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THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM,

MONOGRAPHS

Division Of Molluske
Sectional Library :

GENERA OF SHELLS.

EDITED BY

G. B. SOWERBY, F.L.S.

VOL. III.

LONDON :
SOWERBY, 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY.
1866.

350393

(rSOMay
\ JUN 8 BSS
£8 RARY.

GB Sowerby ith

CONUS

562

366
om M’ Cummmg3 collection. 504. C. Rhododendron,

gollectin 562 C.circumcicus, from the same.

366 C Malaccanus, from Mw Cuming’s collections

W.West Imp

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

CONUS.

Iy the following arrangement of species, | have endeavoured to
bring together those most nearly resembling each other, to facili-
tate comparison. In doing this I have found the gradations so
subtle as almost to defy any systematic division into defined
groups. ‘There are no single characters which can be depended
upon with any certainty in determining the affinities and distine-
tions either of groups or species. It is more by the eye, taking
in an assemblage of characters, and regarding the general appear-
ance, that they can be appreciated. Thus, although for conveni-
ence I have followed a prevailing custom in placing by themselves
in groups nearly all the coronated species, yet there still remain
some coronated species whose general characters forced me to
place them in widely different groups, while some generally coro-
nated species present varieties in which the whorls are smooth.
This is only one instance of what occurs with regard to almost
any character that can be named, such as length of spine, granu-
lation, ete. Under these circumstances it is impossible to main-
tain perfect consistency as to retaining and proposing some spe-
cies and rejecting others. As the collector’s great object however
is to know the shells, I have preferred in most cases giving the
species as they stand, stating the alleged differences, and leaving
the final decision to individual taste. Thus, some eight or ten so-
called species of the ¢ewti/e group, are, to the best of my belief,
mere variations of one type; yet I have admitted them in the cata-
logue, simply stating the points in which they are said to differ.

a. Coronated, turbinated, straight-sided.

1. mperraris, Linn.—C. oblongus, tuberculis magnis corona-
tus, medio subcontractus, versus basin attenuatus; albus, czeruleo
VOL. It. B

2

tinctus, castaneo bifasciatus, punctis et lineis interruptis cinctus
(Plate I. f. 2).—The interrupted lines are coincident in downward
flashes, and united by two chestnut bands; coronal tubercles
large.

2. guscatus, Born.—C. C. imperiali similis, sed flammis cas-
taneis longitudinalibus magnis ornatus (f. 3).—In this species
the downward flashes are large, dark, and defined, while the inter-
rupted cross-lines are less prominent.

3. viripuLus, Lamk.—C. C. imperiali similis sed brevior,
flammis longitudinalibus subviridibus angustatis (f. 1).—Rather
shorter than the two preceding, with the downward flashes narrow
and greenish.

4. marmornus, Linn.—C. oblongus, tuberculis magnis coro-
natus, medio subcontractus, albus, roseo tinctus ; lineis nigrescen-
tibus semicircularibus pictus, interstitiis cordiformibus (f. 5).—
The ground is tinged with rose-colour, and the whole surface is
reticulated with semicircular lines, leaving heart-shaped interstices.

5. Banpanus, Brug.—C. C. marmoreo similis, sed maculis tri-
gonis castaneis reticulatus, medio leviter bifasciatus (f. $).—The
shell is generally straighter, and the chestnut markings broader,
particularly in two central zones. Probably only a variety of C.
MAT MOVEUS.

6. nocrurnus, Brug.—C. C. marmoreo similis, sed colore ni-
grescenti pictus, interstitiis cordiformibus, albis, paucis (f. 4)—
Probably another var. of C. marmoreus, in which the dark colour-
ing nearly covers the shell.

7. Desurcutm, Sowb.—C. subyentricosus, versus basin angus-
tatus, nodulis contractis coronatus, albus, roseo tinctus, fasciis latis
duabus castaneis et lineis cordiformibus pictus; variat granulatus
(f. 6, 7).—Coloured like C. nocturnus, and usually considered as
a variety, but it is bottle-shaped, and the crowning nodules are
contracted into rounded nipples. The smooth variety (f. 7) is in
the collection of Mrs. Deburgh, who first remarked it as a distinct
species.

8. vipua, Reeve-—C. quam C. marmoreus brevior, ad angu-
lum rotundatus, ad basin contractus; fusco angulatim minuté
reticulatus (f. 9, 10).—Shorter and more contracted at the base
than C. marmoreus, with the angular reticulations more numerous
and fine.

9. Nicosarscus, Bray.—C. oblongus, lateribus rectis; spira

DSs|

3

concavi, nodulis acutis coronati; albus, luteo tinctus, lineis et
maculis nigrescentibus reticulatus (f. 11, 12).—The depressed
spire and sharp coronal tubercles, with the dark and sharp reti-
culated markings, distinguish this shell from C. vzdua on one side
and C. Nicobaricus on the other.

10. aracHNorpeus, Gme/.—C. oblongus, lateribus paululum
inflatis, roseo tinctus, rubro-nigrescente minuté reticulatim linea-
tus, medio plus minusve bifasciatus (f. 14).—Minutely reticulated
with dark reddish lines.

11. Pertum, Chemn.—C. quam C. arachnoideus brevior, ma-
culis trigonis angulatis castaneis minuté seriatim pictus; variat
bifasciatus (f. 13; f. 390).—A shorter shell than C. arachnoideus,
with close-set camp-like markings. The banded variety (f. 390)
assists the identification with Chemnitz’s shell.

12. zonatus, Brug.—C. oblongus, corond obtus4; spira brevi,
ceruleo maculata et bifasciaté, nigro lineat& (Plate Il. f. 15).—
This species is distinguished by the regular cross-lines and the
tessellated bluish markings and bands between.

13. aLpicans, Sows.—C. oblongus, lateribus rectis, ad basin
angustus, albus, ad basin fusco tinctus, corona indistineta (f. 98).
—A small, straight-sided, white shell, tipped with brown.

14. tenuis, Sowb.—C. oblongus, tenuis, albus, ceruleo tinc-
tus, ad basin castaneo tinctus, ad angulum spire et in medio cas-
taneo punctatus; spird elevaté, nodulis momiliformibus coronata
(f. 314).—A light, thin, bluish-white shell, with bead-lke crown,
and two rows of chestnut spots.

15. Rectuzranus, Bernhardi.—C. elongatus, tenuis, medio
subcontractus, ad basin subattenuatus, pallide luteus seu roseus,
maculis evanidis bifasciatim cinctus; spiri acuta, leviter coronata
(f. 88, 39).—A light shell, with sharp angle and elegantly taper-
ing form.

16. Carntanp1, Kien.—C. solidus, oblongus, ad basin attenua-
tus; spird depress’, tuberculis paucis coronata, inter nodulos cas-
taned; fulvus, lineis castaneis cinctus (f. 34).—The flat top,
cross-lines, and attenuated form of this rare shell distinguish it
sufficiently from all others.

17. Motiuccensts, Chemn.—C. solidus, subpyriformis, luteus,
castaneo maculatus, seriatim granulatus ; spiri convex4, tuberculis
magnis coronata (f. 46).—A rather pyriform shell, with convex,
coronated spire, and granulated surface.

4

18, unicotor, Sowd.—C. elongatus, purpureo tinctus, inferne
substriatus; spiri convex4, anfractu ultimo distanter coronata
(f. 83).—A peculiar shell, of a fawn-colour tinged with purple,
spire convex, crowned with distant nodules.

19. murtouzatus, Sowd.—C. oblongus, solidus, seriatim gra-
nulatus; spiri convexd, maculaté, obtuse coronata; albus, ad ba-
sin ceruleo tinctus, medio castaneo laté bifasciatus (f. 89)—With
a spotted, obtuse spire, granulated surface, light chestnut broad
bands in the middle, and blue at the base.

20. caLatus, 4. dd.—C. parvus, transversim sulcatus, sulcis
longitudinaliter striatus; albus, aurantiaco laté reticulatus; spira
depressii, apice acuté elevato, anfractibus minuté coronatis (f. 107).
—Marked lke the Marmoreus group, but encircled with deep
grooves, striated across.

21. tivipus, Brug.—C. solidus, fulvus, interné et ad basin
ceruleus, medio et ad angulum pallidus; spird convex’ mediocri-
ter coronaté, apicé acuto (f. 27).—The well-known blue-tipped
obtuse species.

22. suerniatus, Reeve.—C. C. livido similis, sed spira castaned,
subeanaliculata, test fasciati (f. 50).—Although the banding
is more distinct and the whorls of the spire more canaliculated,
I think this is but a variety of C. Zividus in a young state. Ina
series of specimens the distinctions are lost by gradation.

23. crrrinus, Gme/.—C. subpyriformis, breviusculus, medio et
ad basin distanter granulatus, mterne et ad basin purpureus;
spird obtusé coronata (f. 70).—I think the young of C. dividus
is straighter than this shell, and Quoy, who names it C. sanguino-
lentus, describes the animal as of a bright red colour.

24. optus, Reeve.—C. angustatus, levis, luteo-olivaceus, su-
perne ceruleo-albi, medio fascia pallidi cimctus; spird convexa,
minute coronati; fauce et basi violaceis (f. 37, discoloured, and
f. 100).—The narrowed form and minute coronation distinguish
this from C. fividus.

25. pisrans, Brug.—C. elongatus, medio subcontractus, basi
attenuatus, fulvus, pallidé zonatus, versus basin leviter elevatim
striatus, violaceo-nigrescente tinctus; spird convexd, nodulis ob-
tusis albidis coronati, interstitiis fuscis, apice truncato; fauce
grisei (f. 28, 29).—Remarkable for the peculiar depression of
the apex and the white nodules of the spire interlined with dark-
brown.

5

26. BaLTEATUS, Sows.—C. breviusculus, subtrigonus, fulvus,
minuté striatus; ad basin et interne violaceus (f. 71).—Resem-
bling C. citrinus or C. lividus, but finely striated.

27. TaBrpus, Reeve.—C. subpyriformis, tenuis, minute sulca-
tus, ad basin sulcis fortioribus, distantibus; colore pallido (f. 108).
—A\ pale, rather pyriform shell, finely striated above and distantly
suleated below.

28. crepuscuLuM, Reeve.—C. fulvus, ad basin ceruleo tinc-
tus, superné levis, infra minuté granulatus; spird acuminata, an-
gulo minutissimé nodulifero (f. 96).—Like C, Zivédus in the blue
tip, but a lighter and more angular shell.

29. cranirer, Feeve.—C. subfusiformis, granosus, pallidus ;
spird subcanaliculataé, apice fusco (f. 109, 110).—Our second
figure is too darkly coloured. The shell is granulated in every
part, and towards the base in ridges.

30. arcuirHaLassus, D2d/w.—C. solidus, vix ventricosus,
albus, flavido minutissimé reticulatus, castaneo fasciatus, fasctis
et interstitiis maculis cordiformibus albis inspersis; variat granu-
latus (f. 24, 25).—This is the “crowned admiral” of collectors,
and although slightly more ventricose and shouldered, I have
great hesitation in admitting its separation from C. ammiralis.

31. princeres, Zinn.—C. solidus, turbinatus, irregulariter coro-
natus, aurantius, lineis undulatis longitudinalibus tenuibus vel
magnis ornatus (f. 31, 32, 33).—The shorter variety (f. 33)
with minute lines is C. Zineolatus of Valenciennes.

32. ruvitus, Menke.—C. tenuis, turbinatus, levis, roseus, mi-
nute coronatus (f. 323).—I should have expected the young of
C. princeps to present the appearance of this smooth, pink, turbi-
nated, lightly coronated and thin shell, but am assured by Mr.
Cuming that those collected by him are quite different.

33. Ruvrtiu, Leeve.—C. solidus, versus basin granulatim
striatus; spird obtusd, nodulis coronalibus obtusis ; ad spiram et in
medio albus, fusco maculatus, omnino lineis fuscis cinctus (f. 143).
—White at the top, and in a middle band speckled with brown ;
the other parts chestnut, encircled with dark lines, which from the
middle to the base are raised and granulated.

34. Tanerrensis, Brvg.—C. subpyriformis, fusco-purpurascens,
maculis albis vel czeruleis fluctuatis ad spiram et in medio ornatus,
omnino leviter striatus; spird obtuse coronati (f. 26).—This
purplish-brown shell is slightly striated, and is more pyriform

6 .
than C. Rattus, of which some collectors consider it a variety.
The latter is a more turbinated shell.

35. etapraror, Brod.—C. breviusculus, striatus, fuscus, flam-
mis longitudinalibus fuscis seu nigris flexuosis pictus, medio pal-
lid’ fasciatus; spird brevi, nodulis obtusis (f. 59, 60).—Distin-
guished by flexuous downward flashes of brown. It is finely
striated, and differs from C. drwnneus by being straighter at the
sides.

36. BrunNeus, M/awe.—C. subpyriformis, castaneus seu ful-
vus, fusco maculatus, versus basin striatus; spird plus minusve
elevatA, nodulis albis coronatd (f. 47, 48, 49).—Rather pyri-
form, brown, with a pale band, or white or fawn, with chestnut
bands or markings.

37. punctatus, Chemn.—C. solidus, striatus, fulvus seu gri-
seus medio et ad angulum albo fasciatus; punctis lineatim dispo-
sitis ornatus; variat flammis-longitudinalibus nigrescentibus ;
spira obtusi fusco maculata (f. 91, 92, 203).—The latter figure
probably represents C. pedlis-hyene of Chemnitz, a variety of
this.

38. primuta, Reeve.—C. subpyriformis, levigater versus basin
liratus, pallidé fulvus; spird obtusi, nodulis obtusis (f. 76).—
A nankeen-coloured shell, rather short, solid, obtuse and smooth,
with raised ridges near the narrow base.

39. pramenratus, Reeve.—C. subovali-conicus, obsoleté stri-
atus, albus, violaceo tinctus, maculis subviridibus bifasciatim dis-
positis; spira obtusi, apice roseo (f. 101).—A purplish-white
shell, prettily painted with touches of olive-green arrayed in two

bands.

40. Macrrtanicus, Brug.—C. turbinatus, parvus, solidus, pal-
lidus, fasciis duabus latis, maculis trigonis inspersis pictus (f. 77,
390).—In the variety represented by the latter figure the white
bands in the centre and on the angle are prettily marked with
reddish lines and spots. It is C. cidaris of Kiener.

41. macuirerus, Sowh.—C. brevis, solidus, turbinatus, ma-
culis junctis castaneis fasciatim dispositis (f. 74, 75).—More
turbinated at the top and narrowed at the base than C. Magedla-
nicus. The markings are more separated into patches and are
dark chestnut.

42. sPHACELATUS, Sowl.—C. C. maculifero similis, sed granu-
latim sulcatus, spird exserta (f. 105, 106).—This small shell re-

7

sembles C. maculiferus, but it is not so smooth, and the spire is
elevated.

43. cppo-NuLLI, Bruy.—C. solidus, turbinatus, levigatus seu
lineatim granulatus, fasciis latis castaneis seu aurantiis seu nigris
irregulariter fasciatim interruptis cinctus, maculis angulatis albis
et lineis interruptis ornatus ; spird elevaté, obtusé coronata (f. 64
to 68).—This celebrated species is remarkable for several varia-
tions in pattern and colouring, but the interrupted dotted dark
and white limes are constant.

_ 44. NeBuLosus, Solander.—C. laté turbinatus, C. cedo-nulli
similis sed superné latior (f. 61, 62).—Broader at the top and
less neatly coloured than C. cedo-nulli, and the dotted or granu-
lated lines are almost entirely wanting.

45. Leucostictus, Gmel.—C. C. cedo-nulli similis, sed valdé
angustatus, apice obtuso (f. 35, 36).—Like C. cedo-nulli, but
much narrower, with the angular patches of white broader.

46. varius, Zinn.—C. elongatus, lateribus paululim ventri-
cosis, granosus, albus seu luteus, maculis castaneis ornatus ; spira
elevata, nodulis moniliformibus coronaté (f. 40 to 42).—White,
granulated with patches of chestnut-colour,

47. invERRUPTUS, Mawe.—C. C. vario similis, sed leevior, late-
ribus rectiusculis (f. 43, 44).—Smoother and with straighter
sides than C. varius.

48. pLumBEUS, Reeve-—C. subpyriformis, lineis elevatis gra-
nulatis cinctus, ceeruleus, castaneo maculatus, versus basin purpu-
reus; spiri convexd, obtusé nodulifera (f. 131, 132).—Like C.
varius in form, leaden and purplish in colour, granulated, and in
the var. f. 131, named C. /iratus by Mr. Reeve, with elevated
ridges between the grains.

49. aLBomacuLatus, Sowd.—C. oblongus, minuté coronatus,
granulatus, aurantius, maculis albis magnis versus spiram et infra
medium ornatus (f. 113).—Straight-sided, granulated, orange-
coloured, with large white spots.

50. spectosissimus, Reeve-—C. oblongus, minuté coronatus,
lateribus rectis; roseus, rubro late interruptim fasciatus; fasciis
irregularibus (f. 123, 124).—Of a delicate rose-colour, with red,
irregular, jagged bands.

51. sprcrosus, Sowd.—C. breviusculus, turbinatus, minuté co-
ronatus, albo rufoque irregulariter fluctuatus, flammis rufis linea-
tim marginatis (f. 138)—More turbinated than C. speciosus,

8

with irregular jagged broad markings of reddish colour, bordered
by darker lines.

52. carprnais, Brug.—C. subpyriformis, obsoleté granulatus,
coccineus, in medio albo fasciatus; fascid fusco maculaté; spira
convexd, nodulis moniliferis coronaté (f. 117, 118).—Pyriform,
coronated with minute nodules, granulated, bright-red, with a
central white band, interrupted by brown markings.

b. Swelled near the upper angle and base.

53. puticarius, Brug.—C. ventricosus, obtusus, medio sub-
contractus, ad angulum et basin rotundatus ; albus, roseo pallidé
tinctus, punctis rotundis irregulariter pictus (f. 19, 20, 21).—
Solid, pinky-white, rounded at the base and at the angle of the
spire, with variously arranged black spots.

54, arenatus, Brug.—C. C. pulicario similis, sed punctis mi-
nutissimis fluctuatim dispositis (f. 17, 18).—The spots are like
grains of sand arranged zigzag fashion, otherwise this species is
like the last.

55. Vautiert, Kien.—C. C. pulicario similis, sed castaneo,
punctis quadratis (f. 23).—Like C. pulicarius, but of a chest-
nut colour, with the spots rather square.

56. Crytonicus, Chemn.—C. C. pulicario similis, sed nodulis
coronalibus obscuris, castaneo et albo variegatus, limeis punctatis
cinctus (f. 16, 22).—The nodules of the spire are almost want-
ing in the last whorl; the shell is variegated with fluctuating
patches of chestnut and dotted cross-lines. Fig. 16 is probably
a narrow variety.

ce. Obtusely coronated, generally ventricose, short.

57. Mus, Brag.—C. subovalis, striatus, griseus, flammis lon-
gitudinalibus fuscis; spird convexd nodulis albis coronati; in-
terstitiis migro-maculatis (f. 78).—Rather oval, striated, grey,
with brown longitudinal markings, and black spots between the
white nodules of the spire.

58. puncruratus, Brug.—C. brevis, subventricosus, griseus,
sulcatus, sulcis depresso-punctatis ; spiré acuta, ad angulum moni-
liferd, iter nodulos nigro-punctata (f. 104).—This little shell,
which resembles a short C. Mus, is encircled by punctured grooves.

59. rosEus, Lamk.—C. brevis, solidus, turbinatus, sulcatus,

9

roseus seu griseus, medio fascié pallidé cinctus; spird obtusd, no-
dulis albis coronaté, interstitiis nigris (f. 94, 95).—Turbinated,
grooved, pink or grey, with a light or white band in the centre ;
nodules of the spire white, with dark spots between.

60. minimus, Linn.—C. brevis, obtusus, roseus seu griseus,
nigro seu castaneo variegatus, lineis nigro et albo punctatis cinc-
tus (Ge BE, Bay Os 1a)) —Short, of a pink or grey colour, va-
riegated by black or chestnut, and encircled by black and white
punctured lines, a strong longitudinal band within the edge of
the mouth. This and the four following are probably varieties of
the same.

61. Barpapensis, Brug.—C. C. minimo similis, sed magis elon-
gatus, lineis transversis sparsim punctatus (f. 57, 58).—Of a
more oval and elongate form than C. minimus, generally more
lightly coloured, with the encircling spots fewer.

62. mncaustus, Kien.—C. C. minimo similis, sed ad spiram
magis angulatus, lateribus rectiusculis, striis transversis albo gri-
seoque tessellatis (f. 79).—There is greater angularity of form
in this species than in C. minimus, and a peculiar tessellated style
of marking.

63. AristopHanes, Duclos.—C. C. minimo similis, sed lineis
interruptis transversis majoribus (f. 81, 82).—The cross-lines
of black and white spots are fewer and wider than in C. minimus.

64. trarnatus, Brod.—C. minimo seu C. Aristophani similis,
sed spird elevata, nodulis elevatis albis coronata (f. $0).—This
has the broad interrupted lines of C. Aristophanes, with an ele-
vated and beautifully coronated spire.

65. mitraris, Brag.—C. brevis, levis, roseus, maculis flexu-
osis albis fasciatim cinctus; spird convex, nodulis albis coronata
(f. 72, 73).—The well-known pinky-coloured species with flexuous
white markings in bands.

66. ruLeErRUM, Sowb.—C. C. miliari similis, sed subgranula-
tim sulcatus, fuseo prope angulum maculatus, rubro reticulatus
(f. 69).—Differs from C. miliaris in texture and style of marking,
being grooved and shghtly granulated, with reticulated markings.

67. Esraus, Linn.—C. solidus, brevis, levis, roseus, coronatus,
maculis magnis fluctuatim quadratis nigris ornatus (f. 56).—
Short and smooth, with square or flexuous large black spots.

68. vermicunarus, Lams:.—C. solidus, Sone leevis, coronatus,
griseus, flammis longitudinalibus nigrescentibus pictus, transversim
sulcatus, nonnunquam granulatus ; fauce fusca, aperture margine

VOL, If. c

10

nigro punctata (f. 52, 53, 112).—Distinguished by longitudinal
worm-like markings 1 in place of the square spots of C. Hbreus. It
is also sulcated, and generally granulated.

69. vaentatus, Brug.—C. obtusus, leevis, roseo et czruleo
alternatim fasciatus, lineis nigris validis albo interruptis cinctus
(f. 85).—Coloured with alternating bands of pink and blue, with
black and white spotted lines between.

70. aBBreviatus, Sows.—C. obtusus, brevis, levis, coronatus,
ceruleus, lineatim nigro-punctatus, medio albifasciatus (f. 84).—
Shorter than C. ¢@niatus, with narrower spotted lines and more
uniform colour.

71. vontiricatis, Lamk.—C. obtusus; spira elevata, minuté
coronata, levi, albi, fascid latissimA viridi transverse lineata
cinctus (f. 51).—The broad band of olive-green which covers
two-thirds of the centre is grooved and black-lined, and seems to
consist of closely inlaid epidermis.

72. coronatus, Reeve-—C. fusiformis, parvus, minutissimé
liratus, supra albus, infra olivaceo fasciatus ; spird elevatissima,
antractibus validé coronatis (f. 136).—The spire in this little
shell is as long as the body-whorl; it is strongly coronated.

73. nux, Brod.—C. parvus, ventricosus, pyriformis, minuté
coronatus, ceeruleo tinctus, ad basin purpurascens, maculis angu-
latim fluctuatis castaneis ornatus (f. 135).—Broad at the top
and narrow at the base, with a purple tint, marked with well-
defined zigzag chestnut patches.

74. sronsaLis, Chemn.—C. ventricosus, C. nuci similis, sed
flammis rubris in seriebus duabus ornatus (f. 183, 134:).—More
ventricose than C. mux, with red flexuous markings arrayed in two
central rows.

75. Crytanensis, Brug.—C. parvus, breviusculus, minuté co-
ronatus, flavidus, maculis irregularibus magnis in seriebus duabus
et lineis interruptis castaneis ornatus, infra angustatus, purpureus
(f. 189, 140, 141).—Much hke C. nur, but more straight-sided
and with the chestnut markings more in bands. C. exiguus, Lamk.,
may be a yariety of this.

76. pusttLus, Chemn.—C. subventricosus, C. nuci similis, sed
minuté seriatim duplicato-maculatus (f. 144).—A very uncertain

species, shaped hke C. nuw or C. Ceylanensis, but with rows of
double spots.

ll

77. mustcus, Brug.—C. parvus, angulatus, minuté coronatus,
inter nodulos nigro-lineatus, czeruleus seu pallidé fulvus seu roseus,
lineis nigris interruptis cinctus; ad basin violaceus; spird acuta
(f. 145-148).—In shape like the preceding, distinguished by
the square linear spots between the nodules of the spire, and the
interrupted dark lines on the body. ‘This and the last four spe-
cies are all purple-tipped at the base.

78. wanus, Brod.—C. parvus, exiguus, albicans, czeruleo
tinctus, minuté coronatus, aperturd et basi purpurascentibus ;
spira obtusa; variat fulvo seriatim maculatus (f. 114, 115, 116).
—Typically bluish-white tipped with purple, but varying with
rows of light-brown spots.

79. puncricuLatus, Brug.—C. solidus, brevis, minuté coro-
natus, plerumque granulatus, fulvus, ceeruleus vel pallidé roseus,
maculis nigrescentibus seriatim inter granula ornatus (f. 128-
130, 391, 392).—A short species, with rows of blackish spots
between granules. C. papillosus of Kiener is a pale variety with
brownish spots; C. pustulosus, Kien., is a variety with larger
grains, as in our f. 392. The larger specimens are not so sharp-
spired as the smaller.

d. Sharp-spired, with arched outer lip.

80. verrucosus, Brug.—C. subfusiformis, albus aut pallidé
fulvus, fusco variegatus, seriatim granulatus; spira acuta, levius-
cula (f. 125, 126, 127).—More acute, with a more prominent
spire than C. puncticulatus, not regularly spotted, but variegated
with brown between the granules. The white var. is C. echinu-
latus, Kien.

81. Mrypanus, Brug.—C. angulatus, levis aut granulatus,
vix coronatus, roseus seu violaceus, rubro aut fusco variegatus
(f. 86, 87, 88).—A richly-coloured angular shell, of pink or purple
tint richly variegated. It is sometimes granulated.

81*. crenutatus, Aven.—C. fusiformis, lateribus arcuatis,
granulis oblongis cinctus, anticé angustatus (f. 359).—Fusiform,
elegantly tapering towards the apex and base, encircled with ob-
long granules.

82. acurancuLatus, Chemn.—C. brevis, puncturatim sulcatus,
castaneo variegatus, spira elevata, crenulata (f. 356).—A short
acute shell with deep punctured grooves.

83. canceLLarus, Brug.—C. angulatus, lateribus incurvis ;

12

sulcatus, sulcis puncturatis ; albicans, castaneo pallidé fasciatim
maculatus (f. 372, 373).—The variety f. 372 is a little swelled
at the middle and then suddenly contracted. The deep grooves
are crossed by lines of growth.

84. arcuatus, Brod. e¢ Sowb.—C. C. cancellato similis, sed
lineis elevatis cinctus; flammis castaneis pictus (f. 384)—In-
stead of grooves, as in C. cancellatus, we have outstanding ridges
in this species, and the markings are zigzag.

85. parrictus, Hind.—C. fulvus, sulcatus, infra medium con-
tractus; spird elevaté, monilifera (f. 355).— Pale yellowish-
brown, sulcated, the spire beaded, the body-whorl bottle-shaped.

86. sutcarus, Brug.—C. oblongus, stramineus, sulcatus, ad
angulum undulatus, spird brevi (f. 30)—Differing from this
group in general form, it is nevertheless sharp-spired. The body
Is sule Icated, and a variety, C. . costatus of Chem. ?, occurs with the
intermediate ridges g granulated. ’

87. sricricus, 4. Adams.—C. acutus, sulcatus, fuscus, flammis
longitudinalibus maculiferis ornatus; spird minute crenulata
(f. 137).—Very acute at both ends, suleated, darkly variegated
with downward spotted flashes.

88. Sowmrsyt, /eere.—C. elongato-fusiformis, distanter sul-
catus, interstitiis planatis ; pallidus, flammis fulvis longitudinalibus
pictus; infra medium contractus ; spird elevaté, lateribus incurvis
(f. 8379).—This is like C. acutangulatus, but drawn out at both
ends.

89. pracreLLEeNs, 4. dd.—C. fusiformis, minuté sulcatus, pal-
lidé fasciatim maculatus ; spird elevata, marginibus acutis (f. 371).
—Delicately sculptured, and tapering at both ends.

90. Orsiany1, Ardouin.—C. elongatus, angustatus, sulcatus,
interstitis plamis; fulvus, castaneo fasciatim maculatus; spiri
elevata, nodulis momiliformibus crenulata (f. 368).—This atte-
nuated shell has a beaded spire, and flattened ribs between equi-
distant sulci.

91. ACULEIFORMIS, Reeve.—C. attenuatus, costis rotundis
einctus, spira monilifera (f. 370).—Like C. Ordignyi, but with
rounded ribs between the sulci.

92. InscuLrTus, Aven.—C. attenuatus, fuscus, sulcatus, sulcis
striatis, interstitis planis ; ; anticé angustatus ; spira elevati, moni-
liferd (f. 363).—I am inclined, with Reeve, to consider this as
a variety of C. Orbignyi.

13

93. viminnus, Reeve-—C. flavidus, elongato-fusiformis, infra
attenuatus, sulcis duplicatis et striis elevatis cancellatus ; spira
minuté crenulaté (f. 357).—A yellowish elongated shell, can-
cellated with double ribs and elevated strie.

94. australis, Chem.—C. elongatus, acuminatus, duplicatim
suleatus, medio subventricosus, fulvo-griseus, fusco flammulatus
(f. 486).—More full-bodied and ventricose than C. Orbigny?.

95. putcHEer, A. Ad.—C. elongatus, sulcatus, fuscus, lineis
nigro alboque articulatis; spiré acuminatd, coronata (f. 121).—
Long and narrow, rather finely grooved with articulated black and
white lines.

96. suLcirERus, 4. Ad.—C. oblongus, distanter valdé sulcatus,
fuscus; spird acuminati, anfractibus moniliferis (f. 122).— Of
a uniform dark colour, with distant sulci, and flattened spaces
between.

97. paprtiarts, /eeve.—C. fusiformis, levis; spird coronata,
elevaté; apice rotundo, basi attenuata; flavidus, fusco flammulis
fluctuatis longitudinalibus pictus (f. 377).—Smooth, a little
swelled in the centre, tapering at the extremities ; spire coronated,
with a teat-like apex.

98. Simpoxpit, /eeve.—C. elongatus, albus, castaneo sparsim
maculatus, versus basin sulcatus; spird acuminatd; anfractibus
concavis, acuté marginatis, ultimis vix crenulatis (f. 369).—
Smooth, white and rather hght, with sharp-edged whorls, and the
upper part of the spire crenulated.

99. votumrinaLis, Hind.—C. tenuis, acutus, pallidé roseus,
fasciatim maculatus, leviter sulcatus; spiri breviusculé, acumi-
nata (f. 8378).—Of an acute conical form, slightly sulcated and
delicately tinted.

100. rLortpuLus, Ad. et Reeve.—C. C. voluminali similis, sed
fasciatus, haud sulcatus, spiraé ad angulum undulata (f. 97).—
The undulations of the spire distinguish this species from the
last.

101. Bornrensis, Ad. e¢ Reeve-—C. subfusiformis, levis,
albus, castaneo sparsim maculatus, ad basin tenuiter sulcatus ;
lateribus incurvis, spiri elevaté, marginibus anfractuum acutis
(f. 3889).—In form nearest to C. areuatus, but narrower and with-
out the elevated lines.

102. crncutatus, Lam/:.—C. solidus, acutus, fulvus, castaneo

14

flammis longitudinalibus medio divisis pictus; infra attenuatus,
sulcatus; spiri elevata, leviuscula (f. 385).—Most nearly allied
to C. Sowerbyi, but with the spire less elevated and the base less
attenuated, and it is only sulcated at the base.

103. centurio, Born.—C. turbinatus, tenuis, acuté conicus ;
spiri subelevata, lateribus infra medium subarcuatis, versus basin
tenuiter sulcatus ; omnino levis, aurantio fasciatus, lineis angulatis
et fluctuatis castaneis ornatus (f. 367).—This elegantly-formed
shell is coloured with zigzag stripes of dark-brown upon bands of
orange.

104. Detussertranus, Recluz.—C. C. centurioni similis, sed
spirfi magis elevata et convexi, rubro pwnctato-lineatus ; lateribus
magis contractis (f. 365).—This exceedingly rare shell differs
from C. centwrio in the greater elevation and convexity of the
spire, and in being ornamented with lines composed of reddish
spots.

105. Manaccanus, Brug.—C. quam C. centurio solidior ; spira
breviusculd ; flammis castaneis nigrescentibus inter fascis auran-
tiis latis ornatus (f. 866 and Frontispiece).—More solid than
C. centurio, with the dark markings detfween the bands of orange.

106. scataris, Valenc.—C. solidus, levis, fusiformis, medio
contractus, anticé attenuatus; albus, flammulis castaneis medio
et infra fasciatim interruptis ornatus; spiré acuminata, anfracti-
bus gradatis (f. 192).—A large shell, with chestnut longitudinal
flashes of colour and elevated spire, with the whorls (accidentally ?”)
gradated.

107. unpatus, Kien.—C. levis, subfusiformis, pallidé fulvus,
flammis longitudinalibus rubro-castaneis ornatus, infra acutus ;
spird elevata, levi (f. 383).—Smooth, and ornamented with
downward dark-chestnut flames.

108. Cieru, Reeve.—C. tenuis, oblongus, infra sulcatus, cas-
taneo flammulatus (f. 374).—In shape resembling C. voluminalis,
coloured with undulating downward flashes, and finely grooved
near the base.

109. montuirer, Reeve.—C. solidus, subfusiformis, infra con-
tractus, punctis articulatis castaneis cinctus flammeisque varie-
gatus; spird acuminata (f. 380, 3881, 382).— Distinguished by
the articulated rows of semicircular spots by which all the varie-
ties are more or less encircled.

110. Javontcus, Brwg.—C. solidus, subventricosus, laevis, au-

15

rantius, lineis punctatis castaneis cinctus (f. 376).—I think
this species, the C. Largillierti of Kicn., agrees with Bruguiére’s
description. It is of a more solid and conical form than C. moni-
difer, with the sides even a litile ventricose.

111. temniscatus, Reeve.—C. quam C. Japonicus magis elon-
gatus, spiré breviora (f. 411).—The sides are straighter than in
C. Faponicus, and the body-whorl is much longer in proportion to
the spire.

112. Painter, Aien.—C. quam C. Japonicus magis elongatus,
anfractu ultimo rotundato; punctis irregularibus pictus (f. 412).
—I am inclined to think this a variety of C. lemniscatus or C.
Japonicus slightly deformed. -

113. ancunatus, 4. dd.—C. turbinatus, levis, acutus, maculis
sequentibus et flammulis pictus, spiri acuminata (f. 388).—
Broader at the top than C. monilifer, with similar but broader
articulated rows of spots.

114. LentretNosus, Reeve-—C. quam C. angulatus angustior ;
spira magis elevati, ad angulum regulariter castaneo maculata ;
flammis longitudinalibus maculis fuscis albisque ornatus (f. 386).
—A rather fusiform shell, with chestnut spots at the angle of the
spire, and ght downward flashes interrupted by brown and white
articulated lines.

115. pwareinatus, Reeve.—C. eleganté fusiformis, levis, spira
versus apicem attenuata, gradata ; flammis magnis sparsis castaneis
medio attenuatis pictus (f. 387).—A very elegantly-formed shell,
with large downward flames of colour, two of which appear on one
side.

116. oprasrutis, 4. Ad.—C. solidus, brevis, pallidé roseus, pal-
lidissimé maculatus; spiri elevati, gradati (f. 364).—Fusiform,
almost colourless, short, with the spire gradated.

117. setectus, 4. dd.—C. fusiformis, tenuis, lineis punctatis
cinctus, medio paululum ventricosus, ad basin contractus, leviter
sulcatus ; spird acuminata, aculeatd, angulo acuto (f. 361).—After
a slight swelling in the centre the shell contracts near the
base, which is faintly grooved.

118. Prarit, Green.—C. subelongatus, rectiusculus, lineatim
castaneo punctatus, pallidus; spira elevata, gradata (f. 358, 393,
394).—Like C. sedectus, but longer and more straight-sided. I
am not sure as to the identity of the varieties figured, but the
specimens come with authority.

16

119. acurUs, Sowb.—C. parvus, solidus, fulvus, fusco varie-
gatus, minute coronatus, inter nodulis maculatus; spird acutd
(t 142).—Although shaped like the species of this group, with
sharp elevated spire, it may, after all, be but an irregular form of
C. Ceylanensis.

120. arcuon, Brod.—C. tenuis, oblongus, levis, pallidus, ma-
culis fusco-aurantiis irregularibus magnis fasciatim ornatus ; spira
breviusculd, lateribus concavis, apice acuto (f. 252).—A conical
shell, whose incurved spire and arcuated lip brings it within this
section, although it has an affinity with C. cedo-nulh. It is lighter
than that species, and has no articulated hnes.

121. Amapvis, Mart.—C. oblongus, tenuis, levis; lateribus
medio aut infra medium contractis ; rubro-migrescente reticulatus ;
spira brevi, arcuatd, acuminaté. Variat castaneo fasciatus (f. 169,
170, 171).—The well-known large, light, reticulated shell, with
beautifully curved outer lip.

122. acuminatus, Brug.—C. breviusculus, solidus, levis, la-
teribus rectiusculis, rubro-migrescente reticulatus ; spira acuminata,
gradata (f. 196, 197).—Shorter and more solid than the last,
but like it in markings.

123. tornatus, Brod.—C. eclongatus, solidus, rectiusculus,
nebulis ceruleis et punctis quadratis rubro-nigrescentibus _seria-
tim pictus, infra sulcatus; spird maculata, gradata. Variat ubi-
que suleata et granosa (f. 3875, var. 425).—Mrs. Deburgh’s va-
riety of this dark and spotted shell is sulcated and granulated.

124. sprcutum, Reeve.—C. fusiformis, levis, albus, sparsim
castaneo maculatus ; spira attenuata, acuta (f. 362). —The spire
is nearly equal in length to the body- whorl, which is narrow.

125. minutus, Reeve.—C. parvus, solidus, pallidus, castaneo
fasciatus ; spird elevati, acuta (f. 360).—A very little acuminated
shell, with chestnut bands.

126. pispar, Sows.—C. elongatus, solidus, lateribus rectis ;
ceruleus, rubro- nigrescente fasciatim maculatus ; spira elevata,
maculata, lateribus imcurvis (f. 195).—Like C. tornatus in form,
but different i in the markings.

127. mncurvus, Brod.—C. attenuatus, levis, ceeruleus, rubro-
nigrescente seriatim maculatus; lateribus incurvis, spird acumi-
nata, gradatim angulata (f. 194). —Longer than C. dispar, with
the sides elegantly incurved.

128. Reeuraris, Sows.—C. subturbinatus, levis, lateribus

17

subcontractis; maculis quadratis rubro-nigrescentibus regulariter
fasciatim pictus; spird acuminata, lateribus incurvis (f. 208, 209,
210).—Broader at the upper angle than the preceding, and
marked with regular, square, reddish-brown spots.

e. Conical, not coronated.

129. THaLasstarcHus, Gray.—C. oblongus, levis, medio pau-
lulum contractus, infra subquadratus ; rubro-nigrescente reticu-
latus et nonnunquam castaneo fasciatus; spird plerumque pla-
nati, anfractibus vix canaliferis (f. 164, 165, 166, 276).—Reti-
culated with reddish-black or brown, and sometimes banded with a
lighter colour, contracted in the centre, and rather widened at the
base.

130. Mauprvus, Brug.—C. oblongus, levis, lateribus rectius-
culis, infra acutus ; flammis longitudinalibus fasciatim interruptis
varié pictus (f. 182, 183, 184).—A little contracted in the centre,
and pointed at the base, marked with brown or orange flashes
interrupted in bands; the base is tipped with dark colour.

131. monttn, Brug.—C. C. Maldivo similis, sed macularum se-
riebus cinctus (f. 178).—Like C. Ma/divus in form, but encircled
by series of square, reddish-brown spots, the base light-coloured.

132. Genpratis, Linn.—C. C. Maldivo similis, sed angustior,
lateribus rectis ; fasciis aurantiacis et lineis longitudinalibus pictus
(f. 179, 180, 181).—Narrower and more straight-sided than C.
Maldivus, with regular broad bands of colour, and linear down-
ward flashes.

133. vircatus, Reeve.—C. oblongus, levis, lateribus incurvis,
infra sulcatus, spira lateribus incurvis; pallidé roseus, flammis
undulatis castaneis longitudinalibus pictus; variat flammis eva-
nidis (f. 190, 193).—With sides a little contracted, of a pinky
colour, and marked by downward, undulating flashes.

134, Lucriricus, Reeve.—C. rectus, oblongus, solidus, levis,
infra sulcatus; medio laté bifasciatus, transverse seriatim macu-
latus; spird breviusculad (f. 198).—This straight-sided cone is
encircled by two broad chestnut bands and rows of dark spots.

135. ruteuraNs, Brug.—C. breviusculus, levis, solidus, late-
ribus paululum convexis; fulvo fasciis duabus fulgurato maculis
rubris ad angulum et medio tricinctus (f. 202).—Rather broad,
and marked with lightning-like flashes of light brown in two

VOL. IIL. D

18

bands, with two rows of spots in the centre and one on the
angle.

136. pximtus, Reeve-—C. C. fulguranti similis, sed angus-
tior et rectius (f. 201).—Although this species is narrower and
straighter than the preceding, I doubt the propriety of the dis-
tinction.

137. ammrratis, Linw.—C. solidus, levis, oblongus, rectigo-
nus, minuté reticulatus, aurantio laté fasciatus, fasciis fusco linea-
tis, maculis cordiformibus albis interruptis ornatus (f. 225, 226).
—TI do not fee! sure that I am right in admitting the separation
of the “coronated admiral ” (C. archithalassus) from this species ;
although the former is generally a little more bulging at the sides,
and sometimes granulated.

138. Cateponicus, Brug.—C. solidus, turbinatus, levis, au-
rantius; spird pyramidali, subgradata; aurantius, rubro lineatus
(f. 418).—An orange-coloured, smooth, turbinated shell.

139. spLeNDIDULUs, Sows.—C. oblongus, turbinatus, levis,
fusco flammis in fasciis duabus pictus, transversé nigro interrup-
tim lineatus (f. 211).—A plainly shaped, broad-topped shell, with
rich colouring in bands crossed by interrupted dark lines.

140. crasstarius, Brug.—C. turbinatus, solidus, rectigonus,
fasciis aurantiis latis et lineis rubris cinctus; medio albus nigro
maculatus, intus fusco-violascente (f. 213).—Broader than C.
splendidulus, with two broad orange-brown bands and a central
white one, the latter bordered with a row of dark spots, mouth
chocolate.

141. correa, Gmel.—C, valdé turbinatus, levis, castaneus aut
pallide fulvus, ad angulum et infra medium albo fasciatus, spird
maculata (f. 173, 174).—We have omitted to figure the light
variety of this shell, which is of a uniform tint, with a white sub-
central band.

142. paucus, Brug.—C. turbinatus, levis, aurantius, medio
interrupté fasciatus, infra sulcatus (f. 188, 189; var. 330).—Of
an orange or carrot colour, and turbinate form.

143, SANGUINOLENTUS, Reeve.—C. quam C. daucus magis elon-
gatus, roseus, (f. 409).—Of a more delicate colour and elongated
form than C. daueus, which nevertheless it nearly resembles.

144. virrarus, Lamk.—C. oblongus, obtusus, transverse gra-
nulato-striatus, fusco-rubescente seu rubro laté bifasciatus ; spird
et fascid alba centrali nigro-maculatis (f. 274; var. f. 410).—

19

The surface is occupied by two broad bands of reddish-brown, or,
as in f. 410, bright red, with black spots on the spire, and central
white band.

145. Orton, Brod.—C. C. vittato similis, sed acutangulatus,
fasciis fuscis cum flammis longitudinalibus medio interruptis pictus
(f. 200).—More angular at the spire than C. wittatus, of which it
has not the rich ruby tint nor the granulated striz.

146. venuatus, brug.—C. solidus, levis, infra obtusus, supra
angulo obtuso, fusco fulvo nigro cum maculis albis cordiformi-
bus variegatus (f. 261-264). —The ground-colour of this obtuse,
solid species is various, but all the varieties are adorned with
white cordiform spots.

147. Ditwyni, Reeve-—C. quam C. venulatus magis elonga-
tus, rubro-nigrescente maculatus, infra sulcatus (f. 333, 334).—Of
a more elongated form than C. venu/atus, with dark spots in rows,
and sulci near the base.

148. mypuratus, Leeve.—C. elongatus, subangulatus, levis,
infra medium duplicatim sulcatus, maculis subquadratis seriatim
pictus ; spira striata (f. 396).—This is ike C. Didwynii, but with
double sulci from below the centre to the base.

149. nivirer, Brod.—C. C. venulato similis, sed transversé
lineatus (f. 265, 397).—The latter figure is most characteristic.
The species differs from C. venu/atus in having transverse inter-
rupted lines.

150. Crorcui, Reeve.-—C. C. venulato similis, sed transversé
lineatus et striatus (f. 271).—In shape and colouring resembling
C. venulatus, but striated with fine lines.

151. Smypoy, Reeve.—C. oblongus, subcylindraceus, fuscus,
fasctis pallidioribus cinctus (f. 414).—A rather cylindrical brown
shell, with narrow bands of a paler colour.

152. ampicuus, Reeve-—C. oblongus, tenuis, acutangulatus,
ceruleo pallidé tinctus; spira convex, castaneo maculata, subca-
naliculata (f. 259).

153. TrocuuLus, Reeve.—C. C. venulato similis, sed immacu-
latus, ceeruleo purpurascente ubique tinctus (f. 260).—Mr. Hanley
considers this a lilac variety of C. venulatus.

154. Fricipus, Reeve.—C. solidus, pallidus, infra medium
contractus, breviusculus, versus basin crennlato-sulcatus (f. 503).
—A pale, solid shell, contracted and sulcated towards the base.

155. cyanostoma, 4. dd.—C. breviusculus, pallidé czeruleus,

20

lineis vermiformibus pallidis pictus; ad angulum spire duplicatim
striatus, infra medium striatus; aperturi rubescente (f. 304).—
The angle of this not very characteristic shell is double-striated,
and the lower part is striated.

156. cotumpa, Brug.—C. brevis, albus, nonnunquam flam-
mulis minutis castaneis pictus, infra medium sulcatus (f. 310, 311).
—Short, solid, white, sometimes spotted, sulcated near the base.

157. perpLexus, Sowd.—C. brevis, subturbinatus, levis, fasci-
atim creberrimé punctatus (f. 324).—This shell perplexes me,
because there is a variety of C. puncticulatus which it nearly re-
sembles. his, however, is quite smooth, aud more angular.

158. Eryruranensis, Becs:.—C. solidus, levis, subroseus, ma-
culis quadratis rufis fasciatim ornatus (f 316).—Soli, straight,
and smooth, ornamented with rows of square dark-reddish spots.

159. pusto, Lamk.—C. brevis, obtusus, variegatus, transversé
rubro interruptim lineatus, infra crenulato-sulcatus; fauce vio-
lacea (f. 325, 326, 398).—The latter represents the type, and
agrees with the figure referred to by Lamarck, and also with the
C. pygmaeus of Reeve.

160. Hanuey1, Sowd.—C. oblongus, solidus, fusco-nigrescente
variegatus, rubro et albo transversé lineatus; spird acuminata
(f. 399, 400).—More solid and turbinated than C. pusio, and
with the least inclination to “ puce” in the aperture.

161]. FLAVEscENS, Gray.—C. brevis, acutus, levis, infra stria-
atus, fasciis latis flavidis bifasciatus (f. 305).—Sharply angled,
striated at the base, with two broad yellowish bands.

162. virivis, Sow.—C. parvus, tenuis, obtusus, levis, fasciis
irregularibus latis bifasciatus ; spird striata, obtus’ ; lateribus con-
vexis (f. 102).—It is thinner and narrower than C. Rattus.

163. Cuminen, Reeve.—C. subcylindraceus, lateribus subven-
tricosis, fuscus ; spird et fascid mediana albis, castaneo maculatis
(f. 281 and 415).—The white central band and the white spire
are spotted with dark chestnut.

164. coraLtinus, Kien.—C. quam C. Cumingii angustior, fas-
clis griseis transversé fusco-lineatus (f. 416).—Narrower than
C. Cumingii, with elevated spire, and cross-lines on the greyish
ground of the two bands.

165. certnus, eeve.—C. subcylindraceus, lateribus paululum
convexis, sulcatus, flammulis castaneis sparsim pictus; infra con-
tractus ; spira elevata, anfractibus coronatis (f. 120).—A waxy-

21

looking sulcated shell, painted with a few flexuous flashes of dark
brown; spire coronated.

166. Lacurymosus, Feeve.—C. subcylindraceus, lateribus pau-
lulum convexis, fuscus, leviter sulcatus, flammis longitudinalibus
castaneis pictus (f. 93).—Similar to the last in form; of a dull
colour, with downward flashes of darker brown.

167. rivunaris, Reeve—C. subcylindraceus, coronatus, elon-
gatus; lineis punctatis rubris transversis et flammis longitudina-
libus pictus (f. 90).—Rather cylindrical, elongated, coronated with
punctured lines across, and longitudinal flashes.

168. Baricus, Reeve.—C. subcylindricus, coronatus, oblongus,
subangulatus, flammis flexuosis castaneis nigrescentibus irregula-
ribus bifasciatim pictus (f. 45).—Shorter than C. rivudaris, with
two bands of dark markings.

169. Exaratus, Reeve—C. solidus, cylindricus, angustatus,
ceruleus, sulcatus, inter sulcis punctatus (f. 307).—A narrow,
cylindrical, greyish shell, spotted between regular grooves.

170. srricatus, Brug.—C. elongatus, pallidé fuscus, nebulosus,
sulcatus, inter sulcos castaneo punctatus; lateribus rectis ; spira
pyramidali (f. 329).—Resembling C. australis, but not so acu-
minated nor so deeply sulcated.

171. Mercatrer, Reeve-—C. subcylindricus, lateribus paulu-
lum convexis, granoso-liratus, pallide fulvus, flammis castaneis
medio interruptis pictus; spird elevaté, maculata (f. 119).—
Shaped like C. cerinus, C. Cumingii, etc., but covered with gra-
nulated ridges.

172. nitipus, Reeve.—C. subcylindricus, levis, aurantio-fus-
cescens, superne et medio albo maculatus, lineis interruptis, sub-
distantibus cinctus (f. 401).—A neat shell, with white spots at
the angle and centre, and reddish lines across.

173. cresrisutcus, Sowb.—C. parvus, subfusiformis, rubes-
cens, sulcatus ; spira elevata, levi; angulis anfractuum moniliferis
(f. 321).—Small, sulcated, with elevated smooth spire, beaded at
the angles.

174. Trattim, Sows.—C. parvus, ovalis, tenuiter sulcatus, al-
bus, fasciis duabus tessellatis pictus; spiri elevata, prope sutu-
ram rotundata (f. 822).—Very small, finely sulcated, with two
broad bands of tessellated markings; the shoulders of the whorls
rounded.

175. cocceus, Reeve.—C. subovalis, subdistanter tenuiter sulca-

22

tus ; roseus, aurantio tessellatus ; angulo spire rotundato (f. 417).
—Rather oval, finely sulcated, pink, tessellated with orange.

176. pustprosus, 4. Ad.—C. subfusiformis, fuscus, ad angu-
lum et medio fasciatim reticulatus, versus basin sulcatus; spird
acuminuta, angulo rotundato (f. 306).—A neat, little, smooth,
dark-brown shell, lightened at the shoulder of the spire and in a
central band with fine reticulations.

177. uanartus, Reeve.—C. oblongus, punctato-striatus, rec-
tus, obscuré fuscus, pallidé fasciatus, seu albidus, pallidé puncta-
tus; spird planiuscula (f. 269, 270; var. 313).—Of a straight
oblong form, with punctured striz, and wood-like colour.

178. merotus, Reeve-—C. C. lignario similis, sed apertura
versus basin magis expansi; albus, ad basin fusco-purpurascens
(f. 215).—White, and wider at the base than C. Zignarius, with
which it is closely allied, if not identical.

179. rurvus, Reeve.—C. C. lignario similis, sed valdé magis
elongatus (f. 266, 267, 268).—Much narrower and more straight-
sided than C. lignarius.

180. Ximenzs, Gray.—C. solidus, breviusculus, pallidus, flam-
mis castaneis longitudinalibus et lineis nigris interruptis pictus ;
spird acuminata, maculaté; angulo rotundato, punctato (f. 285,
402).—The dwarf and beautifully-coloured granulated shell re-
presented in the last figure was only recognized by the peculiarity
of the spire.

181. maHoeant.—C. solidus, quam C. Ximenes magis elon-
gatus, colore fusco-nigrescente ; labio externo incrassato (f. 283,
284).—A more elongated shell than C. Ximenes, with the outer lip
thickened above. Mr. Hanley also possesses a granulated variety
of this.

182. ettvus, Reeve.—C. turbinatus, levis, sordidé fuscus, medio
et ad angulum pallidé fasciatus, prope basin sulcatus; spira plana,
apice acuto (f. 312).—A plain turbinate shell of dingy colour,
with a light band at the angle and another just below the centre.

183. Hepaticus, Aien.—C. solidus, albus, turbinatus, prope
angulum convexus, infra medium sulcatus ; spird convexd, angulo
acuto (f. 191) — White, shouldered near the angle, sulcated near
the base.

184. pastinacea, Lamk:.—C. oblongus, albus, infra medium
leviter elevato-striatus, lateribus rectiusculis; spira paululum ele-
vata (f. 353).—Larger and straighter than C. hepaticus, with
raised strize from the middle to the base.

23

185. proineus, Born.—C. solidus, oblongus, infra granoso-
liratus, lateribus rectis; aurantius, flammulis albis sub angulo et
medio fasciatim ornatus; spird albA, maculata; variat albo vix ma-
culatus (f. 185; var. Zithoglyphus, 186, 187).—I am not satisfied
of the identity of the latter varieties; but in a number of speci-
mens the gradations are small.

186. BrrascraTus, Sows.—C. quam C. ermineus magis angu-
latus, ad angulum laté albo-fasciatus, infra medium fasci angusta
cinctus (f. 302).—More angular than C. ermineus, with the spire
more pyramidal, a band of orange above the angle of the last
whorl, and two broad bands in the middle, and below reaching to
the base.

187. Frstivus, Chemn.—C. subpyriformis, roseo-tinctus, au-
rantius, albo fasciatim floccatus, fasciis rubro irregulariter margi-
natus (f. 272).—This richly-coloured shell is a little pyriform,
with an obtuse convex spire.

188. pertusus, Lamk.—C. quam C. festivus magis attenuatus et
pyriformis, albo punctatus (f. 273).—Similarly coloured, but of a
more elegantly tapering form.

189. rLavipus, Lamk.—C. oblongus, solidus, infra sulcatus,
pallidé luteus, fulvo laté fasciatus, intus et ad basin violaceus ;
spird subplanata (f. 168)—This is plain-spired, while C. dividus
is coronated: a doubtful distinction.

190. vireo, Zinn.—C. elongatus, tenuiter striatus, fulvus,
lateribus medio contractis ; ad basin violaceus, spira brevi (f. 167).
—Striated, more elongated than C. flavidus, slightly contracted in
the centre.

191. emactatus, Reeve.—C. quam C. virgo magis contractus,
attenuatus, lineis elevatis rugosis cinctus (f. 214, 258).—More
attenuated than C. virgo, with rough, elevated, encircling strie.

192. mintepuNctatus, Brug.—C. turbinatus, levis, lateribus
supra paululum convexis, albus, griseo tinctus; seriatim maculis
minutis irregularibus et punctis nigris pictus; spira plan, canali-
ferd (f. 151).—It is not easy to distinguish this species from C.
litteratus, but it is less straight-sided, the spots are more nume-
rous and irregular, and there are no bands of pink or fawn.

193. tirreratus, Zzan.—C. turbinatus, elongatus, levis, late-
ribus rectis, fulvo seu roseo laté fasciatus; maculis nigris regularibus
quadratis et punctis intermediis fasciatim cinctus ; spird canalicu-
lata, planata (f. 155, 156).—See remarks on No. 192.

24

f. Turbinated, pyriform.

194, BeruLinus, Linn.—C. solidus, turbinatus, pyriformis, ven-
tricosus, levis, pallidé fulvus, griseo tinctus; maculis quadratis
seriatim cinctus ; spira rotundata, anfractibus latis, maculis semi-
circularibus picta (f. 244).—The well-known top-shaped species.

195. anaucus, Linn.—C. quam C. betulinus brevior, glaucus
sed subceruleus, lineis interruptis cinctus (f. 237).—Shorter than
C. betulinus, of a greenish-blue tint, encircled by interrupted lines.

196. Suratensis, Reeve-—C. quam C. betulinus magis elon-
gatus, infra attenuatis; irregulariter punctatus (f. 246)—Of a
more attenuated pyriform shape than C. detudinus, irregularly
spotted.

197. Ficutinus, Brug.—C. solidus, turbinatus, pyriformis,
fuscus, nigro lineatus; spird depressa, anfractibus paucis (f. 242).
—Of a dark mahogany-colour with still darker lines.

198. Lorotsst, Kien.—C. quam C. figudinus brevior, haud
lineatus (f. 243).—This is like a short C. figudinus, without the
encircling lines.

199. pyrirormis, Reeve—C. carneolus, pyriformis, infra at-
tenuatis ; spird acuminata, crenulata (f. 238, 3854).—The former
badly figured from an uncharacteristic shell; the latter from a
beautiful specimen of Miss Saul’s collection.

g. Turbinated, angular.

200. qurrcinus, Brug.—C. laté turbinatus, solidus, striatus,
flavidus, interdum pallidé lineatus; spiri acuminata, striata
(f. 239, 240).—Solid, turbinated, with the angle slightly rounded,
of an oak-wood colour. The young specimens sometimes show
delicate reddish lines.

201. nBurNeEus, Brug.—C. solidus, brevis, turbinatus, albus,
aurantio pallidé fasciatus, nigro fasciatim maculatus, infra sulcatus ;
spira plana, apice acuminato (f. 247-9).—Short, broadly turbi-
nate, smooth, and black-spotted in bands.

202. rEssELLaTus, Born.—C. solidus, brevis, turbinatus, pal-
hdé roseus, aurantio maculis quadratis tessellatus, infra sulcatus ;
spird pland, apice acuminato (f. 250, 251).—Like C. eburneus,
but tessellated with square orange spots.

25

203. crassus, Sowb.—C. quam C. tessellatus brevior, subven-
tricosus, maculis fuscescentibus angulatis; spiri convex4, striata
(f. 254, 255).—The second figure is of course abnormal, but the
true form differs from C. ¢essed/atus in the brownness of tint and
the striated spire.

204. apustus, Sows.—C. quam C. ¢essel/atus magis acutus,
maculis quadratis fuscis tessellatus, aureo tinctus (f. 403).—
Nearly resembling the darker variety of C. tessel/atus, but more
angular, and different in the spirit of the colouring.

205. sururatus, Reeve.—C. brevi, solidus, turbinatus, carneo-
lus, fulvo fasciatus, infra sulcatus ; spird convexi, sulcata (f. 256).
—This beautiful specimen came into Mr. Cuming’s possession
after the first uncharacteristic examples were figured and described

by Mr. Reeve.

206. rncarNnatus, Reeve.—C. tenuis, quam C. turbinatus ma-
gis elongatus, infra sulcatus (f. 207).—Similar to the preceding,
but much longer in form.

207. TurBINATUS, Sowd.—C. tenuiusculus, turbinatus, pallidé
fulvus, fulvo fasciatus, infra sulcatus (f. 228, 229).—A rather
light, broadly turbinated shell, of a nankeen pale-banded colour.

208. neeLEctus, A. dd.—C. brevis, tenuis, subpyriformis,
carneolus, rufescente variegatus; fascid unicd rufa, lineis albo
rufoque articulatis cimctus; spird depressi, rufo picta, striata
(f. 404).—Of a fresh tint, with reddish bands, and red and white
spotted lines.

209. castus, /eeve.—C. solidus, turbinatus, pallidus, Inteo
tinctus, minuté punctatus ; spird striata (f. 405)—Simple in form,
resembling the last, but less marked; spire striated.

210. mvaquatis, Reeve.—C. subfusiformis, levis, basi liratus,
spira bisulcata, pallidus, lineis fulvis cinctus, infra medium et ad
angulum albo-fasciatus ; fasciis fusco maculatis (f. 406).—Small,
rather fusiform, finely lined in two greyish-brown bands, with
two white bands marked with large spots.

211. Mapurensts, Brug.—C. subpyriformis, levis, fulvo laté
bifasciatus ; fasciis rubro-lineatis interstitiis albis fusco maculatis ;
spira elevatd, castane’, albo maculata (f. 407).—A neatly varie-
gated pyriform shell.

212. Genuanus, Zinn.—C. obtusus, turbinatus, levis, cxeruleo

et roseo fasciatus, inter fascias albo nigroque lineatim punctatus,
VOL, 111. EB

26

fasciis albis nigro-articulatis (f. 253).—Beautifully striped with
pinky bands between black-spotted white bands.

213. cHaracreristicus, Chemu.—C. solidus, turbinatus, ob-
tusus, pallidus, aureo fasciatus ; fasciis fusco strigatis seu macula-
tis; infra tenuiter sulcatus (f. 337, 338).—A large, very obtuse
species, marked with hieroglyphic characters.

214. marcutonatus, Hinds.—C. oblongus, levis, aureus, ma-
culis albis cordiformibus variegatus, infra tenuiter sulcatus; spird
plana, apice acuto, angulo rotundato (f. 172).—Marked in the
manner of C. Bandanus, but of a golden tint between the cordi-
form white spaces. The angle is rounded, not coronated.

215. papitionaceus, Brug.—C. magnus, ponderosus; spira
plana, angulo rotundato ; fulvo nebulatus, transversé rubro inter-
ruptim lineatus et inter lineas maculis magnis seriatim pictus
(f. 233).—Large, turbinated, clouded with yellowish-pink, and
marked with reddish interrupted lines and rows of large spots.

215 a. Bicotor, Sowb.—C. valdé turbiatus, seriatim macula-
tus et punctatus, quam C. papilionaceus multo brevior (f. 234).
—More turbinated and shorter than C. papilionaceus, with the
markings more defined.

216. Sramunsts, Brug.—C. laté turbinatus, ponderosus, angu-

-latus, transversé punctato-lineatus; spird elevaté (f. 352).—Dif-

fering from C. papilionaceus in the angularity of the spire and
its elevation.

217. Lorenzianus, Chemn.—C. turbinatus, solidus, fuscus ;
flammis longitudinalibus minutis fasciatim interruptis pictus, in-
fra sulcatus ; spira subelevata, maculati; lateribus incurvis (f. 430).
—Marked with numerous downward stripes, which are interrupted
by cross white lines.

218. teontnus, Brug.—C. C. Lorenziano similis, sed levis,
spird convexa, flammulis majoribus (f. 232).—Like C. Lorenzianus
it has downward stripes, but longer, otherwise it is more like C.
leoninus.

219. ocHraczus, Lamk.—C. turbinatus, oblongus, solidus, ob-
tusus, leevis, pallidus, aurantio laté bifasciatus, inter fascias maculis
elongatis tessellatus (f. 432).—With two broad bands of orange,
and the interstices tessellated with long spots.

220. spurtus, Gmel.—C. turbinatus, solidus, obtusus, levis,
maculis castaneis subquadratis varié pictus ; spird depressd, apice

27

acuminata (f. 235, 236, 241).—Shaped like the last two, with
roundish and square spots arranged in bands. It differs from C.
Zeoninus in the flattened spire and in being rather spotted than
streaked.

221. aueur, Brug.—. solidus, levis, oblongus, fulvus, linea-
tim punctatus, fasciatim castaneo maculatus; spird plana (f. 154).
—Marked with lines of dots, and bands of broad chestnut spots.

222. mites, LZinu.—C. valdé turbinatus, flavidus, longitudi-
naliter minuté lineatus et flammulis pictus, fasciis castaneis me-
dio et ad basin cinctus; spird brevi (f. 157).—Of a carroty colour,
with dark cross bands, and downward, minute, waving lines.

223. Sumatrensts, Lamk.—C. valdé turbinatus, albus; lineis
inequalibus longitudinalibus angulatis et undatis nigrescentibus
pictus, late aurantio bifasciatus; spira brevi, striaté, maculis mag-
nis picti; anfractibus paucis; apertura lata (f. 158, 159).—It
has the nearest affinity with C. veriddwm, from which it differs
considerably in the style of colouring.

224. musTELLINUS, Brug.—C. oblongo-turbinatus, aurantius,
ad angulum et infra medium albo-fasciatus; fasciis punctis nigris
serlatim marginatis ; spira planaté, alba, nigro maculata (f. 160).—
More lengthened than others of this group, with two white bands
bordered with rows of black spots.

225. vexittum, Brug.—C. turbinatus, subpyriformis, fulvus,
basi et medio castaneo laté fasciatus ; inter fascias flammis mag-
nis fluctuatis pictus ; spird brevi, cancellatd, maculis magnis picta ;
anfractibus paucis, latis, depressis (f. 163).—A large, handsome
shell, with broadly spotted spire of few wide and cancellated
whorls.

226. capiraneus, Zinn.—C. turbinatus, castaneus aut flavidus,
punctis castaneis seriatim cinctus, ad angulum spire et medio
albo-fasciatus; fasctis nigro maculatis; spird cancellaté, maculis
magnis picta; anfractibus paucis (f. 175, 176, 177).—The small
shell, f.177, twice named by Kiener, I think is only an undeveloped
variety of this.

227. Nemocanus, Brug.—C. turbinatus, subtilissimé striatus,
longitudinaliter strigatus, fuscus, medio pallidé fulvo seu albo
fasciatus ; spira alba, maculaté; anfractibus numerosis (f. 152,
153). The shell is finely striated, and the spire has numerous
whorls, in both respects differing from C. veaillum.

228. Lxzvicatus, Sows.—C. turbinatus, ceruleo tinctus, levis,

28

infra medium albo fasciatus, longitudinaliter interdum fusco stri-
gatus; spird maculata, sulcat’; anfractibus numerosis; apertura
purpurea (f. 149, 150; var. 207).—It has a spire of few whorls
like C. nemocanus, but is of a different texture, otherwise it some-
what resembles C. capitaneus.

229. Rarrus, Brug.—C. turbinatus, solidus, obtusus, fuscus
aut luteus, albo punctatus, infra medium punctis albis fasciatus, ad
angulum albo interruptim fasciatus ; spiri maculata (f. 161, 162).
—More obtuse, small, thick, and straight-sided than the pre-
ceding. :

230. tTrIconus, Reeve.—C. laté turbinatus, brevis, fusco laté
bifasciatus, rubro interruptim lineatus; spird alba, nigro macu-
lati (f. 205).—A remarkably wide-topped shell, not unlike C.
capitaneus, but with narrow volutions.

231. Hyana, Brug.—C. turbinatus, pallidé fasciatim roseus ;
flammis longitudinalibus castaneis irregularibus pictus, infra stria-
tus; spird convexi, striata (f. 431).—A striped, turbinated shell.

232. muTABILIs, Chemn.—C. turbinatus, fuscus, lineis inter-
ruptis cinctus, strigis longitudinahbus variegatus (f. 216).—
Rather variable in the stripes and other markings, as well as in
shape.

233. resrupinartus, Mart.—C. turbinatus, prope angulum
rotundatus, pallidé fulvus, aut czeruleus aut roseus, rubro-nigres-
cente variegatus, albo fasciatim articulato; infra sulcatus (f. 348,
349, 350).—C. aspersus of Sowerby (f. 348) is the overgrown
condition of this tortoiseshell-marked species.

234. purpuRascENS, Brod.—C. turbinatus, angulatus, purpu-
reus, fusco-rubescente late fasciatus et lieatus; aperturd superné
angulata ; spira planata (f. 204, 346).—A solid, angulated, richly-
coloured shell.

235. rwearrratis, Sows.—C. C. purpurascenti similis, sed haud
tantum angulatus; spiri elevataé (f. 345).—This is less angular
and has not the flattened spire of C. purpurascens.

236. Luzontcus, Brug.—C. subovalis, lateribus ventricosis,
purpurascens, areis magnis rubro-fuscescentibus pictus, lineis nigro
alboque articulatis cinctus; spird elevata (f. 344).—Of a much
more oval form than C. regalitatis, encircled by articulated lines.

237. Porvro-ricanus, Brug.—C. subovalis, breviusculus, pal-
lidus, fusco variegatus, medio et infra granulatus (f. 433).—

29

Shorter than C. Luzonicus, of a different colour, and granulated
from the centre downwards.

238. Gray, Reeve.-—C. C. Porto-ricano similis, sed levis, cas-
taneo suffusus (f. 275).—Shorter and smoother than the last,
with the chestnut markings covering the greater part of the shell.

239. Guiniacus, Brug.—C. turbinatus, tenuis vel subovalis,
ceruleus, fusco laté fasciatus et variegatus, punctis albis sparsis
(f. 434, 435)—Variable in form, bluish, variegated with reddish-
brown markings, which are edged with specks of white.

240. Narcissus, Lamk.—C. C. Guiniaco simili, sed aureus,
infra medium albo fasciatus, ubique albo floccatus (f. 436)—
Light-orange, variegated by a band and numerous rounded specks
of white.

241. Taster, Aver.—C. tenuis, turbinatus, czruleus, fulvo fas-
ciatim pallidé variegatus ; aperturd purpurea, nigrescente (f. 300,
301.)—A turbinate, light, small, bluish shell with faint bands
and streaks of buff.

242. IRREGULARIS, Sowh.—C. brevis, levis, ceeruleus, infra et ad
spiram castaneus, lineis albis binis prope angulum et infra medium
cinctus, plus minusve albo floccatus (f. 418, 419).—Short, bluish,
chestnut at the ends, with two white lines across, one near the
angle, and, when well developed, with white markings over all.

243. Meprrerrangus, Brvg.—C. oblongus, subfusiformis, ce-
ruleus, fusco variegatus, lineis interruptis cinctus ; spird elevati,
maculis castaneis variegata ; apertura fusco-marginata (f. 437).—
The small specimens of this well-known species are more angular
than when full-grown.

244. Jamatcensis, Brug.—C. quam C. Mediterraneus angus-
tior, cinereo-nigrescens, lineis albis infra medium et prope angulum
spire cinctus (f. 439).—A narrower and much more darkly-
coloured shell than C. Medzterraneus, of which some authors con-
sider it as a variety.

245. UNIFASCIATUS, Aven.—C. ovalis, levis, tenuis, castaneus,
fascii albA supra cinctus (f. 420).—Of a rich brown colour, with
one light band on the upper part of the whorls.

246. Franciscanus, Brug.—C. valdé fusiformis, castaneus,
transversé lineatus, medio et ad angulum anfractuum fasciis pallidis
cinctus (f. 8315).—The spire is generally elevated and gradated ;
the shell of a dark colour, with two narrow light bands.

30

247. ELOoNGATUS, Chemn.—C. oblongus, cylindricus, tenuis,
pallidus, castaneo variegatus aut fasciatus, infra sulcatus; spird
elevatd, obtusa, maculata, striatd (f. 440, 441).—More cylindrical
in form than C. Mediterraneus, and differently marked.

248. cmRULESCENS, Chemn.—C. C. Mediterraneo similis, sed
angulatus, sparsim variegatus ; spird breviore (f. 442).—This may
be a more conical form of C. Mediterraneus, with sparsely distri-
buted markings.

249. paupeRcuLus, Sowb.—C. oblongus, levis, angulatus, sor-
didus, rubro seriatim maculatus (f. 217).—A dull shell, indistinctly
marked.

250. rucatus, Reeve.—C. clongatus, angulatus, striatus, fus-
cus, medio et ad angulum albo fasciatus; spird acuminata, alba,
maculata (f. 308; var. ? 422).—Resembling C. Adgoensis, but an-
gular and sharp-spired.

251. Aneornsts, Sows.—C. subcylindricus, castaneus, albo va-
riegatus, superné rotundatus; spiri maculata (f. 421).—A date-
shaped shell, of a uniform chestnut-brown colour, spotted with
white.

252. arrenuatus, /eeve-—C. elongatus, angulatus, flavidus,
albo angulatim strigatus; spird brevi (f. 423).—Of an oblong
conical form, yellow, with lightning-marks of white.

253. mercator, Linn.—C. subovalis, tenuis, late fasciatus,
inter fascias lineis rubris reticulatis; spiri brevi (f. 294, 295 ; var.
428, 429).—The latter var. undeveloped, showing no reticu-
lations.

253 a. BaLreus, Mawe.—C. quam C. mercator solidior, angu-
latus ; fasciis castaneis ; spiri brevi (f. 424).—More solid and an-
gular than C. mercator, with the markings more close and the
spire rather flat.

254. LueuBris, Reeve.—C. quam C. dalteus magis pyriformis,
nigrescens; spiri pland (f. 320).—More like C. dadéews than the
preceding, but very narrow at the base, and very darkly coloured.

255. BuLBus, /eeve.—C. tenuis, pyriformis, supra ventricosus,
infra attenuatus, pallidus, flammulis castaneis longitudinalibus
strigatus (f. 427).—Swelling at the top, tapering below, striped
downwards.

256. zpprormwEs, Aven.—C. quam C. éulbus magis conicus ;

strigis longitudinalibus, numerosis (f. 443).—Shape more conical
and stripes more numerous than in C. dudéus.

31

257. Durontn, Aven.—C. superné rotundus, ventricosus, an-
ticé contractus, sordidé castaneus, maculis marginatis albis seria-
tim variegatus (f. 426).—Still more swelled at the upper part
than C. dudbus, with a dull ground-colour, relieved by bordered
white spots. .

258, 259, 260. Omitted in lieu of star numbers.

261. Canrrornicus, Hind.—C. subovalis, pallidus, flammis
fuscis longitudinaliter tinctus, ad basin sulcatus; spird obtusa,
striata (f. 332).

262. pEaLBatus, 4. Ad.—C. subovalis, levis, albus, versus
basin sulcatus; spira acuminata (f. 103).—Narrower than C. Ca-
lifornicus, with a rather sharp elevated spire.

263. ANemonzE, Lamk.—C. fusiformis, striatus, tenuis, roseus
vel ceruleus, rubro nigro et fusco variegatus (f. 339, 340, 341).
—A fusiform, striated species, beautifully varied in colour.

264. macuLatus, Sows.—C. subpyriformis, ventricosus, stria-
tus, pallidus, maculis fuscis reticulatis marmoratus; spird brevi
(f. 296).—Very different in form and markings from C. Anemone,
which it is thought to resemble.

265. Juxusu, Reeve.—C. levis, angulatus, turbinatus, castaneo
variegatus (f. 297).—A very angular shell, which nevertheless
has some affinity with C. maculatus.

266. Novm-Hottanpix, 4. dd.—C. C. maculato similis, sed
angustior, maculis haud reticulatis (f. 298, 299).—More cylindri-
cal and deeply grooved than C. maculatus.

267. Navatts, Sowb.—C. levis, oblongus, tenuis, angulatus,
infra sulcatus, roseus, fusco minute angulatim lineatus et maculis
magnis bifasciatus; spird maculata (f. 292, 293).—The latter
figure of an undeveloped variety. This state is frequent in Medi-
terranean and African species.

268. prcrus, Reeve.—C. levis, oblongus, tenuis, angulatus,
ceruleus aut roseus, aurantio supra unifasciatus, omnino fusco
seriatim variegatus ; spird obtusi, interdum gradati et crenulata
(f. 444, 445; var.? 309).—The orange band below the angle of
this beautifully varied species is the most constant character.

269. smreLtex, Sows.—C. oblongus, albus, angulatus, castaneo
fluctuatim strigatus, ad basin striatus; spird pyramidali (f. 199).
—Like C. elongatus, but always decidedly angular. It is not, as

32

some have supposed, the C. informis of Brug.: that species is
made up of C. elongatus and C. ceruleus.

271. succincrus, A. dd.—C. brevis, subventricosus, roseus,
punctis castaneis medio et infra bilineatus; spird brevi, gradata ;
angulo rotundato (f. 257)—Light, conical, and rose-coloured,
with two spotted lines across.

272. Carrer, Arauss.—C. cylindricus, levis, aurantius aut
fuscus, lineis articulatis cinctus, medio et supra interruptim albi-
cans ; fascia centrali et spird lineatim maculatis (f. 446, 447)—
A narrow shell, beautifully coloured.

273. Lovent, Arauss.—C. oblongus, ventricosus, ceeruleus,
fusco-viridescente variegatus, lineis punctatis cinctus; spird ob-
tusi, maculati (f. 449).—Of similar form to the following, but
differently coloured and marked.

274. Trxtanus, Brug.—C. ovalis, oblongus, ventricosus, roseo-
purpurascens, fusco fasciatus et variegatus (f. 450).—Ventricose,
purplish-rose, clouded, banded, and otherwise variegated with
rich brown.

275. mnFrENATUS, Aeeve.—C. obtusé angulatus, oblongus, pal-
lidus, lineis albis fusco-articulatis cinctus; spird brevi (f. 451,
452, 453).—Pale yellow, rose, or fawn, but all marked with arti-
culated white and brown cross-lines.

276. taurus, Reeve-—C. subcylindricus, flavidus, transverse
interruptim lineatus, ad spiram et medio fusco longitudinaliter
lineatus; spira obtusa (f. 454).—Something like C. rosacews in
form, but narrower and differently coloured.

277. rnosacEus, Chemn.—C. ovali-ventricosus, inflatus, roseus,
aurantio late bifasciatus ; fascid mediané pallidd, interdum macu-
losi; spiri elevata, obtusi (f. 455, 456).—Differing more in co-
louring than in form from C. Tinianus.

278. apLustrE, Reeve.—C. angulatus, levis, maculis quadratis
serlatim cinctus, ceruleus, ad angulum et medio pallide roseo fas-
ciatus (f. 445).—Of an angular form and dull colour, spotted with
black in lines. Oblong, light, suleated below, with the lines of
growth oblique.

279. specrrum, Zinn.—C. subovalis, inflatus, levis, infra va-
lidé suleatus, ubique fulvo aut fusco variegatus (f. 457, 458).—
The well-known, shining, variegated shell.

280. pica, Ad. e¢ Reeve.—C. quam C. spectrum brevior, magis

33

pyriformis, albus aut sparsim maculis magnis pictus (f. 290, 291).
—Shorter than C. spectrum, with few large dark spots.

281. stitiatus, Leeve.—C. C. spectro similis, sed transversim
tenuiter striatus (f. 461, 462).—Differing from C. spectrum in
being finely striated. Fig. 462 represents Mr. Reeve’s shell, to which
I add the other.

282. Bropertei, Reeve —C. C. spectro similis, sed brevior,
tenuiter distanter sulcatus, maculis pallidis subquadratis tessella-
tus (f. 465).—Shorter than C. spectrum, sulcated, and between
the sulci tessellated with light brown markings.

283. conspersus, eeve.—C. quam C. spectrum solidior, bre-
vior, fulvus, striatus ; apertura carneol (f. 463, 464).—A shorter,
more solid, buff shell, more delicately coloured than C. spectrum.

284, contisus, Reeve.—C. C. spectro similis, sed medio angus-
tatus, regulariter fasciatim variegatus (f. 459).—More contracted
in form and regular in marking than C. spectrum.

285. strematicus, A. dd.—C. quam C. spectrum magis an-
gulatus et angustatus, ceruleus, maculis oblongis longitudinalibus
seriatim pictus (f. 460).—More angular than C. spectrum, and
narrower, with downward markings.

286. scatprus, Reeve.—C. ovalis, levis, pallidus, rubro linea-
tus; spird prominula, anfractibus subangulatis (f. 831).—Of an
oval form, neatly striped with reddish cross-lines.

287. tyncevs, Sodander.—C. subovalis, levis, oblongus, maculis
inequalibus subquadratis fulvis fasciatim cinctus ; spird acuminata
(f. 469).—A very elegant shell, with regularly bordered spots in
rows; it is more attenuated and acuminated than C. stramineus.

288. cinerEus, Rumphius.—C. ovali-acuminatus, levis, solidus,
eeruleus, punctis et maculis quadratis nigrescentibus fasciatim
pictus (f. 467).—More solid than the preceding, and differently
coloured.

289. GaBRIELLI, Aven.—C. quam C. cinereus angustior; co-
lore fusco (f. 468).—Of a brown colour, and narrower than C.
cinereus.

290. nisus, Chemn.—C. ovali-subventricosus, solidus, superné
subangulatus, infra valdé sulcatus, pallidé fulvus vel ceeruleus, ma-
culis fulvis aut nigris quadratis seriatim maculatus; spira brevi,
convexa (f. 470, 471).—Shorter and more angular than the four
preceding species.

VOL. III. F

“84

291. zupra, Lamk.—C. C. niso similis, sed longitudinaliter
rubro-nigricante strigatus (f. 466).—Although marked with zebra-
like stripes instead of spots, this species is closely connected with
the preceding.

292. racrnus, Lamk:—C. C. niso similis, sed spira striata; al-
bus (f. 473).—A white shell, resembling C. nisus m form, but
with the spire striated.

293. suBuLarus, Aven.—C. C. niso similis, sed angulatus, spird
acuminata, lateribus subcontractis, flammis longitudinalibus inter-
ruptim strigatus (f. 472).—Sides straighter and spire more acu-
minated than in C. nisus.

294. unpuLATUs, Sowb.—C. oblongus, pallidus, medio et infra
valdé distanter sulcatus, supra ad angulum undulato-coronatus (f.
63).—Although “ coronated,” the shell evidently belongs to this
group.

295. Brernuarni, Aien.—C. solidus, oblongus, castaneus vel
nigrescens, floccis albis variegatus, medio et infra distanter sulea-
tus; spird obtusa, anfractibus rotundatis (f. 474, 475).—M. Kiener
separates the latter, I think, without reason, under the name C.
gubba.

296. contusus, Reeve.—C. ovalis, levis, fulvus, cinereo tinc-
tus, tenuis, supra angulatus, medio pallidé unifasciatus, infra sul-

‘ catus; spira elevata (f. 476).—Rather a hight shell, tinged here
and there with dull bruise-like blue.

297. Janus, Brug.—C. solidus, elongatus, subfusiformis, supra
subangulatus ; albus, aurantio bifasciatus, flammis rubris nigres-
centibus longitudinaliter pictus; spirA elevata, subgradaté; late-
ribus incurvis (f. 475).—Hlegantly tapering in form, splendidly
coloured with cross orange bands and jagged flames of dark red.

298. Knarit, Sows.—C. oblongus, rectigonus, angulatus, sub-
ceruleus, maculis quadratis in seriebus inequalibus regulariter
pictus (f. 479).—Resembling C. Janus, but straight-sided and an-
gular, marked with regular square spots.

299. insorietus, Reeve—C. quam C. Keatii brevior, magis
angulatus; maculis longitudinaliter connectis (f. 477).—Shorter
and more angular than C. Keadii, with round edged spots con-
nected in downward flashes.

300. ropostoma, Heeve.—C. quam C. Keatei magis attenuatus,
minute punctatus, maculis fuscis magnis seriatim pictus (f. 480).

35

—Larger than C. Keati, with minute spots, and large patches in
bands across the shell.

301. mucronatus, Reeve.—C. tenuis, oblongus, pallidus, pal-
lidé punctatus, angulatus ; medio et infra attenuatus et duplicatim
sulcatus; spird acuminata (f. 481).—A light shell, with double
ribs between sulci.

302. Kreneri, Reeve.—C. oblongus, acutus, fulvus, longitudi-
naliter interruptim strigatus, infra attenuatus, sulcatus; spira
acuminata, maculata (f. 4:84).

303. rizamEntosus, Reeve.—C. C. spectro similis, sed pallidus,
ubique distanter sulcatus, tenuiter lineis albis transverse striatus
(f. 482).—This should have been described near C. spectrum,
from which it differs in the threadlike white transverse lines which
encircle the shell.

304. Latirascratus, Sows.—C. C. Kieneri similis, sed magis
obliquus, latissimé castaneo fasciatus (f. 485).—The upper part of
the shell is covered with a broad brown band reaching below the
centre.

305. Neptunus, Reeve.—C. attenuatus, fulvus, minuté fusco
subreticulatus, medio et infra subcontractus; spira elevata, acuta
(f. 483).—Of an attenuated form, finely reticulated with reddish-
brown.

306. rascratus, Marl.—C. solidus, obliquus, attenuatus, infra
sulcatus, levis, fulvus, pallidé fasciatus, seu aurantius, seu albus
fusco variegatus; spiri elevatai (f. 457, 488, 489)—The latter
figure represents the true C. fasciatus of Martini, nor can I doubt
the identity of the others.

307. concoLor, Sows.—C. oblongus, obtusé angulatus, fuscus,
levis, anticé sulcatus (f. 206).—Although different in form, this
shell seems to have an affinity with C. fasciatus.

308. raptatus, Gme/.—C. castaneus, C. fusciato similis, sed
spird brevi (f. 490).—The shortness of spire may possibly be only
an accidental variation.*

1. Oblong or subcylindrical.

309. senator, Zinn.—C. oblongus, fulvus, subliratus, fusco
laté bifasciatus, prope angulum pallidus, submaculatus; spird
striata, paululum elevata’, maculata; anfractu ultimo carinato (f.
221, 222).

* The above, from sp. 279, form Group “2. Sulcated near the base; aperture
generally oblique.”

36

310. pranorsis, Borm.—C. quam C. senator magis angulatus,
castaneo bifasciatus; spirA planatd, nigro maculatd; anfractibus
carinatis (f. 491).—The dark-chestnut bands and the black-spotted
flattened spire sufficiently distinguish this from the preceding.

311. virutinus, Brug.—C. C. senatori similis, sed rubro-ni-
erescente fasciatus et variegatus, albo bifasciatus ; spira pland, ma-
culaté (f. 223, 224).—Known from C. senator by the greater
richness and depth of colour and markings, and the comparative
flatness of the spire.

312. poLcHELLus, Swains.—C, quam C. senator magis angus-
tatus, medio subcontractus, transvers¢ punctato-lineatus, albo bi-
fasciatus ; fasciis maculis interruptis; spird depress, canaliculata,
maculata (f. 220).—I do not think, with Mr. Reeve, that this is
only a bad state of C. einctus.

313. crnetus, Swains.—C. oblongus, roseus, granulatim li-
ratus, fusco laté bifasciatus, prope angulum rubescens; spira brevi,
anfractibus carinatis (f. 231).—The roseate hue of this, and the
depressed spire, distinguish it to the eye from C. senator.

314. connecrens, 4. Ad.—C. C. cincto similis, sed angustior,
infra attenuatus, roseus, castaneo non fasciatus (f. 230).—'This is
very likely to prove a variety of C. eznctus.

315. Liveatus, Chemu.—C. forma C. senator? similis, sed albus,
fusco fasciatus et variegatus, transverse striatus et lineatus (f. 218,
219).—Marked by transverse lines. The light, strongly granu-
lated var. f. 218 is the C. dacinulatus of Kiener.

316. rapHanus, Brug.—C. oblongus, leviter striatus, longitu-
dinaliter flammis aurantiis medio interruptis pictus ; supra subven-
tricosus, medio contractus; spird subcarinata, striaté, maculosd

(f. 494).

317. carinatus, Swains.—C. elongatus, leviter striatus, casta-
neo fasciatus et lineatus, prope angulum et medio albifasciatus ;
spiri convex’; anfractibus sulcatis depressis et carinatis (f. 495).

318. consors, Sows.—C. oblongo-turbinatus, luteus, aurantio
fasciatus, supra inflatus, medio subcontractus, infra subattenuatus ;
spira elevati; anfractibus sulcatis, canaliferis (f. 492).—Broad-
headed, yellow, with orange bands, a little contracted in the
centre.

319. anceps, 4. dd.—C. quam C. consors magis attenuatus,
transverse punctatim lineatus, castaneo fasciis interruptis varie-

37

gatus (f. 492).—More attenuated than C. consors, with chestnut
markings. C. imnerus, A. Ad., is a variety.

320. PromerHeus, Brug.—C. oblongus, fulvus, maculis elon-
gatis castaneis transversé fasciatus ; spird breviuscula; anfractibus
maculatis, carinatis (f. 245)—The oblong form and keeled spire
of this large Cone bring it within this group.

321. Borvinu, Kien.—C. cylindricus, oblongus, levis, albus,
aurantio bifasciatus, castaneo sparsim maculatus, supra et infra
distanter sulcatus; spird plana, maculata, canaliferd (f. 496) —
This cylindrical shell seems to have sulci at the upper as well as
the lower part of the body-whorl.

322. omaicus, Brug.—C. cylindricus, oblongus, levis, maculis
oblongis fuscis et lineis interruptis tessellatus ; spird brevi, cari-
nata (f. 497).—Known from others of similar form by the tessel-
lated character of the markings.

323. NoBiLis, Zinn.—C. cylindricus, oblongus, levis ; spira ca-
rinata ; aurantio inter maculis cordiformibus albis pictus ; interstitiis
articulato-lineatis (f. 498, 499).—The former is characteristic of
the species, the latter a rare variety.

324. victor, Brod.—C. C. nobili similis, sed minor; lineis
punctatis crebris distinctis bifasciatim pictus (f. 524).—-The arti-
culated lines collected in two strong bands; it is also a smaller
and straighter shell than C. nodidis, of which however it may be
only a variety.

325. rLoccatus, Sowb.—C. oblongus, subcylindricus, solidus,
infra granoso-sulcatus ; pallidé purpurascens, flammis longitudi-
nalibus et fasciis transversis pictus, albo seriatim et angulatim
floccatus ; spird elevata, obtusi; anfractibus, unisulcatis, margine
obtusis; fauce aurea (f. 500).—C. Magdalene is a pale, worn
specimen of this magnificent species.

326. aurtstacus, Linn.—C. oblongus, subcylindricus, solidus,
roseo et aurantio fasciatus, inter fascias albo nigro-maculato linea-
tus; supra prope angulum convexus; spira subelevata, nigro ma-
culatd, carinaté; anfractibus canaliferis, striatis (f. 501)—No de-
scription can do justice to this lovely shell.

327. nmrsosus, Brug.—C. oblongus, pallidus, roseo nebula-
tus, lineis elevatis punctatis striatus, fusco interruptim bifasciatus ;
spird depress, striata; apice acuminato (f. 503).—Striated with
punctured elevated lines.

328. supeRsTRIATUS.—C. oblongus, fusco obscuré nebulosus,

38

supra et infra sulcatus, medio levigatus ; fascia mediana alba, fusco
maculati; spird depress, alba, fusco maculata, striata (f. 282).

329. nHopoDENDRON, Cowthay.—C. oblongus, supra medium
convexus, solidus, prope angulum et versus basin sulcatus, leevis ;
fasciis tribus purpureo nebulosis, interstittis punctis fuscis obhiqueé
dispositis ; spird depress’, obtus&; anfractibus canaliferis, striatis
(f. 504, Mrontispiece).

330. stERcus-muscaruMm, Linn.—C. oblongus, levis, solidus,
fusco nebulatus, punctis nigris rotundis irregulariter pictus ; fauce
rosed; spird paululum elevati (f. 347).—The true shell is not
coronated.

331. Apanson1, Lamk.—C. breviusculus, obtusus, solidus, infra
lineis elevatis cinctus; subceruleus, castaneo variegatus, nigro
alboque articulato-lineatus ; spira convexa, obtusa ; anfractibus de-
pressis, striatis (f. 286, 287, 288; and orange variety, f. 289).

332. NIGRO-PUNCTATUS.—C. oblongus, subcylindricus, obtusus,
solidus, ceruleus, castaneo sparsim maculatus, lineis nigris albo
interruptis cinctus; spird obtusd, ad angulum seriatim mgro-
punctata ; anfractibus depressis (f. 342).—More cylindrical than
C. Adansoni, and characterized by well defined square spots on
the angle of the whorls, and interrupted dark lines on the body.

333. catus.—C. brevis, obtusus, solidus, colore variegatus,
infra granoso-liratus ; spird convex; anfractibus striatis, depressis
(f. 277-280).—C. Adansoni stands halfway between this species
and C. nigro-punctatus.

334. acHatinus, Chemn.—C. oblongo-ventricosus, subceru-
leus, articulato-lineatus, fusco-nigrescente late fasciatus seu flam-
mulis longitudinalibus pictus (f. 335, 336; var. 343).—I cannot
separate the latter variety, as proposed by A. Adams, under the
name C. vinctus.

335. asstmitis, 4. Ad.—C. C. achatino similis, sed maculis dis-
ruptis pictus; apice roseo (f. 505).—This may be only a variety
of C. achatinus, with the markings broken up instead of forming
regular patches or bands.

336. MonacHus, Jimn.—C. subovalis, subventricosus, nebu-
losus, subezruleus, flammis nigrescentibus fluctuatim pictus, infra
hiratus ; spira obtusi, striaté (f. 506, 507).—Of a more oval form
than C. achatinus, and without the cross-lines.

337. macus, Linn.—C. oblongus, infra plus minusve liratus,
varie fasciis et flammis pictus, prope basin subangustatus; spird

39

suocarinata (f. 508-512).—Although subject to great variation,
not difficult to distinguish.

3388. circa, Chem.—C. C. monacho similis, sed ap prope
angulum convexus, medio contractus (f. 513, 514; var. 525).
—lam glad to recognize in this shell one of Chemnitz’s s species,
differing from C. magus in beg more solid, swelled near the
upper angle, and contracted at the centre.

339. spistomium, Reeve—C. quam C. magus multo magis
elongatus, aurantio bifasciatus et flammulatus (f. 515).—I find
great difficulty in separating this from C. magus, although much
more elongated in form.

340. usruLatus, Reeve.—C. oblongus, supra subinflatus, lineis
elevatis ubique cinctus, aurantio fasciatus, medio albo unifasciatus ;
spird convex’; anfractibus depressis, bisulcatis (f. 516), and var.
C. striolatus (f. 327, 328).—I think these are identical.

341. eupernator, Brug.—C. oblongus, levigatus, albus, prope
angulum convexus, medio subcontractus, infra subquadratus, dis-
tanter sulcatus; albus, coloribus variegatis flammis et fasciis in-
terruptis pictus; spira depressé ; anfractibus carinatis, valdé cana-
liferis (f. 519-522).—In the older and larger specimens the swell-
ing near the angle of the spire is more conspicuous; the whorls
of the spire are deeply hollowed, with a ridge at the angle.

342. Trmorensts, Brug.—C. elongatus, levis, pallidé roseus,
lineis albo rubroque tzeniatus, ad basin leviter liratus; spird
levi, anfractibus paululum excavatis (f. 517, 518).—A beautiful
shell, coloured something in the manner of C. auwrisiacus, but
much more delicately.

343. TERMINUS, Reeve.—C. quam C. gubernator magis eequali-
ter ventricosus, spire anfractibus haud tantum excavatis ; pallidé
purpureus, maculis magnis irregularibus sparsim pictus (f. 523 )
—Of a more oval form than C. gubernator; of a delicate violet-
colour, with large brown markings.

344. rULMEN, /teeve.—C. levis, oblongus, subventricosus, pal-
lidé purpureus, castaneo flammis irregularibus magnis sparsim
pictus ; spira convexa, obtusa, haud carinata (f. 351). = More short
and veutricose than the preceding. The spire not keeled.

345. srrtatus, Zinn.—C. oblongus, cylindricus, transversé
striatus, infra subquadratus ; pallidé violaceus, nebulosus, fasciis
interruptis et flammis longitudinalibus nigris aut fuscis pictus ;
spira subdepressa, maculata; anfractibus excavatis, carinatis ; va-

40

riat roseus, aurantio pictus, albo floccatus (f. 557; and delicate
rose-coloured var., see Hrontispiece, f. 558).—More cylindrical
and wider than C. gubernator, with the surface striated.

k. Cylindrical, inflated, sometimes coronated.

346. arocrapnus, Linn.—C. ventricosus, inflatus, levis, pal-
lidé roseus, ceruleo-nebulosus, lateribus rectiusculis; flammis
reticulatis castaneis pictus; spira lata, depress, ad angulum tu-
berculis magnis coronati; anfractibus paucis, latis (f. 560).—
The well-known map-coloured, large, coronated shell.

347. vutiea, Linn.—C. C. geographo similis, sed medio ven-
tricosus, spird angustiore vix coronata; lineis articulatis cinctus ;
flammis undatis (f. 551, 552).—The centre is ventricose, and
the spire narrower than in C. geographus, scarcely coronated ; it
is encircled with articulated lines.

348. inrermepius, Reeve—C. quam C. geographus magis
obliquus, angustior, medio inflatus; spird elevata, angusta, tuber-
culis mediocribus coronata (f. 549).—Marked in the manner of C.
geographus; itis more oblique, the spire narrower, more elevated,
and less largely coronated.

349. opscurus, Humph.—C. parvus, C. geographo similis, sed
angustior, spiré levigatai; czeruleus, castaneo fasciatim obscuré
nebulosus (f. 526).—It is small, narrow, obscurely coloured with
brown, and has a smooth spire.

350. cervus, Lamk.—C. oblongus, solidus, supra medium in-
flatus, levis, pallidé fulvus, maculis fuscis nebulosis seriatim va-
niegatus et tessellatus; aperturd alba; spird subdepressi, angu-
lata; anfractibus latis, planulatis (f.548).—Resembling C. dudlatus,
but with a more angular top, and more tapering below; the deli-
cate fawn-tint and tessellated markings further distinguish this
elegant and extremely rare species.

351. Buttatus, Linn.—C. solidus, ventricosus, levis, roseo et
aurantio nebulosus, fusco irregulariter variegatus; spird parva,
depressd ; anfractibus paucis, canaliferis (f. 550).—Beautifully
mottled with pink and orange, with a contracted spire.

352. Drsuaynsit, Reeve. —C. tenuis, inflatus, articulato-linea-
tus, infra sulcatus, supra angulatus, ubique fulvo-grisescente pal-
hide nebulosus (f. 546).—From its light fawn-colour, mistaken
by us formerly for the C. cervus.

4)

353. MELANCHOLICUs, Zamk.—C. oblongus, inflatus, infra sul-
catus, attenuatus, ubique tenuissimé striatus, aurantius, infra
medium maculis albis unifasciatus; spird alba, angulata (f. 547),—
This shell, evidently belonging to the same group with the pre-
ceding, is nevertheless of a very distinguished form.

l. Cylindrical, reticulated.

354, textitE, Jinmn.—C. cylindricus, subventricosus, lineis ru-
bris reticulatus, laté aurantio interruptim fasciatus; fasciis lineis
articulatis transversis et strigis longitudinalibus pictis; spira py-
ramidali, levigataé, maculis aurantiis et lineis rubris flexuosis or-
nata (f. 567).—The typical C. textile is a rather ventricose shell,
reticulated with reddish lines. Interrupted by white spots and
reticulated lines are orange bands of different widths; these bands
are marked with downward stripes and cross-lines. The follow-
ing shells, described by authors under different names, many of
which I think really belong to this species, are separated, princi-
pally on the ground of variations in the relative proportions in
the different parts of colouring above described, and partly on
variations of form; but the characters of the shells are very un-
certain, and the intentions of the authors still more so. Without
attempting to take in all the variations, I have endeavoured to
chose the best representative of each so-called species.

