become embedded in the mucous membrane, which closes around them, so look carefully. You will recognize the presence of one by the local swelling where the body is and you can often as it were break down the mucous membrane and get at it. After removing the object, treat with anodyne and mucilag- inous substances. Common salt and distilled water are good to allay the inflammation. Use one-half dram to the pint of water. The white of an egg introduced into the eye is also good—it lubri- cates the surface and relieves the irritation. Linseed tea or a grain of linseed introduced into the eye is good. In a very bad case keep the animal in the dark and apply cocaine occasionally. HAEMATOIDES FUNGUS. This is a bleeding fungus. It is a medullary soft cancer often seen in cattle. It usually starts in small purplish spots on the conjunctiva. It is malignant and spreads through the eye, often working back to the bone. The putrefactive matter of the ulcer- vation causes cachexia and the animal may die from the absorp- tion of the products of cytolysis. The only hope is to remove the growth in the early stage. If the eye is involved remove it and cauterize. When the granu- lations fill up the eye about one-half, use the white lotion to pre- vent further growth. The animal should be sent to the abbatoir on account of the liability of recurrence. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 249 EN TROPIUM. Entropium is the turning in of one eyelid or both. They bring the eyelashes in contact with the eye and irritate it. The cornea is more or less cloudy and there is a discharge of muco- purulent matter from the eye, giving the animal a disagreeable appearance. : The treatment is surgical and involves the removal of an elliptical section from the eyelids, thus shortening them up. The result of the operation as a rule is pleasing. The condition is very common in dogs. ECTROPIUM. In this condition the eyelids are too short; they turn the lashes out and expose the cornea and the conjunctiva. This is not so painful as in entropium, but it is unsightly. In mild cases we may use astringents such as sulphate of zinc (2 grains to the ounce), or a saturate solution of borax, or cold tea. Apply the solution two or three times a day. If this fails we sometimes sew the lids together the same as in dislocation of the eye. We may be required to cut out an eliptical portion, but this is rare. If the zinc lotion proves too weak, then in- crease its strength to 5 grains to the ounce. LEUCOMA. Leucoma is an opaque cornea. The cornea is white. ‘This condition may be produced by blows, which, however, are not se- vere enough to break the cornea, but which often produce a per- manent cloudiness. The more dense and organized the exudate, the more permanent will be the opacity; and the whiter it is, the more likely is it to be incurable. While it is blue (pale blue) there is hope of recovery; but as it becomes white, the chance diminishes. Sometimes there is a white patch on the cornea at the point of injury. This will remain permanent, but if the contusion is mild, the exudate will become absorbed. For local treatment apply warm fomentations to the eye and give ano- - 250: THEORY AND PRACTICE dynes. Later use local applications of saline or borated water. Give stimulants. In three or four days change to distilled or fluid extract of witch hazel—the distilled can be used clear, while the extract should be distilled 75 per cent. Follow this with sulphate of zine or silver nitrate—5 grains to the ounce. In old cases use stronger solutions—say 10 grains to the ounce. Always use distilled water when treating the eye. UECGERATION- OF-T BE CORNER This is liable to occur in connection with any wound, but it is often found in distemper in dogs. The eyelids become glued together and pus accumulates inside them and irritates the cornea. The ulceration may occur in two or three places in the cornea, and then the sores become confluent. Unless the lids are softened and the pus let out, the cornea may be eaten through and the aqueous humor escape. Remove the cause; reduce the conjunctivitis and touch the ulcer lightly with lunar caustic. In case the cornea is not ruptured, granulations may form in patches on its surface and these will be red as beefsteak. In such cases cauterize every three days with lunar caustic. KERATLCES: Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea. It is a constitu- tional disease and one especially peculiar to cattle. It is very common and often runs through a whole herd. This would indicate that we have to dea! with a specific germ but as yet none has been found. The disease runs a regular course and it is usually benign. Semeiology—Tears runs down the cheek. The eyelids are more or less swollen and the cornea is usually ulcerated. Acute cellulitis is also present. The cornea is opaque and ulcerated. Recovery may take place in 4-12 days, but in some cases the cornea may become punctured, the aqueous humor escape and the eye become destroyed. Treatment.