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Veen CHA BE BYE ; yet CRAN OR ORA tf + Ben tt Glee A — E cei Pd A CORRE Dr 4 HEN: „Sense Fer — HARVARD UNIVERSITY © Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology DEEL 124 1981 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE UITGEGEVEN DOOR DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 124, 1981 NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING BESTUUR (BOARD) Noorzitter (Chairman) Men een R.H. Cobben Vice-Voorzitter (Vice-President)................. A. K. Minks Secretanisi(Secretany) aes ee eee ae eee R. de Jong VATA ES SERRES PR ee en Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Raamsteeg 2, Leiden 2311 PL leBenningmeesten(@Mreasurenl) nr eee L. P. S. van der Geest AT ARES SE ee RA Doornenburg 9, Landsmeer 1121 GP 2e Penningmeester (Treasurer II) .............. P. Oosterbroek AGOS EET Ne Baanstraat 2, Edam 1135 CB Bibliothecaris (Librarian) … W. N. Ellis Plantage Middenlaan 64, Amsterdam 1018 DH Bidi(Memben) nz. ie aaa ane H. van Oorschot TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE Redactie (Editorial Board) 2 22 ne en P.J. van Helsdingen, R. de Jong, J. Krikken, M. A. Lieftinck, C. van Achterberg AGGRESSORI Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Raamsteeg 2, Leiden 2311 PL The journal serves the publication of papers on Insecta, Myriapoda and Arachnoidea. Subscription rate: D.Fl. 225,— per year. Afleveringen 1—5 verschenen 20.VII.1981 Aflevering 6 verscheen 31.XII.1981 ISSN 0040-7496 INHOUD VAN DEEL 124 Aukema, B. — A survey of the Dutch species of the subgenus Hy/opsallus of Psallus (Hemipte- Ka-Leteropteray Mini dae) aware N eee | Boucek, Z., A. Watsham & J. T. Wiebes. — The fig wasp fauna of the receptacles of Ficus thonningi (rymenopteray Chalcidoidea) rr Chaudhuri, P. K., D. K. Guha & S. K. Das Gupta. — Taxonomic studies of Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from India. The genus Polypedilum Kieffer ............ Das Gupta, S. K., zie Chaudhuri, P. K. Guha, D. K., zie Chaudhuri, P. K. | Newton, P. J., zie Wilkinson, C. i Watsham, A., zie Bouéek, Z. | Wiebes, J. T., zie Boutek, Z. Wilkinson, C. — A supplement to the genus Ectoedemia Busck (Nepticulidae: Lepidoptera) in North America, dealing with some difficult species and also some new ones ...... Wilkinson, C., & P. J. Newton. — The microlepidopteran genus Ectoedemia Busck (Nepticuli- dao)linıN oLth-American SA RR Te ERRATUM On p. 168 the title of the new chapter should read Sycoecinae instead of Sycoryctini. 93 27 WA En DEEL 124 AFLEVERING | 1981 TIESCHRITTL a HARVArıy VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE UITGEGEVEN DOOR DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING INHOUD B. AUKEMA. — A survey of the Dutch species of the subgenus Hy/opsallus of Psallus (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Miridae), p. 1—25, figs. 1—36. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 124, afl. 1 Gepubliceerd 20-VII-1981 fr A SURVEY OF THE DUTCH SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS HYLOPSALLUS OF PSALLUS (HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) (Mededeling EIS-Nederland, no. 6) by BEREND AUKEMA Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie, Amsterdam With 36 text-figures ABSTRACT The Dutch material of the subgenus Psallus (Hylopsallus) and of the related Asthenarius quercus (Kirschbaum, 1856) is extensively revised. The occurrence of Psallus (Hylopsallus) perrisi (Mulsant, 1852), P. (H.) variabilis (Fallen, 1829) and A. quercus in the Netherlands is confirmed, whereas P. (H.) wagneri Ossiannilsson, 1953 is recorded now for the first time from this country. It is shown that measurements of external morphological characters do not allow identification of the species, as is suggested in most keys of Hylopsallus. Of the Dutch species and P. (H.) assimilis Stichel, 1956, which may be expected, a key to the males, descriptions, and drawings of the male genitalia are given, and the distribution of the Dutch species in the Netherlands is figured. Finally the status of P. (H.) wagneri is discussed. INTRODUCTION The genus Psallus Fieber, 1858, belongs to the subfamily Phylinae Handlirsch, 1925, tribe Phylini Douglas & Scott, 1865. The subgenus Hylopsallus was esta- blished by Wagner in 1952, and in the same publication Psallus variabilis (Fallen, 11829) was designated as the type of the subgenus. | The Dutch species of Hylopsallus are characterized by the pale antennae (base lof segment 1 more or less dark), the black, dark-brown, red-brown or red body, the dark-brown or red femora, which are pale only at their extreme apices and either unspotted or provided with a few obscure dark spots beneath, the pale tibiae having dark spines arising from dark spots (at least at hind tibiae), the tarsal ‘segment 3 being shorter than segment 2, the male genital segment, which is ventrally distinctly keeled, and the shape and processes of the aedeagus. Wagner (1975) included 10 species in Hylopsallus, of which quercus (Kirsch- baum, 1856) was transferred to the genus Asthenarius Kerzhner, 1962, in a later ‚publication of the same author (Wagner, 1975a). Four of the nine species consti- ‘tuting the subgenus now are found in the Netherlands or adjacent countries. Probably because the identification of the species of Hylopsallus is difficult ‘Without examination of the male genitalia, Dutch entomologists have paid little | 2 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 attention to the representatives of Hylopsallus. Reclaire (1932, 1948) included quercus and variabilis in his checklist of Dutch species and Meurer (1956) added perrisi (Mulsant, 1852). My unsuccesful attempts to identify some Dutch material of Hylopsallus led to this critical evaluation of all Dutch material of the subgenus available (cf. collections mentioned under Acknowledgements). Because Asthenarius quercus closely resembles Hylopsallus and since this species was often confused with variabilis by Dutch entomologists I have incorporated this species in the present study. This study confirms the occurrence of P. (H.) perrisi, variabilis and quercus in the Netherlands, whereas wagneri is recorded from this country for the first time. Another species which could be expected in the Netherlands is P. (H.) assimilis Stichel, 1956. This species was described after material from England and was later recorded from West Germany (Rieger, 1975, 1976). Since assimilis was not found in museum material from the Netherlands, I have undertaken special efforts to find assimilis on its host plant, common maple (Acer campestre L.). However, all attempts were unsuccessful. Furthermore my study of the Dutch Hylopsallus material led to a critical evaluation of the characters used in the literature for separating the species. The genitalia of all available Dutch males of Hylopsallus were dissected and examined. For reasons of comparison some Swedish material of wagneri and some British material of perrisi, wagneri, variabilis and assimilis was examined. A key to the males, drawings of the male genitalia and descriptions of the species are included. TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS The species of Hylopsallus have a very similar general appearance, although perrisi and wagneri are somewhat different in size and colour from assimilis and variabilis. Absolute as well as relative measurements of external morphological structures are most frequently used in separating species of Hylopsallus. Especially the ratio of width of vertex to width of eye, the ratio of length of antennal segment 2 to length of segment 1, the ratio of length of antennal segment 2 to width of pronotal base, and the absolute length of the body including the wings are used in keys for the identification of species in Hylopsallus (Kerzhner & Yachevski, 1964; Southwood & Leston, 1959; Stichel, 1956, 1958; Wagner, 1952, 1961, 1967 and 1975; Wagner & Weber, 1964; Woodroffe, 1957 and Zaytseva, 1969). However, precise measurements of great numbers of specimens show that these measurements do not provide an reliable basis for identification because of the great intraspecific variation and the great interspecific overlap (tables 1—3). All the keys mentionned are more or less misleading in suggesting the possibility of identification on the ground of simple measurements. The ratio of width of vertex to width of eye for instance is used by Wagner (1952, 1961, 1967 and 1975) and Woodroffe (1957) to separate perrisi/wagneri, assimilis, variabilis and quercus from each other. Comparison of their ratios with the ratios from my mearurements (table 4) shows that their ratios do fall within the range of my measurements. On AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus = WOO ED OO — SEO 9EOTEEO L Apog Jo yyduaj :wın.27501 Jo Yu] =— OW a OY Ie |! u ONE IEN S/E uInJjsoJ JO y13uaj aseq [eJouoıd Jo OEP €00 LLO L80—IL0 L8 0—0L'0 r00 LLO 680—S90 LIT Upim 7 3uowdos ur Jo YTU] p + € SIuU9WS9s ‘Ue Jo EE) LOO LO ZO 60°I—L6°0 800 POT 97I—L80 19 YIFU]:7 yusuıdas UE Jo YIFU] | JUSWIZas 'Jue JO LIS €70 Str 0057007 €8v—6LE€ OTO PTP SLb—LLE ETI UISue]:7 juowuSos ‘UR Jo YFUI] LOS €00 850 ÿ90—TS 0 19 0—SS'0 ÿ0O 8S0 S907-6P0 95 Apog Jo YFU] :’jue Jo Y}FU] 8€ S 110 L6T 8€T—OLTI 00 T—09 I 010 9LI ZIET HST 6€I aka JO YIPIM :X2J19A JO YIPIM OSE OO BEL OSG €8°C— 87 C UO AE GIG GE AN Apog Jo Upim :Apoq Jo YITU] 867 900 971 6£EI-801 CNED 900 CTI 6€1—901 671 aseq [8Jouo1d Jo yıpım IG COO ONG ELN MES 010 SOT 077ILI 65 aeuuogue JO YTUA] GSD) COO G80 ZEN ZEN 8€ OTEE O (OO Ve) C7WmssGW Ne p 3uowdos ‘jue Jo YFU] SSL 900 SSO £90—Lt'0 SS0— OS 0 r00 €5°0 7907070 +6 € Juawaas “que Jo ISLA) 68% SOO L60 801-180 £0°198°0 S00 €60 EOT-I8O SCI 7 }uowdos ‘ue Jo sua] v9v 100 ZTO STOTOT'O v7 0610 OO) Co SCOLO He | Juauıdas “JU Jo YTU9] ge 100 8E0 OF 0—FE'0 LEOTTEO COUDE OS ONO X9319A JO YIPIM OC GO WO VIOE 8L'0—690 c00 SLO L80—690 6€I pesy Jo Upim sr LOO EST 69 TOEI SSITG6II 800 vrl 89 TT VTI LI Apog Jo yypım 86 Il EPO 65€ 907770€ 8LE—ITE 610 Sst vOr—90'E CCI Apog Jo YFU] ‘AD p's x 1 "p's x "p's x 1 u 149USOM/151449d 149USDM 1514494 Ô P 2 mmm ‘(UOTIVLIBA Jo JuaId -1]]909 = 'A'9 ‘syuowaanseaw JO UONEIASP piepueIs = ‘p's syuawaıInseaW JO 281048 = X !sJuaWwaınseaW JO 9BUEI = J ‘pelnseaw suswıdads Jo Jaquinu = U) sojewoj pue sojew ‘142U8DM ‘7 PUR ısıaaad snjjosgq JO suowroods YoInq JO uswaınseaw ‘| 2IQUL TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 n Fe, Ti IEN—EEO = TEE = 91851 607 #00 L60 90'I—L80 675 900 III MI-rON L8¢ v70 68% 8€S—b7P 879 700 190 690—SS'0 IT8 CIO LPL 007081 SES HO 8957 067-677 ore SOO ICI Ph III 8L'E 010 PIT 98 TT IPT 99L £00 [WO 87°0-SE0 ss9 S00 LO 180—£9°0 gr SOO II IE I-III EST 100 970 OE OTFTO OLr WO PEO 8€ 0—0£'0 6LT TOO 6L0 ÿ80—SL0 88€ 900 991 ISI—ESTI t6r ITO IC IL PEBE "ND “p's x 1 snasanb 2 9EO 6EOTSEO LS WTA 8L0 L80—?L0 E01 #I'I-E60 ETV 8LY_09€ 850 ÿ90—ES O0 8L'T 91 TT6€ | SSG Mi Carni LLC GTI 6E 7901 NOG AZ 6£0 SPOTSEO 650 9907870 cOT 911160 170 LTO—ITO 9EO OFOTOEO LLO TEOTEL'O rs I 8917671 T6E OV P—LH'E X I DIICIUZIA 080 +80—9L0 CORRO es 610 Wp 1297007 090 £90—SS 0 861 1177061 CCE CC UC LEI vt TOI VOGT? 0r0 ErOTREO 650 €907PS°0 104729016‘ CC) SSC OGO 8€ 0 86090 908500 851 9917051 EEE RITTER? x 1 SIJMMISSD Apoq Jo Yu] :nJ}S0] Jo YFZUI] WNI1)SO1 JO Y}F3U] aseq [e]ouoId Jo YIPIM :7 3u9 dos ‘Jur JO Y}TUA] p + £ suowTas ue JO y13uaj :7 Juauıdas ue JO yJdu>] | JUDAS “ue JO yFu9] :7 JUSWIBas ‘Jur JO Y}ZU] Apoq Jo y18uaj : ue Jo YTU] 249 JO YIPIM :X9]19A JO YIPIM Apoq Jo yıpım :Apog Jo YITU] aseq [e}OUOId Jo yIpım 2eUU9JUE Jo Y}ZUA] p 1uawdos ue JO YIdUA) € Juowaas ‘ue JO Y}TUA] 7 que w das ue Jo YTUI] | 3uawdas ‘ue Jo yJZua] X9]19A JO UJPIM peau JO yIpim Apog Jo yypım Apog jo yıdua] Me ae "[ 21981 SV ‘SYJIWISSD ‘4 JO sSjew USNIJg pue snaaanb SNIADUIYISP PUR SIJIQDIADA SNIJDSJ JO SOJeul yond Jo S}UQUI I INSEL M ‘TIEL AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus — €00 tr 0 6707-6€0 — 800 SLT 061791 867I ZIO 760 CO I —980 8€ L 800 SOI 0£I-16°0 v87 ECO S8&b €€S—8I'P 979 900 L90 SL'0-95°0 LOS O10 007 ITT—IL | SLS PIO SET €ELTTIOT Ort 900 871 prI—9II 19% CIO 657 06 T-rET tr6 100 CO 8S0—8€0 CSL SOO ILO 980-190 ELP 900 IEI IE I—90'1 Ltr 100 STO 8T0—ET O0 ETE 100 680 ZP0TSE0 OEE €00 6L0 S80—L9'0 10% LOO S9T I8I—8Pr'l ISS [ZO 88€ CE P—CS'E AD P's n n snouanb Sp'OTPEO SORT Al S8'OTELÒO ST'I—S6 0 09 ÿ—S8'€ S90—+S 0 081 GT SIE WS CEE vp OSEO 6907250 MEO EAO E40 GOD A0) €80—€L0 BENSON 97 V—8TE SIIGDIADA aa 8€ 0 GET It I—6€'1I 080 160—SL0 O0'T 60'I—€6 0 sch ILP—9L'E 190 +p90—LS O0 9IT 1977061 EG AGN 671 Ip TEI 8TT ItT—9IT IO St0—8€0 190 L90—SS'0 TO'T 901-960 ÿTO LTO—ITO OVO crO—9E'0 LEO) WEN) VII ILI-ESI ELE POP TSE x J SIJIMISSD Apoq Jo yIZu>] :wın.1501 Jo yIZua] WnI}SOI Jo YTU] aseq [eJouoid Jo UIPIM :7 Juswdas ue JO YZU] py + € usw das JO Yu] :7 Juswaas ‘Jur Jo YTUA] | Juswaas Jo y18uaj :7 Juswaas ue JO yIZup] Ápoq Jo y13uaj : ‘UE Jo YITU] 949 JO YIPIM :X9J19A JO UJPIM Apog Jo Ypra :Apoq Jo yuo aseq [eJouo1d Jo yIpım 2PUUAJUE JO UBUD] + Juswdas ‘Ue Jo YFU9] € JUDAS ‘ue JO YIBUI] Z Juswdas ‘ue JO UI8U9) | Juswdas ‘ue JO yJdua] XO}IOA JO UJPIM PESUJOMIPIM Apog Jo yıpım Apog Jo ujausl] eee EE SE EEE EE Ee Er eN Te Er ee SA "| 9[QBI SV 'sıpwissp ‘4 JO SOJeWS2J USNIIY pur snaaanb SNIADUIYISP PUB SIJIQDIADA SN]]DSq JO SS[EWSF YIIN JO JUSWSANSEIMW ‘€ [GEL 6 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 Table 4. Comparison between the ratio of width of vertex to width of eye according to Woodroffe (1975), Wagner (1975) and the measurements presented in this paper. Species sex Woodroffe Wagner measured 1957 1975 range average perrisi 3 ~ 2.0 1.9—2.0 1.54—2.12 1.76 perrisi/wagneri Q ~ 2.0 2.0—2.2 1.70—2.38 1.97 wagneri 3 ~ 2.0 1.9—2.0 1.60—2.00 1.76 assimilis 3 >2.0 — 1.90—2.11 1.98 variabilis d <2.0 1.70—1.75 1.39—2.16 1.78 Q — 1.80—1.85 1.80—2.22 2.04 quercus d ~ 1.3 1.5 1.30— 2.00 1.47 Q AMI 1.75 1.72—2.26 2.00 the other hand identification on species level on account of the ratio of width of vertex to width of eye proved to be impossible. Measurements were made according to the method followed by Wagner (1966: 10, 1970: 20—21) with a Zeiss stereo microscope at magnifications of 20 times (length and width of the body including the wings), 40 times (length of antennae and antennal segments, length of rostrum and width of pronotal base) and 50 times (width of head and width of vertex). The ratio of width of vertex to width of eye was calculated as: width of vertex: 0.5 times (width of head — width of vertex), whereas width of head and width of vertex were measured as shown in fig. 1. Fig. 1. Measurements of the head: V = width of vertex; E = width of eye; H = width of head. The length of the rostrum in relation to the coxae, used by Stichel (1956) as a distinguishing character, does not provide a reliable character since the extension of the rostrum depends on the slant of the head, on the position of the coxae and on the curvation of the abdomen. Neither does the actual length of the rostrum in relation to the length of the body provide a reliable distinction since a few measurements already show an overlap (tables 1—3). Small differences between Hylopsallus species as regards the shape of the claws have been described (e.g. Wagner, 1952), but these differences are too subtle. The differences shown by the aedeagi (figs. 23—26) present the only reliable characters for separating all species of Hylopsallus concerned. The right parameres (figs. 8—11) are very similar throughout the subgenus, whereas the left parameres (figs. 13—16, 18—21) and the thecas (figs. 28—31) only enable separation of the AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 7 imm Figs. 2—7. Habitus. 2—3. Psallus perrisi, male, female (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 4—5. P. variabi- lis, male, female (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 6—7. Asthenarius quercus, male, female (Heerde, the Netherlands). 8 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 Figs. 8—12. Right parameres. 8. Psallus perrisi (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 9. P. wagneri (Heerde, the Netherlands); 10. P. variabilis (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 11. P. assimilis (Wychwood, N.B., Oxon, England); 12. Asthenarius quercus (Heerde, the Netherlands). AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 9 Figs. 13—17. Left parameres, SP = sensorial process. 13. Psallus perrisi (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 14. P. wagneri (Heerde, the Netherlands); 15. P. variabilis (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 16. P. assimi- lis (Wychwood, N.B., Oxon, England); 17. Asthenarius quercus (Heerde, the Netherlands). 10 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 Figs. 18—22. Left parameres from opposite view, SP = sensorial process. 18. Psallus perrisi (Amster- dam, the Netherlands); 19. P. wagneri (Heerde, the Netherlands); 20. P. variabilis (Amsterdam, the Netherlands): 21. P. assimilis (Wychwood, N.B., Oxon, England); 22. Asthenarius quercus (Heerde, the Netherlands). 11 AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus ‘(puej3ug ‘uox0 “d°N ‘POOMYIÁM) SYIMISSD ‘4 “CZ ‘(SPUE]I9Y19N 9} ‘apioaH) wausom ‘d ‘pz ‘(SPUE[ISUJON 9} ‘Wepio1swy) 191442d Snjjosd ‘ET ‘9j919Qm ayepnanusp = LQ ‘ssa501d jesıde = AV ‘ssa901d jeseq = qg ‘210ydouo3 Krepuosos = DS ‘1Beopov ‘S7—€7 SIA TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 12 ww 1°O ‘(spuejloyJaN OU} ‘apiaoH) sn04anb snıavuayısy ‘LT ‘(SPUEJISYIAN oy) ‘wepiorsww) sıyıgpıava SDS ‘97 ‘SS9901d [eseq = dg ‘a10ydouo3 Arepuooss DS Beopov LT ‘SUA AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 13 Figs. 28—32. Thecas. 28. Psallus perrisi (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 29. P. Wagneri (Heerde, the Netherlands); 30. P. variabilis (Amsterdam, the Netherlands); 31. P. assimilis (Wychwood, N.B., Oxon, England); 32. Asthenarius quercus (Heerde, the Netherlands). 14 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 EIER - rn 33 ZA @ PRE 1950 @ 1960 onwarDs @ PRE 1960 AND ONWARDS Seed LI 34 Figs. 33—34. Maps of Dutch distributions. 33. Psallus perrisi; 34. P. wagneri. AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 15 @ PRE 1%0 @ 1960 onwarps @ PRE 1960 an onwarDs Figs. 35—36. Maps of Dutch distributions. 35. Psallus variabilis; 36. Asthenarius quercus. 16 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 males of perrisi and wagneri from those of assimilis and variabilis. Females can only be assigned to either perrisi/wagneri or assimilis/variabilis by the colour of the hemelytra, the colour of the base of antennal segment | and the colour of the femora. Whether the sclerotized rings of the bursa copulatrix might present a good character for separating the species is not known since these structures have not been studied for Hy/opsallus. A key to the males of Hylopsallus and Asthenarius quercus is presented hereafter. A key to the females was not constructed because I am unable to separate the females of wagneri from those of perrisi and the females of assimilis from those of variabilis. The differential characters for separating the females of perrisi and wagneri from those of assimilis and variabilis can be read from the descriptions of the different species. The presented key resembles mostly the key of Woodroffe (1957) minus the use of ratios. KEY TO THE MALES 1. Scale pubescence white. Coxae and trochanters greyish white. Aedeagus short and C-shaped, secondary gonophore close to the apex; apex with a long twisted denticulate band ending in a long and narrow apical process (fig. 27) quercus’ — Scale pubescence golden. Coxae and trochanters red-brown, dark-brown or black. Aedeagus differently shaped, with lateral processes; secondary gonophore distant from the apex (figs, 2326) rr MRS 2 2. Body black-brown to black, only immature specimens lighter. Basal one fourth of first antennal segment dark-brown to black. Femora red-brown to dark- brown or black, its extreme apices often yellowish. Sensorial process of left paramere apically acutely angled (figs. 13—14, 18—19). Aedeagus long and slender, provided with three lateral processes and a denticulate tubercle near its apex (figs.232=24), RE ee. NE 3 — Body yellow-brown, red-brown or bright orange-red, sometimes dark-brown. First antennal segment basally only very small dark. Femora dark-brown, their apices broadly red to orange-red. Sensorial process of left paramere apically broadly rounded (figs. 15—16, 20—21). Aedeagus robust, with two lateral processes (figs: 25-26)" PR EN a LE RE 4 3. Aedeagus with apical process short and hook-shaped, strongly expanded before apex, its apex just reaching the denticulate tubercle (fig. 23) .. perrisi — Aedeagus with apical process long and narrow, its apex always reaching far beyond the denticulate tubercle (fig: 24) Ren wagneri 4. Aedeagus with basal process larger, apically not hooked (fig. 25) .. assimilis — Aedeagus with basal proces smaller, hooked apically (fig. 26) .... variabilis SPECIES ACCOUNTS In the next section the descriptions of the species are preceded by references to the most important literature and synonyms, and by a list of material examined; they are followed by remarks on biology and distribution. AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 17 Psallus (Hylopsallus) perrisi (Mulsant, 1852) (figs. 2—3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33) Mulsant & Rey, 1852: 139—140; Wagner, 1952: 90—94, figs. 1—2; Wagner, 1952a: 176—177, figs. 108, 109a; Stichel, 1956: 287—288, figs. 741—742; Woodroffe, 1957: 258, 260, 262, 267, figs. 1, 23, 43b, 46b; Southwood & Leston, 1959: 221, 224, figs. 76, 85; Wagner, 1967: 145—146, figs. 98F, 99D; Wagner, 1975: 181, 186, figs. 751d, 752b, 753d. — Apocremnus anticus Reuter, 1876: 22; Wagner, 1959: 348— 349. Material examined. — The Netherlands: 246 specimens from 58 localities (159 3/49 loc., 87 9/29 loc.). Great Britain: 17 specimens from 13 localities (8 3/6 loc., 9 9/8 loc.), coll. British Museum (Natural History), London. Description A rather small-sized species, oval in shape (figs. 2—3), body of males and females 2.2—2.6 as long as wide. Black-brown to black, only immature specimens lighter. Pubescence consisting of both shiny golden scales, which are easily rubbed off, and semi-erect black hairs. Head. — Dark-brown to black, hind margin of vertex often yellowish-brown. Width vertex/width eye g: 1.5—2.1, 9: 1.7—2.4. Antennae light yellow-brown, basal one fourth of segment 1 dark-brown to black; length segment 2/length segment | g: 3.8—4.7, ©: 4.0—5.0; length segment 2/length segments 3 + 4 &: 0.9—1.3, 9: 0.9—1.2; length segment 2/width pronotal base g: 0.6—0.9, 9: 0.7—0.9. Rostrum dark-brown to black, segments 2 and 3 often yellow-brown and base of segment 1 ventrally reddish; length 2: 1.2—1.4 mm, 9: 1.3—1.5 mm. Thorax. — Pronotum dark-brown to black. Mesoscutum dark-brown, outer margins often with a reddish tinge. Scutellum dark-brown, sometimes yellow- brown. Hemelytra dark-brown to black. Anterior parts of clavus, corium and embolium more or less brown and tinged with red. Corium near fracture tinged with red and along fracture sometimes whitish. Cuneus red-brown to dark-brown, its central part often darker, basally broadly and apically narrowly whitish. Wing membrane dark-grey with a clear spot just behind outer cell; base and central part sometimes colourless too; veins colourless, sometimes tinged with light-yellow- brown. In females basal part of hemelytra usually totally yellow-brown, sharply contrasting with the darker pronotum and head. Femora red-brown to dark- brown, or black, their extreme apices often yellowish. Hind femora sometimes with a few obscure dark spots beneath. Tibiae yellow, with black spines which arise especially on hind tibiae from dark-brown to black spots. Tarsi yellow, segment 3 dark. Claws yellow-brown, slender; pseudarolia very small. Ventral surface. — Dark-brown to black, but sometimes more reddish-brown, especially in females. Margins of propleura, sternum and episternum, basalar plate, thoracic spiracle and hind margin of ostiolar peritreme yellowish-white, sometimes tinged with red. Male genitalia. — Genital segment of male with distinct ventral keel. Right paramere small, oblong (fig. 8). Left paramere small, with sensorial process acutely angled apically (figs. 13, 18). Aedeagus long and slender, its apical process 18 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 short, hook-shaped and strongly expanded before the apex, just reaching the denticulate tubercle (fig. 23). Theca small, triangular and more or less equally tapering apically, with a small elevation just before the apex (fig. 28). Length of body &: 3.1—4.0 mm, 9: 3.0—4.1 mm. Biology. — In the Netherlands very common on Quercus, especially on Quercus robur L. Most records from other plants are probably due to stray specimens. Probably phytophagous as well as zoophagous. Imagines are found from mid-May until early August. There is one generation a year and the eggs overwinter in cracks in the bark of year-old oak wood (Southwood & Leston, 1959). Distribution. — Psallus perrisi is a widespread West Palearctic species, thusfar recorded from Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, West Germany, England, the Netherlands (fig. 33), France, Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, South Russia, Asia Minor, Syria and Palestina (Coulianos & Ossiannilsson, 1976; Josifov, 1970; Stichel, 1958; Wagner, 1959, and Wagner & Weber, 1964). Psallus (Hylopsallus) wagneri Ossiannilsson, 1953 (figs. 