355. TIeRINUS, Sowb.—C. quam C. textile angustior, luteus,
strigis nigrescentibus magnis ; spird prominula (f. 568; var. 579).
—More slender than C. ¢extide, with a richness in the general
tint; markings rich and dark.

356. vicartus, Lamk.—C. quam C. textile magis conicus, la-
teribus medio contractis, maculis albis magnis (f. 565).—More
straight-sided than C. tertile, or even a little contracted in the
middle, more white and less orange in the colouring.

357. scriptus, Sows.—C. cylindricus, inflatus, albus, lineis te-
nuissimis angulatis scriptus (f. 563).—A very light cylindrical
shell, finely reticulated with very thin lines.

358. verRicuLum, Reeve.—C. quam C. textile brevior, magis
ventricosus, maculis albis majoribus, fasciis aurantiis disruptis
(f. 570).—Short and stout, with a larger proportion of white
than in C. textile.

359. Lecatus, Lamk.—C. solidus, roseus, angustus, subangu-
latus, tenuiter rubro reticulatus; aureo interruptim fasciatus et
VOL. III. G

42

longitudinaliter fusco strigatus (f. 566).—LKasily distinguished by
its solidity, its narrower form, and roseate hue.

360. canonicus, Brug.—C. solidus, ceruleus, angustus, mi-
nuté reticulatus, laté fusco-nigrescente fasciatus (f. 56$).—This
and the following species are more solid than C. teati/e, with
closer and darker markings. The varieties of each have been
much confounded; some distinguish them by the roseate hue in
the aperture of C. canonicus, but I believe M. Bruguiére meant
C. canonicus to be a narrow, straight-sided shell, aud C. archiepis-
copus a broader one; and he even remarks that there is a pink-
mouthed variety of the latter.

361. arcuriepiscopus, Brug.—C. solidus, ceruleus, ventricosus,
minute reticulatus, fusco-nigrescente fasciatus (f. 571, 572).—
See note on C. canonicus.

362. pannicutus, Lamk.—C. subturbinatus, spird obtusa,
minuté reticulatus, aurantio equaliter trifasciatus, fasciis nigro-
lineatis ; fauce purpured (f. 574.).—Distinguished from C. textile
and others by its more turbinated form and closer colouring. It
is purple within.

363. aBBas, Brug.—C. C. panniculo similis, sed fasciarum in-
terstitiis minuté et concinné reticulatis (f. 575).—The reticulated
lines are remarkably neat and lace-like between the bands, the
marks being rounded and equal.

364. See p. 47.

865. corpuLa, Sowb.—C. cylindricus, ventricosus, tenuiter
striatus, lineis fulvis minute reticulatus, lineis et maculis fusco-
aurantiis trifasciatus; spiri striatd, anfractibus subexcavatis
(f. 573).—Of the typical form of C. tertile, but finely striated
and more solid. The colouring is also different.

366. victort®, Reeve.—C. tenuis, subinflatus, tenuiter trans-
verse striatus, ceruleo nebulosus, fusco-rubescente reticulatus,
maculis magnis aurantiis fusco-virgatis marginatis seriatim pictus ;
spird producti, angulataé (f. 575, 576).—A light, rather angular
shell, distinguishable at a glance from all the preceding species of
the same group.

367. reLATUS, Reeve.—C. oblongus, subfusiformis, angulatus,
lateribus rectiusculis ; fulvo tenuiter angulatim reticulatus, macu-
lis magnis aurantiis, fusco-rubescente strigatus, laté bifasciatus ;
spird pyramidali, acuta; anfractibus depressiusculis (f. 584).—A

48

very rare shell, approaching C. gloria-maris rather than C. textile
in form, and in the light sandy character of its reticulation. It is
much shorter, however, and has two broad bands of orange patches.

368. GrortA-maRis, Chemn.—C. tenuis, elongato-fusiformis,
minutissimé fulvo reticulatus, maculis angustis rubro-strigatis
fasciatim ornatus; spiri elevatd, leviter gradaté (f. 586).—Hle-
gantly fusiform and delicately reticulated, this shell is not only
one of the rarest but also one of the most beautiful of Cones.

369. rETIFER, MJenke.—C. solidus, brevis, obtusus, roseus,
fasciis aurantiis longitudinalibus et transversis rubro-nigrescente
strigatis ornatus, interstitiis rubro reticulatis; spird pyramidal,
anfractu ultimo rotundato (f. 580).—A short, thick, solid shell,
richly coloured.

370. Luctpus, Jawe.—C. subcylindricus, solidus, obtusus, in-
fra sulcatus, transversé rubro lineatus, interstitiis longitudinaliter
divisis; maculis nigrescentibus et albis triseriatim ornatus; spira
obtus4, maculosd, et reticulatéi; anfractibus depressis, angulatis
(f. 581).—Distinguished by the regular red lines across the shell.

371. Mapacascariensis, Sows.—C. subventricosus, oblongus,
levis, lineis rubris minuté reticulatus; maculis magnis albo fusco-
que articulato-lineatis bifasciatim ornatus; spird brevi, angulata ;
anfractibus depressiusculis, apice acuto (f. 583).—The markings
resemble those of C. omaria, but it is a short shell, with sharp
apex.

372. pratatus, Brug.—C. oblongus, obtusus, levis, roseus,
ceruleo partim suffusus, ineequaliter reticulato-maculatus, macu-
lis albis uno latere subczeruleis ornatus; spird brevi, obtusa (f. 585).
The white and pink spots are shaded with blue.

373. Evizm, Kien.—C. solidus, subturbinatus, castaneus, ni-
gro alboque articulatim lineatus, maculis albis cordiformibus et
Ineis reticulatis fasciatim variegatus ; spird obtus4; anfractu ulti-
mo rotundato, convexo (f. 578).—In the specimen originally de-
scribed, the brown colour occupies a larger proportionate space
than in the specimen represented. Like C. episcopus and others,
the species has a very thick brown spire.

374. Cotusrinus, Lamk.—C. solidus, subcylindricus, castaneus,
maculis albis longitudinalibus irregulariter ornatus ; spiri obtusa,
angulo rotundato (f. 587).—Another obtusely spired solid shell,
marked with irregular oblong white spots, longitudinally arranged
on a dark-brown ground.

44

375. ruprainosus, Lamk.—C. C. Coluébrino similis, sed maculis
albis minoribus, numerosis, interstitiis articulato-lineatis (f. 590).
—Although the spots are smaller, and the interstices marked with
articulated lines, | doubt the propriety of separating this from the
preceding.

376. crocatus, Lamk.—C. oblongus, transverse leviter striatus,
supra convexus, medio subcontractus, infra subattenuatus ; auran-
tius, albo sparsim maculatus (f. 588, 589).—In one variety the
white is more plentiful, but the species is not difficult to identify.

377. pEeNNAcEUS, Lamk.—C. solidus, subcylindricus, albus vel
roseus, rubro reticulatus, maculis aurantiis rubro alboque articula-
tis pictus, prope angulum convexus, infra liratus ; spird brevi,
obtusa (f. 599-601).—The first is the typical form of this vari-
able species.

378. wptscorus, Lamk.—C. elongatus, cylindricus, maculis
magnis fluctuatis pictus; interstitiis laté reticulatis; spira brevi,
obtusissima (f. 596-598).—More lengthened and cylindrical than
C. pennaceus, with large, fluctuating, dark, reddish-brown patches,
which are not marked with articulated lines, and the interstices
reticulated with large meshes.

379. omarta, Brug.—C. elongatus, cylindricus, tenuiter stria-
tus, lineis rubescentibus minute reticulatus, maculis magmis arti-
culato-lineatis latis fuscis bifasciatus ; spiri brevi ; apice subacuto,
roseo (f. 594, 595).—The markings are finer than in C. penna-
ceus, the shape more lengthened and cylindrical.

380. convoLutus, Sowb.—C. quam C. omaria magis angusta-
tus; spiri elevaté, acuminat&i; roseus, minute et tenuiter roseus,
fauce pallidé aurantius (f. 564).—This very distinct species has
an affinity with C. omaria, but it has an elevated sharp spire, and
is narrower, the whorls being as it were more closely rolled up.
I venture to draw from Mr. Cuming’s specimen, and colour from
that of Mrs. Deburgh.

381. avuxicus, Linn.—C. cylindricus, subventricosus, leviter
striatus, albus, areis magnis castaneis irregulariter angulatis pictus ;
interstitiis angulatim lineatis; spiré pyramidali (f. 593).

382. auratus, Lamk:.—C. C. cylindrico similis, sed angustior,
aureo aut roseo tinctus ; maculis plus minusve punctisa lbis linea-
tis (f. 591).—Of a more narrowed cylindrical form than C. audi-
cus, with rows of small white specks on the brown marks. The
golden-tinted var. (not figured) is the most common.

45

383. maoniricus, Reeve.—C. C. aurato similis, sed brevior,
magis solidus, supra magis convexus; spird obtusd (f. 592).—
Shorter, thicker, and more convex at the upper part of the body-
whorl than C. auratus, of which it is perhaps a variety.

384. aungus, Brug.—C. oblongus, angustus, cylindricus, trans-
versé striatus, fasciis longitudinalibus magnis aurantiis lineis ru-
bris nigrescentibus strigatis pictus, interstitiis tenuiter reticulatus ;
spird pyramidal, acuta (f. 555).—Striated, narrower than C. au-
ratus, with downward bands of colour reticulated between.

385. cLavus, Zinn.—C. C. aureo similis, sed crebré reticulatus,
fasciis latis fuscis pictus (f. 561).—Like C. aureus, but with close
reticulations and cross-bands of brown.

386. crrcumctsus, Born.—C. oblongus, angustatus, cylindri-
cus, transversé striatus, pallidé purpureus, fusco plus minusve ma-
culatus et fasciatus, lineis albis sparsim punctatis cinctus (f. 562,
and Frontispiece).—Characterized by narrow white bands, which
are spotted at intervals.

m. Narrow, cylindrical ; spire rounded with close, perpendicular
whorls.

387. nussaTeLLa, Zinn.—C. angustatus, cylindricus, striatus,
lineatim punctatus, fusco seu aurantio maculatus et fasciatus
(f. 553, 554).—I feel almost tempted to distinguish the latter as
a species.

388. TENELLUS, Chemn.—C. quam C. nussatel/a magis angu-
latus, lateribus rectiusculis ; spird brevi, obtusi; anfractibus pau-
lulum undulatis ; striis minuté punctatis (f. 566).—Straighter than
C. nussatella, with the upper part of the whorl more angular, and
the spire short and obtuse ; the sculpture and colouring are finer.
Tt has been thrice named,

389. pacryLosus, Kier.—C. elongato-cylindricus, levis, auran-
tius, maculis parvis trigonis albis sparsim ornatus ; spira prominula,
lateribus convexis, apice acuto, anfractu ultimo angulato (f. 536).
—A very characteristic species.

390. viotacrus, Reeve.—C. elongato-cylindricus, levis, viola-
ceus, fusco maculatus et fasciatus; spird producti, lateribus con-
vexis, apice acuto (f. 537).—A beautiful violet-coloured smooth
shell.

391. coccrnnus, Gmel.—C. cylindricus, subventricosus, antice
subattenuatus; striatus, coccineus seu fuscus, medio fascid alba

46

nigro-maculati cinctus ; spird obtusa, subtuberculata (f, 538, 539).
—Rather ventricose in the middle, and tapering near the base ; dis-
tinguished by the beautiful colour, and the white band in the centre
bordered by black markings.

892. eranuLatus, Linn.—C. subcylindricus, angustus, trans-
verse liratus ; liris subgranulosis, infra duplicatis ; coccineus, medio
fascia albé fusco-maculatai cinctus; spird alba, fusco maculata ;
anfractibus rotundatis, gradatis (f. 540, var. 541).—Hncircled
by granulated ridges, and quite unlike any other species. The
white variety (C. verulosus, Kien.) is figured from Miss Saul’s
specimen.

393. cyLinpRraceus, Brod.—C. cylindricus, angustus, levis,
aurantius vel fuscus, strigis interruptis fluctuatis longitudinalibus
ornatus ; spira elongati, obtus4; anfractibus rectis (f. 527, 528).
—In this species the spire is drawn out, so as to reach a third of
the entire length.

394. TEREBELLUM, Mart.—C. elongatus, cylindricus, solidus,
ineequaliter liratus, supra convexus, infra subattenuatus, pallidus,
fulvo pallidé fasciatus, exruleo tinctus; spird valdé convex4 (f.
559).—Transversely ridged, swelled near the angle of the spire,
which is very convex.

395. cians, Brug.—C. cylindricus, granoso-liratus, purpureo
tinctus, fusco vel purpureo-fuscescente late fasciatus ; spird convexd,
crenulata (f. 530, 531).—Both varieties have the strie granulated
and the spire crenulated.

396. TENUISTRIATUS, Sowb.—C. C. glandi similis, sed tenuissimé
striatus ; striis vix granulatis; spira levi (f. 532, 533).—The strice
are much finer than in C. glans, and scarcely granulated; spire
smooth.

397. renpINEeNS, Brug.—C. solidus, cylindricus, liratus, albus,
fusco-violascente trifasciatus, longitudinaliter strigatus; infra
truncatus; spiri elevati, obtusi (f. 534).—A very solid shell,
banded in both directions with dark-brown, and obtusely trun-
cated at the base.

398. scaBRiuscuLus, Chemn.—C. brevis, obtusus, subturbina-
tus, granoso-liratus, fuscus, maculis et fascid albis seu albus fusco-
maculatus; spird obtusd (f. 542, 543).—Although of a short and
obtusely conical form, this species has an affinity with C. glans.

399. NucLEUS, Reeve.—C. cylindricus, levis, fuscus, infra me-
dium maculis irregularibus albis fasciatus; spird convex’, apice
? >

47

minuto (f. 529).—A small, smooth, brown shell, with a band of
irregular white spots below the centre.

400. Luteus, Brod.—C. levigatus, elongatus, anticé attenuatus,
luteus seu coccineus, maculis fuscis longitudinalibus albo-mar-
ginatis fasciatim pictus (f. 544, 545).—Both varieties are graceful
shells, with rows of white, bordered, linear, brown markings.

401. arramentosus, Reeve.—C. minutus, striatus, obtusus,
nigrescens, maculis albis sparsim ornatus ; spird obtusa (f. 317).
—A curious little dark-coloured shell, with a few white spots on
the upper part of the whorls.

402. urerocLypHicus, Duclos.—C. brevis, liratus, sub-turbi-
natus, obtusus, fuscus, maculis albis irregularibus fasciatim or-
natus ; spird alba, maculata ; anfractibus rotundatis (f. 318, 319).
—This small shell has an affinity with C. scabriusculus, from
which however it differs in the white, hieroglyphic markings.

403. mirratus, Brug.—C. oblongus, granulato-liratus, luteus,
castaneo fasciatim maculatus; spird convexa, elevata (f. 535).—
There is no danger of confounding this species with any other.

(The following species were accidentally omitted from their places. ]

'345*. rLoripus, Sows.—C. C. striato similis, sed vix striatus,
lateribus magis ventricosis, spird magis angustata, anfractibus haud
tantum excavatis ; rosaceus, floccis albis et maculis fuscis sparsim
variegatus (f. 558, Frontispiece).—Besides the smooth surface and
delicate colouring of this shell, it is distinguished from C. striatus
by its less cylindrical form and the comparative narrowness of the
spire, which is also less deeply grooved.

364. pyramipaLis, Jamk.—C. angustus, solidus ; spird promi-
nula, strigis longitudinalibus undatis (f. 579).—Narrow, solid,
with a rather produced spire. The brown markings fall in wavy,
downward stripes.

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INDEX

TO

THE GENUS CONUS.

abbas, Bru., sp. 363, f. 575.
abbreviatus, Nuttall, 70, f. 84.
achatinus, Che., 334, f. 335-6,
343.
aculeiformis, Rve., 91, f. 370.
acuminatus, Brw., 122, f. 196-7.
acutangulus, Che., 82, f. 356.
acutus, So., 119, f. 142.
Adamsoni.—rhododendron.
Adansoni, Lam., 331, f. 286-9.
adustus, So., 204, f. 403.
werotus, Rve., 178, f. 215.
amulus, Rve.—czerulescens.
affinis, Rve.—circumcisus.
Africanus, Kie.—C. concinnus,
Br. ? (genus Conella).
Africanus, Meusch.—Unknown to
me.
alabaster, Rve.-—Unknown to me.
albicans, So., 13, f. 98.
albomaculatus, So., 49, f. 113.
Algoensis, So., 251, f. 421.
alveolus, So.—nisus.
amabilis, Lam.—festivus.
Amadis, Mart., 121, f. 169-71.
ambiguus, Rve., 152, f. 259.
ammiralis, Zin., 137, f. 225-6.
anceps, 4. Ad., 319, f. 493.
Anemone, Lam., 263, f. 339-41.
angulatus, 4. dd., 113, f. 388.
VOL. II.

aplustre, Rve., 278, f. 448.
arachnoideus, Gm., 10, f. 14.
araneosus, Bru.—arachnoideus.
arausiensis, Che.—daucus var. ?
archiepiscopus, Bru., 361, f. 571,
572.
archithalassus, Dil., 30, f. 24-5.
archon, Bro., 120, f. 252.
arcuatus, Bro., 84, f. 384.
ardisiacus, Kie-— Tinianus.
arenatus, Brwu., 54, f. 17, 18.
Aristophanes, Duc/., 63, f. 81-2.
armillatus, Ad.— Unknown to
me.

artoptus, So.—tenellus.
asper, Lam.—sulecatus.
aspersus, So.—testudinarius.
assimilis, 4. dd., 335, f. 505.
ateralbus, Kie.—venulatus.
atramentos, Rve., 401, f. 317.
attenuatus, Rve., 252, f. 423.
augur, Bru., 221, f. 154.
aulicus, Lin., 381, f. 593.
aurantius, Bru.—leucostictus.
auratus, Lam., 382, f. 591.
aureolus, So., 141, f. 395.
aureus, Bru., 384, f. 555.
auricomus, Bru.—clavus.
auricomus, Lam.—aureus, Lam.
aurisiacus, Zin., 326, f. 501.

H

aurora, lam.—yrosaceus.

Australis, Che., 94, f. 486.

badius, Kie-—nemocanus.
balteatus, So., 26, f. 71.
balteus, Mae, 253 a, f. 424.
Bandanus, Brw., 5, f. 8.
Barbadensis, Brw., 61, f. 57-8.
Bernhardi, A7ze., 295, f. 4745.
betulinus, Lin., 194, f. 244.
bicolor, So., 215 a, f. 234.
bifasciatus, Gm.—centurio.
bifasciatus, So., 186, f. 302.
biliosus, Bo/t—Unknown to me.
Blainvillii, Kie-—classiarius.
Blainvillii, Vign.—ammiralis, var.
Beeticus, Rve., 168, f. 45.
Boinvinii, Ave., 321, f. 496.
Borneensis, dd. e¢ Rve., 101, f.
389.
Broderipii, Rve., 282, f. 465.
Bruguieri, Kie—Caffer.
brunneus, Maze, 36, f. 47-9.
bulbus, Rve., 255, f. 427.
bullatus, Zin., 351, f. 550.
buxeus, Rve.—furvus.

celatus, 4. Ad., 20, f. 107.

Caffer, Krauss, 271, f. 446-7.

Caledonicus, Bru., 138, f. 413.

Californicus, Hinds, 261, f. 332.

Caillaudi, Kie., 16, f. 34.

canaliculatus, Che.—Malaccanus.

eancellatus, Bru., 83, f. 372-8.

candidus, Born.—Uncoated mar-
moreus.

candidus, Kie.-—Pealii.

canonicus, Bru., 360, f. 568.

capitaneus, Lin., 226, f. 175-7.

cardinalis, Bru., 52, f. 117, 118.

carinatus, Sw. 317, f. 495.

cassis, Meusch.— Unknown to me.

castaneus, Kie.—cingulatus.

castrensis, Gouwld.—Unknown to
me.

castus, Rve., 209, f. 405.

catus, Bru., 333, f. 277-80.

3)

Cecilii, Kie-—furvus.
cedo-nulli, Bru., 43, f. 64-8.
centurio, Born, 103, f. 367.
cerinus, Fve., 165, f. 120.
cervus, So.-—Deshayesil.
cervus, Lam., 350, f. 548.
Ceylonicus, Che., 56, f. 16, 22.
Ceylanensis, Bru., 75, f. 139-41.
Chaldeus, Bolt.—Unknown to me.
characteristicus, Ch.,213,f. 337-8.
Chemnitzvi, Dil.—rattus.
cibieli, Kie.-—nemocanus, var. ?
cidaris, Kie-—Magellanicus.
cinctus, Sw., 313, f. 231.
cinetus, Valen.—Unknown to me.
cinereus, Rumph., 288, f. 467.
cingulatus, Lam., 102, f. 385.
cingulum, Gm.—Unknown to me.
circe, Che., 338, f. 513-4, 525.
circumcisus, Born., 386, f. 562-3.
citrmus, Gm., 23, f. 70.
citrinus, Kie.—capitaneus.
clandestinus, Che.—magus.
classiarius, Brw., 140, f. 213.
clavus, Zin., 385, f. 561.
Clerii, Rve., 108, f. 374.
cocceus, Rve., 175, f. 417.
coccineus, Gm., 391, f. 538-9.
Celebs, Hinds.—terebellum.
ceerulescens, Che., 248, f. 442.
cerulescens, Lam.—cinereus.
coffea, Gm., 142, f. 173-4.
collisus, /ve., 284, f. 459.
columba, Brw., 156, f. 310-11.
colubrinus, Lam., 374, f. 587.
commodus, 4. 4d.—Unknown to
me.
concatenatus, Ave., 365, f. 582.
comptus, Ad.—castus.
comptus, Gld.—purpurascens.
concolor, So., 307, f. 206.
concinnus, Bro.—genus Conella.
consors, So., 318, f. 492.
connectens, 314, f. 230.
conspersus, /tve., 283, f. 463-4.
contusus, Rve., 296, f. 476.
convolutus, So., 380, f. 564.

ee

corallinus, Ave., 164, f. 416.
corbula, So., 365, f. 573.
coronatus, Dil.—minimus.

coronatus, Gm.—Unknown to me.

coronatus, Rve., 72, f. 136.
costatus, Ch.—suleatus.
crassus, So., 203, f. 254-5.
crebrisuleatus, So., 173, f. 321.
crenulatus, Kie., 81, f. 359.
crepusculum, fve., 28, f. 96.
eretaceus, Kie.-—Mindanus, var.
crocatus, Zam., 376, f. 588-9.
Crotchii, Rve., 150, f. 271.

Cumingii, Rve., 163, f. 281, 415.

cuneolus, Rve.—balteus.
cyanostoma, 4. dd., 155, f. 304.

cylindraceus, Bro., 393, f. 527-8.

dactylosus, Ave., 389, f. 536.

daucus, Bru., 143, f. 188-9, 330.

dealbatus, 4. dd., 263, f. 103.
Deburghiz, So., 7, f. 6, 7.
decrepitus, Kie.—cocceus.

Delessertianus, Rec/., 104, f. 365.

Deshayesii, Rve., 352, f. 546.
desidiosus, 4. dd., 176, f. 306.
dilectus, Gld.—Unknown to me.
Dilwynii, Rve., 147, f. 333-4.
discrepans, So.—catus.

dispar, So., 126, f. 195.
distans, Bru., 25, f. 28-9.
duplicatus, So.—australis.
Dupontii, Kie., 257, f. 426.
Dux, Bru.—cireumcisus.

Ebreeus, Zin., 67, f. 56.
eburneus, Brw., 201, f. 247-9.
echinulatus, Kie.—verrucosus.
Blize, Kie., 373, f. 578.
elongatus, Rve.—oblitus.
elongatus, Che., 247, f. 440-1.
elventinus, Ducl.amindanus.

emaciatus, Fve., 191, f. 214, 258.

emarginatus, fve., 115, f. 387.
encaustus, Ave., 62, f. 79.
episcopus, Lam., 378, f. 596-8.
epistomium, fve., 339, f. 515.

51

eques, Bru. —Unknown to me.
ermineus, Born, 185, f. 185-7.
Erythreenensis, Bs., 158, f. 316.
exaratus, Rve., 160, f. 307.
ewiguus, Lam.—Ceylanensis, var.
eximius, Ave., 136, f. 201.

fabula, So.—scabriusculus.
fasciatus, A. Ad.—bifasciatus.
fasciatus, Mart., 306, f. 487-9.
ferrugatus, S8o.—Unknown to me.
Jerrugineus, Br.—senator.
festivus, Che., 187, f. 272.
figulinus, Br. 197, f. 242.
filamentosus, Rve., 303, f. 482.
Jlammeus, Lam.—Lorenzianus.
flavescens, Gray, 161, f. 305.
flavidus, Zam., 189, f. 168.
floceatus, So., 325, f. 500.
floridulus, 4d. e¢ Rve., 100, f. 97.
floridus, So., 345*, Frontispiece.
fluctifer, Dilw.—Prometheus.
Franciscanus, Brw., 246, f. 315.
frigidus, Rve., 154, f. 303.
fucatus, Rve., 250, f. 308, 422?
fulgetrum, So., 66, f. 69.
fulgurans, Br., 135, f. 202.
fulgurans, Kie-—Unknown to me.
fulmen, Rve., 344, f. 351.
Sulmineus, Gm., 33.— Unknown
to me.
Sunigatus, Br.—coffea.
furvus, Rve., 179, f. 266-8.
fuseatus, Born, 2, f. 3.
Susiformis, Lam.—Unknown to
me.
fustigiatus, Br.—-pulicarius.
fusus, Gma.—Unknown to me.

Gabrielli, Ave., 289, f. 468.
generalis, Lin., 132, f. 179-81.
genuanus, Lin., 212, f. 253.
geographus, Lin., 346, f. 560.
gilvus, Ave., 182, f. 312.
gladiator, Bro., 35, f. 59, 60.
glans, Bru., 395, f. 530-1.
glaucus, Lin., 195, f. 237.

gloria-maris, Che., 368, f. 586.
gracilis, Mawe.—Timorensis.
gracilis, So. —australis.
gradatus, Rve.—scalaris.
griseus, Kie-—ambiguus.
granarius, Kie.—cedo-nulli ?
grandis, So.—spurius.

granifer, Rve., 29, f. 109-10.
granulatus, Lin., 392, f. 540-1.
Grayi, Rve., 238, f. 275.
Gruneri, Rve.—litteratus.
Gubba, Kie-—Bernhardi.
cubernator, Br., 341, f. 519-22.
Guiniacus, Br., 239, f. 434-5.
guttatus, Kie-—Bulbus.

Hanleyi, So., 160, f. 399, 400.
Hebreus, Lam.—Kbreus.
hepaticus, Ave., 183, f. 191.
Hevassi, A. Ad.—interruptus.
hieroglyphicus, Duel.,
318-9.
hyena, Bru., 231, f. 431.
hybridus, Kie.—Mediterraneus.

ignobilis, Oliv.—Mediterraneus.
imperialis, Lin., 1, f. 2.
ineequalis, Rve., 210, f. 406.
incarnatus, Rve., 206, f. 228-9.
incurvus, Bro., 127, f. 194.
indicus, Che.—magus.
induratus, Rve., 148, f. 396.
inflatus, So.—conspersus.
informis, Bru.—elongatus.
informis, Rve.—simplex.
infrenatus, Rve., 275, f. 451-3.
innexus, A. Ad.—anceps.
inquinatus, Rve.—testudinarius.
inscriptus, Mtve., 299, f. 477.
insculptus, Ave., 92, f. 363.
insignis, So.—acuminatus.
insularis, Gm.—Unknown to me.
intermedius, Rve., 349, f. 549.
interruptus, AZawe, 47, f. 43-4.
interruptus, Bro.—Ximines.
jodostoma, Rve., 300, f. 480.
irvegularis, So., 242, f. 418-9.

402, f.

Jamaicensis, Bru., 244, f. 459.
Janus, Bru., 297, f. 478.
Japonicus, Bru., 110, f. 376.
jaspideus, Gm.—Unknown to me.
Jaspideus, Kie.—pictus.

jaspis, Marsch).—Franciscanus.
Jukesii, Rve., 265, f. 297.

Keatii, So., 298, f. 479.
Kieneri, ve., 302, f. 484.

lachrymosus, Rve., 166, f. 93.

lacinulatus, Kie.—lineatus.

lacteus, Zam. 292, f. 473.

letus, Gm.—granulatus ?

levigatus, So., 228, f. 149-50,
207.

levis, Gm.—circumcisus.

Lamarkii, Kie-—Hlize, var. ?

lamellosus, Lam.— Unknown to
me.

Largillierti, Kie.—Japonicus.

latifasciatus, So., 304, f. 485.

lautus, Rve., 276, f. 454.

legatus, Lam., 359, f. 566.

lemniscatus, Ave., 111, f. 411.

lentiginosus, Rve., 114, f. 386.

leoninus, Bru., 218, f. 232.

leopardus, Dilw.—Sumatrensis.

leopardus, Meusch.—Unknown to
me.

leucostictus, Gm., 45, f. 35, 36.

lignarius, Rve., 177, f. 269-70,
313.

lineatus, Che., 315, f. 218-9.

lineolatus, Valen.— princeps.

liratus, Rve.—plumbeus.

lithoglyphus, Bru.—ermineus.

lithoglyphus, Meusch.—Unknown
to me.

litteratus, Zin., 193, f. 155-6.

lividus, Brw., 21, f. 27.

lividus, Che.—cinereus.

Lorenzianus, Che., 217, f. 212,
430.

Loroissii, Ave., 198, f. 243.

Loveni, Avauss, 273, f. 449.

lucidus, Mawe, 370, f. 581.
luctificus, Rve., 134, f. 198.
lugubris, Rve., 254, f. 320.
luridus, A. Ad.—Taslei.

luteus, Bro., 400, f. 544-5.
luteus, Quoy.—Scarcely a Cone.
Luzonicus, Bru., 236, f. 344.
lynceus, So/., 287, f. 469.

maculatus, So., 264, f. 297.
maculiferus, So., 41, f. 74-5.
Madagascariensis, So., 371, f. 583.
Madurensis, Brw., 211, f. 407.
Magdalene, Ch.—floccatus.
Magellanicus, Brw., 40, f. 77, 390.
magnificus, Rve., 383, f. 592.
magus, Lin., 337, f. 508, 512.
mahogani, fve., 181, f. 283-4.
Malaccanus, Bru., 105, f. 366.
Maldivus, Bru., 130, f. 182—4.
marchionatus, Hind., 214, f. 172.
marmoreus, Lin., 4, f. 5.
Martinianus, Rve.—radiatus.
Mauritianus, Lam.— puncticula-
tus ?
Maurus, Gray —Unknown to me.
Mediterraneus, Bru.,243,f. 437-8.
melancholicus, Zam., 353, f. 547.
memmonitarum, Ch.—distans.
mercator, Jin., 253, f. 294-5,
428-9.
Metcalfei, Rve., 171, f. 119.
Migheisi, Kie—tmusicus.
miles, Lin., 222, f. 157.
miliaris, Bru., 65, f. 72-3.
millepunctatus, Zam., 192, f. 151.
*millies punctatus,’ Ch.—puncti-
culatus.
Mindanus, Brw., 81, f. 86-88.
minimus, Lin., 60, f. 54-5, 99,
IE
minutus, /ve., 125, f. 360.
mitratus, Bru., 403, f. 535.
modestus, So.—fulmen ?
Moluccensis, Che., 17, f. 46.
monachus, Lin., 336,-f. 506-7.
monile, Brw., 131, f. 178.

monilifer, Bro., 109, f. 380, 382.
monstrosus, Ch.—rubiginosus ?
Mozambicus, Bru.—elongatus.
mucronatus, Rve., 301, f. 481.
Mus, Bru., 57, f. 78.

mutabilis, Che., 232, f. 216.
muriculatus, So., 19, f. 89.
muscosus, Lam.—characteristicus.
musicus, Bru., 77, f. 145-8.
musivum, Bro.—legatus.
mustellinus, Brw., 244, f. 160.

nanus, Bro., 78, f. 114-6.
Narcissus, Zam., 240, f. 436.
Natalis, So., 267, f. 292-3.
nebulosus, So/., 44, f. 61-2.
neglectus, 208, f. 404.
nemocanus, Brw., 227, f. 152-3.
Neptunus, Rve., 305, f. 483.
Neptunus, Kie.-—Amadis.
Nicobaricus, Brw., 9, f. 11-12.
nigro-punctatus, So., 332, f. 342.
nimbosus, Brwv., 327, f. 503.
nisus, Che., 290, f. 470-1.
nitidus, Rve., 172, f. 401.
niveus, Gm.—Uncoated marmoreus.
nivifer, Bvo., 149, f. 265, 397.
nivosus, Lam.—venulatus.
nobilis, Zin., 328, f. 498-9.
nocturnus, Bru., 6, f. 4.
nodiferus, Kie.-—verrucosus.
Novee-Hollandiz, 266, f. 298-9.
nubecula, Gm.—Unknown to me.
nucleus, /tve., 398, f. 529.
nussatella, Lin., 387, f. 553-4.
nux, Bro., 73, f. 135.

obesus, Lam.—Ceylonicus.
oblitus, Ave., 24, f. 37, 100.
obseurus, Humph., 349, f. 526.
obtusus, Kie.—Unknown to me.
ochraceus, Lam., 219, f. 432.
ochroleucus, Bru.—fasciatus.
oculatus, Gm.—Unknown to me.
olivaceus, Kie.—Taslei.

omaicus, Brv., 322, f. 497.
omaria, Bru., 379, f. 594-5.

54

optabilis, 4. Ad., 116, f. 364.
Orbignyi, drdouin, 90, f. 368.
orbitatus, Rve-—Unknown to me.
Orion, Bro., 145, f. 200.

pagodus, Che.—cancellatus.
panniculus, Lam., 362, f. 574.
papilionaceus, Bru., 215, f. 233.
papillaris, Rve., 97, f. 377.
papillosus, Kie.-—puncticulatus.
parius, Rve.—lacteus.
pastinacea, Lam., 184, f. 353.
patricius, Hind., 85, f. 855.
paulina, Kie-—bicolor.
pauperculus, So., 249, f. 217.
Pealii, Green, 80, f. 293-4.
pellis-hyeane, Che.—punctatus.
pennaceus, Lam., 377, f. 599-601.
peplum, Che., 11, f. 13, 408.
perplexus, So., 157, f. 824.
pertusus, Lam., 188, f. 273.
Philippi, Aie., 112, f. 412.
pica, Ad. et Rve., 280, f. 290-1.
pictus, Rve., 268, f. 444-5.
pigmentatus, 4d. et Rve, 39, f. 101.
piperatus, Rve.—Dilwynii.
planicostatus, So.—Orbignyi.
planorbis, Born., 310, f. 491.
plumbeus, /ve., 48, f. 131-2.
polyzonias, Gm.—planicostatus.
ponderosus, Beck.—quercinus.
pontificalis, Lam., 71, f. 51.
Porto-ricanus, Bru., 237, f. 433.
prafectus, Bru.—fasciatus.
prelatus, Bru., 372, f. 585.
pretextus, Rve.—encaustus.
primula, fve., 38, f. 76.
princeps, Lin., 31, f. 31-3.
precellens, 4. dd., 89, f. 371.
proarchithalassus, Morch. — pre-
latus.
Prometheus, Bru., 320, f. 245.
Proteus, Bru.—spurius.
pscudo-Thome, Che. — papiliona-
ceus.
pulchellus, So.—interruptus.
pulchellus, Swains., 312, f. 220,

pulcher, 4. Ad., 95, f. 121.

pulicarius, Bru., 53, f. 19-21.

punctatus, Che., 37, f. 91-2, 203.

puneticulatus, Bru., 79, f. 128-30,
391-2.

puncturatus, Bru., 58, f. 104.

purpurascens, Bro., 234, f. 204,
346.

pusillus, Che., 76, f. 144.

pusio, Lam., 159, f. 325-6, 398.

pustulosus, Kie.—puncticulatus.

pygmaeus, Rve.—pusio.

pyramidalis, Lam., 364, f. 579.

pyriformis, /ve., 199, f. 238, 354.

quercinus, Brw., 200, f. 239-40.
questor, Lam.—characteristicus.

radiatus, Gm., 308, f. 490.
ranunculus, Bru.—achatinus.
raphanus, Brv., 316, f. 494.
rattus, Bru., 229, f. 161-2.
Recluzianus, Bernh., 15, f. 38-9.
Reevii, Kie.—senator.
regalitatis, So., 235, f. 345.
regius, Che.—princeps.
regularis, So., 128, f. 208-10.
reticulatus, 3o.—lucidus.
reticulatus, Mart.—merecator.
retifer, Menke, 369, f. 580.
rhododendron, Couth., 329, f. 504,
and Frontispiece.
rivularis, Rve., 167, f. 90.
rosaceus, Che., 277, f. 455-6.
roseus, Lam., 59, f. 94-5.
roseus, Kie.—Kieneri.
rubiginosus, Lam., 375, f. 590.
rudis, Che.—Unknown to me.
Rupellii, Rve., 33, f. 143.
rusticus, Dil.—cinereus.
rutilus, Menke, 32, f. 323.

sanguineus, Kie.—cedo-nulli, var. ?
sanguinolentus, Quoy.—citrinus.
sanguinolentus, /ve., 143, f. 409.
sceaber, Kie.—fulgetrum.
scabriusculus, Che., 398, f, 542-3.

sealaris, Val. 106, f. 192.
scalptus, Rve., 286, f. 331.
scitulus, Rve.—pictus ?
scriptus, So., 357, f. 563.
selectus, 4. dd., 117, f. 361.
senator, Lin., 309, f. 221-2.
Siamensis, Brw., 216, f. 352.
Sieboldii, Rve., 98, f. 369.
simplex, So., 269, f. 199.
Sindon, Ave., 151, f. 414.

Sinensis, Mart. —Unknown to me.

Sinensis, So.—Sowerbyi.
Solandri, Bro.—coccineus.
solidus, Che.—nebulosus.
solidus, So.——retifer.
Sowerbyi, Rve., 88, f. 379.

speciosissimus, /ve., 50, f. 123-4.

speciosus, So., 51, f. 138.
spectabilis, A. Ad.—tenellus.
spectrum, Lin., 279, f. 457-8.
sphacelatus, So., 42, f. 105-6.
spiculum, fve., 124, f. 362.
splendidulus, So., 139, f. 211.
sponsalis, Che., 74, f. 133-4.

spurius, Gm., 220, f. 235-6, 241.

Stainforthii, Rve.—Moluccensis.
stellatus, Kie.—Elize, var. ?

stercus-muscarum, JLin., 330, f.

347,
sticticus, 4. Ad., 87, f. 137.
stigmaticus, 4. Ad., 285, f. 460.
stillatus, Rve., 281, f. 461-2.
stramineus, Lam.—nisus.
striatus, Lin., 845, f. 557.
strigatus, Bru., 170, f. 329.
strivlatus, Rve.—ustulatus, var.
subulatus, Ave., 293, f. 472.
succinetus, 4. Ad., 271, f. 257.
sugillatus, fve., 22, f. 50.
sulcatus, Bru., 86, f. 30.
sulciferus, 4. dd., 96, f. 122.
sulphureus, Kie.—capitaneus.

Sumatrensis, Lam., 223, f. 158-9.

superstriatus, So., 328, f. 282.
Suratensis, /tve., 196, f. 246.
suturatus, /tve., 205, f. 256.

tabidus, Rve., 27, f. 108.

teeniatus, Brw., 69, f. 85.

Taheitensis, Brw., 34, f. 26.
Tamsianus, Ducl.— Unknown to
me.
Taslei, Kie., 241, f. 300-1.
telatus, Rve., 367, f. 584.
tendinens, Bru., 397, f. 534.
tenellus, Che., 388, f. 556.
tenuis, So., 14, f. 314.
tenuistriatus, 396, f. 532-3.
terebellum, MJart., 394, f. 559.
tenebra, Che.—nussatella, var. ?
terminus, Zam., 343, f. 523.
tessellatus, Born, 202, f. 250-1.
testudinarius, Mar., 233,f.348-50.
textile, “Zin., 354, f. 567.
textilinus, Kie.—acuminatus, var.?
thalassiarchus, Gray, 129,f. 164-6.
Thome, Gm.—omaicus.
tiaratus, Bro., 64, f. 80.
tigrinus, So., 355, f. 568.
Tinianus, Bru., 274, f. 450.
Timorensis, Bru., 342, f. 517-8.
tornatus, Bro., 123, f. 375, 425.
Traillii, 4. Ad., 174, f. 322.
tribunus, Gm.—centurio.
trigonus, ve., 230. f. 205.
trochulus, /ve., 153, f. 260.
tulipa, Zin., 347, f. 551-2.
turbinatus, So., 207, f. 227.

undatus, A7ve., 107, f. 383.

undulatus, So., 294, f. 63.

unicolor, So., 18, f. 83.

unifasciatus, Ave., 245, f. 420.

ustulatus, ve., f. 340, 227-8, 516
(for 510).

varigatus, Kie.—lugubris? or cu-
neolus ?

varius, Lin., 46, f. 40-2.

Vautieri, Kie., 55, f. 23.

ventricosus, Gm.—Mediterraneus.

venulatus, Bru., 146, f. 261-4.

vermiculatus, Zam., 68, f. 52-3,
112.

Verrauxii, Kie.-—conspersus.
verriculum, /ve., 358, f. 570.
verrucosus, Bru., 80, f. 125-7.
verulosus, Kie.—granulatus.

vespertinus, Humph.—Timorensis.

vexillum, Marvl., 225, f. 163.
vicarius, Lamh., 356, f. 565.
victor, Bro., 324, f. 524.
Victorize, Rve., 366, f. 575-6.
vidua, Ave., 8, f. 9-10.
vimineus, Rve., 93, f. 357.
vinctus, A. Ad.—achatinus.
violaceus, /ve., 390, f. 537.

violaceus, Gm.—Unknown to me.

virgatus, Rve., 133, f. 190-3.

virgo, Lin., 190, f. 167.

viridis, So., 162, f. 102.
viridulus, Zam., 3, f. 1.

vittatus, Lam., 144, f. 274, 410.
vitulinus, Bru., 311, f. 228-4.
voluminalis, Hind., 99, f. 378.
vulpinus, Bru.,—planorbis.
Ximenes, Gray, 180, f. 285, 402.

zebra, Lam., 291, f. 466.

zebroides, Kie., 256, f. 443.

Zeylanicus, Wd.—Ceylonicus.

ziczac, Muhlfelt. — Unknown to
me.

zonatus, Bru., 12, f. 15.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

ANCILLARIA, Lamb.

Char. Gen. Testa polita, ovata vel oblonga, ad basin balteo in-
crassato marginata; supra balteum suturd nonnunquam celata,
plerumque ad terminum dentiferd cincta; spird pyramidali, su-
turd tegmine calloso, polito celaté; columella varice calloso,
plerumque striato, ad basin terminante; apertura magna, anticé
effusi, plerumque unidentata, ad basin emarginatd; operculo
corneo, concentrico, subovali.

Although Lamarck first published this genus under the name
of “ Ancitua,” I cannot admit the justice or convenience of re-
fusing to adopt the alteration which he subsequently made. That
alteration appeared in all his more matured works, and has been
almost universally adopted. The species have increased in num-
ber from four described in the ‘ Animaux sans Vertébres,’ to
forty-four contained in the present monograph. This includes
“ Buccinum glabratum” of Linneus, which is unfortunately
placed at the head of Lamarck’s genus “ Hburna,’ but which
has no connection with the other species enumerated under that
title. It is admitted here, with two allied species, by general
consent, the most advanced of modern conchologists making
only a subgenus of the group. The Ancillarie are polished,
olive-shaped shells, with the spiral suture covered by a coating of
enamel, having an oblique, thickened belt at the base, which is
sometimes double ; above this belt is a suture, generally ending
in a tooth near the base of the outer lip, but which is some-
times covered and hidden by enamel, and a tortuous triangular
varix at the lower part of the columella. The operculum is
horny, oval, and concentric. The species may be thus arranged :
—Section I., Sp. 1 to 21, in which the spire-covering enamel
is continued downwards as far as, and sometimes over, the basal
suture. Section IL., Sp. 22 to 41, in which the said enamel

VOL. Ul. r

58 ANCILLARIA. 2.

ceases at various distances above that suture, in most cases form-
ing a marginal band on the upper part of the last whorl. Sec-
tion THES Sp. 42 to 44, A. glabrata and its two allied species,
which, agreeing with the last group as to the enamel, present. the
pauitianal characters of a divided varix, and an oblique umbilicus
between the body-whorl and the columellar callus.

Subg. Dipsaceus, Klein.

Sect. I. Spire-covering enamel extended over the body-whort.

1. torosa, Meusch.—Mauritiana, Sowb. Sp. Con.—A. subcy-
lindrica, longitudinaliter striata, castanea, seu pallide fulva, seu
alba; spird brevi; anfractibus subquadratis, balteo inferiori sim-
plice ; aperturdé magnd, ad basin lati, vix emarginati; varice
albo, leviter striato, elongato (f. 30, 31, 32)—This now well-
known species is remarkable for the width and length of the
aperture in proportion to its very short spire. The three varie-
ties are common in collections.

2. aperta, Sowd. Sp. Con.—A. subcylindrica, levis, aurantio-
rubra; spird brevissim&; anfractibus rotundis, balteo inferiori
simplice ; apertura magna, ad basin vix emarginata; varice albo,
leviter striato, elongato (f. 27, 28).—This species, which differs
from A. Mauritiana in being smooth and having rounded whorls,
is very rare. [ am indebted to the kindness of Mrs. De Burgh
for the use of the beautiful specimen figured.

3. scapHELLA, Sows. Th.—A. cylindrica, alba; spira brevi ;
aperturi magna, ad basin vix emarginatd; varice levi, elongato,
balteo inferiori vix distincto; suturd inferiori elevatd (f. 37, 38).
—Resembling the two preceding in form, but more cylindrical,
white, and smooth. The basal suture, which is obsolete in
Sp. 1 and 2, is here distinct, giving an angularity to the lines of
growth, and ending in a scarcely perceptible projection. Unique
as far as known.

4, cytinprica, Sow). Th.—A. cylindrica, parva, alba, 4. sca-
phelle similis, sed magis augustata et recta (f. 18, 19).—A small
white shell, more cylindrical, straight, and narrow than A. sca-
phella. Unique as far as known.

5. Tronsoni, Sows. Th.— A. subovalis, politissima, alba ;
spird brevi; apertura elongata; suturd inferior subcallosa, balteo
inferiori simplice ; varice brevi, striato, canali post varicem posi-
to (f. 20, 21).—Having something of the form of A. scaphella,

ANCILLARIA. 3. 59

yet approaching 4. ampla, with a much shorter varix than either.
Unique as far as known.

6. ampta, Gmel.—candida, Lamk.—A. elongata, alba seu
pallidé cinnamomea; spird acuminati; apertura ad basin lata,
effusi; suturd inferiori dentifer’, balteo inferiori simplice ; varice
elongato, obliqué striato (f. 26, 29).—With a more produced
spire than either of the preceding, but with the aperture wide at
the base. Both varieties common.

7. atBisuLcata, Sowd. Sp.—Caffra, Horsch. ?—A. oblonga,
cinnamomea, ad spiram lineis albis cincta; spiri brevi, etate
yaldé calloso-rotundataé ; suturdi inferiori dentiferd, albo margina-
ti, balteo imferiori simplice; varice tortuoso, sulcato (f. 39, 40,
41).—The spire is sometimes rendered obtuse and rounded by a
thick deposit of enamel. The spiral and basal sutures are white.
Common.

8. crinnamomeEa, Lamk.—A. oblonga, castanea seu pallidé cin-
namomea, supra albo-fasciati; spiri subproductd, ad suturam
rufo-cincté ; aperturé oblonga, infra unidentata, effusi, ad basin
emarginaté ; suturd inferior’ alb&; varice columellari tortuoso,
crasso, striato, fulvo (f. 33, 34, 35).—This shell, to which Mr.
Swainson applied the name A. effusa, and which is figured under
that name in the ‘Species Conchyliorum,’ seems to me to agree
perfectly well with Lamarck’s description of cinnamomea, the
brown varix mentioned by Lamarck not beimg found in the shells
figured for 4. cinnamomea in the “ Species.”

9, atBorascrata, Swains.—A. oblonga, ventricosa, A. cinna-
mome@ similis sed fulvo-aurantia, magis ventricosa; varice albo (f.
36).—The A. cinnamomea is more straight-sided than this species,
which is of a light orange-colour, and has a white varix. It is
not without hesitation, however, that I admit the specific value of
these distinctions.

10. acuminata, Sows. Th.—A. elongata, cimmamomea seu alba,
intis pallide fulva ; spira exserté, acuminata ; suturd callos4; ulti-
mo anfractu subangulato; suturd inferior’ alba, balteo inferiori
simplice, castaneo; varice crasso, tortuoso, striato ; aperturd ob-
longa, infra unidentat!i (f. 66, 67).—An angle in the last. whorl
gives a pyramidal form to the spire, which is also characterized
by a slight rising round the whorls at the suture. The sides of
the shell are rather straight. In other respects it is like the
more acuminated specimens of A. albisulcata.

60 ANCILLARIA. 4.

11. Desnayrsu, 4. Adams ?— A. elongata, sub-ventricosa,
pallidé cinnamomea ; spira exserta, acuminata ; anfractibus rotun-
datis ; varice albo, levi, brevi; apertura oblonga, anticé leviter
unidentata (f. 68, 69).—Of a uniform pale cinnamon-colour, re-
sembling Sp. 10, but with more produced spire, rounded whorls,
and depressed suture. It is also less straight-sided. I find the
species named as above in Mr. Cuming’s collection, probably by
Mr. A. Adams.

12. tivgoxata, A. Adams.—A. parva, oblonga, pallidé fulva,
longitudinaliter lineata, ad suturas albo-cincta; apertura elonga-
ta, anticé unidentatd ; varice columellari parvo, striato (f. 22, 23).
—It is like a miniature representation of A. albisulcata, but be-
sides being a thin shell with more produced spire, it has a very
small narrow columellar varix.

13. srriotata, Sows. Th.—A. parva, A. lineolate similis, sed
magis ventricosa ; spird breviusculd ; test& minute lineata ; varice
parvo (f. 24, 25).—This species might be a dwarf, pale, and line-
ated variety of A. albisulcata, but for the smallness of its varix.
It is more obtuse, solid, and ventricose than A. dineolata. The
fine longitudinal lines are not always visible.

14. casranna, Sowd, Sp.—aA. solida, ventricosa, castanea, alba
seu pallidé rosea, intis fulva; spird pyramidali, mediocri; aper-
turi ampla, anticé unidentatd; varice columellari albo, polito,
leviter sulcato ; balteo inferiori simplice (f. 76 to 79).—Mr. Swain-
son considered this shell as representing Lamarck’s A. ventricosa,
but the author of ‘Species Conchyliorum’ points out that no
tooth in the outer lip is mentioned in the description of that spe-
cies, while it is a distinguishing character in this. Our varieties
(f. 77, 78) are so much more angular in general form than the
others, that I felt almost inclined to separate them.

15. crassa, Sowb. Th.—A. aurantia, seu albido, A. castanee
similis, sed crassa; apertura breviori, area inter balteum inferi-
orem et suturam dentiferam angustiori (f. 86, 90, 91).—Best
described by comparison with 4. castanea; it is thicker and
smaller, with shorter aperture. The area between the basal groove
and the basal belt is very narrow.

16. ovatis, Sows. Th.—A. ovalis, alba, ventricosa; spird pro-
duct ; apertura breviusculf, anticé unidentata ; varice columellari
parvo, sulcato, balteo inferiori indistincto (f. 82, 83).—A small,
white, ventricose shell, resembling A. castanea, but with much
shorter mouth and very small varix, the basal belt indistinct.

ANCILLARIA. 5. 61

17. EpurNEA? Desh.—A. parva, pallida; spiri acuminata, py-
ramidali; apertura anticé unidentatd; varice columellari minuto,
canali valido post varicem posito (f. 84, 85).—It is like the more
angular form of A. castanea, but the colour and small size of the
full-grown shell, with the extreme smallness of the varix, will
sufficiently distinguish it. I am not certain of the identity of this
species with the one so named by Deshayes, but it is partly cor-
roborated by a little callus which is observable at the angle of the
aperture.

18. ventricosa, Lamk.—A. ovalis, ventricosa, politissima,
castanea, seu aurantia, seu rubro fasciata ; spiri acuminata, sub-
producté; sutura inferiori celati, balteo inferiori simplice ; aper-
turd subovali, edentula ; varice albo, polito, sulcato (f. 87, 88, 59).
—This species resembles the more oval form of A. castanea, the
difference being that the basal groove is covered by the enamel,
and becomes obsolete at the margin of the aperture, so that there
is no tooth. One of the commonest species,

19. Futva, Swains.—A crassa, ovali, infra lata, fulva seu alba,
seu fasciis pallidis roseis albis et fulvis variegata ; sutura inferiori
celaté; apertura infra effusd, edentuld; varice crasso, sulcato (f.
72 to 75).—Much more thickened and oblique than 4. ventri-
cosa, with the lower part peculiarly widened and the aperture sub-
trigonal. Rather common.

20. varteGaTa, Swains.—A. latior quam A. ventricosa, magis
cylindrica et solida, pallidé fulva, fasciis albis et roseis variegata
(f. 70, 71).—This species and the preceding are admitted as va-
rieties of A. ventricosa in the ‘Species Conchyliorum;’ but I think
the broad base of 4. fu/va, and the wider and more cylindrical
form of A. variegata, being constant characters, are sufficient to
distinguish them.

21. exiaua, Sowd. Sp.—A. parva, alba seu pallidé fulva, ovalis ;
spira producta, acuté; apertura parva, edentula, infra effusd ; co-
lumella varice parvo, trigono, striato et prope angulum aperture
callo acuté producto; suturad inferiori celata (f. 80, 81).—This
pretty little species is remarkable for a notch in the columella,
produced by the projection of an angular callosity, which is not
observed in any other species.

Sect. Il. Spire-covering enamel not reaching the basal suture.

22. TankeRvILu, Swains.—A. ovali-elongata, aurantio-flavida ;

62 ANCILLARIA. 6.

spird producti; anfractibus supri rotundis, sutura varice spirali
tecta, tegmine calloso versus suturam fnieecen extenso, suturam
gradatim appropinquante, balteo inferiori medio diviso ; varice co-
Jumellari trigono, oblique uni-suleato ; apertura subovali, infra
validé emarginati, labio externo unidentifero (f. 4, 5). "—'The
texture and colour of this species resembles that of the beautiful
A. glabrata. 'The spire-covering enamel reaches over two-thirds
of the body-whorl in front, whence it gradually widens and de-
scends very near the inferior suture, towards the outer margin,
so that the uncovered bell becomes narrower as the shell grows
older.

23. pimrprata, Sows. Th.—A. tenuis, elongata, alba, fulvo
supra suturam tincta; spird elevati; anfractibus subrotundis ;
tegmine calloso, ad medium anfractu ultimo producto, balteo in-
feriori duplicato, labio externo unidentato ; varice elongato, an-
gustato, sulcato (f. 55, 56).—This thin, pale species presents a
medium in respect of the extension of the spire-covering enamel,
which reaches nearly halfway down on the body-whorl. The two
specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection are the only ones I have
seen.

24. BLoNGATA, Gray.—A. tenuis, elongata, alba, tenuissimé
cancellata ; anfractibus tegmine spirali late marginatis ; ; spira elon-
gata, gradata, spiraliter rata; suturd inferiori pené oblita, balteo
inferior] medio divisi; varice columellari lneari; aperturd ampla,
basi emarginata, labio externo vix unidentato (f. 52, 53).—This
thin, white, elongated shell has the spiral enamel forming a broad
band over the upper part of the whorls. The uncovered surface is
finely striated in both directions.

25. cinauLaTa.—A. tenuis, ovalis, supra purpurea, infra fulva;
fascié fuscd ; spird elongati, obtusd; anfractibus ventricosis, balteo
albo angusto marginatis, lined elevaté supra suturam cinctis; bal-
teo inferior! supra fusco, infra albo, medio lined elevati diviso ;
varice columellari tortuoso; apertura ampla, infra validé emarginata.
—In this elegant species there is no trace of the basal tooth-
bearing groove. A specimen has lately come into the possession
of M. Vernéde which is twice the size of our figure, so that, with
the splendid “ Vernede?,” that gentleman has the two largest An-
cillari@ in existence.

26. oprusa, Swaims.—A. ovata; spird brevi, obtusa, crassa
obtect’; ultimo anfractu tegmine spirali marginato; infra lined
impress, alba, balteo inferiori duplicato, varice columellari trigono,
albo, unisuleato ; aperturi ovali, mfr’ emarginatd; labio externo

ANCILLARIA. 7. 63

infra uniplicato (f. 15, 16).—The spire is thickened and rendered
obtuse by a thick coating of enamel, ending in a narrow belt over
the last whorl.

27. austraLts, Sowb.—A. oblonga, solida, fusca seu plumbea ;
spira pyramidali, obtecta, albo et fulvo spiraliter fasciata ; tegmine
incrassato super ¢ ‘anfractum ultimum albo- marginato ; sutura infe-
riori distineta ; balteo inferiori crasso triplicato, supra fusco, infra
albescente; aperturd subovali, emarginati, labio externo uniden-
tato; varice columellari sulcato, ad tegmen crassum laté super an-
fractum ultimum depositum juncto (f. 1, 2).—Over the dark-
brown colour of the body-whorl there is a leaden whiteness almost
peculiar to the species. The columellar side of the mouth has a
thickened callus, which spreads over part of the whorl and spine.

28. pupressa, Sowd. Th.—A. A. australi simili, sed spird magis
depress’, tegmine calloso valdé incrassato (f. 3).—The spire 1s
shorter than in A. australis, and the thickened callus of the co-
lumella and spire gives greater width to the top. I am neverthe-
less doubtful whether it is right to separate the species.

29. TRIcoLoR, Gray.—A. minuta, ovalis, acuta, A. australi
similis, sed magis angusta, tenuior ; spird vix obtecta (f. 9, 10).—
These pretty little shells may possibly be the young of A. australis.
In specimens of that species which are not much thickened by
callus, we observe the reddish-brown and white bands on the
spire, which are so conspicuous in A. tricolor.

30. mucronata, Sow). Sp.—A. ovali-oblonga, pallidé brun-
nea; spiri tegmine fulvo incrassaté, apice mucronata, ultimo an-
fractu supra tegmine marginato, infra balteis duobus cincto ; balteo
superiori medio cortato, inferiore albo; varice columellari trigono,
albo, sulcato; aperturaé unidentatd (f. 11, 12, 14).—A species
whose characters place it halfway between 4. australis and A. ru-
biginosa. The spire is thickened with callus, but has a small point
at the apex.

31. ANGUSTATA, Sowb. Th.—A. A. mucronate similis, sed parva,
angustata; spird obtus4 (f. 13).—Had this been an Australian in-
stead of a Chinese shell, I should have considered the absence of
a pointed apex, and the greater narrowness of the figure, as mere
accidental variations in the preceding species.

32. VeERNEDEL, Sows. Th.—A. fusiformis, ventricosa, aurantio-
fulva; spird elongata, acuminata, gradati; anfractibus balteo
calloso aurantio marginatis, infra sulcum inferiorem fascid alba ;
balteis inferioribus duobus, uno aurantio in medio plicato, altero

|

64 ANCILLARIA. 8.

albo ; aperturi ampla, supra rosed, infra alba, unidentata, emar-
ginat’; varice columellari obliqué trigono, ad basin truncato, su-
perné unisulcato (f. 7).—This Queen of Ancillaria is nearly twice
as long as any other species. Two specimens of it have been
many years in the possession of H. Vernéde, Esq., who originally
received them as Chinese shells. The nearest resemblance in
form and structure is 4. rubiginosa, which, although a large An-
cillaria, is small, compared to these giants. 4. Vernedei is much
lighter. It is of an orange-yellow colour, instead of brown ; it
has no columellar callus, and is not thickened at the spire; its
varix is thin, and comparatively smooth and flat.

33. ruBIGINosA, Swain.—A. fusiformis, solida, subventricosa,
fusco-rubiginosa; spird oblonga, obtusi, tegmine calloso obtecta,
incrassatd, anfractibus balteo aurantio-fulvo marginatis, infra su-
turam inferiorem balteo medio plicato, et infra balteo simplice ;
columella callosi, supri incrassati et expansi; varice crasso,
albo, unisuleato; apertura unidentata (f. 6).—A solid, fusiform,
reddish-brown shell, with marginated whorls and thickened spire.
From China; very rare.

34. mami“tata, Hinds—A. A. rubiginose similis, sed an-
fractu ultimo magis ventricoso, callo spire et columell albo-
roseo; varice quadriplicato; spird spiraliter lirata (f. 8).—The
columellar callus and that which covers the spire is of a pale pink
colour and waxy appearance. ‘The last whorl is more prominent
at the shoulder than in A. rudiginosa, and the varix has several
distinct ridges.

35. srurtis, Sows. Th.—A. ovato-oblonga, alba; spira et co-
lumella callosis, fusco tinctis; spird producté; anfractu ultimo
marginato, infra suturam inferiorem balteis tribus, quorum medio
acuté elevato; apertura elongata, supra angulata, infra uniden-
tata, basi emaginata; varice angusto, obliqué triplicato (f. 17).—
In A. rubiginosa the aperture is very little longer than the spire ;
in this it occupies two-thirds of the length. The lower part of
the body-whorl has three belts, the middle one being elevated
into a sharp ridge at the back. The shape of the aperture is
different, being angulated above ; I cannot, therefore, admit this
as a variety of the preceding species.

36. marcinata, Lamk.—A. ovalis, pallida; spira pyramidali,
spiraliter liraté; anfractibus ventricosis, balteo seu albo, seu
fusco variegato, marginatis; ultimo anfractu infra suturam 1n-
feriorem balteis duobus crassis; varice rotundato, brevi, oblique

ANCILLARIA. 9, 65

quadriplicata; labio externo uniplicato, infrd profundé emarginato
(f. 46, 47).—Of an oval form, with a distinct band on the whorls,
typically variegated, but sometimes white. On each whorl of the
spire are several ridges. The spire and mouth nearly equal in
length.

37. Stnensis, Sowb. Th.—A. alba, parva, A. marginate si-
milis, sed magis angustata, varice angustiori et magis obliqua (f.
50, 51).—A small white shell, resembling 4. marginata, but
much narrower, and with the varix narrower and more obliquely
plicated.

38. oBLONGA, Sowb. Sp.—A. ovalis, elongata, A. marginate
similis, sed anfractibus rectiusculis; ultimo anfractu et balteis
inferioribus variegatis ; varice parvo, triangulari; spird levigata,
pyramidali (f. 42, 43).—The shape is narrower, the aperture
wider at the base, the spire more pyramidal, and the varix much
smaller than in 4. marginata, and besides, it has no ribs on the
spire. If, as I suppose, this is the true A. oblonga of the Sp.
Conch., it is more distinct from A. marginata than the fol-
lowing.

39. tineatTA, Kien.—A. A. marginate similis, sed magis elon-
gata; spird pyramidali, levigati; anfractu ultimo lineatim va-
riegato ; varice parvo (f. 57, 58).—More like 4. marginata than
the preceding, but much narrower, with a smaller varix, and
without the spiral ridges. It ditlers from 4. oblonga in not
having the aperture so wide at the base.

40. Nova-Zeranpi1a, Sow). Th.—A. parva, alba, A. marginate
similis, sed magis angusta ; spird levigatd, pyramidali; apertura
brevi (f. 48, 49).—Like 4. ineata and A. oblonga, it differs
from A. marginata in having no ridges on the spire; from A.
lineata, which it otherwise most nearly resembles, in the short-
ness of the aperture.

41. opnsa, Sowd. Th.—A. ovalis, ventricosa, pallida, fusco va-
riegata, medio fusco unifasciata; spird brevi, pyramidali; anfrac-
tibus marginatis; apertura magna, unidentati; varice parvo,
albo (f. 44, 45).—More obese than A. oblonga, with a shorter
spire. The middle of the body-whorl has a broad brown band,
above and below which are rows of brown spots; the margination
is also variegated.

VOL. III. &

66 ANCILLARIA. 10.

Sect. III. The columellar callus separated from the body-whort,
leaving an umbilicus behind tt.

42. auasrava, Linn. (Buccinum).—A. fusiformis, polita, au-
rantio-flavida; spira acuminata; anfractibus gradatis; tegmine
calloso tenuiter prope suturam inferiorem extenso, infra suturam
fascid impressi alba; balteis inferioribus duobus, planis, subs-
qualibus; columella callosi, superné incrassaté, super anfractum
ultimum expansi, medio profundé et oblique umbilicata, infra ob-
liqué costa elongata, post varicem posita; varice trigono, sub-
planato ; apertura infra laté emarginata, unidentata (f. 62, 63).—
In this beautiful, although now common shell, the spiral enamel
is spread downwards to within a line’s breath of the lower suture.
A white dwarf variety is not uncommon.

43. BauTEaTA, Swains.—A. ovalis, alba seu aurantia; spird
obtusi, callo incrassati; anfractibus paucis, supra angulatim va-
ricosis; tegmine spirali infra medium extenso; balteis inferioribus
crassis, vix distinctis ; costA post varicem brevi; umbilico parvo,
haud profundo (f. 59-61).—A sort of rib or shoulder gives an-
gularity to the whorls of this species ; and the enamel does not
descend so near to the suture as in A. glabrata. The species is
distinguished by Mr. Swainson, and in the ‘Species Conchyliorum,’
principally by the narrowness and want of depth in the umbi-
licus. In the younger specimen it is wanting altogether ; and
my own impression is that the umbilicus increases in depth with
the age of the individual,

44. nivpa, Swains.—A. ovalis, alba seu aurantia; spird ob-
tusi, callo incrassatd ; anfractibus paucis, supra angulatim varico-
sis; tegmine spirali infra medium extenso, gradatim expanso ;
balteis inferioribus crassis, vix distinctis; cost& post varicem
brevi; umbilico magno, profundo (f. 64, 65).-—The band left un-
covered by the descending enamel becomes narrower towards the
outer margin. The umbilicus is deep.

ANCILLARIA,

67

INDEX OF SPECIES.

acuminata, Sozd., 10, f. 66-7.
albifasciata, Swains., 9, f. 36.
albisuleata, Sowd., 7, f. 39-41.
ampla, Gmel., 6, f. 26-9.
angustata, Sowd. Th., 31, f. 13.
aperta, Sowd. 2, f. 27-8.
australis, Sowd., 27, f. 1-2.
balteata, Swains., 43, f. 59-61.

Caffra, Forsch.—See albisuleata, 7.

candida, Lamk.—See ampla, 6.
castanea, Sowd., 14, f. 76-9.
cingulata, Sowd., 25, f. 54.
cinnamomea, Lamk., 8, f. 33-5.
crassa, Sowd., 15, f. 86, 90, 91.
eylindrica, Sows. Th., 4, f. 18-9.
depressa, Sows. Th., 28, f. 3.
Deshayesii, Sowd. Th., 11, f. 68-9
dimidiata, Sowd. Th., 23, f. 55-6
eburnea, Desh., 17, f. 84-5.
effusa, Sw.—See cinnamomea, 8.
elongata, Gray, 24, f. 52-3.
exigua, Sowd., 21, f. 80-1.
fulva, Steains., 19, f. 72-5.
glabrata, Linn., 42, f. 62-3.
lineata, Aten., 39, f. 57-8.

lineolata, 4. dd., 12, f. 22-3
mamillata, Hinds, 34, f. 8.
marginata, Lamk., 36, f. 46-7.
Mauritiana, Sowb.—See torosa, 1.
mucronata, Sowé., 30, f. 11,12, 14.
nivea, Swains., 44, f. 64-5.
Novee-Zelandize, Sows. Th.,
48-9.
obesa, Sowd. Th., 41, f. 44-5.
oblonga, Sowd. Th., 38, f. 42-3.
obtusa, Swains. Th., 26, f. 15, 16.
ovalis, Sowd. Th., 16, f. 82-3.
rubiginosa, Stains., 33, f. 6.
seaphella, Sows. Th., 3, f. 37-8.
similis, Sowd. Th., 35, f. 17.
Sinensis, Sows. Th., 37, f. 50-1.
striolata, Sow. Th., 13, f. 24-5.
torosa, Meusch., 1, f. 30-2.
Tankervillei, Swains, 22, f. 4-5.
tricolor, Gray, 29, f. 9-10.
Tronsoni, Sowd. ue ie = 20- s
variegata, Swains., f. 70—
ventricosa, Lamh., an f. 87-9
Vernedei, Sowé. Th. oes te a.
volutella, Desh.=torosa.

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MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

EBURNA, Lamb.

Char. Gen. Vesta spiralis, solida, epidermide tenui induta, hal-
teo complanato, arcuatim striato, acute marginato ad basin cincta,
post columellam ared umbilicaté seu subcomplanati. Spira gra-
data. Apertura magna, posticé canaliculata, anticé validé emar-
ginata, labio externo medio arcuato; columella arcuati, posticé
incrassati, uniplicatdé, anticé subcomplanaté. Operculum cor-
neum, ovale, concentricum.

Authors having generally agreed to remove from this genus
the Buccinum glabratum of Linneeus, which is an Ancil/aria, and
the Monoceros plumbewm of Chemnitz, and Hburna australis of
Sowerby, which belong to Psewdoliva, the remaining species form
a very compact and well-defined genus.

1. canaricunata (pl. cexv. f. 2, 3), Schum.—kH. spirata, Lamk.
—H. testi rhomboided, solidi, maculis fulvis magnis medio et ad
marginem majoribus pict; spird producta, profunde canaliculata ;
anfractibus prope suturam elevatis, acutangulatis ; ared umbilicali
lata, callo magno partim clausi; columella posticé callost.— With
a somewhat rhomboidal form, this species presents a deep fosse at
the suture by the angular elevation of the whorls. The markings
resemble those of a giraffe in form and colour. Philippines, etc.,
(var. f.3,) Ceylon, WZ. Layard.

2. MOLLIANA (pl. cexv. f. 1), Chemn. 4, pl. 122, f. 1118
(Nassa).—H. Valentiana, Swaias. Zool. I1/.—H. testa globosi,
solida, maculis fulvis undulatis magnis pictd; spira brevi, profundé
canaliculaté; anfractibus rotundis, prope suturam elevatis, acu-
tangulatis; arei umbilicali clausd, parva; columella lati, sub-
complanaté.—A globose shell, with short spire, rounded whorls,
grooved suture, and closed, narrow umbilical area. Persian Gulf,
Karl Mountnorris.

70 EBURNA.

3. AMBULACRUM (pl. ccexv. f. 8), Sows. Tank. Cat... testa
subrotunda, grisea, maculis fuscis proximis picti; spira brevius-
ceula, profunde canaliculaté ; anfractibus subrotundis ; ared umbi-
licali aperté'; columella anticé tenuii—A shorter, darker, and
more rounded shell than #. canaliculata, with the suture, al-
though deep, much closer. Island of Mindinao, Philippines,
Cuming.

4. sprrava (pl. ccxv. f. 4), Linn. (Buccimum).—KH. areolata,
Lamk. B. M. and Anim. s. Vert.—K. tessellata, Swains. Zool. Ill.
2nd Ser, pl. 145.—H. testa ovali-acuta, tenui, pallida, maculis
magnis in seriebus tribus tessellata ; spira elevata ; sutura canali-
culataé; anfractibus rotundis, ad suturam paululum elevatis, area
umbilicali magna, levi; columella tenuiimRather thin, with dark
tortoise-shell spots in three rows. Ceylon.

5. turosa (pl. ccxv. f. 9, 10), Lamk. #. M—K. Pacifica,
Swains. Zool. Ill. 1st Ser. pl. 145.—K. testé subrhomboidea,
crassa, irregulari, pallida, pallidé fulvo seriatim maculata; spira
gradata ; anfractibus prope suturam angulatis; area umbilicali
magna, varice crasso partim clausa; columella callosa—A broad
angular area below the suture distinguishes this somewhat irre-
gularly formed species from the rest. China.

6. Japontca (pl. cexv. f. 11), Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1842.
—Ii. testa obliqué subpyramidali, pallida, maculis fulvis supra et
medio magnis, intermedio parvis rotundis angulatim depositis
picta; spira elevata, apice obtuso; anfractibus rotundis, prope
suturam vix angulatis ; area umbilicali parva, clausa.—Of an ob-
lique form, with a row of large spots on the upper part of the
whorls and another in the middle, the space between being filled
up with small round spots, arranged regularly and obliquely. The
apex is blunt, and the umbilical area small and filled up. Japan,
Dr. Sibbald.

7. paprtiarts (pl. ccexv. f. 7), Sowbd. Tank. Cat.—li. testa
parva, pallida, nebulosa, punctis fuscis rotundis regulariter et ob-
liqué depositis ornata; spira elevata, apice obtusa ; anfractibus
rotundis, ad suturam planatis ; area umbilicali parva, clausa.—A
beautiful small species, distinguished by the regular arrangement
of its small rounded spots. Delagoa Bay, Cape Colony.

8. Zuyianica (pl. cexv. f. 5, 6), Brug. #. M. t. 401. f. 3.—
giratum, Bolt.’—KH. testa obliqué pyramidali pallida, maculis

EBURNA. 71

magnis fulvis ad suturam et infra medium majoribus picta; spiré
elevata; anfractibus ad suturam vix depressis, apice acuto ; area
umbilicali magna, aperta, varice purpureo rugoso seu dentato cos-
tata.—The most elegant in form of all the species, and remarkable
for a rugose or dentated purple callus, which obliquely ribs the
umbilical area. Ceylon.

EBURNA.
Thesaurus, Puatr CCXYV.

(From Specimens in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.)

Fig.

1. molliana, Chem. Sp. 2.
2, 3. canaliculata, Schum. Sp. 1.

4. spirata, Linn. Sp. 4.
5, 6. Zeylanica, Brug. Sp. 8.

7. papillaris, Sow). Sp. 7.

8. ambulacrum, Sow. Sp. 3.
9, 10. lutosa, Lamk. Sp. 5.

11. Japonica, Reeve, Sp. 6.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

PSEUDOLIVA, Stains.

Gastridea, Sowb. Pseudodactylus, Hermann.

Char. Gen. Testa spiralis, epidermide induta, subovalis, infra
sulco ad terminum vix dentifero incisa; apertura ovali, posticé
canalifera, anticé emarginata; labio interno plerumque incrassato,
operculum corneum, nucleo laterali.

The following species present a pretty natural group of Buc-
cinoid shells, which have a groove encircling the lower part of the
whorls, and generally terminating at the edge of the outer lip in
a sort of obtuse tooth. A canal is formed at the upper angle of
the aperture by the swelling of the outer lip, and a kind of callus
on the columella, and the anterior part of the aperture is, in
nearly all the species, deeply notched. The columellar lip is
thickened over the body-whorl. Operculum horny, with lateral
nucleus.

1. prumpna (pl. ccxvi. f. 9, 10), Chem. (Monoceros) Gastridea
—? Eburna plumbea, Sowd.—P. testa ovali, levi, pallidé fulva,
epidermide subviridi induta; spira brevi, sutura canaliculata ; aper-
turaé magna, labio externo validé unidentato, ad basin profundé
emarginato; labio interno levi, lato, posticé calloso.—This well-
known smooth oval shell was placed by my late father in the genus
Hburna, with which it has some affinity, but the groove at the
lower part of the last whorl will distinguish it, and the genus
Eburna is better without it.

2. austraLis (pl. cexvi. f. 7, 8), Sowd. Con. Il/.—P. testa
ovali, pallida, fulvo-nebulosi, spiraliter leviter striaté; spird pro-
ducta, ad suturam profundeé canaliculaté ; anfractibus ad suturam
angulatim elevatis ; apertura ovali, anticé vix emarginataé.—From

VOL. Il. H

74 PSKUDOLIVA.

the general similarity in form, and the deep fosse of the suture,
M. Deshayes conjectures that this species is identical with Can-
cellaria spirata of Lamarck, and accuses me of having figured
the same shell in two characters, putting columellar folds when t
wanted it for a Cancellaria, and leaving them out for the Lburna.
It is impossible that M. Deshayes can have seen the two shells,
which are generically and specifically quite distinct.

3. ZEBRINA (pl. cexvi. f. 13, 14), 4. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc.
1853.—* P. testa ovata, solidi; spira brevi; anfractibus rotun-
datis, longitudinaliter subplicatis, transversim creberrimé striatis,
striis confertis; aperturd ovali; labio levi, subplanulato; labio
intis levi, anticé subemarginato.”—Formed as P. plumbea, but
with more elevated spire; spirally striated and with zebra-like
markings. Africa.

4. tivipa (pl. cexvi. f. 5, 6), A. Adams, MS.—P. testa
ovaté, oblonga, fusco-grisescente, levi; spird producti, obtusa ;
anfractibus subrotundatis ; apertura breviusculé; labio externo
tenu, labio interno tenui, postice unicostato, anticé acuto.—Of a
dull greyish-brown colour, and oval form; spire produced and
blunt, with the penultimate whorl disproportionately large. Hab.

5. seprmenta (pl. ecxvi. f. 1, 2), Rang. (Buccinum) Wag.
Je Zool. 1832, pl. 18.—P. test& ovali, acuta, levi, griseA; spird
producti, acutéi; anfractibus rotundatis; aperturd pyriformi,
ints castanei; labio externo posticé uniplicato, labio interno
posticé validé uniplicato, castaneo marginato, anticé acuté pro-
ducto,—A triangular hole is produced at the upper angle of the
mouth by the meeting of a kind of fold or rib in the outer lip,
and a stronger one on the inner lip. Of a dull grey colour
generally ; the shell is ornamented by a deep chestnut-brown
margin to the columella, and a tint of the same colour in the
mouth.

6. srriaruta (pl. cexvi. f. 8, 4), 4. ddams.—P. testa ovata,
pallida, minutissimé striata; spiri productaé ; anfractibus rotun-
datis ; apertura ovali, vix emarginata, labio interno tenui.—Of an
oval form, very minutely striated, no callus on the imner hp.
Africa.

7. Airuioprs (pl. cexvi. f. 11), Reeve, Con. Icon. Buccinum.—
P. test oblonga, spiraliter costis magnis cincta, epidermide crassa
nigra levi indutd; spird producti, gradaté; anfractibus subcom-

PSEUDOLIVA. 75

planatis ; aperturd alba, labiis intts crenatis—A strongly ribbed
species, with black, thick epidermis.

8. Keturrit (pl. cexvi. f. 12), 4. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soe.
1853.—P. testa ovata, solidd, subperforata, epidermide fusca
villosd tect’; spiraé prominuld; anfractibus rotundatis, suturad
canaliculaté anfractu ultimo transversim sulcato, sulcis posticé
evanidis, anticé valdé distinctis, unico profundo indenté sulcato,
ad labium terminato; apertura ovali; columella posticé callosa,
anticé flexuosa, producti; labio posticé inflexo, anticé sinuato,
dentato.”—-A fine Buccinoid species, with cancelled suture, a dark
epidermis, and a very deep dental groove. Hab. P

PSEUDOLIVA.

Thesaurus, Puats CCXVI.

Fig.
1, 2. P. sepimenta, Rang. Sp. 5.
3, 4. P. striatula, 4. dd. Sp. 6.
5, 6. P. livida, 4. Ad. Sp. 4.
7, 8. P. australis, Sowd. Sp. 2.
9, 10. P. plumbea, Chemn. Sp. 1.
ll. P. Athiops, Reeve, Sp. 7.
12. P. Kelettii, 4. Ad. Sp. 8.
18, 14. P. zebrina, 4. dd. Sp. 3.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

CYLLENE, Gray.

Thesaurus, Puate CCX VII.

Char. Gen. Testa ovata, volutiformis; spira brevi; sutura in-
cisd; apertura ovali, emarginata; columella anticé oblique sul-
catfi; labio externo extiis incrassato, anticé sinuato, intus sulcato.
Operculum corneum, unguiforme.

A generic group of Buccinoid shells, agreeing in the following
characters :—Oval, with short spire, incised suture, and pointed
apex. Columellar lip obliquely striated ; mouth grooved interiorly,
deeply notched at the base; outer lip with a sinus near the an-
terior termination. Operculum horny, unguiform, with terminal
nucleus.

1. ryrata (f. 1-4), Lamk., Buccinum, Hist. An. s. Vert.—
C. testa pallida, nonnunquam fasciis fuscis seu nigrescentibus
interruptis picta, costis obliquis subundatis paucis lirata; spira
pyramidali; anfractibus angulatis, liratis.—This common typical
species is distinguished by rather distant oblique ribs, terminating
at the angle of the last whorl. West Africa.

2. ruscata (f. 16, 17, 18), 4. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—
C. testa fused, obscuré lineis articulatis cincta, seu pallida, costis
numerosis rectiusculis liraté, ad suturam monilifera, infra spira-
liter sulcata ; spira acuta; anfractibus angulatis, crebre liratis.—
Differing from C. /yrata in having very numerous ribs, which ter-
minate at the suture in a series of bead-like knobs. ‘Typical va-
riety; dark-brown, with articulated lines. Singapore, six fathoms,
mud; Malacca, six fathoms, sand, Cuming.

3. sutcata (f. 10, 11), 4. dd. MS.—C. testa pallida, ovali,

78 CYLLENE.

spiraliter suleata, longitudinaliter distanté costata ; spira pyrami-
dah, lirata ; sutura fusco-lineata.—Differing from the preceding
in being transversely sulcated ; the longitudinal ribs are thick,
angulated, and few, a single dark line of colour marks the suture.
Hab. P

4, untmacutata (f. 31, 32), 4. Ad. MS.—C. testa C. sud-
cate simili, sed latiori; anfractu ultimo breviorl, maculo magno
ad ungulum picto.—Shorter and wider than C. sudcata, and with
a large brown spot on the upper angle of the last whorl, which is
short in proportion. . Hab. P

5. LucuBrRis (f. 7, 8, 9), A. Ad. Voy. Samarang.—C. testa
ovati, crassa; spira acuta; anfractibus undique ecreberrimé sul-
catis, superné tumidis, subtiliter noduloso-plicatis; intensé cas-
tanea, labio albo, anfractuum margine superiori albivariegata.—
Strongly sulcated throughout, of a dark-brown colour, finely
plicated at the angle of the whorls; the columella white, produced
and turned upwards at the back. Sooloo Islands.

6. Ownni (f. 19, 20), Gray, MS. B. M.—C. testa ovata,
subangulata, pallida, fusco-variegata, subdistanter spiraliter sul-
cata; labio externo superné depresso, intis tenuiter striato.—A
rather large species, resembling C. Zuguéris, but of a pale colour
variegated with brown, excepting the spire, which is dark. The
spire is shorter, the grooves are coarser, and the upper part of
the body-whorl and outer lip angularly depressed. Hab. P

7. pattipa (f. 21, 22), A. dd.—C. testa parva, pallidé
fulva, obscure lineis articulatis ornata, supra et infra spiraliter
suleata, longitudinaliter tenuiter plicati; anfractibus ad suturam
moniliferis.—A rather small, pale species, varied with articulated
lines, beaded at the suture, and spirally sulcated above and below.
West Africa.

8. PLUMBEA (f. 23, 27, 28), Sowb. Thes.—C. testa ceru-
lescente, subangulati, supra et infra spiraliter sulcata, longitu-
dinaliter distante plicata, seu planata; anfractu ultimo superné
depresso, ad suturam albo-marginato; apertura intts fusca, validé
sulcata, !abio externo et columella flavidis——The variety f. 27,
28, although without ribs on the body-whorl, presents so many
characters in common with the type, that I think the variation is
accidental. Hab. ?

9. ortentauis (f. 12, 13), A. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.
—C. testa ovato-fusiformi, albida, maculis luteo-fuscis ornata,

CYLLENE. 79

longitudinaliter plicata, transversim striata; spira prominula;
columella anticé perobliqué suleata, labio intus levii—Rather
gracefully fusiform, cancellated, delicately marked. Singapore
and Malacca, Cuming.

10. ctasprata (f. 14, 15), 4. dd. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—
C. testa ovata, polita, supra et infra sulcata, ceeruled, lineis rubris
longitudinalibus et fasciis interruptis ornata; spira acuta, crebré
plicataé.—Smooth, of a dark-czerulean hue, marked by articulated
reddish lines. Hab. Pasicao, nine fathoms, fine sand, Cuming.

ll. Grayr (f. 5, 6), Reeve, Elem. of Conch. pl. 3. f. 12.—
C. testa ovali, polita, pallidé fulva, lineis albis rubro interruptis
ornata, ad columellam fusco tincta; labio externo anticé validé
sinuato, ad marginem punctato.—Shaped like C. dyrata and
others, but less angular, and without longitudinal ribs. Hab. 2

12. puLcHELLA (f. 24, 25), dd. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang.
—C. testa ovata, crassiuscula; spira subacuminata, acuta; an-
fractibus medio tumidis, transversim lineari-sulcatis, apicem versus
subtilissimé plicatis ; alba, flammis pallidé rosaceis obscuré varie-
gata, apice rosea.—Rather fusiform, pale, finely striated longi-
tudinally ; body-whorl smooth, and of a dull rose-tint. Borneo.

13. srrtata (f. 26), A. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—C.
testi ovata, alb’, maculis rufo-fuscis ad suturas pictd, cingulis
duabus maculorum luteo-fuscorum ornaté, longitudinaliter sub-
plicata, transversim tota striati; columella antice oblique sulcata ;
labio tenui, intis levi, anticé vix sinuato.—The markings on the
margins of the whorls at the sutures, and the obscure white bands
interrupted by pale markings, and the more perceptible striation
of the surface, may perhaps be sufficient to distinguish this from
the last species. Hab. ?

14. concryna (f. 29, 30), Solander, MS.; A. Ad. Z. P.
1850.—C. test& subfusiformi, pallidé cinerea seu rosea, flammulis
fuscis variegata, levi, supra et infra tenuiter striati.—The most
fusiform and smallest species, smooth, pale, finely variegated with
brown markings. Hab. ?

Species not identified.

C. grana(Buccinum grana), Lamk.
C. Guillaimi, Peézt.

CYLLENE.

Thesawrus, Puatr CCXVIL.

Fig.

1, 2, 3, 4. C. lyrata, Lamk. Sp. 1.

5, 6. C. Grayi, Reeve, Sp. 11.
7, 8, 9. C. lugubris, 4. dd. Sp. 5.
10, 11. C. sulcata, 4. Ad. Sp. 3.
12, 13. C. orientalis, 4. 4d. Sp. 9.
14, 15. C. glabrata, 4. Ad. Sp. 10.
16, 17, 18. C. fuscata, 4d. and Reeve, Sp. 2.

19, 20. C. Oweni, Gray, Sp. 6.
21, 22. C. pallida, 4. Ad. Sp. 7.

23. Vide 27, 28.
24, 25. C. pulchella, dd. and Reeve, Sp. 12.
26. C. striata, 4. dd. Sp. 13.
23, 27, 28. C. plumbea, Sowd. Thes. Sp. 8.
29, 30. C. concinna, Soland. Sp. 14.
31, 32. C. unimaculata, 4. Ad. Sp. 4.

ee = of |

ae

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

TEREBELLUM, lei.

Srrapus, Montf. Thes. Conch., Prats CCXVII.

Char. Gen. Testa convoluta, cylindrica, apice obtuso ; aperturi
elongati, labio externo incrassato, truncato, labio interno plus mi-
nusve calloso; spira brevi; suiurd canaliculata. Operculum cor-
neum, parvum, trigonum.

My late father suggested the true position of this genus long
before the discovery of the animal made it certain. Mr, Adams
has figured and described the animal in the ‘Voyage of the Sama-
rang,’ and very properly places it among the Strombide.

Species, TernBpeLLUM suBULATUM (pl. ccxvui. f. 4, 5), Lamk.—
Bulla terebellum, Z7un.—var. 'T. punctatum, Chemn.—T. testi
elongata, tenui, levigata, pallida, triseriatim nebulosa, lineis spa-
diceis obliqué angulatis, seu punctis parvis vel magnis ornata ;
suturA obliqué incisd, labio externo undulatim truncato, infra
line’ spadiced marginato, labio interno paululum incrassato.—The
common variety of this well-known shell is mottled, as in f. 4.
The lineated variety is not quite so common. ‘The specimen
figured No. 5, from Mr. Cuming’s collection, with large pear-
shaped spots, presents a very beautiful variation. China and
Sooloo Archipelago, Adams.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
ERATO, Risso.

Thes. Conch. Puats CCX1X.

Char. Gen. Testa convoluta, ovata, plus minusve angulata,
levis, ad dorsum leviter unisulcata; spird brevi; apertura elon-
gata, augustata, labio interno plus minusve crenato, ad basin ple-
rumque uniplicato, labio externo inflexo, subangulato, crenato.

These pretty little shells are like Marginel/e in form, but their
essential characters indicate an animal of the family of Cypreide.
They have not regular plicee on the columella as in Warginella,
although the columellar lip is slightly thickened and crenated ; the
outer lip is inflected, thickened, and crenated.

1. sutcrrera (f. 1,2, 3), Gray —? Sowb. Con. Ill. f.46.—
E. testa ovata, levi, dorso angusté suleati, alba seu rosed ; aper-
turd rectiuscula, labio externo posticé angulatim elevato, medio
lato omnino crenulato, labio interno posticé submarginato, anticé
subtumido, crenulato.—One of the most typical species, having
a distinct groove at the back. It is smooth and oval. Fig. 3
represents a fresh specimen from Panama. It is the one described
in the ‘Zoological Proceedings’ as a variety of Maugerie, with
which it has no connection. Philippines, Cuming.

2. scaBriuscuta (f. 14, 15, 16), Gray; Sowb. Con. Ill.
Jf. 45.— Marginella Cypreeola, Sow. ?— Marginella granum,
Kiener.—K,. testi ovata, oblonga, grisea, nonnunquam granulata ;
spird subproducté; apertura subaperta, labiis regulariter denta-
tis, sulco dorsali indistincto.—An oval, ash-coloured species, with
lips rather regularly toothed, and the surface generally granulated.
Port St. Hlena, West Columbia, Cuming.

VOL. Il. L

§2 URATO.

3. corrucata (f. 10, 11), Hinds, Voy. Sulphur.—l. testa
alb4, ovali, granulata; labiis minuté crenulatis, sulco dorsali
angustato.—A minute, white, granulated species. Calapan, Island
of Mindoro, eight fathoms, sandy mud, Cuming.

4. nana (f. 12, 13), Duclos —?—Ki. testa alba, ovali,
oblong’, minutissimé granulaté; sulco dorsali angustato, labiis
minute crenulatis.—More elongated and more minutely granulated
than &. corrugata. Hab. ?

5. tacurymMa (f. 4, 5, 6), Gray; Sowb. Con. Ill. f. 48.
—Lachryma trifasciata, Humphreys.—li. testi crassi, ovali, ob-
tusi, subrosed, rubro laté fasciata, levi; apertura angusta, labiis
vix crenulatis, dorso marginato.—Obtuse, oval, of a rose-colour,
with deeply-coloured red bands across the back. The outer lip

is thick, and the crenulations not very perceptible. Japan, Dr.
Sibbald.

6. currata (f. 29, 30), Sowd. Con. Ill. 7. 50. — EH. testa
subpyriformi, crass4, levi, subcinerea, obscuré fasciata, labio ex-
terno crasso, ad spiram elevato, labio interno vix crenulato.—
Narrower than #. dachryma, and more pyriform, of a dull ash-
colour. Mauritius.

7. Sanpwicuensts (f. 21, 22), Sowb. Thes.—H. testa tenui,
oblongo-subpyriformi, pallidé rosei, fusco trifasciatd levi; labio
externo angustato, vix crenulato, posticé paululum elevato, —
Narrower and thinner than &. gut¢ata, with distinct bands, and
the outer lip narrower and not so elevated. Sandwich Islands.

8. namatina (f. 17, 18), Menke.—lW. testa subfusiformi,
angulataé, leviter granulaté, rubra; spird prominula, pyrami-
dah; anfractu ultimo superné angulato; labio externo medio in-
flexo, crenulato, posticé subangulato; columella plicatt.—Shaped
like a typical Warginella, and with anterior folds on the columella

not unlike those of that genus. It is of a red colour. Porto
Rico.

9. E. catxosa (f. 35, 36, 37), Ad. and Reeve, Voy. Sama-
rang, p. 25. pl. 10. f. 32 a, 6.—“H. test& pyriformi, crassa,
tumida, callosi; spird breviusculd, subobtusi; collumella exca-
vati, labio conspicué denticulato; carned, subtis albicante.”—
Thick, of a rather rounded conical form, and roseate hue, with
the outer lip elevated with an angle above. China Seas.

10. nxyis (f. 38, 39, 40), Donov. (Voluta).— Marginella

ERATO. $3

Donovani, Payr.—Columbella Guilferdia, /2sso.—f. testa tur-
binaté, subangulata, pallida, levi, labio interno anticé subpli-
cato, labio externo crenulato, inflexo, superné paululum elevato,
rotundato.—A rather conical species, more angular and not so
thick as the preceding. ‘The outer lip is not so elevated or angu-
lar above. Island of Herm, Metcalfe.

1]. Maueerrm (f. 7, 8, 9), Gray ; Sowb. Con. Ill. f. 47.—
K. testa parva, pallidé, angulata, levi, labio externo elevato, angu-
lato, labio interno anticé subplicato.—Smaller, shorter, and more
angular than 7. devis. Mediterranean.

12. conumBrtia (f. 31, 32), Menke. — Hi. test subpyri-
formi, angulata, rubra, levi; labio externo crasso, subangulato,
validé crenato, superné perelevato ; spiré brevii—The lip of this
reddish-coloured species is elevated above the spire. California.

13. aneyostoma (f. 19, 20, 23, 24), Sows. Con. Ill. f. 51.
—H.testé parva, pallida, levi, tenui, subgloboso-pyriformi, antice
angustatd ; spird brevi, apice obtuso ; apertura lmeari; columella
anticé angusté, crenulaté, labio externo medio, lato, crenulato,
superné in angulum perelevato—aA rather globose, pyriform,
small, white, smooth species, with the outer lip thick in the
middle, and elevated into an angle above even with the spire.
Sorsogon, Island of Luzon, Philippines, Cuming.

14. eatuinacwa (f. 33, 34), Hinds, Voy. Sulphur (Ovulum).
—“ Testa solidi, retusi, ovata, albidd, nitiddé, dorso superné
angulati, fascia transversi picti, mferné angustat&; spiré mi-
nutissimé granulatd; labio sulcato; columelli ad dimidium in-
feriorem sulcati; apertura angusta, lineari.”—<A curious small
angular species, with a reddish band above the angle of the last
whorl. ‘The apex is very obtuse and minutely granulated, and
the outer lip thick, elevated above the apex. ‘The aperture is
extremely narrow. New Guinea, Straits of Macassar.

15. ancurtFEra (f. 25, 26), Sowd. Thes. — Hi. testa £.
gallinacee simili, sed breviori, apice magis obtuso, labio magis
incrassato, aperturé magis lineari—Much shorter and more ob-
tuse than #. gallinacea, with the apex more obtuse, and the ele-
vation of the outer lip less pointed. The outer lip very broad
and thick, the mouth straight and linear. Borneo.

16. vrreiiina (f. 27, 28), Hinds, Voy. Sulphur.— i. testa
obeso-ovati, ceeruleo-rufescente; spiri retusi; labio incrassato,
grossé 7-dentato; columellé granulaté ; apertura inferne dilatata,

S4 ERATO.

ad basin effusi.””—The largest and most globose of all the species,
of a dark red colour, with wide aperture, and the outer lip regu-
larly dentated. Mr. Cuming’s two specimens are the only
ones known. Magdalena Bay, California, seven fathoms, sand,
Hinds.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
NASSARIA, Link.

‘Hindsia, Adams.

Char. Gen. Testa fusiformis, acuminata, longitudinaliter costa-
ta et spiraliter suleata; apertura subrotunda, in canalem elonga-
tum dorso elevatum terminante; labio interno tenui, integro,
irregulariter plicato; labio externo extus varicoso, interné sulcato.
Operculum corneum, ovaté unguiforme, margine integro.

Mr. Adams, in describmg this genus under the name of
Hindsia, has the following observations :—“ This genus partakes
of the characters of several recognized forms. Its animal, how-
ever, differs from that of Triton in the approximated tentacles,
with the eyes near their end, and the anteriorly produced foot ;
from that of Nassa in the tail not being bifurcated; and from
Phos in the absence of the long, single caudal filament. In its
shell it may be known from Phos by its recurved canal; from
Nassa by its circumscribed inner lip and elongated canal; and
from Zriton from its want of regular varices.”

Thes. Conch. Pl. CCXX.

1. acuminata (f. 10), Reeve (Triton), Conch. Icon. Triton, pl.
14. 7. 54.—N. test’ pyramidali, acuminata, alba, in medium an-
fractuum fulvo interruptim fasciatd; anfractibus rotundis, costis
longitudinalibus validis distantibus et liris spiralibus ad costas
elevatis ornatis ; varice post labium externum crasso, lato ; canali
elongato, recurvo.—Of a pyramidal form, with strong, sulcated
ribs, China.

2. BITUBERCULARIS (f. 5), 4. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1853.—
N. test acuminaté, rufo-fusci, albo cincté; spirad acuta; anfrac-
tibus subangulatis; suturi depress’; costis validis, numerosis,

86 NASSARIA.

longitudinalibus ; liris spiralibus, ad costas elevatis, duabus medus
tuberculatis ; varice post labium magno, canaliculato; canali
breviusculo, flexuoso, elevato.—Shorter than WV. acuminata, with
depressed suture, and the two central spiral ribs rather prominent
on the longitudinal ribs in each whorl. Philippines, Cuming.

3. nopicostata (f. 18), 4. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1853.—N.
testa alba, pallidé unifasciaté, VV. d/tuberculari simih, sed varice
post labium minori, canali rectiusculo ; suturd haud depressi.—
A pale shell, with smaller oral varix, straight canal, and less dis-
tinct suture than WV. betubercularis. Hab. ?

4. varictrera (f. 3), 4. Adams, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1853.—N.
“test ovato-fusiformi, rufescente, albido-varicos’ ; spird acumi-
nati ; anfractibus octo, costis longitudinalibus et liris elevatis (ad
costas nodulosis) ornatis; canali producto; labio transversim
rugoso ; labio extis marginato, intus valdé sulcato.”’—With the
general characters of the genus, this species presents the occasional
varices of Triton. astern Seas, Cuming.

5. recurva (f. 17, 18), Sowb. Ti.—N. testé subpyramidali,
pallidé fulva, spiraliter alternatim sulcata, longitudinaliter costis
validis ornata ; anfractibus rotundis, varice post aperturam canali-
culato, canali valdé recurvo. — Resembling NV. suturalis, but
without the grooved suture of that species. Ceylon, #. L.
Layard.