—Keep the patient in the dark. Apply warm fo- OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 251 mentations with salt water. Do not let the iris remain in one position too long a time. Inject a little atropine to dilate the pupil and if this will not make it contract in a few days then use calabar bean. After the inflammation has run its course use sulphate of zinc lotion. Give laxatives and soft food. FILARIA OCULLI. The filaria is a little thread-like worm which is sometimes - found in the anterior chamber of the eye. This is especially seen in Canada. It is not known how the parasite gets into the eye, but probably through smaller worms which develop in the blood. The worm is 42-1 inch long and is as slender as 60 cotton thread. Sometimes it lies quietly and sometimes it flashes about in the humor. This movement stimulates the glands to secrete more humor and the eye bulges out, causing great distress. Treatment.—tIn case of the horse, lay the animal on his back, turn the head on the poll and fasten the upper eyelid back with a few stitches. Do not use a speculum to hold the lids in place. First apply a little cocaine; some use chloroform, but I do not ko think that this is necessary. With an ordinary scalpel cut into the cornea on the upper side of the eye. Make an incision about an eighth of an inch long and then press out the humor. The parasite will usually come out with the humor, but if not, press it out. You may have to take it out with a pair of forceps. This operation is called the Sclero-corneal operation. The wound will heal by first intention, the humor will be renewed and the eye will be all right in a few days. Never make the in- cision on the lower side of the eye, else the humor will run out as fast as secreted. Before operating pass the blade of the scalpel through a flame to insure that it is sterile. AMAUROSIS. This condition is paralysis of the optic nerve. It is some- times called Gutta Serena or Glass Eye. The eye is insensible and there is total blindness. It is common in people and horses and rare in cattle and dogs. The causes of the affection con; 252 THEORY AND PRACTICE sist of tumors and other diseases of the brain implicating the optic nerve. Injury to the nerve between the brain and the eye and inflammation of the roots and also the endings of the nerve or undue pressure upon the same from inflammatory effusion are etiological factors. Optic palsy may also occur from an over- loaded stomach, from a profuse hemorrhage, and even from pres- sure of the gravid womb in gestation. Semetology.—Wide dilatation of the pupils is a marked symp- tom. The whole interior of the eyeball is exposed and the ex- pansion remains the same in light and darkness. The horse does not swerve when a feint to strike is made unless the hand causes a current of air to come against the face. The ears are held erect and turn quickly at any noise. The animal steps high to avoid stumbling. Treatment.—Treatment is only useful when the disease is symptomatic of some removable cause, such for instance as con- gested brain, an overloaded stomach or gravid womb. When re- covery does not follow the termination of these conditions, ap- ply a blister behind the ear and give 1%4 dram doses of nux vomica daily. DETACHMENT OF THE RETIN This occurs in case of excessive hemorrhage between the choroid and the retina. It produces a loss of functional activity of the retina and may run into amaurosis. The cause of this condition may be a severe blow on the head, a fit of coughing, etc. It is common in people and horses and dogs but is never seen in cattle. It frequently occurs in horses in connection with castration, cuts from barbed wire fences, etc. This affection can be cured; amaurosis seldom. , In treating such cases give tincture of iron and nux yvomica internally. Inject a few drops of witch hazel (distilled extract) into the eye three times a day. OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 255 STAPHYLOMA. This consists of a bulging forward of the cornea at a given point by the sacular yielding and distention of its coats. The tumor may be transparent or opaque. The disease is common in the human and dogs but rare in horses and cattle. In the transparent form the tumor is bulging, distended and cyst-like; but in the opaque the tumor is thick and is formed like a grape. The bulging kind is more common and it grows larger