" "* LIBRA.RV OF THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. i). Accession 99097 Class _ w ' * v- ' ' • '- ' • »«&*;<£?2£ra3ti traaSf &&< t^ i™>e» rf- s*»aysa3»«vsA'Ba "-V/»» VL> • y '^i ? c\ Sir .» ~,r«T-i - c-( ' J ^ « ' • *» <*3r;^ ^ ^^iff^m^^' ~% ^^v^^u-i&w^- ^ «^^v^? v.c^ii -QJxi < fck>5tei«9^lE3itoSG DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. BULLETIN No. 9. THIRD REPORT ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMERICAN CEREALS, WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY. AND RYE. BY CLIFFORD RICHARDSON. UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1886. 13734— No. 9 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. I. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, Washington, D. <7., April 2, 1886. SIR : 1 have the honor to submit herewith for your approval the final results of the investigations of American cereals which have been made by this Division under the direction of Mr. Clifford Richardson. These investigations, it is believed, are the most extensive and thorough of any similar ones heretofore carried on, and have revealed the influence of soil and climate on the composition of our grain in a manner which will prove beneficial both to our farmers and manufact- urers. Respectfully, H. W. WILEY, Chemist. Hon. N. J. COLMAN, Commissioner. II. MARCH 31, 1886. SIR: I have the honor to hand you for transmission to the Commis- sioner of Agriculture my third report upon American cereals. Very respectfully, CLIFFORD RICHARDSON, Assistant Chemist. Dr. H. W. WILEY, Chemist. 3 OP THR NIVERSITY COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF AMERICAN CEREALS. WHEAT. In previous reports, Bulletins 1 and 4 of the Chemical Division, we have discussed the changes in composition of many varieties of wheat as they have been grown in Colorado during a period of years by Prof. A. E. Blount. His attempts have been to improve by selection and crossing the character of this grain both for the farmer and miller. What suc- cess he has met with in increasing the yield and physical characteristics will be evident from the data which follow. It has been our province to study the changes in the chemical composition of the grain from year to year, showing the result of varying conditions in this direction. This has been done for four years, and before giving the results of the last year's examination a summary of those of previous years will serve to make them more intelligible. The first specimens of wheat were handed to the Division by Professor Blount in 1881, and were of varieties which had been grown two and three years in Colorado. They numbered thirty-three, and had the fol- lowing average composition: Weight of 100 grains. Grams 4.865. Water per cent. . Ash do ... Oil do.... Carbohydrates do Crudefiber do Albuminoids do... Total Nitrogen do . 9.86 2.28 2.41 70.48 1.57 13.40 100. 00 2.14 From this average it was learned that in that year Colorado produced a grain very rich in albuminoids, large in size, dry, and with little fiber or hull. Among the specimens it was found that some were from domestic and others from foreign seed, part being Eussiau. Knowing that Russian wheat is the richest in albuminoids of any in the world, and that conti- nental varieties as a rule contain more than our own, it wat' of interest to 5 observe that the crops grown in Colorado were still characterized by the source of the seed. Average composition of crop* from seed from various sources. Domestic Foreign seed. seed. Russian seed. "Weight of 100 grains grams 4 714 5 187 5 075 Water per cent 9 85 9 86 9 69 Ash do . 2. 27 '< 2. 32 2 41 Oil do.... 2. 38 2. 45 2 41 Carbhydrates do 70 87 69 46 69 33 Crude fiber . . .do.... 1.58 ! i.57 1 59 do 13 05 14 34 14 54 Total 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Nitrogen per cent 2 09 2 29 2 32 These wheats were the richest in albuminoids of any that had been examined up to that time in this country. Since then the hard spring wheats of the Northwest have been found to be more nitrogenous, but not comparable in their size or yield. The second year, twelve varieties, grown from seed supplied by the Department of Agriculture, were analyzed. After one year, that is to say, the first year's growth in Colorado, they were found to have all in- creased in size, and instead of an average weight of 3.402 grams per hundred grains, they weighed 4.299 grams. As regards the percentage of albuminoids, where the seed wheat was low in nitrogen there was a gain, but as half of the varieties contained originally more albuminoids than the average Colorado grain, there was a drop in six of the twelve specimens toward the average. For example, a seed having 16.11 per cent, of albuminoids, the crop fell to 14 91 per cent., while one having only 9.65 rose to 12.15 per cent. From these facts, and the analyses of the previous year, the conclusion was drawn that the conditions in Colorado were suited to the production of a grain containing about 13 per cent, of albuminoids. This was undoubtedly the case at the time. In the two following years, however, these conditions have been somewhat modified. In the third year, 57 varieties were examined, 28 of which had been analyzed before in 1881. A loss of albuminoids occurred in all but 4 cases, and a loss of weight in all. The average for the year was — Weight of 100 grains. Grams 3.941. Water percent.. 9.38 Ash do.... 2.09 Oil, cai bhydrates, and crude fiber. . . do . . . 76. 79 Albuminoids do .... 11. 74 Total 100.00 Nitrogen per cent.. 1.88 This sudden change and drop iu size and percentage of albuminoids were attributed by Professor Blount to a heavy hail- storm, which pros- trated the crop in its formation stage and influenced all its character- istics. This was probably the case, and it became of great interest to study the crop of 1884, to learn what the recovery might be, and what, after from one to six years' growth in Colorado, the changes in average composition might amount to. To this end 77 varieties, selected from a lot of 200 grown by Pro- fessor Blount, have been examined chemically and physically, and the results are presented iu the following tables, together with certain data in regard to yield per acre, as well as characteristics of the seasons and other conditions, taken from Professor Blount's report and personal letters. 8 % £ g 3 3 8 Srfslf 8 § ?S 8 I 8 f 8 Jf Iff S§ ? 3 S 3 I OJC»i-i»Oi-i cs ~* as o t^ a >os — t-iM30'«*<'OOJO-^t~e i-i^»l — *li-l»-ISN»-S in'o as » t~ oc alo'* oo j i"> o> t-«*< co ^< ift co t- to o so ^5?u?3? ?o STia so* 10 « ^lo S'S'S'so S i 5 * ' SJ ' ;§ ,2 ° ° ,2 .2 •.•So^oo^c^oo^ooooo^oo^oo • *•; o o c o o ' *: js •3 i- Oi dTao o « : t~ oo o w so »- t~05ooooi>oooci>oot-QO«o?ot-aoit:t--H«oaoTfoc<»ooooc»t-t-CJO«o«oc50»oo * * >aooi>t>2^^«w~«~;*«w»w«|«»t~<»^»w2«^®ao*>-jt-Mt.-05 co Tf c:s -^ •* to io » . o i o o o o o -§o ! i : :5 I :.-£ oo-o«o :oso- ±;c- o 'S'C'O'wJS'^'^'^'C'S'^'^lS'C-'^flln'S'^'^ ' " -'' " I '•!':«!* 10 «-„• s sflls g s 3 Is s s s £ i £ 2? g g * g « I iT s 3 s tills Js 3 S Js 1 I I " I'MOs — s*i -H as 00 t~ o 00*0 — X (O t^C w T £0 C5 ^o oooooo wlWU^i-il ;:gi5 ; ;s 6e6d6o66o6666 11 tiO cc «o*oo «oo«»«cokOcot-r-t^e»aoo t^-'o oc t^*t^ .-iioact-wooi^mcocom-^coot^iftosooct^^b-sooocwt- g il j-g ; • -d^^ -r-d' • « i— • s« N i i ;^| ;*££? ; .««£.g* :%jia ^s 5- • iiilsil^ 5H-5 1 1 »£~K 255-§ § 2 ?|8 I11^52^^»'l'ls2l|s||ISll gs^Sf Is^il al, - 1 1 5 sl §1 =1 s 1°! I § I I'sJ s o 8 o gf-fS HI'^l! l-lllll^t elsJlil §* :::«::::;«: :Hlriijli: 12 ^ is g 5 f 3s 55 s SSE s s sis a Ss si1 £s a a r*~ 00«ftt>000»«b-t>iOi I •* CO W N I-H rt W i-H CO Irt «O ^H M f* f* rH :PQ <3 1 — I O • o| :.-§ 31 'Ei • • • * :Jl2L • • • •T3-2 833 SSSS^Is !§•§.§.§ S § | j M| j ! i ^^S \\l\tt >* |||| ^^-§|^-§ |-§| j j^-§-§2 3^o<1«6 : : :§£ :li oo-S^ : :^ bC$ 2 = • I • ill! ; :53J3 3S !** 2- !'S'S: 14 Of his method of cultivation Professor Blount says: It is quite simple. I sow only one ounce of picked seed per square rod in eight rows, or in field culture only thirty pounds per acre. On each square rod I put home- made fertilizers, horse, cow, hog, and sheep manure, the latter being by far the best in this climate. In the case of cow and hog manures, one cubic foot is used, but two cubic feet of horse manure. There are also plots with no manures. My crops are hoed twice and irrigated twice. Of the seasons he says : 1879 was a fair wheat year, no rain from April to harvest ; 1880 two showers, doing more damage to wheat than none; 1861 and 1^82 fair wheat seasons; 1883 hail killed everything, and 1884 a fine season with some rain. A description of his methods of crossing and selection will be found in the Animal .Report of this Department for 1881-'82, and in the report of the agricultural department of the Colorado State College for 1884. In addition it is necessary to say that it must be borne in mind that these wheats have been grown upon an experimental scale and with greater care and regularity of condition than could be often found in field culture in this country. While they do not represent, therefore, the ordinary product of the State from which they come, they are more val- uable for purposes of scientific comparison and as a guide to what may be done by the farmer in the improvement of his seed and crops. Physical properties of Colorado wheat, 1884. ti Name. * ^ | ' 0 Serial number. Color. Bearded or smooth. Yield per acre. Weight per bushel. Weight per 100 grains. Oregon Club 10 3500 Light amber S. But 50 Lbs. 63 7 Grains. 3 647 Australian Hard 11 3501 do S. 5? 4.041 Sonora 12 3502 Yellow S. 56 67 3 •B H30 White Mexican 13 3503 do S. 41^ L 63 5 4 890 Improved Fife 14 3504 s 56 65 8 3 672 Brooks . ' 16 3505 Amber s 50 65 0 3 841 Rio Grande 17 3506 do B 56 67 1 4 743 Canada Club 18 3507 do s 50^ 66 1 3 764 Jndkin .. 19 3508 Dark amber s. *ft< 64.1 3. 920 Lost Nation 20 3509 Amber s. 41i 64.5 4.147 Touzelle 21 3510 Lighter amber B. 4."' 65 7 4 300 Australian Club 22 3511 Amber white . S. 5 L 64.9 4.440 China Spring 27 3516 s 58 ' 65 4 3 990 Egyptian Fife 28 3517 Yellow amber B % 63.8 4.840 Saxon Fife 29 3518 Red S. 64 65.3 3.690 Danuuiau 30 3519 Red and yellow 66 » 62-5 4 110 Prussian 31 35^0 Dark aniber g 5(1 ' 64.0 3.610 Pringle 34 3521 s 45 4 300 Hedge Row, White Chaff ... 41 3522 Yellow aniber s. 4R 65.9 3. 170 Italian 43 3523 B 45- 64 1 5 620 Hybrid No. 10 51 3524 Pale yellow S. 61- 63.9 4.690 Nox No 1 54 3525 s 50< ! 64 8 3 980 Hybrid No. 13 56 3526 Amber s. 45 ' 62.7 3 160 Hybrid No 15 57 3527 B H 63 6 3 200 Hybrid No. 16 58 3528 Red and amber s 40 62.8 4.110 Hybrid No. 17... 59 3529 Red... B. 56 66.8 4.740 15 Physical properties of Colorado wheat, 1884 — Continued. I 1 •Z Name. Color. c § ; "3 £ ; Bearded or smooth. Yield per acre. Weight per bushel. Weight per 100 grains. Years in cultivation. Andriola Ai Red Clawso Big Mary . . Hybrid No. Hybrid No. Hybrid No. Hybrid No. Casaca ; 3530 Red and amber Bus. B. 6H S. 58} S. 56 S. 58} S. 61* S. 45i B. 40 B. 42} B. 48 S. 53i S. . 46} : S. 48 S 46f B. 56 B. 40 S 48 Lb*. 66.4 66.0 63.5 65.9 62.2 62.8 64.4 67.0 64.3 64.9 63.5 65.7 66.1 67.2 65.0 64.2 64.6 63.7 64.1 66.7 62.2 63.9 66.9 66.6 66.4 64.6 65. 0 67.1 66.1 65.7 f6. 1 66.9 Grains. 3.790 3.660 4.710 5.339 4.683 3.586 6.620 3.299 4.830 3.880 I 3.500 i 4.100 4. 170 4.670 5. 505 4.239 4.167 5.073 3.576 4.120 3.420 3.800 3. 500 3.580 4.880 4.440 4.400 4. 220 5. 060 4.220 4. 120 3.890 3. 930 4. 240 3.850 3. 4'JO 5.180 4. 120 3. 580 5. 560 3. 880. 3.180 4.000 4.480 3.440 4.760 4.060 4.500 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 a 119 3531 Dark amber 117 3532 Dark yellow 26 122 3533 Light' am her 28 124 3534 Dark yellow 33 129 3535 do 34 130 3536 Glassy amber 131 3537 Red Monmonth . Russian Spi Vermillion Eden ton Fi Nox 2 148 i 3538 Light red in^ . 149 3539 Red 150 354U do . fe ! 152 153 3541 ... do 3542 Yellow amber Nox 4 155 3543 Light red Nox 3 156 3544 • Glassy amber Nox 5 157 3545 Yellow amber. Pringle No. Wiles 17 1 58 3546 . . do . 3547 Light amber 3548 Yellow S. 45} S. 48 S. 40 S. 44 S. 42} S. 45} .... 50} S. 48 S. 64 B. 45} S. 53i KS. 69i S. 48 S. 851 S. 86} S. 53| S. 56 S. 42 .... 46} B. 45} B. 40 S. 41} B. 40 B 40 S. 454 24 160 Nor th cote's Northcote's Black Chafl' Hybrid No. Hebroii Imperial 162 Amber 163 168 3549 Light red 3550 Red 35 169 i 3551 Amber yellow 3552 . do ..' 3553 Deep j ellow 171 Mediterranf French Imp Nebraska . Northcote's Kivet an White . 173 trial 175 176 3554 Red 3555 Amber White 177 178 3556 Li" lit amber 3557 Deep yellow 3558 Light red 3559 . do 3560 do Baltimore . Davis 180 181 Gold Preinii Hick's Proli Wintergreei Geiger im 183 fie 184 i 186 3561 Red 3562 A mber 19-> 3563 do Hybrid No. S«:a Island. Eden ton . . . Winnipeg, ] Manitoba.. V7 ... 193 3564 Amber yellow 3565 Red 64. 2 194 195 ?566 Amber 65.6 64.4 66.3 67.8 64.5 67.7 64." 6" 64.7 68.6 67.0 Russian 196 197 3567 Light red 3568 Red 3569 Glassy amber Winnipeg . Hall.-tt's Pe China No. 2 Mo. Turkey Mo. Meditei Scotch Fife Eye 198 digree 200 213 3570 Amber and yellow 3571 ! Amber 214 Tanean 215 37)72 ! do B. 18} B. 29£ S. 32 S. 21i 3573 Light red 222 3574 Red . .. 223 3575 Dark and light red 3576 Dark red Sandomirka Hooetowii . 233 235 3577 Amber... 16 t^oSeot-f-ct^i^ooiM^Hoor": *d22i£2^2^22<*;2222^2SSo5add(x3 e» ci co >* c-i eo o» si ~ oi — w ffi eo < «o-ooo«D«oo«Otooco«o®«o«>o<»«c:»aJ 001 1 5 I; Ml Mil JIM lllilil ill illliliii £-35 ; M9qcana ooooooooo»2^S" — 22^22®?J?3?5c5rjM;^i5§)*fccofOMM:S^ [BU9g xfoeoeoco^coccccrocoeoeococccoMMcoMfOMeoMMeoeow •jaqmna 2^22 BO 3.S : . ll 23 |2!l el - s -t§f iilililii i M Jli&inJlHS3JiiJui2£SlSj 17 el r4 n e4 f-T M el i-* el t-i i:oc<5oo-<*<-«#o;oacc"se>Tf«5-!j.(Min«Ot>0005^-cO-Ha)OP-tSv40t>»rHOMfOO , «S — 0«ftC5 35 30 l> 00 00 • 00 00 l> t> GO OO oo OlrtOO^OOOOO' !§§§§§0000000g; : ; :'S : : il illl '' TlaJljSjaJi JS.S-B §56-3531 s *i , I il^l §O i-H IM CO t^. t- t^ l>- s "s'| i- Islif So s& • c8 ' •'•a a :•§ ^ 13734— No. 9- 18 The data in the preceding tables have been averaged for comparison with the averages of previous years as well as of those wheats which had been grown different lengths of time in Colorado. An rage composition of Colorado wheat grown in 1884. 5 , g« ^ Z*z *"•- J> £ Jj ft 0 a M» • MM & £- P Water. •5 g Carb- h.ydrates. E Albumi- noids. 2 Glut Moist. en. Dry. Lit. All varieties.. 77 65.2 Sixth season.. 24 65.2 Fifth season.. 7 64.4 Third season . 19 64. 7 Second season 21 65. 6 First season .. 7 66.5 Grams. 4.222 4.408 4.167 4.402 3.968 4.203 P.ct. 7.54 ; 7.15 7.19 8.11 7.34 8.37 P.ct. 1,81 1.70 1.75 2.01 1.81 1.88 P. ct. 2.29 2.24 2.32 2.34 2.32 2.25 P.ct. 74.19 74.83 75.27 73.90 73.96 71.90 P.ct. 1.64 1.64 1.49 1.59 1.67 1.83 P. et. 12.53 12.44 11.98 12.05 12. 90 13.77 P.ct. 2.00 1.99 1.92 1.93 2.06 2.20 P.ct. 33.31 32.96 35.75 34.33 32. 50 42.68 P.ct. 10.42 10.31 12.45 12.05 11.65 15. 15 The average for the seventy-seven varieties grown in 1884 when compared with that of other years shows that in size and percentage of albuminoids, although there has been an advance over 1883, the wheats of that year are not equal to those of 1881 and 1882. Avtrage composition of Colorado wheats. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. Weight of 100 grains grams 4 865 4 283 3.941 | 4.222 "Water per cent 9.86 8 80 i 9. 38 7. 54 Ash do 2 9g 1 99 2 09 1 81 Oil - - do 2 41 2 38 2 99 Carbhydrates do 70.48 72. 03 76 79 74. 19 Crude' fiber . do 1 57 1 76 1 64 Albuminoids . . do 13.40 13.04 11 74 12.53 Total 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 "Vitroo'en do 2 14 ">• 09 1 88 2 00 Moist gluten do 33. 12 34.69 33. 31 do 11 74 12 89 10 42 It would perhaps be unsafe to draw any definite conclusions from these averages, but they would seem to show that peculiarities of sea- son are most influential on the composition of the grain. Examined in connection with the individual analyses and with regard to the characteristics of the several seasons of growth it would appear that the low percentage of albuminoids in 1884 may be due to the fact that having fallen to 11.74 in 1883, the wheats were unable to recover more than to 12.53 in 1884. If this is the case the effects of this bad season and set back in 1883 may be overcome in 1885. Analysis of that year's crop will decide this. Then, the inquiry may be made as to what influence on this average is due to the continued growth of the grain on one soil for a number of years. To examine this question the averages by seasons of growth were calculated. From these one learns that the wheats of the first two seasons growth are richer in albuminoids than those which have been raised a longer time in Colorado. In the case of the wheats grown for 19 the first time in the State the higher figures are probably due to the fact that the seed had not been injured by the hailstorm which had affected the others, and they therefore produced a grain as rich as that from seed introduced in 1881 and 18813. Why, however, there should be a decrease from the second to the fifth season and increase in the sixth is not so easy to say. The difference is small and may be due to peculiarities in the varieties rather than other conditions. To discover what the deterioration may have been for particular varieties the analyses of all wheats which have been made more than once are tabulated together on the following page : Name. Oregon Club. Do Do .. . um CoTFecti number Serial n be i Color. Weigh 100 gra Grins. -- 738 Yellow 14.434 10-_>1'J7 ....do 3.714 10 3500 Light amber 3. 647 A A P.ct. P.c. P.ct. li P.c. Australian Hard Do 113501 Sonora .. Do Do White Mexican Do Do .. Improved Fife . Do .. 9. 59i 1. 91 12. 25 1.96 1881 8.752. 1011. 38 1.82 lt-83 8. 93 L 98 11. 20 1. 79 1884 9.781.8511.19L79U881 7.462.0511. 73j 1.88; 1884 I2| 739J Yellow !4. 739 !lO. 1712. 