6. nassorpes (f. 4), Reeve (Triton), Conch. Icon. Triton, 96.—
N. testa fusiformi, albidi, fulvo laté unifasciata, liris tenuibus ad
costas tuberculatis cinctd ; spird acuminaté; anfractibus promi-
nentibus, costis longitudinalibus, crassis, medio anfractuum sub-
angulatis ; varice post aperturam valido, expanso ; canali elongato,
rectiusculo.—Remarkable for the expansion of the oral varix ;
shape less like Massa than any other species. Island of Luzon,
Philippines, Cuming.

7. suturaus (f. 15, 16), 4. Adams, Pro. Zoot. Soc. 1850.—
N. test& subovata, pallida, fusco pallidé trifasciaté; spiraliter
lineis elevatis validis lirat&; spird acuminata; anfractibus dis-
tinctis, sutura profunda separatis ; varice post aperturam valido,
elevato, canali breviuseulo.— Known by the grooved suture.
Malacca, Cuming.

8. Stvensis (f. 8, 9), Sowh. Thes.—N. testé NV. suturati simili,
sed tenuiori, angustiori, liris spiralibus tenuibus, costis et varice

NASSARIA. 87

angustis.—Thinner, narrower, and more finely striated than J.
suturalis, which it resembles in the grooved suture. China seas.

9. nivea (f. 1, 2), Gmel. (Buccinum niveum).—N. testi ro-
tundato-ovata, pallida, sparsim varicosi, crebré longitudinaliter
costata, spiraliter liris elevatis ad costas tuberculatis cincta; an-
fractibus brevibus, sutura canaliculata; canali validé recurvo ;
varice post aperturam indistincto.—The oral varix is very indis-
tinct, the shell rounded, and the ribs numerous. Malacca and
China seas.

10. murrectcara (f. 6, 7), Sow. Thes.—N. testi pallidé fulva,
fusiformi, crebré longitudinaliter costati, spiraliter liris elevatis
tenuibus cincté; anfractibus distinctis, suturd impressi; canali
recurvo, varice post aperturam indistincto, apertura subquadrata,
labio externo supra et infra subangulato.—More fusiform than
N. nivea, with the spiral ribs much finer, and the aperture more
quadrate. China seas.

11. rusrrormis (f. 11, 12). Sows. Thes.—N. testa elongata,
fusiformi, pallidé rubra, leviter fasciata, longitudinaliter crebré
costata, spiraliter liris tenuibus ad costas elevatis cincti; spira
producti, anfractibus distinctis; varice post aperturam indistincto,
canali elongato, recto.—More elongated than NV. mu/tiplicata,
with a straight caudal canal. China seas.

12. rurrira (f. 19, 20), Sowd. Thes—N. testa pyramidal,
pallida, rubro pallidé fasciata, longitudinaliter crebré costati ;
spiraliter liris tenuibus ad costas elevatas cincta ; spird elongata,
turriti; anfractibus distinctis, numerosis, rotundis; canali rec-
tiusculo ; varice post aperturam indistineto.—Of an elongated, tur-
reted form, sculptured like the last. Malacca, Dr. Trail.

13. carpuus (f. 14), Reeve (Triton, Conch. Icon. Triton, pl. 19.
Jf. 95.—N. test& ovali, pallida, fusco variegatd, scabros, liris
scabrosis cincti, longitudinaliter costis crebris cincté ; spird acu-
minaté; anfractibus rotundis, penultimo tumido, costis magnis,
ultimo subcontracto ; varice post aperturam valido ; canali brevi.
—Having more of the usual form of Zriton, with a similar ine-
quality in the whorls. Philippines, Cuming.

NASSARIA.
Thes. Con. Puatn CCXX.

(From Mr. Cuming’s Collection.)

Fig.
1, 2. nivea, Gmel. Sp. 9.
3. varicifera, 4. Ad. Sp. 4.
4. nassoides, Reeve, Sp. 6.
5. bitubercularis, 4. dd. Sp. 2.
6, 7. multiplicata, Sowd. Sp. 10.
8, 9. Sinensis, Sow). Sp. 8.
10. acuminata, Reeve, Sp. 1.
11, 12. fusiformis, Sow. Sp. 11.
18. nodicostata, 4. dd. Sp. 3.
14. carduus, Reeve, Sp. 13.
15, 16. suturalis, 4. Add. Sp. 7.
17, 18. recurva, Sowd. Sp. 5.
19, 20. turrita, Sowd. Sp. 12.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

PHOS, Montfort.

Thes. Conch., Puatrs CCXX1., CCXXT.

Char. Gen. Testa acuminata, subfusiformis, costis longitudinali-
bus et sulcis spiralibus decussata; spiri turriti; apertura sub-
ovali; canali brevi, varicem tortuosum formante; labio interno
tenui; columella rugosa, versus basin oblique uniplicata ; labio
externo intts sulcato, anticé sinuato. Operculum parvum, cor-
neum, unguiforme.

Chiefly differing from Nassa in form, and in the absence of a
point or notch at the base of the columella. The hinder part of
the foot is not, as in Nassa, bifurcate.

Species.

1. senticosus (f. 8, 9, 10,11), Zinn. (Buccinum).—P. testa py-
ramidali, fuscd seu fulva seu albidd, medio anfractuum unifasciata,
minuté seabrosi, liris elevatis subdistantibus ad angulum anfrac-
tuum super costas subspinosis cinct’; spird product ; anfractibus
superné subangulatis, distanter validé costatis; canali_varicoso,
brevi.—The spiral elevated lines are produced into angular points
on the ribs. Philippines, Cuming.

2. muricunatus (f. 12), Gould, Japan Exped.—P. testi P.
senticoso simili, sed anfractibus rotundatis, costis inermibus.—Re-
sembling P. senticosus, but the whorls rounded, and the spiral
costellze“not raised into points. Red Sea.

3. ANGULATUS (f. 7), Sowd. Thes.—P. testa crassi, P. senticoso
simili, sed anfractibus magis angulatis, costis inermibus.—More
angular than P. senticosus, but otherwise resembling P. muricula-
tus. Possibly however the three are but variations of the same
species. Philippines, Cuming.

VOL. IIE. K

90 PHOS.

4. scatarorpEs (f. 18), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1859.—P.
test solidd, turrité, spiraliter duplicatim striat4, albidd, ad angu-
lum et medio anfractuum fuseo cincti; costis longitudinalibus,
erassis, rotundis, regularibus, superné subangulatis ; canali extts
rotundato, erenulato.—Named as above from the roundness and
regularity of the ribs. Hab. ——?

5. piicatus (f. 23), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1859.—P. testi
solid’, turrité, pallida, rufo sparsim maculata, liris scabrosis, ad
costas nodulosis, spiraliter cinctd; spird breviusculd ; anfractibus
subangulatis, costis rudis, crebris, versus aperturam creberrimis
ornatis.—The ribs are scabrous, and more close-set than in P.
muriculatus. Eastern seas, Mr. Cuming’s collection.

6. rosEatus (f. 1, 2, 3), Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Moll. pl. 10. f.
5, 6, p. 38.—P. “ testé ovatd, acuminata, turriti, cancellata, in-
terdum varicosi; anfractibus rotundatis, sparsim fusco-nebulosis ;
labio pone costas aggregatis, sinu magno ; apertura subquadrata,
rosed, superné callosi sed edenticulaté.”—Shaped hke P. senti-
cosa, but thinner, with narrow, prettily articulated nbs, which
are crowded into a broad varix behind the mouth. Philippines,
Cuming, and Moluccas.

7. revicosus (f. 36), Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 37. vol. 10.
f. 8, 4.—©P. testa elongaté ovata, ventricosd, subturritd, pallida ;
anfractibus rotundatis, concinné costatis ; costis numerosis, lineis
transversis nodulosis, pone labrum valdé aggregatis, labio sub-
crenulato; columella varicosi, vix callosi”’—The longitudinal
ribs are crossed by raised, brown, nodulous lines, and a large
broad varix is formed by the crowding of ribs behind the mouth.
Ceylon.

8. crassus (f. 5), Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 37. pl. 10. f.
1, 2.—P. testa elongata, ovaté, subturrita, solida, pallidé fusca; an-
fractibus rotundatis, costatis; costis rudibus subdistantibus, lineis
salientibus decussatis; labio grandi-dentato; columell& anticé
valdé productaé.—A large, thick species, with broad banded ribs.
Panama.

9. vireatus (f. 35), Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Moll. p. 37. pl. 10. f-
11, 12.—“P. testa elongaté ovata, levigata, pallidé fusci ; an-
fractibus rotundatis, costatis, infra suturam subcoarctatis, costis
rotundatis, superné nodatis, lineis impressis fuscis transversim in-
structis; labio subcrenulato; columella levi, producti.”—The
ribs are crossed by impressed brown lines. Ceylon.

10. tavieatus (f. 6), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P. testa

PHOS. 9]

elongata, solid, leevigata, versus basin sulcata, albida, fusco tincta,
infra nigrescente ; costis validis, subdistantibus, angulatis, ad an-
gulum nodulosis ; apertura alba; labio externo valdé sinuato.—
It is a large species, and the only one without spiral ridges.
Cape of Good Hope.

11. ruro-crnyctus (f. 14), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P.
testd subpyramidali, albida, rufo pallidé fasciata, liris subalternatis
cincta, longitudinaliter costis crassis ornata.—A delicate small
shell, with thick undefined ribs crossed by spiral lines, alternately
prominent. Dumaguete, Cuming.

12. Bornegnsts (f. 22), Sowd. Th.—P. testa suffusiformi, tur-
rita, pallida, obscuré rubro unifasciata, spiraliter liris distautibus ad
costas nodulosis cincta, inter liras tenuiter striata ; costis angustis,
subdistantibus, pone aperturam in varicem aggregatis; apertura
infra angustata, canali subrostrato.—The sculpture of this species
is beautiful and peculiar, consisting of spiral stric between the
raised riblets, which form equidistant nodules on the longitudinal
ribs. Only one specimen is in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Borneo,
Sir EB. Belcher.

13. eractis (f. 33), Sows. Th.—P. testi elongata, fusiformi,
fusci, spiraliter ineequaliter lirata, costis longitudinalibus subro-
tundis proximis ornata; spird producti; anfractibus distinctis ;
apertura parvA; canali rectiusculo, rostrato.—A small brown spe-
cies, with lengthened spire and undulating surface. Sydney.

14. turritus (f. 37), 4. dd. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P. testa
fusiformi, elongata, pallidé fulva; anfractibus elatis, subangulatis,
ad suturam linea impressi levigataé marginatis; costis longitudina-
libus, numerosis, lineis elevatis ad costas nodulosis ornatis ; plica
columellari subobsoletaé.—A very gracefully formed, light species,
with rather distant nodules, thin ribs, and a smooth margin to
the whorls. Panama, coral sand, six to ten fathoms, Cuming.

15. articunatus (f. 382), Hinds, Voy. Sulph. p. 38. pl. 10. f.
7, 8.—P. testi P. turrito simili sed crassiori, breviori, anfractibus
ad suturam striatis—Less light, elongated, and oblique than P.
turritus, with a large varix behind the aperture. Striated and
ribbed close to the whorls. Panama.

16. Cumrneti (f. 88), Reeve, Elements of Conch. pl. 3. f. 16.
—P. testa fusiformi, crassa, pallida, inter costas subcinered, spi-
raliter liris crebris, ad costas subnodulosis cinctd; costis longitu-
dinalibus distantibus validis fasciis duabus fusco picta ; apertura

92 PHOS.

oblonga, pyriformi, labio externo profundé sinuato ; columella
nuda; canali recto, rostrato.—A solid, fusiform shell, with distant
ribs, which are painted with reddish-brown im two bands. The
canal is rather straight and beaked. Western Columbia, Cuming.

17. eaupens (f. 30, 31), Hinds, Voy. Sulphur, p. 38. pl. 10.
J.5,6.—P. test elongata, acuminata, fusiformi, cinereo-nigrescente
seu pallidé fulvé fusco bifasciaté, inter costas levigata; costis
distantibus, nodulis albis variegatis ; aperturd brevi ; canali recto.
—The distant ribs are enlivened in both varieties by white or
light-coloured nodules, while the interstices are smooth. Gulf of
Tehuantepec, western coast of Mexico.

18. Trresra (f. 28, 29), Sows. 7h.—P. test& elongata, acumi-
natd, longitudinaliter costat4, spiraliter striata, varicibus albis
raris ornata, fulva seu grised fusco variegataé.—A pretty little
elongated species, ornamented with occasional white varices.
Sydney.

19. rascratus (f. 4), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1853.—P. testa
ovata, crassa, pallid, trifasciatd, longitudinaliter distanter costu-
lata, spiraliter costellis ad costas nodulosis cincta ; apertura sub-
ovali; canali lato, recto.—Of an obtuse oval form, partly cancellated
by elevated nodulous lines crossing the distant longitudinal mbs.
Philippines, Cuming.

20. cancetiatus (f. 39, 40), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—
P. testA ovata, albidd, obscuré fusco fasciata, subsequaliter cancel-
lata, cancellis ad angulos acuté nodosis ; interstitis planis ; canali
brevi, recto.— Distinctly and regularly cancellated, with nodules
at the crossing of the lines. Hab. i

21. Veracuensis (f. 41), Hinds, Voy. Sulphur, p. 37. pl. 10.
SJ. 18, 14.—P. testa quam P. cancellatus magis elongata, inter-
stitiis costellarum spiraliter striatis——Of a more elongate form
than P. cancellatus, and differmg from that species in being
striated spirally between the costelle. Puebla Neuva, west
coast of Veraguas.

22. rinosus (f. 15), 4. dd. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1853.—P. testa
ovali-acuta, subcancellata, pallidé fusca, costellis spiralibus elevatis
rubris.—This species resembles P. reticovus in the colour of the
cross raised lines, but it wants the distinct nodules which adorn
the ribs in that species. Hab. iy

23. miearus (f. 16), A. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1853.—P. testa
ovali-subfusiformi, pallidé fulvA seu fusc&i albo variegaté, sub-

PHOS. 93

cancellata, sed costis longitudinalibus magis preestantibus ; spira
elevati ; aperturd breviuscula; labio externo sinuato; canali
brevi, recto.—Almost cancellated as in P. cancellatus, but the
longitudinal ribs are the most prominent. Hab. ?

24. Buatnvitter (f. 42, 43), Deshayes, Chemn. pl. 125. f.
1201, 1202.—P. testa breviter ovali, alba, costis crebris dis-
tinctis ad angulum anfractuum nodosis longitudinahbus et
costellis ad costas subnodosis cancellaté; spird breviusculd; an-
fractibus angulatis; aperturi fusco et aurantio tincté; canali
brevissimo, aperto. A white cancellated species, with orange
mouth. The last whorl rather large. Philippines, Cuming.

25. vartans (f. 24-27), Sowd. Th.—P. testi ovata, alba, fasctis
et maculis fuscis seu aurantiis variegati, longitudinaliter crebré
costulata, spiraliter sulcis impressis subevanidis cinctd; anfractu
ultimo magno ; apertura parva, fusco seu aurantio tincta.—I think
the sculpture and form of these varieties sufficiently distinct from
those of the true P. Béainvillei to justify their separation. Phi-
lippines, Cuming.

26. cyanostoma (f. 46), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P.
testa quam P. Blainvillei spivi magis elevata, ultimo anfractu
breviori, costis magis nodulosis.—Differing from P. Blainvilled
in its more lengthened spire, and the last whorl being shorter.
The ribs are more nodulous. Philippines, Cuming.

27. sprnicosratus (f. 44, 45), A. dd. Pro. Zool. Soe. 1850.—
P. testa unifasciaté, quam P. Blainvillei spird magis elevata,
costis magis distantibus, interstitiis pallidé purpureis, costis ad
angulum acuté nodulosis—A more coloured shell than P. Blain-
villei, with more distant ribs, which are sharply nodulous at the
angle of the whorls. Batanzas, Philippines, Cuming.

28. nopicostatus (f. 47), d. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P.
testa alba, spiraliter striata, ad angulum anfractuum rubro lineata,
oblonga, sparsim varicosa, longitudinaliter costata; costis nodu-
losis, pone aperturam aggregatis.—A white striated shell, with
nodulous ribs. The aperture is without the peculiar brown and
orange tint observable in the three preceding species. Island of
Negroes, Cuming.

29. rextiuis (f. 48, 49), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P.
testa pallida, oblonga, longitudinaliter costis validis subdistantibus,
pone aperturam crebris, ad angulum anfractuum angulatis, ornata,
spiraliter costellis distantibus ad costas nodulosis et strtis inter-

94. PHOS.

mediis cincta, inter costellas et strias minutissimé longitudinaliter
striatéi.—The cross riblets are unequal, every third one being
prominent, and the interstices are very finely striated in a longi-
tudinal direction. Dumaguete, Philippines, Cuming.

30. patiipus (f. 19, 20, 21), Powis (Nassa).—P. testa ovata,
rugata, pallidé cinerea seu fuscé, spiraliter costellaté, inter cos-
tellis striaté; anfractibus paucis, angulatis, ultimo magno ; costis
longitudinalibus, infra subevanidis, ad angulum prominentibus,
nodulosis ; apertura magna, columella anticé angulataé.—A rugose
species, In form resembling P. Blainvillei. The ribs, which are
prominent and nodose at the angle of the whorls, are nearly lost
towards the centre. Philippines.

31. noratus (f. 17, 18), Sows. 7h.—P. testd P. pallido simili,
sed costis enodis ad angulum et infri maculis cinereis fasciatim
notatis.—In this species the ribs are thin and scarcely raised, but
marked by ash-coloured spots disposed in bands on the angles
and below. Philippines.

32. cyLLeNorpes (f. 34), 4. Ad. Pro. Zool. Soc. 1850.—P.
testi ovatd, pallida, costis magnis subdistantibus ad angulum
anfractuum elevatis ornati, angulatis, lineis impressis spiraliter
cinctd, ad costas cinereo fasciati; apertura prope marginem fusco
liraté.—Small, pale, with ash-coloured bands on the ribs, which
are distant and angulated. Near the edge of the outer lip of the
aperture is a margin of raised lines with brown intervals. Phi-
lippines, Cuming.

a
a De O74
4 Bn tines
eh: Sled Wie MA ;
Acai aed Peptic Mal gh Ely a2)
sa 11) os 8, em aT oN ee

BNP <r ey
may ais | Pi Leela
Ti ene,
ae "Teen es ti if
Say Abi bie Ae

UO LR HATH AY

PHOS, Monty.
Tus. Conon. Pu. CCXXI., CCXXII.

(From Specimens in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.)

47,
48, 49.

. RosEATUS. Hinds.

. Fascratus, A. Ad.

. crassus, A. Ad.

. L&vicatus, A. Ad.

. ANGULATUS, Sozwd.

. sENTICOsUS, Linn.

. MURICULATUS, Gould.
. SCALAROIDES, 4. Ad.
. RuFoctnctus, A. Ad.
. Finosus, A. Ad.

. Ligatus, A. Ad.

. Noratus, Sowd.

. PALLIDUS, Powis.

. Borneensts, Sowd.

. Pricatus, 4. Ad.

. VARIANS, Sowd.

. TEREBRA, Sow).

. GauDENs, /inds.

. ARtIcULATUS, [Zinds.
. GRACILIS, Sowd.

. CYLLENOIDES, A. Ad.
. vireatus, Hinds.

. REtrIcosus, Hinds.

. TURRITUS, 4. Ad.

» Ls
5 eo).
oll.
. 24,
5 Ue
Gs
28.
29.

Cumineu, Leeve.
CANCELLATUS, A. Ad.
Veracuensis, /Zinds.
Buarnvittet, Desh.
sprnicosratus, A. Ad.
cyanostoma, A. Ad.
nopicostatus, 4. Ad.
TEXTILIS, A. Ad.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

DENTALIUM.

Char. Gen. Molluscum corpore oblongo, testi elongati, tubu-
losi, conicd, arcuati, ad apicem perforati; apertura circular,
simplici; operculo nullo.

The shells of this genus are regularly conical curved tubes, open
at the apex, circular at the basal aperture. The worm-cases which
have the generic name Ditrupa, and which, of course, are not in-
cluded in this monograph, are distinguished from Dentalium by
being swelled and contracted near the aperture, instead of being
gradually conical.

Many species of Dentalium have a fissure at the dorsal edge
of the apical perforation. This being a somewhat irregular cha-
racter, even in individuals of the same species, and the fissure not
being formed in the growth of the shells, as in Emarginula, but
merely by subsequent “absorption or wearing, I cannot see in it a
sufficient indication of organic difference to justify the proposed
separation of the fissured species under the generic name “ AN-
TALIS.”

1. D. entare, Dinn., f. 50, 51. 52.—Testa levi, solidd, alba,
versus apicem rapidé crescenti et arcuati, deinde rectiusculd et
magis cylindricd; fissurd parva. —White, smooth, solid, at first
acuminated and curved ; afterwards cylindrical and nearly straight.
Fissure only seen in young specimens.

2. D. preriosum, Nuttall, f. 57.—Testa D. entali simillima,
sed angustiore, versus apicem haud tantiim arcuaté.—Less curved
and tapering near the apex than D. enfale, and altogether more
cylindrical. The distinctness of the species is doubtful.

3. D. tupricatum, Sows. Th. , f. 56.—Testa politi, elongata,
alba, subpellucida, leviter arcuata, vix fissurata, gradatim crescente.
—Certainly a narrower shell, less solid, andof more gradual increase
than either of the preceding.

VOL. II. ie

98 DENTALIUM.

4. D. ruspuscens, Desh., f. 89.—Testa levi, rubescente, fasciis
rubris transversis variegati, gradatim crescente, leviter arcuatd, vix
fissurati.—A smooth: shell, of rather interrupted growth, of a red
colour, with darkish bands.

5. D. nesutosum, Desh., f. 58.—Testa politd, angusta, tenui,
alba, fasciis acuté angulatis pellucidis versus. apicem variegata ;
fissurd apicali lateralii—Besides the zigzag pellucid markings
near the small end of the shell, M. Deshayes has pointed out
that the fissure is not dorsal, but lateral, in position. This, how-
ever, is possibly accidental.

6. D. nacrrum, Desh., f. 48.—Testa levi, polita, tenui, lacted,
angusta, apice integro—Smooth, thin, narrow, and milky-white.
No fissure.

7. D. rranstucipum, Desh., f. 47.—Testd hyalina, subaureo-
flavescente, polita, tenui, subcylindrici, leviter arcuat4, apice ob-
tuso; fissura plus minusve elongat’.—Of a transparent amber-co-
lour. The slit, which is a mere linear crack, is in some istances
lengthened indefinitely.

8. D. sptenpipum, Sowd., f. 41.—Testi polita, versus apicem
attenuata, carned, deinde lactea, ad apicem fissuris duabus, altera
dorsali, alter’ ventraliimGenerally reddish near the apex and white
towards the base. In some specimens there are two fissures, one
dorsal and the other ventral.

9. D. rissura, Lamh., f. 43.—Testa polita, rubescente vel fla-
vida, gracili, subpellucida ; fissurd dorsali nonnunquam elongata,
nomnunquam fissurd brevi ventralii—This shell agrees better with
Lamarck’s description than the fossil figured in the genera. It is
more gracefully tapering and less transparent than D. ¢ransluci-
dum.

10. D. ronerrrorsum, Fve., f. 59, 60.—Testa polita, subaureo-
flavescente, elongata, validé arcuata, fissurd dorsali_ brevissim’i.—
A large, elongated, strongly bent, amber-coloured shell, with very
slight dorsal fissure.

11. D. epurneum, Zinn., £. 53.—Testd politd, pallidé fulva,
elongata, rectiuscula, annulis concentricis elevatis numerosis cinc-
ti; apice attenuata, vix fissurati.—The name has been wrongly
applied to the species with incised lines, which Linnzeus described
under the name of D. politum. T. eburneum is distinguished by
raised rings of circumference.

12. D. Puiierinarum, Sows. Th., f. 54.—Testé quam D.
ehurneo angustiore, magis diaphand, colore rubescente.—This is a

DENTALIUM. 99

brightly coloured, transparent shell, much narrower in proportion
than D. eburneum.

13. D. erecrum, Sowd. Th., f. 55.—Testé polité, angusta, vix
arcuati, medio et versus apicem rubescente, prope marginem alba,
utraque fissuraté.—This tapering shell is very little curved, the
narrow end is strongly coloured, the larger end white. ‘There is
a slit on each side of the apex.

14. D. rversum, Desh., f. 42.—Testd tenui, levi, angusta,
leviter arcuati, ad apicem rubescente ; fissurd apicali ventrali.—
The shell is narrower than J. splendiduwm, but similarly coloured.
Tt has a fissure on the inner or ventral side of the apex.

15. D. arrenvatum, Sow. Thes., f. 40.—Testd tenui, fulva,
polita, paululum arcuata, quam preecedentes angustiore ; apicé vix
emarginatd.—A shining, pointed, very narrow species, with a very
slight notch at the apex. It is nearly straight.

16. D. vistuta, Sowd. Thes., f. 62.—Testé subhyalina, an-
gusta, rectiusculd, apice integro.—The little fossil which M. Des-
hayes names D. duplex, is very much like the specimen here
figured from Mr. Hanley’s collection. Specimens in the British
Museum exhibit the character upon which the name is founded,
namely, the formation of a second tube where the original apex
has been broken off, and Mr. Hanley’s specimen shows a second
tube formed at the other end. The first being a habit common
to many other species, and the second being accidental, T should
decline using the name for its inapplicability, even if sure of the
identity of the species.

17. D. rrtum, Sowd. Thes., f. 45.—Testa tenui, angustissima,
levi, acuminata, pallidé fulva, apice integro.—We have specimens
of this, dredged by Mr. M‘Andrew, at Gibraltar, and others col-
lected at the Philippines, by Mr. Cuming. Notwithstanding the
difference of locality we can find no characters of specific import-
ance by which to distinguish them. They are of thread-like nar-
rowness, smooth, and without fissures.

18. D. sucrum, Desh., f. 35.—Testa angusta, lacted, polita,
subrecta, ad apicem obliqué sect, prope apicem tenuissimé striata.
—White, cylindrical, polished, nearly straight, with an oblique
cut across the apex, on the dorsal side.

19. D. porirum, Linn., f. 46.—Testa politd, leviter arcuata,
pallidé fulva, angusté, gradatim crescente, striis incisis obliquis
numerosis concentricis cinct’i; fissurd apicali elongatéi.—Mr.
Hanley, in his ‘Jpsa Linnei Conchylia,’ has rectified the long-

100 DENTALIUM.

standing error of applying Linnzeus’s name of eburneum to this
species, and that of podz¢wm to the shell to which Linneeus evi-
dently meant to apply the name eburneum. T. politum is distin-
guished from all other species by the incised lines which divide its
whole length into oblique rings. It is excessively rare in a recent
state, but well known among the fossils of the Paris basin. The
figure is from Mr. Hanley’s recent specimen.

20. D. topatum, Sowd. Thes., f. 44.—Testd subhyalina, validé
arcuati, curti, levi, alba, seu partim pallidé fulva; apice obtuso,
truneato, in lobis quatuor diviso.—This curious shell is smooth,
short, and strongly curved in proportion to its length. The apex
is divided into four lobes, the dorsal and ventral ones being each
slightly subdivided. This peculiarity may possibly indicate an
important difference in the animal structure, and until that is
known, we cannot be certain even of its generic position.

21. D. Tarentinum, Lamk., f. 19, 20, 49.—Testa solida, va-
lidé arcuaté, laté, albi, nonnunquam roseo-tineti, versus apicem
longitudinaliter striaté ; apice acuminato, plerumque integro.—
Unless much worn, specimens of this shell always show striz near
the apex, which, with the less cylindrical forms, distinguish them
from D. entale. The two species have, by some authors, been even
generically separated, on account of the absence of apical notch
in D. Tarentinum. In a numerous series of both species now
before us, however, we meet with cases where the notch is want-
ing in the former and quite traceable in the latter.

22. D. acutuatum, Sowd., f.63.—TestA alba, validé arcuata,
ineequaliter striat’ ; apice attenuaté, acuminata, integr.—Not un-
like the very young of PD. Zurentinum, but more acuminated, and
with unequal instead of equal strie.

23. D. currum, ”, f. 64.—Testé subviridi, subcylindracea,
tenué striata, brevi; apice obtuso, vix fissurato.—A small, cylin-
drical, pale-greenish shell, with obtuse apex and fine striz.

24. D. semivonitum, Sowd. Ser., f. 23.—Testd subhyalina, te-
nu, alba, angusta, versus apicem roseo-tincti, tenuissimé striata,
deinde polita ; apice nonnunquam antice aut lateraliter fissurato.—
Minutely striated at the narrow end, and quite polished from the
centre to the margin. More glassy and thin than D. Tarentinum.

25. D. Lessont, Desh., f. 15, 16, 17, 18.—Testa elongata,
leviter arcuata, pallide fulvé seu flavid’, nonnunquam roseo-tincta,
prope apicem 12-costata, deinde costis minoribus interstriaté, prope
warginem politi; apice integro—Rather variable, more or less

DENTALIUM. 101

cylindrical, numerously ribbed at the apex, with additional strice
afterwards, with a tendency to become smooth near the margin.
In the next species, D. dentale, this tendency is not observable.

26. D. penrate, Linn., f. 14.—Testa elongata, acuminata, 12-
costata, interstriati, pallidé rose’, transverse rubro-fasciati, apice
integro,—More distinctly ribbed than D. Lessoni, without the
same tendency to become smooth towards the margin. It is
banded with red.

27. D. Betcuert, Sows. Jun., f. 28, 29.—Testi subcylindracea,
eequaliter crebri-costaté, versus apicem leviter arcuati, alba vel
rosea, ad costas pallidé maculati; apice integro, obtuso.—It is
like D. novem-costatum, but with the ribs much more numerous.
There is a slight articulated appearance on the coste.

28. D. cancettatum, Sow. Jun., f. 36.—Testa tenui, alba,
acuminata, versus apicem validé arcuaté, costis circiter 8 longi-
tudinalibus et striis elevatis concentricis cancellata, deinde costis
numerosis, testd rectiuscula.—Cancellated near the apical end by
distinctly raised strive crossing the longitudinal ribs.

29. D. tirarum, Carpenter, f. 32.—Testi alba, parva, recta,
cylindrace’ ; costis longitudinalibus, zequalibus, circiter duodecim.
—A very small, white, straight, narrow, 12-striated shell.

30. D. vaRtaBILeE, Desh., {. 30.—Testi alba, cylindraced, an-
gust, prope apicem leviter arcuata ; costis inequalibus, pleramque
versus apicem paucis, deindé magis numerosis, plerumque quasi
articulatis ; apice integro.—The Tibs are usually few near the
apex, but at various lengths their number is increased by inter-
mediate ones, so as, in some specimens, to become numerous and
equal. They are spotted or articulated. It is much more narrow
and cylindrical than D. Belcheri.

31. D. zetanpicum, Sowd. Jun., f. 13.—Testd alba, pallidé
griseo et fulvo fasciatd, vix arcuati, pyramidal, lata ; costis nume-
rosis, paululum elevatis, ineequalibus ; apice vix fissurato.—Very
Has to D. rectum, but the sculpture far less bold and coarse.

D. recrum, Gmel., {. 1.—Test& crassi, magni, retrorsum
Pee pallida, p yramidali, subacuminata, ad aperturam lata ;
costis numerosis, ae Ineequalibus ; fissura apicali elongat4.—
This is figured and described by Deshayes, as D. elephantinum of
Linneus, with which it by no means agrees. It is coarsely and
unevenly ribbed, and has a backward curve in the centre, from
ee bending forward at the apex.

. D. Vernevet, Hanley, f. 3.—Testé magni, alba, pallid’

102 DENTALIUM.

fulvo-fasciaté, leviter arcuata, costis numerosissimis rotundis
prope apicem inequalibus deinde equalibus, striis elevatis con-
centricis cancellata ; fissurd elongat&.—Our representation is taken
from a magnificent specimen in the collection of R. M‘Andrew,
Esq.; it is minutely cancellated by raised strize crossing the ribs.

34. D. rormosum, Ad. § Reeve, f. 2.—Testi arcuata,, acumi-
nata, ventricosa, coloribus viridi, rubro et fulvo alternatim fasciata,
15-costata ; costis validis, rotundis, zequalibus ; fissuraé medioeri.—
This beautiful species is fluted with 15 regular rounded ribs, and
banded across with alternate ribbons of red, green, and buff.

35. D. pisexancutatum, Sows. Th., f. 8.—Testa alba, magna,
solidi, mediocriter arcuati; costis duodecim, validis ; interstitis
latis leevigatis ; apice nonnunquam fissurato.—A white, 12-ribbed
species. Some specimens show a slight notch.

36. D. erepHantinum, Linn., f. 4.—Testi magna, arcuata, so-
lida, viridi, fasciaté, versus apicem albescente; costis decem,
validis ; interstitiis latis, striatis ; fissurd brevii—This large, green-
banded shell is the true D. ecephantinum, as shown by Mr. Hanley
in his shells of Linnzeus.

37. D. aprinum, Linn., f. 5, 6.—Testa validé areuata, viridi,
fasciata, angusti; costis decem ; interstitus levigatis; apice vix
fissurato.—About half the width of D. edephantinum, with 10 ribs,
and the interstices plain.

38. D. inversrriatum, Sows. Th., f. 7.—Testa validé arcuata,
viridi, angusti ; costis principalibus circiter decem, interstitialibus
minoribus ; apice integro.—Resembling J. aprinum, but with nu-
merous interstitial striae.

39. D. Javanum, Sowd. Th., f. 12.—Testd validé arcuata,
pallidé fulva seu subviridi; costis octo, angulatis ; mterstitiis latis,
planulatis ; fissuré apicali parva.—Differing from D. aprinum, in
having eight instead of ten ribs, with broad flat surfaces between.

40. D. novem-costatum, Desh., f. 24, 25, 26, 27, 38.—Testa
solidi, plerumque rubra, fasciaté ; costis novem, solidis, rotundis,
versus marginem evanidis; apice integro.—In colouring, this
species resembles D. dentalis, being generally of a reddish tint,
with darker bands. The light-tinted or nearly white variety is
small.

41. D. octoconum, Lamh., f. 9.—Testa alba, leviter arcuata,
solidi; costis octo, validis, rotundis ; interstitiis latis, longitudi-
naliter striatis ; apice vix fissurato.—This well-known white shell
has eight ribs, with interstitial stri.

DENTALIUM. 103

42. D. psrupo-srxaconum, Desh., f. 34.—Testa alba, tenui,
angusti, leviter arcuati; ad apicem et versus medium costis sex,
validis, deinde evanidis, medio et ad aperture marginem testa
striaté ; apice integro.—Six-ribbed at or near the apex, thence to
the margin ribless, but finely striated.

43. D. Hexaconum, Gould, f.10.—Testa alba, angusta, medi-
ocriter arcuati; costis sex, acutis; interstitis planulatis; apice
integro.—A regularly hexagonal shell, with distinct, sharp ribs at
the angles.

44. D. sexcostatum, Sows. Th., f. 11.—Testa pallida, validé
arcuata; costis sex, validis, rotundis ; interstitiis profundis, stria-
tis ; apice integro.—Similar in form and proportions to D. Java-
nicum, etc., but with six rounded ribs, with deep striated interstices.

45. D. quinquaneutatum, Forbes, f. 33.—Testa parva, alba,
acuminata, validé arcuata; costis quinque, tenuibus; interstitiis
planis ; apice integro ; margine aperture obliquo.—Very small,
sharp, and curved with six thread-lke ribs, and the margin of the
aperture oblique.

46. D. quaprapicatn, Hanley, f.61.—Testa alba, leviter ar-
cuata, versus marginem lata, longitudinaliter striata, ad apicem
quadricostata, prope apicem interstitiis unicostatis ; apice integro ;
margine aperture obliquo.—Commencing at the apex with four
angles edged by sharp ribs, then between each of these, a little
way from the apex, having an intermediate rib, and losing them
all before they reach the middle of the shell, whence the remain-
der is finely striated.

47. D. pispar, Sowd. Th., f. 37.—Testa hyalina, levigata, alba,
versus apicem pallidé subviridi; ad apicem quadricostata, prope
apicem interstitiis unicostatis ; costis evanidis.—More glassy than
D. quadrapicale, and smooth, the disposition of the ribs at or near
the apex being the same. It is not so wide towards the aperture.

48. D. quapraneuLare, Sowd. Sen., f. 31.—Testa alba, parva,
subeylindracea, longitudinaliter striata, ad apicem et versus me-
dium quadrigona, deinde rotunda, apice obtuso, integro.— White,
small, striated, cylindrical, four-sided at the apical end, rounded at
the other.

49. D. rerraconum, Sowd. Sen., f. 21, 22.—Testa alba, elon-
gata, leviter arcuata, levigata, versus aperturam rotunda, versus
apicem quadrigona ; angulis acuticostatis ; apice integro.—White,
long and narrow, slightly curved, smooth, rounded towards the
aperture, four-sided near and at the apex, the angles being sharp-
ened by distinct, thin ribs.

104

DENTALIUM.

INDEX OF SPECIES.

abbreviatum, Desh., foss.
aculeatum, Sow). Jun., 22, f. 63.
acuticosta, Desh., foss.
ambiguum, Chenu.—Not identified.
annulatum, Mighels.—Not known.
aprinum, Linn., 37, f. 5, 6.
arcuatum,Gm.—elephantinum, 36.
attenuatum, Sowb. Jun., 15, f. 40.
Belcheri, Sows. Jun., 27, f. 28, 29.
bicarinatum, Desh., foss.
bisexangulatum, Sow). Jun., 35, £.8.
brevi-fissum, Desh., foss.
cancellatum, Sowd. Jun., 28, f. 36.
clava, Lamk.—Ditrupa.
coarctatum, Lamk.—Ditrupa.
corneum, (amel.—Ditrupa.
costatum, Min. Con., foss.
crassum, Desh.—Ditrupa.
curtum, ?, 28, f. 64.
dentale, Zinn., 26, f. 14.
dispar, Sowb. Jun., 47, f. 37.
Dufresnii, Desh.—Not identified.
duplex, Defrance, foss.
eburneum, Zinn., 11, f. 53.
Hlephantinum, Linn., 36, f. 4.
ensiforme, Chenu.—Not identified.
entale, Linn., 1, f. 50-52.
erectum, Sowb. Jun., 18, f. 55.
fasciatum, Gmel.—Novem-costa-
tum, 40?
filum, Sowd. Jun., 17, f. 45.
fissura, Zamk., 9, f. 43.
fistula, Sowd. Jun., 16, f. 62.
formosum, 4d. et Reeve, 34, f. 2.
fossile, Gmel., foss.
gadus, Sowb. Sen., a worm-case.
grande, Desh., foss.
hexagonum, Gould, 43, f. 10.
incertum, Desh., foss.
interruptum, foss.
interstriatum, Sow. Jun., 38, f. 7.
inversum, Desh., 14, f. 42.
Javanum, 7, 39, f. 12.
lacteum, Desh., 6, f. 48.

Lessoni, Desh., 25, f. 15-18.
liratum, Carpenter, 29, f. 32.
lobatum, Sowd. Jun., 20, f. 44.
longitrorsum, /eeve, 10, f. 59, 60.
lubricatum, Sows. Jun. 3, f. 56.
multistriatum, Desh.—Not known.
nebulosum, Desh., 5, f. 58.
nigrum, Lamk.—Ditrupa.
nitens, Min. Con., foss.
novem-costatum, Desh., 40, f. 24—
27, 38
octagonum, Lamk., 41, f. 9.
Panormum, Chemn.—Lessoni, 25.
perpusillum, Sowb. Sen.—Ditrupa.
Philippinarum, Sowd., 12, f. 54.
politum, Zinn., 19, f. 46.
pseudo-entalis, foss.
pseudo-sexagonum, Desh.,42,f.34.
quadrangulare, Sows. 48, f. 31.
quadrapicale, Hanley, 46, f. 61.
quinquangulatum, Forbes, 45, £.33.
rectum, Giel., 32, f. 1.
rubescens, Desh., 4, f. 39.
sectum, Desh., 18, f. 35.
semipolitum, Sows. Sen., 24, f. 23.
semistriatum, Desh., foss.
sewangulum, Gin., foss.
sexcostatum, Sowd. Jun., 44, f. 11.
splendidum, Scwd. Sen., 8, f. 41.
strangulatum, Desh.—Ditrupa.
striatulum, Gmel.—aprinum, 37.
striatum, Min. Con., foss.
striolatum, Stimpson.—pretiosum,
2.
substriatum, Desh., foss.
subulatum, Desh.—Ditrupa.
sulcatum, Lamk., foss.
Tarentinum, Lh., 21, f. 19, 20, 49.
tetragonum, Sowd., 49, f. 21, 22.
translucidum, Desh., 7, f. 47.
variabile, Desh., 30, f. 30.
Vernedei, Hanley, 23, f. 3.
vitreum, Gmel.—Not identified.
Zelandicum, Sows. Jun., 31, f. 18.

105

MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY

NUCULIDA,

FORMING THE LAMARCKIAN GENUS NUCULA.

By Sytvanus Hantey, F.L.S., ere.
YY ,

Tue essential ideal of a Lamarckian Nucu/a—1 do not mean
the genus according to the precise definition of Lamarck, for that
would scarcely include even the few shel!s he has indicated, but
Nucula so extended as to comprehend all the species which that
author, when he finally elaborated his system, would have lnked
together, had he known them—is a bivalve hinged by a series of
comb-like teeth. ‘hus simply characterized, its members form an
easily recognizable assemblage, which, however, the exigence of
modern classification compels us to subdivide as naturally as may
be.

The empirical school of conchologists, which prefers the arbi-
trary selection of a strongly characterized type, and the grouping
around it of such shells as resemble it in general aspect, to a strict
generic definition (in default of which a species may be adjudged,
even by an adept, to more groups than one), has distributed the
pristine Nueu/z into six genera or subgenera (Nucla proper, Leda,
Voldia, Portlandia, Solenella, Netto), placed far apart by D’Or-
bigny, and certain other naturalists, in different families. Without
arrogating to myself the skill to decide upon the rank, position,
and value of these sections, I have preferred to follow the more
moderate views of Woodward, because, while nothing is easier
than to discriminate between a nacreous Nueula proper, a porcel-
lanous Leda without a prominent ligament, and a porcellanous
Solenella with one, no adequate and universal characters by which
all the Yoldie and Portlandi@ may be indisputably distinguished
from all the Lede have ever been indicated. The published de-
finitions are either inapplicable to all, or would comprehend several
undoubted Lede.

VOL. IIT. M

106 NUCULIDA.

LEDA, Schumacher.

Gen. Char. More or less elongated, usually peaked behind, almost
always clothed with an epidermis, not nacreous within; margin
never crenated. Teeth pectinated, on both sides of an internal
cartilage. Pallhial line sinuated.

Sect. I. Lupa, proper.—Often strong, usually with an umbo-
nal ridge and concentric sculpture, only gaping at the posterior
tip, sometimes without an epidermis, which, if present, is more
often unpolished. Both dorsal areas usually impressed or defined,
almost always sculptured. Pallial situs small or moderate.-—The
four final species (especially the last two), Micobarica, serotina,
lenidula, and tenella, are intermediate in character between this
and the next section.

Sect. II. Youpra, MWé//er.—Gaping at both ends, rarely with
an umbonal ridge, usually fragile, usually with an epidermis, if so
always a polished one (except, perhaps, in 7Zraci@formis), never
ribbed, nor radiatingly sculptured, Dorsal areas rarely, if ever,
sculptured, their lips usually pouting ; front dorsal area rarely im-
pressed or defined. Cartilage-pit usually large, cochleariform, or
broadly triangular, shelvingly projecting: inwards. Pallial sinus
usually large.

Sect. Ul. Porrtanpia, Mérch.—Resembling the last, but
closed at both ends.

Sect. I. Lepa, proper.

1. L. nnoneara, Sowd., f. 39.—T. cymbeeformis, utrinque hians
et obverse subcuneiformis, equilateralis, compressa, semipellucida,
striis pertenuibus et anticé remotioribus longitudinaliter scalpta,
postice leevigata, cute mitidi tenuissima fulva vel olivaceo-cinered
induta. Extremitas antica aliquantulum latior, magisque rotun-
data ; postica subbiangulata. Margo dorsalis horizontalis ; ventra-
lis in medio rectiusculus vel subretusus, utrinque convexiter accli-
vis.— Boat-shaped, thin, semitransparent, more or less compressed,
gaping at both ends (more so in front), white under an excessively
thin epidermis, which in aged examples is olivaceous ash-coloured,
but in less matured ones is shining, bright fulvous, and only
conspicuous near the margins; posteriorly smooth, elsewhere
scratched lengthways with shelving strie, which are so fine above
as to appear obsolete, are close, fine, and regular in the middle,
more remote and concentric in front. No umbonal ridge, but an
indistinct shallow indented ray in front. Sides equal, or very

NUCULID&. 107

nearly so, obversely subcuneiform, almost similar, but the front one
is slightly the broader and more rounded, the hinder slightly the
more tapering, and subbiangulated at its extrennty. Dorsal edge
horizontal, very slightly flexuous (plano-convex in front, plano-
retuse behind). Ventral margin subarcuated, the arch usually <
little straightened or even subretuse in the middle, convexly rising
at both ends, yet with a slight retusion in front, and in a straight-
ened line behind. Beaks not at all elevated. Dorsal areas in-
conspicuous, the hinder one flattened. Teeth most numerous on
both sides ; pit shallow, broadly triangular, sunken.

2. L. Sowrrsiana, D’Ord., f. 33.—T. L. elongate simillima,
sed nivea, angustior, utrinque acutior, et fere usque ad extremi-
tatem posticam scalpta strus arctioribus, quarum anticé et con-~
centrice sunt etiamque obliqué longitudinales. Arez dorsales trans-
versim costulatee.—Iridescent, snow-white, most closely resem-
bling elongata, yet rather narrower, and with more taper extremi-
ties. The stri, also, which are still finer and closer, and just in
front are both concentric and obliquely longitudinal, extend as far
as the ordinary site of an umbonal ridge. Dorsal areas more or
less distinctly cross-barred. In adult examples the fine central
striz (at least in one of the valves) seem raised, and the lines of
growth cut the somewhat slanting longitudinal ones before the
smooth site of an umbonal ridge. In the young the escutcheon
is excavated, and its edges crenulated: the hinder extremity of
the valves, moreover (as may be seen in the nuclear portion of the
full-grown shell), is, also, subobliquely striolate. D’Orbigny,
aware that the South American /anceolata of Sowerby was not
identical with the Lamarckian one (a species without adequate
definition, either verbal or pictorial), termed it (Voy. Amér.
Mérid. Moll., p. 544) Sowerdyana, but with his usual carelessness
referred to the figure in the ‘Genera’ (edecfa), instead of that in
the ‘ Illustrations.’

3. L. Pataconica, D’ Orbigny, f. 49, 50.—T. angusté oblongo-
rostrata, compressa, albida, equilateralis, undique longitudinaliter
striata ; strize anticé remotiores. Hxtremitas rostri attenuati re-
curvata, suboblique truncata. Margo dorsalis anticus rectiuscu-
lus, vix declivis; posticus valde incurvatus, paululum declivis.
Area magna excavata, carina plicee umbonalis simplici circum-
scripta.—Of a much-produced beaked-oblong shape, rather thin,
compressed, whitish, with a very shallow radiating indentation
anteriorly, before which the close-set shelving subcoucentric striz
that elsewhere traverse the entire surface become more distant,

108 NUCULID&.

and are cross-hatched, as it were, by true concentric ones. Sides
equal, or very nearly so. The front extremity bluntly rounded ;
the beaked hinder side gradually attenuated to a very narrow,
rather oblique, truncated, recurved tip. Front dorsal edge straight-
ish, nearly horizontal; hinder dorsal slope slight, much incurved.
Ventral margin arched in front, much and convexly rising behind,
neither retuse in front nor centrally. Escutcheon excavated,
large, carinately defined by the projecting, nearly simple (7. e. not
distinctly crenulated) edge of the umbonal ridge, which latter is
planalate, and inconspicuous. Lunule narrow, not well defined.
Cartilage-pit broadly triangular. ‘Teeth very numerous on both
sides.

4, L. Trxtinormes, Sowerby, f. 36.—T. lanceolato-elliptica,
antice rotundato-acuminata, flexuosa, subeequilateralis, nivea, com-
pressa, nisi posticé undique striata: striz anticee longitudinales ;
medi oblique curvatee. Margo dorsalis uterque vix declivis, an-
ticus plano-convexus, posticus vix retusus. Areze dorsales incon-
spicue.—Hlongated, lanceolated-elliptic, slightly flexuous, bend-
ing down a little in front, and inclining upwards a little behind ;
thin, glossy, snow-white, compressed ; smooth behind, elsewhere
striated : striz curved and slanting in the middle, almost concen-
tric in front. Sides very nearly equal, gradually and nearly equally
tapering to either extremity; anterior end rotundately peaked ;
posterior end angular above, rounded below. Dorsal slopes very
slight ; the front one plano-convex, the hinder one barely subre-
tuse. Ventral margin subarcuated throughout, with an extremely
slight anterior, and no posterior, retusion. Dorsal areas incon-
spicuous ; the hinder one impressed, its edges minutely crenulated.
Teeth very numerous on both sides.—Besides the longitudinal
strie, a few symmetrical lines of growth may be discerned beneath
the front dorsal edge, and a few still more indistinct ones (but no
striz) on the opposite side. In mature examples similar lines are
likewise manifest in the middle, near the lower margin.

5. L. etortosa, 4. Adams, f. 42, 43.—T. angusté lanceolata,
nivea, in medio tanttim inferne compressa, ante radium impressum
anticum plicis planulatis latis, et pone eum stris inclinatis arctio-
ribus, concentrice sculpta; posticé multiim longior, obtuse acu-
minata, Mcurvatione utriusque margimis coarctata. Margo dorsalis
anticus plano-convexus vix declivis; ventralis anticé arcuatus.—
Elongated lanceolate, snow-white, shining, gaping at both ends
(especially below anteriorly), convex or subventricose, retusely
compressed below in the middle, with an indented ray in front ;

NUCULIDA. 109

the ordinary site of an umbonal ridge not elevated, but convex
and smooth, elsewhere regularly and concentrically sculptured, by
broad imbricated flattened folds before the indentation, by twice
as numerous close shelving striz behind it. Front side much the
shorter, unsymmetrically rounded at the extremity. Hinder side
rapidly contracted by the incurvation, behind the beaks, of both
upper and lower edges, then gradually acuminated to a bluntly
oblique extremity, the tip being more prominent dorsally. Front
dorsal edge scarcely sloping, plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope
rather slight, much produced, plano-retuse. Ventral margin
arcuated in front, rising, after the central retusion, with little
convexity. Hscutcheon carinately defined, rather broad. Lunule
just perceptible. Cartilage-pit small, triangular. Teeth numerous,
particularly behind.—The epidermis is of a yellowish ash-colour.

6. L. nxecra, 4. Adams, f. 40, 41.—T. anguste lanceolato-
rostrata, utrinque attenuata, eequilateralis, nivea, compressa, un-
dique longitudinaliter striolata: striole anticee minus conspicue ;
postice arctiores, magisque oblique. Hxtremitas postica obliqué
subtruncata. Margo dorsalis posticus incurvatus, vix declivis ;
ventralis in medio arcuatus. Area impressa, crenato-marginata.
—Hlongated, beaked-lanceolate, thin, compressed, shining white,
everywhere minutely yet distinctly sculptured; shelvingly scratched
lengthways by fine strize, which in front (where they are crossed
by the wrinkles of growth) are more distant and less manifest,
and become closer and more slanting posteriorly ; the scarcely
raised extreme posterior ridge is smooth to the eye, yet is barred
with raised concentric wrinkles. Sides equal or very nearly so ;
the anterior one gradually tapering to a narrow rounded tip; the
posterior one beaked and still more attenuated, the extreme tip
obliquely subtruncated and angulated above. Front dorsal slope
moderate, convex ; hinder dorsal slope, slight, incurved. Ventral
margin arched in the middle, rising at both ends, barely subretuse
in front. Beaks minute, sharp, perceptibly projecting. Escutcheon
sunken, crenately margined. Lunule perceptible.

7. L. Taytor1, Hanley, f.35.—T. elongata, anticé aliquantum
brevior et rotundato-lanceolata, posticé attenuata et subrostrata ;
nivea, subcompressa, densius longitudinaliter striata: stris anticé
concentrice et elevate, mox acclinate et (certissimé in valvula
sinistra ubi inferné prope plicam umbonalem planulatam demumque
sublevigatam prorsus desunt) magis minusve oblique. Margo
dorsalis uterque vix declivis. Area planulata, crenulato-margi-
nata.—Hlongated, rather shorter and rounded-lanceolate in front,

110 NUCULID®.

attenuated and subrostrated behind, rather compressed, shining
white, striated lengthways throughout (except a small triangular
space in the lower corner of the left valve just adjacent to the
planulate umbonal ridge, which latter is also somewhat smoothish
near its termination) ; striz: very close (rather less so in the front
of the right valve), raised and concentric in front, then shelving
and (at least im the left valve) more or less slanting. Dorsal edge
but little sloping on either side, plano-convex in front, plano-
retuse behind. Ventral margin much arched, rising almost
equally at both ends. Beaks little promiment. Escutcheon nar-
row, flattened, well defined by the very prominent crenulated edge
of the umbonal ridge. Front dorsal area less conspicuous, con-
centrically striated. Cartilage-pit broadly triangular, subemargi-
nated below, sunken. Teeth numerous, especially behind.

8. L. crentrera, Sowerby, f. 37, 38.—T. anguste oblongo-
lanceolata, subzequilateralis, convexa, posticé rostrata et valde
attenuata, undique striata: striae concentrice, dense, argute.
Margo dorsalis anticus convexiusculus, vix declivis; posticus
retusus, declivis. Area magna, levis, margine crenulato plice
umbonalis circumscripta. Lunula magna, planulata, plicA angustaé
marginata.—Of an elongated oblong-lanceolate form, dull white,
convex, concentrically striated (the lunule excepted) throughout :
strie for the most part extremely fine and close, less so on the
narrow and scarcely elevated umbonal ridge (where they become
shelving), and just after a narrow fold that bounds the large and
flattened front dorsal area. Sides nearly equal: the front ex-
tremity attenuated, not well rounded above, very obliquely so
below: the beaked hinder side much and gradually attenuated,
its tip nearly central, very small and subtruncated. Front dorsal
slope very slight, plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope moderate,
retuse. Ventral margin arched in front, retuse before the hinder tip.
Escutcheon large, smooth, well defined by the crenated edge of
the umbonal ridge. ‘Teeth numerous, especially behind.—Judging
from the nuclear portion, which is somewhat remotely lamellated,
and by no means elongated, the fry may readily be mistaken for a
distinct species.

9. L. Merroatret, Hanley, f. 34.—T. elongata, compressa,
striis densis et argutis, quee ante radium impressum anticum re-
motiores sunt et Jamellose, posticé autem elevate et valde oblique
fiunt, longitudinaliter corrugata. Hxtremitas lateris antici multum
brevioris superné subangulata ; rostri postici angusta, recurvata,
obliqué subtruncata. Margines dorsales paululum declives ; an-

NUCULID&. LiL

ticus convexiusculus ; posticus subrectus, denique autem incurva-
tus. Are sicut in L. creniferd.—Of a produced beaked-oblong
shape, very inequilateral, not very thin, compressed, whitish,
without an elevated umbonal ridge, with a well marked anterior
broadish indented ray, before which the very fine close-set longi-
tudinal wrinkles, which become raised and very oblique posteriorly,
are lamellar and more distant. Hxtremity of the much shorter
anterior side subangulated and more projecting above, obliquely
rounded below. Hinder side much and gradually attenuated,
beaked ; its recurved tip narrow, obliquely subtruncated. Dorsal
slopes very slight ; the front one plano-convex ; the hinder one
incurved. Ventral margin much rising at both ends, arching up
obliquely in front, convex behind. Beaks acute, scarcely pro-
minent. Dorsal areas as in erenifera. Cartilage-pit small,
sunken, triangular. Teeth very numerous, especially behind.—In
the largest only of the three individuals known to me (one of
which perchance may be adult) do the oblique strize extend to the
crenated ridge. The ventral margin is slightly indented a little
beyond the middle, and just before its hinder termination.

10. L. prcora, A. Adams, f. 47, 48,—T. subequilateralis,
parva, valida, subanguste oblongo-rostrata, posticé attenuata,
albida, liris concentricis tenuibus undique corrugata. Extremitas
rostri recurvati angusta, obliqué subtruncata. Margo dorsalis
uterque vix declivis ; posticus incurvatus. Area ampla, depressa,
crenulato-marginata.—Of an elongated beaked-oblong shape, ra-
ther small, convex or subventricose, gaping slightly at both ends,
dull white, concentrically lyrated (the dorsal areas excepted)
throughout : the lyrated wrinkles very small and crowded, except
upon the umboes, upon a ray-like anterior portion (where they
are irregular and coarser), and along the umbonal ridge, which
latter is retuse in the middle, and undefined anteriorly. Sides
nearly equal; extremity of the slightly shorter anterior one nar-
rowed, and symmetrically rounded: posterior side attenuated,
gradually beaked ; its tip narrow, recurved, obliquely subtruncated.
Front dorsal slope rather shght ; hinder dorsal slope slight, in-
curved. Ventral margin arched behind, straighter im front, sub-
retuse at its termination and very slightly so in the middle. Hs-
cutcheon very large, depressed, creno-marginated. Lunule per-
ceptible, simple. Cartilage-pit very small, triangular, sunken.
Teeth moderately numerous on both sides.

11. L. cosrprtata, Sowerby, f. 59.—T. subangusté oblongo-
rostrata, compressa, subsquilateralis, liris remotis concentrice

112 NUCULIDA.

lamellosa, cristis binis squamiferis posticé radiata. Extremitas
rostri postici angusta, biangulata. Margo dorsalis uterque vix
declivis ; posticus incurvatus. Labia areee magne, levis, concave,
protrusa.—Peaked elongated-oblong, rather thin, compressed,
under an ashy or pale olivaceous ash-coloured epidermis glossy
white, concentrically traversed by distant erect lamellae, which ter-
minate just before an umbonal ridge that is formed by two crest-
like squamose ridges enclosing between them a flattish and nearly
smooth area; intervals of the lamelle unsculptured. Extremity
of the moderately yet decidedly shorter anterior side attenuated,
and unsymmetrically rounded: hinder side gradually beaked ; the
tip fine, biangulated, subcentral. Front dorsal slope very slight,
plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope rather slight, incurved, rising
at the extremity. Ventral margin arcuatedly rising in front, less
so behind, slightly indented before the posterior tip. Escutcheon
large, smooth, concave, yet with pouting lips. Lunule linear,
smooth, conspicuous. ‘Teeth on either side of the very small
triangular cartilage-pit very numerous.—The epidermis is occa-
sionally iridescent. A more or less obsolete anterior indented ray
is generally perceptible.

12. L. concrnna, A. Adams, f. 54, 55.—T. lanceolata, posticé
attenuato-rostrata, anticé superne subangulata, valdé ineequilate-
ralis, multum compressa, cute tenui cinereo-virescente induta,
concentricé lamellosa ; lamella superné remotiores. Margo dor-
salis anticus rectiusculus, vix declivis; posticus retusus, leviter
declivis. Are dorsales elongate, leaves, impresse, angulatim
circumscripte ; labiis protrusis.—Lanceolate, very inequilateral,
subangulated dorsally in front, attenuatedly beaked behind, rather
thin, much compressed, only gaping at the very narrow biangu-
lated and scarcely upturned posterior tip, covered with a thin
greenish-cinereous epidermis, devoid of marked anterior indented
ray, with a narrow umbonal ridge, which is subspinosely keeled
on either side. General surface concentrically lamellated ; inter-
vals of the lamellae, which are much more remote on the umboes,
and somewhat more distant in front, smooth. Front dorsal slope
slight, nearly straight ; hinder dorsal slope rather slight, retuse.
Ventral margin obliquely arching upwards in front, convex and
moderately rising behind, retuse before the posterior tip. Dorsal
areas elongated, smooth, angularly defined, impressed, but with
the lips pouting.

13. L. renursutcata, Couthouy, f. 87.—T. LD. pernule assi-
milis, sed minor, radii impressi fere vel omnino expers, cute luted,

NUCULID®. Ws:

liris concentricis (quarum interstitia ferme sunt latiora) undique,
etiam in plicam umbonalem concentricé et regulariter rugosa.—
Resembling pernuda, but smaller, oil-yellow, peculiarly compressed
when young, almost or wholly devoid of an indented ray, concen-
trically traversed by even and regular lyrated strize (whose inter-
vals are, if anything, rather broader), which are equally perceptible
on both valves. and pervade alike the umbonal ridge: front ex-
tremity more symmetrically rounded.

14. L. pernuta, Miller, f. 56-58.—T. suboblongo-rostrata,
valdé inzequilateralis, convexa, cute olivaced vel olivaceo-lutescente
induta, rugis elevatis tenuibus, in medio densis, ante radium im-
pressum anticum remotioribus minusque argutis, ad extremitatem
posticam subobsoletis, concentricé striata. Margo ventralis anticé
obliqué arcuatus et multum acclivis; posticé rectior, demumque
subretusus. Area acute definita, multum producta, labiis pro-
trusis ; lunula obsoleta—/ar. Marginibus dorsalibus magis de-
clivibus ; postico incurvato.—Peaked elongated oblong, com-
pressed behind, from convex to subventricose in the middle, with
a more or less manifest indentation radiating with little obliquity
from the beaks to nearly the front extremity of the opposite
margin, clothed with a glossy epidermis that ranges in tint from
yellowish-olive in the adult to olivaceous-yellow in the young,-
very closely and finely sculptured by raised concentric wrinkles,
which, coarser and more distant before the indentation, become,
for the most part, wholly or partially obsolete towards and upon
the umbonal ridge (except, perhaps, above) and lunule, and are
usually less conspicuous on the left valve. Posterior side about
twice as long as the anterior (which is unsymmetrically rounded),
subrostrated, and very gradually tapering to a very narrow trun-
cated subcentral tip ; umbonal ridge rather broad and flattened,
not much raised, often divided by an indistinct groove. Front
dorsal edge subretuse, moderately sloping; hinder dorsal edge
higher, convex, less sloping. Ventral margin much and obliquely
rising in front, arched anteriorly; posteriorly rather straighter,
moderately rising, with a slight retusion before the ridge. Lips
of the escutcheon, which is very long, and sharply defined, pout-
ing. Lunule obsolete. Teeth on the average sixteen and twenty-
four.—Var. Both slopes more decided ; the hinder one incurved.

15. L. Buccata, Steenstrup, f. 63, 64.—T. sp. precedenti si-
millima, sed brevior, minus inequilateralis, magis ventricosa, mar-
ginibus dorsalibus magis declivibus, are’ latiore-—Most closely
resembling an abbreviated pernu/a (being less elongated), but

VOL. III. N

114 NUCULID&.

stronger, less inequilateral, with more decided dorsal slopes, more
ventricose, and only compressed near the hinder termination. The
hinder side only occupies three-fif hs of the total length, and tapers
more abruptly than im the preceding species: the concentric
wrinkles are less obsolete. ‘The epidermis, which is scarcely
glossy, is dusky-olive (with oftentimes a yellowish basal zone) on
the mature shell, and oil-yellow on the young. ‘The beaks are

prominent, and the escutcheon broad. Var. Peculiarly broad
and subtriangular.

16. L. minuva, Miller, f. 61, 62.—T. subovato-conica, pos-
ticé abbreviato-rostrata, ineequilateralis, cute vix nitente olivaced
induta, hris concentricis (quarum interstitia aliquantum sunt
latiora) subdensis undique striata; plicd umbonali_ planulata.
Margo dorsalis uterque declivis. Area magna, subleevigata,
acute definita. Dentes haud permulti (seepe 10- 12).—Subovate-
conic, more or less subventricose (when young, however, com-
pressed), scarcely gaping, with a flattened umbonal ridge that is
retuse in the middle, and (in the more ventricose individuals) a a
more or less perceptible indented and little slanting anterior ray,
clothed with a rather dull epidermis, that ranges in tint from olive-
brown to olivaceous-yellow ; everywhere (the dorsal areas excepted)
sculptured by rather close and even lyre, which are narrower than
their simple intervals. Anterior side filling about two-fifths of
the entire length, almost symmetrically rounded. Posterior side
more or less briefly beaked; the rostral tip narrow, biangular,
subcentral. Dorsal slopes moderate, the front one nearly straight,
the hinder one more or less curved. Ventral margin more or less
arched, always rising behind ; the rostral retusion slight. Hscut-
cheon large, carinately defined, smooth, or obscurely grooved.
Teeth not numerous (often ten to twelve). Var. twmida. Veu-
tricose, almost pear-shaped, the slopes very decided. Var. com-

planata. Flatter, more produced, the dorsal slopes and ventral
areuation less decided.

17. L. caupata, Donovan, f. 60.—T. subovato-rostrata, in-
equilateralis, cute luted induta, undique arcté et argute lirata.
Extremitas rostri abrupte coarctata, aliquantum recurvata. Margo
dorsalis uterque declivis; anticus convexus; posticus retusus.
Area magna, sublevigata, acuté definita—Peaked ovate or ob-
long, usually rather compressed and devoid of an indented ray, at
times subventricose, with an oil-yellow epidermis, everywhere with
regular and even concentric lyre (except upon the dorsal areas),
which are narrower than their intervals. Mxtremity of the ante-

NUCULID. 115

rior side, which occupies about two-fifths of the total length, some-
what narrowed and almost symmetrically rounded. Posterior side
decidedly beaked, tapering rather quickly to a peculiarly small
and narrow biangulated tip; umbonal ridge moderately broad,
flat, but well defined by its horizontal lyre, and its curved upper
edge. Dorsal slopes moderate, the front one convex, the hinder
retuse or incurved. Ventral margin decidedly arcuated, much
rising in front, distinctly retuse before the hinder termination so
as to abruptly pinch up the subcentral (and somewhat cocked-up)
tip of the rostrum. Lips of the escutcheon, which is large, and
clearly defined by an almost carinated rim, pouting. Lunule in-
conspicuous. Jar. Ventricose, ovate-conic, usually with a few
radiating lines on the umboes; dorsal slopes very decided; ven-
tral margin peculiarly arched in front. Distinguished from ¢enwi-
sulcata by the shape of the rostrum.

18. L. tueusris, 4. Adams, f. 75, 76.—T. inequilateralis,
ventricosa, ovato-trigona, posticé subrostrata et obtuse cuneifor-
mis, cute olivaceo-tenebrosi induta, undique concentrice lirata :
liree crassee, remote. Margo dorsalis posticus rectiuseulus, valde
declivis ; ventralis anticus arcuatim acclivis ; cardinalis latus.
Are dorsales leves, magne, definite. Dentes magni, pauci.—
Triangular-ovate, solid, ventricose, devoid of an umbonal ridge,
clothed with a dusky yellowish-olive epidermis, regularly sculp-
tured throughout (the large, smooth, well-defined, dorsal areas
excepted) by remote subimbricated coarse concentric lyre. An-
terior side filling from two-fifths to three-sevenths of the total
length, contracted and rounded at the extremity. Posterior side
bluntly wedge-shaped, briefiy and obscurely beaked. Hinder dor-
sal slope very decided, straightish; front one moderate, at first
straight, then curved. Ventral margin much arched and rising
in front; straighter behind. Beaks acute, reflected, prominent.
Escutcheon well defined. Lunule subcordiform. Hinge-margin
very broad; teeth few, very large. No cartilage-pit, but a short,
yet very manifest, external ligament. Locality unknown. Size
of a small parva. Reminds one of a Crassatella.

19. L. ryconspicua, A. Adams, f. 77, 78.—T. eequilateralis,
oblongo-subconoidea, posticé superné angulatim eminens, cute
nitida olivaceo-cinereé induta, radio haud impressa, undique (na-
tibus exceptis) sulcis tenuibus densis subinclinatis concentricé
striata. Margines dorsales subdeclives, vix curvati; ventralis
anticé subarcuatus. Area angulatim definita, duplex ; exterior
plicato-corrugata.—Oblong-subconoid, moderately strong, merely

116 NUCULIDA.

subventricose, only gaping at the posterior tip, clothed with a
glossy olivaceous ash-coloured epidermis, devoid of an anterior
indented ray, everywhere (beaks excepted) concentrically and
somewhat shelvingly striated, or finely and closely grooved,
Anterior extremity rounded, a ‘little tapering: posterior side an-
cularly projecting above. Dorsal slopes rather slight, little curved.
Ventral margin subarcuated in front, obliquely and somewhat
convexly rising (without indentation) at the hinder end. Beaks
smooth, central or very nearly so. Front dorsal area inconspicuous.
Escutcheon with pouting lps, angularly defined by the posterior
ridge, divided into two concave areas by a radiating linear an-
gulation; outer one plicately wrinkled ; inner one nearly smooth.
—My description does not precisely agree with Mr. Adams’s, but
both were drawn up from the unique example in Mr. Cuming’s
collection.

20. L. xara, Hinds, f. 44, 45.—T. subeequilateralis, compressa,
oblongo-lanceolata, eburnea, polita, nisi posticé et in medio su-
perne sulcis inclinatis subremotis concentrice sculpta. Margo
dorsalis utrinque rectiusculus et vix declivis; ventralis arcuatus.
Area lanceolata, subduplex ; interior sublevigata, planulata; ex-
terior concava, sulcis inclinatis obliqué sculpta. Lunula planulata
et obliqué striata.—Oblong-lanceolate, compressed, except at the
umboes, which are convex, or even subventricose, scarcely gaping,
of a polished ivory-white, smooth on the central umbonal region
and posterior third, elsewhere concentrically graven with rather
distant imbricating sulci. Anterior side slightly longer, its ex-
tremity a little attenuated, and unsymmetrically rounded. Pos-
terior side peaked ; the tip rather above the middle, with a short
dorsal retusion. Front dorsal edge nearly straight, scarcely sloping :
hinder dorsal edge straight or subretuse, a little sloping. Ventral
margin regularly arched, much rising at both ends (obliquely so
in front), devoid of retusion. Escutcheon lanceolate, well defined,
subbipartite ; the flattened top nearly smooth ; the concave lower
portion obliquely marked with distant imbricating sulci. Lunule
manifest, flattened, obliquely striated. Interior subiridescent.
Teeth very fine and numerous on both sides. he fry, which is
grooved throughout, reminds one in shape of wavicularis.

21. L. Betcuert, /inds, f. 53.—T. angusté oblonga, subeequi-
lateralis, posticé sinuato-subtruncata, sulcis inclinatis ‘subobliquis,
nisi postice, longitudinaliter sculpta. Regio postica superior
inferné subito impressa, in medio lira vix elevati radiante divisa.
Margo dorsalis antice declivis et convexiusculus, postice incurva-

NUCULID&. 117

tus, vixque declivis; ventralis tantum convexus. Area concava,
carina definita ; labiis protrusis. Lunula nulla. Dentes utrinque
permulti.—Hlongated oblong, twice as long as broad, without
anterior indented ray, but in its ordinary place marked towards
the lower margin with a few very obsolete radiating grooves.
General surface (polished, fide Hinds) traversed by shelving some-
what slantingly longitudinal sulci, which are fainter in front and
on the somewhat depressed umboes, and cease suddenly near the
posterior end, leaving a planulate narrow strip, which is crowded
with concentric wrinkles or striz. Hinder triangle smoothish or
finely wrinkled concentrically, and divided into three areas by a
carinated line, which bounds the escutcheon (which is concavely
impressed, but with pouting lips) by a very abrupt sinking of the
surface which angularly limits the lowest ared in front, and by a
slightly raised radiating line, which stands halfway between these
two. Extremity of the slightly shorter anterior side attenuatedly
rounded ; posterior side not beaked, sinuously subtruncated, being
angulated by the triple projection of the radiations. Front dorsal
slope decided, plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope rather slight,
incurved. Ventral margin merely convex in front, straightish
and without indentation behind. No defined front dorsal area.
Teeth very, and nearly equally, numerous on either side of the
rather large, shelving, triangular cartilage-pit. Mr. Metcalfe
possesses two dead left valves. As the central keel does not
extend to the umboes, it is probably wholly absent in the fry.

22. L. perta, Linneus, f. 65, 66.—T. ovato-oblonga, zequila-
teralis, postice superné abbreviato-cuneiformis, ventricosa, polita,
eburnea, striis arcuato-obliquis et anticé divaricatis undique
sculpta. Regio postica superior angusta, subito excavata, angulo
inferné cireumscripta, superné costé imbricato-squamosi. Margo
dorsalis utrinque subdeclivis, anticé rectiusculus, posticé subretusus,
demumque emarginatus. Area sulco profundo definita, transversim
lirato-corrugata. Lunula impressa, lanceolata.—Ovate-oblong,
ventricose, glossy ivory-white, scarcely marked in front by an
extremely shallow broad indented ray, and behind by a very sud-
denly excavated acutangular curved triangle that is notched at
the base, is dorsally raised and squamosely imbricated, ventrally
simple and subcarinately angulated. Surface everywhere sculp-
tured by rather fine flexuously curved shelving strie, which, for
the most part, run obliquely downwards with a double curve from
the front umbo, but before it arch in an opposite direction. Sides
equal : front extremity a little tapering, unsymmetrically rounded :
hinder extremity briefly rostrated, its tip turned up and rounded

118 NUCULID&.

off acute. iFront dorsal slope nearly straight, slight: hinder
dorsal slope rather shght, subretuse, emarginated eventually.
Ventral margin subarcuated, much rising at both ends. Hs-
cutcheon plano-concave, corrugately lyrated across, flanked by a
deep groove. Lunule concave, lanceolate, in the adult obscurely
barred like the lunule, in the young finely wrinkled concentrically.

23. L. srcusprpata, Gould, f.73.—T. inzequilateralis, angusté
ovato-oblonga; postice attenuata, biangulata, bicuspidata ; ven-
tricosa, eburnea, obliqué striata ; ad extremitatem anticam plicis
angustis circiter 3 radiata. Regio postica superior excavata, inter
carinas 3 serratas (quarum 2 sunt dorsales) levigata. Margo
dorsalis auticus convexus, declivis ; posticns leniter declivis. Area
lanceolata, sublevigata. Lunula inconspicua.—Produced ovate-
oblong, a little subcylindraceous, more or less ventricose, ivory-
white, with about 3 narrow, close, prominent folds at the extreme
front, and a posterior triangle, composed of a broad, smooth con-
cavity, flanked by serrated keels (two approximate ones above, and
one below), the ends of the two larger of which form two pro-
jecting points: surface elsewhere finely graven by numerous wavy,
downwards-slanting, incised lines, whose intervals rise at the
umbonal region into raised strize. Extremity of the anterior side,
which occupies about two-fifths of the total length, rounded:
extremity of the attenuated posterior side biangular, deeply
notched. Front dorsal slope moderate, convex: hinder dorsal
slight, straight, or subretuse. Ventral margin arched in front,
straighter behind. Hscutcheon lanceolate, smoothish. Lunule
inconspicuous. ‘Teeth more numerous behind.

24. L. rostrata, Montagu, f. 84.—T. oblongo-rostrata, sub-
equilateralis, eburnea, stris arctis longitudinalibus et posticé
arcuato-obliquis undatim sulcata. Regio postica superior lyris
radiantibus approximatis, inferné circumscripta. Rostri extremitas
angusta, recurvata. Margo dorsalis anticé vix declivis, postice
declivis et profundé incurvatus ; ventralis valdé arcuatus. Area
magna, longitudinaliter sulco-striata. Lunula inconspicua.—
Beaked-oblong, subventricose, the ordinary site of an umbonal
ridge occupied by a kind of lattice-work formed by several ra-
diating linear keels and rather distant, transverse, raised strive ;
ivory-white (sometimes very pale tawny), rather glossy, everywhere
(dorsal areas excepted) waved with flexuous, closely disposed,
subimbricating sulci, which, concentric at the nucleus, and some-
what so in front, become arched and slanting posteriorwards. Sides
very nearly equal; front extremity very uns) mmetrically rounded :

NUCULID. 119

hinder side quickly forming an upturned beak, of which the rather
narrow tip is convex, and above the middle. Front dorsal slope
slight, straightish ; hinder dorsal slope moderate, deeply incurved.
Ventral margin much arcuated, rising obliquely in front, not re-
tuse behind. Escutcheon large, defined, finely grooved length-
ways. Lunule inconspicuous. Teeth numerous on both sides.
Judging from the nucleus, the fry may readily be mistaken for a
distinct species. Montagu described the species as new, and not
as of Gmelin, whose rostrata was identical with pernula.

25. L. Cuuva, Gray, f. 67.—T. ZL. erasse simillima, brevior
autem, ovato-acuta, margine dorsali utrinque decliviore, ventrali
magis arcuato; rostri extremitate altiore, magisque acuminata.
Lyre plicee umbonalis nonnunquam inferné subobsoletee.— Most
closely resembling crassa, but is peaked-ovate ; the slopes are con-
sequently more decided, and the ventral margin more arched ; the
peak is rather more acuminated, and higher seated ; the lyre, too,
are scarcely so prominent, and the arched ones on the umbonal
ridge become, occasionally, almost obsolete at the lower extremity.
The difference between this and crassa, var. brevior, is very
trifling.

26. L. coxrusa, Hanley, f. 85.—T. equilateralis, ovali-acuta,
posticé rostrata, haud ventricosa, cute cinerea induta, sulcis densis
concentricis undique sculpta. Rostri extremitas recurvata, acuté
angularis. Plica umbonalis neque alta, nec anticé definita. Margo
ventralis anticé convexus, vixque declivis ; posticé declivis, principio
rectiusculus, demum repenté incurvatus; ventralis utrinque acclivis,
anticé arcuatus, posticé haud sinuatus. Arew dorsales magne,
lanceolate, labiis protusis: area sublongitudinaliter sulcata: lu-
nula impressa.—Peaked-oval, convex or subventricose, with a
shining ash-coloured epidermis, closely, regularly, and concentri-
cally grooved throughout (the dorsal areas excepted) ; sulci shelv-
ing in front, their intervals converted into flattened coste on the
umboes and towards the umbonal ridge, which latter is neither
elevated nor defined in front. Sides equal, or very nearly so:
anterior extremity rounded ; posterior side rather abruptly beaked,
the tip, which is either in the middle or just above it, upturned
and sharply angular. Front dorsal slope very slight, convex, with
a sudden terminal retusion. Hinder dorsal slope moderate, at
first straightish or plano-convex, eventually rather suddenly in-
curved. Ventral margin much rising at both ends, arcuated (at
the least, in front), devoid of retusion. Dorsal areas large, pouting,
lanceolate; escutcheon carinately defined, sublongitudinally grooved;

120 NUCULIDS.

lunule impressly defined, its sulci finer. Interior bluish-white, the
front edge, in adult examples, most minutely crenulated: hinge-
margin ronal its teeth rather numerous on both sides. Cartilage-
pit small, triangular. Var. ? producta.—More elongated, ventral
margin less arched; hinder side more acuminated, its tip less re-
curved, and more acute; dorsal areas less pouting.

27. L. crassa, Hinds, f. 69.—T. eequilateralis, ventricosa, ob-
longo-acuta, posticé subrostrata, cost& umbonali eminente et sulco
profundo lato inferné circumscripté munita, cute olivaceo-flaves-
cente induta, sulcis crassis densis (quarum interstitia latiora sunt,
anticé inclinata, posticé rotundata) undique concentricé sculpta.
Hxtremitas rostri valdé angusta, recurvata. Margo dorsalis anticé
vix declivis, postice subdechivis et profundé incurvatus; ventralis
arcuatus, posticé multum acclivis. Area magna, lanceolata, lon-
gitudinaliter lyrata: lunula angusta, longitudinaliter striata. Var.
brevior. TV. ovato-acuta ; margine dorsali utrinque magis declivi.
—Peaked-oblony, strong; ventricose, with a curved, rounded,
prominent umbonal ridge, that is cut off below by a broad and
profound groove: under a yellowish olive-coloured epidermis,
glossy-white (tawny when discoloured), everywhere coarsely and
closely grooved concentrically ; the much broader intervening lyre
subimbricated in front, rounded behind. Sides very nearly equal ;
the front, which, if nee is the longer, with an obscure, shallow,
radiating indentation (which waves the sulci), rounded at its ex-
tremity. Posterior side quickly tapering, subrostrated ; the tip
of the upturned beak very narrow, higher than the middle of the
shell. Front dorsal slope very slight, barely convex: hinder dor-
sal slope rather shght, deeply incurved. Ventral margin more or
less arched, not retuse, much rising posteriorly. Escutcheon
large, fencectate: well defined by the raised (and, as it were, cre-
nated) umbonal ridge, lyrated lengthways. Lunule narrow, per-
ceptible, finely grooved lengthways. Hinge-margin broad; car-
tilage-pit rather small, triangular; teeth numerous on both sides.
Var. brevior. Peaked-ovate ; the slopes more decided.

28. L. eipBosa, Sowerhy, f. 79 ralis, ventricosa,
oblongo-rostrata, cute induta, costis subarctis subrotundatis un-
dique sculpta. Extremitas rostri acuta, subrecurvata. Margo
dorsalis anticé convexiusculus et vix declivis, posticé declivis de-
mumque incurvatus ; ventralis posticé sinuatus. Area magna,
coneava, longitudinaliter lyrata, plicd umbonali superné acuté
angulari, circumscripta. Lunula inconspicua.—Beaked-oblong,
solid, ventricose, chalky-white under an epidermis that ranges in

NUCULID&. Pal

tint from brownish-fulvous to pale olive, not radiatingly indented
anteriorly, concentrically ribbed throughout: ribs close, about as
broad as their narrow smooth intervals, somewhat rounded. Sides
equal or nearly so ; extremity of the anterior side (which, if either,
is the longer) a little tapering, and unsymmetrically rounded :
posterior side gradually beaked, the tip acute, slightly upturned
below the middle. Front dorsal slope slight, plano-convex ;
hinder dorsal slope decided, upon the whole retuse, though a little
convex before the incurved termination. Ventral margin arcuated
and much rising in front, straighter and less rising behind, in-
dented before the base of the umbonal ridge, which latter is not
raised, but is sharply angulated posteriorly. Escutcheon large,
concave, angularly defined by the umbonal ridge, lyrated length-
ways throughout. Lunule (if any) smooth, linear, mconspicuous.
‘Teeth rather numerous on either side.

29. L. Evenensts, Sowerby, f. 70-72.—T. equilateralis, posticé
rostrato-acuminata, cute cinered aliquando lutescente nonnun-
quam subolivaced induta, crassé et concentricé costata. Plica
umbonalis eminens, subangulata, sulco inferné dilatato anticé cir-
cumscripta. Margines dorsales subdeclives ; posticus incurvatus ;
ventralis posticé acclivis, subsinuatus. Area impressa, ovali-acuta,
longitudinaliter plicato-corrugata. Lunula angustissima, trans-
versim porcata.—Var. gidbosa. T. tumida ; margine ventrali anticé
multum arcuato, posticé multum acclivi: rostro valde recurvato.
Var. media. T. hand tumida; rostro haud recurvato. Var.? py-
riformis. T. oblongo-rostrata, anticé valdé angustata ; rostro haud
recurvato. —Beaked-ovate or subovate, ventricose, clothed with an
epidermis that ranges in tint from yellowish-cinereous to olivaceous
ash-colour, rayed with an enlarging sulcus before the prominent
subangular edge of the umbonal ridge, coarsely rather closely and
concentrically ribbed throughout (the dorsal areas excepted) ; mbs
erect on the umboes, depressed and shelving in front and below,
more or less interrupted and attenuated at the posterior fang-
shaped sulcus, again enlarged and very prominent on the umbonal
ridge: their intervals simple. Sides equal or very nearly so : front
extremity bluntly convex, somewhat narrowed : hinder side rostrato-
acuminated, gaping at the tip. Dorsal slopes rather shght or
moderate, the front one plano-convex : hinder one more or less
incurved. Ventral margin arcuated in front, straighter and rising
behind, somewhat indented near the posterior end. Lunule very
narrow, well defined, ridged across: escutcheon rather profound,
rather large, peaked-oval, plicately wrinkled lengthways.—Var.
gibbosa (Conch. Ill. f. 14). Beaked-ovate, very ventricose, the

VOL. IIL. )

122 NUCULIDE.

anterior indented ray not very conspicuous ; ribs scarcely so broad
as their intervals ; front extremity only shghtly narrowed ; rostrum
much recurved, its tip above the middle ; ventral margin remark-
ably arched in front, and much rising behind.—Var. media (Nuc.
cuneata, Hanley, Rec. Bivalves, pl. 19, f. 57, not description).
Beaked-subovate, ventricose; the mdented ray very manifest : the
lower sulci narrower than the ribs ; rostrum not recurved, central.
—Var.? pyriformis. Beaked-oblong, much narrowed in front,
ventricose ; the indented ray distinct ; upper costal interstices as
broad as the ribs, lower ones less so; rostrum not recurved, sub-
central.—Under a very powerful lens some minute radiating lines
may be discerned on the umbonal ridge (the projection of the ribs
upon which is a salient characteristic), and sometimes, too, on the
outer portion of the front ventral margin. Were it not for the
intermediate form, the produced variety ? (for which, if a species,
I would suggest the name pyriformis, but have only as yet seen a
single specimen) could not possibly have been identified with the
more typical (or rather the first delineated) form, the peculiarities
of which seem only developed in mature examples.

30. L. pettuna, A. Adams, f. 74.—T. subineequilateralis, tu-
mida, oblongo-acnta, posticé longior et acuté rostrata aliquan-
tumque recurvata, cute pertenui cinered induta, undique lamelloso-
costellata. Margo dorsalis posticus subretusus, subdeclivis ; ven-
tralis in medio valdé arcuatus, posticé rectiusculus et conspicué
acclivis. Area angulo circumscripta, longitudinaliter lamelloso-
corrugata. Lunula parva, inconspicua.—Peaked-oblong, swollen
at the umboes, much compressed behind, white under a very thin
not much polished cinereous epidermis, without anterior indented
ray, ridged throughout (dorsal areas excepted) with moderately
distant concentric lamellar costelle, which are flattened in front,
converge posteriorly, and surmount the upper edge of the incon-
spicuous umbonal ridge. Extremity of the somewhat tapering
and rather shorter anterior side rounded : posterior side rapidly
and sharply beaked; its tip angular, slightly upturned, and rather
above the middle. Front dorsal slope moderate, convex : hinder
dorsal slope rather shght, somewhat retuse. Ventral margin greatly
arched in the middle, rising convexly in front, peculiarly and
subrectilinearly ascending behind: posterior retusion, if any,
slight. Escutcheon angulately defined, lamellately wrinkled length-
ways. Lunule small, rather inconspicuous, scarcely impressed,
concentrically wrinkled.

31. L. rraciuis, Chemnitz, f. 169.—T. equilateralis, subtumida,

NUCULID. 123

pone umbones retusa, ovato-acuta, in medio latior, costellis con-
centricis densis (superné remotioribus) undique sculpta. Margo
dorsalis anticé declivis, preecipué rectus, ad extremitatem convexus ;
posticé subrectus ; ventralis anticé et im medio multum arcuatus,
posticeé multum acclivis. Are dorsales magne, rugis remotis
subobliquis lirate. Area ipsa subduplex ; interior tantum tenui-
ter longitudinaliter rugosa ; exterior retusa.— Peaked-ovate, ven-
tricose or tumid at the umboes, a retusion of surface behind
them, whitish (often stained with rust-colour, when dead) ; umbo-
nal ridge a little convex, and defined anteriorly by a slight radia-
ting indentation; entire surface (the dorsal areas excepted) most
closely sculptured concentrically by riblets which lie further apart,
and are more conspicuous on the umboes. Sides equal, or nearly
so: middle region broad, quickly tapering to a rounded extremity
in front, and to an acute angle, whose apex is either in the middle
or rather above it, behind. Front dorsal slope moderate, at first
straight, then convex. Hinder dorsal slope nearly straight.
Ventral margin much arcuated in the middle and anteriorly,
much and somewhat straightly rising behind, devoid of manifest
retusion, except a slight one near its posterior end. Dorsal areas
large, marked with rather large, obliquely subconcentric, distant,
raised wrinkles, which do not extend to the middle of the bipartite,
well defined escutcheon, which is retusely impressed near its mar-
gin only, the more raised core being very finely wrinkled length-
ways, thus forming a series of obtuse angles. Cartilage-pit small,
triangular. Hinge-margin broad: the teeth rather numerous on
both sides.—Although the costellar intervals are simple, yet one
or two minute, raised, radiating lines may in very fine specimens
be discerned at the commencement of the retusion which precedes
the posterior ridge.*

32. L. venrricosa, Hinds, f. 88, 89.—T. equilateralis, superné
magis minusve tumida, angusté ovali-acuta, liris concentricis un-
dique sculpta. Extremitas rostri angusta. Margines dorsales
tantum subdeclives; anticus convexiusculus ; posticus rectiusculus.
Aree dorsales profundé impressee: area ipsa magna, rugis lamel-
losis inferné obliquis remotiusculis, superné longitudinalibus arc-
tioribusque, ornata. Lunula lineis elevatis obliquis inferné tuber-
culata.—Peaked oval-oblong, ventricose, tumid at the umboes,

* This is not the WV. striata of King, in the ‘ Zoological Journal’ (v. p. 837), who,
not being a conchologist, has so deseribed his species that it is practically undefined.
ibe striata, subtumida, erasea, subtrigona, alba ; latere antico (postico) productiore,
subrostrato; long. 4; lat. Z poll’ His specimen was from deep water, tweuty
miles from the shores of Patagonia.

124 NUCULID”.

then rather quickly compressed, subretuse before the convex um-
bonal ridge, white, concentrically lyrated throughout (dorsal areas
excepted) ; lyree depressed and shelving anteriorly, rather distant
on the umboes, close near the circumference; their intervals
simiple. Sides equal, or very nearly so; the anterior one sub-
attenuated and subangulately rounded at its extremity ; the pos-
terior one angular, beaked, its tip fine and convex. Dorsal slopes
rather slight; the front one plano-convex ; the hinder straightish,
yet a little disturbed by the pouting of the lunular lips. Ventral
margin much rising at both ends, briefly subretuse before the
posterior tip. Dorsal areas strongly impressed, sharply defined :
the escutcheon large, adorned at its retuse circumference with
rather distant slanting lamellar wrinkles, which become close and
longitudinal centrally. ‘Sides of the lunule furnished with slant-
ing linear tubercles (or tubercular wrinkles), which do not reach
the sutural edge. Teeth rather numerous on both sides.

33. L. npurnwa, Sowerby, f. 90.—T. equilateralis, ventricosa,
anticé semielliptica; posticé acuminata vixque recurvata ; undique
sulcata, cute mitidd pallidé olivaceo-lutescente induta; radii im-
pressi pliceeque umbonalis fere expers. Margo dorsalis posticus
retusus ; ventralis posticé multum acclivis. Area profundé im-
pressa, longitudinaliter lirata. Lunula lanceolata, lined cireum-
scripta, concentricé costellato-rugosa.—T'wice as long as broad,
almost, if not quite, equilateral, semielliptic in front, sharply acu-
minated behind, ventricose, (almost tumid at the umboes, mode-
rately compressed posteriorly,) clothed with a shining pale yellow-
ish-olive epidermis, with only a very faint indented ray, and a
scarcely raised umbonal ridge, which is nearly smooth above.
General surface regularly sulcated throughout; the interstitial
spaces, which anteriorly are shelving, elevated posteriorly into
converging lyre. Hinder peak sharp, subcentral, scarcely up-
turned. Dorsal margin convex in front, retuse behind: ventral
margin much arcuated in front, straighter and much rising behind,
without marked posterior retusion. Lunule lanceolate, linearly
defined, with concentric costellar wrinkles : escutcheon angularly
defined, deeply impressed, lyrated lengthways. Hinge-margin
broad. ‘Teeth numerous on either side of the minute triangular
cartilage-pit, more so in front.

34, L. ruterpa, 4. Adams, f. 91.—T. equilateralis, oblongo-
acuta, anticé tumida, levis, cute pertenui polita cinereo-lutescente
vel olivaceo-lutescente induta, radii impressi pliceeque umbonalis ex-
pers. Extremitas postica angusta, subrecurvata, rotundato-angu-

NUCULIDE. 125

lata. Margo dorsalis anticus vix declivis ; posticus declivis, retusus.
Are dorsales haud definitee. —Peaked-oblong, tumid in front, cunei-
formly compressed behind, scarcely, if at all, gaping. clothed with a
very thin polished epidermis, that ranges in tint from cinereous-yel-
low to yellowish-olive, quite smooth throughout, devoid of anterior
indented ray or umbonal ridge. Sides equal or very nearly so;
the anterior, if either, the shorter, tapering to an unsymmetrically
rounded extremity: the posterior gradually peaked to a narrow
and slightly upturned, rounded off, subcentral angle. Front dor-
sal slope slight, at first straight, then convex, or plano-convex :
hinder dorsal slope moderate, retuse. Ventral margin arched, and
much rising in front, convex and moderately rising behind, devoid
of marked posterior retusion. Dorsal areas wholly undefined.

35. L. Fastrpiosa, A. Adams, f. 82, 83.—T. eequilateralis,
ventricosa, oblongo-acuminata, posticé subcunciformis, et vix re-
curvata; cute nitidissima olivaceo-lutescente induta, superné le-
vigata, inferné longitudinaliter striata; striz antic arctissime,
postice remotiores minusque conspicue. Margo dorsalis anticus
leniter declivis; posticus retusus, declivis. Area retusa, satis
magna, subangulatim definita, longitudinaliter lamelloso-rugosa :
lunula vix impressa, concentricé striata.—Acuminated-oblong,
ventricose, scarcely gaping even at the tip, clothed with a highly
polished yellowish-olive epidermis, devoid of either umbonal ridge
or indented ray, smooth on the umboes, striated lengthways be-
low ; the strie very close and converging behind, fainter, more
remote, and concentric in front. Sides equal or very nearly so:
front extremity a little tapering and subangulately rounded;
hinder side subcuneiformly acuminated, the tip fine, scarcely up-
turned, below the middle. Front dorsal slope rather slight, plano-
convex: hinder dorsal slope decided, retuse. Ventral margin
arched and much rising in front, straighter and less rising behind,
without posterior retusion. Lunule very slightly impressed, con-
centrically striated, almost, if not wholly, undefined. Hscutcheon
retuse, rather large, subangulately defined, lamellately wrinkled
lengthways.

36. L. votrra, Sowerby, f. 68.—T. oblongo-acuminata, equi-
lateralis, ad umbones ventricosa, posticé compressa, cute cinereo-
virescente polita induta, plicee umbonalis expers, juxta extremitatem
posticam levigatam breviter obliqué striata (in exemplis adultis in
medio inferné longitudinaliter remoté sculpta). Margo dorsalis
anticé vix declivis; posticé retusus, declivis. Area impressa,
anguste lanceolata, longitudinaliter lirata. Lunula inconspicua.

126 NUCULIDA.

—<Acuminated-oblong, more or less ventricose at the umboes, but
compressed behind, white under a polished, iridescent, ash-green
epidermis, devoid of either an umbonal ridge or a conspicuous
anterior indented ray ; surface adjacent to the smooth site of the
former obliquely striated for a brief space, elsewhere, at most,
concentrically wrinkled (but in full-grown examples with con-
spicuous, remote, flexuously longitudinal striz in the middle, near
the lower edge). Sides equal or nearly so: front extremity un-
syminetrically rounded: hinder side gradually and remarkably
acuminated, the tip fine, acutangular, subcentral. Front dorsal
slope slight, plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope moderate, retuse.
Ventral margin much rising at both ends, arched in front, convex
in the middle, gradually retuse before the hinder termination.
Escutcheon impressed, narrow-lanceolate, lyrated Jengthways. Lu-
nule inconspicuous, at most linearly defined and unsculptured.
Teeth very numerous on both sides of the small cartilage-pit.

37. L. nasura, Sowerby, f. 86.—T. oblongo-acuta, posticé
multum sensimque attenuata et subrostrata ; equilateralis, satis
ventricosa, radu impressi expers, sulcis densis longitudinaliter
sculpta, ad regionem solitam convexiusculam plicee umbonalis
repenté levigata. Margo dorsalis anticé vix declivis, posticé in-
curvatus et declivis. Area impressa, planulata, longitudinaliter
sulco-lirata. Lunula simplex, angusta, lined circumscripta.—
Peaked-oblong, more or less ventricose, but gradually compressed
behind, white, without anterior radiating indentation; general
surface very closely grooved lengthways, so that the interstitial
costella (which are about as broad as the sulci) converge behind,
and cease abruptly at the plano-convex site of an umbonal ridge.
Sides equal or very nearly so; front extremity unsymmetrically
rounded, rather tapering; hinder side subrostrated, much and
gradually attenuated, its tip rotundately acutangular. Front
dorsal slope very slight, plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope more
decided, incurved. Ventral margin arched and obliquely rising
in front, straighter and moderately rising without manifest retusion
behind. Escutcheon flatly impressed, moderate, sulcato-lyrated
leng-hways. Lunule simple, narrow, linearly defined. Hinge-
margin broad. ‘Teeth moderately numerous on either side of the
small and broadly triangular cartilage-pit.

38. L. Maunirrana, Sowerby, f. 99.—'T. ovato-rostrata (non-
nunquam angustior), postice repente attenuato-rostrata, equila-
teralis, ventricosa, candida, nitidissima, undique longitudinaliter
arcté suleata. Rostri extremitas utrinque coarctata, angustissima,

NUCULIDA. 127

conspicué recurvata. Margo dorsalis anticé vix declivis, posticé
bis incurvatus; ventralis in medio maximeé arcuatus, utrinque
multum acclivis. Arez dorsales haud insculpte ; antica incon-
spicua ; postica concaviuscula, et sulco lato profundo circumscripta.
—Beaked-ovate, ventricose or tumid, only (yet much) gaping at
the hinder tip, of a polished ivory-white, with a very faint anterior
indented ray, closely grooved lengthways throughout; the sulci
shelving, except upon the beaks and near and upon the feebly
developed umbonal ridge, where they become broader and square-
cut, and their intervals form costelle. Anterior extremity rotun-
dately subangulated above, obliquely rounded below. Posterior
side attenuatedly beaked, its tip, which is contracted at its origin
both above and below, very narrow (yet blunt), peculiarly upturned
(in the adult), and above the middle. Front dorsal slope very
slight, straightish or plano-convex: hinder dorsal slope with a
double incurvation. Ventral margin much arcuated in the middle
and front, straighter behind, much rising at both ends, slightly
retuse near its posterior termination. Dorsal areas smooth or
nearly so: the front one inconspicuous ; the hinder one plano-
concave, environed by a deep, broad sulcus, which angulates its
sides, and makes it appear raised.—Under a powerful glass, a few
radiating lyre may be descried near the commencement of the
indented ray : they are best seen in the younger individuals, which
are usually pale fulvous, and do not display the cocked-up beak,
being merely acuminated toa subcentral tip (Rec. Biv. pl. 19, f. 46).

