TICKS A MONOGRAPH OF THE IXODOIDEA BY GEORGE H. F. NUTTALL, F.R.S., C. WARBURTON and L. E. ROBINSON PART IV (the first part of volume ii) THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA n CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON : Fetter Lane LONDON H. K. Lewis and Co., Ltd. 136 Cower Street, VV.C. 1 NEW YORK The Macmillan Co. BOMBAY, CALCUTTA and MADRAS Macmillan and Co., Ltd. TORONTO The Macmillan Co. of Canada, Ltd. TOKYO Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha All rights reserved ^"4^7 WILHELM DOXITZ Born 27th June, 1838, in Berlin Died 12th March, 1912, in Berlin TO WHOSE MEMORY THIS FASCICULUS IS DEDICATED THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA By L. E. ROBINSON, Ph.D. (Cantab.), A.K.C.Sc. (Lond.) CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1926 23' * - PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN PREFACE AS the Introduction deals with many of the topics which, in the J~\ previously published parts of this Monograph, have appeared in the Prefatory Chapter, it would be superfluous to repeat them here. With six exceptions (astrion,fulvum,fuscwm,, geoemydae, guianense and parvum), types or co-types of which I have not been able to examine, the specific descriptions are original. Many of the species are here figured for the first time, and, of the 130 text-figures, 116 are original. All the drawings were made with the aid of the Abbe-Zeiss camera- lucida. Unless otherwise specified, the scale included in each text-figure represents a length of one millimetre. The photomicrographs (Plates III-VI) were taken with a Zeiss "Planar" lens, using a Wratten K3 light-filter and Wratten panchromatic plates. The immature stages of very few species of Amblyomma are known, and I have not been able, with such scanty material, to make satisfactory specific descriptions of the larval and nymphal forms. The selection of specific characteristics is difficult, and, until examples of many different species are available for comparison, the descriptions are of doubtful value: moreover, the examination of the immature forms involves the use of cleared and mounted specimens and a high degree of magnification. I have, therefore, excluded the immature forms in my descriptions. A brief diagnosis, embodying the salient specific characteristics, appears for the first time in this fascicle of the Monograph, as a preamble to each specific description. For the coloured plates (I and II) I have to thank Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, who has also lent the blocks for the frontispiece portrait and for Plate VII. In all cases where text-figures other than originals have been used, acknowledgment is made in the legend. Owing to the almost complete intermission of this work, from the time of the commencement of the war in 1914 until 1920, and since then to many interruptions and the pressure of other duties, I cannot presume that errors and omissions have been avoided. I trust that such as may be found will be few in number and not of serious importance. The work was commenced in the Cooper Laboratory for Economic Research, Watford; the greater part was carried on in the Quick Laboratory and the Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge, and it has been completed at the Cooper Technical Bureau, 47 Russell Scp^are, London, W.C. 1. T TT "R LONDOX June 1925 CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ....... 1 Explanation of Terms and Signs .... 4 Synonymy and Literature relating to the Genus . 9 Generic Characters ....... 9 Analytical Key for the determination of species of the genus Amblyomma: Males 11 Females 18 Specific descriptions of valid species: 1. ovale 9 • • • • • • 86 20. nuttalli ? 39. postoculatum 2 40. moreliae 3, $ • 41. fofctm $ 44. pilosum 2 45. testudinis 3, ? 46. dissimile 3> ? • 47. rotundatum 2 . 48. extraoculatum 2 49. papuana 3, $ • 50. tuberculatum 3, ? 51. crassum 2 52. humerale 3, $ • 53. sabanerae 2 54. supinoi 3, ? • 55. cruciferum 3 ■ 56. cordiferum 2 . 57. deminutivum 2 58. calcaratum o, 2 59. multipunctum 3, $ 60. nodosum 3, ? • PAGE 107 111 114 116 11!) 123 125 126 12!) 133 134 137 140 143 146 148 151 155 156 159 160 163 168 170 171 174 177 179 182 183 187 188 190 191 194 196 Contents IX 61. 62. 03. 04. 05. 66. 07. 08. 09. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 81. 85. 86. incisum <$, $ . scutatum <$, $ . varium . PAGE FIQ. PAGE 97. .liiifih/niiniiii incisnm (J 200 115. A mblyomma cyprium $ 234 98. » ?■ 201 116. ?» „ ? 236 99. scutatum o 203 117. ** guasicyprium °- 237 100. va riu in <$ . 206 118. 99 goeldii <$ . 242 101. „ ? • • 208 119. ?> „ ? • 243 L02. pitcae o 210 120. >» sublaeve 3 245 103. „ ? • • 211 121. 9) „ ? 246 104. iiianliqitirense $ 212 122. 39 fuscum 105. ? 214 (coxae only) 248 108. helvolum (J 217 123. >> tholloni <$ . 250 107. guianense <$ 223 124. >> „ ? • 251 108. „ ? • 223 125. >> testudinarium » 9 255 110. ? 226 127. »J personatum 2 . 259 111. caelaiurum <$ . 228 128. >* petersi $ . 261 112. 2 . 229 129. J J >> + • • 263 113. geoemydae ? 231 130. ?? acutangulatum $ 265 114. breviscutatiim $ 232 TICKS PLATE binocular dis, Fig. 1 Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. DEtfTRIJTloX OK I'l.ATK I. specimens wore viuWed by daylight - - 1 1 « I magnified about 12 diameters under a Zeiss AwJdy'vMlfiJtebrueutaJZoch. Living unfed fJ, 2 months ofd, reckoned from hH ccdysis. A. hebratum Kueh. Living unfed ?, 2 months old. J. gemma Donitz. Scutum of Jiving unfed $ , about 2 weeks o'd. A. hebraeum Koch. Scutum of living rj, after sojourn of 77 days on the host. A. gemma Donitz. Scutum of living unfed rj// easmio^qa aoor Id 11/. &' .aqooacmim saiioaeeib latBoooid boo teal iiiu-it Iciiix/lrii .lili/ xillrinni £ . J bdtou li.nivnl . rlx > >! mwsmfeA imu\u>\sVW\k .1 .yir,l .bfo -iilhiom S , lotiiu 'jiii/U jfcioll jtMtsetfei .1 S ui'"l .l)lo EJaew - Junil/; , l)'jhiii yjiivil to wa&voB .xiinod MttmaQ .1. .*'. .-rl .t>.i>il 'dlt mi a^ab VY k) tXUH>|08 filij; . 'L luri/il to nin1ii'>; .il ><>>l mwasnfeA .k .4- .url .l)lo tdaaw & Juodjs ,o b''tnii gflivil to inn tniir', .atfa&G ««im^ .k .5 .gi'i .1 .1*1 ,1 .oZ .11/ ,w.Ao\\-Mvu>n ,(0861) .''1 .H .0 .IkttiiZ mmi beoab&KjS® r.\uB fj . . >n ° 237 . „ $ . 243 . • 246 (coxae only) 248 hill" 123. tt thol 250 ?• 251 if testndinariwm $ 254 >> $ 255 127. >• personatum 9 . 259 melo 128. petersi $ . 261 .1 HT/.J" •JO ML) [' I''!IH'» om ■- 99 + • 263 TICKS PLATE I *?. \ ,. E.W. and G.H.F.N. del. Cambridge University PreSs TICKS PLATE LPTION OF PLATE All t Iif> specimens were draw n with the aid of a Zeiss binoeulai dissecting microscope, by daylight. J n each instant, the hcntum onhrfh represented. Figs. I. 2. and ."> were drawrt from specimens within about a week of their emergence from the nymphal skin mi the journey from the Lower Congo. Fig. 1. AnMyomma va/riegatum (F. ). Living J. Fig. 2. „ „ (J, dead and dried. Fig. 3. „ „ Living £|gfe Fig. 4. ,'»\^ „ ;■' • dead and dried. Fig. 5. j&mblyoHiHKi ■•lcinliiliuitC>u.']>. Living J. J ,idead and dried. ttuttall, G. II. F. (IDl.l). I'nnt.-dofogy, vi. No. I, PI. XU n /ii/.J'i 10 /oii'iiir^Md .iil-il/i;l' /'l aqooacmun jnitirwnih ttilmnniri aaieS a I" bia >i)t iltiw mrntnb anew ■aamiosqB *»il t 11/. 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 •// Baamia9qn moil aweib srow 9 boa .1; .1 .-.'.i'-l Jba^oeasaqsi ai [loo mo^uoa adi ,soiistaiii ifoae 0I ■ ■Li i" ) tawoJ 'ill iimil y pin 1 :n 1 iil J mi ohia Ii;ilqinyii nit m nil saaegioma \\->i\i \o Aryu b JuodjB .£, Liu/iJ .( .1) iwutoopntK! orawnj^jWinK .1 url Jbahb Inn. Im.iIi . \ „ „ £ .^'r\ . gaBVfcl „ „ .}'. .-'I ,l>)iil> bn* baab , $ „ .. .1 '.ri .£> yiii/iJ .il'iil ) m«\v\\\mVy. •.>«•, v.u»\\\»WL .8 -i'I Jbahh Inn; basil . ] „ .. .<» I 117 I'I .1 ■ V. 1/ ,^0j0»«UQt»S ,(S1«I) .1 .11 .;> . 1 1 1 i t H I yi limit I,, nil.nl,] )>I TICKS PLATE Edwm Wilson del. Cambridge TICKS PLATE III Fig. 1. Amblyomma hebraeum q Fig. 2. Amblyomma hebraeum $ TICKS PLATE IV Fig. 1. Amblyomma petersi $ Fig. 2. Amblyomma splendidum $ Fig. 3. Amblyomma gemma $ TICKS PLATE V Fig. 1. Amhlyomma personatum f disease transmission in the strict sense, many of the Bpecies of the genua Aniblyomnw cause severe injury to domestic stock liovines, equines. sheep and goats — by the enormous quantities of blood which they abstraci from their hosts w hen present in large numbers, and by the Buppuration of the wounds which they inflict, and by general tick worry. Sloughing of the teats, and even of the entire udder, in cows, is by no means a rare occurrence in some parts of Africa where the larger bovine-infesting Amblyommas are common. In some parts of Africa pyolymphangitis and pyaemia of equines is directly attributable to the agency of ticks {Awb. variegatum and other species), which act as mechanical carriers of the pathogenic organisms present in the soil. Where the ticks are absent the disease does not occur, and where effective dipping measures are practised, the disease tends to disappear. Amb. cajennense, a common species in the West Indies and Central and South America, is often a troublesome pest at certain seasons of the year, when the larvae swarm in thousands in the grass and herbage and attack both man and domestic animals with avidity. According to Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912, p. 141) Amb. maculatum, also an American species, is a source of great annoyance to domestic animals, particularly dogs, horses and cattle. It has a predilection for the insides of the ears where its bites often set up suppuration, and the lesions so formed afford opportunities for attack by the screw-worm fly (( ■hrysomyia macellaria). The larvae of the fly may destroy more or less completely the supporting cartilage of the ear, leading to an unsightly deformity known as "gotched ear." Before turning from the economic aspect of the Amblyommas, one may quote an interesting medicinal application, recorded by Lahille (1905, p. 153) as follows: " Je dois noter en passant une curieuse applica- tion des A. maculatum a la medicine des derniers descendants des Indiens du Rio Negro. Lorsque les cors-aux-pieds, assez frequents chez eux et dus a l'usage des bottes de potro s'enflamment, ils prennent deux a trois garrapates et ils les font se fixer autour du cor en guise des sangsues, en ayant bien soin naturellement de ne pas les blesser ensuite. Ils les laissent en place jusqu'a..ce qu'elles tombent ! " The first comprehensive account of the genus Amblyomma is that of C. L. Koch, in his Systematische Uebersicht iiber die Ordnung der Zecken (1844). In that work he creates the genus, and gives very brief descrip- tions of 47 species, many of which have since lapsed into synonymy. Introduction 3 Three years later, in the fourth volume of his Uebersicht des Arachniden- sy stems (1847), he elaborates his previous descriptions and gives coloured figures illustrating each species, male and female, when both forms are known. In many cases his descriptions are inadequate, but where these leave one in doubt, his figures, though poor, are sometimes sufficient to make the recognition of his species certain. Fortunately, a considerable number of his types are still preserved in the Zoologische Museum, Berlin. Koch laid the foundation of the systematic classification of the ticks, but not until 1897, when Neumann published the first part of his Revision de la Famille des Ixodides, was any material advance made in so far as the genus Amblijomma is concerned. In the intervening years isolated descriptions of a few new species were published by various authors. Neumann was the first to write really adequate specific descriptions of ticks. In his third part of the Revision (1899) he deals with the genus Amblyomma, describing 86 species of which nearly half were new and most of which are still sound. He also introduces a useful analytical key. In Part iv of the Revision (1901) he describes a few new species and completes the description of many forms of which one sex only had been described previously, and includes a revised analytical key, a comprehensive list of synonyms, and tables showing the geo- graphical distribution and host relationship of the then known genera and species of the Ixodoidea. Since that time Neumann has made numerous additional contributions to the systematic literature, all of which are of the highest value. In 1909 Donitz published his paper, "Ueber das Zeckengenus Amblyomma," in which he urges the im- portance of the ornamentation as an aid to the specific determination of the ornate examples. It is a somewhat remarkable fact that although Koch had commented upon the scutal ornamentation of the males, recognising that it conformed to a definite scheme, none of those who continued and extended his work during the following sixty years, appears to have realised the immense value of a systematic coordination of the various ornate patterns which most Amblyommas display on the scutum. Donitz orders the chaos and reduces what hitherto had been unmethodical description to a coherent plan. The determination of species in the genus Amblyomma is often a matter of great difficulty, because the available morphological characters are few and lend them- selves to little variation in combination. The ornamentation, being directly related to the underlying musculature, presents well-defined and constant features which are helpful in the highest degree, and in my specific descriptions I have made considerable use of Donitz's methods. 1-2 4 Genus Arriblyomma In bringing this brief and incomplete review bo a close, one must allude to the importanl papers published by Aragao, in Brazil. As previously observed, South America lias a particularly rich Arriblyomma buna, including numerous small species devoid of conspicuous dis- tinguishing characters. Aragao has had i he advantage of access to the fine collection of Brazilian and other South American ticks at the Insiitnto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, a collection which he no doubt has been mainly instrumental in forming. His numerous contributions to the systematic literature are highly important. Space forbids one to make mention in these introductory remarks of all the authors to whose contributions to the literature reference has been made in the subsequent pages, but to whom I now make grateful acknowledgment. I am deeply indebted to Mr W. F. Cooper for the facilities which he placed at my disposal over a considerable period of time, without which it would have been impossible for me to undertake this work. I have also to offer my best thanks to all those who have so generously lent type and other specimens, through the intermediation of Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, especially to the Directors of the Zoological Museums of Paris, Berlin and Hamburg, the British Museum, the Museum of the ficole nationale veterinaire, Toulouse, and, last but not least, to Professor Nuttall. for the unlimited use which he has allowed me to make of what was originally his private collection, but which he has recently presented to the Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology, in the University of Cambridge, a collection beyond compare in its wealth of material; also to Mr C. Warburton, for his generous advice and help, particularly in connexion with the many controversial matters which unavoidably arise in a systematic work of this nature. Explanation of Terms and Signs. In my specific descriptions I have used the terminology which has been generally adopted in this Monograph. For the explanation of most of the terms and signs used, I would refer the reader to Part n, pp. 127-132. In the descriptions of the species of the genus Amblyomma 1 have found it necessary to introduce a few additional terms, par- ticularly in the terminology relating to the ornamentation. Capitulum = the "rostrum," "head" or "false head" of various authors. Basis capituli: comua, in the well-developed form that they exhibit in some other genera of ticks, are rarely found in the Amblyommas. The term postero-lateral angle has been used with the qualifications salient, non-salient, etc. Explanation of Terms and Signs 5 Palps: the relative lengths of the second and third articles are often an important feature and should be noted. Hypostome: the dentition is indicated by the sign 3 | 3, 4 | 4, meaning that the specimen possesses three or four longitudinal files of teeth on each half of the hypostome. In some cases a short mesial file of small denticles is present on each side, such cases being signified by 3 J | 3J. Dorsum : In the descriptions of the female the term is applied to the dorsal surface of the body exclusive of the scutum. Venter = the whole ventral surface of the body. Genital grooves: unimportant in the genus Amblyomma. Ventral plaques: present in most male Amblyommas; of little use as specific characters except in forms where they attain exceptional dimensions (Amb. longirostre, Amb. geayi). Ventral scutes: chitinous thickenings of the ventral surfaces of the festoons, usually slightly salient at their posterior margin, and sometimes protruding beyond the posterior margin of the body (Amb. incisum, Amb. integrum). Ornamentation : In my descriptive nomenclature I have adopted in nearly all cases the nearest equivalents in English to the terms used by Donitz (1909). These equivalents are tabulated as follows: Ocular spot = Augenfleck. Frontal spot =Stirnfleck. Cervical spot = Cervicalfleck. Cervical stripe = Cervicalstrich, -streif. Limiting spot =Grenzfleck. Lateral spots = Seitenflecke. Falciform stripe = Sichelfleck, -streif, Falx. Antero-accessory stripe = Kelchstreif, -strich, vorderer Nebenfleck. Marginal spot =Randfleck. Figs. 1 and 2 are sufficiently explanatory of the nomenclature relating to the ornamentation. Ocular spot: A dark-coloured spot surrounding the eye, more or less expanded on the mesial side of the eye. Cervical spot: A dark spot or patch surrounding the anterior part of the cervical groove, and often encroaching on the scapular field. Cervical stripe: A more or less narrow dark band extending posteriorly from the cervical spot. Limiting spot: A dark spot situated at the postero-lateral margin of the scutum in the 2, and occupying a corresponding position in the r Less distinct pale spots .) ( Jnius A mblyom/nia i-A<:i: 18. I'.'. :.<>. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. Scutum with few very large punctations scattered over the entire Burface, inter- spersed with very fine punctations . . 49 Senium with numerous mixed coarse and tine punctations. or line only, od t lie pos- terior half of the scut um .... Scutum with pale median field contracted to a point at the posterior angle Scutum with pale median field broad and rounded at the posterior angle Scutum very large (5 mm.), punctations mostly very fine, coarser punctations in antero-lateral fields ..... Scutum medium (3 mm.), coarse and fine punctations intermixed Scutum reddish-golden, with very few large dark-coloured punctations Scutum pale yellow, with few medium-sized punctations Scutum with anterior extremity of the pale lateral fields extending forwards beyond the eyes Scutum with pale lateral fields not extending beyond the eyes Scutum with large pale spot in the lateral field, very narrow7 pale ambulations on the legs ........ tholloni Scutum with small pale spot or spots in the lateral field, legs with broad pale ambula- tions 54 Scutum with median field completely or almost completely pale-coloured . . 55 Scutum with pale spot at posterior angle only ....... eburneum (From eastern Tropical Africa . . . cohaerens ,, West Africa (Sierra Leone to Portu- guese Congo) ...... splendidum 50 nuttalli 90 mwrmoreum 86 51 52 petersi 2G0 personatum 257 gemma 119 hebraeum 104 249 116 107 123 Key to species 23 56. 57. 58. 59. i GO. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. Scutum inornate, brown, with shallow punc- tations ....... Scutum ornate ...... [American species ..... I Not American species ..... Scutum large (3-5 mm. x 4-2 mm.), sub- cordiform (Surinam, Guiana) . Scutum medium (2-1 mm. x 2-4 mm.), tri- angular (Brazil, Paraguay) jHypostome dentition 3 | 3 . I „ 4 1 4 ... . I Scutum cordiform, posterior angle broad (Southern Spain) ..... Scutum triangular, posterior angle narrow and truncated (India, Ceylon) . Scutum triangular, pale areas extensive, punctations irregular .... Scutum cordiform, brown, with small irregu- lar pale spots, large discrete punctations . jHypostome dentition 3 | 3 . [ „ 4|4. . . . j Body with long whitish hairs [ ,, almost or completely glabrous . [Hairs tufted round the posterior border, I palps club-shaped ..... [Hairs not tufted, palps long and slender (Scutum ornate ...... | ,, inornate ...... Scutum extensively pale golden-yellow, with dark areolate punctations (Argentine Rep., S. America) ..... Scutum extensively dark-coloured Scutum with few punctations in the antero- lateral fields, almost absent elsewhere Scutum with medium punctations, regularly distributed ...... PAGE sublaeve 244 57 58 59 guianense 222 cooperi 72 60 61 dubitatum 114 integrum 111 testudinarium 253 clypeolatum 79 63 68 64 65 hirtum 156 pilosum 159 66 goeldii 241 testudinis 160 67 dissimile 163 rotundatum 168 2 1 < Melius A mblyomma 68. 70. 71, J .... PAOl - bulging laterally beyond the margin "I the scutum (Singapore) .... extraoadatum 17\ | .. flat, u«>t orbited . . . . .70 Coxa 1 with spurs distinctly longer than those on the other coxae, internal spins on coxae II-IV very small . . .71 Coxa 1 wit h spurs not distinctly longer than those on the other coxae . . .72 Body with chitinous tubercles at the pos- tero-internal angles of the festoons . . brasili&nse 129 Body without such tubercles, internal spurs on coxae II-IV reduced to very fine salient ridges scalpturatum 133 Scutum cordiform, posterior angle broadly rounded ....... tuberculatum 174 Scutum triangular or triangular-cordiform, I posterior angle narrow . . . .73 (Coxal spurs not widely-separated . .71 73. < .. „ very widely-separated (Dutch New Guinea) papuana 171 {Coxal spurs, excepting on the first pair, con- joined ....... crassum 177 Coxal .spurs distinctly separated . . .75 Scutum cordiform, internal spurs not dimin- ishing appreciably in size on the succes- sive coxae ...... humerale 179 Scutum triangular, internal spurs diminish- ing appreciably in size on the successive coxae ....... sabanerac 182 _„ jHypostome dentition 3 | 3 . . . .77 ' J' i „ „ 4 | 4 . . . .79 Key to species 25 PAOK 77, 78. Coxa III with two distinct spurs (India, Burma) ....... sujdnoi 183 Coxa III with a single spur, the internal spur insignificantly small (as in Amb. cordi- ferum) or absent . . . . .78 Scutum small, inornate, with few coarse punctations in the antero-lateral fields . deminutivum 190 Scutum medium, ornate, punctations nu- l merous scutatum 202 {Scutum with broad posterior angle (Moluc- cas) cordiferum 188 Scutum with narrow posterior angle (Fiji Is.) acuta ngulatum 265 1. AMBLYOMMA OVALE Koch, 1844. Figs. 5 and 6. Synonymy, Literature and Iconography. Amblyomrna ovale Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 227, brief description of the £: 1847, pp. 79-80, description of the <$; Tab. XIV, Fig. 52, <$ dorsum (coloured). 1899, Neumann, L. G., pp. 252-253, description of $. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 77, brief description of $ and . Amblyomrna striatum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 228, brief description of the $: 1847, p. 85, description of the belong to Ihefossum variety and the third t<> the iatum form. Tlii^ explains the apparenl contradiotion in Koch's description The s arc l( ly distinguishable in the two varieties; the striatum form is generally paler in oolour, the punotations on the scutum Bmaller ;m). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutu longate oval; ornate, with reddish-brown spots ami stripes on a pale ground; marginal groove continuous (indistinct or absent in the striatum variety): basis capituli with two small depressions simulating the porose areas of the $; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two very long, contiguous, pointed spurs; a broad, salient ridge on each of coxae 11 and 111, a moderately long spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. -2-7-4-2 mm., W. 1-65 2-7 mm.; contour elongate oval, lateral margins sub-rectilinear or slightly convex, some- times slightly concave at the level of the eyes. Senium \ convex, scapular LXJ^. Pig. .'). Amblyomma ovale <$. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, coxae, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2774.) X.B. In this and the following figures, the dimension line represents a length of 1 millimetre, unless otherwise specified. A. ovale 27 angles truncated; ornate, with reddish-brown spots and stripes on a yellowish ground (in the striatum variety the ornamentation is less distinct and the ground colour is generally paler than in the fossum variety) ; postero-raedian and postero-accessory stripes short and broad, the latter almost vertical ; lateral spots large, oval, more or less conjoined ; antero-accessory stripes slightly divergent anteriorly; cervical stripes long, tapering posteriorly ; frontal spots elongate (the entire median field is sometimes dark-coloured, obscuring, more or less, the cervical stripes, frontal spots and antero-accessory stripes); marginal ridge with a short, narrow, pale stripe bordering the marginal groove opposite the lateral spots; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, often continued for a short distance posteriorly as shallow, divergent depressions; marginal groove commencing some distance behind the eyes, continuous (indistinct or absent in the striatum variety) ; punctations numerous, deep, variable in size and density of distribution in different examples; eyes moderately large, pale and flat; festoons long, well-defined, dark-coloured or with irregular pale markings especially on the 1st, 3rd and 5th. Venter: pale earthy-yellow, finely wrinkled and punctate, with scattered whitish hairs; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, broad comma- shaped; festoons with ventral scutes (dark-brown in the fossum variety) more or less salient at the posterior margin. Capitulum: L. 0-75-1-10 mm., basis sub-triangular, postero-lateral angles salient, lateral margins con- vex; with a pair of small depressions simulating the porose areas of the 9; palps club-shaped, article 2 about one-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome rather short and broad, spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: medium, rather slender, pale reddish-brown, narrowly annulate with white at the extremities of the articles; coxa I with two very long, pointed, contiguous spurs, the external slightly the longer and more sharply pointed, with the tip slightly deflected laterally ; a broad, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III; a moderately stout, pointed spur, of variable length, on coxa IV; tarsi attenuated in talus; pulvilli large. Female (Fig. 6). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum triangular- cordiform, about as broad as long; ornate, with reddish-brown markings on a pale ground; basis capituli sub-triangular, lateral margins very convex; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two very long, slender, contiguous, pointed spurs; a broad, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III; a single, short spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 4-0 mm., W. 2-6 mm.; contour elongate oval, narrow in front ; dorsum earthy-brown with scattered coarse punctations, Genua A mblyonvma em wm j- L.E.J^. Pig. 6. Amblyomma ovale 2. Scutum, oapitulum. coxae I l\'. Bpiracle, tarsi I and IV (N. 2224.) marginal groove continuous, festoons well-defined. Scutum: triangular- cordiform, about as broad as long, 2*3 x 2-2 mm. ; posterior angle rather narrow, postero-lateral margins rectilinear or slightly convex, antero- lateral margins convex; ornate, with extensive pale coloration in the median and lateral fields; cervical stripes narrow, divergent, usually extending posteriorly to fuse with the limiting spots; frontal spots elongate, sometimes represented by dark-coloured punctations only; scapular angles dark-coloured ; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallow and divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, deep, often confluent in places in the lateral fields, variable in size in different specimens; eyes moderately large, pale and flat. Venter: light earthy-brown, with scat- tered hairs or almost glabrous; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles moderately large, triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-3 mm.; basis sub-triangular, postero- lateral angles slightly salient; lateral margins convex; porose areas medium, oval, divergent, widely-separated; palps relatively longer than in the S, club-shaped, article 2 about twice as long as article 3 ; hypostome sub-spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: stouter than in the .1 mblyommo. Female (Fig. 8). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum cordiform, with characteristic ornamentation; punctations aumerous, deep; oervical grooves deep anteriorly. Long S-snaped; eyes large; oapitulum with posterolateral angles slightly salient, porose areas huge, oval and divergent; coxa I with two moderately large con- tiguous spins : coxae II and III each with a broad, fiat, plate-like spur: coxa I V with a blunt spur a little longer than broad. DESCRIPTION. Body. L. 5*0 nun.. IT. 3*8 nun., contour oval; dorsum dark-brown, glabrous, punctate; marginal groove present; festoons well- defined. Senium: cordiform. 2*5 x 2-8 mm., general ground colour pale, with a narrow dark margin extending from the ocular spot to the limiting spot ; antero-lateral margin pale-coloured; cervical stripes extending posteriorly to fuse with the limiting spots; frontal spots small, adjoining the cervical stripes: cervical grooves deep anteriorly, long S-shaped, continued posteriorly by shallow, divergent depressions extending to the posterior third of the scutum; eyes large, pale and flat. Venter: dark-brown, glabrous, punctate; genital aperture opposite posterior Fig. 8. Atnblyomma coelcbs^. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, venter, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2781.) A. oblongoguttatum 33 border of coxa II; spiracle large, broadly oval, with a short dorsal process. Capitulum: L. 1-6 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles slightly salient; porose areas large, oval, divergent, interval equal to diameter; palps stout, club-shaped, article 2 more than twice as long as article 3; hypostome broad, spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs long; coxae as in <$, except that the spur on coxa IV is much shorter, barely longer than broad; tarsi attenuated in talus. Gorged $s may attain a length of 12 mm. and a breadth of 8 mm. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The c?s originally described by Neumann (1899) came from Guanajuato, Mexico, A. Duges coll., host not specified. Neumann's later description (including $) is based on ^s and $s, off Tapirus sp., Province of Chiquitos, Bolivia, S. America. The Cambridge collection contains a $ co-type (N. 2780), from Guanajuato, Mexico, and a $ co-type (N. 2781), from Bolivia, presented by Prof. L. G. Neumann. Aragao (1911, pp. 159 and 162) records the occurrence of the species on Tapirus americanus, at Bauru and Avanhandava, Sao Paulo, and Palmeiras, Acre, Brazil, S. America. 3. AMBLYOMMA OBLONGOGUTTATUM Koch, 1844. Figs. 9 and 10. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma oblongoguttatum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 228, brief description of the 2: 1847, p. 83, specific description of the 2; Tab. XV, Fig. 55, ? dorsum (coloured). 1901, Neumann, L. C4., p. 29f>, notes synonymy of Amb. oblongoguttatum and Amb. vittatum. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 77, brief description of $: Aragao, H. de B., pp. 177-178, specific description of the <$; PI. XII, Figs. 14 and 15, <$ dorsum and venter. Amblyomma vittatum Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 213-214, specific description of 2- Amblyomma darlingi Nuttall, G. H. F., 1912, pp. 50-55, specific description of cJ, 2, nymph and larva; Figs. 1-4, S and $ dorsum and venter, spiracle and tarsus IV, nymphal scutum, capitulum, coxae, spiracle and tarsus IV; dorsum, capitulum, coxae and tarsus IV of larva. Figs. 1 and 2 herein reproduced. Male (Fig. 9). Diagnosis: A very small tick with a superficial resemblance to Amb. cajennense; scutum ornate, with maroon-brown spots and stripes on a pale ground; marginal groove continuous; punctations fine; eyes pale and flat; festoons long, very sharply defined, with ventral scutes, the posterior margins of which are slightly salient ; hypostome dentition 3 | 3 ; coxa I with two moderately long, equal spurs; coxae II and III each with a single, broad spur; coxa IV with a single, moderately long spur. N II 3 ( lenus Amblyomma Fig. 0. Amblyomma obUmgoguttatum q. Dorsum and venter, spiracle, tarsus IV. (N. 1285, Nuttall, 1912, Fig. 1.) Description. Body: L. 1-8-2-6 mm., W. 1-4-1-7 mm., contour oval, narrower in front, lateral margins sub-rectilinear. Scutum: convex, smooth and shining; ornate, with maroon-brown spots and stripes on a pale ground; postero-median stripe broad, fused anteriorly with a falci- form stripe and limiting spots to form a Y-shaped figure; postero- accessory stripes short, sub-triangular, sometimes fused at their apices with the antero-accessory stripes; lateral spots more or less conjoined; frontal spot often fused with the cervical stripe and the ocular spot; a median longitudinal stripe usually present between the cervical stripes, sometimes extending posteriorly to fuse with the falciform stripe ; mar- ginal ridge with or without a narrow pale stripe; festoons 3 and 5 each with an elongate pale spot, the rest dark-coloured; cervical grooves in the form of short oval pits; marginal groove continuous; eyes pale and flat; scapular angles moderately pointed; punctations fine, limited almost entirely to the pale areas; festoons long, very sharply denned. Venter: paler than dorsum, finely punctate and with scattered fine hairs; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles small, short, comma- shaped; festoons with ventral scutes slightly salient at the posterior margin. Capitulum: L. 0-6-0-8 mm.; basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles rounded, slightly salient, lateral margins slightly convex; palps A. oblongoguttatum 35 slender, article 2 about twice as long as article 3 ; hypostome spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs of medium length, slender, maroon-brown; coxa I with two moderately long, sub-parallel, equal spurs (the external spur sometimes slightly the longer); a single, short, broad, rounded spur on each of coxae II and III; a single, moderately long spur on coxa IV; tarsi gradually attenuated; pulvilli relatively large. Female (Fig. 10). Diagnosis: A very small tick; scutum triangular- cordiform, posterior angle rather narrow; ornate with extensive maroon-brown markings on a pale ground; cervical grooves in the form of small, deep, oval pits, followed by shallow, divergent depres- sions ; eyes large, pale and flat ; punctations small, very scanty in the postero-lateral and median fields ; basis capituli nearly three times as broad as long, postero-lateral angles slightly salient, posterior margin slightly concave, lateral margins convex ; porose areas small, circular, widely-separated; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two, moderately long, sub-equal spurs ; a single, short, broad spur on each of coxae II-IV. Descriptions. Body: L. 2*9 mm., W. 2-3 mm., dorsum reddish-brown, wrinkled and punctate; marginal groove continuous; festoons well- Fig. 10. Ambhjomma oblongoguttatum $. Dorsum and venter, spiracle, tarsus IV. (N. 1285, Nuttall, 1912, Fig. 2.) 3-2 :;•; < tonus .1 mblyomma defined. Scutum'. 1-7 1-7 hum.: smooth and Bhining: ornate, with extensive maroon brown markings on a pale ground; frontal spol often fused with the ocular spot; posterior enda of the cervical stripes fused with the limiting Bpots; median field usually dark-coloured, with the exception of a pale spol a1 the posterior angle; cervical grooves in the form of small oval pit8, continued posteriorly by shallow, divergent depressions; punctations small, very Bparse in the postero-lateral and median fields; eyes Large, pale and Hat . Venter', similar in colour to I he dorsum; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and 111: spiiai Irs small, sub-triangular with rounded angles, Cap'duhnn: L. 1-2 nun.; basis nearly three times as broad as long, postero-lateral angles rounded and slightly salient, posterior margin slightly concave, lateral margins convex, porose areas small, circular, widely separated; palps slender, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypo- stome spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: similar to those of the J, excepting coxa I V : coxa I with two, moderately long, sub-equal spurs, the external slightly the longer and more pointed; coxae II and III each with a single short, broad spur continued mesially as a fine salient ridge: coxa IV with a single, short, blunt, triangular spur; tarsi gradually attenuated; pulvilli relatively large. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Koch's type, a ?, came from Para. Brazil, Sieber coll. (Berlin Mus.). Neumann (1899, p. 214) records a o from Bolivia (Amb. vittatum) (Berlin Mus.). Aragao (1911, p. 36) records the distribution in Brazil: ( Jciius .1 mblyomma Description. Body. /.. 3*52 mm., including the capitulum, W. \<\ mm. (unfed), contour elliptical, coloui dark maroon-brown, dorsum glabrous, marginal gmuvr present. Senium: L. M nun.. W. 1*50 mm., Bub-triangular, margins rounded iji from" of eyes, postero-lateral margins slightly com ex, posterior angle moderat elv lnoad. surface shining, punc- tations numerous, fine and discrete; eyes large and flat, very distinct. I enter', paler in coloui than the dorsum, punctate, scattered with few Bhorl pale hairs; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae II and 111: Bpiracles triangular. Capitvlum: relatively long (1-18 nun.), basis capituli pentagonal, postero-lateral angles salient: porose areas small, oval, divergent : palps club-shaped, article 1 with a small tubercle od the ventral side: article "J twice as long as article 3. Legs: long, coxal armature resembles that of the j except that the spurs are relatively shorter. Description based on 1 dried u a Bingle (type), from Bolivia, 8. America, 29. \. 1897, Rolle coll., Eamburg Museum. Neumann (1901, p. 296) provisionally places another $ (unfed), from Patagonia ( Paris Museum), in t his Bpecies, l>ut t he differences which he notes make t he determination doubtful "< orps plat, long de 3 mm 5, large de 2 mm 8. Yeux plus oettemenl orbites. Face dorsale chagrinee et ponctuee, a nombreux poils courts; un sillon marginal el des festons. Face ventrale ponctuee, a, poils Bemblables. Pattes a quatrieme et cinquieme articles non renfles. Tarses pourvus de caroncules petites, couvrant seulement la base des ongles." In his brief description (1911, p. 83) Neumann gives Lama vicugna as the host, and Bolivia and Chili as the geographical dis- tribution. 6. AMBLYOMMA MACULATUM Koch, 1844. Figs. 12 and 13. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma mactdatum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 227, description of <*i Fig. 12. Amblyomma maculatum $. Scutum, capitulum, venter, tarsi I and IV. (C. 4.) [•_» ( iciius A mlilfioiniiKi about the level of the eyes. St idum\ ornate, with light reddish-brown markingB on a pale yellowish ground; postero-median stripe thick, extending almost bo the middle of bhe scutum; postero-accessory stripes thick, parallel to the postero-median st ripe, fused anteriorly with the 3rd Literal spot : lateral spots Large, more or less conjoined : ant ero-accessory stripes slightly divergent; falciform stripe represented by a small transverse spot in the centre of the scutum: cervical stripes long, often extending posteriorly to fuse with the limiting spots winch lie adjacent to the inner side of the anterior extremities <>f the antero-accessory Stripes; frontal spots present; a pale stripe on the marginal ridge, extending from the scapular angle to the external festoon, sometimes interrupted about the middle of the lateral margin; a median longi- t iidinal dark stripe extending from the cervical emargination to the falciform stripe: median festoon dark-coloured; 4th festoon with a small pale spot at the postero-internal angle; the other festoons each with a pale longitudinal stripe; cervical grooves short, deep and curved; mar- ginal groove deep and narrow, commencing in the scapular fields anterior to the eyes, continuous; punctations numerous, rather small, almost limited to the pale areas; eyes of medium size, pale and flat. Venter: dull yellow, glabrous; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, broad oval; festoons with reddish-brown non-salient ventral scutes. Capitulum: L. 0-8-1-2 mm.; basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles slightly salient; palps short, article 2 barely one-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: stout, reddish-yellow; coxa I with the external spur long and pointed, the internal spur repre- sented by a minute tubercle at the postero-internal angle ; a single, short, blunt spur on each of coxae II and III; a long pointed spur on coxa IV; protarsi II-IV with a pair of stout projecting spines at the distal extremity of the ventral surface ; tarsi small, attenuated in talus. Female (Fig. 13). Diagnosis: A small to medium-sized tick; scutum longer than broad, postero-lateral margins often slightly concave; ornate with reddish-brown markings on a pale yellowish ground; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; porose areas large, oval and divergent; coxa I with a long pointed spur and a minute tubercle at the postero-internal margin; coxae II-IV each with a single very small spur; protarsi II-IV each with a pair of stout spines on the ventral side of the distal extremity. Description. Body: L. 3-7 mm., W. 2-4 mm. (gorged examples may attain dimensions of 18 x 13 mm.); contour oval, slightly narrower in A. maculatum 43 Fig. 13. Amhlyomma maculatum ?. Scutum, coxae. (From Hunter and Hooker, 1907, Figs. 12 and 13.) front; dorsum reddish-brown, almost glabrous; marginal groove con- tinuous; festoons well-defined. Scutum: 1-8-2-2 x 1-6-2-0 mm., sub- triangular, posterior angle rather narrow and roimded, postero-lateral margins usually slightly concave; ornate, with reddish-brown markings on a pale ground; scapular fields dark-coloured; a narrow, dark border extending from the ocular spot to the small limiting spot ; cervical stripes short, usually not reaching the limiting spots posteriorly; frontal spot represented by two fine linear stripes between the ocular spot and the cervical stripe; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, long S-shaped, extending to the posterior third of the scutum; punctations numerous, fine, absent on the margins; eyes medium, pale and flat. Venter: similar to dorsum; genital aperture opposite the posterior border of coxa II; spiracles broad comma-shaped with a marked dorsal prolongation. Capitulum: L. 1-0-1*2 mm.; basis sub-triangular, postero-lateral angles non-salient, large, porose areas oval, divergent; palps rather short, constricted proxi- mally, article 2 one-and-one-third times as long as article 3 ; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: rather long and slender; coxa I with the external spur long and pointed, the internal spur represented by a minute tubercle at the postero-internal angle; a single, small, triangular spur on each of coxae II-IV; protarsi II-IV each with a pair of prominent spines at the distal extremity of the ventral surface ; tarsi small, attenuated gradually . I } ( lenue Amblyornma Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The type came from Carolina, U.S. America; Amb. tigrinum and rubrijx 8 from Brazil; Amb.ovatum vn&triste from Montevideo, Uruguay; Berlese's Amh. complanatum came from I5i«» Apa, Brazil. Neumann (1899, p. 252) ice. mis a . from Peru (Berlin Mus.): Js, .s and nymphs, from Paraguay, Bohls coU. (Poppe collection); Js, b and nymphs, from Texas, I lalifornia and Tennessee, U.S. America (Marx coll., Smi1 hsonian lust.. Washington, and Bur of Animal Industry. I'.S. I)c;>t. of Agric, Washington), and ;.-> and . off Cervus campestris, Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic (('. Berg coll.)- Neumann (1911, p. 70) adds Mexico, Ecuador, Chili and Patagonia to the list of countries in which this species is found and includes Podinema teguixin (L.), and Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris (L.) in his list of hosts. Lahille (1905, pp. L52-153) reports I hat the species is common in the Argentine Republic and that he has received specimens from the Chaco de Mendoza, Salta, Santiago del Estero, the province of Buenos Ayres, Entre Rios, Corri- entes, Ptio Negro and Chubut. The common host is the dog, but it is often found on horses, cattle and deer. In Rio Negro it has been taken on Canis azarae and Canis griseus. Newstead (1909, p. 445) reports that c?s and $s were captured by Mr H. Jackson, at Waltham, Manchester, Jamaica, West Indies, in January, 1909. Aragao (1911, pp. 159 and 162) records the species from Avare and Bello Horizonte, Minas Geraes, Erazil; adult ticks from dogs, and nymphs off Nothura maculosa (?) and Uhynchotus rufescens Temm. The Cambridge collection contains oS and $, off cattle, Victoria, Texas, x. 1906, W. D. Hunter coll. (N. 382, N. 710) ; $, ofE dog, Avare, State of San Paulo, Brazil, iv. 1908, Dr H. de B. Aragao donor (N. 1270); and (?), off cattle, Ambalema, Rio Magdalena, Colombia, S. America, 1919, Dr H. Gadow donor (N. 994). W. F. Cooper's collection contains a (J, host not specified, from San Bernardino, Paraguay. S. America, n. 1909, Dr Karl Fiebrig coll. (C. 4). Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912, p. 136) state that the distribution in the U.S. of America ranges along the Gulf Coast, from Carolina to Texas, but suggest that the isolated examples recorded from California and Tennessee have been transported inland on cattle. They list as hosts: dogs, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, man, wolf, fox and rabbit, also birds — meadow-lark (Stiirnelhi. magna), quail, red-winged blackbird (Agelaius plioeniceus). Birds probably act as hosts for the larva and are undoubtedly common hosts of the nymph. A. americanum 45 7. AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM (Linnaeus, 1758). Figs. 14 and 15. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Acarus americanus Linnaeus, 1758, Ed. 10, p. 615: 1794, Pabricius, p. 428. Acarus nigua de Geer, 1778, vn, p. 154. Ixodes nigua (de Geer) Latreille, 1804, pp. 52-53. Rhynchoprion americanum Hermann, J. F., 1804, p. 71. Ixodes americanus Fabricius, 1805, pp. 355-356. Amblyomma americanum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 229, 1847, Heft 4, pp. 90-91, Tab. XVII, Figs. 62-63, . 2<>4, spcriiic description of '+'; 1011, p. 77. Male : unknown. Female (Fig. -I). Diagnosis: A moderately large species; dorsum Striated, punctate, glabrous; scutum triangular-cord it on n, posterior angle broad: ornate; punctations small, numerous, evenly distributed; coxa 1 with two sub-equal spurs, twice as long as broad; a single short spur on each of coxae II-IV. Description. Body: L. 6-5 mm., W. 4-5 mm., contour elliptical; marginal groove present, festoons well-defined. Scutum: 2-5 x 3-1 mm., triangular cordiform, posterior angle wide; ornamentation consisting of a dark marginal coloration expanded at the limiting spots, ocular spots Fig. 24. Amblyomma bispinosvmQ. Scutum, capitulum. (Type, British Mus. A. bispinosum 63 insignificant, cervical stripes approaching each other towards the middle of their course, almost or quite reaching the limiting spots; frontal spot small, barely detached from the marginal coloration; punctations numerous, small, evenly distributed; cervical grooves short, deep, sig- moid; eyes large, pale and flat. Venter: glabrous, striated; spiracles large, sub-triangular. Cajntulum: long (1-7 mm.), basis rectangular, twice as broad as long, lateral margins slightly convex, postero-lateral angles broad and barely salient; porose areas small, pyriform, divergent anteriorly; interval slightly greater than the diameter; palps long and stout, club-shaped, article 2 twice as long as article 3 ; hypostome long, slightly spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long and stout; coxa I with two sub-equal spurs twice as long as broad; a flattened spur, broader than long on each of coxae II and III; a single spur, as long as broad, on coxa IV; tarsi long, attenuated in talus. Description based on a $ (type) from Venezuela (British Museum); host unknown. 12. AMBLYOMMA LOCULOSUM Neumann, 1907. Fig. 25. Lit. : Neumann, L. G., xn, 1907, pp. 193-196, specific description of nun., narrow; base rectangular, postero-lateral angles slightly salient, flattened; palps flat, with long whitish hairs, article 2 at leasl twice as Long as article 3; hypostonie long, spatulate, dentition •"'> j 3. Legs: long, stout, reddish-brown in colour; coxa 1 with two, Bub-equal, flat spurs, as broad as long; a single spur, broader than Long "ii each of coxae II and III; coxa IV with a single spur, larger and more pointed than those on coxae II and III; tarsi long, stout, abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 25). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum tri- angular-cordiform, ornate, cervical grooves very large, broad and deep: punctations numerous, coarse, confluent in places; dorsum and venter with numerous white spiniform hairs; porose areas large, elongate, not widely separated; coxa I with two short, blunt, rounded spurs; coxae II-IV each with a short, broad, rounded and flattened spur. Description. Body: L. 6 mm., W. 5 mm., contour broad oval; dorsum dark-brown, scattered with numerous long, whitish, spiniform hairs; marginal groove continuous; festoons well-defined. Scutum: triangular- cordiform, 3-0 x 3-2 mm., postero-lateral margins convex, posterior angle narrow; ornate, with a dark marginal band extending from the ocular spots to the posterior angle; cervical stripes indefinite, extending backwards as far as the limiting spots ; frontal spots indistinct ; puncta- tions numerous, large, deep, confluent in places, evenly distributed in median and lateral fields, absent from the marginal parts; cervical grooves long, deep and broad in the middle, spindle-shaped, extending beyond the middle of the scutum and continued as shallow depressions almost to the postero-lateral margin of the scutum ; eyes relatively small, pale and flat. Venter: with large whitish hairs as on the dorsum; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-6 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles slightly salient: porose areas large, elongate, not widely separated, interval less than diameter; palps club- shaped, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long and stout, reddish-brown, annulated with white at the distal extremities of the femur, tibia and protarsus; coxa I with two, sub-equal, short, rounded spurs; a single A. loculosum 65 Fig. 25. Amblyomma loculosum $. Anterior part of dorsum with scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (Co-type, lent by Prof. L. G. Neumann.) broad, rounded spur on each of the remaining coxae; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Neumann's description is based on 2 c?s and 10 $s found on the ground, Establishment Is. (Cargados Carajos), Indian Ocean, Prof. J. Stanley Gardiner coll. Neumann observes that the hosts of this tick are probably lizards, which, with birds, are the only vertebrate animals living on the Cargados Islands. N II 66 ( lenus Amblyomma 13. AMBLYOMMA CONCOLOR Neumann, 1899. Kijjs. iMi and _'T. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Ixodes aurieularius Conil, P. A., 1878, pp. 99-110, speoifio description of L.E.I^. Fi<». 27. Amblyomma concolorQ (? nymph). Scutum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (Co-type presented by Prof. L. G. Neumann to the Cambridge Coll. N. 2872.) a lateral groove; cervical grooves narrow and curved; eyes large, flat and pale. Venter: paler than dorsum, smooth and glabrous; genital aperture situated opposite coxa II; spiracles small, triangular. Capitulum: relatively longer than that of the g ; basis broad, lateral margins slightly convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas medium, oval, divergent, well-separated; palps club-shaped, article 2 nearly twice as long as article 3; a flattened retrograde spur on the ventral face of article 1. Legs: as in !). Diagnosis: A medium sized tick; scutum tri- angular, posterior angle broad, postero-lateral margins sinuous, ornate, with dark reddish brown markings on a pale yellow ground; punctations aumerous, moderately coarse, confluent in places; eyes pale and flat; basis capituli rectangular: porose areas large, deep, oval, divergent; palps of medium length, club-shaped; a broad, flat, retrograde Bpur <>n the ventral face of article I ; hypostome dentition •">.' ■'>.': coxa I with two short, stout, sub-equal spurs; a single, very short, broad spur on each of coxae II and III: a similar, but more pronounced, spur on coxa IV. Fig. 31. Amblyommacoo'periQ. Dorsum, digit of chelicera, tarsus IV. (N. 70. FromNuttall and Warburton, 1907, Figs. 35 and 36.) Description. Body: L. 3-8 mm., W. 3-0 mm., contour elliptical, dorsum reddish-brown, rugose, with coarse punctations, glabrous; mar- ginal groove indistinct posterior to the 2nd or 3rd festoon; festoons well-defined, with very coarse punctations. Scutum : triangular, 2- 1 x 2-4 mm., posterior angle broad, postero-lateral margins slightly sinuous; ornate, with dark reddish-brown markings on a pale yellow ground; ocular spots and cervical stripes present, a narrow dark border extending backwards from the former along the postero-lateral margin; limiting spots absent, frontal spots represented by aggregations of dark-coloured punctations; a broad, longitudinal dark stripe in the median field, ex- tending from the emargination to the posterior angle; scapular angles A. cooperi 75 pale; cervical grooves narrow, deep and curved anteriorly, shallow and divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, moderately coarse, dark- coloured, confluent in places, finer in the posterior angle and the scapular angles; eyes of medium size, pale and flat. Venter: yellowish-brown, glabrous, punctate in posterior half; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles large, oval. Capitulum: L. 1-3 mm., basis rectangular, dorsal surface pale-coloured, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas moderately large, oval, divergent, interval about equal to diameter; palps of medium length, with pale enamelling on dorsal surface; article 1 with a broad, flat, retrograde spur; article 2 contracted proximally, twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3|- | 3|. Legs: as in S, coxal spurs weaker, the spur on coxa IV being shorter than broad; tarsi longer than in <$. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The foregoing description is based on types in the Cambridge collection: c?s and $s, off Hydrochoerus capybara, Puerto Cooper, Paraguay, S. America, 1904, Mr W. F. Cooper coll. (N. 70). I have also examined a <$ specimen in the Berlin Museum collection (No. 254), no particulars as to origin. Aragao (1911, pp. 159 and 162) records specimens from the State of Rio, Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso, Brazil, and gives Hydrochoerus capybara as the usual host, but notes that it is also found occasionally on Tapirus americanus. 16. AMBLYOMMA CRENATUM Neumann, 1899. Figs. 32 and 33. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma crenatum Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 214-215, specific description of $; Fig. 52, $ dorsum: 1901, pp. 297-298, revision of description of , and recognition of identity of Amb. crenatum and Amb. subluteum: 1911, pp. 77-78. Amblyomma sublideum Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 263, specific description of <$. Male (Fig. 32). Diagnosis: A large tick with an unusually long capitulum (3 mm.), characteristic ornamentation on the scutum, marginal groove continuous, eyes large and flat, situated far forward; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two large spurs; a broad, flat spur on coxae II and III ; a long, stout spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 6-7 mm., W. 6-7 mm., contour almost circular, slightly narrowed immediately posterior to the level of the spiracles. 7<; ( lenus Amblyomma L.E.H- Fig. 32. Amblyomma crenatum £. Scutum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (E. 965.) Scutum: slightly convex, colour dull earthy-yellow with darker brownish markings; postero-median stripe short, expanded at the anterior extremity; postero-accessory stripes long, directed towards the anterior extremity of the postero-median stripe; falciform stripe very thin, almost disappearing in its central part; antero-accessory stripes present, slender, extending backwards and inwards from the extremities of the falciform stripe towards the anterior extremity of the postero-median stripe; cervical stripes broad, divergent; ocular spot small and distinct ; four dark spots on the marginal ridge, spaced equally, the hindmost immediately adjoining the external festoon; a narrow, dark stripe along the mesial border of the 4th festoon; marginal groove narrow, commencing some distance behind the eyes, continuous; large punctations interspersed with fine punctations; eyes large, pale and flat, situated far forward; festoons long. Venter: of same colour as dorsum; festoons well-defined; spiracles triangular with rounded angles, antero-dorsal margin concave. Capitulum: very long (3 mm.); basis rectangular, slightly narrower posteriorly, postero-lateral angles barely salient; palps long and slender, brownish, article 2 more than twice as A. crenatum 77 long as article 3; hypostorne dentition 3 | 3. Legs: very long; coxa I with two large spurs, the external spur sharply pointed; a broad, flat, plate-like spur on each of coxae II and III; a moderately long, sharp spur on coxa IV; tarsi long, attenuated in talus. Female (Fig. 33). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum triangular, ornate, scapular angles pointed; capitulum very long (3-5 mm.); postero-internal angles of festoons salient; eyes large, pale and flat, bulging beyond the contour of the scutum. Description. Body: L. 10 mm., W. 9 mm., broad oval, dorsum punctate, marginal groove clearly defined; festoons with postero-internal angles salient, giving the posterior margin a serrate outline. Scutum: large, 4-6 x 5 mm., triangular, postero-lateral margins slightly sinuous, antero-lateral margins rounded, scapular angles pointed; ornate, ocular spot represented by a narrow dark band round the eye; limiting spots broadly applied to the postero-lateral margin, a very narrow dark edging to the scutum between the ocular and limiting spots and also round the posterior angle; cervical stripes large and more or less fused with the frontal spots; coarse punctations in the antero-lateral fields, confluent in places, few coarse punctations in the posterior half of the median field ; numerous fine punctations scattered over the entire surface of the scutum; cervical grooves small and deep anteriorly, bifurcating posteriorly and continued as shallow depressions towards the postero- lateral margins; eyes large, pale and flat, bulging laterally beyond the contour of the scutum. Venter: of same colour as dorsum, punctations finer, scattered with fine hairs; spiracles large, triangular, with broad, rounded angles. Cajntulum: L. 3-5 mm., basis rectangular, slightly narrowed posteriorly, one-and-a-half times as broad as long; postero- lateral angles not salient, porose areas of medium size, oval, divergent; palps long and slender, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3 ; hypostorne long and narrow, sides almost parallel; dentition 3 | 3 in anterior part, 4 | 4 posteriorly. Legs: long and stout; coxa I with two stout spurs, the external spur pointed; a broad plate-like spur on each of coxae II and III; a broad rounded spur on coxa IV; tarsi very long, attenuated abruptly. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Amblyomma crenatum is an African species and the only known host is the Rhinoceros. Neumann's earlier description of the female was based on a single specimen, off Rhinoceros, Gape of Good Hope (Paris ( irims .1 rriblyommcL Pig. 33. Ambljiunnnit rrcnatiim^.. Dorsum, scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects; coxae I— IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (Type, Berlin Mus.) Mus.); his description of Amb. subluteum was based on two oS, one of unknown origin, the other off Rhinoceros, Africa. The Berlin Museum collection contains 2 \). .'{<»!» 311, description of : and .: Pig. 13, ' Boutum. 1907, Donitz, W., p. si, l»ief description. 1908, Eoward, I '. \\'.. |>|>. I l_ I n. specific description of <$ and 9; PI- XII, Figs. /«, ». \ digil <>f ohelicera, coxae I IV; PI. XIII, l*'igs. c-k; J dorsum, 9 dorsum, digit of ohelioera of 9, nymph and larva, scutum and capitulum of nymph, venter and dorsum of larva: King, H. H., p. 220, PI. XXVI, figs. 1 and 2; $ dorsum, 9 dorsum (coloured). 1909, Donitz, W., pp. 471-473, specific description of o* and 9, with special reference to the ornamentation; Fig. 7, <$ dorsum. 1910, Donitz, W., pp. 444-445, specific description of q* and 9; Tab. XV, Fig. 3, 7. Dr P. llnss coll. (N. 249): ,"s and $s, off Rhinoceros, Yatta Plains, Kitui. v. 1911 and vin. L910, S. W. J. Scholefield coll. (N. 1428, 1438; I.B.Iv 322 and 316 d): : and well-defined. \' nun., basis rectangular with a pale spot on the dorsal Burface; postero-lateral angles non-salient, lateral margins Blightly convex; palps relatively longer than those of Amb. marmoreum. article 2 ai least twice as long as article 3; hypostome long, dentition 3 | •">. Legs', medium, articles feebly annulated; coxa I with two short, stout, sub-equal spurs; a single similar spur on coxa IV; coxae II and 1 1 1 each with a broad, curved, ridge-like spur: tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. W). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick closely resembling Amb. marmoreum; scutum large, triangular-cordiform: ornate; the pale areas less extensive than in marmoreum; limiting spots very large, constricting the posterior end of the pale median field to a point; frontal spots often conjoined with the dark margin; cervical grooves prolonged as fairly deep depressions along the course of the cervical stripes; few coarse punctations interspersed with fine punctations; eyes small, pale and flat. Description. Body: L. 7-0 mm., W. 5-5 mm.; contour elliptical or oval; dorsum dark-brown, smooth, with few large, shallow punctations. Scutum: 3-2 x 3-3 mm., triangular-cordiform, posterior angle rather narrow, smooth, convex; ornate, with a dark margin extending from the scapular angles to the posterior angle; limiting spots very large, con- stricting the posterior part of the pale median field to a point; ocular spots large; frontal spots small, elongate, often conjoined with the dark margin; cervical stripes narrow posteriorly, where they fuse with the limiting spots; few coarse punctations interspersed with few fine puncta- tions, the latter being almost entirely on the anterior half; cervical grooves deep and curved anteriorly, continued posteriorly as fairly deep, divergent depressions which extend for a considerable distance along the course of the cervical stripes; eyes small, pale and flat. Venter: similar in colour to dorsum, with small, scattered, whitish hairs ; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-9 mm.; basis rectangular, median part of dorsal surface pale, postero-lateral angles rounded, barely salient; porose areas rather large, oval, divergent, interval about equal to diameter; palps stout, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: A. nuttalli 93 [^jx}- l-E-n NS^::f: Fig. 41. Amblyomma nuttalli 5 '. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV (N. 681 ) medium, dark-brown, with narrow and feeble annulations at the ex- tremities of the articles; coxal armature as in the $; tarsi abruptly attenuated; pul villi small. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Donitz's description is based on 3 (Js, from Daressalem and Bergamojo, Tanganyika Territory; 1 $, from Daressalem; 1 $, from Umtali, Southern Rhodesia; and 1 $, from the Cameroons, W. Africa. The Cambridge collection contains <$&, off Varanus or Emys, Tanganyika Territory, the gift of Prof. W. Donitz (N. 996, 997) ; . Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (C. 397.) 