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34) Ossiannilsson, 1953: 2—3, figs. 1—5; Stichel, 1956: 288; Woodroffe, 1957: 258, 260, 262, 267, figs. 2, 24; Wagner, 1967: 146, figs. 98E, 99E; Wagner, 1975: 182, 186; Zaytseva, 1969: 526, 529— 530, figs. 22— 23, Material examined. — Holotype: Uppland, Djursholm, Ösbysjön, 20.vi.1943, F. Ossiannilsson, g, coll. Zoological Institute, University of Lund (Mus. Lund). Paratypes: Uppland, Solna, 23.vii.1942, F. Ossiannilsson, g, coll. Mus. Lund; Östergötland, Tjänste, Haglund, &, coll. Swedish Museum (Natural History), Stockholm; Bohuslän, 15.vi, A. Tullgren, g, and Uppland, Experimentalfältet, 22.vi.1917, A. Tullgren, g, both in the coll. of the Swedish Plant Protection Institute, Solna; Bohuslän, Ljung, Lyckorna, B. Tjeder, Z, and same data but 24.vi.1946, &, both in the coll. of B. Tjeder. The Netherlands: 39 males from 19 localities. Great Britain: 9 males from 9 localities, coll. British Museum (Natural History), London. Sweden: 3 males from 2 localities, coll. F. Ossiannilsson. Description This species is very similar to perrisi. Females are thusfar indistinguishable from those of perrisi. Males can only be separated from those of perrisi on account of the different shape and size of the apical process of the aedeagus. A description of these distinguishing features of the present species is given below. The measurements of wagneri are provided, since the range of variation in wagneri appeared to be somewhat different from those of perrisi. Males. Body 2.3—2.8 as long as wide, 3.1—3.9 mm long. Head. — Width vertex/width eye: 1.5—2.0. Antennae: length segment 2/length AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 19 segment 1: 3.8—4.8; length segment 2/length segments 3 + 4: 0.9—1.1; length segment 2/width pronotal base: 0.7—0.9. Male genitalia. — Right paramere (fig. 9) small and oblong, as in perrisi. Left paramere (figs. 14, 19) with sensorial process acutely angled apically as in perrisi. Aedeagus (fig. 24) as in perrisi (fig. 23), but with apical process long and narrow, its apex always reaching well beyond the denticulate tubercle. Theca (fig. 29) as in perrisi. Biology. — In the Netherlands fairly common on Quercus, especially Quercus robur L. Often together with perrisi imagines are found from mid-May until the end of July. There is one generation a year and the eggs overwinter. Distribution. — Psallus wagneri is a West Palearctic species, thusfar recorded from Finland, Sweden, Denmark, West Germany, the Netherlands (fig. 34), the Baltic States, Bulgaria and Central and South Russia (Coulianos & Ossiannilsson, 1976; Josifov, 1970; Stichel, 1958; Wagner, 1959; Wagner & Weber, 1964 and Zaytseva, 1969). Probably a widespread species, which is however often confused with perrisi and variabilis. Psallus (Hylopsallus) variabilis (Fallén, 1829) (figs. 4—5, 10, 15, 20, 26, 30, 35) Fallen, 1829: 98; Wagner, 1952: 90—94, figs. 1—2; Wagner, 1952a: 177—178, figs. 108, 109b; Stichel, 1956: 289; Stichel, 1958: 794, figs. 744, 973; Woodroffe, 1957: 258, 260, 262, 267, figs. 6, 26; Carvalho, 1958: 33; Southwood & Leston, 1959: 221, 225, figs. 77, 82; Wagner, 1967: 145, figs. 97G, 98C, 99C; Wagner, 1975: 181, 185, figs. 751c, 752a, 753c. Material examined. — The Netherlands: 229 specimens from 57 localities (81 &/ 34 loc., 148 9/50 loc.). Great Britain: 7 specimens from 5 localities (3 8/2 loc. 4 9/3 loc.), coll. British Museum (Natural History), London. Description A small species, oval in shape (figs. 4—5), body of males 2.3—2.8 and females 2.1—2.6 as long as wide. Yellow-brown, red-brown, bright-orange-red, sometimes dark-brown. Pubescence as in perrisi. Head. — Dirty yellow-brown to dark-brown, sometimes with a reddish tinge. Width vertex/width eye g: 1.42.2, 9: 1.8—2.2. Antennae yellow-brown, segment | basally only very small dark; length segment 2/length segment 1 &: 3.6—4.8, ©: 3.8—4.6; length segment 2/length segments 3 + 4 &, 9: 0.9—1.1; length segment 2/width pronotal base g, 9: 0.7—0.9. Rostrum yellow-brown, segments | and 4 more or less dark-brown, and base of segment 1 ventrally whitish with a red tinge; length g: 1.4—1.5 mm, 9: 1.4—1.6 mm. Thorax. — Pronotum light-yellow-brown to dark-brown, tinged with black and sometimes anteriorly and/or posteriorly with dark markings. Pronotum especially in females sometimes tinged with red or orange-red. Mesoscutum and scutellum coloured as pronotum; lateral margins of both mesoscutum and scutellum and 20 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 apex of scutellum usually somewhat lighter. Hemelytra light-yellow-brown to dark-brown, especially near apex more or less tinged with red or orange-red. Central parts sometimes dark-brown to blackish, especially in males. Cuneus yellow-brown, red-brown to deep-red, basally more or less white along fracture. Wing membrane dark-grey to black, with a clear spot just behind the outer cell. Veins colourless to greyish, usually tinged with red. Femora dark-brown, apically broadly red to orange-red, sometimes with a few indistinct dark spots beneath. Tibiae light-yellow with black spines arising from distinct dark spots, especially on hind tibiae. Tarsi yellow, segment 3 dark apically. Claws yellow-brown, slender; pseudarolia very small. Ventral surface. — Light-red-brown to dark-brown, with the same yellowish- white parts as in perrisi, sometimes with a red tinge. Male genitalia. — Genital segment of maie with a distinct ventral keel. Right paramere large and oblong (fig. 10). Left paramere large, with sensorial process broadly rounded apically (figs. 15, 20). Aedeagus oblong and robust, with two lateral processes; basal process short and apically hooked (fig. 26). Theca somewhat larger than in perrisi and wagneri, with a more distinct elevation just before the apex (fig. 30). Length of body &: 3.5—4.4 mm, 9: 3.3—4.3 mm. Biology. — In the Netherlands common on oak, especially on Quercus robur L. Imagines are found from mid-May until early August. There is one generation a year and the eggs overwinter. Distribution. — A widespread West Palearctic species, known from Finland, Sweden, Norway, the Baltic States, West Russia, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Scotland, Ireland, England, the Netherlands (fig. 35), Belgium, France, Spain, Algeria, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Roumania, South Russia and Turkestan (Stichel, 1958; Zaytseva, 1969). Psallus (Hylopsallus) assimilis Stichel, 1956 Gigs Whe 1672162553 1) Stichel, 1956: 289; Woodroffe, 1957: 258, 260, 262, 267, figs. 3, 27; Stichel, 1958: 795, fig. 973; South- wood & Leston, 1959: 221, 224, fig. 87; Wagner, 1967: 145, figs. 98b, 99F. Remarks. — Woodroffe (1957) pointed out that Apocremnus simillimus Douglas & Scott, 1865 (nec Kirschbaum, 1856) represents a good species. Since the publication of Reuter (1878) simillimus Douglas & Scott, 1865, was considered a variety of Psallus (Hylopsallus) variabilis (Fallen, 1829), which was renamed f. assimilis by Stichel in 1956 since Douglas & Scott’s name was a homonym of the earlier Kirschbaum species. Following Stichel (1956) Woodroffe (1957) used the name Psallus (Hylopsallus) assimilis Stichel, 1956, for the species originally described by Douglas & Scott. When I tried to establish the identity of the specimens after which Douglas & Scott described their Apocremnus simillimus it AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 21 appeared that the three specimens in the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University Museum collected by Douglas from Maple at Box Hill, Surrey, are females. Consequently the identity of simillimus remains uncertain. The fact however that the specimens of Douglas were collected in England and on Maple strongly supports Woodroffe’s interpretation of simillimus. Whether or not Stichel’s interpretation of simillimus was correct, I regard the name assimilis Stichel, 1956 as a valid replacement name for simillimus. Material examined. Great Britain: 48 specimens from 19 localities (15 3/9 loc., 33 9/17 loc.). Coll. Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University Mu- seum: Box Hill, Surrey, J. W. Douglas, Maple, 3 9; 1870, J. W. Douglas, 3 9; Reigate, vi, 1882, 1 &, 2 9; Renhold, Beds., 6.vii.1962, D. Leston, Maple, 3 3, 3 Q; the same, 30.vi.1963, 1 & (slide Xk4). Coll. British Museum (Natural History), London: Chingford, 10.vi.1911, E. A. Butler, 1 9; East Malling, Kent, 27.vi.1945, A. M. Massee, 1 9; Stondon Massey, Essex, 12.vi.1953, A. M. Massee, 1 9; Epping Forest, Essex, 15.vi.1953, A. M. Massee, 1 9; Ditton, 24.vi.1954, Poplar, 1 Q; the same, 1.vii.1954, 1 © ; Eaglefieldern, 10.vii.1954, G. E. Woodroffe, Maple, 1 d, 1 9; Hedgerley, vi.1955, Maple, 1 9; Runnymede, 10.vi.1955, G. E. Woodroffe, 3 &, 3 9; Windsor Forest, Berks., 16.vi.1955, G. E. Woodroffe, Maple, 1 &, 3 ©; Ham Street, Kent, 12.vi.1960, A. M. Massee, 2 9; Old Burghclere, Beacon Hill, Hants., 23.vii.1962, G. E. Woodroffe, Maple, 1 3,3 9; Aston Ravent, N. R., 1.vii.1965, G. E. Woodroffe, 1 3; 88—11, 7.vi.1966, Scott, | gd; Wychwood, N. B., Oxon, 6.vii.1966, G. E. Woodroffe, 1 g; the same, 8.vii.1969, Maple, 1 &,2 9; Power, Birch Wood, 69—31, Birch, 1 &. Description This species is very similar to variabilis. Males only can be separated on account of differences in the aedeagi, but I am not able to separate the females from those of variabilis. Woodroffe (1957) also separated the males of assimilis from those of variabilis by the thickening of antennal segment 2: distinctly thickened in variabilis and only slightly so in assimilis. Basing myself upon the material available for this study I believe that such a difference does not exist. In Britain however, where variabilis is seemingly rare, the host plant may be a valuable guide for identification. In the following lines I give a differential diagnosis for assimilis, including the ranges of variation of the measurements, which are somewhat different from those of variabilis. Length body/width body &: 2.2—2.5, 9: 2.1—2.4; length of body g: 3.4—3.8 mm, 9: 3.5—4.0 mm. Head. — Width vertex/width eye g: 1.9—2.1, 9: 1.9—2.4; length antennal segment 2/length segment 1 &: 4.0—4.7, ©: 3.8—4.7; length segment 2/length segments 3 + 4 g, 9: 0.9—1.1; length segment 2/width pronotal base ¢: 0.8, 9: 0.7—0.9. Male genitalia. — Right paramere (fig. 11) and left paramere (figs. 16, 21) as in 22 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 variabilis. Aedeagus (fig. 25) with basal process longer than in variabilis, not hooked apically. Theca (fig. 31) as in variabilis. Biology. — Host plant: Acer campestre L. In England imagines are found from early June until the end of July. There is one generation a year and eggs overwinter. Distribution. — Psallus assimilis is thusfar recorded only from England and West Germany (Stichel, 1958; Rieger, 1975; 1976). The occurence of assimilis in Finland as mentioned by Stichel (1958) has not been confirmed (Coulianos & Ossiannilsson, 1976). Asthenarius quercus (Kirschbaum, 1856) (figs. 6, 7,12, 17,22,27,32,36) Kirschbaum, 1856: 253; Wagner, 1952: 176, fig. 108; Stichel, 1956: 290, fig. 745; Woodroffe, 1957: 258, 260, 262, 265, figs. 4, 25; Carvalho, 1958: 128—129; Southwood & Leston, 1959: 220, 225, figs. 75, 83; Kerzhner, 1962: 232; Wagner, 1967: 145, figs. 98D, 99B; Zaytseva, 1969: 526, 528—529, figs. 10—14; Wagner, 1975: 183—184, figs. 751b, 753b; Wagner, 1975a: 242—243, fig. 6. — Capsus simillimus Kirsch- baum, 1856: 233; Wagner, 1943: 34— 36. Material examined. — The Netherlands: 170 specimens from 46 localities (74 G/ 30 loc., 96 9/38 loc). Description A relatively large species; males elongate, rather parallel-sided (fig. 6), females smaller, elongate-oval (fig. 7). Length body/width body 3: 2.3—2.9, 9: 2.1—2.7. Dark-brown to red-brown, females often lighter than males. Pubescence consisting of both shiny white scales, which are easily rubbed off, and semi-erect black hairs. Head. — Dark-brown to red-brown, sometimes blackish. Width vertex/width eye &: 1.3—2.0, 2: 1.7—2.3. Antennae yellow-brown, especially in segments | and 2 tinged with red. Segment 1 basally very small dark. Length segment 2/length segment | g: 4.2—5.4, ©: 4.2—5.3; length segment 2/length segments 3 + 4 &: 1.0—1.3, 9: 0.9—1.3; length segment 2/width pronotal base &: 0.9—1.l, 9: 0.9—1.0. Rostrum dark-brown to red-brown, base of segment | ventrally white with reddish tinge; length ¢: 1.6 mm (only 2 specimens measured), 9: 1.6—1.9 mm. Thorax. — Pronotum dark-brown to red-brown, sometimes blackish, but posterior angles or entire hind margin often lighter. Mesoscutum and scutellum coloured as pronotum, laterally often lighter. Hemelytra dirty grey-brown to dark- brown, basally often lighter, sometimes greyish-yellow. Apex and lateral margin more or less tinged with red. Cuneus red-brown, with base along fracture narrowly whitish. Wing membrane greyish to black-grey with a clear spot just behind outer cell. Veins colourless, sometimes tinged with red-brown or red. Femora basally AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 23 dark-brown to red-brown, apically coloured lighter, bright-red or yellow-brown with a red tinge. Hind femora sometimes with a few obscure dark spots beneath. Coxae and trochanters greyish-white in males and white in females. Tibiae yellow with red tinge, especially in hind tibiae; apices small blackish. Tibiae with strong black spines arising from large black to dark-brown spots, which are however smaller in mid and fore tibiae. Tarsi yellow-brown, segment 3 mainly dark. Claws yellow-brown; pseudarolia small. Ventral surface. — Red-brown to dark-brown; thoracic spiracle, epimeron, ostiolar peritreme, basalar plate and margins of propleura whitish with a red tinge. Male genitalia. — Genital segment with a distinct ventral keel. Right paramere small and oblong (fig. 12); left paramere small, with sensorial process acutely angled apically (figs. 17, 22). Aedeagus short and C-shaped, without lateral processes, its apex with a long twisted denticulate band ending in a long and narrow apical process (fig. 27). Secondary gonophore situated near apex. Theca small and strongly tapering apically without elevation before apex (fig. 32). Length of body ¢: 3.8—4.7 mm, 9: 3.5—4.3 mm. Biology. — In the Netherlands common on its host plant oak, especially on Quercus robur L. Imagines are found from mid-May until the end of July. There is one generation a year and eggs overwinter. Distribution. — A very widespread West Palearctic species, known from Finland, Norway, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Scotland, England, the Netherlands (fig. 36), Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Roumania and South Russia (Stichel, 1958). CONCLUDING REMARKS Very little is known of the biology of the Dutch species of Hylopsallus, whereas knowledge of that kind is essential for understanding processes of speciation within such a group of closely related species. Especially in the case of perrisi and wagneri, which differ only in size and shape of the aedeagus, and occur on the same host plant in the same period of the year, it is difficult to understand their relationships. The same applies for Psallus (Hylopsallus) kiritshenkoi, which is described by Zaytseva (1969) from South Russia. This species differs from perrisi and wagneri only in size and shape of the apical process of the aedeagus, which is intermediate between those of perrisi and wagneri! It is clear that further study of the biology of these species and rearing and cross- breeding experiments are necessary to unravel the relationships of these morphologically ill-defined species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the loan of specimens I am greatly indebted to the following institutions and persons: British Museum (Natural History), London (Mr. W. R. Dolling); Hope 24 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 1, 1981 Department of Entomology, Oxford University Museum (Dr. I. Lansbury); Dr. B. Tjeder (Lund); Dr. F. Ossiannilsson (Uppsala); National Institute for Plant Protection, Solna (Dr. G. Nordlander); Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (Dr. P. I. Persson); Zoologiska Institutionen, Lund; Mr. J. S. Beernink (Zaandam); Mr. W. H. Gravestein (Amsterdam); Mr. P. Poot (Maastricht); Mr. J. H. Woudstra (Zaandam); Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen (Dr. Ir. R. H. Cobben); Natuurhistorisch Museum, Maastricht (Mrs. F. N. Dingemans-Bakels); Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (Dr. P. H. van Doesburg). Furthermore I am greatly indebted to Dr. J. P. Duffels (Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam) for giving me the opportunity to do this investigation, for his valuable help and advise and for correcting the English text. REFERENCES Carvalho, J. C. M., 1958. Catälogo dos Mirideos do mundo. — Archos Mus. nac. Rio de J. 45 (2): 1—216. Coulianos, C. C. & F. Ossiannilsson, 1976. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. In: Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae. 2nd Ed. VII. — Ent. Tidskr. 97: 135—173. Douglas, J. W. & J. Scott, 1865. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. In: The British Hemiptera. I: xii + 627 pp. — Ray Soc., London. Fallen, C. F., 1829. Hemiptera Sueciae: viii + 186 pp. — Lund. Josifov, M., 1970. Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen Institu- tes. — Beitr. Ent. 20: 825—956. Kerzhner, I. M., 1962. Materials on the taxonomy of Capsid bugs (Heteroptera, Miridae) in the fauna of the USSR. — Ent. Obozr. 41: 372— 387. Kerzhner, I. M. & T. L. Yachevski, 1964. Heteroptera. In: Bei-Bienko, Key to insects of the European part of the USSR: 1: 1—936. Kirschbaum, C. L., 1856. Die Capsinen der Umgebung Wiesbadens. — Jb. Ver. Naturk. Wiesbaden 10: 163— 348. Meurer, J. J., 1956. Waarnemingen van Wantsen (Hem.-Het.) met behulp van een vanglamp. — Ent. Ber., Amst. 16: 54—63. Mulsant, E. & C. Rey, 1852. Description de quelques Hémiptéres Hétéropteres nouveaux ou peu con- nus. — Annls Soc. Linn. Lyon 1: 76—141. Ossiannilsson, F., 1953. Psallus (Hylopsallus) wagneri n. sp. A new Mirid (Hemipt. Heteropt.) from Swe- den. — Opusc. ent. 18: 122—123. Reclaire, A., 1932. Naamlijst der in Nederland en het omliggend gebied waargenomen wantsen (He- miptera-Heteroptera). — Tijdschr. Ent. 75: 59—258. —, 1948. Se Vervolg op de Naamlijst der in Nederland en omliggend gebied waargenomen wantsen (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). — Tijdschr. Ent. 89: 39—64. Rieger, Chr., 1975. Nachweiss des Psallus masseei Woodroffe in Süddeutschland (Heteroptera, Miri- dae). — NachrBI. bayer. Ent. 24: 57—58. ——., 1976. Die Wanzenfauna des mittleren Neckartales und der angrenzenden Albhochflache (Landkreis Nürtingen, Reutlingen, Tübingen). 3. Nachtrag. — Veröff. Naturschutz Landesp- flege Bad.-Württ. 43: 162— 169. Reuter, O. M., 1876. Diagnoses praecursoriae. — Petites Nouv. Ent. 2 (144): 21—22. , 1878. Hemiptera Gymnocerata Europae. I. — Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 13: 1—187, 8 pls. Southwood, T. R. E. & D. Leston, 1959. Land and water bugs of the British Isles: ix + 436 pp., 63 pls. — London. Stichel, W., 1956— 1958. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa. 2: 170—907. Berlin. Wagner, E., 1943. Zwei Kirschbaumsche Arten, die sind nicht aufrecht erhalten lassen. — Mitt. ent. Ges. Halle 20: 33—36. AUKEMA: Dutch species of Hylopsallus 25 ——, 1952. Zur Systematik von Psallus variabilis (Fall.) (Hem. Het. Miridae). — Opusc. ent. 17: 92—94. —, 1952a. Blindwanzen oder Miriden. In: Tierwelt Deutschlands 41: iv. + 218 pp. — Jena. —, 1959. Ueber einige Mediterrane Miridae (Hem. Het.). — Acta ent. Mus. natn. Pragae 33 (553): 339— 358. —, 1961. Heteroptera-Hemiptera. In: Tierwelt Mitteleuropas IV (Xa): 1— 173. — Leipzig. ——, 1966. Wanzen oder Heteropteren. I. Pentatomorpha. In: Tierwelt Deutschlands 54: vi + 235 pp. — Jena. ———, 1966a. Phylidea Reuter, 1899 und Psallus Fieber, 1858 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae). — Reichenbachia 8: 11—20. ——, 1967. Wanzen oder Heteropteren. II. Cimicomorpha. In: Tierwelt Deutschlands 55: iv + 179 pp. — Jena. —, 1970. Die Miridae Hahn, 1831, des Mittelmeerraumes und der Makaronesischen Inseln (He- miptera, Heteroptera). I. — Ent. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 37, Suppl.: iii + 484 pp. —, 1975. Idem. III. — Ent. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 40, Suppl. 1: 1—483. ———, 1975a. Ueber Asthenarius Kerzhner, 1962 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae). — Reichenba- chia 15 (28): 233— 244. Wagner, E. & H. H. Weber, 1964. Heteropteres Miridae. In: Fauna de France 67: 592 pp. — Paris. Woodroffe, G. E., 1957. A preliminary revision of the British Psatlus Fieber (Hem., Miridae), with a description of a new species. — Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 93: 258—271. Zaytseva, I. F., 1969. A survey of species of the genus Psallus Fieber (Heteroptera, Miridae) from the Caucasus. — Ent. Rev. Washington 47: 526—533. 3 + ze 0 AWE, y eet BAL wiry be HO I I Thies it fi > E J lesi 5 J calar nt oad EA 25 5 Ar } | = 5) Ap Il Ù pat a | L 5 14 a 3 \ 7 2 EN È R er El ars i to ' Sits isa AVENE PETES CI "MR =) 2 A AU > S P à ' | 2 a 3 = ‘+ he Es à | i 37 Ay) teh mn = IO ti 5 A | u 4 ha: WE zes O | LI a Fe È pet Fi dà Br ; n ed + 5 i = | IR 5 î ® = RSA = ? u à i BS L2 ER PIC 4 È LE Ee 1 Le IR Pik yi i A x y EEE + nd > US + yt 1 1 J 7 AY € = È ae = = fe 1 a + È: & 8 Le A 5 a au "I N = afi A Ù 5 È 2 a , | = \ - à << fi (AS pr = i Sp > É ? > = 2 x i E Ken] + = it 5 0, A a € a i ta pu x = x AL: > i x A Ee EN © LR”: APR Eat) Da € Î = EN DEEL 124 AFLEVERINGEN 2 EN 3 1981 MUS. COMP. ZOOL. LIBRARY AUG B 1981 TIJDSCHRIFT HARVARD VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE ~ UITGEGEVEN DOOR DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING INHOUD C. Wırkınson and P. J. Newron. — The microlepidopteran genus Ectoedemia Busck (Nepticulidae) in North America, p. 27—92, figs. 1—71. C. Wırkmson. — A supplement to the genus Ectoedemia Busck (Nepticulidae: Lepidoptera) in North America, dealing with some difficult species and also some new ones, p. 93—110, figs. 1-9. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 124, afl. 2 & 3 Gepubliceerd 20-VII-1981 THE MICRO-LEPIDOPTERAN GENUS ECTOEDEMIA BUSCK (NEPTICULIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA by CHRISTOPHER WILKINSON Department of Animal Systematics and Zoogeography, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam and P.J. NEWTON 20 Mellor Brow, Mellor, Blackburn, England With 71 text-figures ABSTRACT This paper, together with the monograph by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979) forms a comprehensive taxo- nomic account of the genus Ectoedemia Busck in North America. Species are here fully diagnosed and illustrated with drawings of the external features and genitalia. Notes on their biology are also included. CONTENTS FAND SCT AC ent EA eer e EVO RS o Re a O p. 27 Introduction Re RO ih ARNO NERI EE it ETA PLONE p.27 Methods paves a Warn cer Re se DIRO RE Blest AE IRE p. 28 Ab breviati Onsite LA RIT Een AREN EN AA p. 28 Acknowledgements ende ne CD CR p. 29 MAXONOMICINISEORY NI a RE DE RE ER N ARE. p. 29 Tiaxonomieteonsiderationsn VENIER RA RI EEE RER p. 31 GenericidescriptionW eeen RE RORE EREN des pase Generic differentialidiagnosissamr sari ac Ee p. 34 eheckelisttorpenussspeciestandisubspeeie Se ay erie TI. p. 36 ICV ALOISPECIESLAT ASI SER 0 TIA AD SER VAS NES I IAN TI SIAE ants ee p. 37 Table for the identification of Ectoedemia species from host plants and damage .......... p. 40 he populella TOUR SS Den: AIA NATI p.4l DIEIPIAANC RIO PRA SARO p. 51 he bo ie a TOURMENTE Ee NRN p.61 TWO CaS tan CAE TOUS). Lion Bon |e, MEN RER EEE STE p. 72 References ME PRE CAT ee er a ee I OO CE Re RE p. 86 An index to the names of taxa dealt with in the present paper can be found at the end of the fol- lowing paper. INTRODUCTION In this revision twenty-two species are considered. Five are new combinations, two are new species and nine are diagnosed and figured which have previously 27 28 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 been described by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). Those species attacking bark are described at the end and form a clear group separable on the basis of genitalia from the leaf and petiole miners. In the same way other groups amongst the latter are recognisable. However, those attacking petioles, e.g. E. populella and canutus, are included in one of the groups of leaf-miners. This action is supported by the presence of an intermediate habit. In argyropeza the larva first bores into the pet- iole and later continues to mine the leaf. Thus in Ectoedemia it is now definitely established that three sites of attack exist: leaf, petiole and bark. There is also a reference to attack in the cortex. Both galls and mines are found in these locations. There has been much discussion in the past regarding the boundaries of the genus. This revision, with the advantage of additional material, sheds light on this debate. METHODS The methods used are similar to those given in Wilkinson & Scoble (1979) as are also the terms used, although in the five years that have elapsed since the former work was completed we have modified some of our terminology. We have come to realise that a thorough comparative morphological study of the various nepticulid genera is long overdue, not only to ascertain homologies within the group but also with other families. At present one is not always certain that parts of genitalia given the same names as those in the Ditrysia are indeed homologous. For ex- ample the interpretation of the term “saccus” by Beirne (1945) is unclear and has not been adopted by other workers to mean a part of the integument as he seems to interpret it. Here “‘saccus” refers to the anterior extension of the vinculum in front of the ventral plate and is the area often extended into a bilobed protrusion. Whether this is homologous with the saccus of Ditrysia is uncertain and therefore the continued use of the term is open to question. “Pseuduncus” is a posterior extension of the tegumen and a true uncus is not present in Ectoedemia. However, some species have a thickened area in the region where an uncus might be expected to arise. Scoble (verbal communication) sug- gests that at least in the African species he has examined, the thickening rep- resents a forward fold of the pseuduncus and therefore the uncus is still absent. Expendable material of trinotata would be particularly useful for the investigation of this point. “Anellar lobes” refers to the large spines located at the end of the aedeagus. It is not always certain if they are homologous. It is assumed they provide the normal supporting role for the aedeagus. Sometimes, however, they might be more re- ferable to the juxta or aedeagus proper. Scale. — On the genitalia figures the scale line represents one tenth millimeter (1/10 mm) unless otherwise indicated. The magnification of the external figures can be ascertained from the al.ex. measurements (taken from centre of meso- thorax to wing tip and doubled) given for each species. ABBREVIATIONS Institutes from which material was borrowed: WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 29 USNM — United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian In- stitution, U.S.A. CNC — Canadian National Collection, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada FIS — Forest Insect Survey, British Columbia, Canada SOO — Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada ANS — Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A. BM (NH) — British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K. MCZ — Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. DFF — Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forestry Service, (now Envi- ronment Canada), Ste. Foy, Quebec, Canada. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks are due to Mej. R. Kloos and B. J. van Cronenburg who assisted with the final production of the drawings and to Dr. Georgina Bryan who read the final manuscript and made helpful suggestions. P. J. N. wishes to acknowledge the support of Portsmouth Polytechnic during his tenure as research assistant to C. W. TAXONOMIC HISTORY The question of the significance of larval feeding habit and the pattern of forewing venation has led to some confusion in the past and is now the focus of discussions on the composition of this genus and its phylogeny with respect to the other members of the family. The genus was originally described by Busck (1907) as monotypic, because the species populella which, despite affinities with Stigmella Schrank could not be included within its confines. The genus and author were cited incorrectly by Busck as Nepticula Zeller. His action was right but his reason was wrong. It was that the gall-forming habit of populella excluded it from the leaf- mining species of Stigmella. Busck also gives major morphological differences be- tween the types of Stigmella and Ectoedemia, including the closed cell of the forewing venation formed by the medial cross-vein, which is actually also present in other genera. For some time Braun had been aware of the two basic forms of forewing venation, those with a medial cross-vein and those without. This feature, however, was not given taxonomic status by her for a number of reasons. Firstly, she regarded otherwise closely related species and sometimes male and female in- dividuals of the same species as showing both conditions of the pattern of venation (Braun, 1917: 157, and figs. 1 and 2). This conclusion was the result of misidentifi- cation of a single species (nyssaefoliella), which she thought had both forms of ve- nation and, more generally, is due to the absence of any study of the genital morphology at that time. Again Braun and other of her contemporary workers re- garded the mining habit of the larvae as the most significant indication of phy- logeny. It was not until later examination of the genital morphology that evidence in favour of uniting leaf-mining species and gall-forming species within a single genus, became available. 30 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Beirne (1945) divided the family into two basic groups on the form of the male genitalia, those with a ring-shaped vinculum and those with an incomplete vin- culum. This led him to erect the genus Dechtiria for those leaf-mining species with distinct differences in genitalia from the leaf-mining Stigmella (and Nepticula sensu Beirne) species. A study of the group by Svensson (1966: 200) with a comparison of genital morphology and venation of North American types, led him to synonymise the European genus Dechtiria with the North American Ectoedemia Busck. This decision has been accepted by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979), who included seven leaf-mining species, which were earlier assigned to Stigmella, in Ectoedemia. In the present study a further five species are combined with Ectoedemia, all of which are leaf-miners. Beirne (1945: 204) noted that in the genus Dechtiria, with the ex- ception of two species only, all species formed leaf-mines which terminated in blotches. In the present revision only one included species, virgulae, forms a linear leaf-mine. The remainder form either true blotches or linear mines terminating in blotches. Immediately after the publication by Zimmermann (1940) of work on the bark- miner, Ectoedemia liebwerdella Zimmermann, Hering (1940) erected the genus Zimmermannia, with this species as the type. Hering proposed this division on the basis of a difference in larval feeding habit, comparing the North American type populella Busck, which forms petiole galls in poplar, and the European species lieb- werdella, which burrows in the bark of beechwood. Hering noted that the two species were indistinguishable in the pattern of wing venation but that they dif- fered in that liebwerdella possesses a row of sharp bristles on the inner side of the hind-tibiae. Borkowski’s study (1972: 693) points out that this character is present in all the European Ectoedemia species he examined, whether gall forming or bark burrowing. This view is also held here for the American species but there is some variation in the prominence of the bristles. Schönherr (1957: 127; 1958: 6) subsequently synonymises Zimmermannia with Ectoedemia and gives it subgeneric rank. This is confirmed by Borkowski (1972), who points out that the morphological differences given by Hering are not suffi- cient to warrant generic status being attached to Zimmermannia. He also presents a summary of the treatment of the three genera at the time and supports the di- vision of Ectoedemia sensu lato into three subgenera corresponding to larval feeding habit: the petiole-miners, Ectoedemia Busck; the leaf-miners, Dechtiria Beirne; and the bark-miners, Zimmermannia Hering. The group is treated similarly by Emmet (1976) in his revision of the British fauna. Although Borkowski is in some doubt that sufficient work was done by Svensson in his synonymy of Dechtiria with Ectoedemia, it is felt that the work by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979) on the Canadian fauna and the present study confirms the syn- onymy. On the basis of genitalia and wing venation the authors also support the synonymy of Zimmermannia with Ectoedemia. However, from this study it is pos- sible to identify morphological divisions, mainly based on genitalia structures, within the genus, which correspond with the sites of larval attack. Johansson (1971: 241) is of the opinion that the family Nepticulidae may be split into two genera, Nepticula and Trifurcula. He argues that Trifurcula has been subdi- vided into several genera including Ectoedemia and Dechtiria, but that these should WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 31 be included as subgenera of Trifurcula on the basis of male genitalia. This scheme is followed more recently by Karsholt & Schmidt Nielsen (1976) in the catalogue of Danish Lepidoptera. Although there is merit in the proposal, this classification is not adopted in this revision for reasons given by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). It was pointed out earlier that there are no significant structural differences between the bark-miners and bark gall-formers. For example, heinrichi and castaneae cannot be reliably separated without knowledge of the host plant and damage. However, examination of the genitalia figures shows that species which attack bark (whether galls or mines) have characteristic genitalia and leads one to guess at the habits of those whose life history is unknown. The three species recorded here as attacking petioles can be placed in the same morphological group on the basis of genital structures, but the group also contains leaf-miners. TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS The similarity in morphological structures, even genitalia, between castaneae and heinrichi, highlights problems over the species concept in this group of Lepi- doptera. Knowledge of the life history leads us to separate two species which otherwise might have been regarded as one. Speciation is much more extensive than has hitherto been recognised and many species are only known through the excellent rearing work of Braun and others. In this genus alone, many species are shown to have more than one form in the externals, particularly wing markings, which is not matched by differences in the genitalia. At first sight a species appears to be di- or polymorphic, but without knowledge of the life cycles, we cannot be sure that these variants are not distinct species. For example, three wing pattern forms occur in what has been called E. similella. Although they have identical gen- italia, one form occurs in Ohio, New Jersey and Virginia, another form in Florida. A single specimen with different markings has been collected from Arkansas. Host plants are only known for the Ohio form (Quercus palustris and Q. rubra). A specimen (nr. 7) probably represents a new species close to rubifoliella. It differs in ground colour and certain aspects of the genitalia. It was reared by Braun from a collection of similar mines on Quercus platanoides but the rest turned out to be Stigmella flavipedella (Braun) comb. n. This is one of a number of ex- amples which shows that each larva should be reared separately, as far as practi- cable, and also have a separate rearing number. The fact that the host plants of ru- bifoliella and specimen 7 are so different, supports the view that specimen 7 should be treated as a new species but this has not been done in case there is anything spurious about its breeding record. Otherwise its similarity to rubifoliella is quite striking. The male genitalia figures are drawn to accentuate the differences which may not be so easy to diagnose as they at first seem. Of course, the problem must also be approached from the other direction. It is quite possible that a species could attack more than one part of a plant. It is known that E. argyropeza downesi mines both the petiole and the lamina. It is also possible that the same species may create mines or galls depending upon the site of oviposition. Although many species are monophagous not all are, and we should therefore be prepared for dimorphism or different reactions from different host 32 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 plants to the same species. Some authorities think this unlikely but there is consid- erable danger in the philosophy — two species of host plant, therefore ipso facto two species of miner! However, hopefully these problems will encourage experi- mental work designed to discover the flexibility in miner and host plant relationships within the Nepticulidae. Meanwhile these cases underline the point that no one character, or series of characters, can be taken as necessarily species- diagnostic throughout the Nepticulidae or even for Ectoedemia. There has been debate regarding the division of the genus into sub-genera and also whether Ectoedemia comprises, in reality, more than one genus. Much more information on life cycles is needed to answer this, but this paper shows that the criteria previously used for separations are inadequate. The genitalia structures allow us to divide Ectoedemia into broad groups and it seems that those species at- tacking bark (both mining and gall-forming) are particularly diagnostic. However, we do not yet know whether all those species assigned to the group do, in fact, attack bark. In other groups it can be argued that one or two species (trinotata, nyssaefoliella) have males belonging to a different group from the females, thus suggesting that the groups are not fundamental. Our present level of knowledge recommends us to regard these species as respresenting one genus and our studies of Ectoedemia on other continents will shed further light on these conclusions. It is interesting to note how some genera of Nepticulidae are worldwide in their distri- bution whilst others are comparatively localised. GENERIC DESCRIPTION External features: ¢ 9. Head: palps extending well beyond labrum, pale grey or white; antennae approximately half length of forewings, pale or fuscous; tuft on front of head usually ochreous, sometimes white or brown, vertex concolourous; eye-caps always whitish; collar white or ochreous, sometimes fuscous. Thorax dark brown to black, sometimes white or buff and irrorate, usually iridescent. Ab- domen grey or brown, iridescing metallic grey beneath. Venation as in figs. | or 2. Forewings: Media coalescing with cubitus at base and passing obliquely to radius at or beyond R,,, and anastomosing beyond middle of wing; cubitus usually reaching margin; R, and R, separate; anal vein sometimes meeting cubitus dis- tally. Hindwings: Media single-branched. Forewings: elongate and ovate in shape, ground colour of dorsal surface generally fuscous with each scale darker at the tip, rarely pale and irrorate with fuscous; fringe pale grey or brown and iridescent, usually marked apically with a band of wing-scales or variously irrorate; markings usually in the form of up to four streaks or patches, never with more than one complete fascia. Hindwings: narrow and lanceolate, sometimes with costa emarginated; pale grey or brown and sometimes with white or ochreous patches of specialised scales. Legs: grey or brown, sometimes with scattered paler areas; proximal pair of spurs on hind-tibiae at or below the middle (fig. 3); hind-tibiae with many sharp bristles inwardly directed and variable in prominence. Male genitalia: Vinculum always ring-shaped; tegumen fused with vinculum dor- sally and produced into broad tapering, pointed or bluntly rounded pseuduncus. Uncus often not readily visible, only present as membranous lobe at base of pseu- WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 33 1 Ectoedemia obrutella d 2 Ectoedemia similella Q Fig. 1. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller) Busck, &, wing venation. Fig. 2. E. similella (Braun), 9, wing ve- nation. duncus. Gnathos with medial arms fused to form central boss or tapering process, lateral arms rarely extended or bifurcate. Saccus bilobed to various degrees. Valves usually tapering and inwardly curved distally, sometimes weakly bifurcate and in some cases adorned with digitate setae. Transtillae usually U-shaped; trans- verse bars continuous, fused medially. Juxta absent. Aedeagus: generally regular in shape and longer than the capsule; vesica usually adorned with small denticles and cornuti; also with a plate of minute papillae. Anellus with heavily sclerotised spines, sometimes elaborate, rarely absent. Female genitalia: Apophyses usually shorter than ductus but posteriores very long in the castaneae group. Ductus at colliculum with double sclerotised ring and associated denticulate sac, or with single plate, or without sclerotisation. Bursa 34 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Fig. 3. Ectoedemia species. Legs showing position of tibial spurs. copulatrix: large and variously pectinate; signum double, comprising ovate patches of reticulate cells. Larvae: may be divided into three groups: leaf-miners usually forming linear tracts terminating in blotches; petiole miners and bark miners both sometimes producing galls. GENERIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Characters which differentiate North American genera of the family Nepticu- lidae are given. Ectoedemia Busck, 1907. Venation: Media of forewing coalescing with Cubitus at base, passing obliquely to Radius at or beyond R,,; and anastomosing to a point beyond middle of wing; R, and R, separate; Cubitus usually approaching margin; Media of hindwing single. Proximal pair of spurs on hind tibiae sometimes in the middle. Male geni- talia with gnathos W- or V-shaped, may vary according to method of mounting; vinculum ring-shaped and without associated lateral bars; tegumen extended into tapering or lobed pseuduncus; uncus absent or weakly membranous; valves in- wardly curved distally sometimes with digitate setae; juxta absent; aedeagus regular in shape with elaborate cornuti and usually anellar spines. Female genitalia with or without complex sclerotisation of the ductus and spiculate accessory lobe; apophyses shorter than ductus; signa comprising patches of reticulate cells. Larvae may mine in, or form galls on leaves, petioles, bark or cortex. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 35 Stigmella Schrank, 1802. Venation: Media of forewing coalescing with Radius at base and anastomosing to a point beyond the middle of the wing; R, coincident with R,; Cubitus arising separately, approaching middle of the wing; Media of hindwing single. Forewings usually uniform and dark in colour, with one or two complete fasciae or patches; fringe with diffuse margin. Proximal pair of spurs on hind tibiae above the middle. Male genitalia usually with U-shaped vinculum; tegumen strap-like, articulating with vinculum dorsally; uncus bilobed; juxta, if present, membranous; aedeagus usually flask-shaped, vesica usually with many denticulate cornuti orientated in a ridge and rarely with plate-like cornuti at the anellus. Female genitalia with simple ductus and accessory sac; bursa copulatrix usually without signum, but if present often single and weakly sclerotised. Larvae mining leaves of trees and shrubs and sometimes herbs. Microcalyptris Braun, 1925. Venation: Reduced; Media of forewing coalescing with Radius from base and anastomosing to a point beyond the middle of the wing; R, coincident with R,; Cubitus vestigial; Media of hindwing single, unbranched. Ground colour of dorsal surface of forewing usually pale and variously irrorate. Proximal pair of spurs on hind tibiae below middle. Male genitalia, with membranous pseuduncus and strongly sclerotised bridge-like uncus; sclerotised gnathos with complex anterior and posterior projections; lateral arms of vinculum usually with associated sclero- tisations. Female genitalia with complex sclerotisations of the ductus; posterior apophyses very long, longer than the ductus; signa usually comprising linear row of spinose cells or plates. Larvae mining leaves. Fomoria Beirne, 1945. Venation: Media coalescing with Cubitus from base, both passing obliquely to Radius at R,,; and anastomosing to beyond middle of wing; Cubitus becoming ob- solete; R, and R, separate; Media of hindwing single, unbranched. Male genitalia with membranous pseuduncus and uncus as a spatulate sclerotisation; Y- or V- shaped gnathos; saccus weakly bilobed; valves sometimes with dorsal spine; ae- deagus regular in shape and usually with complex anellar spines and cornuti. Female genitalia, colliculum with sclerotised funicular antrum or complex plates; simple ductus; signa comprising linear patches of reticulate cells. Larvae often re- corded pupating within the leaf-mine. Obrussa Braun, 1915. Venation: Media of forewing coalescing with Cubitus at base, both passing obliquely to Radius at R,,, and anastomosing to beyond middle of wing; Media and Cubitus separate terminally; R, and R, separate; Media of hindwing single. Ventral surface of forewing and dorsal surface of hindwing in males with patch of brightly coloured specialised scales. Proximal pair of tibial spurs below middle of hind tibiae. Male genitalia with ring-shaped vinculum; tegumen extended into ta- pering pseuduncus; convex saccus; valves blunted distally and each with large dorsal arm projecting transversely to reach opposite side of capsule; vesica with 36 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 transverse plate expanded laterally. Female genitalia with plate-like sclerotisation at colliculum; signa comprising ovate reticulate patches. Larvae only known to mine fruits of Acer sp. Glaucolepis Braun, 1917. Venation: Media of forewing coalescing with Cubitus at base, both passing obliquely to Radius at R,,, and anastomosing to beyond middle of wing; Media and Cubitus separate terminally; R, and R, separate; Media of hindwing bifurcate. Hindwing of male with patch of brightly coloured specialised scales. Proximal pair of spurs on hind tibiae in the middle. Male genitalia with tegumen extending into tapering pseuduncus, gnathos with large transverse arms and medial dorso-lateral arms fusing terminally; valves markedly bifurcate distally; aedeagus with lateral cornuti extending full length of vesica and digitate distally. Female genitalia with simple ductus; signa comprising linear patches or rows of pectinations. Larvae mining leaves. Manoneura Davis, 1979 (Replacement for homonymic name Oligoneura Davis, 1978). Venation: greatly reduced; only two branches of Radius present; Media un- branched and arising from stem of R,,,; Cubitus absent; hindwing extremely slender and Media unbranched. Forewing dark fuscous with a single, narrow, pale golden yellow fascia at distal third. Proximal pair of spurs on hind tibiae near apex. Male genitalia with uncus vestigial; gnathos well developed, complex, consisting of two, largely separate, transverse sclerites of a highly irregular, but symmetrical outline; vinculum broad, quadrate; aedeagus moderately short and stout, with a relatively complex apex and no cornuti. Female genitalia unknown. Presumably a leaf mining genus. The type-species mines Coccoloba uvifera (L.). Artaversala Davis, 1978. Venation: greatly reduced; Radius unbranched, terminating well short of apex; Media unbranched, extending almost to apex; Cubitus shortened, indistinctly present; hindwing extremely slender and Media unbranched. Forewings with a pale yellow to whitish apex and a single, broad, median fascia. Proximal pair of spurs on hind tibiae near apex. Male genitalia with tegumen reduced to an ex- tremely slender dorsal ring; uncus absent; vinculum well developed and V-shaped valves deeply divided and aedeagus relatively simple, without cornuti. Female gen- italia with slender and elongate ductus; bursa copulatrix membranous; signa absent. Larvae mining leaves. CHECK-LIST TO GENUS, SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES Ectoedemia Busck, 1907. Type-species by original designation and monotypy: Ectoedemia populella Busck. Zimmermannia Hering, 1940. Type-species by original designation: Ectoedemia liebwerdella Zim- mermann, 1940: 264. Dechtiria Beirne, 1945. Type-species by original designation: Tinea subbimaculella Haworth, 1828: 583. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America populella Busck, 1907 argyropeza downesi Wilkinson & Scoble, 19791) canutus Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979 trinotata (Braun, 1914) marmaropa (Braun, 1925) platanella (Clemens, 1861) maximella (Chambers, 1873) clemensella (Chambers, 1873) similella (Braun, 1917) virgulae (Braun, 1927) lindquisti (Freeman, 1962) rubifoliella (Clemens, 1860) ulmella (Braun, 1912) nyssaefoliella (Chambers, 1880) quadrinotata (Braun, 1917) obrutella (Zeller, 1873) bosquella (Chambers in Hayden, 1878a) acanthella sp.n. piperella sp.n. heinrichi Busck, 1914a castaneae Busck, 1913 phleophaga Busck, 1914b chlorantis Meyrick, 1928a mesoloba Davis, 1978 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN Ectoedemia SI 1. Male genitalia with aedeagus totally lacking anellar projections. Female geni- talia with excessively broad anterior apophyses together with unequal signa andmolcCollicul Um VERE ROR SANS II MAATEN E RISSA. 