39. L. punttava, Hinds, f. 94.—T. perparva, subzequilateralis,
obovato-acuta, anticé laté rotundata, in medio tumida, posticé
compressa et repenté recurvato-acuminata ; alba, oculo armato
anticé inclinato-sulcata, posticé arctius sulco-costellata, radii im-
pressi expers, plici umbonali planulataé, sed utrinque angulari,
munita. Margo dorsalis anticé vix declivis, posticé retusus de-
clivisque ; ventralis anticé multum arcuatus, postice rectior et
multum acclivis. Area angulatim definita, duplex ; interior pla-
nulata, levis, lined carinata circumscripta. Lunula inconspicua.
—Small, peaked-obovate, subequilateral, tumid in the middle,
compressed behind, white, devoid of a coloured epidermis or an
anterior indented ray ; smooth to the eye, but under the lens most
closely and finely (the dorsal areas excepted) sulcato-costellated ;
umbonal ridge planulate, subcarinately angular on either side.
Front extremity broadly rounded: hinder extremity abruptly
acuminated ; the tip upturned, rather above than below the middle.
Front dorsal slope slight, plano-convex. Hinder dorsal slope
moderate, retuse. Ventral margin much arcuated in the middle

128 NUCULIDS.

and front, much rising but straighter behind, subretuse before the
hinder extremity. Escutcheon large, angulately defined, double ;
inner portion flattened, narrow, smooth ; outer region with indis-
tinct lamellar wrinkles. Lunule smooth, inconspicuous. Hinge-
margin broad : cartilage-pit very small, the teeth on either side of
it rather numerous.—Has the aspect of a Veera. The epidermis
is a mere iridescent film. The sculpture is occasionally obsolete on
the umboes.

40. L. cunnata, Sowerby, f. 92, 93.—T. parva, ventricosa,
subinequilateralis, ovato-acuta, posticé repenté rostrata, cute
olivaceo-virescente vel olivaceo-cinered induta, concentricé et arcté
costellata, ad regionem solitam plicee umbonalis levigata. Hx-
tremitas rostri recurvati obtuse angularis. Margo dorsalis anticé
brevis et subdeclivis ; postice rectiusculus satisque declivis ; ven-
tralis anticé arcuatus, posticé rectior magisque acclivis. Area
magna, excavata, longitudinaliter tenuissimeé costellata. Lunula
nulla.—Small, beaked-ovate, ventricose, hardly even gaping at
the posterior tip, without conspicuous indented ray, clothed with
a not much shining ashy-olive or greenish-olive epidermis, closely
costellated concentrically ; the riblets obsolete on the unelevated
site of an umbonal ridge, their intervals smooth, narrow (especially
below). Extremity of the somewhat shorter anterior side un-
symmetrically rounded : posterior side rapidly beaked, the rostrum
turned up, the tip bluntly angular, nearly in or slightly above the
middle. front dorsal slope short, rather shght, straightish ; hinder
one moderate, upon the whole straightish, being retuse at both
ends, and slightly convex in the middle. Ventral margin arched
in front, straightish and more rising behind, without indentation.
No defined dorsal area in front ; the hinder one large, excavated,
very finely longitudinally costellated throughout, concavely im-
pressed at its circumference.

41. L. ornava, D’Orbigny, f. 97, 98.—T. parva, angusté
ovato-acuta, posticé sensim acuminato-rostrata, subineequilateralis,
poreé angusta sulcoque approximato anticé radiata, cute suboli-
vaceo-cinered induta, costellis argutis densis subdepressis concen-
tricé sculpta. Margo dorsalis anticé subdeclivis ; posticé declivis.
Area magna, angulatim definita, arcté et tenuissimé longitudinaliter
costellata, labs protrusis. Lunula angusta, inconspicua.—Peaked
ovate-oblong, subventricose, conspicuously gaping at the hinder
tip, clothed with a somew hat olivaceous ash-coloured epidermis,
with an anterior indented ray that is flanked im front by a narrow
ridge or keel; most closely, finely, and evenly costellated ; riblets

NUCULID. 129

concentric, rather depressed, usually absent above just behind the
subangular yet not much raised umbonal ridge. Extremity of
the somewhat shorter anterior side narrowed, bluntly rounded.
Posterior side gradually attenuated to an acuminated beak, the tip
subcentral, slightly upturned. Front dorsal slope somewhat convex,
not very decided: hinder dorsal slope moderate, straightish, even-
tually incurved. Ventral margin arched in front, straighter and
more rising behind, not conspicuously indented posteriorly. Lu-
nule narrow, inconspicuous: escutcheon large, angularly defined,
densely and most finely costellated lengthways, its lips protruding.
Under a powerful lens, some minute interstitial lyree may at times
be descried both on the umboes and behind them.—D’Orbigny,
in his plate, has corrected the larger admeasurement (20 muilli-
métres) he had indicated in his text.

42. L. cmiata, Hinds, f. 95, 96.—T. ovali-acuta (nonnun-
quam latior), posticé rostrata, equilateralis, ventricosa, cute oli-
vaceo-flavida nitidissimd induta, undique, nisi posticé superné,
concentricé sulcata. Extremitas rostri angularis, recurvata. Margo
dorsalis anticé magis minusve declivis; posticé declivis, vel sub-
declivis, demum incurvatus ; ventralis utrinque acclivis, anticé
arcuatus, in medio tantum convexus. Arez dorsales sicut in L.
ventricosa, obsoletius autem insculptee.—Peaked-oval (or oboval),
more or less ventricose, retuse near the hinder slope, briefly yet
patulously gaping at the hinder tip, clothed with a lustrous yel-
lowish-olive epidermis, concentrically grooved, except on the dorsal
areas, and a smooth, narrow, triangular slip adjacent to the pos-
terior slope: umbonal ridge scarcely elevated. Sides subequal ;
the front, if either, the longer, rounded at its extremity ; posterior
side quickly beaked, its angular and upturned tip central. Front
dorsal edge more or less sloping and convex: hinder dorsal slope
more or less decided, incurved at its termination. Ventral margin
rising at both ends, arched in front, convex in the middle, nowhere
conspicuously retuse. Dorsal areas nearly like those of ventricosa,
but the sculpture somewhat obsolete.*—The shape (with its cor-

* Tam unable to procure an example of a Leda said to resemble this species, but
here condense the published description.—

L. sutcunata, Couth.—Thick, with a dark-olive skin, modified oval, rounded and
smooth at the anterior extremity, elsewhere with fine sharply incised concentric lines ;
attenuated and subrostrated behind, the tip (which is more prominent above) some-
what obliquely truncated. Umbonal ridge blunt. Beaks protuberant, anterior.
Ventral edge curved. Lunule large, oval, profound, with mere wrinkles of increase.
Wseutcheon ample, broadly elliptical, defined by an incised line, faintly striated.
Teeth 15-20. 4-4-3%.

The Lembulus sulculatus of Risso is too inadequately defined for identification,

VOL. IIT. p

130 NUCULIDA.

responding modification of slopes and ventral arcuation) varies
much in different individuals: the posterior smoothness seems a
constant character.

43. L. micans, A. Adams, f. 100.—T. ovali-acuta, posticé re-
penté rostrata, equilateralis, subventricosa, ante plicam umbonalem
obsoletam superneé retusa, cute nitidd cinerea induta, undique con-
centricé suleata. Extremitas rostri recurvata, angularis, subcen-
tralis. Margo dorsalis anticé satis declivis ; posticé rectiusculus,
demum incurvatus; ventralis valde arcuatus, utrinque, posticé
preesertim, multum acclivis. Area magna, ovali-lanceolata, longi-
tudinaliter crassé rugosa. Lunula acute definita, satis magna,
transversim porcata.—Peaked-oval, convex or subventricose,
scarcely gaping, with a vlossy, somewhat iridescent, cinereous
epidermis, graven throughout (dorsal areas excepted) with con-
centric sulci, which are shelving in front, and whose intervals be-
come coste at the umboes and posteriorly: umbonal ridge region
not elevated. Sides equal or very nearly so: front extremity
attenuatedly rounded; hinder end abruptly beaked, the tip re-
curved, angular, subcentral. Front dorsal slope moderate, plano-
convex: hinder dorsal slope decided, straightish, incurved at the
end. Ventral margin much arcuated, much rising at both ends,
especially behind. Escutcheon large, oval-lanceolate, coarsely
wrinkled lengthways, defined by the projection of the umbonal
ridge, pouting. Lunule sharply defined, rather large, barred
across with short ridges.—The posterior ridge is preceded near
the beaks by a marked retusion, and there is an obsolete narrow
indented ray in front of the valves.

44, L. Conrant, Hanley, f. 101.—T. subovato-acuta, postict
longior et acutissimé acuminata, valde inequilateralis, radii im-
pressi expers, cute subolivaceo-flava mduta, costis crassis concen-
tricis (ad marginem plicee umbonalis angularem pluribus), et sulcis
superné latis, inferné angustis, undique sculpta. Margo dorsalis
antice subdeclivis; posticé rectiusculus, declivis. Area magna,
angulatim definita, inferné plicato-corrugata. Lunula nulla.—
Peaked-subovate, very inequilateral, subventricose (very gradually
dimimishing im convexity behind), devoid of any trace of an in-
dented ray, clothed with a scarcely lustrous subolivaceous-yellow
epidermis, concentrically ribbed throughout. Ribs coarse, with
smooth intervals that above are as broad as the ribs, below are
mere sulci, peculiarly crowded by the addition of interstitial ones
on the angular margin of the posterior ridge. Anterior side short,
tapering and rounded at the extremity: posterior side gradually,

NUCULID. 131

simply, and very sharply acuminated, the tip subcentral, rather
below than above the middle. Front dorsal slope short, rather
slight, plano-convex: hinder dorsal slope produced, moderate,
straightish, Ventral margin more or less arcuated in front, rising
with less convexity and without terminal indentation behind. No
defined dorsal area in front: hinder one large, angularly defined,
plicately wrinkled at the circumference, smoothish in the middle.
—A single specimen, without known locality, is present in Mr.
Taylor’s fine collection. The form reminds one of Conrad’s edorea,
but the sculpture differs. The ribs on the posterior ridge form
obtuse angles with the concentric ones.

45. L. commurata, Philippi, f. 80, 81.—T. perparva, ovato-
acuta (seepe angustior), posticé repenté acuminato-subrostrata,
subzequilateralis, albida, undique dense et concentricé lirata, porcd
antic& radiata. Margo dorsalis anticé leniter declivis ; posticé vix
subretusus ; ventralis arcuatus, utrinque multum acclivis. Area
magna, ovali-lanceolata; inferné concaviuscula, longitudinaliter
crenata. Lunula minima, inconspicua.—Small, peaked-ovate
(often a little elongated), subventricose, whitish, with a radiating
fold near the front extremity, closely and concentrically lyrated
throughout; the interstitial sulci broader and unsculptured. Ex-
tremity of the slightly shorter anterior side contracted and rounded.
Posterior side rapidly acuminated; the sharp subrostrated tip
nearly subcentral. Front dorsal slope very moderate, convex or
plano-convex ; hinder dorsal slope straightish or subretuse. Ven-
tral margin arched, much rising at both ends, straighter behind,
scarcely, if at all, retuse before the obsolete or planulate umbonal
ridge. Hscutcheon large, oval-lanceolate, near its subcrenated keel-
like limits more concave and longitudinally crenated. Lunule
more or less conspicuous, very small, merely wrinkled.*—This tiny
species was apparently comprehended by Chemnitz in his Area
Sragilis (Conch. Cab. vii. p. 199), but his figure (f. 546) repre-
sents a much larger shell.

46. L. reticunara, Hinds, f. 103.—T. minima, ventricosa,
ovato-acuta, posticé acuminata vixque recurvata, equilateralis,

* I am unable to recognize a shell said by Philippi to closely resemble his commu-
tata, but to be devoid of the radiating fold, and to be nearly smooth in the middle
and front.—

L. anatis (Nucula, a, Philippi, Zeitsch. Malak. 1851, p. 87).—* T. ovato-oblonga,
gibba, anticé rotundata, posticé in rostrum acutum elongatum adscendentem producta,
transversim sulcata ; carind lamellosi aream cingente; carind radiante in media areé ;
serie punctorum impressorum, utrinque lunulam oruante, carind lateris antici omuino
obsoleté. 4. China.”

132 NUCULIDA.

costis concentricis crassis subremotis, lirisque radiantibus intersti-
tialibus undique decussata. Margo ventralis arcuatus, utrinque
acclivis. Area profundé impressa, elliptico-lanceolata, subduplex,
superné longitudinaliter rugosa, inferné (etiamque lunula angusta)
transversim costellata.—Very small, peaked-ovate, more or less
ventricose, white (without epidermis?), devoid of indented ray,
everywhere coarsely ribbed (dorsal areas excepted). Ribs longi-
tudinal (not concentric) ; their intervals, which are quite as broad
as the ribs, and in front, where the latter are somewhat divergent,
rather broader, everywhere adorned with radiating lyre. Sides
equal or very nearly so; anterior end somewhat narrowed and
rounded. Posterior side acuminated, the tip bluntly acutangular,
subcentral, scarcely upturned. Dorsal slopes moderate; front
one convex ; hinder one at first straightish, then convex, eventually
incurved. Ventral margin arcuated, rising at both ends. Lunule
narrow, barred across ; escutcheon rather large, lanceolated-elliptic,
deeply and abruptly impressed, almost double, wrinkled length-
ways in the middle, costellated across at the circumference.
Hinge-margin very broad: cartilage-pit minute, perpendicular,
triangular.

47. L. Brooker, Hanley, f.106.—T. minuta, subsequilateralis,
laté ovato-conica, posticé repenté acuminata vixque recurvata,
ventricosa, eburnea, radii impressi expers, undique concentricé
costata; interstitia costarum angustarum equaliter lata, in medio
leevia, utrinque creno-lirata. Margo dorsalis anticé brevis, satisque
declivis ; posticé rectiusculus, declivis; ventralis conspicue ar-
cuatus, posticé rectior multumque acclivis. Area magna, plicd
umbonali depressd creno-costati definita. Lunula sublevigata,
sulco circumscripta.—Minute, rounded ovate-conic, tumid or ven-
tricose, glossy ivory-white, barely gaping even posteriorly, devoid
of indented ray or raised umbonal ridge, concentrically ribbed
throughout (dorsal areas excepted) ; ribs narrow, prominent, nu-
merous, only as broad as the intervals, which are smooth in the
middle and rather obscurely creno-lyrated at each extremity.
Sides very nearly equal; anterior one the shorter, peculiarly broad,
rounded ; posterior one abruptly and sharply acuminated, its tip
very short, subcentral, scarcely, if at all, recurved. Front dorsal
slope short, plano-convex, rather decided: hinder dorsal decided,
straightish. Ventral margin peculiarly arcuated, straighter and
much rising behind. Lunule defined by a sulcus, either smooth,
or with only fine raised wrinkles: escutcheon large, defined by
the creno-costated projection of the posterior ridge. Teeth rather
uumerous on either side.—Of this little Leda I have seen but

NUCULIDA. 133

two perfect individuals (Mus. Cuming), which I have carefully
compared with the larger known species from suspicion of their
being immature. In the larger and apparently adult one, the
front dorsal area is traversed by a kind of interrupted flexuous
continuation of the ribs: this sculpture is not perceptible on the
younger example. The dorsal lips protrude.

48. L. virrna, D’Orbigny, f. 170.—T. perparva, ovali-acuta,
posticé repenté acuminata, subzquilateralis, alba, radii impressi
expers, undique arcté et concentricé costellata. Margo dorsalis
anticé convexus vixque declivis; posticé declivis, rectiusculus,
sed demum incurvatus ; ventralis multum arcuatus, posticé autem
rectior multumque acclivis. Area magna, concava, angulatim
definita, longitudinaliter lamelloso-rugosa. Lunula transversim
costellata, aliter inconspicua. Dentes magni, utrinque satis sub-
eequaliterque pauci.—Peaked-oval, more or less ventricose, scarcely
at all gaping, snow-white, glossy, not pellucid, without anterior
indented ray or marked umbonal ridge. General surface most
closely, evenly, and prominently costellated throughout ; the costal
interstices mere simple sulci. Sides very nearly equal: the ante-
rior, if either, the longer, shghtly tapering to a rounded extremity :
posterior side quickly and simply acuminated, its tip sharp and
subcentral. Front dorsal slope slight, convex: hinder dorsal slope
decided, nearly straight, eventually incurved. Ventral margin,
for the most part, much arcuated, yet straightish and rising con-
siderably behind, without marked posterior retusion. Hscutcheon
large, rather excavated, lamellately wrinkled lengthways, sharply
angulated at its circumference. Lunule transversely costellated,
otherwise ill-defined. Hinge-margin broad ; the large teeth nearly
equally (and but moderately) numerous on either side of the ex-
tremely minute cartilage-pit—D’Orbigny’s types in our national
collection have been the source of this description.

49. L. Jamatcensis, D’ Orbigny, f.173.—T. minima, subeequi-
lateralis, subovato-rostrata, ventricosa, radio impresso lato antico
plicaque umbonali angulari (retusionem profundam sequente) con-
spicué ornata, undique costellis interstitisque latioribus concen-
tricé rugosa. Extremitas rostri subiti valde prominens multum-
que acutangularis. Margo ventralis arcuatus, bisinuatus. Area
magna, subduplex ; superné sublongitudinaliter corrugata; infer-
ne concava, lamelloso-costata, carina’ umbonali circumscripta.—-
Beaked-subovate, minute, ventricose, whitish, more or less glossy,
with a very conspicuous broad indented anterior ray and a more
or less carinately angular umbonal ridge preceded by a deep

134 NUCULID&.

retusion. General surface concentrically wrinkled throughout ;
the ribs even, and narrower than their intervals. Sides equal or
nearly so; front one attenuately rounded at its extremity ; hinder
one rapidly beaked, its peculiarly prominent tip very acutangular,
and rather below than above the middle. Dorsal slopes moderate,
at first straightish ; the hinder one eventually incurved and more
decided. Ventral margin arcuated, straighter behind, sinuated
by the two retusions. Escutcheon large, almost longitudinally
wrinkled in the middle, concave at the circumference (where it is
lamellately ribbed), and carinately defined by the umbonal ridge,
which is subimbricated by the flattened ribs. Hinge-margin
broad: teeth not very numerous, rather more in front than behind
the extremely minute triangular cartilage-pit.—The types of this
very small, yet distinct, species are preserved in our national col-
lection. In one of them the costal intervals exhibit manifest traces
of radiating sculpture. ‘The lunule we cannot clearly distinguish.

50. L. crispa, Hinds, f. 107, 108.—T. parva, sequilateralis,
ventricosa, subovato-rostrata, anticé suleo conspicuo radiata, pos-
tict lird interrupté radiante retusionem subitam precedente or-
nata, iris subinclinatis (quarum interstitia postica sunt clathrata)
concentricé sculpta. Extremitas rostri recurvata, obtuse acumi-
nata. Margo dorsalis anticé vix declivis; ventralis in medio et
anticé arcuatus. Area magna, rugis arctis concentricé costellata,
duplex, inferné profundé excavata. Lunula angusta, linea cir-
cumscripta, transversim costellata——Beaked-subovate, ventricose,
gaping at the posterior tip, with a conspicuous broad indented
ray in front, and, after a fine interrupted radiating lyra, a fang-
shaped abrupt sinking of the surface posteriorly, the concavity of
which gives prominence to the umbonal ridge. General surface
concentrically costellated throughout ; the riblets somewhat shel-
ving, about as broad as their intervals, which are radiatingly ly-
rated at the posterior end. Sides equal or very nearly so : anterior
extremity tapering, rounded : posterior side beaked, the tip bluntly
peaked, recurved, subcentral. Front dorsal slope slight, plano-
convex : hinder dorsal slope moderate, at first straightish, abruptly
incurved at the termination. Ventral margin arcuated and ex-
ternally crenulated in the front and middle, straighter and rising
behind, indented before the posterior ridge. Lunule narrow,
linearly defined, cross-barred : escutcheon large, with close con-
centric flexuous costellar wrinkles, double, the exterior being
broadly and deeply excavated.—The only specimen known to me,
which now belongs to Mr. Metcalfe, who purchased Mr. Hinds’s
collection when he quitted England, has no epidermis; its ribs

NUCULIDA. 135

become finer and peculiarly approximate near the ventral margin.
The specimen referred to in the ‘ Zoological Proceedings’ as in
Mr. Cuming’s Museum, proves essentially distinct.

51. L. Hinpsu, Hanley, f. 102.—T. parva, subzequilateralis,
angusté ovato-acuta, anticé plici sulcoque lato radiata, posticé
costi umbonali carinata, superficiem levigatam superiorem se-
quente, munita, alibi concentricé costellata ; interstitia liris minutis
undique decussata. Hxtremitas postica acuminata, vix recurvata.
Area magna, concava, arcté longitudinaliter costellato-striata ; in-
terstitia impressa punctulata. Lunula parva, transversim tuber-
culata.—Very small, subequilateral, pointed, ovate-oblong, more
or less ventricose, only gaping at the hinder tip, with a conspi-
cuous broad anterior indented ray and fold, white, concentrically
costellated, except a smooth upper space before the keeled or
sharply angulated umbonal ridge; riblets regular and numerous,
scarcely as broad as their intervals, which are everywhere traversed
by minute radiating lyree. Anterior extremity attenuatedly rounded:
posterior side, if either, the longer, simply and sharply acuminated,
the tip subcentral, acutangular, scarcely, if at all, recurved. Dor-
sal slopes moderate ; front one convex; hinder one straightish or
subretuse. Ventral margin arcuated in the front and middle,
rising at both ends, straighter behind. Lunule small, narrow,
subgranosely cross-barred: escutcheon large, concave, crowded
with longitudinal costellar strize, whose intervals appear punctulate
from the minute transverse sculpture. About a dozen teeth on
either side of the minute cartilage-pit—Mr. Hinds had confused
this rare little shell (of which Mr. Cuming, Mr. Metcalfe, and
myself, each possess asingle individual) with his WV. crispa, which
name has been retained for the delineated species. An incipient
ridge almost renders the larger dorsal area a double one. I have
seen no epidermis.

52. L. excavata, Hinds, f. 104, 105.—T. laté ovato-rostrata,
subsequilateralis, ventricosa (vel tumida), anticé late rotundata,
costé umbonali prominente angusti ornata, lamellis concentricis
(quarum interstitia latiora sunt haudque insculpta) undique cos-
tata. Extremitas rostri subiti perangusta, obtust acuminata
multumque recurvata. Margo dorsalis posticus declivis, incur-
vatus ; ventralis anticé multum arcuatus, posticé valde acclivis.
Area maxima, excavata, superné longitudinaliter costellata. Lu-
nula transversim costellata.—Of a rather oblique sharply-beaked
abbreviated ovate shape, ventricose or tumid, with a narrow
sharply elevated umbonal ridge (preceded by a slight retusion)

136 NUCULIDE.

which is crossed by the numerous regularly disposed sublamellar
concentric ribs that evenly traverse the entire surface except the
dorsal areas, and a smooth nuclear region: their intervals, which
are rather broader than the ribs, unsculptured, except where a
few raised lines indistinctly and partially margin the broad shallow
rudimentary anterior indented ray. Sides nearly equal: front
extremity broadly and bluntly rounded; hinder side abruptly
beaked, the tip very narrow, remarkably cocked-up, bluntly acu-
minated, above the middle. Front dorsal slope rather slight,
short, plano-convex; hinder dorsal slope decided, incurved.
Ventral margin much arcuated in front, straighter and much
rising behind, retuse before its posterior termination. Lunule
well defined, cross-barred by riblets: escutcheon very large, ex-
cavated, smooth at the circumference, costellated lengthways near
the beaks. Hinge-margin very broad, teeth numerous, especially
in front. Cartilage-pit extremely minute, triangular. Hpidermis
unknown.

53. L. Nicoparica, Chemn. amended by Bruguiere, f. 7.—T.
ineequilateralis, oblonga, posticé lata et superne obtuse subcunei-
formis, pallidé fulva, striis densis subobliquis (nisi posticé superné)
undique sculpta. Margines dorsales vix declives. Are dorsales
anguste, definitee, dentes utrinque permultii—Oblong convex or
subventricose, devoid of umbonal ridge, pale-tawny, closely graven
with obliquely concentric striz, which do not extend to the hinder
triangle. Extvemity of the anterior side, which occupies nearly
three-sevenths of the total length, unsymmetrically rounded.
Posterior side rather tapering, bluntly obversely subcuneiform ;
the extremity broad, convex, and above the middle, with a long
shallow dorsal notch. Dorsal slopes very slight, nearly straight.
Ventral margin archmg up in front, then convex or subarcuated,
straighter behind: posterior edge oblique, somewhat convex, yet
a little retuse in the middle. Dorsal areas narrow, but well de-
fined. Cartilage-pit broadly triangular: teeth numerous on both
sides.—Although long known and often described, I have never
met with this species in good condition. The teeth seem to
average about eighteen on one side and twenty on the other. Of
the three names bestowed by Chemnitz I have preferred WVico-
barica, because the other two are deceptive ; for the shell is neither
smooth nor transparent. I doubt whether Spengler ever really
published his Illustrated Catalogue.

54. L. serorina, Hinds, f. 19-21.—T. subineequilateralis, ven-
tricosa, angusté oblonga, nisi superné posticé sulcis remotis sub-

NUCULID&. 137

inclinatis concentricé sculpta. Hxtremitas postica sensim at-
tenuata, haud rostrata, superné angulata eminentiorque. Margo
dorsalis uterque vix declivis, anticé convexiusculus, posticé recti-
usculus ; ventralis ad extremitatem posticam subito acclivis. Area
lanceolata, acuté definita, subleevigata.—Hlongated-oblong, more
or less ventricose, only compressed on the convex-surfaced posterior
triangle, which (as well as, occasionally, the hinder umbonal region)
is devoid of the distant concentric subimbricating sulci which else-
where traverse the highly polished pale mud-yellow exterior. An-
terior side rather short, filling about three-sevenths of the total
length, unsymmetrically rounded. Posterior side gradually at-
tenuated, not beaked, angulated and more prominent above, with
a slight dorsal notch or sinus: posterior edge convex, oblique.
Dorsal slopes trifling; front one convex, or plano-convex ; hinder
one straight or subretuse. Ventral margin arching obliquely up-
wards in front, convex behind, bending abruptly up at its termi-
nation. Escutcheon lanceolate, carinately defined, more or less
smooth. Cartilage-pit sunken, triangular. ‘Teeth numerous.—
In the variety Zepzda, the hinder side is more gradually attenuated
to a slightly more slanting tip, and the sulci are partially absent :
in the form serotina the latter traverse the whole middle area, and
the lunular region is slightly more prominent.

55. L. peprpuna, A. Adams, f. 6.—T. tenuis, L. tenelle simil-
lima, sed major, magis expansa, et extremitate posticd obtusiore
minusque obliqui; cute pallidé olivaceo-cinereé induta, plice
umbonalis omnino expers. Margo dorsalis anticus ad extremita-
tem convexus. Arez dorsales inconspicue. Dentes utrinque
permulti.—Most closely resembling ¢ened/a, but larger, rather less
inequilateral, more spread and less ventricose in proportion. The
valves are thin, and gape at both extremities, the epidermis is of
a very pale olivaceous ash-colour ; the ventral margin, in the adult,
sweeps almost uninterruptedly, without central retusion, to the
hinder extremity, which is blunter and less oblique than in fene//a.
There is not the least trace of an umbonal ridge. The front dorsal
edge is decidedly convex at the extremity. The beaks are pecu-
liarly small, and not all prominent. Dorsal areas inconspicuous.
Inside bluish-white, subiridescent : cartilage-pit small, triangular :
teeth very numerous on both sides, peculiarly narrow-based, and
elevated.

56. L. reneita, Hinds, f. 15.—T. ineequilateralis, ovali-sub-
rhombea, anticé inferné valde hians, posticé superne rotundato-
angulata, eburnea, striolis arctis, anticis longitudinalibus, mediis

VOL. IIL. Q

138 NUCULID&.

obliquis, posticis radiantibus, minntissimé sculpta. Margo dorsalis
utrinque vix declivis, anticé brevis et convexiusculus, posticé sub-
retusus; ventralis in medio subretusus, demum rectiusculus et
obliqué subangulatim acclivis. Lunula tenuiter striolata, per-
spicué definita, major quam area angustissima.—Oval-subrhombic,
small, subventricose at the umbonal region, gradually compressed
behind, ivory-white (sometimes of a yellow cast), glossy, smooth
to the eye, but under a powerful glass most minutely and closely
striolate; the extreme front strivle nearly concentric, the next
sloping downwards and backwards, the hinder, which do not,
however, extend to the extreme verge, radiating, and, if possible,
still finer. Extremity of the anterior side, which occupies about
two-fifths of the total length, and gapes considerably below, un-
symmetrically rounded. Posterior side neither beaked, nor much
attenuated, but with a rounded-off angle above; the hinder tri-
angle not defined by a distinct umbonal ridge, but well marked
near the umboes by the sudden decrease of the general convexity.
Front dorsal slope slight, short, plano-convex : hinder dorsal edge
scarcely sloping, at first subretuse, eventually plano-convex. Ven-
tral margin obliquely arching upwards in front, subretuse in the
middle, then convex and meeting the dorsal edge in an oblique
and straightish line. Escutcheon peculiarly narrow (obscurely
grooved 2). Lunule larger, well defined, finely striolate length-
ways.—The epidermis is extremely thin, and somewhat iridescent.

Sect. I1., forming the Subgenus Yorpta.

57. L. rancnouata, James Sowd., f. 12.—T. subovalis, anticé
semielliptica, posticé obtuse rostrata et paululum brevior, con-
vexa, obliqué striata, cute nitidd olivaceé induta. Margo ven-
tralis anticé arcuatus, posticé convexus et multum acclivis. Area
magna, abrupté impressa.—Suboval, not very strong, convex,
gaping at both ends, covered by a strong glossy (often dark) olive
cuticle, marked lengthways with moderately distant flexuously
slanting strize, which join some remote concentric striz, that run
from the front dorsal edge, along the obscure and very shallow
anterior indented ray, and cease posteriorly at the broad smooth
site of an umbonal ridge. Front side slightly, yet decidedly, the
longer, semiclliptical (the upper and lower slopes being almost
symmetrical) ; hinder side bluntly beaked, the almost subtruncated
tip (which in the adult shell is Ingher than the middle) broad,
slightly upturned, more prominent above. Hinder dorsal slope
moderate, at first convex, then incurved. Ventral margin arched
in front, merely convex but much rising behind, not retuse pos-

NUCULID&. 139

teriorly. Hinder dorsal area large, smooth, lanceolate, much
pouting, although so abruptly impressed at its circumference that
it seems angularly defined by the higher level of the general sur-
face. No lunule. Cartilage-pit very large, broad, cochleariform.

Front teeth much the more numerous.—The ‘Mineral Conchology’

was published before the ‘Animaux s. Vertebres,’ and long before
the ‘ Zoological Journal.’

58. L. amyepauna, Valenciennes, f. 8, 10, 11.—T. subaequi-
lateralis, elongato-oblonga, anticé angusté rotundata, postice vix
brevior et subtruncato-rostrata, sublevigata, cute nitidissima in-
duta, radio utrinque impressa. Margo dorsalis posticus leviter
declivis, vix subretusus ; ventralis anticé arcuatus, in medio sub-
rectiusculus, posticé conspicué acclivis. Area haud impressa, vix
definita.— Elongated-oblong, fragile, merely convex, subequilateral,
yet longer in front, gaping a both extremities, with a shallow in-
dentation radiating from the acute beaks (which are reflected and
by no means prominent) to both ends of the ventral margin, and
obsoletely sinuating them, narrowly rounded in front, subtruncately
beaked behind (posterior lip convex), covered with a polished
cuticle which is brownish-olive, greenish-olive, or pure olive, in
rather broad lighter and darker zones, smooth, except ventrally,
where the surface is coarsely and remotely wrimkled concentrically.
Dorsal edges little sloping; the front one convex, the hinder one
barely retuse. Ventral edge retusely straightened in the middle,
much arcuated in front, convexly rising behind. Escutcheon
lanceolate, not sunken, nor sharply defined, merely indicated by
a cessation of the convexity, its edges pouting: lunule wholly
obsolete. Interior bluish-white: teeth very numerous.

59. L. nimaruta, Say, f. 9.—T. amygdalee assimilis, cute
autem viridi, lateribus eequis, extremitate rostri cuneiformis an-
gusta, et ared acuté definiti.—Allied to amygdalea, but more
equilateral, with the posterior indentation inconspicuous, the cu-
ticle light green (with an occasional linear darker zone of growth),
the beak more decided and cuneiform, with its tip narrower,
upturned, and not at all truncated, the anterior extremity more
broadly rounded, the ventral margin more rising posteriorly.
Escutcheon sharply defined by the very abrupt cessation of the
general convexity. Lunule linear, perceptible. Teeth numerous
on both sides (often 28-20).

60. L. arcrica, Gray, f. 5.—T. ovalis, convexa, levis, sub-
eequilateralis, cute nitidd olivacei zonisque saturatioribus ornata.
Extremitas lateris postici brevioris et- obtuse acuminati rotun-

140 NUCULID®.

dato-subtruncata. Margo dorsalis anticus arcuatus, declivis ;
posticus rectiusculus, vix declivis. Margo ventralis subarcuatus,
utrinque subretusus. Aree dorsales haud circumscriptee.—Oval,
convex, yet compressed behind, much gaping at the front ventral
margin, and less so posteriorly, with an almost imperceptible um-
bonal ridge, clothed by a highly polished olive epidermis, whose
zones of increase are more intense or blackish, smooth, except for
the wrinkles of growth. Anterior side slightly the longer, almost
symmetrically rounded : posterior side bluntly peaked, rounded-
subtruncate at the extremity, which is subcentral, but projecting
more above the middle. Front dorsal edge arcuated, and mode-
rately sloping: hinder dorsal edge straightish, and not much
sloping. Ventral margin subarcuated, but with a slight anterior
retusion, and a still more trifling posterior one. Dorsal areas
undefined; the hinder dorsal lips pouting.

61. L. Myauts, Couthouy, {. 18.—'T. speciei pracedenti assi-
milis, sed latere antico longiore minusque rotundato, extremitate
lateris postici minus rostrati magis truncata, et ared magné et
acute circumscripté.—Resembling the last, but with a well marked
large escutcheon, that is sharply defined by its abrupt retusion.
The lunule, too, though indistinct, is wrinkled by sulci. ‘There
is no vestige of an umbonal ridge, and the posterior compression
is less marked. The anterior side is decidedly the longer, and
blunter (less rounded) at its extremity: the hinder termination is
less peaked and more truncated, the extreme projection is, for the
most part, above the middle. ‘The epidermis, which ranges from
yellowish-olive in the young to dusky-olive in the adult, is less
polished. The front dorsal edge is straighter: the ventral margin
rather less arched, and the retusions are still less apparent. The

cartilage-pit is broadly triangular ; the teeth numerous on either
side.*

62. L. Woopwarpt, Hanley, f. 17, 22.—T. pertenuis, valde
compressa, valde inzquilateralis, subelliptica, posticé brevis et

* T am unable to procure a specimen of the WV. Gou/dii of Dekay (New York
Moll. p. 180, f. 221), which is said to resemble this species in general form! but to
differ in the number of its teeth and in the posterior side not being angular. I con-
dense its description, which was derived from one individual now in the State col-
lection.—

Thin, ovate, subequilateral, with an olive-green epidermis, which has a few paler
concentric lines, that become still lighter behind ; with faint concentric strie : front
dorsal margin slightly curved: posterior margin slightly beaked, with three or four
imbricated strice on the sides, extending from the beaks to the margin, where the im-
brieations are most apparent. 4-2. Long Island Sound, New York. Eighteen
teeth were present in each valve.

NUCULIDA. 141

rotundato-acuminata, radio nullo impressa, subleevigata, cute niti-
dissima valida flavescente-olivaced induta. Margo dorsalis anticus
vix declivis ; posticus declivis, subrectus ; ventralis antice arcuatus
et multum acclivis. Nates acutissime, haud autem eminentes.
Areze dorsales haud definite : lunula planulata : arez labia carinato-
protrusa.—Somewhat elliptical, very imequilateral, much com-
pressed, covered by polished yellowish-olive strong epidermis,
devoid of umbonal ridge or anterior ray, smooth, except for the
wrinkles of increase. Anterior side much produced, its extremity
somewhat tapering, unsymmetrically rounded. Posterior side
short, quickly tapering to a rounded peak which lies rather above
than below the middle. Front dorsal slope almost horizontal, at
first straightish, eventually convex. Hinder dorsal slope moderate,
straightish. Ventral margin obliquely arching up in front, merely
broadly convex in the middle, subarcuatedly rising behind. Beaks
peculiarly sharp, yet not prominent. Dorsal areas undefined ; the
front one flattened, sometimes impressed ; lips of the escutcheon
carinately pouting. ‘Teeth rather few (about nine and twelve at
most) on either side of the cartilage-pit, which latter is depressed,
and has its base rounded.—There is some faint trace of an in-
dented ray near the hinder extremity.

63. L. saporitia, Gould, f. 16.—T. equilateralis, subventri-
cosa, levis, subovalis, posticé obtusé acuminata et paullulum
subrostrata, cute polité luteo-subvirescente induta. Margo dorsalis
anticus arcuatus, vix declivis; posticus rectior, leviter declivis ;
ventralis anticé subito et obliqué acclivis, posticé subsinuatus.
Are dorsales haud definite. Nates hand eminentes.—Suboval,
subventricose at the umboes, only slightly gaping at the extremi-
ties, pure white under a polished fugacious oul-yellow cuticle,
smooth, or at most with wrinkles of increase. Sides equal or
very nearly so ; the anterior, if either, the shorter, unsymmetrically
rounded ; the posterior bluntly peaked, and, from the slight ven-
tral flexure, a little subrostrated, the tip rounded. Front dorsal
edge arched, scarcely sloping: hinder one straighter, a little
sloping. Ventral margin a little convex in the middle, abruptly
and obliquely ascending in front, convexly rising behind, forming
a shallow sinus near the extremity. Dorsal areas undefined.
Teeth numerous (about eighteen) on each side.*

* J have not seen the fry of this shell, but suspect it must somewhat resemble a
species of which I am unable to procure a specimen, the—

L. opesa, Stimpson Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. iv. p. 113; Shells N. Engl.
p. 10, pl. 2, f. 1).—* T. parva, tenuis, ovalis, ineequilateralis, posticé longior, epider-
mide nitida, tenuistriata ; apicibus parvis; margine ventrali modicé arcuato ; areola

142 NUCULID®.

64. L. Erenrst, Couthouy, f. 164.—T. convexa, ovalis, posticé
brevior et abbreviato-subrostrata, concentricé plicato-corrugata,
cute valida olivaceo-migrescente induta. Extremitas postica sub-
oblique obtusa. Margo dorsalis posticus declivis, subretusus.
Area haud definita, externé subconcava. Lunula planulata. Dentes
pauci.—Oval, merely convex, gaping at both ends, much so pos-
teriorly, less so (and ventrally) im front, covered by a shining
blackish-olive strong cuticle, concentrically marked by rather
distant depressed, yet very manifest, pliciform wrinkles. Anterior
side occupying about four-sevenths of the total length ; its upper
and lower slopes, the former of which is decided and subarcuated,
the latter much rising, almost symmetrical; its tip (in the adult)
narrower and less rounded than the broad extremity of the slightly
beaked hinder side. Posterior dorsal slope decided, eventually
retuse. Ventral margin everywhere arcuated, not distinctly retuse
posteriorly. Front dorsal area flattened, manifest. Lips of the
escutcheon, which is not sharply defined, but gradually concave
at the circumference, pouting. Interior bluish-white. Only about
seven teeth on either side of the cartilage-pit, which is very large,
and with a rounded base.—In the only adult example known to
me (belonging to Mr. Metcalfe) there is present in one of the
valves, towards the lower margin, a pencil of regular closely dis-
posed radiating striz, and in the other of interrupted grain-like
lines. A perceptible, yet almost obsolete, broad shallow indented
ray is manifest in both valves.* Although stated by Jay to have
been published in the ‘ Annals of the Lyceum,’ no description of
it is to be met with in that work.

65. L. sapontca, A. Adams, f. 14.—T. subovalis, posticé bre-
vior et abbreviato-subcuneiformis, levis, subventricosa, cute polita
cinereo-virescente vel pallideé olivaceo-flava induta. Margines dor-
sales vix declives; anticus subrectus ; posticus productus, incur-
vatus. Margo ventralis in medio subretusus, utrinque convexus
et valde acclivis. Umbones latiusculi, haud multum eminentes.
Area angustissima, vix retusa, acute definita. Dentes utrinque

parum conspicua; dentibus anticis 10, posticis 12, parvis. 0°22-0:12.” Massa-
chusetts Bay, in deep water. Narrower and more inflated than the young of Zhra-
cieformis.

* T am unable to identify the VV. dmosa of Philippi (Zeitschr. Malakoz. 1845, p.
75), whose shape must have approached this species. “ ‘Testa magna, ovato-oblonga,
subelliptica, subaequilatera, compressa, levi, epidermide castanea tecta; fovea liga-
mentali maxima, transversa, triangulari. Simus Hudson.” We are informed in
addition that the description was drawn up from a single valve of Yoldia, that the
dorsal arch was greater than the veutral one, the cartilage-pit was very large and
prominent, and that there were from seventeen to twenty teeth on one side.

NUCULID&. 143

circiter vigintii—Suboval, more or less ventricose, compressed
only at the hinder extremity, devoid of umbonal ridge, with a
polished cuticle of pale greenish-ash, or very pale yellowish-olive
colour, quite smooth. Anterior side occupying about three-
sevenths of the total length, unsymmetrically rounded. Posterior
side obversely and briefly subcuneiform, the tip well rounded and
dorsal : hinder edge plano-convex. Dorsal edges scarcely sloping,
the front one almost straight, the hinder one produced and in-
curved. Ventral margin subretuse in the middle, peculiarly and
convexly rising at both ends. Hscutcheon very narrow and elon-
gated, barely retuse, carimately defined. Lunule indistinct, a
little depressed. Interior subiridescent. Cartilage-pit moderate,
spoon-shaped. ‘Teeth about twenty on each side.

66. L. Turactzrormis, Storer, f. 4, 13.—T. ovalis vel obovalis,
posticé subrhomboidalis, ad umbones acutos ventricosa, subsequi- ,
lateralis, marginem versus concentricé corrugata, plicd umbonali
mumita, cute tenui vixque nitida induta. Margo dorsalis anticus
brevis, leviter declivis ; posticus incurvatus, haud declivis, cum
margine postico angulum obtuse formante. Hxtremitas postica
superné eminentior, inferné obliqué rotundata. Margo ventralis
anticus valde acclivis et obliqué arcuatus. Area concava.—Oval
or oboval, subrhomboid posteriorly, ventricose at the umbonal
region, gradually declining in convexity beyond the gradually
developed umbonal ridge that parts off, in the adult, nearly three-
sevenths of the entire surface, much gaping at both extremities,
reddish-white under a rather dull fugacious epidermis, that ranges
in colour from olivaceous-ash to (more rarely) olivaceous-brown ;
coarsely and remotely wrinkled concentrically towards the outer
margin. Anterior side a little the shorter, unsymmetrically
rounded, its dorsal edge short, slightly convex, and a little
sloping. Hinder dorsal edge incurved, horizontal, forming a
blunt angle with the posterior edge, which is arched above but
more rectilinear and obliquely sloping inwards below, so that the
upper corner is far more prominent than the rounded lower extre-
mity. Ventral margin somewhat convex in the middle, obliquely
arcuated and much rising in front, with an occasional sinus before
the umbonal ridge. Lips of the escutcheon, which is concave and
linear-lanceolate, pouting. Cartilage-pit very large: pallial sinus
profound, and very large. Teeth not numerous (often fifteen to
seventeen).—The chief lateral projection is rather below the dorsal
line. The umboes are very prominent in young individuals, which
are quite smooth, are covered with a shining epidermis of a pale
greenish-ash colour, exhibit a more or less arched ventral margin,

144 NUCULIDA.

are devoid of any umbonal ridge, and terminate posteriorly in a
rounded peak.

67. L. rriarpa, Zored/, f. 168, 169.—“ 'T. ovalis, prope semi-
lunaris, subsequilateralis, anticé rotundata, posticé subrostrata,
compressa; tenuis, diaphana, virescens, nitida, concentricé strio-
lata, posticé argutius. Margo dorsalis modicé convexus, umboni-
bus prominulis, ventralis semicircularis, posticé obtusé angulatus,
leviter impressus; intus opaca, linea marginali albida obducta ;
denticuli utrinque septem crassiusculi, angulati.”—Unable to pro-
cure this Spitzbergen shell (possibly immature, being only the fifth
of an inch long), I have copied both figure and description from
Torell.

Sect. IIT., forming the Subgenus PorrLanptra.

68. L. etactatis, Gray, as of Leach, f. 30, 31.—T. ovali-acuta,
ventricosa, vix hians, equilateralis, anticé semielliptica, posticé
obverse cuneiformis, cute luted olivaceo-flavescente vel olivaceo-
tenebrosé induta, rugis minutis arctissimis, undulatis, subgranosis,
concentricé hrata. Margo dorsalis posticus vix declivis; ventralis
anticé arcuatim acclivis, demde subretusus, posticé subangulatim
acclivis. Nates valde eminentes. Regio dorsalis postica magna,
laté concava.—Peaked oval (at times much produced, at times
abbreviated), ventricose, scarcely, if at all gaping, without anterior
indented ray, with a rather glossy thin epidermis, that ranges in
tint from bright yellow, or yellowish-olive (in the elongated forms)
to dusky-olive (in the broader individuals) ; most closely and
finely shagreened by raised concentric undulated subgranular
wrinkles. Sides equal; the front unsymmetrically semielliptical,
the hinder obversely wedge-shaped, its broad extremity being
subtruncated from above inwards. Front dorsal edge just at first
horizontal, then more or less arched and sloping: hinder dorsal
edge but little sloping, at first somewhat retuse, then convex.
Ventral margin arching up in front, subretuse behind the middle,
subangular at its junction with the retuse posterior margin. No
defined lunule or lozenge, but a wide and large concave hinder
dorsal region marked out by an obscure rounded umbonal ridge,
the surface before which is somewhat planulate. Cartilage-pit
almost perpendicular, not large, triangular (with an arched base).
Teeth moderately numerous (ten or twelve) on either side.—The
typical or earlier known form is five-sixths of an inch long, and
seven lines broad: the elongated variety Portlandica averages
eleven-sixteenths of an inch in length and hardly more than three-

NUCULID&. 145

eighths of an inch in breadth. There is a most minute radiating
sculpture which produces the peculiar shagreen. | do not think
Leach ever published the species.

69. L. tucrpa, Loven, f. 23, 24, 25.—T. perparva, ovalis vel
subovata, subzquilateralis, subventricosa, sublevigata, posticé
striis pertenuibus longitudinaliter sculpta, cute polita cinereo-
flavescente induta. Extremitas postica superné eminentior et
obliqué subrectangularis. Margo dorsalis anticus convexus, de-
clivis; posticus vix declivis, demum subretusus. Nates neque
prominentes nec acute. Aree dorsales haud definite.—Very
small, oval or subovate, subventricose, scarcely, if at all, gaping
at either end, without umbonal ridge or indented ray, clothed with
an iridescent, polished, ashy-yellow epidermis, smooth to the eye,
but under a lens seen to be graven posteriorly with concentric or
longitudinal scratches, which are distant below, finer and closer
above. Extremity of the slightly shorter anterior side rather
attenuatedly rounded: posterior end obliquely subrectangular
above, its tip much above the middle; lower posterior edge con-
vex, and more frequently oblique. Front dorsal slope moderate,
convex or subarcuated: hinder dorsal slope very slight, plano-
convex, subretuse at the extremity. Ventral margin convex in
the middle, arching upwards at both ends. Dorsal areas wholly
undefined, the surface of the hinder one a little flattened. Teeth
rather, and nearly equally, numerous on either side of the very
minute and shelving cartilage-pit.—In the oval form, the hinder
extremity is at times subbiangular, the lower corner being, however,
rounded off.

70. L. pyemma, Munster, f. 26, 27.—T. perparva, levis, va-
lida, ventricosa, vix hians, subovata, posticé rotundato-acuminata,
radii impressi expers, cute nitidissim{ olivaceo-flava vel olivaceo-
cinerea induta. Margo dorsalis posticus declivior, subrectus aut
retusus. Margo ventralis utrinque subequaliter acclivis. Nates
eminentes. Arez dorsales haud definite. Dentes magni, utrinque
circiter 12.—Very small, tumid or ventricose, scarcely, if at all,
gaping, variable as to shape, being ovate-oblong (rarely), subovate,
ovate, or ovate-trigonal, with the dorsal slopes (which seem to be
normally rather slight) ranging consequently from slight to de-
cided, and the ventral margin (which rises in a curve nearly
equally at both ends and is devoid of posterior retusion) from
slightly (in the elongated form) to greatly (in the trigonal variety)
arcuated ; devoid of indented ray, defined dorsal areas, or umbonal
ridge, with a highly polished olivaceous-yellow or ashy-olive some-

VOL. 11, RB

146 NUCULIDA.

what iridescent epidermis, everywhere smooth, except for the
wrinkles of increase or more distant furrows of growth. Anterior
side rather the shorter, a little narrowed and subangulately rounded
at its extremity, its dorsal slope straightish or plano-convex : pos-
terior side rotundately peaked, its tip, which is somewhat disposed
to turn up, in or below the middle, its dorsal slope, which is the
more decided one, straightish or retuse. Hinge-margin broad ;
teeth large, about twelve on each side of the minute triangular
cartilage-pit.

71. L. rwrusa, Hinds, f. 28, 29.—T. perparva, valida, magis
minusve ventricosa, vix hians, equilateralis, posticé rotundato-
acuminata, levis (nisi anticé infernc), cute nitida subolivaceo-flava
induta. Margo dorsalis posticus leviter declivis, magis minusve
retusus; ventralis arcuatus, utrinque multum acclivis. Nates
eminentes. Areze dorsales haud definitaz.—Very small, more or
less ventricose, scarcely if at all gaping at either end, under a
subolivaceous-yellow epidermis, polished ivory-white, devoid of
indented ray or umbonal ridge, smooth, except at the extreme
lower anterior extremity, where the surface is graven with a few
distant shelving and somewhat slanting longitudinal scratches.
Sides equal or very nearly so: front extremity subangulately
rounded, tapering; hinder side rotundately peaked, its tip rather
above than below the middle, a little upturned. Front dorsal
slope moderate or rather slight, somewhat convex, straighter near
the prominent beaks: hinder dorsal slope slight, more or less re-
tuse. Ventral margin arcuated, much rising at both ends, rather
more so behind, without posterior retusion. Dorsal areas wholly
undefined. Hinge-margin very broad. ‘Teeth rather, and nearly
equally, numerous on either side of the minute shelving triangular
cartilage-pit.

72. L. apysstcota, Zorell, f. 167.—T. ventricosa, levis, an-
gusté oblonga, cute politd olivaceo-flavente induta. Extremitas
lateris postici longioris sensimque attenuati satis angusta, sed
rotundata ; margo ejus dorsalis prope umbones tumidos promi-
nenies rectus et subhorizontalis. Margo ventralis arcuatus, haud
sinuatus. Arez dorsales haud definitee.—Narrow-oblong, ventri-
cose, scarcely gaping, with a shining olivaceous-yellow epidermis,
smooth except for the wrinkles of growth, devoid of umbonal
ridge or defined dorsal areas. Anterior side much the shorter
(about two-fifths of the entire length), its extremity well rounded.
Posterior side gradually attenuated to a rather narrow but well
rounded tip: its dorsal edge straightish and subhorizontal near

NUCULID®. 147

the swollen and projecting umboes. Ventral margin arcuated,
convexly rising, without :etusion, at both ends. Inside almost
pearly: cartilage-pit almost perpendicular, on either side of it
about ten teeth.

73. L. sutcrrera, Reeve, f. 165, 166.—T. subzequilateralis, sub-
angusté ovata, nisi ad umbones gibbosos compressa, antice rotun-
data, posticé obtusé rostrata et paululum flexuoso-concava; cute
corneo-virente induta, sulcis remotis longitudinalibus vix insculpta.
—Somewhat narrowly ovate, compressed, yet rather gibbous at the
umboes, subequilateral, rounded in front, slightly flexuous-con-
cave and bluntly beaked behind. Surface with distant superficial
longitudinal grooves. Epidermis greenish horn-colour.—Never
having seen this shell, the description is not original.

NUCULA, Lamarck (restricted).

Gen. Char. More or less subtriangular, very inequilateral, closed
at one and usually at both ends, clothed with an epidermis : um-
boes turned to the shorter side.* Inside pearly; margin some-
times crenulated: hinge-margin with a row of produced and
pointed interlocking teeth on either side of the projecting support
for the narrow triangular cartilage-pit, which slants to the longer
side. No pallial sinus.

Sect. A. Ventral margin crenulated.

1. N. pecussata, Sowerby, f. 109, 110, 111.—T. valida, vix
obliqua, longitudine latitudinem multo superante, ad umbones
prominentes subrectangularis, subventricosa, cute luteo-virente
induta, rugis lamellaribus concentricis lineisque elevatis densis
radiantibus arcté et undique decussata. Margo ventralis crassé
crenatus. Lunula satis magna, protrusa, externé subgranoso-
corrugata, superné levigata. Area subplanulata, sepius trans-
versim plicato-corrugata (rugis «tate obsoletis).— Very variable in
shape and degree of lateral inequality, nearly rectangular at the
beaks, not particularly oblique, much longer than broad, subven-
tricose, nearly evenly diminishing in convexity on either side,

* When there is neither a pallial sinus, nor an external ligament, it is usual to
consider that side the posterior which contains the larger portion of the eartilage, and
that the anterior towards which the beaks incline. The position of the animal in
Nucula, however, compels me to term the shorter end the posterior. The words /unule
and escutcheon are here used with their ordinary signification, and not as equivalent
to front and hinder dorsal impression.

148 NUCULID&.

covered by a thin greenish oil-coloured epidermis, everywhere
(near the slopes excepted) conspicuously decussated by irregularly
concentric costellar or lamellar wrinkles, pairs of which often be-
come confluent anteriorly, and close-set radiating raised lines.
Anterior extremity somewhat tapering, chiefly projecting below
the middle, rounded; posterior end rotundately subangulated
below, its dorsal slope very decided. Ventral margin closely cre-
nated within, more rising in front, at times much arcuated in the
middle, at times (in the very inequilateral specimens) only slightly
so. Lunular area rather large, pouting, more or less angularly
defined, for the most part subgranosely wrinkled near the cir-
cumference, smoothish in the middle: opposite dorsal area rather
flattened, usually obscurely barred with wavy pliciform wrinkles,
which generally become obsolete with age. ‘Teeth about twelve
on the shorter side, and twice as many on the longer.—There
are three known variations. The North British form, where
the wrinkles are almost lamellar, and the shape is somewhat more
ovate; the N. African form, where the wrinkles are costellar
and shelving, and the shape triangular; and the Mediterranean
form, where the sculpture is comparatively undeveloped and the
form intermediate between the two previously indicated. Mr.
Cuming possesses an aged example (seven-eighths of an inch in
length) in which the radiating lines appear incised near the lower
margin, and the smooth lunular area is devoid of the ordinary
sculpture, projection, or definement.

2. N. nucteus, Lin., f. 121,122,159.—T. obovato-trigona, raro
obliqua, satis ventricosa, valida, cute luted vel olivaced et nun-
quam nitida induta, nunquam colore radiata, in medio sublevigata,
utrinque tenuissimé concentricé subplicato-corrugata et (posticé
presertim) minutissime radiatim lirata. Hxtremitas brevior ro-
tundato-obtusangularis, inferné eminentior. Margo ventralis satis
arguteé crenulatus, arcuatus, posticé acclivis. Nates prominentes,
inclinate. Lunula nitida, concentricé corrugata, neque granis
nec lineis radiantibus sculpta. Area aut levigata aut concentricé
sculpta.—Obovate-trigonal, almost always longer than broad, sel-
dom oblique, strong, moderately ventricose, clothed with an
epidermis that is never polished or colour-rayed: general surface
smoothish in the middle but very finely concentrically and sub-
pliciformly corrugated at both ends, and, under a lens, (particu-
larly behind) perceptibly, though faintly, closely radiatingly lyrated.
Inequality of the sides decided, yet not remarkable ; extremity of
the anterior side, which is produced and tapering, rounded off ; its
chief projection basal. Posterior end rotundately obtusangular,

NUCULID&. 149

and rather prominent below. Ventral margin rather finely crenated
within, arched, rising posteriorly. Beaks prominent. Lunular
area shining, rather obscurely, yet impressly defined, somewhat
pouting, concentrically wrinkled, without radiating lines or granules.
Opposite dorsal area smoothish or concentrically wrinkled. About
twenty teeth on one side, and ten on the other.—The northern and
southern forms differ to some considerable extent; the surface in
the former is comparatively smooth, and its epidermis is yellowish ;
in the latter (or at least in the Mediterranean examples*) the
epidermis is of a dusky-olive, the sculpture is much more decided,
and the radiating lines often pervade the central portion likewise.
Bruguiére’s description of his 4. margaritucea (Hist. Nat. Vers,
109), for which Arca nucleus of Linnzeus is indicated as a probable
synonym, is rather generic than specific; he admitted but a single
species of wacreous Arca, which he ascribed to St. Domingo, but
referred likewise to England as a habitat, on the authority of Da
Costa. As Petiver’s rude figure (Gaz. pl. 17, f. 9) of the present
species is cited by him as the most characteristic, we may fairly
regard his margaritacea as, in the main, identical with the com-
monest of our known Nucule.

3. N. srrtotata, Adams, f. 129.—T. sp. preecedenti simillima,
sed semper pallidé olivaced, magis obliqua, compressa, subleevigata
(oculo autem armato undiqne striolis vix elevatis dense radiata) ;
ruge concentrice obsolete et equaliter diffuse. Lunula haud
definita.x—Closely resembling nucleus, but more oblique, com-
pressed, always of a pale-olive, smooth to the eye, but under a
powerful lens the general surface everywhere densely radiated
with scarcely raised striol : the concentric wrinkles obsolete and
evenly diffused. Lunular area undefined.—The likeness to a young
Mediterranean xucleus is most striking. Owing to the thinness
of the epidermis there is an external iridescence around the lunu-
lar area.

4. N. rapiata, Hanley, f. 123, 124.—T. N. nucleo simillima,
sed major, longior, magis obliqua magisque inequilateralis, radiis
aliquando rubro-aurantiis nonnunquam fumosis picta, magis
minusve compressa. Cutis nitidiuscula, olivacea, in junioribus
olivaceo-lutea.—With the shape, sculpture, and general characters
of nucleus, but larger, longer, more oblique, still more inequilateral

* T suspect that the WV. rugudosa of Sowerby (Conch. Ilust. Nucula, n. 28, f. 19,
copied in Hanl. Rec. Bivalves, p. 171, pl. 20, f. 10) was constituted from this variety ;
at least, I know no species which so greatly resembles it. It is thus deseribed :—
“ Ovate-triangular, with a greenish epidermis, covered with rugulose strise; angles

obtuse ; anterior (7.e. posterior) slope with a central elevation ; posterior (.¢, anterior)
slope somewhat rounded ; ventral margin very finely crenulated, 0°5.”

150 NUCULIDA.

(the beaks being almost terminal in the adult), and less prominent
behind. More or less compressed, and under a not quite dull
epidermis, that ranges in tint from olivaceous-yellow in the young
to deep-olive in the mature, colour-rayed ; rays for the most part
narrow and smoke-coloured, sometimes (especially in the young)
orange-red, and broader; sometimes painted with both colours.
The lunule is elongated, but less prominent than in xweleus.—
There is more posterior projection in the fry, but at that stage the
elongated shape is peculiarly conspicuous and the rays more vivid.

5. N. castanua, A. Adams, f. 130.—T. conspicué obliqua,
latitudine longitudinem equante, compressa, cute luteo-castanead
induta, haud radiata, sublevigata. Margo dorsalis anticus arcuatus,
elongatus. Latus posticum fere nullum, inferné acclivitate repen-
tind marginis ventralis multum arcuati et arguté crenulati obliqué
excisum. Lunula valde prominens, bene definita.—Peculiarly
oblique, about as broad as long, compressed, invested with a rather
glossy, yellowish-chestnut epidermis, not colour-rayed, everywhere
almost smooth, merely obscurely wrinkled concentrically, devoid
of radiating or divergent sculpture. Anterior extremity narrowed,
yet well rounded ; front dorsal edge peculiarly elongated and arched.
Posterior side scarcely any, obliquely cut off below by the abrupt
ascent of the much arcuated ventral margin, which is finely crenu-
lated within : lunular region peculiarly prominent and well defined.
—Mr. Cuming and Mr. Metcalfe each possess a single specimen.

6. N. nrrmua, 4. Adams, f. 142.—T. obliqua, ovato-conoi-
dalis, eequé lata ac longa, haud ventricosa, valde inzequilateralis ;
cute polita pallidé olivacei, zonisque nigro-cinereis cincti, induta,
undique levis. Margo ventralis crenulatus, valde arcuatus, posticé
conspicué acclivis. Latus anticum rotundato-subcuneiforme. Nates
prominentes. Lunula subangulatim definita, multum eminens.—
Oblique, ovate-conoidal, as broad as long, by no means ventricose,
extremely inequilateral, with a polished pale olive-coloured epi-
dermis, and dark grey zones, everywhere smooth. Ventral mar-
gin crenulated within, much arcuated, rismg behind so as to
obliquely round off the posterior corner. Extremity of the sub-
cuneiform anterior side rounded, front dorsal slope very decided,
much produced. Beaks acute, prominent, touching. Lunular
area much projecting, subangularly defined.

7. N. nrrmpa, Sowd., f. 120.—T. ovato-trigona, satis ventri-
cosa (in exemplis junioribus compressa), cute nitidissima oliv-
aceo-cinerea induta, nonnunquam lineis fumosis radiata, rugis
subpliciformibus concentricis striisque radiantibus subobsoletis

NUCULID&. 15i

utrinque sculpta, in medio sublevigata. Latus posticum con-
spicué breve inferné angulatum eminensque. Margo ventralis
crenulatus multum arcuatus, posticé satis repenté acclivis. Areze
dorsales tantum lineis incrementi rudé corrugate ; lunula haud
definita, haud prominens. Margo cardinalis subangustus.—Ovate-
trigonal, subventricose (compressed when young), clothed with a
highly polished ashy-olive epidermis, occasionally marked with
smoke-coloured linear rays: with concentric subpliciform corru-
gations and very faint radiating stric at the broader end, rather
less manifest ones on the narrower end; intermediate surface
nearly smooth to the eye, but under the lens (the epidermis being
removed) marked with radiating incised lines. Lower extremity
of the peculiarly short hinder side angularly prominent, dorsal
slope abrupt. Anterior end subangulately rounded. Ventral
margin crenulated within, much arcuated, rather suddenly rising
behind. Beaks sharply prominent. Lunular area undefined, not
prominent, and as well as the simple, somewhat flattened front
dorsal region merely coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth.
Hinge-margin rather narrow: teeth as in xucleus.—The N. ar-
gentea of Brown (Lllust. Conch. G. B., p. 85, pl. 33, f. 14, 15) is
probably the fry of this species.

8. N. proxima, Say, f. 118, 119.—T. subtrigona, valde in-
eequilateralis et obliqua, latitudine longitudinem fere equante,
valida, ventricosa, cute nitida olivaceo-cinered induta, subleevigata.
Latus posticum inferné haud angulatum, acclivitate conspicud
marginis ventralis crenati multumque arcuati obtusé excisum.
Margo dorsalis anticus valde declivis, rectiusculus. Nates erose.
Lunula haud prominens, sulco tenui (in adultis) circumscripta,
haud divaricatim insculpta. Margo cardinalis latus—Var. T.
perobliqua, cute olivacea, lunula haud circumscripta.—Subtrian-
gular, very oblique, nearly if not quite as broad as long, ventricose,
clothed with a thin glossy olivaceous ash-coloured epidermis, when
adult smooth except for the pliciform wrinkles of increase, which
are often conspicuous on the dorsal regions, and some very faint
radiating strie, which are most perceptible below posteriorly.
Ventral margin crenated, much arcuated, much rising behind, so
as to cut off without angularity the posterior corner. Front
dorsal slope straightish, produced, very decided. Beaks almost
terminal, peculiarly inflected, always eroded. Lunular region not
prominent, defined by a thin groove (in the adult only), not diver-
gently sculptured. Front dorsal area rather sunken. Hinge-margin
broad ; teeth remarkably high, curved, and sharp.—Var. More
olive-coloured, peculiarly oblique; lunular region undefined.—

152 NUCULIDA.

The surface, on the removal of the epidermis, appears faintly ra-
diatingly striated, and the teeth, in the adult, are about twenty-
two on one side and eleven on the other; these strie are much
more manifest in the fry, which are provided, as usual, with a
much smaller number of teeth. AJl the specimens I have seen
named “ radiata, Dekay,” appear to be the young of this species,
but the furrow represented in his figure I have never descried (ex-
cept as an accident of growth) m any Nucula.

9. N. pautiuna, 4. Adams, f. 131, 132.—T. minuta, perob-
liqua, subovata, longitudine latitudinem paululum superante, valde
ineeqnilateralis, ventricosa, cute pallidé olivaced induta, undique
sublevigata. Hxtremitas lateris antici producti subattenuati ro-
tundata; latus posticum, acclivitate obliqué marginis ventralis
crenati et arcuati, inferné rotundato-excisum.—Minute, very ob-
lique, subovate, not quite so broad as long, ventricose, mode-
rately strong, very inequilateral, with a polished pale olive-coloured
epidermis, everywhere smoothish, yet with irregular concentric
incremental sulci: extremity of the produced and tapering an-
terior side rounded. Ventral margin crenated within, arched,
rising behind so as to obliquely round off the posterior corner.—
The same poor specimen has served Mr. Adams and myself for
description, and no definite characters can be derived from it. Its
beaks are eroded, but apparently much reflected: the lunular area
is not either decidedly prominent or clearly defined.

10. N. mirrauis, Hinds, f.144.—T. conoidalis, valida, ventri-
cosa (in exemplis adultis), levis, cute nitidissimé flava induta,
valde ineequilateralis. Hxtremitas antica rotundato-subcunei-
formis; postica inferné rotundato-excisa. Nates peracute, in-
volute, eminentes. Area tuberculis transversim costellata. Lu-
nula haud prominens, concavé definita. Cartilago perobliqua.—
Longitudinally conoidal, ventricose when adult, with a polished
olivaceous-yellow epidermis, smooth. Anterior side greatly pro-
duced, its extremity rotundately subcuneiform ; ventral margin
arched, crenated, and rising behind so as to obliquely round off the
corner of the very short and nearly straight posterior side. Beaks
very acute, prominent, involute, not touching. Front dorsal region
barred across by short costellar tubercles that do not extend far
from the but little curved margin. Lunular region excavately
defined, not prominent : cartilage very oblique.—The typical form
of métralis is rather sharper at the beaks and more slender at the
anterior tip than in the more swollen gzda.

11. N. marmorea, Hinds, f. 145.—* T. elliptica, solidula, al-

NUCULIDA. 153

bida, suleata; liris ad angulum planulatis ; latere antico (?.e. pos-
tico) brevi, subacuminato ; marginibus ventralibus minuté crenu-
latis. 2+ lin. Straits of Malacca.”—In default of a specimen, I
am compelled to copy this brief description.

12. N. sutcata, A. Adams, f. 127.—T. obliqua, subovata,
longitudine latitudinem ferme superante, crassa, undique ventri-
cosa, cute olivaceo-cinere’ haud polité induta, sulcisque inclinatis
subarctis undique concentricé insculpta. Hxtremitas postica inferné
rotundato-excisa. Margo ventralis crenatus, arcuatus. Sulci re-
gionum dorsalium subobsoleti; interstitia striolis divaricatis mi-
nutis arcté ornata. Lunula valde eminens. Nates seepius erosve.
—Oblique, somewhat ovate, for the most part longer than broad,
very strong, evenly ventricose, clothed with an unpolished oliva-
ceous ash-coloured epidermis, grooved throughout ; grooves con-
centric, shelving, rather close. Ventral margin more or less
arcuated, crenated within, rising behind so as to rotundately cut
off the posterior corner. Grooves of the dorsal regions somewhat
obsolete ; their intervals densely marked with most minute diver-
gent striz ; lunular area much projecting. Beaks usually eroded.
—The cartilage-support protrudes greatly, and slants but little.
The teeth seem to average about sixteen and ten. Hven the dorsal
edges are crenulated, yet very delicately.

13. N. putcura, Hinds, f. 146.—“ T. elliptica, solida, sulcata ;
interstitiis transversim striatis; marginibus ventralibus crenulatis ;
cardine anticé (7.e. posticé) dentibus 9, posticé 27-29. 7 lin.”
—It is said by Mr. Hinds, from whose works both figure and
description have been copied, to resemble the fossil Duchaste/ii, but
to differ by its striated lanule and uninterrupted lamellae.

14. N. eisum, Sowerby, f. 183.—T. minima, valde inzequila-
teralis, satis ventricosa, suboblique obovalis, cute pallidé olivacea
vix nitidd induta, rugis elevatis densis (quarum interstitia liris
minutissimis posticé, et nonnunquam anticé, sunt decussata) un-
dique (msi ad umbones) concentricé sculpta. Extremitas postica
inferné rotundato-excisa. Regiones dorsales striis divaricatis mi-
nutissimé ornate. Margo ventralis multum arcuatus, arguté
erenulatus. Lunula satis prominens, haud definita.—Very small,
moderately ventricose, clothed with a rather glossy yet not polished
pale or cinereous-olive epidermis, rather obliquely oval. General
surface (the umbonal region excepted) densely wrinkled concen-
trically ; the corrugations raised, narrower than their intervals,
which (under a powerful lens) are, on the shorter side at least,
obscurely and finely lyrated across; when highly magnified, too,

VOL. III. s

154 NUCULID.

both the front dorsal region and the lunular area are manifestly
though faintly and minutely marked with divergent strie. Hx-~
tremity of the produced anterior side rounded, its slope moderate.
Posterior side excessively short, not angulated below, but cut off,
as it were, in an oblique curve, by the much arcuated ventral
margin, which rises behind and is finely crenulated within. Lu-
nular area undefined, rather prominent.

15. N. pecuivis, Hinds, f. 147.—*T. parva, obliqué elliptica,
solidula, epidermide tenui fuscd induta; latere antico (7.e. postico)
brevi; margine dorsali longé inclinato, ventralibus crenulatis. 2
lin. Hab. ? (Mus. Belcher.)’—Unknown to me, but said to be

closely allied to piswm, and still more oblique.

16. N. crenutata, 4. Adams, f. 134, 135.—T. N. exigue
assimilis, sed major, cute olivaced, sulcis propinquioribus, striis
radiantibus subobsoletis, margine ventrali minus arcuato.—Var. ?
Paytensis. Sculptura nonnunquam ad umbones obsoleta ; lire
radiantes, conspicue ; lunula inferné paululum eminentior, aliquan-
tumque angulariter planulata——Resembling eagua, but larger,
rather more tapering at the front extremity, and more rounded off
at the posterior ventral corner; the epidermis olivaceous ; the
grooves much closer, the radiating sculpture almost obsolete ; the
ventral margin less arcuated.—The type (a single individual) looks
like a large exigua, but is more compressed in proportion, and the
sulci are much closer on its nuclear portion than upon that shell.
The lunular area is neither impressed nor groove-defined.— Var. ?
NV. Paytensis, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 51. Sculpture
sometimes obsolete on the umboes, the radiating lyre very dis-
tinct ; lunular area rather more angularly depressed, and slightly
more projecting below (f. 160, 161).

17. N. extaua, Sowerby, f. 186.—T. minuta, obliqueé ovata,
longitudine latitudinem multum superante, valida, ventricosa, niti-
diuscula, pallidé lutescens, sulcis remotis inclinatis striisque radian-
tibus decussatis undique concentricé sculpta. Hxtremitas antica
rotundata, margo ejus dorsalis convexus. Latus posticum brevis-
simum, inferné obsoleté subangulatum, haud autem prominens.
Margo ventralis crenatus, arcuatus, posticé acclivis. Regiones dor-
sales costellis, anticis remotis, posticis approximatis, transversim or-
nate. Nates lunulaque haud eminentes.—Minute, obliquely ovate,
decidedly longer than broad, ventricose, of a rather glossy yellowish-
white: disks marked throughout with regular coarse concentric
grooves, which are distant, shelving, and radiatingly decussated by
finer strie: dorsal regions barred across; the front costelle dis-

NUCULID&. 155

tant, the hinder ones close. Ventral margin crenated within,
much arcuated, rising behind. Anterior extremity well rounded,
front dorsal slope convex. Posterior side very short, not at all
projecting below, yet obsoletely subangulated. Neither beaks
nor lunular region prominent.

18. N. casrrensis, Hinds, f.148.—T. elliptica, anticé (.e.
postice) rotundata, epidermide olivaced induta; lineis divaricatis ;
marginibus ventralibus crenulatis; cardine anticé dentibus 5,
posticé 11.

19. N. mrrapiuis, dd. and Reeve, f. 114.—T. ovali-truncata,
subventricosa, cute luted haud nitidi induta, undique divaricatim
arcuate costellata ; costellze anticze cum costellis posticis angulos
acutos in medio teste formantes. Extremitas postica inferné
obliqué rectangularis. Margo ventralis utrinque acclivis, anticé
arcuatus, posticé subsinuatus. Area haud circumscripta. Lunula
magna, profunda, costellis parvis densisque transversim ornata,
angulo circumscripta: angulus divaricatim sculptus.—Truncated-
oval, subventricose, with a dull dirty-yellow epidermis, everywhere
finely and somewhat arcuatedly ribbed : the front and hinder ribs,
which are rounded and narrower than their intervals, diverging
from each other at acute angles just behind the middle of the
shell ; a similar double divergence along the angular circumference
of the large and strongly impressed lunule, which latter is barred
across by much denser and smaller ribs. Anterior side produced,
somewhat tapering, and well rounded at its extremity ; its dorsal
slope rather slight, convex. Posterior side short, obliquely rec-
tangular below (in the adult). Ventral margin much arched in
its anterior ascent, more or less retuse (with age) just before the
end of its posterior ascent. No defined front dorsal area, but the
ribs are there denser and more numerous. Umboes rather pro-
minent ; beaks obliquely coiled, recurved.

20. N. prvartcata, Hinds, f. 151.—T. elliptica, anticé (i.e.
posticé) excavata, subacuminata, posticé (7.e. antice) rotundata ;
lineis divaricatis striata; marginibus ventralibus crenulatis ;
cardine anticé (7.e. posticé) dentibus 7, posticé (7.e. anticé) 22—
24.”—Were it not that the described number of the teeth is much
greater in the smaller shell, I should have believed this to be an
immature mirabilis.

21. N. Mataparica, Hanley, f.152.—T. minuta, trigona, haud
elongata, satis obliqua, tantum ad umbones angustos et elevatos
ventricosa, superné rectangulata, nitida, undiqué concentricé cos-
tellata : sulci interstitiales liris radiantibus exilibus ornati. Latus

156 NUCULIDE.

posticum (pro genere ejus) haud breve, ad extremitatem subangu-
Jatam prominens. Margo dorsalis uterque declivis et rectus :
ventralis regulariter aretoinc haud sinuatus, intus crenatus ;
cardinalis latus. Dentes pauci: fossa cartilagimis perparva, haud
obliqua.—Minute, triangular, not elongated, rather oblique, ven-
tricose at the umboes, elsewhere more or less compressed, rectan-
gular above (the dorsal slopes being straight and decided), glossy,
everywhere concentrically costellated ; the interstitial sulci, except
perhaps on the undefined and inconspicuous dorsal areas, adorned
with fine an‘d numerous radiating lyre. Hinder side not so short
as usual, subangular and prominent at its extremity. Ventral
margin regularly arcuated, not sinuated, coarsely crenated within.
Beaks peculiarly high, and laterally compressed. Hinge-margin
broad: teeth few (ten and six) ; pit minute, perpendicular.—Pos-
sibly immature, but strongly characterized. The specimens were
dead and devoid of epidermis.

Sect. B. Margins not crenulated.

22. N. Purtcua, D’Ord., f. 149.—T. ovato-trigona, subven-
tricosa, inferné tantum rudé corrugata. Extremitas antica inferné
rotundato-subangulata; postica inferné acute obtusangularis ;
margo posticus rectiusculus satisque obliquus. Margo ventralis
arcuatus, integer, posticé multum acclivis, haud sinuatus. Nates
eminentes, acute. Lunula angulatim circumscripta, impressa,
satis magna, vix protrusa. Area haud definita. Dentes multi.
Cartilago haud horizontalis.—Ovate-triangular, not particularly
oblique, subventricose, coarsely wrinkled concentrically near the
ventral margin. Front extremity subangulately rounded below.
Hinder side not so very short for the genus, sharply obtusangular
below; the posterior edge not perpendicular, straightish. Ventral
margin arcuated, entire, much and somewhat more straightly
rising behind, without posterior retusion. Beaks elevated, acute.
Lunule rather large, impressed, angularly defined, scarcely pouting.
Front dorsal region undefined. Cartilage not horizontal. Teeth
numerous.—D’Orbigny’s types of this species, which remind us
of nitida and convewa, are in sorry condition, without epidermis,
and worn smooth. ‘There seem some close lamellar wrinkles upon
the lunule, but of this I am not sure.

23. N. optiqua, Lam., f. 150.—T. magna, valida, obliqué
ovata, vix ventricosa, sublevigata, valde ineequilateralis, radiis haud
picta, intus argentea, anticé rotundata, posticé inferné rotundato-
angulata. Margo dorsalis anticus convexus satisque declivis ;
posticus declivis, subrectus vel subretusus; ventralis arcuatus,

NUCULIDA. 157

haud sinuatus, intus subinteger (minutissimé crenulatus) ; cardi-
nalis valde latus. Nates acute. Lunula haud sculpta, profundé
circumscripta: area subinconspicua. Dentes antici permulti ;
postici perpauci. Fossa cartilaginis angusta, obliqua.—Large,
strong, oblique, ovate, scarcely ventricose, smoothish or with
coarse incremental wrinkles in front, very inequilateral, not colour-
rayed, silvery-white within, simply rounded in front, rotundately
angulated below behind. Front dorsal edge convex, not remark-
ably sloping; hinder slope decided, straightish or subretuse,
sinuated by the profound concavity which defines the lunule.
Ventral margin arcuated, devoid of a sinus, not distinctly crenu-
ated within, yet most minutely so at the outer edge. Beaks
acute, not much elevated. Hinge-margin very broad : front teeth
very numerous; hinder ones very few: cartilage-pit narrow,
moderately slanting —I am indebted for the recognition of this
species to M. Chenu, who having delineated the type for his beau-
tiful ‘ Manuel,’ kindly forwarded me the unpublished woodcut.
The epidermis ranges from shining olivaceous-yellow to dark ashy-
olive.

24. N. Cuminen, Hinds, f. 117.—T. ovali-elliptica, haud
ventricosa, levigata, lineis incrementi subpliciformibus tantum
ornata, cute nitidissima pallidé olivaceo-virente induta. Lxtre-
mitas antica subattenuaté rotundata, superné subemarginata ;
postica rotundato-acuminata, et longior quam in Nueulis aliis.
Margo ventralis integer, fere semicircularis, posticé subsinuatus.
Lunula parva, lanceolata, planulata. Area permagna, prominens,
retusione sulciformi circumscripta.—Oval-elliptic, only subventri-
cose, everywhere smooth, except for the subpliciform wrinkles of
increase, with a polished pale greenish-olive epidermis. Anterior
extremity somewhat tapering, rounded, subemarginate above, front
dorsal slope convex and nearly horizontal. Posterior side long for
the genus, rotundately peaked, the peak subcentral, the somewhat
retuse dorsal slope not being abrupt as usual. Ventral margin
entire, almost semicircular, with a slight retusion near its posterior
extremity. Lunule small, lanceolate, flatly impressed. Lozenge
large, prominent, well and concavely defined in the adult. Teeth
usually six and eighteen.

25. N. Gravi, D’ Orbigny, f. 126.—T. ovalis, longitudine lati-
tudinem multo superante, subventricosa, levis, cute nitidissima
olivaceo-virente (rarius olivaceo-fuscescente) induta, anticé sub-
attenuate, posticé subangulatim, rotundata. Latus posticum haud
perbreve. Margo dorsalis anticé convexus, prope nates haud emi-

158 NUCULIDE.

nentes vix declivis; posticé rectiusculus, satis modicé declivis ;
ventralis integer, arcuatus, utrinque valde acclivis. Are dorsales
haud definitee: postica subplanulata.—Oval, thin, much longer
than broad, only subventricose, with a polished greenish-olive (or
more rarely brownish-olive) epidermis, smooth, with at most ob-
solete wrinkles of increase, which are more manifest on the lunu-
lar region, rounded at both ends, somewhat taperingly so in front,
subangulately so behind. Hinder side rather elongated for the
genus. Front dorsal edge convex, at first scarcely sloping ; hinder
one only moderate, straightish. Ventral margin entire, arcuated,
much curving up at both ends. Dorsal areas undefined, the hinder
one somewhat flattened. Beaks not prominent.

26. N. Srrancut, 4. Adams, f. 125.—T. valde obliqua, sub-
ovata, longitudine latitudinem multo superante, cute mitidissima
aureo-virente induta, concentricé corrugata. Extremitas postica
haud_perbrevis (utpote Nucule est), inferné rotundato- angulata.
Margo dorsalis anticé primum convexus vixque declivis; posticé
haud repenté declivis. Margo ventralis integer, arcuatus, utrinque,
et postice presertim, multum acclivis. Lunula haud definita,
prope nates parvas vixque eminentes subimpressa ; labtis aliquan-
tum protrusis. Area aliquantum prommens, obsolete circum-
scripta.— Very obliquely subovate, much longer than broad, very
thin, rather compressed, with a polished pale golden-green epi-
dermis, and faint but regular concentric wrinkles. Anterior ex-
tremity well rounded, front dorsal slope at first slight and convex.
Posterior side not short for the genus, hinder dorsal slope short,
not abrupt, but moderate, forming a rounded-off angle with the
ventral margin, which is arcuated, entire, and rises greatly on both
sides, but especially so behind. Lunular region undefined, some-
what impressed near the small and little projecting beaks, its lips
rather pouting. Front dorsal area rather prominent, indistinctly
defined by a retusion.

27. N. stuptex, 4. Adams, f. 137.—T. obliqué ovata, longi-
tudine latitudinem multo superante, tenuis, subventricosa, cute
nitidissima olivaceo-virente induta, intus caerulescens, vix levis,
obsoleté concentricé striata. Hxtremitas lateris postici perbrevis,
inferné obsoleté obtusangulata. Margo ventralis integer, multum
arcuatus, posticé obliqué acclivis. Nates acutee, haud eminentes.
Lunula parva, concentricé striata, inferné impresso-planulata, su-
perné protrusa. Area prominens, haud autem definita.—Ob-
liquely ovate, much longer than broad, thin, subventricose, with a
polished epidermis that ranges in tint from pale to dark greenish-

NUCULIDA. 159

olive; scarcely smooth, the faint strie of growth being here and
there almost regular. Anterior extremity well rounded, front
dorsal slope at first slight, convex. Ventral margin entire, much
arcuated, rising obliquely behind, forming a rather obscure obtuse
angle with the abrupt slope of the very short posterior side.
Beaks acute, not prominent. Lunule small, concentrically striated,
flatly impressed below, pouting above. Front dorsal area not de-
fined, but prominent. Nacre bluish.

28. N. convexa, Sowerby, f. 112, 1138.—T. obliqué ovata,
longitudine latitudimem multo superante, valida, concentricé cor-
rugato-subplicata. Latus posticum haud perbrevis, fere in medio
angulatum. Margo dorsalis anticus propé nates prominentes rec-
tiusculus vixque declivis, deinde curvatus satisque declivis ;
posticus brevis, demum retusus. Margo ventralis integer, multum
arcuatus, posticé notabiliter obliqué acclivis. Lunula brevis, satis
circumscripta, planulato-impressa, cordata. Area fere inconspicua.
Margo cardinalis latus: dentes circiter 22-7: cartilago subhori-
zontalis.—Obliquely ovate, much longer than broad, strong, sub-
pliciformly corrugated concentrically. Anterior side rounded at
the extremity (sometimes a little taper) ; its dorsal slope at first
straightish and nearly horizontal, then curved and moderately
sloping. Posterior side not short for the genus, subcentrally an-
gulated, its dorsal slope short, not very abrupt, eventually retuse.
Ventral margin entire, much arched, very conspicuously slanting
upwards behind. Umboes prominent. Lunular area tolerably
defined, flatly impressed, short, cordiform. Front dorsal area a
little indented, undefined. Hinge-margin broad; cartilage sub-
horizontal: teeth little raised, about twenty-two and seven (in the
aged), very close, wide, and obtusangular.—The epidermis of the
adult is unknown, but it is cinereous and shining in the fry,
which is at that stage smooth, with its lunule projecting in the
middle.*

29. N. antrpopum, Hanley, f. 155.—T. valde obliqua, ellip-
tica, posticé recté truncata, anticé rotundato-attenuata, maximé
inequilateralis, valida, subventricosa, levis, cute nitidd pallidé

* Tn the ‘ Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History’ (ii. p. 100), Dr.
Gould refers to NV. tumida of Reeve (? a slip of the pen) as resembling his—

N. rurcipa.— T. alba, subzequilateralis, subrhomboidea, posticé acuta, anticé ro-
tundata, ventricosa, margine ventrali pendente, ubique lamellis concentricis obtusis
reflexis confertis ornata: natibus prominentibus; cardine dentibus 21 utroque latere
instructo. 4—}.” No locality is mentioned, but the description is included in his
account of Tavoy land and fresh-water shells. From the dentition and lamellation I
should have thought it a Zeda rather than a Nucula.

160 NUCULIDA.

olivaceo-lutescente vel cinerascente induta, intus argentea. Margo
dorsalis anticé convexus, declivis; ventralis arcuatus, integer,
postice haud simuatus, et ibi conspicué acclivis, cum margine
postico rectiusculo angulum valde obtusum formans. Nates
parvee, acute, haud prominentes. Lunula magna, concentricé
subrugosa, planulata, angulo definita. Area inconspicua.—Var.
Extremitas antica tantum rotundata; postica aliquantum promi-
nens magisque angulata.—Very oblique, truncated-elliptic, strong,
subyentricose, smooth, with a pale-yellowish or ashy-olive shining
epidermis. Anterior side tapering from above to a rounded ex-
tremity ; its convex dorsal edge at first but little, subsequently
decidedly sloping. Posterior margin almost perpendicular, form-
ing a very obtuse angle with the arcuated and entire ventral edge,
which rises without sinuation, more peculiarly behind. Beaks
small, acute, not projecting. Lunule large, more or less wrinkled
concentrically, angular at its circumference from its flatness. No
marked escutcheon. Hinge-margin, teeth, and cartilage not re-
markable. Nacre silvery-white—/Var. Anterior end well rounded,
not tapering from above only: posterior end more angulately pro-
minent.—This may possibly be the oddiqua of the ‘ Voyage de la
Venus,’

30. N. Layarpt, 4. Adams, f. 153.—T. N. convere valde as-
similis, tenuis, autem, minus ventricosa, tantum obsoleté, remo-
tiusque, corrugata; lunulé majore subangulatim circumcincta.
Cutis nitidissima, cinereo-virens. Margo ventralis haud posticé
sinuatus. Nates haud prominentes. Cartilago haud horizontalis.
Superficies interna albo-margaritacea. Dentes circiter 15-6.—
Closely resembling convera, but decidedly thin, less ventricose,
only faintly (rather remotely) wrinkled concentrically ; the lunule
rather larger, subangulately defined. Epidermis polished, greenish
ash-coloured: ventral margin not indented near the hinder end.
Umboes not prominent. Cartilage not horizontal: nacre white ;
teeth about fifteen and six, sharp, vaulted, moderately high.

31. N. Aierensts, Forbes, f. 154.—“T. ovata, subdepressa,
levi, ineequilaterali, anticé rotundata, postice angulaté, marginibus
internis levibus.’—-A single valve (the only specimen now at-
tainable) was given to the author by Professor Forbes, and from
it can only be gleaned as an addition to his most inadequate de-
scription, that the shell is subventricose at the umboes, the epi-
dermis of a polished oil-yellow, the dorsal areas wholly unsculp-
tured, the lunule concavely defined, the beaks very prominent,
and the ventral margin much arcuated. For other details of shape

NUCULIDS. 161

(certainly not strictly ovate, and by no means inequilateral for its
genus,) the reader is referred to our engraving of that example,
which closely resembles ¢enuis and inflata, but appears distinct.

32. N. M‘Anprar, Hanley, f. 143.—T. angusté subovata, in
medio latior, pertenuis, semipellucida, valde compressa (nisi ad
umbones), cute nitidissimé cinerea induta, undique levis. Hx-
tremitas antica superné rotundato-obtusangularis ; postica minimé
brevis (pro genere ejus), fere in medio rotundato-acutangularis.
Margo dorsalis anticé rectiusculus haudque declivis; ventralis
integer, multum arcuatus, posticé multum acclivis. Nates per-
acute, haud tamen valde eminentes. Areze dorsales subimpresse,
haud circumscripte ; lunule labiis carinato-protrusis.— Produced
subovate, very thin, much compressed, except on the umboes, with
a polished cinereous epidermis, everywhere smooth. Anterior side
rotundately obtusangular above, the dorsal edge being horizontal
and straightish, well rounded below ; posterior side long for the
genus, rotundately acutangular, the peak subcentral, the dorsal
slope straightish, not abrupt: chief breadth subcentral. Ventral
margin entire, much arcuated, much rising behind. Beaks not
much projecting, yet conspicuous from their acuteness. Dorsal
areas undefined, yet somewhat concavely impressed. Lunular
lips carinately pouting.—The hinge resembles that of ¢enwis, but
the teeth seem scarcely so numerous. I doubt, however, the ma-
turity of the examples.

33. N. renuts,* Mont., f. 140, 141.—T. pertenuis, undique
(etiam ad umbones) compressa, anticé semiovalis, posticé brevis-
sima et rotundato-biangulata ; cute nitidissimé olivaceo-lutescente
vel olivaceo-cinered induta, lineis incrementi tantum insculpta.
Margo dorsalis anticus prope nates acutas, perparvas, valde obli-
quas, vix prominentes, rectiusculus vixque declivis, deinde arcuatus
et declivis; ventralis integer, ante medium valde arcuatus. Aree
dorsales minimé definite; lunule labiis protrusis. Dentes cir-
citer 15—7.—Very thin, compressed (even at the umboes), about
half as long again as broad, chiefly expanded anteriorly at about
one-third the entire length, semioval in front, rotundately biangu-
lated behind, with a polished epidermis, that ranges in tint from

* The WN. tenuis of Gould (Invert. Massach. p. 105, f. 64.—Dekay, N. York Moll.
181), described from scarcely matured examples, is exactly intermediate in characters
between the typical ¢evwis and the boreal inflata. It is more produced lengthways,
less swollen, and usually greener than the latter; more trapezoidal, less arcuated
ventrally, and less rising and projecting at the lower posterior corner than the former.
Gould states that the manuscript name /wcida was attached to the specimens in the

Philadelphia Museum, and it is doubtful whether it should be regarded as a distinct
species, or as a mere varietal link with tnflata.

VOL. Ill. e

162 NUCULID&.

olivaceous-yellow to ashy-olive, smooth, yet with strongly marked
wrinkles of increase. Ventral margin entire, arcuated (the arch
very prominent just before the middle), rising somewhat more
straightly behind, so as to form a rounded-off obtuse angle with
the straightish or somewhat convex, rather abrupt posterior edge.
Front dorsal edge just at first straightish, and subhorizontal, then
much curved and descending. Posterior side very short, projec-
ting below. Dorsal areas wholly undefined ; lunular lips pouting.
Beaks very small, bent much forward, scarcely prominent, yet
conspicuous from their acuteness. Front hinge-margin sunken
internally. Teeth (in the adult) about fifteen and seven or sixteen
and eight ; the front ones scarcely vaulted, and near the extremity
compressed and seated on the inner edge. When not quite mature
a rounded off, very obtuse, angle is exhibited at the front dorsal
corner.

34. N.inrnata, Hancock, f. 115,116.—T. sp. preecedenti simil-
lima, sed magis trapezeeformis, (seepiusbrevior) ventricosa vel tumida,
umbonibus inflatis, prominentibus, cute sordidé luteo-virente, vel
olivaceo-brunnea. Margo ventralis neque ante medium notabiliter
arcuatus, nec posticé conspicue acclivis. Extremitas postica ab-
rupté truncata, haud inferné eminens. Lunula inferne planulata.
—Closely resembling éenwis, but more trapeziform, ventricose or
tumid, swollen and projecting at the umboes, usually only one-
fourth longer than broad; the epidermis ranging from dirty yel-
lowish-green to olive-brown. Ventral margin neither particularly
swollen before the middle, nor peculiarly rising behind. Posterior
side abruptly truncated, not projecting below. Lunular region
not strictly defined, but flattened at the circumference. Teeth
and hinge-margin not peculiar.

35. N. Betuoriu, A. Adams, f. 128.—T. tenuis, subventricosa,
cute nitidissima, in medio olivaceo-virente, luted autem superné,
posticé, et aliquando etiam inferné, induta; nisi ad umbones con-
centric plicato-corrugata. Dimidium anticum obliqué semiellip-
ticum ; posticum superné subrectangulare, iferné rotundato-sub-
angulatum. Latus posticum fere excisam. Margo ventralis
integer, in medio subarcuatus, utrinque acclivis. Lunula dense
corrugato-plicata, vix definita, imferné concaviuscula. Area ex-
pansa, aliquantum subimpressa.—Anterior half obliquely semi-
elliptic, posterior half subrectangular above, rotundately broadly
subangulated below; thin, subventricose, with a very highly
polished epidermis, which is yellow dorsally, posteriorly, and, for
the most part, ventrally, before the middle, and is greenish-olive

NUCULID. 163

elsewhere, smooth on the umboes, but elsewhere with puckered
wrinkles of increase, which are very conspicuous below. Front
dorsal edge horizontal or rising, at first almost straight. Posterior
side almost excised, the hinder edge being almost perpendicular,
and the beaks, which, when not eroded, are acute and prominent,
being almost terminal. Ventral margin entire, subarcuated in
the middle, rising convexly at both ends. Lunular region much
and closely puckered, not strictly defined, yet concavely impressed
at its circuinference, and often marked with a few irregular radi-
ating incised lines. Front dorsal region expanded, disposed to
be indented.—The hinge appears to resemble that of fenuis, but
T have not examined any example which was uninjured in that
respect.

36. N. putparnoponta,* Mighels, f. 138, 139.—T. minima,
subobliqua, late ovato-trigona, ventricosa, cute nitidissima olivaceo-
virente vel olivaceo-luted induta, inferné plicis planulatis subincli-
natis, sulcisque latis (aliquando etiam superné) concentricé sculpta.
Extremitas antica inferné rotundato-subangulata : latus posticum
fere nullum, inferné obliqué retundato-excisum. Margo ventralis
integer, modic’ arcuatus. Nates valde prominentes, seepius erosee.
Lunula vix definita, rudé et concentricé corrugata, valde prominens.
Area inconspicua.—Muinute, of a rather oblique abbreviated ovate-
triangular shape, ventricose, especially behind, clothed with a po-
lished olivaceous-green or olivaceous-yellow epidermis, concentri-
cally divided near the lower margin by broad shallow sulci into
flattened and somewhat shelving folds: the sulci here and there
perceptible (but not regular) on the umbonal region likewise.
Anterior extremity subangulately rounded below: posterior edge
almost perpendicular. Ventral margin entire, moderately arcuated,
rising behind so as to obliquely round off the posterior corner.
Beaks much elevated, usually eroded. Lunular region very pro-
minent, undefined (at most a little impressed at its margin),
coarsely wrinkled concentrically. Front dorsal area undefined.
Hinge-margin broad: cartilage not at all horizontal: teeth three
or four, and seven to ten.

* N. wana, Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 98.—“ T. minima, trigono-elliptica,
levigata, nitida; marginibus ventralibus minutissimé crenulatis; cardine anticé den-
tibus 5, posticé 11; umbonibus fuscis. Long. 1 lin.’ This minute shell, said to
come from the Philippines, and described from Mr. Cuming’s collection, must, I
suspect, have been lost ; for the three specimens named in that cabinet (f. 156) belong
to this species, and do not agree with their description. As Mr. Hinds omitted to
figure it, and the definition is wholly inadequate, the species may be regarded as too
uncertain to be retained.

164 NUCULID&.

SOLENELLA, Sowerby.

Gen. Char. Longer than broad, not nacreous, gaping at both
ends, with a prominent external ligament, and a distinct pallial
sinus. Hinge with numerous sharp high teeth on one or both
sides.

Sect. I. SoneneLta proper. Species 1 and 2.—Oval, thin,
unsculptured, with a polished epidermis; dorsal margin excised
for the ligament: pallial simus very large. Anterior side with
very few teeth, but a blade-like continuation of the inner margin.

Sect. IL. Nutio, Adams. Species 3.—Sculptured, the epidermis
unpolished. Anterior gape shght. Teeth ina straight line, nearly
equally numerous on both sides.

1. S. Norrisu, Sowerby, f. 1, 2.—T. subovata, subeequilateralis,
subcompressa, cute nitidissima olivacea induta, sublevigata, posticé
(etiamque anticé, sed obsoletius) radio lato vix impressa. Extre-
mitas lateris antici brevioris angustiorisque, in medio retusa,
superné rotundato-subangulata, inferné oblique rotundata. Margo
dorsalis uterque vix declivis, antice convexiusculus ; ventralis con-
vexus, anticé magis acclivis. Are dorsales nulla. Dentes an-
tici permultii—Var. Latior, brevior, rugis incrementi conspicuis ;
extremitas antica tantum attenuato-rotundata: margo dorsalis
utrinque magis declivis—Subovate, somewhat compressed, gaping
very much at both ends, with a polished olivaceous epidermis that
ranges in tint from yellowish to cinereous, merely marked by
concentric wrinkles of increase, which in aged examples become
almost fold-like near the lower margin; devoid of umbonal ridge
or defined dorsal areas; marked, in the adult, with an almost
obsolete shallow broad indented ray behind, and a still fainter one
in front, at whose terminations the ventral margin is indented.
Extremity of the anterior side, which is rather, yet decidedly, the
shorter and narrower, retuse in the middle, subangularly rounded
above, obliquely rounded-off below : posterior end unsymmetrically
rounded. Dorsal slopes slight; front one plano-convyex, rather
the more decided: hinder one excavated for the ligament.
Ventral margin convex, more rising in front. Teeth extremely
fine, very numerous in front, scarcely any behind.—V/ar. drevior.
Shorter, broader, and with the slopes consequently rather more
decided ; wrinkles of growth numerous and conspicuous : anterior
extremity merely attenuatedly rounded.

2. S. Cuminent, Hanley, f. 3.—T. sp. preecedenti simillima,
sed anticé multum longior, et tantum rotundato-attenuata ; radii

NUCULIDA, 165

impressi obsoleti. Extremitas postica latiuscula, obsoleté biangu-
lata, vel rotundato-subrhomboidalis. Margo dorsalis anticus con-
vexus satisque declivis: posticus brevis vixque declivis. Dentes
postici permultii—Suboval, rather compressed, much gaping at
both ends, white under a polished yellowish olive-coloured epi-
dermis, devoid of umbonal ridge or defined dorsal areas, merely
marked with concentric wrinkles of increase, with the indented
rays and their terminal retusions almost imperceptible. Anterior
side very decidedly the longer, tapering to a symmetrically rounded
extremity: posterior extremity broadish, either rotundately sub-
biangulated or faintly rhomboidally rounded, the hinder end being
the more projecting. Front dorsal slope convex, moderately de-
cided; hinder one very slight and short, excavated for the liga-
ment. Ventral margin convex, curving up moderately in front.
Teeth rather fine, numerous behind, scarcely any in front.—The
most striking peculiarity is, that the anterior side, which is the
shorter in Worrisiz, is in this species the longer.

