tev yer a : ene Fe = 3 . = ie a - ‘ Ne o Sas z a eae tN 4 LY fS 5 = 5S SQ 2 5 5 be fi 3 ice) et ” a, RAK LY rw wo Vy fod? Nn ae Oo I AW TWH oO = eo) Oh: SS = Z E WN Zz: = Zee | s \ > = NS >’ = > = 7p) : z a) 2 a ” = 7) ITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31NVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION A wo > ~ w 3 no = wo ul 7) a wn uw < a uu : 4 We = z 2 46 < EN \\ Ss = < ie < PEN = c Cc oo = NO a = 26 = oa ea oO SS = Oo 2: 5 ae a 2 a 2 as Zz UYUSIT-LIGRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uvuaIT | e = ie = - ea = se [o) ra fe) = Oo = w = , ao = o = o ~ = f rf se 7 | = bs) > ee th > = = > > = — es) es D m ee es = wn -ITUTION NOILN INIAN INSTITUTION ae Y 2 ae a = < Gos = Aas ZN ¢ wo vfs oo Ws w tf “4 X Q 2 Uy E N y 2 > Mi = > a —- no a z uvugia LIBR |LIWS SBINVYSIT_ = (ép) z | a = w N = we =] > = = Nz = = Cc Ss & = oO N a 5 2 = Ps) z ITUTION NOILN i 8: JNIAN_ INSTITUTION z Division of Mollusks - 5 = Sectional Library y 3 = = Uy, > > i oad ¥ Vea fe i ac) = ie Ee z wn Zz UuvVudiT LIBR, jLINS S31YVvYyslt “eee re g Yn, = «* = z Up. = SN = 2 Ga GI Gy x A FF i a S 2 Fi = Sigs = S pach — Ww > —_ z = Sew fe Sa Ge = >" = ”n 2 z 2) sy Fa a Zz 7) FITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Ww > Eee Ww = wo 3 w = a Ne = o Ls my bd & =| QYG oc = cc = ox < ce (UA SS < a < ay Gs. < ac = AS ce = oc = cc 2 S. 2 ee 5 a’ 3 m0 = z a = ay Zz = uvugia LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOJLONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUEIT Er = ~ = | z ts o = y, 4o = w RS ° oO a LLY hy oor) SS “> oe 3 2>IY > : 2 & 2 5 s 2 oe ae : : N E : = 0 YA vm B 3 » = n” _ ” = wo SS Sz w TITUTION, NOILNLILSNINVINOSHIINS, S31YVYGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, < = AS = =< a = z aS g 4 vig ff z a pnt fy did = = = 5s PY 3 i Gf 3 2 g : SO *Hy, Yu ae So Guy Be oO x ro) 2°%l + = CV = z = = ree: = ; 5 - ie * wn” a paved EVE RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOLEMIIESN NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUSIT_ cf = 3 z Fe = = a = cc SO \\, z = 5 a 5 ca 5 a 5 rag (fae z acy =z an ar) = mae eter em rete A A ie Gilet al iso niewtalul = > S Lh, > = VYydy, : 4 = Zz IN 2 Gy % i GYip, & WK FZ 3 2 WN8 OG ? 8 OL 2 N83 iE E AV 2.7” = 27 hi ENS? : es : = iene NI_NVINOSHLINS S3INVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION , NOILMLILSNI_ NINOS! Ric uw = uw . “ & | = Cs a c ae a = Y } + q 2 }5 We c = = ce 5 =| = SS fre = 0 a co oO SY So Tee os re) =a 3 = g § 4 el 2 per = - 2 =S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!1yYvugIT LIBRARIES SMITHS = & — rc z [Be = S) o Q a a eS @ 2 \ a= >) Le 2 Se = eo) Eh 7 “\ 2 = 7 We SK 5 SD te. ) a = > KS F cs ae: BE cs = E = - Gy DN <7 m ” im : oD m ee “i z n z w 2 n z NI NWINOSHLINS S3IYWYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOS rd on = wat w = ne w za ae = Ste LS < NS = < Az = “2 NN 2 ZN 6 a wy 72) ® . ® S yi FA 3 25 O % a . oO x [@) = = Zz = x 2 E 2 = = > = KS > s > = 7) Z 7) a ee a z 7) =S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS Sa1uvVugIT LIBRARIES SMITHS es us o a nt A Re Ww 2 - = 4 eS. ts 2 = x = = = Rar AVS “gj MI, _ ec — oa —_ bea Jeff 2 < = < z Gg ice Gi = cx = cc =| a GY a 35 2 S © 3 an G ay Zz = z2 suhag z a NI_NVINOSHLINS S3!1YVYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION _NOILNLILSNI_NVINOS E E E genase 5 i, @ == oO _ wo — ow \ » NY = es) = oe = 20 = Na WS - > = > Fd > ies NS = 2 e, S = z — Ww = ee) = =S SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES <2) Zz oe o = on : enn a = < = < = < = Y —_ ear a < 2 \va : 3 2 6 No: SiGe OD) AKG wo sk?) 7) 2) VK MQ ZB so rT TATA OO iE fe) a ‘WES OC AD E NO Zz. E Zz, = SS 2 > =s >" = 5 = Bi > 2 7) ue Zz 7) Zz 7) = z NI_NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION | NOILMLILSNI_ NVINOS x > ” = w > ~ a . 5 w a wi a aN = a = a = = = SN 5) = [ea — a =} Ss g te + < =| < 4 \ a cc = re Cc o Sos Oo me fo) aa Oo Es oO De ae am 2 ea Zz a 2 ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1y¥vuNdIT LIBRARIES SMITHS = ZN z & z c z = Si ° = ° = 5 2 = Fe = x E gt Es a E Ag = > rift : : = 5 = 5 ey Aiea 2 D 2 4 z @ NI_NVINOSHLINS, S3IYVUGIT_LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI_ NVINOS < = s WS = ae < = = zZ WS 5 SS 5 YZ fe) =e, D9 Ne & BE oe & a 4 fh fo) 3 z WW 3 8 G 2 E 2 E x 2 N 2 Yppy «= = > = S > > : S 22) a n 4 rx; z ” ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IuvHNsI7 LIBRARIES SMITHS NS i, « _IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILALILSNI LIBRARIES SALSE LIBRARIES NOILALILSNI NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES \ Montes ChE LLL af ULtetatciiedt/ On-cctigles imc; ta Le bg a hrwra Lbetls ears Peon by 4 To. owe - ad, i Frew Cata a g Literary GE bhcudeccwe (Valeral Metter) J viata 7 ee ae Af-~ 2 2 ALA ff: 1-358, ies 292-328, 1876 B28 Cac J-34/, I 5/0 r 2d VA i J- 4b nn BHF2-BS. /§7 " 30 Olive ie oie Vilie h jit , 852-377 Ta 4 i io BF Die ey b fi RE BESO ~wy03 SETA SG-110 4, Yop -423; RE bea, HAS™® 05% L417 bed / 580 THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM, MONOGRAPHS OF GENERA OF SHELLS. EDITED BY G. B. SOWERBY, F.LS. ; \\ nee Division of Mollugks Sectional Library VOL, IV. LONDON: SOWERBY, 45 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY. 1880. LONDON : PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE AND PARLIAMENT STREET 350305 ZA7 v4 +exT SENHA »~ 5 ‘ CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. \ y a XX PARTS GENERA XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. CyprmA SXEXCIEXG NONONG OLIVA XXXI. XXXII. Mirra XXXII. XXXIV. Murex XXXV. ) ( TROPHON Fusus > < PYRULA XXXVI. ) (Ficuna With supplementary Plate of Typuis, Vol. III. if MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS CYPRAA. Char. Gen. Molluscum gasteropodum, testam spiralem inter lobas pallii partim velans. Testa convoluta, ovato- subpyriformis vel subeylindracea, polita, interdum tubercu- lata vel costellata ; spiré brevissima, omnino aut partim celaté; apertura angusta, ad terminos teste extensa, in ca- nalem brevem utr inque terminanti, columella incrassata, ad marginem internum transversé denticulats, plus minusve longitudinaliter angulatim depressa, anticé excavata, plerum- que plic&é conspicué desinente; labio inflexo, incrassato, transversé dentato.—Shell convolute, ovately pyriform or subcylindrical, polished, sometimes tuberculated or ribbed ; spire very short, partially or entirely concealed; aperture narrow, reaching to the extremities of the shell, terminat- ing at each end in a short canal; columella thickened, transversely denticulated at the inner edge, more or less longitudinally angularly depressed, excavated in front, ge- nerally ending in a conspicuous plait; outer lip inflected, thickened, transversely toothed. The genus as above described, including the Tvrivie, is not liable to be confused with any other. In one character it is approached by the genus Ovulwm, namely, in the in- flected outer lip. But Ovulum has no system of transverse teeth on the base, and is otherwise easily distinguished. Two species of Cypreea, namely, U. edentula and C. leuco- stoma, are almost toothless, but they are otherwise allied closely to species having the usual system of teeth. In attempting to arrange the Cypree in groups according to their affinities, it 1s very difficult to find any leading prin- ciple of association or separation, because shells associated by one set of characters are dissociated by others. Thus, B 2 CYPRMA. C. Capensis and C. Adamsoni have been placed by some authors together under the name “ Cypreovulum,”’ on ac- count of a resemblance in their system of dorsal striation, but in all other characters their affinities are widely apart. The beautiful O. Barclayi, differing as it does in shape and appearance from the great unique C. lewcodon, is the only species, excepting C. sulcidentata, which, in the thick and deeply undercut teeth, resembles it. C. ovulata is very closely allied to OC. oniscus ; yet one has the regular dorsal ribs of the normal Trivia, and the other is quite smooth. Neither can the species be well separated according to their general forms, or the degree of thickening of their sides by superdeposited enamel, because, in these respects, the species pass from one to the other by imperceptible gradations, and because widely different forms are found in the same species. Thus, the common short 0. carneola, with thickened sides, would, in an arrangement depending on forms or lateral expansion, be placed in a group with C. arenosa, which it greatly resembles, while the cylindrical form of the same species would range with C. testudinaria and C. argus. The Messrs. Adams, in their able work on the genera, have not only attempted to arrange the great bulk of the smooth cowries into groups according to shape and thickness, but have applied to these groups (of impossible definition) generic names. ‘This, for the reasons above mentioned, gives rise to some great incongruities. For instance, C. lewco- dow is made congeneric with C0. felina and C. teres, but placed in a distinct genus from CO. sulcidentata, which is certainly its nearest ally. Again, such unlike shells as C. tigris, OC. fusco- dentata, and O. helvola are placed in the same genus, while C. tabescens and OC. Cawrica are placed in different genera. The genera Aricia and Luponia cannot be defined as dis- tinct from Oyprea. The genus Cypreovulum I do not adopt, because CO. Capen- sis, its type, although peculiar in its external striation, is so closely allied to several species not so striated, that it could not be well separated from them, and these again could not be separated from others. The genus Trivia might, perhaps, be sufficiently definable to be useful if separated from the tuberculated and some other species, many of which are now generally included in the genus. On account of these it will be better, on the whole, to consider Trivia in the light of a subgenus. CYPREA. 3 Few of the characters which, in combination, enable us to distinguish species of Oypreea are sufficiently constant and reliable to be depended upon singly. Within the limits of a species there are often variations, not only in general form and colours and marking, but in the number of teeth, their extension over the base, the production of extremities and thickness of margins, and, in TJ’rivia, the continuation of dorsal ribs and the distinctness of dorsal suleus. And yet, as a rule, the species are distinguishable at sight without any very great difficulty. Some local cause has produced a curious variation in several species found in New Caledonia. The laterally- compressed and terminally-extended variety of C. moneta, described some time since as O. Barthelemyi by M. Crasse, has been followed by similar abnormal conditions of C. Ara- bica, C. annulus, C. lynx, and C. stolida, which have been respectively named as new species, C. eqlantina, C. Nowme- ensis, C. Caledonica, and C. Crossei. The Sandwich Is- lands also produce a series of varieties of different species, all characterized by a peculiar yellowness in the final glaz- ing of the shell, and some by a thinness and sharpness in the teeth and sides, differing from the normal condition of the species as well known in other localities. The greater part of smooth and polished species of Cypreea have their homes within the tropics, although there are some both north and south. The ribbed species (Trivia) extend very far southwards and northwards, but do not abound in the tropics. From the circumstance noticed in many species of Oypreea —C. tigris being a prominent example—of small shells be- ing found with thickened sides and base, while larger ones are often lighter and apparently less matured, controversies have arisen in past times. Theories about casting or dis- solving, and renewing the shells at different periods of the animal’s existence, have been seriously put forth by eminent authorities. These theories have been deemed necessary to account for an apparent, but not a real difficulty. We have only to suppose that the animal ceases to grow at an earlier or later period of its existence. As soon as the animal ceases to grow, and no longer requires to enlarge the volume of its shell, it begins to spend its calcifying powers in thickening the base and outer walls. If this is begun early, the supply, not exhausted in the increase of volume, 4 CYPRMA. is abundant for that purpose, and the result is a small, heavy shell. If late, the supply of calcifying secretion has been used up in the formation of a large shell before the thickening process begins. In the following descriptions of species, I have endea- voured to avoid extremes in adopting or rejecting specific distinctions. Many doubtful cases there are that cannot be absolutely decided. In such cases I have endeavoured simply to state what the supposed distinctions are, leaving it to collectors to use their own judgment as to their value. The following arrangement of species is adopted, as best tending to bring together those that are most nearly allied. A. Cyprza proper. Columella ending in a lobe and plait. * Dorsal margins not pitted. 1. More or less cylindrical. Ex. Argus, lurida, felina, stolida. Sp. 1-31. 2. More or less ovate, with dilated sides and flat bases. Ex. Achatina, leucodon, mappa, moneta, mus. Sp. 32- 52. . Same as 2, but with vertically-produced extremities. Ex. Stercoraria, Scottii. Sp. 53-57. . Ovate or pyriform. Ex. Tigris, subviridis, lynx, xantho- don, pallida, Saulia, pyriformis, onyx, angustata. Sp. 58-105. . South-African species with wide apertures, not margined on the left side. Ex. Algoensis, fusco-dentata, similis, Capensis. Sp. 106-111. ** Dorsal margins pitted. Ex. Cribraria, Lamarckii, erosa, gan- greenosa, helvola. Sp. 112-135. *** Ribbed or tuberculated, or allied to those that are so. Ex. Adamsoni, staphylea, pustulata, cicercula, Childreni, nucleus. Sp. 136-145. B. Cyprma, subgenus Trivia. Columella without distinct lobe or plait. Dorsal ribs radiating from central line. * Narrow apertures, outer lip broad. Ex. Radians, pediculus, australis, oryza, sanguinea, Europea. Sp. 146-184. ** Wide apertures, outer lip narrow. Ex. Oniscus, rosea. Sp. 184~ 188. a wo on SPECIES. A. Columella ending in a lobe and plait. * Dorsal margins not pitted. Group 1. More or less cylindrical, with moderately thickened sides. 1, resruprnariA, Linn., (f. 83, 84).—C. testa crassd, cy- CYPRMA. 5 lindricé, punctis albis minutis creberrimé adspersa, extre- mitatibus obtusis declivibus ; dorso fulvo castaneoque nebu- lato, et quadratim maculato ; lateribus fulvis maculis magnis rotundis ornata, basi incarnato-fulvaé; spird elevata, obtusa, producta ; apertura angusta, rectiuscula ; dentibus numerosis, albis. Note.—The white chalky specks, which characterize this shell, are imbedded in its latest layers of enamel. 2. arcus, Linn., (f. 14, 15).—C. testa cylindracea, crassa, medio leviter contracto, versus terminos declivi, dorso fulvé egriseo fasciata, annulis castaneis interdum duplicatis valde meequalibus notata; spird depressé, basi angustatd, maculis quaternis magnis castaneis ornata ; apertura rectiuscula ; den- tibus elongatis, linearibus, castaneo marginatis. Note.—The curious rings, duplicate, triplicate, or simple, very large and few, or very small and numerous, or here and there large, surrounded by small, which characterize this species, and the four basal spots,—make this one of the most remarkable in the genus. 3. cervus, Linn., (f. 89*, 90*, 181).—C. testa elongato-sub- cylindrica, fusca, obscuré fasciat&, maculis albis rotundis nu- merosis parviusculis supra et infra ornata ; dorso inflato vel subdepresso, ambulacro angusto subsinuoso ; spira producta, laté sinuata, extremitate anticé sinuos4, nonnunquam latera- liter in lobas concayvas expansa ; apertura ampla, moderaté sinuata, intus purpurea ; dentibus numerosis, linearibus, cas- taneis, elongatis, canalibus profundis; labu termino postico, columellam superante. 4, exantHemA, Jinn., (f. 182, 183, 184, 330).—C. testa CO. cervo affini, quacunque forma, sed maculis albis majori- bus et ocellatis. Note.—Cervus, exanthema. In the series of shells in- cluded under the above names, there are two prevailing forms, namely, the rounded and depressed, and two prevail- ing colour-marks, the small plain white spots, and the gene- rally larger ocellated spots. If these were coincident, 7.e. if the flat forms were always associated with ocellated spots, and vice versa, there would be no difficulty in deciding on the distinction of the species, at least for conventional use ; but the characters cross. There are the rounded forms, with small white spots, and also with large ocellated ones at the sides. There are also flattened forms, with both kinds 6 CYPRMA, of spots. As, however, the difference in the forms is only such as results in many species from conditions of growth, I am inclined to connect the specific distinction with the cha- racter of the spots, and to preserve that distinction for con- venience. Cervina and cervinetta are only small dwarf va- rieties of either species. 5. rapa, Linn., (f. 74, 75, 76).—C. testa cylindraceo- ovata, oblongé, basi subdepressa ; dorso flavescente, elevato, medio subdepresso, fasciis castaneis latis quatuor cincto, ex- tremitatibus lateribus basique nigricante-fuscis; apertura angusté ; dentibus numerosis, linearibus, nigrescentibus, in- terstitiis albidis ; labii extremitate posticd columellam super- ante. 6. exusta, Gray, (f. 77, 78).—C. testa quam C. talpa magis pyriformi, omnino castaneo suffusa, apertura angus- tiore ; dentibus magis numerosis, creberrimis ; labii extremi- tate posticA magis eleyata. Note—Talpa and evusta. Heusta is more pyriform than CO. talpa. Its aperture is much narrower, and the linear black teeth are much more close and numerous, especially on the columella. The outer lip is much more elevated above the apex. 7. turipa, Linn., (f. 64, 65).—C. testa cylindricé; extre- mitatibus productis, depressis, croceo-incarnatis, macula magna nigricante utrinque tinctis, basi subdepressé ; denti- bus brevibus; dorso cimereo-olivaceo obscuré trifasciato ; basi pallidé; aperturé utrinque ampla. 8. puLCHRA, Gray, (f. 62, 63).—C. testa oblongo-ovata seu cylindrica, carneola, fulvo fasciat&é; extremitatibus pro- ductis, depressis, utrinque nigro-maculatis, basi subplanata, apertura angusté; dentibus depressis, lnearibus, columella medio per basim extensis. Note.—Inrida and pulchra, The apparent resemblance between these two is quite deceptive, and only refers to the back view. The bases are totally different. 9. ISABELLA, Linn., (f. 16-18, 258).—C. testa cylindrica, utrinque subtruncata 5 dorso pallid’ fulvo-cinereo, punctis lineisve interruptis nigris longitudinalibus plus minusve notato ; extremitatibus croceo quadripunctatis, obtusis ; aper- turd angusté, rectiusculé ; dentibus minutissimis, basi alba ; variat magis fusiformi, viz. f. 18, maculis magnis terminali- bus migrescentibus confluentibus, vide f. 18, 258. CYPRMA. 7 10. crnEREA, Gask., (f. 92*, 93). —C. testa subcylindraceo- ovali, rufescente-cinereé, nigro punctata et lineata, fasciis latis saturatioribus tribus; basi marginibusque albescenti- bus, rotundis, incrassatis ; aperturd latiuscula, subspirali, la- bio “crassiusculo ; dentibus circa viginti, regularibus, promi- nulis ; columella medio prominulo dentibus circa octodecim ; extremitatibus obtusis, punctis minutissimis nigris notatis. 11. ciara, Gask., (f. 91*, 222) —C. testa quam C. cinerea magis cylindricé, basi medio prominuld, extremitatibus ele- vatis ; aperturé angustiore; dentibus magis numerosis, mi- noribus. 12. Rervu, Gray, (f. 40, 41).—C. testa ovata, tenui, ven- tricosé ; dorso pallidé purpureo-fusco, obscurissimé quadri- fasciato; basi albidi; spira exserta, rosed, extremitatibus roseis ; apertura utrinque ampla, medio subcontracta ; denti- bus parvis, tenuibus, numerosis. Note.—Isabella (and controversa), cinerea, clara, Reevit. Comparisons between many specimens and varieties of isabella and controversa have finally resulted in the opinion that they are one species, and that the proposed separation was rightly abandoned by Dr. Gray. Cinerea and clara were almost equally difficult to decide, but the result is the maintenance of the second species, on account of the greater coarseness of the teeth and flatness of the base in cinerea. Specimens of Reevii usually have the appearance of undeveloped shells, and, when placed side by side with partially developed spe- cimens of cinerea, are found to bear a considerable resem- blance to them. ‘The species, however, is quite distinct. 13. trrorata, Soland., (f. 304, 305).—C. testa oblongo- subcylindracea, depressi ; dorso purpureo, punctis numerosis fulvo-fuscis adsperso, lateribus basique albidis castaneo punctatis ; basi complanataé; dentibus parvis, columelle an- ticis conspicué prominentibus. Note-—The remarkable prominence of the anterior co- lumellar teeth in this pretty little species, distinguishes it from any others of similar form. 14. nreRrupra, Gray, (f. 271-274).—C. testa oblongo- cylindracea ; dorso superné subquadrato, subplicato, punctis flavidis minutis punctato, maculis castaneis flammulatis in seriebus depositis picto ; extremitatibus productis, callosis, lateribus albidis ; basi czeruleo maculata ; apertura angustata ; 8 CYPRMA. dentibus parvis, crebris, columellz medio depressis, lineari- bus; variat seriebus macularum nullis, callo terminali anticé conspicuo. 15. quaprimacunata, Gray, (f. 275-277).—C. testa C. in- terrupte simili, superné ad spiram magis truncata, ad ex- tremitates maculis nigris quaternis ornata ; dentibus labii pau- cioribus, columella ad medium multo magis elongatis. Note.—Interrupta, quadrimaculata. Although we may characterize O. interrupta as having bands of flashes or long bent spots, etc., and CU. quadrimaculata as having the four large, conspicuous, terminal, black spots, yet the one occurs without the bund, and the other (var. “ pallidula”’) without the spots. Var. pp. 274 and 275, has been designated as a distinct species, under the name of rhinoceros (Desh.), on ac- count of the callous swelling of the anterior terminal deposit. The character exists in most specimens in a greater or less degree. 16. Caurica, Linn., (f. 188-193 ; forma monstrosa, f. 318, 319).—C. testa subcylindraceé seu ovata, subdepressa, crassé, terminis obtusis, lateribus plerumque incrassatis, irregulariter subnodosis ; dorso albido, punctis minutissimis flavicante-fuscis creberrimé picto, hiatu angusto; lateribus fulvis, frequenter subtilissimé striatis, guttis nigerrimis con- spicuis hinc illic ornatis ; basi fulvaé ; dentibus elevatis, albis, distantibus, utrinque elongatis. 17. cruenta, Gmel., (f. 185, 186, 187).—C. testa C. Cau- rice simili, magis ovat, regulari, terminis magis acumi- natis ; colore ad dorsum maculis albis subrotundis irregula- riter interrupto, maculis lateralibus purpureis; dentibus columelle haud tantum elongatis, interstitiis dentorum vividé sanguineis. Note.—Caurica and eruenta. The former is a much coarser, more irregular shell than the latter, both in form and colouring. In ecruenta the ends are more gathered up, as it were, and acuminated ; the colouring on the back is delicate, and interrupted by more or less distinct white spots. The side spots are purple, and the interstices of the teeth bright red. Fig. 190 represents a shell haying most in common with VU. Oaurica, although as to colouring it is rather puzzling, presenting an intermediate appearance. In the columella of cruenta, a greater degree of roundness has been observed beyond the superficial edge of the latter. CYPRHA. 