than the solid tumor. If the bulging kind is detected soon enough, puncture it and liberate some of the aqueous humor. This may save the eye. If the condition becomes chronic and a thickened mass is found on the outside of the cornea, it must be removed. This operation destroys the sight and the cornea cannot be replaced. A glass or rubber eye can be inserted for the sake of appearance. The wound should heal with little difficulty. Be sure that the instru- ments are sterile before operating. PERIODIC OPH EHALMTA: Other names for this condition are Specific Ophthalmia, Re- current Ophthalmia or Moonblindness. It is an inflammatory af- fection of the interior of the eye, intimately related to certain soils, climates and systems, showing a strong tendency to recur again and again, and usually ending in blindness from cataract or other serious injury. It is peculiar to the horse alone. Semeiology.—The local symptoms are in the main those of internal ophthalmia, with, in many cases an increased hardness of the eyeball from effusion into its cavity. The contracted pupil does not contract much in darkness nor even under the action of belladonna. The opacity advances from the margin of the cornea over its whole surface. So long as it is transpar- ent there can be seen a turbid aqueous humor. This may or may not contain floculi. The dingy iris is robbed of its clear black aspect, the lens is cloudy and there is a greenish yellow reflec- tion from the interior of the eye. From the fifth to the seventh day there is a floculent precipitate which forms in the lower 254 THEORY AND PRACTICE. part of the anterior chamber, exposing more clearly the iris and the lens and absorption commences. The eye will clear up in 10 or 15 days. . ee The striking characteristic of the disease, however, is its re- currence again and again until blindness results. The attacks may follow each other at intervals of a month, more or less, but they show no relation to any particular phase of the moon as the name ‘“‘moonblindness”’ would lead one to think. The attacks are rather determined by the weather, the health or the food, or some periodicity of the system. From five to seven attacks usually result in blindness in one eye and then the other runs — through the same course. In the intervals between the attacks some symptoms remain which usually betray the condition. Even after the first attacks there can usually be seen a bluish ring around the margin of the cornea. The affected eye seems smaller than the other, at first from retraction in its socket and later from atrophy. The upper eyelid will have an abrupt bend toward its inner angle from the contraction of the levator mus- cle. The front of the eye has lost its lustre and the depths are greenish vellow. The ears are alert to compensate for the wan- ing vision. There is no doubt some specific germ responsible for periodic ophthalmia, but it has not been demonstrated. The periodicity of the disease is probably due to the manner of development of the micro-organism, whatever it is, whose generations die out from lack of food in the anterior chamber of the eye and the symptoms subside until the spores develop into virulent orgat- isms again. Etiology.—The causes may be fundamentally attributed to the soil. Damp clays, marshes and bottoms which have fre- quently been overflowed are potent causative factors. The damp air and wet climate react upon the animal to produce a lym- phatic constitution with an excess of connective tissue, bones and muscle of coarse, open texture, thick skins and gummy legs with profuse long hair. The rank fodders grown on such soils are other causes. Foods act by leading to constipation and under- mining the constitution of the animal, giving it a predisposition to any infection. The period of dentition and training is a OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 255 fertile exciting cause. The great majority of victims are from 2-6 years old. If a horse escapes the infection until after he is six years old, he will probably never get it. The irritation about the head during the rupture of teeth, the unwonted bridle and collar, the stimulating grain diet and the close air of the stable all combine to arouse the latent tendency of the disease in the eye. No one of these conditions would cause the attack, but all together have great bearing as predisposing factors at least. It has been alleged that the specific factor is a germ which is harbored in the marshy district, but it has never been found. Heredity is accepted by horsemen as a most potent factor,— one so strong that intelligent horsemen everywhere refuse to breed from either horse or mare that has once suffered from re- current ophthalmia. The French Government even refuses ser- vice to any mare that has once suffered with her eyes. A consid- eration of the future of our horses would demand the disuse of all sires that are unlicensed and the refusal of a license to any sire that has suffered from periodic ophthalmia or any other com- municable disease. Treatment.