8. S. ausrratis, Quoy and Gaim., {. 32.—T. subrhombea,
subineequilateralis, ad umbones ventricosa, inferné compressiuscula,
cute fugaci vix nitidd cinereo-lutescente induta, undique concen-
tricé lirata: regio postica supera (ultra plicam umbonalem con-
spicuam) tertiam superficiei implens, in medio retusa. Extremitas
lateris antici brevioris superné angulata, inferné oblique rotundata ;
postica superné angulata, in medio incurvata, inferné rotundata.
Margo dorsalis anticé rectiusculus vixque declivis ; posticé con-
caviusculus et acclivis; ventralis in medio subretusus.—Sub-
rhombic, more or less ventricose at the umbonal region, plano-
convex below it, obliquely divided into two areas by an umbonal
ridge, which parts off a posterior triangle that occupies a full
third of the entire surface, and is retuse in the middle, gaping
considerably at the hinder extremity: dull-white under a rather
dull yellowish ash-coloured fugacious epidermis, everywhere (the
dorsal areas excepted) roughened by rather distant concentric
raised striz, otherwise unsculptured. Anterior side scarcely three-
sevenths of the entire length, angulated above by the almost ho-
rizontal straightish dorsal edge, obliquely rounded below. Pos-
terior dorsal edge concavely elevated, and so produced that the
angulated upper termination projects far beyond the rounded hinder
ventral extremity : posterior edge incurved in the middle. Ventral
margin subparallel to the dorsal, convex or subarcuated, except
in the centre, where it is somewhat retuse. Lips of the escutcheon,
which is sublinear and plano-concave, pouting. Lunule very
narrow, if any.

166

INDEX TO THE NUCULID.

The synonyms are in italics.

abyssicola, Zor., L. sp. 72, f. 167.
Mgeensis, Morbes, N. 31, f. 154.
amygdalea, Val., L.58, f. 8, 10,11.
analis, Phil., p. 131.
angularis, M6ler=Thracizeformis.
antipodum, Hanl., N. 29, f. 155.
arctica, Gray, L. 60, f. 5.
arctica, Brod. = lanceolata.
argentea(Arca), Poli=? decussata.
argentea, Brown.—See nitida.
argentea, Da Costa.—See nucleus.
Australis, Quoy § Gaim., 8.3, £.32.
Belcheri, Hinds, L. 21, f. 53.
Bellotii, Adams, N. 35, f. 128.
bellula, Adams, L. 30, f. 74.
bieuspidata, Gould, L. 23, f. 73.
Brookei, Hanl., L. 47, f. 106.
buccata, Steen., L. 15, f. 68, 64,
174.
Cascoensis, Migh.—See arctica.
castanea, Adams, N. 5, f. 130.
castrensis, Hinds, N. 18, f. 148.
caudata, Donov., L. 17, f. 60.
Chilensis (Malletia) = Norrisii.
Chuva, Gray, L. 25, f. 67.
celata, Hinds, L. 42, f. 95, 96,
172.
commutata, Phil., L.45, £. 80, 81.
complanata, Moller = minuta.
concinna, ddams, L. 12, f. 54, 55.
confusa, Hanl., L. 26, f. 85.
Conradi, Hanl., L. 44, f. 101.
convexa, Sow., N. 28, f. 112, 113.
corticata, Holb., f. 157, 158.*
costellata, Sow., L. 11, f. 59.
crassa, Hinds, L. 27, f. 69.

erenifera, Sow., L. 8, f. 37, 38.
crenifera, Hanl. = Metealfei.
crenulata, 4d., N. 16, f. 134, 135.
erispa, Hinds, L. 50, f. 107, 108.
Cumingii (N.), Hinds, N.24, f.117.
Cumingii, Hanl., 8. 2, f. 3.
Cumingit (Neilo), Adams = 8.
Australis.
cuneata, Sow., L. 40, f. 92, 93.
cuneata, Hanl. = Elenensis.
eurvirostrum, Humph. = rostrata.
declivis, Hinds, N. 15, f. 147.
decora, Adams, L. 10, f. 47, 48.
decussata, Sow., N. 1, f. 109, 110,
Halak
delphinodonta, Mighels, N. 36, f.
138, 139.
divaricata, Hinds, N. 20, f. 151.
divaricata, Valenc. = ? obliqua.
eborea, Conrad, L.,t f. 176 (un-
determined).
eburnea, Sow., L. 33, f. 90.
Hightsii, Couth., L. 64, f. 164.
electa, Adams, L. 6, f. 40, 41.
Elenensis, Sow., L. 29, f. 70, 71,
72.
elongata, Sow., L. 1, f. 39.
elongata, Daudin = pernula.
elongata, Val. = Sowerbiana.
emarginata, “ Lam.” Phil.=pella,
Linn.
Folica, Val. = lanceolata.
excavata, Hinds, L.52, f. 104,105.
exigua, Sow., N. 17, f. 136.
expansa, Reeve = Bellotii.
fabula, Sow. = pella, Linn.

* Supposed by Morch, ete., to be = delphinodonta ; is larger, less triangular, and
more swollen than the ordinary form; in place of coarse distant ridges of growth, it
seems to be more closely, finely, and regularly sulcated below.

+ “ Ovate-acute, ventricose, with minute concentric very regular lines, highly po-
lished, ivory-white ; anterior side beaked, pointed, rather the longer.”

NUCULID.

fastidiosa, 4dams, L. 35, f. 82, 83.
JSuwiatilis, Schréter = pernula.
fragilis, Chemn., L. 31, f. 171.
fulgida, ddams, L. 34, f. 91.
frigida, Tor., L. 67, f. 168, 169.
gibba, Adams = mitralis.
gibbosa, Sow., L. 28, f. 79.
glacialis, Leach (teste Gray), L.
68; £305 3iL.
gloriosa, 4dams, L. 5, f. 42, 43.
Gouldii, Dekay, p. 140, f. 162.
Grayi, D’Orb., N. 25, f. 126.
Hindsii, Hani., L. 51, f. 102.
hyperborea, Loven = arctica.
inconspicua, Adams, L. 19, f. 77,
vice
inflata, Hanc., N. 34, f. 115, 116.
inornata, Adams = cuneata.
intermedia, Ocrsted = pernula,
teste Torell.
interrupta (Arca), Poli = pella.
Jamaicensis, D’ Ord., L. 49, f. 173.
Japonica, Ad. § Reeve, L. 65, f.
14

lanceolata, J. Sow., L. 57, f. 12.
lanceolata, Lam. = Taylori.
lanceolata, Sow. Senior = electa.
lanceolata, Sow. Junior = Sower-
biana.
Largillierti, Phil. = bicuspidata.
lata, Hinds, L. 20, f. 44, 45.
laternaria, Val. = Thracieformis.
Layardi, Adams, N. 30, f. 153.
Lepa, p. 106.
lenticula, Moller = pygmeea.
lepida, Adams = serotina.
lepidula, Adams, L. 55, f. 6.
limatula, Say, L. 59, f. 9.
limosa, Phil., p. 142.
levigata, Gould = sapotilla.
levigata, Spengl. = Nicobarica.
levigatus (Lembulus), Beck. =
arctica ?
lucida, Zov., L. 69, f. 23, 24, 25.
lugubris, 4d., L. 18, f. 75, 76.
tyrata, Hinds = eburnea.
M‘Andrei, Hanl., N. 32, f. 143.

167

macilenta, Steenst. = pernula.
Malabarica, Hanl., N. 21, f. 152.
margaritacea, Brug.—See nucleus.
margaritacea, Sow. = radiata.
margaritacea, Adams = convexa.
marmorea, Hinds, N. 11, f. 145.
Martini, Bolten = pernula.
Mauritiana, Sow., L. 38, f. 99.
Metealfei, Hani., L. 9, f. 34.
micans, Addams, L. 43, f. 100.
minuta, Phil. (as of Brocchi) =
commutata.
minuta, Gould = tenuisuleata.
minuta, Muller, L. 16, f. 61, 62.
minuta, Mont. = caudata.
mirabilis, 4/7. § Reeve, N. 19, f.
114.
mitralis, Hinds, N. 10, f. 144.
Montagui, Gray = rostrata.
Mulleri, Gray = Thracizformis.
myalis, Couth., L. 61, f. 18.
myalis, Hanl. = arctica.
nana, Hinds, N. p. 163.
nasuta, Sow., L. 37, f. 86.
navicula, Valenc. = Australis.
navicularis, Couth. = Thracize-
formis.
Nicobarica, Brug., L. 55, f. 7.
nitida, Sow., N. 7, f. 120.
nitidula, Adams, N. 6, f. 142.
Norristi, Sow., S. 1, f. 1, 2.
nucleus, Linn., N. 2, f. 121, 122,
159.
Nucura, p. 147.
Nuculoides, Blainv. = Norrisii.
obesa, Stimp., p. 141, f. 163.
obliqua, Lam., N. 23, f. 150.
obliqua, Sow. = Grayl.
obliquata, Beck.—See inflata.
oblonga, Brown = pernula.
ornata, D’Oré., L. 41, f. 97, 98.
parva, Sow. = minuta.
Patagonica, D’Ord., L. 3, f. 49,
50, 51, 52.
paulula, ddams, N. 9, f. 131, 132.

| Paytensis, 4d., f. 160, 161.—See

crenulata.

168

pella, Zinn., 1. 22, f. 65, 66.
pella, Gm. = fragilis.
pella, Sow. = confusa.
pella, Brug. = commutata.
pellucida, Gm. = Nicobarica.
pernula, M/7il/., Li. 14, £.56, 57, 58.
pisum, Sow., N. 14, f. 133.
plicifera, Adams = bicuspidata.
Polii, Phil. = decussata.
polita, Sow., L. 36, f. 68.
PORTLANDIA, pp. 106, 144.
Portlandica, Witch. = glacialis.
proxima, Say, N. 8, f. 118, 119.
Puelcha, D’Ord., N. 22, f. 149.
puellata, Hinds, L. 39, f. 94.
pulchra, Hinds, N. 13, f. 146.
pygmea, Munst., L. 70, f. 26, 27.
radiata, Dekay = proxima.
radiata, Hanl., N. 4, f. 123, 124.
recta, Hinds, L.,* f. 175 (unde-
termined).
recurva, Conrad = rostrata.
reticulata, Hinds, Li. 46, f. 103.
retusa, Hinds, L. 71, f. 28, 29.
Rossianus, Risso = pella, Linn.
rostrata, Gmel. & Schum. = per-
nula.
rostrata, Mont., L. 24, f. 84.
rostrata, Sow. = caudata.
rugulosa, Sow., p. 149.
sapotilla, Gould, L. 63, f. 16.
semiornata, D’Orb.=pisum,f var.

NUCULID#.

semisuleata, Adams = lata.
serotina, Hinds, L.54, f.19, 20,21.
siliqua, Reeve = glacialis.
simplex, ddams, N. 27, f. 137.
Sowerbiana, D’Ord., L. 2, f. 33.
Strangei, 4dams, N. 26, f. 125.
striata, King, p. 123.
striata, Phil. = commutata.
striata, Sow. = fragilis.
striolata, 4dams, N. 3, f. 129.
sulcata, Phil. = decussata.
suleata, Adams, N. 12, f. 127.
sulcatus, Leach = caudata.
sulcifera, Reeve, L. 73, f. 165, 166.
sulculatus, Risso (indeterminable).
suleulata, Couth., p. 129, f. 177.
Taylori, Hanl., L. 7, f. 35.
Tellinoides, Sow., L. 4, f. 36.
tenella, Hinds, L. 56, f. 15.
tenuis, Mont., N. 33, f. 140, 141.
tenuis, Moller = inflata.
tenuisuleata, Couth., Li. 13, f. 87.
Thracizformis, Storer, L. 66, f. 4,
18%
truncata, Brown = glacialis.
tumida, Hinds = convexa.
turgida, Gould, p. 159.
ventricosa, Hinds, L. 32, f. 88, 89.
vitrea, D’Ord., L. 48, f. 170.
Youpra, pp. 106, 138.
Woodwardi, Hanl., L. 62, f. 17,
22.

* «T. oblonga, tumida, inclinaté sulcata, recté et attenuaté rostrata, posticé ro-

tundata.”

+ As the engraving of this shell would hardly warrant this synonym, I subjoin a
description of D’Orbigny’s types, which now rest in our national Museum.—

N. semrornata, D’ Orb. Amér. Mérid. 624. pl. 84. f. 27, 28, 29.—Somewhat ob-
liquely ovate, much longer than broad, subventricose, with a shining ashy-olive epi-
dermis, concentrically traversed, towards the ventral margin, especially in front, by
somewhat wavy and rather irregular riblets, and adorned on the dorsal regions with
divergent curved close costellar strie ; otherwise unsculptured, yet with traces of the
radiating crenulz near the shorter end. Anterior side much produced, its tip well
rounded and slightly tapering; its dorsal edge convex. Posterior side extremely
short, its lower corner cut off by the oblique rise of the arched and finely crenulated
ventral margin. Posterior edge almost perpendicular, convex. Dorsal areas unde-
fined. +. San Blas, N. Patagonia.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

HARPA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum, testa subcanalifera, ventri-
cosa, ovali, costis longitudinalibus reflexis plus minusve regularibus
superné angulatis et acuminatis ornata; columella et spire parte
encaustis ; spiri brevi, coronata, apice mammillati; apertura
magna, anticé emarginata, labio externo reflexo, labio interno
tenuiter expanso; columella planulaté, anticé acuta, plica cana-
lifera costata ad dorsum reflexa.

The peculiar form and reflected ribs of the Harps distinguish
them from the shells of every other genus. In early stages of
growth the shells are striated, but the strie become obliterated
with age.

Species.

1. H. cosrata, Linn., f. 4, 5, 23.—H. inflata, rosea, super
costas albo-fasciaté, inter costas longitudinaliter striata, fusco
sparsim picta; costis crebris, superné vix trilobatis, ad angulum
acuté productis, tunc depressis, ad spiram in culmine plicato ele-
vatis ; apertura lata, flavida, labio interno incrassato, prope me-
dium castaneo maculato.—Linneus having described a species
resembling the “ Buccinum Harpa,’ but with crowded ribs, I
agree with the author of ‘Ipsa Linnei Conchylia’ that we may
conclude this shell, usually known as ZH. imperialis, to be the one
intended.

2. H. venrricosa, Lamés., f. 18-22, 25.—H. testa inflata,
subquadrata, inter costas longitudinaliter striata, strigis undulatis
acutis castaneis laqueata ; costis extantibus, fusco et albo fasciatis,
superne angulatis, plerumque laté reflexis, prope angulum subtri-
lobatis, acuté carinatis; spird anfractibus nigro encaustis ; apertur’
magna, superné subquadrata ; labio interno supra, medio et infra
fusco-nigrescente maculato.—This common but beautiful species
is distinguished from others by a certain squareness of outline in

VOL. III. U

170 HARPA.

the upper part of the whorls, and by the square and pointed flu-
tings of colour between the ribs. Fig. 21 is a close-ribbed variety
of this species, and in fig. 18 the markings have become irregular
and zebra-like. Tig. 25 represents the young shell.

3. H. nosis, Rumph.,f. 1, 2, 3.—H. testa subcylindrica, inter
costas levigati, maculis fuscis et rubris seriatim picta; costis pla-
nulatis, latis, pallidé roseis, transversé nigro-lineatis, ad angulum
acutis, infra crenulatis ; apertura mediocri, labio externo infra
crenulato.—Narrower and more cylindrical than H. ventricosa,
with no dividing points at the upper part of the ribs. Aperture
rather narrowing towards the base. The ribs and outer lip of the
aperture are crenulated at the lower part.

4. H. nasiium, Mart., f. 14-17, and 24.—H. testa solida,
obliqué ovali, superné declivi, carnea, rubro et fusco fasciata, inter
costas strigis undulatis laqueaté; costis crassis, decumbentibus,
plerumque ineequalibus, fasciatis, nonnunquam lineis nigris quasi-
articulatis ; spira elevata, encausta, declivi, levi; columella maculis
spadiceis magnis pict’.—Our distinct and almost specific variety,
f. 16, of which we have only seen two specimens, namely, Mr.
Juming’s and our own, is the same as figured in the third volume
of Martini, under the name H. nabliwm. Chemnitz afterwards
figured a bad specimen of the ordinary variety as “ Buccinum
Harpa antiquata.” There are many beautiful varieties of H. na-
blium (known as H. conoidalis) which pass into each other by in-
finite gradations. The slope of the spire, the more obliquely oval
form, and other points distinguish them all from /. ventricosa.

5. H. arricunaris, Lamh., f.9, 10, 11.—H. testa inflata,
ovali-ventricosi, inter costas grisescente pallidé maculis undulatis
ornati ; costis regularibus, pallidé fulvis, lineis latis transversis
duplicatis quasi articulatis ; aperturd magné, labio interno colore
castaneo nigricante laté infuso; spira breviuscula, acute coronata.
—This shell is hghter, more ventricose, and less oblique than any
of the varieties of H. nablium ; it is of a greyish colour, the spire
is shorter, less enamelled, and more sharply crowned with rib-
points. ‘The markings between the ribs are pale, while those upon
them are very strong, and the colour in front of the shell is uni-
formly spread, instead of being in patches, as in the last species.

6. H. cancetnata, Chemn., f. 26.—H. testa parva, pallida,
transversé lineis elevatis duplicatim striati; costis distantibus
tenuibus superné acutis ; spira brevi, apice elevato acuto.—<As the
young of all the species of Harpa are spirally striated, I am not
certain of this being a distinct species, but more than half suspect

HARPA. wal

it may be the young of H. articularis, in very early whorls of
which may be observed a similar duplicate striation. I am glad
of an opportunity of figuring this unique specimen in Mr. Hanley’s
collection, which might have been the very original of Chemnitz’s
figure.

7. H. Rivortana, Lesson, f. 12, 18.—H. testi subangulata,
paululum turbinata, grised, inter costas minuté fasciatim et undu-
Jatim fusco strigaté ; costis decumbentibus, angustis, interruptim
longitudinaliter nigro-lineatis, superné triangulatis, ad angulum
supremum acuminatis, anticé undulatim crenatis; spira brevi, an-
fractu ultimo solum encausto.—This species, /Z. crenata of Swain-
son, Is unquestionably distinct from H. rosea, which, besides the
difference in colour, is not at all angular or turbinated above, and
has the spire much more produced.

8. H. roswa, AZein, f. 6, 7, 8.—H. testa ovali, subangustata,
rose, inter costas minute fasciatim et undulatim fusco strigata et
maculis magnis rubro pict; costis decumbentibus, angustis, in-
terruptim longitudinaliter fusco-lineatis, superné subspinosis, anticé
undulatim crenulatis ; spira elevata, anfractibus rotundis ; labio in-
terno tenuissimé encausto.—More oval than H. Rivoliana (Cre-
nata, Sw.) and more rounded at the upper part of the whorls and
ribs. The pinky tint and rosy patches between the ribs are
constant, although the dark bands in var. f. 6 give a rich purplish
aspect to the shell.

9. H. minor, Rumph., Mart., f. 27, 28, 29.—H. testA angusta,
fulva seu pallidé grisea, inter costas fusco seu purpureo undulatim
minute strigata; costis plerumque inequalibus, superné acute
nodosis, transverse creberrimé fusco-lineatis ; spird elevata, anfracti-
bus coronatis ;—variat costis crebris.—The more volutiform variety
with numerous ribs is regarded as distinct by some collectors, but
the varieties are so numerous and the gradations so subtle that I
cannot by any means adopt the separation. I am even doubtful
as to the propriety of separating the next.

10. H. crassa, Mérch, f. 30, 31.—H. testa H. minori simili,
sed crassiore ; costis superné angulatis.—The only tangible dif-
ference between this and the last is the angle or shoulder formed
on the upper part of the ribs. It is rather conventionally than
scientifically that I should adopt a distinct name for this variety
or possibly “ incipient species.”

ll. H. cracitis, Brod., f. 32, 33.—H. testé H. minori simili,
sed tenuiore, pallida, elongata, transversé minutissimé striat4, pos-
ticé angulata ; spird vix coronaté.—This probable species departs

172 HARPA.

from the typical form of /7. minor in the opposite direction to that
of H. crassa, being elongated, thin, and narrow, with the aperture
slightly contracted towards the spire and widened in front.

12. H. virernatts, J. Gray, f. 34, 35.—H. testa alba, 77. crass
simili, sed spird breviore et magis declivi ; costis obtusis, superné
angulatis, interstitiis unicostatis—I am indebted for a drawing of
this unique shell, which I have seen, to the kindness of J. Gray,
Ksq., of Glasgow, who has had it in his collection for some years.
It may quite possibly prove a variety of ZZ. crassa, but the penulti-
mate whorl is less elevated, and an intercostal riblet, which occurs
accidentally and irregularly in some species, assumes a rather re-
gular and formal aspect in the more advanced part of this interest-
ing shell.

INDEX OF SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

antiquata, Ch.—nablium, 4. multicostata, Sowb.—costata, 1.
articularis, Zamk., 5, f. 9, 10, 11. | nablium, Mart., 4, f. 14-17, 24.
Cabritii, Bern.—ventricosa, 2. nobilis, Rumph., 3, f. 1, 2, 3.
cancellata, Chem., 6, f. 26. oblonga, Schm.—minor, 9.
costata, Linn., 1, f. 4, 5, 23. Rivoliana, Lesson, 7, f. 12, 138,
crassa, Mérch, 10. f. 30, 31. rosacea, Mart.—rosea, 8.
crenata, Sw.—Rivoliana, 7. rosea, Klein, 8, f. 6, 7, 8.
Davidis.—costata, 1. | solida, A. Ad.—crassa, 10.
gracilis, Brod., 11, f. 32, 33. striata, Lamk.—ventricosa, 2.
imperialis, Lamk.—costata, 1. striatula, 4. 4d.—nablium, 4.
Tyra-Davidis, Mart.—costata, 1. ventricosa, Lamk., 2, f.18-22, 25.

minor, Rumph., 9, f. 27, 28, 29. virginalis, J. Gray, 12, f. 34, 36.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

GALEOMMA, Turton.

Genus.—Molluscum acephalum, bimusculosum ; testi bivalvi,
transversim ovata, terminibus subacutis omnino divaricatim striata,
striis dorsalibus divaricatim adscendentibus; valvis ad marginem
ventralem laté hiantibus ; cardine edentulo seu dentibus utraque
valva duobus parvis, quorum und nonnunquam duplicaté; lga-
mento parvo, lineari, interno; pall impressione integra.

In distinguishing between the species of this genus and those of
Scrntitta, | have thought the best guide would be the presence
of sculpture in the former and its absence in the latter, and have
therefore displaced the four species included by M. Deshayes in
his division of Galeomma, described as “lisses et brillantes a
ouverture médiocre,” namely, ambigua, splendida, polita, and Lay-
ardi. The Galeomme lie in mud and sand under stones, with
their valves spread open.

In the following descriptions, I have chosen rather to attend to
comparative characters than to repeat these which are more pos?-
five. I adopt this method in concurrence with the following sen-
iments expressed by Buffon :—

“Tt is only by comparing that we can judge, and our know-
ledge turns entirely on the relation that things bear to those which
resemble them.”

Species of Galeomma.
Plate 234.

1. G. Turront (f. 1, 2, 3, 4), Sows.—Testa oblonga, alba, ad
latera oblique subtruncata, terminis acutis, striis elevatis duplicatis
et divaricatis moniliferis sculpta, striis ad marginem dorsalem ad-
scendentibus, margine ventrali validé hiante; cardine edentulo.
Obs. The pointed ends and wide hiatus of this white British shell
are wellknown. The sculpture consists of beaded strie diverging
in pairs and rising upwards towards the dorsal edge.

VOL, III. x

174 GALEOMMA.

2. G. macrocuisma (f.7, 8), Desh.—Testa pallidé fulvaé, quam
G. Turtoni breviore ; terminis magis obtusis; valvis medio coare-
tatis; dentibus nullis. Ods. This is the Philippine analogue of
our British species, but shorter and more truncated in form.

3. G. arcentea (f. 13, 14), Deskh.—TestA mimuté striata, quam
G. Turtoni magis compressi et ad terminos truncata, dentibus
minutis; intus quasi-argented. Ods. Much flattened and more
truncated at the ends than G. Turton, with the inside shining
like silver, and the outside very minutely striated.

4, G. rormosa (f. 11), Dess.—Testa ovali, oblonga, aurantio-
fulva, subcompressd ; terminis acutis; striis medio evamidis, ad
marginem dorsalem adscendentibus ; dentibus parvis. Ods. This
species also approaches the typical form, but the strise are very
faint on the body of the shell, which is of an orange-brown tint.

5. G. iviata (f. 5, 6), Desh.—Testd fulva, inflata ; terminis
rotundatis, medio coarctato ; latere postico majore, striis minutis
medio subevanidis ; dentibus parvis.

6. G. paucistriata (f. 9), Desh.—Testd albidd, subinflata,
subovali, medio coarctata; terminis obtusis, stris numerosis di-
vergentibus, ad marginem dorsalem adscendentibus. Ods, The
sculpture is regular but much more close than in G. Turtoni. It
is a thin shell, obtuse at the edges.

7. G.inpecora (f. 15), Desh.—Testa albida, tenui, subinflata ;
striis distantibus, subevanidis. Ods. This is like the preceding,
but is rather more equilateral, the sculpture far less distinct, and
the valves not so much inflated.

8. G. aneusra (f. 10), Desh.—Testi quam G. paucicostata
angustiore. Oés. In sculpture similar to G. paucicostata, but
more straight and narrow.

9. G. cunoroteuca (f. 12), Desh.—Testa pallidé aurantia,
ovali, medio coarctata; hiatu angusto; striis subevanidis. Oés.
The melon tint and general proportions of this species bring it
very near to Secntilla ambigua, but on careful examination, it 1s
found to be striated.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

SCINTILLA.

Genus.—Molluscum acephalum, bimusculosum ; test bivalvi,
polita, transversim subovataé ; terminis rotundis seu subtruncatis ;
margine ventrali clauso vel paululum hiante, margine dorsali non-
nunquam hiante ; cardine dentibus utrique valvd duobus, quorum
postico nonnunquam duplicato, ligamento parvo, lineari, interno ;
pallii impressione integra. Ods. Very few of the species gape in
front, and none so widely as in the true Galeomme. Some of
them are open at the ends and dorsal margin. When living, the
valves lie spread open, with the mantle turned back over the edges
and often a great part of the surface, which probably gives them
the brilliant polish by which they are distinguished from Galeomme.

Species of Scintilla.
Plates 234, 235.
Sect. I. Species with an hiatus in the ventral margin.

1. Sc. Layarot (f. 20), Desh.—Testa tenuissima, alba, com-
pressi, subequilatera ; terminis snbtruncatis ; margine ventrali
hiante. Ods. It is like a true Galeomma, excepting that it has no
sculpture.

2. Sc. sprenpipa (f. 14, 15).—Testd politissima, quam Se.
Layardi altiore ; latere antico subtruncato. O43. Much wider from
apex to base than Se. Layard’, which otherwise it resembles.

3. Sc. pourra (f. 19), Desh.—Testi alba, compressi, tenui,
oblonga, subquadrata, concentricé undulata; latere antico breviore,
truneato. Ods. A rather flat, thin white shell, truncated at both
extremities, slightly open in front.

175 SCINTILLA.

4. Sc. ampieua (f. 1, 2, 8, 4).—Testa pallidé aurantia, tenui,
oblong’, depresso punctulato, prismatici, subdiaphana, subin-
flata ; latere antico subtruncato, postico rotundato, majore ; margine
ventrali hiatu mediocri; dente antico in valva simistra bifida.
Obs. The substance of this shell is so far diaphanous that the
muscular impressions can be seen on the outside. ‘The ventral
opening is not large.

5. Sc. auranwraca (f. 5), Desh.—Testa aurantid, quam Se. am-
digua magis elongata ; hiatu parvo. Ods. The narrowness of this
shell is hardly sufficient to distinguish it from the preceding.
The hiatus is, however, smaller.

6. Sc. patiiputa (f. 6), Desh.—Testd pallidi, Se. ambigue
simili, sed margine ventrali vix hiante. Os. The very small ven-
tral opening is the principal difference between this and Se.
ambigua.

7. Sc. Forsusir (f. 7, 8), Des4.—Testi inflata, ovali, pallidé
aurantid; latere antico paululum breviore ; subtruncato margine
ventrali arcuato, vix hiante. Ods. A little more regularly oval,
and a little more equilateral than Se. ambigua.

8. Sc. Bornugnsis (f. 10), Desh.—Testi albidd, concentrice
substriata, subinflata, latere postico majore, latere antico obliqué
subtruncato; margine ventrali subcontracto. Ods. Like Sc.
Adamsii, but more inflated, slightly contracted at the ventral edge,
and faintly striated or undulated concentrically on the surface.

9. Sc. rospa (f. 11), Dest.—Testa rosea, polita, inflata, clausa,
oblonga; latere postico longiore et latiore, latere antico parvo,
declivi. Obs. Of a beautiful rose tint; this shell is also remark-
able for the smallness of its anterior as compared with its poste-
rior side.

10. Sc. puptca (f. 12), Desh.—Testi Se. rosee@ simili, sed
latere antico subquadrato; margine ventrali paululum aperto.
Obs. More square and truncated than Se. rosea, with a very shght
opening in the ventral margin.

11. Se. Ruecruzrana (f. 13). Desh.—Testd tenui, rosei-purpu-
rescente, oblonga, latere antico truncato ; margine ventrali recto,
clauso. Obs. A thinner and more purple shell, more straight at
the ventral margin and truncated on the anterior side than Se.
pudica.

SCINTILLA. 177

Sect. II. Species with no hiatus.

12. Sc. Apamsi (f. 9), Desh.—Testa pallida, oblong’, com-
press’; latere antico breviore, truncato; margine ventrali clauso,
recto. Oss. A pale oblong species, with the margins quite closed.

13. Sc. Owrnrr (f. 18), Desh.—Testa diaphana, alba, clausd
fasciis concentricis opacis, oblong’, quam Sc. Borneensis breviore ;
latere antico paulo breviore, truncato. O4s. A transparent. shell
with opaque bands, shorter and more truncated than Se. Borneensis,
and closed.

14. Sc. Srraneur (f. 16), Desh— Quam Se. Owenii magis
opaci ; margine dorsali posticé magis declivi, anticé magis elevato.
Ods. A more opaque-white shell than Se. Oweniz, with the dorsal

margin more sloping on the posterior, and more elevated on the
anterior side.

15. Sc. rapa (f. 17), Desh.—Testa lacted, ovali, inflata, postice
rotundata, anticé vix truncata. Ods. More inflated and rounded
than the preceding, not so truncated at the anterior side.

16. Sc. vorutosa (f. 21), Desh.—Testa pallidissimé roseé,
compressa, oblonga, concentricé vix undulata; latere antico breviore,
subtruncato. Os. Flatter and more straight than the preceding
species.

17. Sc. canpipa (f. 33), Desh.—Testd lacted, ovali, clausa,
subinflata ; margine ventrali subrotundo; latere postico subde-
clivi, latere antico brevi, declivi. Ods. A milk-white oval shell,
closed all round.

18. Sc. renuts (f. 34), Desh.—Testé quam Se. candida lon-
giore, rectiuscula, tenuiore, anticeé magis truncata. Ods. Slightly

straighter, longer, thinner, and more truncated anteriorly than
Se. candida.

19. Sc. Juxesn (f. 42, 43), Desh.—Testa ovali-oblonga, alba,
subdiaphana, fasctis opacioribus, subzquilateré, utrinque sub-
truncata, paululum lhiante; margine ventrali clauso, recto.
Obs. This fine shell is shghtly open at the extremities and dorsal
margin.

20. Sc. Cuminent (f. 36, 37, 38), Desh.—Testa. solida, ovali,
alba, partim minutissimé granulati, clausi; margine undulatim
crenulato; cardine laminato; latere antico paululum minore.

178 SCINTILLA.

Obs. A very curious, white, oval shell, which, although to the eye
smooth, is minutely granulated and striated near the margin, and
has its inner edges crenulated or undulated in a singular manner.

21. Sc. scrntinuans (f. 44), Desh.—Testi ovali-subquadrata,
nitente, clausi, apice et medio semipellucida, cceruled, prope mar-
ginem opaci, crassiore, lutei; latere antico breviore; margine
dorsali utrinque declivi. Ods. Bluish and half-transparent at the
apex and in the centre, thicker, more opaque and yellowish to-
wards the margin.

22. Sc. soripuLa (f. 48, 49), Desh.—Testa ovali-subquad-
rata, solida, pallidé fulva ; latere antico breviore ; terminis obli-
qué subtruncatis. Ods. Similar in form to S. scintidlans, but
not so glassy or shining, more truncated, and of the same thick-
ness and colour throughout.

23. Sc. ovurina (f. 47), Desh.—Testa quam Se. solidula
magis tumida, angusté et truncata. Ods. A rather narrower,
more tumid and more truncated shell than Se. solidula.

24. Sc. rurcescens (f. 45, 46), Desh.—Testa alba, solida, ovali-
subquadrata, valde inflata; margine ventrali recto; margine dorsali
declivi; terminis truncatis; apice tumido. Ods. A very tumid
white shell, with straight ventral margin and truncated extremities.

25. Sc. rurema (f. 51, 52), Desh.—Testa alba, tenui, inflata ;
latere antico brevi, truncato, latere postico tumido, rotundo; mar-
gine dorsali elevato; margine ventrali posticé inflato, anticé con-
tracto. Ods. This differs from Se. ¢wrgescens in being thinner and
having the posterior side much more inflated than the anterior.

26. Sc. Dusnaynsir (f. 50), Sows.—Testa alba, pellucida, in-
flata, ovali-subquadrata, concentricé undulata; apice rotundo; mar-
gine dorsali utrinque declivi; terminis subtruncatis; margine
ventrali subrotundo, latere antico breviore. Obs. I am “obliged to
change this name on account of the removal of the species named
by Deshayes Galeomma Layardi into this genus.

27. Sc. pisum (f. 54, 55), Sowd.—Testa parva, lutea, semi-
pellucida, clausé, subovali, tumida, concentricé leviter striata ;
latere antico brevi, latere postico inflato. Ods. A small inflated
yellow shell, with the posterior side more inflated than the anterior.

28. Sc. succrnea (f. 58), Desh.—Testa fusca semi-pellucida,
quadrata, compressa, clausd; apice tumido; margine postico late-
rali obliquo. O#s. Rather flat and nearly square.

SCINTILLA. 179

29. Sc. opattna (f. 41), Desh.—Testa tenuissima, translucida,
albida, ovali, subcompressa, clausa, obliqua ; marginibus dorsali-
bus declivis. Ods. A very transparent little shell with sloping
dorsal edges, and rather oblique.

30. Sc. srrtatina (f. 40), Desh.—Testa parva, tenuissima, hya-
lina, alba, compressa, clausd, subequilaterali, concentricé striata ;
margine ventrali recto. Ods. Distinguished from Sc. opadina in
being more straight and concentrically striated.

31. Sc. pectivis (f. 39), Sows.—Testa parva, clausa, albida,
intus subfusci; margine dorsali utrinque declivi; terminis sub-
rotundatis. Ods. A small shell, sloping at both sides, being par-
tially transparent; it is tinged from the inside with purplish brown.

32. Sc. opriaua (f. 35), Sows.—Testa quam Sc. declivis
magis truncata et recti; latere antico brevissimo. és. Distin-
guished by the shortuess of the anterior side.

Sect. III. Species with an hiatus in the latero-dorsal margin.

33. Sc. Hyaina (f. 23, 24), Desh.—Testa ovali, diaphana,
pallida, subinflaté, subaquilaterali; terminis hiantibus; apice
inflato. Ods. A transparent shell of an oval form, with the mar-
gin gaping at both ends.

34. Sc, Rexver (f. 29, 30), Desk.—Testa ovali, brevi, pallidé
lutea, diaphana, inflata; latere postico subdeclivi, latere antico
breviusculo truncato ; margine dorsali utrinque hiante. Ods. Oval,
short, rather truncated at the anterior side, diaphanous, open at
the dorsal edge on both sides.

35. Sc. Hanueyi (f. 22, 27, 28), Sowd. G. B. 2.—Testa hyalina,
ovali, alba; latere postico rotundo, latere antico breviore; margine
dorsali, et terminis hiantibus. Ods. A compressed, transparent
white species, gaping at both extremities.

36. Sc. Purmiprrvensis (f. 31, 32), Desh.—Testa quam Se.
Singaporina magis oblonga, rectiuscula; latere antico magis trun-
eato, Obs. More straight and truncated than Sc. Handey:.

37. Sc. crystaLiina (f. 53), Desk.—Testa parva, translucida,
fulva; margine dorsali utrinque paululum hiante. Ods. A pretty
little buff-coloured shell, shghtly open at the dorsal margin.

38. Sc. anomaxa (f. 25, 26), Desh.—Testa alba, pellucida,

compressi, subquadrataé; marginibus dorsalibus paululum hianti-
bus. Obs. This little white shell is much like the scale of a fish.

180 SCINTILLA.

39. Sc. uypattna (f. 56, 57), Desh.—Testa hyalina, tenuissi-
ma, pallidé fulva, compressa, subovali; terminis rotundis ; mar-
gine dorsali utrinque aperto. Ods. Very transparent and flat,
oval, and open at the dorsal edge.

40. Sc. HypropHANa (f. 62), Desh.—esta semipellucida, pal-
lidé fulva, subovali, compressa, quam Se. hydatina magis oblonga ;
terminis declivis, paulo apertis. Oés. Rather less pellucid and
more oblong than Se. hydatina.

41. Sc. crocga (f.63), Desh.—Testa aurantid, compressa, pellu-
cida, subquadrata; terminis oblique truncatis; apice acuto ; margi-
nibus dorsalibus paulo apertis. Ods. Flatter, more transparent, and
longer in proportion to its height than Sc. swccinea, and with the
dorsal margins a little open.

42. Sc. Cuvirrt (f. 59, 60), Desh.—Testé tenui, subrotunda,
subinflata, concentricé leviter striata, pallidé fulva, leviter radiata ;
margine dorsali ad latera paululum aperto ; latere antico brevius-
culo, paululum angustato. Ods. This shell is nearly circular, with
the anterior side slightly contracted.

43. Sc. Trworensts (f. 61), Desh.—Testa subquadrata, flavida,
compressa; margine dorsali ad latera paululum aperto, terminis
subtruncatis, margine ventrali rectiusculo. 04s. Much more square
than the preceding.

44. Sc. ruavipa (f. 64), Desh.—Testa pallida, quam Se.
Timorensis paululum magis rotunda, anticé haud tantum truncata.
Obs. More pale, thin and rounded than Se. Timorensis.

45. Sc. virrwa (f. 68), Desh.—Testa tenuissima, pallida, fasciis
opacis cincté, pellucidi, compress’, subquadratd; terminis obli-
qué truneatis. Oés. A very flat, scale-like transparent shell.

46. Sc. squama (f. 65), Desk.—Testd alba, pellucida, com-
pressa, concentricé undulata, ovali, margine dorsali ad latera aperto ;
latere antico breviusculo, subtruncato. Ods. This delicate, trans-
parent, scale-like shell is concentrically undulated.

47. Sc. peturcuta (f. 66, 67), Desh.—Testa obliqué ovali,
alba, pellucida; undis concentricis magnis, lateribus subtruncatis.
Oés. A more oblique shell than Se. sguama, with the centric ridges
larger.

181

GALEOMMA AND SCINTILLA.

PuLatEs 235, 236.

{All the Specimens from Mr. Cuming’s Cabinet, and identified by M. Deshayes.)

17.

18
19
20
21
22

23, 24

Pirate CCXXXV.
GALEOMMA.

. Turtoni, Sové., 1.

. inflata, Desh.,* 5.

. macrochisma, Desh., 2.
. paucistriata, Desh., 6.
. angusta, Desh., 8.

. formosa, Desh., 4.

. chloroleuca, Desh., 9.
. argentea, Desh., 3.

. indecora, Desh., 7.

SCINTILLA.

. ambigua, Desh., 4.

. aurantiaca, Desh., 5.

. pallidula, Desh., 6.

. Forbesii, Desh., 7.

. Adamsii, Desh., 12.

. Borneensis, Desh., 8.
. rosea, Desh., 9.

. pudica, Desh., 10.

. Recluziana, Desh., 11.

. splendida, Desh., 2.

. Strangei, Desh., 14.

faba, Desh., 15.

. Owen, Desh., 13.

. polita, Desh., 3.

. Layardi, Desh., 1.

. porulosa, Desh., 16.

. Hanleyi, Desh. (See f. 27,
28.)

. hyalina, Desh., 33.

Figs.
25, 26.
27, 28.

29, 30.
31, 32.
33.
34.
35.
36-38.
39.
40.
41.
42, 43.
4A,
45, 46.
47.
48, 49.
50.

51, 52.
53.
54, 55.
56, 57.
58.
59, 60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66, 67.
68.

anomala, Desh., 38.
Hanleyi, Desh., 35. Also
f. 22.
Reevei, Desh., 34.
Philippinensis, Desh., 36.
candida, Desh., 17.
tenuis, Desh., 18.
obliqua, Desh., 32.
Cumingii, Desh., 26.
declivis, Sozwé., 31.
striatina, Desh., 30.
opalina, Desh., 29.
Jukesii, Desh., 19.
scintillans, Desh., 21.
turgescens, Desh., 24.
ovulina, Desh., 23.
solidula, Desh., 22.
Deshayesii, Sowd., 26.
Layardi, Desh.
turgida, Desh., 25.
erystallina, Desh., 37.
pisum, Sowd., 27.
hydatina, Desh., 39.
succinea, Desh., 28.
Cuvieri, Desh., 42.
Timorensis, Desh., 43.
hydrophana, Desh., 40.
crocea, Desh., 41.
flavida, Desh., 44.
squama, Sozzd., 46.
pellicula, Desh., 47.
vitrea, Desh., 45.

* Monographs of Galeomma and Scintilla, Pro. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 167-181.

VOL.

Ill.

Yy

INDEX OF SPECIES

Adamsii, Desh., S. 12, f. 9.
ambigua, Desh., 8. 4, f. 1-4.
angusta, Desh., G. 8, f. 10.
anomala, Desh., S. 38, f. 25, 26.
argentea, Desh., G. 3, f. 13, 14.
aurantiaca, Desh., 8. 5, f. 5.
Borneensis, Desh., 3. 8, f. 10.
candida, Desh., 8. 17, f. 33.
chloroleuca, Desh., G. 9, f. 12.
erystallina, Desh., S. 37, f. 53.
crocea, Desh., 8. 41, f. 63.
Cuming, Desh., 8. 20, f. 36-88.
Cuvieri, Desh., S. 42, f. 59, 60.
declivis, Sowd., S. 31, f. 39.
Deshayesii, Sowd., 8. 26, f. 50.
faba, Desh., 8. 15, f. 17.

flavida, Desh., 8S. 44, f. 64.
Forbesii, Desh., 8. 7, f. 7, 8.
formosa, Desh., G. 4, f. 11.
Hanleyi, Desh., S. 36, f. 22, 27, 28.
hyalina, Desh., 5. 33, f. 23, 24.
hydatina, Desh., S. 39, f. 56, 57.
lydrophana, Desh., S. 40, f. 62.
indecora, Desh., G. 7, f. 15.
inflata, Desh., G. 5, f. 5, 6.
Jukesii, Desh., S. 19, f. 42, 43.
Layardi, Desh., 8. Deshayesii, Sod.
Layardi, Desh., 8. 1, f. 20.
macrochisma, Desh., G. 2, f. 7, 8.

AND SYNONYMS.

obliqua, Desh., S. 32, f. 35.
opalina, Desh., S. 29, f. 41.
ovulina, Desh., S. 23, f. 47.
Owenii, Desh., 8. 13, f. 18.
pallidula, Desh., S. 6, f. 6.
paucistriata, Desh., G. 6, f. 9.
pellicula, Desh., S. 47, f. 66, 67.
Philippinensis, 8. 36, f. 31, 32.
pisum, Sowd., 5. 27, f. 54, 55.
polita, Desh., S. 3, f. 19.
porulosa, Desh., S. 16, f. 21.
pudica, Desh., S. 10, f. 12.
Recluziana, Desh., S. 11, f. 13.
Reevei, Desh., S. 34, f. 29, 30.
rosea, Desh., 8. 9, f. 11.
scintillans, Desh., S. 21, f. 44.
solidula, Desh., S. 22, f. 48, 49.
splendida, Desh., S. 2, f. 14, 15.
squama, Sowd., S. 46, f. 65.
Strangei, Desh., S. 14, f. 16.
striatina, Desh., S. 30, f. 40.
succinea, Desh., S. 28, f. 58.
tenuis, Desh., 8. 18. f. 34.
Timorensis, Desh., S. 43, f. 61.
turgescens, Desh., S. 24, f. 45, 46.
turgida, Desh., S. 25, f. 51, 52.
Turtoni, Sowd., G. 1, f. 1-4.
vitreea, Desh., 8. 45, f. 68.

MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY

FISSURELLID A.

Genus FISSURELLA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum ; test externa, patelle-
formi, dorsum tegente, «tate ad apicem perforata, cicatrice mus-
culari, submarginali, crescentiformi, antice interrupta.

In the very earliest stage of growth, the shell in all Fissuredlide
is subspiral with the margin entire. Then a passage is made for
the anal tube by a notch or sinus in the margin. In Seutus, or
Parmophorus, the sinus continues slightly marked to the margin
of the adult shell. In Hmarginula it is continued in the form of
a distinct marginal notch. In Cemoria, the margin closes round
the notch, leaving a hole near the apex, which is left entire; in
Rimula, the hole is left half-way towards the margin; and in
Fissurella and the four following genera the spiral nucleus alto-
gether disappears, leaving a hole at the apex in its place more
or less enlarged by absorption. I adopt the proposed separation
from Fissurella,—lst. Of Fissurellidea, because the shell is
covered by the animal ; 2nd. Of C/ypidelia, because it is peculiar
in form and only covers part of the animal; 3rd. Of Macrochisma
for the last two reasons, besides the peculiar form and position of
the foramen ; and 4th. Of Pupil/ea, on account of the insertional
ridge of the margin. I cannot agree to separate the larger num-
ber of remaining species under the generic name of Lucapina as
proposed, because the crenulated margin, the forward inclination
of the apex, the truncated internal callus and slight differences in
the fringes of the animal’s mantle, are so much questions of degree
that it 1s practically impossible to divide the species so as to pre-
serve consistency in all the characters.

184 FISSURELLID®.

Species of Fissurella.
Sect. I. Shells with distinct internal marginal border.

1. nrera (f. 14), Lesson.—Testé magna, elevata, ovali, ni-
grescente, sublievigata, striis evanidis radiata, foramine albo, mar-
ginata, subcentrali, antice depressa, intis alb&’; margine ceruleo,
subcrenulato, ad apicem callo interno laté crenulato. Ods. A
broad, smooth, nearly oval species, of a dark inky colour.

9

2. tmBarTa (f. 25, 24), Sowb.—Ovali, conicd, anticé vix at-
tenuata, levi, radiis rubris vel spadiceis latis radiata; aperture
margine intis violaceo; foramine oblongo, subcentrali, intis vix
calloso. Oés. Not so elevated as the preceding, and very brightly
rayed with purple bands.

3. Bripeusy (f. 21, 22, 34), Reeve.—Crassi, depressd, ob-
onga, sublevigati fulvo-grisescente, anticé attenuata, intus alba ;
margine lato, purpureo, levi; foramine ovali paululum infra
medium posito, marginibus elevatis, intts calloso. Ods. Rather
flat, attenuated in front, and of a greyish-brown colour. A very
curious specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection is represented (f. 22),
in which the foramen has been completely filled up with callus,
which usually surrounds it. The same phenomenon has very nearly
occurred with the specimen of 7. maxima represented at f. 9. In
both cases, the anal tube must have been bent round so as to pass
under the side of the basal aperture. TF. 34 is a narrower variety.

4. FULVESCENS (f. 386), Sowb.—-F. Bridgesii simili, sed flavida,
rubro radiaté; termimibus paululum elevatis. Ods. Very like the
preceding, but yellow, with purplish-red rays, and the ends a
little elevated.

5. erispa (f. 85), Reeve.—F. Bridgesii simi, sed magis
ovali et elevaté ; foramine magis centrali. Ods. This may be an
abnormal form of Bridgesii, more oval and elevated, with the
foramen more central.

6. crassa (f. 16, 17), Zamb.—Oblonga, crassi, depressa, oli-
vaceo-fulva, obscuré radiata, leevigata concentricé et ad marginem
undulata ; intis callosd, radiatim rugat&; area mediana rosea ;
foramine elongato, in medium contracto, intts validé calloso.
Obs. A peculiarly flattened oblong species, thickened within.

7. putcura (f. 31), Sows.—Ovali, levi, depressa, anticé
paululum attenuata, fulvo-grisescente, prope medium fasciis ra-
diataé et maculis rubris mgris et albis variegata; foramine sub-
centrali, oblongo medio contracto. Oés. Shorter than /. Bridgesii,
with delicately variegated rays.

FISSURELLID. 185

8. Beta (f. 25), Ave.—Ovali, radiatim leviter striata, anticé
contracta, subacuminata, concentricé griseo fasciata, fasciis pur-
pureis radiata, inthis albA; margine purpareo maculato, angusto ;
foramine oblongo, vix infra medium posito. Oés. This pretty
species is rather pointed in front, it has purple rays and almost
obsolete striz.

9. LaTIMARGINATA (f.6, 7,12), Soed.—Subovali, anticé attenuata,
fulvo-purpureo radiatim striati, intis alba; margine purpureo
lato, vix crenato ; foramine subcentrali. Ods. In form resembling
Bridgesii and hella, but radiately striated, and having a remark-
ably broad purple border. I. 12 represents a narrower form.

10. Brraprata (f. 1, 2, 3), Frembley.—Subovali, depressa,
anticé attenuata, subacuminata, radiatim striata, cinerea, radiis
binis albis lateralibus apice decurrente ; intis albi; margine sub-
purpureo lato; foramime subcentrali, medio contracto. Ods. In
form resembling /”. 4ed/a, but of a uniform colour, excepting the
white rays, which are lost in adult specimens, and having a broad
margin instead of a narrow one. Fig. 3 represents /. galericulum,
which is only a contracted form of this species.

11. Prruviana (f. 38—41), Zamb.—Plus minusve ovata, pos-
tice subcontracti, plerumque elevata, purpureo plus minusve
radiaté, striis elevatis graniferis radiati; foramine subcentrali,
rotundo ; marginibus elevatis. Ods. Amidst the variations to
which this species is subject, there is a strong tendency to purple
radiation, granular striation, and a form elevated near the apex.
F. 39 is abnormally conical. After some doubt and consideration,
T have concluded that the more oblong and flattened form may be
distinguished as follows.

12. arrinis (f. 42, 179), Gray, Sowb., Con. Ill.—F’. Peruviane
similis, sed magis oblonga et depressd. Ods. This less conical
and more oblong form is separated to avoid the extreme inconve-
nience of including opposite characters under the same name, al-
though the gradations are perplexing.

13. ciypgus (f. 63).—Ovali, depressa, costellis subnoduliferis
radiata, lutea rufescente, fasciis albis duabus lateralibus et fasctis
16 mgrescentibus interruptim sagittatis radiatim picta, intis alba;
margine luteo maculis purpureis interrupto ; foramine ovali, supra
medium posito. Ods. In colouring and marginal character so much
like var. f. 40 of F. Peruviana, that it might be almost taken for
a specimen of that species unnaturally depressed.

186 FISSURELLID.

14. muricara (f. 68), Rve.—F. Peruviane simili, sed cos-
tellis nonnullis majoribus imbricatis, colore purpureo-nigrescente
prope foramen annulatd. Ods. I am strongly inclined to believe
this another variety of Perwviana, with some of the ribs enlarged
and imbricated.

15. Mexicana (f. 26, 27, 28, 78), Sowb.—Oblongi, depressi,
tenui, radiatim striaté, rubra, purpureo radiat&i seu nigra, intis
albi; margine purpureo vel nigro, angusto; foramine magno,
albo marginato. Os. Oblong, striated thin shell, either black or
beautifully rayed with purple or red. Foramen large, edged with
white.

16. Puiniperana (f. 30), Rve-—Mevicane similis, sed costellis
nonuullis extantibus subimbricatis; foramine magis angusto et con-
tracto. Ods. It is more imbricated than /. Mexicana, with more con-
tracted fissure.

17. arrara (f. 71), Rve.—F. Philippiane simili, sed parva,
sublevigata, late marginaté; costellis nonnullis prope marginem
undulatim imbricatis. Obs. It is hike #. Philippiana, but with a
comparatively smooth surface, stellated with white near the apex,
with some of the ribs imbricated with peculiar undulations near
the margin.

18. exquisita (f. 32, 128), Ave.—Oblonga, subdepressi, an-
ticé paululum attenuata, tenui, alba’, griseo concinné 18-radiata-
radiatim eequaliter costellaté ; costellis subnoduliferis ; foramine
oblongo; margine utrinque bilobato. Ods. Neatly rayed with
eighteen grey bands, and sculptured with numerous equal, granu-
lated, fine ribs.

19. orrens (f. 19, 20), Sowd.—Oblonga, depress, solida,
leviter radiatim striaté, luted seu grisea concentricé fasciata, fasciis
griseis vel rubris radiaté; intts albo margine griseo, angusto.
Obs. A much more solid and broader shell than /. Mexicana.

20. prora (10, 11, 35), Gmel., Lamb.—Ovali, subconica, so-
lida, subleevigata, costellis leviter granulatis, luted vel nigrescente,
purpureo vel nigro radiatim fasciata, tus albo, griseo laté mar-
ginato ; foramine oblongo, intis calloso, circumscripto. OZs. One
of the larger species with broad margin of an inky colour, or
whitish with inky rays. J. Darwini (f. 35), Rve., seems to me
only a variety of this.

21. poryGona (f. 187,177), Sowd., G. B. 2.—Ovali, angulata,

FISSURELLIDE. 187

anticé attenuata, alba, purpureo interruptim radiata, striis scabris
numerosis et costellis catenzeformibus rarioribus extantibus radiata,
intus alba; margine maculato. Ods. This beautiful shell is dis-
tinguished by scabrous striz with noduliferous or chain-like ribs
at intervals.

22. maxima (f. 8, 9), Sowd.—Magna, ovali, anticé paululum
attenuata, crass4, costis levibus undulatim nodosis radiata, fulva,
purpureo radiatim fasciaté ; margine undulatim crenulato, intus
albo, calloso; foramine ovali, centrali, intts calloso. Os. A large
well-known shell, broadly rayed with purple bands and thick undu-
lated nibs. F. 9 is a singular specimen, in which the fissure is
nearly closed by shelly deposit. See #. Bridgesii for a case of
entire closure.

23. concrnna (f. 4, 178, 206), Philippi.—P. mazime simili,
sed multo magis angusté; costis nonnunquam magis nodosis.
Obs. Very probably a variety of F. maxima, but so constantly
narrower in all stages of growth as perhaps to merit distinction.
The smaller specimens are much more rugose, and the surface un-
dulated. M. Hanley’s larger specimen is as smooth as 7. maxima.
T cannot doubt the identity of Mr. Reeve’s Hondurasensis.

24. sretiava (f. 82), Rve.—F. mazime@ simili sed parva;
radiis prope apicem interruptis et sagittatis. Obs. Although this
little shell appears full grown, it presents a very close miniature re-
semblance to its gigantic ally. Near the apex, the purple rays
are interrupted and arrow-headed.

25. Cumrnett (f. 5, 182), Rve—Lata, ovali, depressd, anticé
paulo attenuata, purpureo, vel rubro radiata, lineis elevatis scabris
costellata, intts alba, purpureo laté marginaté; foramine ovali.
Obs. Broad, depressed, brownish, purple or purple-rayed, with
scabrous strie; a very broad purple margin. The young speci-
men, f. 132, is Mr. Hanley’s.

26. tava (f. 13), Sow.—Lateé ovali, elevata, luted, fasciis pur-
pureis et costellis moniliferis radiaté; foramine ovali. Ods. A
much more elevated shell than the last, with beaded riblets.

27. costata (f. 15, 205), Lesson.—Latissima, pallidé fulva
obscuré radiatim fasciata, depressd, anticé paululum attenuata,
costellis irregularibus moniliferis radiata, intus alba; margine lato,
pallidi subviridi; foramine parvo, ovali. Ods. The irregularity
of the nodules, and the less conical form, independently of colour
distinguish this from the preceding. /. rudis of Deshayes, may

188 FISSURELLID®.

probably belong to either. I. 205 is a remarkably wide and nodu-
lose specimen procured during progress.

Sect. II. Without defined internal border.

28. niGro-puncrata (f. 33).—Crassi, conicd, subrotunda, ir-
regulari sordidé fulva, costellis nigris moniliferis irregularibus
alternatim minoribus radiata, intis viridi, prope apicem incrassata,
ad marginem aperture crenulaté, nigro punctati; foramine magno,
medio contracto. Ods. A rough, rather round, irregular shell,
green within and radiated without by black beaded ribs.

29. coarcrata (f.60), King.—P.nigro-punctate simili, sed magis
levigati ; foramime medio yalidé contracto. Ods. It is doubtful
whether the contraction of the aperture be not merely accidental ;
and varieties of the last species occur which are almost as smooth as
this; but, although I should have been unwilling to found a species
from so worn a specimen, I am willing to adopt it as founded
by others.

30. virescens (f. 87), Sows.—Ovali-rotunda, conicd, viride-
scens, costis rotundis alternatim majoribus radiata, intus viridi ;
margine crenulato ; foramine subovali, medio angusto. Obs.
Green, with alternately large and small rounded ribs.

31. monitirera (f.175), Sowd., G. B. 2.—Ovali, conica, rugosa,
costellis alternatim nigris et fulvis moniliferis radiata ; foramine
magno, ovali, medio subangusto, intus calloso, rubro lineato.
Obs. This must have been a beautiful shell when in living con-
dition, the alternate ribs consisting of minute regular black beads.
A pink line defines the inner callus. The worn but still pretty
specimen is in M. Hanley’s collection.

32. ata (f. 88, 89), Carpenter.—Ovali, tenui, conicd, cos-
tellis irregulariter noduliferis alternatim minoribus nonnunquam
nigrescentibus radiat&é; foramine oblongo, medio subangusto,
paulo supra medium posito. Os. Were it not a rather thin
white shell, it might be taken for a variety of /. nzgropunctata; but
the ribs are more regularly alternate, and the nodules upon them
are larger and longer. The fissure is placed a little towards the
anterior.

33. ALABASTRITES (f. 43, 44), Ave.—Crassd, ovali, alba, rugosa,
costis crassis, ineequalibus, irregulariter nodosis ; foramine oblongo,
magno, medio contracto. Ods. A coarsely-ribbed, thick, white shell.

34. Guaucorts (f. 45), Rve—Subviridi, /. alabastriti simili
sed foramine parvo, ceruleo marginato. Ods. The smallness of

FISSURELLID®. 189

the foramen, which is bordered with blue, presents a striking pecu-
liarity in this shell, which otherwise resembles /. aladastrites.

35. novosa (f. 59), Born.—Ovali-subrotunda, elevata, pallida,
lateribus convexis, costis elevatis nodulosmagnos ferentibus radiata ;
foramine subcentrali, ovali, medio contracto. Ods. The well-
known species with large nodules on the ribs.

36. Humpureyti (f. 61), Rve.—F. nodose simili, sed costis no-
duliferis, minoribus, alternatim minimis, interstitiis ccruleis.
Obts. The nodulous nbs much less prominent and alternating in
size.

37. conorpes (f.51), Rve.—Ovali, crassa, rugos4, irregulariter
costata, alb4, intus viridi; foramine oval, nigro marginato, Ods. A
conical white species, green within, and having a black ring round
the fissure.

38. oprusa (f. 75, 76), Sowb.—Ovali, convexa, leviter costatia,
costis albis distantibus et interstitiis striatis roseis vel rubris radi-
até; intus viridi; foramine parvo, paulo supra medium posito.
Obs. Has the sides convex like Humphreyi, with distant white ribs
and red striated interstices; the inside is green, and the foramen
small.

39. Barpapensis (f. 49, 144-146), Gmel.— Ovali, posticé
paululum attenuata, alba vel pallidé fulva, fasciis nigris vel rubris
plus minusve interruptis variegata, costis crassis imbricatis rugosis
inequalibus radiata; inttis viridi; margine laqueato ; foramine paulo
supra medium posito, parvo, subquadrato. Os. The ribs on this
species are irregular and unequal, imbricated with little exfolia-
tions, colouring and markings variable, but always green inside.
F. editia, Rwe. (f. 49), is slightly more depressed, attenuated in
front, and characterized by smaller ribs.

40. naprata (f. 48, 50), Lamk., Sowb.—Quam PF. Barbadensis
mavis depress&, postice attenuata; costis minimé imbricatis. Ods.
Variety f. 49 of Baréadensis approaches this species in the form,
which is more depressed and attenuated in front; but in this
species the ribs are not imbricated. It is better to adopt the
late G. B. Sowerby’s identification of this Lamarckian species, with
the description of which it agrees pretty accurately, than to give
it a new name, as Mr. Reeve has done.

41. rugosa (f. 46, 47), Sows.—Ovali, validé compressa, posticé
attenuata, costis rugosis ineequalibus quarum tribus anticis maximis
VOL. Ill. Z

190 FISSURELLID&.

radiata, pallideé fulva albé et rubra radiatim fasciata ; intis viridi;
foramine paulo supra medium posito, subquadrato. Ods. Very
much depressed, with three front ribs largely developed.

42. aspERELLa (f. 56), Sows. —F. rugose simili, sed costis multo
magis depressis et minutis. O4s. In this species the three promi-
nent ribs are depressed, although shown prominently by being left
white. The shell is more finely striated.

43. microTREMA (f. 54, 55), Sows.—Ovali, anticé paulo at-
tenuatd, subangulataé, compressi, castaneo rubescente vel olivacea,
costis minutis irregularibus scabris; intus viridi; margine crenu-
lato ; foramine parvo, nigro-marginato, supra medium posito, ntis
callos so; callo albo, nigro- marginato. Obs. Like F. asperella, but
with the minute ribs imbricated ; ; Inside green, foramen very small.

44. Navatensts (f.69), Avauss.—Ovali-oblonga, subelevata,
anticé angustata, alba fusco-nigrescente variegata, costis rugosis in-
zqualibus rotundis radiat&é; intis alba; foramine oblongo, magno,
tripartito. Ods. Rather narrow in front, with irregular rounded
ribs; a long, divided foramen.

45. NUBECULA (f. 73). Linné.—Ovali, anticé angustatd et
magis quam postice elevatd, alba, fusco- ona dl alti, radiis
snbyiridibus griseo maculatis radiatim fasciaté, costis subplanulatis
interstriatis radiaté; intis albo- viridescente ; foramine oblongo,
medio paulum contracto. Ods. The specimen, figured from Mr.
Cuming’s collection agrees very well with the description in the
‘Systema’ with which it has been identified. It is more elevated than
the following, with a much more elongated foramen.

46. noska (f. 91, 92, 150), Lamk.—F. nubecule simili, sed
magis depress, costis nonnullis exstantibus, rubro radiata et varie-
gata ; intis viridi; foramine ovali, brevi.

47. osrrina (f. 84), Zve.—Ovali depress, purpurea, albo
prope apicem radiata, costellis parvis striatis depressis radiata ;
jntis viridi; foramine oblongo. Ods. This obscure little shell is
oval depressed, finely ribbed, green within.

48. muraBiuis (f. 70, 74, 79, 98), Sowb.—Ovali, anticé an-
gustata, lateribus subeompresssis, grisea vel rose, irregulariter
planulatim costata et striata, intts albi; callo interno circum-
scripto ; foramine oval, mediG coarctato. Ods. The front of this
shell is narrowed by the compression of the sides; its surface is
radiated by impressed strie dividing the flattened unequal ribs,

FISSURELLID®. 191

and lighter ones upon them. Var. f. 74 is the F. éncarnata of
Krauss, and is the original of the ‘ Conchological Illustrations.’

49. catittus (f. 81), Rve.—Parva, FP. mutabili simili, sed
minute «qualiter striata, fasciis latis rubris prope apicem radiata.
Obs. More evenly striated than F. mufadilis, and radiated with
brown bands, which near the margin are suddenly interrupted.

50. rentata (f. 77), Sows. G. B. 2.—F. mutabili simili,
sed levigata, fasciis fuscis duplicatis 11 radiata. Oés. In form
resembling the preceding, but without stri#, and marked by
eleven pairs of brown rays.

51. nora (f. 72), Rve.—Ovalis, anticé angustaté et depressa,
fulva, fasciis fuscis et costis depressis radiata ; foramine ovali, sub-
centrali, anticé subinclinato. Ods. A pretty little brown-rayed
species, with ribs divided by impressed striae. The fore part is
narrow and depressed.

52. macrotremMa (f. 86, 90), Sowé.—Ovali, crassa, lateribus
convexiusculis, subviridi, purpureo-nigrescente radiata vel omnino
picta, costis depressis striatis ineequalibus subrotundis radiata ;
intis viridi, propé apicem plurimum tinctéi; foramine magno,
profundo, medio validé contracto.

53. Lonatrissa (f. 66), Sowd. G. B. 2.—F. macrotreme simi-
li sed vividé rubro radiata ; foramine eclongato, angusto, tripartito;
intiis callo roseo-marginato. Ods. The fissure of this brightly-
rayed shell is so peculiarly long and narrow as to distinguish it
from the preceding, which it otherwise resembles.

54. opscura (f. 80), Sowd.—Ovali depress, irregulariter
convexA, subviridi, et purpurea lineis roseis striata, costis distan-
tibus inzequalibus subnodosis radiat&é; ints viridi; foramine
oblongo, viridi, medio contracto. O%s. Distinguished from the
two preceding by the distant compressed ribs, which are some-
what nodulous.

55. nicrocinera (f. 64, 65), Carpenter.—Ovali, convexa, vix
anticé attenuata, impresso-striaté, fasciculis lmearum nigrarum
radiatim fasciatd, interstitiis nigro-punctatis; intis alba; callo
nigro-marginato; aperture margine acuté denticulato interstitiis
nigris. O%s. A pretty little shell, striated with depressed lines,
and radiated by black lines in bunches of three. The margin is
sharply denticulated with black interstices. The internal callus is
defined by a sharp black line.

192 FISSURELLID&.

56. Tenezrosa (f. 67), Sows. G. B. 2.—F. nigrocinete simili,
sed magis rotunda; radiis nigris, nebulosis; costellis vix elevatis, sub-
nodosis; margine aperturee vix crenulato. Os. A more rounded
shell, more loosely ribbed and cloudily black-rayed than the pre-
ceding, only slightly crenulated at the margin of the aperture.

57. Batanorpss (f. 94), ARve.—Ovali, conica, subviridi, fusco
vel olivaceo radiatim fasciatd, costellis depressis subevanidis radi-
até; intus viridi; margine leviter crenulato. Ods. This shell re-
sembles in general appearance a smooth variety of Patella vulgata,
plus the fissure.

58. nimBosa (f. 136), Linn.— Ovali, anticé subattenuata,
conic, elevatd, subviridi, inter costas lineis mgris et viridibus radi-
atim fasciata; costellis albis, subnodulosis; foramine ovali, pro-
fundo, medio contracto; intis viridi; margine crenulato-nigro,
punctato.

59. vorcano (f. 87), Ave.—Ovali, conic’, prope foramen
elevatd, costellis seabris rotundis inequalibus radiata, fasciculis
rubris nigro-punctatis radiatim fasciat&é; foramine alto; intis
alba’; margine crenato, maculato.

Margin denticulated. Apex leaning forward. (Gen. “ Lucapina.”)

60. nuctecra (f. 1389), Desh.—Lati, prope margines depressa,
prope apicem elevata, anticé subattenuaté, postice dilatata, lateri-
bus medio areuatis concentricé undulatim striaté, fulvo-grisescente ;
costis rotundis, striatis, alteris distantibus exstantibus, alteris inter-
mediis numerosis depressiusculis; intis alba; margine duplicatim
denticulato, prope apicem calloso; callo postice truncato ; foramine
anticé declivi. Ods. ‘he ribs are peculiarly festooned with striz
arching upwards; about every fourth rib is more prominent than
the intermediate.

61. Mercauret (f. 140, 141, 142), Rve-—Quam FP. neglecta
angustiore, costellis magis equalibus. O%s, Although narrower and
more finely sculptured, this species, which includes F. viminea of
the same anthor, exhibits the same festooned striation over the
ribs, and otherwise resembles 7’. neglecta.

62. suBrosrrava (f. 215), Guild., Sowb.—Irregulariter ovali,
posticé attenuata, depress4, marginibus ad terminos elevatis, fusca,
scabrosa, costis acuté imbricatis subangulatis radiata ; ints alba ;

FISSURELLIDA. 193

margine laqeuato; foramine parvo, rotundo, supra medium posito.
Obs. This rough shell was distinctly figured in ‘Conchological Illus-
trations,’ f. 75, under the above name, which has the priority over
FL. salebrosa.

63. punta (f. 208), Ave.—lrregulariter oblong, depressi, ter-
minis elevatis, fusca, griseo obscuré radiatim fasciata, irregu-
lariter costis rotundis scabris imbricatis radiata; foramine oblongo,
infra medium posito. Ods. I have some difficulty in placing this
and the preceding species. It has been suggested to place them
with /. pustula and fascicularis under the genus Clypidella, but,
although they resemble those shells slightly in form, perhaps acci-
dentally so, the other characters do not correspond.

64. JuKest (f. 147, 148, 149), Rve.—Ovali, subelevata, albida,
striis elevatis concentricis et costis angulatis acuté imbricatis
radiantibus cancellata ; costis nonnullis exstantibus ; intts alba ;
margine duplicatim dentato; callo griseo posticé subtruncato ;
foramine quadrato; margine griseo, anticé declinato, supra medium
posito. Ods. This species is subject to considerable variations
in elevation, sculpture, etc. ; but the characters pass from one va-
riety to another interchangeably. The foramen is square, edged
with black, and placed considerably above the middle. F. 147 is
F, Jukesii of Reeve; f. 148 is F. fimbriata of the same author ;
f. 149 is named in the same work as /. australis of Krauss,
but it is quite distinct from that species.

65. Stusotpir (f. 138), Rve.—F. Jukesit simili, sed costis
quinque posticis, distantibus, validé exstantibus. Ods. A variety of
F. Jukesix oceurs, which has some of the front ribs very prominent,
and that variety presents an approach to this species, in which the
five principal ones are very prominent indeed and strongly imbri-
cated. This being a Chinese shell, is an additional reason for dis-
tinguishing it from its Australian analogue.

66. catycuLata (f. 126, 127), Sows.—Oblonga, posticé ex-
pansa, anticé lateribus compressis, apice elevato, costellis tribus mag-
nis imbricatis posticis alteris minoribus et interstitialibus minimis
radiata, liris concentricis cancellata ; intts albi; foramine subro-
tundo, multo ante medium posito, inttis callo septum formante
marginato. Ods. Remarkable for the internal callus near the
apex, which forms a kind of septum with a pit behind it, and the
three prominent notched ribs.

67. varicosa (f. 52, 53), Sows. G. B. 2.—Oblonga, conica,

194 FISSURELLID.®

apice elevato, costis tribus maximis validé nodulosis posticis, sex
anticis magnis, cum minoribus interstitialibus radiata, lineis ele-
vatis distantibus concentricis cancellaté ; intis callo vix septiformi ;
foramine parvo, rotundo, anticé posito et declinato, Obs. It is
not internally chambered as in 7. calyeulata. The three poste-
rior prominent ribs are very coarsely knobbed.

68. uxcetsa (f. 154, 155, 156), Rve.—Ovali, elevata, liris
concentricis et costis elevatis ineequalibus acuté imbricatis cancel-
lata; apice elevato; foramine parvo, subrotundo, antice posito.
Obs. F. alta, of C. B. Adams, has the cancellation a little coarser ;
but there are scarcely two specimens alike.

69. nrcRo-oceLiata (f. 160, 161), Rve—F. excelse simil,
sed maculis nigris, inter costis prope marginem positis. Ods. In
form scarcely differing from 7. excedsa, but with a minute black
spot between each of the principal ribs near the margin.

70. ocracona (f. 159). Rve. L. excelse simili, sed costis tribus
magnis posticis validé nodosis. Os. The specimens so named in
Mr. Cuming’s coliection, which most nearly resemble the figure of
this species, do not appear much more “ octagonal” than LZ. ex-
celsa; but the three prominent ribs in front are singularly

knobbed.

71. cyatnutum (f. 152, 153), Rve.—Ovali, elevata, liris dis-
tantibus concentricis et costis distantibus acutis angulatim nodu-
losis radiantibus cancellatd, fusco variegaté ; foramine parvo, ro-
tundo ; apice elevato. Oss. This species, by the coarseness and
sharpness of its cancellations, holds a middle position between the
F, excelsa group and the next species.

72. mmpricata (f. 162), Sow. G. B. 2.—Ovali, depressa,
sordide alba, fusco radiatim fasciatd, liris concentricis et costis
alternatim ineequalibus acute imbricatis cancellaté ; foramine parvo,
subcentrali. Ods. An ordinary patelleform species, but cancel-
lated by concentric ridges and imbricated ribs.

73. Lisvert (f. 130,131), D’Ord.—Ovali, depress, liris con-
centricis et costis 20 principalibus cum alteris interstitialibus ro-
tundis obtusé noduliferis cancellatd, fusea, alba, vel viridi radiatim
fasciata; intus albi; callo prope apicem subtruncato ; foramine
ceruleo marginato, supra medium posito, antice declinato, angus-
tato. Ods. This is the most coarsely cancellated among those

shells which have been included in the designation /. Greca. It is
West Indian.

74. stutmts (f. 148), Sows. G. B. 2.—F. Insteri simili, sed

FISSURELLID®. 195

multo magis elevaté; costis tenuioribus. Oés. The ribs are thinner
and the shell more elevated and conical than /. Listeri ; these
with the Australian habitat may justify the distinction.

75. revicutata (f. 112), Donov.—Oblonga, anticé attenuata,
depressi, costis parvis moniliferis ineequalibus et liris concentricis
ceancellata, pallidé fulva, viridi vel fusco radiat&; intus albi; mar-
gine denticulato; lateribus arcuatis; foramine parvo, multo supra
medium posito, declinato. O4s. This cancellated species has some
of the front ribs more prominent than the others. The basal
margin is arched at the sides.

76. cosraria (f. 117), Desh.—F. reticulate simili, sed costis
et liris minoribus, magis eequalibus ; margine basali ad latera recto.
Obs. The sculpture is finer than in F. reticulata, the ribs more
regular, and the basal margin not arched.

77. Stvcavorensis (f. 118, 119).—Oblongo-ovali, depressa,
albA vel pallidé fulva, interruptim fusco seu griseo radiatim fas-
ciaté, subarcuata, regulariter cancellata; foramine ovali, multo
supra medium posito, anticé declinato. Ods. Like F. reticulata,
but of a more oval form and more regular cancellation.

78. Latiora (f. — omitted), Sows. G. B. 2.—Quam F. Sin-
gaporensis multo latiore. Oss. I omitted a figure of this, not
intending to distinguish it from the preceding, than which, how-
ever, it is much broader.

79. ausrrauis (f. 158), Avavss.—Oblongo-ovali, depressi, pos-
tice convexd, costellis eequalibus moniliferis cum alteris mino-
ribus intermediis et liris minutis concentricis cancellaté. Ods.
The cancellation is much more close and regular than in /. Singa-
porensis, and besides the long radiate ribs, there are others inter-
mediate which, beginning later, are shorter.

80. trvgata (f. 134, 135), Sows.—Ovali, anticé subattenuata,
declivi posticé convexa, regulariter cancellaté ; costellis nonnullis,
moniliferis, rubris; intus albA; margine duplicatim denticulato ;
foramine ovali, anticé posito declivi. Ods. Although first figured
from a smaller specimen, there can be no doubt of the identity of
this shell, to which the name subsequently given by Mr. Reeve
was therefore unnecessary. A few of the beaded ribs are a little
prominent and coloured red, and although this is not the case with
the larger variety which is obscurely rayed with clouded green,
yet the more prominent ribs are present undistinguished by the
red line.

81. penstctaTHRata (f. 157), Rve.—Ovali, subdepressi, co-

196 FISSURELLID &.

nici, omnino equaliter cancellatd, sordidé alba viridi-grisescente
laté fasciatd ; apice elevato; foramine subcentrali, rotundo. Oés.
A patelleeform species, evenly cancellated, with the foramen near
the centre, painted by obscure greenish or greyish bands,

82. venusta (f. 109), Ave.—Ovali, depressi, alba, costellis
levibus cum alteris intermediis radiantibus et liris concentricis
regulariter cancellata ; foramine paulo supra medium posito. Ods.
A beautifully cancellated, white, patellaform species.

83. Bompayana (f. 166), Sowd. G. B. 2.—Ovali, depressi,
liris concentricis et costis acutis scabris equaliter cancellata,
fulva, fusco radiatim fasciata ; intts alba; marginé crenulato ; fora-
mine rotundo, supra medium posito. Oés. A pretty species, re-
sembling /, venusta, but delicately ranged with brown bands and
with the costell scabrous.

84. runicuLata (f. 100, 129), Rve.—Ovali, posticé vix atte-
nuata, subconica, concentricé tenuiter striata, costis rotundis scabris
numerosis quarum nonnullis majoribus exstantibus imbricatis ra-
diata, albi, fulvo-radiatim fasciaté, nonnunquam costis majoribus
fusco-lineatis; foramine ovali, declinato, multo ante medium posito.
Obs. The original variety, f. 129, has its delicate radiate bands
bordered by rather prominent brown ribs, forming beaded lines
in pairs; and although the var. subsequently named /. dacty-
dosa has not these ribs coloured, it presents the same sculpture and
is no doubt identical.

85. niariraprata (f. 167), Rve.—Parva, oval, conica, alba,
liris concentricis et costis moniliferis validis radiantibus quarum
9 interruptim nigris cancellaté; foramine subrotundo, simplice.
Obs. A small, coarsely cancellated species, 9 of whose beaded ribs
are interruptedly black.

86. Panamensts (f. 128). Sowd.—Parva, elevata, alba, conica,
fusco prope marginem fasciatim variegata, lineis fuscis angulatis
ornata, omnino minute cancellati, costellis albis paulo exstantibus
radiata ; apice elevato; foramine circulari, simplice, longé ante
medium posito. Ods. In the ‘Conchological Illustrations,’ this
very distinct shell is united with the one which Mr. Reeve has
since named F, excelsa: see f. 154, 155, 156.

87. tarva (f. 102, 103, 104), Rve.—Oblonga, depressa, fusco-
subviridi, albo radiata yel alba, nigro vel griseo radiatim fasciata,
concentricé liraté, costis 18 exstantibus rotundis valde imbricatis
et interstitiis tricostatis radiata, intis albA; margine duplicatim
denticulato ; callo prope apicem posticé truncato; foramine decli-

PISSURELLID. 197

nato, anticé angustato, supra medium posito. Oés. Of an oblong
depressed form, with eighteen imbricated rounded ribs, and three
smaller ones in the interstices. he fissure is singularly nar-
rowed anteriorly.

88. Dysonr (f. 105, 106), Rve.—F. darve simili, sed magis
conica ; costis magis angulatis, acuté imbricatis. Ods. More coni-
cal than /. darva, with the ribs and imbrications more angular.

89. rumata (f. 95, 96, 97), Rve—Ovali, conicd, anticé an-
gustatd, alba vel griseo-nebulosa, post foramen angulatim elevata,
concentricé lirati; costellis rotundis crebris, quarum 18 majori-
bus radiatis ; foramine declinato, anticé angustato, ceruleo mar-
ginato, ante medium posito. Oés. The variety figured in Reeve’s
work appears to be an unusual one ; the smoky tints of our figures
are more natural to it. The apex is elevated into a point behind
the anteriorly-narrowed fissure.

90. atrernata (f. 98, 99), Say.—Oblonga, quam 7. fumata
magis angusta, fusco-subviridi fasciatim variegata; costis majoribus
acuté imbricatis. Oés. Narrower than £. /umata, with the more
prominent ribs sharply imbricated, and the colouring variegated.

91. Rupwxutt (f. 107, 108), Sows.—Ovali, anticé subincurva,
posticé convexd, alba, fasctis quatuor vel octo nigrescentibus, vel
fulva vel prope marginem rufescente-nigro radiata, costis validis
rotundis moniliferis et liris concentricis parvis cancellata ; intis
albo, margine minute denticulato; foramine declivi, ovali, sim-
plice, supra medium posito. Ods. The rounded and beaded large
ribs distinguish this species from others.

92. Ticaonica (f. 110), Ave.—Oblonga, posticé gibbosa, an-
ticé valde declinata, concentricé leviter lrata, costis scabris radiata,
alb& viridi tincté, nonnunquam viridi interruptim radiata ; fora-
mine angustato, tripartito, prope marginem anticum posito. Ods.
The tripartite fissure, the fine and rather sharp cancellation, and
the nearness of the apex to the ventral margin, serve to distinguish
this species.

93. proxima (f. 115), Sows. G. B. 2.—F. Ticaonice simili,
sed posticé haud tantum gibbosa, anticé haud tantum declinata.
Obs. Less gibbous posteriorly and less suddenly inclined than
F’. Ticaoniea, which it nearly resembles. The variety figured is
marked by green lines.

94. Caynnnensis (f. 101), Zam/.—Ovali, posticé arcuata,
antice declivi, costellis scabris crebris radiata, fuscd, nigro et albo
variegat& ; intts albo, callo mgro-marginato, truncato, margine

VOL. III. 2A

198 FISSURELLIDA,

aperturee minuté denticulato; foramine brevi, declinato. Ods.
Regularly radiated with close, equal, scabrous ribs.

95. virtpuna (f. 62), Lamk.— Ovali, subarcuatim elevata,
viridi vel fuscd; costis radiantibus, rotundis vix nodulosis, quarum
20 albis extantibus, et alteris intermediis fuscis vel viridis minori-
bus; intis albo margine crenulato, prope apicem subceruleo ; callo
nigro-marginato; foramine angusto, medio coarctato. Obs. A
beautiful species, with radiating white ribs and three ribbed green
or greyish-brown interstices.

96. recuLa (f. 57), Rve.—Parva, oblonga, crassi, posticé ar-
cuatéi, anticé brevi, declivi, grisedé, nigro radiat&; inter radios
nigros costis depressis, quarum posticis majoribus radiatis ;
intis pallidé griseo, aperturee margine minuté denticulato nigro,
eallo nigro-marginato ; foramine oblongo. Ods. Small, narrow,
arched, grey with black rays between smooth depressed ribs.

97. Lincotnt (f. 133), Grey, Sowb.—Ovali, alba, arcuatim
elevatd, anticé paulo angustiore, marginibus laqueatis extantibus
concentricé lirata, costis scabris et fasciis purpureis radiaté ; intus
albo, callo circulari, tumido ; aperture margine denticulato, macu-
lato ; foramine rotundo, antico profundo, margine postico elevato.
Obs. A whitish shell with purple rays, rendered scabrous by the
fluted edges of former stages of growth, and radiating ribs rough-
ened by the crossing of these lines.

98. aspera (f. 125), Sow.— Ovali-subrotunda, conica, ele-
vata, fusco-nigricante, vel obscuré fasciata ; liris elevatis, fimbriatis ;
concentricis, et costis numerosis angulatim nodulosis scabris ; ints
pallide ceeruleo ; callo rotundo, tumido ; margine apertura: duplica-
tim denticulato; foramine rotundo, supra medium posito, antice
declinato. Ods. A darkly-coloured shell roughened by concentric
fringes and angularly-knobbed ribs.

99. ura (f. 124), Sows. G. B. 2.—F. aspere simili, sed liris
concentricis et costis radiantibus wulto minoribus; foramine
parvo, oblongo. Ods. The sculpture is so much finer than F.
aspera as to compel the separation; the foramen is also small and
narrow.

100. prerraLe (f. 122), Rve.—Ovali-subrotunda, obliqué ele-
vata, striis minutis scabris radiata; apice validé versus marginem
anticum inclinato; olivaced, prope apicem subceerulea, intus alba,
versus callum griseA; margine olivaceo; foramine parvo. (ds.
Finely reticulated, greyish-olive, much inclined anteriorly, with a
small rounded fissure.

FISSURELLID®. 199

101. renursrriata (f. 111), Rve.—Oblonga, gibba, alba,
apice versus marginem anticum inclinat&, prope apicem minuté
cancellata, versus marginem minuté radiatim scabroso-striata ;
foramine magno, rotundo. Oés. An oblong gibbous white shell,
very short, anteriorly cancellated near the apex, the radiate ribs
thinning out into even striz near the basal margin. The foramen
is very large and round.

102. pinzopsipgs (f. 120, 121), Rve.—Obliqué gibbosa ; apice
ultra marginem basalem incurvato; pallidé fulva, prope apicem
rubro tincta; costis crenulatis, rotundis, quarum alternis depressis
radiata; foramine elongato, declinato. Ods. The name is happily
chosen to express the curving of the apex and its leaning beyond
the front basal margin.

103. crppa (f. 114, 168), Phzdippi.—Oblonga, alba, convex,
liris concentricis et costis noduliferis radiantibus cancellata ; fora-
mine oblongo; variat subolivaced, fasciis viridis radiata. Obs.
Distinguished by Philippi from the following by the greater con-
vexity of its back and sides. F. candida, of the ‘Con. Ill” pro-
bably belongs to this.

104. crpperuLa (f. 113, 117), Zamf.—Oblongi, posticé at-
tenuati, alba vel variegata, cancellata ; lateribus depressis; margine
basali arcuato; foramine oblongo. Oés. This species has the
sides and back more depressed, the basal margin more arched, and
the anterior more narrowed than the preceding.

105. Grantrera (f. 165), Pease—F. gitbe simili, sed multo
breviore. Ods. Much shorter than 7. gisda.

106. arcuata (f. 168, 164), Sows. G. B. 2.—Parva, alba,
fulvo radiata, radiatim minuté striata, antice angusti; apice versus
marginem anticum declinato; dorso gibboso, arcuato ; margine
ventrali arecuato; foramine parvo. Ods. Small, white, with fawn-
coloured rays, much inclining forward, and having a curiously-
arched and gibbous back.

107. minvuta (f. 169), Sows. G. B. 2.—Parva, elongata, dorso
arcuata, fulvo-virescente, radiatim lmearum fasciculis fasciata, con-
centricé lirata, costellis crebris minuté noduliferis radiata; intus
griseo; margine crenulato; foramine parvo, uigro-marginato, prope
marginem anticum posito. Oés. This little shell was figured in
the ‘ Conchological Illustrations,’ and agrees well with Lamarck’s
description of the species. Mr. Reeve’s subsequently-imposed
name, /. gemmulata, must therefore be dropped.

200 FISSURELLID.

108. vartreatTa (f. 172, 173), Sows. G. B. 2.—Quam F.
minuta magis depressa, cancellata, alba, fasciis interruptis radianti-
bus variegata; foramine oblongo, margine albo. Ods. This species
is variegated with interrupted radiating bands; it is flatter than
F. minuta, and has not the arched back nor the black-edged
foramen of that species.

109. aneustata (f. 170, 171), Sows. G. B. 2.—Hlongata,
angustata, dorso arcuato, alb’, nonnunquam fulvo radiatim fas-
ciaté, minuté cancellaté; foramine parvo, circulari. Ods. Differ-
ing from the preceding in the smallness of the foramen and in the
narrow and arched form.

110. roa (f. 181), Sowb.—Oblonga, dorso arcuato, alba, an-
gulatim olivaceo variegata, costis scabris numerosis et alteris mino-
ribus alternis radiaté; intts pallidé ceeruleo; margine denticulato,
ad latera elevato, arcuato ; foramine rotundo, validé antico. Ods. An
elongated arched species, variegated by angular broad patches of
olive-green. The foramen is round.

111. imevatis (f. 183, 184), Sows—F. pice simili, sed
coloribus suffusis ; foramine elongato, tripartito. O4s. The colours
in this species are radiated and suffused, the back is less arched
than in the preceding, and above all, the fissure, instead of being
rounded, is long, narrow and lobed.

112. corsicuta (f. 180), Sows. G. B. 2—Quam F. pica et
F. inequalis magis depressa, patelleformi, valide cancellata. Ods.
Less arched than the preceding, with coarser cancellation.

113. tancrorata (f. 182), Sowd., G. B., 2—Quam F. pica
et F. inequalis anticé multo magis angustata. Oss. The sud-
den narrowing of the front part distinguishes this from the two
preceding species, besides the cancellation being a little more
depressed.

114. arricunata (f. 176), Sows. G. B. 2.—Hlongata, com-
pressa, fulva, fusco fasciatim variegata, liris concentricis et costis
radiantibus moniliferis alternatim majoribus, quarum nonnullis
nigro articulatis, cancellaté; foramine elongato, longé supra medium
posito. Ods. A beautifully sculptured and figured species in the
collection of Mr. Hanley, in which some of the most prominent ribs
at regular intervals are articulated with black.

115. canceizara (f. 187, 189), So/ander.—Oblonga, depressi,
roseii-grisescente, plerumque griseo in fasciis radiantibus variegata ;
liris concentricis et costis radiantibus rotundis noduliferis alter-
natim majoribus cancellat&; intts grisea’; callo interno angusto,

FISSURELLID&. 201

distincto; margine aperture minuté denticulato ; foramine magno,
circulari, longé ante medium posito. Ods. Lf. suffusa, Rve., is
only a variety of this without the variegated bands.

116. mets (f. 188), Rve-—F. cancellate simili, sed magis de-
pressd; fasciis distantibus; costis magis distantibus et acute angus-
tatis ; foramine oblongo. Ods. Flatter than F. cancellata, with
narrower, more distant, and sharper ribs.

117. enoneata (f. 185), Philippi Quam F. egis multo an-
gustiore. Ods. Although much narrower than F. e@gis, this
shell is not very distinct from that species.

118. cructata (f. 191), Avawss—Quam F. @gis ad apicem
magis elevata, costis radiantibus haud tantum extantibus, alba,
fasciis fuscis quatuor cruciatim radiata. Os. The apex is more
elevated and the ribs sharper and closer than (although not so
prominent as) in F. @gis. Obs. It is white, radiated by four
brown bands.

119. tentrerosa (f. 190), Rve.—Ovali-oblongé, subdepressa,
costis scabris alternatis crebris radiata, alba, griseo fasciatim macu-
lata et variegati; intis grised; margine denticulato; foramine
magno, rotundo. Ods. Rather more gibbous than the three pre-
ceding species, with the ribs sharp and close as in F. erwciata.
Oés. It is white, speckled with grey in radiating bands.

120. crentrera (fig. omitted)—Oblongd, validé depressa,
alba, fasciis rubris sex latis picta, costis distantibus nodosis ra-
diaté; intis albo margine crasso, crenulato; foramine oblongo,
prope medium posito. Ods. A figure of this has been inadver-
tently omitted; it is flat and oblong with nodulous ribs, and a
nearly central oblong foramen.

121. acurmara (f. 186), Rve-—F. crenifere simili, sed alba,
costis alternis acuté imbricatis. Ods. Differmg from F. erenifera
in the sharp imbrications of the more prominent ribs.

122. sacrrrata (f. 83).—Oblongé, depressa, radiatim stri-
at, alba, fasciis roseis 11 et maculis angulatis fasciata, intis alba ;
marginibus terminalibus paulo elevatis; foramine oblongo, paulo
supra medium posito. Ods. Prettily radiated with pink bands,
between which are angular brown spots.

123. crenutava (f. 18), Sows.—Magni, expansi, ovali-ob-
longa, posticé depressd, anticé gibba, fulva-grisescente, striis impres-
sis radiata ; striis concentricis crenulatis ; ints alba; callo apicali
valido; margine crenato, aperture margine denticulato, ad latera

202 FISSURELLID&.

paululum elevato ; foramine maximo, ovali, albo marginato. Ods.
A large shield-like species.

124. Hantnyana (f. 174), Sowb. G. B. 2.—Parva, alba, sub-
depress, anticé angustaté, minuté cancellata, intis alba, mar-
gine leviter crenulaté; foramine subtrigono, lateribus aculeatis,
prope medium posito. Ods. The triangular fissure in this species
has a little elevated point at each side.

Genus FISSURELLIDEA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum, testa patellaeformi, dorsali
pallio tecta ad apicem, fissuraé magna perforata, margine aperture
ad extremitates elevato.

The characters of the shells alone are not sufficient to distin-
guish this genus from the preceding, although the fissure is larger
than in Fisswred/a,and the basal margin is elevated at both ends ;
but in F. Aiantula the shell is covered almost entirely by a lobe
of the mantle, and although the animals of the other species are
not all known, I have placed together those whose shell would ap-
pear probably to belong to the same type.

Species of Fissurellidea.

1. utantuxa (f. 193, 194, 195), Zamk.—Testa oblonga, antice
subangustata ; lateribus compressis, terminis elevatis; i1mpresso-
striaté griseo, olivaceo vel rubro varié radiata et picta, intts alba ;
callo valido, margine leviter crenulato ; foramine magno, ovali,
paululum infra’ medium posito. Oés. Rather narrower anteriorly,
and, by being as it were pinched in at the sides, the basal margin
is open at both ends.

2. Cuemnirzi (f. 29, 192), Sowb.—Ovali, crassi, anticé an-
gustata, lateribus compressis, roseo radiata, concentricé undulatim
striata, costis complanatis et interstitiis minoribus radiata, intis
alba; callo valido ; foramine magno, ovali, subcentrali. Ods. A
large, thick flat-ribbed, rose-rayed shell.

3. FLORESCENS (f. 202, 203), Sowd. G. B. 2.—Oblonga, tenui,
anticé angustata, subdepressd, terminis paululum elevatis, con-
centricé undulatim striata, costis depressis ineequalibus radiata,
fulva, rufo variegata, intis albi; margine crenulato, roseo, callo
apicale roseo marginato ; foramine magno, paululum infra medium

FISSURELLID®. 203

posito. Oés. A very pretty shell in Mr. Hanley’s collection, in
some respects resembling F. Chemnitzii, but much thinner, and
not so much pinched at the sides or elevated at the ends.

4. incarnata (f. 199), Krawss.—Oblonga, rosea, albo radiata,
tenuissimé radiatim striata, anticé angustaté; terminis paululum
elevatis; foramine centrali, magno. Ods. Rose-coloured with
whitish rays very finely striated, the ends a little turned up, but
not so much so as F. hiantula:

5. sEtta (f. 197), Sows. G. B. 2.—Brevi, anticé angustata ;
lateribus paulo compressis, terminis validé elevatis ; fulva-rubes-
cente, minuté striata, intis grised; margine levi, callo purpureo
circumscripto. O%s. An interesting saddle-shaped shell, which
has the peculiar pinched-up character of /. hiantula, etc., but
is much shorter. It has the ends raised more than any other
species.

6. scuTELLA (f. 207), Sowd. G. B. 2.—Subquadrata, depressa,
levi, concentricé minutissimé striaté; terminis elevatis ; fulva,
fuscis fasciis inequalibus radiata; foramine magno, medio sub-
angustato. Os. The upturned edges of this almost square species
seem to place it in this genus or group.

7. nicriva (f. 196), Sowb.—Oblonga, depressa ; lateribus com-
pressis, terminis elevatis; radiatim striata, migrA; foramine
maximo, ovali, centrali. Ods. Black, finely striated, with the ends
raised, and very large central fissure.

8. compranata (f. 201), Sowd. G. B. 2.—Oblonga, depressa,
alba, terminis paululum elevatis, lineis impressis radiat&, con-
centricé crenulatim minutissimé striaté ; ints margine incrassato,
crenulato, callo lato circumscripto; foramine maximo, ovali, cen-
trali. Obs. A thick shell with ends slightly elevated, and very
large fissure.

9. tiraruta (f. 204), Rve—Oblonga, depress, striis impressis
radiata, lineis concentricis crenulatis cincta, pallidé fulva, fasciis
griseis 6 ineequalibus radiaté, intts alba; callo apicali cireum-
scripto; margine incrassato, minuté crenulato ; foramine magno,
ovali. Radiated with impressed lines, which are striated by fes-
tooned or crenulated lines of growth.

10. xquauis (f. 200), Sows. G. B. 2.—Oblonga, depressa,
levi, griseé, albo 12 radiata, terminis vix elevatis; margine
postico undulato ; intts albi'; foramine magno, centrali. Obs.
Although the ends are scarcely raised, the general form of this
shell seems to place it near /. nigrita, ete.

204 FISSURELLIDA.

Genus PUPILLAVA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum, testa patelleeformi, dorsali
interna; testee foramine maximo, ovali; margine basal, ared de-
pressi. cincto. Obs. The species upon which this genus is
founded, has the peculiarity of a depressed insertional rim, re-
sembling that by which the valves of a Ciiton are inserted into
the surrounding integument. ‘The shell is covered by the mantle.

PurinnHa aperra (f. 228, 229), Sows.—Oblonga, s subconica,
crassi, anticé magis gibbi, posticé magis depressi, grisea, ina-
qualiter nigro fasciata et punctatéi ; margine impresso, albo, tenui ;
foramine maximo, ovali. Oés. The nearest shell to this in fend
is Fissurellidea migrata, but neither that nor any other has a
similar insertional rim at the base.

Genus CLYPIDELLA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum, testé patelleeformi, dorsi
partem tegente ; teste foramine parvo, subcruciformi; margine
antico elevato. Obs. The flat saddle-shaped character of the shell,
and its small size compared with the animal, and the different
appearance of the animal itself, are perhaps sufficient to justify
the separation of the two known species composing this genus
from the other Fissureliida.

Species of Clypidella.

1. pustuta (f. 209, 210, 211), Lamk.—Testa subcireulari, de-
pressi, antice paululum angustata, margine elevato; emarginate
alba seu rosed, seu roseo radiatim fasciati, costis depressis, crebris,
concentricé striatis et interstitiis lmearibus radiata ; intts alba,
margine crenulato ; foramme subcruciformi roseo marginato
prope marginem anticum posito. Ods. The ribs are depressed
and close together, and the anterior margin is a little sinuous and
elevated.

2. FascrcuLanis {f. 212, 213, 214), ZLamk.— Sub-pyriformi,
gibbosa, anticé silboounineteeve radiis rugosis, elevatis radiata ;
foramine subcruciformi, prope medium posito. Ods. Peaked in
front, not emarginated, with the ribs more rugose and rounded
than in C. pustuda, and the fissure placed nearer to the centre.

FISSURELLIDE. 205

Genus MACROCHISMA.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum; testa patelleeformi, oblonga,
dorsali, versus extremitatem posita; teste foramine maximo, elon-
gato, prope marginem anticum posito, terminis elevatis. Ods. Mr.
Cuming remarks that the animal of this genus is very large and
elongated, with the shell placed near the hinder extremity. The
shell has the compressed sides and elevated extremities of the
genus /sswrellidea, but it is much prolonged backwards; and the
foramen is very long, narrowed behind, widened in front, where it
is placed close to the anterior margin of the siiell, which is de-
pressed immediately in front of it.