9 18. rapEscens, Sol., (f. 261-265).—C. test&é oblongo-sub- cylindrica vel ovata, ad spiram umbilicata ; dorso albido, fla- vido-fuscescente pallidé punctato, maculis angulatis vel semi- lunaribus laté trigonato, termino spirali umbilicato ; lateri- bus pallidé carneolis, sparsim fusco guttatis ; basi carneola, rotunda, extremitatibus obtusis ; aperturé angusté; dentibus parvis, numerosis, columellee brevissimis, labii longioribus. 19. rERES, Gmel., (f. 259, 260).—C. testa tenui, quam C. tabescens angustiore, cylindrica, terminis productioribus ; apertura latiore, supra medium subangulaté; dentibus mi- noribus. Note.—Tuhescens and teres. The gradation is fine from the more slender forms of C. tabescens to C. teres, but the more sudden bend of the aperture, more produced extremi- ties, and more numerous teeth are sufficient to distinguish the latter. 20. cytinprica, Born., (f. 266-268). C. testa oblonga, cylindraceé, medio vix contracti, depress’; dorso subcz- ruleo, punctis minutis, strigis angulatis et maculé magna centrali castaneis variegato ; extremitatibus macula conspi- cud nigro-castanea utrinque pictis, lateribus extremitatibus- que marginatis reflexis, utrinque foveolatis ; apertura anticé expansa ; dentibus columellee posticis et medianis linearibus, per basim elongatis, anticis distantibus validis ; labii denti- bus validis, distantibus, elongatis ; labio angusto. 21. supcytinprica, Sowd., (f. 269, 270).—C. testa quam C. cylindrica magis oyvati, latere dextro haud marginato, termino antico magis declivi; dentibus labii brevioribus, columellz breyissimis. 22. reuina, Gray, (f. 392, 394, 395 ; var. C. fabula, brevi, crassiore, lateribus expansis, f. 393).—C. testé oblonga, subdepressé; dorso viridi-czeruleo, laté trifasciato, punctis olivaceis ubique lentiginoso ; lateribus flavicantibus, mcras- satis, maculis nigris magnis rotundis notatis ; terminis ob- tusis, maculis majoribus nigris utrinque pictis; basi incras- sata, flavicante, subdepressa, ad latera maculis nigris picta ; apertura rectiusculd, laté; dentibus 17 et 18 circa crassis, subelongatis, distantibus. 23. HrruNDO, Linn., (f. 382, 383, 384).—C. testa C. feline affini, latere dextro tantum marginato, terminis magis acu- c 10 OYPRMA. tis; dorso posticé subtruncato, ad marginem leviter cre- nulato, trifasciatim ceruleo nebulato, punctis mimutissimis notato. 24, necLecta, Sowb., (f. 874, 375, 376, 377, 378).—C. testa O. hirundini affini; dorso posticé validé truncato; ex- tremitatibus callosis, posticd producti, antici acuminata ; dentibus elongatis. 25. Owen, Sowd., (f. 367, 368, 369, 370, 371; var. mon- strosa, f. 8366).—C. test& OC. hirundint affini; dorso elevato ; basi complanataé; extremitatibus productis, acuminatis, ad latera plano-depressis ; lateribus creberrimé fusco punctatis ; dentibus elongatis. 26. correa, ms., (f. 359, 360).—C. testa C. hirundini affini, brevi, ovata; extremitate posticé producti, incrassatd ; denti- bus labi terminalibus reflexis, ad dorsum continuis. 27. Mmnxeana, Owen, (f. 333, 334; var. (Borneo) 512).— C. testa C. hirundini affini ; extremitatibus utrinque produc- tis, callosis; quam C, neglectee dorso magis quadrato, breviori, medio subdepresso. Note.—Felina (fabula), hirundo, neglecta, Owenti, coffea, Menkeana. The large dark spots and thickened sides of felina, exaggerated in the thickened and shortened variety ( fabula, Kien.), with the blunt extremities, are sufficient to distinguish it from Azrundo, although there may be some similarity between modified forms of each. The outline figures of the latter and two following species, express the differences which it may be useful to observe. In hirundo the back is low, and shelves down to the extremities. In neglecta the shell ends in front suddenly with a short re- flected margin, the back is truncated, and the neck con- tracted and produced with depressed sides. In Owenii both extremities are produced like the hinder one in neglecta, but much more distinctly, while, on each side of the callus, at each end, there is a deep flat depression ; the base is very flat, the lateral brown dots much crowded on it, and the back is almost angularly elevated. Specimens of this shell have been brought to me as representing C. Menkeana, of Deshayes, with which, however, it does not well agree. Sir Dayid Barclay kindly lent me the shell figured in my last Plate (f. 514, 515), and believed at the time to represent Deshayes’ shell. But, on more careful examination, I am CYPRMHA. 1] convinced that the latter belongs to our present group. The teeth, more than half across the base, point this out, and the shell which Mr. Hugh Owen names modesta, which agrees in shape and colour with two specimens figured in Con. Ill. as hérundo, var. (12*), and in shape with Mr. Taylor’s Bornean shell, f. 512, in our Plate 327, seems to me to fulfil all the conditions to identify it with Menkeana. It differs, on the one hand, from neglecta, in its more truncated and cylindrical or straight-sided form, and in having the canal produced at both ends ; and, on the other hand, from Owenit, in the laterally rounded base and the want of flat- tened latero-terminal margins. Coffea (ms.) differs from the rest of the group, in having the dental ridges continued over the dorsal margin of the posterior extremity, and this is nearly always accompanied by a peculiarly lobed shape in the central colour-cloud and its detachment from the lower cloud. Fig. 366 represents a little shell in Miss Saul’s collection (probably Owenti var.), possessing the same peculiarity as occurs in the so-called C. Barthelemyi, eglan- tina, etc., i.e. of compressed sides and produced extremi- ties. All the species named at the head of this note, with the exception of felina, are so closely allied, that they may possibly belong in reality to the same original type; but the distinctions here explained, are worth retaining conven- tionally for purposes of identification. 28. sronma, Linn., (f. 827, 828).—C. testa oblongo-sub- cylindracea ; dorso leviter biangulato, czerulescente, punctis minutissimis, macula grandi quadrata central, maculaque laterali semiquadraté ad utrumque angulum aurantio-casta- neis vividé picto; basi lateribusque albicantibus ; extremitati- bus aurantio-castaneis, productis, callosis ; apertura angusta ; dentibus linearibus, columella super basim dimidiatim de- eurrentibus, labii prolongatis. 29. Eryrarxensis, Beck., (f. 323, 324).—C. testa C. stolidce affini, parviuscula, magis angustaté et subpyriformi, macula centrali irregulari, maculis cuneiformibus lateralibus nullis. 30. BREVIDENTATA, Sowb., (f. 325, 326).—C. testa CO. stolide affini, macula centrali disjuncté; dentibus paucioribus (13 et 14), rotundis, brevibus. Note.—Stolida, Hrythreensis, brevidentata. The total ab- sence of the four corner lateral spots, the colourless teeth, narrower and more tapering form, and smaller size of Hry- 12 CYPRMEA. throeensis are generally considered sufficient to distin- guish it from stolida. There are four specimens known of the shell here named brevidentata. In its dorsal aspect it re- sembles some incompletely coloured specimens of stolida, but the teeth totally differ. Those of the latter are linear, co- loured, numerous, and lengthened over the base. ‘Those of brevidentata are short, rounded, and only about fourteen on each side. ‘Two of the specimens are from Borneo, and are collected with (. stolida, varieties of which, rather marked in colouring, are now had from Sandwich Islands, Ceylon, Amboyna, Borneo, and New Caledonia; the latter m the laterally contracted and terminally produced form, recently named C. Crossei, Marie. 31. ressELLaTA, Swain., (f.99, 100, 101).—C. testa crassa, solida, lata, subcompressa, ovato-subquadrata; lateribus in- crassatis, maculis quadratis fuscis et albis tessellatis ; dorso ferrugineo-subcinereo, ad latera maculis quatuor magnis vividis nigro-castaneis ornato; extremitatibus crassis, obtu- sis, callosis, ad latera depressis, callo antico rotundato albo ; basi incrassata, fusco alboque variegaté ; apertura angusta ; dentibus linearibus, castaneis. Note——The brilliant specimens of two distinct varieties, figured from the collections of Miss Saul and Mr. Dickin- son, are believed to be the only ones known in a living state. This shell, although standing alone im its combination of characters, seems to have some affinity with stolida. A*, Group 2. More or less ovate, with dilated sides and flat bases. 32. ventRicuLus, Dam., (f. 3, 4).—C. testa ovata, ponde- ros; lateribus expansis, subdepressis, extremitatibus obtu- sis, basi subconcavo-depressé ; dorso ceeruleo, colore carneo quadrifasciato ; lateribus subceeruleis ad marginem dorsalem castaneo-nigricanti fasciatis, basi et lateribus subtilissimé albo striatis ; dentibus parvis. Note.—The name Achatina was only in manuscript before the publication of Lamarck’s Ventriculus. 33. CARNEOLA, Dinn., (f. 11, 12, 13, 322).—C. testa varietate brevi incrassatéi, C. wvenose simillima, sed basi magis ro- tunda; labio haud excavato; extremitate dorsali antica cal- losd, posticé valde emarginaté ; dentorum interstitiis purpu- reis ; labii dentibus 24.; variat test majori, cylindrica, vividé CYPRAA. 13 carneola, etiam variat test’ cylindricé minori, flavida, dento- rum interstitiis haud purpureis. 34. ARENOSA, Gray, (f. 9, 10).—C. testa ovata, lata; lateri- bus arenaceis, callosis, ad dorsum lined castaneé marginatis ; dorso elevato, subcinereo, rubro obscuré fasciato; extremi- tatibus obtusis, anticé declivi, posticA vix emarginata; basi subplanulaté, extremitatibus prominulis; apertura angusta ; dentibus parvis, circa 24 et 30 labio anticé excavato. Note.—The more cylindrical form of carneola, with the basal callus very little spread at the sides, seems to rank with argus, Talpa, etc. The variety we have figured at 332 is from the Mauritius, and has no purple between the teeth, yet unmistakably belongs to the species to which it is assigned. 35. LeucopON, Brod. (f. 19, 20).—C. testé crassé, subpy- riformi, ventricosi; dorso gibboso, elevato, rufescente, aut flavescente-fusco, guttis rotundis albidis distantibus aspero, basi ambulacro dorsali lato, laterali convexo, obscuré tuber- culato, pallidiore; transversé subtilissimé striata, terminis productis, acuminatis ; tuberculis rotundis, sinuatis; denti- bus utrinque elongatis, albis, distinctis, 28-30 circa, intersti- tis profundis ; plica terminali anticé trifidé. 36. suLcIDENTATA, (f. 21, 22, 23).—C. testa crassissima, ovata, brevi, gibbosa, callo dorsali ad latera dorsi extenso ; dorso elevato, griseo vel flavido, obscuré quadrifasciato, basi et lateribus fulvis; terminis obtusis, callosis, ad margines excavatis ; apertura angustissima; dentibus latis, elongatis, interstitiis angustis profundissimis 21 et 25 circa. Note.—Leucodon, sulcidentata. The first of these species is the remarkably unique shell in the British Museum, which differs from all others in various characters, particularly in the flattened tubercles on the base, seemingly resulting from a thickening over the white spots of the surface co- vered. The broad teeth and deep undercut interstices are only approached in character by those of swlcidentata, which for that reason chiefly may be considered as bearing the nearest affinity to Jewcodon among the cowries. The other unique, Barclayi, has the teeth, particularly of the outer lip, also deeply undercut, but in other respects has no resem- blance to the above. 57. views, Dinn., (f. 31, 32, 33).—C. testa ovata, dorso 14 CYPREA. et ad latera fulv4 grisescenti, obscuré roseo quadrifasciata, maculis rotundis albis inequalibus instructa ; extremitatibus obtusis, subincrassatis, callo basali ad latera ; dorso expanso, transverse striato, arenaceo; basi subrotunda, striata, are- naced; apertura angusta, anticé rectiuscula ; dentibus utrin- que 28 circa, sulco columellari anticé excavato posticé le- viter dentato, plica terminali tortué, termimo obliqué trun- cato. 38. nivosa, Brod., (f. 89, 90).—C. testa quam C. vitellus magis cylindrica, callo basali haud ad latera expanso, ambula- cro dorsali lato conspicuo, irregulariter marginato; maculis albis, irregularibus, ineequalibus ; columelle plicé terminali quadratim truncata; lab extremitate brevi, rotunda, labio anticé excavato. 39. Broprrirm, Gray, (f. 87, 88).—C. testa quam C. nivosa magis ovata, colore dorsali roseo laterali fulvo-rubescenti, intervallo macularum castaneo; maculis majoribus irregula- ribus; interstitiis feré linearibus ; apertura latiori; dentibus magis elongatis, interstitiis profundioribus ; labio ad termi- num anticum breviusculo, truncato, ad termimum posticum alterum superante. Note.—Vitellus, nivosa, Broderipii. The first is oval, ob- tuse, shows no dorsal ambulacrum, and has the cirrated enamel of the base spread over the sides, leaving a rather narrow space for the true dorsal area. The two others have a broad dorsal ambulacrum, and the basal callus is con- fined to the under side, except at the extremities. Bro- deripii is by far the lighter and broader shell, with the most delicate colouring, the spots more numerous and varied in form, the mouth wider, and teeth longer. 40. princers, Brod., (f. 1, 2).—C. test& ovato-subpyri- formi, inflata, tenuiusculaé, ad lineam dorsalem utrinque cas- taneo nebulata, strigis arcuatis quasi-hieroglyphicis notata, lateribus fulva maculis rotundis picté; terminis productis, lineis castaneis plurimis sinuatis ornatis; dorso elevato, su- pra medium gibboso ; basi rotunda; extremitatibus acumi- natis, approximatis ; apertura angusta, subsimuata; labio an- ticé arcuato, subexcavato; dentibus parvis, columelle 39 circa, labii 41, interstitiis profundis, sulco columellari an- gusto; plicé terminali producti, arcuata. Note.—In form approaching C. tigris, but much more in- flated. In its dorsal markings it reminds one slightly of CYPRMA. 15 the OC. mappa. But the parallel lines of the extremities are perfectly peculiar to this species, which is one of the oldest of the few extremely rare shells which retain their original value. 41. mappa (f. 24-28).—C. test& oblongo-ovata, crassd, ad terminos obtusi; dorso pallidé fulvo, purpureo nebulato ; lineis rubido-fuscis interruptis angulatis undatisque longitu- dinaliter notataé, hiatu dorsali angusto ramoso lateribus violaceo-fusco punctatis, ad dorsum sinuatum marginatis ; basi violascente seu fulvé, maculé’ magna violaceo-fuscd medio columellee ornata, guttis rotundis purpureis seu fuscis ad latera pictéi; apertura angustaé; dentibus brevibus, rotun- dis ; interstitiis aurantiis; variat basi vividé purpurea, variat etiam testa omnino rubro-purpurascente suffusa. Note.—The chief varieties of this beautiful species are figured from the collection of Miss Saul. 42. Arasica (f. 59, 60, 61; var. eglantina, f. 282, 283).— C. testa oblongo-ovata, basi planulata; spira exserta, lateri- bus plus minusve incrassat&i; dorso elevato, medio subde- presso, livido-fusco, lineis brevibus hieroglyphicis hine illic maculis rotundis pallidis interruptis ; hiatu angusto, rectius- culo; apertura hianti, sulco columellari lato dentato; den- tibus lnearibus, castaneis, elongatis; extremitatibus pro- fundé emarginatis. 43. revicutata, (f. 57, 58, (var. histrio) 66, 67, 68).— C. testa C. Arabice simili; dorso magis gibboso; basi fre- quenter magis conyexé; maculis dorsalibus albis, crebris ; interstitiis angustis, frequenter reticulatim lnearibus. 44, scurra, Chemmn., (f. 53, 54, (var. C. Indica) 55, 56).— C. testa oblongo-subcylindraceé, anticé subretusa, posticé magis productaé, spiré pyramidali; dorso subdepresso, ci- nereo, fusco reticulato ; hiatu lineari, lateribus basique cine- reo-carneis, guttis fumeo-nigrescentibus conspicuis hine illic ornatis; apertura angusté; dentibus numerosis, linearibus, castaneis. Note.—Arabica, reticulata (including histrio), scurra (in- cluding Indica). Although some difference appears in the specimens selected to represent reticulata and histrio re- spectively, it is impossible to maintain the distinctions in sorting any number of specimens of the various forms, the differences being graduated and interchangeable. There is, 16 CYPRMA. however, more uniformity in the shape and colouring of Arabica, which is more cylindrically ovate, with a flattened base, and in which the Arabic markmg is more conspicuous, and occupies a larger part of the surface. The two species may, therefore, usefully stand. Miss Saul has a very singu- lar specimen, in which the characteristic marking of Arabica is shown on one side of the ambulacrum, while on the other that of reticulata dominates, showing that there is no abso- lute line of demarcation between them, and that the two specific names are only retainable for conventional use. The monstrosity named eglantina, f. 282, 283, is from N. Ca- ledonia, and is one of the singular series mentioned in the introduction. The differences between scurra and Indica are only those of degree. The spire being much produced, | and covered with the usual callus at the end of the columella, causes the columellar extremity to exceed the outer lip in length. 45, mAuRITIANA, (f. 51, 52).—C. testa subovaté; dorso gib- boso; terminis obtusis, emarginatis; lateribus ad dorsum planulatis ; basi concava; lateribus basi dentibusque fusco- ceruleo-nigricantibus ; interstitiis albidis ; labio posticé si- nuatim retrorso, acuto; columella posticé brevi, acuta; den- tibus validis, radiantibus, elongatis ; dorso pallidé fusco, pur- pureo nebulato, maculis pallidis rotundatis irregularibus notato ; interstitiis castanels. Note —Remarkably beautiful in the wavy colouring when partially mature. 46. ARABICULA, (f. 38, 89).—C. testa ovato-acuminata, dorso elevato subgibboso, lateribus depressis; basi planulata ; dorso cxrulescente, fusco creberrimé subreticulatim picto ; hiatu angusto, extremitatibus lateribusque purpureo-carneis, lateribus guttis rotundis nigricantibus notatis ; apertura an- gusta; dentibus acutis, radiantibus ; interstitiis profundis. Note.—This bright little shell, which is like a miniature of reticulata, has the teeth very sharply undercut and ra- diating. 47, CAPUT SERPENTIS, Linn., (f. 72, 73).—C. test& ovato- subquadrata, depressd, crassi, solida; dorso medio maculis albis et interstitiis castaneis reticulato; extremitatibus ob- tusissimis, albicantibus; lateribus depressis, castaneis; basi albicante ; apertura rectiusculaé; dentibus conspicuis, sub- elongatis ; interstitus profundis; canalibus angustatis. CYPREA. ivi Note.—Although this species resembles in general ap- pearance the dwarf depressed variety of reticulata, it has little affinity with it. The teeth are thick and undercut, not superficial. 48. mus, Innn., (f. 29, 30; var. bicornis, f. 321).—C. test&é ovato-subturbinata, ventricosd, lata, fusco-cinered, maculis saturatioribus omnino variegata, ad lineam dorsalem castaneo-nigricante irregulariter maculataé, marginibus sub- expansis, extremitatibus subacuminatis approximatis ; basi subcomplanaté; dentibus castaneis, columelle circa 12 ob- tusis, labii circa 17 brevibus parvis distantibus, ultimo lineari. 49. teucostoma, Clask., (f. 36, 37).—C. testa ovato-sub- turbinataé, ventricosd, lata, fusco-cinerea; lateribus macu- latis maculé magna irregulari castaned circa lineam dorsa- lem expansi; marginibus rotundis, crassis, extremitatibus posterioribus latis mcrassatis prominentibus, columelle al- teram superanti, anticis angustis approximatis; basi rotunda, albicante, margine interno labii nonnunquam obscuré den- tato ; columella edentula. Note.—The broad, dark chestnut, dorsal marking is some- times covered by the external enamel. Mus, leucostoma.—The posterior extremities of C. leu- costoma are much thickened, the base rounded, the colu- mella edentulate, the outer lip nearly so,—in these re- spects differing from O. mus. The usual variety of leuco- stoma is remarkable for the patch of treacle-like colour on the back. There are, however, specimens in which this is want- ing. Mr. Hugh Owen possesses a beautiful shell, which is of a uniform cream-colour, excepting as to the teeth, which are of a delicate reddish-brown. The bituberculated variety of mus has received the name of bicornis. 50. moneta, Dinn., (f. 244-251; var. C. icterina, Lam., testa elongaté, f. 248; var. C. Barthelemyi, Bern., f. 249- 251, and B. Nouwmeensis, Crosse (annulo conspicuo), testa basi plano-concavé, extremitatibus productis).—C. testa solidé, subcompressé, quadrilaterali, flavidé; dorso czeruleo fasciato ; basi concayo-depressa; lateribus imcrassatis, supra frequenter tuberculatis, annulo aurantio nonnunquam cir- cumscriptis; terminis tumidis, plerumque latis obtusius- culis, interdum productis acuminatis ; aperturé anenstata, anticé paulo expanso; canalibus elongatis, edentulis ; den- D 18 CYPREA. tibus 13 et 15 crassiusculis, convergentibus ; interstitiis profundis. 51. annutus, Linn., (f. 252, 253).—C. testa C. monete affini, subcinereo-fulvA, ovata; terminis obtusissimis, lateribus de- clivibus, annulo aureo conspicuo ; lateribus incrassatis, supra dorsum inflato-elevatis ; dorso angusto, depresso. 52. opvatyata, Lamk., (f. 254, 255).—C. monete affini, test& oblongo-obtusa ; lateribus incrassatis, supra dorsuin ele- yatis ; dorso ceeruleo, depresso. Note.——Moneta (including icterina, Barthelemyi, Nowmeen- sis), annulus, obvallata. The above are probably varieties and states of the same species in reality, but the oval obtuse form of annulus, the raised sides and dorsal entrenchment of obvallata (corrected from obvelata), are so well marked that they can be easily separated, and may therefore usefully re- tain their distinctive names. On the other hand, Bar- thelemyi and Nowmeensis are so obviously distortions similar to those which occur in several other species in New Cale- donia, that their description under separate names is to be regretted. A*, Group 3. More or less ovate, with flat bases and margins of extremities produced vertically. 53. srercorariA, Linn., (f. 96-98).—C. test& ovata, gib- bos&, ventricosé; basi planulata, anticé concavé ; marginibus lateralibus depressis, subalatis, canali postico productis ; dorso elevato, frequenter gibboso, cinereo, maculis rotundis fusco-ustulatis creberrimé vel sparsim nebulato; terminis profundé emarginatis; basi lateribusque cinereo-carncis, maculatim nebulosis ; aperturé sinuosa ; dentibus albis, anticis elongatis. Note.—Lamarck’s C. rattus is the more gibbons variety, with fewer burnt-brown spots. 54, Scorri, Brad., (f. 47, 48).—C. testé oblonga, fusi- formi, acuminata; extremitatibus contractis et erecto-re- curvis; marginibus productis, ad latera planato-depressis ; dorso cinereo-purpurascente, fusco-ustulato et subaurantio maculato ; lateribus basique fusco-ustulatis ; basi subplanu- lata, anticé conspicué concayaé ; dentibus albicantibus. 55. THERSITES, Gash, (f.49, 50).—C, testa ovata, cibbosa ; CYPRMA. 19 dorso elevato ; basi lata plandque, saturaté rufescente-fusca, anticé posticeque depressiuscula ; apertura angustata, pos- ticé recurva ; dentibus albis, distinctis, labii externi validis, columellze minus prominentibus, sulco columellari anticé profundo lato ; extremitatibus valde productis, canali antico pleno. 