02 14. 18J2. 271881' 9. 12|l. 9612. 78J2. 0411883 11 731 Yellow 5.506 amber 4.041 1212183... .do J3.618 1213502! ...do ...3.830 13 729|....do 132128 do 133503 ... do 4.442 4.890 142129 Amber 14 35041 Light amber RioGrande 17| 735J Red.. Do.. : 172134! do Do Judkin.. Do Do Lost Nation Do ... Do .. Touzelle Do Do Australian Club. Do .. 17 3506i Amber . 19i 730| Red 192137; Amber , 1935081 Dark amber 20| 741 Red 202139 Amber 203509 ... do 21J 736 Yellow . . . 212141J . do 21 3510| Light amber 22 21421 Yellow 22 351 1| Mixed amber and white 3. 784 9. 28 2. 04| 13. 83|2. 21 1 883 3.672 | 8. 72 1.78| 14. 1812.271884 5.906 9.5112. 0814. 69i2. 351881 4.162 j &8W2. 03 12.955. 07 18*3 4.743 8.741.5212.431.991884 Pringles No. 6 . Do .. 33 742| Yellow 332153 ....do .. Pringles No. 7. Do .. 34! 743! Amber 34121541 Yellow Centennial . Do .. 40 727 40 2159 White Chaff, Hedge Row. Do Do .. Hybrid No. 10. Do Do .. Hybrid No. 13. Do ., Hybrid No. 15. Do Do .. 41 745 2160 3522 9. 91 !2. 6013.81 2. 21 1881 8. 35 2. 20 11. 90 1.90 1883 - 7. 27 '2.05| 11. 55|l. 85tl884 9. 7512. 57 12. 25J1. 961881 3.761 9. 13|l. 91 11. 55 1.85:1883 3.920 i 7.63ll.94|12.25|l.96|l884 3. 851 10. 24 2. 17 1 12. 93! 2. 07|l881 3. 739 j 9. 93 1. 87 11. 561!. 85 1883 4.147 7.291.5312. 08:1. 931884 5.214 10.232.1013.502.161881 4.247 10. 732. 12i 13. 30 2. 131883 4. 300 6. 98 1. 7914. 1812. 27 1884 4. 425 4.536 8. 971. 9711. 03J1. 761883 7.161.1611.5511.851884 Yellow 5. 145 9. 89 2. 12 13. 13 2. 10!188l| 4.651 9. 30 2. 08 13. 65J2. 18 1883: 4.636 9. 892.2315.25J2.44i1881j 3.968 9.152.0512.081.931883' | , | 9. 66 2. 35 12. 06 1. 93 1881 5.878 I 8.602. 10 11. 55il. 85 1883! ...do do Yellow and amber. 4.072 2.838 3.170 51 719 Amber '512126 Yellow r.024 51 J3524 Pale yellow !4. 690 I 56121891 Red |3. 699 56;3526; Amber 3.660 9. 072. 0813. 62;2. 1818S11 9. 162.0211. 73'1. 88 1883 5.951.50, 9.981.6018841 9. 72 2. 281 3. 75;2. 20 1881 8.682.2611.031.761883 9. 571.75J 9. 4511. 51 1884 57 720 Red 572131J... do 10.272.1010.681.711883 7. 13J1. 28 12. 95 2. 07^1884 10. 07 1.93 12. 251. 961 1881 ... 3. 572 ! 8. 87 2. 03 11. 73!1. 88 1883 573527! Yellow and amber 3.200 : 8. 19 1. 75 12.C81. 93 1884 a 5 7. 31 11.90 12. 25'1. 96 1884 6 20 Name. Color. 1 1 I J? ct. T.c.\P. Hybrid No. 16 * Do (irnix.ll'.ct. r.c.tP.cUP.c. 721 Red 4.824 9.53 2. 04 11. 75.1. 881 1881 5821321 Amber 5.036 8.702.1311.031.761883 Do" ".!.'.!.".".."... 58 8528i Red and amber 4.110 7. U4i. 95 11. 38j I. 82 1884 Hybrid No. 17... 59 722 Amber 5.137 Do 592135 Red 4.818 Do "" 593529. ...do 14.740 Hedge Row, Red Chaff 69 746 Amber 4. Do.. 6921611 Yellow MJ 499 9.932.0713.622.181881 a 90 hi. 23 14. 85 2. 30 1883 7. 00 1 1. 60 ; 12. 25 1.96 1884 !>. IT •». 5912. 942. 071881 9. 1H 2.1 9i 12. 95 2. 07 1883 Fountain Do .. 71 732 ....do 71 2162.... do i: 100 10. 5*- 191 i 8.2', >. 701! 3. 62 2. 181881 .'.1411.90 1. 90|1883 White Chaff 74 747' Red 4. 214 9. 57 2. 03 14. 0412. 251881 742163 . do .3.252 7. 95 2. 05 12. 08 1! 931888 Do Perfection .. Do .... German Fife Do .. Triticum Do Russian Durum . Do Yellow... ..5.536 9. 93 1. 99 14. 182. 27 1881 ...do.. ....5.032 ; 10. 29:2. 0812.952.071883 10.422.31 15.06J2.41 1881 10. 052. 28II2.60'2.021883 10.022.0713.6212. 181881 8. 98'2. 02 14. 00(2. 24 1883 Meekin's Do Hybrid No. 26 Do .. 76 733 762164 77 737 Red 5.368 77-^168 Amber 4.546 79 748 Yellow .5.754 79 2165 . . . .do 4. 861 81 749 Amber 5.924 81 2166 Yellow 4.761 . 88 751J Red 5.193 882167|. ...do 4.414 122 2146i Yellow 3. 987 122 3533; Light amber 5. 339 9. 91 2. 32 15. 25 8. 70 j 2. It/! 14. 35 2. 30 1883 9.382.5315.15 10.152.0513.482.161883 9. 40 2.2014.38 8.121.9512.08 Hybrid No. 28 1242148; Yellow 3.827 9. Do 1243534; Dark yellow i4. 683 j 9. Hybrid No. 33. Do Hybrid No. 34. Do r'9°152| Yellow 2. 716 ilO.151.87 8.93 1293535J Dark yellow ;3. 587 8.001.84 9.801 2. 38 1883 I. 93 1884 322.28 9.981.601883 152. 10! 11. 20 I. 79 1884 130!2155| Amber 15.179 130 3536| Amber and glassy 16. 620 8.822.4312.602.021883 8.422.2512.081.931884 Russian, Spring. . . ; 149 2171 Do 1492172 Do 1493539 ;3.438 do 3.985 Red.. .. 3.880 .782 HybridNo.35 169J2156; Yellow ,3.055 Do 169;355l Amber and yellow 3.800 Mediterranean White . Do ... 8.9212.31112. 9.682.14112.251 8.411.9513.48 9.372.2710.501. 7.531.5010.501.681884 French Imperial. Do ... 175^2178 Amber 4.594 1753554) Red 4.880 Gold Premium .. | 1832184 Do ... 183!3560 Hick's Prolific. 17312174 Yellow .. .. 4.182 9.692.1711.201.791883 173(3553: White 5.580 7.741.7513.132.101884 9. 55 1.95 12. 95 2.07 18f-3 7. 00 2. 00 12. 60j2. 02,18841 Yellow... ...3.818 9.44 2. 17 11. 38'l. 8211883 Light red ... J4. 120 j 6. 80 1.95'l4. 00-2.241884 9. 21 2. 04110. 33J1. 65 1883 6.881.45(12.782.02,1884 Yellow... .- ;4.064 9.922.20114.33,2.3218831 .00| 13. 13 2. 101884! 1842186| Amber. 2.879 Red.. ...13.890 Do 1843561 Geiger 1922188 Do 1923563 Hybrid No. 37... . 193 2158; Yellow 3.559 |10. Do 193 3564! Amber and yellow 3. 850 Amber 4.240 i 6.232. 2.44188L 2.431881 1. 43 1883 . 57 1884; . 04 1882 . 96 1883! 2. 16 1884! . 72 2. 44i 1 1.90 1.901883; 6.082.05J12.201.961KS4 the varieties which were analyzed in 1884, and also pre viously, six have shown a tendency to continued degeneration in their percentages of nitrogen and size. The rest have shown signs of im- provement or remained stationary. The changes, then, which have been observed from year to year must be attributed to season and not to 21 the soil, although continued cropping on one soil, even with fertilizers, appears from the experiments of Lawes and Gilbert to somewhat di- minish the percentage of nitrogen. Another year's crop will furnish in- teresting data upon this subject, no doubt confirming the views of the experimenters just mentioned that season has a greater effect upon grain than any other condition. Among these analyses are found samples of wheat which have the greatest weight per bushel and per hundred grains of any which have been examined. These extremes are not, however, coincident, as may be seen from the following figures : Extremes among Colorado wheats of 1884. 'Highest. Number. Lowest. Number Yield per acre bushels. . 86§ Weight per bushel pounds.. 68.6 Weight per 100 grains grams . . 6. 200 Albuminoids per cent.. 14. 88 3560 21 £ 3576 62. 2 3569 3. 160 3559 9. 45 3575 3534 3526 3524 The weight per bushel is dependent on various causes. High weight is almost, if not always, an evidence of high quality, but not always of a large, plump, well-ma* ured grain. The hard red spring wheat of the Northwest, which is small in size, and not well matured in the sense of having a plump berry, with its usual amount of starch, is very heavy in its weight per bushel, while the large full wheat of Oregon, which is very starchy, is light in weight. The following data show the variation : Weight per bushel, $-c., of hard, soft, and immature wheats. HARD RED SPRING WHEAT. No. State. | ! Weight per bushel. Weight per 100 grains. Grams. 3.312 2.802 3. 368 3.389 2.921 2.780 3.700 3.4fi5 3. 074 3.331 2.926 Yield. Quality. Albumi- noids. 186H 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 2109 2111 1644 2107 Dakota Pounds. 65 3 Bush. 25J ^ $ (?) (t) (0 (?) (?) (0 Good Per cent. 14.53 15.23 17.33 14.00 14.35 16.35 16.28 13.48 18.03 13. 65 13.83 .. .do ... 66.5 No. 1 do 66 2 do do 65 2 do . ..do 65.2 do Minnesota 65. 5 do Dakota 66 8 do Manitoba 67 1 do Dakota 63 4 do Minnesota 64.9 Frozen do 64 3 No 1 SOFT WHITE OREGON WHEATS. 772 Oregon 773 ...do 57.2 59.8 4.253 5. 144 Extra, . ...do 8.58 8.05 IMPORTED SOFT WHEAT. 779 62.2 4.710 Extra 10.33 22 Weight per bushel, ^-e., of hard, soft, and immature wheat— Continued. OTHER SOFT WHEATS. No. State. Weight per bushel. Weight per 100 grains. Yield. Quality. Albumi- noids. 832 Pennsylvania Pounds. 60 4 Grains. 2 710 Bush. 44 Ordinary . Per cent. 9 98 759 Missouri 62.7 3.860 do 11.19 1288 62 1 2 526 do 10 50 1993 Michigan 62. 1 4. 196 do 10.85 1355 63 4 3 077 do 10 85 1356 66 2 3 653 do 10 55 1853 Wfst Virginia 64.5 3.392 15 Good 11.30 2112 Virginia 65 0 3 569 20 do 12 60 IMMATURE AND POOR WHEATS. 1804 Alabama 5° 3 2 Oil i 3 5 Poor 10 85 1S05 do . 62. 3 3 710 10.3 Fair 10 85 1806 do 49.8 2. 242 5.2 Had 9.98 1809 do 63 5 3 486 5 3 Fair 11 03 1812 do 48. I 2. 1 66 2.8 Bad ... .... 9.80 1813 do 57.0 2.675 1.6 Poor 11.38 AVERAGE OF 42 POOR WHEATS FROM OHIO IX 1883. 2701- t 56 6 3 458 39 3 Shriveled . 1 2742 \ WHEATS WITH HIGHEST AND LOWEST ALBUMEN AND LARGEST SIZE. 2111 Dakota I 63.4 3. 074 Hi^h albumen 18.03 1854 Washington Territory 63 5 2 584 | Low albumen 7 70 3536 Colorado 64.4 5. 500 . 12.08 i HIGHEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL. 3570 Colorado. Hard red 12.95 1812 Alabama LOWEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL. 48 2. 166 . . . Immature 9.80 From these figures, which have been obtained by weighing miniature bushels which were graduated by comparison with the weight of large amounts of grain in struck bushels, it appears that hard spring wheat will average about 65£ pounds per pushel, soft white Oregon 58J pounds, the ordinary soft wheat of the East 62.5, the poorly-matured grain of Alabama 55.5, the crop of 1883 in Ohio 56.6, while we have seen that the large plump Colorado grain weighs 65.2 pounds. The averages for different seasons in Colorado vary directly as the percent- ages of albuminoids, although among the less fully matured grain the lighter often contains more nitrogen from lack of starch, as in the case of the Ohio crop of 1883. This was found to be the case by Lawes and Gilbert in their experiments, but does not always hold true, as may be seen among the Alabama wheats and some others. Tne Oregon wheats finely matured, rich in starch, and low in nitrogen, which are very spongy and light in weight, are illustrative of this point. 23 Conditions of growth and seed formation are so many and so varied tbat what may be true for one locality will often not apply to another which is far distant. RELIABILITY OF SPECIMENS AND SAMPLING. The question has been raised as to whether any specimen or sample of wheat would represent the average composition of a field or large crop, or of a large mass of wheat in elevator, for instance, and whether the analyses of the specimens which have been examined in this and previous reports could be relied on on this account. An attempt has been made to solve this question, and with satisfac- tory results. In Bulletin No. 1 of this division analyses are given of two samples of wheat from the same lot of grain purchased by the De- partment as seed, the one selected in 1881 and the other in 1882, and analyzed without it being known to any one that they were intended to be identical. The results were closer than would probably be the case in most sampling. Red Mediterranean iclieat. 1882. 1883. Water Per cent. 9 83 Per cent. 9 88 Ash 1 70 1 62 Oil 2.21 2.06 Carbhydrates 73 73 73 80 Crude fiber 1 68 1.79 Albuminoids 10.85 10.85 To decide as to variations in composition in different parts of the same field and of the same farm, and of different varieties on the same farm and of differently developed heads and sized kernels of the same variety, personal selections were made from a wheat farm in Carroll County, Maryland, belonging to Mr. Alastair P. Gordon-dimming. The specimens may be described as follows, with a determination of albuminoids — a point which, it was believed, will settle any large varia- tion in composition : From a field of Fult?, bottom land, best quality. . C 2 q a c V § 1 ^x § £> -s a s ^ s il® •g^ el •s 1 *t Name. Serial nt Number t* g f Number of w ij I ^ M 1 Percent ra 2769 21 0.80 325 14.67 79.3 4.517 9.80 Rakings. From twenty-two average heads were selected : 2770 ! 1 4 0 .89 30 .535 1.621 12.78 Longest, not well filled. 2770 2 1 3 8 1 89 45 1 282 2 085 11.81 Next longest well filled. 2770 3 8 3 5 1 46 285 9. 055 3.177 12.78 Long. 2770 4 p 3 3 1 21 273 8 035 2 943 12 78 Short. 2770s 3 3 0 1 04 73 2.260 3.096 12.60 Shortest. 24 A patch of white Mediterranean seed from Department, second year's growth. Serial No. 2768, 33 heads, weighing 37.5 grams and yielding 567 grains, or 75.2 per cent., weighing 28.197 grams, of which 461 were sound and 106 sprouted in the stack. The sound weighed per 100, 4.875 grains ; the sprouted, 5.400, and contained albuminoids; the sound, 12.08 per cent.; the sprouted, 13.48. A field of Fultz, from a different portion of the same farm, gave among 14 average heads, weighing 391 grains: Serial number. I 1 • I Number w*iir>it , Weight Albuini- of grains. e'S"1" per IQQ. noids. | i 27711 Large plump grains 240 8 792 3 663 14 Oi 27712 Smaller grains i 150 4 085 2.723 11.81 i Among the Fultz sports were found : 27721 Bearded brown chaff 4.184 11.03 2772* i Smooth brown chaff 3.9951 14.00 The results show that where the divisions have been made on marked characteristics there is a difference in composition ; but that for aver- ages from the same field, even where some physical differences could be noted, there is little variation on analysis. Three of six samples from a field of Fultz were exactly alike in their percentage of albuminoids, another was only .18 per cent, different, or practically the same, wh'ile the rakings from the field were, as might be expected, low in albumi- noids. One selected head also fell below the average composition for some unexplained reason. In this field of Fultz, therefore, there seems to be sufficient evidence to give us confidence in our results. The next samples were taken from a shock of wheat, and the grain was found on preparation for analysis to have sprouted. It was there- fore divided into two parts. The grain which sprouted was the heavier and best developed and contained the most albuminoids. This is also the case in another field of Fultz on the same farm, where an average sample was divided into large and small grains, the larger having the most albuminoids. That this is not by any means always the case, bow- ever, it seems fair to believe from our experience with high relative pro- portion of nitrogen in specimens of shriveled wheat from other parts of the country. These kernels were none of them shrivelled ; on the contrary, plump, and that some were merely more vigorous than others must stand as an explanation. Sports or stragglers in the same field of Fultz were found to vary very largely from each other and a little more than the different-sized grains of Fultz. This must be attributed to peculiarities in the variety and their different ability to assimilate nitrogen under the circumstances. 25 These remarks must be regarded as suggestions only, as any abso- lute interpretation of the results is impossible. They serve, however, to show the constancy of the average composition of an average head, and of the average of the crop. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WHEAT GRAIN. From observations in this and previous reports it may be said that of all grain wheat is probably the most susceptible to its environment. Oats in certain directions are more variable, but in their general char- acteristics are much more permanent, as will appear in subsequent pages. The inherent tendency to change which is found in all grains is most prominent in wheat. It may be fostered by selection and by modifying such of the conditions of environment as it is in the power of man to affect. The most powerful element to contend with is the character of the season or unfavorable climatic conditions. The injury done in this way is well illustrated in Colorado, and it would seem advisable in such cases to seek seed from a source where everything had been favorable, and begin selection again. It must be borne in mind that selection must be kept up continuously, and that reversion takes place more easily than improvement. It took but one season to seriously injure Professor Blountfs wheats, but it will be two or more years before they have recovered from that injury. Hal- lett in England was able to make his celebrated pedigree wheat by se- lection, carried on through many years, but the same wheat grown by the ordinary farmer under unfavorable conditions for a few years with- out care has reverted to an ordinary sort of grain. The effect- of climate is well illustrated by four specimens of wheat which are to be seen in the collection of the chemical division. Two of these were from Oregon and Dakota some years ago, and present the most extreme contrast which can be found in this variable grain. One is light yellow, plump, and starchy, and shows on analysis a very small proportion of albuminoids; the other is one of the small, hard, and dark- colored spring wheats of Dakota, which are rich in albuminoids. Be- tween these stand two specimens from Colorado, which have been raised from seed similar to the Oregon and Dakota wheat. They are scarcely distinguishable except by a slight difference in color. The Colorado climate is such as to have modified these two seed wheats, until after a few years' growth they are hardly distinguishable in the kernel. All localities having widely different climates, soils, or other condi- tions produce their peculiar varieties and modify those which are brought to them. The result of these tendencies to change and reversion from lack of care in seed selection or other case has led to the practice of change of seed among farmers. A source is sought where either through greater care or more favorable conditions the variety desired has been able to 26 hold its own. Sometimes this change is rendered necessary by condi- tions which are beyond the power of man to modify. As an example, No. 10 of Professor Blouut's wheats, known as "Oregon Club," a white variety from Oregon, has been deteriorating every year since it has been grown in Colorado, whereas if the seed had been supplied every season directly from Oregon the quality would probably have remained the same. In extension of this illustration, the fact may be mentioned that annual renewal of the seed from a desirable and favofable source often makes it, possible to raise cereals where otherwise the climatic condi- tions would render their cultivation impossible through rapid reversion. This is particularly the case with extremes in latitude, the effect of which is found not so much upon the composition of the crop as on the yield and size of the grain. In the South the warmer climate, to- gether, of course, with poorer soil and cultivation in many instances, reduces the yield. The average in different States is given by Mr. Dodge as follows : Yield per acre of wheat. State. Per cent. cPeSt 1 State. Per cent. Maine 15 2 I South Carolina . . 