—Treatment is. not satisfactory, but the same measures as are useful in internal ophthalmia help some in the periodic form. The affection should be treated with purgatives, followed by diuretics and cold applications to the eye. To cause dilatation of the pupil inject a solution of atropine (2% grains to the ounce) three or four times a day. If the pupil does not contract after a few days, then use calabar bean. Give soft food, keep the animal in a cool place and let him rest. This will ward off the opacity for a time. During the conva- lescence iodide of potash will help to absorb the deposits, but the animal will go blind in time. Some doctors say that surgical treatment is the right thing and recommend tapping the eye with a fine-bladed knife and squeezing out the aqueous humor. This, at least, would relieve the intraorbital vressure. The prevention of the disease is the great object to be. aimed at and this demands the most careful breeding, feeding and housing. The animals should be placed in a high and dry loca- tion and kept off the lowlands. The improvement of the land by drainage and cultivation, however, should be the final aim, 256 THEORY AND PRACTICE SUN STROKE, INSOLATION, COUP DE SOLEIL, THER- MIC FEVER, HEAT STROKE, COUP DE CHALEUR, HITZSCHLAG, SONNENSTICH, ICTUS SOLIS, INSOLATIO, SIRIASIS, OVER HEATING. Definition.—Under these various names the diseased condi tion, in which an excessively high temperature, nervous prostra- tion, insensibilitvy, coma and death are the prominent features. OCClrs. - Nature.—lIt is an auto-intoxication with fatigue toxines and toxic decomposition products due to overwork in hot weather. The heat of warm blooded animals is produced by chemic metabolism, and is regulated by the thermal center in the medulla oblongata. The natural channels through which heat is lost are, according to Helmholtz, 214% by the solid and fluid egesta, 544% by warming inspired air, 1434% by evaporation of the water carried out by the expired air ,and 774% by radiation. Alexander Lambert gives the normal loss of animal heat as follows: 2.6% by warming food and drink, 2.6% by warming in- spired air, 14.7% by evaporation and 80.1% by radiation. These losses are affected by meteorological conditions. In very hot weather the loss caused by warming the food, drink and inspired air is almost nil, and in hot, humid weather, with low baromet- ric pressure, especially if there is no breeze, evaporation and radiation are reduced to a minimum. When the barometer is high the nerve tonus is good, the animal feels well and evapora- tion keeps pace with the perspiration. ‘Then there are no sun- strokes, but when the barometer is low, the weather hot and humid, the animal feels languid, perspiration is profuse, and evaporation is nil sunstrokes are common. Consequently sun- strokes are common on the Atlantic coast, in the region of the great lakes and in tropical climates, but in the Northwestern States they are rare. : Etiology.—A condition of cerebral hyperaemia may come on from excessively active exercise in hot weather, attended by convulsions, syncope, coma and death. This is most often seen in dogs. In the horse the predisposing causes are old age, overwork ~~ OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. TAGs _ or indigestion. The exciting causes are hard work in hot, humid weather with low barometer, insufficient water supply, over heating in horses working between other horses in three horse teams or gangs. Symptomatology.——At first there is profuse perspiration, then the horse begins to pant and the sweat dries up; he now begins to stagger, becomes insensible, goes down, is unable to rise, soon becomes comatose, the surface of the body is dry and hot, the _ temperature is 109° to 112° F., the mucous membranes get livid, the pulse rapid and weak, the respirations at first are rapid, and as coma develops they get slower and finally stertorous. Death in bad cases follows in half an hour to four or five hours. Prognosis.—With a temperature of 109° a horse will usu- ally recover if he receives prompt and proper treatment. 110° or higher will usually prove fatal, unless the treatment is very prompt and the horse is strong. Special Pathology.