56. MARGINATA, Glask., (f. 45, 46).—C. testa ovata, anticd subacuminata, posticé et mediané valde gibbosa, colore floris lactis, maculis fulvis paucis irregulariter sparsis ; basi valde plana et lata; marginibus externis mediané fulvo-brunneo punctatis, punctis discretis ; apertura lata, subspirali; co- lumella posticé gibbosa, sulco parvo antico ; dentibus lateris columellaris circa viginti, laté distinctis, lateris externi zequalibus paululum extensis, anticé minoribus, circa viginti novem; extremitatibus, posticé producté plana, canalem latum sursum formante, anticé minus producta convergente, canalem brevem sursum formante ; spir4 valde conspicua ; marginibus planis, tenuibus, valde extensis. 57. Taarcunri, Cow, (f. 5, 6)—C. testa pallidé carnea, ad dorsum pallidé roseo-purpureo suffusé, maculis rotundis sparsis et flammulis castaneis pict’; dorso rotundo, inflato ; spira rotundatim exsertd, extremitatibus obtusis, ad latera planato-subdepressis; marginibus posticé erectis; basi pla- nulaté; apertura rectiuscula, dentibus rotundatis, columellae 6 anticis circa validioribus, labii 6 ad 7 anticis radiatim elongatis. Note.—Scottii, Thersites, marginata, Thatcheri. The two former, although curiously allied, differ so much in propor- tions, that they run no risk of being confounded with each other. The thin, flattened, and crenulated base of margi- nata, and its comparative colourlessness, may quite probably be the result of premature formation. If so, it belongs to Thersites. The specimen figured is in the British Museum. Miss Saul’s collection includes a specimen slightly resem- bling it, which is a shortened and prematurely formed C. Scotti. OC. Thatcheri, as it is now named, has been many years known as a unique shell in Miss Saul’s collection, under the name of venusta, but no publication, strictly so- called, can now be proved. The specimen now sent to this country by Mr. Cox, to which it would have been more graceful to have applied the manuscript name, is a larger, and in some respects finer shell, than the one so long known. Miss Saul likewise possesses two young shells, which I have 20 CYPRMA. little hesitation in attributing to this species. One or more additional adult specimens are now believed to exist. A*, Group 4. Ovate and pyriform. 58. aurora, Soland., (f. 7, 8).—C. testa ovata, ventricosa, dorso aurantid, lineis albis subtilissimis transversis striata ; extremitatibus marginatis incrassatis, pallidis ; basi rotunda, pallidé fulvaé; apertura subsinuosa, sulco columellari lato acuté dentato, plicA terminali tortud anticé triplicata; den- tibus columelle circa 41 brevissimis, labii 41, interstitis aurantiis; labio anticé excayato. Note.—This celebrated species is still rare, and specimens in good condition are still sought for. The curious white collar-like margin, at each extremity, adds to the beauty of the shell, and increases the singularity of its character. 59. viarts, Linn., (f. 172-175).—C. testa ovata, crass4, ven- tricos4, griseo vel fusco vel aurantio varié nebulat&, maculis magnis rotundis irregularibus fuscis aut nigrescentibus satu- ratis dorso et ad latera pictd; extremitatibus obtusis, labii postica elevatiuscula ; spira subdepress, line&é dorsali sub- laterali ; columella subrotunda ; dentibus circa 22 brevibus, rotundis, obtusis, 5 ad 6 anticis majoribus, terminali crasso distanti, sulco columellari subplanulato ; labii dentibus circa 26. 60. panrHurina, Sol., (f.69-71).—C. testa pyriformi, tenui- uscula, ventricosa, griseo vel fusco vel aurantio varié nebu- lata, maculis numerosis rotundis fuscis aut nigrescentibus saturatis dorso et ad latera picté ; extremitatibus productis, anticis attenuatis ; dentibus columelle circa 26, terminali elongato subtortuo, labii 30; labio subattenuato ; spira sub- umbilicata. Note-—Tigris and pantherina. Perfectly distinguishable by the graceful form, more numerous teeth, produced ex- tremities, and smaller spots of the latter. Both species are subject to the deep mahogany variation, as well as the overlaid yellow found in so many Sandwich Island shells. The large and very ventricose varieties of C. tiyris are much thinner than the smaller ones, which would seem to indicate their having attained large dimensions before com- pleting their growth; the former have exhausted their se- eretions, so as to have little calcifying power left for the thickening process. CYPRMHA. 21 61. umpriicata, Sowb., (f. 42, 43, 44) —Testa pyriformi, posticé ventricosé, anticé attenuata, lactea, fulvo-nebulosa, maculis rotundis paryis fuscis ad dorsum yariegaté, spira profundé umbilicaté; extremitate spirali ad latera depressa subexpansa, extremitate anticd in aream trigonam depressa ; basi subplanataé, minutissimé granulataé; apertura angusta, tortua, posticé retrorsd; columelle et labiu extremitatibus productis, acuminatis, columella superné ventricosa denti- bus brevibus tenuibus, infra medium inflaté dentibus lon- gioribus, plicA terminali nulla; labii dentibus tenuibus, an- ticis longioribus. Note.—The resemblance of this species to 0. pantherina is very superficial. The peculiar depression of the anterior extremity, and obsoleteness of the terminal columellar tooth- fold, would bring it into Cypreovula, if that genus were established. 62. meLanostoma, Leathes, (f. 34, 35).—C. testa ovata, ex- tremitatibus prominentibus; dorso rotundo, pallidé fulvo, cinereo fasciato, maculis rotundis albis floccato, ad apicem subumbilicato, latere dextro ad extremitates tantum albo marginato; basi rotunda, alb4’; apertura intus violaced, la- tiuscula; dentibus columelle parvis interstitiis violaceo- nigricantibus, labii rotundis interstitiis albis. Note.—This species is usually associated for comparison with vitellus, but no specimens of it exhibit any tendency to lateral thickening, and transverse lineation of the base and sides. It is also of a pyriform shape, with the ends produced. 63. Lynx, Linn., (f. 85*, 86*, 87*, 88*).—C. testa ovata, crassa, obtusiuscula; dorso albido, fulvo et czrulescente nebulato et guttato; maculis fusco-nigrescentibus, hine illic interspersis; hiatu dorsali angusto, lmeari; basi longitudi- naliter callosé univaricosa, albA; lateribus albicantibus ; den- tibus rotundis, brevibus, interstitiis yividé sanguineis. Note.—This species is subject to great variations in form and colouring, among others, to one which has been re- cently published as distinct under the name of C. Caledo- nicus, Crosse, which is simply a produced and narrowed dis- tortion, bearing the same relation to the normal form as C. eglantina (Arabica), C. Barthelemyi (moneta), and several others do to their respective species. 64. errones, Linn., (f. 156, 157, 158).—C. testa oblongo- subpyriformi; dorso subdepresso, flavido, maculis minutis- 22 CYPRMA. simis irregularibus flexuosis, maculaque magna centrali cas- taned picto; spirésubumbilicaté ; marginibus terminis basi- que albidis; latere dextro subrotundatim marginato, extre- mitatibus posticé productis, posticis reflexis, labio acumi- nato elevato, anticis subacuminatis; basi convex4; apertura subhianti; dentibus 15 et 16 circa, labii subdistantibus, columelle anticé subdistantibus, plicd columellari distanti, sulco angustissimo, 65. supviripis, Reeve, (f. 176, 177, 178, 358).—C. testa quam C. subviridis magis inflata, pyriformi; terminis lateri- bus basique carneolis, extremitatibus subobscuré purpureo utrinque nebulaté ; umbilico spirali, conspicuo ; labio supra columellam perelevato, acuminato, columellz callo breviore ; hiatu dorsali sublaterali; dentibus magis numerosis (20 et 21 circa). Note.—Errones, subviridis. The white base and margins and more elongated form of the common species errones would, in general, be sufficient to prevent a comparison with subviridis being even suggested. The latter is much more pyriform, and strongly umbilicated at the spire. There is still a great similarity seen by comparing some varieties. 66. xantHopon, Gray, (f. 196, 197, and Plate XXXVI. f. 513).—C. testa elongata, subpyriformi, dorso elevato, caeru- leo-viridescente, obscuré interrupté trifasciato, punctis mi- nutis fulvo-olivaceis lentiginoso; lateribus fulvis, guttis mi- grescentibus conspicuis ornatis ; extremitatibus subproduc- tis, subacuminatis ; spira foveolaté; basi subplanulata, fulva ; dentibus saturatioribus, parvis, depressis, labi1_ subdistan- tibus. 67. prcra, Gray, (f.179, 180, 320).—C. testa elongata, sub- pyriformi; dorso elevato, ceeruleo, purpureo-fusco, maculis castaneis quarum duabus lateralibus frequenter majoribus nebulato et picto; hiatu dorsali centrali, angusto ; terminis purpureo nebulatis, leviter declivibus ; lateribus leviter incras- satis, purpureo nebulatis, maculis rotundis conspicuis dorso et basi notatis; basi purpureo tinctdé, termimis acuminatis, approximatis ; dentibus parvis, vix prominentibus. 68. niGRo-puNcTATA, Gray, (f. 94, 95).—C. testa oblongo- ovata, anticé subcontracta, dorso cerulescente, fulvo pallidé lentiginoso ; lateribus marginatis et cum extremitatibus pro- CYPRAA. 23 ductis, marginatis, subdepressis, creberrimé nigro-puncta- tis; basi pallida, planulata; apertura posticé recurvé; den- tibus acutiusculis. 69. SANGUINOLENTA, Gmel., (f. 194, 195).—C. testa C. xan- thodonti simili, magis depressi, ad terminos magis obtusa, basi lateribusque punctis purpureis notati; dentibus magis rotundis, cum interstitiis eequalibus, labio posticé columel- lam superante. Note.—Xanthodon, picta, nigro-punctata, sanguinolenta. Perhaps the most distinct of these is nigro-punctata, whose flattened base, sharp-cut teeth, laterally-depressed ends, latero-ventral specks, and terminal black patches enable it to stand alone. Picfa, in all its varieties, is known by its peculiar marbled colouring, the deep, sharply-defined chest- nut spots or hieroglyphic marking being concentrated in two patches on the central zone of the back. This was a very rare shell, unknown in good condition till a few years since, when we procured a large number of brilliant varie- ties from Cape de Verde Island. Xanthodon is distinguished from sanguinolenta on one hand, and from zonata on the other, by its small, depressed, distinctly-coloured teeth. The specimen figured on the last Plate is abnormally large and inflated, and, but for the teeth, resembles zonata. San- guinolenta has a depressed form, obtuse at the ends, and purple spots extending over nearly the whole base. 70. Sowxrsy, Kiener, (f. 79, 80)—C. test& oblongo-sub- pytiformi, subumbilicaté ; dorso czerulescente, obscurissimé trifasciato, maculis inzequalibus castaneo-fuscis creberrimé picto ; extremitatibus productis, labu supra columellam ele- vata; basi extremitatibusque fulvo-rubescentibus, ad latera nigro-punctatis ; dentibus albidis, circa 18 et 22, rotundis, brevibus. 71. zonata, Chemn., (f. 126, 127).—C. testa quam C. Sow- erbyi breviori; dorso eleyato, subgibboso, zonis flammula- tis picto; terminis subplanulatis, basi planulaté; dentibus tenuioribus, interstitiis latioribus. 72. nesutosa, Kiener, (f. 198, 199, 354, 355, 356, 514, 515). —C. testa pyriformi, obtusa ; dorso griseo, fusco seu castaneo nebulato, maculis castaneis irreoularibus notato, basi lateri- busque pallidé roseis purpureo maculatis et nebulatis, callo basali versus medium dorsi expanso; extremitatibus callosis, 24 CYPRMA. obtusis; basi convex4; apertura sinuaté ; dentibus rotundis, brevibus, circa 17 et 18; variat interstitis dentium et ex- tremitatibus vividé roseis. 73. LENTIGINOSA, Gray, (f. 151, 152, 153).—C. testa quam CO. Sowerbyi breviore, magis gibbos4, punctis sparsioribus ; extremitatibus crassis, latis, lateraliter dorso foveolatim de- pressis; apertura latiusculé; dentibus paucioribus (circa 15 tantum), distantibus, elongatis. Note—Sowerbyi (maculata), zonata, nebulosa, and lenti- ginosa. A history of the synonymy of the first is given by Reeve, and amounts to this, namely, that Gray intended to name the shell maculata, but withdrew that name on the supposed discovery of its identity with zonata. Kiener distinguishes the two species, not in his plates, but in the text; and as in the meantime the name maculata had been applied by Barnes to a variety of reticulata, it was dropped, and the one above was given. As compared with Sowerbyt, zonata is a much shorter and more gibbous shell, with a more flattened base and extremities; teeth narrower, inter- stices wider; aperture wider. As for the zones, their ap- pearance, more or less distinct, depends upon the stage of development. Lentiginosa has some resemblance to zonata, but the ends are thicker, and the teeth much fewer and longer. Both it and nebulosa are much more obtuse at the extremi- ties than zonata, and, on the whole, the four species may be usefully kept apart. The following may be united under the name nebulosa :— f. 198, 199, the normal form and colour as type; f. 354, 355, a brilliant little shell, unnamed in the British Museum, clearly marked, rosy at the lips and between the teeth ; f. 356, a larger shell, of which there are several specimens in the British Museum under the name of Surinamensis. They all have a similar thickness at the extremities, and in all the basal enamel is extended over the sides, so as to confine the dorsal area to a narrow disk. 74. spapicra, Swains., (f. 81, 82).—C. testa pyriformi; ex- tremitatibus crassis, productis, rotundis ; dorso spadiceo, ad latera ustulato-fusco nebulato; lateribus roseo-subcinereo- albido; basi rotunda; apertura lat’; dentibus utrinque circa 20, rotundis, brevibus. Many specimens are now known, pretty uniform in the peculiar style of colouring, which, nevertheless, has an acci- ~ CYPRHA. 25 dental or abnormal appearance. The form is exceedingly like that of Sowerbyi, but the ends are more thickened and produced. 75. onyx, Linn., (f. 209-212).—C. testa pyriformi, umbi- licata, fasciis tribus latissimis zonata, fusco-nigricante; ex- tremitatibus, lateribus, basique saturatioribus, hiatu dorsali sinuato; basi convex4; columella posticé brevissima; aper- turé subhianti, posticé retrorsé ; labio posticé elevato ; denti- bus rotundis, crassis, circa 18 et 19; variat dorso lacteo, lateribus aurantio marginatis, variat etiam omnino pallidé fulvo. 76. pyrum, Gmel., (f. 202-205).—C. testa quam (C. onyx angustiori, extremitatibus obtusioribus, ad spiram haud um- bilicata, colore fusco-aurantio ; dorso castaneo, variegato. 77. puysts, Brocchi, (f. 200, 201).—C. testa quam C. pyrum breviori, tenuiori; apertura angustiori; dentibus minutissi- mis ; basi albida ; lateribus et extremitatibus fulvo-aurantiis ; dorso czerulescente,maculis castaneisirregularibus lentginoso. Note.—Onyzx, pyrum, physis. For some time I have tried to establish a collateral distinction, by which the pale fawn variety of onyx might be separated from the two normal con- ditions. The slopes of the back towards the ends appeared to be more gradual, the ends thicker, and the umbilicus less distinct ; but an examination of intermediate forms in Miss Saul’s collection, subsequently convinced me that the three varieties must remain united under one specific name. I have described the dark brown shell as the type, because probably the normal condition. Pyrwm may be distinguished at a glance, although it is difficult to name absolute cha- racters. It is a much less ventricose shell, with more ob- tuse ends, and no distinct umbilicus. Physis is a shorter shell, and at once distinguished from onya and pyrwm, by the narrow aperture and minute teeth. 78. Watxeri, Gray, (f. 123, 124,125, 536).—C. testa ob- longo-pyriformi, umbilicata, depressiusculé ; dorso czeruleo- aJbicante, trizonato, fasciis undato-maculatis, punctis minu- tissimis lentiginoso; lateribus subflavis, guttis nigro-fuscis sparsim notatis, extremitatibus rotundis, lab postica pro- ducta, columella postica brevi rotunda, dentium interstitiis basique purpureis. Note.—A little in form, and something in the delicacy of colouring, places this shell not far from pulchella and pyri- E 26 CYPREA. formis in the series as to general appearance, although it is very far from either in most of its specific characters. A specimen from New Caledonia, with a chestnut-coloured base, believed to represent Bregeriana, Crosse, is figured in the last plate, but I cannot recognize in it anything more than a variety of our present species. 79. PULCHELLA, Swains., (f. 148-150).—C. testa eleganter pyriformi, anticé producté et attenuaté; termino postico producto, umbilicato; dorso superné yentricoso, maculis semi- lunaribus trifasciato, nonnunquam maculis permaenis sub- centralibus picto, omnino minutissimé punctato; lateribus albis, rubro-fusco guttatis ; basi rotunda; columella brevi, dentibus rubro-fuscis per basim continuis ornataé; labio utrinque acuminato, posticé retrorsum arcuato, columellam superante ; dentibus fuscis, dimidiatim continuatis. 80. pyrivrormis, Gray, (f. 145, 146, 147).—C. testa CO. pul- chellee affini, anticé haud tantum attenuataé; dentibus labi brevibus, rotundis, albis, columellz medianis rubris lineari- bus brevibus. Note.—Pulchella, pyriformis. The anterior extremity is not so attenuated in pyriformis as in pulchella, and the teeth on the outer lip are rounded and white as in ordinary cow- ries; on the middle of the columella, however, the teeth are linear and lengthened, as in pulchella, but in very much less degree. 81. Barctayt, Reeve, (f. 91, 92).—C. testa parva, pyrami- data, ventricosé, pallidé fulva, dorso punctis minutis rufes- centibus aspersi; extremitatibus acuminatis, productis, posticaé supra spiram foveolataé, anticé attenuata utrinque depressa ; basi convex4, extremitatibus angustis varicosis ; apertura angustata ; dentibus prominentibus, columelle circa 21 posticis brevibus anticis elongatis, labii circa 24 elon- gatis elevatis crebris, interstitiis valde profundis; labio posticé valde elevato, columellam superante. Note.—This beautiful shell, unique in the collection of Miss Saul, was brought by Sir D. Barclay from the island of Diego Garcia, of the Mauritius. It is placed in this part of the series on account of its general form ; but its characters are well marked and very peculiar. 82. AuprEyaNna, Jousseawme, (f. 529, 530).—“C. testa piriformis, sohda, polita, in medi ventricosa ; anticé et pos- ticé attenuata, supra luteo-alba, maculis fulvis variegata, CYPRHEA. Pall margine basique luteo; apertura angustiore flexuosa ; utroque latere regulariter dentatis; dentibus elongatis, interstitiis excavatis.” Note-—From the description given, I placed this shell here as its probable position in the series. The drawing subse- quently received shows that it is a near ally of bicallosa, if not a very large specimen of the same, with the callosities unformed or partially obliterated. In the drawing, however, there are no traces of the marginal pits characteristic of the A** group. 83. Sautm, Gask., (f. 85, 86).—C. testéi oblongo-ovata, anticé subattenuaté, fulvescente fusco punctulaté, macula magna mediana dorsali, maculisque parvis lateribus casta- neis; basi subrotundaé, pallescente ; apertura angusta, sub- flexuosa, anticé latiusculé; columella posticé subgibbosa ; dentibus prominulis, albidis, interstitiis aurantiacis ; extre- mitatibus prominentibus, subreflexis ; marginibus prominen- tibus, subangulatis ; spiraé profundé umbilicata. 84. gracitis, Gask., (f. 315, 3816, 317).—C. testa 0. Saule simili, sed magis pyriformi, sulco columellari angusto ; den- tibus tenuioribus, punctis basalibus sparsis, dorsalibus nullis; macula dorsali nulla. Note—Saule and gracilis——There is no danger of con- founding these two shells, although somewhat similar in form. In Saule there is no distinct columellar groove, it is less pyriform than gracilis, and is marked by a conspicuous dorsal spot. 85. unpata, Lamk., (f. 181-134).—C. testa subpyriformi, ventricosi; dorsoviolaceo-castaneo, zonis duabus aut pluribus undulato-albis ornato ; lateribus basique albis, punctis paucis nigricantibus notatis ; dentibus brevibus, validis, labio colu- mellam posticé superante, columella posticé retrorsa, callosa. 86. ztczac, Linn., (f. 135-138).—C. testa quam C. undata minori, angustiori, notis linearibus flexuosis, et zonis pallidé flavescentibus ; basi et lateribus rufo-aurantiis, nigro vividé punctatis ; dentibus tenuioribus. 87. turea, Gron., (f. 142-144)—C. testa OC. undate simili, magis elongata ; dorso fusco-grisescente, fasctis tribus latis zonato, punctis luteo-fuscis irregulariter creberrimé asperso; basi lateribusque creberrimé punctatis; apertura angustiori, rectiuscula ; dentibus tenuioribus; variat zonis conspicuis, punctis minutis sparsis. 28 CYPRAHA. 88. conraminata, Gray, (f. 331, 382).—C. testa quam C. lutea magis cylindrica, minori, basi aurantia, punctis sparsis ; dentibus minutissimis; dorso pallidé purpureo nebulato, sparsim punctato, maculé magna irregulari latero-mediana icto. y Note.—Undata, ziczac, lutea, contaminata. The differ- ences between these species are too obvious to need descrip- tion. The name C. lutea was originally given to the well- Inown variety in which the zones are conspicuous and the lentiginous markings few and small, but that being probably a case of partially developed colouring, it is right to re- gard the fully-coloured shell, which has been named Hum- phreysti, as the type of lutea. Contaminata is small, not quite so pyriform as lutea. It has an orange base, with few spots, and on the back a large chestnut blotch. 89. Goonatiu, Gray, (f. 809, 310).—C. testa parva, ovato- subpyriformi, pallidi; extremitatibus productis, margine reflexo, laterali sparsim punctato; dorso maculé magn cas- tanea irregulariter perforata picto; dentibus minutissimis. 90. rusco-maAcuLATA, Gray, ms., (f. 372, 373).—C. testa Goodallii simili, sed magis cylindricé; lateribus magis de- pressis, basi planulata. 91. asetxus, Linn., (f. 206, 207, 327*).—C. testé oblongo- ovata, eburned; dorso fasciis tribus latis nigro-fuscis ornato ; lateribus vix marginatis; extremitatibus obtusis, incras- satis, reflexo-marginatis ; dentibus obtusis, labu elongatius- culis. 92. cuanpestINA, Linn., (f. 1389, 140, 141, 534).—C. testa ovata, umbilicataé, lacteé'; dorso subincrassato, lineis rufis exilissimis hinc-illic convergentibus transversis ornato; den- tibus validis, lab subelongatis. Note.—Goodallii, fusco-maculata, asellus, clandestina. The two latter require no distinguishng remarks; and fusco- maculata, although similarly marked, has a flattened base, distinguishing it at once from Goodallit. 93. punotata, Linn., (f. 278, 280, 281).—C. testa ovato- subpyriformi, lutescenti; dorso punctis fuscis conspicuis rotundis asperso; terminis acuminatim productis, depresso- marginatis, posticis reflexis; dentibus parvis, labii subelonga- tis, columellz depressis linearibus ; plicd columellari brevi, callo postico crassiusculo. CYPRMHA. 29 94. stERcUS-muscARUM, Lamk., (f. 363-365).—C. testa C. punctate simillimé; terminis magis acuminatis; denti- bus tenuioribus, magis numerosis punctis minutissimis ; columellze callo postico. 95. TRizonata, Sowb. (f. 361, 362).—C. testa O. punctate simil, magis cylindricé ; dentibus minoribus; dorso pallidé castaneo trizonato. Note.