5. 6 Michigan 19 5 New Hampshire 15.0 Georgia 6.6 Indiana 18.0 16 3 i Florida 5 '> Illinois 15 9 Massachusetts 16.4 ! Alabama . . ..57 Wisconsin 12 8 Rhode Island 14. 1 Mississippi 5.0 Minnesota 11.4 Connecticnt 17 6 Nevada 16 £ Iowa 10 2 New York 15 7 ! Louisiana 3.4 Missouri 12.0 New Jersey 12.7 i Texas 6. 8 Kansas 9.3 Pennsylvania 13 5 Arkansas 6 2 Nebraska 9.4 Delaware 13.4 I Tennessee 6.1 California 22.0 Maryland 14 1 West Virginia 10 2 15 8 Virginia 8.7 ! Kentucky 9 8 Colorado 18.9 North Carolina 5.2 Ohio ...'. 18.0 It must be remembered, however, that three quarters of the wheat crop has been produced in the ten States of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Missouri, Wisconsin, andPenu-, sylvania, and that a State like Minnesota must not be considered as furnishing the largest part of the supply merely because wheat is the prevailing crop in that State. Having shown the conditions under which unfavorable and favorable variations occur, it is hoped that these investigations will be the means of aiding those who are engaged in the improvement of the yield and quality of the crop of our country. It seems proper in this place to allude also to the immense amount of the best food elements of our soils which are yearly being taken from the farm and exported from our ports in the shape of nitrogen and the mineral constituents of the grain, the loss of which is continually ren- dering our wheat lauds poorer and forcing the cultivation into new parts of the country where the soil is still of virgin richness. If grain is sold off the farm the loss of nitrogen and minerals must be replaced 27 by fertilizers. In the East this is already done, but in the West it seems that nothing but experience of wasting fertility will teach the lesson. OATS. Oats, the third in importance of oar cereal crops, as far as production is concerned, are grown under as varied conditions as any of them and are as a crop the most variable in their appearance. They will grow and can be made to pa}7 on almost any soil, and, al- though flourishing in cold climates, can be successfully raised in the far South by sowing as a winter grain and so reaching maturity in the cool part of the year. In consequence of these variations in the conditions of growth there are to be found the greatest differences in weight and size of the grain, its plumpness, and the relative proportion of kernel and husk. De- pendent on these differences many classifications have been proposed, but as there seems to be a regular gradation from the one extreme of the white potato oats to the other of red rust proof, there seems to be no definite basis for varieties due to color, shape of the grain, or plump- ness. Botanically, there seem to be three varieties recognized— the common Avena sativa L., and two others, A. orientals Schb., having the kernels all on one side of the stem, and A. nuda L., to the grain of which the husks or chaff are not adherent. For our consideration, from a chemical and physical point of view, these distinctions are of small importance, as the same variations are found among each species. To the farmer the most important characteristic, and the one by which this grain is usually valued, is its weight per bushel. In close relation to this is the proportion of kernel to husk — a point which has been little, if at all, investigated. In the specimens which have been collected from the most prominent regions where oats are grown these characteristics have been determined, as well as the size and weight of the kernels, with the purpose of studying not only the way in which they are affected by surrounding causes, but also their relation to the composition of the grain. The sources of the specimens examined, their color and shape, and other physical characteristics are here presented. 28 fl II I ! i I! 1-3 02 O ^ -3Jui-DSd>-3 k-«i-5^ Mi Ill 1 >!1: •JtO to • is o®2 * . a • S gS-2 •IfcB-'Sl l|i :ffl III Illlsl lllll . .a =' *•'-'- ** :33 : :3 '£ M So^--S -'S- 333 i 5\2i 0- hs •2 S^^ss t?-^°--«flfe£ 2 'So'*iw >! i in illll^i i-iliii :5pl gsa • •So00 S^j •gs^ =^^ Ru Virg Ten Rn Re Co Schonen ...... Common White White Russian . Black Comm > t- oo fi •• — rH Cl !M ri ( ^^ 33^; C — OOOOO OOOOOOOO ^OiOi< I ! I 3 1 § u o o 29 : IS : ' :£ '- : : \S '• • • j | i -3 j : :.? :3B fHiO »O '^r^S^^rH^^^1^ "iftC^C^IO " ! ' , '^-.j^ tO^^S iti) ! «•§,§ bb :>,£ § : >.g t»^bc fSf-T"Iiall!alil3 ^ ^ Xr^ f- • • >1>>?*;^ ^ t4 S^ t.' U k t) >5>3 .- .-a ; ® ^ ; • ® ; ; : ;«• 11 do Irish White Black White i ^i ^ t~ w > ec fo co co co n Icocrseoi McccoeoeoeofiseocccocceoooeceoMcoweooooseoeoeoeoMeocococ^ecfocccci oo o c8 S2 3 S P? J 1 JJ 30 ii i.- .2 :r : -r« : *; +* : v IK ' t^ : : : : a •— I ^Illfll £1||| |gssi s|^.p^3 fllgt JjJ^I "~ ~T jj M il a : a) I I : ° . .AIR :Ki5 ; uw^^^^w .m^O£i iJ55SwQ$'al^WF«?RWW®*iS«HHMM'«IW^»3Q I? / • a. » ' ' : :^'S.' SJD^ j : : : ^ : : >> a g a CL£ * g : q ® :.^e s ^-J3o2^=8- ! ! F*3 Meg's Sw^.S oi tg S'C1^ S cb ^ t-? fi 03 Q Ctyj^y3 : oo = :o £* :^: J : !^ i^ i : ^ _: i i :.l -3 Jj r-( r-l T-l I I -M MJqf^t W -^ r§ >s bb ' bl Si ti >•. bb bb bi bbbibi.1 ® p3«SS BgSSP Cf 0 0' :-* i : : i : i 5* :::::« :::::: i : i ^ iSlsfflfN a^ !!«>!" ! &•* :"a !«!•*• ''i :>>i : | :%Z 3 "g.3 s'1 =« :* 02 ^'^^^^^O S-H^^oo -r-.--'r-l r-c-^w"-^ — - ^ - " ,tftl' l^i-ftal I^f^^^S-aaSS ririrfri^ W<^S J • %6&$&g£ 3&&S ^a^^l-3 jlaSllSl^j^^ i^^w§^ •O'J : ot»ooo»occos O'sJ'iccoeo ceoi-ic^eoTtiiooccos' H! i is i ' |J>^^^^ .2 g1 § o®®®®®® o ja £® ^ }zi ^{25 ^ ^^ jz; O PH 31 Nliii^lJjfiUi w®,.®^*®^ <» "5^ q >--a £> a a % a '• '•£%£%>-*£& £ 3"J 1511 « ss^ =-.= W :£! CO W W •"* (V) rTJ « .^^*tJ52c2 a4"*H5 0^8 $4 ;t-i \ 3 cS'rt'rt ^S^ o ^ "^ «5 : a : ^ : 552 I2d^« ^f^ftlft-^ls, 3 ££8 £££ «^^«J :ft, •13 iliii :pj H fl ZCd 1 lgl| fe JQ a « S •S S£ rt :< 1-1 10 «o t- oo ^- 5 P !> II 32 ;•* ° "S ! 'Igfisllli ,03 as' • . .;- o ~«s? •OK TBU9S faC . t| 51 II :S- : : : ! rp. ; ! ! >,-§^ : : : S&<3£8S ITS III ill «^AH« eliM : :| : : : A--W t-. o faD O l«?^ S2-E« H^WW « 1 4s ea ' w o a 23^2^* s?laHt ^^s^^l ^^fe « fl^5 P O t*. ^. «ll^ §32 [JSSK PH ;. :.S So^ WTS i! ^gS^SS^S^! 3SSSSSSSS; "=J.;li4 i5jl 33 Physical properties of oats. State. Serial num- ber. Weight of 100 grains. Clean grain. Hulled grain. Hulls. Weight per bushel. Color. Maine 3131 3133 3134 3208 3209 32 10 3T»2 3323 3324 3326 3024 3027 3-1 '8 3029 Grams. 2.144 2.610 2. 279 2. 060 2. 890 2. 465 2. 3-24 2. 122 2. 695 2. 756 1.796 1. 935 2. 128 2. 580 8.439 2.810 2. 342 2. 663 Percent. 96. 02 98. 22 97.89 98 04 85. 34 98.10 97. '27 93.74 93. 65 95. 22 97. 0!> 91.90 97. W 96. 15 3«3. 1 1 9">. 78 98. 70 92.57 Per cent. 69. 54 69. 65 71.68 Per cent. 30.46 30 35 28. 32 Lbs. 34.7 44.2 36. 8 33. 5 40.7 40.7 40.2 36.9 37.3 43. I 37.7 29.5 37.6 37.6 142.4 35.6 39.0 40.1 38.0 33.2 42.9 41.8 37.3 44.1 41.9 41.4 31.7 32 5 38.1 43.7 37. K 39.9 41.0 40.0 39.9 40.0 37.8 40.1 Lisrht. White. Light. Yellow and green. Yellow. Light. White. Light. Do. Do. Yellow and green. Light. White. Light brown. Light, Mixed. Light. Do. Do. Do. White. Brown. Do. White. Light. Do. Do. White. Li »ht. White. Light. Do. Do. Do. Yellow and green. Light. Light. White. Light. White. Light. White. Do. Li-i.t. Do. Mixed. White. Light. l.iuht brown. Liuhr. Brown. Mixed. Do. Light. Mixed. White. Do. Do. Light brown. White. Do. Light. White. Mixed. Do. White. Light. 1)0. White. Mixed. Light. Brown. Do Do New Hampshire Do 70.88 72.20 71.01 70. 98 71 39 64.72 69. 25 65. 70 72. Id 62. 6 { 26!>. 76 67. 44 66.70 73.83 29.12 27.80 28. 99 29. 02 28.61 35. 28 30. 75 34.30 27. 82 37.37 13'». 24 32. 56 33. 30 26.17 Do Vermont Do Do Do Connecticut Do Do Do ... Total Average New York °. Do 3226 3228 3230 3231 3212 3233 3234 3235 3 '43 3214 3215 3-282 3°85 Do Do 2.192 2. 856 3. 127 2. 039 2.921 2. 430 2.709 2. 033 2. 207 2.617 3.010 2 910 2. 248 2. 130 2. 670 2 722 2. 224 2.010 2. 260 2.012 2. 025 2. 450 2. 400 2.861 2. 9(4 2. 307 3. 237 2.414 2. 086 2.060 95. 80 96. 10 98.17 1)9. 1 * 8'!. 30 9 >. 81 98.80 98. 20 96. 44 96 94 94 15 81.44 99. 3'» 87.74 96 84 95.31 98. 30 95. 56 99.21 99. 15 96. 36 98. 59 9'i. 25 97. 58 97. OH 93. 58 94. 25 J'9. 65 82. 73 97. 71 96. 37 "'99.' 52 97. 89 98. 27 9X 30 98 H5 98 93 • 95. 09 95. 24 96. 53 97. 10 89. 6.{ 95. 55 97.84 98. 10 99.39 93. 46C "~9i.80~ 93. 72 98.14 96 10 97. f>3 96. 55 97. 07 95 94 97.16 97.67 68.20 73. 50 71.49 70. h2 73. 24 7". 20 75. 10 70. 40 69. 65 69. 04 71.34 64.18 73 33 74. 95 60. 83 72. 07 74. 62 6!>. 08 73. r,4 73. 31 71. 25 74. 30 72. 16 72.41 70 91 72. 47 71.6-2 70. 69 73.40 71.92 74.75 66. 58 69. 53 72. 74 70.97 75. 85 70. 46 74.97 72. 32 70. 53 68 !»9 70. 03 73. 25 71.05 69. 27 73. 50 69. 88 73. 00 72. 62 | 72. 40 72.91 1 69.60 71.90 67.31 73.43 74.78 71.87 70. 07 72.34 31.80 26. 50 28. 51 29. 18 26. 76 29. 80 24.90 29. 60 30. 35 30. 96 28. 66 35. 82 26 67 25. 05 39.17 27 93 25. 38 30. 92 26.46 26. 69 28. 75 25. 70 27.84 27. 59 29.09 27. 53 28.38 29. 31 26. 60 28. 08 25. 25 33. 42 30.47 27 26 29. 03 24. 15 29.54 i 2'i. 03 27. 68 29. 47 31.01 29.97 26. 75 28.95 30.73 26. 50 3->. 12 27. 00 27. 38 27. 60 27.09 30 40 28.10 32. 69 26. 57 25. 22 28. 13 29.93 27.ti6 Do Do Do Do Do New Jersey ..... Do Pennsylvania . Do Do 32^0 3.'86' 3260 3261 3262 3267 3268 3-269 3-270 3271 344 4 3151 3151 3i:-6 3158 31 0 3406 3084 3(186 30*9 3H55 3060 3062 3003 Do .. Ohio Do D.» Do Do Do Do Do .. Do Michigan » 41.1 43.6 42.8 43.7 39.4 43.2 35. 3 39.4 35.4 40.7 41.5 36. 2 37. 1 38.6 40.5 38. 8 41.5 Do Do Do Do Do Indiana- Do Do Illinois . Do 2.370 2.03J 1. 9«0 2.517 2.512 2.014 3.025 "~2. 920 2. 450 2 377 2. .-80 2. 109 2.180 2.038 2.678 2.170 2. 770 2. 066 2. 075 2.610 2. 162 1.924 2. 402 2. 253 2.413 2.172 2.308 -3 Do Do Do 3.)i;6 3067 30(18 3068* 3:<57 8353 3357 3360 3361 3166 3168 3169 3170 3172 3175 31752 3176 3179 3094 3097 3098 3101 3101 3107 . 9 Do Do Do . . Wisconsin 43.7 39.7 38.9 35.6 i 37.1 ; 35.4 i 42.0 40.2 38.3 48.4 39.8 38.1 40 5 39.6 33.5 40.6 ""42.1 38.9 37.1 Do Do Do Do. IfiniiftsOtA . . . ... Do Do... Do Do.... Do .. Do Do Do Iowa. . . . Do Do.... Do Do . Do 13734— No 34 Physical properties <>f out* — Continued. Serial State. num- ber. Weight c, ££ ££• Hulled grain. Hulls. Weight per bushel. Color. Missouri 3190 Grams. Per cent. 2 016 97 84 Per cent. 71 45 Percent. 9g 55 Pounds. 36.7 Mixed Do 3191 1 630 97 70 68 60 31 40 Do 3411 1 956 98 85 69 28 30 72 38 8 Yellow Xebraska 3198 2 194 99 00 73.20 26 80 39.5 Do Do 3200 1 582 97 20 68 30 31 70 30 2 Mixed Do .... 32001 1 512 97 40 68 79 31 f)\ 29 7 Do Dakota 3030 9 057 96 43 67 90 39 10 40 2- White Do - 3035 2 367 99 04 72 39 27 61 44 7 Yellow Do 3036 2 957 96 12 62.20 37 go 48 6 Light. Do 3390 2 844 9° 33 73 16 96 84 44 3 Do Do ... 3391 2 372 87 70 55 37 44 63 38 8 White Montana 3196 2 528 94 49 70. 10 29 90 45.0 White and brown Do 3197 9 010 90 16 69 15 • 30 85 45 4 White Do 3415 2 691 88 54 72 36 27 64 39 5 Yellow. Maryland 3140 1 850 94 86 71.70 28 30 35.0 Light. Do .... 3141 i 2 637 91 65 71 36 28 64 40 0 Do Delaware 3038 1 976 98 04 69. 59 30 41 Virginia 3331 i 2 720 93 00 72.40 97 60 39.0 Brown. ° Do 3334 2 771 96 92 59 00 41 00 41 4 White. Do 3335 2 480 94 OQ 64.29 35 71 35 5 Light. Do I 3337 40. 8 White. West Virginia! 3345 Do 3346 ].872 97.19 3 386 96 55 71.26 67 59 28.74 32 41 37.4 38.3 Do. Light. Do 3347 1 969 93 55 64 48 38 5 Do Do ... 3348 i 2 773 96 45 62 60 36 4 Light brown. North Carolina 3249 2 OfiO 93 94 70 50 29 50 47.8 Brown. Do 3251 1 834 97 10 70 30 36 4 Mixed "Do . ..... 3253 3 36" 94 30 68 70 01 OA 37 2 Brown. Do 3255 2 470 88 84 70 44 29 56 39.5 Black. Do 3256 v 314 i ' 96 20 73 34 41 1 Light brown. Uo 3257 '. 2 935 96 77 68 95 31 05 36 6 Brown. Soutli Carolina 3''95 ! 3 039 ' 98 51 69 95 39 5 Do Do 3296 i 2 823 93 76 67 24 39 7fi 38 5 Do. Do 3''97 i 2 055 96 22 68 65 31 35 35 7 Light brown. Do 3298 ! 9 05'> 96 90 68 72 35 9 Yellow Do - 3299 2 831 94 01 68 48 01 CO Do 3300 3 176 97 59 71 20 28 80 41.5 Brown. Do 3301 2 ggi 93 78 73 33 37 g Li<"ht brown Do 3429 3 179 97 17 68 61 01 OQ 39 8 Brown. Kentucky 3116 9 270 98 52 72 70 27 30 Do 3117 1 968 98 23 71 49 00 El 33 3 Mixed Do - ... 3119 2 897 92 22 68 51 31 49 21 9 Brown Do - 3122 1 860 90 56 67 27 32 73 29. 9 Light. Tennessee . 3302 1 897 99 99 68 24 31 7fi i 31 4 Brown Do • - 3303 2 378 91 39 68 75 31 25 38 3 Do. Do 3304 9 920 i 97 11 67.66 32 34 35.5 Do. Do ' 3309 2 160 94 86 57 01 42 99 39 9 Do Georgia i 3047 2 236 98. 44 70.95 29 05 33.4 Light. "Do 3049 3 255 97 39 68 88 31 I9 Do 30491 9 388 91. 34 71. 18 28 82 Do - 30492 91. 64 73.52 26 48 Do 3050 2 609 96.42 65.17 34.83 31.4 Brown. Do 3052 2 830 90. 99 67.78 39 22 32.0 Do. Do - 3395 2 334 94. 29 62.47 37 53 29.6 Do. Florida 3041 2 880 99. 69 67.13 3^.87 31.5 Brown. Do 3043 •> 018 98. 70 68.61 31 39 26.9 Yellow. Do 3044 2 966 93.95 71.69 28. 31 31.0 Brown 3045 2 531 98 26 69: 40 .30 60 31.5 Do. Do - 3392 2 315 98.33 67.85 32 15 24.2 Yellow. Alabama 3001 2. 924 97. 36 32.0 Brown. Do 3002 3 068 97 23 68.34 31 66 24.7 Do. Do 3007 2. 498 94. 86 66.48 33 52 32.4 Do. Do 3008 3 127 94 10 69.39 30 61 36.0 Do. Do . 3363 3 190 98 81 68.47 31 53 33. H Do. Mississippi . .3181 3. 034 96. 50 69.50 30 50 :$4. 5 Do. Do 3183 2 950 96 50 67.80 32 20 34.8 Do. Do - - 3184 2.792 91.20 73.69 26 31 30.1 Do. Do 3185 2 113 , 70 00 74.60 25 40 38.2 Do. Do . 3187 2 868 ! 97. 80 67.00 33 00 34. 4 Do. Louisiana 3126 2. 993 99. 29 69.34 30 66 33.0 Do. Do 3127 2 775 90 03 68. 19 31 81 35.3 Do. Do 3441 3. 104 95. 65 72.16 27 84 42.6 Do. Arkansas 3012 36.5 Do. Do 3368 2. 760 97. 08 64.10 35 90 33.8 Do. Texas 3310 3 055 98 62 70.18 29 82 31.4 Yellow. Do 3311 2.491 96 48 71.79 28 21 34.8 Brown. Do 3313 2 990 96 37 73.51 26 49 34.8 Do. Do... 3314 2. 841 98. 73 69.78 30.22 37.6 Do. 35 Physical properties of oats — Contiaued. State. Serial num- ber. Weight r. of 100 grains. Sram' Hulled grain. Hulls. Weight per bushel. Color. Texas 3315 Grams. Per cent. 3 030 93 86 Per cent. 70 74 Per cent. 29 26 Pounds. 41 6 Brown Do 3316 2 903 92.90 71.22 28.78 37.3 Do. Do 3317 3. 169 96. 76 72.78 27.22 39.7 Do. Do 3430 2 981 96.64 72.49 27.51 34.6 Do. Colorado 3020 2. 958 86. 61 69.76 30.24 48.8 White. Do 3021 2 247 69 39 30 68 42 4 Lio-ht Do 3385 2. 163 93. 70 70.31 29.69 38.6 White. Utah 3319 2 560 90 72 61 17 38 83 43 6 White Nevada 3205 2 019 95 05 66 01 33 99 41.1 White. New Mexico 3218 2.462 97.67 73.21 26.79 43.9 Brown. Do.... 3420 39.6 Mixed. Washington Territory. Do 3341 3435 3. 255 98. 48 3. 148 97. 16 72.91 79.28 27.09 20.72 43.5 43.2 White. Light brown. Oregon 3275 2 772 96 85 73 09 26 91 46 9 White Do 3277 3. 786 97. 09 59.15 40.85 43 3 Do. From the preceding tables it appears that in the North white (includ- ing in this color yellow), black and white, and black oats are principally sown, while in the South varieties of the red rust proof are almost en- tirely grown. In the North the crop is put in in April or May and harvested in July or August. In the South it is sown from November to January and harvested in May or June. The difference in appearance is marked betw.een the crops of these two sections of the country. The Southern oats are large, light, awned varieties, of reddish brown color, with inflated husks not nearly filled by the kernel. The Northern grain is smaller, more compact, not often awned, and with the husk in the better samples well filled out. Notwithstanding these characteristics, we learn from averages of the results that the size and weight of the Southern clean kernel is rather larger than the Northern. Its fluffy husk, however, makes them lighter oats in weight per bushel. The averages have been calculated for various sections as follows : The Northern States include all north of Maryland and Kentucky, together with Missouri, Montana, and Dakota ; the Southern, all south of these; and the Pacific slope, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Wash- ington Territory, Oregon, and Utah; the Atlantic slope consists of the States east of the Ohio river and the Gailf; the .Western States, of those west of this line, excepting those on the Pacific slope. The same classification is preserved with the other cereals. 36 Average physical properties of oats. State. Number of specimens. 'I •*» S ^3 V M^S ii Clean grain. Hulled grain. J5 "3 W }i ^l ?- Lbs. 37.2 38.0 34. 5 43. 2 37.0 37.8 38.6 38.3 39.4 35. « 32.3 39.8 36.6 38.0 39.8 42.3 36.7 39.4 39.0 43.6 38.4 37.8 33.1 43.3 30.0 27.5 "39.2 39 2 39.8 38 4 31.7 3(5.3 31.6 29. 0 31.7 34.4 36. 9 35. 2 43.3 36.5 43.6 41 1 41.8 43.4 45.1 United States 166 90 66 20 58 61 3 3 4 4 1 8 2 ^ 6 3 9 5 9 6 3 3 5 3 2 1 3 4 6 8 4 2.507 2. 290 2. 028 2. 737 2. 523 2.339 2.344 2. 472 2. 474 2.110 3. 029 2. 571 2. 371 2. 686 2. 256 2.767 2.188 2. 350 2.487 2.416 2. 245 1.867 1.763 2.519 2.410 2. 244 1.976 2. 6:>7 2.500 2. 496 2.767 2.249 Per cent. 95. 00 95. 63 94.18 94. 93 95. 37 95.82 97.38 93. 83 94.97 95. 78 97.16 95.32 98.50 92 24 96. 42 96,22 93. 36 97.21 94.81 96.09 96.99 98. 13 97.87 92. 92 91.06 93. 26 98.04 94.67 4)5.94 94. 52 95. 99 94.88 95.66 93. 39 97.79 96.47 90.40 94. 