96 < fenus .! mblyomnia being the Longer and more pointed; a broad, curved, Balienl ridge on each of coxae II and III: a Bingle, stout spur, twice as long as broad, on coxa IV; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 43). Diagnosis: A small bo medium-sized tick closely resembling 4 m6. va/riegatum ; scutum triangular, posterior angle narrow; ornate, lateral tielils dark-coloured with the exception of a small pale spot near t he middle of the. postero lateral border: median field with a more or less extensive pale spot in the posterior half, and two small, irregular, pale spots between the cervical grooves; punctations numerous, coarse and crowded in the lateral fields; eyes small, dark-coloured, hemispherical, orbited. Description. Body: L. 4-4 mm., W. 3-1 mm.; contour broad oval or elliptical; 'dorsum dark-green or greenish-black, rugose and punctate; marginal groove continuous; festoons clearly defined. Scutum: 2-5-3 x 2*5 2*9 mm.; posterior angle narrow, postero-lateral 'margins rectilinear or slightly concave; antero-lateral margins convex; ornate, scapular border and scapular angles pale, lateral fields dark-coloured excepting a small pale spot near the middle of the postero-lateral margin ; median field with a more or less extensive pale spot in the posterior half and two small, irregular, pale spots between the cervical grooves; punctations numerous, deep, coarse and crowded in the lateral fields, between the eyes and the posterior two-thirds of the cervical grooves; cervical grooves deep and curved in the anterior part, shallower and divergent posteriorly, extending almost to the postero-lateral border; eyes small, dark-coloured, hemispherical, orbited. Venter: similar in colour to dorsum; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, sub-triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2-2 mm. ; basis rectangular, posterior margin slightly concave, postero-lateral angles non-salient ; porose areas medium, oval, divergent, interval one-and-a-half times diameter; palps long and slender, article 2 three times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 3| | 3|. Legs: relatively longer than in the o ; spur on coxa IV shorter; tarsi attenuated in talus; otherwise similar to those of the <$. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Eastern Equatorial Africa from the Sudan to Zanzibar. The Cambridge collection contains examples from the following sources: Sudan: ?s, off cattle, 1908, H. H. King coll. (N. 526): tfs, off cattle, Tonga, 1909, H. H. King coll. (N. 529); <>•<> •">• I 8*8 mm.; fcriangular-cordiform, postero-lateral margins slightly convex ; colour dark-brown (a dry pinned specimrn), no trace of pale ornamentation; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallower and slightly divergent posteriorly where they extend almost to the postero- lateral margins of the scutum; punctations coarse and deep, confluent in places, forming series of short rows; with numerous furrow-like depressions and ridges; eyes pale, strongly convex and orbited. Venter: dark-green, yellowish at the anterior extremity and posterior to the anus; with coarse punctations and few small scattered hairs; genital aperture opposite the posterior margin of coxa II; spiracles triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2-4 mm.; basis rectangular, postero- lateral angles non-salient; porose areas rather small, oval, slightly divergent, interval about equal to diameter; palps long, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: moderately long, dark reddish-brown with broad yellow annulations; coxa I with two unequal spurs; a broad, curved, salient ridge on each of coxae II and 111; a short spur, barely longer than broad, on coxa IV; tarsi attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Donitz's specimens came from Urunga, south end of L. Tangan- yika, East Africa, host — striped antelope. The Cambridge collection contains examples from various parts of Equatorial Africa -West Africa: o, oft* mule, and <$s, host not specified, Benguella, x. 1906, v. 1908, Dr F. C. Wellman coll. (N. 142 and N. 392). Congo Free State : 4 ( lenua .1 mblyonima 24. AMBLYOMMA HEBRAEUM Koch, 1844. PI. I. figs. I. 2 and I. PI. III. figs. I and 2. Text-fig. 3. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, '-'. I... 1844, p. 226, brief description of J. 1847, pp. 63 til, specific description of ,': Tab. X, Fig, 36, ; dorsum (ooloured). 1899, Neumann, L. (J., p. 266, short description, indicating differences between Amb. hebraeum and Amb. ebumeum; Lounsbury, C. P., biology, etc. 1900. Lounsbury,C. I*. v. 1900), pp. r.sL' 687, Tiok-Heartwater experiments; (1900 d), pp. 336 :u<>. life- history. 1901. Neumann, L. <;.. |>. .'!<•!», aotes thai Amb. hassalli is bul a synonym of Amb. hebrat itm; p. 311, Neumann degrades Amb. aiinnlipe.s to a synonym: Lounsbury, ('. P., pp. 728 743, I Fig., life-history and habits. 1904. Lounsbury, C. P., pp. 175— 186, Amb. hebraeum and Eeartwater. 1905, Neumann, L G., p. 233, note on Amb. hebraeum and allied forms. 1907, Ddnitz, \\\. pp. 82-83, short description. 1908. Howard. C. W., pp. 136-139, specific description (after Neumann), PL XII, Figs, a-h, $ dorsum, J oapitulum from dorsal aspect, o and $ chelicera] digits; scutum and capitulum of nymph, dorsal and ventral surface of larva, and eoxae of J. 1909. Ddnitz, \V.. pp. 455 456, specific description of J and ?, with special reference to ornamentation; Figs. 2 and 5, ts si 11 all, i: Genus A nthl;ioiiinia with ornamentation consisting of dark-brown 01 blackish spots and Btripes "ii a pale ground; falciform Btripe presenl or absent; postero- median Btripe rather narrow; anterior extremity very slightly knobbed if .it .ill: rarely rased with tin1 Ealciform Btripe; post em-accessory stripes short, broad, triangular, closely adjacent to the 3rd lateral spots with which they are more or less fused at the base: lateral spots conjoined to form a broad, bowed, lateral band, the ends of which are fused with the marginal coloration; cervical spots very large; cervical stripes apparently very Long and incurved at their posterior extremities; this appearance is due to the fact that the antero-accessory stripes are fused end on to the cervical Btripes; external and median festoons dark- coloured. 2nd, 3rd and 5th festoons pale, 4th festoon pale in posterior half; cervical grooves in the form of elongate, comma-shaped pits; marginal groove continuous, very shallow in the part anterior to the middle: eyes of medium size, pale and slightly convex. Venter: pale yellowish-brown, smooth and glabrous; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles triangular with rounded angles; festoons well-defined, with dark-brown ventral scutes; plaques small. Capitulum: L. 2-0-2-3 mm.; basis sub-trapezoidal, postero-lateral angles non-salient; palps long, sides almost parallel, article 2 contracted at proximal end, two-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 3| | 3|. Legs: stout, dark maroon-brown with pale-yellow annulations at the distal extremities of the larger articles; coxa I with two unequal spurs, the external spur moderately long and pointed, the internal spur short and blunt; a broad, curved, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III, a short, blunt spur, slightly longer than broad on coxa IV; tarsi small, attenuated in talus. In one lot of specimens (N. 1551) collected in Kenya by Col. R. J. Stordy, the oS show7 a marked variation from the type: they are smaller (L. 3-47-4-20 mm., W. 2-72-3-20 mm.); the dark markings are light reddish-brown; the postero-median stripe is fused at its anterior end with the falciform stripe in every case (6 examples); otherwd.se typical. Female (Fig. 46). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum triangular, smooth; median field pale-coloured; lateral fields mostly dark-coloured; punctations very fine; eyes moderately large, pale, slightly convex. Distinguishable with difficulty from the $ of Amb. sjplendidum. Description. Body: L. 4-9 mm., W. 4-0 mm., contour oval, slightly narrower in front than behind ; dorsum dark-green, with scattered coarse A. coh-aerens 109 L.E.IV Fig. 46. Amblyomma cohaerensQ. Scutum, capitulum (palps incomplete), coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 77:?.) punctations on posterior half; marginal groove well-defined, continuous. Scutum: 2-8 x 2-9 mm.; convex, smooth; triangular, antero-lateral margins convex, scapular angles obtusely pointed, postero-lateral mar- gins almost straight, slightly sinuous ; posterior angle moderately narrow ; ornate, median field pale-coloured, excepting the part between the cervical grooves; lateral fields dark-coloured with or without a small pale spot in the posterior part; cervical grooves short and deep, con- tinued towards the posterior border by very shallow, ill-defined de- pressions; punctations very fine, coarser but still small in the scapular angles; eyes moderately large, almost circular, pale, slightly convex. Venter: colour as dorsum, almost glabrous, punctations on posterior half; genital aperture opposite coxa II, spiracles triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2-2 mm., porose areas large, oval, divergent, interval about equal to diameter. Legs: stout, maroon-brown with pale annulations ; coxae as in the <$, spur on coxa IV shorter; tarsi attenuated in talus. I in Genus Amblyomma Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Eastern Equatorial Africa, chiefly "ii buffalo. Donitz's description is based on 2 "a, bosl aol specified, from Eas1 Africa: bis description of {■,,li. anceps is based on 3 fs, from l>. Tanganyika. The Cambridge collection contains examples from various pans of E. Africa. Uganda: [ and . found on earth where buffalo had been lying, Toro, \u. 1910, Dr R. van Someren coll. (X. r_,(.t(>): > and ?s, Bugoma Forest, Umgoro, vim. ix. L910, Dr C. II. .Marshall coll. (N. 1291); -i nun.. W. 4*6 nun.; contoui broad oval, aarrowei in Eront. Senium: convex; ornate, with dark reddish-brown markings on a pale ground; postero median snipe narrow posteriorly, expanded a1 its anterior extremity where if fuses with the prominent falciform stripe; postero-accessory stripes small, slightly curved, almost horizontal; Lateral spots indistinct, confused with the antero-accessory Stripes and the dark marginal coloration; antero-accessory stripes fused with the lateral extremities of the falciform stripe; small limiting spots often present within and adjacent to the anterior extremities of the antero-accessory si ripes: frontal spots small, fused with 1 he ocular spots; cervical stripes often confused with a median longitudinal dark patch extending from the cervical emargination almost to the centre of the scutum; marginal ridge with four pale spots between the eye and the external festoon, the first of which merges into the general pale ground; 1st. "2nd, 3rd and 5th festoons pale; 4th and median festoons dark- coloured or with a small pale spot; cervical grooves short, deep and curved; marginal groove continuous, shallow and indistinct in its anterior part, deep and well-defined posteriorly; punctations very numerous, coarse, confluent in places; eyes pale and flat. Venter: earthy- yellow, with scattered whitish hairs; plaques and proximal part of ventral scutes of festoons dark-brown; genital aperture opposite the posterior margin of coxa II; spiracles broadly comma-shaped; festoons with ventral scutes more or less salient at the posterior border, the projecting portions translucent, not notched at the free extremity and as wide as the corresponding festoon. Capitulum: L. 1-8 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles slightly salient, lateral margins slightly convex, dorsal surface with pale enamelling; palps moderately long, article 2 laterally compressed, with pale enamelling at the proximal end and along the interno-dorsal margin, more than twice as long as article 3 ; hypostome long, sub-spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: medium, dark reddish-brown with narrow, pale annulations, and longitudinal pale stripes on the dorsal surface of the articles; coxa I with two spurs, the internal short and blunt, the external longer and pointed; coxae II and III each with a broad, curved, salient ridge; coxa IV with a blunt spur twice as long as broad; tarsi attenuated in talus. Female (Fig. 48). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum tri- angular, posterior angle narrow and truncated; ornate, with small dark markings on an extensive pale-yellow ground; limiting spots small; frontal spots indistinguishably fused with the ocular spots; cervical stripes short, narrow and divergent; cervical spots rather A. integrum 113 Fig. 48. Amblyomma integrum^. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae T-IV. (Type, Berlin Mus. ) large; punctations moderately large, numerous, irregular; eyes large, pale and flat; porose areas large, oval, interval equal to diameter; hypostome dentition 3 j 3 ; coxa I with two unequal spurs; a single, short, blunt spur on coxa IV; coxae II and III each with a broad salient ridge. Description. Body: L. 4-25 mm., W. 3-7 mm., contour broadly oval, very slightly narrower in front; dorsum dark-brown, wrinkled; marginal groove and festoons present. Scutum: 2-8 x 2-9 mm., triangular; posterior angle narrow, truncated; postero-lateral margins almost rectilinear; ornate, with dark reddish-brown markings on a pale-yellow ground; limiting spots small; frontal spots indistinguishably fused with the ocular spots; cervical stripes short, narrow and divergent, terminating posteriorly about the middle of the scutum ; cervical spots rather large ; small, irregular median spots sometimes present between the cervical grooves and in the centre of the scutum; cervical grooves short, deep and curved; punctations numerous, irregular, moderately large; eyes large, pale and flat. Venter: genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles N II 114 < lenus Amblyomma large, briangulai with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-7 mm., postero- lateral angles of basis non-salient; porose areas large, oval, parallel, interval equal t<» diameter; in other respects similar to thai of the ',. Legs: Bimilar to t hose of the f; spur on coxa IV very shorl . Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The type r.'iin.' from Ceylon, Hofimeister coll. (Berlin Mus.). Neu- mann's description of Amb. prolongatum is based on a <$, from Randy. Ceylon (British Mus.). The Cambridge collection contains the following: Ceylon: s. off cattle, Naranpitiya, xn. 1906, Col. B. Skinner coll. (N. L82); Js. off hare, Borlasgama, xn. 1900, Col. B. Skinner coll. (N. 1S1): (?) off cattle, Matara, 1906, E. E. Green coll. (N. 518); n I (type), li«>st qo1 specified, reported t<» have come from Southern Spain (E. Simon coll., Toulouse. Cat. No. n coxa IV: tarsi Bhort, tapering abruptly; pulvilli barely half t be 1 « • ! i u t ii of flaw B. Female (Fig. 51). Diagnosis: A large tick; sent win triangular, smooth and shining: punctations fine; pale ornamentation limited to a large spot in the posterior angle, and small indefinite pale spots in the lateral fields and between the cervical grooves, the latter spots often absent ; eyes almost circular, slightly convex, pale. Description. Bod;/: L. 6-11 mm., W. 6-9 mm., contour elliptical or oblong. Scutum: triangular, posterior angle rather narrow, postero- lateral margins almost straight; ornamentation consisting of a large, pale spot in t lie posterior angle, and small pale spots in the lateral fields and between the cervical grooves, these small spots sometimes missing; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallow behind where they extend to Fig. 51. Amblyomma eburneum ?. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 312 6.) A. eburneum 119 the posterior third of the scutum; punctations fine, slightly coarser in the scapular fields; eyes almost circular, pale, slightly convex. Venter: brownish-green, finely punctate; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: as in g, L. 2-5 mm., porose areas large, broadly oval, interval equal to diameter. Legs : as in $, coxal armature weaker ; spur on coxa IV not longer than broad ; tarsi relatively longer. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. East Africa. Gerstaecker's ^ specimens came from Aruscha, xi. 1862, and 2 2s, off Varanus saurus Laur., from the Buru Mts, Zanzibar, Dr Kersten coll. Neumann records ^s and 2s from the coast of East Africa (1899, p. 266), and lists as hosts (1911, p. 79) Felis leo L., Bubalus caffer Sparm., and Giraffa schillingsi Mtsch. Donitz (1905, p. 133) records specimens from Zanzibar, Saadini and Kundoa-Irangi, East Africa, also from Cairo, Egypt (doubtless imported on cattle). The Cambridge collection contains c?s from Kumi Bukedi, East Africa, vm. 1909, E. G. Morris coll. (N. 874 c); $s and 2s, off cattle, Muengembo German East Africa (N. 947), the gift of Prof. W. Donitz; and (Js and 2s, host not specified, Amani, Tanganyika Territory, presented by the Kaiserl. Biol. Inst., Amani (N. 3001). 29. AMBLYOMMA GEMMA Donitz, 1909. PL I, figs. 3 and 5, PL IV, fig. 3, Text-fig. 52. Lit.: Donitz, W., 1909, pp. 458-459, specific description of the <$ and ?, with special reference to the ornamentation. 1916, Paoli, G., pp. 286-291, description of c? and ? under the name A. eburneum; PI. VI, Figs. 22 and 23, $ and 2 scutum. 1920, Nuttall, G. H. F., pp. 1, 2, 4 and 5, notes on coloration in the living example; PI. I, Figs. 3 and 5, scutum of $ and <$, in colour (herein reproduced, see PI. I). Male (PL I, fig. 5; PL IV, fig. 3). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick, closely resembling Amb. hebraeum: scutum with characteristic orna- mentation; postero-median stripe extending anteriorly to fuse with the falciform stripe; cervical stripes broad anteriorly, tapering and fused posteriorly with the lateral horns of the falciform stripe; postero-accessory stripes short, widely-separated from the 3rd lateral spots, directed towards the anterior extremity of the postero-median stripe; lateral spots isolated or more or less conjoined; festoons parti- coloured, external and median festoons dark-coloured, 4th festoon with a small, pale spot at the postero-internal angle, 2nd, 3rd and 5th [20 Genus Amblyomma festoons pale-coloured; marginal groove continuous; punctationa fine; eyes of medium rise, pale, almost circular, slightly bulging. Description. Body. L. 5*5 nun., W. 4*9 mm., contour broad oval. narrower in front. Scutum: smooth, convex; ornate, with fine black or brownish-black markings OD a pale ground; postero-median stripe knobbed a1 the anterior extremity where it touches or fuses with the falciform stripe; postero-accessory stripes short, widely-separated from the 3rd lateral spot, directed towards the anterior extremity of the postero-median stripe: lateral spots small, isolated or more or less con- joined: antero-accessory stripes indistinguishably fused with the lateral horns of the falciform stripe; cervical stripes broad anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, their hinder extremities generally extending to the horns of i he falciform stripe; frontal spots usually fused with the cervical stripes, often fragmentary; marginal ridge dark-coloured except for an incursion of the pale ground opposite the lateral spots; festoons parti-coloured, 1st and median festoons dark-coloured, 2nd, 3rd and 5th festoons pale- coloured; 4th festoon with a small pale spot at the postero-internal angle; cervical grooves short and deep; marginal groove commencing about the level of the 2nd lateral spot, continuous ; punctations for the most part very fine, few larger, but still small, punctations on the peripheral pa rts of the scutum. Venter : pale yellowish-grey ; plaques and the ventral scutes of the festoons reddish-brown ; spiracles medium, triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2 mm., basis rectangular, posterior margin slightly concave; palps long, hairy, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3| | 3|. Legs: moderately stout, maroon- brown with broad, pale annulations at the distal extremities of the articles attaining half the length of the article on the dorsal side of tibia and protarsus of the hinder legs; coxa I with two unequal spurs, the external spur pointed and attaining the anterior margin of coxa II, the internal spur short and blunt ; a broad, curved ridge-like spur on coxae II and III; a single stout spur, twice as long as broad, on coxa IV; tarsi small, abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 52 and PI. I, fig. 3). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick closely resembling Amb. hebraeum; scutum triangular-cordiform, postero-lateral angles convex; ocular spot large; frontal spot isolated, or connected by a narrow bridge with the cervical stripe; the latter extending posteriorly to fuse with the limiting spot; scapular angles pale; punctations numerous, medium, coarse in the antero-lateral fields; eyes circular, pale, slightly convex. .4. gemma 121 Fig. 52. Amblyomma gemma 9. Scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 1432.) Description. Body: L. 5-5-5 mm., W. 4-4-5 mm. (unfed); contour broadly elliptical; dorsum dark-green to greenish-brown or greenish- black, smooth, finely punctate. Scutum: 3x3 mm., triangular-cordi- form, posterior angle medium, postero-lateral margins slightly convex; ornate, with dark markings on an extensive pale ground; ocular spots large, frontal spot isolated or connected by a narrow bridge with the cervical stripe; cervical stripes narrow, extending to fuse posteriorly with the small limiting spots; the scapular fields dark-coloured, broken by a narrow forward extension of the pale ground between the eye and the cervical spot ; scapular angles pale ; cervical grooves short and deep, continued posteriorly by shallow, divergent depressions; punctations fairly numerous, medium, coarse and confluent in places in the antero- lateral fields; eyes circular, pale and slightly convex. Venter: colour as dorsum; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2 mm., basis rectangular, posterior margin slightly concave, lateral margins convex; porose areas fairly 122 Genus A mblyomma large, oval, interval about equal to diameter; palps long, rather slender, article 2 more than twice the length of article 3; hypostome dentition 3.1 | •">!. Legs\ more slender than those of the ;. with very broad, pale annulations at the distal extremities of the articles: coxal armature as in the ;. except that the Bpur on coxa IV is shorter; tarsi medium, abruptly attenuated. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Donitz's original description of the species is based on tarsus IV, spiracle, 2 venter and dorsum. Male (PL II, figs. 5 and 6; PI. IV, fig. 2). Diagnosis: A moderately large West African tick ; scutum ornate, with thick, black markings on a pale, brilliantly-coloured ground; a vermilion-red spot on the centre of the scutum surrounding the foveae; falciform stripe absent; otherwise closely resembling Amb. cohaerens. Description. Body. L. 6-7 mm., W. 4-5-5 mm.; contour broad oval, narrower in front, sometimes almost elliptical. Scutum: brilliantly ornate, with thick black markings on a pale but variously-coloured ground; postero-median stripe rather short and thick, not expanded at the anterior extremity; postero-accessory stripes short and thick, situated close to, but separated from, the 3rd lateral spots; lateral spots conjoined to form a broad lateral bowed stripe the extremities of which fuse with the dark marginal coloration, enclosing a lateral patch of the pale ground; antero-accessory stripes slightly divergent, sometimes more or less fused with the 2nd and 1st lateral spots; falciform stripe absent; cervical and frontal spots fused to form a single large spot; cervical stripes extending posteriorly to fuse with the anterior extremities of the antero-accessory stripes ; festoons parti-coloured, the external and median festoons dark-coloured, the 4th festoon with a smaller pale spot than the 2nd, 3rd and 5th; a vermilion-red spot on the centre of the scutum, surrounding the foveae; cervical grooves short and deep; marginal groove continuous; punctations very fine and superficial, a few larger punctations near the lateral margins and on the festoons; eyes medium, slightly convex, pale (darker in the living specimens). Venter: greyish- yellow, smooth, with scattered fine hairs; genital aperture opposite the I •_' I Genua Arriblyomma interspace between coxae II and III: spiracles medium, triangular with rounded angles; festoons and plaques dark-brown, the former with slightly salienl posterior margins, the latter small. ( 'apitul/um : L. 2 mm.; basis sub-triangular, postero lateral angles rounded and barely salient; lateral margins convex: palps long and slender, article 2 three times as long as article 3 ; bypostome long, sub-spatulate, dentition 3£| 3|. Legs4. •lit, dark-brown with broad, yellow annnlat ions: coxa I with two stout spurs, of which the external is the longer and more pointed; a broad. curved, salient ridge on coxae II and III: a single stout spur, about twice as long as broad, on coxa IV; tarsi small, rather abruptly attenuated. Female. Diagnosis: A moderately large tick closely resembling Anih. cohaerens; scutum triangular; ornate, with an extensive, pale, median field; lateral fields dark-coloured, excepting a small pale spot near the middle of the postero-lateral margin; punctations ex- ceedingly fine, largest in the scapular fields; eyes medium, pale and slightly convex. Description. Body. L. 5-6 mm., W. 4-2-5 mm.; contour broad oval or elliptical: dorsum smooth, glabrous, greenish-black with few scattered punctations; marginal groove continuous; festoons well-defined. Scutum: 2-35 x 2-4 mm., triangular, posterior angle rather narrow, postero- lateral margins almost rectilinear; ornate, with an extensive pale coloration of the median field; lateral fields dark-coloured, excepting a small, pale spot near the middle of the postero-lateral border; cervical grooves short, deep anteriorly, continued posteriorly by very shallow, divergent depressions; punctations very fine, largest in the scapular fields; eyes medium, pale and slightly convex. Venter: similar in colour to dorsum, with scattered small whitish hairs; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles large, triangular, with rounded angles. Legs: longer and more slender than in the <$; dark- brown with broad, yellow annulations; coxa I with two spurs, of which the external is the longer and more pointed; a broad, curved, salient ridge on coxae II and III; a short spur, about as long as broad, on coxa IV; tarsi longer than in the <$, abruptly attenuated; pulvilli small. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. A West African species. The type came from Gabun, off Bos brachy- ceros. Neumann records a $, found by Quantin on a skin of Bos brachy- ceros, in the Paris Museum, from the Congo; tfs, ?s and nymph, off a boar, Gabun, Hans Petersen coll. (Hamburg Mus.); $ and $, from the A. astrion 125 Congo, Ferriere coll. (Paris Mus.); 4 ^s and 5 $s, from South Africa (?) (Oudemans coll.). The Cambridge collection contains the following: Sierra Leone: $s, off grasses, Yiraia, vi. 1912, J. J. Simpson coll. (N. 1898); c?s and $, off cattle, Madina, v. 1913, Dr J. Y. Wood coll. (N. 2259 «); cJs, off cattle, Koinadugu, iii.-iv. 1913, Dr J. Y. Wood coll. (N. 2262); ^s and $s, off cattle, Firawa, Kabunga and Kulakunko (N. 2333, 2505 6, 2506 6, 3034a). Gold Coast: rfs, off bush-cow, Yeji, 12. ii. 1913, Dr J. J. Simpson coll. (I.B.E. 666). Lagos: <^s and $s, off buffalo, Ikiti Country, 1907, Capt, W. H. Best coll. (N. 194 and 196). Nigeria: 3 and $, off buffalo, Tagi, N. Nigeria, 27. iv. 1913, Dr G. F. Petrie (N. 2900). Congo Free State: «^s and ?s, off buffalo, Tshumbiri, 1909 (N. 1610); cjs and$s, host ?, Kisantu, Kev. P. Renard coll. French Congo: 3, off cattle, Ngomo (N. 1697). Portuguese Congo: c?s and $s, off buffalo, 1911, Dr M. Gamble coll. (N. 1578); 6*s and ?s, off buffalo, 1912, Dr M. Gamble coll. (N. 1947); <$s and $s, off ?, W. Larsen coll. (N. 2742); ^s and ?s, off buffalo, Fukian, San Salvador, 1. I. 1913, Dr M. Gamble coll. (N. 2649); .1 mblf/onwia Fig. ~>4. Amblyomma furculaQ. Scutum, capitulum. (X. 946.) lateral angles non-salient, porose areas small, almost circular, interval greater than diameter; coxa I with two unequal spurs, the external spur long and pointed; a single small spur on each of coxae II-IV. longest on coxa IV. Description. Body, L. 3-2 mm.. W. 2-1 mm., contour oval: dorsum earthv-brown. rugose, scattered with short, coarse, whitish hairs; mar- ginal groove incomplete. Scutum: 1-5 x 1*7 mm., triangular; antero- lateral margins convex, postero-lateral margins rectilinear or slightly concave: posterior angles broad, ornate, with extensive pale coloration in the median and lateral fields; a narrow, dark, marginal band com- mencing at the scapular angles and extending round the posterior angle ; limiting spots very small; cervical stripe short and narrow; frontal spots represented by small aggregations of dark-coloured punctations ; cervical grooves short, deep, crescentic with the convexity external; punctations numerous, small, coarser in the antero-lateral fields; eyes large, pale and flat, bulging laterally beyond the contour of the scutum. Venter: paler than dorsum, with whitish hairs on posterior two-thirds; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles broad comma- shaped. Capitulum : L. 0-7 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas of medium size, almost circular, interval A. fur cula 129 greater than diameter; palps short and thick, article 1 compressed proximally, with an oblique, dorsal, salient ridge terminating in a point at the postero-internal angle, one-and-a-half times as long as article 3 ; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: of medium size, pale-coloured, narrowly annulated and striped with white on the dorsal surface; coxae I— III as in the J; coxa IV with a short spur of variable length; tarsi as in the <$. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Donitz described the species from c?s and $, found free, Argentine Republic, Dr A. Richter coll. The Cambridge collection contains a $, $s and nymphs, host not specified, Salta, Argentine Republic, S. America, presented by Dr W. Donitz, xn. 1909 (N. 946). 33. AMBLYOMMA BRASILIENSE Aragao, 1908. Figs. 55 and 56. Lit. andlconogr.: Aragao, H. deB., 22. in. 1908, pp. 11-17; 1911, pp. 181-186, PI. XII, Figs. 19-21, Genua Amblyomma grooves deep and narrow anteriorly, shallow and diveTgenl posteriorly; punctations numerous, medium, regular in distribution; eyes relatively small, pale and Hat. Vi nU r: yellowish-brown, almost glabrous; genital aperture opposite the posterior border of coxa II; spiracles triangular with rounded angles. Capitidum'. L. 2-2 mm.; I>an^ triangular, postero- lateral angles flattened; porose areas small, widely-separated; palps long .iiid narrow, article 2 constricted proximally, nearly two-and-a-half tine- as long as article -"> : hvpostome very long, lanceolate, tapering from the middle to the pointed anterior extremity, dentition .'> | 3. Legs: very long, especially the last pair; coxa I with two small, unequal spurs; a single, short, triangular spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi long, attenu- ated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The type came from Brazil; Karsch's specimen from Caracas, Venezuela, S. America (Berlin Mus.). Neumann records the following: c?s, off Cercolabrs rillosus, Brazil, Goldi coll. ; a gorged $, from Trinidad. Eollin coll. (Paris Mus., type of Amb. giganteum) ; nymph, off gobe-mouche , Trinidad (labelled A. avicola, by G. Marx, Smithsonian Inst., Washing- ton); (J and $s, off porcupine, Santa Cruz de Rio Grande de Sul. Brazil. Stiegelmayr coll. (Hamburg Mus.); $, from Caracas, Venezuela. Gollmer coll. (Berlin Mus.). The Cambridge collection contains a <$, off Coendu simonsi, Charuplaya. Bolivia, S. America, P. 0. Simons coll. (N. 560). 37. AMBLYOMMA CUNEATUM Neumann, 1899. Figs. 62 and 63. Lit.: Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 233-234, description of £; 1901, pp. 301-302, description of $; 1911, p. 80, short description of £ and ?. Male (Fig. 62). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum ovate, very broad at posterior third, narrow" in front, inornate; marginal groove incomplete, formed of contiguous punctations; capitulum broad; palps short and club-shaped; hvpostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two short, sub-equal, flat spurs; coxae II-IV each with a single short spur. Description. Body: L. 4-2 mm., W. 3-7 mm., contour oval, very broad at posterior third, narrow in front, antero-lateral margins almost straight. Scutum: colour dark-brown, inornate, slightly convex, glossy; cervical grooves short, deep, oval, divergent; marginal grooves incom- A. cuneatum 141 L.E.R. Fig. 62. Amblyomma cuneatum <$ . Scutum, capitulum, venter, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (Berlin Mus. (Jr. No. 1037/1913).) plete, formed of contiguous, coarse punctations, commencing some distance behind the eyes and terminating posteriorly at the external festoon; punctations large and deep in the posterior half of the scutum and along the marginal grooves, small elsewhere; festoons distinct, separations wide; eyes pale and flat. Venter: greyish-brown, finely punctate, almost glabrous; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles moderately large, comma-shaped, very oblique. Capitulam: L. 1-1 mm., relatively short and broad; basis rectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; palps short, thick, club- shaped, article 2 one-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: of medium length, dark-brown, stout; coxa I with two short, sub-equal, blunt spurs; a single short, blunt spur on each of coxae II-IV, longest on coxa IV; tarsi short, tapering gradually at distal extremity; pulvilli very small. Female (Fig. 63). Diagnosis: A small tick; body broadly oval, narrow in front; marginal groove continuous, scutum cordiform, reddish-brown, inornate; punctations numerous, medium in size, I }•_' ( icinis Amblyomma Fig. 63. Amblyomma cuneatumty. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (Berlin Mus. (Jr. No. 1037/1913).) regularly distributed; porose areas small, circular, interval equal to diameter; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two short, blunt, sub-equal spurs; tarsi attenuated in talus. Description. Body: L. 4-5 mm., W. 3-5 mm. (gorged examples attain dimensions of 11 x 8 mm.), contour oval, broadest at posterior third, narrow in front; dorsum dark-brown with few fine punctations and few short hairs; marginal groove and festoons well-defined. Scutum: tri- angular-cordiform, 2-3 x 2-8 mm., colour reddish-brown, inornate; cervical grooves short and deep; punctations numerous, medium in size, evenly distributed; eyes flat and indistinct. Venter: like dorsum; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae I and II; spiracles broad, comma-shaped, very oblique. Capitulum: L. 1-3 mm., broad, but relatively longer than that of the o ; basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas small, circular, interval equal to dia- meter; palps short and thick, not so club-shaped as those of the S, article 2 one-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome longer A. cuneatum 143 than in the <$, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: of medium length, stout, dark-brown in colour; coxa I with two short, rounded, sub-equal spurs; a single, short, blunt spur on coxae II-IV, longest on coxa IV; tarsi longer than in (J, attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. West Africa and the Lower Congo, Uganda. Neumann (1899, p. 234) based his earliest description on 2 <$s, host not specified, from the Congo, Pobeguin coll. (Paris Mus.); his later description (1901, p. 302) records a <$ and $ from Togo, host not specified, Baumann coll., 2 c?s and 2 $s from the Cameroons, host not specified, Zenker coll. (Berlin Mus.). The $ (Fig. 63) was included in a collection of tick material sent to Cambridge from the Zool. Museum, Berlin, for determination; it was labelled "Seychelles, A. Merian coll. (Jr. No. 1037/1913)." The Cam- bridge collection contains a <$, off Hylochoerus, Congo Expedition, 1913, American Mus. Nat. Hist. coll. "672," Dr S. Hadwen donor (N. 3491); cJs, $s and nymphs, off Pangolin, Avakubi, West Africa, Dr Christy (N. 3379); .*■■ -.- -/*,'. •■■■'fciy.- .. <■. :■'>•.. V >■ f ^ ^ H* "- > Fig. 09. A mblyomma latum q. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (Type of "sylvaticum" (De Geer) Neumann.) marginal groove formed by a series of contiguous punctations, com- mencing at the anterior third of the body length and terminating posteriorly at the second festoon; a small, pale spot on the external and sometimes on the second festoon also; cervical grooves moderately long, deep, narrow and curved with the convexity external ; very coarse punctations scattered over the lateral and posterior parts of the scutum, interspersed with very fine punctations ; eyes very small, dark-coloured, hemispherical and deeply orbited; festoons clearly defined, intervals narrow. Venter : paler than the dorsum ; genital aperture opposite coxa II ; spiracles relatively small, oval. Capitulum: L. 1-4 mm., basis sub- triangular, lateral margins slightly convex, postero-lateral angles non- salient; palps moderately long, with pale enamelling along the inner margin of the dorsal surface and beset with long, whitish hairs ; article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome very spatulate, teeth limited to distal third, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: with long, pale hairs, medium in length, dark-brown in colour with a pale longitudinal streak on the A. latum 153 dorsal side of the articles; coxae I-IV each bearing a pair of short, rounded spurs. Female (Fig. 70). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum cordi- form, ornate, punctations dark-coloured, numerous, coarse in the antero-lateral fields; cervical grooves moderately long, narrow and curved; eyes dark-coloured, hemispherical and orbited; marginal groove terminating posteriorly at the second festoon; palps with a pale stripe along the internal margin of the dorsal surface of articles 2 and 3; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; legs with a pale, longitudinal stripe on the dorsal surface of the articles ; coxae each with two short, rounded, sub-equal spurs. ».■> -'*■*«© i -"-■■■■(*. „ ;-.'a* ' © . ^# «$" £•* * • «1» • %f Fig. 70. AmblyommalatumQ. Dorsum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (Type of "devium" Koch, Berlin Mus.) L54 Genus Amblyomma Description. Body. L. 5*6 mm., W. 4*5 nun., contour broad oval; dorsum reddish brown, hairy on lateral inn ruins above the Legs, prac- tically glabrous elsewhere; marginal groove terminating posteriorly at the second festoon. Senium: .".-.'! .'l-"> mm., cordiforni, postero-lateral margins sinuous, posterior angle broad; pale-yellow with black orna- ment at ion : cervical st ripes large, expanded; ocular spots large, connected by a dark band round the anterolateral margin with the cervical spots. and by a very narrow, dark band along the postero-lateral margins with t lie limiting spots; frontal spots small; cervical grooves moderately long, deep and curved in an elongated S-shape; few coarse, dark-coloured punctations in the antero-lateral fields, medium in size elsewhere; eyes dark-coloured, hemispherical, deeply orbited. Venter: dark earthy-brown, almost glabrous; genital aperture opposite posterior margin of coxa II; spiracles small, sub-triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: moder- ately long (1-8 mm.), basis triangular, lateral margins convex, postero- lateral angles non-salient; porose areas narrowr oval, divergent, interval nearly twice diameter; a pale patch occupying the whole central area of the dorsal face ; palps long with a pale stripe along the dorso-internal margins of articles 2 and 3, and writh long, stiff, whitish hairs, article 2 nearly three times as long as article 3, contracted in the postero-dorsal portion; hypostome long, spatulate, teeth covering distal third, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: of medium length, hairy, dark-brown with a longitudinal pale streak on the dorsal surface and a narrow, pale annulation at the distal extremities of the articles ; coxae each bearing two short, rounded spurs, of which the external is slightly the larger; tarsi attenuated abruptly. Description of the o based on one of Neumann's types, a £ from the Cape of Good Hope, S. Africa; no other particulars. Description of the $ based on a specimen from the Berlin Museum (No. 1022), labelled "Amblyomma devium Koch type." Neumann's descriptions are based on 3 (Js and 4 $s, from Cafraria, Delalande coll. ; 2 <$s, off a tortoise, Cape of Good Hope ; 2 nymphs and 1 $, origin unknown (Paris Mus.); 1 £ labelled "latum, Koch, Kap" (Berlin Mus.); and 1 gorged $, off a Virginian deer, in the Zoological Gardens, Hamburg (Hamburg Mus.). A. albopictum 155 42. AMBLYOMMA ALBOPICTUM Neumann, 1899. Fig. 71. Synon. and Lit. : Ixodes variegatus Lucas, H., 1852, pp. Ixxxviii-lxxxix. Amblyomma albopictum Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 244; 1911, p. 73. Male (Fig. 71). Diagnosis: A small species; contour broadly oval; scutum ornate, with, dark chestnut-brown markings on a pale ground; marginal groove absent; punctations numerous, small; cervical grooves short and deep ; capitulum of medium length, basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles non-salient; hypostome dentition 3 | 3 ; coxae I-I V each with a single, short, triangular spur. Description. Body: L. 3-75 mm., W. 3-2 mm., contour broadly oval, widest behind middle. Scutum: slightly convex; marginal grooves absent; cervical grooves short, deep and pyriform; festoons longer than broad, clearly defined, intervals narrow; punctations small, coarser Fig. 71. Amblyomma albopictum <$. Scutum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2866.) L56 Genus A mblyomma towards marginB; areolate punctations in anterioi and posterior median fields; ornamentation consisting of dark chestmrl brown markings on a pale ground ; postero median b1 ripe long, extending almost to I be cenl re of the BCUtlim; postero-acceSSOry Btrip<\s directed towards the centre of t lie scut urn ; t lie t luce lateral spots conjoined w it li each other and with the dark marginal coloration: falciform stripe with extremities turned forward: limiting spots small, more or less continent with the first lateral spot: cervical stripes irregular, more or less detached from the cervical spots: an irregular longitudinal dark patch in the anterior field immediately in front of the falciform stripe; marginal ridge dark- coloured wit h a narrow . pale s1 ripe running from the eye to the external festoon; festoons dark-coloured excepting the pair adjacent to the median, upon which an extension of the pale ground encroaches, and the antepenultimate festoon which bears a small, pale spot on its anterior part. Venter: earthy-yellow, glabrous, with few punctations in its posterior part; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles very narrow, comma-shaped. Capitulum: L. 1-05 mm., basis rectangular, postero- lateral angles non-salient; palps narrow, club-shaped, article 2 twice as long as article 3, tapering to a point at its postero-dorsal extremity; hypostome large, spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: of medium length, dark-brown; coxae I-IV each with a short, triangular spur, slightly larger on coxae I and IV; tarsi attenuated in talus; pul villi half length of claws. Female : unknown. Description based on 1 d, a co-type presented to the Cambridge collection by Prof. L. G. Neumann, off Cyclura harlani, Guiana (?) (N. 2866). Neumann (1899) records <$s from Cuba, Gundlach coll. (Mus. de Paris), and a <$ from Brazil, Goldi coll., off Cercolabes villosus. Lucas's specimens were found on Cyclura harlani, in Havana. 43. AMBLYOMMA HIRTUM Neumann, 1906. Figs. 72 and 73. Lit. and Iconogr. : Neumann, L. G., 1906, pp. 201-203, specific description of (J and $; Figs. 6-7, (J and $ dorsum (herein reproduced): 1911, p. 74, brief description of o and ?. Male (Fig. 72). Diagnosis: A very small tick; scutum broad oval, widest about middle of length; punctations numerous; long, whitish hairs, often in tufts of two or three, round the periphery and especially A. hirtum 157 Fig. 72. Amblyomma hirtum q. Dorsum (from Neumann, 1906, Fig. 6). Fig. 73. Amblyomma hirtum $. Dorsum (from Neumann, 1906, Fig. 7). round the posterior margin; a well-defined pseudoscutum ; marginal groove absent; hyjDOstome dentition 3 | 3; coxae I-IV each with two very small, widely-separated spurs. Description. Body: L. 2-7 mm., W. 2-0 mm., contour short oval, broadest about middle of length. Scutum,: convex, general colour yellowish-white, with pale-brown markings; postero-median stripe, postero-accessory stripes, and lateral spots slightly elevated; a clearly defined pseudoscutum ; long, whitish hairs often in tufts of twos and threes, at the periphery and especially round the posterior border; cervical groove deep and broad, convergent; marginal groove absent, punctations numerous, deep, sub-equal, dark-coloured, scattered over the whole of the pale areas; festoons clearly-defined; eyes flat, pale, bordered by punctations on their internal margins. Venter: yellowish, hairy, with deep punctations on the posterior fourth; festoons clearly defined; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles broadly comma- shaped. Capitulum: L. 055 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; palps short, beset with long hairs, article 2 one-and-a-half times as long as article 3; 1 58 Genua Amblyomma hypostome short, spatulate, dentition .'5 | 3. Legs: of medium length, wit h long hairs; coxae I-IV each u it h t wo very small, triangular, widely- separated spins; tarsi terminating in talus. Female (Fig. 7."'.). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum triangular- COrdiform, indistinctly ornate: dorsum shagreened, hairy; long hairs in scattered tufts round the margins, especially in the posterior por- tion; porose areas huge, oval; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxae I-IV each with two very small, widely-separated spurs. Description. Body: L. 3-6 mm., W. 2-3 mm., contour broad oval, widest about middle of length; dorsum shagreened, covered with whitish hairs, the peripheral hairs on the posterior border very long and tufted in places. Scutum: broadly cordiform, 1-3 ;< 1-7 mm.; postero-lateral margins slightly convex, posterior angle wide; indistinctly ornate, with a yellowish-white patina on the median field and in the antero- lateral fields; cervical grooves wide and deep, diverging posteriorly; punctations numerous, deep, sub-equal, evenly distributed over the entire scutum; eyes pale and flat. Venter: very hairy, punctate; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles broad comma-shaped. Capitulum: L. 0-90 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas large, oval, interval slightly less than diameter; palps club-shaped, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: relatively longer than in the 6\ very hairy; coxae I-IV each with two very small, widely-separated spurs; tarsi attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The Galapagos Is., S. Pacific Ocean, and St Paul Is.; hosts, birds (?). Neumann's description is based on 2 $s and 5 $s, host not specified, from the Galapagos Is.; and 3 $s, from St Paul Is. (British Mus.). He notes that in two of the $s from the Galapagos Is., and 2 $s from St Paul Is., the hairs are much less numerous than in the others, and the pale markings of the scutum but slightly apparent. The Cambridge collection contains 1 $ (N. 397), mounted in balsam, of? ''bird No. 125," Galapagos Is., presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild. A. pilosum 159 44. AMBLYOMMA PILOSUM Neumann, 1899. Fig. 74. Lit. : Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 209, short description of ?: 1911, p. 70. Male: unknown. Female (Fig. 74). Diagnosis: A small tick; dorsum and venter with long, scattered, whitish hairs, few short, stiff hairs on scapular angles and on the scutum between the cervical grooves; scutum triangular, posterior angle wide; punctations large and numerous; ornate; capitulum long, hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxae each with two short, blunt spurs. Description. Body: L. 6-6 mm., W. 5-0 mm. (a gorged specimen); dorsum dark-brown, with long, scattered, whitish hairs. Scutum: tri- angular, 1-95 X 2-0 mm., posterior angle broad; ornate, with a dark marginal band extending from the cervical spots and scapular angles to the ocular spots and then continued as a narrower dark edging along the postero-lateral margins to the posterior angle ; limiting spots absent ; frontal spots large, bridging the gap between the cervical stripe and the marginal coloration; cervical grooves short, deep and curved anteriorly, Fig. 74. Amblyomma pilosumQ. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 711.) 160 ( >ciius .1 mblyomma shallow and divergenl posteriorly; punctations numerous, large, coarse and continent in the antero-lateraJ fields; a few short stilT hairs pro- jecting from the scapular angles and between the cervical grooves; some of the punctations in the median and lateral fields also bear each a single, very short, st ill hair: eyes of medium size. Mat and pale. Venter: of same colour as dorsum, with lew scattered whitish hairs in the posterior half; genital aperture small, situated opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles triangular comma-shaped, frame very wide on dorsal side. Cupilulum: relatively long, 1-2 mm., basis rectangular, posterior margin ill-defined, postero-lateral angles slightly salient, lateral margins convex; porose areas moderately large, oval, slightly divergent, interval equal to diameter; palps long and slender, article 2 three times as long as article 3; hypostome long, sides almost parallel, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: small, reddish-brown; coxae I-IV each with two, widely- separated, short, blunt spurs; tarsi gradually tapering. Description based on a $ in the Cambridge collection (N. 71 1 ), host not specified Galapagos Is., Pacific Ocean, the gift of the Department of Agriculture, United States of America. Neumann's description is based on a female from the Galapagos Is. (Smithsonian Institution, Marx coll.). 45. AMBLYOMMA TESTUDINIS (Conil, 1877). Fig. 75. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr.: Ixodes testudinis Coni], P. A., 1877, pp. 25-37, a lengthy, specific description of the o and $, full of useless details; PI. I, Figs. 1-2, °. dorsum and venter; PI. II, Figs. 1-5, o dorsum and venter, spiracle, chelicerae and anus; PI. Ill, Figs. 1-7, coxae, leg, cervical emargination $ and J, $ capitulum, . Amblyomma testudinis (Conil) Lahille, F., 1905, pp. 148-152, revision of Conn's description, descriptive notes concerning larva, nymph, (J and $; PI. XII, Figs. 3-7, o* dorsum, venter, spiracle and tarsus II (coloured); Text-fig. 23, o1 and $ coxae. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 93, brief description of <$ and . Male (Fig. 75). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum convex, golden-yellow with small brown markings; punctations numerous, deep, coarse and areolate, interspersed with fine punctations; marginal groove absent ; hypostome dentition 3 | 3 ; coxae I-IV each with two small, flat spurs. A. testudinis 161 x..E.r\. Fig 75. Amblyomma testudinis q. Scutum, capitulum, coxae [-IV, spiracle, tarsi T and IV. (Berlin Mus. No. 237.) Description. Body: L. 5-0 mm., W. 4-2 mm.; contour broad oval, narrower in front, lateral margins convex. Scutum : convex ; ornate, pale golden-yellow with small brownish spots and stripes; postero-median and accessory stripes narrow ; lateral spots indistinct or absent ; cervical stripes and antero-accessory stripes present; falciform stripe fragmentary; a narrow, dark border extending from the scapular angles to the external festoons with four shallow, irregular incursions of the pale ground between the eye and the external festoon; festoons with irregular pale spots or extensions of the pale ground; cervical grooves short, deep and curved; marginal groove absent; numerous, coarse, deep, areolate punctations, absent from the antero-median field, the extreme lateral N II II 162 Genus Amblyom/ma margins and the festoons, interspersed with very fine punctations; eyes small, pair and flat. Venter: yellowish, with few punctations and hairs: genital aperture opposite coxa II: spiracles elongate ovoid. CapUvlum: I.. L«5 mm.; basis rectangular, post ero-lat era] angles non-salient; palps stout, club-shaped, article ~2 constricted proximally, twice as long as article ■"■: bypostome spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: stout; coxae I-IV each with t\\<> short, blunt, well-separated spins, the external spur on coxa IV slightly larger than the rest; tarsi abruptly attenuated; pulvilli small. Female. Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum cordifonn, pale golden-yellow with brownish markings; eyes pale and flat; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxae I-IV eachwTith two short, blunt spurs. Description. Body: L. 5 mm., W. 4 mm. (according to Neumann gorged examples may attain dimensions of 12 x 9-5 mm.): dorsum dark-brown, marginal groove continuous, festoons well-defined. Scutum: cordifonn, 3 x 2-5 mm., posterior angle narrow, posterolateral margins slightly convex; ornate, with brown markings on a pale golden-yellow ground; cervical stripes extending posteriorly to fuse with the limiting spots; frontal spots small; a narrow dark border extending from the scapular angle to the ocular spot; few coarse areolate punctations inter- spersed with many fine punctations ; cervical grooves longer than in the <£; eyes small, pale and flat. Venter: genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles comma-shaped. Capitulum,: L. 1-5 mm.; porose areas medium, oval, divergent, interval equal to the larger diameter; otherwise as in the $. Leg-t: as in the <$. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The type was found on a tortoise, Testudo sulcata Mull., in the Argentine Republic, S. America, by W. Wegenbergh. Neumann's description is based on cjs, $ and nymph, from the Argentine Republic, sent to him for determination by Prof. F Lahille; also a $, host not specified, from Buenos Aires, Argentine ^Republic (Lignieres coll.). Fig. 75 is drawn from an example in the Berlin Museum (No. 237), no particulars as to host or origin. A. dissimile 163 46. AMBLYOMMA DISSIMILE Koch, 1844. Figs. 76 and 77. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma dissimile Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 225, brief description of $ and 2. 1847, Koch, C. L., pp. 64-66, description of ( Jcmhis A mblyommu 48. AMBLYOMMA EXTRAOCULATUM Neumann, 1899. Fig. 79. Lit.: Neumann, L <■'.. 1899, |>. 274, brief description of ?; 1911, p. 88, brief description of $. Male: unknown. Female (Fig. 79). Diagnosis: A moderately large tick; scutum triangular, ornate; eyes large, flat, bulging laterally beyond the contour of the scutum; capitulum long, porose areas large; coxa I with two unequal spurs, the external spur twice as long as broad: two short, flat spurs on each of coxae II and III, the internal small ; two spurs on coxa IV, the external nearly twice as long as broad, the internal very small. Description. Body: L. 16 mm., W. 12 mm. (gorged), sub-rectangular; dorsum smooth, almost glabrous, few short hairs at posterior end grooves obliterated by distension. Scutum: triangular, 2-4 x 2*7 mm.; postero-lateral margins almost straight, posterior angle moderately Fig. 79. Amblyomma extraoculaiumQ. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I— TV, tarsi I and TV. (Type, Hamburg Mus.) A. extraoeulatum 171 broad and rounded; colour dark-brown with irregular small, pale patches in the median and lateral fields (the ornamentation is probably obscured to some extent by defective preservation) ; cervical grooves deep, narrow, curved with the convexity external, continued posteriorly by shallow, divergent depressions extending to the posterior third of the scutum; punctations numerous, small, distributed evenly in the lateral fields and the anterior two-thirds of the median field; eyes large, slightly convex, their external halves bulging laterally beyond the contour of the scutum. Venter: like dorsum; genital aperture opposite 1st coxal interspace; spiracles triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-6 mm., basis capituli rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero-lateral angles rounded and slightly salient; porose areas large, broadly oval, interval slightly greater than diameter; palps slender, with pale marbling on dorsal surface, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: slender; coxa I with two short spurs, of which the internal is twice as broad as long; coxae II and III each with two spurs, the internal small, the external flat and rounded; coxa IV with two spurs, a moderately pointed spur at the external third of its posterior margin, twice as long as broad; and a minute spur at the postero-internal angle; tarsi long, attenuated in talus. Description based on a single female (type), from Singapore; host not specified (Hamburg Mus.). 49. AMBLYOMMA PAPUANA Hirst, 1914. Fig. 80. Lit. and Iconogr. : Hirst, A. S., 1914, pp. 327-328, specific description of £ and $, Fig. 15, $ coxae. Male. Diagnosis : A very small tick, scutum sub-circular, with in- distinct ornamentation ; marginal groove absent ; punctations numerous and deep; eyes indistinct; coxae I-IV each furnished with two small, widely-separated, triangular spurs; a single, similar spur on each of trochanters II— I V ; hypostome dentition 4 | 4 ; tarsi gradually attenu- ated at the extremity. Description. Body: L. 2-4 mm., contour subcircular, breadth slightly greater than length, scapular angles somewhat truncated. Scutum: colour dark-brown, with faint traces of light-greenish markings, two patches near the posterior margin being fairly distinct (the light-coloured 172 ( tenus Arnblyomma *M V* ? ••■or o c e . « •* %~ * e !?: ■•»;■: -, * i '*:■_. e c •■■•, aa*.*--- ••••••*•■• 9 L.E.I^. Pig. 80. Anibli/oDinxi papuana . Scutum, capitulum, coxae and trochanters I-IV, spiracle. (Type, British Mus.) areas may be more clearly defined, and more extensive in well-preserved examples) ; postero-median stripe represented by a dark, narrow, central, slightly-raised line, devoid of punctations, on either side of which is a short, shallow, oblique groove with a smooth posterior border (postero- accessory stripes?); cervical grooves short and inconspicuous; marginal groove absent; punctations numerous, deep and well-defined; eyes indistinct; festoons not visible on the dorsal surface. Venter: spiracle large and very wide. Capitulum : basis with salient postero-lateral angles ; hypostome dentition 4 | 4, innermost files short and denticles weak. Legs: coxae I-IV each with two short, widely-separated, triangular spurs, of which the external is the larger; trochanters II-IV each with a single similar spur at the external third of the posterior margin; tarsi gradually attenuated at the free extremity. A. papuana 17 •> Female (Fig. 80). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum cordiform, inornate, dark-brown with the exception of a narrow, pale margin extending from the eye to the scapular angle; punctations numerous, coarse, fairly evenly distributed; capitular emargination broad and shallow; basis capituli rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero- lateral angles raised but barely salient, porose areas encroaching on the posterior margin; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxae I-IV each with a pair of small, sub-equal, widely-separated, triangular spurs; trochanters II-IV each with a single similar spur. Description. Body: L. 7 mm. (partly gorged). Scutum: 1-8 x 2-3 mm., cordiform, posterior angle rather broad, postero-lateral margins convex, capitular emargination broad and shallow, scapular angles blunt; colour dark-brown, with a narrow, pale margin extending from the eye to the scapular angle; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallow and ill-defined posteriorly; punctations numerous, coarse, fairly evenly distributed, some eroding the postero-lateral contour of the scutum ; eyes large, pale and flat. Venter: spiracles large, almost circular. Capitulum : L. 1-5 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins convex, posterior margin slightly con- cave, postero-lateral angles raised but barely salient; porose areas oval, very widely-separated, interval more than twice diameter, encroaching on the posterior margin of the basis; palps narrow, sides almost parallel, article 2 nearly three times as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 4 | 4, innermost file short, with weak denticles. Legs (mostly missing in the specimens) : coxae I-IV each with a pair of short, sub-equal, widely- separated, triangular spurs of which the external is slightly the larger; a single similar spur at the external third of the posterior border of trochanters II-IV; tarsi ?. Hirst's description is based on 1 J (with 2 nymphs), Mimika R., and 2 $s, Canoe Camp, Utakwa R., south Dutch New Guinea, xi. 1912, British Ornithologists' Union Expedition and Wollaston Expedition colls. (British Mus.). 171 ( renus .1 mblyomma 50. AMBLYOMMA TUBERCULATUM Marx, 1893 1894. Figs. 81 and 82. Lit. and Iconogr. : Marx. C. 1893 1894, p. 314. L899, Neumann, L. (J., pp. 235 236, Bpeoific description of J and . 1911, Neumann, L. (i., p. 74, brief description of J and . 1912, Hooker. \V. A.. Bishopp, P. <'.. and Wood, H. P., pp. 123 130, description, host relationship, geographical distribution, life-history, etc.; PL l-\. Figs. 1-8, photomicrographs of larva, nymph gorged and unfed, $, £s attached to a tortoise, [ and unfed, and $ gorged; Text-fig. 8, map showing geographical distribution; Text-fig. 9, Gene's organ. Male (Fig. 81). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum broad oval, smooth and convex; ornate, with characteristic dark-brown markings on a dull yellowish-white ground; marginal groove absent; punctations for the most part very fine; eyes small, pale and flat; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxae I-IV each with two, short, flat, broad spurs; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Description. Body: L. 6-2 mm.. W. 5*5 mm., contour broad oval, slightly narrower in front, sides rounded. Scutum: smooth and convex; ornate, with dark-coloured spots and stripes on a dull yellowish-white ground: postero-median stripe moderately long, thickened anteriorly, not extending to the falciform stripe; postero-accessory stripes in the form of large, irregular, oval spots; a small additional spot immediately anterior to the 4th festoon; lateral spots large, isolated or conjoined; falciform stripe divided in the centre, its lateral extremities indistin- guishably fused with the antero-accessory stripes ; cervical stripes broad anteriorly, divergent, with their posterior tapering extremities almost touching, or completely fused with, the extremities of the antero- accessory stripes; frontal spots clearly defined, connected by a narrow bridge with the cervical stripes; a narrow, dark border commencing at the scapular angles and extending completely round the lateral and posterior margins of the scutum, with four wide, shallow indentations between the eye and the external festoon; cervical grooves long and rather narrow, almost straight; marginal groove absent; punctations numerous, very fine, a few large punctations near the margins; eyes small, pale and flat; festoons short, separations narrow. Venter: dirty- yellow, with fine, short, scattered hairs ; genital aperture opposite coxa II ; spiracles moderately large, broad comma-shaped. Capitulum: L. 1-9 mm., basis broad and convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient, lateral A. tuberculatum 175 L.E.R.. Fig. 81. Amblyomma tuberculatum £. Scutum, eapitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 3356.) margins convex; palps rather short, stout, club-shaped, article 2 about twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long and strong, maroon-brown; coxae I-IV each with two, short, flat, broad spurs, obliquely disposed on coxa IV; tarsi short, abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 82). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum broadly cordi- form, posterior angle rounded and merging imperceptibly into the convex postero-lateral margins; ornate, with characteristic dark- brown markings on a yellowish- white ground; punctations very fine, numerous; a few larger punctations in the scapular angles; eyes small, pale and flat; porose areas small, oval, divergent and widely- separated; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxae I-IV each with two short, broad, flat spurs; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Description. Body: L. 7 mm., W. 6 mm., contour broad oval, sides and posterior margin rounded; dorsum brown, with fine punctations and hairs; marginal groove present. Scutum: 3-5 x 4-1 mm.; very broadly 176 ( hiiii> .1 mblyonvma Fig. 82. Amblyomma tuberculatum 2. Scutum, capitulum, coxae [-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 3356.) cordiform; posterior angle wide and rounded, merging imperceptibly into the convex lateral margins; ornate, with dark-brown markings on a yellowish- white ground; cervical stripes fusiform, merging posteriorly into the large limiting spots which may be slightly separated from the margin of the scutum : frontal spots distinct, isolated or connected by a narrow bridge with the cervical stripes; a narrow dark border extending anteriorly from the ocular spot to the scapular angle, and posteriorly for a short distance along the lateral margin; cervical grooves long, narrow, deep and curved; punctations very numerous and for the most part very fine, a few larger punctations in the scapular angles; eyes small, pale and flat. Venter: similar in colour to dorsum, more punctate and hairy; genital aperture opposite the posterior border of coxa II; spiracles large, triangular, with rounded angles. Ca/pitulum : L. 2-3 mm., basis rectangular, posterolateral angles non-salient, lateral margins convex; porose areas small, oval, divergent, widely-separated; palps A. tuberculatum 177 relatively longer than those of the S, hypostome dentition 4 [ 4. Legs: similar to those of the ^; tarsi relatively longer and more slender, not so abruptly attenuated. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Florida, Southern Alabama and Cuba; the adults appear to be found exclusively on the gopher tortoise. The type came from Florida (Smithsonian Inst.). Neumann records a £, from Cuba, Grundelach coll. (Paris Mus.). Hooker, Bishopp and Wood note that the adults have been found only on the gopher tortoise and that attempts to attach them to bovines have failed. Engorged larvae have been collected in large numbers from dogs and rabbits and in smaller numbers from cattle and birds (owl and hawk). The species is commonly met with in Florida, as far north as Hawthorn and it is reported to be rather common in southern Alabama. The Cambridge collection contains a c? and nymph, host not specified, Crescent City, Florida, U.S. America, 1909, Dr L. 0. Howard donor (N. 708); and ■ ' ■ Fig. 84. Amblyomma humerale <$. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi II and IV. (N. 1261.) L.E.I\. Fig. S5. Amblyomma humerale Q. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsus IV. (N. 1261.) A. humerale 181 limiting spots large, contracting the pale median field to a point posteriorly; cervical stripes indistinct; frontal spots linear, divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, irregular; eyes rather small, pale and flat; coxae I-IV each with two short, blunt spurs. Description. Body: L. 5-0-5-5 mm., W. 4-5-5-0 mm., contour broad oval, narrower in front; dorsum reddish-brown, wrinkled, with coarse punctations, especially on the marginal ridge and festoons; marginal groove well-defined, continuous. Scutum: 3-3 x 3-2 mm., triangular - cordiform, posterior angle rather narrow; ornate, with a dark margin extending from the scapular angles completely round the posterior margin; limiting spots large, meeting at the posterior angle where they contract the pale median field to a point; cervical stripes indistinct; frontal spots in the form of linear streaks commencing near the anterior ends of the cervical grooves and running backwards and outwards, parallel to the antero-lateral margins of the scutum to a short distance beyond the level of the eyes; cervical grooves short, deep, narrow and slightly curved; punctations numerous, moderately coarse, interspersed with fine pimctations ; eyes rather small, pale and flat. Venter : smoother than dorsum, with small, scattered hairs; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 2-2 mm., basis sub-triangular, postero- lateral angles barely salient; porose areas broad oval, interval equal to diameter; palps long, club-shaped, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long; coxae I-IV each with two short, blunt, well-separated spurs; tarsi attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The type came from Bahia, Brazil (Berlin Mus.), host not specified. Berlese (1888) records a $ (and a probably related $) from Rio Apa, Brazil. Neumann's description of Amb. gypsatum is based on 4 dried cjs, off tortoise, from north of Goyaz, Uruguay. Aragao (1912, pp. 159 and 162) records the occurrence of the species on Podocnemis sp., Belem, Xinga (Para), Brazil. The Cambridge collection contains a . 261, description of : 1911, |>. 70, brief description of $. Male : unknown. Female (Fig. 86). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum tri- angular, ornate; punctations numerous, large, confluent in places; marginal groove short, not continuous; capitulum long; coxa I with two short, sub-equal spurs; coxae II-IV each with two spurs, the internal spur being the smaller and decreasing in size on the successive coxae. Description. Body : broadly elliptical, L. 7-0 mm., W. 5-0 mm. (partly gorged); dorsum with scattered, coarse punctations; marginal groove not continuous, terminating posteriorly at the external festoon from which it runs forwards for a short distance only; festoons clearly defined. Scutum : triangular, 2-7 x 3-2 mm.; posterior angle narrow, postero-lateral mar- gins almost straight; ornate, with an irregular pale patch in each antero- ■ , r,' , «." . " L.E.I^. Fig. 86. Amblyomma sabanerae $. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (Type, Trouessart Coll. Toulouse.) A. sabaiierae 183 lateral field (in the specimen the pale areas are obscured as a result of defective preservation but there are indications that the median and lateral fields are pale in the living or well-preserved tick, with a dark marginal border extending from the ocular spots to the posterior angle; with the cervical stripes extending posteriorly to reach the limiting spots, and a small frontal spot adjoining the ocular spot); cervical grooves deep, rather wide, curved with the convexity external; punc- tations numerous, large, confluent in places ; eyes rather small, pale and flat. Venter: similar to dorsum; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae I and II ; spiracles large, triangular, with rounded angles. Capitnlum: L. 1*8 mm., long and narrow, basis triangular, postero- lateral angles slightly salient; porose areas large, oval, with a small transverse depression uniting their bases, interval rather less than diameter; palps long and slender, article 2 three-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long and slender; coxa I with two well-separated, short, sub-equal spurs; two short spurs on each of coxae II-IV, the internal spur diminishing in size on the successive coxae; tarsi long, gradually attenuated at the distal extremity. Description based on one of the 2 $s (types), off "Sabanera" (a small tortoise?), Retalhulen, Guatemala, Central America, 0. Stoll (Troues- sart Coll. Toulouse). Neumann (1899, p. 261) refers a badly-preserved?, measuring 20 x 15 mm. to this species, but with some doubt. There is no indication of the origin of the specimen, which differs from the type in the presence of a coppery spot at the posterior angle of the scutum, and in the absence of the transverse depression between the porose areas. 54. AMBLYOMMA SUPINOI Neumann, 1905. Figs. 87 and 88. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Ixodes testudinis Supino, F., 1897, p. 247, specific description of ?, based on tarsus only; Tab. XII, Fig. 1, tarsus I; a, hypostome. Aponomma testudinis (Supino) Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 199-200, specific description of $. Amblyomma testudinis (Supino) Neumann, L. G., 1902, p. 124, description of $. Amblyomma supinoi Neumann, L. G., 1905, p. 234, description of $; 1911, p. 88. Amblyomma annandalei Warburton, C, 1910, p. 403, specific description of $; Fig. 8, capitulum and scutum, coxae, spiracle and anal groove. Neumann first alludes to Ixodes testudinis Supino in the description of his Aponomma testudinis (1899, p. 199); in 1902 he recognised the species as belonging 184 1 ■ nus Amblyomma to the genua AmblyommQ and oorreoted his firal description accordingly. In 1005 (p. 234), finding thai the speoino name fc rttMUnid waa pre occupied in .!//'/<. testudinie (Conil) Lahille, Neumann renamed the species -4mWt/oro»MJ wpinoi. Male (Fig. 87). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum broadly oval; ornate, with irregular, pair stripes in the antero-lateral fields, also near the lateral margins, anterior to, and opposite to, the externa] festoon, and a pair of sym metrically disposed curved patches at the posterior end opposite the 3rd to 5th festoons; marginal groove absent; punctations tine on the central part of the scutum, coarser in the marginal zone; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I— II I each with two short, broad, rounded spurs; a single spur; one-and-a-half times as lonur as broad on coxa IV. mm, m ..■;.;•■;.•:: ? %%$k *f»* « ": ■''".< ' "-e ' , .- "" -■_ „ ■ 4^ * -if ■■•* •■«•. f&SvvAy .-V* PP'' U.E.i\. h Fig. 87. Amblyonnitti swpinoi $. Scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N.3392.) A. supinoi 185 Description. Body : L. 4-3 mm., W. 3-8 mm., contour broad oval, lateral margins convex. Scutum: convex; ornate with pale stripes and spots on a dark-brown ground, (1) an irregular pale stripe extending from the scapular angle to the inner side of the 2nd lateral spot, (2) an irregular, pale stripe commencing at the outer side of the 1st lateral spot and extending posteriorly as far as the 2nd festoon, with a lateral prolongation which separates the 3rd lateral spot from the postero- accessory stripe, (3) a pair of curved, pale patches symmetrically disposed at the posterior end of the scutum adjacent to the 3rd to 5th festoons, separating the postero-median from the postero-accessory stripes, (4) in- distinct and irregular, small, pale spots on the central fields of the scutum ; postero-median and postero-accessory stripes short and broad; lateral spots large, conjoined, forming a lateral dark band which is fused at its anterior end with the dark marginal coloration; cervical stripes and frontal spots fused to form a pair of broad, dark patches in the anterior part of the scutum, fading posteriorly into the moderately dark-coloured central part of the scutum; cervical grooves deep, curved; marginal groove absent ; punctations fine on the central part of the scutum, coarse in the marginal zone, especially in the antero-lateral fields and along the lateral margins from the eye to the external festoon; festoons well-defined, separations narrow. Venter: spiracles large, ovoid. Capi- tulum: L. 0-95 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; palps long, narrow, club-shaped, article 2 more than twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: coxae I— III each with two short, rounded, well-separated, sub-equal spurs; a single spur, one-and-a-half times as long as broad on coxa IV; tarsi attenuated in talus. Female (Fig. 88). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum cordiform, posterior angle narrow, ornate, with a large irregular pale patch in each lateral field and a more or less extensive pale spot in the median field; punctations unequal, coarse in the lateral fields; eyes pale and flat, situated at the anterior third; porose areas large, oval, widely-separated; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxae I— III each with two short, broad, rounded spurs; a single similar spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 4-3 mm., W. 3-6 mm., contour broad oval; marginal groove continuous, festoons clearly defined. Scutum: 2-4 x 2-6 mm., cordiform, postero-lateral margins convex, posterior angle narrow; ornate, with an irregular, pale patch in each lateral field, eroded on the external side by the ocular spot, on the internal side by the frontal spot; 186 (ic nus Arriblyomma Fig. SS. Amblyomma sujnnoi ?. Dorsum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi T and IV. (Type, Genoa Mus.) a more or less extensive, pale patch in the median field ; cervical grooves deep, curved, with the convexity external; pimctations numerous, unequal, coarse in the lateral fields; eyes pale and flat. Venter: genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III; spiracles large, sub-triangular with broadly rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-6 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins convex, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas large, oval, interval nearly twice the diameter; palps long, slender, club-shaped, article 2 more than twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long, coxae I— III each with two short, broad, rounded spurs; a single similar spur on coxa IV; tarsi attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Supino's specimen, a single $, came from Bhamo, Burma, L. Fea coll. (Genoa Mus.). Neumann records specimens from Burma, and lists as hosts: Testudo elongata Blyth, Nicoria trijuga (Schweigg.), and Varanus bengalensis Daud. The Cambridge collection contains cjs, off Testudo elongata, Baradighi, Yalpaiguri District, Bengal, India, vn. 1916, W. L. Travers coll. (N. 3392), and a $, off Geoemyda spinosa, India (Burma?), Dr N. Annandale coll. (Indian Mus., Calcutta, No. 19/1; N. 1106). A. cruciferum 187 55. AMBLYOMMA CRUCIFERUM Neumann, 1901. Fig. 89. Lit. and Iconogr. : Neumann, L. G., 1901, p. 302, description of the cj; 1911, pp. 88-89: Donitz, W., 1909, pp. 448-449, description of ornamentation, Fig. 8, cJ dorsum. Male (Fig. 89). Diagnosis: A small tick, about as broad as long; marginal groove absent; general colour earthy-yellow with indistinct brownish ornamentation; punctations numerous; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxae I— III each with two short, blunt spurs; a single similar spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: short, L. 3-0 mm., W. 2-8 mm., widest at posterior third, posterior border broadly rounded. Scutum: slightly convex, general colour dirty-yellow with indistinct brownish ornamentation; postero-median stripe rather broad, not knobbed at the extremity; postero-accessory stripes extending horizontally towards the median line from the level of the second festoon, forming with the postero-median stripe a cruciform figure from which the specific name is derived ; diverging on each side from the anterior extremity of the postero-median stripe, the anterior accessory stripes extend towards the lateral margins ; imme- diately anterior to these an indistinct falciform stripe can be recognised; Fig. 89. Amblyomma cruciferum <§. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (Type, Berlin Mus.) 188 Genus Amblyomma the three lateral spots arc almosl unrecognisable, being confused with tlir dark marginal coloration winch itself is interrupted by two pale spots between the eye and the external festoon; the Frontal spot bridges the interval between the cervical stripe and the ocular spot; cervical grooves short and deep; punctations numerous, not conllin-ni . shallow, almost absent from the dark markings of the scutum which are them- selves slightly raised above the general surface; marginal groove absent; eyes indistinct, pale and Hat. Venter: dirty yellow; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles small, comma-shaped, dorsal process almost pointed. Cajritulum: relatively long. L. 1 mm., basis rectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, posterolateral angles non-salient; palps long and slender, article 2 more than twice as long as article 3; hypostome spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: short, stout, yellowish with brown markings ; coxae I— III each with two short, blunt, rounded spurs ; coxa IV with a single similar spur; tarsi small, attenuated in talus. Female: unknown. Neumann's description is based on 4 cJs (with 2 nymphs) off an iguana — Metopoceros cor mil us — from Haiti, West Indies (Berlin Mus.). These are the only specimens known. 56. AMBLYOMMA CORDIFERUM Neumann. 1899. Fig. 90. Lit. : Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 218-219; 1911, p. 84. Male : unknown. Female (Fig. 90). Diagnosis: A large, inornate species; scutum cordiform, eyes situated at anterior third of length, punctations moderately coarse and practically limited to anterior half of scutum ; capitulum long; palps slender and flattened on ventral surf ace ; porose areas moderately large, elliptical and widely separated; spiracles triangular, with a large, rounded, dorsal prolongation; coxa I with two widely-separated spurs of which the external is the longer; coxae II and III with two spurs, the internal one of which is reduced to a small tubercle; coxa IV with a single spur. Description. Body: L. 234 mm., W. 17-2 mm. (gorged), rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, sides sub-rectilinear and parallel; colour earthy yellowish-brown; dorsum glabrous, marginal groove absent, other grooves and festoons normal. Scutum: broader than long, 2-8 x 3-4 mm., A. cordiferum 189 LXB. Fig. 90. Amblyomma cordiferum®. Scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (Type, Hamburg Mus.) cordiform, posterior angle broad; colour earthy-brown with darker markings in the form of indistinct cervical stripes, ocular and frontal spots and a narrow margin extending from the eyes to the posterior angle; margin from the eye to the scapular angle pale in colour; cervical grooves narrow, deep and curved, each terminating posteriorly in a depression formed by a group of contiguous punctations; eyes large, elliptical, flat and pale, situated at the level of the anterior third of the scutum ; punctations moderately large, shallow, numerous in the anterior part of the lateral fields, few between the cervical grooves and along the inner margins of the cervical stripes, absent in the posterior part of the scutum. Capitulum: L. 2-0 mm.; basis capituli rectangular, posterior margin almost straight, postero-lateral angles barely salient; porose areas moderately large, elliptical, divergent anteriorly, interval equal to almost twice the diameter; palps long and slender, article 2 contracted proximally, more than twice as long as article 3, flattened on ventral face, hypostome long, dentition i | 4. Venter: colour, etc., as dorsum; spiracle triangular with a large, rounded, dorsal prolongation, frame narrow. Legs: of medium size, chestnut-brown with paler colour at the distal extremities of the articles; coxa I wi th two widely-separated, triangular, pointed spurs, I '.to ( lenua A mblyomma of which the external is aboul twice the length of the internal; on coxae I! I V the internal spur becomes progressively reduced in size, being represented by a small tubercle OD c<>xa III and completely absent on coxs IV: tarsi attenuated obliquely (tarsi III and IV and the pulvilli of all the legs are missing in the specimen). Description based on the type, a single, gorged $ (No. E-K. 2699, \ -er/.eielm. {J-S) in the Zoological .Museum. Hamburg, given by Gehrckens, from Banda Is., Moluccas. Host not specified. 57. AMBLYOMMA DEMINUTIVUM Neumann, 1899. Fig. 91. Lit. : Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 221, specific description of $; 1911, p. 73. Male : unknown. Female (Fig. 91). Diagnosis: A moderately large tick; scutum very small, cordiform, broader than long, inornate, with few very coarse punctations in the lateral fields, fine elsewhere; capitulum short and broad; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two small, widely-separated spurs; coxa II with two small spurs, the internal spur very small; coxa III with the internal spur vestigial or com- pletely absent; coxa IV with a single short spur. Description. Body: L. 13-5-16-0 mm., 11'. 10-5-12-5 mm. (gorged specimens), dorsum dark-brown, finely wrinkled, with few scattered, shallow punctations. Scutum : relatively very small, 1-7 x 2 mm., cordi- form, posterior angle narrow, postero-lateral margins sinuous; colour dark reddish-brown, inornate, glossy; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, curved with the convexity external, shallow and divergent posteriorly; punctations few and coarse in the antero-lateral fields, fine elsewhere. Venter: as dorsum; genital aperture opposite first coxal interspace; spiracles small, triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: broad and short, L. 1-0 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles non-salient, porose areas large, oval, widely-separated, interval greater than diameter, slightly divergent ; palps slightly contracted at base, sides almost parallel, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3 : hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: short and weak; coxa I with two widely-separated, divergent, small spurs; coxa II with two similar but smaller spurs, the internal spur sometimes much reduced; coxae III and IV each with a single spur, A. deminutiviun 191 "■::-v:-:':::v-:W: L.E.r\. ^ Fig. 91. Amblyomma deminutivum $. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 653.) the internal spur being sometimes represented by a minute tubercle on coxa III and completely absent on coxa IV; tarsi attenuated in talus. Description based on 4 gorged $s, off snakes, Menagerie des Reptiles, Colombia, S. America (Paris Mus.), and 1 gorged $ (Cambridge col- lection, N. 653), off Boa constrictor, Brazil (?), S. America, n. 1909, W. A. Harding coll. The Cambridge collection also contains a $, off Lachesis lanceolalus in the Zoological Society's Gardens, London, presented by Mr Gordon Merriman. 58. AMBLYOMMA CALCARATUM Neumann, 1899. Lit. p. 75. Figs. 92 and 93. Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 226, short specific description of $ and ?; 1911, Male (Fig. 92). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum long oval; marginal groove absent; punctations numerous; cervical grooves short and deep; ornamentation in the form of an irregular pale spot in each antero-lateral field, small irregular pale spots scattered over the rest of the scutum; capitulum broad, postero-lateral angles L92 Genus A mblyomma t,.E .t(. Fig. 92. Amblyomm •a rnlriirnlum q. Scutum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi (N.2869.) I and IV. extending posteriorly as well-developed cornua; coxa I with a pair of long, pointed, contiguous spurs; a short, broad spur on each of coxae II— III ; a long, pointed spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 3-9 mm., IF. 2-8 mm., contour oval, moderately elongate, broadest behind middle. Scutum : light-brown, with an irregular pale spot in each antero-lateral field; small irregular pale spots and inarblings scattered over the rest of the scutum excepting the marginal parts, the postero-median and accessory stripes and the lateral spots; these stripes and spots are distinguishable by their darker colour and the absence of punctations; marginal groove absent; cervical grooves in the form of short oval pits, divergent anteriorly; punctations numerous, unequal, coarsest in the antero-lateral fields; eyes moderately large, pale and flat; festoons longer than broad, clearly defined, intervals fine. Venter: genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles small, comma-shaped. Capitulum: broad and short, L. 0-8 mm. (not including cornua), basis short, rectangular; postero-lateral angles prolonged backwards as stout A. calcaratum 193 cornua; palps short and thick, article 2 with a postero-dorsal point, and barely longer than article 3 ; hypostome with teeth limited to the anterior half; dentition 3 | 3. Legs: coxa I with a pair of long, pointed, sub-equal spurs; a broad, plate-like spur, running into a blunt point at its external part, on each of coxae II and III ; a long, pointed spur on coxa IV ; tarsi short, abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 93). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum cordiform, as long or longer than broad; ornate, with an irregular, pale spot in the posterior angle; punctations numerous, evenly distributed, coarsest in the antero-lateral fields; capitulum long, basis triangular, article 2 of the palp three times as long as article 3 ; coxa I with two long, stout, parallel spurs; a broad, plate-like spur on each of coxae II and III; a blunt, triangular spur on coxa IV. Description. Body: L. 5-0 mm., W. 3-5 mm. Scutum: cordiform, 2-8 x 2-65 mm., emargination shallow; ornamentation consisting of a single, irregular, pale spot at the posterior angle; ground colour light x-i .,?<• • •-■*. f'-t ■Vcc * ,s 1 H V « «- / oil .** • sf#^ Fig. 93. Amblyomma calcaratum Scutum, capitulum, spiracle, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2869.) N II 13 L94 Genus Atnblyomma reddish-brown, with a darker marginal zone, the cervical Btripes and the frontal spots darker m colour; |>unetai mus numerous, evenly distributed, coarsesl in antero lateral fields; cervical grooves in the form of short, deep, ovoid pits from which a shallow groove extends posteriorly some little distance beyond the centre of the senium; eyes large, pale and flat. Venter: Bpiracles relatively small, triangular, with rounded angles. Capitulum: /.. 1-7 mm., basis triangular, posterolateral angles broad, slightly salient; lateral margins very convex; porose areas medium in size, deep, ovoid and divergent, interval greater than diameter; palps long and slender, article 2 three times as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 3 | 3. Legs: coxa I with, two long, stout, contiguous, parallel spurs; a broad, plate-like spur on each of coxae II and III; a short tri- angular spur, slightly longer than broad, on coxa IV; tarsus I abruptly attenuated; tarsi II-IV attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann's original description was based on 14 <3s and 8 $s, off Mijrmecofhaga tetradactyJa, collected by Goldi; 2 n coxa IV; tarsi short and thick, abruptly attenuated. Female : unknow n. Neumann's description is based <>n - Js, one of which I have examined and figured, off Tapirus sp. and Dicrcmocerosfurcatus, North America, I •ouckicr coll. (Trouessart Coll., Toulouse). Neumann (l'Jl I . p. 75) adds Venezuela, S. America, as a country of origin. 60. AMBLYOMMA NODOSUM Neumann, 1899. Figs. 95 and 96. Synon., Lit and Iconogr. : Amblyomma nodosum Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 224-225, specific description of cJ and ?; 1902, p. 121, a note on an abnormality in the festoons of the j>; 1911, p. 76, brief description of the q and $. AnMyomma uncatwm Xuttall and Warburton, 1908, pp. 412-414, specific description of $; Figs. 37—40, o dorsum, coxae I— TV, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, digit of chelicera, and spiracle. I had recognised the identity of Amb. uncatum with Amb. nodosum when Aragao called attention to the fact in his Notas Ixodidologicas (1918, p. 4 of separate). Male (Fig. 95). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum with charac- teristic pale ornamentation on a dark-brown ground; marginal groove absent; capitulum broad and short, palps somewhat resembling those of a Haemaphi/salis; coxa I with two long, stout spurs; coxae II and III each with a short, wide, flat spur; coxa IV with a single moderately long spur. Description. Body: L. 3-7-4-1 mm., W. 2-9-3-2 mm., contour oval, little wider behind than in front. Scutum : slightly convex, general colour dark-brown with pale ornamentation — (1) a J-shaped pale spot in each antero-lateral field, (2) small, scattered, pale spots in the median part of the scutum, (3) a pair of symmetrically disposed pale spots at the posterior end of the scutum, immediately anterior to the festoons; small pale spots on the two external festoons; marginal groove absent; cervical grooves in the form of short, deep, oval pits, very divergent ; emargination shallow; punctations numerous, medium in size, equal, distributed fairly evenly over the whole scutum; eyes pale and flat (Neumann describes them as being reddish in colour, a condition doubtless due to defective preservation of the specimen); festoons clearly denned, longer than broad, intervals narrow\ Venter: paler than dorsum, glabrous, punctate; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles relatively small, short, A. nodosum 197 A~*r » <' > •'»• *" '' ' r-* " '*'-: ' •« l \ Fig. 95. Amblyomma nodosum $. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, spiracle, venter, tarsi I and IV. (N. 2875. ) comma-shaped. Capitulum: short, L. 0-9-1-1 mm.; broad; basis capituli nearly three times as broad as long, postero-lateral angles produced into stout, blunt cornua; palps short, conical, article 1 with a broad, flattened expansion on its ventral face, article 2 with a pronounced, salient, posterior margin which traverses the ventral face, projects laterally and is con- tinued at the mesial side of the dorsal face into a strong retrograde spine; hypostome short, broad and spatulate; dentition 3 | 3, teeth covering fully two-thirds of the total length. Legs: of medium size, dark-brown in colour; coxa I with two long, stout, parallel, contiguous, blunt, sub-equal spurs; coxae II and III each with a short, broad spur projecting in a rounded tubercle at its external part; coxa IV with a similar but longer spur; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 96). Diagnosis: Scutum oval-cordiform, with a Y-shaped pale spot in each lateral field and a small pale spot at the posterior angle; cervical grooves in the form of small, deep, oval pits; punctations numerous, moderately coarse; capitulum of medium size; coxa I with two sub-equal, long spurs; a single, short, flattened spur on coxae II-IV. L98 Genua Amblyomma Fig. 96. Amblyomma nodosum $. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (N. 2875.) Description. Body: L. 5 mm., W. 3-5 mm., dorsum dark-brown, rugose and punctate, marginal groove present, festoons well-defined. Scutum: oval-cordiform. 2-5 x 2-6 mm., dark-brown, with pale orna- mentation in the form of a Y-shaped figure in each lateral field and a small. pale spot at the posterior angle; punctations numerous, moderately coarse, evenly distributed; cervical grooves in the form of small, deep, oval pits, very divergent; eyes pale and flat, situated a little anterior to the middle of the scutum. Venter: earthy-brown, punctate, with fine scattered hairs in its posterior half; festoons distinct; genital aperture narrow, situated opposite the posterior margin of coxa II; spiracles rather small, short, pear-shaped. Capitulum: L. 1-6 mm., basis nearly three times as broad as long, lateral margins convex, posterior margin concave, postero-lateral angles salient, porose areas of medium size, ovoid, divergent, interval less than diameter; palps long, article 2 with oblique ridge on the dorsal side only, twice as long as article 3; hypo- stome long, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long; coxa I with two long, stout, sub-equal, contiguous, parallel spurs; coxae II-IV each with a short, broad spur, projecting as a rounded tubercle at the external part, longest A. nodosum 199 on coxa IV; tarsi less abruptly attenuated than in the <$. Gorged ?s may attain a size of 10 x 7 mm. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann records S&, $s and nymphs, host not specified, from Costa Rica, Lafon coll. (Paris Mus.); 1 ( i-enus A mblyomma /% •' .v. Fig. 97. Ambhjommn inrisum. <£. Scutum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 1205.) stripe extending nearly to the middle of the scutum; postero-accessory stripes directed towards the centre of the scutum ; lateral spots separate or conjoined, distinct from the marginal dark coloration, the latter a narrow band extending from the eye to the external festoon ; antero-accessory stripes and limiting spots conjoined as a pair of divergent stripes within, and at the level of, the 1st and 2nd lateral spots; frontal spot elongate, narrow; cervical stripes long, barely reaching the limiting spots; ocular spot insignificant; punctations numerous, moderately large, clustered, areolate; marginal "groove short, broad and shallow, sometimes indis- tinguishable; cervical grooves short and deep, sigmoid; eyes medium, flat and pale, situated far forward; festoons well-defined, each marked with an extension of the pale ground of the scutum. Venter: glabrous, with fine punctations; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, comma-shaped; festoons very distinct, each with a large, ventral scute, the posterior margin of which is produced posteriorly beyond the general body contour in the form of a flat, translucent, chitinous plate, the free margin of which is entire in the median festoon but deeply incised in the A. incisum 201 5th, the notches gradually decreasing in depth as the external festoon is approached. Ccepitulum: L. 1-9 mm., basis rectangular with pale enamel- ling on the dorsal surface, twice as broad as long, postero-lateral angles slightly salient; palps with pale enamelling on the dorsal side, with long hairs, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome very spatulate, dentition 3 | 3. Legs: long and stout; coxa I with two moderately long, equal, stout, flattened, parallel spurs; a single, broad, plate-like spur, produced into a point at the external angle, on each of coxae II and III ; a single, triangular, pointed spur on coxa IV; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 98). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick; scutum tri- angular, ornate; cervical grooves short, deep, sigmoid; punctations deep, areolate ; hypostome dentition 4 | 4 ; coxa I with two moderately long stout spurs ; coxae II— I V each with a single short spur. Description. Body: elliptical, L. 5-5 mm., W. 3-3 mm., dorsum dark- brown, rugose, with numerous coarse punctations; marginal groove present, continuous. Scutum: 2-5 x 2-8 mm., triangular, ornate; a dark marginal coloration extending from the scapular angle to the limiting spot; frontal spots small, fused with the marginal coloration; cervical stripes narrow and divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, large 2..E.^. -yO Fig. 98. Amblyomma incisum ' Scutum, capitulum, venter, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (N. 1897.) 202 Genus Ambly&m/ma in the anterior half of the senium, dee]), areolate; cervical grooves short ami deep, sigmoid; eyes medium, pale and flat. Venter', dark-brown, glabrous, punctationa small; genital aperture opposite the interspace between coxae II and III: spiracles large, triangular with rounded aneles: festoons each with a dark-coloured ventral scute bearing a small rounded tubercle a1 t he postero-internal angle. Ca/pitulum: L. 1*6 mm., basis rectangular, more than twice as broad as long; postero-lateral angles rounded and slightly salient; porose areas small, oval and widely-separated : palps long, moderately stout; article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome spatulate, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: as in the . Amblyomma crassipunctatum Stoll, O., 1886-1893, p. 22, inadequate description of the Genus Amblyomma Fig. 102. Amblyomma yacae, <$. Scutum, capituluin from dorsal and lateral aspects, hypostorue, venter, coxae I-IV, spiracle, tarsi I and IV. (C. G. Type of Amb. fiebrigi, fig. reproduced from Robinson, 1911.) extending slightly beyond the anterior margin of coxa II; coxae II and III each with a single, small, short, blunt spur; a single spur twice as long as broad on coxa IV; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Female (Fig. 103). Diagnosis: A small tick; scutum triangular- cordiform, almost inornate; punctations small, numerous, discrete; eyes pale and flat; basis capituli sub-triangular; porose areas oval, divergent, interval about one-and-a-half times diameter; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two moderately long, stout, sub-equal spurs ; coxae II— I V each with a single, very short, broad spur. Description. Body: L. 3-6 mm., W. 2-7 mm., contour elliptical; dorsum yellowish-brown, glabrous, with shallow punctations; marginal groove terminating posteriorly at the 3rd or 4th festoon. Scutum: (2-2 x 2-5 mm.) triangular-cordiform, posterior angle rather narrow, postero-lateral margins sinuous ; smooth and shining, indistinctly ornate with pale markings in the posterior angle and the lateral fields, general A. pacae 211 Fig. 103. Amblyomma pacae $. Scutum, capituluin, spiracle, tarsi I and IV, coxae I-IV. (C. 6. Type of Amb. fiebrigi, fig. reproduced from Robinson, 1911.) colour light maroon-brown ; cervical grooves deep and pear-shaped in the anterior part, continued by shallow, divergent depressions to the posterior third of the scutum; punctations small, numerous, discrete; eyes rather small, pale and flat. Venter: pale greyish-yellow, smooth and glabrous; genital aperture opposite interspace between coxae II and III ; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: L. 1-35 mm., basis sub-triangular, postero-lateral angles rounded, non-salient; porose areas of medium size, oval, deep, divergent, interval about one-and-a-half times diameter; palps club-shaped, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 3 j 3. Legs: short and stout, earthy yellowish-brown ; coxae I with two moderately long, stout, sub-equal spurs, the external spur extending a little beyond the anterior margin of coxa II (unfed example) ; a single, very short, broad spur at the postero- external angle of each of coxae II-IV, produced inwards as a fine sahent ridge on coxae II and III; tarsi abruptly attenuated. Description based on 1 i>. !»:; !>l. specific description of ; Tab. WIN, Fig. 66, , dorsum (coloured). 1899. Neumann, L G., pp. 278-279, description of $. 1901, p. 312, a correction of the previous description. 1911, Neumann, L. G., p. 90, brief description. I have carefully compared the type of Amb. hdvolum with numerous $a of Amb. decoratum and can find no constant distinguishing characteristic. Koch's description of Amb. hdvolum precedes that of Amb. decoratum, which name, by the rule of priority, must lapse into synonymy. Amblyomma decoratum Koch, C. L., 1844, p. 230, No. 40, brief description of out equal to diameter; hypostome dentition 3 | 3; coxa I with two short, unequal spurs; a single, short, triangular spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi tapering gradually. Description. Body: L. 3-8-4-8 mm., W. 3-0-3-8 mm., contour broad oval, narrower anteriorly, dorsum earthy yellowish-brown, punctate; marginal groove absent; festoons present, separations narrow. Scutum: 1*7-2-0 x 2-0-2-35 mm., cordiform, posterior angle medium, postero- lateral margins slightly convex, sometimes sinuous; ornate, with pale spots on a dark ground; scapular spots irregularly triangular, with an external angle adjacent to the anterior margin of the eye; postero- median spot rounded or oblong (in the type a small, pale spot is visible close to the inner margin of the cervical groove); cervical grooves deep and inverted comma-shaped anteriorly, shallower, curved and slightly divergent posteriorly, extending almost to the postero-lateral margins of the scutum; punctations medium to small, fairly numerous and regularly distributed; eyes small, pale and flat, sometimes indistinct. Venter: similar in colour to dorsum, finely punctate; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles broad comma-shaped. Capitidum: L. 1-1-2 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles rounded and slightly salient, lateral margins slightly convex; porose areas small, deep, oval, divergent, interval about equal to diameter; palps long, article 2 twice as long as article 3 ; hypostome dentition 3 | 3 (hypostome and chelicerae missing in the type). Legs: long and slender; coxa I with two short, unequal spurs, the external being the longer ; a single, triangular spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi long, gradually tapering at the distal extremity; pulvilli half length of claws. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The East Indies, from the Nicobar Is. to New Guinea and Aus- tralia; on Reptilia. The type and Koch's Amb. fimbr latum, came from Manila, Philippine Is.; the type of Amb. decoratum was also found in the Philippine Is. Neumann (1899, p. 245) records 5 c?s {Amb. decoratum) from the Philippine Is., G. Semper coll., labelled "Ixodes aquilae" A. helvolum 219 (Hamburg Mus.); his Amb. quadrimaculatum, a single 3, off Triglyphedon dendrophilu m , came from Java (Oudemans coll.); his Amb. furcosum., 2 $s, off Python reticulatus, also came from Java (Berlin Mus.). Neumann (1911, p. 87) includes Sumatra, and adds Zamenis mucosus and Varanus salvator to the list of hosts. I have examined c?s, off Varanus salvator, Cantor, Nicobar Is., India (Ind. Mus. coll. 5987/10); cJs and $, off Ptyas (Zamenis) korros, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States, n. 1910, A. T. Stanton coll. (N. 1016); c?s and nymph, off Iguana, St John's Is., Singapore, Straits Settlements, x. 1908, Dr A. K. Wellington coll. (N. 482); (Js, off Varanus salvator, Singapore, n. 1910, A. T. Stanton coll. (N. 1017 6); (?), off Python sp., Kuching, Sarawak, Borneo, vn. 1907, Dr A. R. Wellington coll. (N. 303); ?s, off Coluber otocephalus, Java, Dutch Ease Indies, 1908, Dr J. C. Koningsberger coll. (N. 486); (?), off Ptyas (Zamenis) korros, Java, 1908, Dr J. C. Koningsberger coll. (N. 490); c?s and $, off Varanus salvator, Buitzenzorg, Java, iv. 1913, F. P. Jepson coll. (N. 2187 a); ?, off Varanus sp., Quambone, N. S. Wales, Australia, W. F. Cooper coll. (C. 257); also a ; Figs. 6-9, $ dorsum, spiracles, 6* tarsus I, and $ scutum and capitulum (herein reproduced). Amblyomma malayanum Neumann, L. G., in. 1908, pp. 14-16, specific description of (J and Q; Figs. 9 and 10, <$ coxae and $ dorsum (fig. 10 herein reproduced); p. 21, analytical key: 1911, p. 89, brief description of $ and $. Male (Fig. 111). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum almost circular; ornate, with a pale spot in each scapular angle and a median pale spot in the posterior angle of a well-defined pseudoscutum ; postero- median stripe, lateral spots and antero-accessory stripes in the form of smooth, salient ridges and bosses; postero-accessory stripes represented by oblique, wide, shallow grooves; marginal groove absent; punctations numerous, large and deep; eyes pale, flat, indistinct; hypostome dentition 4|4; coxa I with two short, blunt, spurs; coxae II-IV each with a small spur; tarsi attenuated in talus. Description. Body: L. 7-1 mm., W. 6-8 mm., contour almost circular, slightly narrower in front, very slightly concave in the region of the eye. Scutum: dark-brown, paler in the anterior part; ornate, with a pale spot in each scapular angle and a median pale spot in the angle of the well-defined and slightly-salient pseudoscutum; postero-median stripe in the form of a smooth, longitudinal ridge extending from the anterior margin of the median festoon to the centre of the scutum; postero-accessory stripes represented by a pair of obliquely-placed, wide, shallow depressions commencing posteriorly opposite the 3rd festoon 15-2 228 ( Minis Amblyomma Fig. 111. Amblyomma criehturum £. Scutum, capitulum, tarsus J, spiracle. (From Cooper and Robinson, 1908, Figs. 6-9, C. 259.) Coxae I-IV. (From Neumann, m. 1908, Fig. 9.) and directed towards the anterior extremity of the postero-median stripe; lateral spots and antero-accessory stripes in the form of smooth bosses; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, curved with the convexity external, the posterior part shallow and divergent; marginal groove absent or represented by a linear arrangement of coarse punctations along the anterior margins of the festoons; punctations very numerous, large and deep, fairly evenly distributed, sparser on the pseudoscutum. the marginal ridges and the festoons, absent from the salient areas; eyes flat, pale and indistinct; festoons well-defined, convex, with deep separations; their posterior edges not attaining the margin of the body. Venter: dark-brown, finely wrinkled, with superficial punctations and few fine hairs in the posterior part; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, very broad, sub-triangular. Capitulum : L. 1-3 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles barely salient; palps relatively short and thick, article 2 twice as long as article 3; hypostome shorter than palps, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long and relatively slender, dark-brown A. caelaturum 229 with pale spots on the dorsal side of the extremities of the femur, tibia and protarsus; coxa I with two small, blunt, sub-equal spurs; a single, short, blunt spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi attenuated in talus. Female (Fig. 112). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum triangular, posterior angle broad; ornate, with a pale spot in each scapular angle and a median pale spot in the posterior angle; punctations large, fairly numerous, unequal and somewhat irregular in distri- bution; eyes pale, flat and indistinct; foveae unusually large and distinct; basis capituli trapezoidal, porose areas circular, deep, interval about equal to diameter; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxa I with two short, sub-equal spurs ; coxae II-IV each with a single, short, blunt spur. CD Fig. 112. A mblyomma caelaturum $. Scutum, capitulum, spiracle. (From Cooper and Robinson, 1908, Figs. 6-9, C. 259.) Scutum in outline, with foveae posterior thereto. (From Neumann, m. 1908, Fig. 10.) 230 ( 9-enus .1 mblyomma Description. Body. /.. >s 9 mm.. II . 6 7 mm. (tin* type specimen, a partially-gorged example, measures 11*6 9*5 mm.); dorsum dark- brown, with numerous whitish hairs; foveae unusually large, appearing as ;i pair of adjacenl salienl plaques situated a short distance posterior to t he scutum. Scutum: 3*3 •">••"> mm., triangular, posterior angle broad and rounded, postero lateral margins rectilinear, antero-lateral margins prominenl : ornate, with a pale spol iu each scapulai angle and a median pale spol in the posterior angle; punctations fairly numerous, large, irregularly distributed and unequal in size, confluent in places; cervical grooves deep anteriorly, shallow and divergent posteriorly; eyes pale, Hat and indistinct. Venter: like dorsum; genital aperture small, situated opposite coxa II : spiracles large, very broad, sub-triangular. Capitulum : L. - mm., basis trapezoidal, postero-lateral angles non-salient: porose areas of medium size, circular, deep, interval about equal to diameter; palps relatively longer than those of the c?, article 2 three times as long as article 3: hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long and rather slender; coxa 1 with two short, blunt, sub-equal spurs; a single, short, blunt spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi long, attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. The types, a 3 and a partially gorged $, were found on Geoemyda sfinosa, Kuala Aring, Federated Malay States, 1899, Dr N. Annandale coll. (Skeat Expedition), the gift of Mr F. F. Laidlaw (C. 259). In the original description they were described erroneously as having been collected by Mr Laidlaw in Java ; I have to thank Dr N. Annandale for the correction. Neumann's description is based on a J and 2 $s, host not specified, from Bukitima, Singapore (British Mus.). In addition to the types, the Cambridge collection contains specimens, o and $, off tortoise, Malay Peninsula, 1906, Dr H. E. Durham coll. (N. 202). 73. AMBLYOMMA GEOEMYDAE (Cantor, 1847). Fig. 113. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Ixodes geoemydae Cantor, T., 1847, p. 608. Amblyomma geoemydae (Cantor) Neumann, L. G., 1906, pp. 214-216, specific description of ?; Figs. 15 and 16, ? scutum and basis capituli, spiracle (herein reproduced). Male : unknown. Female (Fig. 113). Diagnosis: A large tick; scutum broad and triangular, posterior angle narrow; ornate, with pale spots on a maroon-brown ground: punctations numerous, large; basis capituli A. geoemydae 231 sub-triangular, porose areas large, oval, divergent, interspace less than diameter; hypostome dentition 4 | 4; coxa I with two short, flat, sub-equal spurs, a single similar spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi attenuated in talus. Description. Body: L. 18-25 mm., W. 12-19 mm. (all gorged examples) ; ovoid, swollen ; dorsum yellowish-brown, with short and very scattered hairs. Scutum: 2-5 x 3-4 mm., triangular, posterolateral margins rectilinear, posterior angle narrow; ornate, with a pale spot in the posterior angle and irregular pale markings along the scapular borders and in the lateral fields; cervical grooves deep, long, anterior portion convex externally, continued backwards as shallow, divergent depressions almost to the posterior border; punctations numerous, large, Fig. 113. Amblyomma geoemydae $. Scutum and basis capituli, spiracle. (From Neumann, 1906, Figs. 15 and 16.) deep, sub-equal ; eyes pale and flat. Venter : colour and hairs as dorsum ; spiracles large, sub-triangular with broadly-rounded angles. Capitidum: L. 1-8 mm., basis sub-triangular, with pale enamelling at the angles, lateral margins rounded, postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas large, oval, divergent, interval less than diameter; palps thick, article 2 almost twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long; coxa 1 with two short, flat, sub-equal, well-separated spurs, as broad as long; a single similar spur on each of coxae II-IV; tarsi long, attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Cantor's specimen was found attached to the neck of a tortoise, Geoemyda spinosa Gray, Pinang Hills, Sumatra (British Mus.). Neumann records 3 gorged $s, from Mt Kina Balu, Borneo, J. Whitehead coll. 232 ( Jcnus A mhljionuim 74. AMBLYOMMABREVISCUTATUMNeumann,1899. Kg. 114. Lit.: Neumann, L. («'., 1899, p. 214, Bpecifio description of the Ddnitz, \\\, I '. >< »7. p. -\ I. \trv brief desoription of the ?, after Neumann: Neumann, L. (i., 1911, p. 81, brief desoription <>t the . Male: unknown. Female (Fig. 111). Diagnosis: A moderately large species; scutum triangular cordiform, considerably broader than long, ornate; puncta- tions numerous, coarse, unequal; coxa 1 with two short, blunt spurs : a single spur on each of coxae II-IV. Description. Body: L. (5-0 mm., W. 5-0 mm., contour oval, dorsum yellowish-red, punctate, with stifl whitish hairs; festoons well-marked. ■turn: 2-65 x 3-35 mm., triangular-cordiform, posterior angle broad; liy* ,-■■■ ■ Fig. 114 Amblyomma breviscutaturn $. Scutum, capitulum, venter, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (Type, Paris Mus.) A. brevisctitatum 233 ornate, with a dark marginal coloration extending from the scapular to the posterior angle; ocular and limiting spots barely distinguishable from the dark margin; cervical stripes broad, divergent posteriorly; punctations numerous, unequal, coarse and areolate in the lateral fields (in the specimen here described the pale median field shows a yellowish- red colour, due to preservation in alcohol); cervical grooves deep and sigmoid anteriorly, continued posteriorly as shallow, divergent depres- sions; eyes large, pale and flat. Venter: with abundant short hairs; punctations finer than on dorsum; festoons distinct; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles broadly triangular with rounded angles. Capitulum: long, 1-9 mm., basis a little wider at the posterior part than in front; postero-lateral angles broadly rounded, salient, demarcated by a suture-like depression; porose areas small, oval, divergent, widely- separated; palps long, sides almost parallel, article 2 three times as long as article 3; hypostome long, dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long, reddish-brown, with pale annulation at the distal extremities of the articles; coxa I with two short, stout, rounded spurs ; a single, short, blunt spur on each of the other coxae ; tarsi tapering gradually. Description from the type, a $ from the Congo, collected by Thollon, 1886 (Paris Mus.). 75. AMBLYOMMA CYPRIUM Neumann, 1899. Figs. 115 and 116. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Amblyomma cyprium Neumann, L. G., 1899, pp. 219-221, specific description of $ and $; 1911, pp. 87-88, brief description of * L.E.I\. Fig. 115. Artiblyomma cyprium<$. Scutum, capitulum from dorsal and ventral aspects, venter, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (N. 72.) lustre in alcohol-preserved specimens); postero-median stripe narrow, extending from the median festoon nearly to the centre of the scutum; postero-accessory stripes extending from the 2nd festoon in an almost horizontal direction towards the median line; the three lateral spots small, distinct; falciform stripe absent; antero-accessory stripes situated between the 2nd lateral spots, slightly divergent anteriorly; a narrow dark stripe on each marginal ridge, extending from the ocular spot to A. cyprium 235 the external festoon; cervical stripes very divergent posteriorly; festoons dark-coloured, excepting the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th, upon each of which an extension of the pale ground colour may encroach; marginal groove absent; cervical grooves short and deep, continued posteriorly by a very shallow depression; punctations large, deep, numerous, confluent in places, areolate, absent from the dark raised markings; eyes rather small, flat, indistinct and yellowish; festoons well-defined, with broad separations. Venter: reddish-yellow, wrinkled, finely punctate; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, comma-shaped. Capitulum: relatively short, L. 1-2 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles raised and slightly salient; palps short and stout; article 2 one-and- a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome short, broad, spatulate, dentition 4 j 4 (internal row shorter than the others). Legs: long, strong, dark-brown in colour; coxa I with two spurs, the external spur twice as long as broad; coxae II-IV each with a short, stout, triangular spur; tarsi moderately long, tapering gradually; pul villi half length of claws. Female (Fig. 116). Diagnosis: A medium-sized tick ; scutum cordi- f orm, ornate ; porose areas large, widely-separated, almost tangential to the posterior margin of the basis capituli; hypostome dentition 4 | 4 ; coxa I with two short, blunt spurs ; a single similar spur on each of the other coxae. Description. Body: L. G mm., W. 5 mm.; dorsum dark-brown, wrinkled, punctate, with numerous large whitish hairs ; marginal groove absent; festoons well-defined, as broad as long. Scutum: cordiform, posterior angle moderately narrow, postero-lateral margins convex; 2-5 x 3-0 mm.; ornate, ocular and limiting spots large; frontal spot elliptical, clearly defined; cervical stripes narrow and divergent, not reaching the limiting spots ; a narrow dark edging extending round the entire margin of the scutum behind the eyes; cervical grooves short, deep, comma-shaped, continued posteriorly by a shallow depression; punctations numerous, coarse in the antero-lateral fields; eyes rather small, flat, indistinct. Venter: dark-brown, smoother than the dorsum; genital aperture opposite the posterior margin of coxa II; spiracles large, triangular, with rounded angles. Ca/pitulum: longer than in the S, L. 1-5 mm.; basis trapezoidal, narrowing anteriorly; lateral margins convex; postero-lateral angles non-salient; porose areas large, broadly elliptical, widely-separated, almost tangential to the posterior margin of the basis; palps moderately long, contracted at base, article 2 more 236 ( J-enus .1 mblyomma L.E.R.. Fig. 116. Amblyomma cyprium ?. Scutum, capitulum, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (Berlin Mus. No. 672/1911.) than twice as long as article 3; hypostome long, dentition 3 J 3. Legs: dark-brown in colour, long and stout; coxal armature as in S, the spur on coxa IV being weaker. Gorged $s may attain a length of 1 6 mm. and a width of 13 mm. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. South-eastern Asia, particularly the islands of the Malay Archipelago and the China Sea, ranging north to Formosa; the known hosts are Chelonia spp. Neumann (1899) records Js and ?s, host not specified, from the Marianne Is., Marche coll.; in his later description (1911) he adds the Philippine Is., New Guinea and the Malay Peninsula. Oude- mans' Amb. scaevola, a single | ."'.. Legs: more slender than those of the o; coxae I-IV each with two short, blunt spurs, diminishing a little in size on each successive coxa; tarsi moderately long, attenuated in talus. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann's original description (1899, pp. 238-239) is based on 6 cJs and 1 $, oil' Myrmecophaga telradactyla; 4 $s, off Bufo agua, Para, Brazil. Goldi coll.; 1 $ from Demerara, British Guiana (Berlin Mus.), and one gorged $, from Haut Carsevenne (Franco-Brazilian frontier). Aragao (1911, pp. 159 and 161) records the species from Manguinhos and Meyer (Federal District); State of Santa Catharina; banks of Guapore R., State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, and lists Bufo sp., Boa constrictor and Elaps sp. as hosts. The Cambridge collection contains co-types (N. 2873, 2874), 3 and $, from Para, Brazil, presented by Prof. L. G. Neumann; also specimens, off a toad, Condoto, Colombia, S. America, 1913, Dr H. T. G. Spurrell coll. (N. 2617). 80. AMBLYOMMA SUBLAEVE Neumann, 1899. Figs. 120 and 121. Synon., Lit. and Iconogr. : Rhipicephalus javanensis Supino, F., 1897, p. 233. Dermacentor indicus Supino, F., 1897, p. 236. Aponomma politum Neumann, L. G., 1899, p. 191, description of the £. Amblyomma sublaeve Neumann, L G., 1899, p. 221, specific description of the $; 1901, pp. 298-299, specific description of the : hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: rather long and slender, dark-brown with narrow white annulations at the distal extremities of the articles: coxa I with two stout spurs, the external spur being the longer; a broad, curved, salient ridge on each of coxae II and III, a single short spur, barely longer than broad, on coxa IV; tarsi long, abruptly attenuated; pulvilli small. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann's description is based on 1 6* and 2 $s from the Congo, Thollon coll.; 2 gorged $s, from Upper Oubanghi, Viancin coll.; and 2 gorged 9s, oft* elephant, Nyassa and Tanganyika regions, E. Foa coll. (Paris Mus.). In a later note (1901, p. 304) he records <^s and $s, off a gazelle, Kilimandjaro, Tanganyika Territory, Schillings coll. (Berlin Mus.) and reports that the species occur in the Gameroons. In his most recent description (1911, p. 81) Neumann lists Loxodon africanus (Blbch.), Antilope sp. and Equus caballus L. as hosts. The Cambridge collection contains the following: Sudan: $, off elephant, 1908, H. H. King coll. Sierra Leone: dorsum, glabrous, punctations smaller, lese numerous, limited to the posterior part: genital aperture opposite the interspace lietween coxae II and III; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Captiulum: L. '2-1 mm., basis rectangular, postero- lateral angles non-salient, lateral margins slightly convex; palps long, article 2 twice as long as article 3; porose areas moderately large, oval, parallel, often with a shallow, narrow groove running from the hinder end towards the posterior margin of the basis; hypostome dentition 4 | 4. Legs: long, reddish-brown, with whitish annulations at the distal ex- tremities of the intermediate articles: coxa I with two moderately-long, stout spurs; a single, short, broad, rounded spur on each of coxae II— I \ : tarsi abruptly attenuated. Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Koch's type came from Java; his o and ? (Amb. infestum) from Bintang, Further India. Neumann (1899, p. 241) records specimens from Chaudoc Mts, Cochin China (Paris Mus.), Harmand coll.; Js, off Tapirus and Rhinoceros. Java (Paris Mus.): (1901. p. 303) ?s, off tiger, from Annam, J. M. Bel coll. (Paris Mus.): Ceylon: <£s and $s, off Sus larvatus, Grabowsky coll.. Borneo (Berlin Mus.); $, off Sus vittatus, and ?s, off Buffelus indicus, Java, Koningsberger coll.: (1911, p. 87), Neumann lists as hosts Sus vittatus Mull. Schl., Potamochoerus larvatus Fr. Cuv., Buffelus indicus (L.), Tapirus indicus Cuv., Rhinoceros javanicus Desm., and Felis tigris. I have examined specimens derived from the following sources: India: 5 and ?. off cattle, Bombay, iv. 1911, F. M. Howlett coll. (N. 1908); ?, off cattle, Bamauk, India, xi. 1911, F. M. Howlett coll. (N. 1909); ?, host not specified, Singlia (1800 ft.), Darjeeling Distr., iv. 1913, Lord Carmichael coll. (C.C. 367 a); . Male (PL V, fig. 1). Diagnosis: A very large tick; scutum with characteristic dark-brown markings on a pale ground ; postero-median and postero-accessory stripes usually fused, forming a figure resem- bling a bird with expanded wings; 1st and 2nd lateral spots conjoined with the antero-accessory stripes, the limiting spot and the dark marginal coloration, forming a large, irregular, dark patch in the antero-lateral field ; marginal groove absent. Description. Body: L. 8 mm., W. 6-8 mm.; contour broad oval, slightly narrower in front. Scutum : convex, smooth ; with characteristic N II 17 258 Genus Amblyomma dark-brown ornamentatioi] on a yellowish ground; postero-median stripe very much dilated in its anterior half; postero-accessory stripee shorl pear-shaped, often fused with the postero-median stripe to form B figure resembling a bird with outstretched wings; falciform stripe absent; 1st and 2nd lateral spots conjoined and fused with the dark marginal coloration, the antero-accessory stripes and the limiting spots, forming a large, irregular, dark patch, disposed obliquely in the antero- lateral field, posterior to the eye; 3rd lateral spots small, often frag- mentary; cervical stripes small; festoons with more or less extensive incursions of the general pale ground, 4th and median festoons dark- coloured; cervical grooves short, deep and curved; marginal groove absent; punctations numerous, for the most part fine; few larger punc- tations scattered in the lateral fields and over the posterior half; eyes relatively small, pale and flat. Venter : dark-yellow; plaques and ventral scutes of festoons reddish-brown; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, triangular, with rounded angles. Cajntulum : L. 2-4 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles rounded, barely salient; palps long, laterally compressed, article 2 two-and-a-half times as long as article 3; hypostome long, spatulate, dentition 4| | 4i. Legs: stout, maroon-brown with broad yellow annulations ; coxa I with two stout, sub-equal spurs; coxae II and III each with a broad, fiat, plate-like spur; coxa IV with a stout spur nearly three times as long as broad; tarsi abruptly attenuated ; tarsi III V very short. Female (Fig. 127 and PI. V, fig. 2). Diagnosis: A very large tick closely resembling Amb. petersi; scutum triangular-cordiform ; ornate, with dark-brown markings on an extensive pale field ; limiting and ocular spots present; cervical stripes often isolated, sometimes prolonged to reach the limiting spot; frontal spots absent; few medium-sized punctations chiefly in the antero-lateral fields, interspersed with numerous exceedingly fine punctations; eyes moderately large, pale and flat. Description. Body: L. 8-6-10-5 mm., W. 7-0-8-5 mm., contour broad oval, slightly narrower in front ; dorsum dark reddish-brown, smooth, gla- brous, coarse punctations on posterior half, marginal groove continuous, festoons clearly-defined. Scutum : triangular-cordiform, 3-5-4-2 x 4-0-5-0 mm., posterior angle moderately broad and rounded, postero-lateral margins almost rectilinear; ornate, with dark-brown markings on an extensive pale-yellow ground ; cervical, ocular and limiting spots present ; scapular margins pale ; a narrow, dark margin extending from the ocular A. personatum 259 Fig. 127. Amblyomma personatum ?. Scutum, coxae I-IV, tarsi I and IV, spiracle. (N. 326.) spot to the limiting spot; cervical stripes often isolated, sometimes con- tinued posteriorly by a very narrow stripe which fuses with the limiting spot; a dark median spot between the cervical grooves, with which the cervical spots sometimes fuse ; cervical grooves short and deep ; puncta- tions for the most part exceedingly fine, a few larger punctations chiefly in the antero-lateral fields ; eyes moderately large, pale and flat. Venter : paler than dorsum, smooth and glabrous, with large, shallow punctations on the posterior third and festoons; genital aperture opposite coxa II; spiracles large, triangular with rounded angles. Ca/pitulum: L. 2-5 mm., basis rectangular, postero-lateral angles rounded and barely salient; porose areas large, elliptical, interval equal to diameter; palps long, laterally compressed, article 2 more than twice as long as article 3; hypostome dentition 4| | 4|. Legs: long and stout, reddish-brown with very broad yellow annulations ; coxa I with two stout, sub-equal spurs ; a single, broad, rounded, plate-like spur on each of coxae II and III; a short, blunt spur, barely longer than broad, on coxa IV; tarsi small, abruptly attenuated. 17-2 •-'•in Genus Amblyomma Geographical Distribution and Hosts. Neumann's original description is based on 1 <£, from Irangi, Tan- ganyika Territory and 2 .> and a $ from Gabun (Berlin Mus.). Neumann (1911, p. 81) gives Rhinoceros biconri.