—Punctata, stercus-muscarum, trizonata. The two first are pyriform and closely allied. The dots in stercus- muscarum are uniformly finer, and the teeth smaller and more numerous than in punctata. The third species is named from a specimen in the collection of Miss Saul, who also has a young shell, probably of the same species, here named trizonata. It is more cylindrical and solid than stercus-muscarum, which it resembles in the smallness of the teeth. 96. puncTuLata, Gray, (f. 154, 155)—C. testa subgloboso- ovata, crassa, solida, terminis obtusis, vix emarginatis ; dorso elevato, subczeruleo olivaceo-fusco creberrimé lentigi- noso, medio strigis hieroglyphicis notato, lined centrali_ pal- lida, callo laterali super dorsum utrinque expanso ; lateribus subdepressis, fumeo-fulvis, guttis nigris aspersis; basi pla- muscula, subcarneé, ad latera maculis rotundis aspersa; apertura subcentral, posticé recurvé; columella breviuscula, dentibus circa 14 brevibus obtusis, plicé anticé conspicua subremota; labio lato, dentibus circa 18 brevibus acutius- culis. 97. patuipa, Gray, (f. 159, 160, 357).—C. testa subglo- boso-pyriformi, solidi; extremitatibus et latere dextro angusté marginatis; terminis reflexis, excavatis; dorso elevato, subczeruleo fusco-olivaceo creberrimé punctato, me- dio interdum macula castaneé magna picto; basi pallidé fulya, subrotunda, leviter punctata ; apertura tortua, posticé retrorsa ; labio angusto, posticé elevato, recurvo, acuminato. 98.. acuta, A. Adams., (f. 379, 380, 381).—C. testa inter C. pallidam et C. fimbriatam intermedia, quam 0. pallida magis depressi; apertura rectiuscula, terminis magis obtusis; quam C. fimbriata magis pyriformi; apertura magis sinuosa, terminis magis acuminatis; punctis lateralibus conspicuis, macula dorsali mediané conspicua. 99. rimpriata, Giel., (f. 387-391).—C. testa subcylin- 30 CYPRMA. dracea, depressi, basi complanata, lateribus punctatis, extre- mitatibus obtusis latis macul& conspicua utrinque ornatis ; dorso roseo vel griseo, seriatim flammulis undulatis nebu- lato, punctis minutissimis asperso ; apertura recta, lata, cana- libus latis haud profundis ; labio yix incurvo ; dentibus tenui- bus, subelongatis ; columella ad terminos callosa ; dentibus medianis minoribus. 100. micropon, Gray, (f. 8385, 386).—C. testa C. fimbriate affini, sed subpyriformi, extremitatibus acuminatis; apertura angustiori, rectiusculé ; dentibus minutissimis. Note.—Punctulata, pallida, macula, fimbriata, microdon. There are cypreologists who claim to trace an unbroken line of gradation through varieties from the first to the last of these; but I have generally thought I could discover a good break here and there in the most carefully-selected series. The manner in which the lateral deposits are spread over the back in punctulata places it, in fact, much nearer the Arabica group than to pallida. Macula is intermediate between pallida and fimbriata. It is less pyriform than the former, and more so than the latter; the extremities are less produced, and less really reflected; the aperture much less curved posteriorly, and the base more flattened than in pallida, and the converse in every case with regard to fim- briata. The latter is remarkable for wideness and straight- ness of aperture, and broad openness of extremities, while microdon, which at first sight resembles the small, pinky, purple-tipped form of fimbriata, is narrower, has the ends produced and contracted, the mouth narrow and sinuous, and the teeth very small. 101. aneustata, Gimel. (f. 296, 297).—C. testa pyriformi, ventricosa, tenuiuscula; basi albida, subcomplanata ; lateribus conspicué punctis magnis confusis picté; apertura latius- culé, posticé recuryé; labio retrorso, elevato, posticé co- lomellam superante ; dorso elevato ; lateribus declivibus, si- nistro emarginato, latere dextro angustatim marginato, punc- tato, medio saturaté fusco-purpurascente; extremitatibus obtusiusculis ; dentibus numerosis, tenuibus. Var. testa pallidé fulva, immaculata, vel flammulis aurantiis in seriebus tribus picté. (F. 289.) 102. Compront, Gray, (f. 292-295).—C. testa C. angus- tate affini, sed marginibus dorso concayo-depressis ; basi obscure fusco; labio posticé elevatim angulato, infra angu- Jum depresso. CYPRMA. 31 103. pEctivis, Sowb., (f. 287, 328*, 329).—C. testa solida, C. angustate affini, magis pyriformi, anticé declivi; terminis magis deflexis; basi magis convex’; apertura rectiuscula ; dorso roseo-fulyo, maculis fuscis parvis piperito; punctis lateralibus minoribus. 104. preerira, Sol., (f. 285, 286, and var. bicolor, f. 288, 289, 533).—C. testa C. angustate affini, tenuiore, elongato-subcy- lindracea, roseo-fulva, maculis parvis piperita; dorso quadri- fasciato, seu flammulis aurantiis in seriebus tribus picta. 105. punrcarra, Reeve, (f. 290, 291).—Testa CO. angustatce affini, C. piperite simili, sed angustissima, cylindrica, tenuis- sima, sulco columellari expanso. Note.—Angustata, Comptoni, declivis, piperita (bicolor), pulicaria. As these are all probably of one specific origin, their separation becomes little more than a question of con- venience. The distinctions above named are, however, reasonably palpable, and it is not very difficult to sort a number of mixed specimens according to them. The shell generally received as the angustata of Gmelin happens to be the broadest of all, but the name may refer to the outer lip, which is narrow in the whole group, or to the reflected dex- tral margin, which is less spread over the back than in most cowries. Comptoni is distinguished by a peculiar angle and depression under it in the outer lip, a nut-brown and convex base, and concave depressions in the margins. Declivis is a more solid shell, with a peculiar deflexion of the anterior extremity, which slopes from the back, and it is of a light colour, sprinkled over the back. Piperita is coloured in the same manner, but is more cylindrical than the preceding species, with a more convex base. The variety bicolor has three rows of angular flame-like markings; so has also the singular shell, f. 289, from Miss Saul’s collection, which, in other characters, resembles angustata. Pulicaria is quite a cylindrical shell, with depressed back, otherwise resem- bling piperita, excepting that the lower part of the colu- mellar groove is expanded. A*, Group 5. South-African species, with wide apertures ; without margin on the left side. 106. Ancornsis, Gray, (f. 311, 312).—C. test rotundato- pyriformi, pallidé fulva; lateribus dorsoque rubido-fusco maculatis, latere dextro terminisque angusté marginato ; 32 CYPREA. apertura lat&; columella posticé brevissima, dentibus minu- tissimis; labio angusto, posticé elevatim producto, dentibus 18 tenuibus elongatis subdistantibus. 107. epentuLA, Sowb., (f. 318, 314).—C. testa Algoensi affini, terminis magis productis, posticé concayo-depressa ; columella edentula, labio obsoletissimé dentato; dorso sub- cinereo, maculis castaneis magnis picto. Note.—Algoensis and edentula. The latter, besides being nearly or wholly toothless, has a shorter body, and more produced and depressed ends and margins than the former. Its colouring is also more bold, the back being marked by large, distinct blotches. 108. srs, Gray, (f. 800, 301).—C. test&é ovato-subpy- riformi, ventricosd, pallida, crassiuscula, latere dextro ter- minisque marginatis; marginibus incrassatis, angustis ; dorso posticé depresso, vix umbilicato, anticé callo rotun- dato marginato; basi subconvex4; columella posticé brevi, anticé contracti, dentibus depressis brevibus supra medium super basim interdum extensis, ad terminum anticum irre- gulariter elongatis; aperturé lata; labio angusto, posticé elevato, anticé infra medium incurvo, dentibus 21 elonga- tis tenuibus depressis distantibus. 109. casranua, Higgins, (f. 302, 303).—C. testa CO. simili affini, sed pyriformi, posticé umbilicata; terminis magis productis; columellz dentibus irregulariter alternatis ; labu dentibus magis numerosis (26 circa), elongatis, castaneis, nonnunquam intermediis; dorso castaneo interruptim picto. Note.—Similis and castanea. The new shell described by Mr. Higgins has a curiously-interrupted painting of chest- nut, which similis may also have possessed, and the teeth of the outer lip are coloured, as those of similis may also have been, no specimens of the latter having been obtained in a living state. But the pearl-like shape, the umbilical depres- sion, the greater number of labial teeth, and possibly the alternating disposition of the columellar teeth seem to indi- cate something more like specific distinctness of character in castanea, and are consistent in all the specimens we have seen. 110. rusco-pentTata, Gray, (f.298, 299).—C. testa oblongo- subpyriformi, subcinereo-fulva, latere dextro angusté margi- nato ; extremitatibus productis, incrassatis, postica profundé CYPREA. 33 excavataé ; dorso pallidé quadratim maculato, posticé umbili- cato, anticé subsulcato; basi sabcomplanata; columella brevi, obtusé, anticé contracta, posticé callosd, brevi, dentibus de- pressis castaneis sinuatis elongatis per basim currentibus ; apertura latiusculé ; labio posticé elevato, columellam super- ante, recuryo, dentibus elongatis depressis, nonnunquam intermediis, ad marginem acutis. 111. Capensis, Gray, (f. 806, 307, 308).—C. testa ovato- pyriformi, profundé umbilicata, pallidé fusci, maculis casta- nels dorso ornaté; latere dextro depresso, marginato ; mar- gine ad terminum posticum rotundato ; basi depressé ; co- lumella anticé concavé; margine dentato; dorso basique liris rugzeformibus, numerosis, labri dentes versus convergen- tibus, striatis; labio posticé elevato, semilunari; dentibus depressis, ad marginem internum paucioribus, ad marginem externum duplicatis divergentibus. Note. —Fusco-dentata and Capensis. The similarity in form and in the dentition of the outer lip, is remarkable in these two §. African shells, although the transverse fine ridges crossing the base and back in Capensis, not only separate it specifically, but, as some think, generically from the rest of the group. In that respect it forms a connecting link be- tween the Jrivie and the rest of the cowries. A**, Latero-dorsal margins lirated or pitted. 112. crrpraria, Linn., (f. 161-164).—C. test& oblongo- subovata, solida, politissima, albé ; dorso subdepresso, vividé castaneo-aurantio foraminibus rotundis conspicuis magnis perforato picto; terminis obtusis, reflexis, ad latera cre- nato-foveolatis, posticis inequalibus ; latere dextro albo, re- flexo, raro punctis castaneis ornato; basi incrassata, con- vexa; dentibus circa 20 et 21, validis, rotundis, columellz medio minoribus, anticis 4 majoribus tumidis, interstitus profundis, plicé terminali remota, subtruncaté; apertura laté ; labio angusto, incrassato, posticé elevato, anticé sub- truncato. 118. Praser, ms., (f. 167, 168).—C. testa C. cribrarie affini; testa tenuiori, pallidiori ; terminis angustis, approxt- matis, acuminatis, foraminibus magis approximatis. 114. Esonrrop1A, Duclos, (f. 169, 170, 171).—C. testa CO. cribrarie affini, crassiori, breviori; dorso ad medium eleyato ; F 34 CYPREA. lateribus magis expanso-depressis, lateribus minuté punc- tatis. 115. cripentum, Gask., (f. 165, 166).—C. testa C. cribrarice affini, magis cylindraceé; dorso depresso, latere dextro rec- tiusculo ; basi planulata, ad medium rosea, pallidé fasciata ; dentibus columellee parvis, sulco columellari nullo, plica ter- minali prominente ; apertura latiore ; labio planulato ; den- tibus paucioribus. 116. Gasxornit, Reeve, (f. 352, 353).—C. testa O. eribrarice affini, magis ovat&i; basi vix incrassatd, punctis lateralibus minutis, foramimibus minoribus annulatim pallidé circum- scriptis ; dentibus minoribus. Note.—Oribraria, Peasei, esontropia, eribellum, Gaskoinit. These may be only varieties of one essential species, but they are distinguishable. ‘There is a character of thickness in the white enamel of the base, and a swelling in the teeth in cribraria, the typical form of the group, which partly distin- guishes it from the others. It is more cylindrical than any of them, excepting eribellum, which has much fewer teeth, a still more cylindrical form, a more flattened base, and no columellar ledge or groove beyond the surface ; the mouth, in consequence, appears wider. Mr. Reeve has figured a side-spotted variety of cribraria for esontropia, but the true esontropia 1s a broader, heavier, more pyriform shell, with ends more pointed and approximate. The Sandwich Island shell, now named Peasei in collections, has been catalogued in sales, etc., as Gaskoinii ; but the true Gaskoinii is a much more delicately and finely marked and sculptured shell. The aperture is narrower, teeth finer, ends much more pointed and close, lateral and basal dots more minute, sieve- like holes in the dorsal colouring smaller and closer, with faintly rmged margins. Peasei is very much lighter and thimner than the true cribraria, with narrower teeth, more poimted ends, and generally more rounded form. The white disks in all these and the two following species, are not depositions, but perforations in the layer of golden-chestnut colour. 117. Cuminen, Gray, (f. 849, 350, 351).—C. testa oblongo- pyriformi, alba, anticé attenuata; dorso colore fulvescente- castaneo foraminibus rotundis annulatis albis parviusculis perforato picto; extremitatibus angustis, acuminatis, ad latera crenulatim-foveolatis, nigro-lineatis; latere dextro CYPRHA. 35 albo, reflexo, punctis magnis nigricantibus notato ; basi sub- planulata, ereneiten nigro- -punctata ; : apertura angusti 3 CO- lumella utrinque acuminata ; dentibus parvis numerosissimis, plicé) terminali prominente, sulco columellari angustato, anticé acuté dentato ; labio subcomplanato, angusto ; denti- bus elongatis, circa 30. 118. Becki, Gask., (f.341, 342).—C. testa oblonga, utrin- que producta, subrostrata, subumbilicaté, superné pallidé fulva, punctis subocellaribus helvolis sparsi; margine supra subcrenato, basique albis ; labri dentibus crassiusculis, posterius lineolé helvola notatis, columelle gracilioribus, in culmen rectilineum terminantibus, medio obsoletioribus ; sulco columellari profundo, recto, levi, anterius et inferné denticulato. Note.—Oumingii (compta), Beckii. These two are asso- ciated by a strong similarity in form, the acuteness of the extremities, and divergence of the labial teeth. Beckii is a small shell, with delicate brown lines radiating with the teeth and on the lateral margins of the extremities. It has white cribrarious spots, but they are ocellated with brown centres. There is nothing to distinguish the variety named compta from Cumingii,—the branch from the centre of the dorsal scar being accidental or simply varietal. 119. marcarita, Sol., (f. 337, 338).—C. test parva, pyri- formi, pallidé straminea, maculis albis rotundis meequalibus ad dorsum picté, lined dorsali conspicué; extremitatibus acuminatis, postica callosa ; basi convexa; aperturé angus- tissima, tortud; dentibus acutis, columelle brevibus, me- dianis brevissimis ; labio posticé anticeque peculiariter com- pressa, dentibus elongatis radiantibus, medio lato dentibus brevissimis. Note.—The teeth radiate elegantly from the more central part of the disk, and the outer lip is peculiarly pinched up, as it were, at the extremities. The dorsal callosity at the posterior termination, and sometimes in the general cha- racter, Suggests an affinity with the preceding species. 120. aurrata, Gray, (f. 104, 105).—C. testa pyriformi, tenuiuscula, inflata, pallida ; dorso fulvo, guttis albescentibus _ rotundis magnis et parvis asperso, hiatu albido laterali; ex- tremitatibus productis, apertis, reflexis, medio et ad latera iris castaneis super marginem reflexis radiatis ; basi sub- concavé ; apertura lata, intus ceeruled, dentibus castaneis 36 CYPRA#A. super basim utrinque extensis, hine ile bifurcatis ; colu- mellee medio in laminam incrassatam conjunctis, verius ex- tremitates utrinque prominentibus. Note.—The dorsal view of this remarkable shell bears a singular resemblance in form to Lamurekit, or rather eburnea, although it is much larger and more boldly sculptured at the ends ; but, on a view of the base, it is at once perceived that the species is one of those that stand quite alone. The singular manner in which the chestnut-coloured teeth are continued over the base and margins, and collected into a thickened irregular sort of platform in the middle, is not even suggestively approached in any other species. 121. Lamarcku, Gray, (f. 106, 107).—C. testa pyriformi, crassiuscula, inflaté; dorso fulvo, maculis rotundis albis quarum nonnullis punctis centralibus ocellatis numerosis asperso ; lateribus castaneo punctatis; extremitatibus liis fuscis elevatis crenulatim-foveolatis; basi alba; apertura lata, smuata, anticé subexpansé, intus purpurascente ; denti- bus circa 16 et 18 angustis, solidiusculis, interstitis latis ; extremitatibus acuminatis. 122. miniaris, Gmel., (f. 109).—C. testa C. Lamarckiane affini, angustiori, semper immaculata ; dorso fulvo-subviridi, albo perforato. 123. npurNEA, Barnes, (f. 108).—C. testa C. Lamarckiance affini, magis conspicué producti, umbilicaté, foveolaté et dentata, semper alba, immaculata. Note.—Lamarckii, miliaris, eburnea. Probably varieties of the same species, but constant and decided enough to be usefully distinguished. No intermediates have been met with. Coincidently with the difference as to colour, it may be observed that ebwrnea is always more conspicuously um- bilicated, produced and sculptured at the sides than La- marekii. Miliaris is not only never spotted at the sides or ocellated at the back, but is constantly of a narrower form. 124. ocentata, Linn. (f. 102, 103, 243).—C. test& ovato- depressa, brevi; lateribus incrassatis, expansis, reflexis, ex- tremitates versus crenulato-foveolatis ; dorso rufescente, ocel- lis numerosis albis quorum nonnullis hic illic nigro-pupillatis ornato; basi lateribusque albidis, fusco punctatis; apertura flexuosa ; dentibus columelle crassiusculis, labii acutis sub- elongatis, castaneo lineatis. CYPRHA. 37 Note.—Our figure fails to do justice to the beauty of Mr. Walter’s specimen with the large ocelli, in consequence of the intermediate parts being lithographed too darkly. The species has a very great resemblance to Lamuarckii, but it is always more depressed, with the ends not produced. The base is spotted, and the teeth linearly marked. 125. rurpus, Lam., (f. 128, 129, 130).—C. testa crassa, sub- depressa, brevi, obtusa, albid&; dorso fusco-subviridi, punc- tis castaneis parvis creberrimé asperso ; lateribus expansis, incrassatis, maculis castaneis rotundatis aspersis; extre- mitatibus obtusis, ad latera crenulatim foveolatis ; basi sub- depressa, albi'; apertura lata, anticé expans4; dentibus circa 12 et 13, brevibus, subdistantibus; labio lato, infra me- dium expanso, ad terminum contracto. Var. tenuior, subpyriformis; lateribus haud incrassatis. (F. 284.) Note.—This well-known species has an affinity with O. La- marckii, but the differences are too obvious to require de- scription. The variety in which the side-thickening has not been developed is curious, but almost all the species are subject to similar variations in growth. 126. ERosa, Linn., (f. 110-115).—C. testa ovato-oblonga, solidé, subdepressi; dorso aurantio-fulvo, punctis albis minutis creberrimé asperso, maculis castaneis paucis sub- obseuré picto ; lateribus pleramque subexpansis, incrassatis, albis, ad extremitates reflexis liris castaneis, crenulatim foveolatis, maculé magné quadrata fusco-nigricante in medio tinctis, castaneo-fusco punctatis ; basi subcomplanata, alba, nonnunquam punctis lneisque convergentibus rubro-casta- neis notataé; apertura latiusculd, anticé expansa, intus czeru- lea ; dentibus circa 14 et 19, columell brevibus, labu pro- longatis, labio ad margines terminorum crenulato. Var. f. 113, lateribus immaculatis; f. 114, 115, basi lineata et punctatéi; dorso guttis annulato. Note.—There is no species liable to be confounded with this, although it is subject to great variations. 127. Listuri, Gray, (f. 116, 117, 241, 242).—C. testa ovata, depress4, subacuminaté; dorso purpurascente, guttis annu- latis perpaucis punctisque albis minutis creberrimis notata ; lateribus basique purpureis, lineis punctisque saturatioribus ornatis ; extremitatibus minute crenulatim foveolatis ; aper- 38 CYPREA. turd sinuata, anticé expansi; dentibus numerosis, brevius- culis. 128. porartA, Linn., (f. 236, 237).—C. testa C. Listeri affini, parva, brevi, obtusA; basi immaculataé; labii dentibus brevioribus. 129. atpucinosa, Mawe, (f. 256, 257, 517).—C. testa CO. Listeri affini, C. poraric simili, majori, punctis albis in- terstitialibus nullis, guttis annulatis conspicuis ; extremitati- bus apertis ; dentibus minutis. Note.—Listeri, poraria, albuginosa. The three species are strongly inclined to purple colouring at the base and sides, and all have annulated ocelli on the back. The two first have minute white specks between the ocelli, but the last has not. The teeth in albuginosa are small. Poraria is a short, close-mouthed, obtuse-ended shell. It is not spotted hike Lister? on the base, and its teeth are much shorter and more compact. 129%. Macanpret, Sowb., (f. 518*, 519) —See last page. 130. caneranosa, Soland., (f. 230-235 ; var. labio-lineata, Gask., 231.)—C. testa ovato-subdepressa, obtusa, albido- subceeruleé ; dorso plus minusve olivaceo, punctis minutis albis ocellisque annulatis sparsis notato, apice sulcato; ex- tremitatibus fuscis, macula nigro-castanea anticé et posticé pictis; lateribus marginatis, reflexis, crenulatim foveolatis ; basi alba, convexiuscula ; dentibus brevibus, circa 18 et 18, interstitiis angustis. 131. spurca, Linn., (f. 118-122, et 516; var. flaveola, Linn., f. 121).—C. testé C. gangreenose affini; lateribus punctatis, punctisque castaneis super ocellis albis depositis ; labii dentibus magis distantibus ; maculis prope extremitates nullis, nec terminis fuscis. 132. curnica, Sowb., (f. 238, 239, 240).—C. testa C. gan- greenose et O. spurce affini, brevi; dorso elevato; dentibus parviusculis, maculis rotundis albis haud contaminatis. Note.—Gangreenosa, spurca, cernica. All the varieties we have seen of gangrcenosa are tinted with orange-brown, and have black, treacle-like spots at the ends, and the ocelli are annulated. The teeth are generally shorter and closer than in the following species. Fig. 233 represents a curious instance of white superdeposit of enamel covering all but the end blotches of colour. The characteristic of C. spurea, CYPRHA. 39 as to colour, is the superdeposit of a yellow-brown spot on, or half over the white spots. This is seen even in the pale, short, tumid variety named flaveola; but in cernica, from the Mauritius, no trace of this appears; the spots are round and clear. 133. BicaLLosa, Gray, (f. 220, 221).—C. testa ovato-pyri- formi, rubido-crocata, solidé, marginaté ; extremitatibus sub- acuminatis, callositate conspicué munitis, ad latera obscuré crenulatim foveolatis; dorso rotundo, castaneo varié macu- lato et nebulato ; basi incrassaté; apertura angusta, flexuosa ; dentibus validis, super basim columellze ad extremitates elongatis, labu 23 elongatis, interstitiis profundé excavatis ; labio posticé elevato, anticé abbreviato, medio sinuatim pro- ducto. Note.