99 97.08 90. 16 96. 29 90. 72 05. 05 97.67 98.34 96.97 Per cent. 69. 97 70.60 69.08 69. 5-2 69. 69 72. 20 70. 29 71.54 69. 52 67.44 67. 27 71.00 72.75 68.55 71.44 72.31 72.00 72. 02 70.77 71.67 71.63 6!». 78 70.10 66. 20 70.54 71.53 69.69 65. 23 66.48 70. 37 69. 52 6U.W9 65. 42 • 68.56 68. 94 68.17 70 52 69.90 64.10 69.80 71.56 61.17 66.01 73.21 76.10 66. 12 1 Per cent. 30. 03 29. 30 30. 92 30. 48 30.31 27.80 2!'. 71 28.46 30.48 32. 56 3J. 73 29.00 27. 25 31.45 28. 56 27. 69 28. 00 27.98 29. 23 28. 33 28.37 30.22 29. 90 33. 80 29.46 28.47 30.41 34.77 33. 52 29.63 3D. 48 30.01 34. 58 31 44 31.06 31.83 29.48 30. 10 35. 90 30. 21 28.44 38. 83 33. 99 26.79 23. 90 33. t8 Southern States .. ... .. ..--.. Pacific Slope .. „... .... Atlantic Slope Western Stales New Hampshire Rhode Island .. New York Pennsylvania- Illinois Nebraska Dakota Virginia West Virginia 4 7 5 5 5 3 1 S 8 1 1 1 2 2 2.089 2. 6< 9 2. 542 2.961 2. 751 2 957 2. 760 2. 442 2. 924 2. 560 2.019 2. 462 3. 602 3.279 Georgia. ....... Florida Texas - • .... Utah Washington Territory Oats having the husk (pallets and at times glumes) adherent is neces- sarily lighter than wheat in weight per hundred grains. The heaviest is from the Pacific slope, and the South ranks next, owing, as has been said, to its large size. In weight per bushel, however, the fluffy husk of the Southern grain makes it the lowest in the country, while the Pacific slope retains the highest weight per bushel, as also size and weight per 100, showing it to have a plump, well-filled grain. The average for the country, 37.2 pounds, appears rather high in com- parison with the most common legal weight, 32 pounds, but, as in the case of wheat, the determinations have been proved correct for the specimens examined, and are not mere estimates. The samples are, too, apparently lair averages, as the figures giving percentages of clean grain in the specimens as received show that no particular pains was taken to prepare them for exhibition before reaching us. The range 37 with this cereal is larger than with any other. The extremes in weight per 100 grains were, serial No. 3200, the lightest, from Nebraska, 1.582 grams, and serial No. 3277, from Oregon, the heaviest, 3.786 grams. Cleanliness varied from 99.8 per cent, to 70.0 per cent., but of course had nothing to do with locality. The heaviest weight per bushel was found in specimens from Colorado, serial No. 3020, and Dakota, serial No. 3036, weighing 48.8 and 48.6 pounds, The lightest were from Ala- bama, serial No. 3002, and from Florida, serial No. 3043, 24.7 and 26.9 pounds, respectively. In milling oats the relation of kernel to waste is about one-half. Our results show that the relation of kernel to husk averages for the whole country 7 to 3, those from the Western States being a little less husky, and those from the South considerably more so. It is, however, the inflated nature of the husk in the Southern grain and the fact that the glumes or outer husk is often adherent that affects the weight per bushel more than the slightly larger proportion. The extremes found were 79.28 per cent, of kernel in a specimen from Washington Territory, serial No. 3435, and 55.37 per cent, in one from Dakota, serial No. 3391. Washington and Oregon sustain their repu- tation for fine looking grain, while the small proportion of kernel in the Dakota specimen is due entirely to cutting before it was quite ripened. It is hardly a fair example, other specimens from the Terri- tory reaching over 70.0 per cent, of kernel. In weight per bushel the warm climate of the South so affects the form of the grain as to lower its average 2. 7 pounds. This is hardly as large as would be expected, and leads to the conclusion that the climate has a greater effect than some other characteristics. One of these is yield, which, from an average of 30 bushels in the North, falls to about 10 in the South, and, as has been said, the color and shape of the grain is much changed. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION. In examining the physical relations of the specimens they were sep- arated into kernel and husk, and for several reasons they were sepa- rately submitted to analysis with, as it appears, results furnishing much more information than would otherwise have been obtained. Corn, wheat, and rye were analyzed in the clean kernel, and comparison is more readily made between them and oats. The variations, independ- ent of the proportion of husk, are easily arrived at, and since the analysis of the hull and its relative amount are given it is easy to cal- culate for any specimen its composition as it would be used for feed. The data obtained are here presented, together with averages derived therefrom : 38 Composition of American oats, arranged &// States. State. • Serial No. Water. 5 § Carbohydrates. 1 Albuminoids. B £ Maim- 3131 Pr. ct. 7.20 Pr. ct. 1.80 Pr. ct. 9.03 Pr. ct. 66.65 Pr. ct. 1.67 Pr. ct. 13.65 Pr. ct. 2.18 3133 3134 3208 7.26 7. 10 7.20 2.29 1.64 2.13 8.54 8.08 8.41 66.41 66.15 65.11 1.85 1.80 1.40 13.65 15.23 15.75 2.18 2.44 2.52 "Vermont 3209 3210 3322 7.02 6.95 7.60 2.31 2.45 2.09 8.46 8.21 8.65 66.10 64.61 65.76 1.23 1.33 1.20 14.88 16.45 14.70 2.38 2.63 2.35 3323 3324 3326 3024 7.00 6.15 6.58 6.24 2.06 1.70 2.26 2.30 8.12 8.30 7.15 7.54 63. 16 67.85 67.81 67. 56 1.46 1.30 1.42 1.48 18.20 14.70 14.88 14.88 2.91 2.35 2.38 2.38 Rhode Island 3027 3028 3029 3294 6.52 7.62 5.77 7.52 2.20 2.25 2.46 2. 02 8.23 8.72 7.74 8.71 69.27 67.46 67.99 68.66 1.53 1.35 1.51 1.01 12.25 12.60 14. 53 12. 08 1.96 2.02 2. 32 1 93 New York 3226 7.33 2.09 8.13 69.07 1.48 11.90 1.90 • New Jersey .. 3228 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3243 3214 7.20 7.50 7.46 7.20 7.58 9.24 7.28 6.34 7. 2Q 2.15 2.20 2.43 2.37 2.23 1.93 1.78 2.03 2.34 7.15 8.46 8.01 7.13 7.79 9.63 8.52 6.98 6.86 67.56 66.01 64.81 66.24 67.50 64.88 67.74 65. 02 67.18 1.22 1.48 1.54 1.31 1.89 1.19 1.20 1.60 1.31 14.35 14. 35 15.75 15.75 12.95 13.13 13.48 18.03 15.05 2.30 i 2.30 •_-. r.-j 2.52 2.07 2.10 ; 2.18 2.88 2.41 Pennsylvania 3215 3282 7.57 6.73 2.24 2.64 7.42 8.41 65.93 62. 91 1.26 1.43 15.58 17.88 2.49 2.85 Ohio 3285 3286 3286 3260 6.86 7.88 6.92 7.04 2.08 2.30 2.40 2.43 8.08 7.90 7.62 7.75 67. 82 67.02 65.67 66.29 .98 1.25 1.64 1.23 14.18 13. 65 15.75 15 26 2.27 2.18 2.52 2.44 Michigan 3261 3262 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3444 3151 7.00 6.78 6.45 6.76 6.83 6.77 6.71 6.55 7.95 1.92 2.07 1.96 2.65 2.12 2.20 2.40 2.50 2. 10 8.01 7.40 8.67 8.67 8.85 8.88 8.34 8.33 8.42 64.11 63.21 64.80 64.56 66.84 66.37 66.13 66.19 65.55 1.46 1.10 .97 1.26 1.18 1.25 1.19 1.03 1.10 17.50 19.44 17.15 16.10 14.18 14.53 15.23 15.40 14.88 2.80 3.11 2.74 2.58 2.27 2.32 2.44 2.46 2.38 Indiana 3153 3156 3158 3160 3406 3084 6.67 6.89 7.44 7.10 6.60 8.15 2.94 2.57 2.06 2.33 2.12 1.65 7.42 7.40 7.48 7.52 8.17 7.40 65.43 68.15 68.31 67.69 70.50 66.25 1.26 1.16 1.23 1.18 1.23 1.15 16.28 13. 83 13.48 14.18 11.38 15.40 2.60 2.21 2.16 2.27 1.82 2.46 Illinois 3086 3089 3055 7.29 8.72 6.18 2.13 1.98 2.66 8.23 7.83 7.22 65.09 65.72 68.38 1.16 1.40 1.38 16.10 14.35 14.18 2.58 2.30 2.27 Wisconsin 3060 3062 3063 3065 3066 3067 3068 3068 3351 5.88 7.00 5.41 6.29 5.28 6.11 6.60 6.92 6.82 2.16 2.64 2.24 2.06 2.49 2.42 2.15 2.37 2.30 7.59 7.09 8.12 8.09 7.23 7.70 7.85 7.82 7.35 68.82 67.89 67.95 66.53 67.27 68.34 67.62 66.41 68.14 1.55 1.55 1.40 1.80 1.98 1.43 1.43 1:43 1.56 14.00 13.83 14.88 15. 23 15.75 14.00 14.35 15.05 13.83 2.24 2.21 2.38 2.44 2.52 2.24 2.30 2.41 2.21 Minnesota 3353 3357 3360 3361 3166 7.84 6.86 7.12 7.72 6.69 2.28 2.02 1.45 2.25 2.15 7.82 7.55 7.32 7.21 8.24 68.90 69.58 67.83 67. 82 69.36 1.26 1.39 1.75 1.48 1.30 11.90 12.60 14.53 13.48 12. 25 1.90 2.02 2.3.2 2.16 1.96 Iowa 3168 3169 3170 3172 3175 3175 3176 3179 3094 7.15 7.63 6.88 8.07 7.07 6.95 6.82 7.15 6 46 2.45 2.35 2.23 2.18 2.38 2.10 2.38 2.19 1 92 8.70 7.30 7.90 7.97 7.73 7.88 7.61 7.90 6.94 66.35 69.11 66.26 68.09 67.52 67.75 71.22 69.32 65. 50 1.17 1.01 1.33 1.09 1.47 1.84 1.29 1.19 1.50 14.18 12.60 15.40 12. 60 13.83 13.48 10.68 12.25 17.68 2.27 •2. 02 •2. 21 2.16 1.71 1.96 2. XG 3097 3098 6.40 7.38 2.07 2.61 7.75 9.60 69.44 65.15 1.04 1.08 13.30 14.18 2. K? 39 -> . Composition of American oats, asranged by States — Continued. State. Serial No. Water. •3 dj 0 Carbohydrates. 1 s Albuminoids. Nitrogen. Iowa .. 3101 Pr. cl. 6.56 Pr. ct. 2.06 Pr. ct. 7.88 Pr. c<. 68.66 Pr. ct. 1.71 Pr. ct. 13.13 Pr. ct. 2.10 3104 3107 3445 3190 7.66 7.98 6.65 6.81 .84 2.32 2.35 2 07 7.96 7.93 8.07 8 95 67.06 65.20 66.06 67 42 1.60 1.69 1.47 1.45 14.88 14.88 15.40 13 30 2.38 2.38 2.46 2 13 Nebraska . 3191 3411 3198 7.58 6.95 8.03 2.07 1.60 2.02 8.' 34 7.77 6.91 66.33 62.86 66 81 1.50 1.57 1.35 14.18 19.25 14.88 2.27 3.08 2 38 Dakota 3200 3200 3030 6.90 7.32 6.12 2.21 2.24 2.27 8.32 8.72 8.27 66.72 66.39 68.67 1.85 1.33 1.37 14.00 14.00 13.30 2.24 2.24 2.13 Montana 3035 3036 3390 3391 3196 6.38 5.90 6.54 8.75 7. 10 2.29 2.46 2.08 2.15 2. 18 8.12 7.00 7.94 9.47 8.79 67.86 66.11 68.16 66.17 66.39 1.35 1.03 1.10 1.56 1.54 14.00 17.50 14.18 11.90 14.00 2.24 2.80 2.27 1.90 2 24 Maryland 3197 3415 3140 7.10 11.13 6.32 2.26 2.15 2.31 9.72 9.03 8.48 67.87 64.42 65.59 1.32 1.02 1.55 11.73 12.25 15.75 L.88 1.96 2.52 Delaware . 3141 3038 7.70 5.94 2.40 2 27 7.35 7 75 67.19 66.09 1.36 1.35 14.00 16.60 1 2.24 1 2 66 Virginia 3331 6 73 2 45 9 39 66 76 1 42 13 65 2 18 West Virginia 3334 3335 3337 3345 6.43 6.13 7.24 6.45 2.53 2.35 2.80 2 32 7.25 8.58 6.50 8 65 66.20 66.55 64.58 64 94 1.14 1.51 1.90 1.54 16.45 14.88 16.98 16.10 2.63 2.38 2.72 2 58 North Carolina 3346 3347 3348 3249 7.10 6.45 6.57 7 78 2.14 2.19 2.50 2 02 7.34 7.42 6.62 7 32 65.63 63.84 65.03 71 91 1.34 1.37 1.60 1 87 16.45 18.73 17.68 9 10 2.63 3.00 2.86 1 46 South Carolina 3251 3253 3255 3256 3257 3995 6.34 6.82 6.77 6.77 6.58 6 16 2. 56 2.19 1.83 1.80 1.98 2 18 8.68 8.64 6.92 9.77 8.26 8 65 66.00 67.59 69.18 67.08 67.91 68 50 1.54 1.11 2.00 1.63 1.62 1.03 14.88 13.65 13.30 12.95 13.65 13 48 2.38 2.18 2.13 2.07 2.18 2 16 Kentucky 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3429 3116 6.94 7.90 7.08 6.62 7.02 7.40 7.40 8.03 1.76 1.86 1.93 1.74 2.06 2.16 3.00 2 02 9.51 7.15 8.13 9.55 8.59 7.97 8 31 7.36 68.40 69.04 68.20 67.31 68.15 68.09 67.90 65.22 1.14 .92 1.01 1.13 .88 .90 .96 1.62 12. 25 13.13 13. 65 13.65 13.30 13. 48 12.43 15.75 1.96 2.10 2.18 2.18 2. 13 2.16 1.99 2 52 Tennessee 3117 3119 3122 3302 7.25 6.72 7.37 6 80 1.95 2.43 2.00 2 20 9.39 6.90 7.55 7 59 65.33 68.41 64.92 66 13 2.08 1.19 2.06 1 53 14.00 14.35 16.10 I 15 75 < 2.24 2.30 2.58 2 52 (reorgia . . . . .... 3303 3304 3309 3047 6.66 6.81 6.96 6. 14 1.88 2.74 2.04 3.07 8.03 7.07 9.07 8.44 68.36 67.63 67.21 68.12 1.34 1.40 1.42 1.28 13.13 14. 35 ! 13.30 12.95 2.10 2.30 2.13 2.07 Florida . 3049 3049 3049 3049 3050 3052 3395 3041 7.24 4.88 7.28 6.57 4.85 5.82 6.40 5.83 1.78 2.23 1.93 2.02 1.85 2.30 2.25 2.52 8.93 8.92 7.72 8.64 8.03 7.26 10.38 7.68 67.45 68.17 65. 92 67. 23 69.28 70.40 64.61 68.93 1.12 .92 1.22 1.36 1.81 1.44 1.66 1.56 13.48 14.88 15.93 14.18 14.18 12.78 14.70 13.48 2.16 2.38 2.55 2.27 2.27 2.04 2.35 2.16 Alabama 3043 3044 3045 3392 3001 6.09 6.32 5.93 5.99" 5. 11 1.60 2.25 '2. 38 1.65 2.30 8.32 7.68 8.25 10.51 8.20 i 66.50 68. 32 68.93 66. 57 68 65 1.39 i .90 1.56 1.45 1.04 16.10 14.53 12.95 13.83 14.70 2.58 2.32 2.07 2.21 2.35 Mississippi 3002 3007 3008 3363 3181 6.59 6.28 7.24 6.78 7.53 1.80 1.55 2.10 1.94 1.97 8.98 8.95 , 7.89 8.08 7.67 66.20 66. 92 68.29 67.68 68.49 1.20 1.07 1.00 1.52 1.21 15 23 15. 23 13.48 14.00 13.13 2.44 2.44 2.16 2.24 2.10 3183 3184 3185 3187 7.13 8.10 7.05 7.21 2.14 1.69 2.10 1.95 7.61 8.06 7.81 8.15 67.99 66.16 67. 32 67.46 1.13 1.29 1.54 1.23 14.00 14.70 i 14.18 14.00 2.24 2.35 2.27 2.24 40 Composition of American oats, arranged by States — Continued. State. Serial No. Water. | § Carbohydrates. j E Albuminoids. Nitrogen. Louisiana . . . 3126 Per ct. 9. 50 P.ct. 2. 20 Per ct. 8. 18 Per ct. 64.99 P.ct. .13 Per ct. 14.00 P.ct. 2.24 Arkansas 3127 3J41 3ul2 8.00 6>5 4.67 2.10 2.10 2. 10 7.83 8. 25 8.12 67. 72 66.93 69.35 .05 .34 .93 13. 30 14.53 13. 83 2. 13 2.32 2.21 Texas 3368 3310 0. !)4 7.08 2.14 1.74 7.71 8.09 65. 83 68.07 63 .12 15.75 13. 30 2.52 2.13 Colorado 3 III 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3430 30''0 6. 92 8.57 6.70 7.14 6.80 6. »5 7.10 4.80 2.08 2. 15 1.M5 2.26 1.82 2.10 2. 30 2.08 11.26 9.06 8.80 8.75 8.08 8.19 7.45 7.27 65. 24 6.'. 8-' 67.26 67. 58 0*. 62 68.63 67.81 06. 8J .55 .65 .03 .14 .20 83 .16 00 12. 95 15.75 14.35 13. 13 13.48 13. 30 14.18 18. 03 2.07 2.52 2.30 2 10 2.16 2.13 2. 27 2.88 Utah 3021 3385 3583 3319 5.08 6.56 7.20 6.05 2. 40 2. 2rf 2. 45 2.37 8.67 7.67 7.59 8.17 68. 98 65.75 6*. 46 69.71 14 10 17 62 13. 13 1»J. <>3 13. 13 12. 08 2.10 2.66 2.10 1.93 Nevada 3321 3205 7.30 6.80 2.40 2.27 8.81 9.72 66.89 66.21 82 17 12. 78 J3.83 2. U4 2.21 New Mexico 3'18 6 61 2. 12 9 89 66.02 h8 13.48 2.16 Washington 3420 3341 7.05 7. OK 2.50 1.79 9.43 7.99 66.30 71.56 59 95 13.13 9.63 2.10 1.54 Oregon 3435 3275 6. 55 •6.72 1.55 2.28 10. 57 8.89 68. :?6 68.73 07 48 11.90 11.90 1.90 1.90 California 3277 3016 7.01 7. 95 2.42 1. 9.3 7.87 8.83 66.80 (iii. 33 07 1-3 13.83 1 3. 13 2.21 2. 10 3374 3378 3380 3382 7. 22 6. 58 6.52 7. 12 i. 58 1.79 2. 14 1.35 9.67 10.10 9.11 9.32 67.94 70.02 6(j. 35 68.86 86 88 70 1.27 11.73 9.63 14.18 12.08 1.88 1.54 2.27 1.93 Composition of hulls of American oals, arranged by States. State. 6 ft Water. ,d • <1 Undeter- mined. 1 s Albu min- oids. Maine 3133 Per ct. 4 60 P.ct. 4.30 Per ct. 65.99 Per ct. 23 36 P.ct. 1 75 32u8 6.46 4.50 65.50 19.56 2 98 Vermont 3209 3210 3322 3.90 4.30 4.08 4 36 5.00 5.40 70.48 67.59 68.99 19.16 20.13 18.20 2.10 2.98 3.33 Connecticut . . 3323 3324 3326 30.'4 4.80 3.60 4. 14 6.60 4. 10 3.60 3.66 5.95 68.74 73.59 72. 98 65.37 19.73 17.46 16.94 19.80 2.63 ! 1.75 2.28 2.28 Rhode Island 3028 H029 3294 5.60 5.74 5. 00 4.44 3.71 4.50 67. 13 69. 69 73. 12 20.20 18.06 15. 10 2.63 2.80 2.28 New York 3226 4.70 4.00 72.07 16. 43 2.80 3231 3235 4.50 4.90 68.52 18.93 3.15 1 75 3243 3214 5.00 2.90 4.40 6. 30 74.02 68.46 13.95 19. 19 2. 63 3 15 3282 3.68 4.30 70.54 18.85 2.63 Ohio 3286 3286 3260 4.36 4.80 3. 18 4.50 3.20 7.40 70.11 69.10 66.99 18.40 21. 15 20. 68 2.63 1.75 1.75 3261 3262 3267 3269 3270 3444 3.52 4.81 5.58 5. 12 4.84 5 00 5.60 4.20 5.80 5.30 7.70 6 80 70. 54 72. 08 69.57 68.30 66.80 l(i. 84 15. 55 17.12 18.30 18.56 3.50 3.33 1.93 2.98 2.10 j 2 28 3153 4 96 3.84 68.55 20.02 2.63 3156 , 3158 ! 3406 3.83 4.82 4.44 6.33 5.20 6.40 63.96 69.55 71.38 23.78 18.50 16.38 2.10 1.93 1.40 41 Composition of hulls of American oats, arranged by States— Continued. States. SmalNo. 1 £ A 00 0 4.48 5.62 4.62 66.50 65.82 70.25 67.82 64.68 Maryland Delaware Virginia 3. 08 3. 90 4. 06 i 5. 50 5. 10 3. 70 4.30 5.60 3. 76 3. 60 5.80 | 4.70 74.41 69.94 64.97 67.38 72.32 70. 61. West Virginia North Carolina . South Carolina 4.30 5.40 4.76 482 3.86 2.98 4.10 4.20 6.00 5.10 17.40 9.90 8.90 4.86 5.71 5.96 5.70 5.30 5. tO 5 02 5.50 5.78 3.30 14. 94 j 4.50 i 5.20 5.40 15.60 5.00 6.00 4.40 4.20 4.00 3.90 3.30 4.40 4.30 4.04 4.70 5.20 5.12 4.20 7.50 6 50 5.00 5.90 3.90 ; 5.00 5.40 i 8.10 5.80 ! 4.80 4.90 5.30 6.50 5.50 5.31 5.76 5.15 ! 4.00 4.40 6.06 1.90 2.98 3.86 4 80 ' 5. 10 •' 7.80 6.75 4.60 5.20 ! 5.14 j 7.60 : 6.20 7.10 7.70 7.70 7.50 7.84 5.40 7.*l"6~ 4.80 6.02 , C9.86 72.13 68.16 71.63 76.64 75.32 73. 62 70.55 71.21 64.80 57.13 60.68 67.30 65.91 68.47 70.51 71.24 69.50 67.17 70.16 73.39 74.79 75.13 63.17 68.18 67.70 68. 20 58.13 68. 62 62. 77 66.83 72. 62 72.10 15.89 32.82 19.80 15.37 33.50 14.95 13.90 15.40 11.91 23.55 17.17 19.22 14.85 21.63 18. 06 16. 06 15.46 19.10 20.48 14.56 16.58 14.70 15. 26 14.75 j 20. 12 i 16.67 17.72 19.57 18.90 16 SO 20. 12 14.35 i 14.70 ! Kentucky Tennessee Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana [ Arkansas Texas j Colorado 71.95 71.56 67.71 65. 92 "(57.37 71.37 71.63 15.30 ! 15.31 17.56 22.54 20.59 18.34 16. 96 ! 16.40 j Utah Washington Tetritory Oregon California 42 Average composition of American oate, arranged by States. «,* it States. -|^. I * § Car b hy- drates. Albumin- oids. United States 179 6 93 2 15 8 14 67 09 38 14 31 Atlantic Slope 64 6. 84 2. 17 8.22 67 10 .37 14 30 Northern States . 92 7. 07 2. 19 8.02 66 88 .37 14.47 Western States 54 6 98 2 19 7 91 67 06 37 14 49 Southern States 69 6 79 2. 12 8 23 67 22 35 14.29 Northwestern States 8 7. 38 2. 23 8.54 66.96 .28 13 61 Pacific Slope 18 6 71 2 10 8 87 67 78 13 01 Maine 3 7. 19 1 91 8.55 66 40 .77 14 18 New Hampshire 3 7. 06 1 2. 30 8.36 65.27 .32 15.69 6 33 2 00 8 06 66 15 •34 15 62 ' Connecticut . . 4 6.54 1 2.30 8.06 68 07 .47 13.56 j Rhode Island 1 7 52 i 2 02 8 71 68 66 01 12 08 New York . 9 7 46 2 14 8 02 66 53 44 14 41 New Jers°y 2 7 42 2. 29 7.14 66 55 .29 15.31 7 10 2 36 8 00 65 85 32 15 37 1 Ohio . 9 6 76 2.25 8.32 65 39 .19 16.09 Michigan . 6 7.11 2.35 7.74 67.61 .19 14.00 1 8 05 1 92 7 82 65 69 24 15 28 Illinois . 9 6 19 2 34 7.64 67 69 .55 14 59 i Wisconsin . 5 7. 27 2. 06 7.45 68.46 .49 13.27 Minnesota 9 7 16 2 27 7 91 68 33 30 13 03 i Iowa . 7 7.01 2 03 8.02 66 72 44 14. 78 ' Missouri 3 7. 11 1. 91 8.35 65.54 .51 15.58 j Nebraska 3 7 42 2 16 7 98 66 64 51 14 29 i Dakota . 5 6 74 2. 25 8 16 67.39 .28 14.28 ! Montana ii 8. 44 2. 20 9.18 66.23 .29 12.66 i Maryland 2 7 01 2 36 7 91 66.39 46 14 87 ! Delaware . . - .1 5. 94 2. 27 7.75 66.09 .35 16.60 j Virginia 4 6. 63 2. 43 7.93 66. 03 .49 15.49 West Virginia 4 6 64 2 29 7 51 64.86 46 17.24 i! North Carolina . . . . 6 6. 84 2. 06 8.27 68.28 .63 12.92 '' South Carolina 8 7. 07 2. 09 8.48 68. 19 .00 13. 17 \\ Kentucky 4 7.34 2 10 7 80 65.97 74 15.05 ':' Tennessee ... . . 4 6.81 2.22 8.09 67.33 .42 14.13 ij Georgia 8 6. 15 2. 28 8.54 67.65 .35 14.13 ' f lo'-ida » 5 6. 03 : 2 08 8.49 67.85 .37 14. 