—There is a condition of anhydremia. The blood is thick, slightly if any coagulated, nearly black, with extensive destruction of red corpuscles. The lungs are con- gested, the right side of the heart is nearly empty, the left side is full of black nearly fluid blood, the brain is congested and the chromophylic plagues or Nissl bodies are broken up, the liver and kidneys are congested, and the spleen is somewhat enlarged. Sequalae.—Supersensitiveness to heat that lasts the balance of the season, and sometimes for ever after. This is manifested by panting on slight exertion in hot weather, and staggering from slight cerebral congestion. Some cases become dummies. Treatment.—Get the patient into the shade as soon as pos- sible. Give him half a pint of whisky in as much water. Give a grain of strychnia hypodermatically, and a dose of nitroglycer- ine if necessary; dram doses of acetanilid will assist in reduc- — ing the temperature which must be brought about promptly. To aid in doing this put sacks of ice on the head and neck, and spray the body with cold water by pinching the end of a hose pointed upwards so as to let the water come down on to him like rain. Take his temperature every fifteen minutes and stop the spraying when it is reduced to 103°. If kept up longer it is apt to fall below the normal: In addition to the above, if the initial temperature is 110° or higher, give rectal injections of 258 THEORY AND PRACTICE cold water with a fountain syringe. During convalescence give nux, aromatic spirits of ammonia, gentian, light diet and long rest. . Prevention.—When horses come in from work hot, sponge them over with cold water and let them dry. Give internally. aromatic spirits of ammonia and nux and tie the horses outside in the open air. Do not put them into the stable nor feed them till they are well cooled out. During this time give them cold water to drink in small quantities and often. If treated in this way they will be ready for work next day, but if not they will go out tired next morning and probably collapse before night. When a horse begins to pant collapse is imminent, consequently he should be driven into the shade, unharnessed, sponged off, watered and; when able, driven home. ; DEATH BY ~AIGE ENING: Post Mortem findings in death from electricity. First :—Rigor Mortis is always quick, second or third hour, in fifty minutes in one case. Second :—Points of Penetration show more or less burns. Points of exit show less burning than those of entrance. Third :—If body is opened immediately the heart is lax, both ventricles full and the auricles pulsating rhythmically. If Post is delayed fifteen minutes or more the left ventricle is some- times found empty and firmly contracted. Fourth:—The arteries are contracted to the limit, the blood being forced into the large veins of the trunk and head. Fifth :-—Viscera engorged. Sixth :—Nervous system presents no change either macrosco- pical or microscopical. Molecular changes are supposed to occur but not proven. Brain is sometimes seen with gross des- truction of peripheral cortex with intracranial hemorrhage. Cause of Death—Paralysis of the heart in ventricular tre- mulation in case of a low pressure current, (syncope) and inhibi- tion of the respiratory center in high pressure current (asphyxia ). Treatment.—Artificial respiration and Faradic current to the precordium, diaphragm and epigastric region. Also bromides and strychnine. PAGE Abscess-Post Pharyngeal ..... 54 Weve Congestion ......... a OD PMG MEMES EOTICIILIS 2s. 5! eo cass 56 Pecwte Lancy. «5. . hepa aaa 160 Acute Gastric Indigestion..... 108 Nemtesindigestion -.....-5..- 10s Acute Inflammatory Diseases. 193 Acute Parenchymatous Nephri- FS ie ects Cet aw oe 6 210 Acute Laryngitis ......-..... 47 PMAITES OM. Oh. cise hs ea we bs 28 Neolntination lest 2...3./04 0. is 164. JA DSSSRORAGI 0 es eee area en 204 Albumin-Test for in Urine.... 204 PARPRTANIGO SIS! A phe Sic ci ac ccsve 2 eee ais 251 PNRM CMA A REE boae A kore Site oa aoe 14 mnaemia-Cerebral”.c.0...+<..-232 Ai TERS eT be ie ae aan or Sear 136 AS SC eee 174 ANTI S UICC SIT gees gene a 201 FMM Pe CEOTIS © <4t see oe. 180 PROTON ANAC es aS baw as 2 o2s)s oo ccs 27, SATU AERIS ea ea 152 pats lperiorated <0... sisi" 137 WD OMUOKY Victor ite eee. «a Sous 192-232 Experiie « CapmiciOUs: sews." - 109 MGC MeN oss tore ces elec. 5 201 Articular Rheumatism ....... 178 Ascaris Megalocephala ...... 125 LENS (CT UC pcg ae eA cee 140 SCID RST i error oa ao 31 ESI sca eee eee aa 67 PRECISE LASICN oo 1S sles) ee ED es 56 Atrophy Of Bone... 22... ee ke 226 PEO pMyOL Teart. <2. oo. ce. 198 peUIS@MIAtION cs ss - aes 39 ROOT Io ener 2 Oe he eae ee See 185 B Bacillus AnthractS:>.s.. 02.2.5 03 153 aciise Vialletis.(. <2. tee ss 158 Ei NIE Bu) Senn ees Camere an ae eae 133 Bastaid -Straneles. 