-: as the host. The Cam- bridge collection contains ;s and $, off Rhinoceros, Nairobi, Kenya, m. L907, Dr P. H. Ross coll. (N. 250, 326); and 6\ off Rhinoceros, Nairobi, Kenya (ex Col. A. Alcock's Coll.). W. F. Cooper's collection contains . NTeumann, Eteichardl and Schillings, in Madagascar by Eildebrant, in Zanzibar, and in Liberia (Berlin .Mus.). Neumann (1911, p. 82) also records Rhinoceros bicornis L., and Ant Hope oreas Pall. I have examined specimens in the Cambridge collection and examples sent for determina- tion by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, as follows: Uganda: $, off Rhinoceros, Nimule, Nile Province, 22. in. 1906, W. A. Densham coll. (N. 29 a); J, off Rhinoceros, White Nile, Col. A. Alcock coll. (N. 956); o, off vegetation, Azzar, Nile Province (?), 29. vn. 1909, H. H. King coll. (N. 829 a); 6*8 and ?s, 6 miles east of Palango Station (3700 ft.), R. Nile, x. 1912, R. Paske Smith coll. (N. 1719-1721); » cruciferum 188 Tropidurus barringtonensis ?> boulengeri 220 „ delanonis )» boulengeri 220 Teiidae Tupinambis (Podinema) >» maculatum 44 teguixin (L.) Varanidae Varanus bengalensis Daud. ?» supinoi 186 „ salvator Laur. ?» helvolum 219 ' )» sublaeve 247 „ niloticus L. (saurus Lain •) „ eburneum 119 „ varius Shaw ?5 moreliae 150 sp. J5 acutangulalum 266 >? australiense 137 ?> helvolum 219 268 ( Minis Amblyomma ( leu. el spp. >ii\ . Amblyomma loCtUosiim (Seychelles) „ marmoreum (Africa) „ rotundatum ( Brazil) „ iiuttalli (Africa) PAGE 66 90 109 93 OPHIDIA. \ riperidae Hit is mi, In us Merr. A iiifili/ommi. ! inn r mm; nm 90 99 variegatum 103 „ gabonica Dum. et Bibr. »> marmoreum 90 Laclusis in ill us L. M dissimile 167 „ (Bothrops) lanceolatus La- >» deminuti vn in 191 ce] >. (7 V igonocephabu jararaca) |1 disui m id' 167 J» rotundatum 169 >> scutatum 204 Crotalus tcrrificus Wgm. » dissimile 167 Boiidae Python spilotes Lacep. >> limbatum 146 = (Morelia variegata Gray) = (Morelia argus Dum. et Bibr.) ?J moreliae 150 Python molurus L. »> sublaeve 247 „ reticulatus Schn. JJ helvolum 219 sp. >> marmoreum (Africa) 89 )J helvolum 219 Boa constrictor L. 59 deminutivum 191 »> dissimile 167 J> fuscum (?) 249 >> goeldii 244 „ imperator Daud. >> dissimile 167 Eunectes murinus L. ?> fulvum 215 Epicrates cenchrys Wagl. J> dissimile 167 Colubridae Leptodeira annulata Fitz. ?J dissimile 167 Oxyrhopus neuwiedii Dum. et Bibr. 5» dissimile 167 (Scytale coronatum Dum. et Bibr.) Coluber onicephalus (Typhi ops sp.?) )> helvolum 219 Xenodon severus L. )? dissimile 167 Spilotes variabilis Wagl. >5 dissimile 167 Elaps sp. >? goeldii 244 Zamenis mucosus L. JJ helvolum 219 Diemenia textilis Dum. et Bibr. 59 albolimbatum 227 (superciliosa Giinth.) Oxybelis acuminatus Wied. 5» dissimile 167 Zamenis (Pytas) korros Schleg. J> helvolum 219 Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus Boie »> helvolum 219 (Triglyphedon dendrophilum Dum. et Bibr.) Classified List of Hosts 269 CHELONIA. Testudinidae Nicoria trijuga Schw. Amblyomma supinoi Emys sp. „ nuttalli Gcoemyda spinosa Gray „ caelaturum 99 geoemydae >» supinoi „ grandis Gray „ helvolum Testudo argentine/, Sclater ,, testudinis (sulcata Dum. et Bibr.) „ elegans Schoepff „ clypeolatum „ elongata Blyth „ supinoi „ leopardinust „ marmoreum „ mauritanica Dum. et Bibr. „ marmoreum Cinixys erosa Schw. „ clypeolatum Testudo polyphemus Daud. „ tuberculatum Pelomedusidae Podocnemis sp. „ dissimile ss humerale Gen. et spp. div. crassum (Colombia) cyprium (Asia) sabanerae (Guatemala) PAGE 186 93 230 231 186 219 162 81 186 90 89 81 177 167 181 179 236 183 MAMMALIA. MONOTREMATA. Ornithorhynckidae Ornithorhynchus paradoxus Blum. Amblyomma trigutlatum Echidnidae Echidna aculeata Gray „ australiense 57 137 MARSUPIALIA. Macropidae Macropus sp. Amblyomma triguttatum Didelphyidae Didelphys pusilla Desm. „ scutatum sp. „ cajennense EDENTATA. Bradypodidae Bradypus tridactylus L. Amblyomma geayi „ varium „ cuculliger Wagl. „ varium sp. „ varium 57 204 54 61 208 208 208 270 Genus .1 mblyomma I i.im podidae Dcuypw now mcincttu L rillnsus Pisohei Bp. Tolypeutes tricinctus L. Manididae \£ania aurxta Hodgson „ javanica Fischer „ pentadactyla L. „ sp. Myrmeoophagidae Myrmecophaga juhala L. sp. Tamandua (Myrmecophaga) „ tetradactyla (L.) „ tridactyla (L.) . 1 mblyomma cajt nru use >» fitliritlni »> cajennense 9> mi, color VI oblongoguttatum »> ix, ndoconcolor »1 concolor V* sublaeve )» sublaeve »s sublaeve >5 ■sublaeve »» cajennense SJ nodosum 99 pictum >> cajennense »> nodosum J> mantiquirense ?J calcaratum 99 goeldii ?> nodosum JJ cajennense ?> incisum pictum PAGE 54 60 54 69 36 72 69 247 247 247 247 53 199 240 53 199 215 194 244 199 53 202 240 UNGULATA. Elephantidae Elephas (Loxodon) africanus Blum. Proboscidia. Amblyomma cohaerens „ tholloni 110 252 Tapiridae Tapir us americanus Gm. Perissodactyla. indicus Cuv. sp. yom, wa cajennense 53 »j coelebs 33 99 cooperi 75 ») incisum 202 9? oblongoguttatum 36 J» scalpturatum 134 5J testudinarium 256 JJ coelebs 33 SJ incisum 202 JJ multipunctum 196 ?> ovale 29 Classified List of Hosts 271 PAGE Rhinocerotidae Rhinoceros bicornis L. Amblyomma crenatum 77 99 gemma 122 J> marmoreum 89 S> personatum 260 ?» petersi 263 ?» variegatum 103 „ luceriust >J hebraeum 106 53 petersi 264 „ sondaicus Desm. J5 testudinarium 256 (javanicus Cuv.) Equidae Equus cabcdlus L. J? americanum 48 ») cajennense 53 )> gemma 122 J) hebraeum 107 J9 parvum 38 )9 tholloni 252 ?) triguttatum 57 „ asinus L. 1» hebraeum 107 »J variegatum 103 ,, asinus $ x caballus ? JJ americanum 48 ?» gemma 122 ?J pomposum 100 „ zebra L. ?? variegatum 103 Artiodactyla. Dicotylidae Dicotylcs torquatus Cuv. Amblyomma amcricanum 48 brasiliensc 132 cajennense 53 mantiquirense 215 oblo ngog uttatum 36 „ labiatus Cuv. mantiquirense 215 Suiidae Sus scrofa L. americanum 48 cajennense 153 ,, cristatus Wagn. testudinarium 256 „ jubatus Mill. testudinarium 257 „ larvatus (see Pola?nochoerus) testudinarium 256 „ celebensis Miill. et Schleg. cyprium 236 „ vittatus Miill. et Schleg. testudinarium 256 „ sp. splendidum (Africa) 124 Potomachoerus (Sus) larvatus (Cuv.) „ testudinarium 256 Phacochoerus aethiopicus Cuv. gemma 122 variegatum 103 Camelidae Camelus dromedarius L. lepidum 97 variegatum 103 Lama vicugna Molina parvitarsum 40 •_> 7 •_> ( iciius A mblyom/ma PAGE Tragulidae Tragultu *\). Atnblyom //c/ /* itiidiiinri a in 257 ( lervidae ' i dim camptstris M brasUii rue L32 »« 1 lie IS II III I'll!' *' mac ii lii lii iii 44 {Odocoileus) virginianua Bodd. ovale L".t » sp. '» amcriruiiiiiii 48 Qiraffidae cajennense oblongoguttatum 3<> Qirqffa camelopardaUs (L.) ff gemma hebraeum L22 10»> „ camdopardaHs var. schilling*! Matschie Bo\ idae »» eburneum 119 I'mirotragus oryx Lydd. (Antilope oreas Pallas J? pih is! marmorciiin 264 Oreas carina (J ray? >> hebraeum 10<> Bo8elaphu8 oreas Smuts) Antilope sp. Bos bubalis L. (indicus) 5» thollon i integrum testudinarium 252 114 257 „ taurus L. cajennense dissimile 53 167 gemma hclnacum 122 100 integrum lepidum maculatum 114 44 *? ovale 29 >5 >> pomposum splendidum testudinarium 100 125 256 ?J triguttatum 57 Bubalus jucksoni Thomas J5cw (Bujfclus) caffer Matschie variegatum variegatum cohaerens 103 103 110 >> eburneum 119 )J hebraeum 10(5 5> lepidum 97 5J marmoreum 90 „ caffer var. brachyceros Lydd. ( 'upra hircus L. variegatum astrion splendidum amcricanum 103 126 124 48 >> cajennense hebraeum 53 107 >> 5J lepidum maculatum 97 44 »J variegatum 103 Classified List of Hosts 273 . i\\<;k Catoblepas (Connochacles) gnu .1 mblyomma gemma L22 H. Smith Ccphalopus sp. » hcbraeum 107 Cervicapra sp. :9 variegatum 103 Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Ogilby) JJ variegatum 103 A. Smith Dicranoceros furcifer Brookes ?9 multipunctum 196 Egoccros (Hippotragus) nigcr Hai 'ris pomposum 100 >5 variegatum 103 Ovis aries L. >> americanum 48 SJ cajennense 53 )» hcbraeum 107 )> maculatum 44 )J variegatum, 103 Tragelaphus sp. J J variegatum 103 Oryx callotis Thomas »> gemma 122 Btrepsiccros sp. )> pomposum 100 Alcephalus caama Gray J? pomposum 100 RODENTIA. T jfnnrirl no Lepus cuniculus L. Amblyomma cajennen.se 53 )> maculatum 44 „ sp. •a maculatum 44 Caviidae Hydrochoerus capybara Erxl. )) cajennense 53 Hystricidae Coendu (Sphingiirus) insidiosus (Licht.)Kuhl. cooperi dissimile maculatum longirostre 75 107 44 140 Cercolabes villosus Cuv. •5 tdbopictum 156 )» longirostre 140 Dasyproctidae Dasyprocta aguti Hensel >» brasiliense 132 „ croconata Wag n. scutatum 204 Coelogenys paca L. ) 9 brasiliense 132 M pacae 211 CARNIVORA. Carnassidentia. Mustelidae Mephitis sp. Amblyomma americanum 48 Conepatus suffocans Illig. ?> concolor 69 Procyonidae Nasua socialis Wied. ft cajennense ovale 54 29 N II 18 274 ( renus Amblyomma PAOl I lanidae Vulpet Bp. Lupus Bp. ^ fonta a orae Wied. „ fa miliar is L. ,, griseus Gray ( 'ynhyaena picta (Temm.) Yiverridae Yivcrra civctta Schreb. Genctta pardina Is. Geoff. Felidae Fe^'s domestica Brisson ,, Zeo L. „ o?i{:a L. „ pardalis L. „ ft'grm L. Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena Amblyomma atm ricanum Is II maculatum It II arm ricanum IS || COJ( ll in . 53 II 1 IIIISII III 2< I-' II maculatum 44 * * anil, 29 II nun ricanum IS II inji tint a -i .->:< II hebrai u m 107 II maculatum 44 II nrnli 29 II pictum 240 II variegalum 103 II macula' a a, II II hebraeum 1(16 II hebraeum 106 II marmoreum 89 11 americanum 48 II niriegatum 103 II eburneum 119 II ovale 29 II americanum 48 ,1 testudinarium 256 sublaeve 247 Erinaciidae Erinaceus sp. INSECTIVORA. Amblyomma nuttalli (W. Africa) 93 CHIROPTERA. Noctilio albiventer Spix. Amblyomma scutatum (nymphs?) 204 PRIMATES. Cebidae Anthropoiclea. Ateles melanochir Desm. Amblyomma quasicyprium 238 Hominidae Homo sapiens L. „ americanum 48 „ cajennense 53 „ ovale 29 „ variegalum 103 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA Europe. Spain (Southern) dubitatum Africa. Sudan Abyssinia Somaliland West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, etc.) Cameroons Congo Nigeria Uganda Kenya (British E. Africa) Tanganyika Territory (Ger- man E. Africa) Nyasaland Portuguese East Africa South Africa Madagascar Seychelles lepidum, marmoreum, variegatum lepidum, variegatum gemma, lepidum, marmoreum, variegatum astrion, cuneatum, nuttalli, paulopunctatum, splendidum, tholloni, variegatum cuneatum, hebraeum (?), nuttalli, tholloni, variegatum cohaerens (Eastern), dubitatum (?), cuneatum, breviscu- tatum, marmoreum, pomposum, splendidum (Western), tholloni, variegatum nuttalli, splendidum, variegatum cohaerens, cuneatum, gemma, marmoreum, nuttalli, paulopunctatum, petersi, tholloni, variegatum cohaerens, gemma, liebraeum (?), lepidum, marmoreum, personatum, petersi, variegatum gemma, eburneum, hebraeum, lepidum, marmoreum, per- sonatum, petersi, pomposum, tholloni, variegatum marmoreum, petersi, tholloni, variegatum hebraeum, petersi, variegatum hebraeum, latum, marmoreum, nuttalli, petersi (N. Rhodesia), pomposum (N. Rhodesia) variegatum cuneatum, loculosum Asia. India and Burma Ceylon Siam Malay Peninsula Singapore Sumatra Java Borneo New Guinea Philippine Is. clypeolatum, integrum, sublaeve, supinoi, te&tudinarium clypeolatum, integrum, kstudinarium sublaeve caelaturum, cyprium, helvolum, sublaeve, testudinarium caelaturum, extraoculatum, helvolum geoemydae, helvolum, sublaeve helvolum, sublaeve geoemydae, testudinarium cyprium, papuana americanum (?), cyprium, dissimile (?), helvolum Australasia. Australia albolimbatum, australiense, limbatum, moreliae, post- oculatum (King I.), triguttatum Oceania. Marianne Is. Moluccas Fiji Is. Solomon Is. cyprium cordiferum acutangulatum, quasicyprium ( ?) nitidum xa-2 276 ( renus .1 mblyomma North Amorica. United States \\ I |t 1 in i !• B Central America. Mexico ( Guatemala Bonduras ( !osta Rica Panama niih ricanum, cajenm tut , maculatum, tub* n ulatum i Florida, Uabama albopictum (< uba), cajennense, cruciferum (Haiti), die- simile, longirostrt (Trinidad), variegatum cajennense, coeleba, dissimile, maculatum, mult, quasi- cyprium cajennense, dissimile, sabanerae, scutatum, variegatum cujt nncn-sc, dissimile cajennense, nodosum, ovale cajennense, atesimile, oblongoguttatum, varium South America. Venezuela Colombia Guiana Ecuador Brazil Peru Bolivia Paraguay Uruguay Argentine Republic Chile Patagonia Galapagos Is. cajennense, bispinoswm, longirostre, multipunctum cajennense, erassum, deminutivum, dissimile, geayi, goeldii, ovale americanum (forcli), cajennense, dissimile, geayi, goeldii, guianicnse, hvmcralc, mantiqnircnsc, oblongo- guttatum, ovale, varium incisum, maculatum americannm (foreli), brasUiense, albopictunt, calcaratum. coelebs, concolor, cooperi, deminutivum ('i), dissimile, fulvum (?), fuscum (?), geayi, goeldii, numerate, in- cisum, maculatum, mantiquirense, nodosum, oblongo- guttatum, ovale, pacae, parvum, pictum, pseudo- concolor, rotundatum, scalpturatum, scutatum, varium maculatum coelebs, incisum, longirostre, oblongoguttatum, ovale, parvitarsum, scalpturatum cajennense, calcaratum, cooperi, dissimile, maculatum , pseudoconcolor, ovale, scutatum humerale, maculatum cajennense, concolor, furcula, maculatum, ovale, tcslu- dinis, varium maculatum, parvitarsum maculatum boulengeri, darwini, hirtmn, pilosum REFERENCES Aragao, H. deB. 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No. 4. 280 ( lenue Amblyomma Maver, M. B. (1911), Ti i nsm issi< m of spotted fever by other Mian Montana and Idaho ticks. Journ. Infect. Diseases, vnr. 322-326. Murray, A. (1877), Economic Entomology', Aptera, i. pp. hi riii, 3-433, with QnmerOUS Text-figures. London: Chapman and Hall (South Kensington .Mnscnin Soienoe Ha nd hooks). Neiva, A., and Penna B. (1916). Viajein eientilica pelo Norte da Hahia, sudoestc de Pernambuoo, buI do Piauhf c de norte a sul de Goiaz. Mem. do Institute- Oswaldo Cruz. viu. 71 224. Map and 28 Pis. Neumann, L. G. (1899), Revision de la faniille des Ixodides (3R memoire). Mim. Soc. Zool. de France, mi. 107-294, Figs. 1-63. (1901), Revision de la faniille des Ixodides (4C memoire). M4m. Soc. Zool. de France, xiv. 249-372, 18 Figs. — (1902), Notes sur les Ixodides, I. Arch, de Parasitol. VI. 109-128, 6 Text-figs. - (1904), Notes sur les Ixodides, II. Arch, de Parasitol. vin. 444^64, 2 Text-figs. - (1905), Notes sur les Ixodides, III. Arch, de Parasitol. ix. 225-241. (1906), Notes sur les Ixodides, IV. Arch, de Parasitol. x. 195-219, 17 figs. - (1907), Note XVI. Ixodide nouveau de l'Australie Amblyomma albolimbat inn n.sp. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxvrn. 218-220, 1 Text-fig., reprint. (V. 1907), Note XI. Quatre nouvelles especes d'lxodides. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxix. 88-100, 7 Figs. (XII. 1907), Note sur les Ixodidae recueillis dans les iles de l'ocean Indien par M. J. Stanley Gardiner. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zoology, xn. 193-194. (III. 1908), Notes sur les Ixodides, VI. Arch, de Parasitol. xn. 1-27, 16 Figs. (VII. 1908), Notes sur les Ixodides, VII. Notes from the Leyden Museum, xxx. 73-91, Figs. 1-10. (1909), Le pou d' Orycteropus afer et une nouvelle sous-espece d' Amblyomma. Jahrb. d. Nassau. Ver. f. Naturk. in Wiesbaden, Jahrg. 62, reprint, 6 pp., 1 PI. (1911), Ixodidae in Das Tierreich, herausg. v. T. E. Schulze, im Auftrage der K. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin. Berlin: R. Friedlander & Sohn. 26. Lieferung, xvi+169 pp., 76 Text-figs. Newstead, R. (1909), Reports of the twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Jamaica, 1908-1909. Section I, Medical and Economic Entomology. Ann. Trop. Med. and Parasitol. ill. 421-469, Pis. XIII-XV, 2 Text-figs. Nuttall, G. H, F. (1910), New species of ticks. Parasitology, in. 408-116, 7 Figs. (V. 1911), On symptoms following tick-bites in man. Parasitology, iv. 89-93. (1913), Note on coloration in Ticks. Parasitology, vi. 49-51, 1 PI. (1915), Observations on the biology of Ticks. Parasitology, vn. No. 4, pp. 408^56. (1916), Ticks of the Belgian Congo and the Diseases they convey. Bull. Entom. Research, London, vi. No. 4, 313-352, 48 Figs. (1919), Observations on the biology of the Ixodidae. Part III. Parasitology, xi. Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 393-404. (1920), On coloration in Ticks. II. Parasitology, xn. No. 1, 1-6, 2 coloured Plates comprising 10 Figs. References 281 Nuttall, G. H. F. (1920a), Regeneration of the Mouthparts and Legs in Ticks. Parasitology, xn. No. 1, 7-26, 6 Text-figs. Nuttall, G. H. F., and Warburton, G. (1908), On a new genus of Ixodoidea together with a description of eleven new species of ticks. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. xiv. 392-416, 45 Text-figs. Oudemans, A. C. (1905), Amblyomma scaevola n. sp. Entomol. Berichfen, No. 32, p. 216. (1906), Amblyomma scaevola Oudms. in Resultats de V Expedition Scientifique Neerlandaise a la Nouvelle-Guinee en 1903, sous les auspices de A. Wichmann v. Zoologie, Livr. i. pp. 130-131. Packard, A. S. (1869), List of hymenopterous and lepidopterous insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to South America, under Prof. James Orton; Appendix to report on Articulates. Ann. Rep. Peabody Academy of Science, pp. 1-14. Paoli, G.(1916), Ixodidi raccolti nella Somalia Italiana meridionale. Redia, Florence, xi. No. 1, pp. 269-297, 5 Figs., 1 PI. Ribaga, C. (1902), Acari sudamericani. Zool. Anz. xxv. 502-508. Robinson, L. E. (1911), New species of Ticks (Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma). Parasitology, iv. 478-484, 4 Text-figs. Rohr, C. J. (1909), Estudos sobre Ixodidas do Brasil. (Trabalho do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. ) Rio de Janeiro: Gomes, Irmao & C, Rua Assemblea 32. 220 pp., 5 Plates (photographs), 30 Text-figs, (mostly original). Salmon, D. E., and Stiles, G. W. (1901), The cattle ticks (Ixodoidea) of the United States. 17^ Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S. Dept ofAgric, Washington, pp. 380-488, Figs. 42-257. Say, T. (1821), An account of the Arachnides of the United States. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii. 59-83. Stoll, O. (1886-1893), Arachnida Acaridia. Biologia Centrali- Americana, Zool. London, pp. v-xxi, 1-55, 21 Plates. Supino, F. (1897), Nuovi Ixodes della Birmania. (Nota preventiva.) Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. di Sci. Nat., 2 s., in. fasc. I. pp. 230-238. Warburton, C. (1910), On two collections of Indian Ticks. Parasitology, in. 395-407, 10 Figs. INDEX to the Species of the Genus AMBLYOMMA with Synonyms Valid species in Clarendon type. Synonyms in Unman type. Doubtful anil Condemned species in italics. PAGE Acarus americanus L. = Amblyomma americanmn 45 cajennensis Fabr. =Amb. cajennenso 48 nigua de Geer = Amb. americanum 45 variegatua Fabr. = Amb. variegatum 101 Amblyomma acutangulatum Neu- mann, 1899 265 adspersum Koch = Amb dissimile 163 agamum Aragao = Amb. rotiindatum 168 albolimbatum Neumann, 1907 224 albopictum Neumann, 1899 155 americanum (Linnaeus, 1758) 45 ancepa Donitz, 1909 = Amb. co- baerena 107 annandalei Warburton, 1910 = Amb. supinoi 183 annulipes Koch = Amb. hebraeum 104 arcanum Karsch, 1879 argentinae Neumann = Amb. testu- dinia 160 arteriosum L. Koch, 1877 astrion Donitz, 1909 125 atrogenatum Nuttall and Warburton, 1908 = Amb. clypeolatum 79 aureolatum (Pallas, 1775) aureum Neumann, 1899 = Amb. petersi 260 auriculare (Conil) Lahille, 1905 = Amb. concolor 66 auronitens Berlese, 1888 = Amb. ovale 25 australiense Neumann, 1905 134 avicola Neumann, 1899= Amb. longi- rostre 137 badium Neumann, 1901 =Amb. aub- laeve 244 bengalense Rudow, 1870 bispinosum Neumann, 1906 62 boulengeri Hirst and Hirst, 1910 219 I'ACE Amblyomma brasiliense Aragao, 1908 129 breviscutatum Neumann, 1899 232 caelaturum Cooper and Robin- son, 1908 227 cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) 48 calcaratum Neumann, 1899 191 clypeolatum Neumann, 1899 79 coelebs Neumann, 1899 30 cohaerens Donitz, 1909 107 compactum Neumann, 1901= Amb. teatudinarium 253 complanatum Berlese = Amb. macu- latum 41 concolor Neumann, 1899 66 confine Koch = Amb. ovale 25 conspicuum Aragao = Amb. pictum 238 cooperi Nuttall and Warburton , 1907 72 cordatum Rudow, 1870 cordiferum Neumann, 1899 188 coronaium Lewis, 1892 crassipunctatum Stoll, 1886-1893 = Amb. varium crassum Robinson, n.sp. crenatum Neumann, 1899 cruciferum Neumann, 1901 cuneatum Neumann, 1899 cyprium Neumann, 1899 darlingi Nuttall, 1912= Amb. oblon- guttatum darwini Hirst and Hirst decoratum Koch = Amb. helvolum deminutivum Neumann, 1899 denticulatum Koch, 1844 devium (Koch) Neumann = Amb. mar- nioreum 86 205 177 75 1S7 140 233 33 221 216 190 Index 283 TAOE Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 163 distinctum Karsch = Amb. hebraeum 104 dubitatum Neumann, 1899 114 eburneum Gerstaecker, 1873 116 elephantinum (Linnaeus, 1758) extraoculatum Neumann, 1899 170 fiebrigi Robinson, 1911 =Amb. pacae Aragao 209 fimbriatum Koch = Amb. helvolum 216 foai Neumann = Amb. petersi 260 f oreli Stoll = Amb. americanum 45 f ossum Neumann = Amb. ovale 25 fulvum Neumann, 1899 215 furcosum Neumann = Amb. helvolum 216 furcula Donitz, 1909 126 fuscum Neumann, 1907 248 geayi Neumann, 1899 59 gemma Donitz, 1909 119 geoemydae (Cantor, 1847) 230 giganteum Neumann = Amb. longi- rostre 1 37 goeldii Neumann, 1899 241 grossum (Pallas, 1775) guianense Neumann, 1907 222 gypsatum Neumann = Amb. humerale 179 hassalli Marx and Neumann = Amb. hebraeum 104 hebraeum Koch, 1844 104 hebraeum magnum Neumann, 1909 helvolum Koch, 1844 216 hippopotamense (Denny, 1843) =Hya- lomma hippopotamense hippopotami Koch = Hyalomma hip- popotamense hirtum Neumann, 1906 156 histrio (Fabricius, 1795) humerale Koch, 1844 179 hydrosauri Koch = Apon. hydrosauri (Denny) iguanae (Fabricius, 1794) incisum Neumann, 1906 199 indum (Linnaeus, 1788) infestum Koch = Amb. testudinarium 253 inflatum Neumann, 1901 infumatum Koch = Amb. dissimile 163 integrum Karsch, 1879 111 irroratum Koch— Amb. dissimile 163 laeve Neumann = Aponomma laeve latiscutatum Neumann (a nymph) PAGE Amblyomma latum Koch, 1844 151 lepidum Donitz, 1909 94 limbatum Neumann, 1899 143 lineatum (Fabricius, 1794) loculosum Neumann, 1907 63 longirostre Koch, 1844 137 longirostrum Cooper and Robinson = Amb. humerale 179 maculatum Koch, 1844 40 malayanum Neumann = Amb. caela- turum 227 mantiquirense Aragao, 1908 212 marmoreum Koch, 1844 86 mixtum Koch = Amb. cajennense 48 moreliae (L. Koch, 1867) 148 multipunctum Neumann, 1899 194 naponense (Packard, 1869) nausificum Koch, 1844 neumanni Ribaga, 1902 nitidum Hirst and Hirst, 1910 240 nodosum Neumann, 1899 196 nuttalli Donitz, 1909 90 oblongoguttatum Koch, 1844 33 oblongum Koch, 1844 = Amb. ovale 25 ovale Koch, 1844 25 ovatum Koch = Amb. maculatum 41 pacae Aragao, 1911 209 pacifieum Murray — Amb. cyprium? papuana Hirst, 1914 171 parviscutatum Neumann = Amb. ca- jennense 49 parvitarsum Neumann, 1901 38 parvum Aragao, 1908 37 paulopunctatum Neumann, 1899 82 perpunctatum (Packard, 1869) personatum Neumann, 1901 257 petersi Karsch, 1878 260 pictum Neumann, 1906 238 pilosum, Neumann, 1899 159 pomposum Donitz, 1909 97 postoculatum Neumann, 1899 146 prolongatum Neumann = Amb. in- tegrum HI pseudoconcolor Aragao, 1908 69 punctatum Koch, 1844 pygmaeum Koch, 1844 quadriguttatum Pavesi, 18S3 quadrimaculatum Neumann = Amb. helvolum 21(i 2S4 ( renus A mblyomma I'AUK Amblyomma quantinj Martin Amb. aplendidum 1*3 quasicyprium Robinson, n.sp. 237 rhiniK lerinua Coch Derm, rhinocerotia (de Qeer) rhlnooerotia Kodt Derm, rhinooerotia (de Qeer) ttratum (Murray) Neumann, L901 rotundatum Koch, 1844 168 rubripea Koob Ami), maoulatum 41 rugosum Ni'iiinanii, 1S99 Ami), mar- moreum 86 sabanerae Stoll, 1886-1893 L82 ttanguisiKjum (Linnaeus. 1758) scaovola Oudemans = Amb. cyprium 233 scalpturatum Neumann, 1906 133 aculptum Berlese = Amb. cajennense 48 scutatum Neumann, 1899 202 aparaum Neumann = Amb. marmoreum 86 aparaum var. paulopunctatura Neu- mann = Amb. paulopunctatum 82 splendidum Giebel, 1877 123 spinosum Rudow, 1870 strobeli Berlese and Trouessart, 1889 striatum Koch = Amb. ovale 25 sublaeve Neumann, 1899 supinoi Neumann, 1905 subluteum Neumann = Amb. crenatum sylvaticum Neumann = Amb. latum tenellum Koch = Amb. cajennense tenimberense Hirst and Hirst = Amb. helvolum testudinarium Koch, 1844 testudinis (Supino, 1897) = Amb. su- pinoi testudinis (Conil, 1877) tholloni Neumann, 1899 tigrinum Koch = Amb. maculatum triguttatum Koch, 1844 trimaeulatum Neumann = Amb. paulo- punctatum triste Koch = Amb. maculatum tuberculatum Marx, 1893-1894 uncatum Nuttall and Warburton, 1907 = Amb. nodosum varani Rudow, 1870 variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) variegatum var. nocens Robinson = Amb. pomposum varium Koch, 1844 venustum Koch = Amb. variegatum 244 183 151 48 216 253 183 160 249 40 54 82 41 174 190 101 97 205 101 I ■ \ < : K Amblyomma remioolor Nuttall and Warburton Amb, oajennen \ i 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Neumann Amb. oblongo- 'juttatuin \ notatum Nuttall Amb. gcayi walrki nth ri (( !er\ ais. 1S42) /.evlaniium Xnnnanii Amb. clypeolatum 79 Aponomma javanenae Cooper and Robin- son, 1908 = Amb. sublaeve politum Neumann, IS9!) Amb. sub- laeve testudinis (.Supino) Neumann = Amb. supinoi Dcrmacentor indicus Supino, 1897 = Amb. sublaeve Haemalastor crassitarsus Karsch=Amb. Iongirostre longirostris Koch = Amb. Iongirostre Hyalomma devium Koch = Amb. latum Iongirostre (Koch) Neumann = Amb. 19 33 59 ff-6 244 183 244 137 137 151 Iongirostre Fabricius = Amb. Ixodes americanus americanum auricularius Conil, 1877= Amb. con- color auriscutellatus Koningsberger = Amb. testudinarium boaruin Stoll = Amb. dissimile cajennensis Fabricius = Amb. cajen- nense crenatus Say = Amb. cajennense elegans Guerin-Meneville = Amb. varie- gatum flavidus Koch = Amb. dissimile herrerae Duges=Amb. cajennense humanus Koch = Amb. dissimile moreliae L. Koch = Amb. moreliae nigua (de Geer) Latreille = Amb. americanum poortmani Lucas = Amb. hebraeum pulchellus Lucas = Amb. dissimile testudinis Conil = Amb. testudinis unipunctata Packard = Amb. ameri- canum walckenaeri Gervais=^4»t6. ivalckc- naeri Rhipicephalus javanensis Supino = Amb. sublaeve Rhynchoprion americanum Hermann = Amb. americanum Xiphiastor rostratum Murray, 1877 137 45 66 253 163 48 48 101 163 48 163 148 45 104 163 160 45 244 45 285 NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF AMBLYOMMA Of the 86 species of the genus Ambly omnia, the life-history has been observed and described, more or less completely, in some 10 species only. Our knowledge of the subject is, therefore, still too meagre to allow us to generalise, but, so far as it goes, and excepting the occurrence of parthenogenesis, there are no remarkable differences between the biology of Amblyommas and other Ixodid genera. With a single exception, all the species are three-host ticks, that is to say, they drop off the host to moult and must, therefore, seek a new victim in each life-phase — larva, nymph, and adult. The one observed exception is A. rotundatum (agamuni Aragao) which, under certain conditions still unexplained, may pass through the larval or the nymphal moult without detaching itself from the host. It was in the course of the study of the biology of this species that the phenomenon of partheno- genesis was observed, for the first time in Ticks, by Aragao. Since then, Bodkin has observed parthenogenesis in A. dissimile, in which the normal process of pairing of the sexes also occurs. Hitherto, the male form of A. rotundatum has never been seen, and in raising experiments com- prising a succession of generations reproduced parthenogenetically, the very numerous progeny has consisted of females without exception. In A. dissimile on the other hand, Bodkin has recorded the appearance of both sexes among the immediate offspring of a parthenogenetic generation. Amblyomma maculatum The following notes are derived mainly from Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912); the biology has also been studied by Lahille (1905), Hunter and Hooker (1907), and Newstead (1909). When this tick occurs in large numbers, it is a source of great irritation to domestic animals, particularly cattle. Apart from this it is of small economic importance. Oviposition may occur as early as 3 days after the dropping of the female from the host in summer, or it may be delayed to the 9th day. Deposition of eggs continues for 13 to 75 days, according to the air temperature. The minimum incubation period observed by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood was 21 days, at a mean temperature of 81° F. In a case observed 286 Genus Amblyomma by Lahille, a Female commenced to lay lo days after its arrival, and, allowing for the days of the journey to the laboratory, the pre-ovipositiorj period would amount to I- or 13 days. Larvae hatched out in 50 days (at laboratory temperature, 27th Oct. t<> L6th Dec.). In another case, ovipositioD commenced in l" days, and the firsl Larvae hatched in ii:') days alter the commencement of oviposition. The greatest longevity1 observed in the larva was 17i) days. Larvae engorge in ."> to 7 days, the majority dropping of? the host on the 4th and 5th days. The larva-nymph moult may take place as soon as 7 days, but in one recorded case, a larva which dropped off the host in November moulted 121 days later. Nymphs engorge in 5 to 8 days, the majority in (5 to 7 days. In the summer the nymph-adult moult may occur within 17 days of dropping from the host; in the winter the pre-moult period may range from 51 to 71 days. No record of the longevity of the unfed nymph is available. Females may engorge to repletion in 14 days. The greatest adult longevity recorded is between 388 and 411 days. Copulation takes place upon the host, and it would appear that some degree of engorgement is necessary to the development of the sexual instinct. When a male has mated with a female, he usually remains with her until she drops from the host; he then goes in search of another mate. The males remain attached to the host for long periods after the females have dropped and may mate with many females. This habit accounts for so many males being taken on the host at certain seasons of the year when the females cannot be found. Amblyomma americanum The biology of this species has been studied by Hunter and Hooker (1907), and by Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912), from whose paper the following notes have been compiled. A. americanum has a wide range of hosts, apparently attaching itself to any mammal with which it comes into contact. It is also known to attack birds. It readily attaches itself to domestic animals and man, and, although it is not known to be the vector of any specific disease, it is capable of inflicting very severe bites accompanied by extensive inflammation and suppuration. Attempts, made by Mayo and Morgan, to transmit bovine piroplasmosis by this tick, failed. The tick is reputed 1 Throughout these notes, the word "longevity" means the duration of life of a lick kept unfed from the date of its emergence, from the egg in the case of the larva, and from the previous moult, in the case of the nymph and adult. Biology of A . americanum 287 to be a serious pest to poultry in some parts of the United States, where the larvae infest chickens in such numbers as to kill them. Oviposition commences 5 to 13 days after the dropping of the engorged female from the host and continues for about a week to a fortnight. The maximum number of eggs observed to be deposited by a female of this species was 8330; the average number amounts to a little more than 3000. In laboratory experiments, the minimum period of incubation was 23 days, in June and July, at a mean temperature of 80-5° F., but out of doors, in July and August, at a mean temperature of 82-5° F., 32 days passed before hatching commenced. Larval engorgement may be completed in 3 days, but the greatest number fall from the host on the 4th day. The longest period required for engorgement was 9 days, which may have been due to the larvae failing to attach themselves at once, or because they became attached at a point where the blood supply was poor. When engorged, the larvae drop from the host and the larva-nymph moult takes place in 8 to 26 days in the summer; in the winter months the period would, doubtless, be much longer. Unfed larvae have survived for 279 days in a tube in a protected place out of doors ; in the laboratory, the longevity of the larvae did not exceed 176 days and usually ranged from 2 to 4 months. The minimum observed period for the engorgement of the nymph was 3 days, the majority dropping off the host from the 3rd to the 5th day. In a few cases the nymphs may remain attached to the host for 8 days. In summer, nymphs moult 13 to 16 days after dropping from the host. The longest observed period was 46 days. The maximum longevity of the nymph has been recorded as 476 days. Engorgement is accomplished in 1 1 to 24 days. The greatest longevity of adults recorded was between 393 and 430 days. Copulation appears to take place upon the host and the sexual instinct is not manifested until after several days' feeding. Fertilisation may be essential to engorgement, for females collected from vegetation became attached to the host quite readily, but, in the absence of males, failed to engorge and died in about a month. Males of A. americanum placed upon the scrotum of a bovine to which the females of other species of ticks were already attached, have been found in coitu with these females (Boophilus australis, Amb. maculatum, and Dermacentor nitens). The males have been observed to remain on the host for more than 1^ months after the females have dropped, and a single male is capable of fertilising several females. 