Species of Macrochisma.

1. maxima (f. 216, 217), 4. Adams.—Testa oblonga, radiatim
striata, fusco et rubro radiatim fasciataé, posticé subdepressa,
obsolete bicostati; margine antico validé elevato, sinuato, intis
margine incrassato ; foramine anticé angustato. Ods. This, and
not I. hiatula, is the species figured in the ‘Conch. Illust. as
F. macrochisma.

2. Srvensts (f. 219), 4. dd.— J. maxime simili, sed tenuiore,
postice terminis validé elevatis. Ods. It is a thinner shell than
MM. maxima, with the margin elevated at both extremities.

3. ancustava (f. 225), 4. 4d.— WW. maxima simil, sed angus-
tiore, ad latera obliqué striata. Os. Narrower than JZ. maxima,
with oblique striz at the sides.

4. compressa (f. 218), 4. dd.—M. maxime simili, sed lateri-
bus compressis, colore pallidé fulvo, posticé fused, fascia roseé an-
ticé utrinque radiata; foramine validé attenuato. O%s. A much
narrower shell than JZ. mazima, of a different colouring, and with
the fissure greatly lengthened.

5. propucta (f. 224), 4. 4d.—EHlongata, alba, tenuissimé ra-
diatim striata; anticé margine vix elevato, posticé margine de-
presso subrostrato; costa postici elongata, depressa, striata, fora-
mine anticé lato. Ods. Very long, depressed posteriorly by a
broad flat rib, and drawn out into a point or beak.

6. mecaTrema (f. 227), 4. dAd.—Ovali, parva, tenui, alba,
posticé roseo punctata, posticé roseo biradiata, obtusa; foramine
VOL. III. 2B

206 FISSURELLIDZ.

maximo, elongato, medio expanso. Ods. The foramen occupies
two-thirds the length of the entire shell, which ends abruptly at
the posterior end.

7. cuspipara (f. 226), A. dd.— Parva, minuté striaté, griseo
variegati, tenui, posticé attenuata, subacuminata; foramine maximo,
posticé acuminato. Oés. Differing from the last in its greyish
colour, in the narrowness and pointedness of the foramen and pos-
terior margin. ‘These last two species may prove to be the young
of some other species.

8. niatuLA (f. 198), Swaznas.—Oblongo- subquadrata, radiatim
striata, fuscé; anticé margine validé slernia, posticé margine pau-
lulum elevato; foramine oblongo, magno, prope medium posito.
Ovs. A wide species, in which the fissure is not placed so near
the front edge, and in which the space between the fissure and
margin Js scarcely depressed. It forms almost a link between
this genus and Misswredlidea.

9. pinatata (f. 220), 4. dd.—Oblonga, striata, subquadrata,
depressa, rubra ; anticé margine elevato vix sinuato, posticé paulu-
lim angustato obscuré quadricostato; foramine magno, supra
medium posito. Ods. Not quite so broad as the preceding, and
having the feramen rather nearer t! e front margin, with the space
between slightly depressed.

10. Baxter (f. 221), 4. dd.—Oblonga, subquadrata; margine
antico elevato, reflexo, lateribus anticé depressis, margine postico
depresso subtruncato ; costis rotundis subnodulosis antics alter-
natim majoribus radiata; alba, fasciis radiantibus, lineis fulvis
varlegatis ad laterd et inter costas posticas ornato ; foramine prope
marginem posticum posito.

ll. Tasmania (f. 223), Sows. G. B.2.—Quam VW. Bakier
angustiore, tenuiore; costis et striis tenuioribus; apice post foramen
elevato. Ods. Narrower than the last, with much finer stric.

. Novm-Caruponi (f. 223), Sowd. G. B.2.—Ovali, rubro-
atin minute punctata, costellis minutis posticé majoribus
radiati; margine antico elevato, margine postico subdepresso vix
acuminato; foramine breviusculo, prope marginem anticum posito.
Ovs. A more regularly oval species than the preceding, and of a
speckled reddish colour.

MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENERA

CEMORIA, CRANOPSIS, ZEIDORA, RIMULA,
EMARGINULA, SCUTUS, & TUGALIA.

By ARTHUR ADAMS anv G. B. SOWERBY.

Note.—Owing to engagements interfering to prevent the completion of Mr. Adams’s
manuscript, the arrangement of these monographs and final decision respecting many
species has fallen into the hands of G. B. S.

The specimens are nearly all from Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Genus CEMORIA, Leach.
Pirate X.

Char. Gen. Conica, radiatim costata, apice centrali; fissura ad
apicem posita, fornice interno arcuato.

In this genus, which is Sipho of Brown, Puncturella of Lowe,
and Rimula of American conchologists, the foramen is situated at
the apex of the shell, and is not simple, as in F%sswred/a, but is
furnished with an internal arched process.

1. noacuina (f. 10, 11), Zinn.—Conica, apice obliqué per-
forata, foramine intis coarctato, marginato ; costis minimis, ine-
qualibus, radiantibus ; apice minimo retorto.

2. gaLwata (f. 12), Goudd.—Solida, cinerea, elevata, globoso-
conica, apice central, acuto prorsum, porrecto, stris filiformibus
contfertis radiata, et striis minoribus concentricis decussata ; fis-
sura brevis, fusiformis; apertura rotundato-ovalis; margine ex-
panso acuto, minutissimé crenulato ; fornice costa transversalt
anticé suffulto, fossam trigonalem utroque latere formante.

3. conrca (f. 1, 2), D’Oré.—Conica, apice incurvato, acuto,
fissura angustata, costis radiantibus equahbus crassis et striis
concentricis decussata; apertura ovali, margine crenulato. Ods.

VOL. Il. 206

208 FISSURELLIDE.

This species, figured from a specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection,
is of quite a different form to C./astigiata, and seems to approach
more nearly to C. xoachina in specific characters.

4. cucuttata (f. 3, 4, 5), Gould.—Solida, cinerea, perin-
equilateralis, costis ad 40 acutis compressis majoribus et mino-
ribus alternantibus radiata, et striis concentricis confertis muri-
cata; apice elevato, acuto, adunco, prorsum spectante ; fissura
lanceolata; apertura ovata, margine sulcis ineequalibus alternan-
tibus crenulato ; facie interna porcellana ; formice tenui, simplici,
arcuato.

5. nopruts, (f. 6-9), 4. 4dams.—Elato-conica, vertice acumi-
nato, prorsum inclinato, acuto; costis longitudinalibus, validis,
eequidistantibus ; interstitiis striis concentricis mstructis ; fissura
angusta, lanceolata, margine valde crenato. Ods. Resembling
C. cucullata of Gould, but with the ribs stronger, wider apart,
and equal; the apex, moreover, is considerably more elevated and
acute.

6. coenira (f. 13), Goudd.—Comca, alba, radiatim costulata ;
apice incurvato ; apertura rotundato-ovali. Ods. Similar to Ce-

moria conica, D’Orb., but less elevated and the ribs more regular
(Gould).

7. Fatxtanpica (f. 14), 4. d4dams.—Albida, conica, apice incur-
vato, radiatiin costata; costis longitudinalibus, validis, subdistan-
tibus, equalibus, striis concentricis confertis corrugatis; fissura
angusta, lanceolata ; apertura ovata, margine crenato, fornice costa
transversali. Ods. In this species the ribs are very distinct, and
the concentric raised lines are acuminate where they cross the
ribs.

8. rastrerara (f. 15, 16), 4. ddams.—Albida, elevato-conica,
nitida, vertice acuminato involuto, costellis longitudinalibus eequa-
libus equidistantibus, interstitiis plamis lineis incrementi concen-
tricis; fissura lanceolata; apertura ovalis, margine crenulato, for-
nice costa valde arcuata, transversal, simplici.

Genus CRANOPSIS, A. ddams.
PuatTE X.

Gen. Char. Testa conica, capuliformis, ex{tis cancellata, apice
recurvo integro; fissuré in media posita inter apicem et marginem
anticam, fornice interno arcuato.

FISSURELLID%. 209

In this genus the position of the foramen is the same as in
Rimula, but is furnished with the internal calcareous arch pecu-
liar to Cemoria.

1. prtxotus (f. 1, 2), 4. ddams—Pileiformis, costellis ra-
diantibus crenulatis, interstitiis cancellatis, vertice posticé valde
incurvato ; fissura anticé acuta, margine posticé reflexo. Ods. This
species is more cap-shaped and the apex more involute than in C.
pelex ; it is also more laterally compressed and of smaller size.

2. PELEX (f. 3, 4), 4. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860.
—Pileiformis, liris radiantibus crenulatis, interstitiis cancellatis
ornata; fissura inthis concamerata, marginibus callosis extts la-
biis elevatis longitudinalibus marginatis ; foramine lineis incrementi
transversis apicem versus currentibus, margine crenulato.

Genus ZEIDORA, 4. Adams.
Puatr X.

Char. Gen. Testa oblonga, depressa, extiis cancellata, apice pos-
tico, margine antico fissurato, imterné lamina septiformi trans-
versa instructa.

This genus resembles Hwarginula in the fissured anterior mar-
gin, but the interior has a horizontal septum similar to that of
Crypta (or Crepidula).

1. rericurata (f. 1, 2), 4. ddams.—Oblonga, dorso convexa,
lineis elevatis ongitudinalibus radiantibus et lirulis concentricis
pulcherrimé decussata; apertura margine crenulata; fissura pro-
fundé angusta. Odés. This species differs from Z. calceolina in
being much more convex, less obtuse anteriorly, and in the fissure
being narrow and deeply incised; the sculpture moreover is very
different, being finely reticulated instead of widely cancellate.

2. catceoLina (f. 3), A. Adams.—Oblonga, lineis elevatis
concentricis et radiantibus eleganter cancellata; sulco mediano
lateribus elevatis ; apice posticé deflexo; septo margine acuto in-
tegro. Ods. Wider and more depressed than Z. reticulata, and
the concentric and radiating lines form a much wider network.

Genus RIMULA, De France.
Pratt X.

Char. Gen. Testa conica, apice postico recurvo; extts cancel-

210 FISSURELLID&.

lata, fissurA in medio inter apicem et marginem anticum posita,
interné simplici.

The medium position of the foramen is the same as in Cranop-
sis, but in Limuda there is no internal arched process.

1. Cumrnet (f. 1.), 4. Adams.—Parva, ovata, opaca, costellis
longitudinalibus radiantibus lineisque transversis crassis concen-
tricis cancellata ; cancelli transversi, elongati; costis nodulosis,
subequalibus, prominentibus, distantibus, anterioribus duabus
anticé divergentibus, interstitiis costellis duabus instructis, perfo-
ratione elongata, subquadrata.

2. proprnaua (f. 2.), 4. ddams.—Parva, elongato-ovalis, cos-
tellis prominentibus, asperis, longitudinalibus, radiantibus, sub-
distantibus, interstitiis valde cancellatis; cancelli transversi, sub-
quadrati; costellis duabus anterioribus anticé convergeutibus, ad
aperture marginem junctis perforatione angustate-ovali, anticé
acuminata.

3. exqutsita (f. 3, 4), 4. Adams.—Magna, ovalis, semipellu-
cida, alba, costis longitudinalibus radiantibus lineisque elevatis
transversis concentricis cancellata; cancelli subquadrati, costis
crenulatis, inequalibus, prominentibus, anterioribus duabus diver-
gentibus, interstitiis costellis duabus instructis; supra perfora-
tionem concava, perforatione elongaté subquadrata.

4. cartinata (f. 5), 4. ddams.—Parva, ovalis, costellis sim-
plicibus permultis confertis longitudinalibus radiantibus ornata ;
interstitiis cancellatis ; cancelli punctiformes ; costellis duabus an-
terioribus anticé convergentibus et apud apertures marginem
junctis ; interstitiis, supra perforationem, convexis, supra verticem
extendentibus, quasi cari; perforatione ovali, angusta, anticé
angustata.

5. Mazarianica (f. 6), Carpenter.—Minutissima, oblonga,
arcuata, costis crassis subimbricatis radiata, rugis minutis con-
centricé lirata; fissura verstis apicem attenuata.

Genus EMARGINULA, Lamarck.
Piatrs X to XIII.

Char. Gen. Testa conica, apice recurvo, extus cancellata; mar-
gine antico plus minusve fissurato.
In this genus the foramen is so far removed from the apex as

FISSURELLID®. 211

to form in the adult a fissure in the front edge of the shell; in
young individuals, however, the foramen is entire. 4. Adams.

(I do not find it possible to distinguish satisfactorily the sub-
genera “ Subemarginula”’ and “ Clypidina’’ The notch, upon
which the division principally depends, graduates from a great
depth in some species to being scarcely perceptible in others, but
no line of demarkation can be drawn. In most species the depth
of notch depends on the age of the specimen, being deeper in the
young. G. B. 8.)

1. pranurata (pl. x. f.-1), 4. ddams.—Hlongato-ovalis, com-
planata, vertice subcentraii posticé inclinato, albida, costellis
radiantibus eequalibus, imbricato-asperis lineisque concentricis
incrementi decussata, basi arcuati; aperture margine anticé
valde inciso, incisurd lata et profundi. Ods. Anterior not so
short as in &. ineisura. The slit much shorter and more
abrupt.

2. mnctsura (pl. x. f. 2), 4. Adams.—Elongato-ovalis, planu-
lata, pallidé fulva, vertice antico retrorsum inclinato, costellis in-
equalibus, radiantibus, longitudinalibus, imbricato-asperis, et
lineis elevatis, concentricis, decussata, basi arcuata, aperture
margine crenulato, anticé declinato, valde fissurato, mcisuré magna,
longa, haud usque ad verticem producta, marginibus intis cal-
losis. Ods. In this species the slit is long, and a half-cut conti-
nuation of it extends to the apex. This is, unfortunately, not
fully shown in the figure.

3. cLyPnus (pl. x. f. 3), 4. Adams.—Hlongato-elliptica, valde
depressa, testacea, macula luteolA in medio dorsi, vertice subcen-
trali, posticé inclinato, costis confertis, equalibus, radiantibus,
imbricato-asperis, ornata, basi arcuaté; aperturee margine crenu-
lato, anticé valde fissurato, fissurd magna, apertura intis bimacu-
losi. Obs. Narrow, scabrous, aud has some prominent ribs.

4. Huzarpr (pl. x. f. 4), Payr.—Ovalis, patelliformis, valde
depressa, alba, vertice subcentrali, brevi, leviter reflexo ; costellis
longitudinalibus numerosis minoribusque interpositis; striis
transversis ; margine crenulato. Ods. Very depressed, beauti-
fully cancellated, with posterior end short.

5. Dinecra (pl. x. f. 5), A. Adams.—Hlongato-ovalis, sub-
quadrangularis, alba, valde depressa, vertice subpostico, retror-
sum declinato, costis subdistantibus, radiantibus, asperulatis, et
liris elevatis, concentricis, pulcherrimé cancellata, basi arcuata ;
aperture margine denticulato, anticé valde fissurato. Ods. More

Pak FISSURELLID&.

obtusely conical than #. Huzardi, with sculpture closer and apex
nearly central.

6. opovata (pl. x. f. 6), 4. ddams.—Elongata, obovata, de-
presso-conica, testacea, vertice subcentrali, retrorsum inclinato,
costellis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, et liris elevatis, concen-
tricis, cancellata; apertura posticé rotundata, anticé angustata,
margine creno-denticulato, anticé profunde inciso. Od%s. Sharply
cancellated. ‘The sht very long.

7. cuaturata (f. 54), Pease-—Depressa, posticé lata, antice
angustata ; interstitiis foveolatis et costellis concentricis cancellata ;
apice versus marginem posticum posita; costis magnis, rotundis.
Obs. The ribs, particularly the six or eight posterior ones, are
large and rounded, the interstices deeply pitted.

8. acuteata (f. 58), 4. Adams.—Klongato-ovalis, depressa,
rufescens, vertice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato, costis radianti-
bus, aculeato-asperis, prominentibus, interstitiis valde clathratis ;
apertures margine denticulato, antice fissurato, fissurd profunda.
Obs. Not so enlarged posteriorly as 2. ohovata.

9. extra (f. 63), 4. Adams.—Hlongato-ovalis, valde de-
pressa, alba, subpellucida, vertice postico retrorsum inclinato,
costis radiantibus, distantibus, prominentibus, imbricato-nodosis,
interstitiis liris transversis et longitudinalibus late cancellata ;
tot’ superficie linealis radiantibus et concentricis pulcherrimé de-
cussatA ; aperture margine denticulato, antice profundé inciso.
Obs. Remarkable for the large regular pits between the ribs.

10. wnoneara (f. 33), PAid.—Oblongo-ovata, subdepressa,
costis radiantibus, nodulosis, alternatis et lincis elevatis crebris
cancellata, interstitiis tennissimis, nitentibus ; apice versus mar-
ginem posticum recurvo. Ods. The shell here described seems
best to agree with Philippi’s figure.

11. micans (f. 60), 4. Adams.—Elongato-ovalis, pallidé fusca,
nitida, vertice posticé declinato, costellis radiantibus et leis
elevatis transversis, regulariter cancellata ; cancelli quadrati ; aper-
turee margine denticulato, incisuré magni et longa. Obs.
Scarcely differing from 2. elongata, which also has the interstices
deep and shining, excepting in being a much more conical shell.

12. concinna (f. 34, 39, 40), A. Adams.—Ovato-depressa,
albida, vertice postico, ad marginem declinato, costis sulcosis,
distantibus, radiantibus (circa 12), interstitiis lincis longitudina-
libus, et transversis, concinné decussatis ; apertures margine den-
tato, anticé profunde inciso.

PISSURELLIDE. PA)

13. scapriuscuta (f. 36), 4. Adams.—Hlongato-elliptica, de-
presso-conica, testacea, vertice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato ;
costis ineequalibus, radiantibus, imbricato-subaculeatis, asperis, et
lineis elevatis, concentricis cancellata; apertura anticé angustata,
basi areuat’, margine creno-denticulato. Ods. Distinguished by
small red spots on the intermediate smaller ribs.

14. cancettata (f. 15, 16), PAéi7—Ovato-subdepressa, lata,
pallidé fulva, costis numerosis, alternatis, et lineis elevatis con-
centricis acuté cancellata, cicatrice post fissuram profundam foveo-
lata ; dorso arcuato, apice postico, declinato. Ods. In this species
the cicatrix above the fissure is deeply pitted.

15. pecuuta (f. 55, 56), 4. ddams.—HKlongato-elliptica, sub-
depressa, albida, vertice subpostico, declinato, costis distantibus
prominentibus, lineisque transversis concinné sculptis ; carina,
supra incisuram, puncturata ; aperture margine denticulato, in-
tus sulcato, anticé profundé inciso. Ods. The sculpture is sharp,
almost aculeated, and the cicatrix above the notch is elevated into
a prominent keel, pitted between two ridges.

Hab. Catanuan, Province of Toyabos, island of Luzon, on
dead shells, 10 fathoms. Jus. Cuming.

16. canpipa (f. 45, 46), 4. Adams. — Hlliptica, depresso-
conica, obliqua, alba, vertice subpostico, retrorsum declinato,
costis radiantibus imbricato-asperis (majoribus cum minoribus
alternatis), interstitiis clathratis; apertures margine denticulato,
anticé profundé inciso. O%s. Differing from 2. ded/ula in being
more depressed, and more coarsely and obtusely sculptured.

17. viurnea (f. 12, 13), 4. Adams.—Ovato-conica, albida,
vertice centrali, reirorsum inclinato, costellis radiantibus, nodu-
losis, subzequalibus, et lineis crassis, transversis, regulariter can-
cellata; cancelli profundi, punctiformes ; apertures margine cre-
nato, anticé profundé inciso.

18. cucunnata (f. 19, 20), 4. ddams.—Obovalis, obliqué
conica, alba, vertice producto, subpostico, intorto ; costis pro-
minentibus nodulosis, radiantibus, interstitiis cancellatis; apertura
lateribus antic? angustatis, margine denticulato, postict rotundato,
antice profundé fissurato, incisura longa et lata. Ods. Very ele-
vated, narrowest in front, with some prominent distant ribs pos-
teriorly.

19. Lronerrissa (f. 62), Sows—\Subdepresso-conica, omnino
minutissimé cancellata, apice elevato pauliim post-mediano, costis
circa 16 magnis, cum alternis minoribus ; fissura profunda, cica-

214 FISSURELLID&.

trice profunda, ad apicem continuata. O/s. Of a light buff
colour, very minutely cancellated.

20. sontpuna (f. 47, 48), PAi7.—Parva, elliptica, arcuato-de-
pressa; costis crebris rotundis, et leis elevatis minutissimis can-
cellata; apice retrorsum inclinato; fissura linearis. Ods. In this
little white species the cross ridges are very minute, and the ribs
close and rounded.

21. srrratuta (f. 59), Quoy.—Ovato-conica, fragilis, granu-
losa, longitrorsim transversimque tenuissimé costulata; vertice
obliquo, recurvo, margine crenulato, rima valde excavata. Obs.
The ribs are characterized by punctured striee.

22. orasstcostata (f. 41, 42), Sowd.—Ovalis, anticé suban-
gustata, costis crassis crebris noduliferis radiata, interstitius clath-
ratis, apice postice, dorso arcuato, cicatrice supra suturam carinata,
foveolaté. Ods. Oval, arched, with thick, rather close, beaded
ribs; the apex very posterior.

23. reticuLata (f. 37, 38, 49), Sowb. Min. Con.—Ovalis,
convexo-conica, costellis longitudinalibus strnsque transversis can-
cellata, pellucida, albida; vertice curvo, margine crenulato. Obs.
EF. reticosa of Adams ; differs in no respect from the well-known
British shell, and locality alone cannot be held sufficient to esta-
blish a species in the absence of other distinctions.

24. nospa (f. 22, 23), Bedl.—Ovata, conica, alba, translucida,
longitudinaliter costata, transversim striata ; apice peracuto, valde
infiexo, recurvo. Oés. This European shell is, when fresh, of a
rosy tint. It is coarsely ribbed.

25. capunirormis (f. 25, 26), Pdi/.mAngusta, arcuata, dorso
perelevato, apice valde recurvo, costis crassis circa 12; liris con-
tricis solidis, interstitiis foveolatis. Oés. A small, narrow shell,
much more elevated and horn-shaped than 2. rosea.

26. Apamstana (f. 27, 28), Sows.—Subrosea, elliptica, costis
magnis rugosis cum parvis intermediis radiantibus, et liris inw-
qualibus, omiino minuté scabrosis, cancellata, dorso arcuato ;
apice post marginem posticum declinato. Ods. This species is
much more coarsely ribbed than /. rosea, and the surface of the
ribs is minutely cancellated.

27. macuira (f. 31, 32), 4. Adams.—Depresso-conica, capu-
liformis, alba, fusco-maculata, costellis radiantibus nodulosis, ver-
tice posticé inclinato; apertura ovalis, margine crenulato anticé
profunde fissurato ; fissura longa, angusta. O%s. A very pretty

FISSURELLIDE. 215

cup-shaped species, mottled with pale-brown, and with the ra-
diating ribs distinctly nodulous.

28. GaLertcunata (f. 24), 4. Adams.—Obliqué conica, capu-
liformis, vertice valde curvato, ultra marginem posteriorem de-
cumbente, costellis angustis, crenulatis, radiantibus interstitiis
lineis elevatis, transversis, concinné clathratis ; costa antica supra
incisuram granulato-punctata ; aperture margine crenulato, anticé
profunde inciso.

29. orassa (f. 21), J. Sowerby, Min. Con.—Solida, elliptica,
conica, posticé latior, costis ineequalibus minuté nodosis radiata,
lineis minutis concentricis vix clathrata; apice elevato, postico,
vix declinato. Os. The ribs have a tendency to associate in
bundles, and the cross bars are so minute and faint as to scarcely
leave pits between.

30. puncticuxata (f. 14,35), 4. Adams.—Hlongato-elliptica, de-
presso-conica, testacea,apice acuto, subpostico, retrorsum inclinato,
costis radiantibus, et liris concentricis, elevatis, cancellata, liris
ad costas nodulosis, basi areuata; aperture margine excurvato,
crenulato, apice profundé inciso. Ods. G. B. 8. is of opinion
that FA. exeurvata of A. Adams is identical with this. Both
shells differ from #. crassa in being distinctly and strongly reti-
culated.

31. emenpata (f. 11), Sowh.—Ovalis, conica, fusca, apice
elevato, versus marginem posticum recurvo, vix declinato, costis
crebris equalibus, rotundis, striatis et lineis elevatis concentricis
ornata ; fissura elongata, anticé contracto, ad marginem clausa.
Ods. This darkly-coloured shell is remarkable for the slit narrow-
ing towards the anterior, till at the margin its edges appear re-
united.

32. TeNutcostara (f. 17, 18), Sowd.—Elliptica, elevato-conica,
concentricé viridi subfasciata, costis numerosis, noduliferis et striis
concentricis minutis concentricé cancellata ; figura profunda,
cicatrice post fissuram foveolata. O%s. This species resembles
F. puncticnlata, but is much more finely sculptured. It is also
less expanded posteriorly than either &. puncticudata or L. crassa.

33. punetata (f. 29, 30), 4. Adams.—Ovato-conica, albido-
grisea, pulcherrimé viridi punctata, vertice subcentrali, posticé
inclinato ; costis longitndinalibus, majoribus cum minoribus alter-
natis, concinné granulatis ; aperturee margine crenulato, excurvato,
anticé valde fissurato.

34. varincata (f. 9, 10), 4. Adams.—Depresso-conica, alba,
VOL. Ill. 2D

216 FISSURELLIDA.

griseo variegata ; apice obtuso, subcentrali, costis rugosis ineequali-
bus acutis numerosis, margine denticulato.

35. FULIGINEA (pl. x. f. 7, 8), 4. ddams.—Hlliptica, valde de-
pressa, fuliginea, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costellis
zqualibus, radiantibus, granulosis, confertis et lineis incrementi
concentricis, ornata ; apertura ovalis, intis viridis, margine crenu-
lato, anticé fissurato, incisurd intis in canalem producti.

36. Javonica (f. 43, 44), Sowd.—Subpurpurea, subelliptica,
conica, posticé angustata, lateribus compressis, apice obtuso ; fis-
sura parva, costis ineequalibus rugosis, margine itus postics in-
crassato. Obs. Distinguished by a compression of the sides, the
narrowness of the posterior end, and the thickening of the inner
posterior edge.

37. FissurATA (f. 104), Chemn.— Depresso- -conica, lata, rubra,
solida, apice obtuso mediano, costis numerosis, minuté nodulosis
radiata, interstitiis lvevibus ; jeanne parva, cicatrice intis incras-

sata. Obs. A rather wide, solid, purplish-red shell.

38. scasricostara (f. 61), 4. Adams.—Ovalis, valde de-
pressa, albida, fasciis tribus, lutescentibus, radiantibus, anticé
ornata; vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus,
distantibus, corrugatis, interstitiis valde clathratis et corrugatis ;
aperturee margine dentato et denticulato, anticé valde inciso.
Obs. The broad ribs of this little flat shell are minutely scabrous,
and #. pumila of A. Adams being similarly characterized, the
two shells are here re-united. (G. B. 8.)

39. Vanicoremnsis (f. 52), Quoy et Gaim.—Oblongo-conica,
arcuata, fragilis, alba, margine crenulato, costellis longitudinalibus,
rugosis, striis transversis ‘granulatis ; fissura angusta. Ods. The
ribs are closer and smoother than in ‘E. scabr icontate

40. pumria (f.61), 4. Adams.—Orbiculato-ovalis, valde depressa,
apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus nodosis,
ineequalibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis incrementi, decussata ;
aperture margine denticulato-crenato, anticé profunde sinuato ;
sinu subquadrato, intis in canalem producto. Ods. A small,
white, flat species.

41. tavicosrata (f. 57), 4. Adams.—Parva, elliptica, valde
depressa, apice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato, costis levibus ra-
diantibus (circa 14) interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus, et lineis
transversis late clathratis, aperture margine denticulato, lateribus
anticé valde inciso. Ods. The cancellated ribs of this little flat
species are comparatively smooth and the interstices deeply pitted.

FISSURELLID&. Q17

42. votyconais (f. 78, 90), 4. Adams.—Hlongato-ovalis,
depresso-conica, alba, octoradiata, vertice subcentrali, posticé in-
clinato, costis radiantibus subnodulosis, longitudinalibus (octo
majoribus) lineis concentricis incrementi aspera; apertura octa-
gonalis, margine crenulato, anticé valde sinuato, sinu intus in ca-
nalem producto. O4s. Mr. Adams’s FZ. denticulata (f. 90) is only
the young state of this shell.

43. crassiLaBrum (f. 79), 4. ddams.—Hlliptica, crassa, rudis,
alba, depresso-conica, vertice subcentrali, eroso, costis radiantibus,
distantibus, inzequalibus, subaculeatis, ornata; apertura margine
crenato-denticulato, posticé recto, anticé rotundato, sinuato, sinu
intis m canalem producto.

44, Cuminert (f. 76), Sowd.—Oblonga, irregulariter polygona,
lata, valde depressa, subviridis, costis angulatis rugosis ineequa-
libus radiata, apice paululim anticé posito; fissura subquadrata.
Ols. Much more depressed and wide than Z. scutellata, and the
sculpture less deeply cut and rugose.

45. scureniata (f. 53), Deshayes.—Oblonga, irregulariter poly-
gona, angusta, depressa, subviridis, costis rotundis elevatis, rugo-
sis, valde ineequalibus radiatis et liris irregularibus concentricis
cancellata; apice acuto, paululim versus marginem posticum in-
clinato ; fissura subquadrata, cicatrice in carinam elevata. Obs.
Besides the points enumerated in the description of 2. Cumingii,
this species differs from it in having the apex nearest to the pos-
terior side.

46. tava (f. 81), Quoy.—Hlongato-ovalis, valde depressa, ver-
tice vix elevato, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus nodulosis,
crassis, et lineis incrementi transversis, ornata; aperturee margine
irregulari, crenulato, intUs calloso, anticé valde sinuato.

47. mmpricata (70,71), A. ddams,—Ovato-oblonga, subquad-
rangularis, cinereo-albida, vertice parvo, centrali, posticé incli-
nato, costis radiantibus imbricato-asperis, ineequalibus, et lineis
crassis irregularibus incrementi decussata ; aperturee margine den-
tato, anticé valde sinuato, sinu subquadrato, intts in canalem
producto.

48. australis (f. 67, 94), Quoy.—Ovalis, brevis, pallide fulva
vel cinerea, elevato-conica, costis radiantibus scabris, inzequalibus
et lineis elevatis decussata ; costis tribus anticis majoribus, apice
submediano, paululim recurvo; sinu parvo, extis in costam, in-
tus in canalem producto. Ods. In this species the sides are less
compressed and the sculpture less coarse than in &. imbricata.
Fig. 94 is a flattened variety.

218 FISSURELLID&.

49. Tasmant% (f. 72), Sowd.—Hlevato-conica, pallidé fulva,
costis distantibus magnis, rugosis, et alternis minoribus radiata,
posticé expansa, antice angustata, costis duabus prominentibus du-
plicatis, et cicatrice in costam validam producta ; fissura brevis,
apice acuto, obliqué recurvo. Oés., The two prominent anterior
ribs are not so much produced as in #. australis, while the mb
formed by the cicatrix is more so; the apex is very acute and
turned backwards slightly on one side.

50. Panuiensts (f. 73, 74, 75), Quoy. —Griseo-rufescens, ele-
vato-conica, tenuis, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato; costis
tuberculosis, radiantibus, albidis, et lineis transversis, elevatis,
subclathratis, costa antica prominente ; aperture margine dentato,
anticé valde sinuato, sinu intis in canalem producto.

51. noputosa (f. 77), 4. Adams.—Ovata, obliqué conica, al-
bido-rufescens, vertice subcentrali, posticé declinato, costis lon-
gitudinalibus nodosis, radiantibus, duabus latere anterioribus per-
magnis, liris irregularibus transversis decussata ; aperturee margine
irregulari posticé acuminato, anticé truncato, sinuato, sinu inthis
in canalem producto. O%s. It is ike #. Panhiensis, but the ru-
gosities are swelled into large bosses on the large ribs.

52. scurprius (f. 89), dA. Adams.—Ovalis, obliqué conica,
albida, viridi radiatim maculata, vertice subcentrali, posticé valde
declinato ; costis radiantibus, longitudinalibus corrugatis ; inter-
stitiis pulcherrime punctato-clathratis; costd antic’ prominente
crenulata; apertures margine undulato et crenulato, postice rotun-
dato, anticé truncato et sinuato, sinu intts in canalem producto.
Oés. Clathrated as in &. Panhiensis, but not so elevated and
more compressed at the sides, with a brown marginal spot be-
tween each of the larger ribs.

53, atveorata (f. 82, 83), 4. Adams.—Tenuis, alba, subpel-
lucida, depresso-conica, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato,
costis radiantibus lirisque transversis irregulariter alveolata ; costis
ad liras nodulosis ; alveolis pellucidis ; aperture margine dentato,
antice sinuato, sinu intts in canalem producto.

54. cravitra (f. 91), 4. Adams.—Ovata, conica, albida, vertice
obtuso, central, posticé haud inchnato, costis radiantibus distanti-
bus, nodulosis; interstitiis costellis duabus longitudinalibus, et
lineis elevatis, transversis eleganter cancellatis ; aperture margine
crenulato antice simuato, sinu quadrato, itis in canalem producto.
Obs. Only the formation of the fissure and cicatrix distinguish
this from F. viminea.

FISSURELLID. 219

55. Guapatoupensis (f. 69), Sows.—Ovata, depressa, irregu-
laris, rugosa, apice subcentrali, costis radiantibus magmis quarum
tribus posticis majoribus, duabus anticis maximis, cum alteris in-
termediis et parvis; costis concentricis irregularibus ; interstitis
foveolatis ; fissura parva, cicatrice in costam elevatam producta.
Obs. Tf such a shell as #. Panhiensis were flattened, it would
present an appearance resembling this species.

56. ocronaptata (f. 66), Gme/.—Ovata, conica, patelliformis,
costata, alba vel albo-virescente, anticé intis canaliculata, margine
subemarginato, costis octo eminentioribus. Ods. The eighth ray
is formed by the cicatrix- of the fissure, which ends in a shght
notch at the margin.

57. peprussa (f. 64, 65, 68), B/aznv.—Patelliformis, alba,
ovato-oblonga, lateraliter depressa, costata, costis novem eminen-
tioribus; striis transversis clathratis.

58. RuGosa (f. 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102),
Quoy.—Hlongato-ovalis, oblique conica, costis radiantibus, ele-
yatis, distantibus, asperulatis, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus
et lineis scabriusculis valde cancellata; vertice subcentrali, posticé
inclinato ; aperturee margine dentato-crenulato, incisurd profunda,
ints in canalem producté. Ods. In the whole of the varieties
figured, which have received so many names, we see only the
same general characters with different degrees in the asperity of
the ribs, resulting from the age of individuals saa other modifying
circumstances.

59. putcura (f. 50, 51), 4. ddams.—Depresso-conica, viridis,
albo pulcherrimé radiatim picta, vertice subcentrali, postice in-
clinato, costis radiantibus, ineequalibus aculeato-asperis, intersti-
tis lineis elevatis transversis clathratis; apertures margine denti-

DEAS Ce 3G A : A Mh
culato, anticé inciso, fissuri brevi subquadrata. Ods. This re-
sembles the sharper aud younger specimens of /. rugosa, but all
the radiating ribs in the anterior half of the shell are equal.

60. sretuata (f. 103), 4. ddams.—Solidula, albida, elliptica,
depresso-conica, apice subcentrali ; costis elevatis, subspinulosis,
radiantibus ; interstitiis costellis et striis crebris decussantibus,
exasperatis ; aperturee margine dentato, sinu sublaterali, intts in
canalem apicem versus producto. Oés. This differs from any
of the varieties of #. rugosa in the production of the ribs at their
marginal termination, and the greater coarseness of the sculpture
generally.

61. suncrrpra (f. 84, $5), 4. ddams.—Ovalis, depresso-conica,

220 FISSURELLID&.

viridescens, vertice obtuso, ad partem posteriorem posito ; costellis
radiantibus, interstitiis haud eequantibus, et striis incrementi or-
natis, basi arcuati; aperture margine crenulato, incisura haud
profunda sublaterali, intis in canalem producti. Ods. In the
one-sided position of the notch in this ove species G. B. 8. does
not see a sufficient reason for the erection of a separate genus.

62. norata (f. 86, 87, 88), Zinz.—Ovalis, depressa, cinerea,
nigro lineata et maculata; apice postico, obtuso; costis radianti-
bus nigris, rugosis, inequalibus ; margine antico vix emarginato,
intis cicatrice inconspicud. Ods. In this species the fissure has
been filled up almost or quite to the margin, and is only percep-
tible by a shght notch and an inconspicuous cicatrix.

Genus SCUTUS, Montfort.

Parmophorus, Scutellites, Dascinum, etc.
Puates XIII, XIV.

Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum ; capite proboscidiformi ;
tentaculis crassis et subulatis; oculis in tuberculis ad bases ex-
ternas positis; pallio super testam reflexo; pedum latera cirro-
rum serie instructis ; testa oblonga, suleiformi, depress 4, apice
dorsali oblique posticé inclinato ; aperture margine anticé sinuato ;
impressione musculari oblonga, posticé semicirculari.

1. nLroneatus (f. 1, 2, 10, 21), Lamk.—Tenuis, elongata, an-
terlus integra, striis exiguis radiata; marginibus acutis. Obs.
The concentric lines are scarcely waved. The surface is slightly
striated.

2. uneuis (f. 19), Zimz.—Solida, glabra, utrinque subtrun-
cata, striis concentricis ineequalibus impressa, dorsi animalis lon-
gitudinem equante, marginibus incrassatis. Ods. Very straight,
oblong, square at the anterior end, with straight lines of growth.

3. BREvICULUS (f. 6), Blaine.—Solida, glabra, dorso convexo
animalis longitudinem non eequante. Ods, This shell is very
much shorter in front than the other species.

4. corrueatus (f. 4, 7), Reeve.—Hlongata, utrinque subro-
tundata, dorso plano, striis concentricis validis corrugatis instructo.
Obs. Shaped like S. edongatus, but with the concentric lines waved
strongly so as to form a corrugated surface.

FISSURELLID&. 221

5. eranutatus (f. 3, 20).— Testa superne tuberculis parvis
granulata.” Ods. The concentric lines are waved and thickened
into little knots or tubercles. These are not so conspicuous in
the variety termed S. imbricatus, Quoy et Gaim. The shell is
narrowed in front, with an arched back.

Subgenus Tueatia, Gray.
Prats XIV.

Char. Gen. Testa patelliformis, oblonga, anticé angustata,
dorso elevato, arcuato; apice postico et recurvo ; aperture mar-
gine crenulato et anticé profunde sinuato.

The narrowness of the shell in front, the arched character of
the back, the decussated structure of the outer surface, and the
crenulated margin of the aperture, will be thought to distinguish
this sufficiently from Parmophorus.

1. parmMopHoripEa (f. 5, 11, 16), Quoy.— Ovato-oblonga,
convexa et arcuata, margine denticulato, luteo-virescente, striis
tenuissimis asperis atque confertis cancellata; vertice obtuso,
rimd fere nullA. Ods. This is convex and rather narrow at the
anterior end, the radiating ribs strongest.

2. ossga (f. 18), Gou/d.—Crassa, rudis, albida, quadrangu-
lari-elliptica, costis radiantibus numerosis inequalibus acutis et
strils incrementi decussata, basi arcuaté; margine crenulato, cica-
trice musculari bene impressd, incisurd haud profunda, intis vix
in canalem producté. Os. Much like 7. cinerea, but not so
long nor so tapering in front.

3. crneREA (f. 15, 17), Gow/d.—Cinerea, F. osseo similis sed
tenuior, altior, magis disposité et delicaté clathrata, cicatrice muscu-
lari inconspicua ; incisurad minimé profunda, in canalem interiorem
valde insignem producté. Ods. The rays are imbricated, and the
form is more elongated and depressed than in 2. parmophoridea.
7’. ossea 1s a shorter and thicker shell.

4, carinata (f. 13), 4. ddams.—Hlongato-ovalis, dorso cari-
nata, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, confertis et striis trans-
versis, concentricis, decussata ; apice posticé declinato, basi ar-
cuata ; aperture: margine crenulato, extremitate anteriore sinuata,
sinu intts in canalem producto. Os. The anterior sinus is conti-
nued to the apex as a keel without and a groove within the shell.

222 FISSURELLID®.

5. pecussata (f. 12), A. Adams.—Elongato-ovalis, albida,
planulata, dorso carinata, costellis longitudinalibus, radiantibus,
et lineis elevatis concentricis eleganter clathrata, vertice acuto,
postico; aperture margine crenulato, anticé sinuato, sinu intus
in canalem producto. Ods. With a regularly cancellated sculp-
ture and a keel from the anterior margin to the apex.

6. crcatrosa (f. 14), 4. Adams.— Elongato-ovalis, alba, dorso
valde depressa, costellis radiantibus et lineis concentricis elevatis
decussata, vertice subpostico depresso excavato quasi cicatricoso,
subpellucido, basi arcuat&é; apertures margine crenulato, extre-
mitate anteriore sinuatd, simu intus in canalem producto. Obs.
The sinus and cicatrix as in Z. carinata, but the shell flat and
strongly cancellated.

7. scuretiaris (f. 8, 9), 4. Adams.—Elongato-ovalis, virido-
fusca, tenuis, dorso planulata, vertice postico, acuto, vix elevato,
costellis radiantibus subdistantibus, et striis concentricis incre-
menti decussata ; extremitate anteriore vix sinuato ; aperturd intus
fuscd, margine crenulato.

ras}
©

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF
Pruates, Fis. 1.—-XIV.

FISSURELLIDA.
THEs. 236 -249.

INCLUDING THE GENERA

FissuRELLA (Fis.), p. 184.
FissURELLIDEA (Fissdea.),p. 202.
PuPILLHA (Pup.), p. 204.
CLYPIDELLA (Clyp.), p. 204.
Macrocutsma (Mac.), p. 205.
Crmorta (Cem.), p. 207.

aculeata, Reeve, Fis. 121, f. 186.
aculeata, 4. dd., Km. 8, f. 58.
acuminata, A. Ad., Em. rugosa, pl. xiii.
Adamsiana, Sowd., Em. 26, f. 27, 28.
adspersa, Reeve, Fis. cancellata, pl. vill.
wgis, Reeve, Fis. 116, f. 188.
equalis, Sowd., Fissdea. 10, f. 200.
affinis, Gray, Sowb., Fis. 12, f. 42,
aly
alba, Carpenter, Vis. 32, f. 88-89.
Alabastrites, Reeve, Fis. 33, f. 43, 44.
alta, C. B. Ad., Fis. excelsa, pl. vil.
alternata, Say, Fis. 90, f. 98, 99.
altitus, Gould, Em. Otia, Conch. p. 116,
not known.
alveolata, 4. Ad., Em. 53, f. 82, 83.
ambigua, Se. unguis.
ambigua, Chemn., Sc. unguis, pl. xiv.
angustata, Sowd., 109, f. 170-171.
angustata, 4. dd., Mac. 3, f. 225.
angustatus. A. Ad., Se. elongatus, pl.
xiii.
annulata, A. Ad., Em. rugosa.
antipodis, Lamk., Se. unguis, pl. xiv.
aperta, Sowd., Pup. f. 228, 229.
apertura, Mont., Cem. noachina, pl. x.
arcuata, Sowd., Fis. 106, f. 163-4.
articulata, Sowd., Fis. 114, f. 176.
VOL. II.

Cranopsis (Cran.), p. 208.
Zetpora, (Zei.), p. 209.
Rimvta (Rim.), p. 209.
Emareinuta (Em.), p. 210.
Scutus (Sc.), p. 220.
Tueauta (Tug.), p. 221.

aspera, Sowd., Fis. 98, f. 125.
asperella, Sozd., Fis. 42, f. 56.
aspera, Gould., Em. rugosa, pl. xiii.
atrata, Reeve, Fis. 17, f. 71.
australis, Krauss, Fis. 59, f. 158.
australis, Lamk., Se. unguis, pl. xiv.
australis, Quoy, Em. 48, f. 67, 94.
Bakei, 4. dd., Mac. 10, f. 221.
balanoides, Reeve, Fis. 57, f. 94.
Barbadensis, Gmel., Fis. 39,
144-146.
bella, Reeve, Fis. 8, f. 25.
bellula, 4. 4d., Em. 15, f. 55, 56.
Bombayana, Sowd., Vis. 83, f. 166.
biradiata, Frembly, Fis. 10, f. 1, 2, 8.
breviculus, Blaine. Se. 3, f. 6.
Bridgesii, Reeve, Fis. 3, f. 21, 22, 34.
calceolina, 4. Ad., Cran. 3, f. 3.
ealyculata, Sowd., Fis. 66, f. 126-127.
cancellata, Gray, Fis. reticulata, pl. v.
cancellata, Solander, Fis. 115, f. 187-
189.
cancellata, Ph., Em. 14, f. 15, 16.
candida, A. Ad., Em. rugosa, pl. xiii.
candida, Sowb., Fis. gibba, pl. v.
candida, 4. dd., Km. 16, f. 45, 46.
capuliformis, Ph., Em, 25, f. 25, 26.
carinata, 4. dd., Rim. 4, f. 5.
E

f. AQ:

f.
2

224

carinata, 4. Ad., Tug. 4, f. 13.
catillus, A. Ad., Em. lata, pl. xii.
eatillus, Reeve, Fis. 49, f. 81.
Cayennensis, Lamk., Fis. 94, f. 101.
Chemnitzii, Sowd., Fissdea. 2, f. 29,
192.
cicatrosa, 4. dd., Tug. 6, f. 14.
cinerea, Gould, Tug. 3, f. 15, 17.
clathrata, Pease, Em. 7, f. 54.
clypea, 4. dd., im. 3, f. 3.
clypea, Sovwd., Fis. 13, f. 63.
coarctata, King, Fis. 29, f. 60.
cognita, Gould, Cem. 6, f. 13.
conica, D’Ord., Cem. 3, f. 1, 2.
complanata, Sowdé., Fissdea. 8, f. 201.
compressa, 4. dd., Mac. 4, f. 218.
compressa, Reeve.—See radiata, Fis.
eoncinna, Phil., Fis. 23, f. 4, 173, 206.
concinna, 4. dd., Em. 12, f. 34, 39, 40.
conica, Bl., Em. rosea, pl. xi.
conoidea, Reeve, Em. rugosa, pl. xiii.
conoides, Reeve, Fis. 37, f. 51.
corrugatus, 2eeve, Sc. 4, f. 4, 7.
corbicula, Sowd., Fis. 112, f. 180.
costaria, Desh., Fis. 76, f. 117.
costata, Lesson, Fis. 27, f. 15, 205.
crassa, Lamk., Fis. 6, f. 16, 17.
crassa, J. Sowd., Em. 29, f. 21.
crassicostata, Sowd., Hm. 22, f. 41,
42,
crassilabrum, 4. dd., Em. 43, f. 79.
cratitia, 4. Ad., Em. 54, f. 91.
crenifera, Fis. 120.
erenulata, Sowd., Fis. 123, f. 18.
cruciata, Avauss, Fis. 118, f. 191.
cucullata, 4. dd., Em. 18, f. 19, 20.
cucullata, Gould, Cem. 3, f. 3, 4, 5.
Cumingii, 4. dd., Rim. 1, f. 1.
Cumingii, Sows. Em. 44, f. 76.
Cuminei, Reeve, Fis. 25, f. 5, 132.
curvirostris, Desh., Em. rosea, pl. xi.
cuspidata, 4. Ad., Mac. 7, f. 226.
Cuvieri, Savig., Em. Huzardi, pl. x.
cyathulum, feeve, Fis. 71, f. 152, 153.
Darwiniis Reeve, Fis. picta, 20.
decussata, 4. Ad., Tug. 5, f. 12.
digitale, Reeve, Fis. 100, f. 122.

FISSURELLIDA.

densiclathrata, Reeve, Fis. 81, f. 157.
denticulata, A. Ad., Em. polyzonalis,
pl. xii.
depressa, Blainv., Em. 57, f. 64, 65,
68.
dilitata, 4. dd., Mac. 9, f. 220.
dilecta, 4. Ad., Em. 5, f. 5.
dubia, Reeve, Fis. 63, f. 208.
Dysoni, Reeve, Fis. 88, f. 105-106.
echinata, Gould.— See Cumingii, Cem.
elongata, PAil., Em. 10, f. 33.
elongata, Phil., Fis. 117, f. 185.
elongatus, Zamk., Se. 1, f. 12, 10, 21.
emendata, Sorwdé., Em. 3], f. 11.
excurvata, A. Ad., Em. puncticulata,
pl. xi.
eximia, 4. dd., Em. 9, f. 63.
Luropea, Sowb., Fis. reticulata, pl. v.
excelsa, Fis. 68, f. 154, 155, 156.
exquisita, 4. dd., Rim. 3, f. 3, 4.
exquisita, Reeve, Fis. 18, f. 32, 128.
Falklandica, 4. Ad., Cem. 7, f. 14.
fascicularis, Lamk., Clyp. 2, f. 212,218,
214.
fastigiata, 4. Ad., Cem. 8, f. 15, 16.
florescens, Sowd., Fissdea. 3, f. 202-3.
Jimbriata, Reeve, Fis. Jukesu, pl. vi.
jissura, Linn., Em. reticulata, pl. xi.
fissurata, Chemn., Em. 37, f. 104.
Flemingii, Macgill., Cem. noachina,
pl. x.
fuliginea, 4. d4d., Em. 35, f. 7, 8.
fulvescens, Sowd., Fis. 4, f. 36.
fumata, Reeve, Fis. 89, f. 95, 96, 97.
funiculata, Reeve, Fis. 84, f. 100, 129.
Jungina, Gould, Em. rugosa, pl. xiii.
galeata, Gould, Cem. 2, f. 12.
galericulata, 4. dd., Em. 28, f. 24.
galericulum, Reeve, Fis. biradiata, 10.
gemmulata, Reeve, Fis. minuta, pl. vii.
eibba, Phil., Fis. 103, f. 114, 168.
gibberula, Lamk., Fis. 104, f. 118.
gibbosus, Anton, Se. breviculus, pl.
xiv.
gibbosus.—See breviculus:
elaucopis, Reeve, Fis. 34, f. 45.
eranifera, Pease, Fis. 105, f. 165.

FISSURELLIDA.

granulatus, Blainv., Sc. 5, f. 3, 20.
Greca, Penn., Fis. reticulata, pl. v.
grisea, Reeve, Fis. 5, f. 85.
Guadaloupensis, Sowd., Em. 55, f. 69.
Hanleyana, Sovwd., Fis. 124, f. 174.
hiantula, Zamk., Fissdea. 1, f. 193-95.
hiatula, Sweains., Maer. 8, f. 198.
Hondurasensis, Reeve, Fis. biradiata,
10.
Humphreyi, Reeve, Fis. 36, f. 61.
Huzardi, Payr., Em. 4, f. 4.
imbricata, Sowd., Fis. 72, f. 162.
imbricata, 4. dd., Em. 47, f. 70, 71.
imbricatus, Quoy.—See granulatus.
incarnata, Krauss, Fissdea. 4, f. 199.
ineequalis, Sowd., Fis. 111, f. 183, 184.
Incei, Reeve, Fis. lineata, pl. vi.
incisura, 4. dd., Em. 2, f. 2.
indusica, Reeve, Fis. lineata, pl. vi.
intermedius, Reeve, Tug. cinerea, pl.
xiv.
Jamaicensis, Gmel., Fis. nodosa, 35.
Japonica, Sowd., Em. 36, f. 43, 44.
Jukesii, Reeve, Fis. 64, f. 147, 148, 149.
larva, Reeve, Fis. 87, f. 102, 103, 104.
lata, Quoy, Em. 46, f. $1.
lata, Sowé., Fis. 26, f. 18.
lanceolata, Sowd., Fis. 113, f. 182.
latimarginata, Sovwd., Fis. 9, f. 6, 7, 12.
latior, Fis. 78, f. omitted.
levicostata, 4. dd., Em. 41, f. 57.
levis, Recluz, Em. reticulata, pl. x1.
lentiginosa, /teeve, Fis. 119, f. 190.
lima, Sowd., Fis. 99, f. 124.
limatula, Reeve, Fissdea. 9, f. 204.
limbata, Sowd., Fis. 2, f. 23, 24.
Lincolni, Gray, Sowb., Fis. 97, f. 133.
lineata, Sowd., Fis. 80, f. 134, 135.
Listeri, D’Oré., Fis. 73, f. 130, 181.
longifissa, Sozd., Fis. 53, f. 66.
longifissa, Sowd., Em. 19, f. 62.
micans, 4. dd., Em. 11, f. 60.
maxima, Sowd., Fis. 22, f. 8, 9.
macrotrema, Sozwd., Fis. 52, f. 86, 90.
macrochisma, Humph., Mac. maxima,
jE wee

maculata, A. 4d., Em. 27, f. 31, 32.

225

Metcalfei, Reeve, Fis. 61, f. 140, 141,
142.
Mazatlanica, A. Ad., Rim. 5, f. 6.
maxima, Humph., Mac. 1, f. 216,
217.
Mediterranea,
Desh., pl. vi.
megatrema, 4. d4d., Mac. 6, f. 227.
Mexicana, Sowb., Fis. 15, f. 26, 27, 28,
78.
micans, A. Ad., Em. elongata, pl. xi.
microtrema, Sowd., Fis. 43, f. 54, 55.
minuta, Lamk., Fis. 107, f. 169.
monilifera, Sowd., 31, f. 175.
muricata, Reeve, Fis. 14, f. 68.
mutabilis, Sowd., Fis. 48, f. 70, 74,
719, 93.
Natalensis, Avauss, Fis. 44, f. 69.
neglecta, Desh., Fis. 60, f. 139.
nigra, Lesson, Fis. 1, f. 14.
nigra, Ph., Fis. Philippiana, Reeve.
nigrita, Sowd., Fissdea. 7, f. 196.
nigrivadiata, Reeve, Fis. 85, f. 167.
nigrocincta, Carpenter, Fis. 55, t. 64,65.
nigro-ocellata, Aeeve, Fis. 69, f. 160,
161.
nigro-punctata, Sowd., Fis. 28, f. 33.
nimbosa, Linn., Fis. 58, f. 136.
Noachina, Zinn., Cem. 1, f. 10, 11.
nobilis, 4. dd., Cem. 5, f. 6, 7, 8, 9.
nodosa, Born, Fis. 35, f. 59.
nodulosa, 4. Ad., Em. 51, f. 77.
notata, Linn., Em. 62, f. 86, 87, 88.
Novee-Caledoniz, Sowb., Mac. 12, f.
nubecula, Linn., Fis. 45, f. 73.
obovata, 4. Ad., Em. 6, f. 6.
obscura, Sowd., Fis. 54, f. 80.
obtusa, Sowd., Fis. 38, f. 75, 76.
octagona, feeve, Fis. 70, f. 159.
octoradiata, Gmel., Em. 56, f. 66.
oriens, Sowd., Fis. 19, f. 19, 20.
ossea, Gould, Tug. 2, f. 18.
ostrina, Reeve, Fis. 47, f. 84.
Panamensis, Sovwd., Fis. 86, f. 123.
parmophoridea, Quoy, Tug. 1, f.5, 11,
16.

Gray, Fis. neglecta,

72

Panhiensis, Quoy, Em. 50, f. 73, 74,
75

pelex, 4. Ad., Cran. 2, f. 3, 4.

Peruviana, Lamk., Fis. 11, f. 38, 39,
40, 41.

Philippiana, Reeve, Fis. 16, f. 30.

Philippiana, Dunk., Fis. gibba, pl. v.

pica, Sowd., Fis. 110, f. 181.

picta, Dunk., Em. pulchra, pl. xi.

picta, Gmel., Fis. 20, f. 10, 11, 35.

pileata, Gould, Em. Otia, Conch. p.
116, not known.

pileolus, 4. Ad., Cran. 1, f. 1, 2.

pileolus, Migh., Em. rosea, pl. xi.

pileopsides, Reeve, Fis. 102, f. 120,
121.

planulata, 4. Ad., Em. 1, f. 1.

polygona, Sowd., Fis. 21, f. 177.

polygonalis, 4. dd., Em. 42, f. 78, 90.

princeps, Migh., Cem. noachina, pl. x.

producta, 4. Ad., Mac. 5, f. 224.

propinqua, 4. dd., Rim. 2, f. 2.

proxima, Sowd., Fis. 93, f. 115,116.

pulchra, Sowd., Fis. 7, f. 31.

pulchra, 4. dd., Em. 59, f. 50, 51.

punctata, 4. Ad., Em. 33, f. 29, 30.

puncticulata, 4. Ad., Hm. 30, f.14, 35.

pumila, 4. dd., Em. 40, f. 80.

pustula, Lamk., Clyp. 1, f. 209, 210,
211.

quadrivadiata, Reeve, Fis. Rupellii,
pl. v.

radiata, Lamk., Fis. 40, f. 48, 50.

radiata, Gould, Em. Otia, Conch. p.
116, not known.

reticosa, A. Ad., Em. reticulata, pl. xi.

reticulata, 4. Ad., Zei. 1, f. 1, 2.

reticulata, Sowd., Em. 28, f. 37,38, 49.

reticulata, Donov., Fis. 75, f. 112.

rosea, Bell, Hm. 24, f. 22, 23.

rosea, Lamhk., Fis. 46, f. 91, 92.

rota, Reeve, Fis. 51, f. 72.

rudis.—See lata.

rugosa, Quoy, Em. 58, f. 92, 93, 95-
102.

rugosa, Sowd., Fis. 41, f. 46, 47.

Rupellit. Sowd., Fis. 91, f. 107, 108.

26 FISSURELLID A.

sagittata, Reeve, Fis. 122, f. 83.
scabricostata, 4. dd., Em. 38, f. 61.
scabriuscula, 4. 4d., Bm. 13, f. 36.
scabricula, A. Ad., Wim. rugosa, pl. xiii.
sculptilis, 4. 4d., Hm. 52,f. 89.
scutella, Sowd., Fissdea. 6, f. 207.
scutellaris, 4. Ad., Tug. 7, f. 8, 9.
scutellata, Desh., Em, 45, f. 53.
sella, Sowd., Fissdea. 5, f. 197.
Sieboldii, Reeve, Fis. 65, f. 138.
similis, Sowd., Fis. 74, f. 143.
Sinensis, 4. 4d., Mac, 2, f. 219.
Singaporensis, Reeve, Fis. 77, f. 118,
119:
solidula, Ph., Em. 20, f. 47, 48.
solidula, Costa, Em. crassa, pl. xi.
spinosa, Gmel., Fis. nodosa, 35.
stellata, 4. dd., Km. 60, f. 103.
stellata, Reeve, Fis. 24, f. 82.
striatula, Quoy, Em. 21, f. 59.
subrostrata, Guild., Fis. 62, f. 215.
suffusa, Reeve, Fis. cancellata, pl. vill.
sulcifera, 4. dd., Em. 61, f. 84, 85.
teeniata, Sowd., Fis. 50, f. 77.
Tasmaniz, Sowb., Em. 49, f. 72.
Tasmanie, Sowd., Mac. 11, f. 223.
tegula, Reeve, Fis. 96, f. 57, 58.
tenebrosa, Sowd., Fis. 56, f. 67.
tenuicostata, Sowd., Em. 32, f.17, 18.
tenuistriata, Sowd., Fis. 101, f. 111.
textilis, Gould, Em. Otia, Conch. p.
116, not known.
Ticaonica, Reeve, Fis. 92, f. 110.
trapezium, Sowb., Fis. scutella, pl. ix.
tumidus, Quoy, Se. breviculus, pl. xiv.
unguis, Linn., Se. 2, f. 19.
Vanikorensis, Quoy, Hm. 39, f. 52.
varicosa, Sowd., Fis. 67, f. 52, 53.
variegata, 4. dd., Hm. 34, f.9, 10.
variegata, Sowd., 108, f. 172, 173.
venusta, Reeve, Fis. 82, f. 109.
viminea, Reeve, Fis. Metcalfei, pl. vi.
viminea, 4. Ad., Em. 17, f. 12, 13.
violacea.—See nigra, Fis.
virescens, Sowd., Fis. 30, f. 37.
viridula, Zamk., Fis. 95, f. 62.
voleano, Reeve, Fis. 59, f. 87.

MONOGRAPH

OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS
SOLARIUM of Lamarck.

By SYLVANUS HANLEY, B.A., F.L.S., etc.

Char. Gen. More or less conoidal or disciform, with a large
umbilical cavity, which, for the most part, is denticulately crenated
within ; periphery more or less angular in general; mouth never
pearly ; operculum horny ; spiral, oval, or circular.

Section A. (Architectoniea, Bolten.) —Periphery angular;
mouth rhombic; whorls belted above, usually with radiating
sculpture ; inner lip straight, or nearly so, with a single canalicu-
lated notch at the termination of the umbilical cord, which latter
is always creno-dentated ; umbilicus never ribbed spirally ; oper-
culum suboval, flattened, quickly spiral at one end; internal
nucleus circular-based, composed of very numerous erect scales.

Section B. (Philippia, Gray.)—Shell as in the last, but the
whorls not belted posteriorly, and devoid of radiating sculpture ;
operculum circular-based, multispiral, concave externally, inter-
nally with a small abrupt central mammillary apex.

Suction ©. (Zorinia, Gray.) —Surface corded throughout ; peri-
phery bluntly biangulated or even rounded, more rarely angular ;
mouth more frequently suborbicular; umbilicus in the typical
species relatively narrow, and encircled by one or more spiral
ridges; operculum circular-based, multispiral, composed of nu-
merous membranaceous layers, either forming a peak or truncated.

My aim in adopting these sections is to enable the conchologists
of both the Lamarckian, and the more modern English school, to
arrange their cabinets according to their several predilections.

228 SOLARIUM.

Otherwise I should have preferred for divisional purposes, the selec-
tion of characters wholly based upon the shell, and independent
of the rarely obtained opercula. 1 am inclined to think that such
species as S. infundibuliforme are quite as far removed from
Torinia as Philippia is from Architectonica, and that the loosely
coiled Bifrontia is scarcely within the limits of the genus.

* Sect. A. ARCHIVECTONICA.

1. persrectivum (f. 36, 37, 38), Linn.—T. depresso-conica,
sulcis remotis validis (corpore levi excepto) radiatim sculpta.
Anfractus spiraliter unisulcati, infra suturam angustam brunnei
et deinde candidi (varius subarticulati), infra sulcum spiralem
zona fusca ornati, deinde laté fulvi seu cinerei; cingulum supra-
suturale rufum seu fuscum, nonnunquam albo anguste articulatum.
Carina angusta, fulvo remote articulata. Sulcus peripherie superior
perangustus et seepius (etiamque inferior) unifilesus ; are basalis
medium sulcis radiatum, maculis lineisve interruptis intus margi-
natum. Crenz umbilici latioris brunnez, permulte.— Var. (incisa,
Phil.). T. pallida ; anfractuum zona superior, nisi in corpore, fere
albida ; zona infra suleum angusta, in corpore articulata; cingu-
lum suprasuturale brunneo et albo articulatum. Carina angusta,
acuta. Macule articulationesque basales seepius pauciores et. re-
motiores : cingulum album basale haud erasse crenatum.—Vanr.
(Australis, Plul.). T. pallidé cinerea; zona anfractuum superior
fere ut in var. precedente ; zona angusta, infra suleum spiralem
continua. Sulci radiantes crassi et valde remoti. Cimgulum su-
prasuturale brunneo-rufescente articulatum. Carina obtusa. Area
basalis media sulcis, plicisve, crassis radiata. Umbilici parvi
crene rufe, satisque magne. Ods. Not only the Linnean type
of Trochus perspectivus, but the great majority of the synonyms
in the tenth edition of the ‘Systema’ indicate this common species.
Var. S. incisa, Phil., is very pale in colour, with the crenated edge
of the umbilicus white with light brown spots: the peculiarities
of his Australe are most perceptible in young specimens.

2. TROCHLEARE (f. 19, 20), Hinds.—'T. S. perspectivo persimilis,
sed major, carneo-fulva; differt etiam apice nunquam cinereo-
nigrescente, sulcis radiantibus magis contiguis, vittd infra suleum
spiralem angustiore (quartam partem latitudinis illius areee tantum
implente), et semper in anfractu ultimo articulata, sulco spirali,
sulco peripheriz et sulco cingulum suprasuturale precedente latis ;
articulationibus carine acutissime brunneis, latisque; maculis in
media area disci inferioris magis irregularibus, flammasque simu-

SOLARIUM. 229

lantibus. Ods. This common shell has been generally accepted as
the Zrochus perspectivus of Linneus. Of the many figures cited
by that author in the tenth or standard edition of his ‘Systema,’
not one represents it; and in the twelfth, or final edition only one
(Seba, ii. pl. 40, f. 1, 2). Hinds, whose ideal of the Linnzan
species was the S. maximum, described this species from a rather
elevated abnormal specimen.

3. Maximum, (f. 5, 6), PZ2/.—T. depresso-conica, sulcis confertis
obliquis (corpore levi excepto) radiata. Anfractus, infra suturam
latam, suleis profundis 2 (quorum superior est latior), et super
cingulum suprasuturale, quod (etiamque carina, basis cingula,
zonaque superior) fusco-rufescente et albido est articulatum, altis
tenuioribus obscuris instructi. Aree medi fulvee ; apicem versus
cinere, pallido violaceo tincte. Sulcus peripheria superior
latus, filis 1-2 divisus; inferior filosus, satisque latus. Basis
area media plerumque marginem exteriorem versus subretusa ;
interiorem versus maculis subremotis brunneis notatum subpla-
nulata, et seepius radiatim crassé suleo-plicata. Crenze umbilici
amplissimi permulte, vix pergrandes, albe seu pallida, aliquando
sparsim maculate. O4s. The deeper the spiral sulci, the more
elevated are the belts. The second zone is never articulated.

4. mopustum, (f. 11, 12, 27, 28), P&cd.—T. depresso-conica,
radiatim sulcata (corpore levi excepto). Anfractus superne bis
longitudinaliter sulcati; vitta superior angusta, alba, vel brunneo
remote maculata, vel brunneo pallidiore confertius nebulosa ; vitta
inferior brunnea, et aliquantulum latior. Area media lata, fulva ;
cingulum super suturam angustam vel brunneum (aliquando su-
perne tantum), vel brunneo pallidiore et saturatiore subarticu-
latum. Carina albida, vel strigis fulvis perangustis ornata, vel
brunneo remotissimé subarticulata. Sulcus peripheralis angustus
unifilosus. Basis vel tota immaculata, vel cingula ejus brunneo
remotissimé articulata, et margo interior areee medie levigatee
(aut sulcis obsoletis radiates) maculis linearibus brunneis pictus.
Sulcus inter carinam et cingulum proximum basale satis latus,
anifilosus. Umbilicus (et crene ejus albe satisque multee) hand
permagnus. Ods. Mr. Taylor possesses an example which is devoid
of the second spiral groove.

5. quapricups (f. 3, 4, 25, 26), Hinds.—T. depresso-conica ;
sutura conspicué canaliculata. Anfractus omnes sulcis 3 spiralibus
crassis (infimo presertim) divisi, et sulcis subcontiguis radiantibus
(nisi in anfractu ultimo) crassé decussati. Vitta prima et quarta
brunneo et albido (vel pallidé fulvo) subremote articulate ; vitta

230 SOLARIUM.

secunda et tertia (omnium latissima) cmruleo-cinerex, livido-
carne, aut rubro-fulvee. Sulcus, inter cingula gemina peripherie
lata eequalia similiterque maculata, multo angustior quam cingula
ipsa et in adultis filosus. Basis area media sulcis rudibus ra-
diata, et umbilicum versus (tantum in senioribus amplum et
multidentatum) maculis remotis marginata. Crenee umbilici (in
junioribus ampli) rufee vel livido-fuscee. Ods. This species,
although named only a few years, was probably known to the
older conchologists. Both Gualtier (pl. 65, f. O, outer) and
Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. v. f. 1691-2, copied as 8. granulatum ? in
Kuster’s Chemnitz) have figured So/aria, which closely resemble
the more mature examples.

6. Taytort (f. 31, 32), Hanley.—T. depresso-conica, solida,
fulva; sutura laté canaliculata, Anfractus im cingula 4, fusco-
rufescente articulatim picta (tertio, quod duo preecedentia fere
eequat, excepto) et sulcis radiantibus (nisi in anfractu ultimo)
rudibus subremotis in rhombos latiores (¢. 3 excepto) quam altos
diffracta, sulcis latiusculis (tertio praesertim) eximie divisi. Sulcus
preecedens peripheriz cingula gemina, subzequalia, similiterque
picta, valde latus, profundus; intervallum in adultis filosum, aque
latum. Area basis media maculis brunneis perparvis tantum
juxta marginem interiorem ornata; alibi magis minusve levis.
Sulcus carine declivi proximus latiusculus, vix filosus. Cin-
gulum inter suleos latos umbilico vicinos, conspicué angustum.
Umbilici subangusti crene satis magne, carneo-rufescentes. Obs.
In the only examples known to me, the articulation is not deve-
loped upon the earlier turns; the first belt, however, is paler
than the rest. The coarser sculpture, and the articulation of the
second zone, alike distinguish it from maximum and quadriceps.

7. Nosite (f. 35), Bolten.—T. valida, depresso-conica, albo-
violascens ; sutura caniculata. Anfractus cingulis 4, granoso-
crenatis (nisi in anfractu ultimo adultarum, ubi levia fiunt), et
quinto (vel potius filo suturali) ,minore, minusque elevato,instructi :
c. primum, sepius in adultis pallidius, et deinde quartum, ma-
culis subremotis fulvis vel castaneis, quarum series minores sen-
sim in ¢. secundo, et postremo in omnibus apparent, ornatum ; c.
tertium ac. precedente (utrumque in adultis postremo vix emi-
nens) strid mera, a ¢. sequente, et prominente, sulco lato, divisum.
Carina satis magna utrinque filo, quorum superius (a sulco satis
lato preecessum) crassius est, circumsepta. Basis area media (non-
nunquam pallide fulva) cing. 3-4 granosis punctisque pietis, quie
raro Marginem ejus exteriorem pertingunt, munita. Crene um-

SOLARIUM. 231

bihei coarctati pauce, permagne, in adultis albidee. Oss. Our
figure of the adult (f. 35) does not adequately represent the most
striking characteristics, the twin central belt and the broad groove
which succeeds it. Figure 2 is a fair representation of the young
of both this and the succeeding species, which greatly resemble
each other in that immature state which best displays the granular
sculpture.

8. aranutatum (f. 1, 2), Deshayes (as of Lamarck).—T.
valida, depresso-conica, violaceo-albida, vel pallidé ceruleo-viola-
cea: sutura modicé canaliculata. Anfractus cingulis 4 granoso-
crenatis (vel potius subgranosis), ultimo in adultis, ubi levia,
semper, autem eminentia, fiunt, excepto, et preeterea, filo suturali,
in primis subgranoso, instructi: c. superius, latiusque, maculis
brunneis magnis, satisque proximis, conspicué ornatum; c. cetera
subzequalia, et in anf. inferioribus (etiamque in basi) adultorum
maculis minoribus confertim picta; intervalla omnia sulcis latis
equalibus profundeé exarata. Carina, basis, etc., sicut in S. zodile,
nisi, fortasse, dentes plures et vix albidi. Ods. The only adult
specimen known to me did not arrive in time for delineation.
The broad separation of its second and third belts, which do not
become depressed as in zodi/is, easily distinguish it from the ma-
ture of that earlier-known shell. The tints are likewise deeper,
and the spots more numerous. Lamarck’s too briefly described
granulatum, as defined by the synonyms, should rather be the
previous species.

9. Barrpir (f. 48, 49), Handey.—T. depresso-conica, pallidé
fulva; cingula (primo, ultimoque albo, exceptis) maculis obscuris
remotis picta : : sutura perangusta. Anfractus in cingula 5,
sulcis radiata, divisi; 2 prima subzequalia (secundum fortasse pau-
lulum minus) ; tertium ambobus precedentibus simul equum ;
quartum, sulco precessum, primo aliquantum latius; quintum,
sulco lato preecessum, manifesté angustum. Peripherize carina
secunda (suleum satis angustum ? sequens) adeo eminens ut peri-
pheria acutangularis videtur. Crene umbilici magne. Obs.
The umique example of our national museum is not mature, but
has too salient characters to be passed over.

10. prorum (f. 33, 34), Plil.—T. §. purpurato persimilis, sed
pallidé fulva; suture nives et maximé canaliculate ; macule lon-
ginque ; sulci radiantes rudiores ; peripherize sulcus inferior haud
filosus; disci basalis medium Alin serie macularum fulvo-
brunnearum versus umbilicum (cujus crenze candid nonnun-
quam sunt sparsim maculate) tantum ornatum. Sculptura

VOL. Il. 2F

232 SOLARIUM.

basalis in junioribus fere pliciformis. Os. The acquisition, by
Mr. Taylor, of all the original specimens of Sodaria, described by
Hinds, from Sir K. Belcher’s collection, has enabled me to identify,
by a long chain of connecting links, the immature fragilis of that
naturalist with the adult pictum of Philippi. The type of the
former was sharply carinated, nearly white, with the fourth belt
continuously and the first interruptedly brown; the prominent
radiating riblets of the white lower disk are obscurely cut towards
the umbilicus by a faint spiral groove; the umbilical teeth are
smaller and more numerous. ‘The mere fry are not unlike the
top of 8. quadriceps, but the great length of the third row of
grains distinguishes them. The adult appears to have been known
to both Seba (iii. pl. 40, f. 41, 42) and Chemnitz (f. 1694,
copied in Kuster’s edition, Sol. pl. 2, f. 4), although I dare not
positively pronounce upon their somewhat rough drawings.

11. Cuminetr (f. 44, 45), Hanley.—T. subdepresso-conica,
albida seu pallidé fulva, infra suleum spiralem zon lata subma-
culosd picta: dimidium inferius anfractuum majorum seriebus 3
macularum linearium brunnearum ornatum. Anfractus sulcis
(nisi labrum versus) subconfertis radiati, et suleo unico spirali
infra cingulum album (margine superiore brunneo submaculoso (?)
passim ornatum) superneé instructi; pars inferior ares medi
costellis tenuibus obsoleté cincta: cingulum marginale (seu infe-
rius) nullum. Carina parva, angusta, brunneoque maculata.
Basis albee area media, tantum umbilicum versus modicum et crenis
rufis permultis munitum punctis picta: cingulum infraperipherale
procul a carina, angustum, tantum obscuré maculatum.

12. purpuratum (f. 7, 8), Hinds.—T. seepius depresso-conica,
striis confertis radiata. Anfractus suturé angusta divisi, sulcis 2
(quorum superior fortasse est major) cincti, pallidé ceerulescente-
purpurei, maculis rufis (seepe flammas simulantibus) ad carinam,
cingula, zonas 2 superiores anf. ultimi penultimique plerumque
etiam ad cingulum anf. caeterorum primum (aliquando omnino
album), ubi, sicut in cingulo suprasuturali macule magne fiunt
et distantes, ornati. Cingulum sulcum peripherie perangustum et
nonnunquam filosam preecedens, satis latum (seepe latius quam
ipsa carina). Basis media maculis brunneis undatis satisque
magnis (aliquando vel concurrentes strigas radiantes formant, vel
oritur series interveniens) utrinque marginata. Sulcus inter cin-
gula basis externa satis latus, unifilosus. Crenze umbilici, nun-
quam late patentis et in var. elevat& coarctati, brunnez,‘tnulte,
satisque magne. Os. The elevated form has a slight fulvous

SOLARIUM. 233

glaze over the lilac tint, and three rows of spots on the central
area of the lower disk.

13. perpix (f. 17, 18), Hinds.—T. depresso-conica, sulcis
subcontiguis (corpore levi excepto) subobsoleté radiata, spiraliter
unisulcata. Anfractuum zona superior candida, maculis ferrugi-
neis (seepiusque remotis) ornata: area infra suleum profundum
sublatum pallida, aliquando maculis linearibus ferrugineis (sepe
autem obscuris) superné marginata. Cingula peripherie peran-
gusta, arcté tenuiterque crenata, et, cum cingulo suprasuturali
cingulisque externis disci inferioris, albo et ferrugineo articulata.
Sulcus peripherie profundus, in latitudine cingula vicina emulans,
haud filosus. Aree basalis medium sulcis radiatum, pallidé albo-
purpurascens, tantum ad marginem interiorem obscure macula-
tum. Crenz umbilici vix unice ampli, candid, permulte.

14. Dunxert (f. 29, 30), Hanley.—T. conica, baud multum
depressa, seepe trochiformis. Discus superior sicut in 8. perdice,
sed magis fulvus, et nonnunquam maculis linearibus parvis dis-
tantibus subbrunneis, in seriebus spiralibus paucis, subobsoleté or-
natus; cingula, etiam, latiora multoque confertius crenata, macu-
lis brunneis confertioribus magisque conspicuis, picta: carina lata.
Discus inferior (in exemplis pulchrioribus) sicut in S. purpurato :
area media lineis nonnullis brunneis interruptis aliquando cincta :
sulci radiantes conspicui. Crenze umbilici magne, plerumque
brunnee. Ods. The keel is peculiarly broad below. The exte-
rior spiral sulci of the lower disk are almost cancellated in imma-
ture examples.

15. taviearum (f. 21, 22), Lamarck.—T. subdepresso-conica,
inferné albida, superné violaceo pallido magis minusve tincta,
luteo-tuscescente vel fulvo notata. Anfractus sulcis profundis
2 (preeter eum qui cingulum elevatum super suturam modicé
canaliculatam preecedit) cincti; vittee superiores 2 eequales, tertia
aliquantulum latior, cingulum angustissimum. Vitte apicem
versus obliqué decussate, labrum versus levigate ; utraque ma-
culis informibus, prima magnis et distantibus, secunda et tertia
parvis et seepius spiraliter linearibus, notata. Peripherie cingula
subeequalia; sulcus ejus superior subangustus, inferior latus,
haudque filosus. Area media basis magis minusve levis, mar-
ginem exteriorem versus maculis magnis irregulariter circum-
scripta, alibi lentiginibus linearibus parvis frequentibus cincta.
Crene umbilici coarctati magne, plerumque albide, aliquando
ferruginee. Obs. The edge of the pillar is apt to be crenated,
and the umbilical wall is usually spirally striated in fine examples.

234 SOLARIUM.

Reever (f. 9, 10), Handey.—T. fulvo-carnea, vel livido-
carnea, in utroque anfractu maculis parvis saturate fulvis in serie-
bus 5-6, ordinatis, cincta; striis, denique obsoletis, contiguis
tennibus transversim obliquis radiata; sutura haud canaliculata.
Anfractus haud celeriter expansi, cingulo suprasuturali (nonnun-
quam duobus) quod seepius est albidum et fulvo-brunneo remote
articulatum, infra sulcum spiralem latum minimé profundum ornati,
alibi inconspicue (sulco infra zonam primam excepto) spiraliter
sculpti. Basis et peripheria fere ut in S. /evigato, sed cingulum
proxumbilicale (cum crenis parvis permultisque umbilici coarctati)
confertim maculosum. Os. The upper disk of this shell, whose
apex is of a dark liver colour, reminds one a littie of Zrochus
zizyphinus; upon the lower there is an obsolete spiral sulcus
beyond that which bounds the proxumbilical belt. The only
specimen known to me is an elevated abnormal form, and I think
both the conoidal shape and the lower suprasutural belt result
from the coiling of the (7) whorls upon the carial belt instead
of, as usual, upon the groove above it. The central rows of
spots are somewhat linear. 8. Zevigatum and S. purpuratum are
its nearest congeners.

17. ruticrnosum (f. 13, 14), Hinds.—T. depresso-conica,
sulcis subremotis (in ultimo anfractu obsoletis) radiata; sutura
angusta, profunda. Anfractus im medio pallidi et strigis brun-
neis latis obliquis undulati. Vitta super suleum spiralem unicum
angustum profundum satis lata, brunnea, leviter autem albo
infra marginata. Cingula brunneo et albo articulata; c. supra-
suturale angustum ; sulcus inter c. peripherale latum et carinam
angustam fulvo-maculatam perangustus et crassé unililosus.
Basis planulata: sulcus perangustus, infra carinam filosus : area
media pallida versus umbilicum satis amplum (cujus crene per-
multee sunt et rufo-fuscee) maculis subrhombeis subcontiguis
brunneis satis arcté ornata. O/s. In the only mature individual
I have yet seen, the umbilical wall is adorned with spiral brown
lines, and the characteristic streaks, which do not reach to the
encircling sulcus, are converted into two interrupted zones on the
earlier volutions.

18. Hantryt (f. 15, 16), Sowerty.—‘*'T. depressa, supra conica,
infra lenticularis; imter anfractus sutura profunda; anfractus
supra maculis robris longitudinalibus ornati, prope suturam fulvo
unifasciati, tum linea albi cineti, infra medium profunde bisul-
cati; carina marginalis acuta, infra distanter fulvo punctata. Basis
arcuata, ventricosa; sulcus angustus, infra carinam fusco articulatus.

SOLARIUM. 235

Area media crebré rugosa, prope umbilicum fusco minute macu-
lata, tum cara parva monilifera albi cineta. Umbilici margo
nodulis magnis fuscis ornata. Ods. The most distinguishing
features of this beautiful shell are the brown-reddish flashes of
colour, in which it resembles S. fuliginosum, and the rounded
lenticular base, in which it differs from all species of the Architec-
tonica section.” Possibly an abnormal form of 17.

19. biscus (f.57, 58), Phzlippi.— T. depresso-conica, lenticu-
laris, acutangula, anfractibus supra planulatis, cingulis tribus
moniliformibus valde depressis subobsoletis ornatis ; basi linea
parum elevat’i marginem cingente, aliaque impressa, umbilicum
mediocrem valde crenatum cingente, sculpta.” Os. Unknown to
me. Philippi adds that the colourless specimen sent lim by
Seacchi,in tolerable condition, exhibited two scarcely raised threads
between the belts; that its keel, although acute and very de-
pressed, was rounded off at the angle; that its convex base (a
little concave, however, before the extreme margin), rayed with
dichotomous folds, a continuation of the umbilical teeth, was
otherwise smooth (the specified sculpture excepted) ; that its um-
bilical ridge projected considerably inwards; and that its mouth
was very depressed, and very sharply angulated at the outer lip.

20. PLACENTULA (f. 23, 24), Hinds. —T. discoidea, fulva; cin-
gulum marginale rufo maculatum, carinam unicam latam obtusam
pervalidam, valde eminentem, demique formans. Anfractus pauci,
vix convexi, cingulo granoso latiusculo alium simile perparvum,
quod labrum versus evanescit, sequente, inferne instructi; striis
paucis distantibus etiamque cincti: anf. apicales juxta suturam
perangustam nonnunquam plicato-corrugati. Basis juxta cari-
nam concaviuscula et filis 2-3 tenuissimis circumcincta; sequi-
tur deinde filum vix granosum, striolaeque paucz spirales; umbi-
licum versus satis amplum pallidum multidentatum, convexa vel
tumida, et denique rugis radiantibus crassis plicata, sulcoque
unico nonnunquam cincta. O%s. Remarkable for the absence of
secondary keels, and of an infrasutural sulcus.

21. psEuDO-pERsPEctIvUM (f. 83, 84), Broccht.—T.. depresso-
conoidea, supra luteo-fulva, infra albida; msi fortasse ad carinam
latam, declivem, peracutamque, immaculata : sutura subcanalicu-
lata. Anfractus superné rotundati, et msi juxta apicem spire
depressum, ubi sulcis arcuatis radiati sunt, leves; pars (circiter)
tertia inferior sulcis duobus, cingulisque duobus, quorum supe-
rius est angustius, ornata; cingula apicem versus crenulata,

236 SOLARIUM.

postremum levigata. Basis pars exterior satis lata, cingulis an-
gustis pluribus (3-4) ornata (fortasse in exemplis senioribus ob-
soletis). Crenze umbilici satis ampli parvee, permulte, tantum a
costis alie partis basis rudibus radiantibus sulco unico volvente
divisee. Ods. In the only recent example (brilliant in colour, semi-
translucent in texture) of this beautiful fossil at present known,
the keel protrudes downwards, the ribbed portion of the base is
convex, and the belted area is somewhat concave. ‘The absence
of an umbilical belt is a striking peculiarity.

** Sect. B. Psrrprra.

22. HyBripum (f. 39, 40, 41, 42,43), Linn.—T. subdepresso-
conica, levis: sutura angusta. Anfractus pauci, fulvi rufi vel
fusci, superné tumidi et nonnunquam maculis albis obsoletis
variegati; inferné nonnunquam aliquantum gradati et cingulis
geminis albo articulatis angustis semper instructi. Cingulum
peripherale articulatum, jacens inter vicina 2 cingula minora
(quorum inferius depressum raro est articulatum), rotundatum.
Basis valde convexa, nonnunquam juxta cingulum angustum
articulatum, quod cingulum umbilicale candidum Jatissimum am-
plectitur, vitta alb& pallidive ornata. Crene umbilici modicé
tantum coarctati parvee, permulte.—Var. uwndata, f. 42, 43.
Alba, strigis angustis undatis fuscis, vel fusco-luteis, undique ra-
diata, eodemque colore infra suturam ornata; basis zonis 1-2
similibus, sed pallidioribus, nonnunquam picta; maculis albis zo-
nata. Anfractus superne albo laté et confertim maculati; cin-
gula alba, remota, etiam strigis communibus ornata. — Var.
australis. Conoidea, vel depresso-conoidea. Anfractus fulvo-
fusci seu rufo-brunnei, aut lineis saturatioribus, aut inferné ma-
culis albis (seepe angulatis satisque magnis) et superné maculis
parvis confertis, circumcincti. Peripheriz sulcus latior quam
cingula ejus angustissima. Color basis (etiamque anfractuum
apicalium) in lineis saturatioribus et pallidioribus spiraliter ordi-
natus. Obs. The epidermis is occasionally disposed in spiral lines
near the mouth. ‘The type of Layardi is only a young, and hence
depressed form of this variable species.—Var. undata, f. 42, 43,
and var. australis, present variations in colour and marking.

23. oxyrropis (f. 46, 47), ddams.— T. conico-depressa, dis-
coidea, laté umbilicata, albida, luteo fuscoque variegatim picta,
nucleo magno albido vitreo, anfractibus planiusculis, transversim
lineatis, ad suturas cingulis 2 elevatis instructis ; ad peripheriam
acute angulata, cingulis 2 cincta, basi convexiuscula; margine

SOLARIUM. 237

umbilici crenato, corrugato.’’ O%s. An unmistakably young shell,
which I cannot well distinguish from a depressed form of hybri-
dum: the umbilicus, however, i is unusually open, and the ordinary
infrasutural keel is not developed.

24. cincuLum (f. 55, 56), Kien—T. 8. hybrido simillima,
sed multo major ; anfractus declives, haud superné tumidi, multo
magis expansi, vittd lata, fulv4, seepius in strigis angustis ordi-
natim detluente, ita ut maculze candid magnee fere “confluentes
dimidium inferius confertim ornant (labrum versus color albus
fulvam plerumque superat), superné picti; basis semper pallidé
fulva, concolor, porcis obsoletissimis cireumcincta. Carina emi-
nens, et pre cingulis vicinis, magna: cingulum infra peripheriam
vel obscurum, vel angustum. Umbilici maxim’ coarctati cingulum
latissimum. Os. Operculum circular, infundibuliform, mem-
branaceous ; its apex solid, mammillary, carved.

25. tureum (f. 52, 53, 54), Lams.—T. subdepresso-conica,
levis, lutea aut fulva, ad cingulum suprasuturale unicum eleva-
tum zonamque infrasuturalem angustam, etiamque ad cingula
peripherie 2 (quam intervallum spiraliter striolatum angustiora)
albo et fusco-rufescente tenuiter articulata. Anfractus pauci,
rotundati. Sutura angusta. Basis rotundata, haud cingulata.
Crenze umbilici valde coarctati albee, late, paucee.—Var. Basis
umbilicum versus rugis pliciformibus radiataa—Var. Zona obso-
leta; cingulum peripheriz superius unicé latius: basis planior.

*¥* Sect. C. Torinia.

26. PeRSPECTIVIUNCULUS,* (f. 59 to 64), Chemn.—T. figurd
maxime varians, sepe conoidea, nonnunquam orbiculari-subco-

* A shell which, if not identical, must be nearly allied, is thus described by Valen-
ciennes in the Zoology to Humboldt and Bonpland’s Voyage (vol. ii. p. 270) :—

5. BICANALICULATUM.—T. conica, subgranulosa, albida, flammulis (multis) rubro-
fuscis eleganter picta ; apertura rotundata, umbilicum versus canaliculis 2 angulosis.
—Acapuleo, 6-4 lin.

The author remarks that the description of Hebert: would mostly apply to it, but
that shell appears to have a coarser granulation, and three umbilical channels. The
belts, of which there are 4 upon each turn, and 6 upon the almost flat base, are but
slightly granulated. The mouth is rounded by the obsoleteness of the keel. There
are 2 ridges in the open umbilicus, the outer of which is the spiral keel whose white
grains gleam so conspicuously within it.

Menke, erudite, but ever obscure, has quoted two figures of perspectiviunculus
(Geve, f. 275, and Chemn. f. 2708, 9) for his Euomphalus radiatus (Zeit. Malak. 1850,
p- 170), ashell referred to that species by Carpenter, yet whose umbilicus suits not the
following description :—‘'l’. orbiculata, convexo-depressa, spira planiuscula ; fusco-
nigra, albo radiata ; anfractibus 5, liris conspicuis densé granulato-crenatis, confertis
cinctis: ultimo rotundato, suleis 2, latioribus juxta umbilicum patulum obsoletis ;
apertura circulari, peristomatis acuti marginibus callo tenui junctis.” 5% lin. “ Al-
lied to tnfundibuliformis.”

238 SOLARIUM. F

noidea, aliquando orbiculari-depressa, alba, chocolati colore vel
fusco-rufescente variegata, tessellata, vel radiatim et undulatim
strigata: nonnunquam color brunneus, tantum super suturam
angustam (sed manifestam), etiamque ad peripheriam, albo est
articulatus. Anfractus convex, sulcis spiralibus validis latitudine
variantibus, in cingula 4 swbeequalia convexa obliqué creno-granosa,
quorum postremum plerumque est articulatum, et totum primum
aliquando est album, divisi. Sulcus peripherie czeteris tantum
latior. Basis subplanulata, cngulis 6 similibus (minus autem
elevatis) instructa. Cingulum amplectens umbilicum coarctatum
cujus porca unica valida est eminens et nodulosa, seepius album, ali-
quando fucatum, seepe zona chocolated circumscriptum. Apex ple-
rumque nigricans. —VaAr. ? planulata. Conspicué depressa ; sulci
spirales lati, crenati: umbilicus patens.—Var. fessel/ata (Areola.
Chemn. p. 134, f. 1710, 1, probabiliter = Trochus a. Gmel. 3573.
Sol. a. Pid. in Kust. Chem. Sol. pl. 2, f. 12, 13). Strigata,
vel tessellata, color albus brunneum superans; anfractuum cin-
gulum primum, et cingula 2 circa umbilicum alba, immaculata.
Obs. A very long series of specimens has induced me to unite
forms that at first I should scarcely have hesitated to rank as dis-
tinct. ‘The species varies greatly as to shape, breadth of sulci,
prominence of the belt, and diversity of colour and pattern: the
umbilicus is always more contracted in the Trochoid than in the
Rotelliform examples. In one specimen only have I descried
two umbilical ridges. As a general rule the depressed specimens,
if dark, come from the Sandwich Isles, if with much white from
Annaa; the latter when conoid from Borneo, the former if conoid
from the Society Isles: the flammular are chiefly from the Philip-
pines and the Red Sea. Pdanulata (f. 63) is perhaps distinct.

27. Bisutcatum (f. 71, 72), D’Ordigny.—tT. perparva, orbi-
culari-discoidea, fulva, in cingulo peripherali, et cingulo supra
suturam angustam distinctam brunneo rufescente vel fulvescente
articulata. Anfractus pauci, sensim aucti, cingulis 5 granosis
angustis Instructi; quintum, fortasse, latius. Anf. ultimus cin-
gulis granosis 7, quorum ultima 2 sunt latiora, preeterea ornatus:
intervalla satis lata (haud meré sulci), undique clathrata. Peri-
pherie biangulatze porcee 2 conspicué eminentes: sulcus medius
angustus, clathratus, vix filosus. Umbilici satis ampli crenz
parvee et permulte; paries satis altus, haud spiraliter porcatus,
rudé transversim corrugatus. Os. Between dorsuosum and per-
spectiviunculus.

28. porsuosum, (f. 73, 74), Hinds.—T. orbiculari-depressa ;

SOLARIUM. 239

sutura hand canaliculata. Anfractus planulati, brunnei fulvi vel
lividi, cingulis 5 confertim et satis rudé crenogranosis ornati ;
cing. 4 prima equalia, contigua, quintum latius articulatum.
Peripheria obtusé bicarinata; cingulum infra suleam medium
angustissimam (aliquando autem filosum) minus quam alterum
eminens. Basis cingulis crenogranosis 6 instructa; ultimum
latum, haud semper album, umbilicum magis minusve angustum
margine ejus dentato amplectans. Porca umbilicalis inter sulcos
profundos 2, in apertura costas simulantes, unica, valida, angusta.

29. cyctosroma (f. 65, 66, 67), Menke.—T. conica, nigro-
fumosa, ad peripheriam albo articulata. Anfractus spire superné
declives, in cingula 4, quorum inferiora 2, caeteris majora, albo
(nonnunquam, autem, ultimum solum) sunt articulata, sulcis
latius divisi : cingula et intervalla sulcis radiantibus confertis validis
erenolirata. Cingula corporis 10, distincta. Basis pallidior, ro-
tundata ; sulcorum ejus sculptura magis obscura. Umbilici pal-
lidé coaretati crenze yalidz ; porcee ejus spirales 2-3.—Var. cylin-
dracea (Philippi, haud Chemn.). Castanea, vel hepatica, vix
conspicué articulata, inter cingula passim fili spirales: quartum
cingulum anf. ultimi a proximis laté segregatum.—Var. datior.
Intervalla costarum unifilosa ; sulcus peripheriz Jatus ; basis magis
explanata; umbilicus magis coarctatus.

Obs. In the more characteristic examples, the bands upon the
base are pale, and the sulci chestnut; the intervals between the belts,
too, are not threaded: other specimens, however, show a very
narrow thread beneath the fourth, fifth (which with the ninth, are
the broadest), and the sixth belt.

Menke has so imperfectly described both this and Athiops,
that it would have been impossible to have determined his species,
had it not been for their republication by his friend Philippi.

The 8. xubilum of Menke (MSS.), founded on a single worn
specimen, was not improbably a variety of this polymorphous
species. It is said to differ in being much smaller, having an ad-
ditional umbilical ridge, and in the sulci being narrower, pricked,
and more shallow. Philippi thus describes it (Zeitschrift Malak.
1848, p. 170 ):—

“'T’. eloboso-conica, albida, in mediis anfractibus fusco macu-
lata seu tessellata; anfractibus convexiusculis, sulcis 3 seu 4 1m-
presso-punctatis exaratis, ultimo anfractu terete sulcis 10 exarato ;
umbilico angusto, margine obsoleté crenulato, intus cingulis spi-
ralibus 4 munito.” 3-35 lm. Cape Haiti.

The shell is figured in Philippi’s monograph (Kuster, Sol.
pl. 4, f. 2).

VOL. IIL. 2 G

240 SOLARIUM.

30. Airniors (f. 68, 69, 70), Menke.—T. conica, vel fumoso-
nigra, vel saturate hepatica ; supra suturas, et ad peripheriam, albo
articulata. Spire anfractus superne declives, inferné rotundati,
cingulis 5 moniliformi-crenatis (quorum 3 superiora multo sunt
minora et 2 inferiora nonnunguam filo sunt divisa) ornati: inter-
valla angusta. Anfractus ultimus cingulis plus quam 10 muni-
tus: sulci peripherales filosi. Basis rotundata, tenebroso-cinerea.
Porc umbilieales 2-3. Apertura chocolati colore fucata. Obs. In-
termediate examples will probably demonstrate the unity of this
and eyclostoma. Menke, who founded his species upon a young
shell, has so ill defined it, that the name has usually been as-
ceribed to the dark form of perspectiviunculus.

31. Mieuetsir (f. 87, 88), PAcdippi—yl. orbiculari-conica,
alba, nonnunquam, raro autem, strigis pallidé fulvis concentricé
nebulosa: sutura laté canaliculata. Anfractus pauci (5), rapide
dilatati, subdepressi, rotundati, cingulis granoso-crenatis, quorum
angustissimum est primum, latissimumque ultimum, vel 4 late
sejunctis, vel 5 confertis et depressis insculpti. Sequitur in an-
fractu ultimo intervallum (seu sulcus) inconspicué filosum, et
cingulum preecedenti simile. Basis eximié rotundata, cingulis-
que obsoletis circiter 7-8 instrueta. Umbilicus subcoarctatus,
caringe dentate expers ; parles ejus porcis 1—2 (seepe inconspicuis)
munitus. Apertura utrinque rotundata, dimidium longitudinis
testee fere implens: labium tenue et expansum.

32. vrreatum (f. 85, 86), Hinds.—T. parva, orbiculari-dis-
coidea, pallidé fulva, ad suturam angusté canaliculatam, parietem
umbilicalem, sulcum latum cingulum suprasuturale preecedentem,
suleum peripherale, etiamque ad primum ultimosque 2 sulcos
basis, chocolateo-rufescente picta. Anfractus spire pauci, seriebus
5 (medis minoribus) granorum angustorum confertorum in-
structi; ultimus, cingulis additis 6, quorum primum ultimaque 2
sunt majora, satis laté sejunctis, ornatus. Sulcus peripherie bi-
angulatee angustus, clathratus. Cingulum umbilici ampli introrsum
eminens; crenze ejus albze, parvee, permulte ; paries ejus mimmé
altus, haud manifesté poreatus.

33. cmiatum (f. 75, 76), Hinds.—T. parva, orbiculari-discoi-
dea, fulva, maculis saturatioribus in cingulis albidis, aliisque radi-
antibus obsoletioribus in basi, ornata: sutura latissimé canalicu-
lata. Anfractus pauci, lentius crescentes, inferné cingulo promi-
nente granoso sulcum spiralem sequente, et superné cingulo an-
gustiore depresso sulcum angustiorem precedente, muniti; area
media lata, costellis frequentissimis (grana cinguli superioris duplo

SOLARIUM. 241

superantibus) radiata. Peripherize carina 2, granose, equaliter
eminentes: intervallum latum, clathratum, unifilosum. Basis
crenis undique clathrata, cingulis 6, quorum 3 interiora con-
tigua sunt et latiora, exterius (in adultis tantum manifestum)
merum est filum a carind subremotum, instructa. Apertura parva,
subrotunda. Umbilici maximi paries uniporcatus ; crenz parve,
permulte.