02 3 ae. 167 BS Aaa erratic teen Rs os cee 213 PAGE Brome leadirs ar airiar.. sae ace os 226 Bile-Reabsorption of-........ 148 =“ PPLESSIONS Ofviess cee. «> 148 Biliary Congestion of Liver... 145 Bladder-Eversion of the...... 216 SRUpPtiMce= Of wa. com sei 215 Bhnd=Siaecers 2.0. ch aon Ses 231 PlOOd= PWG Ge cies Oise. artes" LZ Bloodvessels-Diseases of .... 201 Bloody. aeltise 4 ane oe Boobs mas I4I Gri rete Meare aaa SPC fret at Oe rake 205 ibltwex Disease (us sis. sie en es 192 Bome-Atropliy. Ot .cie tet a 226 Ones- Diseases Of. faa. loos 222 IBotryat@y.COSts siesta tres sion 170 OUSHC utes Geo As clue eee ets i ens BGA sate ot cto aper et aasco oteee same rota 153 Bright’s DICER eee esc 204-210 BROkkeime Veter th... chery aeerereho gees 61 GOMC MONS \reperte =>, chaesieyoae eee 58 RONG bis nae ae oe see ato 55 NCU hebae ei iters abenc sch, Sreoheg 56 BrOmeitocelendss sass, .tevee Sete 221 Broncho-Pneumonia .... tie 56 Brown Atrophy of Heart..-.. 199 Buccal Membrane-Congestion Gi eer soot craeneh ae oes atateina 9o Balls, Bilriite nue ow Sie ae ee eee 244 184 be giant cael Boy "a0 hci ne ence hecho 2LA BGs attiee pthc cae we creints wichsont 169 C Cac hieociane. fata. n Sat Sg ated s Deke 248 SG meter nie wie ee cl ncn det se che 133 Ea iayaaitgyenr asi cts = i chetad odes 96 BEN Grae aires os area eal ine as a a 230. Gaaicercsisneae ke oe Din ee sk Cangicious Appetite -.i<..< ter. 109 Wapiti cle. vk sia os sian. = Oe ates a PA -COntagious. sis. 5... 153 CATACH aie ass eee ee eae ke 224 Satan sixte tees s wiaeae Oo oie 4I SCULOMIC gc Hehe ete of wee 44 260 INDEX—C ontinued. PAGE Gerebralsinacnia’ Jae es 232 = COnRESHION aio ae ce 231 SM OUIS atten = i ePeccpetece 232 -Hemorrhage and Men- WMNGATS Paes os ee oe 232 SOOMEMIMON eee cs tacit 234 MGerebritise” io ee ee 232 Chophouse oes se ee ee 552 Choking «ete oot ee emer ioee= Teo GChondroma =o See 217 GChiereq ane Cnt ee ee 241 Chrovie: iCatarnl as 228235 esas AA SC OWS It SCs Sve dees ap 52 SAVE Ae cee tavern c enue aie 160 -Gastmlign. ~.s cl sei 113 Sie patitis . sercceeeee 146 iiGioeSHOtl news eee es 105 SAV AAS AbIS: = Ze oss 2 aaa vere 50 PRGAELS «caterer? oleho eas 44 Ritehosis- OF Iivera: e.5 «So. <5c 146 Classification of Disease...... 13 Colie-Fiativlent sac sar 9s oc 6 Se 129 SOP aASMIOMIC (Fie Be welts 126 Asari ee ore Dae, een 31 Conditioning of Horse........ 69 WONnGeSHON, oi. ssa SEES be es 19 ECE Were shad Ss loko Ce 20 Congestion-Cerebral- ......... 231 Congestion-Hypostatic ....... 20 SDUSSINGa.’ifkhs ns ea Sree 22 “Physidlecical® .< 72.2. 20 “Post “Mortem: .. 25.4%. 116 SOMSTIPAHON. =~ ss «cance samen 116 Constitutional Osteo Porosis-. 226 Contagious Carbuncle ........ 153 Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia bre ae veo. as Roan ole 76 Contagious Pneumonia ...... 72-76 = SLOMMLILES. 2. Se ote see 152 Conn, Stalk Disease-.8..% a<-.2~ 171 Coryza Contagiosa Equorum.. 167 Coueh-Chronien i os:5 0 roe es 52 Cornea Inflammation ......... 250 COPAGUE A Sor cee SS 240 -Uleeration “of Oscc..2t 250 SGtip Hime Roe Sete hide ie 40 Coup de Chaleur™...........- 256 Goup de Sole syie cs eee ok. 256 RHC DILAROR «ove aeons ee AY CEiDRINEY a ee tree ert teks II3 AGG ACK A OU eet ee aie gi 237- Cyanosignin. © ts keene 192 Cystitis oat SR Sa eeueg See ee Uenaaeets 212 . PAGE (Cystitis-Serous*... : 2 eee 221 Cysts 2.0 SO eee 220 -Deutigerous ..... Sate fom i 2D -Ovarianr <4 eee 221 D D cath <2:...0. 23 28 Death by. Lightning: =. ee 258 Dentigerous ‘Cysis <3 2 ee 222 Detachment of the Retina.... 252 Diabetes, Insipidus fas eae 206 =Mellitus : -. 2 s22e3 onsen 207 Pianos; 6-3 eee 13 Diarrhoea... See I2I =A cute aud eee ee 123 -Chronic>'... :apee ae 124 Dicrotic- Pulse’ ss 2 \aienee 17 Digestive System-Diseases of.. 88 Diphtheria. .:.<. ee 242 Diseases of the Urinary Sys- tEM oe cn cs . See 202 Diseases-Respiratory ......... 390 Disinfection of Stables....... 163 Disorganization + .!....desee eee 28 Dourine ..... +. 3). eee 242 Dropsy of the Ovaries ..-..-.- 245 Dropsy of the Womb........ 246 Druse i See eee ite ee oS 167 Dry Gangrene ®: -< =. .- 233 24 Dummy “ss sis ¢ ss a ee 235 Bust. Balls: os. saa eee 133 Dysentery .-.. . sae I4I Dyspepsia. *. . ..02..2. ease 108 Dyspnea... .. 2.2 ee eee 40 Dysuria ee ey re ne ne 2I2 INDEX—Continued. PAGE BEGGHVINOSIG 2 cee. ce eee 21 eta@pia CORMIS 5.2 ek es 201 BSE GO IOUT ars ose he diciad esee. ba as 249 Bmbolus-Cerebral ....2.....+: 232 TESA VEGI SS GORD RAR kere A a 103 Emphysema-Pulmonary ...... 61 LESES DN OST a a ih ee rge eeraece 82 foward OCA GILIS( “a s.< aos S's pote ease 194. Ban@othelioma: 2% eS. ka 3 es 217 EO ACSTT fy SRR ec Oe A a ee 138 Engorgement of Stomach .... 105 PEW PITITI e sie ais c's ves oe She wc 249 RNIB E GIG) oo sad nk eked 2 or 214 Eplemeral Peyenie cc seen. 3 35 appipaeionmata 5.6.6 eee ss 217 Epizootic Lymphangitis ...... 