18 ! Alabama . . . ... 5 6.40 ' 1.94 8.42 67.55 .16 14.53 i Mississippi 5 7. 41 1. 97 7.86 67.48 .28 14.00 8. 12 2. 13 8.09 66 55 .17 13.94 Arkansas . 2 5. 80 1. 12 7.92 67.59 .78 14.79 i Texas 8 7 16 2 04 8 71 67 08 21 13.80 i Colorado 4 6.06 2.31 7.80 67.50 .10 15.23 i Utah . 2 6. 67 '< 2. b9 8.49 68.30 .72 12. 43 ! 6 80 2 27 9 72 66 21 17 13.83 New Mexico 2 6. 83 2. 31 9.66 66.16 1.73 13.31 I Washington Territory 2 6. 82 1. 67 9.28 69.96 1.51 10.76 6. 86 2. 35 8 38 67.77 1 78 12.86 California 5 7. 08 1. 76 9.40 67.90 1.71 12. 15 i Average composition of hulls of oats, arranged ly States. o« ;_ . State. If 1 £* £ United States 100 5 22 Atlantic Slope ...... 43 4.73 Northern States 52 4 89 Western States 33 4 99 Southern States 43 5.71 Northwestern States 17 4 57 Pacific Slope 2 5.16 Maine 1 4.00 New Hampshire 3 4.88 Vermont 4 4.15 3 5.98 Rhode Island . 1 5.00 New York 3 4 73 New Jersey .. 1 2.90 Pennsylvania... 8 4.28 ! ^ t 3 •2 IE S» 4 ^'1 B ja 11 £ 5 Ash .... . do 2 21 2 24 Oil do 8 32 8 72 Carbhydrates do 66 72 66 39 Crude fiber do 1 85 1 33 do 14 00 14 00 It may be said that the duplication was unknown to any one until after tabulation, and the coincidence in all the results, which are not variable in the preparation of the sample for analysis, was even better than is to be expected. Moisture, even in the tightest- stoppered bot- tles, is liable to change, as has been shown in previous reports, and with liber, when present in so small amount, it is difficult to secure duplicates which will not at times differ as much as half of one per cent. Ash, oil, and albuminoids admit of determination with almost the accuracy of inorganic work. A study of the analysis having shown that variations in chemical composition for any one season are not accompanied by any corre- sponding change in physical qualities, that the variations in any one locality are often quite as large as over the whole country, and that the Pacific coast alone produces a grain whose average composition is to any degree different from that of other States, it seems probable that the differences in composition are as largely due to soil as to other causes. In this connection reference must be made to the recent valuable and instructive experiments with oats, conducted at the experiment at Halle, Germany, by Dr. Maercker, the results of which have appeared in the Zeitschrift des laudwirthschaftlichen Verein der Provinz Sachsen, from which it has been learned that the condition of the soil and manures have a marked effect not only on the yield, but the composition of the crop. The following are some of the valuable conclusions reached in 1883 : (1) 38 pounds of oats sown to the acre, in spite of a heavy application of artificial manure, was not able to give so high a product as the same area sown with 84 pounds. (2) The application of phosphoric acid alone did not increase the product essen- tially, in spite of the fact that the experimental field was in good condition and did not suffer at all from the lack of nitrogen. 48 (3) The application of nitrogenous manure in general increased the product de- cidedly, proportional to the amount of applied nitrogen. (4) Small or large quantities of phosphoric acid, together with weak nitrogenous manuring, furnished in the form of Chili saltpeter, showed themselves of paying efficacy. (5) With strong nitrogenous manuring neither large nor small applications of phos- phoric acid brought about any action worth mentioning. (6) The product of grain and straw was increased in about equal degrees by the artificial manuring. (7) The proportion of corn to straw was by thick sowing, on the average 47 to 53 or 1 to 1.13 ; by thin sowing, 45 to 55 or 1 to 1.22. (8) The harvest showed throughout a tolerably low percentage of nitrogen, in the case of the straw ; not, however, an extremely low one, plainly because the rooting up of the weeds and the stieugthening of the stems of the oat plant by drilling and harrowing produced plants which were, on the average, poor in nitrogen. (9) By thin sowing the plants were somewhat richer in nitrogen than by thick. (10) The application of phosphoric acid alone was not able to raise the percentage of nitrogen. (11) On the contrary, the percentage of nitrogen was essentially raised by the ap- plication of nitrogenous manures. (12) An application of phosphate manures, together with that of nitrogenous man- ures, did not aiterthe percentage of nitrogen. (13) The greater the harvest the greater also was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain and the straw ; from this it appears that the more that was harvested, the better was the quality of the product. A rational method of manuring brings about, not alone greater crops, but also better grain. (14) The small and poorly-shaped grain harvested with the application of large amounts of nitrogen, and in consequence of this somewhat stalled, possess a higher percentage of nitrogen than the fully-developed grain ; they cannot, therefore, be looked upon as of less value. (15) By au application of phosphate manure alone the percentage of oil in the grain was not increased. (10) On the contrary, by an application of nitrogenous manure alone the oil was decreased. (17) A weak application of phosphoric acid at the same time with one of nitrogen reproduced the original amount of oil ; a stronger application of phosphate even in- creased it, plainly through assistance in ripening. (18) The grain manured more strongly with nitrogen was on the whole somewhat richer in fiber and somewhat poorer in nitrogen free nutrients than the grain manured less with nitrogen and more with phosphoric acid. (19) By a rational method of' manuring the albuminoid content of the crop can be almost doubled. (20) In these experiments 55 per cent, of the nitrogen applied in the manures was recovered in the crop. Ill bis report on the work of the experiment station in 1884, Dr. Maercker continues, in regard to the investigations: During this year the same experiments have been carried out (with oats) again. It is the second year of which I here give an account, and the results of the first year are completely confirmed : (1) That plants relatively poor in nitrogen have been obtained by drilling and har- rowing. (*2) That thin sowing has in no case produced as much as thicker sowing. (3) That a nitrogenous manuring raises strongly the percentage of nitrogen in oats. Further that in this year it has been found that, by manuring with phosphoric acid, the albuminoids were materially decreased, although the formation of starch has been 49 increased. Phosphoric acid hastens the ripening and in general the tendency of the plants to fill out the kernels completely, on which account there is more starch and less protein. Plants relatively poor in nitrogen are therefore produced. The availability of plant-food is therefore the prime cause of there being so many variations in any one locality corresponding to the soil and manuring on which the crops are dependent. Our analyses of oats extend over only one year, but Dr. Maercker in two has shown, as our work has with wheat, that " oats appear to be extraordinarily dependent, even in the same locality, in their compo- sition, on the climatic conditions ruling during the opening period." The crops raised in 1882 and 1883, in exactly the same manner, compared in albuminoids, are as follows: Per cent. Unmanured, 1882 7.8 Unmanured, 1883 10.2 €00 pounds per acre of Chili saltpeter, 1882 10. 5 600 pounds per acre of Chili saltpeter, 1883 12.8 The difference between these figures for the same year illustrates the effect of nitrogenous fertilizers on the percentage of that element in the grain, it being greater in the manured grain by 2.7 per cent, in 1882 and 2.6 per cent, in 1883; and at the same time the effect of the variation in the seasons is as markedly visible. Comparing the production per acre with the percentage of nitrogen on the grain it was found that those varieties giving the largest yield were poorest in nitrogen, and the reverse. No. Name. Pounds per acre. Albumi- noids. 1 3 737 Per cent. 6 7 2 Danish 3 591 8 5 3 Original Probsteier . ... 3 564 9.3 4 3 496 9 8 5 Hallet's Canadian 3 393 11.7 6 3 005 11 2 7 Hopetown 3 044 12 2 8 Black Californian . . 2,928 9.8 q White Tartarian Swedish 2 874 10 1 10 Kylberg pedigree . .. 2,839 9.5 These results, calculated to the amount of nitrogen harvested per acre by the whole plant, explain the differences by showing that all va- rieties collect about the same amount ; consequently, if there is much grain the nitrogen is divided up among it, or if there is much straw the grain is thereby deprived of a certain amount. In 1883 the results were quite different from this. High yields had high percentages of nitrogen, as appears from conclusion 13, previously given. This point, therefore, hardly seems to be entirely settled, but to be largely depend- ent on the climatic conditions of varying seasons. For more complete details, reference must be made to the original report upon the experiments, which are models of what should be un- dertaken in our own country. It is of interest, however, to copy cer- 13734— Ko. 9 4 50 tain tables which are of value for comparison with our own analyses and for filling out our knowledge of the plant in directions towards which our investigations did not extend. EFFECT OF THICK AND THIN SOWING. The following tables give the chemical composition of the grain har- vested after thick and thin sowing. The average weight per bushel in both cases was 36.7 Ibs. All the analyses are calculated to 15 per cent, of water, and the units of nutritive value, being calculated on a German basis, are to us of only relative value. Composition of crops. GRAIN. [Thick sowing, 44 kilograms per hectare.] Manuring. No. Ash. Oil. hydrates. e fiber. minoids. sofnutri- 3 value. ft t a 5 °3;j3 0 ^ ^ Unman ured j 3 1 3 8 60.0 10.4 7.7 118.0 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate.. 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate.. 2 3 4 5 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.9 3.1 3.0 58.7 59.4 58.7 59.2 10.0 10.5 10.6 9.8 8.7 8.0 9.3 9.9 121.7 110.9 120.7 124.2 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 6 7 8 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.5 3.4 58.2 59.7 58.6 10.4 9.4 10.2 10.5 9.3 9.6 125.2 123.7 123.6 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate.. 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate.. 9 10 11 12 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.3 4.3 4.2 56.9 58.9 58.2 56.4 11.1 8.6 9.3 11.0 10.4 10.2 10.2 9.8 126.4 131.4 130.7 126.4 (Thin sowing, 76 kilograms per hectare.] TJnm anur ed 13 3 3 3 8 59 6 10.4 7.9 118.1 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 14 15 16 17 18 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 4.0 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.6 60.0 58.8 59.7 58.0 59.3 10.4 9.9 9.2 9.9 9.6 7.5 9.9 9.3 10.3 9.4 117.5 123.8 124.7 128.0 124.3 CHAFF. [Thick sowing, 44 kilograms per hectare.] TJnmanured 1 13.9 41.9 24.9 4.3 63.4 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 2 14.1 41.7 24.4 4.8 65.7 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 3 4 14.0 14.3 41.8 42.2 24.9 23.7 4.3 4.8 63.3 66.2 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 5 6 13.6 15.0 41.3 40.7 24.9 24.0 5.2 5.3 67.3 67.2 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 7 8 9 10 11 13.0 13.7 15.1 14.6 14.2 42.8 41.8 40.4 41.8 41.9 23.9 24.1 23.6 23.6 23.9 5.3 5.4 5.9 5.0 5.0 69.3 68.8 69.9 66.8 66.9 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 12 13.9 42.3 23.1 5.7 70.8 [Thin sowing, 76 kilograms per hectare.] TJnmanured 13 13 8 43 2 23 5 4.5 65.7 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 14 15 14.1 13.9 42.1 41.6 23.9 24.2 4.9 5.3 66.6 68.8 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 16 17 13.1 14.2 43.8 42.4 23.5 24.0 4.6 4.4 65.8 64.4 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. 18 14.4 41.4 24.8 4.4 63.4 [Kilo, per hectare + .8923 = Ibs per acre.] 51 Composition of crops — Continued. STRAW. [Thick sowing, 44 kilograms per hectare.] 1 | 35 is Manured. No. Ash. Oil. 'O >> ft .9 9 & | 1 a ^ •a -5 o 0 <) t> TJnmanured 1 5 7 38 6 38 9 £3 48 1 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate . kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, —0 kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate.. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate. . 300 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate.. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphospnate.. 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.9 • 36.9 39.2 39.3 37.7 33.7 37.9 37.1 37.4 36.4 36.0 38.4 40.5 39.5 38.2 39.5 43.2 39.7 39.8 39.5 41.2 41.9 39.2 .66 .51 .55 .62 .86 .62 .71 .04 .51 .36 .69 45.4 46.7 47.3 45.7 43.2 45.9 45.6 47.4 43.9 43.0 46.9 [Thin sowing, 76 kilograms per hectare.] TTnTnannrfid 13 5 5 38 1 40 1 1 27 44 6 — kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate . 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, — kilograms superphosphate. 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms superphosphate. 400 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 400 kilograms superphosphate . 14 15 16 17 18 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.6 . 39.0 37.7 38.2 39.0 37.9 39.5 40.4 40.3 38.9 40.0 L24 1.49 1.27 1.63 1.46 45.2 45.2 44.7 47.0 45.4 COMPOSITION OF THE GRAIN. ThiiTsowing. Thick sowing. By Julius Kuhn. a 0 I 'R a |. S a a 0 a "3 9 1 | | |3 1 Ash... 3.7 4.3 60.0 11.1 10.5 8.0 2.9 56.4 8.6 7.7 3.2 3.7 58.6 10.1 9.5 3.3 4.0 60.0 10.4 10.3 3.1 3.1 58.0 9.2 7.5 3.2 3.7 59.3 9.9 9.0 2.7 9.2 72.7 16.1 18.5 2.7 4.4 48.0 4.1 6.3 2.7 6.0 56.6 9.0 12.0 Oil Carbhydrates Crude fiber Albuminoids COMPOSITION OF THE CHAFF. Ash 15.1 13.0 14.1 13.1 13.1 13.9 11.0 11.0 11.0 Oil . 4* 8 40.4 41.7 43.8 41.4 42.5 43.2 28.2 37.4 Crude fiber * . .. 24.9 23.1 24.1 24.8 23.5 24.0 35. 1 25.9 31.7 Albuminoids . 5.9 4.3 5.1 5.3 4,4 4.6 7.0 3.7 4.9 COMPOSITION OF THE STRAW. Ash 6.2 5.7 6.0 5.6 5.2 5.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 89.2 33.7 37.3 39.0 37.9 38.3 48.9 24.9 35.6 Crude fiber - 43.2 38.9 40.1 40.4 38.9 39.9 50.2 30.0 39.7 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.4 7.0 1.3 4.0 52 All these results show how variable the oat plant is both for the same year and for different seasons, and that conclusions drawn from the studies of specimens of one season's growth alone may be quite reversed by a wider examination. Many causes, however, influencing the variations in quality have been explained and the field for future investigation made evident. EYE. Of this cereal, which is of the least importance of any grown in the United States, only 5 samples have been analyzed up to the present time. To supply this deficiency, 56 specimens were collected from the Department correspondents and the principal rye-producing States, at >«§ : : >> : i i !SJ ,ii pi-uft , D-0 E9 D P 0 ^ . 0 » 19 M •* *j • t-3 1-3 h-S 1-3 1-3 1-3^3 .1-3 . (-3 (-3 hj <1 0 •* • , I i || i i 1 i : i ^ : :£ " fNiii i M a • a .2 1 ; (D • *Sr.A *54a*-. 'I ':£ •B o 15 io^: 2 i^ooHs )t>-COOlOO5CD^t^l>- ji^iOiO^O^*^1^^1^ iOtf5lOlOiCtfifcOlOl^tf5^1O -^iceoift — ^ 10 oo < OP OR i. ' . was dj «J 'i II ,!l! £ Sec 54 lll§ lll ill .;f*i 111 s-rf* III m . > _ •op, ; s* :1 bt : & ' IS 552 §^. ess. jy w ss SS2S 1 ! t ip 5 55 The specimens previously described have been examined physically and chemically with the following results: Weight of 100 (/rains and per bushel of American ryes. State. Serial number. «M' 06 O fl f| & b §1 r State. Serial number. Weight of 100 grains. •5*3 •&S pj 5322 2 100 62.3 Illinois 5070 1 640 58 1 Connecticut 5323 5324 5024 2.400 2.100 2.410 64.1 58. U Wisconsin 5075 5079 5351 1.840 1.670 2 000 59.4 60.1 60 4 Rhode Island 5027 5028 5029 5290 1.990 2.380 2.520 2 150 60.2 61.5 62.8 5353 5357 5360 5361 2.100 1.690 1.850 2 700 62.6 60.6 60.2 61 9 New York 5223 2 240 60.4 'MJTipAfmt.a 5167 2 130 60 8 5225 5231 2. 320 2.310 56.2 60.1 5168 5179 2.780 1.900 62.2 5234 2. 160 62.6 Iowa ......... 5094 1.590 60 2 New Jersey 5235 5214 2.060 1 700 63.1 63 3 5097 5107 1.300 2 100 58.2 60 2 Pennsylvania 5215 5282 2.600 2 420 59.1 59 3 Nebraska Maryland 5198 5140 1.300 2 170 60.3 62 0 5286 52862 2.810 2 590 62.3 63 5 Virginia 5141 5334 2.570 1 920 59.9 60 2 Ohio 5260 2 179 61.6 West Virginia 5346 2 430 62 8 Indiana 5269 5086 2.080 2 100 61.7 63 5 North Carolina 5348 5248 2.060 1 870 59.4 62 1 Illinois 5060 1 910 60.4 5250 1.670 62 3 5062 1.870 60.7 South Carolina 5299 2.040 5063 1 720 61 7 Kentucky 5116 1 580 5066 1.410 57.8 51162 2.250 5067 2 100 60 0 Colorado 5021 1 810 61 4 5068 1 820 58 7 Georgia 5052 1 240 Washington Ter 5341 3.450 Average weight per bushel and of 100 grains of* American ryes. State. Number of determina- tions. Weight of 100 grains. Weight per bushel. \*t g-f.fi State. -2 5 o If Weight of 100 grains. L ss ht2 1- United States 56 2 074 60 9 Wisconsin 5 2 070 61 1 Atlantic Slope 25 2 189 61 2 Minnesota . ! 3 2 270 61 5 Northern States 43 2.074 60.8 Iowa 3 1.660 59.5 11 1 981 61 2 Missouri 1 62 6 Western States 25 1 745 60. 0 Nebraska ... 1 1.300 60 3 Pacific Slope 2 2 030 61 4 Maryland 2 2 370 61 0 3 2 200 61 7 Virginia . 1 1 920 60 1 Connecticut 4 2.320 61.5 West Virginia 2 2.250 61.1 Rhode Island 1 2 150 North Carolina 2 1 770 62 2 New York 5 2.220 60 5 South Carolina 1 2.040 2 9 150 61 2 Kentucky 2 1 920 3 2 610 61 7 Georgia . . 1 1.240 Ohio 2 2.130 61.7 Colorado . 1 1.810 61.4 Indiana . . 