288 Genua Amblyomma Amblyomma cajennense The biology <>l ./. cajennense has received attention in the papers <>! Hunter and Hooker (1907), Newstead (1909), Rohr (1909), and Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). The last-named authors state that this tick is of economic importance in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas only, where it is very abundant at certain seasons of the year and is a cause of great irritation to horses, nudes, cattle and other domestic animals. Stoll has recorded that in Guatemala, the larvae of A. cajennense hang on the grass in clusters of thousands and are a source of great annoyance to travellers. Human beings are often attacked, and cases of severe illness are known to have occurred as the result of numerous bites leading to suppurating sores and the wounds produced by scratching. The following information is derived for the most part from Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). Oviposition commenced, in one instance, 9 days after the dropping of the female from the host (August, mean laboratory temperature 84° F.), while out of doors, at the same mean temperature, 11 days were required. At lower temperatures, the pre-oviposition period extended to 16, 18, 20 days and more. The average number (13 cases) of eggs laid by one female was 3536. Newstead states that the number of eggs laid by a female amounts to 2000 according to Williams, but that Wortley gives the figure 7240, which is probably nearer the average, and Rohr has recorded a number of 7742 from one individual. The incubation period at an average temperature of 75° F. is stated by Newstead to be 43 to 50 days. The minimum period observed by Hooker and his collaborators was 37 days (mean temperature 80° F.). Under out of doors conditions, with a mean temperature of 66-2° F., the incubation period was 154 days. The maximum larval longevity observed was 386 days. Larval engorgement is completed in from 3 to 7 days, the majority of larvae dropping off the host on the 4th and 5th days. The shortest recorded period prior to the larva-nymph moult was 10 days, and this at a mean temperature of 89-8° F. The greatest longevity observed in the unfed nymph was 1 year and 43 days. Nymphs may engorge in as few as 3 days, the majority taking 4 to 5 days. In August, at a mean temperature of 89° F., the nymph-adult moult commenced as soon as the 12th day from the dropping of the Biology of A. cajemnense 289 nymph. The longest time observed to be required for moulting was 105 days, the mean temperature being about 53° F. Adult ticks engorge in from 7 to 10 days. The longevity of unfed adults may certainly exceed one year. So far as is known mating takes place upon the host. Amblyomma marmoreum Although the usual hosts of this tick are Chelonians, Lizards, and occasionally Snakes, it is also a frequent parasite on the Rhinoceros in East Africa, but is rarely found on other mammals. Lounsbury (1905) reports that all his specimens were found on tortoises, excepting a few taken on snakes, and that the adults would not feed on oxen or goats unless they were first partially fed on a tortoise. Larvae and nymphs, on the other hand, are not so particular, for they were found to feed readily on cattle or goats, as well as on tortoises. The larvae will also readily attack birds. Little is known of the details of the life-history. The following obser- vations were made by Lounsbury. A female, collected on the 23rd September, 1903, began to oviposit about the 25th November. Larvae commenced to hatch out on the 23rd January, 1904. Larvae fed to repletion on the scrotum of an ox in 5 days, and on the leg of a goat in 6 days. Sixteen days after the completion of the larval engorgement, nymphs moulted out (in incubator). Nymphs engorged in 7 to 9 days, and the nymph-adult moult took place 82 days later (19th Sept. to 10th Dec.) at room-temperature. These figures indicate that the various life-phases take about the same time as do those of A. hebraeum. Only 5 females were fed to repletion, and of these one dropped from the host in 16 days, one in 20 days, two in 27 days, and one in 45 days. Unlike A. hebraeum, both males and females attach themselves to the host in the first instance without reference to each other. It is not known whether the female seeks the male or vice versa. Amblyomma variegatum Notwithstanding its wide distribution in Africa, and its almost universal presence on domestic cattle, no complete study of the life- history of this species has yet been made. Lounsbury (1905) notes that it is closely allied to A. hebraeum, and that the eggs take the same time to hatch and the larvae and nymphs the same time to feed and moult, as would A. hebraeum under the same conditions. Nil 19 290 Gremis Amblyomma Nuttall (1915) recorda observatioiiB which be made on material collected as engorged nymphs, from cattle in the Lower Congo (23-30. iv. I'.lTJ). When received in Cambridge in June, 1912, most of them had emerged, as adults, from the nymphal skins. Females placed upon calves remained attached for II to 20 days, at a temperature ca. 18° to 20 C. and 23 to .">.". days, at a temperature ca. 15° C. A female remained attached to the scrotum of a ram for 51 days (temperature ca. 20° C). The males were observed to remain attached to the host long after the females had dropped off engorged; 4 males remained attached for 4 to 8 months. They may even die in situ. Oviposition began 9 to 46 days after the females had dropped from the host; the process lasted 26 to 90 days, and the females survived for 2 to 10 days after it was completed. The number of eggs laid by the female is about the same as in A. hebraeum. Of 10 batches of eggs laid by as many females, 8 failed to hatch (temperature ca. 15° C), while 2 batches hatched at a temperature of 30° C. Larvae emerged from the eggs in 16 to 31 days from the deposition of the eggs. Attempts to raise the larvae failed. The life-history of A. variegatum appears to be essentially similar to that of A. hebraeum. Amblyomma hebraeum Commonly known in South Africa as the "Bont Tick," this species has acquired an evil reputation, and deservedly, for, until a few years ago, it was so prevalent, particularly in the south-western provinces, as to be a veritable scourge to sheep and dairy-cattle. It is the vector of the disease "Heartwater," which affects cattle, sheep and goats, and, moreover, is often the cause of sloughing of the teats in cows, and of other extensive injuries to infested stock by the severity of its bites. For most of our knowledge of the life-history and habits of this species, we are indebted to Mr Charles P. Lounsbury, Chief of the Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture of the Union Government of South Africa. Concerning the habits of A. hebraeum, Lounsbury writes (1899) "The 'Bont Tick' attacks all kinds of stock farmed in this colony and is not at all averse to fastening on to human beings, black as well as white. Ostriches become affected, and if it were not for their ability to pick off the creatures from most parts of their bodies, they would doubtless suffer severely. It is a matter of common observation that the adult tick, even when abundant on an animal, is confined almost exclusively to the under parts. The favourite Biology of A. hebraeum 291 places of lodgment are the relatively bare places beneath the shoulders and about the genitals and udder; also between the toes of small stock and beneath the fetlocks of horses. Yet while evidently preferring these places, the tick, at least in its larval and nymphal stages, will thrive even amongst the thick hairs on the sides and back of Angora goats and on the legs of cattle. The adult tick is not at all expert in climbing about in hair, and it is doubtless largely owing to this fact that it does not infest the backs of cattle. On man, the tick in all stages shows a preference for the parts analogous to those most subject to attack in animals. This preference cannot be wholly ascribed to the location of the openings or the arrangement of the clothing, for native children, clothed in modesty alone, are most bitten in the same places." A. hebraeum appears to require a warm, moderately humid climate. It thrives best in veld shaded by high bushes and quite fails to establish itself in open low grass veld and in the Karroo (Lounsbury, 1905). Shade seems to be necessary to protect its quiescent stages from desiccation. The eggs are particularly sensitive and make it difficult to maintain a proper degree of humidity in raising experiments. The following information is derived from Lounsbury's papers. The female Bont Tick, when fully distended with blood, loosens her hold on the host and voluntarily drops to the ground, where she seeks conceal- ment and appears restless until she succeeds in getting at least the fore portion of her body hidden from the light. The actual operation of oviposition has been described in detail by Lounsbury, but does not differ from the process as observed and ade- quately described in other species of ticks. In summer time, oviposition commences within 2 weeks or less after dropping from the host, but in cold weather, 10 to 11 weeks may elapse. In one batch of eggs which he had under observation, L. J. Roberts, who assisted Lounsbury in his observations, estimated the number of eggs to be 13,260. Claude Fuller counted 6000 eggs in one batch and estimated the remainder to amount to 11,500. It is probable that the complement varies with different females from 10,000 to 20,000 eggs. The number of eggs laid daily throughout the period of oviposition varies. During one interval of 2 days, only 18 eggs were laid, while on the following day there were no less than 370 in 20 hours, an average of one every 3| minutes. In summer, or when kept warm in an incubator, oviposition is completed in a much shorter time than in the winter at ordinary temperature, the periods in the instance observed being from 19-2 292 Genus Amblyomma ". to 9 weeks. The normal period ovA of doors in Bummer is probably al leasl 6 weeks. The i ncu hat inn period is variable and is dependent <>n the temperal are and other conditions. Development is very slow in cold weather. Eggs laid in the middle of winter (S. Africa) had not hatched even in the following January. In summer, the period is relatively short and the lirst eggs hatch a lew weeks after the last eggs arc laid. Eggs laid on the 26th January, isolated and kept in the office, began to hatch on the L3th April. II weeks later. Eggs laid in spring and early summer generally hatch before the commencement of the cold weather, but those laid in late summer and during the winter, remain unhatched until the mid- summer of the following year. The shortest adult-larva stage at ordinary temperatures, observed by Lounsbury, took 76 days, and the longest, 279 days. The newly-hatched larvae show a propensity to creep upwards towards the light. Their favourite support is a grass blade and upon one of these, Lounsbury and Roberts counted 2250 larvae on the terminal 2 inches of a narrow blade. The larvae show considerable longevity. Examples hatching out in a small bottle in the laboratory, between the 13th April and the 15th May, were still alive in the following November. Larvae attached to the host show7 little change in appearance until about the 4th day, when they begin to swell perceptibly. Complete distension is achieved in from 4 to 20 days, the usual time being about 6 days. The time varies according to the host animal and the part to which the tick is attached. With artificial heat (incubator at 90°-100° F.) nymphs moulted out from the larval skins in 15 days, but under natural conditions in winter, even in sheltered sunny situations, no nymphs appeared in less than 7 weeks. Under veld conditions, allowing for variations of season and situation, the period probably varies from 1 to 3 months. Like the larvae the nymphs show a considerable degree of longevity. Specimens kept in the laboratory were still alive and active after the lapse of 15 weeks, and there is reason to believe that, in the open, nymphs may survive for 3 months and more. Engorgement of the nymph takes from 4 to 8 days, a few have been observed to take as long as 30 days. Lounsbury noticed no difference in these limits in nymphs raised on sheep and goats respectively. The nymphal moult took place 1 1 weeks after dropping from the host. The observed periods which elapsed between the dropping of the nymphs and the moulting out of the adult form ranged from 26 to 160 Biology of A. hebraeum 293 days at ordinary temperatures, but in incubated batches the nymphal skins began to rupture in from 18 to 28 days. The absolute longevity of the adult was not studied, but examples moulted 3 months previously were still active. Lounsbury records one instance of an adult which was still alive 14 months after feeding as a nymph. Males attach to the host and feed for 4 to 7 days before they become attractive to the females, and the latter are loth to attach themselves to the host until they have found a male capable of fertilising them. For a few days after the female has found her mate, she distends but little; she then begins to swell slowly and may be half distended by the 5th day. Com- plete engorgement is usually achieved by the 7th or 8th day. Males often remain attached to the host for many months, even a year, and in the course of his sojourn on the host, a male may fertilise several females successively. The complete life-cycle is of variable length. At the very least, Lounsbury estimates that 9 months are required, and that, under exceptional circumstances, 2 full years might pass and the cycle be still incomplete. Ordinarily, there cannot be more than 1 generation in the course of a twelve-month. The minimum and maximum times occupied by the successive life-phases as observed by Lounsbury are summarised as follows: Oviposition 3 weeks to 9 weeks Incubation 11 9 9 99 6 months Larval engorgement 4 days 99 9 days Engorgement to larval moult ... 16 )> ?» 9 or more weeks Nymjjhal engorgement ... 4 5) 99 8 days Nymphal moult ... 18 )) ?) 11 weeks Adult engorgement ($) ... 7 JJ 99 8 days Total 147 J) ?? 409 or more days Professor G. H. F. Nuttall carried out, in 1906 and 1913, extensive raising experiments with A. hebraeum, , the material for the later experi- ments being the progeny of 2 gorged females sent to him by Mr C. P. Lounsbury. Larvae were placed on the scrotum of a ram in January, 1913, the mean air temperature at the time being 4° C. They engorged to repletion in from 5 to 18 days, the largest number dropping from the host on the 6th to the 9th day. In a second experiment (mean temperature 3-3° C.) the period of engorgement ranged from 5 to 19 days, the majority of the larvae dropping off on the 6th to the 9th day. In some earlier raising experiments conducted in 1906, larvae placed on hedgehogs took •_'i»4 Genus Amblyomma from 12 to I- days before dropping from the host. Larvae attached themselves readily to sheep and hedgehogs; nymphs were fed on slice]). goats, and calves, and adults on sheep ami calves. Upon hedgehogs, in September (temperature ca. 18° ('.) the larvae remained for 12 to IT days, mostly dropping about the 13th or 1 Ith day; in January (temperature ca. I- ('.) they remained on the host for 5 to 1!) days, mostly dropping off gorged on the 8th day. Nymphs remained on sheep for 5 to 18 days, but t lie greatest numbers dropped off on the 6th and 7th days; on goats they remained attached for 6 to 22 days, and on calves from 4 to 12 days, mostly 5 or 6 days. Females were found to remain for 6 to 12 days on the ears of calves which were already infested with males. Of 50 males under observation, 2 1 remained on the calf for 8 days, 10 for 7 days, 8 for 9 days, 5 for 10 davs. and 3, 2, and 1 dropped off on the 6th, 11th, and 12th day, respectively. Males remained attached to a calf from 41 to 267 days. Nuttall notes that a certain amount of humidity is essential during the meta- morphoses. The time required for development, from oviposition to the hatching of the larva, was from 47 to 63 days (temperature 30° C); engorged larva to nymph, 12 to 13 days (temperature 30° C); engorged nymph to adult, 18 to 21- days at a temperature of 30° C. and 44 days at a temperature of 37° C. The mortality at this stage was low, 102 adults emerging from 106 nymphs in one case, and 825 adults from 1145 nymphs in another case. There appeared to be a preponderance of males; thus, among 1242 adults descended from a single female, 747 wTere males and 495 were females. Gorged females began to oviposit 8 to 11 days after dropping from the host, when maintained at a temperature of 30° C, and the females survived for 1 to 15 days after the operation was completed. Oviposition continued for 24 to 35 days, and the number of eggs deposited by individual females ranged from a minimum of 12,300 to a maximum of 18,500. Nuttall records interesting observations on the longevity of A. hebraeum. Several lots of larvae lived unfed for upwards of 346 days ; nymphs lived for 250 days, and some males survived for more than 660 days at room- temperature. Adults, after fasting for 412 days and more, fed normally upon a ram, the sexes paired as usual, and the females oviposited. He raised A. hebraeum in the laboratory through twTo generations. The life- cycle of the first generation was completed in 240 days, and that of the second generation in 171 days. Biology of A. testudinis 295 Amblyomma testudinis Lahille (1905) has given some information on the biology of this species. On the 6th February, 1903, he received a tortoise (Testudo argentinae) with gorged ticks which presently detached themselves. Oviposition commenced on the 13th February, and the first larvae hatched out 66 days later, on the 20th April. Larval engorgement was completed in 8 days or more, and nymphs moulted from the larval skins 15 to 20 days later, at a mean laboratory temperature of 22° C. The nymphal stage endured generally for about a month, and this was also about the time required by the female to attain maturity and drop off fully engorged from the host. Lahille makes the observation that, in A. testudinis, as in almost all the species of which the males are of a relatively large size, the parasites of this sex remain attached to the host long after the females of their generation have dropped off engorged, and that he has been able to verify the fact that these males may pair with females of the following generation. He placed on a tortoise which harboured 7 old males, 6 young females of another generation. Of these females, 3 only attached themselves to the host, and each of these ultimately laid fertile eggs. Lahille had no doubt but that copulation had taken place, for he did not believe, in the absence of other proof, that parthenogenesis had occurred. Amblyomma dissimile The biology of A. dissimile has been studied by Newstead (1909), Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912), and others, but especially by Bodkin (xi. 1918), who was the first to observe the occurrence of par- thenogenesis in this species. The usual hosts are Amphibians and Reptiles, and the adult female will engorge only on such animals. Larvae and nymphs, on the other hand, will feed on warm-blooded hosts. A. dissimile is a 3-host tick, and Newstead was in error in supposing that it moulted on the host. Bodkin considers the species to be of small economic importance, but notes that it does occasionally cause the death of toads, which do some good in the consumption of insect pests. He commenced his raising experiments with 3 females captured on toads. They were confined in glass tubes in the laboratory, and oviposition commenced on the 22nd October, 1915. The operation proceeded regularly for about 16 days and the females were dead on the 18th November. 296 Genua .1 mblyomma I n .in observation made by Newstead, the number of eggs laid by a female was 1784. Hooker, Bishoppand Wood report acounl of L655. \t .i temperature of Mi Si* |<\. larvae engorged on ;i toad in about 1") days mi the average (Newstead gives "about ;i week"; Hooker, Bishopp and Wood, LO to L6 days <>n tortoise, 1 to 9 days on bovines), and niniilt into the aymphal phase some 15 days later. The great<-t longevity observed was 84 days, this in larvae confined in glass tubes stink in damp sand (Hooker. Bishopp and Wood record the greatest longevity observed by them as 95 days). Nymphs, fed on toads, were fully engorged in 13 to 17 days at an average temperature of 82° F., and in 8 to 14 days at an average temperature of 80-1° F. (Hooker, Bishopp and Wood, 11 to 13 days upon a tortoise, in August, 5 to 8 days on a bovine). Moulting took place 14 to 16 days later (average temperature 82° F.). The average longevity of two lots of nymphs was about 99 days (Hooker, Bishopp and Wood observed a greatest longevity of 130 days). Unfertilised females engorged on a toad (average temperature 82° F.) in 29 to 34 days; in a second series of observations, at an average temperature of 80-1° F., unfertilised females engorged in 37 to 44 days, and fertilised females in 40 to 45 days. Newstead reports 3 females to have engorged in 14, 17 and 23 days respectively. At the same tem- perature, two unfertilised and unfed females lived for 427 days and 496 days, respectively. The second female was placed on a toad on the 451st day and soon became attached. She dropped off, three-quarters engorged, 29 days later and produced fertile eggs in due course without access to a male. Provided that each stage promptly finds a host, the complete life-cycle may be completed in about 153 days: Oviposition to hatching of larva ... Time allowed for larvae to harden before attaching to the host Larval engorgement 1st ecdysis ... Time allowed for nymph to harden Nymphal engorgement 2nd ecdysis Time allowed for adult to harden Adult engorgement Completion of engorgement to oviposition Total Owing to the improbability of the tick finding a host without delay in each of its life-stages, the period of the life-cycle is doubtless much longer under natural conditions. 27 days 5 j> 15 99 15 99 7 ?» 13 >> 15 99 10 )J 41 J» 5 >> 153 S» Biology of A. dissimile 297 Although males and females are present on the host at the same time, Bodkin never observed copulation on the host. Males and females were found to copulate quite readily when placed together in glass tubes. In most cases the act took place immediately, but males that had been kept in captivity for some time showed a reluctance to copulate. The act was observed when females about one-quarter engorged and forcibly removed from the host were placed together with males. Bodkin captured on 30 toads a total number of 55 adult ticks, of which 46 were males and 9 were females. From this observation he surmised that, under natural conditions, the males largely predominate. Hooker, Bishopp and Wood observed that 7 per cent, of 28 individuals moulting to adults were females. Parthenogenesis in A. dissimile. Bodkin obtained absolute proof of the occurrence of parthenogenesis. Two females were carefully bred from ova in the laboratory and then kept in strict captivity in glass tubes, every needful precaution being taken to exclude even a remote chance of males obtaining access. These females engorged normally and laid normal quantities of eggs, all of which, as far as could be ascertained, were fertile. Owing to lack of space and equipment, Bodkin was not able to raise even one-quarter of the larvae derived from the eggs of any one female. Some of the progeny of these ticks were carefully raised and 65 females were eventually secured. Some of the latter were allowed to engorge and to produce another generation. In all, Bodkin raised four successive generations parthenogenetically from the 2 original females and, moreover, these generations were comprised entirely of females. No diminution in size or vigour was noticed. Females of a parthenogenetically developed generation are susceptible to fertilisation. With the object of acquiring experimental evidence of this, Bodkin took 2 females of the 4th partheno- genetic generation and mated them with males captured in the field. Of the progeny of the first female, only 6 reached maturity, and all of these were females. In the case of the second female, 15 of the progeny reached maturity; 1 was a male and the rest were females. It is interesting to note that, in the course of his investigations in Jamaica, Newstead was never able to find males of A. dissimile, although careful searches were made. •_'!>8 ( Melius Ambtyomma Amblyomma rotundatum ( agamum Ai a The biology of this species was first studied by Rohi (1909, 118-120) \\ln> mis-identified it as A. l the container. Nymphal engorgement is completed in 7 to M) days, and the engorged nymphs drop ofi the host without exception. Brumpl records an instance of nymphs moulting on t ho host (see Ik 'low). Moulting takes place sonic I ."> to 15 .lavs later and all the nymphs i ransform into Females. Two days alter emergence from the nymphal skin, the females are ready to feed, and engorgement IS completed in 17 to 22 days. The complete life-cycle, in the conditions obtaining in laboratory experiments, occupies at least 90 days. Parthenogenesis in A. rotundatum. For a long time Aragao and his collaborators were puzzled by the fact that the ticks captured on infested animals were invariably females, and that from nymphs collected on the same animals only females moulted out. Rohr had already noted, in the course of his observations of the development of this species, the interesting fact that from 398 nymphs, females alone were obtained. After repeated observations in this direction, Aragao proceeded to carry out careful experiments to elucidate the matter. The ease with which this tick can be raised on cold-blooded hosts facilitated the work to such an extent that he was soon convinced that the occurrence of parthenogenetic reproduction accounted for the absence or rarity of males. As a matter of fact, the male of this species has never been seen. Aragao's conclusions were based on two extensive series of observations, one in which three or four successive generations were bred, and another with a completely closed generation in which the eggs laid by the females proved to be fertile notwithstanding the absence of males. In the course of his experiments in Brazil and France, Brumpt was able to confirm, almost entirely, the observations of Aragao, but in one or two instances important differences were noted. He distributed the progeny of a female tick, captured on a snake in the north of Brazil, on 5 toads (ca. 25th October, 1922), and engorged larvae commenced to drop from the hosts during the return to France (from the 5th to 14th November). The curious fact to be noted was that none of the larvae moulted on the toads, and Brumpt asks the question — "Is this a peculiarity of the pedigree of this single tick, or is it due to the influence of environment? " The answer to a part of this question is to be found in a footnote, in which Brumpt states that, among the larvae of the second generation derived from the above-mentioned female, and fed on a fresh water tortoise, a very large percentage moulted on the host. Biology of A. tuberculatum 301 The nymphs derived from these larvae (1st generation) were raised easily on various cold-blooded hosts and in due course developed into females. In a particular case which Brumpt reports in detail, the nymphs moulted on the host (Testudo lutaria). Thirty dwarf females, derived from nymphs raised on a terrestrial tortoise which died before they had completed their engorgement, and a certain number of half-gorged nymphs, removed from a snake (Zamenis viridiflavus) possibly 3 days dead, were placed in a linen bag containing an aquatic tortoise. After the lapse of a few hours, all the parasites had attached themselves to the tortoise, which was then transferred to an incubator (temperature 25° C). Eight days later (21st May) the nymphs were well gorged, but, strange to relate, the dwarf females did not appear to have fed, although the controls of the same lot, placed on grass snakes, or re-fixed on tortoises, had engorged normally. On the 29th May the tortoise was removed from the incubator and kept at the laboratory temperature (12°-15° C). From the 29th May to the 8th June none of the nymphs dropped into the tray placed beneath the cage, notwithstanding that they were completely gorged. The dwarf adults proceeded to engorge themselves normally with blood. On the 9th June the temperature rose suddenly, and Brumpt noticed that 5 nymphs, still on the host, had developed into females which sought to attach themselves, and that all the other nymphs were about to moult. On the 10th June 2 more nymphs had moulted, and the tortoise was then placed in an incubator (temp. 20° C.) in order to accelerate the development of the parasites. From the 9th to the 15th June 15 more moults of nymphs took place on the host. In all, 29 adults gorged on this tortoise without killing it. Amblyomma tuberculatum The biology of A. tuberculatum has been studied by Hooker, and the following information is taken from Hooker, Bishopp and Wood (1912). The adult tick feeds on the Gopher Tortoise (Testudo polyphemus) only; experimental attempts to attach them to bovines have failed. The nymphs, while usually found on the tortoise, will engorge on bovines. Engorged larvae have been found in large numbers on dogs and rabbits, and in smaller numbers on cattle and birds of prey. Larvae have been found on owls and hawks, but may have crawled from the small mammals which these birds devour. Laboratory observations have shown that the females begin to oviposit 8 to 10 days after dropping from the host (a box-tortoise), at a mean 302 Genua Amblyomma temperature <>l >sl P., and deposition continued for 16 to 21 days. The largest number of eggs laid by a single female was 5481, and the average number amounted to 3839. I Fnder na1 lira! conditions it is probable that several thousand more eggs are laid, for, in the females observed, they were still of I . i r i_r< - Bize when oviposition ceased. The process of oviposit ion appears to follow the course observed in other ticks. The minimum period of incubation observed was 91 days, at a mean temperature of 71*19° F. From the fact that only a small percentage of the eggs hatched, many of them being black and shrivelled at the time of deposition, it would appear that there was something in the conditions of the experiment unfavourable to development, and it may be thai under natural conditions the incubation period is shorter. The greatest larval longevity observed was between 95 and 110 days. The period required for larval engorgement was not determined. Engorged larvae taken from a rabbit in December and kept in the laboratory at a mean temperature of 61-4° F., did not commence to moult until 86 days later. The maximum observed longevity of the unfed nymph was 81 days. Nymphs engorged on bovines in from 8 to 11 days, the majority dropping from the host on the 9th and 10th days. Although the nymphs attached themselves readily to bovines, some trouble was experienced on account of scabs forming around the mouth-parts and causing the ticks to drop before becoming fully engorged. Individuals were found to change their point of attachment several times before imbibing much blood. Upon a cold-blooded host, the process of engorgement is doubtless more protracted. At a mean temperature of 81° F., nymphs commenced to moult 29 days after dropping from the host. Unfed adults survived for as long as 90 days in the laboratory at summer temperature, but it is probable that the longevity would be much greater under natural conditions. Males and females placed upon a tortoise in July attached themselves readily, and the first female dropped off engorged 20 days later, the other 2 females dropping on the 21st and 25th day respectively. Copulation upon the host was not observed to take place, but when the first engorged female was removed from the bag in which the host had been placed it was found apparently in copula with a male which had also dropped from the host. Hooker surmises from this observation that copulation takes place after the female has dropped from the host, but the fact that males were seen to remain attached long after the females had dropped makes this questionable. 7 >$15 / PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY BioMcd