183 uane Sy PRiltS. hones 2 \shei eos 242 OR CEATIONS: Sek ae 2 heed Soa oe 106 POMOC a oki. clare «Sis acne SA See 12 Eversion of the Rectum...... 135 F eaneGtla trier oe oe oe 35 TEA SLE Tae Shee ce eee eee ek Began 192 IPSC) a ae eam nae SR ae 157 Patty. Degeneration. .<.<..- . 199 iever-Pphemeral: 2.2. ..".... 35 Sachin 908 Sone Soe 37 Pa tah oak on ee ieee es ae 152 -Rational Treatment of. 35 SS PleMier we tis. > tees ee 152 ibrimotis Stage. sa-s<9--- ==. 58 TEU SEAS) ee aoa Naren ea eters arse 219 soe OUI sutra oe 2Ey etic Aaials fos wer chee cies 136 SateSiiticuls we oats coon kene soe 132 SS eIV OEY caticcs sce «Sie ce 06 Piaimence-Gastric. 2. .2..0. +e 105 Alona sf te. so cetieit oP Ses 206 Mae See oS ti oe oe Ee 149 TESS 248) (CVO) i ee mre a er 141 Hiyine: Rheumatism +:........ 178 LOC MATION eee eee a ees 56-590 ICON SOUNGS! rs s6 0 dais oe AI G RBrnnereie. is oh os Pee es 23 Gen Cte Git oe has sk Shel nee 50 sGasinie /Piatulence 4. 2. ig.- « «2221 137 lncdligestions 02 seco eee 104 SIN CILE Mca s ae ae re 104 -Chronic Sb hire aeaee ceneeeietie 104 “Srpacites. on tei 104 NcCEAHOM pte cece foe ee ee 28 lbGhithaneqarehetorsmede oo aeee mc Paes ee: 26 =or the: BowelS-ie.. «<1 138 -of the Conjunctiva ...- 247 Rao blesaasre Gyr es eee re a ese i72 lisGlation era c0ca ne 134 pom Gar lew at an, ce pues a aes 50 Ire cla PUISe> 5c te es ore os Sos 17 Teciianita toes So a SS eRe eed oat 25 PSchithiaiee. seve ie wkae scat Neel 214 lela ces fore oie heresies Seether aioe 149 J SP IhGICE menk case Ge ok wt 143 K Kereiptiseccok Srcrace oh He oli ee 250 Kidneys-Hyperaemia of the... 209 Kidneys-Inflammation .......- 200 Katine of Elorse. «.<6~ 76. 32 E Leaoipasence sae steigen Sees go Eacynettiss.2c =< RLS eee EMER are 46 SGITEC a, cae ot eo eee 47 “GHEON IC en cc hate ES ee 50 NEC POR GES ae costes 47 Laryngo-Pharyngitis .......-. 47 Leromyoman.c. .~. 2s te niews 222 Leticoma .i2..5.~. Sei Way on Set 240 Reucorrnoea.... ues one Wee eae 245 A POMP Sie cis Sania ee ete roe 217 | PAGE Liver-Cirrhosis of the.:..:..~ 146 -Congestion “of -2 es 14 3 -(Active-Passive-Biliary) 143 -Fatty Degeneration of.. 147 -Inflammation of the .. 146 Locomotor Ataxta- =s2eese2e= 237 Loodiana. Disease... Ses eeaes see Lymphadenitis = :..2ca2s-eeee I8t Liam Chadenoma <1. eee "149 Lymphaneitis =. <2 T81 -EpizOolic <; = ee i83 -Ulcerative <:.=25 eee 183 Lumbavo |. 0... ..4. 178-179 Lumbago™-. -. .>.'s. 7 eee 178-179 Mad Staggers ..: 24 2 eee 233 Malignant Pox.’ :.. ->.es sees 242 -*--stule 2: eee 153 Matllein: Test ..:. tage 161-164-166 Malleus-Baccalus. . . 2... 3h eee 158 Massage of the Bowels....... I2I Masturbation... i.e 247 Mechanical Engorgement ....- 68 Meconitum-dry\-..~: . See see 118 Meorims .: >... 5.. 22 ee eee 231 Meningitis-Cerebral 5.2: -e.es 232 Mensuration:. ....i2 252. 30 Metastatic Rheumatism ...... 178 Milzbrand - 24. S320 seen 152 Moist Gangtene =. 222. cae 23 Monday Morning Sickness.... 181 Moonblindness ......see eee 253 Morve-La-.... 5 5.4.se scene 157 Musele “Tumors. . “925 Muscular Rheumatism .....-. 178 Myelitis... 22... s..25-cee See 235 Myocarditis 0... 52 eee 3: #=) 3O7 Myomata —..* 2.2 eee 217-222 Myxoma ects = 50 3 ce eee 217 N Nasal Gleet .:. 1.5. 3035eeeee 44 Nausea :.<.2. is.05 come 106 Necrosis of Bone ......----- 225 Necrotic Laryngitis ......--- 47 Nevri Bodies: ¢s 245 LE BT eyo) eo Ce Ci a ee ec 235 Be el SILC amr yacrapee ate Sista rans <2 « 150 Paresis Parotid Gland Inflammation.. 94 PPREOUICILIG poe ew to a.s0s cee herent 94. PASE YS! VOU. nieces Mere eke 122 Pathoceiye once Rees pee ties 12 Pat nOlOR Vax eet ca) evs be wes ut ~Genleral =... Sh Pile, II CECUSS igen “allem derela eee Gre 39 Penicardipice esas ale \ .acdte 6 194. Periodic Ophthalmia 2... : 253: ReGIOStiGian ace. sce eee) tere ees 223 Peristalsis-Defective ......... 118 Re AtOnitdSt < sic os sanene eae 140 Retorciial hy piush <2 seks 2 152 IGEGCHIAG tues es a erng eee oe 21 ay tii IS ye eben ciot ance aad hee 98 Plessis Nosate s eee 202 SiyinOsiswis ete es ee ae alae 244. Piles-Bleeding ....... Rn eee 136 Pathe Olan Seas Siac Pak ee 125 lets Ola es cae eteects eek A ok 14 Pleural, Adhesions 2. rc 1< 44). 84 TSU S ype horas cave se erro oe 70 Pleuro-Pneumonia, 7... .2. 2. % 72 Pleuro-Pneumonia of Cattle.. 76 ~ Rmerminnia~ Sas. cok ea eee 7X HOCH O crajeratace eenncike 56-72 -of Glanders-Interstitial 76 Polypisoi thes Heart....0 v.- 200 Rolkyiiniale tracer cana hv aa 109-206 Post Mortem Congestion .... 116 Post Pharyngeal Abscess areas 54 Pox-Simple and Malignant... 222 PORT STIRS scarce a ood eee 05 IPROLOZOO Tae ae ane oles eee, Oe 150 Pulmonary Apoplexy ........ 