1 2.100 63.5 Washington Ter 1 3.450 Illinois 9 1.780 59.7 1 56 Composition of American ryes, arranged by States. State. Serial number. Water. ja 00 •4 § Carb-hydrates. P ,s Albuminoids. Nitrogen. "Vermont 5322 7 80 1 68 2 00 76 84 1 35 10 33 1 65 5323 5324 5024 8.07 8.90 8 84 1.85 1.60 2 00 2.12 1.80 1 91 75.03 75.32 75 02 1.38 .35 38 11.55 11.03 10 85 1.85 1.76 1 74. Rhode Island 5027 5028 5029 5290 7.74 9.17 9.69 9 75 2.20 1.97 1.88 2 10 2.09 1.74 1.80 1 71 75.72 75. 55 75. 38 74 40 .75 .32 .45 89 10.50 10.25 9.80 10 15 1.68 1.62 1.57 1 62 New York 5923 3 02 2 55 2 09 71 43 38 14 53 New Jersey 5225 5231 o234 5235 5214 9.12 8.98 8.93 7.35 9 05 2.40 2.16 1.77 2.16 2 10 1.58 3.69 2.10 2.13 2 16 74^96 74.37 76.42 75.37 75 61 .26 .25 .33 .61 10 10.68 11.55 9.45 11.38 9 98 1.71 1.85 1.51 1.82 Pennsylvania 5215 5282 8.93 9 35 2.03 2. 15 1.74 1 86 74. 34 73 71 .23 20 11.73 li 73 1.88 1 88 Ohio 5286 5286 5260 8.75 9.35 9 81 2.14 1.70 2.55 3.76 1.92 1.79 74.63 74.31 74 00 .34 .52 35 11.38 11.20 10 50 1.82 1.79 1 68 Indiana . ...... 5269 5086 8.15 9 (jo 1.70 1.57 1.93 1 73 74.26 77 22 .88 13 12.08 8 75 1.93 1 40 Illinois 5060 9 57 1.93 2.16 74 59 42 10 33 1 65 Wisconsin 5062 5063 5066 5067 5068 5070 5075 5079 5351 9.99 8.85 7.62 8.85 8.73 9.45 8.45 9.18 8 65 3.72 1.80 2.73 2.15 3.37 1.60 2.36 1.62 2 32 1.98 2.09 2.06 1.85 l.i-6 1.92 1.98 1.70 1 86 72.41 76.01 72. 68 75.05 71.33 75.08 72.48 75.15 74 50 .35 .10 .95 .25 .?8 .45 .60 .15 47 10.55 10 15 12.96 r 10.85 l 13.13 10.50 ! 13.13 11.20 11 20 1.68 1.62 2.07 1.74 2.10 1.68 2.10 1.79 i 70 Minnesota 5353 5357 5360 5361 5167 8.41 8.80 8.38 10.00 9 13 1.55 1.96 1.90 1.95 1 94 1.59 1.84 1.38 1.69 1 63 76.97 74.50 74.88 74.13 74 70 .15 35 .56 38 40 10.33 11.55 11.90 10.85 11 20 1.65 1.85 1.90 1.74 •i 70 Iowa ..... 5168 5179 5094 8.75 7.25 7 69 1.85 2.40 1 98 1.94 2.46 2 16 74.38 73.51 75 81 .18 95 68 11.90 12.43 10 68 1.90 1.99 1 71 Missouri 5097 5107 5188 8.50 8.32 7 27 2.80 2.08 1 93 2.48 1.93 2 19 73.32 75. 01 75 89 53 28 59 11.38 11.38 11 20 1.82 1.82 1 79 Nebraska 5198 8 27 1 31 ? 25 77 54 39 9 28 1 48 Maryland 5140 9 70 2 10 1 93 73 16 38 11 73 100 Virginia 5141 5334 9.64 8 60 1.80 2 30 1.65 1 77 74.63 73 10 43 80 10.85 12 43 1.74 Iqq West Virginia 5346 8 87 2 67 1 90 73 70 31 11 55 1 85 North Carolina 5348 5248 8.35 8 75 2.68 2 01 1.75 1 85 73.60 74 46 54 55 12.08 11 38 1.93 1 82 South Carolina 5250 5299 8.60 8 44 1.55 1 76 2.33 1 73 74.64 76 01 63 56 • 12! 25 10 50 1.96 1 68 TKVvntuoky 51 162 2 27 70 12 25 1 96 Georgia 5116 505-; 9.82 8 24 1.93 1 91 1.93 ; 2 17 72. 86 72 90 1.38 1 83 ' 12! 08 i 12 95 1.93 2 07 Colorado 3582 9 05 2 80 1 98 68 74 1 85 15 58 2 49 Washington Territory 3581 5021 5341 8.05 6.85 7 00 1.95 2.05 2 10 2.91 2.01 1 2 05 i 72.38 76.23 76 27 1.76 i 1.48 ! 1 55 12. 95 11.38 11 03 2.07 1.82 1 76 57 Average composition of American ryes, arranged by States. State. Number of analyses. Water. 1 Carb-hydrates. 1 Albuminoids. Nitrogen. United States 57 8 67 2 09 1 94 74 52 1 46 11 32 1 81 Atlantic Slope 05 8 75 1 99 1 91 74 74 1 45 11 26 1 79 Northern States 43 8 73 2 08 1 92 74 74 1 43 11 10 1 79 Western States 25 8 71 2 12 1 94 74 62 1 44 11 17 1 79 Southern States 10 8 80 2 07 1 90 74 01 1 54 11 68 1 88 Pacific Slope 4 7 74 2 23 2 24 73 40 1 66 12 73 2 04 Vermont 3 8.26 1.71 1 97 75.73 1.36 10.97 1.75 Connecticut 4 8 86 2 01 1 88 75 44 1 48 10 33 65 Rhode Island 9 75 2. 10 1 71 74 44 1 89 10. 15 62 New York ,. 8 48 2 21 1 92 74 51 1 36 11 52 84- New Jersey 2 8 99 2 06 1 95 74 98 1 16 10 86 74 Pennsylvania 3 9 15 1 99 1 85 74 22 1.35 11.44 83 Ohio 2 8 98 2 13 1 86 74 13 1 61 11 29 81 Indiana 1 9 60 1 57 1 73 77 22 1 13 8 75 40 Illinois.^ 9 8.96 2 36 1 96 73 87 1 43 11 42 .83 Wisconsin 5 8 85 1 94 1 67 74 99 1 38 11 17 79 Minnesota 3 8 36 2 06 2 01 74 20 1 51 11 84 89 Iowa 3 8 17 2 29 9 19 74 71 1 50 11 14 .78 Missouri I 7 27 1 93 2 19 75 82 1 59 11 20 79 Nebraska 1 8 27 1 31 2 25 77 54 1 35 9 28 48 Maryland 2 9.67 I 95 1 79 73 90 1.40 11.29 .81 Virginia . . 1 8.60 2.30 1.77 73.10 1.80 12.43 .99 West Virginia 2 8 61 2 67 1 83 73 65 1 42 11 82 89 North Carolina 2 8.17 1 78 2 09 74.55 1.59 11.82 .89 South Carolina 1 8.44 1.76 1.73 76.01 1.56 10.50 .68 Kentucky . 1 9 82 1 93 1 93 72 86 1 38 12 08 93 Georgia 1 8.24 1.91 2 17 73.90 1.83 11.35 1 2.07 Colorado 3 7 98 2 24 2 30 72 45 1 70 13 90 2 13 Washington Territory 1 7 00 2 10 2 05 76 27 1 55 11 03 1 76 The largest specimen was from Washington Territory, weighing 3.450 grams, the next from Minnesota, weighing 2.780 per 100 grains, and the heaviest weight per bushel from Vermont, 64.1 pounds. The smallest were from Iowa and Nebraska, weighing 1.300 grams per hun- dred, and the lightest from New York, 56.2 pounds per bushel, the aver- age for the country being 2.074 and 60.9. The largest and heaviest ryes were found on the Atlantic coast and in the Northern States. The Pacific slope was not well represented. The average weight per bushel is much higher than is usually ac- cepted for rye, but the specimens in hand certainly reached those figures perhaps being very clean or selected samples above the average pro- duction. Illinois, which in the last census year produced more of the crop than any State except New York, sends the smallest and the lightest average grain. In chemical composition the following extremes were found : State. Lowest. State. Water Per cent. 10.00 Wisconsin Per cent. 7.00 Washington Territory. Ash 3.72 Illinois . . 1.31 Nebraska. Oil 2.91 Colorado. . 1.38 Wisconsin. 77 54 Nebraska 68.74 Colorado Crude fiber . . ...... 1.90 Minnesota 1.10 Illinois. 15 58 Colorado 8.75 Indiana. 58 But 5 were below 10 per cent, of albuminoids, and all but 4 were be- low 13 per cent. The grain cannot be said to be extremely variable. The averages for the country is here given, together with an average of 49 analyses of ryes from all sources given by Koenig : United States. Koenig. Water 8.67 15.06 Ash 2.09 1.89 Oil 1 94 1 79 Carbhydrates Crude fiber 74.52 1.46 67.81 2.01 Albuminoids 11.32 11.52 The extremes of albuminoid in Koenig's analyses were 16.93 and 7.91 per cent., which is wider than among our specimens. The difference between our grain and that of the Continent appears in the greater moisture of the latter, as is to be expected, together with more ash and oil and less fiber. For different parts of the United States the averages are very nearly concordant, the only variation being the difference of half a per cent, albuminoids and a little more fiber in ten specimens from the South. The nitrogenous constituents are practically the same. This cereal is richer than corn in this element, and not quite so rich as wheat. Eye cannot be considered as being very susceptible to climatic con- ditions; in fact, it will flourish where other cereals will not. It re- quires therefore no greater care in its improvement than the selection of the variety giving the largest yield, and careful cultivation. BARLEY. Of American barley, from any point of view, but little has been known hitherto. Until lately, only nine chemical anaylses have been made, and, as Professor Brewer remarks, these are too few in number for gen- eralizations. Statistics show that we have not produced enough of the cereal to supply the demand, and that it is always necessary to import a large amount every year. A study, therefore, of the conditions which affect the production of barley in the United States, which portions pro- duce the most valuable grain, and how the composition varies in differ- ent localities as the result of climate and general environment, will be of interest, as showing the possibilities and best localities for the exten- sion of the growth of this cereal. Before discussing the results of our examination of the numerous American specimens collected through our agents, it will be of interest to give abstracts of some investigations on the production of barley in certain portions of Germany and this country, showing the yield, weight, physical characters and composition, and the directions in which it is considered desirable that this grain should be developed. 59 Dr. Maercker, of Halle, in a report on u Barley Experiments with Seed from Various Sources," a copy of which he has been good enough to send us, says that the problem of the production of the best barley has be- come an important one in the last few years in the province of the Salle, which has heretofore produced the best quality, but recently has met with much ill luck. To the end of studying the conditions affecting this cereal and learning the physical and chemical characteristics of the best varieties, seed selected by a mixed jury from a large exhibition of barleys were devoted to the experiment, and distributed among the leading agriculturists of the province. The varieties were grown with different supplies of nitrogenous manures, all the seed having been judged extremely fine (hochfeiu), and found to possess the following characteristics : Albuminoids. Mealy kernels. Slavonian Per cent. 7 7 Per cent. 92 Mravian 7.7 90 Danish 7:7 90 Saalish 8 1 80 From the experiments it was found that in the matter of yield the higher was obtained with the larger supply of nitrogenous manure, but that the quality was somewhat injured thereby, as the percentage of albuminoids was considerably raised, as can be seen from the deter- minations which were made : Saalish. Danish. Moravian. Slavonian. Original seed 8.10 7.70 7.70 7.70 100 kilograms Chili saltpeter, 200 kilograms Chili saltpeter, per hectare per hectare 8.19 8.48 9.16 9.56 9.18 9.78 8.92 9.52 The quality or consistency of the original seed was found in most cases to be lowered ; and although the Slowakisch barley was superior to the rest, three samples out of seventeen being extremely fine, three fine, and eight good, it was nevertheless apparent that although the quality of the seed is an essential factor in the quality of the harvest, it is not the only one, but that climate, soil, manuring, and cultivation are much more important and of greater influence. One can in no way ex- pect that the production of barley can be improved by selected seed alone. Care in .other directions and favorable climatic influences, over which we have no control, are necessary as well. The heavy manuring of nitrogenous material, as has been said, in- jured the quality, and how much so in comparison with a light one can be seen by enumerating the number of experimental samples which were found to be below the mean in quality. Of 89 manured with 100 kilograms of Chili saltpeter per hectare, only 6 were below medium ; of 60 78 having 200 kilograms per hectare, 16 were below medium. Nitrogenous manures are not, accordingly, to be considered advisable on barley. As to the relation of percentage of albuminoids, weight per bushel, and consistency to the quality of the grain, Dr. Maercker remarks : For a long time the author has busied himself with the question whether the amount of albuminoids stood in any relation to the value of barley, and in many cases this question could be answered that with few exceptions a barley rich in albuminoids is of poor quality, while a low content of albuminoids in general was an expression of high quality. It is, of course, understood that exterior conditions, rain, moisture, &c., can injure their value and make the barleys of low albuminoids of less worth than others richer in nitrogen. In proof of this, the decisions of the judges and the testi- mony of the laboratory furnish all that is desired. The albuminoids in the crop as given in the previous table were over 1 per cent, higher than in the seed, and the quality was adjudged corre- spondingly poorer, and the specimen considered to be the worst was found to have increased 2.08 per cent, over the seed. Comparing the decision of the judges with the percentages of albuminoids the following coinci- dence was found : Specimens denominated — Mean per cent, of al- buminoids. Extremely fine 8.09 Fine 8.67 Good 8 93 Medium . ... 9.78 Under medium 10.24 From these figures it cannot be denied "that high content of albumi- noids appears to be incompatible with high quality." To the weight the judges paid little attention. The determinations showed no relation between quality and weight. Weight per hectoliter in kilograms* of the seed was as follows: Per cent. Slavonian 68.7 Moravian 70.8 Danish 69 0 Saalish 69.2 And of the crops in the mean : Saalish. Danish. Moravian. Slavonian. 100 kilograms saltpeter . .. .... 67.2 67.2 66.6 67.3 200 kilograms saltpeter 67 2 66 8 67 5 66 7 Mean 67. 1 67.0 67. 1 67.0 Less than seed 2 1 2 0 3 7 1 7 The weight of the crop is on the average less than the seed ; but be- tween the different varieties there is no difference in the mean weight, despite the fact that there is a difference in quality. * Kilogram per hectoliter x .77.52 = pounds per bushel. 61 In regard to the mealy consistency of the grain the following figures furnish an explanation : Per cent, of mealy kernels. Saalish. | Danish. Moravian Slavon- ian. Seed Per cent. 80.0 Per cent. Per cent. 90. 0 90. 0 Per cent. 92.0 100 kilograms saltpeter 62 4 70 1 68 7 77 5 200 kilograms saltpeter 64 9 65. 9 66 8 64 7 Mean 63.7 68. 0 67. 8 71.1 Less than seed 16 3 22 0 22 2 20 9 1 The mealiness of the crop is much less than of the seed, which agrees again with the decision of the judges, who it may be remarked placed the greatest dependence on the consistency of the kernel in forming their opinion, and in other respects with the conclusions derived from other characteristics. Among a collection of 50 barleys which were submitted with the ex- perimental specimens already mentioned, there were found none worthy of mention except the crop of one gentleman who had used no nitrogen but heavy manuring with phosphoric acid. His barleys were graded as follows : ' Extra fine (a). Extra fine (6). Extra fine (c). Extra fine (d). Fine. Per cent. 8 8 Per cent. 7 9 Per cent. 7 7 Per cent. 8 4 Per cent. 8 2 Weight 70 0 69 1 68 1 70 3 67 3 Mealy 88.0 88.0 82.0 86.0 86.0 From the preceding experiments we learn that the characteristics of a first quality barley are its consistency, color, and its albuminoid per- centage, the latter in fine barleys not exceeding 8.67. Several other investigators in previous years have not found the aver- age up to the standard which has been set by the judges just mentioned. The results of Eeischauer* show that the barleys which he had in hand were somewhat richer in nitrogen than those of Maercker. In 100 parts of dry substance. Nitrogen. N x 6.25 Albumi- noids. Ash. i Phos- phoric 1 acid. Silica. Iron oxide. Lime. Percent. Maxim am 2.856 Per cent. 17 85 Percent. 3.34 Per cent. 1.145 Per cent. 0 845 Per cent. 0.0694 Per cent. 0 151 Minimum . . 1. 282 8.01 2. 12 0.614 0.460 0. 0019 0.043 Average ... 1. 729 10. 804 2.799 0.902 0.641 0. 0200 0.068 *Zeitschrift fiir das gesamte Brauwesen, 353-363, Bied. Centralblatt 11, 42-43. 62 In 100 parts of dry substance — Continued. Source of barley. Nitrogen. N x 6.25 Albumi- noid. Ash. Phos- phoric . acid. 1 564 9 77 2 818 0 900 1.655 10.34 2 848 0 944 T^urtemberg . ... 1.658 10.36 2.860 0.962 Hesse 1 750 10 93 2 923 1 019 1.806 11.29 2.853 0.920 2.121 12.36 2.515 0.841 1 661 10 38 2.720 0 928 Russia 2. 188 13.67 2.753 0.921 Alsace . - 1.699 10.62 2.802 0.880 1 769 11.05 2.936 0 897 Africa 1.833 11.46 2.730 0.781 Louis Marx has also examined a large number of barleys — four hun- dred— from various countries, extending over six years' crops. His results have furnished the following averages for the amount of albu- minoids usually present : Series. Source. Mean. (1) Russia . Per cent. 12.76 12.38 11.97 11.68 11.49 > 11. 21 10.76 10.70 10.62 > 10. 55 10.43 10.38 10.91 9.69 V 9.61 (2) Bnclen (3) Sweden (4) Danube Province . . ( Potsdam 12.21 (6) North Germany ( ?/er])r^ch' lh 91 y ' ) Magdeburg, 11. 28 ( Saal 10. 49 (7) Bavaria ..................................... (8) Alsace (9) Hungary ( Champagne 10 90 (10) France s Bourgoigne 10 86 Fourth series - '(_ Auvergpe, 9,90 r. (11) Hesse (12) Wurtemberg . (13) Denmark (14) England ( Slavonia 9.90 (15) Austria .. ^ Moravia, 9.79 t Bohemia 9 12 In Kussia, as with wheats, barley was found to be rich in albuminoids, one reaching 16.00. Bohemia and England, both celebrated for their malt, furnished but few samples with over 10.00 per cent. Bavaria, with 68 samples, had only 6 over 12.00 per cent. The thick-hulled barleys were as a whole poorer in nitrogen, the hull being, of course, poor in that element. There was found to be no rela- tion between nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Some analyses by Lunter of barleys of the crop of 1883, used in the experimental brewery at Munich, have been published lately in Bieder- mann's Centralblatt fur Agrikulturchemie, without great comment. He finds in the experimental field that continuous cultivation for years can be carried on without essential alteration of the quality. 63 Dry substances. 58 1 1 ' >s 1 Source of barley. 1 1 fl 1 _fl I 1 j ^ 08 •§ 2 1 g i | w fc 5 £ 1 ^ 0 Per cent. Per cen£. Per cew«. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 1 Erding 1 646 in 90 i nns 71 28 8 46 30 80 i Unterfranken . 1 806 11 29 ft Q3i 17 84 88 60 I Bayer Landegerstel 1.661 10 38 1 047 66 45 If? 58 Oft 1ft Franken 1 601 in nn 0 913 fifi fii ia 89 CK in 5 6 7 Freisinger Gerstel . . 1. 623 11. 14 1.585 i 9.90 1 680 1ft 5ft 0.951 0.930 0 935 65.84 65.16 65 82 12.28 12.47 12 67 80.15 83.14 90 00 Liangenbacher 8 La ndsli utcr 1.722 10.76 1.034 64.18 13.26 89.20 These samples, in albuminoids, certainly do not attain the high standard of quality set by Maercker. Of American barleys, the only investigation, in addition to nine an- alyses collected by Professor Brewer, is that of eleven specimens at the Brewers' Experiment Station in New York, in 1883 or 1884,* the results of which are here given in one hundred parts of dry substance: I i i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Source. Weight per bushel. Water. Dry substance. Dry substance. 