34. renestratum (f. 77, 78), Hinds.—T. subdepresso-orbicu-
laris, pallida ; sutura lata, profunda, tenuiter clathrata. Spire
anfractus pauci, sensim dilatati, meré convexi, cingulis crenogra-
nosis 6, quorum quintum vix manifestum est, undique instructi ;
cingula 4 prima vicina: grana cing. sexti (etiamque quinti) magis
eminentis et sulco latiore et clathrato preecessi, minora. Ant.
ultimus costis adjunctis 9 cinctus; quarum 3 peripherales, ali-
quantulum eminentiores, et 3 infraperipherales angustiores, sulcis
latioribus sunt divisee ; basis intimee coste 3, latiores, conferte (cin-
gulis 4 primis similes) granisque rudioribus ornate: latiora in-
tervalla dense et tenuiter clathrata. Peripheria et apertura rotun-
date. Crenze umbilici magni parvee, permulte ; paries ejus satis
altus, rugis elevatis minutis confertis concentricis, porcisque
tenuibus spiralibus, decussatus. Os. The type, which is the only
specimen | have ever seen, and is apparently adult, has only three
turns beyond the smooth nucleus; its want of colour may result
from its not having been taken alive.

35. aseerum (f. 79, 80), Hinds.—T. discoidea, albida. An-
fractus plani, lente dilatati, cingulis approximatis dense et acuté
granosis undique sculpti. Grana cing. primi, secundi, tertique
monilia planata simulantes, satis magna ; quarti pertenues ; quinti
valde rudes: series minimee 2 suturam laté canaliculatam quoque
ornant. Infra cingulum dilatatum quintum anfractus ultimi,
quod carinam unicam et valde eminentem format, oritur canali-
culus (seu sulcus latus, profundus) granarum minimarum seriebus
2-3 eximié ornatus. Basis rotundata, granarum seriebus 7 in-
structa ; quarum externe 3 ceteris minores sunt. Apertura per-
parva, subrotunda. Crenz umbilici pergrandis, patulique, parvee,
permulte, ultraque parietem valde humilem longé eminentes.
Obs. The eal individual (the original type) known to me is com-
posed of 54 volutions.

36. pinectrum (f. 50, 51), Deshayes, Conch. de? Ile de Bourbon.
—'T’. suborbiculato- discoidea, supra convexiuscula, apice obtusis-
sima, subtus plana, late umbilicata ; anfractibus senis, plamis, su-
turd canaliculataé distinctis, lenté crescentibus, utroque latere

© SOLARIUM.

unica serie granulorum marginatis, in medio quinqueliratis ;
liris mimuté granosis; ultimo anfractu ad peripheriam carinato ;
carina denticulata ; 5 bese convexiusculo, profundeé sulcato, sulcis
gradatim latioribus, eleganter granoso- crenulatis, ultimo in am-
bitu umbilici preeminenti subtis canaliculato ; ; apertura minima,
circularis, basi et lateraliter emarginata.” Os. Unknown to me.

37. srramineum (f. 95, 96, 97), Chemn.—T. orbiculari-co-
noidea, fulva (nonmmunquam maculis saturatioribus in cingulo
infimo ornata) ; sutura conspicué canaliculata; apex depressus. An-
fractus pauci (64), rapide crescentes, eequaliter convexi, sulcis spl-
ralibus et crenis (nonnunquam granosis, nonnunquam, presertim
in basi exemplorum seniorum, subobsoletis) decussantibus undique
sculpti: intervalla 4 superiora proximata, in exemplis senioribus
vix elevata, quintum angustum, sextumque (costa rotundata,
eminensque) confertius crenatum. Anfractus ultimus cingulis
multis (15-16) instructus, quorum 4 prima et 4 ultima latiora
magisque depressa sunt; c. peripheriz (plerumque sextum et 2
sequentia) eminentiora fiunt ; cetera infra peripheriam angus-
tiora, magisque remota: filum unicum vel ad, vel infra periphe-
riam nonnunquam interest. Basis subplanulata. Crenze umbilici
magis minusve coarctati parvee permulteque (nisi in exemplis se-
nioribus, Last. pl. 635, f. 23) ; paries ejus porcis 2 vel 3 cinc-
tus im senioribus, sulcis spiralibus subinconspicuis tantum in-
sculptus. Labrum rotundatum.—Var. junior. Sutura vix ca-
naliculata ; apex satis eminens: cingulorum unum in anfractibus
omnibus absens.—Var. fulea. Anfractus conspicue planulati :
cingulum ultimum carinam marginalem in spira, et in anfractu
ultimo carinam peripheralem eximié eminentem simulans. Sulci
latiores ; crenze rudes: cingula peripheri plerumque 2, costella
una (vel fila 2) interveniente. Porca beaietis umbilici_tantum
una. Ods. Kiimmerer has well delineated this species in his
Conch. Rudolstadt (pl. 11, f. 1). In characteristic specimens
there are 3 peripherial belts, of which the second is the smallest.
Mr. Hinds drew up his description from a very young shell now
in the collection of Mr. Taylor. According to Philippi, canadicu-
Jatum of Lamarck is the fossil analogue.

38. cytinpraceum (f. 98, 99, 100), Chemn.—T. orbicularis,
hand valida, mere fulvo- vel Jivido-brunnea; spira vix elevata ;
sutura conspicué canaliculata. Anfractus superné subplami, in
cingula 4, Coe tee et satis late sejuncta (filo passim in-
terveniente), divisi. Peripheria, pree speciebus aflimbus, rotun-
data. Basis valde convexa, cingulis similibus sed remotioribus

SOLARIUM. 243

(plerumque obsoletius sculptis) et filis interjectis nonnullis in-
structa. Umbilicus patulus, cingulo dentato solito, haud cireum-
scriptus ; paries ejus costellis 2—3, etiamque passim filis strisque
spiraliter corrugatus. Apertura suborbicularis—Var. Vermeti-
Jormis. Subovata ; anfractus laxi, permulti; umbilicus magis
coarctatus.

39. INFUNDIBULIFORME (f. 91, 92, 93), Chemn.—T. S. cylin-
draceo simillima, sed wagis solida, peripheria magis bicarinata ;
basis costellis confertis «qualibus eminentioribus circumeincta,
vixque filosa: porcee umbilicales rudiores equales, confertee.—
Var. Chemnitzii (Kien.). Planior, vix granosa.—Var.?* strigata.
Peripheria, et cingulum anfractuum ultimum, albido et fulvo-
fuscescente ornata. Ods. This species closely resembles the pre-
ceding, but is more solid, with the periphery more bicarinated.
The mouth, from the slow volutional increase, is very small. In
the variety (?) sérzgata (f. 94) there are 3 approximate narrower,
and 3 broader belts under the lower peripherial one ; the threads,
if any, are most minute: there are 4 or 5 ridges on the umbilical
wall.

40. rrocuores (f. 89, 90), Desi.—T. conica, alba: sutura
angusta. Anfractus meré convexi, neque rotundati, nec scalari-
formes, in cingula subgranosa 4, quorum primum est angustissi-
mum, tertium est maximum, et quartum moniliforme, sulcis te-
nuibus divisi. Sulcus peripherize profundus, haud autem latus.
Basis cingulis 6 ornata ; intimum subdentatum. Pore umbilici
coaretati 3. Apertura, tertiam plenam partem totius altitudinis
implens, rotundato-quadrata ; columella patula, multisulcata.

41. Soversi (f. 81, 82), Hanley.—T. subdiscoidea, fulvo et
albido-fulvo undatim nebulosa seu variegata: sutura angusté ca-
naliculata. Anfractus (pauci ?) filis elevatis obliquis transversim
clathrati, in cingula 4 crenogranosa, quorum 3 superiora, cum
sulcis suis, eequalia sunt, et ultimum, cum sulco precedente, ali-
quantum est latius, divisi: infra secundum oritur denique cingu-
lum alium. Peripheria declivis, haud biangulata, sed cingulis

* Jn the ‘ Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie,’ 1850 (p. 171), Menke has described as
nearly related to this species a Mazatlan shell which, if not this doubtful variety, is
entirely unknown to me. The somewhat rude figures he refers to (Chemnitz, v. f.
1708, 9; Geve, f. 275) as illustrative, which are almost universally accepted as repre-
sentations of perspectiviunculus, do not exhibit the patulous umbilicus he especially
indicates. His generic allocation is, likewise, peculiar. ‘‘ EuOMPHALUS RADIATUS.
B. testa orbiculata, convexo-depressa, spira planiuscula; fusco-nigra, albo radiata;
anfractibus 5, liris conspieuis densé granulato-crenatis, confertis cinctis: ultimo ro-
tundato, sulcis 2 latioribus juxta umbilicum patulum obsoletis; apertura circulari,
persistomatis acuti marginibus callo tenui junctis. Alt. 2, 4, diam. 5, 5 lin.”

244: SOLARIUM.

nonnullis similibus, minus autem vicinis, sulcisque clathratis in-
structa, ita ut cmgula circiter 13-14 ultimum anfractum ornant.
Basis plane: vel retusee cingula 4 intima (seu ultima) multo re-
motius clathrata, sulcis latioribus sejuncta; crene permulte c.
ultimi {omnium latissimi) ultra parietem humilem umbilici modici
conspicué eminent.*

Of the following species, ascribed rightly or wrongly to this
genus, I am unable to procure examples.

rricinctum, Phil. in Kuster, ed. Chemn. Solar. p. 36.—“ T. mi-
nima, albida, fusco radiata ; anfractibus teretibus, sutura profunda
divisis, transversim corrugatis ; cingulis 2 in anfractibus superiori-
bus, 3 in anfractu ultimo, supremo striis elevatis a sutura radian-
tibus secto; umbilico aperto, pervio, marginato, striis elevatis ra-
diantibus, sulcisque concentricis granulato-decussato. Gabon, in
Guined. 13 lin.” The unfigured specimen was in the collection
which M. Llargilliert bequeathed to the city of Rouen. From
its minuteness and the peculiarity of its umbilicus its generic lo-
cation may be doubted.

impLexuM, Mighels, Proc. Bost. N. H. ii. p. 22 (copied by
Phil. in Kust. ed. Chemn. Solar. p. 37).— Depressed, subdiscoid,
greyish-white, with a few brown spots; whorls 3, flattened, with
5 rounded revolving ridges on each, intersected by numerous,
impressed, transverse strie; aperture circular; umbilicus large
and deep. 4; inch. Oahu.” The description (in English only)
is too brief for the determination of a species : it would tolerably
suit a young dorsuosum.

pELPHINULOIDES, LD’ Orb. Moll. Cuba, p. 67 (copied in Phil.
Kuster, Solar. p. 35), pl. 19, f. 21-24.—“ T. trochoidea, trans-
versim costata, alba; spira elevata, conica; anfractibus convexis,
supra 4 costatis, subtis 8 (costatis) ; umbilico lato, non canali-
culato, costato, interné subcrenulato; apertura rotundata. 4

* In the Zoology to Humboldt and Bonpland’s Voyage (ii. p. 269), I find a spe-
cies described (said to be almost the living analogue of the fossil mil/egranum) which
probably belongs to this section.

S. eranosum, Valence. ‘‘'T. conoidea, subdepressa, infra rotundata, gibbosa, peni-
tus ubique granosa, rufo variegata: umbilico coarctato, dentato. Acapuleo. 9-4
lin.” The shape is said to be less conic than in granulatum, and the whorls, each
having 5 or 6 granulated belts, the keel alone being smooth, to be more convex ;
the colouring to be reddish with conspicuous chestnut spots along the course of the
spire, and red spots, paler than the others, near the white keel ; the base, which is
granulated throughout, to be encircled by 5 rows of slightly rounded tubercles: the
umbilical teeth to be strong and white.

SOLARIUM. 245

mill.” The figure neither displays the trochoid shape nor the
elevated spire attributed to the species. If a Solarium, it is an
abnormal one. ‘The type is not recorded as present in the British
Museum catalogue of D’Orbigny’s collection.

pLaNnorsis, Blainy. Dict. Sc. Nat. xlix. p. 411.— “Small, white,
nearly flat, discoid, with scarcely tuberculated spirai sulci and trans-
verse striz. The very open umbilicus with a row of tubercles, the
last of which is notched. Mouth rounded.” I cannot pretend
to identify a species from so inadequate a definition, the original
of which is in the French language.

EGENUM, Gould, Proc. Bost. N. H. i. p. 84; i Wilkes
Eaploring Expedition —“T. parva, ovato-conica, exalbida, sub-
margaritacea; spira anfractibus 6 convexis, liris acutis 4 cinc-
tis, posterioribus granulatis ; basis convexiuscula, perforata ; um-
bilico scalariformi, ad ambitum acuto, crenulato ; apertura cir-
cularis, labiis fere continuis. ;2;-+ inch.” Gould remarks that it is
not strictly a Solarium; yet nearer one in aspect than a Zrochus,
closely resembles S. deadbatwm, and in size, form, and colour, re-
minds one of Margarita obscura.

BICARINATUM, Phil. in Kust. ed. Chemn. Sol. p. 23, pl. 3, f. 14.
—“ TT. depressa, strigis albis et nigris alternantibus picta: an-
fractibus levissimis, superius carinato-angulatis, supra carinam
planis, infra eam plano-declivibus; ultimo in peripherii acuté
carinato : umbilico laté infundibuliformi, striis elevatis radiantibus
concentricisque cancellato, in ambitu crenulato: apertura exacteé
rhombea. 1-14 lin. Chinese seas.” Judging from the figure, I
much doubt its bemg a member of this genus.

nanum, Koch, Zeit. Mal. 1851, teste Philippi, in Kust. Chemn.
Sol. pl. 4, f. 5.—“T. depresso-globosa, alba, strigis radiantibus
rufis picta; anfractibus rotundatis, superius angulatis, cingulis
elevatis subgranulatis cirea 4 in anfractibus superioribus; basi
levi; umbilico mediocri, infundibuliformi, margine crenato, intus
striis elevatis radiantibus et concentricis granulato-decussato ;
apertura subrhombea. 23-3} lin. Chili?”

Arcutra, Costa, Mem. Acad. Napoli, \844.—“'T. orbiculato-
plana, albo-flavidula, longitudinaliter sulcata, transversim crenu-
lata; anfractibus supra carinatis; umbilico amplissimo, denticu-
lato.” 74 mill. Tarentum. It is further said to be flat and
angular above, with a rounded mouth, and only fine denticulations
at its umbilicus. Possibly a form of séramineun.

The Zrochus perspeculatus of Meuschen was a Solarium: it is
thus inadequately described in the ‘ Zoophylaceum Gronovianum ”

246 SOLARIUM.

(p. 823, n. 1485) :—* Testa crenato-umbilicata, convexa, obtusa,
marginata, longitudinaliter crenato-striata.” It is said to come from
the Indian seas, and only to differ from his perspectivus (the syno-
nymy of which includes ¢roch/eare, and almost all the then known
allied species) by its contiguous, longitudinal, crenated striz.

Genus BIFRONTIA, Desh.

Gen. Char. Discoidal, planorbular, paucispiral, keeled above
and below ; body-whorl slightly detached; apex sunken; mouth
squarish; no umbilicus; operculum externally conical, truncated at
the top.

1. Zancima (Bif. f. 1, 2), PAid.—T. parva, tenuis, discoidea,
fulva (seepius colore saturatiore et pallidiore alterné nebulosa),
supra plano-concava, infra concava. Anfractus pauci, laxati
(plerumque ad aperturam, apicemque, disjuncti), cingulo confertim
squamoso-granoso, superne et inferné utrinque marginati; alibi
leves, nitidi, et (are& latissimé subpland inter peripheric carinas
2 except) convexi. Cingulum interius multo minus; c. exte-
rius, in anfractu ultimo carinam valde eminentem simulans.
Apertura subquadrata; labium continuum, haud reflexum, sculp-
ture expers. Obs, None of my specimens exhibit the peripheral
threads delineated (pl. 28, f. 11a), but not described, by Philippi.
The operculum is of a truncated conic shape and subconcentri-
cally lamellar; it is very like that of Zorinza. ‘The entire shell is
enveloped by a dull epidermis, which at times is so wrinkled, that
the periphery seems spirally striated. One or both of the keels
is here and there obscurely cloven.

INDEX.

Lhe synonyms are in italies.

Aithiops, Menke, 30, f. 68, 69, 70.
Architee, Costa, p. 245.
areola,Gmel.=perspectiviunculus.
asperum, Hinds, 35, f. 77, 78.
australe, Phil.= perspectivum.
Bairdi, Hanl. 9, f. 48, 49.
biangulatum, Gray (Appendix,
King’s Australia).—Not a So-
larium (‘ nacreous’’).
bicanaliculatum, Val., p. 237.
bicarinatum, Phil., p. 245.

bisuleatum, D’Oré., 27, f. 71, 72.

cancellatum, Avauss (Sid-Afrik.
Conch. 95, pl. 5, f. 29).—Not
a Solarium.

Chemnitzii, Kien. = infundibuli-
forme, var.

cingulum, Aven., 24, f. 55, 56.

celatum, Hinds, 33, f. 75, 76.

eratera, Schumach. (193, for
Chemn. f. 2065, 66), is [elie

Turcica.

INDEX.

cerenellus (Turbo), Linn. = infun-
dibuliforme.

Cumingii, Hanl., 11, f. 44, 45.

cyclostoma, Menke, 29, f. 65, 66,
67.

cyclostomum, Mighels= Mighelsii.

cylindraceum, Desh. and Phil.=
eyclostoma.

cylindraceum, Chemn., 38, f. 98,
99, 100.

cylindrica (Torinia), Gray. Figur.
Mollus.—Name only for S. va-
riegatum of Quoy, Astrol. pl. 62,
f. 24, 25, undescribed.

cylindricus (Trochus), Gmel.=cy-
lindraceum.

dealbatum, Hinds = Trochoides.

Delphinuloides, D’Ord., p. 245.

dilectum, Desh., 36, f. 50, 51.

discus, Phil., 19, f. 57, 58.

dorsuosum, Hinds, 28, f. 73, 74.

Dunkeri, Hani., 14, f. 29, 30.

egenum, Gould, p. 245.

fenestratum, Hinds, 34, f. 79, 80.

formosum, Hinds = perspectivum.

fragile, Hinds = pictum.

fuligmosum, Hinds, 17, f. 13, 14.

fuleum, Hinds = stramineum.

Gothica (Architectonica), Bolten=
stramineum.

granosum, Valenc., p. 244.

granulatum, Lam., 8, f. 1, 2.

granulatum, Philip. = quadriceps.

gyrus, Meusch. = perspectivinn-
culus.

Hanleyi, Sow., 18, f. 15, 16.

Herberti, Desh.= cyclostoma.

hybridum, Linn., 22, f. 39, 40, 41,
42, 43.

hybridum, Gmel.=cingulum, pro-
bably.

implexum, Mighels, p. 244.

incisum, Phil.= perspectivum.

infundibuliforme, Chemn., 39,f.91,
92, 93, 94.

inornatum, D’Oré., Phil. Kuster,
Sol. p. 35.—Not a Solarium.
VOL. IIl.

247

levigatum, Lam., 15, f. 21, 22.

Layardi (Philippia), Adams =
hybridum.

luteum, Zam., 25, f. 52, 53, 54.

maculatum, Reeve = fuliginosum.

maximum, Phil., 3, f. 5, 6.

Mighelsti, PAil., 4, f. 87, 88.

modestum, Phil.,4,f.11,12,27,28.

nanum, Koch, p. 245.

nobile, Bolten, 7, f. 35.

nubilum, Menke, p. 239.

ence (Philippia), Adams, 23,
- 46, 47.

perdix, Hinds, 13, f. 17,18.

perspectivum, Linz, 1,£.36,37,38.

perspectivum, Sowb. and Phil. =
trochleare.

perspectivum, Enc. Méth.= maxi-
mum.

perspectivum, Lam. (description)
= maximum.

perspectiviunculus, Meusch. = hy-
bridum.

perspectiviunculus, Chemn., 26, f.
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64.

perspeculatus, Meusch. (indeter-
minable), p. 246.

Philippii, Cantraine—Not a So-
larium.

pictum, Phil., 10, f. 33, 34.

placentale, Hinds, 20, f. 28, 24.

planorbis, Blainv, p. 245.

pseudo-perspectivum, Broc., 21,
f. 83, 84.

purpuratum, Hinds, 12, f. 7, 8.

quadriceps, Hinds, 5, f. 3, 4.

radiata (Architectonica), Bolten,
comprises Aybridum and cingu-
lum.

radiatus (Euomphalus), Menke, p.
243.

Reevii, Hanl., 16, f. 9, 10.

Siculum, Cantr.=stramineum, var.

Soverbii, Hanl., sp. 41, f. 81, 82.

stellatum, Phil.= purpuratum.

sulcatum, Lam.—See pseudo-per-
spectivum.

2H

248

stramineum, Chemn., 37, £. 95,96,
OF.

Taylori, Hani., 6, f. 31, 32.

tessellatum, Desh. =perspectiviun-
culus.

tricinctum, Phil., p. 244.

trochleare, Hinds, 2, f. 19, 20.

Trochoides, Desh., 40, f. 89, 90.

Valenciennesti, Morch.= ? granu-
Jatum.

INDEX.

variegatum, Lam.= perspectiviun-
culus.

| variegatus (Trochus), Gmel.=per-

spectiviunculus.
verrucosum, Phil.= nobile.
virgatum, Hinds, 32, f. 85, 86.
Zanclea (Bifrontia), Phil., p. 246,
Bit: f. 1, 2:
zonatum, Phil. = perspectivum.

MONOGRAPHS OF THE GENERA
CYCLOSTREMA, ADEORBIS, ann TEINOSTOMA.

By Artnur Anpams, R.N., F.L.S., erc.

Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Warryatt.

Shell orbicular depressed, widely umbilicated; spire small;
whorls rounded, spirally ridged, radiately ribbed or cancellated.
Aperture not pearly within, orbicular; peritreme continuous,
acute.

This genus with its allies, which we have here, for the sake of
convenience, considered in the light of subgenera, together with
the genus Adeordis, appear to constitute a peculiar group of Zro-
chids, the shells of which may at once be distinguished by the
absence of pearly nacre in the interior of their apertures. The
genus V2trined/a, of C. B. Adams, seems more nearly related to
the Seisswrel/a race than to Adeorbis.

1. cancetnata (pl. 255, f. 5, 6), Marryatt.—Testa alba, lineis
longitudinalibus et transversis elevatis decussantibus inde cancel-
lata; apertura labiis cancellatis; cancellis transversim striatis.
Obs. This beautiful shell, procured by Captain Marryatt from
West Indies, and made the type of a peculiar genus at the sug-
gestion of Dr. Leach, differs from the other species of the genus
im being plicate above and below a peripheral keel ; the specific
name is hardly characteristic. We have reproduced the original
description.

2. tavis (pl. 255, f. 3, 4), Kien.—Testa orbicularis, nivea ;
spird depressi; anfractibus transversim costellatis; costellis re-
gularibus, superis, distantioribus ; interstitiis leviter concavis ; su-
turis profundis subcanaliculatis ; labro simplici; umbilico per-
amplo. Obs. The Cyclostrema diatretum, Gould, is the same as
this species, which has been considered by Reeve as the Zwrbo

VOL. LI. 21

250 CYCLOSTREMA.

niveus of Chemnitz. That shell however appears to be accu-
rately represented by our Zudiola nivea, f. 35 and 36.

8. Reevrana (pl. 255, f. 9, 10), Hinds.—Testa orbicularis,
subdiscoidea, mutica; spira depressiusculd ; anfractibus convexis,
longitudinaliter carinulatis ; carinulis numerosis, superis, distanti-
oribus ; interstitiis liris obliquis corrugato-clathratis ; labro sim-
plici; umbilico peramplo. Ods. In sculpture this perhaps is the
most beautiful species of the genus, although some others may
equal it in elegance of form. It is dedicated to a voyage-natu-
ralist who was well qualified to appreciate the beautiful in shells.

4. ctncuLirura (pl. 255, f. 13, 14), 4. dd.—Testa orbicu-
laris, nitida; spiré depress’; anfractibus rotundatis; carinulis
transversis, acutis, eequidistantibus ; interstitiis (sub lente) tenuis-
simé longitudinaliter striatis; apertura subcirculari, supra sub-
angulata; umbilico mediocri. Ods. This is a solid species with
wide-apart conspicuous concentric ridges, the intervals being, in
very fresh specimens, finely concentrically striated. In good con-
dition it is almost semiopaque and has a glossy appearance.

5. micans (pl. 255, f. 7, 8, 27). —Testa turbinata, alba, nitida;
anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter oblique costellatis, transver-
sim carinulatis ; carinulis nodulosis ; umbilico mediocri ; apertura
circulari ; peristomate continuo, subincrassato. Os. This is the
Cyclostrema pulchellum of Dr. Dunker, who obtained it from
Japan. The author has likewise found the species abundantly in
the inland sea of that country, but had previously described the
species from the Philippine Islands.

6. ancutava (pl. 255, f. 1, 2), A. Ad—tTesta orbicularis,
discoidea ; spirA depressi ; anfractibus transversim costellatis ; cos-
tellis regularibus, eequidistantibus ; interstitiis tenuissimé striatis ;
anfractu ultimo biangulato, supra costellato, in medio plano, infra
costellato ; apertura subangulati; peritremate interrupto; um-
bilico permagno. Ods. This is a very fine and elegant species,
brought by Mr. Cuming from the prolific islands of the Pinhp-
pine Archipelago.

7. sutcata (pl. 255, f. 11, 12), A. Ad—Testa orbicularis,
discoidea; spird planiusculi; anfractibus convexis; costellis
transversis, confertis, regularibus, interstitiis ; profundé sulcosis ;
suturis profundis, canaliculatis; umbilico patulo; peromphalo
levi. Obs. This species is common in the China Sea; Mr.
Cuming has found it in the Phihppines, and the author has met
with it rather abundantly in the seas of Japan.

CYCLOSTREMA. 2511

8. Brant (pl. 255, f. 25), Fisch.—Testa crassiuscula, compla-
nata, orbicularis, alba, laté umbilicata, supra concentricé et validé
costata (costis 5), subtus nitida, obsolete suleata, compressa, con-
cava; anfractibus 44, subplanulatis, ultimo acuté bicarinato,
inter carinas levi; apertura rotundi; margine dextro arcuato,
supra minuté sulcato, infra angulato. Ods. A singular species,
described by M. Fischer from Guadeloupe, with the peripheral
keel, causing an angular projection at the lower part of the
peritreme.

9. VerrEauxtt (pl. 255, f. 17, 18), Fiseh.—Testa crassiuscula,
complanata, discoidea, alba, nitida, laté umbilicata, concentricé
minuté sulcata; anfractibus 4, subplanulatis, ultimo permagno
dilatato, carinis tribus munito, 1 superiore, 1 media, area plana
separatis, et 1 inferiore minore ; aperturd rotundatd, transvers4 ;
margine dextro elongato, carinis productis tricuspidato, subin-
crassato. Obs. This species is remarkable for the points of the
peristome, which are formed by the prolongation of the keels, and
which cause it to somewhat resemble in form the genus Zeino-
stoma.

10. rornata (pl. 255, f. 19, 20), 4. dd. Testa orbicularis,
turbinato-discoidea ; spira elatiuscula; anfractibus convexis, cos-
tellis concentricis elevatis eequidistantibus ornatis ; interstitiis sim-
plicibus; suturis profundis; umbilico profundo. Obs. This
species very closely resembles in sculpture and general appear-
ance C. sulcata (f. 11, 12), but its form is different, the spire
being more elevated, the whorls more rounded, and the umbilicus
smaller.

1]. Scurammei (pl. 255, f. 26), Hisch.—Testa planorboidea,
compressa, orbicularis, corneo-alba, aperté umbilicata; costis ra-
diantibus validis; carmé mediana insertione costarum cristata, et
carinis 2 (1 superiore, 1 inferiore, obsoleté nodosis) ornata; an-
fractibus 3; apertura rotundaté; margine dextro acuto. Obs.
This species has the aspect of a small Ammonite, or a Planordis
eristatus, with three rows of spines.

12. crnevuata (pl. 255, f. 23, 24), Dér.—Testa subdiscoidea,
lactea, umbilicata; spird depressd, anfractibus quaternis, subito
crescentibus, tricarinatis instruct’; sutura incisi; apertura sub-
rotundaté. Ods. A very neatly formed carinate species, figured
from a specimen obtained by the author in Japan, and which
seems to represent very nearly the figure of C. angulata figured
by Dr. Dunker in his ‘ Mollusca Japonica.’

13. excavata (pl. 255, f. 15, 16), Cor.—Testa orbiculato-

252 DARONIA.

depressa, solidiuscula, alba, late et profundé umbilicata; spird
prominulé; anfractibus subconvexis, supra leevibus, infra concen-
tricé sulcatis, umbilico carina promineute circumcincto. Obs. A
species of simple sculpture, of very elegant form, described by
P. P. Carpenter from the seas of China.

14, anaetypta (pl. 255, f. 28, 29), 4. dd.—Testa depresso-
turbinata, alba, nitida, profundeé et late umbilicata; spira elatius-
cula; anfractibus rotundatis; carinulis concentricis acutis crenu-
latis ; interstitiis lineis radiantibus laté clathratis ornatis, basi cari-
nulis confertis denticulatis instructis; umbilico magno, intus
radiatim lirato; apertura orbiculari, margine crenato. Ods. A
very beautiful, richly-embossed shell, with a style of sculpture very
much resembling that of C. Reeviana, but the form is more tur-
binate than in that pretty species.

15. ammonoceras (pl. 255, f. 21, 22), 4. dd.—Testa de-
presso-turbinata, discoidea, late umbilicata, alba, solida, concen-
tricé striata, radiatim costata ; costis tenuibus, subdistantibus, ad
suturas evanidis ; anfractibus rotundatis; apertura circulari; pe-
ritremate continuo; labio callo parvo resupinato instructo. Cds.
The only species resembling this is C. Schrammi, Fisch., from
Guadeloupe, which has the same remarkable Cornu-Ammonis
appearance, but the whorls of which, instead of being rounded,
have two concentric keels which gives the species, says M. Fischer,
the appearance of Planorbis cristatus, with three rows of spines.

16. Brrorcata (pl. 255, f. 30, 31), 4A. dd.—Testa parva,
subdiscoidea ; spird depressi, albida, laté umbilicata; anfractibus
3, subplanulatis, ultimo anticé dilatato, supra levi, infra con-
centricé striato, ad peripheriam liris duabus validis transversis in-
structo; apertura circulari; peritremate continuo, simplici. Ods.
This little species differs from any of those described, and may
easily be recognized by the double keel which surrounds the
periphery.

Subgenus Daronta, A. Ad.

Shell orbicular, discoidal, evolute, spire depressly concave ;
whorls rounded, more or less disunited ; aperture circular ; peri-
treme continuous. Oés. I have considered it advisable to keep
this as a distinct subgenus, on account of the very peculiar form
and sculpture of the shell. The type species greatly resembles
Ammonia spirula, L., or Spirula australis, Lam.

1. spiruta (pl. 255, f. 32, 83), 4. dd.—Testa orbicularis, dis-
coidea, evoluta; spira depresso-concavé; anfractibus rotundatis,

TUBIOLA. 253

primis contiguis, ultimo distincto, transversim costulatis ; costellis
subconfertis, eequidistantibus ; interstitiis tenuissimé- longitudi-
naliter striatis; apertura circulari; peritremate continuo. Ods.
The figure is from a beautiful perfect specimen, picked up by Mr.
Cuming on the sands in one of the Philippine Islands. It is at
present unique in his unrivalled collection.

2. cycLorrna (pl. 255, f. 34), 4. dd.—Testa discoidea, orbicu-
laris, vix evoluta; spira pland; anfractibus rotundatis, contiguis,
minuté striatis, simplicibus; apertura circulari, expansiuscula ;
peritremate continuo. Oés. This species was picked up on the
sands at Kino-O-Sima, in Japan, by the author. It is not quite
perfect, but is very distinct from D. spiruda.

Subgenus Tustoxa, A. Ad.

Shell subevolute or loosely enrolled ; whorls rounded, simple,
concentrically striated; aperture subcircular; peritreme continuous;
margin acute, entire. Ods. This little group resembles somewhat
Daronia, but the texture and aspect more approximates the genus
Adeorbis.

1. nivea (pl. 255, f. 35,36), Chemn.—Testa ovato-orbicularis,
nivea, tenuis, semipellucida; spird depress; anfractibus rapidé
crescentibus, convexiusculis, concentricé creberrimé liratis lineis-
que incrementi decussatis; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ;
anfractu ultimo magno, anticé dilatato, ad peripheriam rotundato,
ad peritrema contiguo ; aperturé perobliqua, subcirculari, posticé
angulaté; peritremate continuo, simplici, acuto; umbilico per-
amplo, patulo, perspectivo. Oés. This shell agrees exactly with
the original figure and description of Chemnitz’s Turbo niveus.
The Delphinula nivea, Reeve, is the same as D. levis, Kien., and
C. diatretum, Gould.

2. CORNUELLA (pl. 255, f. 37, 38), A. dd.—Testa subdiscoidea,
ovato-oblonga, tenuis, sordidé alba, laté umbilicata ; apice elato ;
anfractibus 34, rapidé accrescentibus, rotundatis, ultimo ad peri-
trema soluto, striis incrementi ornato; apertura perobliqua, trans-
versim ovata; peritremate continuo, acuto, integro, dilatato. Ods.
In this species the whorls are disunited as in Daronia spirula, but
they are not rolled on the same plane as in that group.

3. pivisa (pl. 255, f. 39, 40), J. Adams.—Testa turbinata,
subevoluta, alba, tenuis, laté umbilicata, infra spiraliter costellata ;
apertura magna, circulari. Ods. Shell “pure white, lower disk
spirally striated or costellated, aperture large and circular, um-
bilicus capacious.”’

254 MORCHIA.

Subgenus Microragca, 4. Ad.

Shell globosely turbinate, widely umbilicate, somewhat porcel-
lanous, radiately rugosely plicate; sutures channelled; whorls
crenulate at the sutures. Aperture semicircular ; peritreme con-
tinuous ; inner lip thickened, arcuate; outer lip with the margin
thickened; umbilicus crenulate. Ods. These very peculiar little
shells are closely allied to Morchia, but the last whorl does not
embrace the others, as in that form, and the umbilicus is narrower
and crenulated at the margin. The outer lip also is varied.

1. cRENELLIFERA (pl. 255, f. 41, 42), 4. dd.—Testa globoso-
turbinata, laté umbilicata, alba, solida, semiopaca, longitudinali-
ter plicato-rugosa ; suturis canaliculatis ; anfractibus ad suturas
crenulatis ; apertura subcirculari ; labio incrassato, arcuato ; um-
bilico margine crenato, Ods. In the general form and crenate
suture this curious little species resembles Isanda coronata, A.
Ad., which, however, on account of the polished porcellanous
character of the shell, 1 have referred to the family Uméonide.

Subgenus Morcuta, 4. Ad.

Shell obliquely ovate, depressed, widely umbilicated, convex
above, flat beneath ; whorls rapidly increasing, the last dilated,
ascending, and embracing the other whorls as far as the apex.
Aperture oblong, oblique, somewhat horizontal, dilated below,
narrowed above; peritreme continuous, thickened. Ods. This
curious little genus resembles Zeinostoma in the fact of the last
whorls embracing the others, but the base is not covered with
a callus, and the mouth is not anteriorly produced.

1. osvorura (pl. 255, f. 43, 44), A. Ad.—Testa obliqué
ovata, alba, depressa, laté umbilicata ; anfractu ultimo ad_peri-
pheriam angulato, striis incrementi confertis ornato, ad suturas
corrugato-crenulato ; umbilico patulo, Ods. This shell appears
to be rare in Japan. I only obtained two specimens; one at
Tsu-Sima, in 26 fathoms, and the other at Takano-Sima, in shell-
sand. It is a curious form, with an open umbilicus, and with the
last whorl encroaching upon and nearly covering the others, as it
does in Neritula and Teinostoma.

Genus ADEORBIS, Searles Wood.

Shell depressly conical-orbicular, deeply umbilicated ; whorls
flattened, spirally striated or smooth, the last more or less angu-

ADEORBIS. 2b

late at the periphery. Aperture not pearly within, transversely
ovate; inner lip sinuated; peritreme interrupted; outer lip
arcuate, simple, acute. OJs. The principal difference between
this genus and Cyclostrema consists in the more or less trochi-
form appearance of the shell, in the whorls being either smooth
or spirally striated, and especially in the peritreme not being cir-
cular and continuous.

1. suBcartnata (pl. 256, f. 7), Montag.—Testa suborbicu-
laris, depressa, laté umbilicata ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam
subcarinato, liris quatuor spiralibus ornato; aperturé rotundato-
ovata; labio subreflexo, labro acuto. Ods. This somewhat rare
British species is the type of the genus; the animal, however,
does not appear to have been hitherto studied.

2. pLana (pl. 256, f. 3, 4), 4. Ad.—Testa orbicularis, dorso
plano-convexa ; spira depressé ; anfractibus planis, supra transver-
sim striatis, infra leevibus ; aperturé subcirculari, supra angulata ;
umbilico peramplo, anfractibus intus conspicuis. Ods. A large
(for the genus) species, with a very flat spire and with the whorls
concentrically finely striated.

3. ELEGANS (pl. 256, f. 1, 2), 4. Ad.—Testa orbicularis, dis-
coidea, tenuis, semipellucida; spira depress ; anfractibus rotun-
datis, transversim omnino striatis ; suturis distinctis ; apertura
subcirculari, supra angulaté; umbilico peramplo. Ods. A beau-
tiful semipellucid species, remarkable for the extreme elegance of
its form; the aperture is peculiarly angulated at the fore part.

4, PLANORBULA (pl. 256, f. 5, 6), 4. Ad.—Testa orbicularis,
planorbula ; spira depress ; anfractibus levibus, rotundatis ; su-
turis distinctis; aperturé subcirculari, supra angulata ; umbilico
permagno, patulo. Oés. The aperture in this cyclotiform species
is circular and somewhat dilated, yet the sum of all the characters
shows it to belong more properly to Adeorbis than to any other
genus.

5. nitipa (pl. 256, f. 9,10), A. Ad.—Testa orbicularis, levis,
tenuis, nitida; spird elatiusculA ; anfractibus prope suturam sub-
angulatis; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; apertura subcir-
culari, supra angulataé ; umbilico magno, peromphalo angulato,
acuto. Obs. The principal peculiarity of this species is the an-
gular keel round the umbilicus; the whorls and aperture are
more rounded than usual and the surface of the shell is polished.
It may possibly belong to the genus Cithna, A. Ad.

6. Apamsit (pl. 256, f. 8), Hiseh.—Testa translucida, corneo-

256 ADEORBIS.

alba, nitida, complanata, suborbicularis, umbilicata; supra minu-
tissimé et concentricé striata, subtus leviuscula; anfractibus 34,
rapidé accrescentibus, ultimo compressiusculo, non carinato ;
apertura subovata, parum transvers4 ; margine dextro tenui, fragili.
Obs. A pellucid, shining, rather solid species, very finely concen-
trically striated.

7. Aneast (pl. 256, f. 37, 38), A. dd.—Testa valde depresso-
conica, laté umbilicata, alba, tenuis, semipellucida; anfractibus
rapide crescentibus, ultimo magno convexo concentricé striato, ra-
diatim obsoleté plicato, ad suturas crenulato, ad peripheriam
acuté angulato et concinne crenato, ad basin radiatim corrugato-
plicato; apertura semiovata; labio rectiusculo, acuto; labro
posticé ascendente. Ods. This is the largest and most beautiful
species of Adeorbis yet discovered. It was found by Mr. G. F.
Angas in Coodgee Bay, outside Port Jackson Heads, on the
sand.

8. Stnensts (pl. 256, f. 21, 22), A. Ad.—Testa discoidalis ;
spira prominula, alba, subporcelland, opaca, striis incrementi ra-
diantibus et lineis spiralibus transversis decussata; anfractibus
regulariter crescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam obtuse angulato ;
umbilico patulo, perspectivo, margine carinato ; apertura qua-
drato-orbiculari ; labro mediocri. O%s. This is a rather large
opaque-white species, having very much the aspect of Hthaha,
but there is no trace of an umbilical callus.

9. Jaronica (pl. 256, f. 20), 4. dd.—Testa discoidalis ;
spira depressa ; alba, nitida, tenuis, semidiaphana, radiatim striata ;
anfractibus regulariter crescentibus, convexiusculis ; umbilico
patulo, margine valde carinato ; labro mediocri. Ods. The most
common species met with in the seas of Japan, not however cha-
racterized by any remarkable peculiarities either of form or sculp-
ture.

10. cravsa (pl. 256, f. 25, 26), 4. Ad.—Testa discoidalis ;
spird depress; albida, subdiaphana, striis incrementi radiatim
ornata; anfractibus rapidé crescentibus, ultimo ad suturas vix
angulato, ad peripheriam rotundato; umbilico callo, tenui, vix
clauso ; labro producto. Ods. In this species the umbilicus is
partly occupied by a callosity, asin some species of Hthalia.

1]. orpetta (pl. 256, f. 16, 17), 4. Ad.—Testa discoidalis ;
spira planatai; alba, subporcellana, nitida, semiopaca, radiatim
striata, basi transversé confertim sulcata ; anfractibus regulariter
crescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato; umbilico patulo,
perspectivo, margine rotundato; labro subproducto. Oés. In

ADEORBIS, 257

this species the umbilicus is open and the peromphalus obtusely
keeled; the whorls are radiately striated.

12. prominuta (pl. 256, f. 23, 24). 4. dd.—Testa discoidalis ;
spira elatiusculA; alba, subdiaphana, nitida, striis incrementi
ornata ; anfractibus rapid’ crescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam
rotundato ; umbilico mediocri, margine carinato ; labro producto.
Obs. In this species the spire is conical and more raised than is
usual in this genus, and the margin of the umbilicus is keeled.

13. pEpREssA (pl. 256, f. 14, 15), 4. 4d.—Testa discoidalis ;
spira planata; alba, vix opaca, ‘radiatim striata; anfractibus ra-
pide crescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato ; basi rugulis
radiantibus ornata; umbilico patulo, margine valde rugoso-cre-
nato; labro mediocri. Ods. This is a very depressed species,
very similar in form to A. plana, but the aperture is more circu-
lar and not so oblique as in that species, and the size also is
much less,

14. parrueuis (pl. 256, f. 35, 86), 4. dd.—Testa ut in 4.
Japonica discoidalis, sed spira elatiuscula ; alba, nitida, semipel-
lucida, radiatim striata; anfractibus regulariter crescentibus,
convexiusculis, ultimo ad suturam vix angulato, ad peripheriam
rotundato ; umbilico angusto, margine carinato ; labro mediocri,
Obs. This ' species has resemblances to several others, but cannot
properly be affiliated to any ; the last whorl is slightly angulated
at the suture, and the margin of the umbilicus is carinate.

15. cornicutum (pl. 256, f. 29, 30), 4. dd.—Testa ovato-dis-
coidalis, tenuis, nitida, subdiaphana, radiatim minutissimé striata ;
anfractibus rapidé crescentibus ; umbilico angusto, margine valde
carinato; labro producto. Oés. An orbicular turbinate thin
species, with shining whorls and a narrow umbilicus.

16. suturatis (pl. 256, f. 27, 28), 4. 4d.—Testa ovato-dis-
coidali; spird prominulé; albida, tenuis, semipellucida, striis
incrementi radiatim ornata; anfractibus rapidé crescentibus, prope
suturas subcarinatis, ultimo ad peripheriam subangulato; suturis
canaliculatis ; umbilico angusto, margine rotundato; labro me-
diocri. Os. A somewhat globose species, with the sutures deeply
impressed.

17. nanuua (pl. 256, f. 31, 32), 4. Ad.—Testa ovata, sub-
convexa, tenuis, semidiaphana, nitida; anfractibus rapide cres-
centibus, convexiusculis, ultimo subventricoso ad peripheriam an-
gulato; umbilico angusto, margine rotundato; labro mediocri.

VOL. III. 2) K

258 THINOSTOMA.

Obs. A smali thin depressed species, very shining and with con-
vex whorls; the margin of the umbilicus is not carinate.

18. carmara (pl. 256, f. 18, 19), 4. dd.—Testa ovato-orbi-
cularis, obliqua, depresso-conoidalis, subdiaphana, alba, laté um-
bilicata; anfractibus convexiusculis, transverse tenuiter striatis,
rapidé accrescentibus, ultimo anticé dilatato, ad peripheriam acuté
carinato ; apertura subtrigonali, anticé angulatd et producta; um-
bilico margine acuto. Ods. The keel at the periphery is marked
and prominent, formimg an acute ledge round the last whorl.
The only other species at all resembling it is 4. subcarinata,
found in the British seas.

19. rrocHuxa (pl. 256, f. 12, 13), 4. Ad.—Testa orbicularis,
depresso-conoidea, profundé umbilicata, supra convexa, infra
plana, alba, semipellucida; anfractibus 54, planiusculis, lenté ac-
crescentibus, suturis marginatis; anfractu ultimo anticé vix dila-
tato, ad peripheriam obtuse angulato; apertura subangulaté,
anticé vix producta; umbilico margine acuto. Oss. This species
resembles a small depressed Zrochus, with a flat base, a some-
what angular periphery, and a deep, rather narrow umbilicus.

20. supaneuxata (pl. 256, f. 33, 34), 4. dd.—Testa ovato-
orbicularis, subdepressa; vertice elatiusculo ; alba, radiatim tenuiter
striata, profunde umbilicata; anfractibus 34, convexiusculis, ul-
timo anticé dilatato, superné obtusé angulato, infra subplano ;
apertura subquadrata, anticé producti; labro supra subangulato ;
umbilico margine acuto. Os. The angular projection of the
whorls is not at the periphery but above it, which causes the
subquadrate form of the aperture; whereas in the British 4. swd-
carinata and the Japanese A. carinata the periphery is carinate,
more or less, and the aperture triangular.

21. prapHana (pl. 256, f. 39, 40), A. dd.—Testa depresso-
orbicularis, alba, tenuis, pellucida, laté et profundé umbilicata ;
spira prominuld; anfractibus 34, subplanulatis, lineis incrementi
ornatis ; anfractu ultimo antice vix dilatato, ad peripheriam rotun-
dato; apertura circulari; umbilico patulo, perspectivo, margine
carinato. Ods. This little pellucid shell is more globose than
the species of Adeordis generally, and the aperture is nearly cir-
cular, with a continuous peritreme.

Genus TEINOSTOMA, A. Ad.

Shell with the spire depressed, polished or spirally sculptured ;
whorls rapidly increasing, umbilical region callous. Aperture

TEINOSTOMA. 259

produced, elongate, remote from the axis; peritreme rounded to-
wards the axis, sometimes angulate at the periphery. Obs.
Perhaps the natural position of this genus is in the family Um-
bonide, the species more nearly resembling those of Lt/alia than
any other group. In form and texture, however, they have very
great resemblances to the shells we have just passed in review.
An examination of the animal must determine the question.

1. votrrum (pl. 256, f. 43, 44), 4. Ad.—Testa orbiculato-
ovata, superné convexa, lactea, opaca, levis, nitida; anfractibus
rapidé crescentibus ; apertura elongata, anticé valde producti et
acuminatéi ; umbilici regione callo magno levi obtecti; labro
supra anfractum penultimum reflexo. Oés. This is the species
which served for the type of the genus as originally constituted.
It is a rare shell from the Philippines, and is in the Cumingian
collection.

2. Carpenrert (pl. 256, f. 41, 42), 4. dd.—Testa orbiculato-
ovata, superné convexa, lactea, opaca, levis, nitida; umbilico callo
obtecto; anfractibus rapidé crescentibus; aperturd producta,
anticé acuminata; labro supra anfractum penultimum reflexo.
Ods. The only shell at all resembling this is 7. amplectans, Cpr.,
which however has a rounded aperture, whereas in this species it
is anteriorly produced. The spire is entirely concealed by the
last whorl, leaving only a minute pit at the apex, and the um-
bilical callus has a slight rimal fissure.

3. CONCENTRICUM (pl. 256, f. 45, 46), 4. dd.—Testa orbicu-
lato-ovata, superné convexa, alba, solida, semiopaca, sulcis con-
centricis confertis concinné insculpta, lineisque incrementi radi-
antibus subtilissimé decussata; anfractibus rapidé crescentibus,
ultimo dilatato, ascendente, alios involvente, vix usque ad apicem ;
peripherid rotundatd, basi convex4; umbilico callo convexo, levi,
omnino obtecto; apertura subcirculari, anticé vix producta. Obs.
A solid convex species, with the surface finely concentrically
grooved, a peculiarity which distinguishes it from any of the
species already known.

4, raptatum (pl. 256, f. 47, 48), A. dd.—tTesta orbiculata,
depressa, superné convexiuscula, basi subplana, semiopaca, alba,
lineis incrementi radiantibus conspicué ornata; umbilico callo
excavato angulato obtecto ; anfractibus subito crescentibus, ulti:o
alios involvente usque ad apicem; apertura depress’, anticé pro-
ducti. Obs. This species is distinguished by its depressed form,
and the conspicuous radiating lines which proceed from the axis
towards the periphery. The callus covering the umbilicus pre-
sents a sharp angular excavated edge near the inner lip.

260 CALCEOLA.

5. Lucipum (pl. 256, f. 49, 50), 4. dd.—Testa obliqué ovata,
depressa, superné convexa, inferné planiuscula, alba, levis, pel-
lucida, striolis incrementi obsoleté radiata; umbilico callo plano
subcirculari opaco obtecto ; anfractibus rapide crescentibus, ulti-
mo ascendente, alios involvente usque ad apicem; aperturd sub-
horizontali, depress, antice producté. Ods. This species differs
from the others already described in beg smooth and pellucid;
the last whort is also considerably more dilated anteriorly.

6. ampLecrans (pl. 256, f. 51, 52), Cor.—Testa parva, alba,
planata, laevis, peritremate rotundata ; callositate spirali, umbilicam
tegente, labium versus subplanati, supra parietem intus suturam
decurreute ; apertura rotundati; labro supra anfractum penulti-
mum reflecto; sutura haud impressi. Ods. In this species the
aperture is produced and angular, the callus covering the umbi-
lical region is very large and thick, and the shell is very flat
above.

7. susstriatum (pl. 256, f. 53, 54), Cor—Testa minima,
planata, opaca, alba, subnitente ; striolis spiralibus, prope suturam
impressam monstrantibus ; callositate angustissima, longiore, circa
rimam umbilicalem gyrante, prope labium vix planato; apertura
rotundatd; labio solido, anfractus penultimos haud amplectante.
Obs. There are a few spiral strie near the suture in this species,
the callosity is very long and narrow, and the aperture is nearly
circular.

Subgenus Catcrortna, A. Ad.

Shell neritiniform, oblong, depressed; spire small; whorls
rapidly increasing, umbilical region callous; aperture semicir-
cular; inner lip with a large wide callus, covering posteriorly the
umbilicus ; margin of the callus straight, simple.

1. positta (pl. 256, f. 55, 56), C. B. d4d.—Testa albida, sub-
opaca, superficie rugulis incrementi confertissimis striata; sutura
valde impress; anfractu ultimo depresso, magno, ad peripheriam
compresso. Ods. The specimens of this peculiar form, brought
by me from Japan, do not seem to differ in any respect from the
Neritina pusilla of C. B. Adams. The neritiniform aspect and
straight inner lip cause it at once to be separated from the other
species of Ze¢nostoma.

261

CYCLOSTREMA, ADEORBIS, TEINOSTOMA.

ALPHABETIC INDEX.

Adamsia, Fisch., Ad. 6, pl. 256, f. 8.

ammonoceras, 4. dd., Cycl. 15, pl. 255, f.
21, 22.

amplectans, Carp., Tein. 6, pl. 256, f. 51,
52.

anaglypta, 4. dd., Cycl. 14, pl. 255, f.
28, 29.

Angasi, 4. dd., Ad. 7, pl. 256, f. 37, 38.

angulata, 4. Ad., Cycl. 6, pl. 255, f. 1, 2.

anomalum, Adams, Tein. (Calc.) pusillum.

Beaui, Fisch., Cycl. 8, pl. 255, f. 25.

biporeata, 4. dd., Cycl. 16, pl. 255, f.
30, 31.

cancellata, Marryatt, Cycl. 1, pl. 255, f.
5, 6.

carinata, 4. dd., Ad. 18, pl. 256, f.18, 19.

Carpenteri, 4. Ad., Tein. 2, pl. 256, f.
41, 42.

cingulata, Dnk., Cycl. 12, pl. 255, f. 23, 24.

cingulifera, 4. Ad., Cycl. 4, pl. 255, f. 13,
14,

clausa, 4. 4d., Ad. 10, pl. 256, f. 25, 26.

concentricum, 4. Ad., Tein. 3, pl. 256, f.
45, 46.

corniculum, 4. d4d., Ad. 15, pl. 256, f.
29, 30.

cornuella, A. Ad., Cycl. (Tubiola), pl. 255,
f. 37, 38.

crenellifera, 4, Ad., Cycl. Microth., f. 41,
42.

cyclotina, 4. Ad., Cycl. (Daronia), pl. 255,
f. 34.

depressa, 4. dd., Ad. 13, pl. 256, f. 14, 15.

diaphana, 4. dd., Ad. 21, pl. 256, f3393
40

divisa, 4. 4d., Cycl. (Tub.), pl. 255, f.
39, 40.

elegans, 4. Ad., Ad. 3, pl. 256, f. 1, 2.

excavata, Carp., Cycl. 13, pl. 255, f. 15,16.

japonica, 4. Ad., Ad. 9, pl. 256, f. 20.

levis, Kein., Cycl. 2, pl. 255, f. 3, 4.

lucidum, 4. Ad., Tein. 5, pl. 256,f. 49, 50.
micans, 4. 4d., Cycl. 5, pl. 255, f. 7, 8, 27.
nanula, A. Ad., Ad. 17, pl. 256, f. 31, 32.
nitida, 4. Ad., Ad. 5, pl. 256, f. 9, 10.
nivea, Chemn., Cycl. (Tubiola), pl. 255, f.
35, 36.
nivea, Reeve (Delph.), Cycl. levis.
obvoluta, 4. dd., Cyel. Morchia, f. 43, 44.
orbella, 4. 4d., Ad. 11, pl. 256, f. 16,17.
patruelis, 4. dd., Ad. 14, pl. 256, f. 35,
36

plana, 4. Ad., Ad. 2, pl. 256, f. 3, 4.

planorbula, 4. Ad., Ad. 4, pl. 256, f. 5, 6.

politum, 4. dd., Tein. 1, pl. 256, f. 43,
44.

prominula, 4. 4d., Ad. 12, pl. 256, f. 23,
24.

pulchellum, Dunker, Cycl. micans.

pusillum, C. B. Ad., Tein. 8, pl. 256, f.
55, 56.

radiatum, 4. Ad., Tein. 4, pl. 256, f. 47,
48.

Reeviana, Hinds, Cycl. 3, pl. 255, f. 9, 10.

Schrammi, Fisch., Cycl. 11, pl. 255, f. 26.

Sinensis, 4. 4d., Ad. 8, pl. 256,f. 21, 22.

spirula, 4. Ad., Cycl. (Daronia), pl. 255,
Poe ace

subangulata, 4. dd., Ad. 20, pl. 256, f.
33, 34.

subcarinata, Walker, Ad. 1, pl. 256, f. 7.

substriatum, Carp., Tein. 7, pl. 256, f.
53, 54.

suleata, 4. dd., Cycl. 7, pl. 255, f. 11, 12.

suturalis, 4. d4d., Ad. 16, pl. 256, f. 27,
28,

tornata, 4. dd., Cycl. 10, pl. 255, f. 19,
20.

trochula, 4. Ad., Ad. 19, pl. 256, f. 12,
13.

Verreauxii, Fisch., Cycl. 9, pl. 255, f. 17,
18.

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MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

ARGONAUTA, Linneus.

Molluscum Cephalopodum.

Testa involuté discoidea, unilocularis, papyracea, minuté granu-
lata, alba seu pallida, disci margine nigrescente ; anfractibus bica-
rinatis, tuberculatis ; lateribus radiatim liratis ; spird immersa.

The “ paper sailor” is a testaceous receptacle formed by the
female Cephalopod for the deposition and care of her eggs. It is
secreted by the hinder pair of arms, which in the female are ex-
panded into broad membranes, and have been regarded as the
sails of a ship-like vessel; but they principally serve to envelope
the shell after its formation.

Description of the Species (the Shells).
Plates 257, 258.

1. Arco (f. 1, 2), Lamsk.—Testa subcompressa, transversé
oblonga, lateribus planiusculis; rugis tenuibus, numerosis ; carin’
angusti, concava, tuberculis numerosis acutis; apertura subtri-
gona, angustd ; marginibus prope axem profundeé arcuatis, incras-
satis, in angulis plus minusve auriculatis. Os. This is the most
compressed species, the sides gradually converging to a narrow
keel, with very sharp tubercles. From the large square-mouthed
shell with the angles of the mouth produced into auricles, to the
transversely elongated and more finely ribbed varieties, with
scarcely any angle, the gradations are too minute to admit of
specific distinction.

2. Grunert (f. 9), Dunker.—Testa preecedenti similis, sed
parva, trausversé valde elongata; carind convexé, latiusculd, mi-
nuté verrucosi. Obs. Much more elongated than 4. argo ; wider
at that part of the aperture which is farthest from the spire.
The keel tubercles become more and more obtuse, till at the
outer edge they almost disappear.

264 ARGONAUTA.

3. TuBERCULOSA (f. 3), Zamk.—Testa convexa, rotunda ; rugis
: rede Lee iy : 2 : aie
in tuberculis divisis ; carind lata, tuberculis magnis subdistantibus;
apertura lata, auriculis productis, lateribus convexis. Os. Much
more convex and rounded, with the radiating ribs broken up into
small tubercles.

4. gonpota (f. 4), Dildéwyn.—Testa semiorbicularis, valde
convexa, pallidé fusca; rugis validis, distantibus, alternatim bre-
vioribus; carind latissima, distanter tuberculati; apertura laté
hiante, auriculis exterius productis. 04s. This is the widest shell
of the genus, the aperture widely gaping, and the keel very
broad, and the auricles produced and twisted outwardly.

5. urans (f. 5, 6), Déildwyn.—Testa convexa, subelongata,
fulva; rugis leviter elevatis, alternatim brevioribus; carina lata
obtusé et distanter tuberculata ; apertura lata, lateribus convexis,
auriculis rotundatis minimé productis. Ods. As compared with
the preceding, the ribs are not so pronounced, the tubercles not
so large and more obtuse, the mouth is narrower, and the
auricles not produced nor twisted outwards in this species.

6. Owent (f. 7, 8), Ad. and Reeve.—Testa semiorbicularis,
subcompressa, fulva; rugis validis, alternatim brevioribus ; ca-
rina lata, validé tuberculata ; aperturd oblong’, prope spiram an-
gustatd, lateribus compressis, auriculis vix productis. Os. The
ribs are more distinctly pronounced, and the sides of the shell,
particularly near the axis, much more compressed than in A. /zans.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

POMATIAS, Studer.

Pratt CCLIX.

Gen. Char. Molluscum terrestre, gasteropodum.

Testa turrita, pyramidalis, concentricé liris elevatis striata ; an-
fractibus numerosis, duobus apicalibus papillaribus levibus ; aper-
turd rotundato-subtrigona ; margine intus continuo, extus reflexo,
ad columellam angulato.

Operculo corneo, paucispirali, bilaminato.

Obs. These shells are turreted, pyramidal, striated, with the two
apicial whorls papillary and smooth. The aperture is slightly
trigonal, the inner edge continuous, the outer edge flattened out-
wards and angulated at the base of the columella. Operculum
horny, with few whorls, composed of two layers concamerated
within. The differences between the species consist chiefly in the
character of the striation.

SPECIES,

1. aurirus (f. 1, 2), Zeigd.—T. tenuis, subventricosa, pallidé
fulva; striis crebris, numerosis, alteris rarioribus crescentibus; labro
expanso, posticé acuminato, ad columellam in auriculam dilatato.
Obs. The largest of the genus; having the body covered with nearly
equal strie, with a few sharp and prominent at intervals. The
peritreme is expanded into a decided auricle at the base of the
columella, and pointed at its junction with the upper whorl.

2. ressELiatus (f. 15, 16).—T. P. aurito similis sed brevior ;
striis crassiusculis, eequalibus, ad suturam paululum exstantibus ;
pallida, maculis distantibus ad suturam quadratis, ad medium an-
fractum longitudinalibus bifasciata; apertura auritd, posticé vix
acuminata. Oés. The outer lip is more rounded at the top and
the striz more regular and equal than in P. awritus. A row of

VOL. Il. 21

266 POMATIAS.

distant spots near the suture, and another of longitudinal spots on
the middle of the body-whorl.

3. strioLatus (f. 5, 6), Porro.—T. ventricosa, pallida, fasctis
fuscis interruptis tribus ; stris crebris, numerosis, alteris rarioribus
magis elevatis ; labro angusto, tenui. Ods. More like P. tessed-
Jatus than any other, but the lip is thin and very little expanded ;
in striation it resembles P. awritus.

4. Puinrppranus (f. 21, 22), Gredler.—tT. P. tessellato similis
sed gracilior ; labro duplicato. Ods. In the striation and general
appearance this resembles the last, but is a much narrower shell,
with the inner edge of the aperture forming a ring raised above
the flattened outer portion. The middle row of spots not so
linear.

5. ScALArinus (f. 17, 18), /dda.—T. P. Phitippiano similis, sed
labro simplici angusto; macularum seriebus duabus, et fascia
basali. Ods. The lip is duplicated and very little expanded.
There is a band of brown colour near the base of the last whorl,
besides the two rows of spots above.

6. patutus (f. 11, 12), Drap.—tT. elongata, polita, fusco-
plumbea ; striis tenuissimis, crebris, versus anfractum ultimum sub-
evanidis; apertura subrotunda, patuld, labro duplicato. Oés.
Towards the lower whorls the very fine striz become faint and
almost disappear; the body of the whorl appearing polished and
shining.

7. Tersatines (f. 13, 14), Zeigd.—T. quam P. patulus bre-
vior, fasciatim maculata. Ods. Shorter than P. patulus, and
having three bands of spots.

8. osscurus (f. 3, 4), Drap.—T. subcylindrica, fusco-plum-
bea, fusco-rubescente triseriatim maculata ; striis tenuibus, crebris ;
labro paululum expanso, vix angulato. Ods. A rather pupeform
species, with two rows of spots and a band near the base of the
last whorl.

9. macutatus (f.7, 8), Drap.—T. quam P. obscwrus magis
angusta, labro haud tantum expanso, Ods, This species—or it
may be only variety—is narrower, with less expanded lip than
P. obscurus. P. apprimus is a variety of this.

10. cryerascens (f. 9, 10).—T. P. odseuro similis, sed imma-
culata; striis crassioribus. Ods. The strive in the upper whorls
are thicker, and the shell is more pyramidal. It is uniform in
colour.

11. Himarays (f. 19, 20), Benson.—T. pallida; anfractibus

POMATIAS. 267

rotundis ; sutura profunda; striis crebris crassis, super anfractum
ultimum alternatim brevioribus ; apertura subrotunda ; labro re-
trorsum reflexo, duplicato, angusto. Ods. This little whitish
shell has the whorls separated by a deep suture, a roundish mouth
with the peritreme reflected backwards, and the strie, which are
thick and regular on the earlier whorls, are on the last alternately
shortened.

POMA'TIAS.—Puatzt CCLIX.

Sp.

E auritus, Zeig/. Albania.

8. opscurus, Drap. Montpellier.

3. strioLatus, Porro. Italy.

9. macutatus, Drap. 8. Germany. — P. apprimus,
Mousson.

10. civeRascens, Ross. Dalmatia.

6. vatutus, Drap. S. France.

7. TERSALINUS, Zeig/.

2. TEssELLATUS, Weig. Island of Corfu.

5. scaLartnus, V2l/a. Dalmatia.

11. Horaraya, Benson. Darjiling.

4, Puttreeranus, Gredler. Lombardia.

Completion of the late G. B. Sowerby’s Monographs of
Vouuta, from Thes., p. 220, Plate 55, and Meo,
p. 416, Plate 83. By his Son.

Puates 260, 261, 262.

7. votvacea, Lamk.-—— Should be ruavicans, Gmel., by
priority. (Reeve.)

9. unpuLaTA, Lamk., f. 28 only,—f. 99 is V. ANGasu, sp. 73.

11. patirpa, Gray.—Should be Vorva, Chem., by priority.
(Reeve.)

12. reticuLata, Reeve, is our f. 94 (pallida, var.). It is
the true /. reticulata, as stated by Mr. Reeve in his monograph.
Our figure 47, 48, to which the name was inadvertently attached,
is certainly a different shell. See 12*.

12*, Regvu, Sowd., as reticulata, f. 48, 49, is a broad shell
with very short spine and conical shape. It is somewhat dif-
ferently marked from Sp. 12, and quite distinct.

34, MamILLa, Gray.—The first figures in Mr. Reeve’s mono-
graph and my father’s were taken from the shell in a very young
state. Very large specimens have since been procured.

35. PaPILtosa, Swains.—M. Kiener mixes this with /. /usi-
formis, aud names the two species together 7. Sowerbyi. Mr.
Reeve changes the name to “papillaris,”’ as conveying a more
correct meaning. I think it best to retain the original name, as
being in general use.

42. Inpica, Sows.—My father objected to Linneus’s name
Lapponica, as implying a false locality. Mr. Reeve remarks that
the name is only a corruption of “ Lapphorn,” or Dog’s-ear shell,
used for this species by the Dutch. Mr. R. agrees with my
father as to the propriety of abandoning the old name, but in-
stead of accepting his proposed substitute, gives a third name,

VOL, III. 2 M

270 VOLUTA.

“interpunctata.’ If the original name is dropped, the first sub-
stitute must be adopted ; but I think retaining even an ill-con-
structed name preferable to multiplying synonyms, and should
therefore say of the name Lapponica, in general use, s¢et.

46. potyzonatts, Lamk.—Should be virescens, Gmed., by
priority.

59. apyssicota (f. 124), Ad. and Rve.— Testa pyriformis,
tenuis ; spird brevi, subturrita, apice acuta; anfractibus superné
depresso-canaliculatis, liris numerosis acutis longitudinalibus et
transversis undique creberrimé subprofundeé cancellatis ; liris su-
perné mucronatis ; columellé quadriplicata ; apertura subangusta,
labro tenui, fulvescente-cinerea, fasciis rufo-fuscis angustis tribus
vel quatuor cingulata.” Ols. The cancellated surface of this
Voluta connects it with those Hocene fossils, such as V. dima,
elevata, crenulata, etc., which Swainson has generalized under the
name Volutilithes. One specimen dredged from a bank of dead
shells and rounded ironstones in 132 fathoms, Cape of Good
Hope.

60. currata (f. 122), Rue. Conch. Icon. pl. xxii. f. 56.—Ob-
longa, subpyriformis, solida, pallida, maculata, basi paululum re-
curva ; spira acuminata, elongaté; anfractibus plicatis, plicis sub-
evanidis ; apertura breviuscula; labro incrassato, intus obsoleté
denticulato ; columell& obscuré plicaté. Obs. This little shell
approaches the J/éra in form.

61. conumpEtta (f. 123), Sows.—Parva, oblonga, levigata,
pallida, maculis rufis picta; spiré acuminata; apertura elongata;
labro medio incurvo; columella obscurissime plicaté. Ods.
Having the form of Columbella nitida, and showing rather faint
plicee on the columella.

62. pEttctosa (f. 131), Montrouzier.—Resembles an inflated
specimen of /”, nucleus, with similar markings, but no ribs except
on the whorls near the apex.

63. casstputa (f. 130), Reeve.—Resembling /. nucleus, but
with the ribs more distant and slightly angulated on the upper
part of the whorls.

64. Dusuayustt (f. 134), Reeve.—A now well-known species,
resembling /. aulica, but straight-sided, with the teeth less ob-
lique and more thickened and flattened.

65. Sopuia (f. 132), Gray.—The “ four rows of distant chest-
nut-red spots” constitute the chief difference between this and
V. Norrisit.

VOLUTA. 271

66. Manrta-Emva (f. 133), Gray.—Described from a single
shell sent to Dr. Gray by Mr. Cuming for description, and now
deposited in the British Museum. It resembles V. swinodosa in
general form and colouring, but has a thick papillary spire, like
that of VY. seapha.

67. Rossryrana (f. 135), Bernardi.i—This magnificent species
resembles /’. imperiatis, but it has not the coronal spines pro-
duced, its sides are not so straight, the outer lip is expanded.

68. Exopranpa (f. 136), Sowd.—A fine shell of a rather coni-
cal form, with an angle near the top of the outer whorl. It is
finely reticulated, with two bands. ‘The spire is mamillated.
The aperture is rather narrow, and of a rich orange colour. Port
Lincoln, S. Australia.

69. rmynexa (f. 137), Reeve—Differs from V. rutila in being
more angular, having tubercles on the angle; the colouring is
similar in pattern, but paler.

73. Loroist (f. 1388), Valenciennes, Journ. de Conch.—De-
scribed from a worn specimen in the French Museum. It is
of a rounded oval form, of a pinkish colour with brown zebra-like
stripes. The plice on the columella are almost obsolete.

71. praurexta (f. 125), Reeve (Amoria Turneri Cumingii,
Gray).—Resembling /. reticulata, Reeve; of more solid texture,
much finer reticulations, with two rows of distant dark-brown
markings on the body-whorl. The teeth are fewer and less ob-
lique.

72. Turnert (f. 129), Gray.—Resembling /. pallida, Gray,
but the longitudinal lines, which appear in some specimens of the
latter near the apex, ornament the whole body-whorl in the former ;
besides which are two rows of distant cloudy large spots on the
last whorl. I believe it to be distinct, at least sufficiently so for
conventional purposes.

73. Aneastt (f. 29), Sow.—I propose to distinguish by this
name the shell which has been usually regarded as the Tasmanian
variety of /. undulata. The figure 29 hardly represents the dif-
ference sufficiently, being from a less developed specimen. But
the angular form and close angular markings of one, as compared
with the graceful elongation and less suddenly curved lines of the
other, are constant in all stages of development, nor haye I seen
any intermediate degrees which would cause embarrassment. The
diiferences have been pointed out in a note from Mr. G. F. Angas,
who has collected both species. The note concludes with the

272 MELO.

following observations :—“ Mr. Reeve has figured the Port Lin-
coln one (as if from Tasmania) as 7. undulata, Lam., which
shell agrees best with the description. If you consider them suf-
ficiently distinct, pray nae and describe the Tasmanian and Bass’s
Straits one as new. I have very rarely met with the Tasmanian
shell as far up the east coast of Australia as Port Stephens. The
Port Lincoln variety appears strictly confined to the S. Australian
shores westward of Cape Northumberland, and ranges to the
islands of the great Australian Bight, its metropolis being Port
Lincoln.”

74. Exxiorr (f. 126, 127), Sowd.—Fusiformis, subangulata,
solida; spira pallidé fulva, lineis fascis seu rubris fluctuatis longi-
tudinaliter pict4, breviusculd, apice subirregulari papillari; an-
fractibus paululum inflatis, suturis albis tumidis ; apertura pos-
ticé subangulata, anticé contracté; labro paululum incrassato, vix
dilatato ; columellé anticé incrassati; plicis quatuor, obliquis.
Ods. Intermediate in character between Dr. Gray’s V. Turneri
and the elongate form of V. undulata. It is decidedly more
angular than the former, from which it is more particularly dis-
tinguished by the form of the spire. In Zurneri and pallida, as
well as in Reeve’s reticulata and pretexta, the spire is regular and
conical, whereas in V. Hllioti the second or third whorl is always
a little swelled and generally obliquely placed. This places it
with 7. undulata in Dr. Gray’s division of the group, as having
the “apex large, subpapillary.” In fact, its apex is much more
like that of V7. undulata than that of any other of the series.
The lip is less thickened than in /. wndulata, more so than in 7,
Turneri, pallida, ete. See my pamphlet and plate accompanying
this.—Votura Evuiori, xame, figures, and description distributed
Aug. 15, advertised in Court Journal, Aug. 27.—Amoria Turneri
Jamrachi?, Gray, Aun. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. Sept. 1, 1864.

Meto, Pl. IV. Thes. 262.
Continued from Thes. pl. 84, and page 416.
Cymsa, Thes. vol. i. p. 410.

Sp. 9. Cymbiwm, Linn., changed on account of uncertain synonymy to
Cistum, Martyn.
3. Alrntopicus (—Pica, by error), f. 83, is of a more deve-

loped specimen, completing the representation of the species with
f. 9, 13, 14, 19.

MELO. 273

9. mucronatus (f. 34) should be Gzorcinm, Gray. I give a
more mature specimen to complete the representation with f. 23,
28.

10. umprnicatus (f. 33). Mr. Reeve considers this to be /.
ducalis of Lamarck, but the description in the Ann. S. Vert.
does not identify it. The chief characteristic of VY. ducalis is the
shortness of the spines and the invariable protuberance of the spire
beyond them; while in I. wméilicatus the spines are, except in a
young state, long, and the shoulder on which they rest is high
above the apex, leaving it in a hole or wmbilicws. The reticulated
markings are a matter of minor importance. The mature specimen,
f. 32, completes the representation with f. 18, 29, 30.

11. reetus (f. 31), Schreb. et Wagn.—Mr. Reeve has com-
pared this with Cymbiwn Aithiopicum, showing the differences.
There are specimens of MZ. diadema figured in the ‘ Iconica’
which more nearly resemble it. It is, however, a more rounded
shell, with a less oblique columella.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
VoLUurA (Thes.), vol. i. pp. 191-220, vol. iii. pp. 269-276, plates xlvi.—lv.,

ceelx., celxi.

CymBa and Meto (Thes.), vol. i. pp. 407-403, vol. iii. pp. 272-276, plates

Ixxix.—xlxxiii., eelxii.

Abyssicola, Ad. and Rve., f. 124.

Aathiopicus, Leem., Mel. 3, f. 9, 18, 14,
19, 33.

ancilla, Solander, 25, f. 101.

Arabica, Gmel., pacifica.

Angasii, Sowd. 73, f. 29.

angulata, Swains. 23, f. 13, 14.

armatus, Lamk., Mel. 6, f. 15, 21, 22.

aulica, Solander, 10, f. 10, 11.

Beckii, 80, f. 104.

Brasiliana, Solander, 28, f. 98.

Broderipii, Gray, Mel. 8, f. 26, 27.

bullata, Swains. 33, f. 88.

cassidula, Reeve, f. 130.

Chlorosina, Lamk., virescens.

chrysostoma, Swains., luteostoma.

Cisium, Menke, Cym. 9, f. 6, 10, 21,
26, as Cymbidium.

Colocynthus, Chem., Brasiliana.

concinna, Brod. 56, f. 66.

columbella, Sowé., f. 123.

corona, Chem. 8, f. 120, 121.

costata, Sroains., f. 71, 72.

Cumingii, Brod. 48, f. 105, 106.

Cumingii, Gray (Amoura Turneri),
preetexta.

cylleniformis, Sows. 50, f. 112, 113.

cylindratus, Brod., Miltonii.

cymbiola, Chem., 2, f. 75, 76.

cymbium, Linn., Cym. 9, Crstum.

Delessertiana, Petit, 53, f. 73, 74.

deliciosa, f. 131.

diadema, Lamk., Mel. 5, f. 16, 17, 20.

dubia, Brod. 40, f. 115.

Dufresnii, Donoy., angulata.

exoptanda, Sows. Rve., f. 136.

elongata, Swains., pacifica.

fasciata, Schreb. and Wag., scapha.

Ferussacii, Donov. 7, f. 24.

festiva, Lamk. 58, f. 79, 80.

flavicans, Gmel. 7, as volvacea, f. 3, 4,
61.

fulgetrum, Brod. 35, f. 33, 34.

Sulminata, Lamk., rupestris.

fulva, Zamk., virescens.

fusiformis, Szoains. 37, f. 100.

Georgine, Gray (as mucronatus), Mel.
9, f. 23, 28, 34.

gracilis, 32, f. 117, 118.

gracilis, Brod., Cym. 8, f. 15, 24.

Guildingii, Sows. 49, f. 110, 111.

guimaea, Lamk., musica.

guttata, Reeve, f. 122.

guineensis, Chemn., musica.

harpa, Barnes, 51, f. 114.

Hebreea, Linn. 43, f. 95, 96, 97.

imperialis, Lamh. 5, f. 192.

indicus, Gmel., Mel. 1, f. 1-5.

innexa, Reeve, f. 137.

interpuncta, Reeve, Lapponica.

Junonia, 138, f. 44, Chemn.

levigata, Lamk., musica.

Lapponica, Linn. 42, as Indica, f. 68,
69, 70.

lineata, Leach, zebra.

luteostoma, Chemn. 4, f. 59.

lyreeformis, 55, f. 45, 46.

lyrata, So2d., costata.

maculata, Swains. 10, f. 85, 86.

manilla, Gray, 34, f. 57, 58.

INDEX.

magellanica, Chemn. 27, f. 99.

magnifica, Chemn. 19, f. 103.

marmorata, Sains. 1, f. 8.

megaspira, 38, f. 31, 32.

Miltonis, Gray, Mel. 7, f. 24, 25.

mitreformis, Lamk. 54, f. 81, 82, 109.

mitis, Lamk., vespertilio.

mucronatus, Brod., GEORGIN®, Gray.

multicostata, Brod., mitreeformis.

musica, Linn. 44, f. 36-43.

nasica, Schreb. and Wag., angulum.

nauticus, Lamk., Mel. 4, f. 10, 11, 12.

Neptuni, Gme/., Cym. 1, f. 14, 17, 23.

nivosa, Brod. 20, f. 63, 64.

nodulosa, Lamk., musica.

novisii, Sows. 21, f. 65.

nucleus, 57, f. 108.

olla, Linn., Cym. 7, f. 3, 4, 11.

pacifica, Solander, 31, f. 26, 27.

papillaris, Reeve, papillosa.

papillosa, Sreains. 36, f. 30.

patula, Brod., Cym. 3, f. 7.

pellis-serpentis, Lamk., vespertilio.

perdicina, Meg. nucleus.

piperita, Sozd. 17, f. 62.

plicata, Dillwyn, musica.

polyzonalis, Lamk., virescens.

poreina, Lam., Cym. 5, f. 1, 5, 9, 16,
18, 20.

preetexta, Reeve, f. 125.

proboscidalis, Brod., Cym. 4, f. 2, 22,
27.

pulchra, Sow. 16, f. 61.

punetata, Swains. 14, f. 89, 90.

pusio, Swains. 47, f. 119.

radiata, Lamk. (Marg.), Zebra.

275

Reevii, Sowd. 12*, as reticulata, f. 48,
49,

Regius, Schreb.and Wag., Mel. 11, f.31.

reticulata, Rve., 11, as pallida, var.f.94.

rubiginosa, Steains., Cym. 6, f. 12, 13,
19.

rudis, Gray, Ferussaci.

rupestris, Gmel. 39, as fulminata, f. 51,
52, 53.

rutila, Brod. 18, f. 5, 6.

seapha, Gmel. 6, f. 1, 2.

serpentina, Lamk., vespertilio.

signifer, Brod., flaviscans.

Sophia, Gray, f. 132.

Sowerbyi, Kiener, fusiformis.

spectabilis, Gmel., ancilla.

stragulata, Muh/feld, undulata.

subnodosa, Leach, 26, f. 24.

suleata, Lamk. 45, f. 87.

tessellatus, Zam., Mel. 2, f. 6, 7, 8.

thiarella, Lamk., musica.

tritonis, Brod., Cym. 2, f. 8, 25.

tuberculata, Stouins. 29, f. 49, 50.

turbinata, Kien., Hebreea, var.

Turneri, Gray, f. 129.

umbilicatus, Brod., Mel. 10, f. 18, 29,
307 322

vespertilio, Linn. 22, f. 15-23.

verellum, Chemn. 41, f. 54, 55, 56.

virescens, Solander, 46; polyzonalis,
Pes 19:

Volva, Chemn., as pallida, f. 91, 128.

volvacea, Lamk., flavicans.

undulata, Lamk. 9, f. 28.

Zebra, Leach, 8, f. 83.

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES IN PLATES 260, 261, 262.

VouLuta.
Fig. Sp.
122. 60. e@urrata, Rve. Con. Icon. Honduras.
123. 61. cotumBELLA, Sows. Hab. ?

124. 59. apysstcota, Ad. and Kve., Voy. Samarang. Cape
of Good Hope.

125. 71. pravexta, Rve. Con. Icon. — Amoria Turneri Cu-
mingi, Gray.

126-7. 74. Exttor1, Sowd., published plate Aug. 15, Ct. Journ.,

Aug. 27. —Amoria Turneri Jamrachi?, Gray,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Sept. i, 1864.—N.
Australia.

128. 11. patina, Gray, var. N. Australia.

129. 72. Turnuri, Gray, Griffitl’s Cuvier.

130. 63. cassipuLA, Rve. Japan.

131. 62. peticiosa, Montrouzier, Journ. de Conch.
132. 65. Sopnra, Gray, Rve. Con. Icon. N. Australia.
133. 66. Marta-Euma, Gray, Pro. Zool. Soc. Hab.
134. 64. DesHayesit, Rve. New Caledonia.

135. 67. Rossrniana, Bernardi, Journ. de Conch. New Ca-
ledonia.

136. 68. exopranpDa, Sowh., Rve. Con. Icon. Port Lincoln.
187. 69. InNExA, Rve. Con. Icon. Hab. ?
138. 70. Lorotst,.Valenciennes, Journ. de Conch. Hab. ——?

iy

Meto, Pl. 262.

31. 11. rectus, Schreb. and Wag.—Voluta regia.—Hastern
seas.
32. 10. umpruicatus. Developed specimen. —C. ducalis,
ve. and Lamk.
83. 3. Alrmioricus. Developed specimen.
(with f. 9,13,14,19.)
34, 9. GrorGina, Gray, Griffith’s ‘ Animal Kingdom”—
(with f.23,28.) M. mucronatus, Brod., Sowb. Thes. Conch. sp. 9.
Developed specimen.

SECOND* MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS
HELICINA,

INCLUDING THE GENERA TROCHATELLA, LUCIDELLA, HELICINA,
SCHIASCHEILA AND ALCADIA, OF AUTHORS.

Char. Gen. Molluscum terrestre. Testa spiralis, helicoidea,
labio interno ab anfractu ultimo haud distincto, plerumque circa
columellam calloso. Operculum testaceo-corneum, subquadratum,
non spirale.—Land-mollusk. Shell spiral, helicoid, inner lip not
distinct from last whorl, generally callous round the columella.
Operculum horny-testaceous, rather square, non-spiral.

My objection to the smaller genera adopted by some authors
chiefly arises from the impossibility of defining them. Taking
the genus Helicina as above described, its limits are perfectly
discernible; no one having a complete specimen in hand, can
doubt whether it be a Helicina or not. The definition includes
all that belongs to it, and excludes all that is foreign to it. This
cannot be said of any description that has been or that can be
given to Trochatella, Alcadia, ete. The notch between the colu-
mella and base of the outer lip, upon which the latter genus is
founded, is a thing of infinitesimal degrees, from a little depres-
sion in front of a thick tooth to a spirally incised slit, and thence
to a scarcely perceptible sinus in the thin peritreme of some
smaller species. (See Plates I. and II.) The chief character of
Trochatella is the absence of callus at the base of the lower
whorl, but if that were made the basis of division it would in-

* The number of species contained in the former monograph is so small com-
pared with those which are now known, that it has been thought better to
make the present monograph complete, even at the inconvenience of repeating
the figures of the former seventy species. The advantage of this will be to
preserve to the eye the entire series in the order of their affinities. Subseri-
bers will not lose by this, as we have compensated by giving them a consider-
able number of extra figures in the present double part.

VOL. Il. 2N

278 HELICINA.

clude many incongruous shells, and exclude others which notwith-
standing are enumerated in the lists hitherto published.

I have endeavoured to group together, without defining, those
species most nearly resembling each other, and if the groups so
formed do not correspond with the generic divisions referred to
above, it is because particular characters are not always found in,
or confined to, shells of the same general aspect. Generic
names require generic definitions, and the genera into which the
Helicine have been divided cannot be defined. Yet a system of
general grouping without such definitions may be usefully em-
ployed.

This being a second monograph, I have not here given full
descriptions of the species, but have been content with mention-
ing in a word or two about each some peculiarity of the shell as
compared with others of the same group,—trusting in this way,
by the help of the figures, to give a better idea of the species
than would be done by more elaborate descriptions in which
many characters would have to be repeated.

Hericrna.

Sect. I. Aperturd inter columellam et labrum emarginatd.
With a notch or depression in the outer lip next the columella.
Including genus Alcadia.

a. Testa solida, labro crasso.—Solid, thick-lipped.

1. Brrarma, Poey, (f. 1, 2, 3.)—Levigata, depressa. —
Smooth, depressed.

2. Trrantca, Poey, (f. 4.)—Rugata, magis elevata.—
Wrinkled, more elevated.

3. Sacrarana, Ord., (f. 5, 447.) —Levigata, elevata.—Smooth,
elevated.

4. Bastittana, Poey, (f. 6.)—Labro obliqué producto.

5. Bayamensis, Poey, (f. 7..—Subrotunda, distanter rugata.
—Rather round, distantly wrinkled.

6. Carauintana, Pfr., (f. 8.,—Quam sp. 3 magis elevata.—
More elevated than sp. 3.

7. putcuErRimA, Lea, (f. 9. 10.)—Rotunda, crebré lirata—
Round, closely ridged.

8. supmareinata, Gray, (f. 11, 12, 13.)—Spiraliter lineo-
puncturata,—Spirally punctured in lines.

HELICINA. 279

9. Festiva, Sdy., (f. 14.)—Distanter plicata, rubro inter-
lineata.—Distantly plaited with intermediate red lines.

10. sttacea, More/, (f. 15, 16.)—Trochiformis, crassilirata.
—Trochiform, with thick plaits.

11. ocuracra, Poey, (f. 17..—Quam sp. 10 magis rotunda.
—Rounder than sp. 10, 6. Testa tenuiora.—Thinner.

12. masor, Gray, (f.18,19, 478.)—Ad basin leviter emarginata.
—Notch slight.

13. Brownu, Gray, (f. 20, 21, 22.)—Ad basin spiraliter in-
cisa. —Notch spirally incised.

14, panuiara, C. B. Ad., (f. 23.)—Subdepressa, labro sub-
expanso.—Subdepressed, outer lip somewhat expanded.

15. rampHostyta, Pfr., (f. 24, 25.)—Labro supra deflexo,
infra flexuoso.—Outer lip bent down above, flexuous beneath.

16. microstoma, C. B. Ad., (f. 26, 27.)—Subdepressa, labro
supra et infra flexuoso.—Subdepressed, outer lip flexuous above
and beneath.

17. pisstmuLtans Poey, (f. 28, 29.)—Depressa, labro de-
flexo, fissura distincti.—Depressed, outer lip bent down, fissure
distinct.

18. macttenta, C. B. Ad., (f. 30, 31.)—Fissura spiraliter
elongata.—Fissure long.

19. vetuttina, Poey, (f. 32.)—Labro vix deflexo.—Outer lip
scarcely depressed.

20. nusprpa, Pfr., (f. 33,34.) —Epidermide ciliata— Epidermis
hairy.

21. ruBELLA, Ord., (f. 35, 36.)—Labro tenui, vix emargi-
nato.—Outer lip thin, scarcely notched.

22. minima, Ord., (f. 37, 38.)—Labro tenui, infra sinuato.—
Outer lip thin, sinuous beneath.

23. exserTa, Gundl., (f. 39.)—Columella ante sinum producta.
—Columella produced in front of notch.

24. sourrarta, C. B. Ad., (f. 40,41.)—Labro reflexo, fissurd
parva.—Outer lip reflected, small notch.

25. Oresicena, Oré., (f. 42.)—Quam sp. 24 magis globosa.
—More globose than sp. 24.

26. niripa, Pfr., (f. 43.)—Labro acuto,—Outer lip sharp.

280 HELICINA.

27. Sprucet, Pfr., (f. 44.) —Quam sp. 25 spira magis conica.
—Spire more conical than sp. 25.

28. pxecrrina, Pfr., (f. 45.)—Semipellucida.— Half-trans-
parent.

29. mecastoma, C. B. Ad., (f. 46, 47, 48.)-—Sinu parvo.—
Sinus small.

30. Lactyiosa, Mighels, (f. 49..—Labro vix sinuato.—Outer
lip scarcely notched.

31. mvcrustata, Gundt., (f. 50.) —Labro ante columellam pro-
ducto.—Outer lip produced in front of columella.

32. rotunpDA, Oré., (f. 51, 52.)—Quam sp. 29 magis glo-
bosa.—-More globose than sp. 29.

33. succtnna, Pfr., (f. 53.) —Semipellucida.— Half-trans-
parent.

34. rerracta, Poey, (f. 54, 55.)—Columella subretracté.—
Columella rather drawn back.

35. susrusca, Menke, (f. 56, 57.)—Depressa, labro acuto.—
Depressed, outer lip sharp.

36. puBiosa, @C. B. Ad., (f. 58, 59.)—Columellé trigond.—
Columella trigonal.

37. intuspLicata, P/fr., (f. 60, 61.)—Post columellam pli-
cata.—A plait behind columella.

38. LirroraLis, Guadl., (f. 63, 64.)—Sinu parvo.—With
small sinus.

39. maxima, Sowd., (f. 62.)—Depressa, apertura magna.—De-
pressed, aperture large.

Sect. II. Apertura fere integra, supra et infra sinuatim cuneatd,
operculo birostrato.—Genus Scutascuniia, Shuttleworth.

The three known species composing this little section differ
from other Helicine in the form of the operculum, which is
beaked at each extremity, in the existence of a sinus in the peri-
treme at each end to receive the beaks, and in the columella being
partly separated from the body whorl. These characters are in-
teresting, although scarcely definable and exclusive enough to be
considered of generic importance.

40. Nricnoxerrt, Shuté/., (f. 67.)—Subconica, seriatim ciliata.
—Subconical, ciliated.

HELICINA, 281

41. anata, Menke, (f. 65, 66.)—-Subglobosa, ciliata.—Sub-
globose, ciliated.

42. pannucea, Morelet, (f. 68, 69.)—Quam sp. 41 magis
globosa.—Globose.

Sect. III. Labro supra et infra tumido, sinuato.

In this section a swelling and bending forward of the outer lip
above and below, which in H. /ineata (f. 35) amounts almost to a
tooth in the lower part, leads by gradation into the group called
Lucripetta.

43. sTrIaTULA, Sowd., (f. 70.)—Subdepressa, labro vix tumido.
Subdepressed, outer lip very little swelled.

44. Apamstana, Pfr., (f. 71, 72.)—Labro tumidiusculo.—
Outer lip a little more tumid.

45, Leana, C. B. Ad., (f. 73, 74.)—Depressiuscula.—Rather
depressed.

46. perressa, Gray, (f. 75.)—Labro sinuatim compressa.—
Outer lip sinuously compressed.

47, Benantana, Pfr., (f. 76.)—Spirad magis elevataé.—Spire
more elevated.

48. coronuta, Shuttl., (f. 77, 78.)—Spird subcoronata.—
Spire subcoronated, z.e. with fine wrinkles on the top of the
whorls.

49. pracatuta, Pfr., (f. 79, 80.)—Obliqué crassiplicata.—
Obliquely thick-plaited.

50. vunosa, Shu., (f. 81, 82.)—Obliqué tenuiplicata—Ob-
liquely thin-plaited.

51. ruaosa, Pfr., (f. 83, 84.)—Quam sp. 49 magis depressa.
—More depressed than sp. 49.

52. untpentata, Pfr., (f. 87.)—Spiraliter lirata, labro infra
validé tumido.—Spirally ridged, outer lip with a strong swelling
below.

53. trata, Pfr., (f. 88, 89.)—Quam sp. 52 magis angu-
lata.—More angular than sp. 52.

54. spmisrriata, Sowd., (f. 86.)—Supra lirata, infra laevis.—
Ridged above, smooth beneath.

55. trnnata, C. B. Ad., (f. 85.).—Lirata, labro infra uniden-
tato.—Ridged, outer lip with a tooth-like projection.

282 HELICINA.

Sect. IV. Zrrata, labro sinuoso, supra et infra dentato.—Genus
Lucipeta, Swainson.

The swelling of the labrum above and below, forms tooth-like
projections. ‘These, together with the sinuous depression of the
upper part of the lip, contract the aperture im a peculiar manner,

56. Aureota, Fer., (f. 94, 479.)—Striata, subrotunda.—Stri-
ated, roundish.

57. unpuuava, Pfr., (f. 92, 93.)—Undulatim striata. —Undu-
lately striated.

58. inmquauis, Pfr., (f. 95.) —Angustata, elevata.—Narrow,
subconical.

59. rripens, Shutél., (f. 90, 91.)—Carinata, labro tridentato.—
Keeled, outer lip three-toothed.

Sect. V. Trochiformis, solida, spiraliter lirata—Genus 'TRocHA-
TELLA, Szains., inclusa.

I have searched in vain for any definition of this section suffi-
ciently exclusive and inclusive to constitute it a logical or con-
venient genus. Pfeiffer and A. and H. Adams appear to rely
upon the absence of the basal callus or circular extension and
thickness of the inner lip, although those authors enumerate
among T'rochatel/z some species showing that character slightly,
and exclude great numbers of Helicine which have no more
callus than their most typical Zrochatellz. We wust be content,
therefore, with uniting in a scarcely defined section the following
pyramidal, spirally grooved species :—

60. stnuosa, Pfr., (f. 96.)—Labro sinuoso, labio interno cal-
lum posticum emittente.—Outer lip sinuous, inner lip with a
posterior callus.

61. crasst-costava, Sowd., (f. 97.)—Crebré lirata, labro lami-
nate, columella rect’.—Closely ridged, outer lip laminar, colu-
mella straight.

62. viretnea, Lea, (f. 98.)—Subglobosa, col. latéi.—Sub-
globose, col. broad.

63. cLososa, Gr., (f. 99.)—Rotunda, leviter lirata.— Round,
lightly ridged.

HELICINA. 283

64. reatIna, Mort., (f. 100-105.)—Labro sinuatim lobato.—
Outer lip stnuously lobed.

65. nxcavata, Pfr., (f. 106, 107.)—Columella laté concava.
—Columella wide, concave.

66. remora, Po., (f. 108.)—EHlevata, col. angusta.—Hlevated,
col. narrow.

67. curysostoma, Z%., (f. 109, 110.)—Liris distantibus.—
Ridges distant.

68. Stoanes, Ord., (f. 111-114.)—Leviter striata.—Lightly
striated.

69. potrruLa, Poey, (f. 115, 116.)—Trochiformis, columella
excavata.—Trochiform, col. excavated.

70. cattipa, Wer., (f. 117, 118.)—Crassa, labro calloso.—
Thick, inner lip callous.

71. trrrortcora, Gund., (f. 121, 122.)—Quam sp. 69 angus-
tior.—Narrower than sp. 69.

72. costata, Gray, (f. 128.)—Labio non calloso.—Inner lip
not callous.
73. TRICARINATA, So., (f. 119, 120.)—Trochiformis, liris tribus

spiralibus acutis et aliis minoribus cincta.—Trochiform, tricari-
nated, with smaller strie.

74. spmiirata, Pfr., (f. 125.)—Superné lirata, labro reflexo.
—Ribbed above, outer lip reflected.

75. Tankervitiu, Gray, (f. 129.)—Magna, trochiformis, liris
et carina serratis. —Large, trochiform, ridges and keel serrated.

76. putcHELLa, Pfr., (f. 126-128.)—Subcarinata.—Shghtly
keeled.

77. Currryana, Pfr., (f. 131.)—Liris distantibus.—Ridges
distant.

78. oprma, SA., (f. 129, 130.)—Qnuam sp. 74, 75 magis solida,
ventricosa.—More solid and ventricose than sp. 74, 75.

79. Perrriana, Ord., (f. 132, 133.)—Labro elevato, expanso.
—Outer lip raised, expanded.

80. Trocuisa, Gd., (f. 134, 135.)—Depressa, superné dis-
tanter lirata.—Depressed, distantly grooved above.

81. perrosa, Gund., (f. 186-7.)—Tenuissimé striata.—Very
finely striated.

284 HELICINA.

82. capitacea, Gd., (f. 138.)—Liris hirsutis. — Ridges
hairy.

83. ELEGANTULA, P/r., (f. 189, 140.)—Anfractibus distinctis.
—Whorls distinct.

84. rnuprstris, Pfr., (f. 143, 144.)—Quam sp. 81 magis de-
pressa ?—More depressed than sp. 81.

85. ruBicunDA, Gwund., (f. 141, 142.)—Quam sp. 81, 82
liris crassioribus.—Ridges thicker than in sp. 81, 82.

86. ELeGans, Ord., (f. 145.)—Perelevata, acuta.—Much ele-
vated, sharp.

87. caLtosa, Poey., (f. 146.)—Labio posticé calloso.—Inner
lip with an upper callus.

Sect. VI. Conica, lavis.
The following are of a conical form, without sculpture :—

88. scopuLorum, Mor., (f. 147.)—Angusta, acuta.—Narrow,
sharp.

89. cotumELLaARts, Gwad., (f. 148-151.)—Tenuis, inflata.—
Thin, wide.

90. Festa, Gund., (f. 152, 153.)—Interruptim spiraliter sul-
cata.—Describing the shell from memory, I think the surface is
marked by pits formed by the interruption of spiral grooves.

91. sueutaTa, Py., (f. 154-156.)—Labro valde reflexo.—
Outer lip strongly turned back.

92. pyramipatis, Sby., (f. 157.)—Anfractu ultimo subro-
tundo.—Last whorl rather round.

93. mnoncaTa, Ord., (f. 158.)—Anf. ult. angulato.—Last
whorl angular.

94, TRocHuULINA, Ord., (f. 159.)—Anf. ult. rotundo.—Last
whorl round. .

95, pryrHrma, Wrt., (f. 461-463.)—Solida, conica, rubro-
fusca. —Solid, conical, reddish-brown.

96. aupo-viripis, Wrt., (f. 464.)—Tenuis, unifasciata.—
Thin, with one band.

97. Fuscuna, Gdl., (f. 465, 466.)—Fusca, teniata, semi-
pellucida.—Brown, ribanded, half transparent.

HELICINA. 285

98. sucunpa, Gd/., (f. 458-60.)—Conica, rubro-marginata.
—Conical, red-margined.

99. curysocuasma, Py., (f. 160-162.)—Perelevatim conica.
—Conical, elevated.

100. ruBro-marernata, Gd/., (f. 166, 167.)—Quam sp. 96
magis angulata——More angular than sp. 96.

101. exacura, Py., (f. 164, 165.)—Conica, subcarinata.—
Conical, subcarinated.

102. conorpEa, Pfr., (f. 168, 169.)—Conico-subdepressa, an-
gulata.—Conical, subdepressed, angular.

103. suprurrira, Sy., (f. 185.)—Anufractibus gradatis.—
Whorls in steps.

Sect. VIL. Rotundatim depressa.

The following are of a more or less depressed form, with the
last whorl not angular.

104. puctivis, Gdl., (f. 170.)—Subventricosa, aspersa.—Sub-
ventricose, sprinkled.
. 105. Sanvvrcuensts, Souleyet, (f. 173, 174.)—Subdepressa,
flammeis variegata.—Subdepressed, variegated with flammules.
106. rupis, Pfr., (f. 175, 176.)—Subglobosa.—Subglobose.

107. untcartnata, S4y., (f. 177, 178.) —Flammata, obscura,
medio cariata.—Flame-marked, obscure.