—This very rare shell is one of those that cannot be put beside any other for comparison, the callosities on the termino-dorsal arches, and other characters of form and sculpture, being quite peculiar. It has more affinity with helvola than with any other species. 134. HELVvoLa, Linn., (f. 214-217; var. pallida, tenui, f. 217).—C. testé crass4, depressa, ovata; lateribus incras- satis, reflexis, crenato-foveolatis, crocato-fuscatis ; extremi- tatibus plerumque violaceis, medio albescentibus; dorso fusco, ocellis numerosis albis maculisque castaneo-rubris sparso, colore supra marginem saturatiore; basi crocato- fuscé; aperturé angusté; dentibus validis, circa 12 et 13, ad extremitates super basim extensis, medio breviusculis, interstitiis profundé inciso-excavatis ; labio lato. 135. crrrma, Gray, (f. 218, 219).—C. testa OC. helvole affini; dentibus 18, et 18 parvis, interstitiis haud profundis ; lateribus haud incrassatis ; extremitatibus acuminatis ; labio angustato. Note.—Helvola and citrina. The Sandwich Island form and colouring of helvola are like varieties from that locality of several other species. The colouring is pale yellowish, with the markings only dimly seen; the shell is thinner, and the sculpture sharper than in the common yariety. Citrina is fully distinguished by the shallowness of the dental inter- stices, and the greater number of the teeth. The colouring is also much more simple. The white cribrarious holes left in the ground colouring of helvola are supplemented by superimposed specks of white, which is not the case in citrina. 40 CYPRMHA. Ax***, Ribbed, or tuberculated, or allied to those that are so ; columellar plait distinct. 136. Apamsont, Gray, (f. 401, 402).—C. testa parva, pyri- formi, cancellata, fulva, maculis aurantiis polygonis 6 ad 7 ad dorsum pict&; extremitatibus productis, labii superné elevatéi acuminata incurva, suleo columellari angusto, plic& terminali parva distincta. Note.—This beautiful little species is not striated or ribbed in the same manner as the J’rivice, with which it has, indeed, little affinity. The ribs are spiral, and the terminal columellar plait and lobe are distinct. 187. pustunaTa, Lamk., (f. 396, 397; et. Juv. 398).—C. testa ovata, fusco-cinereé, ad dorsum pustulis aurantiis ro- tundis rubro-marginatis ornaté; extremitatibus productis, approximatis ; basi distanter albicostata, planata, cicatrice dorsali angusta. Note.—In the young state, the shell is spirally ribbed as in 0. Adamsoni. The pustules only appear in adult shells. 138. stapHyLmA, Linn., (f. 223-229 et 518).—C. testa ovato- oblonga, subdepressa, crassiuscula ; dorso plerumque granu- loso, interdum levigato, granulis vel maculis rotundis albis ; extremitatibus aurantio-fusco tinctis, productis, acutis sive obtusis, marginibus reflexis, foveolatis ; basi subcomplanata ; dentibus super basim omnino vel partim prolongatis. Var. levigata, pallida, tenuis, acuta; dentibus tenuibus, f, 225, 225; fimbriatula, f. 518. Note.—No species is so widely variable as this. In f. 228, 229, it is a rounded, beaked shell, granulated all over at the back, and with the dental ridges completely crossing the base. In f. 223, 224, and 227, the interstincta of Wood, and the limacina of Lamarck, the middle teeth of the columellar lip stop suddenly before reaching halfway over. The pale, thin, sharp variety is from the Sandwich Islands. All these varieties, differmg extremely im some specimens, yet pass imperceptibly into each other, so that it is impossible to separate them. 139. nuctevs, Linn., (f. 399, 400).—C. testa alba, seu fulvo- rubescenti, ovata; extremitatibus productis; dorso elevato, irregulariter tuberculato, tuberculis intercostatis ; basi sub- rotunda, costellis transversis numerosis, ad marginem inter- medis divergentibus, terminalibus distinctis divaricatis ; apertura aneusta, cicatrice dorsali latiuscula. CYPRMHA. 41 140. Mapaaascariensis, Gmel. (f. 406-408).—C. testa nuclei simili sed majori, magis depressd; lateribus expansis ; basi magis complanata, costellis distantibus elevatis ; termi- nis obtusis. Note.—Nucleus and Madagascariensis. The more flat- tened form and expanded sides of the latter, with the more distant basal riblets, are sufficient to distinguish it from the former. 14]. Carnprent, Gray (f. 403-405).—C. testa ovata, sub- cylindrica, fulvé, ad extremitates laminis exstantibus mar- ginata; extremitatibus angustatis, productis, posticis trun- catis; costellis transversis, ad lineam dorsalem plurimis continuis, alteris duplicatis ; apertura angustissima. Note.— The dorsal ribs do not radiate at each end as in Trivice, nor are they quite spiral as in Adamsoni. The ter- minations of this shell are very peculiar, having wing-like lateral projections. In form, radiation of teeth, etc., it is nearly allied to the following species. 142. crcercuta, Linn. (f. 343, 344, 345, 346)—C. testa globosé; dorso elevato, plus minusve granuloso, fusco-au- rantio vel pallidé luteo, minuté punctato, interdum maculis magnis ornato; linea dorsali subconspicud; extremitatibus productis, callosis, acuminatis; basi subconvexa; maculis quatuor castaneis plerumque pictéi; dentibus lmearibus, elongatis ; apertura angustissimé. 143. gLosuLus, Linn. (f. 347, 348).—C. testa C. cicerculee affini, magis oblongo-cylindrica ; dorso levigato; lined dor- sali obsoleté ; basi immaculata. Note.—Cicercula, globulus. Cicercula is sometimes granu- lated, and has four basal spots. It is more rounded than globulus, which is uever granulated and has no basal spots. 144. curysauis, Kien., (f. 335, 336)—C. testa C. cicercule forsan affini, sed angustissima, pallida. Note.—I do not know this shell, the figure of which I have copied, and only suppose it may be allied to cicercula or globulus, unless it has been described from a very young specimen of some well-known species. 145. annunata, Gray, (f. 339, 340).—C. testa ovato-globosa, obtusé subrostrata, pallidé fulva ; dorso lateribusque maculis rotundis luteis annulatim circumscriptis ineequalibus pictis ; apertura angustissima, subtortud ; dentibus minutissimis. G 42 CYPRMA. Note.—In arranging the species according to their nearest affinities, it is difficult to find a place for this beautiful ring- painted shell, which, notwithstanding some general resem- blance in form to cicercula, etc., presents a complete contrast to that species in the obtuseness of the closely converging extremities. B. No lobe or plait at end of columella. Dorsal ribs radia- ting from central line. Subgenus Trivia. * Narrow aperture, broad outer lip. 146. raprans, Lamk., (f. 420, 421, 422).—C. testa ovato- subglobosa, fusco-erisescenti vel subrosea ; margine dilatato ; dorso subdepresso, medio macula magna notato; suleco me- diano Jato ; costellis dorsalibus obscuré lentiginosis, validis distantibus, utrinque circa 10 ad sulcum in nodulos elevatos terminantibus, circa 7 mtermediis ad latera desinentibus ; basi subplanulata, costellis dentalibus et paucis intermediis yalidis, ad margines extensis; apertura latiuscula; extre- mitatibus retusis; sulco columellari angusto dentato. 147. Sotanpri, Gray, (f. 418, 419)—C. testa C. radianti affini; dorso magis elevato ; lateribus haud tantum dilatatis ; basi magis convexd; labii margine interno dentibus inter- stitialibus plurimis armato ; nodulis costellaram minoribus. 148. costis-punerata, Gask., (f. 452, 453).—C. testa O. ra- dianti affini, costellis conspicué lentigimosis, maculis dorsali- bus plurimis, sulco angustiori; lateribus haud tantum dila- tatis ; basi rotundo, sulco columellari lato. 149. pepauperata, Sowb., (f. 423, 424).—C. testa C. radi- anti affini, depresso-globosa, pallida, immaculata ; costellis dorsalibus perpaucis, in sulcum medianum angustatum alter- natim desinentibus, quarum plurimis prope suleum tumi- diusculis. Note.—Radians, Solandri, costis-punctata, depauperata. The back of Solandri is much more elevated, and the sides not so much spread, asin radians. The base is rounder anda few short termediate teeth on the inner edge of the outer lip, cause it to appear much more closely serrated. Costis- punctate also has a rounded base, but in other respects more CYPRHA. 43 generally resembles radians. Its colour is that of the ordi- nary pediculus, and the spots on the back are divided; the ribs are also spotted and the dorsal groove is narrow. De- pauperata is quite distinct. It has a narrow groove, in which the very few ribs, slightly swelled, but not tubercu- lated, meet alternately. 150. pepicutus, Linn., (f. 429-438).—C. testi ovato-sub- globosa, carneo-grisescente, vel subroseaé fuscescente super costas marmorataé ; dorso rotundo, maculis fuscis semipicto ; costelliis numerosis, subundatis, plurimis ad sulcum dorsalem in tuberculum parvum desinentibus, alteris interstitialibus ; interstitiis granosis ; sulco dorsali angusto, elongato, margi- nibus terminalibus lateralibusque subangulatim reflexis in- crassatis ; basi convex; columellé utrinque varicos4, sulco columellari lato. Var. globosa, marginibus crassissimis (f. 430). Var. colore fusco-rubescenti, lateribus basique fumeo-pur- pureis ; costellis paucioribus, basalibus albis, marginibus cras- sissimis elevatis.—C. labiosa, Gaskoin (f.433,434 et 435, typ.). Var. parva, rubra.—C. coccinella, Lamk. Var. costellis subcrenulatis, colore fumeo-fuscato ; maculis dorsalibus tribus lateris dextri in maculam unam coalescenti- bus et expansis.—C. cimex, Hugh Owen (f. 436, 437, 438). Note.—In this species the base is turned upwards at the sides in a peculiar manner, soas to form a marginal ridge, as seen from the back. In the variety named C. labiosa, and afterwards acknowledged as a variety of pediculus by Mr. Gaskoin, this peculiarity is exaggerated, as is also the dis- tance of the basal tooth-ridges. It is also of a different colour from the ordinary shell, and the ribs are smoother than usual in the species. These peculiarities happen to concurin Mr. Gaskoin’s type specimen, which is unique, but they also occur separately or interchangeably, or in different degrees in many specimens and varieties. In var. cimex the tendency of the species to crenulation or waving in the dorsal ribs is exaggerated, and another peculiarity is, that on the right side of the back the usual three dark patches are amalgamated into one blotch covering one side. 151. Maveurim, Gray, (f. 450, 451).—C. testa subpyri- formi, ovata, fulvo-rosacea ; dorso rotundo, maculis grandibus tribus medianis obscuré tincto; costellis tenuibus, subflexu- 44. CYPREHA. osis, ad suleum nodosis; sulco angusto; margine dextro reflexo, roseo; basi convexéi; columella anticé et posticé varicosa ; sulco columellari lato, dentato, anticé expanso ; apertura lata. Note.— The specimen here figured from the collection of Miss Saul, is the finest known. It is described by Mr. Gray as intermediate between australis and rosea. 152. prsum, Gask., (f. 448, 449).—C. testa spheeroidali, pal- lescente ; costellis prominentibus, ex apertura ad lineam dorsalem decurrentibus et in lmeam attenuatam terminanti- bus ; dentibus prominentibus ; sulco columellari lato ; aper- turd latiuscula, posticé flexuosi; basi rotundataé ; margine externo incrassato, supra extremitates extenso; extremitati- bus crassis ; lined dorsali profunda, ex extremitatibus posticis ad anticam testee partem continua. Note.—The type specimen from the collection of Mr. Taylor, late Gaskoin, is a pale coloured, but not a white shell. The ribs are disposed rather transversely, 7. e. less than usually radiated, and terminate rather thinly at the dorsal groove, their ends intercalating alternately. The dorsal line is long. 153. suncata, Gask., (f. 454, 455).—C. testa ovato-globosa, ventricosa, alba ; basi rotundata ; apertura latiuscula, posticé incurva, canalibus profundis et latis ; dentibus sequalibus ; labii externi circa triginta, lateris columellaris viginti, supra columellam continuis, marginem internum serratum forman- tibus; costellis prominentibus, plerumque ad impressionem dorsalem terminantibus, pseudo-costellis ad utramque extre- mitatem circa decem ; sulco columellari lato, profundo, mar- gine externo prominente acuto; extremitatibus obtusis, crassis ; spiré conspicué; impressione dorsali conspicua. Note.—Suleata is very globose, with a slight dorsal de- pression, more coarsely ribbed than formosa, which has no dorsal groove. The posterior callus of the inner lip is pecu- larly small and sharp, and the columellar sulcus curiously expanded. The type in Mr. Taylor’s (late Gaskoin’s) collec- tion has rather the appearance of a partially formed shell. 154. pubnx, Sol., (f. 492, 493, 494).—C. testa ovato-sub- pyriformi, tenuiuscula, ventricos’; dorso fusco- vel cinereo- purpureo, medio levigato vix sulcato, ad latera costellis albidis tenuibus radiatim hrato ; spirafrequenter conspicua ; CYPRMA. 45 et extremitatibus margine dorsali albis, reflexis ; basi albida, labio columellari posticé et anticé varice albo parvo promi- nente desinente, costis dentalibus subincrassatis ; labio albo, incrassato, medio subexpanso, dentibus ad marginem acutis ; suleo columellari angusto. Note.—The most mature specimens have a smooth ribless region on the middle of the back, in the central line of which is a very slight depression. 155. surrusa, Gray (f. 444, 445, 446, 447).—C. testa ob- longo-ovata, carneo-rosaceé, tenui; dorso subdepresso, ad medium bimaculato; costellis numerosissimis, crenulatis, len- tiginosis, ad suleum medianum plerumque desinentibus; sulco angustato; extremitatibus roseis, obtusis, margine dextro subreflexo ; basi sabconvexo, columella utraque extremitate acuté varicosa; labio albo, minuté dentato. Var. C. pullata, Owen, colore fumeo-fuscato; dorso ma- culA magna latere dextro tincto fusco suffuso, latere sinistro trimaculato (f. 446, 447). 156. pacrrica, Gray (f. 441-443).—C. testa C. suffuse af- fini, graciliori ; extremitatibus magis productis, costellis tenuioribus, maculis dorsalibus senis. 157. quaprieuncrata, Gray (f. 460-463).—C. testa C. suf- fuse affini, rosed ; dorso subdepresso ; sulco dorsali angustis- simo, brevi; costellis minutis acutis, magis divaricatis, ad sulcum desinentibus subangulatis, maculis castaneis rubris tribus vel quatuor parvis; variat colore albo vel brunneo, variat etiam dorso immaculato. 158. arrinis, Marratt (f. 464, 465).—C. testa pallida, C. suffuse affini, T. pacifice simili ; extremitatibus expansis et productis ; sulco dorsali nullo. 159. austrauis, Lamk. (f. 439, 440).—C. testa C. suffuse affini, majori, levigata, pallidé carnea; costellis tenuibus, maculis dorsalibus conspicuis. Note.—Suffusa (pullata), pacifica, quadripunctata, affinis, australis. In pacifica the ribs are finer, scarcely crenulated, and more radiating than in suffusa, while the extremities are more produced, and the form more attenuated. Al- though Mr. Owen possesses several specimens from the same locality of his pullata, showing the same peculiarity of the brown spots on the right side being amalgamated into a A6 CYPRMA. single tint covering the whole right surface, as is also the case with his cimez,—I can see no collateral distinguishing character, and do not think this sufficient. The finely- ribbed quadripunctata, with its three or four little spots on the dorsal line, is conspicuously distinct. And Mr. Marratt’s affinis, although resembling pacifica in form and character of ribs, etc., has no dorsal groove. Australis is the largest and smoothest shell of the group; the ribs fine, neither freckled nor crenulated. The margin is generally rose-tinted, and the brown spots on the back very distinct. 160. crcarrosa, Sowb. (f. 458, 459).—C. test& alba, parva, crass, subglobos4, posticé subexpansi, margine terminali postico crasso, lato; dorso subelevato; sulco tortuo, brevi, profundissimo ; costellis crassiusculis, rotundis, divergenti- bus; basi subcomplanata; labio columellari brevi, utrinque calloso; costellis paucis, rotundis, crassis; sulco columellari profundo ; labio posticé przecipué latissimo, crasso. Note.—Remarkable for its very deep dorsal sulcus and the posterior expansion of the lip. 161. nivea, Gray (f. 468, 469).—C. testé globoso-ventri- cosa, obtusa, alba, vix marginatéi; extremitatibus obtusis ; dorso sulco elongato conspicuo mediano diviso, costis crassis undulato-subnodosis ad sulcum abrupté desinentibus armato ; basi rotunda, haud varicos4; labio columellari brevi; sulco lato ; labio lato, medio subdilatato. 162. oryza, Lamk. (f. 474—476).—C. test& alba, ovato-glo- bosa, ad latera vix marginaté; extremitatibus plus minusve productis, obtusis; dorso medio leviter sulcato; costellis tenuibus, numerosis, plerumque per sulcum continuis, inter- stitiis granulatis ; basi convex, columella utrinque subvari- cosa; labio medio dilatato. 163. scapriuscuLa, Gray (f. 472, 473),—C. testa OC. oryze affini ; dorso magis elevato ; costellis paucioribus, magis ra- diantibus ; sulco dorsali brevyi; extremitatibus subrostratis. 164. insncta, Mighaels (f.477, 478, 479).—C. testa C. oryze affini, parva, elongati, angusti; extremitatibus haud tantum emarginatis. 165. aranpo, Gash. (f. 470, 471).—C. testa C. oryze affini, nitenti, multo magis globosé; extremitatibus acuminatis ; CYPRAA. 47 costellis tenuioribus, numerosissimis ; apertura angustissima, subspiraliter sinuata ; columellz varicibus terminalibus acu- tis, angustis, prominentibus. 166. virrma, Gash. (f. 456, 457).—C. testa C. oryze affini, C. grandini simili, etiam magis globos4 ; extremitatibus haud productis; sulco profundo; costellis acutis, majoribus, ad sulcum subangulatis, alternatim partim interruptis; basi rotunda, varicibus nullis. 167. auoposa, Gray, (f. 466,467, 524*).—C. testa C. oryze affini, C. vitreee simil, minuta, globoso-brevissima ; extremi- tatibus brevissimis, acutis; sulco dorsali profundo, angusto, ad extremitates continuo ; costellis numerosissimis, tenuibus, ad sulcum abrupté terminantibus. 168. Brevissmma, Sowb. (f. 523, 524).—C. testa C. globose affini, sed sulco dorsali nullo aut inconspicuo. Note.—I observed several specimens of this in the collec- tions of Miss Saul and Mr. Hugh Owen after the completion of the Plates. In every respect it appears like globulus, ex- cepting in the having scarcely any dorsal mark, in some specimens none. Nivea, oryza, scabriuscula, insecta, grando, vitreea, globosa, brevissima. Although Mr. Gaskoin’s observations threw some doubt over the identity of Gray’s species nivea, it will be better to retain the name, as applied in the ‘ Conchological Illustrations’ and in the ‘Conchologia Iconica,’ to the rough-ribbed species figured. We believe f. 474, 475, 476 to represent the true Lamarckian oryza. Specimens of the same are in the Cumingian cabinet, as C. Sandwichensis. C. scabriuscula of Gray may quite possibly be a variety of the same species, but is characterized by coarser sculpture, a higher, rounded back, produced, rostrated extremities, and very short dorsal sulcus. Insecta, on the other hand, is of a uniformly small size, narrow elongated form and de- pressed back, and, like oryza, lengthened sulcus. All three have smooth ribs and granulated interstices; and it is quite an open question whether they should be regarded as one species (oryza) or as three. Globosa is extremely short and round, with extremities scarcely produced, a very narrow aperture, and a sharply-cut dorsal suleus reaching to the extremities. The ribs are abruptly interrupted at the sulcus. Grandois more like oryzain general form, although 48 CYPRHA. much more globose; it is extremely finely ribbed, and has an almost spirally smmuous, very narrow aperture, with very small and sharp varices on the columellar hp. Vitra is still more globose, with a pellucid texture and coarser ribs, angulated and depressed at the dorsal sulcus, which some of them cross in continuation, while others end alternately with each other. For brevissima, see sp. 168. 169. susrostrata, Gray, (f. 480, 481, 482, et 489).—C. testa globosa, solidd, fusco-purpurascenti; margine dextro obtusé6 marginato; extremitatibus subrostratis, obtusis ; suleo dorsali brevi, conspicuo ; costellis numerosissimis, per sulcum plurimis continuis, plurimis alternatim interruptis ; basi rotunda; columellé brevi, utrinque obtusé varicosa ; sulco subeequaliter angustato; apertura angusté, arcuata. 170. puna, Gask., (f. 490, 491).—C. testa C. subrostrate affini, magis elongat&; costellis tenuioribus, per lmeam dor- salem plerumque continuis, lineé dorsali subdepress incon- spicua ; sulco nullo. Note.—Subrostrata and pulla. The dorsal groove in subros- trata is well-marked and conspicuous ; some of the ribs cross it, others are interrupted and their ends intercalate. Pulla has no distinct sulcus, has finer ribs, and is less globose. 171. sanauinua, Gray, (f. 483-486).—C. testa ovata, fusco- purpurascenti vel rosescenti, frequenter latera versus basim- que nigricanti; lateribus dilatatis, leviter depresso-margina- tis ; extremitatibus obtusis ; lined dorsali brevi, vix depressa, medio macula sanguinea magna picté, utrimque albida ; cos- tellis albidis, crassis, validé divaricatis et radiantibus, ple- rumque per sulcum continuis ; basi convexa, labiis dilatatis ; columella vix varicosé ; apertura arcuata, ad terminos leviter arcuata, costellis dentalibus et interstitialibus crassis, albidis. 172. rusca, Gray, (f. 487, 488).—C. testa CO. sanguinee affini, parva, angustd, omnino fumeo-fusca ; costellis tenuio- ribus; dorso magis rotundo-elevato, lined centrali albida ; latere dextro conspicué marginato ; extremitatibus productis, acutis ; columella utrinque varicosa, labio angustato. 173. RruBinicotor, Gask., (f. 500, 501).—“ C. test&i ovato- subglobosa, utrinque subrostrata, rubella; extremitatibus pulchré roseo-rubris ; labro incrassato, convexo ; costis acutis, continuis, indivisis ; lined dorsali nulla.” CYPRMA. ; 49 174. Canirornica, Gray, (f. 425, 426).—C. testa CO. san- guinee affini; costellis crassis, perpaucis, ad suleum subtu- berculatis, nonnullis interruptis. 175. propucta, Gash, (f. 495, 496).—C. testa albida, ovato- subglobosa, linea medianaé subdepressa ; dorso elevato ; late- ribus subdilatatis ; extremitatibus crenulatis, productis ; basi planulata; apertura angustatd, utrinque acutidentatd; cos- tellis dorsalibus acutis, elevatis, conspicué versus medium convergentibus, plerumque per lneam dorsalem continuis ; interstitiis crenulatis. 175*. paucitirata, Sowb., (f. 502, 526). See page 53. Note.—Sanguinea, fusca, rubinicolor, Californica, producta, paucilirata. Fig. 486 is a shell from California, only differing slightly in colour from the type of sanguinea. It is difficult to state characters distinguishing fusca from sanguinea that are positive, although compared with the normal form of the latter, the former appears very different. It is smaller, nar- rower, more produced, more finely ribbed, more distinctly bordered, and emarginated at the ends, and the ribs are of the same colour as the rest of the shell. Notwithstanding some puzzling apparent intermediate varieties of the larger shell, I think on the whole that fusca may be regarded as distinct. Rubinicolor has the teeth more numerous and even; very few of the dorsal ribs terminate either at the sides or at the dorsal line. The shell is also smaller and shorter, with the upper border more dilated. Californica is more nearly allied to sanguinea, having the same converging character of ribs ; but the ribs are much fewer and thicker; some of them swelled or tuberculated at the dorsal line, which is slightly depressed. Producta, although a white shell, has much more affinity with sanguinea than with scabriuscula, by reason of the converging character of the dorsal ribs and the slight- ness of the dorsal depression. Paueilirata is small, with fewer ribs and more distinct sulcus than producta. 