1 Albuminoid (N. x 6. 25). | fl & Canada Lbs. 57J 48 Per -cent. 10.04 9.22 10.41 9.56 9.36 10.21 12.05 12.40 11.89 11.56 14.06 Per cent. 89.96 90.78 89.59 90-44 90.64 89.79 87.95 87.60 88.11 88.44 85.94 Per cent. 63.63 59.48 64.49 . 60. 30 61.36 59.54 66.31 66.54 65.98 66.29 63.70 Per cent. 10.73 11.18 10.16 . 12.39 11.36 8.18 12.79 13.60 10.27 12.23 11.62 Per cent. 2.78 3.16 2.86 3.21 3.31 3.77 2.59 2.45 2.84 2.96 2.51 Per cent. 0.950 1.149 0.997 1.124 1.278 1.582 Iowa ... .. Bald barley (Kansas) Western barley do Scotch barley (Waukesha County Wis ) New York State California 54 48J 47 50 Wisconsin barley ....... 1.000 1.030 Wisconsin barley (Farmer barley) New York State Mean 504 30.96 89.04 63.42 11.32 2.95 1.139 The investigation proves principally that the weight per bushel is hardly a safe guide as to quality, but one must rather judge from the percentage of moisture and nitrogenous constituents which the grain contains. The specimens examined were certainly not extremely starchy, nor were they very dry. Being so few in number, they hardly form a basis for rational conclusion in regard to our grain and its comparison with that of other countries, but they were considered by the editor of the Prag. Agricultural Journal as showing that American barleys were quite equal to those of the Continent. * Bied. Centbl. j. Agrikchemie 13, 491-2. 84 The results which have been quoted, while showing that the standard to be reached if possible is a large mealy grain with not more than 8 per cent, of albuminoids as described by Maercker, seem to prove rather conclusively that little barely of this quality is produced on the Conti- nent or elsewhere. The best ranges in the neighborhood of 9.5 per cent, and from 10 to 11 is a fair average. The sixty samples from all parts of the United States and twelve from Canada, collected for the present investigation, will, when exam- ined in connection with the previous results at home and abroad, give us a reasonable basis for deciding as to our shortcomings and peculi- arities. AMERICAN BARLEY. The samples of American barley have been collected through our agents from those parts of the country where it is a crop of prominence. They represent fairly well the production of the United States. The largest number of analyses are not for the largest areas of production- New York, Wisconsin, and California, which raise more than half the crop — but they are scattered through all the States where any amount of barley is grown. In considering the average features of the crop as it is found in market, regard must be had especially for the figures for Canada and the three States named, although the California barley never reaches our Eastern markets. The other cereals have been analyzed free from any hulls or chaff. It would have been of interest for comparison to have been able to sep- arate the barleys in the same way. Owing to the close adherence this is very difficult, but in a few cases it was attempted and the analyses of these specimens are given, together with a few of the naked varieties. The sources of the barleys are described in the following tables. is£ II I l=a & * s* g ,2 8 M WM 5» m t ^^r^-S ' £i ^3 t> — *-*^ o •» I illiiJIliil^^IliliffllJili ; : p .2 i .' ' : fl : -fa ® ; r-1 : i^lllillisf ^J8JA]§JMJ?l^ i 0-2.3 *J! UllllSll- sl^l-^S 1 fcs£l ?3 :g : : = III q o a d 2 .2 ' i I II I I O OP !H 13734— No. 9 - 5 I II 66 H C s*3 Sampson Shaifer. Warren G. K J. B. Naples Cooperstown Schoharie Fleming ood -- Tacoma Hamilt Larchw ^j s-§ Jgg m Sept. 10 to 25 Oct.8 A.pr.1 Feb. to M -2 !! j2?s •3"°£s £ > i mil Hi! .S fe :'53 ,~ :5 s a 0 0 0 S^d ;? s« 'P^c55 •jaqranu .2! : ; II ii o5^a S III! s 67 CANADIAN BARLEYS. The specimens of Canadian barleys were obtained by application to Hon. A. Blue, of the Bureau of Agriculture and Arts, in Toronto. He forwarded them to the Department with the following letter : I was not able until yesterday to get the samples of Ontario barley asked for by you for analysis. They were sent on by express, and I trust will reach you safely. The samples have been collected from four districts of the Province, and graded 1, 2 and 3 by the Government inspector here. The districts are indicated as A, B, C, and D, and the localities are shown on the inclosed map. As a rule, our best barley is produced in the counties north of Lake Ontario, and especially in those bordering on the Bay of Quinte, viz, Prince Edward, Lennox, and Addington and Hastings; but this year it was injured there by rains at the har- vest season. The western district is much more subject to summer rains, owing to its situation, between the Great Lakes, and the barley is often discolored. The brightest grain this year is found in the counties of Peel, York, Ontario, and Durham. I shall be greatly obliged if you will send me the results of your analysis. The districts as indicated included — A, the counties north of the central part of Lake Erie; B, the coun- ties north of the northwestern part of Lake Ontario; C, the counties north of the central portion of Lake Ontario; D, the counties north of the northeastern portion of Lake Ontario, bordering on the Bay of Quiiite. B, C, and D are therefore the best barleys, and especially D, which was, however, unfortunately injured this year, and the brightest grain found in B. How these practical opinions of quality agree with the facts learned from chemical analysis and with the investigations of Maercker will ap- pear in our discussion of the results. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA. In the following tables are arranged the data which have been ob- tained from an examination of the specimens which have been described, together with averages for the United States and Canada, and for the various States and geographical divisions : Canadian barley*. Composition. Grade. iJ ! Weight. Consistency. | 1.3 1 JW «.a -S ~ d cc « I i=i II « I O O fi < Sq , P. ct.\P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P. ct. P.c.lGrmn. First quality 16041; A1 7. 58i 2.98 2.70 73.49 8.1010.151.62 2.910 Do... ...16044 B> 8.35 2.73; 2.69 73.23 3.55; 9.45|!l.51 3.069 Do J6044 Do 6047j C Do 6.95! 2.68 2.64! 74. 28| 3. 65! 9. 80: ; 1.57| 3.206 2.88 2.&7 73.13 3.69 :| 3. 445! 32 24S20: 8 48 3612 4 28 2012.. 36 3616.. Average 7. 81 2. 82 2. 67! 73. 53: 3. 50| 9. 67j!l. 54; 3. 1581 54. 9i 17 36, 29 15 3 Second quality .. ...!6042 A2 T~85' 2.95 2. 72i 72. 76 "3722 110750^68 i 2.8181 54.536! 40 1212.. Do 16045! B2 7.03, 2.80 2.80- 73.46 3. 76! 10. 15; jl. 62 3.056' 54.716 36 28 16 4 Do 16048: C2 10. 08i 1. 62i 2. 78| 72.58 3.49; 9. 45; j 1.51 2.934, 53.512 36 32!20.. Do i6051 D2 8.43 3.18! 2.63 72.55 3.41J ft80 1.57 3.257^ 53.524 40! 32, 4.. Average |. ....... 8.35; 2.64; 2.73; 72.84! 3.47 9.97,1.59; 3.021; 54.122 Third quality ;6043' A3 8.78 2.70 2.69: 72.35 3.50; 9. 98i'l.60 3.012; 52.436 38 20118 28 24J ~8 I6046' B3 6.75! 2.83 2.72; 73.87 3. 68 10. 15 1. 62 3.094! 54.816 44 32i.. Do - !6049, C3 8.13 3.05 2. 67J 72.82 3.35: 9.98,1.60 2.941; 52.4.. 40 44:16 Do |6052i D3 7.93 3.18 2.74! 73.47 3.35 9.33J1.49 3. 226J 54.320 32 24120 "' 53.5181 36! 31;11 Average 7.89, 2.94: 2.7l! 73.13 3. 47; 9. 86; 1. 58 Average A locality i ... 8.07: 2.88! 2.70 72.87 3. 2710. 21! !l. 63; 2.943; 53.930 33 2013 4 Average B locality i ...' 7.37 2.79 2.74 73.52 3. 661 9.92:jl. 58' 3.0731 55.211 43 32 9: 5 Average C locality... .. 8.39 2.45! 2.70 73.23 3.49 9.74j!l.56! 3.027J 53.917 35 3216' . Average C locality Average D locality ........! 8.24; 3.08! 2.68 73.05 3.48; 9.47J1.51 3.309 53.519 36 31;13 1 Grand average | 8. 02! 2.80! 2.70 73.17 3.48 9.83 l.,57: 3. 088' 54.119 37 2913! 2 Physical properties of barley. Locality. ft I 4324 4326 4028 3. 480 2.980 4 380 51.4 ; 52.4 , 53.0 40 12 36 20 24 16 40 36 8 40 28 Xew York 4220 3 390 57 7 ' 4296 9 ggo 54 5 i i 4228 4232 4233 4235 3. 300 3. 570 3.380 51.4 i 53.4 ; 49.3 51 0 - :;£ 20 | 36 28 40 44 28 28 20 28 12 42431 42431 I 3. 410 2 690 54. 7 ! 5° 9 3 • 24 24 44 4285 f>. 630 50 4 8 ! 36 24 : 32 Ohio .. ;-.. 4260 3. 690 53.9 16 40 32 12 Michigan 4269 4271 4444 4151 3. 170 ' 3.180 j 2. 980 3 450 50.8 52.5 51.0 54.3 36 40 40 16 36 44 32 36 20 12 20 40 8 4 8 s 4153 4156 4158 4160 4406 4080 2. 280 3. 200 3.260 3. 180 3. 530 3 310 49.3 51.3 56.8 53.7 58.7 53 9 24" 4 16 24 24 32 28 36 40 32 48 36 28 44 28 28 28 ' 24 20 16 16 16 8 Illinois 4081 4085 4062 3.110 3. 570 2 740 53.1 54.3 50 4 12 48 32 36 22 28 28 Hi 20 i 24 14 20 4063 4065 4066 2.840 3.050 2 880 49.8 52.0 28 24 32 36 32 24 8 16 4067 2.920 52.2 12 28 24 , 36 Physical properties of barleys — Continued. Locality. Seriel No. Weight of 100 grains. \ II •f* 1 Half mealy. Quarter mealy. Little mealy. 1 3 4351 3 180 50 6 g 32 40 20 4353 3 360 50 6 36 32 32 4357 4360 4361 41 63 2.950 3.390 3.720 3 610 48.5 53.3 53.3 36 16 16 24 36 28 24 28 28 16 12 20 ...... 4106 3 503 56 2 12 44 32 12 4169 4170 2.610 3 520 50.8 52 8 16 24 36 44 36 28 12 4 4172 3 390 50 8 40 36 24 4175 2 760 51 8 12 44 40 4 4176 3 2"'0 51 8 28 36 28 8 4179 3 710 55 0 24 60 16 Iowa 4090 2 890 53 5 16 52 24 8 4091 3 130 52 6 16 36 28 20 4097 4098 2.900 3 010 51.4 51 3 24 20 36 36 28 28 12 16 4101 4104 2.890 3 3'>Q 54.8 55 3 20 32 32 44 32 16 8 4107 3 140 54 1 24 24 36 16 4188 2 642 53 1 12 28 52 8 Nebraska .... 4198 3 830 53 2 4 28 40 28 Dakota 4030 3 370 54 3 8 40 36 16 4035 4 930 56 7 16 32 40 12 4036 40QQ 2.780 2 720 53.0 59 o 20 16 36 52 32 24 8 8 4 Montana 4091 419G 3.000 3 950 58 6 16 36 28 20 4197 4 360 58 1 40 28 24 8 4415 4 350 57 4 76 94 4423 67 9 4423H 53.4 20 32 28 20 South Carolina 4l?99 2 950 Kentucky 412° 3 36C Utah 4319 4 218 60 2 24 44 28 4 Nevada 4202 4. 290 55.1 4205 4 140 56 2 Ai'izona . . . 4364 4 180 53 2 20 44 28 8 Washington Territory 4435 4.930 65.8 16 28 36 20 Oregon 4275 4 490 59 9 24 40 36 4077 5 110 59 o 24 36 40 California 4015 4 220 49 9 48 36 16 4016 4374 4.920 4 550 55.7 53 5 21 24 48 52 20 24 8 4378 5 180 8 48 32 12 4382 5 630 Average physical properties of American barleys. State. No. of determi- nations. Weight pel 100 grains. Weight per bushel. Mealy. Half mealy. Quarter mealy. Little mealy. Glassy. United States 76 Grams. 3.4S2 Found*. 54.0 20 35 29 15 1 Canada.:. 12 3. 088 54.1 19 37 29 13 2 Eastern States .... 13 3.016 52.6 11 29 32 26 2 "Western States 39 3. 171 52 8 21 35 30 13 1 Northwest em States Pacific, Slope 10 12 3.680 4.655 57.2 56.8 27 •21 35 40 26 29 11 10 1 0 New York 3 8 3. 193 3. i\l 52. 0 53.1 13 11 24 32 34 31 24 26 5 o Ohio 4 3 230 52 1 33 38 21 8 o Michigan 6 3. 150 54.0 14 34 34 16 1 Indiana 3 3.330 53.5 28 35 24 13 o Illinois 5 2.890 51.1 28 32 25 15 o Wisconsin 5 3. 320 51.3 22 30 31 14 3 "Minnesota 7 3. 290 52.7 22 43 29 6 o Iowa 7 3.030 53.4 17 34 32 16 1 Dakota 5 3. 854 54.2 15 39 32 13 1 Montana 5 4.220 59. 1 45 28 17 10 o 2 4. 215 55 7 o Oregon 2 4.800 56.1 12 30 40 18 o California 5 4. 900 53.0 26 46 23 5 o 70 Composition of American barleys (unhulled), arranged by States. Stale. Vermont 4323 4324 4326 Connecticut 4028 New York 4226 4228 4232 4233 4243 Pennsylvania 4275 Ohio 4260 4269 4271 4444 Michigan 4151 4153 4158 4160 4406 Indiana 4080 4085 EHinois 4062 4063 4065 4(167 Wisconsin 4351 4353 4357 4360 4361 Minnesota 4170 4172 4175 4176 Iowa 4091 4098 4101 4104 Nebraska 4198 Dakota 403n 4035 403fi 4390 4391 Montana 4196 4197 4415 South Carolina 4: Kentucky Utah 4319 Arizona 4^64 Washington 44:55 Oregon 4275 4277 California 4016 4:f74 437H Wyoming. 4423 Colorado 3584 Per ct. 14.00 12.60 12. 08 10.15 11.73 11.38 11.03 10.15 10.85 11.90 10.68 10.50 10.15 9.80 13.13 14.70 12. 95 11.90 9.63 11.38 9.45 . 71 Average composition of American barleys (unliulled), arranged by States. State. Number of analyses. 1 M % ri t*> !l 0 1 £ Albuminoids. fc United States 60 Per ct. 6 53 Per ct. 2 89 Per c«. 2 68 Per c«. 72 77 .Per c«. 3 £Q Per ct. 1 1 33 Per c«. 1 81 Atlantic Slope 10 6 64 2 5i 2 59 73 02 3 57 11 59 1 85 Northern States 48 6 55 2.87 2. 69 T> 55 3 76 11 5X 1 85 Western States 30 6 66 2 96 2 73 72 26 3 87 11 D9 1 84 Northwestern States ............... 8 6 02 2.85 2. <;9 73 U3 3 51) 11 82 Pacific Slope 10 6 47 3 05 2 65 7>> 43 3 00 11 r>0 1 fiQ "Vermont 3 6 58 2 51 2 77 71 41 3 84 12 89 2 06 Connecticut 1 6 50 '.'. 99 2. 3:{ 75 14 2 89 10 15 1 62 New York 5 6 77 2 46 2 65 73 59 3 50 11 ('3 1 76 Pennsylvania... 1 6 27 3.05 2 06 7-' 89 3 83 11 90 1 90 Ohio 4 6 68 3.25 2. 61 7«> 95 4 19 10 9rf 1 64 Michigan 5 6 ">7 2 79 2 72 T> 34 3 42 12 46 1 99 Indiana 2 5 95 3.23 3. 13 73 28 3 99 10 4*> 1 67 Illinois 4 6 37 3.08 2.67 71 84 3 66 I') 38 1 98 "Wisconsin 5 7 05 2 95 2 63 71 87 4 05 11 45 1 83 Minnesota 5 7 29 2.6.1 2.81 79 87 4 01 10 39 1 66 Iowa 4 6 27 3.08 2.71 71 37 4 01 1° 56 2 01 Nebraska 1 7 58 3 00 2.70 71 I9 3 35 ll> 25 1 96 Dakota 5 5 81 2. 99 2.77 71 75 3 66 13 02 2 08 Montana 3 6 37 2 62 2 56 75 17 3 48 9 80 1 57 South Carolina 1 6 85 2 6.3 2. 45 73 62 4 10 10 33 1 65 Kentucky... 1 6 00 2.90 2.37 7.5 7:t 4 25 8 75 1 40 Utah 1 7 70 3 40 2 f»3 79 99 2 88 1 0 50 1 68 Arizona ..... ... 6 26 2 90 2.63 74 30 4 28 9 63 1 54 Washington 1 5 95 3.50 2.98 70 97 4 35 ]9 25 1 96 Oregon 9 6 93 2 92 2.38 74 23 3 91 10 33 1 65 California ^ 5 80 3 30 2.74 74 86 4 25 9 n5 1 45 Wyoming 1 6 70 2. 20 2. 52 74 03 3 00 11 55 1 85 Colorado \ 8 15 2 77 2 87 68 99 3 92 13 30 9 13 DISCUSSION OF THE DATA AND AVERAGES. As Canadian barley forms the greater portion of our supply, it will be considered first, and that of the United States compared with it. Maercker found that the finest grain contained not more than 8 per cent, of albuminoids and consisted of at least 80 per cent, of mealy ker- nels. These two factors, together with the brightness of the grain, he considered to be the characteristics by which itsqnality should be judged. Of the twelve typical specimens of last year's Canadian crop none were below 9 per cent, of albuminoids, the average being 9.83, and only six contained 60 per cent, of kernels which were mealy or half mealy in structure. They cannot be said therefore to be equal to what are considered extremely fine barley in Germany. They do, however, reach and in most cases exceed the average production of foreign coun- tries, and may be considered as of extremely good quality for samples from actual trade lots, and better than those produced the world over, as may be seen by comparison with the investigations which have been quoted on previous pages. In weight per bushel they are about the same as the average of Maercker, and in moisture, as with all our grain, much drier than the product of damper climates. The differences in the different grades are marked almost entirely by brightness and perfection of the kernel, there being a remarkably clos 72 agreement in all other respects. This shows how important a factor climate and care in harvesting and handling are in enhancing or de- preciating the value of the grain. The latter factor, care, is almost en- tirely within the control of the farmer, while varying seasons, of course, influence the former. Of the different districts that north of Lake Erie produces the specimens richest in nitrogen, which would therefore be graded lowest as far as this influences our judgment, thus agreeing with current opinion. In mealiness these specimens are much ahead of all the others, and this ought to more than balance the slightly higher per- centage of albuminoids. The summer rains, however, by coloring the grain have the greatest influence in determining quality, and event- ually make the barley of this district the least desirable. The remain- ing districts, north of Ontario, produce grain much alike, that from the B district averaging heavier in weight per bushel, and that from D be- ing a little less nitrogenous. As a whole these Canadian barleys cer- tainly form a very good standard of reference. BARLEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. In comparing the barleys of the United States with those of Canada, it appears at once that, as a whole, the former average about as mealy in consistency as the latter. Examined by distribution geographically, the Eastern grain is found to be much less mealy than the Western, that of the Northwest being the richest in mealy kernels. Again, however, we find that but two out of sixty -four samples contained 80 per cent, or over of mealy or half-mealy kernels. In weight per bushel there is no variation from Canadian and foreign grain, but in size the barleys of the United States, as a whole, are larger than those of Canada. Unfortu- nately we have no data for those of foreign production. The Eastern grain is no larger than the Canadian, and the average is increased by the large size of that from the Northwest and the Pacific Slope, which at the same time has an increased weight per bushel. In brightness, the samples from those portions of the country having a dry climate at harvest time, especially the Pacific Slope and the North- west, were far superior. This is an important feature in considering the best areas for the production of good malting barley ; and while Cali- fornia as yet furnishes almost nothing for brewing purposes, it would seem to be one of our best fields. The high percentage of albuminoids stored up in the peculiar climate of the Northwest, while an advantage in the wheat grain, would be a serfous objection in barley. In this respect it appears that the average amount of albuminoids in the barley of the United States is greater than that of Canada, and far ahead of anything which Maercker would consider desirable. California alone is 1 per cent, below the average for the rest of the country, there being 73 less than one-half per cent, difference from 11.50 per cent, in the average for all but California, which has 10.50 per cent. This is higher than was found in the Canadian grain, so that it may safely be said that the latter is at present the best in the market and superior to our own. Among the analyses the following extremes are found : Highest, i State. Lowest. State. W"ater Per cent. 9 15 Minnesota Per cent. 4 53 ' California Ash 4 43 i California Oil 2 06 Orogou Carbhydrates Crude fiber 76.79 } Montana .'