103. rurBinewua, Pfr., (f. 179, 180.)—Depressa, subcarinata.
—Depressed, subcarinated.

109. rorettorpea, Mig., (f. 171, 172.)—Flammata, anfrac-
tibus supra subdepressis.—Flame-marked, whorls subdepressed
above.

110. Anton1, Pfr., (t. 181-183.)—Tenuis, subviridis.—
Thin, with a greenish epidermis.

111. rconspicua, Pfr., (f. 184.)—Quam sp. 110 magis
acuminata.—More acuminated than sp. 110.

112. cornea, Sdy., (f. 186, 187.)—Infra rubricallosa.—With
a red callus beneath.

113. minura, Sdy., (f. 188.) —Depressa, obliqué lirata.—De-
pressed, obliquely mdged.

VOL. UI. 20

286 HELICINA.

114. vestira, Gudld., (f. 189.)—Globosa, obliqué lirata.—
Globose, obliquely ridged.

115. murricotor, Géd., (f. 190, 191.)—Subdepressa, varie-
gata.—Subdepressed, variegated.

116. orzosa, Pfr., (f. 192, 193.)—Labro acuto.—Outer lip

sharp.

117. rrammea, Quoy, (f. 194.)—Labro reflexo.—Outer lip
eflected.

118. Bornerensts, Mort., (f. 195,196, 211, 212.)—Spiraliter
fasciata.—Spirally banded.

119. piorenya, P/r., (f. 197, 198.)—Supra flammeata.—De-
pressed, flame-marked above.

120. Drayronensts, P/r., (f. 199, 200.)—Tenuis, subconica.
—Thir, slightly conical.

121. Reeviana Pfr., (f. 201, 202.)—Solida, striata, fascia
interrupta picta.—Solid, striated, painted with an interrupted
band.

122. arenicona, Mort., (f. 203.)—Magis elevata, carinata.—
More elevated, keeled.

123. Puastanetia, Pfr., (f. 204, 205.)—Fasciata et macu-
Jata.—Banded and spotted.

124. crneuLata, Gray, (f. 207-209.)—Striata, medio uni-
fasciata.—Striated, with a single band in centre.

125. parva, Sdy., (f. 210.)—Subglobosa, translucida.—Sub-
globose, translucid.

126. Gunptacut, Pfr., (f. 211, 212.)—Depressa, bifasciata.—
Depressed, two-banded.

127. Dysont, Pfr, (f. 213, 214-217, 218.)—Rubro-fasciata.
—Red-banded.

128. convexa, Pfr., (f. 215, 216, 315, 319-321, 473.)—
Crassa, variegata.—Thick, variegated.

129. rasctata, Lam., (f. 312, 313.)—Quam sp. 126 magis
depressa.—More depressed than sp. 125.

130. Kearn, Pfr., (f. 816.)—Magna, subangulata.—Large,
subangular.

131. Ponyt, Pfr, (f. 317, 318.)—Fasciata et maculata.—
Banded and spotted.

HELICINA. 287

182. rantata, Quoy, (f. 322, 323.)—Tenuis, margine reflexo.
—Thin, margin reflected.

133. sussrriava, Gray, (f. 331, 332.)—Striata, crassi-margi-
nata.—Striated, thick-lipped.

Sect. VIII. Globosa, sulglobosa.—Of a more or less rounded
form.

134. Hanuryana, Pfr., (f. 219, 220.)—Solida, spiré acumi-
nati.—Solid, spire acuminated.

135. orpicutata, Pfr., (f. 225.)—Rotunda, labro crasso.—
Rounded, thick-lipped.

186. Japonica, A. Ad., (f. 227, 228.)—Spira pyramidali.—
Spire pyramidal.

137. occutra, Say, (f. 223, 224.)—Temiata, subdepressa.—
Banded, subdepressed.

138. conctnna, Gund., (f. 229, 230.)—Polita, solida.—
Polished, solid.

139. mopesta, Pfr., (f. 221, 222.)—Succinea, pellucida.—
Amber, pellucid.

140. suscontca, Sowd., (f. 226.)—Alba, tenuis.— White, thin.

141. retrcurata, Pfr., (f. 231, 232.)—Subconica, fusco re-
ticulata.—Subconical, reticulated with brown.

142. rravipa, Menke, (f. 233-236.)—Tenuis, elevata, conico-
globosa, varié taeniata.—Thin, elevated, conically globose, variously
banded.

143. Paragnsts, Pfr., (f. 237, 238.)—Anf. ult. subdepresso.
—Last whorl slightly depressed.

144. norata, Sadlé, (f. 239, 240.) —Conico-globosa, anf.
penult. uni.

145. Owentana, Pfr., (f. 241, 242.)—Spira conica, labro au-
rantio.—Spire conical, outer lip orange.

146. merpicera, Pfr., (f. 243, 244.)—Sp. elevata, ap. parva.
—Spire elevated, aperture short.

147. petiuctpa, Shy., (f. 245.)—Pellucida, subviridis.—Pel-
lucid, greenish.

148. specrapitis, Gdl., (f. 246, 247.)—Quam sp. 139 mayis
ventricosa.—More ventricose than sp. 139.

288 HELICINA.

149. continua, Gdi., (f. 248.)—Parva, subconica.—Small,
subconical.

150. potrycuroa, —?, (f. 249, 250.)—Tenuis, labro declivi.
—Thin, outer lip sloping.

151. ara, Sowd., (f. 251, 252.)—Parva, pellucida.—Small,
pellucid.

152. Hrniosm, Sadlé, (f. 253, 254.)—Anfr. rotundis, ult.
declivi—Whorls round, the last sloping.

153. Linprnt, Pfr., (f. 258, 259, 260, 270, 469.)—Solida,
subconica, col. cum labro continua, crassa.—Solid, col. continuous
with outer lp, thick.

154. Cuiapensis, Pfr., (f. 255, 256, 257.) —Columella parva,
trigond acuminata, spira elevata.—Columella small, trigonal, acu-
minate, spire elevated.

155. Corumpiana, PAil., (f. 261, 262, 263.)—Quam sp. 250
magis ventricosa; columella brevissima, ad juncturam cum labro
tenuissimi.—In this species the columella is very short, and the
edge of the shell becomes extremely thin at its base.

156. Corpitierim, Sallé, (f. 264, 265, 270.) —Subdepressa,
teeniata.—Rather depressed, banded.

157. zepuyrina, Duel., (f. 266-269.)—Ventricosa, col. cum
labro continud.—Ventricose, the col. continuous with outer lip.

158. Funexu, Pfr., (f. 271.) —Subdepressa, superné roseo-
purpurea.—Subdepressed, rosy-purple above.

159. nereeia, Pfr., (f. 272.)—Subangulatim depressa, te-
niata.—Subangularly depressed, with a band below the centre.

160. vernauis, Mort., (f. 273.)—Subglobosa, spira elevata,
acuminata.—Subglobose, spine elevated, acuminated.

161. Tamsrana, Pfr., (f. 274, 467.)—Infra medium unistri-
gata.—With a stripe below the middle.

162. rurprnata, Weig., (f. 276-273.)—Magna, solida, ven-
tricosa.—Large, solid, ventricose.

163. rostrata, Mort., (f. 279, 280.)—Labro in rostrum pro-
ducto.—Outer lip produced into a beak.

164. pentiounatTa, Pfr., (f. 281.)—-Sutura denticulatéa.—
Suture denticulated.

HELICINA. 289

165. Cuminert, Pfr., (f. 282, 233.)—Rotunda, obliqué stri-
gata.—Round, obliquely striped.

166. Kienert, Pfr., (f. 284, 285.)—Subangulatim depressa,
supra variegata.—Slightly angularly depressed, variegated above.

167. suscLoBuLosa, Pfr., (f. 286, 287.)—Apertura declivi.
Aperture sloping.

168. Nerirerra, Lamk., (f. 288-290.)—Aqualiter convexa,
subdepressa, tenmiata et variegata.—lHqually convex, rather de-
pressed, banded and variegated.

169. Jamartcensts, Sby., (f. 291, 292.)—Obliqua, labio sub-
calloso.—Oblique, inner lip callous.

170. Aurantia, Gray, (f. 293, 294.)—Labro crasso, sinua-
tim depresso, aurantia.—Outer lip thick, sinuously depressed,
orange-coloured.

171. coccinostoma, Mor., (f. 295, 296.)—Conico-globosa,
apertura aurantii.—Conical-globose, aperture orange.

172. uamastoma, Mor., (f. 452.)—Subcarinata, labro supra
depresso.— Subcarimate, outer lip depressed above.

173. apspersa, Pfr., (f. 297, 298, 299.)—Globosa, labro
medio subcontracto.-—Globose, outer lip somewhat contracted in
the centre.

174. ampiiata, C. B. Ad., (f. 300, 301.) —Labro validé con-
tracto.—Outer lip much contracted.

175. spnarorpa, Pfr., (f. 302, 303.)—Aperturd parva, de-
pressi.—Ap. small, depressed.

176. turea, Sby., (f. 456.)—Quam sp. 170 magis equalis,
apertura majori.—More equal than sp. 170, the aperture larger.

177. prsum, Phil., (f. 304.)—Crassa, subdepressa.—Thick,
subdepressed.

178. pectuLa, Gund., (f. 805-308.)— Rotundo-elevata, labro
superné lobato.—Round, elevated, outer lip lobed above.

179. Trve1, Pfr., (f. 309.)—ABqualiter convexa, subcarinata.
—LHqually convex, subcarinated.

180. prarycueIta, Muh/f, (f. 310, 311.)—Ventricosa, aper-
turd depressa.—Ventricose, aperture depressed.

181. srriava, Lamk., (f. 369, 370.)—Obliqué striata, aper-
turd depressa.—Obliquely striated, aperture depressed.

290 HELICINA.

Sect. IX. Angulatim depressa.—Angularly depressed.

182. crasstLaBris, P&il., (f. 324-326.)—Solida, valdé de-
pressa.—Solid, much depressed.

183. repanDA, Pfr., (f. 327, 328.)—Quam sp. 177 magis
elevata, labro producto.—More elevated than sp. 177; outer lip
produced.

184. rutva, Ord., (f. 329, 330.)—Spiraliter substriata, supra
et infra equaliter depressa ; columella crassA, recté.—Spirally sub-
striated, equally depressed above and below, columella thick,
straight.

185. Brastuiensis, Gray, (f. 338, 334, 474, 475.)—Subtrochi-
formis, quam sp. 179 magis elevata; col. trigond, posticé exca-
vaté.—Rather trochiform, more elevated than sp. 179; col. tri-
gonal, with a hollow behind.

185*. syrvatica, Oré., (f. 30, first monograph.) —Quam sp.
185 levior.—Smoother than sp. 185.

186. unrrascrata, Gray, (f. 405.) —Lenticularis, striata ; colu-
mella brevissima, truncati.—Lenticular, striated ; columella very
short, truncated.

186* (or 270). Granum, Pfr., (f. 468.)—Minuta, subdepressa.
—Minute, subdepressed.

187. Ina, Pfr., (f. 335, 336.)—Columella acuta.—Columella
acute.

188. Macettuivray, Pfr., (f. 337, 338.)—Laté bifasciata.—
With two broad bands.

189. “SUBLEVIGATA, Pfr., (f. 339, 340.)—Labro rotundo, me-
dio subangulato.—Outer lip round, with a slight angle in the
middle.

190. GuoBuLosa, Ord., (f. 275, 454.)—Rotunda, teniata.—
Round, banded.

191. Yorxensts, Pfr., (f. 342, 343.)—Quam sp. 183 magis
angulata.—More angular than sp. 183.

192. Forsrstana, Shy., (f. 344.)—Angulata, elevata, col.
tenui.—Angular, raised, col. thin.

193. rumicata, Sdy., (f. 345.)—Obscure fusca, subangnlata,
spira conicd, labro albo, col. rect& acuté.—Obscurely brown,
rather angular, spire conical, outer lip white, acute.

HELICINA. 291

194. Orstenyi, Pfr., (f. 346, 347.)—Solida, depressa, labro
erassiusculo.—Solid, depressed, outer lip rather thick.

195. Omitted.

196. piapHaNa, Pfr., (f. 341.)—Tenuis, elevata, col. trigona,
labro superné depresso.—Thin, raised, columella trigonal, outer
lip depressed above.

197. Lovtsapensis, Yes., (f. 349, 350.) —Minuta, translucida.
—Minute, transparent.

198. suBovatis, Sdy., (f. 376.)—Sublenticularis, lutea, labro
rotundé reflexo, operculo castaneo.—Sublenticular, yellowish, outer
lip roundish, reflected.

199. auranrio-viripis, Sdy., (f. 380.)—Rotundatim subde-
pressa, medio viridis, subtus et margine superiori ultimi anfractus
pallidé aurantia; labio interno rotundatim calloso; columella ad
terminum uncinaté; labro castaneo, rotundo, infra subemargi-
nato ; spira parva.—Round, depressed, green in the middle, pale-
orange beneath and at the upper edge of the last whorl; outer
lip with a round callus ; columella hook-shaped at the end ; outer
lip shghtly emarginate beneath; spire small. Specimens of this
exist in the Cumingian and other collections under the name of
fi. viridis. The true shell of that name is quite angular.

200. Hsatmarsoni, Pfr., (f. 476.)—Tenuis, cornea; col. tri-
gona ; labro tenui, superné depresso.—Thin, horny ; col. trigonal ;
outer lip thin, depressed above.

201. erariosa, Pfr., (f. 353.)—Quam sp. 197 crassior, magis
conica.—More conical and thicker than sp. 197.

202. ponira, Sby., (f. 354-356.)—Tenuis, angulatim de-
press ; labro laminato, subangulato.—Thin, angularly depressed ;
outer lip laminar, subangular.

203. crrrina, Gra/., (f. 453.)—Quam sp. 202 anf. magis
rotundis.—Whorls rounder than in H. podita.

204. Crosser, Lemp., (f. 357.) —Quam sp. 202 crassior, labro
semilunari.—Thicker than sp. 202, outer lip semilunar.

205. Roretta, Shy.,(f. 858.) —Conico-depressa.—Conically de-
pressed.

205* (or 271). macurara, Sowd., (f. 472.) —Fasciata et arcua-
tim maculata.—Banded with arched markings in the centre.

206. nope, Gund., (f. 378.)—Solida, labro et col. crassis.—
Solid, outer lip and col. thick.

292 HELICINA.

207. guia, P/r., (f. 455.) —Subangulatim globosa.—Globose,
with a slight angle.

208. AntitiaRuM, Sdy., (f. 359, 360, 361.)—Depressa, sub-
inflata, labro laminato.—Depressed, subinflated, outer lip laminar.

209. GuapaLoupensis, Sty., (f. 362, 366, 367.)—Quam sp.
203 magis depressa, labro angusto.—More depressed than sp.
203, the outer lip narrow.

210. stmiuis, Shy., (f. 363.)—Quam sp. 204 magis elevata,
angulata.—More elevated and angular than sp. 204.

211. sancuinua, P/r., (f. 364, 365.)—Infra callo rotundo.—
With a rounded callus beneath.

212. Sartuana, Pfr., (f. 368.)—Obscuré castanea, infra cal-
losa, spira conict.—Dark-chestnut, callous beneath, spire conical.

218. Zom, P/r., (f. 877.)—Angulata, supra fulva, infra lutea.
—Angular, fawn-coloured above, yellow beneath.

214. BoryLina, (f. 372.)—Late callosa, labre producto.—With
a wide callus, outer hip produced.

215. Norrorkensts, (f. 8738, 374.)—Labro infra sinuatim
plicato.—Outer lip sinuously plaited beneath.

216. rpnurmasris, (f. 375.)—Depressa, acuminata, superné
fulva, infra callosa, aurantia; labro tenui, superné depresso.—
Depressed, acuminated, fawn-coloured above with an orange callus
below ; outer lip thin, depressed above.—This might possibly be
a young specimen of /. berylina.

217. uumiuis, Jaq., (f. 371.) —Lenticularis, angulata.—Len-
ticular, angular.

218. castanwa, Guild., (f. 470, 471.)—Parva, angulata, col.
acuté.—Small, angular, columella acute.

219. am@na, Pfr., (f. 383.)—Hlevata, angulata, superné
roseo reticulata.—Raised, angular, reticulated with rose-colour
above.

220. occrpmnTaLis, Gwild., (f. 384, 385.)—Lata, subde-
pressa, medio angulata.—Wide, rather depressed, angular in the
middle.

221. Sowrrsyana, Pfr, (f. 418.)—Magna, substriata, ro-
tundatim angulata.—Large, substriated, roundly angulated.

HELICINA. 2953

Sect. X. Medio carinata.
In the remaining species the last whorl is keeled in the centre.

222. vartaBiLis, Wayn., (f. 386-388.)—Supra et infrd in-
flata—Swelled above and beneath, A second keel appears in
some specimens.

223. Guiespreenti, P/r., (f. 432.)—Striata, depresso-angu-
lata—Striated depressed, angular. :

224. Buscxus, P/r., (f. 433.)—Quam sp. 318 magis inflata,
spira teeniata.—More inflated than sp. 318, the spire banded.

225. crncteta, Sh., (f. 389, 390.)—Tenuis, subelevata, aper-
turd declivii—Thin, rather elevated, aperture sloping downwards.

226. virens, Pfr., (391, 392.)— Apertura ad carinam elevata.
—Aperture raised to the keel.

227. Ronrr, Pfr., (f. 393, 394.)—Trochiformis, rugosa,
validé carinata.—Trochiform, rough, strongly keeled.

228. uperta, Gould, (f. 396, 397.)—Depressa, subtus callosa.
—Depressed, callous beneath.

229. sotipuLa, Gray, (f. 898, 399.)—Crassa, labro angulatim
producto.—hick, outer lip angularly produced.

230. arBoLasris,Jaq., (f. 400.)—Crassa, depressa, labro tenui.
-—Thick, depressed, lip thin.

231. Mauerrtm, Gray, (f. 395.)—Solida, depressa; labio et
labro erassis, callosis, aurautis.—Solid, depressed; inner and outer
lips thick, callous, orange.

232. Lens, Lea, (f. 406.)—Parva, lenticularis—Small, lenti-
cular.

233. Nicosarica, Pil., (f. 381, 382.)—Depressa, teniata.—
Depressed, banded.

234. paLiipa, Gould, (f. 404.)—Pallidé fulva.—Pale fawn.

235. avpocrnora, Jaq., (f. 403.)—Carind et labro albis.—
Keel and lip white.

236. corrucara, Pze., (f.401, 402).—Supra undulata.—Un-
dulated on the upper surface.

237. vittosa, dnt., (f. 407, 408.)—Ad carinam ciliata.—
With hairs at the keel.

vol. U1, 2 P

294 HELICINA.

238. sururaLis, Mart., (f. 404*, 405*.)—Acute carinata,
supra flammeata.—Sharply keeled, marked with flames above.

239. Suancuarnsis, Shy., (f. 406*.)—Hlevata, obtuse cari-
nata.— Raised, obtusely carinated.

240. zeprionata, P/r., (f. 407*, 408*.)—Supra et imfra va-
riegata.— Variegated above and beneath.

241. arvicuxata, P/r., (f. 409, 410.)—Ad carinam angulatim
maculata.—Angularly spotted at the keel.

242. virtpts, Lam., (f. 379.)—Viridis, carina alb’.—Green,
keel white.

243. Brcotor, Pfr., (f. 411.)—Subtus fusca, col. acuta.—
Brown beneath, col. acute.

244. ruopostoma, Gray, (f. 412, 413.)—Apertura subquad-
rata, labro medio acuiminato, col. in spiram producté.—Ap. sub-
quadrate, outer lip pointed in the middle, col. produced into a
spire.

245. ancutara, Sby., (f. 414.)—Quam sp. 339 magis obtusa,
—More obtuse than sp, 339. .

246. conocuuina, Pfr, (f. 415.;—Labro medio subrotundo.
—Onuter lip roundish in middle. :

247. sprntrera, P/r., (f. 416, 417.)—Marmorata, inflata, col.
spinosi.—Marbled, inflated, col. spinous.

248. Moqurntana, Recl., (f. 419, 420.)—Striata, columella
vix angulata.—Striated, columella scarcely angular.

249. Taytorrana, (f. 422.)—Obliqué subquadrata, acute cari-
nata, tenuis, pallide aurantia, strigi rubré tenuissima ad carinam
cincta; labio interno infra calloso ; columellé ad termimum spini-
fera.—Obliquely subquadrate, sharply keeled, girt with a very
narrow red stripe at the keel; inner hip with a callus at the lower
part ; columelia forming a short spine beneath. A single specimen
in the coilection of Thomas Lombe ‘Taylor, Esq.

250. suavis, Pfr., (f. 425, 426.)—Supra tessellata, col. ro-
tundi.—Tessellated above, columella rounded.

251. concentrica, Pfr., (f. 427, 425.)—Striata, anf. subin-
flatis.—Striated, whorls a little swelled.

252. ruyncuostoma, S/., (f.429, 430.)—Striata, angulatim de-
pressa, supra sagrinata.—Striated, angularly depressed, shagreened
above.

HELICINA. 295

253. CARINIFERA, Sow., (f. 431.)—Striata, eequaliter depressa.
—NStriated, equally depressed.

254. Gratunata, B/., (f. 457.)—Anf. supra subinflatis——
Whorls slightly inflated above.

255. cartnara, Ord., (f. 423, 424.)—Quam sp. 246 angus-
tior, magis quadrata.—More square and narrower than sp. 247.

256. recra, Shy., (f. 434.)—Subdepressa, angulata, straminea,
rubro seriatim maculata, infra striata, supra distanter lirata, medio
acuté carinata; col. subangulaté; labro vix angulato.—Subde-
pressed, angular, straw-coloured with rows of red spots, striated
beneath, distantly ridged above; outer lip scarcely angulated; colu-
mella slightly angular.

257. anuana, Pfr., (f. 435.)—Superne spiraliter sulcata, ob-
liqueé striata. —Spirally grooved and obliquely striated above.

258. Rosati, Pfr., (f. 436.) —Carina supra suturam elevata.
—Keel raised above the suture.

259. oxyruyncewa, Pfr., (f. 421.)—Aurantia, spird conicd,
labro in rostrum producto.—Orange, spire conical, outer lip pro-
duced into a beak. ;

260. acuttssraa, Shy., (f. 437-439.)—Depressa, acutissimé
carinata.—Depressed, very acutely carinated. This species is
subject to great variation as to comparative elevation and de-
pression.

261. rrocurroris, Sby., (f. 440.)—Perelevata, labro superne
sinuatim depresso.— Much raised, outer lip sinuously depressed
above.

262. oxyrropis, Shy., (f. 443.)—Labro medio acuminato.—
Outer lip acuminated in the centre.

263. Caroconna, Mor., (f. 441, 442.)—Valde depressa, lata ;
labro laté reflexo, acuminato.— Much depressed, wide ; outer lip
widely reflected, acuminated.

264. acerutinans, Sdy., (f. 446, 447.)—Molluscum rupium
pulvere agglutinato carinam fimbriatam ad testam formans.—
The mollusk forms a fringed keel to its shell with the agglutinated
powder of rocks.

265. Lazarus, Shy., (f. 444, 445.)—Quam sp. 259 magis
trochiformis.—More trochiform than sp. 259.

266. Mounotr, Pfr., (f. 448.) —Carina laqueaté.— Keel fluted.

296 HELICINA.

267. JosrpHinm, A. Ad. (f. 449.)—Trochiformis, carina ser-
rata.—Trochiform, keel serrated.

268. constELLATA, Mor., (f. 450.)—Cancellata, trochiformis,
carina angulatim fimbriata, supra suturam elevata.—Cancellated,
trochiform, keel angularly fringed, raised above the suture.

269. stectata, Ve/., (f. 451.) —Quam sp. 263 magis de-
pressa, sculptura tenuior.—More depressed than sp. 263, the
sculpture finer.

270. cranum, Pfr., (f. 468.)—Vide sp. 158%.
271. macunata, Sowd., (f. 472.)—Vide sp. 205*.
272. Canppana, Ord., Thes. f. 97, 99, former Monograph.

273. sytyarica, Oré., Thes. f. 33, former Monograph, vzde
sp. 185*.

Species not identified.

Euginiana, Weinl., Pfr., ii. 1241. Haiti.

Methfesseli, Pfr., m1. 1242. Cuba.

hians, Poey, Mem. 1, p. 113. t. 5. f. 1-3. Cuba,

nana (Lucid.), Pfr., Z. P. 1857. Jamaica.

Mayarina, Poey, Mem. i. p. 417. t. 34. f. 68. Cuba.

sulcata (Lucid.), Wernd., Pfr. Novil. 362. Bahamas.

pulla, Wartens, Malak. Bl. x. 1863. Helix test. Juv. ?

Emmerlingi, Pfr., Malak. Bl. ix. 1862.

candida, Pfr., Malak. Bl. v. 1852. Turk’s Island.

Mohriana, Pfr., Malak. Bl. vin. 1861. Mexico.

umbonata, Shuttlew. Portorico.

glabra, Gould. Cuba.

montana, Wright. Cuba.

inconspicua, Pfr. Tahiti.

lenticularis, Sowd., Tank. Cat. App. p. vu.

malleata, Pfr., Malak. Bl. v. 1858. Haiti.

Faustini, Wein?. Haiti.

Macmurrayi, Pfr. Cuba.

Nebiana, Pfr., Mal. Bl. ix. 1862. Cuba.

rarisulcata, Pfr., Mal. Bl. vin. 1861.

riparea, Pfr. N. Granada.

Strebeli, Pfr., Malak. Bl. viii. 1861. Mirador.

brevilabris, P/fr., Z. P. 1856. Mexico.

granulum, Guadi., Pfr. Malak. Bl. xi. 1864. Cuba.
“ Macgillivrayi, Pfr., Z. P. 1855. Isle of Pines, Austr.

HELICINA.

Kiisteriana, Pfr., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848.
Wrightii, Pfr., Malak. Bl. x. 1863.

sculpta, Martens, Monatschr. Berl. Ak. 1864.
Lembeyana, Poey., Mem. i. t. 33. f. 20-24. Cuba.
Chryseis, Zristram, Z. P. 1861.

scrupulosum, Benson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863.
daman Islands.

Lundi, Beck. Frazil.

Jagori, Martens. Java.

Barbadensis, Pfr., Z. P. 1853. Barbadoes.
Stanlyi, Fordes, Voy. Rattlesnake, App. p. 381.
minuscula (Schiasch), Pfr., Z. P. 1859.
goniostoma, Gwnd/., Poey, Mem. ii. p. 87. Cuba.
mammilla, Wein/., Malak. Bl. ix. 1862. Haiti.
sericea, Drouel. Cayenne.

proxima, Gund/., Poey, Mem. ii. p. 6. Cuba.
capax, Gund.

Dominicensis, Pfr., Z. P. 1850. Haiti.
modesta, Pfr., Z. P. 1852. New Hebrides.
Browniana, PAil., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847.
microdina, Morelet, Test. Nov. u. p. 17.

musiva, Gou/d, Pro. Bost. Soc. 1847. Upolu.
fragilis, Morelet, Test. Noviss. 11. p. 17.
Laneriana, O7d., Moll. Cuba.

pygmea, Pot. et Mich. St. Domingo.
biangulata, Pfr., Chemn. N. Hd. t. 10. f. 34, 35.
Mighelsi, Adams, Jay, Cat.

297

An-

Pazi, Hidalgo, Journ. Conch. 1865, p. 221. Isl. Gambier.

plicatilis, Mowsson, Journ. Conch. 1865. Pacific Islands.
Vitiensis, Mousson, Journ. Conch. 1865. Pacific Islands.

as

[oe}

INDEX.

acuminata, columellaris, 89.
acutissima, 260, f. 437-439.
Adamsiana, 44, f. 71, 72.
adspersa, 173, f. 297-299.
agelutinans, 264, f. 446, 447.
alata, 41, f. 65, 66.
albocincta, 235, f. 403.
albolabris, 230, f. 400.
alboviridis, 96, f. 464.

alta, bleh 25ile 252
ambeliana, zephyrina, 157.
ameena, 219, f. 383.
ampliata, 174, f. 300, 801.
ampullina, virginea, 62.
angulata, 245, f. 414.
articulata, 241, f. 409, 410.
Antillarum, 208, f. 359-361.
arenicola, 122, f. 203.
aruana, 257, f. 435.
aurantia, 170, f. 293, 294.
aurantio-viridis, 199, f. 380.
aureola, 56, f. 94, 479.
Antoni, 110, f. 181-183.
Barbadensis, not identified.
Bastidiana, 4, f. 6.
Bayamensis, 5, f. 7.
Behaniana, 47, f. 76.
Bellula, 178, f. 305-308.
berylina, 214, f. 372.
Besckii, 224, f, 433.
biangulata, not identified.
bicolor, 243, f. 411.
Blandiana, columellaris, 89.

Borneensis, 119, f. 195, 196, 211,

212.

Brasiliensis, 185, f.333, 334, 474, |

475.
brevilabris, not identified.
Briarza, 1, £& 1, 2, 3.

Browniana, not identified.
Brownii, 13, f. 20, 21, 22.
bulla, 207, f. 455.

calida, 70, f. 117, 118.
callosa, 87, f. 146.
Candeana, 272, no fig.
candida, not identified.
capax, not identified.
capillacea, 82. f. 138.
carinifera, 253, f. 431.

| carinata, 255, f.424, 425.

Carocolla, 263, f. 441, 442.
castanea, 218, f. 470, 471.
Cataliniana, 6, f. 8.
Chiapensis, 154, f. 255-257.
Chittyana, 77, f. 131.
Chryseis, not identified.

| chrysochasma, 99, f. 160-162.

chrysostoma, 67, 109, 110.
citrinolabris, palliata, 14.
cinctella, 225, f. 889, 390.
cingulata, 124, f. 207-209.
citrina, 208, f. 453.

| coccinostoma, 171, f. 295, 296.

columbiana 155, f. 261, 263.

| columellaris, 89, f. 148-151.

concentrica, 251, f. 427, 428.
conica, elegans, 86.

concinna, 138, f. 229, 230.
conoidea, 102, f. 168, 169.
consanguinea, palliata, 14.
constellata, 268, f. 450.
continua, 149, f. 248.

convexa, 128, f. 215, 216, 315,

319, 320, 321, 473.

Cordillerze, 156, f. 264, 265, 270.
| cornea, 112, f. 186, 187.

coronula, 48, f. 77, 78.
corrugata, 236, f. 401, 402.

INDEX. 299

costata, 72, f. 123. ¥
crassa, pulcherrima, 7.
erassicostata, 61, f. 97.
erassilabris, 182, f. 324-326.
Crossei, 204, f. 357.
Cumingii, 165, f. 282, 283.
declivis, 104, f. 170.
denticulata, 164, f. 281.
dentigera, hispida, 20.
Deppiana, turbinata, 162.
depressa, 46, f. 75.
diaphana, 196, f. 341.
dissimulans, 17, f. 28, 29.
dilatata, pulchella, 76.
Dominicensis, not identified.
Draytonensis, 120, f. 199, 200.
dubiosa, 36, f. 58, 59.
Dysoni, 127, f. 113, 114, 217,
218.

elegans, 86, f. 145.
elegantula, 83, f. 139, 140.
elongata, 93, f. 158.
Emmerlingi, not identified.
erythraea, 96, f. 461-463.
Bugeniana, not identified.
exacuta, 101, f. 163-165.
excavata, 65, f. 106, 107.
exserta, 233, f. 39.
fasciata, 129, f. 312-314.
fasciata, variabilis, 222.
Fuustinii, not identified.
festa, 90,f. 152, 153.
festiva, 9, f. 14.

flammea, 117. f. 194.
flavida, 142, f. 233-236.
flava, variabilis, 222.
Forbesiana, 192, f. 344.
Jossulata, Briareea, 1.
foveata, Dysoni, 127.
fragilis, not identified.
fulgora, zebriolata, 240.
fulva, 184, f. 329, 330.
fumigata, 193, f. 345.
Funcekii, 158, f. 271.
fuseula, 97, f. 465, 466.

Ghiesbreghti, 223, f. 432.
glabra, nitida ? 26, f. 43.
globosa, 63, f. 99.
globulosa, 190, f. 275, 454.
gonocheila, 246, f. 415.
goniostoma, not identified.
Gouldiana, fummgata, 193.
Gouldiana, Sloanu, 68.
granulosum, not identified.
granum, 270, f. 468.
gratiosa, 201, f. 353.
gratulata, 254, f. 457.
Grayana, pulchella, 76.
Guadaloupensis, 209, f. 362, 366,
367.
Guildingiana, solitaria, 24.
Gundlachi, 126, f. 211, 212.
Hanleyana, 134, f. 219, 220.
Heliosee, 152, f. 253, 254.
hians, not identified.
hirsuta, Brown, 13.
hispida, 20, f. 33, 34.
haeemastoma, 172, f. 452.
Hollandi, Brown, 13.
Hornbeckii, subfuca, 35.
humilis, 217, f. 371.
Hjalmarsoni, 200, f. 476.
Idee, 187, f. 335, 336.
inconspicua, 111, f.- 184.
incrustata, 31, f. 50.
ineequalis, 58, f. 95.
intusplicata, 37, f. 60, 61.
Jagori, not identified.
Jamaicensis, 169, f. 291, 292.
Japonica, 136, f. 227, 228.
Jeannereti, sagraina, 3.
Josephine, 267, f. 449.
jucunda, 98, f. 458-460.
jugulata, 91, f. 154, 156.
Keatei, 130, f. 316.
Kieneri, 166, t. 284, 285.
Kiisteriana, not identified.
laciniosa, 30, f. 49.
Lanieriana, not identified.
| Lazarus, 265, f. 444, 445.
| Leana, 45, f. 73, 74.

| Lembyana, not identified.

300

lens, 232, f. 406.
lenticularis, not identified.

Lindeni, 153, f. 258, 260-270,

469.
lineata, 55, f. 85.
lirata, 53, f. 88, 89.
littoralis, 38, f. 63, 64.
littoricola, 71, f. 121, 122.

Louisadensis, 197, f. 349, 350.

Lundi, not identified.
lutea, 176, f. 456.
macilenta, 18, f. 30, 31.

Macgillivrayi, 188, f. 337, 338.

Macmurray?, not identified.
maculata, 271, f. 472.
maculata, Regina, 64.
Major, 12, f. 18, 19, 478.
malleata, not identified.
mammilla, not identified.
Maugerie, 231, f. 395.
Marchionessa, Robri, 227.
marmorata, adspersa, 173.
Mayarina, not identified.
maxima, 39, f. 62.
megastoma, 29, f. 46, 47, 48.
merdigera, 146, f. 243, 244.
Merguiensis, Nicobarica, 233.
Methfesseli, not identified.
microdina, not identified.
microstoma, 16, f. 26, 27.
Migheilsi, not identified.
minima, 22, f. 37, 38.
minuscula, not identified.
minuta, 118, f. 188.
modesta, 139, f. 221, 222.
Moquiniana, 248, f. 419, 420.
Mohriana, not identified.
Mouhoti, 266, f. 448.
montana, not identified.
multicolor, 115, f. 190, 191.
multistriata, regina, 64.
musiva, not identified.

nana, not identified.
Neebiana, not identified.
neritella, 168, f. 288-290.
nobilis, major, 12.
Nicholetti, 40, f. 67.

INDEX.

Nicobarica, 233, f. 381, 382.
nitida, 26, f. 43.
Node, 206, f. 378.
Norfolkensis, 215, f. 8373, 374.
notata, 144, f. 239, 240.
occidentalis, 220, f. 384, 385.
occulta, 137, f. 223, 224.
ochracea, 11, f. 17.
oleosa, 116, f. 192, 198.
oxytropis, 262, f. 443.
opima, 78, f. 129, 130.
orbiculata, 135, f. 225.
Orbignyi, 194, f. 346, 347.
Oresigena, 25, f. 42.
Oweniana, 145, f. 241, 242.
oxyrhyncha, 259, f. 421.
oxystoma, oxytropis, 262.
Pagoda, constellata, 268.
pallida, 234, f. 404.
palliata, 14, f. 23.
aarti 42, f. 68, 69.
araensis, 143, f. 237, 238.
parva, 125, f. 210.
Pazi, not identified.
pellucida, 147, f. 245.
perispherica, Bellula, 178.
Petitiana, 79, f. 132, 133.
petrosa, 81, f. 136, 137.
Phasianella, 123, f. 204, 205.
pictella, 179, f. 197, 198.
pisum, 177, f. 304.
platycheila, 180, f. 310, 311.
plicatilis, not identified.
plicatula, 49, f. 79, 80.
Poeyi, 131, f. 317, 318.
polita, 202, f. 354-356.
politula, 69, f. 115, 116.
polychroa, 150, f. 249, 250.
proxima, not identified.
proaima, gen. Helix ?
pulchella, 76, f. 126, 127.
pulcherrima, 7, f. 9, 10.
pulla, not identified.

purpurea-flava, amoena, 219? or

Funckii, 158 ?
pygmea, not identified.
pyramidalis, 92, f. 157.

rarisulcata, not identified.
Reeviana, 121, f. 201, 202.
repanda, 183, f. 327, 328.
Regina, 64, f. 100-105.
remota, 66, f. 108.
reticulata, 141, f. 231, 232.
retracta, 34, f. 54, 55.
rhamphostyla, 15, f. 24, 25.
rhodostoma, 244, f. 412, 413.
rhynchostoma, 252, f. 429, 430.
riparea, not identified.
Rohri, 227, f. 393, 394.
Rosalie, 258, f. 436.
rostellina, subfusca, 35.
rostrata, 163, f. 279, 280.
rotunda, 32, f. 51, 52.
rotella, 205, f. 358.
rotelloidea, 109, f. 171, 172.
rubella, 21, f. 35, 36.
rubicunda, 85, f. 141, 142.
rubra, submarginata, 8.

rubromarginata, 100, f. 166, 167.

rudis, 106, f. 175, 176.
rufa, Guadaloupensis, 209.
rugosa, 51, f..83, 84.
rupestris, 84, f. 143, 144.
Sagra, vide Sagraiana, 3.
Sagraiana, 3, f. 477.
Salleana, 212, f. 368.
Salvini, rostrata, 163.
Sandvichensis, 105, f. 178, 174.
sanguinea, 211, f. 364, 365.
scitula, pulchella, 76, f. 128.
scopulorum, 88, f. 147.
scrupulosum, not identified.
sculpta, not identified.
semilirata, 74, f. 124, 125.
semistriata, 54, f. 86.
similis, 210, f. 363.
sericea, not identified.
Shanghaensis, 239, f. 406.
silacea, 10, f. 15, 16.
sinuosa, 60, f. 96.
Sloanii, 68, f. 111, 114.
solidula, 229, f. 398, 399.
solitaria, 24, f. 40, 41.
sordida, substriata, 133.
VOL. Ill.

INDEX. 301

Sowerbyana, 221, f. 418.
spectabilis, 148, f. 246, 247.
spheroida, 175, f. 302, 303.
spinifera, 247, f. 416, 417.
Sprucei, 27, f. 44.
straminea, exacuta, 101.
Stanlyi, not identified.
stellata, 269, f. 451.
Strebeli, not identified.
striata, 181, f. 369, 370.
striatula, 43, f. 70.
suavis, 250, f. 425, 426.
subeonica, 140, f. 226.
subfusea, 35, f. 56, 57.
subglobulosa, 167, f. 286, 287.
subleevigata, 189, f. 339, 340.
submarginata, §, f. 11, 12, 13.
subovalis, 198, f. 376.
substriata, 133, f. 331, 332.
subturrita, 103, f. 185.
succinea, 33, f. 53.
sulcata, not identified.
suturalis, Bellula, 178 ?
suturalis, 238, f. 404*, 405*.
sylvatica, 185*.
Tamsiana, 161, f. 467, 274.
Tankervillei, 75, f. 129.
Tayloriana, 249, f. 422.
tecta, 256, f. 434,
tenuilabris, 216, f. 375.
Tilei, 179, f. 309.
Titanica, 2, f. 4.
teniata, 132, f. 322, 323.
tricarinata, 73, f. 119, 120.
tridens, 59, f. 90, 91.
trochiformis, 261, f. 440.
Trochlea, 80, f. 134, 135.
trochulina, 94, f. 159.
tropica, Zephyrina, 157.
trossula, flavida, 142.
turbinata, 162, f. 276-278.
turbinella, 108, f. 179, 180.
Uberta, 228, f. 396, 397.
umbonata, not identified.
undulata, 57, f. 92, 93.
unguiculata, Regina, 64.
unicarinata, S4y., 107, f.177, 178.
2Q

302

unicolor, platycheila, 180.
unidentata, 52, f. $7.
unifasciata, 186, f. 405.
variabilis, 222, f. 386, 387, 388,
variegata, adspersa, 173.
velutina, 19, f. 52.
verecundia, Forbesiana, 192.
vernalis, 160, f. 273.
vestita, subturrita, 103.
vestita, 114, f. 189, 206.
Vitiensis, not identified.
villosa, 237, f. 407, 408.

INDEX.

vinosa, 50, f. 81, 82.
virens, 226, f. 391, 392.
virginea, 62, f. 98.

viridis, 242, f. 379.
Wrightii, not identified.
Yorkensis, 191, f. 842, 343.
Youngensis, bellula, 178 ?
zebriolata, 240, f. 407,* 408.*
Zephyrina, 157, f. 266-269.
Zoe, 213, f. 377.

zonata, variabilis, 222.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

CARINARIA, Lamarck.

Testa vitrea, pileiformis, concentricé rugata, dorso carinato,
apice subplanulatim spirali.

Shell glassy, cap-shaped, concentrically wrinkled, with a dorsal
keel and a nearly flat spiral apex.

The Carinaria is an oblong mollusk, provided with a broad fin,
by means of which it moves very rapidly through the ocean. ‘The
beautiful glassy shell which it secretes forms a protection to the
breathing apparatus.

SPECIES.

1. C. virrma, (f. 4).—T. elevati, subtrigond, lateribus recti-
usculis, apice parvo, uncinato.—Distinguished by its elevated,
conical form, nearly straight sides, and small apex.

2. C. cristata (f. 2, 3), ZLinu.—T. depressd, oblonga, dorso
arcuato, latere postico declivi, apice lato, deflexo.—Of an oblong,
depressed form, with the back arched, the posterior side sloping,
and the apex broad and curved downwards.

3. C. Aruantiea (f. 1), Ad. § Rve.—T. subelevata, curta,
dorso validé arcuato, carina lati, apicé arcnatim depresso, corneo.
—This pretty little species is shorter, with the back more curved
and elevated than C. cristata. It has a horny nucleus.

Not identified.

C. Gaudichaudi, —.
C. punctata, Ord.
C. depressa, Ruw.

Vicures 1x Puare 279.

. Atianvica, sp. 8, Ad. § Rve—Hab. North Atlantic
Ocean.

. CRISTATA, sp. 2, Linneus (Patella) C. fragilis, Bory de
St. Vincent. C. Mediterranea, Deshayes. C. depressa,
Roux.—The law of priority ought to be applied to every
well-ascertained Linnean name, whatever difference of
opinion may exist about going further back.—Hab.
Mediterranean.

. virrea, sp. 1, Nautilus vitreus, Argenv. C. gracilis,
Reeve.—Hab. Indian Ocean.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

DONAX, Linneus.

Chur. Gen. Testa eequivalvis, inequilateralis, subtrigona, bi-
musculosa, posticé plus minusve truncata ; pallii impressione laté
amentata ; ligamento externo; dentibus cardinalibus in valva dex-
tra duobus, in valva sinistra uno; dentibus lateralibus duobus,
approximatis vel uno remoto.

A large sinus in the impression of the mantle, and the absence
of a cartilaginous pit, will be sufficient to distinguish the shells of
this genus from the few others with which they might otherwise
possibly be confounded.

SPECIES.

1. scortum (f. 1, 2,3), ZLinnw.—Testd tumida, subsequilaterali,
striis radiatis et liris concentricis decussatd, extus alba seu pallide
fulva, violaceo concentricé fasciata, intus violaced, anticé subacu-
minata, laminis laqueatis subdistantibus fimbriata, posticé acute
arcuatim angulata, ad angulum spiniferd, area postangulari con-
cava, acuminata, decussata.—Specimens differ in the degree of
development of the spines and fringes ; and we have in our hands

.a specimen from Mr. Taylor’s collection which is white, and has
the posterior angle produced remarkably.

2. cartnatus (f. 4, 5), Han/.—Testd tumida, lata, polita, cas-
taneo-violaced, radiatim impresso-striata, striis antice evanidis,
umbonibus elevatis, angulo postico subcarinato, area postangulari
arcuatim declivi, concava, striata, infra producta, acuminata, latere
antico declivi, ad terminum acuminato.—Nearest in form to D.
scortum, but a polished shell.

3. acuticarinatus (f. 6, 7), Sows.—Testa D. carinate simili,
haud tantum elevata, carina validiore, arew postice stris radian-
tibus granulatis.—Besides the greater distinctness of the keel,
the sculpture of the posterior area distinguishes this species from
D. carinata, the radiating strie being close, and crossed by con-

306 DONAX.

centric waved threads. ‘l'wo specimens of this beautiful species
are in Mr. Taylor’s collection.

4. scaLpriytum (f. 9), Gray.—Testi lanceolata, compressa,
obscuré radiata, postice ad angulum subcarinaté, post angulum
angusta, concentricé, liraté, margine convexo, anticé producto,
angustato, ad terminum elevato.—Very long and narrow, with a
narrow and finely striated posterior area.

5. acurancuus (f. 10), Desh.—D. scalpello simili sed |atiore,
minutissimé sub lente striata, ared posticd concava, minute lirata.
—Of a broader form than D. sca/pellum, very minutely decussated,
the posterior angle concave and striated.

6. Transversus (f. 11), Sows. 7. C—Testi D. scalpello simili,
posticé magis obliqua, are radiatim striata.—Like No. 4, with
the posterior area more sloping and radiately striated.

7. Owrntr (f. 8), Gray.—Testi D. scalpello simili, sed area
posticA biangulat4, concentricé lirati, ad ligamentum elevata.—
The area is more raised towards the hgament and is radiately
double-angled.

8. spinosus (f. 19), Chemn.—D. testa elongata, cunciformé
leevigata, leviter prope marginem et postice radiatim striata, fulvo-
purpurascente, intus et ad umbonem livida, latere antico producto
subacuminato, latere postico truncato, angulato, angulo acuto,
subspinifero, area postangulari tenuissimé decussaté.—This little
cuneiform shell is remarkable for the serrated or spiniferous keel
which borders its postangular area.

9. craruratus (f. 13), Desh.—D. testa breviuscula, cuneiformi,
violacea, minute cancellata, latere antico subacuminato, latere
postico truncato biangulato ad angulum magnum subspinifero.—
Resembling D. spinosa im the serrated or spiniferous character of

8 i}. j
the angle, but purple, and finely cancellated throughout.
bole) i i 2 to}

10. semisutcatus (f. 22), Han/.—D.testa breviter trigona, alba,
antice acuminata, polita, posticé prope angulum subconcentricé
lirata, striis granosis decussata, angulo acuto, serrato, subcarinato,
umbonibus elevatis, ared postica subplanulata, granoso-striata.
A short elevated shell, smooth in front and ornamented at the
back with ridges decussated by radiating strie. D. sordida, Rve.,
appears to be a variety of this, partly denuded of the sulci and
serrations.

11. Mapacascanimnsis (f. 16), Wood.—Testa brevi, acute
triangulata, carnea, nonnunquam partim lividé, omnino diagona-

DONAX. 307

liter costatd, costis ad angulum subundatis, interstitis striatis,
ared postangulari complanati, margine ventrali intus denticulato.
—A remarkable three-cornered species, sculptured with diagonal
ribs.

12. Granirervs (f. 18), Desh.—Testa D. semisuleate simili sed
tumidiore, ante angulum et ad aream postangularem minuté de-
cussatim granosa, carina magis obtus’i.—More inflated and more
obtuse than D. semisulcata, very finely granosely decussated, the
ridges being continued past the angle on the posterior area.

13. acuminatus (f. 14), Desh.—Testa D. semisuleate forma
simili, sed postice minimé granoso-striataé, angulo vix serrato.—
The want of posterior sculpture alone distinguishes this from D.
semigranosa.

14. mera (f. 17), Reeve.—Testi D. semigranose simili, sed
magis obtusi, ad angulum semi-rotunda, vix serratié.—More
obtuse at the apex and posterior angle than D. semisudcata, the
angle not serrated nor keeled.

15. ryrro-rapiatus (f. 25), Reeve.—Testa brevi, elevata,
cuneiformi, acuté angulatd, carinaté, pallida, extus obscuré, intus
valide, prope umbones purpureo trifasciaté, radiatim striata, post-
angulum densé rugoso-decussat’i.—This shell would resemble a
small D. Cayennensis, but it is sharply keeled posteriorly and
pointed in front. The purple rays are bright within, but dull
without.

16. asper (f. 24), Han/.—Testa solida, albi vel purpurascenti,
subeequaliter trigond, anticé radiatim striata, posticé prope an-
gulum granoso-sulecaté, post angulum striaté, margine postico
ventrali denticulato, are postangulari infra convexa, supra con-
cava, umbonibus elevatis, latere antico valde declivo.—An elevated,
solid species, nearly equally trigonal, grained near the angle.

17. prntirerus (f. 23), Hand.—Testa elevatim trigona, rosea
seu purpurascenti, radiatim striata, prope marginem anticum
leevigati, striis posticis magnis ad marginem dentatis, posticé
biangulata, angulo primo elevato, angulo secundo duplicato mar-
gine dentato, area posticd declivi, granosa, angulatim convexi.—
A very broad shell, with sharp, elevated angle ending in denticu-
lations, and a second posterior angle duplicate or ending in the
same way. It occurs pure white, rose, and violet.

18. asstmimis (f. 21), Han/.—Testd crassa, oblonga, ventri-
cos’, levigaté, obscuré purpured et pallidé subviridi, obscure

308 DONAX.

radiati, posticé biangulaté, anticé producté, obtusa, margine
ventrali convexi.—Of an oblong form and solid substance, with
an obtuse second angle and produced margin.

19. Cayrnnensts (f. 46, 47,48), Lamk.—Testa subventricosa,
tenuiuscula, radiatim striata, posticé prope angulum undulatim
decussata, colore luteo-purpurascente, seu rosed, seu purpurea,
prope umbones albo-radiata ; latere antico oblongo ad terminum
rotundo, latere postico brevi, angulo obtuso, are’ postangulari
lata, granoso-striata, margine medio dentato, margine ventrali
parum convexo, postice validé dentato, valva dextrA sinistram
superante.—Of an oblong form, granulated and decussated near
the obtuse posterior angle and on the area behind it. The ven-
tral margin of the right valve appears a little beyond that of
the left, showing the strong dentition at the posterior side.

20. curtrus (f. 20), Sowh.—Testi D. Cayennensi simili, sed
longé magis abbreviaté.—The abbreviated form of this shell is so
constant through all the varieties of colouring that after examining
a number of our own specimens with Mr. Taylor’s we have no
hesitation in distinguishing it.

21. RnuGosus (f. 27, 28, 29), Linn.—Testd elongata, tumida,
crassa, luteo-purpurascente, seu aurantio-rosea, seu late fasciata,
latere antico subacuminato, prope marginem levi, medio et postice
radiatim striata, latere postico brevissimo, undulatim rugato, stris
radiantibus decussato,angulo subcarinato, ared postangulariconvexa.
—Of an elongated form and rugosely decussated behind the angle.

22. utoncatus (f. 12), Lamk.—Testi D. rugose simili sed
magis acuta, angulo acuté carinato, striis radiantibus magis dis-
tantibus, margine valideé denticulato, ared postangulari fortissimé
rugato et dentato.—The angle more keeled, all the sculpture
more coarse than D. rugosa, the margin very strongly denticulated.

23. opusuLus (f. 15), Desh.—Testa brevi, solida, pallida, ints
purpurea, antice laevigata, acuminata, posticé tenuiter striata,
carinato-angulata, brevissimd, area postangulari lata, subrecta,

Ri AONRE NRC oe R :
concavé, minutissimé granulata.—Of the short wedge form, with
the posterior area finely granulated.

24. penticuLatus (f. 33, 34, 35, 36), Zinn.—Testé brevi, tri-
gona, solidé, sulcato-striata, alb4’, aurantid, purpurascente seu
coloribus variis radiatim picté, anticé acuminata, postice biangu-
lata, areA postangulari angusta, concentrice rugatd, are inter
angulos radiatim suleaté, marginibus dentatis.—A short triangular
species, variously painted, with a double angle. Between the

DONAX. 309

angles are radiating grooves, behind them both is a narrow area
with undulating concentric ridges.

25. srriarus (f. 52), Ziau.—Testi oblong4, carne&, purpura-
scente densé striaté, anticé acuminata, posticé acuté biangulata,
declivi, ared postangulari complanata, minutissimé striata, margine
ventrali denticulato, medio convexo, anticé et posticé subincurvo.
—Sharply angular, the angle being duplicate towards the ventral
edge of the dorsal slope, the postangular area very flat. There
is no reason to doubt the identity of Deshayes’ Lamarchic with
this.

26. saxutum (f. 110), Reeve-—TestA D. contuse simili, sed
striis elevatis radiantibus sculpta, posticé valdé declivi, angulata.
—Differing from D. striata in the ridge-like striz with which it
israyed. It is also more angular and truncated posteriorly.

27. vaniaBiuis (f. 387, 38, 39), Say.—Testd parva, tumida,
tenuistriata, varié picta, anticé oblong’, prope marginem attenua-
tim acuminata, posticé leviter angulata, area postangulari convexa,
margine ventrali medio convexo.—A little, tumid, finely striated
shell, variously coloured, distinguished by a peculiar pinched and
pointed appearance towards the anterior extremity.

28. Bens (f. 40, 41), Desh.—Testa oblonga, tenuiter striata,
albi fulva seu purpureo radiata, postice brevi, declivi, obtuse
angulatd, margine ventrali rectiusculo.—Resembling D. variabilis,
but gradually sloping in front, with the ventral margin rather
straight.

29. aneustatus (f. 44), Sowh.—Testa albido-purpurascente, D.
variabili simili sed magis compressa et elongatiimResembling
D. variabilis, but much more elongated.

30. Lavicatus (f. 80, 31, 32), Desh.—Testi solidd, politi,
fulva, partim purpureo fasciatd, tumida, leviter striata, antice
acuminatim rotundatd, posticé brevi, obtusd, medio inflata, um-
bonibus obtusis, margine ventrali convexo.—A_ smooth, polished,
obese, obtuse shell, of a fawn-colour, banded and tipped with
purple.

31. Satconensts (f. 45), Crosse et Fisch.—Testi brevi, com-
pressa, obtusa, anticé rotundataé, posticé obtuse angulata, post
angulum minuté cancellata, intus purpureo et aurantio variegati ;
dentibus lateralibus magnis; latere postico rectiusculo, convexo.
Resembling D. devigata in form, but finely cancellated on the
area behind the angle.

VOL. IIT. 2R

310 DONAX.

32. opesus (f. 42, 43), D’ Orb.—Testa parva, abbreviata, crassa,
tumida, trigond, alba, fulvo fasciati, seu purpurea, lineis dorsali-
bus purpureis ornata, minutissime punctato-striat4; umbonibus
elevatis, latere antico acuminato, latere postico angulato, area
postangulari angulatim convexé.—This remarkable little species
is sculptured by punctured striz, not concentric, crossing the
radiating stric.

33. puNcTATO-sTRIATUS (f. 49, 50), Han/.—Solida, ventricosi,
trigond, striis punctatis radiata, albidé carned lilaced seu pur-
pureo-radiaté, umbonibus elevatis tumidis, angnlo postico obtuso
plus minusve declivi, arei postangulari rectiuscula, prope margi-
nem ventralem rotundatim producto, prope umbones complanato ;
latere antico attenuatim acuminato, margine ventrali medio in-
flato, posticé ante angulum subcontracto.—An easily distinguished,
stout shell, with characteristic strongly-punctured grooves or striz.

34. Conrant (f. 51), Desh.—Testé D. punctato-striate simili
sed magis depressd, posticé magis angulatim productd, anticé
magis elongatéa.—It is not quite easy to distinguish this species
from the last, on account of intermediate specimens. It is how-
ever flatter, not so pinched up in front, and more produced be-
hind.

35. contusus (f. 53, 55), Meeve-—TestA quam D. Conradi
magis compressi, haud tantum ineequilaterali—The three last
species, punctato-striated in the same way, exhibit a perplexing
gradation m degree of flatness and production of the posterior
side.

36. Catirornicus (f. 54, and var. D. culter, Reeve, p. 56, 57),
Conrad. —Testa oblonga, subeequilaterali, minutissime punctato-
striata, superné sublaevigata, alba, pallidé purpureo radiata vel sub-
viridi, ad umbones carned, purpureo nebulata, obscure biradiata,
postice producta, obscuré biangulata, area postangulari convexa,
elevata, anticé attenuatim subacuminaté, margine ventrali prope
angulum subcontracto, ante medium plus minusve convexo.—
There is some difficulty in identifying this shell from the original
description, but I have not much doubt about it ; some specimens
of the last species come very near to it, particularly about the
umbones, which are very peculiarly coloured, but the shells of
this species are narrower. ‘Tne swelled and elevated character of
the back area is easily observable. ‘The gradation of specimens,
however, prevents our separating the varieties named D. cu/ter.

37. petroipes (f. 100, 101), Lams.—Testi magna, solida,

DONAX. 311

brevi, alta, obtusé angulata, purpurea seu pallidé violaced, anticé
leevigata, rotundatim acuminata, posticé lat’, tenuiter striata,
margine ventrali medio subconvexo, angulo postico obtuso, area
postangulari convexo, medio obscuré angulato, prope umbones
complanato.—Although the variety of this well-known species,
named PD. epidermia, is generally rather longer and less elevated
in form than the dark purple one, there can be no doubt that it
is identical.

38. Trcaonrcus (f. 96), Zan/.—Testi trigono-elevaté, tenui-
uscula, pallidé purpurascenti, posticé obtuse angulatd, rugata,
anticé attenuata, subacuminata, latere antico-dorsali incurvo, um-
bonibus acuminatim producto-subrotundatis.— Remarkable for the
acuminately produced umbones, and the incurved character of the
anterior dorsal slope.

39. cunEatus (f. 88, 89, 90), Zanv.—Testd obtuse trigona,
compressa, levigata, alti, alba vel fusco-nigricanti vel carneo-
fulva, postice obtusé angulata, post angulum undulatim granoso-
rugata, margine ventrali intus levigaté.—A broad compressed
shell, distinguished by undulating, granulated rugosities on the
area behind the angle. D. granosa is most probably a variety of
this.

40. comprzssus (f. 97), Lamk.—Testa D. cuneate simillima,
sed magis elevaté, umbonibus productis, margine antico-dorsali
subincurvo.—The greater depth from apex to ventral margin and
the concave outline of the antero-dorsal slope distinguish this
from D. cuneuta.

41. conummtuts (f. 113, 114, 115).—Testa quam D. cuneata
magis ovali, angulo postico magis rotundato, rugis postangularibus
tenuissimis.—More oval than D. ewneata, with the posterior side
more rounded and much more finely ridge-striated.

42. Bicotor (f. 102, 103), Lams.—Testa ovali-subcuneata,
compressi, anticé et medio levi, posticé granulatim striati, alba,
laté fusco-grisescente fasciaté, vel grised, obscuré fusco radiata,
posticé obtusé biangulata, margine ventrali convexa, intus levi-
gata, are postangulari concava.—The posterior side of this shell
has a very obtuse angle in the usual part, and a second angle in
the middle of the area; the area is granosely striated.

43. rncarnatus (f. 98, 99), Chemn.—Testa brevi, compressa,
elevati, carnea seu alba, purpureo ad umbones radiata, anticé
leevissimi, subacuminata, postice rectiusculd, ante et post angulum
striis radiantibus et rugis subconcentricis undulatis decussata ;

312 DONAX.

umbonibus perelevatis, margine ventrali antice subcontracto,
posticé convexo.—This curious species is distinguished by the
sculpture of the posterior area and the short straightness of the
posterior side, and other peculiarities of form. I see no distinction
in this from D. Dysont.

44, naprans (f. 91, 92, 93, 94, 95), Lams:.—Testa ovato-sub-
trigona, brevi, coloribus variis fasciaté et maculata, anticé et medio
sublevigata vel leviter lirati, posticé validé rugata, angulo postico
obtusissimo, area postangulari convex4, margine ventrali prope
angulum subcontracto, medio convexo, intus levigato.—This
small, obtuse species is very variable in colouring and even in
form. ‘The ridges are irregular, strong at the back, and more or
less obliterated in the middle. Fig. 95 probably represents D.
villatus, Lamk.

45. Faspa (f. 108, 109), Chemu.—Quam D. radians magis
elongata.—Lamarck quotes the figures in Chemnitz and the Hn-
cyclopeedia for his D. radians. Had this been correct, Chemnitz’s
name must have been adopted by the law of priority. But the
ficures thus referred to show a much more elongated shell, which
agrees with the shells which we now figure. It is doubtful, how-
ever, whether the distinction can be well maintained.

46. appreviatus (f. 106, 107), Lam&s.—Testa suborbiculari,
compressi, alta, laevigata, grisea vel alba, roseo trifasciatd, posticé
brevi, rugosi, obtusissimé angulata, margine antico-dorsali declivi,
margine ventrali convexo, intus levigato.—Flat, almost rounded,
with granulated, undulating ridges on the back area.

47. ovatinus (f. 104), Desh.—Test’ compressd, ovato-subro-
tunda, laevigata, cinered vel radiatim maculata; latere antico brevi
subrotundatim convexo, margine ventrali rotundato, intus levi.
A rounded, flat, Tellina-lookmg shell.

48. nucuLoies (f. 105), /eeve.—Subovata, plano-convexa,
albida, epidermide subviride nitente induta, latere antico subro-
tundo, margine antico-dorsali declivi, margine ventrali convexo,
posticé prope angulum parum contracto, intus levigato, latere
postico obtusé angulato, margine convexo.—Another ‘ellina-like
species, without markings and more oval than D. ovadina.

49. incpratus, (f. 112), Reeve-—Test& subovata, tenuissima,
levigata, pallidé carneo-rosea, latere postico brevi, subrotundato,
subflexuoso, margine ventrali medio inflato, prope terminos sub-
incurvo, intus levi; latere antico declivi, acuminato.—l have not
had the opportunity of examining this neat little shell, which was
originally drawn from a single valve in Mr. Hanley’s collection.

DONAX. 313

50. opscurus (f. 111), Reeve.—Testd D. nueuloidi simili sed
concentricé striata.x— Without re-examination of the two shells,
for the present locked up in the late Mr. Cuming’s cabinet, I
cannot decide whether this is not a variety of D. nuculoides.

The question would depend upon the character of the described
striation.

51. serra (f. 87), Chemn.—Test& crassi, ovato-subtrigona,
lata, carne purpurascenti, levigatd, anticé rotundatim oblonga,
margine ventrali concavo, intus crenato, posticé subcontracto,
angulo postico obtusissimo, rugis denticulatis serrato, ared post-
angulari concavi, umbonibus obtusis.—A thick, oval shell, very
obtuse at the extremities and angles, and serrated at and behind
the angle by denticulated ridges.

52. TruNcutus (f. 58, 59, 60), ZLznn.—Testi elongato-sub-
trigona, compressi, solida, levigaté, obscure radiatim striata,
alba vel purpurascente, fulvo seu purpureo fasciata, anticé elongata,
lata, rotundata, concentricé leviter rugati, posticé brevi, convexa ;
margine ventrali medio convexo, posticé subcontracto, intus den-
ticulato, valvi dextrd alteram superante, margine dorsali declivi,
recto, concavo, valvé sinistra peculiariter elevati et compressi.—
The variation in form is considerable among the specimens of this
species, some being flatter, broader, and more truncated than
others. ‘There is a peculiarity in this and the following species
which has not been noticed. The mght valve overlaps the other
at the posterior part of the ventral margin, while the left valve
is peculiarly flattened and elevated above the other at the dorsal
line near the hinge. Several true British specimens exist: one
well authenticated, in Mr. Jeffreys’ collection.

53. vetiicatus (f. 61, 62, 63), Reeve.—Testa polita, tumida,
obscurissimé striata, truncata, liliaceo radiata, valvis supra et infrd
parum inequalibus, latere antico producto, rotundo, latere postico
truncato, margine ventrali posticé subcontracto, ared postangulari
brevi, concava.—The contraction of the ventral margin near the
posterior angle, whence this shell derives its name, is a variation
common to many species. ‘I'he curious inequality of the valves
at the two margins observed in the last 1s shown in a less degree
in this.

54. virratus (f. 66, 67, var. semistriata, £70), Da Costa.—
Testa ovali, gibbosa, solida, luted, fulvo laté radiata, purpureo fas-
ciata, anticé politd, medio et postice minute radiatim striata,ad angu-
lum et ante usque ad medium lineis impressis punctatis subconcen-

314 DONAX.

tricis plus minusve decussata, ared postangulari declivi convexa,
prope umbones nonnunquam liris concentricis rugata, margine ven-
trali subeequaliter convexo, margine dorsali antico declivi, subexca-
vato.—This shell is stouter and more regularly oval than its nearest
allies. In most of the specimens can be traced a decussated
sculpture in parts from the posterior angle to the middle. In
D, semistriata, Poli, this character is strongly marked and covers
two-thirds of the shell. In the young state the postangular area
sno strong ridges, which disappears partially or wholly when
adult.

55. In consequence of an alteration in the nomenclature and
synonymy of wttatus (Anatinum), truneulus, etc., this number is
omitted. Mr. Jeffreys having thoroughly investigated these
species, | have adopted his views.

56. Cumrnen (f. 64, 65), Dunker.—Testa oblonga, compla-
nati, glaberrim’, albo roseo lividove radiati, postice brevi sub-
truncata, antico rotundo, oblongo, margine ventrali arcuato, intus
crenulato. —I'his much resembles a flattened form of D. ¢runculus.

57. nivipus (f. 75), Reeve.—Testa elongata, compress, tenui,
fulvo triradiata, anticé producti, prope marginem levigata,
posticé et medio rugis concentricis prope marginem rectiusculis
liraté, margine ventrali rectiusculo, intus denticulato.—This little
shell exhibits a sculpture at the back of the angle and along a
portion of the posterior and middle of the surface similar to that
in the young of the Mediterranean variety of D. anatina, but it
seems too long and straight for that species.

58. porrrus (f. 84, 85), Da Costa.—Testa elongata, levigata,
compressa, luted, spadiceo variegata, post medium fascia alba
radiata, anticé elongat&, marginibus dorsali et ventrali paulo con-
vexo, postice subacuminatim producto, margine ventrali levi.—
The young shell figured by Reeve under the name D. variegata
evidently belongs to this well-known species,

59. Gracius (f. 76, 77, 78, 79), Hand.—Testa angusta, crassa,
elongata, tumida, alba, hlace&, violaced, obscure fasciata, radiatim
tenuissime leviter striaté, margine dorsali purpureo lineata, antice
elongata, acuminata, margine ventrali medio convexo, intus cre-
nato, post medium subcontracto, postice producto, obscuré an-
gulato subacuminato.—A beautifully-formed elongated shell.

60. navicuta (f. 80), Hand.—Test& quam D. gracilis magis
inflata, latiore, epidermide viridi indutd, margine ventrali magis
convexi.—A much broader shell than D. gracilis.

DONAX. 315

61. putcneLa (f. 81, 82), Zand.—Testa oblonga, cuneiformi,
tenui, semipellucidai, cimereo-albé seu carne’, purpureo radiatA
et fasciati, tenuissime radiatim striaté, latere antico producto,
acuminato, medio subcompresso, subcontracto, latere postico
tumido, obtusé angulato, brevi, area postangulari convexi.—
There is no danger of confounding this semifransparent little
narrow species with any other.

62. mnnus (f. 83), MZdrch—Testd parva, angusté oblonga,
semipellucidd, iridescenti, tenuissimé striati, pallidd, purpureo
bifasciata, antice producté, subacuminata, margine ventrali parum
convexo, posticé vix contracto, latere postico acuminatim producto.
—Looking at this shell under the lens, a peculiar iridescence may
be seen and very minute striz.

63. prratinus (f. 86), Dess.—Testd tenui, trigono-oblong4,
levigaté, purpureo et fulvo radiatim fasciata, anticé angusta,
acuminataé, medio subcontracta, posticé tumida, lata, elevat&, sub-
quadraté, umbonibus fere medianis, margiue ventrali intus cre-
nato.—A pretty little petal-like species.

64. sproutum (f. 116, Plate IIL), Han/.—Testai quam D.
pulchella solidiore, magis opaca, intus purpured.—Resembling
D. pulchella form, but more solid and opaque. It is strongly
purple within.

65. rnconspicuus (f. 117, Plate IIT.), Sows.—Testa oblongo-
cuneati, complanata, leevigataé, fusci, obscuré purpureo radiata,
anticé producté, subacuminata, posticé angulata, minuté radiatim
striati, ared postangulari convex’i.—Several specimens of this, in
Mr. Taylor’s collection and our own, were at first taken for the
young of some large flat species, such as cuncata, but on exami-
nation they were found to be not at all rugose posteriorly but
only radiately striated.

316

INDEX.

abbreviatus, Zamk., 46,f.106, 107.

acuminatus, Desh., 13, f. 14.

acutangulus, Des#., 5, f. 10.

acuticarinatus, Sowd., 3, f. 6, 7.

eeneus, Worch., 62, f. 83.

affinis, Desh., see contusa, f.53, 55.

anatinum, Lamk., 54, f. 66, 67,
70-72.

angustatus, Sowd., 29, f. 44.

assimilis, Han/., 18, f. 21.

asper, Hanl., 16, f. 24.

bella, Desh., 28, f. 40, 41.

bicolor, Lamk., 42, f. 102, 103.

bitincta, Rve., contusa, f. 53, 55.

biradiata, Wood, see inzequalis, f.
58-60.

Californicus, Cowr., 36, f. 54, 56,
Dil

carinatus, Hanl., 2, f. 4, 5.

Cayennensis, Lamk., 19, f. 46, 47,
48.

clathratus, Desh., 9, f. 13.

columbella, Zamhk., 41, f.113-115.

compressus, Lamk., 44, f. 97.

complanatus, Mont., polita, f. 84,
85.

contusus, Ztve., 35, f. 53, 55.

Conradi, Desh., 34, f. 51.

culter, Hanl., see Californicus, f.54
—57.

Cuminell, Dunker, 56, f. 64, 65.

cuneatus, Linn., 39, f. 88—90.

curtus, Sozd., 20, f. 20.

deltoides, Zamk., 37, f. 100, 101.

denticulatus, Linn., 24, f. 33, 36.

dentiferus, Hani., 17, f. 23.

Deshayesii, Dunk., faba, f. 108.

Dysoni, Desh., incarnata, f. 98, 99.

elongatus, Lamk., 22, f. 12.

epidermia, Lamk., deltoides, f. 100,
101.

exaratus, Krauss, Madagascarien-
sis, f. 16.
faba, Chemn., 45, f.108, 109.
fabagella, Lamk., anatinum, or
trunculus, young.
fossa, Say, wnidentitied.
gracilis, Hanl., 59, f. 76-79.
eraniferus, Desh., 12, f. 18.
Hanleyana, Rve., elongata, f. 12.
incarnatus, Chemn., 43, f. 98, 99.
inceratus, Rve., 49, f. 112.
ineequalis, Sorwd., 52, f.58, 59, 60.
inconspicuus, Sowd., 65, f. 117
(Pl. IIL.)
introradiatus, Rve., 15, f. 25.
Lamarchii, Desh., see striata, f.52.
levigatus, Desh., 30, f. 30, 31, 32.
longa, Phil., polita, f. 84, 85.
lubricus, Hanl., bicolor, f. 102,
108.
Madagascariensis, ood, 11, f. 16.
meta, Mve., 14, f. 17.
navicula, Han/., 60, f. 80.
nitidus, Desh., 57, f. 75.
nuculoides, Jtve., 48, f. 105.
obesus, Ord., 32, f. 42, 43.
obesulus, Desh., 23, f. 15.
obscurus, Rve., 50, f. 111.
ovalinus, Desh., 47, f. 104.
Owenti, Gray, 7, f. 8.
paxillus, Rve., spinosa, f. 19.
petalinus, Desh., 63, f. 86.
politus, Cost., 58, f. 84, 85.
pubescens, Linn., see scortum, f. 1,
Ps By
pulchellus, Hanl., 61, f. 81, 82.
punctato-striatus, Han/., 33, f. 49,
50,
radians, Lamk., 44, f. 91-95.
ringens, Lamk., serra, f. 87.
ruber, Turt., anatinus ?, £. 66, ete.

INDEX.

rugosus, Linn., 21, f. 27, 28, 29.

Saigonensis, Crosse et Fise. 31, f.
45.

saxulum, fve. 26, f. 110.

scalpellum, Gray, 4, f. 9.

scortum, Linn., 1, f. 1, 2, 3.

semistriatus, Poli, see anatinum, f.
70.

semisuleatus, Han/., 10, f. 22.

serratus, —?, unidentified.

serra, Chemn., 51, f. 87.

sexradiatus, Wood, see inequalis,
f. 58-60.

sordidus, Rve., semisuleata, f. 22.

spiculum, Rve., 64, f.116 (PL. IIL.)

spinosus, Chemn. 8, f. 19.

VOL. Ill.

317

striatus, Zinn., 25, f. 52.

sulcarius, Desh., radians, f. 95.

Ticaonicus, Hanl., 38, f. 96.

transversus, Sowd., 6, f. 11.

trifasciatus, Rve., abbreviatus, f.
106, 107.

trunculus, Linn., 55, f. 68, 69, 73,
74.

variabilis, Say, 27, f. 37, 38, 39.

variegatus, Rve., polita, young, f.
84, 85.

vellicatus, Rve., 53, f. 61, 62, 63.

venusta, Poli, trunculus, f. 58-60,
young.

vittatus, Lamk., radians, f. 95.

to
17

>

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

TYPHIS, Montfort.

Gen. Char. Testa spiralis, canalifera, muriciformis ; anfractibus
trivaricosis, inter varices tubiferis, ultimo magno ; tubis singulis
rotundis apertis, intts penetrantibus, inter varices instructis ;
apertura ovali, subcontracta, subintegra, canali clauso ; operculo
corneo, nonspirali, nucleo subterminal.

Between each varix on the upper part of each whorl is a round
tube, the hollow of which penetrates into the interior of the shell.
In every other respect the shells of this genus have the usual
character of three-variced murices.

SPECIES.
1. Sowrrsy1, Brod., (f. 11, 12, 13)—Subturbinata, alba et

fusca, canali superné lato, termine angusto, retrorso, varicibus
laminatis, laqueatis, medio contractis, superné subexpansis, in-
curvis, acuminatis, tubis plus minusve elongatis.—Of a turbinate
form, with long tubes and fluted varices contracted in the middle.
T. fistulosus, Bronchi. The fossil type is a shell with rounder
whorls.

2. quapratus, Hinds, (f. 10).—Quam 7. Sowerbyi magis
quadratus, canali latiori, tubis brevioribus, anfractibus spiraliter
strigatis, varicibus crassioribus, ad marginem fimbriatis.— Differing
from 7. Sowerbyi in being more square, the canal being broader
above and the varices being thicker with a fringe on the margin.

3. nivens, /inds, (f. 1, 2).—Brevis, alba, varicibus simpli-
cibus laminatis, termine rectiusculis, tubis breviusculis, canali
brevi, truncato.—Short, white, with simple laminated varices,
rather straight at the end; canal short, truncated.

4. Yareset, Crosse, (f. 20, 21).—Subfusiformis, pallida, vari-
cibus laminatis, subduplicatis, termine superiori acutis, incurvis,
medio expansis, crenulatis, ad infra coarctatis, termine pinnatis ;

320 TYPHIS.

canali brevi, truncato; tubis breviusculis.—Subfusiform, varices
pointed and arched above, expanded and crenulated in the middle,
suddenly narrowed below, and then expanded into a sort of wing.

5. Beccuert, Brod., (f. 8, 9).—Fusiformis, anfractibus ro-
tundis, canali elongato, ‘oblique sursum acclivi ; varicibus angus-
tibus, laqueatis, infra pinnatis, supra uniplicatis, arcuatim expansis,
termine valde incurvis, acuminatis; tubis recurvis; spira elevata.
—'The termination of the varices at the upper end forms a strongly
curved hook which commences on the whorl by a reflected flat-
tened fold; the canal is long and gently sloped backwards.

6. Crsryt, Petit, (f. 14).—Fusiformis, canali elongato, angu-
latim recurvo; anfractibus rotundis, spiraliter rubro fasciatis,
varicibus digitatis, digitis quatuor, uncinatis—Whorls rounded,
banded, varices digitated ; digitations hooked ; canal long, angu-
larly recurved.

7. Monrrortn, A. Ad., (f. 18, 19).—Subfuseus, fusiformis,
canali obliquo, longiusculo ; spira elevata, varicibus expansis,
supra termine incurvis acuminatis, medio angulatim laqueatis, ad
canalem semipinnatis ; tubis elongatis.— Varices hooked at the
end, angularly fluted in the middle, half-pimnated on the canal.

8. coronatus, Brod., (f. 6, 7)—Oblongus, pallidus; canali
Jatissimo cylindraceo, oblongo, truncato ; varicibus crassis decum-
bentibus, spiraliter rugatis, termine uncinatis; tubis brevissimis.
—Of a more oval form than most of the other species, with a
very wide, cylindrical canal, thick varices, and short tubes. The
unique specimen in the Cumingian collection being young, the
canal is unclosed.

9. prnnatus, Brod., (f. 15, 16).—Ovalis, albidus, cancellatus ;
canali brevi; varicibus expansis, fimbriatis.—Oval, whitish, can-
cellated ; canal short, varices expanded, fringed.

10. Cumreu, Brod., (f. 17).—Claviformis, griseus, castaneo
maculatus, canali longissimo angusto, recto ; varicibus noduliferis,
termine unidigitatis, erectis; tubis brevibus; anfractibus inter
varices unicostatis.—Shaped like Murex haustellum, with very
long straight canal.

11. arcuatus, Hinds, (f. 3, 4, 5).—Brevis, ovalis, tubis re-
curvis, cum varicibus junctis, varices arcuatos duplicatos tubiferos
formantibus.—Hach tube is bent back into the preceding varix,
so as to form with it a double arched varix ending in a tube.

Note.—The shell named Typhis Angassii, of Crosse, is not a
. . S . J . Z . 4
Typhis, having no tube penetrating to the mterior.

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

TRICHOTROPIS, Brod. and Sow.

Char. Gen. Testa spiralis, carinata; aperturd magna, angulata,
infra subacuminata, integra ; columella obliqué truncata, anfrac-
tibus paucis, ultimo magno; epidermide corned, super carinas
frequenter ciliata ; operculo corneo, non spirali, nucleo terminali.

A genus of carinated spiral shells, belonging to the Buccinwm
family, but differing from Buceinwm in the want of a distinct
canal. The thin epidermis with which the shell is covered is in
many species ciliated at the keels. “Operculum non-spiral, with a
terminal nucleus.

SPECIES.

1. Borealis, Brod. et Sowd., (f. 1, 2, 3).—Subfusiformis,
unbilicatus, anfractibus angulatis, carinis tribus crassis superiori-
bus, et daabus tenuioribus inferioribus cinctis, apertura ple-
rumque pallidé rosea, subtrigond, ad terminum inferiorem acumi-
nata, labro ad costarum terminos angulato; epidermide super
costas duplicatim ciliat’i.—Specimens from different localities
differ much in relative proportions, some being much more acu-
minate than others. Fig. 1 may be taken to represent the typical
British form; fig. 3 is drawn from a eseines in the British
Museum, from Behring’ s Straits, and fig. 2 is the acuminate form
which has been named 7. Atlantica.

2. costeLLata, Couth., (f. 6)—Quam 7. dorealis tenuior,
costis tenuioribus, inferioribus magis numerosis.—Thinner than
T. borealis, with thinner ribs ; instead of two rather stout ones
beneath the three upper ones, there are four or five very small.

3. INeRMIS, Hinds, (f. 14).—Quam 7’ dorealis crassior, carinis
crassioribus rotundis, umbilico lato, aperturd subpyriformi, labro
integro, epidermide inermi.—A thicker shell than 7. doreadis,
with thicker and closer ribs, which do not modify the form of the
outer lip.

322 TRICHOTROPIS.

4. Kuzert, Philippi, (f. 13).—Ovali-ventricosa, tenuis, sub-
leevigata, anfractu ultimo magno, costis quinque tenuibus distan-
tibus cincto, apertura subovali, magn&; umbilico lato.—Of an
oval, ventricose form, with five thin distant ribs.

5. rLavipuxa, LHinds, (f. 11).—Subconica, spira elevata, costis
quatuor, moniliferis, interstitiis latis, concentricé regulariter sul-
catis, apertura brevi, subtrigond, labro laqueato.—Almost conical,
with elevated spine, four beaded ribs on the body whorl, the in-
terstices concentrically sulcated.

6. cancetiata, Hinds, (f. 12).—Turrita, spir elata, anfrac-
tibus rotundis, ventricosis ; sulcis concentricis et costis spiralibus,
crassis moniliferis cancellatis, aperturé subrotundé ad termimum
acuminata, columella arcuata, umbilico inconspicuo.—A turreted
shell with produced spine, rounded whorls cancellated by the
crossing of concentric grooves with thick, spiral, beaded ribs ;
aperture rounded, with acuminated lower extremity.

7. cepo-NuLLI, A. Ad., (f. 4, 5).—Subgloboso-acuminata,
sulcis concentricis et costis moniliformibus spiralibus cancellata,
spird elevatd; apertura subrotunda; columella subtruncata, re-
trorsd, labro medio sinuatim producto.—A beautifully cancellated
little shell, with a slightly recurved columella and sinuously pro-
duced outer lip.

8. quapricarinata, 4. Ad., (f. 15, 16).—Subconica, suble-
vigata, anfractibus subquadratis, carinis validis duabus medio
cinctis ; aperturé subquadrata, columellé tortud, acuminata, labro
angulato margine basali sursum acclivi, spira elevaté, acuminata.
—Subconical, rather smooth, with two strong keels in the middle
of the whorls, the intermediate space being lightly striated and
straight ; aperture quadrangular, acuminated at the lower part,
the columella slightly tortuous.

9. contca, Miill., (f. 17).—Trochiformis, spira elevataé; an-
fractibus angulatis, ultimo magno, biangulato, ad costis duabus
validis ad angulos, und intermedia et und inferiori cincto; aper-
turd angulata, columella obliqué truncaté acuminata, labro externo
margine inferiori rectiusculo, vix acclivii—This conical shell is
figured from drawings, kindly sent to me by M. Morch, of speci-
mens taken in Greenland. Since figuring it I have examined a
shell in the collection of A. Adams, Esq., which, although thicker
in substance, I believe to belong to the same rare species.

10. rysiexis, Midd., (f. 9).—Subglobosa, crassa, concentricé
rugata, confertim undulatim carinata; anfractibus paucis, ultimo

—_—

TRICHOTROPIS. 323

magno, medio subangulato, superné carinis tribus prominenti-
oribus subcrenulatis et imtermediis minoribus, infra plurimis
eequalibus cincto; aperturd expansd, infrd subacuminata, labro
crenato biangulato.—The most globose of all the species; thick,
with close-set, thick, crenulated ribs, alternately more prominent.
The aperture is wide, the outer lip expanded, angular, and crenated.

11. Brcartnata, Brod. et Sowd., (f. 7, 8).—Angulato-subglo-
bosa; anfractibus angulatis, paucis, ultimo maximo, medio carinis
duabus ciliatis, distantibus cincto, umbilico lato, margine ciliato ;
apertura maxima, subquadrata, columella lata, subplanulata.—
Angularly globose, last whorl large, with two distant ribs in the
centre and a straight broad space between. The aperture is large,
rather square; the columella broad and flat.

12. untcartnata, Sowd., (f. 10).—Angulatim subovalis, levi-
gata; spira producta, anfractibus supra angulatim carinatis, supra
angulum complanatis, depressis; ultimo magno, carind minute
carinata, umbilico latissimo, margine carinato ; apertura oblique
subquadrata, termine oblique acuminato; labro externo medio
rotundato, supra et infra contracto.—The finest specimen yet
known of this remarkably-formed shell is that in the British
Museum, from which the figure in Sowerby’s ‘ Genera of Shells’
was taken.

APPENDIX TO MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

CONUS.
(Sequel to p. 47, Pt. 18.)

404. compressus, Sowd., (f. 602, 603).—C. angustus, subcy-
lindraceus, spiraliter tenuissimé striatus, infra sulcatus, pallidé
rubescens, maculis castaneis irregulariter pictus, spira gradata,
castaneo maculati, anfractibus compressis.—This shell has some
resemblance to C. anemone, but it is more solid in texture and
the whorls are much more compressed, 7.e. a greater number
contained within a given circumference.

405. RosEo-T1NctTUus, Sowd., (f. 604).—C. subpyriformis, pallidé
roseus, ad spiram castaneo maculatus, supra usque ad medium
tubro maculatus et nebulosus infra medium albido unifasciatus,
infra fasciam rubro flammulatus, superné prope angulum spiraliter
striatus, versus basim subduplicatim sulcatus.—Slightly pyriform,
narrow towards the base, beautifully tinged with rose and clouded
with darker tints which culminate into reddish-brown spots near
the centre.

406. anactyptus, Crosse, (f. 605, 606).—A pretty little rose-
tinted shell, described in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ nearly
resembling C. verrucosus in form and sculpture.

407. Moussont, Crosse, (f. 607, 608).—C. solidus, flavidus,
maculis aurantiis magnis pictus, medio subinflatus, infra con-
tractus, granulatus, anfractibus coronatis rotundato-angulatis.—
A solid, yellowish shell, with large patches of orange. It has a
coronated and roundly angulated spine.

408. straturatus, Sowb., (f. 609, 610).—C. oblongus, sub-
pyriformis, supra subinflatus, infra angustatus subtortuus, albus
pallidissimé cgruleo tinctus, maculis subquadratis pallidé fuscis,
in fascias duas latas dispositis, et aliis irregularibus ornatus,
sulcis distantibus albolineatis supra medium subevanidis, infra
profundis ; angulo subrotundo; spira parum elevata, spiraliter
striata, maculis fuscis linearibus radiata ; apice acuminato ; aper-

VOL. IIL. 27

326 CONUS.

turd lata ; columella distinctéi.—Resembling C. col/isus, Rve., but
distinguished by the style of marking, the vertical flame-marks
being cut across by the white-edged grooves.

409. Linnarpi, Bern. et Crosse, (f. 611-614).—A species
belonging to the same group as C. Bernardi, etc., but differing
in the form of the spire, the whorls of which are carinated. The
four beautiful specimens figured are in the collection of Mr. G. F.
Angas.

410. suscarinatus, Sowd., (f. 615).—C. turbinatus, sublevi-
gatus, infra rudé sulcatus, albus, pallidissimé purpureo tinctus, flam-
mulis fuscis irregulariter angulatis longitudinalibus, medio inter-
ruptis pictus ; lateribus rectis ; angulo subcarinato ; spird prope
angulum convexd, apice acuminato. Variat fasciis duabus latis,
lineis interruptis cinctis ornata.—A more solid and much broader
shell than C. voluminalis, which it somewhat resembles.

411. excavatus, Sowd., (f. 616).—C. C. coffee simili sed macu-
lis magis regularibus, anfractibus supra angulum excavatis, cancel-
latis, infra angulum rotundatis.—This shell has a more compact,
neat, and regular appearance in texture, colour, and markings
than C. coffea, besides which it has a round excavation on the top
of the whorls, and a rounded shoulder beneath the angle.

412. Macarm, Bernardi, (f. 617).—A shell of remarkable
form and colouring, described and figured in the Journ. de Conch.

413. nicrescens, Sowd., (f. 618).—This shell is more pyri-
form than others of the same group, its coronation consists of
few large and sharp-edged nodules, the colouring is deep and
has a peculiar half-transparent, tortoiseshell richness, the heart-
shaped white spaces are small and comparatively distant.

414, proximus, Sowd., (f. 619).—This exquisite shell, de-
scribed in the Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society, has a general
resemblance to C. Molluccanus, but its characters, which can be
seen in the figure, distinguish it perfectly.

415. Macut, Crosse, (f.621).—A thin shell, resembling C. Ja-
maicensis, but of a more inflated, although still cylindrical form.

416. caine, Bernard, (f. 623).—A much stouter shell, and
of finer texture than C. emaciatus. The columellar fold is very
strong.

417. conpENsus, Sowd., (f. 622).—C. cylindraceus, crassus,
roseus, fusco rubescente tenuiter reticulatus, spiraliter striatus,
infra contractus, spirA conicd, obtusi.—A connecting link be-

CONUS. 327

tween the groups to which C. auratus and C. textile respectively
belong.

418. Cuznut, Bern., (f. 624).—Resembling C. dineatus, but
smoother and more straight-sided.

419. puanaxis, Desh., (f. 625).—This appears to have been
described in the Book on the Isl. Bourbon, from a very young
specimen. It is remarkable for the flatness of its spire.

420. sprroeiossus, Desh., (f. 626).—This, like the preceding,
seems to have been figured and described from a specimen too
immature to be very characteristic.

421. Conpexti, Bern., (f. 627)—A rather short, thick shell,
of angular form, with patches and zigzag markings of chestnut
colour. From the figure it would appear that there are several
distant, strong spiral ridges near the base.

422. Crossnanus, Bern., (f. 628, 629).—In the typical variety
of this species the white heart-shaped spots have a tendency to be
iregularly elongated vertically—There is a slight shoulder near the
angle of the whorls, and the crowning tubercles are small, obtuse,
and have a peculiarly pinched-up appearance when not obsolete.

423. miseR, Boivin, (f. 630).—This species, from Cape Verd,
has been frequently named in collections, by error, C. sizdon, Rve.
The latter is, however, a much more cylindrical shell.

424. Vitunprnt, Bern., (f. 629*).—Belonging to the same
group as C. undatus, C. emarginatus, etc., but differently marked,
it is contracted at the sides and strongly grooved near the base.

425. Dapune, Boivin, (f. 630*).—Judging from the figure,
this species must in some degree reseinble C C. conspersus or C.
Broderipii.

426. Cucritm, Bern., (f. 631%*).—Sculptured with lines of
granulation, otherwise resembling C. capitaneus.

427. Capririt, Bern., (f. 632).—Distinguished by spiral
punctured striz, the whorls rounded at the margin and crowned
with rather indistinct rounded nodules.

428. muLticateNnatus, Sowd., (f. 638, 634).—Conus brevis,
solidus, acutangulatus, levis, albus, prope angulum distanter
nigro maculatus, fasciis latis duabus interruptis et lined textili
interrupt&é medianai cinctus, super fascias lineis fuscis maculis
rotundis albis catenatis ornatus; lateribus rectiusculis; spird
brevi, distanter et late mnculaiaes anfractibus supra concavis.—

328 CONUS.

The spire is rather flat, and the tops of the whorls hollow. The
peculiarity of the colouring consists in the chain-like bands of
black spots and white intervals appearing across the large chest-
nut patches.

429. noputosus, Sowd., (f. 635).—C. turbinatus, acutangu-
latus, flavidus, lineis angulatis, rubris reticulatus, intts pallidé
roseus, infra acuminatus, striatus, labro superné emarginato, spira
elevata lateraliter convexa, anfractibus gradatis superioribus nodu-
liferis. —Differing from C. acuminatus, ar only in general aspect,
but as a lighter and less solid shell, the lateral outline of the spire
being convex and the upper whorls coronated.

430. Tasmanta, Sowd., (f. 636).—C. elongato-cylindricus,
luteus, strigis irregularibus longitudinalibus rubescentibus pictus,
spiraliter leviter liratus, supra acutangulatus, apicé depresso, infra
angulum subinflatus, versus basim attenuatus.—Differing from C.
Magus chiefly in the narrow, attenuated form.

431. QuapRatomacuLatus, Sowd., (f. 637, 638).—C. acutan-
gulatus, solidus, levis, maculis quadratis seriatim pictus, in fasciis
duabus nebulosus, lateribus rectis, apice depresso acuto, apertura
angustata, margine maculato.—Somewhat resembling C. Keatii
in markings and form, but is a more solid and smaller shell,
narrower, and with straight sides and more depressed apex.

432. acutmarernatus, Sowd., (f. 640, 641).—C. acuminatus,
breviusculus, pallidus, distanter biseriatim maculatus, distanter
spiraliter sulcatus, apice acuminato, gradato, anfractibus acute
carinatis, labro eleganter sinuato.—In some respects resembling
C. voluminalis, but smaller and shorter, with the spire more ele-
vated and the whorls sharply carinate.

433. ctrcumstenatus, Crosse, (f. 620).—C. subcylindraceus,
oblongus, obtusé angulatus, lineis punctatis et granulatis cinctus,
nebulis aurantiis ad angulum et infra medium interruptis picta,
apice subrotundatim convexo.—Judging from the figure in the
French journal, this must be a very interesting species.

434, aNABATHRUM, Crosse, (f. 639).—C. acutangulatus, levis,
flavidus, infra acuminatus, ad angulum et infra medium albo in-
terruptim fasciatus, anfractuum angulo acuto; apice gradato, ele-
vato, acuminato.—Of the sharply angular, acuminate form which
characterizes the group to which C. wudatus, ete., belong.

435. TuRRICULATUS, Sowd., (f. 648, 644).—C. subfusiformis,
curtus, medio subinflatus, supra et jth attenuatus, acuminatus,
sp siraliter sulcatus, sulcis numerosis, puncturatis, interstitiis ro-

CONUS. 3829

tundis, spird elevatd, acutangulata, ad angulum anfractuum moni-
liferé, anfractibus supra angulum levigatis.—More fusiform ‘and
more finely sculptured than C. acutangulatus, the margin of all
the whorls coronated, in the latter respect differing from C. pre-
cellens, in which they are quite smooth.

436. ARCHETYPUS, Crosse, (f. 645, and as C. daucus, var. f. 330).
—There can be no doubt that the shell figured in plate 14, as
a variety of C. daucus, is identical in character with the one
figured in the French journal. The oblong-square markings and
the more rounded angle of the upper edge of the whorls sufficiently
distinguish both specimens from C. daucus.

437. corvicEra, Sowb., (as C. nobilis, pl. 21, f. 498).—C.
quam C. nobilis supra et infra medium magis inflatus, infra angu-
lum subrotundus, maculis cordiformibus albis approximatis, sub-
longitudinalibus, non linea rubra marginatis ; spire: anfractibus
magis planulatis, apice albo.—The two shells which, in all the
great collections and all the books, have been placed side by side
as varieties of C. xobilis, appear to me to be exceedingly distinct.
The four or five points of difference are quite constant, and I have
never seen a shell intermediate in respect to any one of them.—
The apex is always pink in C. nobilis, and white in C. cordigera.
The former has its heart-shaped white spots bordered with a
line of strong colour on the front side, the intervening spaces
are wide, and crossed by articulated lines, the outlines of the
shell are straight, and in each of these particulars C. cordigera
differs from it.

438. concinnus, Sowh.—C. subpyriformis, levis, infra sul-
catus, solidus, purpurascens, spiraliter lineis interruptis cincta,
anfractuum margine acuto distanter nigro-punctato.—A smoother
and neater shell than C. punctatus.

439. BornegEnsis, Sows., (f. 648).—C. subcylindrica, oblongo
infra attenuatus, sulcatus, supra subinflatu, levis, obscure fulvus,
rubro obscuré flammatus, apertura intis purpurea, margine ma-
culato.—The only specimen of this shell we have seen is in the
collection of T. L. Taylor, Esq.

440. Paztr, Bern., (f. 649).—C. crassus, turbinatus, obtusé
angulatus, albidus, fasciis quater latis castaneis cinctus, medio et
ad marginem superiorem maculis quadratis tessellatus.—At first
sight this would appear to be one of the numerous varieties of
C. venulatus, but the tessellated character caused by the white
lines cutting off and defining the square spots, is perhaps suffi-
cient to distinguish it.

330 CONUS.

441. comeLanatus, Sowd., (f. 650, 651, and as C. Victoria,
var. pl. 23, f. 576).—C. quam C. Vietorie magis inflatus, latior,
lineis reticulatis tenuioribus, apice magis complanatus.—The true
C. Victorie, which is a thick, rather narrow shell, with large
open, principally vertical pattern and much elevated spire, may
properly be kept distinct from the broader, flat-topped, more
inflated, more finely reticulated, and banded shells here named.
The variety fig. 650 is very peculiar in its chain-like reticulation,
but in other characters it bears the stamp of the new species.

442. Rottanpi, Bern., (f. 652).—C. subcylindricus, longi-
tudinaliter striatus, spiraliter distanter sulcatus, anfractibus su-
perné rotundis, suturd crenulaté.—Our figure is copied from
Bernardi’s work, in which the “ festooned” suture and the longi-
tudinal fine ribs are not visible. It must, however, be an inter-
esting shell.

443. consuL, Boivin, (pl. 21, f. 509).—When the varieties
now grouped under the name C. magus come to be properly
compared it may be found necessary to separate the elongated
variety with articulated lines. In that case, the name given by
Boivin will be applied to it.

444, Fravenrewpt, Crosse.—Of the two figures representing
this species in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ one is that of a
zebra-striped variety of the solid, thick-shouldered shell which is
identified in my work as C. circe of Chemnitz. See pl. 21, f. 514,
and pl. 22, f.525. The other is that of a shorter shell than
C. magus, and wider at the base. It agrees well with some speci-
mens received from Borneo, which are now in Mr, Taylor’s col-
lection. This may be received as a species not difficult to dis-
tinguish.

445. ALABASTER, Jeeve, (f. 631).—Since the publication of
our monograph specimens have come to hand from the collection
of Mr. Taylor. It is a beautifully sculptured white shell.

446, Lizarpensts, Crosse—A straight-sided small cone, with
reddish flame-like markings in two rows.

447. srrtotatus, Reeve, (f. 827, 328).—United, by error, to
C. ustulatus, Reeve.

Species not identified or not adopted.

BarrueLemyt, Pedit, Journ. Conch. From the specimen sold
recently in the Robilliard sale, I had no hesitation in saying that

CONUS. 331

it was a remarkable variety of C. awrisiacus, having a broad belt
of orange on the upper part, and a white band below the centre
with dark spots. Mr. Crosse, however, kindly pointed out some
distinctions which make it necessary to see the shell originally
described before finally deciding.

Lusecxianus, Bern., Journ. Conch., p. 169, t. 1, f. 9. Pro-
bably a pale specimen of C. speciosissimus, Rve., Thes. f..128,
124.

Rosrtiiarvt, Bern., Journ. Conch. p. 182.

TRIBUNUS, Crosse, Journ. Conch. 1865. Probably C. Hyena,
young.

SIGNIFER, Crosse, Journ. Conch. 1865. C. Jamaicensis, var.?

sEcuToR, Crosse, Journ. Conch. 1865. Probably C. Guiniacus ?

ticror, Boivin, Journ. Conch. 1864. Probably C. Zineatus, var.

CarpeNtviERI, Crosse, Journ. Conch. 1865. Probably C. Zig-
narius, var.

Davitt, Bern., Monog. p. 15, pl. 2, f.16. Probably C.
anceps.

Gurstriert, Bern., Mon. p. 15, pl. 1, f. 10.

Henogutt, Bern., Mon. p. 9, pl. 2, f.13. Probably C. vzttatus.

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