176. TrRemEzA, Ducl., (f. 510, 511).—C. testa ovato-ros- trata ; pallidé rosea, vividé utrinque rubro maculata ; dorso rotundo, breyi; lineé mediané leviter impressd; costellis dorsalibus, valde convergentibus, plerumque per lineam dor- salem continuis; paucis intermediis ; basi convexd; extre- mitatibus exiguis ; apertura angustissima. Note.—Tremeza of Duclos is exiqua of Gray. It is amost H 50 CYPRAIA, remarkable little shell, which has very radiating dorsal nbs and bright pink patches of colour. Specimens vary in the character of the dorsal line ; in some it is crossed by nearly all the ribs, in others it is the point at which they cease. 177. acuTipentata, Gask.—C. “testa candida, ovato-glo- bulosa, utrinque subproducta ; labro incrassato ; costis acutis prominentibus; dorsum versus partim interruptis, opacis, interstitiis ineequalibus, nitidulis; columella conyexiuscula, absque plica.” The original type was broken by Mr. Gaskoin after de- scription, and the fragments preserved in Miss Saul’s col- lection are quite incomplete. 178. Eurorma, Mont., (f. 503, 504; young, 527, 528).— C. test& ovata, subventricosa, carneo-grisescente, lined cen- trali, basique albis, maculis dorsalbus nigrescentibus qua- tuor, terminalibus saturatioribus; latere dextro marginato ; extremitatibus obtusis; costellis levibus, numerosis, rotun- dis, per lineam dorsalem continnis ; basi rotunda; columella utrinque breviter varicosé, sulco columellari profundo, lato ; apertura latiuscula; extremitatibus subeequalibus. 178*. mubtitrrata, Sowb., (f. 427, 428, 521, 522).—C. testa roseA, immaculata, quam OC. Huropea magis globosa ; costellis numerosis, acutis, haud tantum radiantibus; co- lumellee varice postico parvo, acuto, conspicuo.—Hab. Adri- atic. 179. Narvournt, Ducl., (f.505).—C. testa O. Huropeece affini, angustiore ; extremitatibus magis productis; labii columel- lam superanti; apertura angustiore, sulco columellari con- tracto; costellis acutiusculis, dorso magis convergentibus ; colore griseo, noununquam nebulato; maculis subtermina- libus duabus tantum parvis. 180. canpiputa, Gask., (f. 508, 509).—C. testa C. Huropcece affini, alba, breviore, margine dextro posticé magis expanso ; costellis paucis, dorso vix divaricatis; basi subcomplanata, labio lato ; columella varicibus incrassatis. 181. ruBescens, Gray, (f. 506, 507, 520).—C. testa C. Hu- rope aftini, rosea, immaculata, breviore; costellis acutis, paucis ; columella: varicibus acutiusculis. 182. prntuctpuLa, Gashk., (f. 497, 498, 499).—C. testa ovata, nitida, albicante, subhyalina; costellis continuis, ad 1 ot CYPRAA. utrumque latus aperture terminatis; dentibus eequalibus, minimis numerosisque; sulco columellari profundo, lato ; linea dorsali nulla; extremitatibus valde productis et obtu- sis; apertura recta, posticé subsinuata. 183. rormosa, Gask., (f. 518*, 519.) —O. testa “ovato-glo- bosa, tenui, ceriseo-subnitente, pallidé rosea, subnebulosa ; anticé saturatiore ; basi albida, costis numerosis, confertis, continuis, ad basin non interruptis ; margine subincrassato ; apertura latiusculd ; linea dorsali nulla.” Note.—Huropea, Napolini, candidula, rubescens, pelluci- dula, formosa. In all the above species the ribs are not in- terrupted by any dorsal line. Coccinella and arctica are va- rieties of Huropea, and bullata is only the young pellucid state of the same. It was not till after examining a number of specimens that the separability of Napolini was decided, but the differences appear pretty uniform. It is much nar- rower and more produced at the extremities, its dorsal ribs are more convergent towards the middle of the shell, and they are fewer and sharper than in Europea. It has only two small spots, one at each end of the dorsal line. Pelluet- dula has much the same form, but is white, and still more beaked; its ribs are very fine indeed, and the aperture very narrow and subspirally sinuated. Candidula is a white shell, much shorter, thicker, and more coarsely-ribbed than Europea. The margin is dilated, particularly at the poste- rior end, and the outer lip is broad and thick. Rubescens resembles candidula in form, but is of a rose-pink colour, and is not so dilated at the upper margin. Its ribs are coarser and sharper than in Huropea. Crebricostata, first figured for formosa, has the ribs much more numerous than in Huropea. It is also more globose, with the posterior varix of the columella peculiarly sharp, small, and recurved. The true formosa (from type) is a whitish shell, very deli- cately suffused with a rose blush; it is slightly pyriform, with very numerous, fine ribs. B**, Broad and inflated, with wide apertures, and narrow outer lips. 184. ontscus, Lamk., (f. 416, 417).—C. testa lata, subquad- rata, ventricos’, fulva grisescenti, conditione viventi irides- 52 CYPRHA. centi; terminis latis obtusissimis; margine labii extus in- crassato; costellis tenuibus, penitus ad lneam dorsalem ex- tensis, subdistantibus ; interstitiis planatis; apertura lata ; columella superné inflata, medio contracta, anticé inflata, concava, dentat&; linea dorsali lata, planata. 185. ovuta, Lamk., (f. 409, 410, 411).—C. testa forma C. onisci simili, sed costellis obsoletis; margine columella et labio solum dentatis; cicatrice dorsali nulla. 186. vusicutaris, Gask., (f. 412, 413).—C. testa C. onisct simili, sed tenuiore ; costellis magis numerosis, approximatis, ad dorsum vix interruptis; columella extremitatibus acutis, distinctis. 187. carnza, Gray, (f.414, 415).—C. testa 0. onisei simili, sed multo angustiore ; apertura haud tantum apert&; costel- lis super dorsum continuis ; cicatrice dorsali nulla. Note.—Oniscus, ovulata, vesicularis, rosea. In oniseus the ribs do not meet at the back, but have a smooth dorsal line between their ends. In vesicularis they are much finer, and are scarcely interrupted at the dorsal line. Ovu- lata is nearly smooth at the back. Rosea, which is more ovate than the preceding, is of a very delicate rose tint, and the ribs are not interrupted at the back by dorsal line or groove. 129*. Macanpret, Sowb., (f. 5387, 538).—C. testé elongato- ovata, levi; extremitatibus productis, contractis, lateraliter liratim foveolatis, depressis, medio callosis, margine sinistro castaneo punctato liratim foveolato; dorso subdepresso, punctis albis minutis et ocellis fuscis castaneis majoribus albo-punctatis rarioribus sparso; lateribus basique fulvis ; basi subcomplanata, ad latera maculis rotundis numerosis conspicuis ornaté; apertura angusti; dentibus 23 et 18, co- lumellas medianis minutissimis, anticis acutis validis, promi- nentibus incrassatis, labii acutis breyibus prope marginem concinné castaneo lneatis. Note——The characters of the aperture distinguish this neat little shell from a variety of C. spuwrca, which it some- what resembles. The mouth is narrow, the teeth are very fine and sharp. Im the middle of the columella they are extremely minute, but a few anterior ones are prominent and conspicuous. Those of the outer lip have neat lines of CYPRMA. 53 colour behind them. The shape of the shell is more ele- gant, and the ends produced, sharp and contracted. 175*. pauciiirata, Sowb., (f. 502, 526).—C. testa C. pro- ductce affini, sed parva; costellis paucis; sulco dorsali con- spicuo.—Hab. ? INDEX. Achatidea, Sowb., Physis. Achatina, Sol., ventriculus. acicularis, Gmel., spurea. acutidentata, 177, Gask., figured. Adamsonii, 136, Gray, f. 401, 402. . adusta, Lamk., onyx. affinis, 158, Marr, f. 464, 465. albella, Lamk., caput-serpentis ? albuginosa, 129, Aawe, f. 256, 257, and 517. alga, Perry, mappa. Algoensis, 106, Gray,f. 311, 312. amethysta, Linn., Arabica. angustata, 101, Gray, f. 296, 297. annulata, 145, Gray, f. 339, 340. annulus, 51, Zinm., f. 252, 253. aperta, Gray, oniscus. approximans, ?, candidula? Arabica, 42, Zinn., f. 59-61, and 282, 283. arabicula, 46, Zamk., f. 38, 39. arctica, Mont., Europea. arenosa, 34, Gray, f. 9, 10. argus, 2, Linn., f. 14, 15. arlequina, Chemn., reticulata. armandina, Ducl., suffusa. asellus, 91, Zinn., f. 206, 207, and 327*. Aubreyana, 82, Jouss., f.529, 530. aurantium, Mart., aurora. aurora, 58, Sol.,f. 7, 8. Australis, 159, Zamh., f.439, 440. Barclayi, 81, Reeve, f. 91, 92. Barthelemy, Crosse, moneta. Beckii, 118, Gask., f. 341, 342. bicallosa, 133, Gray, f. 220, 221. bicolor, Gask., piperita. not bicornis ?, Mus. bifasciata, Gmel., cervus. Boivinii, Kien., gangreenosa. Bregeriana, Crosse, Walkeri. brevidentata, 30, Sowd., f. 325, 326. brevissima, 168, Sowd., f. 523, 524. Broderipii, 39, Gray, f. 87, 88. bullata, Mont., Europea. Caledonica, Crosse, lynx. Californica, 174, Gray, f. 425, 426. camelopardalis, Ferry, stoma. candidula, 180, Gask., f. 508, 509. Capensis, 111, Gray, f. 306-308. caput-anguis, Phil., not identified. caput-serpentis, 47, Linn., f. 72, 73, 539. carnea, 187, Gray, f. 414-415. carneola, Martyn, ventriculus. carneola, 33, Linn., f. 11-13, 322. carrosa, Gron., caurica. castanea, 109, Higgins, f. 302, 303. caurica, 16, Zinn., f. 188-193, and 818, 319. cauterata, Chemn., stercoraria, 53. cernica, 132, Sowd., f. 238-240. cervina, Lamk., cervus. cervinetta, Kien., cervus. cervus, 8, Linn., f. 89*, 90*, and 181. Childrenii, 141, Gray, f. 403- 405. chrysalis, 144, Avener, f. 335, 336. cicatrosa, 160, Sowd., f. 458, 459. melano- IN DEX. cicercula, 142, Zinn., f. 343-346. cimex, H. Owen, pediculus. cinnamomea, Olivi, pyrum. cinerea, 10, Gmel., f. 92*, 93. citrina, 135, Gray, f. 218, 219. clandestina, 92, Zinn., f.139-141. clara, 11, Gash., f. 91* and 222. coccinella, Lamk., Europiea. coffea, 26, ms., f. 359, 360. commixta, Wood, lutea. Comptoni, 102, Gray, f. 292— 295. concava, H. Owen, casurica. conspurcata, Gmel., stercoraria. contaminata, 88, Gray, f. 331, 2. controversa, Gray, isabella. costata, Gmel., not known, un- less carnea. costis-punctata, 148, Gask., f. 452, 453. cribellum, 115, Gass, f. 165, 166. eribraria, 112, Zinn., f. 161-164. Crossei, Marie, stolida. cruenta, 17, Gmel., f. 185-187. Cumingii, 117, Gray, f. 349-851. cylindrica, 20, Born., f. 266-268. dama, Perry, nivosa. declivis, 103, Sowd., f. 287, 328*, 329. depauperata, 149, Sowd., f. 423, 424. diluculum, Reeve, undata. dubia, ——?, cervus. eburnea, 123, Barnes, f. 108. edentula, 107, Sowd., f. 313, 314. eglantina, Ducl., Arabica. erosa, 126, Linn.,f. 110-115. errones, 64, Linn., f. 156-158. erythreensis, 29, Beck., f. 328, 324. esontropia, 114, Duclos, f. 169, 170; Wl Europea, 178, Mont., f. 503, 504, and 527, 528. exanthema, 4, Zinn., f. 182-184, and 330. exusta, 6, Gray, f. 77, 78. or uw exigua, Gray, tremeza. fabula, Kien., felina. Jasciata, Gmel., stercoraria. felina, 22, Gmel., f. 392-395. JSeminea, Gmel., tigris. Serruginosa, Kien., Sowerbyi. fimbriata, 99, Gmel., f. 387-391. Jlammea, Gmel., tigris, young. flaveola, Lamk., spurea. JSlavescens, Born., pyrum. formosa, 183, Gask., f. 518*, 519. Sragilis, Linn., Arabica. Fragilis, Gmel., Mauritiana. Friendii, Gray, Scotti. fusca, 172, Gray, f. 487, 488. fusco-dentata, 110, Gray, f. 298, 299. fusco-maculata, 90, Gray, f. 372, 373. gangreenosa, 130, Sol., f. 230— 235, 531. Gaskoinii, 116, Reeve, f. 352, 353. gemmula, Gould., tremeza. gibba, Gmel., stercoraria. globosa, 167, Gray, f. 466, 467, 524*, globulus, 143, Linn., f. 347, 348. Goodallii, 89, Gray, f. 309, 310. gracilis, 84, Gask., f. 315-317. grando, 165, Gask., f. 470, 471. Grayi, Kien., physis. guttata, 120, Gray, f. 104, 105. guttata, Lamk., pantherina. helvola, 134, Linn., f. 214-217. hirundo, 28, Linn., f. 382-384. histrio, Gmel., reticulata. hordacea, Kien., insecta. Humphreysii, Gray, lutea. icterina, Lamk., moneta. Indica, Gmel., seurra. insecta, 164, Mighaels, f. 477, 478, 479. intermedia, Kien., oryza. interrupta, 14, Gray, f. 271-274, 535. interstincta, Wood, staphylia. irescens, —— 7, macula. 56 INDEX. irina, Kien., nigropunctata. isabella, 9, Zinn., f. 16, 17, 18, 258. irrorata, 18, So/., f. 304, 305. labio-lineata, Gask., gangreenosa. labiosa, Gask., pediculus. lactea, Wood, eburnea. Lamarckii, 121, Gray, f. 106, 107. latyrus, Kien., sanginea. leucodon, 35, Brodp., f. 19, 20. leucostoma, 49, Gask., f. 36, 37. lentiginosa, 73, Gray, f. 151, 152, 153. limacina, Lamk., staphyleea. Listeri, 127, Gray, f. 116, 117, and 241, 242. lota, Lamk., spurca ? lota, Wood, ovulata. lurida, 7, Zinn., f. 64, 65. lutea, 87, Gron., f. 142-144. lynx, 63, Linn., f. 85*, 86*, 87*, 88*. Macandreei, 129*, Soowd., f. 537, 538. macula, 98, ddams., f. 379-381. maculata, Gray, Sowerbyi. Madagascariensis, 140, Gmel., f. 406-408. mappa, 41, Linn., f. 24-28. marginata, 56, Gask., f. 45, 46. margarita, 119, Sol., f. 337, 338. Maugeriez, 151, Gray, f. 450, 451. Mauritiana, 45, Zinn., f. 51, 52. melanostoma, 62, Leathes, f. 34, 35. Menkeana, 27, Desh., f. 333, 334, and 512. microdon, 100, Gray, f. 385, 6. miliaris, 122, Gmel., f. 109. modesta, H. Owen, Menkeana. moneta, 50, Linn., f. 244-251. moniliaris, Lamk., clandestina. multilirata, 178*, Sowd., f. 427, 4.28, 521, 522. mus, 48, Linn., f. 29, 30, and 321. Napolini, 179, Duclos, f. 505. nebulosa, 72, Avener, f. 198, _ 199, 354-356, 514, 515. neglecta, 24, Sowd., f. 374-3878. nigropunctata, 68, Gray, f. 94, 95. nivea, 161, Gray, f. 468, 469. nivosa, 38, Brod., f. 89, 90. nucleus, 139, Linn., f. 399, 400. Nuomeensis, Marie, annulus. nymphe, Duclos, onyx, 75, obvallata, 52, Lamh., f. 254, 255. ocellata, 124, Zinn., f. 102, 108, 243. oculata, Gmel., cervus. olivacea, Lamk., errones, 64. olivacea, Gmel., stercoraria. oniscus, 184, Lamk., f. 416, 417. onyx, 75, Linn., f. 208-212. oryza, 162, Lamk., f. 474-476. ovula, 185, Lamk., f. 409-411. ovum, Gmel., errones. Owenii, 25, Gray, f. 366-371. pallida, 97, Gray, f. §59, 160, 367. Pacifica, 156, Gray, f. 441-443. pallidula ? quadrimaculata. pantherina, 60, So/., f. 69,70, 71. parvula, Phil., Europea ? paucilirata, 175*, Sowd., 502, 526. Peasei, 113, ms., f. 167, 168. pediculus, 150, Linn., f. 429-438. pellucidula, 182, Gash., f. 497- 499. physis, 77, Brocchi, f. 200, 201. picta, 67, Gray, f. 179, 180, 320. pilula, Kien., globosa. piperita, 104, Sol., f. 285, 286, 288, 289, 533. pisum, 152, Gash, f. 448, 449. plumbea, Gmel., cervus. poraria, 128, Linn., f. 236, 237. princeps, 40, Gray, f. 1, 2. producta, 175, Gash., f. 495, 496. pulchella, 79, Sweains., f. 148-150. pulchra, 8, Gray, f. 62, 63. INDEX. pulex, 154, Sol., f. 492-494. pulicaria, 105, Reeve, f. 290, 291. pulla, 170, Gask., f. 490, 491. pullata, H. Owen, suffusa. punctata, 93, Linn., f. 278-281. punctulata, 96, Gray, f. 154, 155. purpurata, Sol., sanguinolenta. pustulata, 137, Lamk., f. 396- 398. pyriformis, 80, Gray, f. 145-147. pyrum, 76, Gmel., f. 202-205. guadrimaculata, 15, Gray, f. 275— 277. quadripunctata, 460-463. radians, 146, Lamk., f. 420-422. rattus, Lamk., stercoraria. Reevii, 12, Gray, f. 40, 41. regina, Chemn., Mauritiana. reticulata, 43, Martyn, f. 57, 58, 66, 67, 68. rhinoceros, Desh., interrupta. Rientzii ? gangreenosa, 139. rosea, Kien., carnea. rotunda, Kien., quadripunctata. rubescens, 181, Gray, f. 506, 507, 520. rubiginosa, Gmel., stolida. rubinicolor, 173, Gask., f. 500, 501. rufa, Lamk., pyrum. Sandvichensis, B. M., oryza. sanguinea, 171, Gray, f. 483— 486. sanguinolenta, 69, Gmel., f. 194, 195. Saule, 83, Gask., f. 85, 86. scabriuscula, 163, Gray, f. 472, 473. Seottii, 54, Brod., f. 47, 48. scurra, 44, Chemn., f. 53-56. similis, 108, Gray, f. 300, 301. Solandri, 147, Gray, f. 418, 419. sordida, Lamk., cinerea. Sowerbyi, 70, Kiener, f. 79, 80. spadicea, 74, Swains., f. 81, 82. spharula, ——- ? globosa, 167. 157, Gray, f. 57 spurea, 131, Linn., f. 118-122, 516. squalina, Gmel., lynx. staphyleea, 138, Zinn., f. 229, 518, stercoraria, 58, Linn., f. 96, 97, 98. stercus-muscarum, 94, Lamk., f. 363, 364, 365. stolida, 28, Linn., f. 327, 328, 329. subeylindrica, 21, Sowé., f. 269, 270. subrostrata, 169, Gray, f. 480—- 482, 489. subviridis, 65, Reeve, f. 176, 177, 178, 358. suffusa, 155, Gray, f. 444-447. sulcata, 153, Gask., f. 454, 455. sulcidentata, 36, Gray, f. 21, 22, 23. subflava, Gmel., errones. Surinamensis, B. M., nebulosa. tabescens, 18, Sol., f. 261-265. talpa, 5, Linn., f. 74, 75, 76. teres, 19, Gmel., f. 259, 260. tessellata, 31, Swains., f. 99, 100, 101. testudinaria, 1, Zinn., f. 83, 84. Thatcheri, 57, Coa, f. 5, 6. Thersites, 55, Gash., f. 49,50. tigrina, Lamk., pantherina. tigris, 59, Linn., f. 172-175. tremeza, 176, Duclos, f. 510, BILE trifasciata, Gmel., Mauritiana. triticea, Blainv., Pulex. trizonata, 95, Sowd., f. 361, 362. turbinata, Gmel., Mauritiana. turdus, 125, Lamk., f. 128-130, 284. umbilicata, 61, Sozd., f. 42-44. undata, 85, Lamk., f. 181-134. undulata, Gmel., Mauritiana. ursellus, Gmel., felina. Valentia, Perry, princeps. Vanelli, Linn., lynx. 223- I 58 INDEX. variolaria, Lamk., cruenta. ventriculus, 32, Lamk., f. 3, 4. venusta, Gask., ms., Thatcheri. vesicularis, 187, Gash., f. 412, 413. y vitellus, 37, Linn., f. 31, 32, 33. vitrea, 166, Gashk., f. 456, 457. Walkeri, 78, Gray, f. 123-125, 536. xanthodon, 66, Gray, f. 196, 197, 513. zebra, Linn., exanthema. ziczac, 86, Linn., f. 135-138. ziczac, part, undata. zonaria, Gmel., zonata. zonata, 71, Chem., f. 126, 127. ERRATA. Page 7, CINEREA, not Gask., but Gmel. » 10, MENKEANA, not Owen, but Deshayes. », 10, OWENII, not Sowés., but Gray. », 14, Princers, not Brod., but Gray. OLIVA, Bruguicre. PREFACE. My object in writing the present Monograph on the genus Oliva has been to produce as much evidence as could be procured by the study of one of the largest series of varieties collected together in any genus of marine Mollusca. If, by a close comparison and a study of the affinity existing be- tween the various species, I have collected a series of facts that will prove aseful to my fellow-students in the arrange- ment of their cabinets, or will furnish materials by which general deductions may be drawn, my wishes will have been accomplished. In describing as new many forms not hitherto noticed, and in retaining several of the shells which had been rejected as varieties by my predecessors, I have been influenced by special motives. Wherever shells have served to illustrate a line of affinity existing either between species, or more especially where, by introducing certain forms, an unbroken line of affinity could be established, I have not hesitated to avail myself of all the materials at my command required for that purpose. Ifa different mode of proceeding had been adopted, and if large numbers of moderately dis- tinct forms had been grouped together under generic or subgeneric heads, the result of many careful observations must have been omitted. On the other hand, to have brought forward a considerable number of named subspecies or varieties would have indicated a desire on my part to decide the exact value of specific as compared with sub- specific distinctions,—a decision which I feel myself by no means qualified to attempt.—F. P. Marrart, 100, Hdge Lane, Tiverpool. B 2 OLIVA. It has fallen to the Editor’s lot to translate and put into form corresponding to the general plan of the work, the valuable results of Mr. Marrat’s labours. He has not in any case interfered with the insertion and arrangement of species adopted by the author. In some few cases, how- ever, he has ventured to express an opinion ; and wherever the opinion so expressed has not coincided with the author’s views, he has distinguished his own remarks by the letters ne etal w 7 Shines priigare | iy cr Vis FP PNA) wie si nlp wt’ Aa ix > 1 rs] REE LP Tt 4 alt ee ue k JP Sr i TTY) Ly y Ns i i ah hal a t ¥ j ry al i} 1 “4 Ca ro i . f j ¥ ihe f > i : : : 4 i] py 6. h| . VY is Filia wih ‘al ‘ hiv \ as A @ jf Livt 5 - Wy | Pe 7 ' pry | ’ eh Fecaikiavrra yk 6 Ym A oe .Y : ete. Pa j ; Pipe al o k= Py q¥ ame Taney a ath | ay 3 Da) ne hes 2 her Ak tl ah? ra 7 7 ] Op Is i= a a Se Ally BOD Ai had Y, Era aa ee - | feof , ie rae of) a | eG e ~ i¢ y'k sin hie a i j i : ’ ul ~% IG ® Gaz O i i — an” tid ea P| a hs ™m,) poe 1.) ot. wa he t - Ad oe i A ayy piety cine ay, a 7 ye « ne et art iD : a) ; ‘rev eon i riealet 4 ab ih } oot em i eS 7 _ oT MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS FUSUS. Testa canalifera, elongato- vel oblongo-fusiformis versus me- dium, vel infra medium ventricosa, epidermide induta, columella levi, canali aperto. Operculum corneum, nucleo terminali.—The Fusiare distinguished from Fasciolarize and Turbinelle by the absence of plaits or notches on the colu- mella ; from Pyrule by the ventricose part being at the middle or slightly below, and from Trophons and Tritons by being in no degree varicose or laminated. lLariaxis is a peculiar genus in no danger of being mixed up with them, and the lateral nucleus of the operculum and short twisted varicose canal in Buccinum will generally distinguish that genus from them. In grouping the various forms within the genus, the difficulty is to find lines of demarcation; still the true spindles, with long spire and canal, may be called sect. 1, species 1 to 66. The shorter and more angular species will form sect. 2, species 67 to 99. The more bulky, Buccinoid, mostly Northern forms with short open canals, are considered by some authors distinct, and form the genus Neprunra or Tritonivum, and constitute sect. 3, species 100 to 117. The lighter, more slender, and comparatively smooth, generally Northern species, which have been distinguished as genus SipHo, sect. 4, species 118 to 132. 70 FUSUS. Species. Sect. I. Species 1 to 66. 1. proposcipirEerus, f. 31.—Testa maxima rufo-flavida, medio latissima; spira breviuscula, anfractibus 10 depressis acute carinatis, supra carinam subexcavatis, ultimo carinis plurimis quarum tribus superioribus prominentibus cincto ; apertura magna, cauda longa ampla, post labium umbilicata. —This species grows to an immense size and is always of a cheese or melon colour. 2. TasMANIENSIS, f. 43.—Testa maxima, ventricoso-fusi- formis, spiraliter ineequaliter suleata et lirata, fulva, spira- liter castaneo fasciata; spira conica lata, supra medium angulata, ad angulum nodulis cuneatis cincta; apertura polygona, margine denticulato; canali angusto, breviusculo. —Mr. Hanley’s specimen of this species being most fully developed, I figure it reduced in size, with bands of colour from specimens in the British Museum. 3. Lonaissimus, f. 3, G'mel.Testa elongata, alba, valide spiraliter lirata, medio ventricosa, anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum nodosis, supra angulum declivibus, subexcavatis, infra rotundis; cauda recta, angustiuscula; apertura magna, subcentrali, intus lirata, margine laqueato.—The shell oecurs more than twice the length of the figure. It is very angular, with stout knobs on the angles. 4. Purcyanus, f. 77.—Testa ventricosa, FY. longissimo similis, latior, fusco flavescens, ad angulum fasciata.—Differ- ing from F. longissimus in being wider and shorter and in having a band of reddish yellow upon the angles. 5. TuBERCULATUS, f. 11, Lamarck.—Testa alba lata bre- viuscula, subplanulatim spiraliter costata; spira acuminata, anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum distanter tuberculatis, inter tubercula castaneo maculatis ; ultimo ventricoso; aper- tura magna, intus lirata, margine laqueato.