68 =COngeshiOme oc aos seis 68 -Emphysema .......... 61 Balsatine .cimare. cate os. 0c fae 201 lei Ses | Rr AnorLs o, okwe reek Ae 14, ICT ORIG acre sce(e oketdl sramiel « 17 SHAPEQUEIIE 1S 8%. Gnas ol oe 16 Rard .and JSoft..% 2.4). 17 SL iRestilages 4 ki tone ee 17 PLMESEMIILECH Ep st areuays anit ar 17 PIV ICLTOUES ers weeks oe wa ches hoe 18 iuupita. Pemorrhagicas <<... 174. Pustile-Malignant 7.2/0: . +... 153 shield. eVer wm «5.5 <. aere cue eee 152 PeyOReniC: LM eVERT . fara ea ln a 167 Oris i alin a hereon 53 264 R PAGE ables. pci ey er a ee cee 155 | PATE Bor opera eee en nie ENDS a 7 228 Reales ae ee eee oe ee AI Rearidla ces stat cg oe Mae aed 221 Rational Treatment of Disease in General 34 Rational Treatment of Fever.. 35 “este eee eee eevese Rectum-Eversion of the...... 135 = Cnesmigs: Of.) Se ae I4I Recurrent Ophthalmia ....... 253 dwenial = Galenlas: ~cas ic an ee 211 “CONS ESHON: isa na 7s cess 209 Reproductive System-Diseases Pay ae cil i pee ence me any ye ee agen med 242 Respiratory Diseases ........ 30 Results of Active Congestion. 23 Retina-Detachment of the.... 252 Rhabdomyoma-< 2.72 is Yeast: 222 Rhexis-Hemorrhage by ...... I3y ihewmatic Peversaiss -a 76 Shier Sota sar eee a bn eae 241 Sibilant’)S ogee vio. Sete 58 Sumples "Pox kiss wae shite ae 242 SienISIEIS oe OS ae Se AS GS STIGTGs accects AG eee tee Oost as 256 ersiaSts vo tok ier a whee ee nae 24 Sneevine soc are Soa, Seiwes 4I Snoring. “Si2' soe oe At Sonnenstich: <. oseasasee one. 256 Sore. Chroat: 2 ces ote o cee £7 INDEX—C ontinued. PAGE Spasmodic Colte-.- 227 2a 126 Specific Ophthalmia ......... 253 Sphacélation | 0247-2 47 Spleen Wie Spe: ecieele, eaclis Smeheaee emanated 149 Splenic: Fever 2 — ae 152° ‘Staggers-Stomach ......... 105-108 Staphyloma: 3.2242 2 eee 253 Sthenic Syncope .....-.---.- 29 Stomach=Diseases. Of .:-s.-= ee 103 -Engorgement ......... 105 -Rupture: Of 2222. —aeeee 114 -Stagvers, eee 105-108 Stoniatitis “.\.+. >. eee Stomatitis Pustulosa Contagi- OSG erie: wavs, 6 lore, er alaide tel eal ceeeee naan Q2-152 Siratsstest ~ 7. i. 2- .- ae eee 164 Stricture. =... ius..25e >see 133 iStraneles ...<) See 107 Strangury =|... . 2 eee 215 Streptococcus Equi ........-. 167 Strongylus Armatus .--....-. 125 Subacute Indigestion ........ 105 Subacute Rhinitts S- -22 seer 43 ‘SuCCUSSION. ... .. +20 2 ee 390 Sun Stroke =. 3 oe 256 Superpirsation..... 20s 122 Suppuration --. a. 2oee oer 58 Gurta ss. 2s... . eee 171 Symptomatology. 2. 22eoeeeaee 12 Syncope}... =. . ..505 Se eee 192 =Sthefiie ° SS aeeee 29 Syphilis Equine {222-5 ame 242 a 3 Tabes . Dorsalis. .2.3¢ee5 eee 237 Tapping’... of2 5 2. ae 130 Teeth-bearing Cysts <7 l..<. «ss 222 Temperature *....%2- se sue 18 Tenesmus. . #0c-/ssosee eee 212 -of Rectum «.:.-22.--s= “141 ‘TFeratomata. 3... Ss... ee eee 217 ‘TPetantis’.-<.. 5%. se eee eee 238 Thermic Fever. -2s «seen eane 256 Thirst-Excessive , 232. 109 Throat-Diseases of <.2:e.0nen 98 -Paralysis of .<2eeeeee 52 Thrombosis _<:. /..ssaseauee 24-201 Thrush-Baby’s >... 23. =eeeee Q2 Thumps ..>--. 4-3 e eee IQ! Torti: Colis: 2.2332. ee 180 Tracheotony _<..<-=> «aaa 50 Trismts 3. 2.3 52 ee 238 Trypanosoma Equiperdum.... 243 Trypanosoma Evansi .-.-...- 17I Trypanosomiasis ~<.\. <== sss 17I INDEX—Continued. PAGE MiewmorPulsating oss. cs. we 201 iGmmrons ot the. Heart. ..-.. 200 “Ys 8.) FSS eR Se ec a 216 _. SHED AALS ee 129 Tympanitis of the Rumen.... Io1 iiyonoid: Fever -:.... . dee ae I4I U Ulceration of the Cornea..... 250 Ulcerative Lymphangitis ..... 183 MORMETUBIINCSS 2s neces ce foe. s 110 Wifeneaila © aly toi Saal ek ds es os 187 ROipeHaEItIS SoC es sok loe ce eee 215-244 Urinary System-Diseases of.. 202 WirimesmlOody 2... 6. ee oe ae 205 SH MCONMLIMENCE. 2c fos. 5; 214 SMO AN cess cP eap trees 207 -Suppression of the . 214 Wierine Hemorrhage <....--- 192 V MereemniatiOlt gos acess le aes IST Bye iitiSes oe we Cee sew ee ce Se 194 265 PAGE Wiaricose VWieinS vies «ok a elects oes ~202 N/E (0) Bpgeteeoartsa geen Rae wea I51 SVK Rata enn ic ren mE AA aman ae 202 Veins-[nflammation Of -:..... 202 AT AROCLe aver as here a, Maas 202 SI WiATICOSEL ins tari ue Ae: 202 WenOus: Pillse cece aes eb ciae 1m \erminouce, Cyst tytn ce «aie s 3 126 WenIRO mew ote anes ao dds Seen ee 231 NWOlaiidist a tae fo ee eee een 133 NOMMMUETOMME We aks sity ete wae ee, «oes 103-114 W A EPEC SSI eA i Pier RONEN pe) ACN ale eed 181 NWALCeZitOwn eepcror nse ea AT-5 1-07 WEIN iia cree racene te a's ener Sa cusse aeeee = 67 BU Sinn Site a oe: essomentei Se apererens [oes 40-51 NIV S (Ke aver er anes Gis Benoa 113 Womb-Dropsy Of the......... 246 WoolsorterS=Disease-. <4. 152 WY Oe mastitis COLIC 116s surah tere 125 AAMC Es kooks aw rates 126 =Commnotm Pine sen. sense 126 ~ Ware OUIIG, fae. sac. 126 Ami =