.. 4 65 Ohio 68.99 Colorado. 2 64 Illinois Albuminoids 14.88 Dakota Weight of 100 grains drams.. "Weight per bushel pounds 4. 900 • California . . 60.2 Utah 2. 630 Pennsylvania. 50 4 Do Per ct. of mealy and half mealy kernels 100.00 Montana.... 16.0 Vermont. Dakota sustains its reputation for high nitrogen and Oregon for low, but the variations in this constituent are not as wide as in wheat, bar- ley, like rye, appearing to be less affected in this respect, although Maercker's experiments show that barley responds in its percentage of albuminoids readily to nitrogenous manuring. His seed was. however, very poor in albuminoids — 7.7-8.0 per cent. — and would naturally in- crease when the conditions were made favorable. In Koenig's collection of analyses of this grain he gives as the aver- age of 127 specimens : Per cent. "Water 13.77 Ash 2 69 Oil 2.16 Carbhydrates.. 64.93 Crude fiber 5.31 Albuminoids ... . 11.14 Total * • . . 100.00 This is but little different from the average production of the United States, and would point to the fact that our country, at any rate in certain portions, produces as good malting barley as others. Canada is a witness to this fact, as shown by the specimens which have been examined from there, which are well above foreign averages in starchi- ness. Experience and care have taught the Canadians, in connection with their favorable climate, the means of producing an excellent grain, superior to other parts of the country. It seems quite possible for the farmers in many portions of the United States, and especially California, the climatic conditions of which are such as to avoid dam- aging summer rains, with no too dry and hot a climate, to increase our supply of barley of good quality by attention to the conditions which 74 have been mentioned, and thus prevent the necessity of importing grain which should be produced at home. There is one condition which in the case of wheat was found to be of evident effect. Although almost all the specimens examined were spring-sown grain, twelve of winter barley were found to contain but 10.05 per cent, of albuminoid, as compared to 11.42 in the spring varie- ties. Whether this could be made of any importance in practice cannot of course be decided except by the possibilities of the culture of winter barleys, which as yet seem to be small. Our dry and hot climate, ripen- ing the grain before it has had time to fill out the kernel with starch, and the liability to discoloration from summer showers, are the two dis- advantages we have to contend with. In a few samples the hull or husk was detached from the grain and the amount determined. Barley— percentage of grain and hulls. Number. Grain. Hull. Number. Grain. Hull. 4015... Per cent. 83.06 Per cent. 16.94 4179 Per cent. 86 28 Per cent. 13 72 4081 83 78 16 22 4902 84 93 15 07 4090 83 70 16 30 4905 87 45 12 55 4097 84 25 15 75 4220 84 96 15 04 4107 85 72 14 98 1 4156 84 01 15 99 84 78 15 22 4166 84 47 15 53 I The extreme amounts are 16.94 and 12.55 per cent; not nearly as large as is the case with oats. The composition of these specimens was as follows: Composition of American barleys (hulled), arranged by States. State. Serial number. Water. Ash. Oil. Carb- hydrates. Fiber. Albu- minoids. Nitro- gen. New York... 42^ Per cent. 6 88 Per cent. 1 88 Per cent. 2 20 Per cent. 75 22 Per cent. 1 22 Per cent. 12 60 Per cent. 2 02 Do 4->35 6 25 2 40 2 60 76 27 1 98 10 50 1 88 Mirhi^an 4156 5 55 2 35 2 84 76 14 1 74 11 38 1 82 Inili.uuv 4081 6.55 2 20 2 30 73 77 1 88 13 30 2 13 Minnesota 4166 5 60 2 20 2 55 76 91 1 19 11 55 1 85 Do 4179 6 00 2 10 2 76 76 35 1 41 11 38 1 82 Iowa 4090 6 41 2 15 3 12 74 67 2 27 11 38 1 82 Do 4097 6 35 1 98 2 65 75 52 1 25 12 25 1 96 Do 4107 6 25 2 15 2 76 75 19 1 40 12 25 1 96 Missouri 4188 7 50 2 02 2 81 73 95 1 47 12 25 1 96 Nevada 4202 7 20 2 38 2 77 75 93 1 92 9 80 1 57 4205 2 87 IBM 247 XI Tl 1 70 q f>o California... Do 4015 4382 5.80 6.85 2.60 2. 05 2.61 2 61 76.03 74 49 1.23 1 40 11.73 12 60 1.88 2 02 Colorado 3584 7 78 2 30 2. 86 71 1C 1 90 14 00 2 24 75 Average composition of American barleys (hulled), arranged by States. «w * State. - oj^3 Water. Ash. Oil. Carb- h.yd rates. Fiber. Albumi- noids. Nitro- gen. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cfnt. Per cent. Per cent. United States 15 6.26 2 18 2 66 75 53 60 11 77 1 88 Northern States 10 6.34 2.14 2.66 75.40 .58 11.88 1.90 Western States 5 6 10 2 27 2 66 75 78 64 11 55 1 75 New York 2 6.57 2 14 2 40 75 74 60 11 55 85 1 5 55 2 35 2 84 76 14 44 11 38 82 Indiana ...... 6 55 2 ^0 2 30 73 77 13 30 13 Minnesota 2 5.80 2. 15 2.66 76.63 30 11.46 83 Iowa 3 6 34 2 09 2 84 75 13 64 11 96 91 Missouri 1 7.50 2 02 2 81 73 9.» 47 12 25 96 Nevada 2 5.04 2.28 2.62 78.62 .83 9.71 1 55 California 2 6.33 2.32 2.61 75.26 1?. 16 1. 95 Colorado 1 7 78 2 30 2 86 71 16 90 14 UO 2 L'4 The changes are merely such as one would expect from the removal of the fibrous hull. The percentages of albuminoids, fiber, and earbhy- drates are increased, that of ash and water diminished. The results are merely of value to serve as a comparison of this cereal in its hull less condition with the other cereals in a similar state. Our investigations as a whole seem to prove that, while at present Canadian barleys are superior to those grown in the United States, the result is due more to a lack of understanding of the proper localities and methods of cultivation than in any obstacle in the way of extending the production to an extent to do away with our dependence on importa- tion. Field experiments are now most desirable as a means of deciding upon the best varieties and methods as soon as a study of the climatic conditions shall enable us to select those portions of the country best suited to this cereal. In time, no doubt, California, whose climate in many parts is well adapted to the growth of barley for malting pur- poses, will make itself felt if, as appears probable, the quality of her barleys in the market answers to the expectations raised by laboratory examination. ANALYSES OF OATS, BARLEY, AND RYE IN DETAIL. In our first report several analyses of wheat were published in which the carbhydrates were separated into their proportions of sugars, starch, and gum, and the albuminoids into those soluble in alcohol of 80 per cent, strength and those insoluble. In the Annual Keport of the De- partment for 1878 several analyses of corn were presented in the same way. For comparison with these results, which are of interest, several have been made of oats, barley, and rye : 76 of oats, barley, and ri/t in detail. OATS. ! Number. 1 Moisture. £ • <] 4 1 03 & § I . Albuminoids soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol. Albuminoids insoluble in 80 per cent, alcohol. 1 5 § 1 Total nitrogen X 6.25. 8044 2. 090 6.32 2.25 7 86 5.59 3.68 58.87 97 13 56 .90 2.32 14.53 3045 1.756 3049 (4) 1 798 , 5.93 6 57 2.38 2 02 8.25 8 64 6.21 5 84 3.08 3 12 59, 04 58 34 1.69 1 50 11.26 !'•> 68 .56 .29 2.07 2 27 12. 95 14.18 3078 878 8.00 2. 17 4 48 6 O9 3 96 58.29 1 72 14.21 . 15 2. 55 15.93 3098 G84 1 7 38 2 61 7 60 5 96 40 60 81 1 86 12 32 08 2 27 14 18 3127 892 6 08 3 07 7 83 5 67 2 82 60. 18 2 15 11 15 .05 2.13 13.30 3175 495 7.07 2.38 7.23 5.67 3. 90 58.47 1.95 11.88 .45 2.21 13.83 3187 .922 3210 1 .780 7.21 6 95 1.95 2 45 8 15 8.21 5. 66 6 56 3.56 4. 52 58.24 53 56 1.36 2 43 12.64 14.02 .23 .30 2.24 2.63 14.00 16.45 3935 139 7 28 1 78 8 5-> 5 80 3 86 58 08 2 20 11 28 20 2 16 13 48 3243 . 703 ! 6 34 2 03 6 98 6 28 3 82 54 92 1 42 16 62 .60 2.88 18.04 3260 048 ! 6.99 2.43 7.75 6.39 3 78 56 17 2 71 12 55 .23 2.44 15.26 3262 6<'6 6.78 2.07 7.40 6. 10 3.42 53.69 2.78 16.66 . 10 i 3. 11 19.44 3270 . 656 6 77 2 20 8 88 6 52 3 60 56 25 (1) 14 53 .25 2.32 14.53 3323 1. 506 7.00 °. 06 8 12 5.43 3.42 54.31 1.15 '17. 05 .46 2. 91 18.20 3335 1 595 6 13 2 35 8 58 6 43 3 48 56 64 2 31 12 57 51 2.38 14.88 3391 1.313 8 75 2.15 9 47 6.50 3 86 56 08 9 70 9.20 .29 1.90 11.90 3411 1.355 6.95 1.60 7.77 6.69 3.58 52.59 1.83 17.42 .57 3.08 19.25 BARLEY. 4067 2.920 3.010 3. 450 2. 280 2.610 2>30 3.3PO 3.410 3.170 5.110 3.480 2.980 4. 550 2.710 6.52 5.69 | 6.44 ! 6.37 7.60 7.58 : 6.95 1 7.39 6.25 6.20 i 6.50 6.55 4.53 6.00 3.08 3.18 2.97 2.59 1.50 3.00 2.64 2. 45 3.07 2.78 2.40 2.90 4.43 3.20 2.66 2.75 2.70 2.73 2.69 2.80 2.66 2.48 2.40 2.71 2.65 2.75 2.72 2.74 7.7, 5.82 7.12 8.73 5.97 8.30 6.01 6.93 6.21 5.38 7.79 7.60 7.44 7.21 3.60 3.48 3.9-2 4.64 3.58 62 3.14 3.80 3.40 3.46 3.00 3.40 3.42 3.70 60.46 62. 98 60. 29 56.36 64.24 .72 65. 32 6'2.'37 63. 52 66. 72 61.58 60.57 63.88 61.32 4. 25 ' 8. 35 3. 18 i 8. 55 3. 76 i 9. 37 4.79 ! 9.91 2.85 ! 8.00 4.38 ; 7.87 3.07 ! 7.08 3.41 j 7.44 3.01 7.49 2. 86 ' 5. 89 4.23 8.37 4.02 ' 8.06 3.42 5.68 3. 95 i 8. 13 i 3.37 4.37 3.43 3.88 3.57 3.35 3.13 3.73 4.65 4.00 3.48 4 15 4.48 3.75 2.02 1.88 2.10 2.35 .74 ! .96 .62 .74 .68 .40 .02 1 .93 .46 : .93 i 12.60 11.73 13.13 14.70 10.85 12.25 10.15 10. 85 10.50 8.75 12.60 12.08 9.10 12. 08 4098 4151 4153 4169 4198 4243 4269 4324 ... 4326 4374 4390 RYE. 50°9 2 516 9 69 1 88 1 80 8 10 4 76 6-> 52 2 20 7.60 .45 1.57 9. J 5052 1 240 8 24 1 91 2 17 7.93 4.50 60.47 3. 17 9.78 .83 2.07 12.1 5075 1.840 8.45 2.36 .98 8.49 4.38 59. 61 3.45 9.68 .60 2.10 13.1 5079 1 670 9 18 1 62 70 6 25 4 56 64 34 2. 17 9.03 15 .79 11. J 5107 2. 034 8.32 2.08 .93 6 92 4.54 63. 55 2.14 9.24 .28 .82 11. J 5116 2 250 8 85 2 06 93 7 81 5 54 60 35 3 11 8.97 .38 .93 12. ( 6140 ... 2 164 9 70 2 10 91 7 29 5 32 60. 55 2.44 9.26 .38 .88 11.' 5215 2.670 8.93 2.03 .74 6.20 6 02 62.12 1.76 9.97 .23 .88 11. ' 5231 2 310 8 98 2 16 69 7 85 5 19 61 33 2 17 9 38 .26 .85 11.1 5248 1.873 8 75 2 01 85 7.52 .20 62. 74 2. 18 9.20 .55 .82 ii.: 5269 2 080 8 15 1 70 93 7 89 14 62 23 2 71 9 37 . H8 .93 12.( 6->82 2 422 9 35 2 15 86 9 46 .44 59.81 3.0* 8.65 % .88 11.' 5>% 2 154 ') 75 2 10 70 6 74 36 63 31 1 90 8. 25 89 .62 10. 5348 2 064 8 35 2 68 75 7 89 44 58. 13 3 03 9.05 .54 .93 12. ( 5351 . 2 012 8 65 2.32 86 7. 10 5.00 62.40 2 76 8.44 .77 .79 11.5 6357 1 087 8 80 1 96 84 7 45 4 46 62. 59 2. 5(5 8.99 .35 .85 11.1 5360 1 846 8 38 1 90 38 7.83 4.80 62.19 2.15 9.39 .56 .90 11.1 77 The sources of the specimens will be found under their respective serial numbers in the general descriptive tables. They are from vari- ous parts of the country, and represent fairly the average production and variations. For comparison, averages of the above results have been drawn, as well as of those of wheat and corn previously published, excluding the Colorado wheats. Averages of detailed analyses of cereals. No of analyses . . ; Wheat. 27 Corn. 21 Oats. 18 Barley. 14 Kye. 17 Water 9 25 9 34 6 92 6 47 8 85 Ash ... 1.84 1 54 2.22 2 87 2 0(5 Oil 2 30 5 54 7 37 2 67 1 83 Sugar &c 3 50 2 18 6 07 7 02 7 57 Dextrine and sal starch 2. 30 2.18 3 47 3 55 4 75 Starch 67 88 66 91 56 91 6° 09 61 87 Albuminoids soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol 3 58 5 84 1 82 3 66 2 53 Albuminoids insoluble in 80 per cent, alcoholj 7.45 4.96 13.43 7 86 9 07 Fiber 1 90 1 41 1 29 3 81 1 47 Total albuminoids ....... 100.00 = 11.03 100. 00 10.80 100. 00 14.25 100. 00 11 52 100. 00 11 60 From the figures it is seen that oats and barley are much drier than the remaining cereals. This is due in the case of botli to the outer chaffy covering, which readily gives up its water. In the oats, however, this had been removed, but its effect in abstracting moisture has evidently remained. The smaller size of the'rye kernel, no doubt, accounts for its somewhat lower moisture than wheat and corn, and this, too, has per- haps an effect upon oats. Of all the grains barley is the richest in ash — this, too, probably due to its hull — followed by oats, the richest actually in ash in kernel. In oil, oats is ahead of corn by over 2 per cent., and far ahead of all the other cereals. In sugar, barley and rye are superior, with oats comparatively rich, and corn the poorest. In dextrine or gum, rye is the richest, having twice as much as wheat and corn, and 1 per cent, more than oats and barley. The accumulation of its many other constituents makes oats by far the least starchy of the cereals, followed by rye and barley, with wheat as the most starchy. This latter fact, from a flouring point of view, is important, taken in connection with the character of the nitrogen of wheat and its small amount of oil. Of the determinations of the nitrog- enous constituents it mu?t be said that the solubility does not show much in regard to their quality. Part of the gluten of wheat goes into the alcohol extract and part remains insoluble, the latter being chiefly the gluten-casien. In corn the soluble portion is known often as zein and is more distinctive than the soluble albuminoids of the other cereals. 78 It is the largest in amount of the soluble nitrogenous constituents found in any of the grains, exceeding the insoluble portion. Oats, on the other hand, contains tbe least soluble albumen. Barley is, in the condition in which it was analyzed, most fibrous, but in its hulless state no more so than wheat. Aside from this the most fiber is found in wbeat and the least in oats. From the averages wide variations will be found among individual analyses, which are due to circumstances of environment which our data do not at present permit a study of. A large increase of analyses and conditions which may in time accumulate will render this possible. MILLING PRODUCTS. In our second report an examination of the products of roller milling was presented, with especial reference to the process as applied to the hard spring wheats of the North west. This examination has since been extended to the winter wheats of Kansas, as represented by the products- of a small roller mill at Ottawa. The data are as follows : Mill products from Ottawa, Kans. Description of sample. »^ |5 Water. < gt O >> •grf *3 *£ CS'O O 1 £ Albumen. d % jfl "bi •sl •3 Wholewheat Pr. ct. 6014 6015 6016 6017 6018 6019 6020 6021 0022 6023 6024 6025 6026 6027 6028 6029 6030 6031 6032 6033 6034 6035 6036 6037 6038 6039 Pr. ct. 9.55 8.68 9.15 9.30 8.18 9.40 7.60 8.45 8.18 11.40 11.43 11.03 8.88 10.75 9.60 8.70 11.35 11.25 11.30 10.85 11.50 11. 42 11.90 11.02 10.60 12.48 Pr. ct. 1.78 1.90 1.85 2.13 2.55 4.15 5.20 6.30 3.38 .78 .38 .50 .83 2.30 3.10 5.20 .43 .33 •% :fc .43 .35 .35 .85 .32 Pr. ct. 1.27 2.22 2.17 2.16 2.62 3.41 3.99 4.64 5.65 2.00 1.11 1.29 1.84 3.99 5.07 7.47 1.23 6.05 1.15 .93 .96 1.06 1.01 1.01 2.09 1.17 Pr. ct. 72.97 72. 67 71.57 71.19 70.63 63.81 62.56 58.28 62 45 73.56 75.28 74.93 77.25 67.09 63.22 54.91 75 39 71.06 75. 91 78.60 78.13 76.89 76.34 77.80 72.29 73.75 Pr. ct. 1.88 1.93 2.48 2.26 2.77 4.00 5.60 6.60 2.84 1.23 .42 1.40 .70 1.69 1.86 3.59 .40 .46 .40 .12 .85 .22 .25 .19 .52 .20 Pr. ct. 12.25 12.60 12.78 12.96 13.65 15. 23 15.05 15.75 17.50 11.03 11. 38 10. 85 10.50 14. 18 17.15 20.13 11.20 10.85 10.85 9.20 7.88 9.98 10.15 9.63 13.65 12. 08 Pr. ct. 1.96 2,02 2.04 2.07 2.18 2.44 2.41 2.52 Pr. ct. 30.72 31.74 27.18 27.63 24.90 Fiist break * Third break „ Fourth break Fifth break Sixth break . ... Bran 2.80 1.76 1.82 1.74 1.68 2.27 3.74 3.22 1.79 1.74 1.74 1.48 1.26 1.60 1.52 1.54 2.18 1.93 26." ii 29.10 28. 76 (29. 09 }29. 13 '28.~45 25.02 27. 75 23. 7» 19.28 27. 53 25.65 22.07 41.67 33. 83- Chop Coarse mi. Cereals. 5 *£ 3* Locality. *j It |S 5.036 c 1 9.40 7.00 8.55 8.70 10.75 10.12 10.00 11.15 9.65 10.45 10.55 9.60 8 50 9.80 10.50 8.47 8.76 8.87 8.37 9. 0.! 9.07 9.60 "35 4 pJ ^ Carb h v - drates. Crude fiber. fl-d vz £§ 9.98 10.33 12.25 I Moist gluten. Kour-Itowed Sheritl' Red Mediterranean . . I 'it'lil- Mediterranean Indian Winter White Crimean MHjfhre White ...... Kxtni Karly Oakley.. ( ienoe.se '. . . K" yptiau ( 6005 6006 6007 6008 6009 6010 6011 6012 6013 6040 Lb*. Per c. 65.8 10.28 67.2 11.05 65. 8 10. 45 65.5 10. 2J 66.5 10.73 66. 4 10. 48 66.3 11.45 68.7 ! 9.68 68.6 9.83 (?) 9.88 Perc. 1.95 1.63 1 65 2.23 2.00 1.88 1.20 1.73 1.78 1.90 Per c. \ Per c. 2. 29 73. 52 ->. 22 71. 25 2. 25 t 72. 97 2. 06 72. 24 2. 55 70. 63 2.22 71.34 2. 29 69. 79 2.04 ; 74.68 2.04 74.52 2.40 72.11 Perc. 1.81 1.60 2.00 1.72 1.66 1.83 1.79 1.89 1.50 1.46 Perc- 1.62 1.96 1.72 .85 .99 .96 .16 .60 .65 Perc. 26.54 31.66 32. 22 19.16 00.00 33. ttl 32. Of) 22.61 29. 43 :!•_'.' 04 CONCLUSION. The results which have been collected and discussed in this and pre vious reports have shown the wide extent of the variations which occur in the physical and chemical properties of our cereal grains. They have extended over but a few years, and with conditions which have not been sufficiently varied or sufficiently under control. They have served to show, however, how many of the modifying causes are in the hands of the farmer or of the experimental stations, and, to a certain extent, the directions in which advance should be made. The co-operation of prac- tical iield work is now necessary, with laboratory examinations of the results. Until tlj^jjunn Unaccomplished systematically further progress will be slow UN! DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, 01 on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. StP8-W«>7tt General Library Diversity of California Berkeley ^cf^<7c>< N tAi. ,*w r* - k. w V ^s^k^'fV<:^^;- :<^fev f'^W^j»^A(P'TBUs5Bi^ 4£ ^ ^^^^^^^^iiiiililiill :| /-r-ir^3PU^nli «Ss* jg&^s^sSMfe urf* v * tai ^« j-rf » » - ~ ^ . » v r r_ ang^ ~ ^*-- *»x. u - w^S!5»i c^Cc '>^^>v^^^TAv^^^i^^w-'^^ •i^^^^^^^^t^^^^^^^^^^ ^/^Sv S%^.^i^4»?ig»'Ss^3'ft»€ ^*^&x,tJ>j> ^"/^HI ,. '^r^s-^^Sfe^''.*!^!!/ »^