—A broad white shell, with bright square spots between the distant tubercles, and having much less prominent ribs than in F. torulosus. 6. toruLosus, f. 9, Lamarck.—Testa breviuscula rugosa fuscata ventricosa, spiraliter undulatim acute costata; an- fractibus latis brevibus, medio angulatis, ad angulum tuber- culatis, inter tubercula fusco maculatis; ultimo ventricoso ; FUSUS. 71 apertura magna, intus lirata, margine rude crenato.—Broad, rough, of a burnt brown colour. 7. versIcoLor, f. 22, Gmelin.—Testa ventricosa, spiraliter subacute lirata, pallide fulva, distanter longitudinaliter costata, inter costas castaneo strigata, ad angulum macu- lata, spira breviuscula, anfractibus 10, rotundis vel medio leviter angulatis, ultimo subelongato; apertura subovata, intus crenulato gradatim in canalem decurrente; canali crasso.—Our fig. 22 represents a medium degree of angula- tion. The broader and more angular was taken by Rve. for distans, Lam. The original of Chemn. is narrow and round- whorled. 7*, pistans, f. 162, Lam.—For this species we figure a shell in Mr. Hanley’s collection, which closely resembles that figured by Kiener from Lanarck’s collection. 8. unpatus, f. 6, Gmelin.—Testa magna ponderosa sub- levigata, spiraliter leviter striata, anfractibus supra medium subangulatis, tuberculis maximis undatis; apertura parva, margine crenulato; apice -acuminato, canali breviusculo, subtortuo.—The large tubercles being of solid structure makes this shell the heaviest of its tribe. 9. sturuis, f. 44, Bavrd.—Testa albida, rugosa, spiraliter rudissime costata, ad angulum anfractuum distanter nodis maximis munita.— This species has much the form of F. undatus and F. similis, but contrasts with both, especially the former, in the roughness of surface and thickness of ribs. 10. noposopiicatts, f. 45, Dunker.—Testa albida lata sub- rugosa liris tenuibus cincta ; spira breviter conica, anfractibus 9 angulatis, ad angulum nodosis ; apertura subangulata, intus lirata, margine crenato; canali rectiusculo.—Resembling F. undatus and F. nodoso-plicatus, but differing from the former in being more sharply tubereuled, and from the latter in being much smoother. 11. Brcxu, f. 18, Jonas.— Testa alba ventricosissima, planulatim spiraliter costata; spira brevi, acuminata, an- fractibus acute costatis, depressis, latis, ultimo latissimo, canali angusto, tortuo ; apertura magna intus et ad marginem crenata.—The whorls are depressed and wide, the spiral ribs are slightly flattened, and the last is suddenly contracted where it passes into the narrow and tortuous canal. 12. nosiLis, f. 4, Reeve—Testa alba, ventricosa, spira 72 FUSUS. latiuseula, anfractibus 12 rotundis, spiraliter liratis superi- oribus rotundo-plicatis, ultimo vix plicato, globoso, magno, cauda breviuscula, angusta, apertura rotunda.—Remarkable for the fulness of the last whorl. 13. DuprrirrHouarst, f. 5, Reeve.—Testa ventricoso-fusi- formis alba, lineis rubris longitudinalibus hine illic ornata, anfractibus 11 rotundis spiraliter acute liratis, superioribus plicato-costatis, ultimo globoso, magno; apertura magna, margine crenato, aurantio rubescenti.i—The middle whorl is nearly as ventricose as in F’. nobilis. The whorls are sharply ridged. The margin is generally orange-red, the edges of successive margins appearing at intervals on the surface of the whorls. 14. optitus, f. 16, 17, Reeve.—Testa fulva, flammulis fuscis strigata, costis subplanulatis interstitiis linearibus cincta, spira acuminata; anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum tuberculatis, supra angulum planulatis, subexcavatis, ultimo ventricoso, supra canalem brevissimo.—Differing from F. colus and similar species in having smooth flattened ribs with narrow interstices. It is also more ventricose, and the body whorl more globose, and suddenly cut off from the canal. 15. conus, f. 14, 15, Linneus.— Testa angusta alba, versus extremitates ustulata; spira acuminata, anfractibus 12 plus minusve angulatis, ad angulum acute tuberculiferis, inter tuberculas fusco maculatis, omnino subdistanter spira- liter liratis, inter liras tenuiter striatis; ultimo brevi, cauda gracillima versus terminum flexuosa.—The want of distinct keel and tubercles at the angular or subangular part of the whorls, and of intermediate spots, are the reasons given for distinguishing the var. f. 14 as F. longicauda, Reeve, as of Borg. It is singular, however, that the fig. referred to is that of a very angulated shell. The differences are such as obtain between individuals of most species. 16. vorrumA, f. 12, 13, Lamarchk.—Testa quam F. colus latior, levior, anfractibus late angulatis ventricosis tuber- culatis inter-maculatis, et strigatis; apertures margine ex- panso, crenulato.—On the whole, shorter and wider than F. colus. The aperture, when mature, is somewhat expanded and crenulated at the margin. 17. SanpvicueEnsis, f. 25, Sowerby.—Testa alba, tenuiter lirata; spira elongata, anfractibus 11, superioribus rotundis rotunde plicatis ; ultimo angulato; canali spiram longitudine FUSUS. 73 sequanti.—Of a much finer sculpture than F. Novee-hollandize, with rounded upper, and slightly angular lower whorls. The ribs are rounded and the canal and spire about. equalin length. 18. Pretrrert, f. 156, Dunker.—Testa alba, epidermide fusco induta, spiraliter subdistanter lirata; anfractibus 8 prominulis (sutura paulo excavata), longitudinaliter leviter plicatis; canali angusto, recto.—A small shell, figured by Philippi, and resembling F. Nove-hollandic, trom which it differs in size and proportions. 19. Novm-HoLLANDIz, f. 26, Reeve.—Testa alba, epider- mide subrugosa fusca induta, latiuscula, liris prominentibus distantibus spiraliter cincta, spira breviuscula anfractibus 9 brevibus, latis, rotunde plicatis; apertura ovata, margine crenato, canali crasso rectiusculo.—This species may be dis- tinguished by the vertical distance between the smooth spiral ribs. 20. Gracituimus, f. 10, Adams.— Testa fusca elongata angusta, spira quam canalis brevior, anfractibus 11 rotundis, brevibus, longitudinaliter plicatis, spiraliter costatis, canali angustissimo elongato ; apertura parva, margine crenato.—A remarkably narrow brown shell with the whorls rounded and regularly plaited. The canal is long, narrow, and straight. 21. TuRRIcULA, f. 24, Kiener.—Testa alba, subrugose spiraliter costata, interstitiis profundis, spira breviuscula, anfractibus 7 prominente rotundis; plicis rotundis, crassis, regularibus, costatis ; sutura profunde excavata ; canali elon- gato tortuo; apertura subovata, margine crenato.—With rounded, strongly-ribbed whorls, and a profoundly excavated suture. 22. MULTICARINATUS, f. 23, Lamarch.—Testa quam F. twr- ricula magis ventricosa, haud tantum profunde ad suturam excavata, plicis haud tantum prominentibus.—It is difficult at first sight to distinguish between this and the preceding species. The difference consists in the greater prominence of the plaits and whorls and the deeper excavation of the suture in F. turriculum. See note on Plate-description IV. 23. sprratis, f. 37, A. Adams.—Testa alba, spiraliter acute carinata, spira obtusa, anfractibus 7 scalariformibus, valde prominentibus, angulatis, ad angulum acute tubercu- latis, sutura contracta.—White, scalariform, sharply keeled, sharply tubercled on the central keel of all but the last whorl. 74 FUSUS. 24. spectrum, f. 35, Reeve-— Testa albida tenuiuscula, spira elevata, anfractibus 9, superioribus prominentibus, ro- tundis distanter liratis, profunde plicatis, ultimo evanide lirato, angulato, ad angulum acute carinato et tuberculato.—The upper whorls are rounded, prominent, with thick rounded plaits; but the last whorl is angular, with one prominent keel, the rest having almost disappeared. 25. piLectus, f. 36, A. Adams.—Testa tenuis, minutissime seabra, alba longitudinaliter distanter rufo strigata, distanter lirata, inter liras tenuissime striata; spira breviuscula, an- fractibus superne vix subangulatis ad suturam spiraliter filosis versus apicem costata; apertura angustiuscula, canali declivi, tortuo.—A white shell with a few longitudinal stripes. The sculpture is fine and delicate, consisting of very finely scabrous lines between distant spiral ribs. 26. acus, f. 39, Adams and Reeve.—Testa angustissima, aureo-fusca, longitudinaliter plicata, spiraliter subdistanter lirata ;. spira acuminata, anfractibus productis, medio angu- latis, canali spiram longitudine zquante.—A remarkably narrow shell with no other striking characteristics. 27. Niconartcus, f. 21,171, Chemnitz.—Testa rugosa fusco cornea, flammulis subangulatis, nigrescentibus strigata ; spiraliter liris rudis, crassis, subrotundis, interstitiis crenatis cincta; spira elevata, anfractibus acute angulatis et tuber- culatis, apertura crenata, canali lato, distanter spiraliter costato.—One of the most rugose species of the group, having prominent rough ridges. See note on Plate-description XIV. 27*, Laticostatus, f. 60, 172, Reeve.— Testa F. Nicobarico similis sed pallidior, leevior, costis spiralibus magis planulatis, anfractibus obtuse angulatis.—Broadness of growth is men- tioned as the chief distinction between this species and F. Nicobaricus, but we have seen specimens in which this condition is reversed. The present is, however, a smoother shell of different colour and texture. See note on Plate- description XIV. 29. marmoratus, f. 20, 158?, 163, Philippi.—Testa brevius- cula subrugosa, fulva, strigis maculisque fusco-marmorata, spiraliter rude costata; spira subelevata, anfractibus obtuse angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, ad angulum tuberculatis ; cauda breviuscula.—After comparing a great number, the writer decides to separate the roughly keeled and the smooth shell, f. 159, under the two following names. FUSUS. 75 30. Lavieatus, f. 157, Sowerby.—Testa breviuscula, fulva, castaneo strigata et maculata, acute subalternatim costata; anfractibus supra medium angulatis, longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis rotundatis; apertura alba, sulcata, crenata, fauce fuscata, eanali brevii—More angular and narrower than F, marmo- ratus. 30*. rupicostatus, f. 19, 164, Sowerby.—Testa F. mar- morato similis sed costis spiralibus distantibus prominenti- bus.—The spiral ribs are prominent and distant, and granu- lated, and the general aspect differs from Philippi’s type of marmoratus, f. 163. 31. nopicrnotus, f. 35*, A. Adams.—Testa F. levigato similis, sed angusta; recta, ad angulum acute carinata, an- gulo nodoso articulato.—This has a row of tubercles articu- lated with brown spots. 32. BraNGULATUS,f.159, Deshayes.—Testa marmorato similis sed ultimo anfractu obtuse biangulato, fauce castaneo.—I do not particularise the characters of this species, because, with one exception, they are identical with those of F. rudicos- tatus, the exception being the greater thickness and the double angle (the roughest kind), and subject to the same variations. Reeve figures an example of the species as a variety of £. polygonoides, as from Belcher’s collection. The specimen here figured is from Mr. Hanley’s collection, and may have been included with those which that gentle- man had from Belcher’s. 33. susquapratus, f. 28, Sowerby.—Testa alba, angusta, spiraliter lirata, anfractibus superioribus distanter costata, inter costas purpureo-fuscata, inferioribus angulatis, ultimo biangulato, ad angulum superiorem nodis prominentibus acutis, apertura intus purpureo tincta, margine denticulato. —A double row of tubercles forms a second angle at the lower part of the last whorl. The shell is much narrower than F. biangulatus. 34. Parett, f. 38, Dwnker.—Testa alba, aureo inter liras et costas strigata, spira breviuscula, lata, anfractibus 9 brevibus, latis, vix prominentibus, acute tuberculato-costatis.—In some respects resembling F’. acuticostatus, but broader and less sharply tubercled and ribbed. It has not the same prickly appearance. M 76 FUSUS. 35. acuticostatus, 30, Sowerby.—Testa parva fulva, spiraliter interruptim distanter lirata; spira acuminata, an- fractibus 11 brevibus, costis albis, acutissime tuberculatis munitis, inter costas castaneo strigata, apertura alba intus distanter lirata, margine denticulato; cauda canali alter- natim spiraliter costata.—A beautiful little shell with white ribs sharply tubercled by the crossing ridges. A chestnut stripe between the white ribs throws them into relief and gives a prickly appearance to the tubercles. 36. InconsTANS, f. 57, 58, Lische.—Testa rugosa, varie scabro-lirata et nodoso-plicata, strigis fasciisque varie picta ; spira brevi lata, anfractibus 7, depressis, angulatis, ultimo compresso-ventricoso, a canali distincto, apertura intus lirata, margine crenulato, canali spiram Jongitudine superanti.— Notwithstanding the strange variations in form, sculpture and colour presented in this species, the perpendicular com- pression and lateral protuberance of the last whorl give it a certain recognisable individuality. 37. articuLatus, f. 66, Sowerby.—Testa gracilis tenuis albida, spiraliter subdistanter lirata, inter liras striata; an- fractibus 9, rotundis, prominentibus, costis nodosis longi- tudinaliter plicata, liris inter costas punctato-articulatis sutura excavata, ultimo anfractu brevi subdepresso, apertura intus striata, margine crenato.—Rather thin and narrow with spiral ribs over rather close longitudinal plaits. The liree are finely articulated with brown spots between the plaits. 38. CHLATUS, 32, Reeve.—Testa breviuscula, pallidissime cornea, spiraliter distanter acute lirata, longitudinaliter dis- tanter prominente plicata, plicis ad liras tuberculatis ; anfrac- tibus 8, depressis, super medium subangulatis, canali brevi- usculo, curvo.—In this whitish shell, the spiral threads in passing over the thick and distant longitudinal ribs are produced into sharp tubercles. 39. assturuis, f. 78, A. Adams.—tTesta celato similis, an- fractibus magis depresso-angulatis, apertura contracta, mar- gine extus varicoso, intus denticulato, canali recto, latiusculo; colore pallidissime roseo.—At first sight resembling F. celatus of Reeve, but differing in having the whorls more depressed and more angular, the canal staighter, and the mouth contracted with an external varix and denticulated margin. lod FUSUS. 77 40. syracusanus, f. 8, 56, Linnwus.—Testa breviuscula, fusca, vel fulva castaneo varie fasciata, anfractibus subqua- dratis gradatis depressis, spiraliter crebre lirata, plicis nume- rosis subnodosis costata; apertura subquadrata, brevi.— We figure two of the commonest varieties of this Mediter- ranean shell. 41. cresriniratus, f. 49, 50, Reeve.—Testa ventricoso-fusi- formis ustulata fusca, liris inseequalibus subscabris interdum alternatis cincta, anfractibus ventricosis angulatis, nodoso- plicatis, ultimo magno, canali lato.—There does not appear to be any sufficient reason for separating the variety f. 49, which is the F. gradatus of Reeve. 42. ustuLatus, f. 48, Reeve.—Testa crebrilirato similis sed magis voluteformis, ultimo anfractu magis elongato.—The fine specimen in Mr. Hanley’s collection enables me, on the whole, to decide that this species is reasonably separable from F. crebriliratus. It is more like a volute in form, the more elongated body whorl passing more gradually into a shorter and wider canal. 43. Aureus, f. 51, Reeve.—Testa crebrilirato similis, sed anfractibus angustioribus, magis rotundis, liris tenuioribus.— I have great doubt whether this may not be a variety of F. crebrilvratus. 44. rostratus, f. 41, 42, Olivi.—Testa breviuscula, fulva, vel rufa; anfractibus brevibus rotundis, longitudinaliter pro- funde plicatis, spiraliter acutissime liratis, liris acute pro- ductis, nonnunquam echinatis; ultimo anfractu ventricoso, apertura ovata, intus lirata margine aculeato, canali brevi- usculo.—Much more pronounced in its prickly character than F. muricatus. The variety (f. 42) is almost different enough to be separated. 45. muricatus, f. 160, 161, Montagu.—tTesta breviuscula ; rufo-fusca vel pallide fulva, longitudinaliter rotunde plicata, liris acutis, super plicas acute productis cincta; anfractibus 9, depressis, rotundis, ultimo ventricoso, canali brevi.—This species has a prickly appearance. It is usually placed in the genus Trophon, but has the characters of a true Murex. The more prickly var. f. 161 is the echinatus of Philippi. 46. FraGosus, f. 47, Reeve.—Testa albida, gracilis; spira elevata, acuminata, spiraliter acute tuberculatim lirata, 78 FUSUS. longitudinaliter plicata anfractibus rotundis, sutura profunda, apertura subrotunda, canali brevi.—A strongly plaited little shell resembling F. pulchellus, but without colour and with the plaits larger and not so sharply separated. There is a variety of this which unfortunately is not figured, which has patches of colour on the upper and lower part of the ribs, as in F. pulchella, which is, however, a much more finely sculptured shell. 47. puLCHELLUS, f. 7, Philippi. —Testa turrita subaurea, longitudinaliter distanter et profunde plicata, plicis supra infraque castaneo maculatis; anfractibus rodundatis, spiraliter striatis; canali breviusculo subacuminato;, apertura sub- rotunda, margine fulvo, crenato.—A white band in the centre of the whorls interrupts the deep chestnut brown with which the rather narrow and distant ribs are painted of the truly pretty shell. 48. minutiIsquamosts, f. 46, Reeve.-—Testa breviter fusi- formis, medio subventricosa, fulva, spiraliter tenuiter lirata, liris tenuissime squamoso-serratis; anfractibus rotundis, canali breviusculo.—More compact in form and sculpture than Ff. vulpicolor, with fine ridges minutely serrated. 49. vuLpicotor, f. 73, Sowerby.—Testa rufo-fusca bre- viuscula, alternatim lirata; spira producta, anfractibus 8 prominentibus rotundis, superne crebre plicatis; apertura subrotunda, canali brevi, truncato.—A pretty little fox- coloured shell from New Zealand. 50. nrGRro-Rostratus, f. 67, Smith.—Testa breviter fusi- formis solida rugosa; ustulata, inter costas et ad canalem nigrescens; spira turrita, anfractibus angulatis, liris crassis, ad plicas tuberculatis cincta; plicis crassis, angulatis, subdis- tantibus, canali breviusculo.—A roughly sculptured shell with blackish brown colouring on the canal and between the thickened, angular, tuberose ribs. 51. Brosvituer, f. 79, Deshayes.—Testa breviter rhom- boidea, fulvo-grisea, rubro lineata, spira acuminata anfracti- bus acute angulatis supra angulum subexcavatis, ad angulum nodulis cuneiformibus coronatis; apertura pyriformi, luteo, postice profunde canaliculato, intus conspicue liratim dentato, eanali breviusculo.—The sharply angular whorls, the short chanelled sinus of the mouth and broad ribs or denticles of the outer lip, give this species a peculiar character. FUSUS. 79 52. ambBustus, f. 40, Gould.—Testa levis, breviuscula, robusta, distanter valide plicata fulva, inter costas castanea, spira acuminata, anfractibus 8 superne angulatis, plicis nodosis ad angulum prominente tuberculatis, canali brevius- culo, apertura ovata, intus lirata, margine crenato.—At the moment of writing I have not the means of comparing this with F. rufus, from which, however, it is sufficiently distinct. 53. RruFus, f. 91, Reeve.—Testa solida, levis, rufescens, subelongato-fusiformis, longitudinaliter decemplicata, plicis prominentibus ad angulum, nodosis, lineis rubris notatis ; spira elevata, anfractibus superne declivibus, medio rotun- datim angulatis, apertura alba, clavata, canali longiusculo.— This shell has so much of the character and appearance of the Latirus group that one looks, although in vain, for the traces of folds on the columella. 54. piapeMA, f. 53, JLesson.—Testa clavato-turbinata, fusco viridis, levigata; spira brevi turrita, apice papilloso, anfractibus 5, superne angulatis, ad angulum squamis acute trigonis lamelliformibus coronatis ; ultimo infra unicarinato, carina spinosa; apertura subquadrata canali angusto, elon- gato superne spinoso-costata.—The beautiful pagoda-like spire and clavate form of this species places it alone, free from every comparison. 55. ciausicaupatus, f. 55, Hinds.—Testa elongato-fusi- formis, olivaceo-fusca, leviuscula, spira elevata, apice mammi- lata, anfractibus vix prominentibus, rotundis; apertura declivi, margine inflexo, infra expanso, incrassato, canali brevi, clauso.—The thickened inflected outer lip closing the canal in the manner of many murices is only one of the striking peculiarities of this remarkable shell. 56. SIMPLEX, f. 34, Smith.—Testa gracile fusiformis, alba, spiraliter sulcata, longitudinaliter late plicata, spira elevata, acuta, anfractibus supra medium declivibus, infra tumidis ; apertura elongato-fusiformis canali breviusculo, truncato.— This may possibly be a young specimen of some unknown species. Fs 57. Nirontcts, f. 70, Smith.—tTesta infra spiram pyriformis, leviter longitudinaliter costatis, liris spiralibus ad costas con- cinne tuberculatis, tuberculis griseo-purpureis; spira pro- ducta, anfractibus 6 subrotundis; ultimo elevato, elongato, 80 FUSUS. subventricoso, canali angusto, producto.—The tubercles on the ridges where they rise over the longitudinal plaits have the appearance of little grey seeds. 58. Maroccanus, f. 2.—Testa sinistrorsa turrita fulva, spira elevata, anfractibus 8 spiraliter liratis, longitudinaliter plicatis, canali brevi, tortuo.—A small brown-coloured sinis- tral shell with elevated spire. The whorls are not separated by a broad excavation at the suture as in F. elegans. 59. ELEGANS, f. 1, Reeve.—Testa gracilis, alba, sinistrorsa ; anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, spiraliter tuberculatim liratis, ad suturam late excavatis; spira elevata, acuminata, canali brevi, columella tortua.—More elegantly fusiform than F. Maroccanus, the only other specifically sinistral shell of the group. 60. Gracttirormis, f. 62, Sowerby.—Testa eleganter fusi- formis, albida, gracilis, tenuissime crebre lirata; spira attenuatim producta, acuminata, anfractibus 10, declivibus medio subangulatim prominulis, superioribus longitudinaliter plicatis; apertura utrinque acuminata, margine crenato, canali producto, gracili eleganter tortuo.—Our reduced figure scarcely does justice to the graceful form of this species, which differs from F. Reevianus in the narrowness of the body whorl and more attenuated production of the extremities. 61. RuBROLINEATUS, f. 68, Sowerby.—Testa infra spiram pyriformis levis fulva, rotunde distanter costata, inter costas late castaneo fasciata, liris spiralibus rubris ad costas tuber- culatis cincta, spira brevi, anfractibus 7 declive subrotundis, ultimo subelongato ventricoso; apertura alba, oblonga, mar- gine rubro, minute denticulato, canali breviusculo.—The distant ridges are interruptedly red, and where they ride over the rather oblique distant ribs are raised into tubercles. 62. Rexvranus, f. 82, Petit.—Testa subgracile fusiformis, ferruginosa, tenuiter spiraliter filosa, superne subcancellata spira breviuscula, anfractibus 7 declivibus, vix angulatis, ultimo elongato, apertura magna, canali breviuscula.— Rather approaching the Sipho group but still with the canal dis- tinct. 63. aLBinus, f. 72, A. Adams.—Testa levis, alba, gracile fusiformis, spiraliter undulatim lirata, plicis longitudinalibus rotundis subdistantibus costata; spira subproducta ; anfrac- FUSUS. 81 tibus 7, vix angulatis, ultimo rotundo, ventricoso; apertura subovata, intus lirata, canali producta, subretrorsa.—The spiral ridges and longitudinal ribs are smooth and rounded. 64. riLosus, f. 29.—Testa elongato-fusiformis, crassa, al- bida, subleevigata, medio subventricosa, omnino ligulis rubris tenuibus cincta ; spira producta scalariformi, turrita, anfrac- tibus 6 longitudinaliter rotunde et prominente decem-plicatis, prope suturam subangulatim elevatis ; apertura subpyriformi, alba, intus lirata, margine incrassato, intus denticulato ; canali subproducto retiusculo.—The spiral red liree crossing the pro- minent longitudinal ribs resemble those of F’, alternatus. 65. ANoMALA, f. 139, Reeve.—Testa ovato-fusiformis albida, castaneo trifasciata, longitudinaliter rotundo-plicata; spi- raliter suleata; spira elevata, acuminata, anfractibus 5 rotundis; apertura pyriformi, canali breviusculo subtortuo.— Although placed in the genus Buecinum by Reeve, this species appears to agree much better with the Fusi. 06. BUXEUS, f. 61, Reeve.—Testa ovato-fusiformis, crassa, obesa, spiraliter distanter undulatim lirata, inter liras striata, longitudinaliter subarcuatim plicata, flavido fulva late cas- taneo spiraliter fasciata; spira ventricoso-conica, sutura haud profunda, ultimo ventricoso canali brevi, lato; apertura sub- elongata, alba, intus lirata, margine denticulato ; columella granosa.—Our fig. 67 is a reduced representation of Mr. Hanley’s type specimen. Sect. II. Species 67 to 99. 67. potyGonorpEs, f. 52, Lamarck.—Testa brevis solida, trapezoida griseo-alba, castaneo nigricante maculata et punc- tata spira breviuscula, anfractibus 5, angulatis, rude plicatis, spiraliter liratis, ad angulum angulatim nodosis, ultimo an- fractu biangulato, apertura subquadrata, intus lhrata, margine erenato, canali brevi, crasso.—The second variety given by Reeve can scarcely be included in this species, being more of the spindle type; see F. biangulatus, f. 159. 68. Arracanensis, f.133.—Testa subflavida, castaneo fasciis strigisque picta spiraliter striata; spira conica, anfractibus declivibus infra medium nodoso-angulatis, ultimo subeylin- drico, apertura subpyriformi intus lirata, prope marginem 82 FUSUS. incrassata, crenulata; canali brevi, truncato, extus varicoso.— A rather pretty shell belonging to the Huthria group. 69. pitaTatus, f. 76, Quoy et Gaimard.—tTesta oblonga, ponderosa, griseo-fusca liris nigrescentibus fasciatim picta ; spira obtusa, anfractibus obtuse angulatis ad angulum late nodosis ; apertura alba infra subdilatata.—It is quite pos- sible that #. Mandarinus may be a variety of this species without the nodose angularity of the whorls. 70. Manparines, f. 71, Duclos.—Testa ventricosa, infra spiram subpyriformis, fusca, fasciis castaneis angustis spiraliter inequaliter lirata; spira obtusa, anfractibus 8 latis, subro- tundis, superioribus leviter plicatis; ultimo elongato, ventri- coso; apertura pyriformi, magna, margine crenato, canali brevi, truncato.—The narrow bands of colour are nearly con- current with the lire, and the whole lower part of the shell is pyriform. 71. Pastinaca, f. 75, Reeve.—Testa subrhomboidea tenuis ventricosa, albida (epidermide tenui sublutea) spiraliter bi- fariam sulcata, superne nodulosa, longitudinaliter plicata ; anfractibus 8, angulatis, ad angulum obtuse nodosis, ultimo elongato, ventricoso; apertura magna, intus striata, canali brevi, truncato. 72. TuBEROSUS, f. 54, Reeve.—Testa trapezoida, ventricosa, alba, fusco tincta et maculata; spira conica acuminata, an- tractibus superne declivibus, acute angulatis, ad angulum tuberculis duplicatis carinatis, ultimo infra angulum dis- tanter septem-carinatis, apertura angulata, margine laqueato; eanali brevi, lato.—Of an oblique four-sided form, with a row of double tubercles forming a keel on the angle of the whorls. 73. RoBustioRr, f. 63, Sowerby.—Testa quam F., ocelliferus erassior, brevior, magis ventricosa, magis angulata, liris majoribus, magis distantibus, verrucis castaneo pictis, aper- tura intus rude lirata, margine duplicatim dentato, canali latiori nonnunquam umbilicato.—The difference between this and the preceding species is apparent to the eye, and as Lamarck describes the warts themselves rather than the interstices as coloured or ocellated, it is probable that he had a specimen of this species in view rather than those figured in the Encyclopedia and Martini. This species has since FUSUS. 83 been described as F. ventricosus, a name preoccupied for another species of Fusus. 74. oceLiirerus, f. 64, Bory.—Testa rhomboidea fulva, planulatim lirata, fusco strigata; spira elevata, acuminata, anfractibus 8 elatis, superne angulatis; ad angulum verru- cosis, inter verrucas castaneo maculatis, ultimo infra angulum subrotundo, apertura rhomboidea canali brevi.—The figures referred to in the Encyclopedia and Martini certainly repre- sent the species named as above by Bory. But it seems probable that Lamarck had before him the nearly allied, and not the same, species, in describing his F. verruculatus. Note.—F. crenuLatus should come in here, but is trans- posed to No. 87. 75. CINNAMONEUS, f. 65, Reeve.—Testa ocellifere et F. verruculoso similis, sed ad angulum vix tuberoso, concolor. —Presuming the two preceding species to be really distinct, the present approaches more nearly to the former, but the tubercles or warts are extremely obscure. 76. Hanuevt, f. 145, EZ. Smith.—Testa quam F. craticu- latus angustior, spira magis producta, liris latioribus, margine aperture intus dentato.—Similar to but narrower than FP. craticulatus, with more produced but rather less angular whorls and broader lire. 77. craticutatus, f. 69, Blainville—Testa breviter tra- pezoidea, griseo-fusca, spiraliter costata, longitudinaliter plicata; spira acuminata, anfractibus 7 brevibus, latis, angu- latis, ad angulum tuberculatis, ultimo magno, canali brevi truncato.—The whorls are very angular and the canal straight and truncated. 78. corneEts, f. 80, 81, Linneus.—Testa solida, levigata, oblonga, grisea vel lactea varie reticulatim et fasciatim picta, spira producta, anfractibus rectiusculis versus suturam exca- vatis, ad suturam planulatis; apertura subquadrata, intus striata, postice canaliculata; canali antico brevi, lato, trun- cato, retrorsim elevato.— The above name, through a mistake in one of the references, has been applied by authors to the British F. islandicus. The Linnwean name, Murex lignarius, belongs to Fasciolaria tarentina of Lamarck. 79. rapuLum, f. 134, Reeve.—Testa ovato-subcylindrica, albida, levi; spira conica, anfractibus subrotundis, ultimo superne tumido, medio cylindrico infra subangulato; apertura, N 84 FUSUS. cylindrica, canali brevissimo, truncato, extus late varicoso.— The place of this species is somewhat doubtful, but it will doubtless belong to the same genus as the preceding. 80. nirat, f. 135, Lamarck.—Testa levigata, polita, sub- ovata, albida, fulvescens, maculis quadratis seriebus quinis picta, spira late conica turrita, anfractibus 7 brevibus, su- perne angulatis, ultimo subeylindrico, apertura breviuscula, canali brevi, late, truneato, extus varicoso.—Fusus nifat has been separated, together with some other species under the generic name Euthria. The latter is a genus, however, which will require much revision. 81. Brazrurt, f. 147 (Peristernia B.), Angas.—The little orange-coloured shell figured under the above name in the proceedings does not shew a peculiarity which belongs to the species, and which would, if developed, probably place it in another genus: the outer lip is said to have a small brown tooth anteriorly, which character I have not seen. Note.—F. tenwistriata should come in here, but is referred to No. 91. 82. pepictus, f. 86, Sowerby.—Testa brevis, levis, ventri- cosa, sinistrorsa, flammeis castaneis subreticulatis figurata, spira subproducta, anfractibus angulatis, supra angulum de- clivibus, ad angulum tuberculatis, ultimo ventricoso, oblongo, canali brevi, acuminato.—The smooth surface of this re- versed little shell is figured a little fantastically in two bands. 83. Taytorianus, f. 89.—Testa oblonga alba, spiraliter leviter suleata, longitudinaliter plicata, inter plicas medio rufo maculata; spira producta, anfractibus supra medium an- gulatis, supra angulum subexcavatis, ad angulum et infra plicatis; apertura pyriformi canali, brevi, lato.—This pretty little shell has square red spots in a central band between the plaits. 84. tincotNENsIs, f. 85, Crosse.—Testa parva, oblonga alba; spira producta, anfractibus spiraliter striatis, longi- tudinaliter angulatim plicatis, infra late castaneo fasciatis ; apertura brevi, subquadrata, canali brevissimo.—A pretty little banded shell with a produced spire, and whorls angu- larly plaited above. 85. corEANIcuS, f. 33, Smith.—Testa subpyramidata, fulva, striata, ad angulum anfractuum minute nodosa, spira pro- FUSUS. 85 ducta, turrita, anfractibus 7 angulatis, ultimo subquadrato ; apertura brevi, canali brevissimo.—An interesting form de- scribed by Mr. E. Smith of the British Museum. 86. FicuLA, f. 88, Reeve-—Testa anguste rhomboidea, pal- lide fusca, lineis rubris super costas picta, spira pyramidali, anfractibus distanter plicatis, supra medium angulatis, supra angulum subexcavatis, omnino spiraliter sulcatis ; apertura subquadrata, labio externo denticulato ; canali brevi, lato.— The distant plaits are crossed by lire with little red bands between. 87. creNuLATUS, f. 170, Sowerby.—Testa quam F. robustior magis cylindrica, angustior, spira magis elevata, anfractibus ad suturam tumidis, infra canaliculatis, liris spiralibus crenulatis, ad angulum anfractuum nodosis.—This species was at first passed by as a variety of I. robustior or F. ocellifera, but the elevated form of the spine and the crenulation of the ridges compel the separation. The correct place of this species would be following F. ocelliferus, No. 74. 88. mexicans, f. 90, Reeve.—Testa breviter fusiformis, subquadrata, fulva, griseaceus, rubro longitudinaliter et spira- liter inter costas fasciata; spira subproducta, anfractibus quadratis, superne angulatis, longitudinaliter nodoso-plicatis, spiraliter nodoso-liratis; canali brevi, truncato; apertura quadrata, margine crenato.—Crossed with red bands be- tween the spiral lire and the nodose longitudinal plaits. 89. crnEREUS, f. 87, Say.—Testa oblongo-fusiformis, grisea, spiraliter rude lirata, longitudinaliter rotunde plicata, spira producta, anfractibus rotundis, prominentibus; aper- tura pyriformi, margine crenato, canali brevi, lato, truncato, recto.—A plain shell of ashy white hue. 90. NorRIssu, figured as Trophon, f. 36, is a more ventri- cose shell than F’, cinereus, but neither species is character- istic of the present genus. 91. TeNuISTRIATUS, f. 140, Sowerby.—(Type in Mr. Hanley’s collection from Capt. Beechey. )—Testa parva, angusta, striata, solida, alba, versus apicem subaurea ; spira subturrita, an- fractibus 6, brevibus, superne angulatis, longitudinaliter medio usque ad angulum superiorem rotundo-plicatis.—The place of this species is next to 92. ALTERNATUS, 138, Reeve.—Testa ovata, solida, buc- 86 FUSUS. cinoidea; spira elevata, anfractibus rotundis, liris prominen- tibus rubris et nonnunquam parvis intermediis, spiraliter dis- tanter cinctis, longitudinaliter rotunde plicatis, apertura ampla, margine crenato, canali brevi, extus varicoso.—The form of this species is rather that of the genus Buccinum than of Fusus; it has some of the characteristics of the present genus. 93. Myristicus, f. 144, Reeve.—Testa flavida, subovata, ventricosa, longitudinaliter angulatim plicata, spiraliter suleata, spira brevi, anfractibus brevibus, rotundis; ultimo magno, canali distincto, brevi, truncato.—Possibly this doubt- ful species may prove to belong to some other genus. 94, aneuLatus, f. 130, Sowerby.—Testa quam F. anceps angustior, utrinque magis acuminata; anfractibus superio- ribus pallide castaneo tincto.—The sculpture of this and the following is similar, but the form of the present is more elevated and acuminated. This has been named Pyrula lignaria by Ave.,a name we cannot conveniently adopt on account of its previous application (although erroneous) to the true corneus of Linnzeus. 95. aNncEPS, f. 131, 4. Adams.—Testa crassa, alba, ventri- cosa, breviter quadrilatera, angulata, valide longitudinaliter plicata, plicis nudatis, profunde spiraliter sulcata et lirata; anfractibus supra angulum declivibus, brevibus; apertura intus lirata, margine crenulato; Jabio interno incrassato; canali brevissimo, latissimo, extus expanso. 96. TURBINELLOIDES, f. 83, Reeve.—Testa trapezoidea, tenuis, flavide fulva, fusco lineata, spiraliter suleata; spira acumi- nata, anfractibus depressis, angulatis, ad angulum acute tuberculatis, supra angulum declivibus; apertura subpyri- formi, alba, canali brevi, lato.—A lighter and smoother shell than others of similar form. 97. rornatus, f. 118, Gould.—Testa lyrata simili, sed tenuior, anfractibus rotundis, liris tenuiusculis, spira magis exserta.—Although this species has the whorls rounded, while those of F’. lyratus are angular, it is quite possible that specimens will be found passing from one to the other. F. subantiquatus, Pennant, may probably be a variation of F. tornatus. 98. HEPTAGONALIS, f. 132, Reeve.—Testa crassa, castanea, oblique quadrilatera, medio angulata, late: longitudinaliter FUSUS. 87 costata, spiraliter acute lirata; apertura intus alba, margine fuscato, crenulato. 99. noposus, f. 136, 137.—Testa angulato-subovata, tenuis, crenulatim spiraliter lirata, longitudinaliter plicata ; liris ad angulum anfractuum, et plurimis infra nodosis ; apertura subpyriformi, canali brevi, emarginato.—I follow Reeve in placing this species among the F’wsz, but not with- out hesitation. Sect. III. Species 100 to 117, or ‘ Neprunnra.’ 100. BERNICIENSIS, f. 103, Aing.—Testa alba vel pallide rosea, subovato-fusiformis, epidermide fusca pilosa induta ; carinis 13 distantibus validis spiraliter lirata ; spira conica, obtusa, anfractibus 6, vix angulatis, ultimo ventricoso, sub- elongato; apertura pyriformi, antice expansa, margine laque- ato, canali breviusculo.— When in perfect condition, a very beautiful shell. A hairy epidermis minutely knotted at each of the numerous spiral keels and the delicate fleshy pink of the slightly expanded mouth combine to elicit admiration. 101. sprtzpeRGENsis, f. 105, Moller.—Testa solida fusca, fusiformi-pyramidata, recta, profunde spiraliter sulcata; spira producta, acuminata, anfractibus 7 prominulis, rotundis; apertura breviuscula, margine incrassato, crenulato; canali breyi recto. —Resembling shells of the Islandicus and gracilis group, but solid and deeply sulcated. 102. rcrsus, f. 112, Gowld.—Testa solida, obscure fusca, ovato-fusiformis sulcis duplicatis cirea 11 spiraliter incisa, spira obtusa, pyramidata; anfractibus 6 declivibus; ultimo medio ventricosa supra infraque planulata; apertura pyri- formi, intus sulcata, margine fusco, dentato, canali brevi.— Spirally sculptured with double incised grooves. 103. turtonI, f. 106, Bean.—Testa pyramidata, solida, alba, leviter purpureo tincta, spiraliter liris planiusculis cincta; spira elevata, acuminata, subconcava, anfractibus 8 declivibus, plus minusve angulatis; ultimo subventricoso ; apertura expansa, intus subpurpurea, canali brevissimo latius- culo.—The spire of this still rare northern shell is produced and finely acuminated, the outline being curved inwards and the whorls shelving, and more or less angular. The 88 FUSUS. mouth is comparatively short but expanded, and the canal very short. 104. norvaaicus, f. 122, Chemnitz.tTesta ovata, levis, porcellana alba aut pallide carnea, spira brevi, apice obtuso, anfractibus 5, rotunde declivibus, ultimo oblongo, ventricoso; apertura subovata, labio externo expanso, canali brevissimo.— Of a somewhat oval form and porcellanous texture, delicately white under the epidermis and often of a beautiful pale flesh tint in the mouth. The outer lip has a volute-like expansion. 105. antiquus, f. 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 146, Linneus. —Testa alba, vel rufo fusca, solida, ventricosa, dextralis vel sinistralis, striis ineequalibus, raro fasciculatis cincta; an- fractibus 8 plerumque superne declivibus, plerumque rotunde subangulatis, apice papillari; apertura pyriformi magna, intus frequenter aurea, margine subexpanso, subincrassato, canali brevi lato, truncato. Variat carinis acutis crenulatis cincta.—Our figs. 113, 114, represent the ordinary form, 115 the ordinary sinistral form, young, 111 is from a fine specimen in Mr. Hanley’s Collection, in which the whorls are reversed and the strie collected in bundles. This variety is figured in Reeve for F. contrarius, Lamarck, but the description in Lamarck only refers to the shell being sinis- tral, and the figures cited are those of the common reversed whelk. F.116 shows a carinated specimen of Mr. Hanley’s, which he is inclined to refer to F’. carinatus of Pennant, but which shews signs of being very closely connected with this species. 106. pEspectts, f. 107, Lamarck. —Testa subovato-ventri- cosa, tenuiuscula, rudis, spiraliter striata et distanter lirata, superne ad angulum anfractuum acute nodosa; spira pyra- midata acuminata, anfractibus 8, supra medium angulatis, supra angulum declivibus, infra angulum bicarinatis; apice papillari; ultimo anfractu. magno, ventricoso; apertura subrotundo, margine foliatim reflexo, canali brevi.—The growth of this shell is very irregular, in some parts exfoliated, in others tubereulated and keeled. The young is very dif- ferent from the full-grown form. 107. tyratus, f. 117, 124, Martyn.—Testa solida, angu- latim subovata, fulva, levigata, liris fusus spiralibus pro- minentibus costata; spira turrita, anfractibus angulatis; apertura subpyriformi, superne angulata.—Some have re- FUSUS. 89 garded F. lyratus as a form of despectus, but it is alto- gether a differently textured shell, which can be distinguished through all the modifications of both species. Note.—rorNAtTUS, Which should follow this, will be found at Sp. 97. 108. cuminen, f. 109, Crosse-—Testa angulatim subglo- bosa, spiraliter lirata, fulva, fusco fasciatim picta, ad angu- lum anfractuum nodulis exfoliatis, fornicatis coronata ; spira brevi, anfractibus angulatis depressis; ultimo ventricosis- simo, apertura lata, superne angulata, canali brevi, tortuo. —A bulbous and very ventricose, although angular shell, in some respects resembling some varieties of F. de- spectus. 109. saturnus, f. 104, 110, 123, 126, Martyn.—Testa crassa, rudis, fumoso-fusca, sublevigata, ovato-fusiformis ; spira brevi, anfractibus 5 plerumque angulatis, interdum nodosis, superne planulatim declivibus, ultimo magno, ventri- coso, interdum costis crassis lirato, interdum bulboso ex- foliato, canali brevi, lato, plerumque tortuo.—A_ thick, coarse, dull brown northern species subject to great variations of form, among which figure 126, fornicatus Gmel., and 104 may be considered the more normal. None of the forms are striated, as in F. antiquus, and they all present more or less flattened slopes from the suture. 110. KeLietu, f. 108, Forbes.—Testa trapezoidea, solida, alba, spiraliter striata; spira pyramidata; anfractibus su- perne declivibus, infra medium angulatis, ad angulum nodo- sis; apertura subquadrata.—Angular, solid, and having the whorls knobbed on the angles. 111. Heros, f. 120, Gray.—tTesta pallide fulva vel ferru- gineo-fusca, elongato-subovata, levi; spira producta, an- fractibus 7, quadrato angulatis, elevatis,ad angulum inzequa- liter plerumque distanter nodoso-plicatis, ultimo ventricoso, apertura pyriformi, canali brevi, aperto, subtruncato.—The whorls are elevated in a peculiarly angular manner from the suture. 112. artuyriticus, f. 121, Valenciennes.—Testa saturno similis sed spiraliter leviter striatis, anfractibus superne versus suturam convexis, undulatim tuberosis, apertura intus subpurpurea, interne tenuiter lirata.—I cannot feel at all sure that this species is rightly distinguished from F. satur- 90 FUSUS. nus, unless it be for the convexity of the shoulder of the whorls, the waved tubercles on and above the angle and the striation of the aperture. 113. rmntatus, f. 119, Sowerby.—Testa oblongo-fusi- formis, fumoso-fusca, crassa, spiraliter leviter sulcata; spira producta, pyramidata, anfractibus 6 elevatis, obtuse angulatis, penultimo et ultimo ad angulum subacute tuberculatis, supra angulum subplanulatis, fasciis fuscis imequalibus spiraliter cinctis; apertura angulatim subpyriformi, intus fulvo pur- purea, fusco fasciata; canali breviusculo, lato, subacuminato. —More gracefully fusiform than arthyriticus and saturnus, of a dull smoky brown colour and unequally banded with brown lines and stripes. The inner part of the aperture is of a fine puce colour banded with brown. 114. warpa, f. 129, Menke.—Testa ovata, tenui, ventri- cosa fulva, spiraliter undulatim lirata, oblique arcuatim longitudinaliter plicata; spira brevissima, anfractibus 4, ultimo magno, ventricoso.—More regularly oval than F. deformis, and strongly ridged over undulating plaits. In the absence of the operculum, it is difficult to decide whether this species is a Buccinum or a Fusus. The sculpture of the upper part is like that of Buccinum undatum. 115. purormis, f. 127, Reeve.—Testa sinistralis ovata, ferrugineo-fusca, ventricosa, tenuiter spiraliter striata; spira brevissima, papillari; anfractibus 4, superne declivibus, undatim tuberculatis, inter tuberculos concavis; apertura semilunari; columella alba.—Of an obtuse subovate form, the last whorl occupying the bulk of the shell; the apex is broadly papillary and the tops of the last whorls are distantly and broadly tubereculated, with depressions between ths tubercles. The columella is white. 116. castanga, f. 128, Mérch.—Testa subovata, fusca, levigata; spira brevi, anfractibus 5, superne declivibus, ultimo magno, angustiusculo, superne subangulato, infra ventricoso; apertura magna, margine subexpanso, canali brevissimo, lato, truncato.—In this species, as in the preced- ing, the body whorl is the bulk of the shell. The whorls of the spire are sloped, the last obtusely angular, and a little conyex below the angle. The outer lip is slightly expanded. May not Neptunea lurida be a variety of this ? 117. mancuuricus, f. 125, #. Smith.-—Testa anguste FUSUS. 91 ovata, fuseo-cornea, plicis longitudinalibus angustis, distanti- bus, leviter arcuatis costata, inter costas spiraliter sulcata ; spira producta, anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo lateraliter subecompresso, apertura supurpureo fusca.—This Japanese species has very much the appearance and form of some species of Nassa. Sect. IV. Species 118 to 132, or ‘Srpuo.’ 118. Kroyert, f. 100, Mérch.—Testa oblongo-fusiformis, utrinque acuminata, aurea levis, obscure spiraliter lirata ; spira elevata, acuminata, anfractibus 7 declive rotundis, ar- cuatim longitudinaliter costatis ; ultimo ventricoso; apertura pyriformi, breviuscula, canali breviusculo, eleganter tortua. —The specimen figured was kindly lent me by Mr. Hanley, who considers it different from the several shells to which the name is attached in the British Museum. 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