2 Male genitalia with anellar spines on aedeagus. Female genitalia without aboverceombinationolicharacters SP PM O IR TI 3 . Male genitalia with valves relatively short; as in fig. 28. Female genitalia as in fig. 29. Externals as in figs. 58, g, 59, 9. Larva forms ophistigmatonome on INDSSOMIEAVEST IH UN RA ARNO RER A nyssaefoliella (p. 67) Male genitalia with valves relatively long; as in fig. 30. Externals as in fig. 60. Remalemotiknowni ast ame Seren. ante specimen 8 (p. 70) . Male genitalia with long tapering pseuduncus extending well beyond valves. Female genitalia with strongly sclerotised colliculum in the form of loops. Leaf and petiole miners and petiole gallformers ................. 4 Male genitalia with large rounded pseuduncus not usually projecting beyond valves and never far beyond. Female genitalia without colliculum or if weakly sclerotised, never in form of loops. Mostly species attacking bark ..... 13 . Male genitalia with palmate setae on the dorsal surface of valves, (not well de- veloped in one species). Female genitalia with enlarged spinose sac in asso- ciationswithisclerotisedicolliculum Zr een EEE TERRE 5 Male genitalia without palmate setae on valves. Female genitalia without spinoselobetatzcollieulumer a 6oonoge655bbo5bGn00000700000 8 1) The nominate subspecies of E. argyropeza (Zeller, 1839) is European and therefore not included 38 10. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 . Male genitalia with small three-pronged setae on dorsal surface of valves as in fig. 15. Hindwing of male without lance-shaped chitinous plate on costal margin. Female genitalia with equal signa, thin colliculum and minute spines on ductus as in fig. 16. Larva makes ophistigmatonome on leaves of Platanus occidentalis with long linear tract and large blotch ... clemensella(p. 55) Male genitalia with strongly palmate setae on dorsal surface of valves. Hindwing of male with lance-shaped chitinous plate on costal margin. Female genitalia not with above combination of characters ............... 6 . Male genitalia with strongly bilobed saccus; sharply pointed valves bearing palmate setae with shaft approximately equal to or shorter than digitate pro- cesses as in fig. 17c. Female genitalia with small signa, unequal in length and very small spicules on lobe associated with colliculum as in fig. 18. Externals occur in two forms as in figs. 54 and 55. Larva makes ophistigmatonome in leaves oh Ouereusäspint sak in Geel dt ae AE APE similella (p. 56) Male genitalia without strongly bilobed saccus; valves not sharply pointed and bearing palmate setae with shaft much longer than digitate processes. Female genitalia with signa approximately equal in length and large spicules on lobe associated with colliculum . none NN ee 1 . Male genitalia variable, but as in fig. 19; some palmate setae on valves with shaft up to three times length of digitate processes. Female genitalia with signa short and narrow about half length of bursa copulatrix; short rows of spines on lobe associated with colliculum, as in fig. 20c. Externals in two forms as in figs. 56 and 57. Larva makes ophionome in Corylus sp. leaves virgulae (p. 59) Male genitalia as in fig. 13; palmate setae on valves with shaft approximately twice length of digitate processes. Female genitalia with long, broad signa ex- tending almost full length and covering most of bursa copulatrix; very large single spines on the lobe associated with colliculum as in fig. 14c. Externals as in fig. 53. Larva makes ophistigmatonome in leaves of Platanus .......... IRENE ROER Le) MEA BR | ere) A eee e RA platanella (p. 51) . Male genitalia with long triangular pseuduncus tapering to point; aedeagus as in fig. 4 or 21. Female genitalia never with spiculate lobe associated with colli- Culumetars ei vrank Mala ee 9 Male genitalia with pseuduncus not triangular and rounded at least terminally. Female genitalia with spiculate lobe associated with colliculum ...... 10 . Male genitalia with dorsal arms of transtillae extending beyond saccus and comparatively small anellar projections; as in fig. 21. Female genitalia with thickened ring of colliculum and relatively long signa; as in fig. 22. Externals as in fig. 43. Larva forms stigmatonome on Betula sp. .. lindquisti(p. 61) Male genitalia with dorsal arms of transtillae broad and short, not extending beyond saccus; large anellar projections; as in fig. 4. Female genitalia with thin ring of colliculum and short signa; as in fig. 5. A petiole gall former on Populus sp; ER EDDIE AR popullella (p. 41) Male genitalia with small valves only about half length of capsule; anellus with bifurcate spines totalling more than six, as in fig. 11. Female genitalia with large single or double spines on spiculate lobe; signa broad and short; as in fig. 12. Externals as in fig. 52. Larva makes ophistigmatonome on Rosa sp. ..... Ne 14. 16. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 39 SE inten Beten Ned ste Tee marmaropa (p. 49) Male genitalia usually with valves larger than half capsule length; anellus with four spines. Female genitalia with spiculate lobe not as above; signalong 11 . Male genitalia with large broad pseuduncus and anellus with four large spines as in fig. 7b. Female genitalia with broad signa tapering distally as in fig. 8. Ex- ternals as in fig. 44. Larva is probably a petiole gall-former on Populus SPERI RE Ue REESE EP SAI, gine Lote. cei tera FA) canutus (p. 45) Genitaliamotiasiabove! CH Oetker I ae e 12 . Male genitalia with highly characteristic pseuduncus and shape of anellar spines and valves; as in fig. 9. Female genitalia with long narrow signa and large spines on spiculate lobe of colliculum; as in fig. 10. Externals as in fig. 51. Larva makes ophistigmatonome on Carya sp. ........ trinotata (p. 46) Males non-existent. Parthenogenetic females with genitalia as in fig. 6. Larva mines first in petiole and then makes stigmatonome in lamina of Populus SPAREN RI MA N en ln a argyropeza downesi (p. 45) Male genitalia with not more than four large, simple spines near phallotreme; valves markedly incised along inner margin. Female genitalia without any thickening or sclerotisation at colliculum; apophyses usually not markedly dif- ferentindengthenssn, Certes ZEN Bell SEN NE RASTA 14 Male genitalia with more than four spines near phallotreme; valves not markedly incised. Female genitalia with colliculum thickened; posterior apophyses usually markedly longer than anteriores .............. 16 Male genitalia with saccus strongly concave; anterior arms of valves long; ae- deagus with thickened circular band of cornuti; as in fig. 35. Female not known ae soi tene er acanthella (p. 75) Male genitalia not with above combination of characters. Female genitalia as IMB DAO NE AI N STERN ee. o 15 . Forewings mottled, indistinct fascia, dull. Male genitalia with valves extending as far as, or further than, extremity of pseuduncus; dorsal arms of transtillae short as in fig. 26. Female genitalia as in fig. 27. Larva makes ophistigma- tonomesinwleaves#oHaUlmusEsp re ulmella (p. 65) Forewing with distinct fasciae, shining silver as in fig. 49. Male genitalia with valves not extending beyond pseuduncus; dorsal arms of transtillae reaching extremity of capsule as in fig. 23. Female genitalia as in fig. 24. Larva makes ophistigmatonome in Rubus sp. leaves ............ rubifoliella (p. 63) Forewings marked with four small silver patches as in fig. 48. Male genitalia with valves extending well beyond pseuduncus; crown of thorn-like spines present near phallotreme as well as large anellar spines; as in fig. 31. Female genitalia with simple circular thickening at colliculum. Anterior apophyses broad and unusually long reaching as far as posteriores as in fig. 32. Larva makes ophionome with blotch later, in leaves of Ostrya, Carpinus, Corylus and BEAR SPIRA EE I RE A ANETTA e: quadrinotata (p. 70) Male genitalia with valves not extending far beyond pseuduncus; anellar spines and cornuti characteristic, similar to figs. 33 and 37. Female genitalia with complex thickened folds at colliculum. Anterior apophyses always much shortenthan posteriorest CEL ii. GROSSO SO 17 40 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 . Male genitalia with valves just reaching end of pseuduncus; as in fig. 37. Female genitaliaasinfigg38 Pam ea Nr ER eee A 18 Genitalia not as above Larva mines the bark of Quercus sp. Externals as in fig. 61 ............ EN ROR AMAR PT Se ORR a ta SEIT heinrichi (p. 78) Larva makes galls on twigs of Castanea. Externals as in fig. 62 castaneae (p. 80) ee leje 'e (a ce 0). 0; ‘0; ce, er ce) ie) se; MORTO oat zer ORIO: ot an 0 OD eee em enen Oo O. LO . Male genitalia without swellings or characteristic knobs on inner surface of valves; as in fig. 36. Externals as in fig. 55. Female not known E MORTAIO BIO (SE INA TOR TORO e RI CASE IT OE piperella (p. 77) Male genitalia with characteristic knobs on inner surface of valves. Female genitalia with spicules on colliculum 20 ee © © © © © © © © © © © © ee ee ee ee @ TABLE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ECTOEDEMIA SPECIES FROM HOST PLANTS AND DAMAGE Ectoedemia host host site of larval form of larval probable Type species genus species damage damage No. of locality generations populella Populus tremuloides petioles galls 1 — grandidentata argyropeza Populus _tremuloides Ist petioles ophionome 1, ? only Ontario downesi ?grandidentata 2nd lamina stigmatonome canutus Populus balsamifera petioles galls 117 Ontario trinotata Carya cordiformis lamina ophistigmatonome 2 Ohio marmaropa Rosa woodsii lamina ophistigmatonome - Utah platanella Platanus occidentalis lamina ophistigmatonome 3 — clemensella Platanus occidentalis lamina ophistigmatonome 3 Kentucky similella Quercus palustris lamina ophistigmatonome up to 3 Ohio rubra virgulae Corylus americana lamina ophionome 2 Ohio lindquisti Betula papyrifera lamina stigmatonome 1 Ontario lutea rubifoliella Rubus sp. lamina ophistigmatonome 2 Ohio ulmella Ulmus rubra lamina ophistigmatonome 2 Ohio americana racemosa nyssaefoliella Nyssa sylvatica lamina ophistigmatonome 2or3 Ohio quadrinotata Carpinus caroliniana lamina ophistigmatonome 2 Ohio Corylus americana Ostrya virginiana Betula lutea obrutella Quercus? sp. bark? = = Texas acanthella = — bark? — = New Jersey piperella ~ = bark? — = Arkansas heinrichi Quercus palustris bark, twigs spiral ophionome 1 Virginia castaneae Castanea sp. bark, twigs galls 2 or 3 Virginia phleophaga Castanea dentata bark, cambium ophionome 1 Virginia chlorantis - — bark? — = Ontario mesoloba ~ si bark? — Florida For Amelanchier see nyssaefoliella description. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 41 20. Male genitalia with simple rounded knob on inner side of valves; valves not reaching beyond pseuduncus; as in fig. 42. Externals as in fig. 50. Female not KR OW esha AA ee NE mesoloba (p. 85) — Male genitalia different from above and valves extending beyond pseuduncus. Onlyztemalesyknownsinone species ee 21 21. Genitalia as in figs. 33 and 34. Male genitalia with three small knobs on inner side of valves. Anterior arms of valves long extending beyond capsule. Ex- ternalsgasintigsAlee MR EME en. obrutella (p. 72) == Gemtalaandexternalsnobas ADO EP EE RE CUT 22 22. Genitalia as in figs. 39 and 40. Male genitalia with characteristic knobs on inner side of valves. Dorsal arms of transtillae short. Female genitalia with comparatively simple ductus bursae. Externals in fig. 63. Larva makes a bark ODHIONOMEMNICAS ATEN RE EEEN phleophaga (p. 81) — Female genitalia as in fig. 41. Complex thickening in ductus bursae. Externals ASINI PALO Male NOT KNOWN sn... chlorantis (p. 84) THE POPULELLA GROUP The North American Ectoedemia can be divided into four species groups. The populella group contains the first five species. All males have a pointed pseuduncus except argyropeza downesi where males are not known to occur. They lack the multi-branched setae on the inner sides of the valves found in the platanella group. All females have a sclerotised ring-shaped colliculum and associated denticulate patch. E. lindquisti could belong in this group but it does not have the same charac- teristic anellar processes and has perhaps more affinity with the rubifoliella group. This group includes all the species which attack petioles: populella, argyropeza and probably canutus, as well as the leaf miners trinotata and marmaropa. Ectoedemia populella Busck (figs. 4, 5) Ectoedemia populella Busck, 1907: 98. Ectoedemia populella Busck; Braun, 1917: 197. Ectoedemia populella Busck; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 83. Ectoedemia populella Busck; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9783). Ectoedemia populella Busck; Borkowski, 1972: 697. Ectoedemia populella Busck; Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 74. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). Diagnosis. — Usually larger than the other members of the genus studied here and characterised by the cupreous reflections of forewings. Differs from canutus in the valves, which are shorter and broader, and the gnathos, which is not bifid lat- erally, in populella. The gall forming habit differentiates the larvae from those of argyropeza which produce more irregular callus tissue. Distribution. — USA: — New York, New Hampshire, Massachusets, Ohio (Braun). Canada: — Ontario, Manitoba. Material examined. — In USNM — USA: New York, Monroe Co.; on Populus 42 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 4a 2 4b Fig. 4. Ectoedemia populella Busck, & (a) and 9 (b) genitalia. sp.; 8 g, 2 9, 2 ex., 1—16.v.1948 (Kimball). “Awene, Man.”; 1 ©, 24.v.1921 (Criddle). In CNC — Canada: Ontario, Bells Corner; 2 9, 30.v.1965 (Sattler); Lake Erie, Cultus; on Populus tremuloides; 1 &, 1.iii.1962; La Passe; on Populus sp; 1 g, 10.xii.1970; 1 3, 1.iii.1971 (Lewis); Minden, | g, 27.v.1931 (McDunnough). In SOO — Ontario, Bradford; on Populus tremuloides, 1 3,2 9, 1 ex., 28.v.1970; on Populus grandidentata, 2 3,5 9,3 ex., 28.v.1970; Nestor Falls; on Populus tremu- loides; 1 &, 11.1.1963, 1 &, 7.iii.1963. Galls examined: In FIS — Canada: Ontario, Bradford; several galls on Populus grandidentata preserved in alcohol; 16.vii.1969, 695—2125—01; Uxbridge; several galls on Populus tremuloides preserved in alcohol; 11.ix.1969, 675—4171—01. Syntypes. | &, 1 ©, have also been examined from the collection in the Transvaal museum. However a lectotype is not here designated. This will be done WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 43 CPAS ZI? LEE Fig. 5. Ectoedemia populella Busck, head, anterior (a) and posterior (b) view (x 70). in “The Moths of North America north of Mexico” from the type-series in the USNM. Biology. — The larvae form galls on the leaf petioles of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata. These are swellings situated close to the lamina. The larvae mature in October and the imagines emerge in May of the following year (Busck, 1907; Braun, 1917). The specimens in the CNC that emerged earlier than this were probably “forced” in the laboratory. Voltinism. Univoltine in both Canada and the U.S.A. Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zeller) (fig. 6) Lyonetia argyropeza Zeller, 1839: 215. Nepticula argyropeza (Zeller); Zeller, 1848: 320. Nepticula argyropeza (Zeller); Petersen, 1930: 78. Nepticula argyropeza (Zeller); Hering, 1951: 232. Nepticula turbidella Zeller sensu Herrich-Schäffer, 1853: 357; Downes, 1968: 1078. Dechtiria argyropeza (Zeller); Beirne, 1945: 205. Dechtiria argyropeza (Zeller); Emmet, 1971: 242. Dechtiria argyropeza (Zeller); Borkowski, 1972: 698. Stigmella argyropeza (Zeller); Borkowski, 1969: 107. Stigmalla (sic) turbidella (Zeller) sensu Herrich-Schäffer, 1853: 357; Cochaux, 1969: 12. Trifurcula (Ectoedemia) argyropeza (Zeller) sensu Johansson, 1971: 245. Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zeller); Emmet, 1976: 189. Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zeller); Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 77. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979) and is regarded as being represented by two subspecies. The female genitalia of the subordinate subspecies are shown in fig. 6. 44 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 6 Fig. 6. Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zeller), 9 genitalia. Diagnosis. — Differs from canutus in the forewing ground colour, which is gen- erally darker and less irrorate in argyropeza. The wider and less pointed ovipositor distinguishes the genitalia from those of canutus. Discussion. — Closely related to the following species, canutus, in both externals and genitalia. Ectoedemia argyropeza argyropeza (Zeller) Diagnosis. — Differs from the subordinate subspecies in the paler forewing ground colour. Only known in Europe whilst downesi is North American. Material examined. — 9 Lectotype: “Gross Glogau, Silesia, Zeller 183: 101291, WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 45 Zeller Collection Walsingham Collection 1910—427, 101291, Argyropeza Zeller 1839: 215. Lyonetia A. Bucculatrix Isis 1839: 215”; in BM (NH). Other specimens: In BM (NH) —Locality as lectotype; 1 9, 22.v.1853 (Zeller); Walsingham Coll. ex Zeller Coll., 1910—427; 101289. Ectoedemia argyropeza downesi Wilkinson & Scoble Ectoedemia argyropeza downesi Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 80. Diagnosis. — Differs from the nominate subspecies in the ground colour of the forewings which are grey and heavily irrorate with purplish brown scales distally. Occurs only as parthenogenetic females. Distribution. — Canada: — Ontario, Quebec. Material examined. — 9 Holotype: Canada: “Ontario, Ottawa”; on Populus tremuloides; 29.v.1969 (Downes); in CNC. Paratypes: In CNC — data as holotype; 12 9, 29.v.1969, 5 ©, 28.v.1968, 2 9, 31.v.1968, 4 9, 4.vi.1968, 2 9, 7.vi.1968 (Downes). Ontario, Ottawa; on Populus sp.; 20 9, 6.v.1941 (Freeman); Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q., Morgan Arboretum; 4 9, 1.vi.1969 (Sheppard). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the petioles of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata. The number of eggs per leaf depends on leaf size and the position of the leaf on the tree: eggs are more abundant on leaves at lower levels. Mine. Begins as a petiole mine and later becomes of stigmatonome in the leaf blade. Whilst a certain amount of callus tissue is formed in the petiole of Populus tremuloides, in P. grandidentata this may, apparently, block the mine, preventing the larvae from developing: the larvae seldom reach maturity on this host. A green zone extends along the mined portions of the leaf-blade, even after the leaf has turned yellow and fallen to the ground (‘‘green-islands” of Hering). Larva. Remains in the mine until after leaf fall in late October and early No- vember. Over-winters in ground litter or soil in cocoon. Pupation. Occurs in early spring. Voltinism. One generation per year. Other notes. Cochaux (1969: 12) suggests that the very high populations of this species may be due to the parthenogenetic reproduction. Ectoedemia canutus Wilkinson & Scoble (figs. 7, 8, 44) Ectoedemia canutus Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 81. Description. — Fully described by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). Diagnosis. — Generally darker than argyropeza argyropeza and more uniformly irrorate than argyropeza downesi. The valves of the male canutus are larger and nar- rower than in populella. It also differs in the bifid nature of the gnathos. Distribution. — USA: — California. Canada: — Ontario. Material examined. — & Holotype: Canada: Ontario, Angus; on Populus balsa- mifera; 4.iii.1969, 68.5.3397.01; SOO no. 9; in SOO. Paratypes: In SOO — Canada: data as in Holotype; 6 &, 3 9, 3—11.iii.1969; 5 g, 1 9, 2 ex., 28.v.1970, 705.0074.01. 46 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Figs. 7, 8. Ectoedemia canutus Wilkinson & Scoble, g (7) and © (8) genitalia. Other material. — USA: 4 &, 2 ©, California, Los Angeles Co., Big Rock Wash., near Lovejoy Buttes, TEN R9W Sec 30, elev 2770’, 31.iii.1972 (Donahue). Biology. — Probably a gall former on the petioles of Populus balsamifera. Galls examined: There are several galls on petioles, preserved in alcohol, which are in- distinguishable from those of populella. The host and locality suggest that they may belong to canutus. In SOO — Canada: Ontario, Angus; on Populus balsamifera; 3.1x.1968 (Bowser). Ectoedemia trinotata (Braun) comb. nov. (figs. 9, 10, 51, 66) Nepticula trinotata Braun, 1914: 18. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 47 10 Figs. 9, 10. Ectoedemia trinotata (Braun), 3 (9) and 9 (10) genitalia. Nepticula trinotata Braun; Braun, 1917: 169. Nepticula trinotata Braun; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 87. Nepticula trinotata Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9723). Description. — External features: g. Head: palps whitish; antennae dark brown; tuft on front of head ochreous, vertex paler; eye-caps shining white; collar off-white. Thorax very dark grey-brown with purple and blue reflections. Ab- domen grey, shining metallic grey beneath. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface very dark brown, basal third with purple reflections, apical two thirds ir- rorate, with base of each scale greyish; fringe whitish, shining silver, with apical band of dark brown wing scales; small diffuse antemedial spot on costal margin which is occasionally eclipsed by greyish reflections when viewed from certain angles, followed by two distinct postmedial spots, shining silver, one at each margin. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe brownish grey, shining metallic grey. Legs dark brown, shining metallic grey behind. Fig. 51. Female. As ¢ except for a pair of external convex pockets ventro-medially placed on the fourth abdominal segment. 48 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 Wing expanse: &: 3.8—5.3 mm (6 specimens); 9: 4.4—5.4 mm (7). Holotype: 5.0 mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 9). Pseuduncus with a single lobe as in fig. 9 (a). Gnathos: W- shaped as in fig. 9 (a) with long medial process; dorso-lateral arms short. Vin- culum: lateral arms broad; ventral plate very narrow. Saccus approximately five times the width of the ventral plate, weakly bilobed. Valves not reaching beyond the pseuduncus, quadrate and with a triangular inner process, arising distally. Transtillae: an inverted U-shape as in fig. 9 (a); lateral arms broad and short; ventral arms narrow, reaching just beyond ventral plate; transverse bars fused to form a narrow arcuate strap. Aedeagus: regular in shape, approximately equal to length of the capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles evenly dis- tributed and with plate of minute papillae in the shape of figure eight; anellus com- prising a pair of lateral spines and a pair of large canine tooth-like spines. Female (fig. 10). Ductus bursae short with colliculum as a sclerotised double ring associated with a large lobe bearing scattered spicules as in fig. 10 (c). Ac- cessory duct arising from area of dilation of the ductus, distally spiralled. Bursa copulatrix: very large and covered with small scallop-shaped chains of pectinations on striations of the bursa; signum double, comprising a pair of long cellular patches, equal in area as in figs. 10 (a) and 10 (d). Anterior apophyses long and broad. Posterior apophyses straight and broad, equal in length to the anteriores. Host plant: Carya cordiformis (Hickory). Mine: An upper surface ophistigmatonome. Diagnosis. — Easily differentiated from other members of the genus in this study by the forewing markings, the lobe of the pseuduncus and the form of the transtillae. The mine differs from the serpentine tract produced by Stigmella jug- landifoliella (Clemens) also found on Carya spp. Discussion. — Although the externals resemble those of quadrinotata there is no similarity in the genitalia. The form of the colliculum in the female relates this species to several members of the genus. Distribution. — USA: — Ohio, Arkansas, Illinois. Material examined. — 9 Holotype: USA: “B.499; Cincinnati, Ohio, Annette F. Braun, i, 3.viii.1913; Type Collection of Annette F. Braun; Nepticula trinotata Braun Type”; on Carya sp.; slide no. 144-PJN; in ANS. Paratypes: In ANS data as holotype; 3 ©, 1,2,3.viii.1913, 1 &, 1 ex., 31.vii.1913, 2 &, 8,11.viii.1913, B.499 (Braun). In USNM — same data as Holotype: 2 9, 6,15.viii.1913, B.499 (Braun); slide nos: 145-PJN, 146-PJN, CNC 3480. Other specimens: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Carya sp.; 1 9, 15.viii.1914, 1 g, 17.vi.1917, 1 &, 1 9, 10.vii.1917, B.499 (Braun). In USNM — Ar- kansas, Washington County; I &, 10.vii.1966 (Hodges). Illinois, Putnam County; 2 3,19, 1ex., 21.vii.1962, 1.vi.1963, 6.viii.1964, 12.vii.1965. Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, West Fork Woods; 4 mines on Carya sp.; 15.vii.1909, B.499 (Braun). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the upper or lower surface, usually near a vein. Mine. At first a very narrow, much contorted linear mine which rapidly enlarges into an extensive blotch. The frass is scattered throughout the mine (fig. 66). Larva. Emerges from the mine on the upper surface of the leaf. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 49 Pupa. Cocoon pale brown in colour. Voltinism. Bivoltine in Ohio, adults emerging from the overwintering generation in June and from the other generation in late July and early August. Ectoedemia marmaropa (Braun) comb.n. (figs. 11, 12, 52, 67) Nepticula marmaropa Braun, 1925: 225. Nepticula marmaropa Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9778). Description. — External features: &. Head: palps buff-grey; antennae grey; tuft on front of head ochreous, vertex darker; eye-caps shining white; collar pale och- reous. Thorax dark brown with gold and bronze reflections. Abdomen brown with u. Figs. 11, 12. Ectoedemia marmaropa (Braun), & (11) and 9 (12) genitalia. 50 TIIDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 gold reflections above, shining metallic grey beneath. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface dark brown with bronze and gold reflections, becoming irrorate dis- tally, each scale being darker at the tip; fringe grey, shining silver at apex, with an apical band of dark brown wing scales; basal patch extending to one-fifth, dusted with grey, followed by a single postmedial fascia, convex and shining silver. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe brownish grey, shining metallic grey. Legs dark brownish with silver reflections on both surfaces. Fig. 52. Female. As 4 except for a pair of external convex pockets ventro-medially placed on the fourth abdominal segment. Wing expanse: 9: 4.2—4.4 mm (3 specimens). Holotype ¢: 4.0 mm. Genitalia: ¢ (fig. 11). Pseuduncus with a single tapering lobe, rounded termi- nally. Gnathos: W-shaped as in fig. 11 (a); transverse ventral plate with a short central boss; dorso-lateral arms long and thin. Vinculum: lateral arms broad; ventral plate narrow. Saccus approximately twice width of ventral plate, bilobed. Valves reach not much further than base of pseuduncus, quadrate with a short, broad style and very broad cuiller. Transtillae: broadly W-shaped as in fig. 11 (a); lateral arms narrow; ventral arms straight, reaching beyond the ventral plate; transverse bars fused to form a narrow strap. Aedeagus: flask-shaped, just greater than length of the capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles evenly dis- tributed and with a pair of large digitate cornuti at the phallotreme, also with a cup-shaped plate of minute papillae; anellus comprising a pair of large plates with bifurcate spines. Female (fig. 12). Ductus bursae short with colliculum as a sclerotised double ring associated with a small lobe bearing scattered spicules as in fig. 12 (c). Ac- cessory duct arising from dilation of the ductus, spiral medially. Bursa copulatrix: very large, covered with short chains of pectinations proximally; signum double, comprising a pair of equal, ovate cellular patches as in figs 12 (a) and 12 (d). An- terior apophyses long and arcuate. Posterior apophyses straight and narrow reaching beyond the anteriores. Host plant: Rosa woodsii. Mine: An upper surface ophistigmatonome. Diagnosis. — The lustrous basal patch of the forewings separates this species from any other in the genus with a single fascia. Resembles lindguisti in the overall form of the male genitalia but differs in the nature of the valves and the more complex anellar processes in marmaropa. The aedeagus is larger than that of lind- quisti. Discussion. — Related to several members of the genus in the form of the female genitalia. Distribution. — USA: — Utah, Wyoming. Ohio? Material examined. — & Holotype: USA: “B.1191; Cache Co., Utah, i.23.iv.1925. Annette F. Braun; Type Collection of Annette F. Braun; Nepticula marmaropa Braun Type’; on Rosa woodsii; slide no. 131-PJN; in ANS. Paratypes: In ANS data as Holotype; 2 9, 3,17.iv.1925 (Braun); slide nos: 132-PJN, 133-PJN. Other Specimens: In ANS — USA: Wyoming, Phelps Lake, Grand Teton Na- tional Park; 1 9, 17.v.1935, B.1462 (Braun). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 51 Mines Examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio; 2 mines on Rosa woodsii; no date, B.1191 (Braun). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the lower surface of the leaf and, in both cases ob- served, next to the midrib. Host. The specimen from Wyoming bears the A. F. Braun breeding number B.1462; the record and the material cannot be located for identification of the host plant. Mine. Begins as a very narrow linear mine but abruptly enlarges into a blotch which may consume half the area of the leaf. The frass is scattered throughout the blotch (fig. 67). Larva. Emerges on the upper surface of the leaf. Pupa. Cocoon at first bluish green, later turning dark brown in colour. THE PLATANELLA GROUP The following four species — platanella, clemensella, virgulae and similella — can be separated to form a discrete group, when this is seen to be an advantage. The males have the same tapering pseuduncus and W-shaped gnathos of the last group; the aedeagus has very pronounced anellar lobes. The most notable char- acter is the presence of multi-branched setae on the inner surface of the valves — more weakly developed in clemensella. The colliculum is present as a single or double sclerotised ring in females. Externally there is a lance-shaped chitinous plate along the fore-edge of the hind wing in the males, except in clemensella. Another minor feature is the forewing marking. All have a biconcave fascia reduced in some to a pair of marginal streaks. All are leaf-miners. Ectoedemia platanella (Clemens) (figs. 13, 14, 53, 68) Nepticula platanella Clemens, 1861: 83. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Clemens, 1862a: 133. Nepticula plantanella (sic) Clemens; Clemens, 1862b: 149, 150. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Clemens, 1865: 146. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Clemens in Stainton, 1872: 173, 183, 192. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Chambers, 1873: 125. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Chambers in Hayden, 1878b: 158. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Dyar, 1903: 546. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Busck, 1903: 209. Nepticula platanella CLemens; Braun, 1917: 187. Nepticula platanella Clemens; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 92. Nepticula platanella Clemens; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9760). Ectoedemia platanella (Clemens); Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 89. Nepticula maximella Chambers, 1873: 126 (syn. by Braun, 1917: 187). Nepticula maximella Chambers; Chambers in Hayden, 1878b: 158. Nepticula maximella Chambers; Dyar, 1903: 546. Description. — External features: g. Head: palps buff; antennae dark brown; tuft on front of head pale ochreous, vertex darker; eye-caps shining white; collar TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 LA to pale ochreous. Thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface dark brown with bronze lustre; fringe whitish, with an apical band of dark brown wing-scales; a pair of white, medial streaks marginally, which are occassionally linked in the middle by a few white scales to form a com- plete fascia. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe pale grey; a lance-shaped chitinous plate extends along the fore edge to the middle of the costa. Legs buff, with areas of dark brown. Fig. 53. Female. As ¢ except that chitinous plate of hindwings is absent. With a pair of convex, external pockets ventro-medially placed on the fourth abdominal segment. Figs. 13, 14. Ectoedemia platanella (Clemens), & (13) and 9 (14) genitalia. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 53 Wing expanse: G': 4.0—6.8 mm (25 specimens); 9: 3.6—6.8 mm (23). Neotype: 6.0 mm. | Genitalia: & (fig. 13). Pseuduncus with a single tapering lobe. Gnathos: W- shaped as in fig. 13 (a); transverse ventral plate with broad central boss; dorso- lateral arms long. Vinculum: lateral arms narrow; ventral plate narrow. Saccus more than twice the width of the ventral plate and weakly bilobed. Valves: not reaching beyond the pseyduncus, tapering slightly; with terminally digitate setae on the dorsal surface distally as in fig. 13 (c). Transtillae: with short, narrow lateral arms; ventral arms reaching beyond the ventral plate; transverse bars fused to form a continuous narrow strap. Aedeagus: approximately equal to length of the capsule, regular in width; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles evenly dis- tributed and with a comma-shaped plate of minute papillae; anellus comprising two pairs of simple spines as in fig. 13 (b). Female (fig. 14). Ductus bursae long, colliculum as a sclerotised double ring ring with serrate inner margin, as in fig. 14 (b), and with associated lobe bearing scat- tered spicules as in fig. 14 (c). Accessory duct arising from area of dilation of the ductus, spiral distally. Bursa copulatrix very large and covered with small scallop- shaped chains of pectinations on striations of the bursa; signum double, com- prising a pair of long reticulate patches, equal in area as in figs 14 (a) and (d). An- terior apophyses long and broad. Posterior apophyses straight and narrow, equal in length to the anteriores. Host plant: Platanus occidentalis. Mine: An upper surface ophistigmatonome. Diagnosis. — Usually larger and browner than clemensella and the males have the hindwing scale which is absent in clemensella. The linear portion of the mine is longer in clemensella and the enlargement into the blotch more gradual than in pla- tanella. The male genitalia differ in the nature of the saccus, which is markedly bilobed, and the scales of the valves, which are shorter and less furcate, in clemen- sella. The female genitalia may be separated from those of similella and virgulae by the spines of the accessory sac, which are large and single, in platanella. Discussion. — Clemens (1861: 83) originally described this species from mines found on the “Button-Wood Tree or Sycamore”. In 1862 he described an adult caught at light which he gave the same name and labelled as type. The original mine(s) described actually constitute the type(s) but they have never been men- tioned in print and are no longer extant. To resolve this problem a neotype is here designated. It is the specimen described by Clemens and also Busck (1903: 209). Chambers (1873: 126) described adults which he named maximella and associated them with a mine earlier described by Clemens (1862b: 149) as Sycamore miner no. 3 and thought to be the product of a different species. In spite of this, Braun (1917: 187) later synonymised maximella with platanella although she gave no reasons. The mine of maximella is characteristic in the quadrate nature of the ter- minal blotch as opposed to the round blotch of platanella material. Examination of the genitalia shows that the male syntype of maximella lacks the bifurcate anellar process and the saccus is less markedly bilobed than in examples of platanella. However, this preparation is distorted so we do not regard the differences ob- served to be sufficient to withdraw maximella from synonymy at this stage. 54 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Distribution. — USA: — Ohio, New Jersey, Washington D.C., Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Florida, Alabama. Canada: — Ontario. Material examined. — Sesignated as neotype the 9 examined by Busck (1903): USA: “Type no. 7494, Nepticula platanella B. Clemens, Specimen no. 118, A.B. 1903”; slide no. CNC 3464; in ANS. Syntypes of maximella: 1 &, “2) Nepticula maximella Cham.”; Type no. 525 USNM; slide no. CNC 3477; 1 9, “2) Cham. Type”; slide no. CNC 3502; in USNM. Other Specimens: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Platanus sp.; 1 ©, 12.vii.1909, 2 &, 13.vii.1909, 1 &, 29.vii.1909, 1 9, 4.vii.1911, 1 g, 1 9,5.vii.1911, 1 9, 29.vii.1913, B.348 (Braun); 1 ©, 30.vii.1903 (Braun). Ohio, Cincinnati; 5 g, 2 ©, 27.vi.1916 (Braun); 1 g, “Lot 72”, (Heimbach). No locality data; 3 Q1, “2, Nepticula maximella Cham = N. platanella Clem”. In USNM — Ohio, Cincinnati; on Platanus sp.; 1 ©, 10.vii.1909, B.348 (Braun). Ohio, Cincinnati; 1 &, 31.vii.1903, 1 &, 4.viii.1903, 1 ©, 22.v.1906, 5 &, 1 9, 6 ex., 27.vi.1916 (Braun). No locality data; on Platanus sp.; 1 &, 17.vi.1885, 1 ©, 5.v.1885 (Murfeldt); 1 3, “1) N. plata- nella Clem. Ch.”; 1 ©, 5.vi.1885 (Fernald Coll.). Washington, D.C.; on Platanus sp.; Aug. 1902 (Busck); 12 ex., 15.vii.1908. Massachusetts, Barnstaple; 1 ex., 28.vii.1952 (Kimball). Alabama, Open Pond Cpgd., S. Andalusia, Covington Co.; 1 d, 18.iv.1976 (Heppner). Florida, Oneco, Manatee Co.; 1 g, 3 ex., 5—14.v.1953, 7.vi.1953 (Dillman). Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; 2 ex., 30.iv. + 1.vi.1957 (Kimball). Pensacola; 1 9, 7.ix.1961 (Hills). Near Gainsville, Alachua Co., Archer Road Lab.; 1 g, 3 ex., 13.vi.1975, 4—5.v.1976 (Heppner); Gainsville; 1 ex., 11.x1.1974 (Greenbaum). Archbold Biol. St., Lake Placid, Highlands Co.; 2 g,1 9,6 ex., I 8.v.1975 (Heppner). In CNC — Canada: Ontario, Normandale; on Quercus rubra; | 3, 16.vi.1962 (Freeman and Lewis). Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Madisonville Swamp; 1 mine on Pla- tanus occidentalis; 7.ix.1909, B.561!) (Braun). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the lower surface of the leaf, sometimes near a vein. Host. Braun reports that the mines of this species are abundant on the leaves of Platanus spp. and that adults may be found in large numbers on the trunks of the host. The single male bred from Quercus rubra is the only record of the species from that host. Mine. Begins as a much contorted linear mine which is usually filled with frass. Several days before pupation, the mine abruptly enlarges into an almost circular blotch, which often eclipses the earlier portion of the mine. The frass is scattered evenly throughout the blotch (fig. 68). Larva. Pale green in colour, emerges on the upper surface of the leaf. Pupa. The cocoon is brown in colour. Voltinism. Braun (1917) reports that there are three generations per year; the material examined here shows specimens to have emerged from early May to late July and reaching a peak in late June and early July. One specimen from Florida is dated November. !) Some specimens of Stigmella apicialbella comb. n. were incorrectly labelled by Braun with this same breeding number. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 55 Ectoedemia clemensella (Chambers) (figs. 15, 16) Nepticula clemensella Chambers, 1873: 125. Nepticula clemensella Chambers; Chambers in Hayden, 1878b: 157. Nepticula clemensella Chambers; Dyar, 1903: 545. Nepticula clemensella Chambers; Braun, 1917: 188. Nepticula clemensella Chambers; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 93. Nepticula clemensella Chambers; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9761). Ectoedemia clemensella (Chambers); Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 86. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson and Scoble (1979). Diagnosis. — Generally smaller and paler in colour than platanella; the males lack the chitinous plate of the hindwing which is found in platanella, similella and 15 16 Figs. 15, 16. Ectoedemia clemensella (Chambers), g (15) and 9 (16) genitalia. 56 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 virgulae. The setae of the valves are smaller and less furcate than those of any other species in the group and the saccus more markedly bilobed than in similella. The female genitalia are very similar to those of platanella. Discussion. — Material has been examined from New York State; a locality not previously cited. Distribution. — USA: — Ohio, Maryland, New York. Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Florida, Maine. Canada: — Ontario. Material examined. — 9 Lectotype: USA: Kentucky, (Chambers); slide no. CNC 3490; in MCZ. Paralectotype: In MCZ — 1 ex., “Peak Acad”, “Type no. 14955”. Other specimens: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Platanus sp.; 2 &, 1.viii.1902, 1 g, 25.vii.1908, 3 ©, 8,25,26.vii.1912, 1 &, 26.vi.1916, 1 2, 27.vi.1916, 1 g, 13.vii.1916 (Braun). In USNM — USA: Maryland, Plummers Island; 1 ex., v.1906 (Busch). Florida, Gainsville; on Platanus occidentalis; 3 3,7 2,8 ex., 11 + 14.v.1964 (Denmark); 1 ex., 5.viii.1963 (Denmark); 1 ex., 26.viii.1966 (O’Berry); Archbold Biol. Sta., Lake Placid, Highlands Co; 1 ex., 1.v.1975 (Heppner). Maine, Bar Harbour; 1 9, 27.v.1936 (Brower). In CNC — New York, Cornell University; 1 ©, 1 ex., 6.iv.1885 (Murfeldt). Canada: Ontario, St. Williams; continue over on Platanus occidentalis; 3 3,29, 16—26.ii.1960 (Freeman and Lewis). In SOO — On- tario, St. Williams; on Platanus sp.; 1 3°, 20.iii.1962. Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; 2 mines on Platanus sp.; 26.vi.1909, B.452 (Braun); 7.ix.1909, B.562 (Braun). In CNC — Canada: Ontario, St. Williams; 19 mines on Platanus occidentalis; 3.ix.1959, 59—152, 59—153 (Lewis). In FIS — Ontario, St. Williams; several larvae, pupae and mines pre- served in alcohol, 25.viii.1961, 561—7153—01. Biology. — Mine. An upper surface ophistigmatonome in Platanus occidentalis comprising long linear tract terminating in small blotch. The frass line is central in the ophionome but absent in most of the blotch. Voltinism. Reported as trivoltine (Braun, 1917). Ectoedemia similella (Braun) comb.n. (figs. 2, 17, 18, 54, 55, 69) Nepticula similella Braun, 1917: 188. Nepticula similella Braun; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 93. Nepticula similella Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9762). Description. — External features: G 9. As platanella except that: tuft on front of head orange ochreous, vertex paler. Ohio form: Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface brown with scattered blue and purple reflections, distal half with each scale darker at the tip; single medial fascia, oblique, shining silver and occa- sionally reduced to marginal streaks. Fig. 54. Florida form: Forewings: ground colour very dark brown to black and uniformly dusted with grey reflections; markings barely visible as marginal patches of not more than five whitish scales; extreme apex of fringe creamy white, giving impression of an apical spot. Fig. 55.') Wing expanse: &: 4.6—5.6 mm (22 specimens); © 4.2—6.0 mm (16). Holotype: 52 mm}: 1) See footnote page 58. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 57 IN Cs pA oy € an cots 5 <= ian 4 JA È; 9 1 È OD DICH Hayy” ose. ; eve”. OD eared! esas ts SQ 0 X Ü CA Se (a) Figs. 17, 18. Ectoedemia similella (Braun), & (17) and 9 (18) genitalia. Genitalia: & (fig. 17). As platanella except that saccus is markedly bilobed, each lobe being as long as broad at base. Valves: rounded distally with small apical style; setae of dorsal surface broad and fan-like as in fig. 17 (c). Aedeagus: markedly shorter than the capsule; anellus comprising a pair of blunted, digitate processes. Female (fig. 18). As platanella except that sclerotised double ring with inner margin weakly serrate, as in fig. 18 (b) and lobe of ductus with small triple spicules as in fig. 18 (c). Bursa copulatrix: signa small in relation to the bursa and unequal in size. Host plant: Quercus palustris, Quercus rubra. Mine: An ophistigmatonome. Diagnosis. — More often smaller and more iridescent than platanella and clem- ensella and differs in the irrorate nature of the forewing ground colour. This species has the lance-shaped chitinous plate on the male hindwing which is absent in clemensella. The saccus is more markedly bilobed than in platanella and virgulae but less than in clemensella. The broad, fan-like scales of the valves differ from those of platanella, clemensella and virgulae. The female genitalia resemble those of 58 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 the other members of the group in most respects: the unequal size of the signa and the very small spicules of the lobe are the only consistent differences. The mine is easily separated from the lower surface ophionome produced by Stigmella altella (Braun) comb.n., which is also found on Quercus palustris. Discussion. — The pattern of wing markings, although resembling that of other members of the species group, is most variable in similella. There are two forms: those with a complete fascia which is occasionally reduced to marginal streaks as in platanellaa and clemensella, which is found in Ohio, New Jersey and Virginia and referred to here as the Ohio form; and those with greatly reduced marginal patches and a diffuse apical patch of off-white ciliae, which is known only from Florida.!) The Ohio form is that originally described by Braun (/oc.cit) from ten bred specimens on Quercus palustris in Ohio. There is a single female (Specimen 6) from Arkansas, with externals intermediate between the two forms: the forewings are dark chocolate brown with an apical patch of cream, as in the Florida form, and there is a single medial fascia, as in the Ohio form. Distribution. — USA: — Ohio, New Jersey, Illinois, Virginia, Florida, Arkansas, Kentucky, Maine? Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: USA: “B.649; Cincinnati, Ohio. Annette F. Braun, i. 21.vi.1914; Type Collection of Annette F. Braun; Nepticula similella Braun Holotype”; on Quercus palustris; slide no. 109-PJN; in ANS. Paratypes: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Quercus palustris; 1 g, 18.vi.1914, 1 g, 22.vi.1914, 1 &, 2 9, 24.vi.1914, 1 9, 27.vi.1914, 1 9, 30.vi.1914, 1 9, 7.vii.1914, B.649 (Braun). In DFF — Ohio, Cincinnati; on Quercus palustris; 1 9, 22.vi.1914, B.649 (Braun); slide nos. 107-PJN, 108-PJN, CNC 3479. Other specimens: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Quercus palustris; 1 3, 2.vi.1922, 2 9, 17.vi.1922, 1 g, 3 9, 21.vi.1922, 1 9, 28.vi.1922, B.649 (Braun); on Quercus rubra; 1 9, 10.vi.1918, B.965 (Braun). In USNM — New Jersey, Anglesea, 1 ©, “V.30” (Kearfott). Virginia, Mountain Lake; 1 g, 24.vii.1940 (Milne and Milne). Illinois, Putnam Co.; 2 &, 14.vii.1969, 23.vii.1970 (Glenn). Maine, Milli- nocket; 1 ex., 11.vii.? Florida, Archbold Bio. Sta., Lake Placid; 1 &, 1—7.v.1964, 1 3, 2 9, 8—15.v.1964, 3 g, 16—22.v.1964 (Hodges). Oneco, Manatee Co.; 8 g, 5—14.v.1953, 3.ix.1953, 2.xi.1953 and 17.xi.1954 (Dillman). Gulf Coast Exp. Sta., Bradenton; 1 &',24.ii.1955 (Keisheimer). Specimen 6: In USNM — USA: Arkansas, Devil’s Den St. Pk., Washington County; 1 9, 24.vi.1966 (Hodges); al. ex. 5.6 mm; slide no USNM 17256. Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; 2 mines on Quercus pal- ustris; 30.viii.1911, B.649 (Braun); 3 mines on Quercus rubra; 21.x.1917, 8.965 (Braun). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the upper surface. Host. Braun (1917 and breeding records) reports that similar mines have been !) Footnote Post Scriptum: Since the description of this species was written, more material has become available from Florida. Some of these specimens have complete fasciae, whilst retaining other char- acters of the dark form. It still remains that Florida is the only state recording the form with incomplete fasciae, but it now seems unlikely that the variation is geographically based as was first thought probable (CW). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 59 found on chestnut in Kentucky although the material in question cannot be lo- cated. Mine. The early part of the mine is very narrow and much contorted in close S- shaped curves, with the frass scattered throughout its breadth. The larva then forms a lower surface blotch in which the frass is deposited as a congealed mass at the beginning (fig. 69). Larva. Pale green in colour, emerging on the lower surface in most cases. Pupa. Cocoon ochreous in colour. Voltinism. Adults have been taken in May, throughout June and early July, while late instar larvae are found from July to October. It is possible that there are up to three broods per year. Ectoedemia virgulae (Braun) comb.n. (ps M9 2065770) Nepticula virgulae Braun, 1927: 198. Nepticula virgulae Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9751). Description. — External features: ¢ ©. As platanella except that tuft on front of head orange-ochre, vertex paler. Thorax and abdomen dark brown with bronze re- flections. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface brown to very dark choc- olate brown with bronze and purple reflections, distally each scale darker at the tip; single medial fascia, variable in breadth, oblique, shining silver and markedly concave inwardly. Figs. 56 (@ Ohio) and 57 (4 Florida). Wing expanse: 4: 3.8—5.0 mm (12 specimens); 9: 4.0—5.8 mm (19). Holotype: 4.0 mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 19). As platanella except that valves markedly concave along inner margin distally; setae of dorsal surface terminally digitate, with long basal shaft as in fig. 19 (c). Aedeagus: markedly shorter than the capsule; anellus com- prising a pair of bifurcate plates as in fig. 19 (b). Female (fig. 20). As platanella except that sclerotised double ring with inner margin markedly serrate, as in fig. 20 (b), and lobe of ductus with large triple spines as in fig. 20 (c). Bursa copulatrix: signa small in relation to the bursa. Variation. In externals, the ground colour of the forewings varies in intensity from the pale form in Ohio to dark chocolate brown in Florida and Texas. The breadth of the fascia varies and is broadest in those specimens examined from Florida. Similarly, there is a greater degree of variation in the male genitalia than is found in other members of the species group. The pseuduncus ranges in length and shape from the short, blunted form in Florida to a longer more tapering form in Ohio and Texas (fig. 19). The setae of the valves are more heavily sclerotised and longer in Florida males than in those from Ohio and Texas illustrated in fig. 19 (©) Host plant: Corylus americana. Mine: An upper surface ophionome. Diagnosis. — More often smaller than platanella or clemensella and differs in the irrorations and reflections of the forewings; as far as observed the fascia is always complete in virgulae. The saccus is more weakly bilobed and the valves more 60 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 Figs. 19, 20. Ectoedemia virgulae (Braun), & (19) and 9 (20) genitalia. concave along the inner margin than in similella or clemensella. The setae of the valves differ from those of platanella, clemensella and similella in the longer shaft and the longer terminal ciliae. The female genitalia resemble those of the other members of the group; the large, triple spines of the accessory lobe and the smaller signa separate them from platanella. The mine is broader than that of Stig- mella corylifoliella (Clemens), but narrower than Stigmella ostryaefoliella (Clemens), both of which are also found on Corylus sp. Discussion. — Originally described from four bred specimens on Hazel (Corylus americana). The variation in externals of the material examined here shows a similar geographical distribution to that in similella: a darker form being recorded in the southern states (Florida and Texas). In virgulae, however, this also corres- ponds with a difference in the male genitalia of the Florida specimens. In the two males from Texas the transtillae are much stouter than in the type; this may be due WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 61 to distortion but is possibly a geographical or seasonal difference (these adults were on the wing in September). Distribution. — USA:— Ohio, Texas, Florida. Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: USA: “B.1107, Clinton County, Ohio, 24.iv.1925; Type; Nepticula virgulae Braun type”; on Corylus americana; slide no. 100-PJN; in ANS. 9 Allotype: same data as Holotype; i.15.v.1925; slide no. 102- PJN; in ANS. Paratypes: In ANS—USA: same data as Holotype; Ohio, Clermont County; 1 &, 1 9, vii.1924; slide nos. 101-PJN, 103-PJN. Other specimens: In USNM—USA: Texas, Bexar County; 2 g, 3 9, 11.ix.1959 (McGregor). Florida, Lake Placid, Archbold Bio. Sta.; 6 ¢, 5 9, 8—15.v.1964, 3 d, 7 9, 16—22.v.1964 (Hodges). Florida, Fisheating Creek, Palmdale; 2 9, 7— 10.v.1964 (Hodges). Biology. — Mine. A gradually broadening linear mine with the frass scattered in a broad tract (fig. 70). Larva. Green in colour. Pupa. Cocoon reddish brown in colour. Voltinism. Possibly bivoltine in Ohio, with adults emerging in April, May and July; Braun’s breeding records show that late instar larvae are present in August and September. Adults have also been taken in May from Florida and in Sep- tember from Texas. THE RUBIFOLIELLA GROUP This group has three species, rubifoliella, ulmella and quadrinotata with the pseu- duncus prolonged backwards but bluntly rounded; the aedeagi have moderately large, similar, anellar projections in males, and females are without thickened or sclerotised collicula. The species nyssaefoliella is assigned here on the grounds that the female is typical, having no colliculum. It has unusually broad and enlarged anterior apophyses. The male however is more typical of the populella group with the pointed pseuduncus. However the aedeagus (like specimen 8) is devoid of any large spines or anellar projections. Another species which does not conveniently fit into a species-group is lindquisti which in the male looks like quadrinotata but with smaller anellar spines and more pointed pseuduncus. It also has similarities with the preceding groups as indicated in the species diagnosis. The female has the sclerotised ring-shaped colliculum reminiscent of populella. Ectoedemia lindquisti (Freeman) (figs. 21, 22, 43) Nepticula lindquisti Freeman, 1962: 522. Nepticula lindquisti Freeman; Lindquist, 1962; 524. Ectoedemia lindquisti (Freeman); Wilkinson & Scoble 1979: 83. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). Diagnosis. — The darker tufts on the head and the generally darker ground colour separate lindquisti from the members of the platanella group. Differs from marmaropa in the absence of the basal patch of the forewings. The genitalia re- 62 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Figs. 21, 22. Ectoedemia lindquisti (Freeman), & (21) and 9 (22) genitalia. semble those of the platanella group but differ in the absence of the setae of the valves, in males, and the lobe of the colliculum, in females. The digitate processes of the aedeagus are less complex than those in similella and marmaropa (compare fig. 21 with figs. 17 and 11). Discussion. — Additional specimens to those cited by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979), from Maine indicate that the species has a wider distribution than has been previously cited. One male has darker head tufts than is usual for the species, but is otherwise indistinguishable. See also discussion for canadensis, p. Distribution. — USA:— Maine. Canada:— Ontario. Material examined. — & Holotype: Canada. Ontario, Lake Huron, Wiarton; on Betula papyrifera; 13.vi.1959, 559.0049.01; Type no.: 7752; in CNC. Paratypes: In CNC—Canada: data as Holotype; 26 g, 12 9, 8.vi.—1.viii.1959. Other specimens: In ANS—USA: Maine, Bethel; 2 3, 1 ©, 29.vi.1946 (Braun). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 63 Canada: data as Holotype; 1 ©, 8.vi.1959. In SOO—Ontario, Trout Creek; on Betula alleghaniensis; 1 ©, 24.111.1958. Biology. — A thorough study has been made by Lindquist (1962) for whom the species was named by Freeman. Egg. Laid on underside of Betula leaves (B. papyrifera, B. alleghaniensis = lutea), sometimes in large numbers on one leaf. Mine. Is an upper surface stigmatonome with a more or less rectangular blotch between two leaf veins. Frass is deposited in circular patches. Larva. Whitish in colour with translucent integument and pale yellow head. Cocoon. Yellow-brown darkening with time and deposited in soil and litter. Larva overwinters in cocoon. Voltinism. Univoltine. Ectoedemia rubifoliella (Clemens) (figs. 23, 24, 49) Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens, 1860: 214. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Clemens, 1865: 146. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Clemens in Stainton, 1872: 32, 42, 45, 152. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Chambers in Hayden, 1878b: 158. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Dyar, 1903: 547. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Busck, 1903: 208. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Braun, 1917: 183. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 91. Nepticula rubifoliella Clemens; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9750). Ectoedemia rubifoliella (Clemens); Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 90. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). Diagnosis. — Resembles virgulae in externals, although rubifoliella is generally darker and the fascia broader. The males lack the chitinous plate of the hindwings found in virgulae. The nature of the pseuduncus and the relatively short aedeagus separates the male genitalia from those of ulmella and quadrinotata, whilst the fe- males differ only in the relative sizes of the signa. Distribution. — USA:— Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania (Clemens). Canada:— Ontario, Quebec. Material examined. — & Neotype: USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Rubus sp.; 23.v.1916 (Braun); slide no: USNM 17339; in ANS. Other specimens: In USNM — USA: data as neotype; 2 9, 18.viii.1912, 1.vi.1916 (Braun). Kentucky, Red Bird River; 1 g, 19.viii.1933 (Braun). In CNC — Canada: Ontario, Simcoe; on Rubus sp.; 1 3, 14.11.1966 (Freeman). Quebec, Hull; on Rubus sp.; 2 9, 21.iii.1959 (Freeman and Lewis); | ex., 31.iii.1957 (Freeman). Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, West Fork Woods; I mine on Rubus sp.; 6.ix.1909, B.558 (Braun); 1 mine on Rubus sp.; 4.vii.1909, B.558 (Braun). In CNC — Canada: Ontario, Simcoe; 5 mines on Rubus sp.; 1965, 65—74 (Freeman). Quebec, Hull; 3 mines on Rubus sp.; 1965, 56—257 (Freeman and Lewis). There is a single male with externals and genitalia similar to rubifoliella except that the ground colour is paler and the pseuduncus, valves and gnathos differ as in fig. 25. According to the label data this specimen was reared from Quercus plata- 64 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 noides (the same series of mines from which Braun reared examples of Stigmella flavipedella (Braun)). If this is correct then the mine differs from that of rubifoliella in that it is a much contorted linear tract. Specimen 7: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Quercus platanoides; | 3, 30.v.1922, B.653 (Braun); al.ex. 4.4 mm.; slide no: 130-PJN. =. Figs. 23, 24. Ectoedemia rubifoliella (Clemens), & (23) and 9 (24) genitalia. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 65 25 Sm — Fig. 25. Ectoedemia, specimen 7, ¢ genitalia. Biology. — Mine. A linear tract is made in Rubus (Blackberry) leaves and the frass-line is broken and central. It then widens into a rather elongate blotch forming an upper surface ophistigmatonome with the frass irregularly dispersed. Pupa. Cocoon is dark brown. Voltinism. Braun (1917) reports 2 generations. Ectoemedia ulmella (Braun) (figs. 26, 27) Nepticula ulmella Braun, 1912: 87. Nepticula ulmella Braun; Braun, 1917: 186. Nepticula ulmella Braun; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 92. Nepticula ulmella Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9758). Ectoedemia ulmella (Braun); Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 91. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson & Scoble (1979). Diagnosis. — Larger and less iridescent than rubifoliella. The tapering valves and the broad gnathos separate the males from those of rubifoliella, while the only consistent difference in the females is the smaller and more ovate signa retinacula of ulmella. Discussion. — We have examined an additional male from New York which in- dicates that the species has a wider distribution than has been previously cited. Distribution. — USA:— Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Kentucky. Canada: — Ontario, Quebec. Material examined. — &. Lectotype: USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Ulmus sp.; 66 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 N ALES Figs. 26, 27. Ectoedemia ulmella (Braun), & (26) and 9 (27) genitalia. 18.viii.1912, B. 578 (Braun); slide no: USNM 16251; in ANS. Paralectotype: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Clermont Co., on Ulmus sp.; 1 9, 10.viii.1912 (Braun). Other specimens: In ANS - USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; Overbook; on Ulmus amer- icana; | ex., 27.vii.1955 (Lewis); on Ulmus sp.; 1 ©, no date (Braun), 1 g, 24.vi.1905, 1 9, 8.vi.1912, 1 g, 1 ©, 3.vii.1907, 1 ex., 6.ix.1954 (Braun). In USNM - Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh; 1 &, 23.vii.1906 (Engel). New York, Cornell University, Ithaca; on Ulmus sp.; 1 &, no date (Murfeldt). In CNC — Canada: Quebec, Kingsmere; on Ulmus fulva'); 2 3,3 92,2 ex., 12—30.vii.1956 (Lewis). Ontario, La Passe; on Ulmus americana; 1 9, 25.11.1971, 1 g, 22.ii.1971, 1 g, 26.iii.1971 (Lewis). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 67 Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Anderson’s Ferry; 1 mine on Ulmus fulva'); 20.ix.1909, B.578 (Braun); 1 mine on Ulmus racemosa; 21.vii.1913, B.578 (Braun). In CNC — Canada: Ontario, Kingsmere; 2 mines on Ulmus rubra; 11.ix.1955, 55—281 (Lewis). Ontario, La Passe; 1 mine on Ulmus americana; 16.ix.1970, 70—111A (Rockburne and Lewis). Ontario, Ottawa; 5 mines on Ulmus americana; 7.viii.1955, 55—137A (Lewis). Quebec, Kingsmere; 3 mines on Ulmus rubra; 10.ix.1955, 55—279 (Lewis); 2 mines on Ulmus fulva'); 10.1x.1955, 55—279 (Lewis). Biology. — Mine. Is a much contorted frass filled tract in leaves of several species of Ulmus including U. rubra (Slippery or Red Elm), U. americana (White Elm) and U. thomasi') (Rock or Cork Elm). The tract expands into a blotch so pro- ducing an upper surface ophistigmatonome. The frass is deposited in both patches and lines. Cocoon. Reddish brown and usually spun within the mine-blotch. Voltinism. Bivoltine with mature larvae present in July and September (Braun, 1917). Ectoedemia nyssaefoliella (Chambers) comb.n. (ies28,29558. 59") Nepticula nyssaefoliella Chambers, 1880: 66. Nepticula nyssaefoliella Chambers; Dyar, 1903: 546. Nepticula nyssaefoliella Chambers; Braun, 1909: 429. Nepticula nyssaefoliella Chambers; Braun, 1917: 183. Nepticula nyssaefoliella Chambers; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 91. Nepticula nyssaefoliella Chambers; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9752). Description. — External features: g. Head: Palps greyish; antennae dark brown; tuft on front of head ochreous, vertex orange-ochreous; eye-caps shining white; collar pale ochre. Thorax and abdomen dark brown, thorax with purple re- flections, abdomen with silver reflections above, shining metallic grey beneath. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface dark brown with bronze reflections which become stronger towards the apex, distal scales darker at the tips; fringe greyish brown, shining silver, with an apical band of dark brown wing-scales; single medial fascia, shining silver, biconcave. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe brownish grey; an oval patch of creamy white scales extending from base to middle of dorsal surface, sometimes absent. Legs dark brown, shining silver behind. Fig. 58. Female. As ¢ except for hindwings without specialised scales. A pair of convex external pockets on ventral side of the fourth abdominal segment, medial in po- sition (fig. 59). Wing expanse: &: 4.2—6.4 mm (14 specimens); 9: 4.6—6.4 mm (14). Neotype: 5.0 mm. - Genitalia: & (fig. 28). Pseuduncus with a single tapering lobe. Gnathos: W- shaped as in fig. 28 (a); transverse ventral plate with broad central boss. Vinculum: 1) N.B. Ulmus rubra Muhl. = U. fulva Michx. Ulmus racemosa Thomas = U. thomasi Sarg. 68 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 (a) 28 RT Tg 29 002mm Figs. 28, 29. Ectoedemia nyssaefoliella (Chambers), g (28) and 9 (29) genitalia. lateral arms broad, ventral plate narrow. Saccus more than two-times the width of the ventral plate, bilobed. Valves not reaching beyond the pseuduncus, quadrate with a triangular style arising distally. Transtillae: lateral arms narrow; ventral arms long and narrow, reaching well beyond the ventral plate; transverse arms fused. Aedeagus: regular in width, approximately equal to length of the capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles and with a cup-shaped plate of minute papillae. Female (fig. 29). Ductus bursae short and narrow with spiral duct arising me- dially. Bursa copulatrix: large and covered with scallop-shaped chains of pectina- tions on striations of the bursa; signum double, comprising a pair of unequal cel- lular patches, one ovate and one constricted proximally, as in figs. 29 (a) and (b). Anterior apophyses very broad basally, tapering markedly. Posterior apophyses straight and narrow, reaching beyond the anteriores. Host plant: Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 69 Mine: An upper surface ophistigmatonome. Diagnosis. — Generally darker and the fascia narrower than in platanella or members of the platanella group. The male genitalia are easily differentiated from those of any other member of the genus, listed on page 37, by the absence of the anellar processes. The females resemble those of rubifoliella, ulmella and quadri- notata in the absence of a strongly sclerotised colliculum but may be separated by the unequal signa, one of which is constricted proximally, in nyssaefoliella. Discussion. — This species was originally described by Chambers (1880) from the mine; adults reared from Nyssa sp. were described by Braun (1909) and given the same name. Although the mine(s) constitute the original type material, they were never preserved or designated. Braun (1909) does not mention the spe- cialised scale patch present in some specimens in her first description of the imagine, but does so in a later publication (1917). All the male specimens dated 1909 or earlier and presumably described by Braun (1909), possess the specialised scale patch, those collected at later dates and presumably described by Braun (1917) do not show evidence of specialised scale patches. We designate as Neotype one of the males examined by Braun in 1909, which possesses specialised scale patches. It is not unlikely that these two forms of male represent separate species; but in the absence of any further evidence we treat them as one. Several examples of the loss of such specialized scales later in life are known within the Lepidoptera, al- though this is the first possible example in the Nepticulidae. There are two females reared from Amelanchier sp. by C. Heinrich with indis- tinguishable genitalia from those of nyssaefoliella. The externals of wo females differ from the type of nyssaefoliella (which is similar to the others) in the more ir- rorate nature of the forewings and the broader fascia. The differences may result from the different host plant but may indicate a separate species. “Nepticula ame- lanchierella’’ Clemens, 1861, was described and is still only known from the mine. Distribution. — USA:— Ohio, Virginia, New Jersey. Kentucky. Material examined. — Designated as neotype: 1 4 from the series examined by Braun 1909: USA: “B. 454, Cincinnati, Ohio. Annette F. Braun, 31.vii.1909: Nep- ticula nyssaefoliella Cham.” — on Nyssa sylvatica; slide no: 138-PJN; in ANS. Other specimens: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; 3 g, 4 9, 20.vi.1911 (Braun); on Nyssa sylvatica; 1 ©, 25.vii.1909, 3 g, 3, 16, 17.viii.1909, 2 g, 1 9, 27.vi.1911, 1 ©, 22.vi.1914, B.454 (Braun). In USNM — Ohio, Cincinnati; 1 9, 26.vi.1907 (Braun); on Nyssa sylvatica; 1 9, 27.vi.1911, B.454 (Braun); | g, 15.vi.1911;4 g, 2 9, 20.vi.1911, 1 9, 26.vi.1916 (Braun). New Jersey, Anglesea; | ©, v, 30 (Kearfott). In FIS — Virginia, Mountain Kale; “WH 3”; 2 3, 21.vii.1940 (Milne and Milne). Tentative identifications: In USNM — USA: Virginia, Falls Church; “11153 Hopk. US”; on Amelanchier sp.; 1 9, 3.vii.1913 (Reared C. Heinrich). In DFF — | Q, same data. Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Ferris Woods; 1 mine on Nyssa syl- vatica; 28.vi.1909, B .454 (Braun). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the lower surface and, in the single case observed, next to the midrib of the Nyssa leaf. 70 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Fig. 30. Ectoedemia, specimen 8, ¢ genitalia. Mine. Begins as a very narrow linear tract which abruptly broadens into an elongate blotch on the upper surface. The frass is deposited as a continuous black line in the centre of the linear portion and in a much contorted tract throughout the blotch (fig. 71). Larva. Emerges on the upper surface of the leaf. Pupa. Pale green in colour. Voltinism. Two or possibly three generations per year. There is a single male with externals as nyssaefoliella except that the ground colour of the forewings is darker and the al. ex. greater by almost 1 mm. The geni- talia of this specimen resemble those of nyssaefoliella in overall form but differ in the gnathos, which is more typical of Stigmella rather than Ectoedemia, and the rel- atively larger aedeagus, see figs. 30, 60. Specimen 8: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; 1 &, 20.vi.1911 (Braun); al. ex. 7.0 mm.; slide no: 135-PJN. Ectoedemia quadrinotata (Braun) (figs. 31, 32, 48) Nepticula quadrinotata Braun, 1917: 168. Nepticula quadrinotata Braun; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 86. Nepticula quadrinotata Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9722). Ectoedemia quadrinotata (Braun); Wilkinson & Scoble, 1979: 95. Description. — Fully described from Canada by Wilkinson and Scoble (1979). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 71 Figs. 31, 32. Ectoedemia quadrinotata (Braun), & (31) and 9 (32) genitalia. Diagnosis. — The externals resemble those of trinotata except that there are two antemedial spots in quadrinotata. The tuberculate pseuduncus and the elaborate anellar processess differentiate the male from other members of Ectoedemia studied here. The female genitalia resemble those of rubifoliella, ulmella and nys- saefoliella but differ in the presence of a weakly sclerotised colliculum in quadri- notata. Discussion. — A specimen found in USNM collection taken in Arkansas, indi- cates that the species has a wider distribution than has been recorded previously. Distribution. — USA:— Ohio, Arkansas, Kentucky. Canada:— Ontario. Material examined. — 9. Holotype: USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Carpinus sp.; 28.v.1914, B.538 (Braun); slide no: USNM 17326; in ANS. Paratypes: In ANS — USA: data as Holotype; 2 &, 1 2, 27—30.v.1914 (Braun); Sugar Grove; on Corylus sp.;1g,1 ©, 1.vi.1915 (Braun). Other specimens: In USNM — USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; on Carpinus sp.; 1 &, 72 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 30.v.1914, 1 ©, 31.v.1917, 2 g, 1 2, 2, 9.vi.1917, 1 ex., 26.v.1919, (Braun). Ar- kansas, Washington Co.; 1 ©, 11.v.1966 (Hodges). Ontario, Sparrow lake; 8 &, 1 Q, 12.vii.1926 (Braun). Ontario, Severn; on Ironwood; 2 &, 1 9, 16—20.vi.1925 (MeDunnough). In SOO — Ontario, Trout Creek; on Betula alleghaniensis 1 9, 19.iii.1958, 19, 3.iv.1958. Mines examined: In ANS — USA: Ohio, Still House Hollow; 2 mines on Car- pinus sp. 24.viii.1909, B.538 (Braun). Biology. — Mine. The mine begins as an ophionome — a narrow linear tract ex- tending along the mid-rib or between two leaf veins and broadens, so filling the space between them. Later the mine widens further and becomes virtually a blotch. The frass is dark initially forming a broken line which becomes less compact and later diffuse. The mine is principally the same regardless which of the four host plants is attacked: Carpinus caroliniana (Hornbeam), Corylus americana (Hazel), Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood), Betula alleghaniensis (now: B. lutea) (Yellow Birch). Voltinism. Bivoltine. THE CASTANEAE GROUP The following eight taxa resemble each other particularly in the genitalia. Of special note are the following: very round pseuduncus, form of valves, complex cornuti and anellar processes in males; the thickened colliculum which lacks the characteristic sclerotised ring of other groups, very long posterior apophyses, es- pecially in comparison with anterior ones, and the long narrow genitalia in fe- males. Together with these features the similar venation with expanded costal margin of hind wing (fig. 1) and similar wing markings show this to be a discrete group. To this add the fact that all attack bark, as far as is known, but some form galls and others mine. In many ways this group presumably corresponds with the sub-genus Zimmer- mannia Hering, 1940, adopted by several European workers. However the name is not used here because the diagnosis which separates the gall makers from the bark miners is invalid. The group is called the castaneae group rather than by the older name obrutella because of the uncertainty about the latter life history and site of larval attack. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller) (figs. 1, 33, 34, 47) Trifurcula obrutella Zeller, 1873: 316. Trifurcula obrutella Zeller; Dyar, 1903: 547. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller); Busck, 1913: 103. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller); Braun, 1917: 200. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller); Braun in Forbes, 1923: 83. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller); McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9782). Nepticula bosquella Chambers in Hayden, 1878a: 106 (syn. by Busck, 1903: 208). Nepticula bosqueella (sic) Chambers; Chambers in Hayden, 1878b: 157. Opostega bosqueella (sic) Chambers; Dyar, 1903: 547 (mistaken genus). WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 73 Nepticula bosquella Chambers; Busck, 1903: 208 (cited under Opostega albogaleriella). Ectoedemia bosqueella (sic) (Chambers); Braun, 1917: 200. Ectoedemia bosquella (Chambers); Meyrick, 1928b: 426. Description. — External features: ¢,9. Head: palps off-white; antennae sandy buff; tufts on front of head and vertex chocolate-brown; eye-caps creamy white; collar chocolate-brown. Thorax creamy white with scattered brown scales above. Abdomen greyish, shining metallic grey beneath. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface creamy white, weakly lustrous, irrorate with brown scales partic- Figs. 33, 34. Ectoedemia obrutella (Zeller) Busck, g (33) and 9 (34) genitalia. 74 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 ularly dense basally and terminally giving the impression of a medial, pale fascia; fringe whitish, weakly lustrous. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe shining white; with a pale yellow brush of ciliae at the base of the costa; costa emargin- ated. Legs: buff with scattered yellow-gold reflections, darker behind; hind tibiae densely covered inwardly with sharp bristles. Fig. 47. Wing expanse: &: 7.4—9.5 mm (44 specimens); 9: 7.6—10.0 mm (27). Genitalia: & (fig. 33). Pseuduncus with a single lobe, broad and flattened. Gnathos: an inverted V as in fig. 33 (a); transverse ventral plate with a large medial process; dorso-lateral arms very broad and weakly arcuate. Vinculum: lateral arms broad, ventral plate broad. Saccus approximately half width of ventral plate, weakly bilobed. Valves reaching beyond the pseuduncus and tapering markedly. Transtillae: lateral arms broad; ventral arms very long, reaching beyond the saccus laterally; transverse arms fused to form a continuous strap constricted medially. Aedeagus: flask-shaped, just greater than length of the capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles evenly distributed and with a plate of minute papillae as in fig. 33 (b); anellus comprising a pair of tooth-like spines with several denticles and pair of palmate plates laterally. Female (fig. 34). Ductus bursae long, weakly sclerotised proximally with complex spiculate lobe as in fig. 34. Accessory sac small, arising from ductus me- dially and with terminally spiral accessory duct. Bursa copulatrix small, covered with irregular chains of pectinations on striations of the bursa; signum double comprising two equal sized ovate patches of hexagonal cells. Anterior apophyses short and broad. Posterior apophyses straight and narrow, reaching well beyond the anteriores. Host plant: Several adults have been taken from the trunks of Quercus sp. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — The very large al.ex. and the pale ground colour separates this species from all other members of the genus except the castaneae group taxa. The tuft is darker than in piperella and the forewings less irrorate with brown, in obru- tella. It lacks the iridescent scales of the hindwings found in acanthella. The saccus is more weakly bilobed than in piperella or acanthella. Compare figs. 33, 35 and 36 for other possible differences in the genitalia. See also diagnosis for heinrichi and phleophaga. Discussion. — It is unfortunate we do not know more of the life history of this species. I (C.W.) suspect it is a bark miner. The genitalia are so very similar to those of the other oak bark miner heinrichi and the differences in externals, only slight, that how far they are taxonomically separate must remain in some doubt. Originally described by Zeller (1873) as a member of Trifurcula Zeller, from a male and a female specimen collected by Boll in Texas. This species was also de- scribed by Chambers (1878a) from Texas material and given the name Nepticula bosquella. Chambers (1878b) then listed the name incorrectly as bosqueella (sic). Subsequently, Dyar (1903) listed bosqueella (sic) as a member of Opostega Zeller; since he gives no reason for the combination and no previous reference to the name can be traced it would seem to be an error by Dyar. Busck (1903) realised this error, also comparing material with Zeller’s type of Trifurcula obrutella and synonymising bosquella with obrutella. Busck (1913) later reports, in his description WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 75 of Ectoedemia castaneae, that obrutella has important differences in wing venation from the type species of Trifurcula and he included obrutella in the genus Ectoe- demia. Distribution. — USA: — Texas, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi. Material examined. — d Type of bosquella: USA: “7/5; Collection of C.V. Riley; Nepticula bosquella Cham. Texas Ch.; Wlsm 1106 1882; Type no: 528 USNM”; slide no: CNC 3478; in USNM. Other specimens: In MCZ — USA: Pennsylvania, Oak Station, Allegheny County; 1g, 8.v.1913, 4g, 29, 25.v.1913, 1g, 5.vi.1910, 6g, 29, 9.vi.1912 (Marloff). Pennsylvania, Jeannette; 14, 2.vi. (C.M. Acc. 2722, Klages). Pennsyl- vania, Pittsburgh; 14, 3.vi., 1g, 7.vi.1904, 39, 20.vi. (C.M. Acc. 2723); 24, 39, 17.vi.1907 (C.M. Acc. 3495); On trunk of Quercus sp.; 23,79, 17.vi.1907 (Kahl); 19, 17.vi.1906 (C.M. Acc. 4067, Engel). Pennsylvania, New Brighton; 19, 12.vi.1907, 1g, 19, 14.vi.1907, 19, 15.vi.1907, 1g, 27.vi.1907 (C.M. Acc. 4067). Massachusetts, Barnstable; 14, 26.vi.1958, 1 3, 4.vii.1958 (Kimball). In USNM— Florida, Oneco, Manatee Co.; 34, 5.v.1953 (Dillman). Gulf Coast Exp. Sta. Bra- denton; 38, 19, 11 ex., 13—24.iii.1955 (Keisheimer). Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; 104, 19, 9 ex., 15.iii.1953—3.iv.1960 (Kimball). Gainsville, Alachua Co.; 2g, 14.iii.1955 (Morse), 1 ex., 1.v.1976. Pensacola; 13, 1 ex., 21 + 25.11.1962, 1g, 24.v.1964 (Hills). Mississippi, Choctaw Co.; 14, 22.iv.1976(Heppner). Three other specimens probably belong here: Georgia, Crooked River St. Pk., Campden Co.; 14, 27.iv.1976 (Heppner). Alabama, Black Warrior River, Greenboro, Hale Co.; 19, 1 ex., 23.iv.1976 (Heppner). Biology. — Immature stages unknown. Ectoedemia acanthella sp.n. (fig. 35) Description. — External features: &. Head: palps off-white; antennae pale buff; tufts on front of head and vertex dark brown; eye-caps creamy white; collar dark brown. Thorax greyish white with scattered brown scales. Abdomen greyish white, shining metallic beneath. Forewings ground colour of dorsal surface greyish white with scattered brown scales, reflecting purple; fringe creamy white, weakly lus- trous. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe buff with each scale shining pale bluish purple; costa emarginated. Legs: pale buff with some gold reflections; sharp bristles of hind tibiae pronounced. Wing expanse: Holotype 7.2 mm. Genitalia. & (fig. 35). Pseuduncus with single flattened lobe, broad. Gnathos: V- shaped; transverse ventral plate broad with medial process; dorso-lateral arms very broad and arcuate. Vinculum: lateral arms broad, ventral plate broad. Saccus strongly bilobed with centre almost reaching edge of vinculum. Valves extending just beyond pseuduncus but arising high up and tapering markedly. Transtillae: lateral arms broad; ventral arms long, but not beyond anterior edge of saccus; transverse arms fused to form continuous strap, constricted medially. Aedaegus: flask-shaped, greater than length of capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small 76 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Fig. 35. Ectoedemia acanthella sp.n., 3 genitalia. denticles evenly distributed and with plate of minute papillae as in fig. 35(b); anellus comprising a number of tooth-like spines. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — Exteral features as obrutella except that abdomen is creamy white. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface greyish white with scattered brown scales, reflecting purple; fringe creamy white, weakly lustrous. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe buff with each scale shining pale bluish purple. Genitalia as obru- tella except that saccus is very narrow and markedly bilobed, each lobe as long as broad at base. Aedeagus: broad and regular, greater than length of capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles evenly distributed and with a plate of minute papillae as in fig. 35; anellus comprising a pair of tooth-like spines but no palmate plates. Valves not so long and lack the inner corrugations and knobs of other species. Discussion. — The differences given in the diagnosis, in particular the markedly bilobed saccus and the absence of the palmate anellar plates, exclude this specimen from obrutella, piperella sp.n., heinrichi and castaneae. The absence of inner knobs on the valves separates acanthella sp.n. from phleophaga and mesoloba. Distribution. — USA: — New Jersey. Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: USA; New Jersey, Essex County Pk.; “July 26 Trap W.D. Kearfott’’; slide no: USNM 17287; in USNM. Biology. — Immature stages unknown. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 77 Ectoedemia piperella sp.n. (figs. 36, 45) Description. — External features: ¢. Head: palps buff; antennae pale brown; tufts on front of head and vertex orange-ochreous; eye-caps shining white; collar pale brown. Thorax yellow-cream, irrorate with purplish brown. Abdomen grey, shining metallic grey beneath. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface yel- lowish, irrorate with purplish brown scales particularly at the base and along the costal margin, reflecting purple; fringe creamy white, shining metallic grey. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe buff, shining metallic grey; pale yellow brush of ciliae at the base of the costal margin; costa emarginated. Legs: tibiae of fore and midlegs dark brown, otherwise buff and shining metallic grey behind; hind tibiae densely covered inwardly with sharp bristles. Fig. 45. Wing expanse: ¢: 6.4—8.2 mm (3 specimens). Holotype: 7.2 mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 36). Pseuduncus with a single, broad and flattened lobe. Gnathos: an inverted V as in fig. 36(a); transverse ventral plate with large medial process; dorso-lateral arms broad and weakly arcuate. Vinculum: lateral arms broad; ventral plate broad. Saccus as wide as ventral plate, bilobed. Valves reaching beyond the pseuduncus, broad basally but tapering markedly, inner margin concave distally. Transtillae: lateral arms broad; ventral arms long and narrow, reaching beyond the ventral plate; transverse bars fused to form a con- tinuous strap, constricted medially. Aedeagus: broad and regular in width, approx- (b) Fig. 36. Ectoedemia piperella sp.n., & genitalia. 78 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 imately equal to length of capsule; vesica with cornuti as many small denticles evenly distributed and with a plate of minute papillae as in fig. 36(b); anellus com- prising a pair of tooth-like spines with several large single spines and a pair of palmate plates laterally. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — Resembles both obrutella and acanthella but differs in the more yellowish ground colour of the dorsal aspect and the more dense irroration of the forewings, in piperella. It lacks the iridescent scales on the hindwings found in acanthella. The saccus is more markedly bilobed than in obrutella but less than in acanthella. The stouter valves and the relatively short aedeagus separate this from obrutella. The colours of the vertex and tufts on front of the head differ in this species from heinrichi and castaneae. It also has purple and grey reflections on the wings which are missing in these latter species. The male genitalia are similar but compare figs. 36 and 37 for differences. E. piperella can be diagnosed from phleo- phaga and mesoloba by the absence of knobs on the inner surface of the valves. Distribution. — USA: — Arkansas. Material examined. — & Holotype: USA: “Devil's Den St. Pk., Washington Co. Ark., 9.vi.1966 R. W. Hodges”; slide no: USNM 17285; in USNM. Paratypes: In USNM — USA: same data as Holotype; 34, 28.v.1966, 9.vi.1966, 16.vi.1966 (Hodges); slide no: USNM 17286. Biology. — Immature stages unknown. Ectoedemia heinrichi Busck (figs. 37, 38, 61) Ectoedemia heinrichi Busck, 1914a: 149. Ectoedemia heinrichi Busck; Braun, 1917: 199. Ectoedemia heinrichi Busck: Braun in Forbes, 1923: 83. Ectoedemia heinrichi Busck; McDunnough, 1939: 108 (no: 9786). Description. — External features: 3 ©. Head: palps buff; antennae light brown; tuft on front of head and vertex dark brown; eye-caps and collar white. Thorax white with some brown-tipped scales. Abdomen pale brown. Forewings: irrorate with white and brown scales, variable on each wing as well as between specimens. Hindwings: greyish buff; undersurface brownish buff. Legs buff. Fig. 61. Wing expanse: g: 8.0—10.0 mm (15 specimens); 9: 8.0—10.5 (11). Holotype: 8.5mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 37). Pseuduncus with a single broad lobe as in fig. 37 (a). Gnathos: W-shaped, but lateral arms shorter than inner arms. Vinculum: lateral arms broad; ventral projections narrow. Saccus broad and weakly bilobed. Valves extending as far posteriorly as pseuduncus, triangular and slightly arcuate. Trans- tillae: a narrow inverted U-shape; lateral arms broad and short; ventral arms narrow, projecting anteriorly well beyond margin of ventral plate; transverse bars fused to form a narrow arcuate strap. Aedeagus: approximately equal to length of WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 79 38 Figs. 37, 38. Ectoedemia heinrichi Busck, 3 (37) and 9 (38) genitalia. genitalia; vesica with cornuti as small denticles and plate of minute papillae as in fig. 37(b); anellus with pair of tooth-like spines and a pair of palmate plates. Patches of scent scales present, one pair overlapping genitalia. Female (fig. 38). Ductus bursae short, without sclerotised colliculum, but with enlarged spiculate lobe. Accessory duct arising from dilation of ductus and distally spiralled. Bursa copulatrix large, covered with pectinations; signum double, com- prising two relatively small, but equal-sized patches of cells. Anterior apophyses comparatively short and broad. Posterior apophyses straight and narrow, very long, extending below swelling of ductus. Host plant: Quercus palustris (Pin Oak). Mine: An oval spiral in the bark. Diagnosis. — This species is very similar to castaneae, even the larva and espe- 80 TUDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 cially the genitalia, although heinrichi appears to be a slightly larger species than castaneae. They are very difficult to diagnose with respect to morphology, but with regard to biology, heinrichi mines the bark of Quercus, whereas castaneae makes galls on chestnut. Another similar species, obrutella, is distinguished from heinrichi by a darker, brown, collar and paler hindwings and there are also small differences inthe male and female genitalia (see figs. 33 and 34). Discussion. — The wing markings are variable and the genitalia similar to those of other species in the group. The life history of heinrichi is well known and was first worked out by Carl Heinrich and detailed by Busck (1914a). This is fortunate since its separate identity is most strongly supported by what is known of its bi- ology. Distribution. — USA: — Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois. Material examined. — ¢ Lectotype: USA: Virginia, “Falls Church, Va; Reared May 22-14, C. Heinrich; Hopk. US 12107; Ectoedemia heinrichi cotype Busck; USNM No. 19039; slide no. 16935; Quercus palustris”; in USNM. Paralectotypes: In USNM-data as lectotype; 93,49, 1 ex, 8.v.1914 — 5.vi.1914. Other specimens: In ANS—USA: Ohio, Cincinnati; 4g, 79, 4.vi.1903, 21.vi.1904, 3.vi.1905, 15.v.1906, 30.v.1906, 7.vi.1906, 20.v.1917, 5.vi.1917, 14.vi.1917 (Braun). In USNM—USA: Illinois, Putnam Co. 18, 25.v.1975 (Glenn). ld, in ANS, data as lectotype, but not labelled cotype, was presumably given to Braun in exchange for 1 4 from Cincinnati, Ohio, 4.vi.1913, in USNM. Mines examined: In USNM—USA: Numerous mines (and pupae) from Busck collection. Biology. — Egg. Laid on the bark of young branches. Mine. I have only seen this mine on the twigs of young saplings (C.W), although Busck (1914a: 149) reported finding it also on the outer branches of larger trees. It isa narrow linear track coiled into an oval spiral with the empty egg at the centre. Larvae. Matures in the autumn, October and November, when it leaves the mine and falls to the ground. Pupa. Cocoon flattened, oval, reddish brown, 2—2.5mm x 3—4 mm. Voltinism. Univoltine. Adults normally emerge in May—June. In the laboratory specimens often emerge two or three months earlier. Ectoedemia castaneae Busck (fig. 62) Ectoedemia castaneae Busck, 1913: 103. Ectoedemia castaneae Busck; Braun, 1917: 198. Ectoedemia castaneae Busck; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 83. Ectoedemia castaneae Busck; McDunnough, 1939: 108 (no. 9784). Description. — External features: SQ. Head: palps buff; antennae brown; tuft on front of head chocolate brown, vertex brown; eye-caps white; collar white. Thorax irrorate with brown and white scales. Abdomen brown. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface white, but many scales are tipped with dark brown, making the surface variously irrorate. Hindwings: brownish buff; undersurface brownish grey. Legs buff or brownish buff. Fig. 62. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 8 Wing expanse: &: 6.5—8.0 mm (3 specimens); 9: 7.0—8.0 mm (4); Lectotype: 6.5 mm. Genitalia: 3,9. Similar to those of heinrichi which are illustrated in figs. 37 and 38. Host plant: Castanea sp. (Chestnut). Mine: In form of small galls around young twigs. Diagnosis. — As discussed in the diagnosis of heinrichi, the genitalia of both males and females of these two species are very similar; separate figures are not helpful and diagnosis on these features is too difficult. However, castaneae and heinrichi do differ in their life history and host plant and possibly also in size. Since castaneae is so similar to heinrichi in externals and genitalia the diagnosis for the latter species with respect to obrutella also holds for castaneae, which has a lighter, white, collar and darker hindwings than obrutella and similar small differences in the genitalia. Discussion. — The life history of this species as a gall-former enables us to rec- ognize its separate identity from heinrichi. Distribution. — USA: — Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky. Material examined. — ¢ Lectotype: USA: Virginia, ‘“Vietch, Va., 23 April 1913, Snyder; USNM No. 16333; slide no. 16713; Ectoedemia castaneae Busck cotype; 11236 Hopkins US”; in USNM. Paralectotypes: In USNM—data as lectotype; 1g, 29, 23—24.iv.1913. Other specimens: In USNM—USA: Pennsylvania, New Brighton; 24,29, 14.vi.1907 (Meyrick Museum). Biology. — Egg. Laid on the bark of Castanea twigs. Larva. Typically flattened, with limb buds on segments 3 to 10 and 13, but very rudimentary on segment 5. Mine. No mine is made as such, but more a spherical gall resembling in form and size “the egg masses of the forest tent-caterpillar”’ (Busck, 1913: 103). Voltinism. Bivoltine or, more probably, trivoltine. Ectoedemia phleophaga Busck (figs. 39, 40, 63) Ectoedemia phleophaga Busck, 1914b: 3. Ectoedemia phleophaga Busck; Braun, 1917: 198. Ectoedemia phleophaga Busck; Braun in Forbes, 1923: 83. Ectoedemia phleophaga Busck; McDunnough, 1939: 108 (no. 9785). Description. — External features: ¢ ©. Head: Palps buff; antennae light brown; tuft on front of head and vertex white or buff; eye-caps white; collar brown. Thorax brown. Abdomen pale brownish buff. Forewings: brown with some white scales, sometimes forming a postmedial and antemedial spot and occasionally a postmedial fascia. Thorax and basal half of forewing sometimes with dark bluish fuscous reflections. Hindwings and ventral surface brownish buff. Legs buff. Fig. 63. Wing expanse: &: 8.3—10.5 mm (32 specimens); 9: 8.7—10.6 mm (27); lecto- type::9.0 mm. ee} © TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 39 40 Figs. 39, 40. Ectoedemia phleophaga Busck, & (39) and © (40) genitalia. Genitalia: & (fig. 39). Pseuduncus with single rounded lobe. Gnathos: W-shaped with lateral arms as long as inner arms. Vinculum: lateral arms and ventral plate narrow. Saccus broad, weakly bilobed, concave anteriorly. Valves: fractionally longer than genitalia; narrowly arcuate, with median boss. Transtillae: lateral arms short and narrow; ventral arms short; transverse bars fused centrally. Aedeagus: equal to length of capsule; vesica with many denticles and with large plate of small papillae as in fig. 39(b); anellus comprising a pair of long, broad spines and pair of simple plates laterally. Female (fig. 40). Ductus bursae long, colliculum not heavily sclerotised. Acces- sory duct arising from ductus bursae and spiral distally. Bursa copulatrix long, with WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 83 fine pectinations. Signum double, comprising a pair of long, reticulate patches, ap- proximately equal in area. Anterior apophyses long, arcuate and narrow. Posterior apophyses very long and straight, reaching well beyond the anteriores. Host plant: Castanea dentata. Mine: A bark ophionome. Diagnosis. — This species is similar to castaneae but phleophaga is easily distin- guished by its larger size, darker wings and lighter tufts and abdomen. The white or buff tufts also distinguish it from obrutella and heinrichi in which they are dark brown. Considering the male genitalia, phleophaga is the only bark-miner with the inner arms of the W-shaped gnathos equal in length to the lateral arms. It also has a central boss on the middle of the valves as does mesoloba, in which it is more sim- ple in form. The female genitalia are typical of the Ectoedemia species attacking bark described here: they lack the strongly sclerotised colliculum and have very long posterior apophyses. It is possible that phleophaga can be diagnosed by the an- terior apophyses, which are narrower and straighter than in other similar species, especially obrutella, heinrichi and castaneae. Discussion. — Again knowledge of the life history allows us to separate phleo- phaga with certainty from other species associated with bark, especially castaneae, which is also found on chestnut. The life history was worked out by Busck (1914b), together with Snyder and Heinrich and independently at about the same time, by Ruggles (1913). Because of its pest status (see Biology), phleophaga has been given the common name of “Chestnut bastminer”. Distribution. — USA: — Virginia, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts? Material examined. 9 Lectotype: USA: Virginia, “Falls Church Va., 22 Sept. 1913; USNM No. 16900; slide no. 16633; Castaneae dentata; 11245 Hopk US”; in USNM. Paralectotypes: In USNM—data as lectotype, with cotype labels; 11g, 89, 12—22.ix.1913. Other specimens: In USNM—data as lectotype; 21 g, 19 9, 2 ex. 22.vi- i—15.1x.1914. Biology. — Egg laid on the bark. Mine. In the lower layers of the bark and in the cambium. A slender, contorted, serpentine mine; a number of centimetres long and a few millimetres wide, but the width varying throughout its length. Larva. On hatching from the egg, the larva burrows in the bark until the second or third instar. By this time winter causes it to hibernate in its tunnel and activity starts again in the spring. When fully grown it is white with dark brown sclerotisa- tions of the head capsule, thoracic, sternal and anal plates. In April to early June the larva tunnels out and drops to the ground. Only then does the tunnel become apparent by means of the exit hole. Pupa. The cocoon is spun amongst the debris on the ground or in a burrow in loose soil. It is a reddish brown, closely woven cocoon, rather seed-like. Voltinism. The species seems to be univoltine, the adults appearing in August and September. Pest status. According to Ruggles (1913: 852), phleophaga is associated with the spread of the chestnut bark disease, Endothia parasitica. An enormous number of larval exit holes appear at a time of year when blight spores of the fungus are parti- 84 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 culary prevalent (see also the Report of the State Forester of Massachusetts on the Chestnut Bark Disease, 1912). Ectoedemia chlorantis Meyrick (figs. 41, 46) Ectoedemia chlorantis Meyrick, 1928a: 462. Ectoedemia chlorantis Meyrick; McDunnough, 1939: 108 (no: 9787). Description. — External features: 9. Head: palps pale buff; antennae buff with Fig. 41. Ectoedemia chlorantis Meyrick, 9 genitalia. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 85 darker banding; tuft on front of head and vertex yellowish brown; eye-caps whitish; collar brownish buff. Thorax buff, irrorate with light grey and abdomen presumably similar. Forewings yellowish buff, speckled lightly with light grey or fuscous and more heavily speckled in distal half. Hindwings and ventral surface buff, tinged with grey. Legs buff, irrorate with fuscous on outer surface. Fig. 46. Wing expanse: Holotype: 9 mm. Genitalia: © (fig. 41). Ductus bursae short and broad, with sclerotised colli- culum (not ring-shaped) and with spicules. Accessory duct spiral medially. Bursa copulatrix long, with fine pectinations; signum double, comprising two approxi- mately equal-sized ovate patches of cells. Anterior apophyses broad and arcuate. Posterior apophyses particularly long and narrow. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — The forewing of ch/orantis has light background colouring, pep- pered with darker irrorations, similar to that of mesoloba. There is not enough material to know whether there are reliable diagnostic differences in the externals of these two, but ch/orantis is possibly a much larger species. The female genitalia of chlorantis lack the characteristic colliculum of most leaf- and petiole-mining species, although there is a weak sclerotisation. The long posterior apophyses are also of note as a possible indication of a bark-miner. Discussion. — This species is only known from the female holotype, which ap- pears to be distinct. It should be no great problem for additional material to be collected in the type-locality to provide us with better information. Distribution. — Canada: — Ontario. Material examined. — 9 Holotype: Canada: Ontario, “Toronto, September (Parish); in BM(NH). Biology. — Unknown. Ectoedemia mesoloba Davis (figs. 42, 50) Ectoedemia mesoloba Davis, 1978: 209. Description. — External features. g. Head: palps buff or white; antennae whitish proximally, brown distally, but paler above; tuft on front of head, vertex and eye-caps buff to white. Thorax white with some pale brown above. Abdomen buff with much pale brown marking above. Forewings: irrorate with buff and pale brown. Hindwings and ventral surface pale buff. Legs buff with some brown scales dorsally, particularly on pro- and mesothoracic legs. Fig. 50. Wing expanse: Holotype: 5.5 mm. Genitalia. & (fig. 42). Pseuduncus with a single, unspecialised, rounded lobe as in fig. 42(a). Gnathos: W-shaped with central boss shorter than lateral arms. Vin- culum: broad and short, anteriorly slightly concave. Saccus broad and hardly concave. Valves not extending further than pseuduncus, narrow and lobed halfway along costal margin. Transtillae: strongly arcuate lateral arms broad and short; ventral arms extend well forward, beyond margin of ventral plate; transverse bars fused centrally. Aedeagus: equal in length to or slightly longer than genitalia; 86 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 À $ \ N N IN Fe re zt ran EF 100 ‘ Fig. 42. Ectoedemia mesoloba Davis, & genitalia. vesica with large cornuti and plate of minute papillae; anellus with pair of tooth- like spines and spinose plates laterally, as in fig. 42(b). Female: Unknown. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — Externally, mesoloba is mainly light coloured, like chlorantis, but mesoloba is very much smaller. The male genitalia have the central part of the gnathos markedly shorter than the lateral arms. This feature together with the presence of a central boss on the valves separates mesoloba from the other Ectoe- demia species reported here, especially the bark-miners whose genitalia are so similar to those of mesoloba. There is also a boss on the valves in phleophaga male genitalia, but it is more complex in form. Discussion. — Although mesoloba is similar to chlorantis the type-localities are widely separated and it seems unlikely that they occur throughout the intervening area. Davis, who recently described mesoloba, feels that the diagnostic features and type-locality are so characteristic that the specimen should be given specific status. It is unfortunate that more material is not available. I suspect it is a bark- miner, although it is somewhat smaller than the other bark-miner species dis- cussed here (C.W.). Distribution. — USA: — Florida. Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: USA: “Pensacola, Escambia Co., Florida, Nov. 12.1961, Shirley Hills”; slide no. 16835; in USNM. Biology. — Not known. REFERENCES Beirne, B. P., 1945. The male genitalia of the British Stigmellidae (Nepticulidae) (Lepidoptera): — Proc. R. Ir. Acad. (B) 50: 191—218, 81 figs. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 87 Borkowski, A., 1969. Studien an Stigmelliden (Lepidoptera) Teil I. Zur Verbreitung, Biologie und Öko- logie der Stigmelliden in den polnischen Sudeten. — Polskie Pismo ent. 39: 95—122, 20 figs. —, 1972. Studien an Nepticuliden (Lepidoptera) Teil IV. Bemerkungen zur Nomenklatur und Sys- tematik der Familie Nepticulidae. — Polskie Pismo ent. 42: 689— 709, 4 pls., 16 figs. Braun, A. F., 1909. Notes on Chambers species on Tineina. — Ent. News. 20: 428—434. , 1912. Notes on North American species of Nepticula, with descriptions of new species (Lepi- doptera). — J. Cincinn. Soc. nat. Hist. 21: 84—101, 13 figs. ——, 1914. Notes on North American species of Nepticula with descriptions of new species (Lepi- doptera). — Can. Ent. 46: 17—24, 8 figs. ———, 1915. New genera and species of Tineina. — Can. Ent. 47: 188—197, 6 figs. —., 1917. Nepticulidae of North America. — Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 43: 155—209, 4 pls. ——, 1923. Superfamily Nepticuloidea. Family 5 Nepticulidae In: Lepidoptera of New York and Neighbouring States pp. 79—98, 10 figs. Forbes W.T.W. (ed.). — New York. —, 1925. Microlepidoptera of Northern Utah. — Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 51: 183—226. , 1927. Descriptions of New Microlepidoptera. — Trans. Am. ent. Soc. 53: 191—199. Busck, A., 1903. Notes on Brackenridge Clemens’ types of Tineina. — Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 5: 181— 220. —, 1907. New American Tineina. — Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 8: 86—99, 11 figs. —, 1913. Two microlepidoptera injurious to Chestnut. — Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 15: 102—104, | fig. —, 1914a. Descriptions of New Microlepidoptera of Forest Trees. — Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 16: 143—150. , 1914b. The Chestnut Bastminer (Lepidoptera, Tineidae). — Insecuter Inscit. Menstr. 2: 3—4. Chambers, V. T., 1873. Nepticula. In: ‘*Micro-Lepidoptera”. — Can. Ent. 5: 124—128. , 1878a. New Tineina from Texas. In: Hayden, F. V. (ed.). — Bull. U.S. geol. geogr. Surv. Territ. 4: 79—106. —, 1878b. Index to the described Tineina of the United States and Canada. In: Hayden, F. V. (ed.). — Bull. U.S. geol. geogr. Surv. Territ. 4: 125—167. , 1880. Notes upon some Tineid larvae. — Psyche, Camb., 3: 63—68. Clemens, B., 1860. Contributions to American Lepidopterology — No. 5. — Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad. 12: 203—221. ——, 1861!). Micro-Lepidopterous Larvae. Notes on a few species, the imagos of which are probably undescribed. — Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 1 (4): 75—87. —, 1862a. New American Microlepidoptera. — Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 1 (5): 131—137. —, 1862b. North American Microlepidoptera. Nepticula miners of the Sycamore leaf. — Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 1: 149—151. —, 1865. North American Microlepidoptera. — Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 5: 133—147. —, 1872. In: Stainton, H.T. (ed.). The Tineina of North America (being a collected edition of his writings on that group of insects). With notes by the editor. XVI + 282 pp. — London. Cochaux, P., 1969. A. European Leaf Miner Stigmella (Nepticula) turbidella [H.S.] in Quebec. — Bi-m. Res. Notes. Can. Dep. Fish. For. 25 (2): 12. Davis, D. R., 1978. New leaf-mining Moths of the Family Nepticulidae from Florida. — Florida Ento- mologist. 61: 209—224. —, 1979. Manoneura, a new name to replace the generic homonym Oligoneura Davis (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). — Florida Entomologist. 62: 276. Downes, J. A., 1968. A Nepticulid Moth feeding on the leaf nectaries of Poplar. — Can. Ent. 100: 1078—1079. Dyar, H. G., 1903. List of North American Lepidoptera, and key to the literature of this order of in- sects. — Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 52: xix + 723 pp. — Washington. - !) Although the publication is dated Nov. 1861, it seems likely that this was the date that the Entomo- logical Society of Philadelphia agreed on the contents for the issue. The printed copy was first received by the society’s librarian on 13 Jan. 1862, so publication falls somewhere between and almost certainly close to Jan. 13. Further explanation may be found in Brown, F. M., 1964, “Dates of publication of the various parts of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia”, Trans Amer. ent. Soc. 89: 305-308. 88 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.2, 1981 Emmet, Col. A. M., 1971. Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera). — Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 83: 75—83, 136— 142, 163— 171, 240—8, 278— 282, 282— 287, 300— 304. —, 1976. In: Heath, J. (ed.). Nepticulidae. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. I, Micropterigidae-Heliozelidae: 171—267 pp., 56—73 figs., 19—113 maps., 1—9, 11-12 pls. Freeman, T. N., 1962. A new species of Nepticula v. Heyd. on Birch (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). — Can. Ent. 94: 522—523, 2 figs. Haworth, A. H., 1828. Lepidoptera Britannica: sistens digestionem novam Insectorum Lepidopterorum quae in magna Britannia reperiuntur 4: 513—569. — London. Hering, E. M., 1940. Zimmermannia liebwerdella (Zimmermann). Ein Nachwort. — Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin. 24: 266. , 1951. Biology of the leafminers: iv + 420 pp., 2 pls., 180 figs. — ’s-Gravenhage. Herrich-Schäffer, G. A. W., 1853—55. Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa, 5, Die Schnaben und Federmotten: 394 pp. — Regensburg. Johansson, R., 1971. Notes on Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) I. A revision of the Nepticula ruficapitella group. — Ent. Scand. 2: 241—262, 52 figs. Karsholt, O. & E. Schmidt Nielson, 1976. Systematisk fortegnelse over Danmarks sommerfugle. Cata- logue of the Lepidoptera of Denmark: 128 pp. — Klampenberg, Denmark. Lindquist, O. H., 1962. A Biological study of a New Leaf Miner on Birch, Nepticula lindquisti Freeman (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), in Ontario. — Can. Ent. 94: 524—530, 9 figs. McDunnough, J., 1939. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, pt II. Microlepidoptera. — Mem. sth. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 1—171. Meyrick, E., 1928a. Exotic Microlepidoptera 3: 640 pp. (Vols. 1—5, 1912—1937. Republished in 4 vols. by Classey, England, 1969). , 1928b. A revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera: pp. vi + 914. — London. Petersen, W., 1930. Die Blattminierer-Gattungen Lithocolletis und Nepticula (Lepidoptera). Teil II: Nep- ticula Zeller. — Stettin. ent. Ztg. 91: 1—82, 3 pls., 16 figs. Ruggles, A. G., 1913. Notes on a chestnut-tree insect. — Science, Dec. 12, 1913: 852. Schönherr, J., 1957. Rindenminen an Waldbäumen. — Wanderversamml. dt. Ent., 8: 127—133. , 1958. Biologie und Morphologie van Ectoedemia liebwerdella Zimmerm. unter Berücksich- tigung der überigen rinderminierenden Nepticuliden (Lep.). — Dt. ent. Z. (N.F.). 5: 1—71. Schrank, F. von P., 1802. Fauna boica. 2 (2): 412 pp. — Nurnberg. Svensson, I., 1966. New and confused species of Microlepidoptera. — Opusc. ent. 31: 183—202, 4 pls. Wilkinson, C., 1979. A taxonomic study of the microlepidoptera genera Microcalyptris Braun and Fo- moria Beirne occurring in the United States of America. — Tijdsch. Ent. 122: 59— 90. Wilkinson, C. & M. J. Scoble, 1979. The Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of Canada. — Mem. Can. Ent. Soc. 107: 1—118, 61 figs., 6 tables, 10 pls. Zeller, P.C., 1839. Versuch einer naturgemässen Einteilung der Schaben. — Isis, Jena 23: 167—220. , 1848. Die Gattungen der mit Augendeckeln versehenen blattminierenden Schaben. — Linn. ent. 3: 248— 344. ——., 1873. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der nordamericanischen Nachtfalter besonders der Microlepidop- teren. — Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 23: 201—334, 2 pls. Zimmermann, F., 1940. Eine neue Nepticulide aus Deutschland (Lep.). — Mitt. zool. Mus. Berlin. 24: 264—265, 1 fig. WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America 89 Be) \\ \ N Figs. 43—50. Ectoedemia species, external features. 43, E. lindquisti (Freeman); 44, E. canutus Wilkinson & Scoble; 45, 7. piperella sp.n., &; 46, E. chlorantis Meyrick, © ; 47, E. obrutella (Zeller) Busck; 48. E. quadrinotata (Braun); 49, E. rubifoliella (Clemens); 50, E. mesoloba Davis, 3. 90 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE . DEEL 124. AFL. 2, 1981 ey ef A) \ N N \ N N NN \ N 60 Figs. 51—60. Ectoedemia species, external features. 51, E. trinotata (Braun), ¢; 52. E. marmaropa (Braun), 9; 53, E. platanella (Clemens), &'; 54, 55, E. similella (Braun), g, Ohio form (54) and Florida form (55); 56, 57, E. virgulae (Braun), 9, Ohio form (56), g, Florida form (57); 58, 59, E. nyssaefoliella (Chambers), & (58), 2 (59); 60, specimen 8, ¢. 91 WILKINSON & NEWTON: Ectoedemia in North America ‘yosng vâvydooryd 4 ‘EQ ‘yosng aD9uDISDI ‘7 ‘79 ‘Nosng 14214U19Y ‘7 ‘19 ‘sainyeoy [euI9]X9 ‘ soloads DIU2P9019] ‘¢9— 19 ‘SF TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 2, 1981 Figs. 64—71. Leaf-mines. 64, 65, fossil leaf-mines from the lower Eocene (loaned from P. Opler); 66— 71, Ectoedemia mines; 66, E. trinotata (Braun) on Carya cordiformis; 67, E. marmaropa (Braun) on Rosa woodsii; 68, E. platanella (Clemens) on Platanus occidentalis; 69, E. similella (Braun) on Quercus palustris; 70, E. virgulae (Braun) on Corylus americana; 71, E. nyssaefoliella (Chambers) on Nyssa sylvatica. All natural size. A SUPPLEMENT TO THE GENUS ECTOEDEMIA BUSCK (NEPTICULIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA) IN NORTH AMERICA, DEALING WITH SOME DIFFICULT SPECIES AND ALSO SOME NEW ONES by CHRISTOPHER WILKINSON Department of Animal Systematics and Zoogeography, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam With nine text-figures ABSTRACT This article attempts to shed light on some nomenclatorial problems in Ectoedemia. Since the mono- graph “The microlepidopteran genus Ectoedemia Busck (Nepticulidae) in North America” was written, approximately five hundred additional specimens have been made available which have provided new species and elucidated other information given here. Four problematic species are discussed, four new species are described and five significant specimens are detailed. INTRODUCTION In every major revision a few species names cause nomenclatorial problems. This is often because there is inadequate type material to check the names against, or no known specimens at all. The question of what to do with doubtful species usually arises during taxonomic revisionary work. The inclination is simply to cite them and leave them as doubtful in the forelorn hope that someone in the future will acquire more material. However, for the Nepticulidae it seems most unde- sirable to have doubtful species remaining in the literature when their identity has been suspect for more than one hundred years. Here the problems are explained, together with suggestions of how one might solve the doubtful identity of certain species. This is done with a view to seeking opinion, not only from other workers in the group but also of those who have dealt with similar situations. Four prob- lematic species in Ectoedemia are dealt with and another four in the revision of the genus Stigmella in North A merica (in press). One proposal, especially for those species described from a mine (no longer extant), with perhaps some vague reference to a larva, is to designate a neotype from an already known species — assuming that the descriptions of early stages agree. The two names then become synonymised and remain so, because of the neotype designation, and the former vague status disappears. The disadvantage is that in these cases the species may become known by the hitherto doubtful species name, if that is the older. A further suggestion which has been made to me and is an extension of the same idea, is that all already synonymised species lacking type 93 94 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 specimens should have neotypes designated to ensure and confirm the synonymy. I would be pleased to hear taxonomists views on the points raised in this article. If there is wide opinion in favour of neotype designation for the doubtful species discussed, especially those of Clemens and Chambers, they can perhaps be as- signed in the Nepticulidae volume of the ‘*Moths of North America, North of Mexico” (in preparation). It is now very unlikely that the holotype of Ectoedemia canadensis (Braun) — the only known specimen — is still in existence, but curators are kindly referred to that species description (p. 94) in the hope that they will check their collections. SUPPLEMENTARY CHECK LIST TO GENUS Ectoedemia Locality canadensis Braun, 1917 (with discussion on E. lindquisti) B.C., Canada. grandisella Chambers, 1880 Texas, USA anguinella Clemens, 1861 Kentucky, USA platea Clemens, 1861 Kentucky, USA coruscella sp.n. Illinois, USA specimen 90 Illinois, USA andrella sp.n. Maine, USA specimens 245 and 251 Illinois, USA reneella sp.n. Florida, USA helenella sp.n. Florida, USA specimen 180 Alabama, USA acanthella Wilkinson & Newton Florida, USA Methods, Abbreviations and References are the same as in the preceding mono- graph. All genitalia slides have been given USNM numbers, except where otherwise stated. Acknowledgements: My thanks are due to Mej. R. Kloos and B. J. van Cronen- burg for technical assistance and artwork. Ectoedemia canadensis (Braun) comb.n. Nepticula canadensis Braun, 1917: 185. Nepticula canadensis Braun; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9757). Description. — External features: Head: palps dull white; antennae greyish; tuft on front of head and vertex black or very dark brown; eye-caps and collar white. Thorax black with brownish purple tinge. Abdomen dull black. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface very dark brown or black; single fascia, irregular in outline, white and medial in position. Hindwings: ground colour and probably fringe, grey. Legs dull black. Wing expanse: Holotype: 5.5 mm. Host plant: Alnus tenuifolia (Mountain Alder). Mine: An upper surface ophistigmatonome. WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 95 Diagnosis. — Similar to E. lindquisti but the head and vertex are ochreous in this species and the fascia is more postmedial in position. The mine of E. lindquisti is a blotch (ophionome) and occurs on Betula sp. See also discussion. Discussion. — It is most unfortunate that the only known specimen of this species — the holotype — is no longer to be found in Braun’s collection, and at- tempts to locate it in other collections have failed. Braun was unable to say where it had gone when asked about it a few years ago. I have been to the type locality, Rogers Pass, B.C., during August 1971 and 1974 in the hope of finding new material. The locality has changed considerably since 1915 when Annette Braun made her collection, and although A/nus is widespread she only found specimens in one restricted place. It is not surprising, therefore, that later searches were un- successful. Thus there remains no known specimen to examine. From my experience of Ectoedemia I have developed the strong feeling that ca- nadensis almost certainly belongs to this genus and not to Stigmella. Further, it has striking similarities with lindquisti and since no one likes doubtful species re- maining in the literature for many years, I at first considered the possibility of des- ignating a neotype and then synonymising the species with lindguisti. Freeman (1962: 523) also recognised the similarity but the differences he gave regarding the lustreless forewings of lindquisti as compared with the purple reflections of ca- nadensis is not correct since in certain lights strong purple and bronze iridescences can be seen on lindguisti, including the types. Braun in her 1917 description does not say that canadensis has reflections, but I believe Freeman once told me he had compared the holotype of canadensis with his species. The head colour of lindquisti is mostly pale ochreous or slightly darker, but that of canadensis is black, however this is not necessarily significant. In Europe the head colour varies with region and when there is debate relating to colour one should further remember the less so- phisticated equipment in use at the time of the early workers. Whilst there may well be differences in externals it is necessary to turn to the life cycle to find the most telling information. I have compared the relevant mines and rearing records from Braun’s and Freeman’s collections, and find them to be most significant. The fact that lindquisti larvae mine Betula whilst canadensis mine Alnus sp. cannot be overlooked, especially as Freeman (1962) says that his species has not been observed to feed on A/nus, even though alder occurs amongst birch in areas where lindquisti is very abundant. However, most importantly, if we examine the European fauna we discover that these two species have their direct homo- logues and therefore are most unlikely to be synonyms. E. mediofasciella (Ha- worth) in Europe corresponds with canadensis, whilst E. argentipedella (Zeller) cor- responds with lindquisti. The North American species will key out using Emmets (1976) European key and the similarities in mine structure and host plant prefer- ences are most striking. E. argentipedella and lindquisti feed solely on Betula and make a similar but un- usual blotch mine. Compare the figures given by Van Frankenhuijzen and De Vries (1979)!) with those of Lindquist (1962). The accounts of life cycle and bi- ology also show a large degree of correspondence. ') Waarnemingen aan Ectoedemia argentipedella (Zeller), een mineermot op berk (Lep. Nepticulidae), Ent. Ber. 39: 133. 96 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 E. mediofasciella is well known to feed on Betula and Corylus but has also been discovered in the Alps feeding on Alnus viridis (E. v. Nieukerken, verbal commu- nication). The mine corresponds with that of canadensis which starts as a short contorted serpentine mine which later abruptly enlarges into a blotch. Compare the figure in Emmet (1976, pl. 6, fig. 12) with that of Braun (1917, pl. 6, fig. 26) as well as the descriptions of the adults. Furthermore both species may be described as very local, sometimes common in a restricted area; locally it may also be host specific. We have found similar correspondence between other species of North American and European Nepticulidae, including genitalia structures. This work is continuing and may bring about a number of synonymies, some of which may solve taxonomic difficulties such as we have with canadensis. Thus three possibilities exist for clarification of the systematic position of ca- nadensis. Obviously finding new material from the type locality would be very sat- isfactory; synonymy with a European or North American species after designation of a neotype; or the last possibility is the remote chance that the original holotype still exists somewhere. So this constitutes a plea to those in charge of North American micro-lepidopteran collections to have a careful look to see if this specimen has finished up amongst those specimens in their care. Distribution. — Canada: — British Columbia. Type citation. — Holotype: Canada: B.874; Bear Creek, above Rogers Pass, British Columbia, 6000 ft., August 19, 1915, A. Braun. Biology. — Mine. A short, narrow serpentine mine which abruptly enlarges into an irregular blotch, often filling the space between two lateral veins. Often as many as a dozen mines on one leaf. The parenchyma is entirely consumed. Distri- bution is very local. Pupa. Cocoon dark brown in colour. Voltinism. Probably univoltine. Ectoedemia grandisella (Chambers) comb.n. (fig. 1) Nepticula grandisella Chambers, 1880: 193. Nepticula grandisella Chambers; Dyar, 1903: 546 (listed). Nepticula grandisella Chambers; Braun, 1917: 192. Nepticula grandisella Chambers; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no. 9770). Description. — External features: g. Head: palps off-white; antennae brownish extending about or a little more than two-thirds wing length; tuft on front of head and vertex ochreous to dirty brown; eye-caps white. Thorax and abdomen brown, greyer beneath. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface brown speckled with darker brown; fringe brown. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe brownish grey. Legs brown. Wing expanse: Holotype: 10 mm. Genitalia: ¢ (fig. 1). Pseuduncus with single broad flattened lobe. Gnathos: V- shaped; transverse ventral plate with medial process; dorso-lateral arms broad and weakly arcuate. Vinculum: lateral arms and ventral plate broad. Saccus as wide as WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 97 reconstructed Fig. 1. Ectoedemia grandisella (Chambers). Reconstructed ¢ genitalia. ventral plate, weakly bilobed. Valves reaching beyond the pseuduncus, width not varying much throughout length, inner margin somewhat concave. Transtillae: lateral arms narrow, ventral arms not long but narrow; transverse bars fused to form a continuous strap. Aedeagus: broad and regular in width, length approxi- mately equal to that of genitalia capsule; vesica with cornuti as small denticles evenly distributed and with a plate of minute papillae; anellus comprising a pair of canine tooth-like spines as shown in fig. 1b. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — The wing markings are typical of the bark mining species. The background colour may be somewhat darker than other species or this may be due to the age of the specimen. In the genitalia, the valves seem to have a character- istic shape, as do the spines on the aedeagus. Discussion. — This species, because of its large size and genitalia structure is likely to be a bark miner. The colour and other external features are in keeping with this suggestion. The species is transferred to Ectoedemia from Stigmella (‘’Nepticula’’) for the first time. Distribution. — USA: — Texas. Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: U.S.A.: “Texas Cham. “Nepticula gran- disella” “Chambers” Type 1302”; slide no. CNC 3496; in MCZ. Biology. — Immature stages unknown. 98 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 Ectoedemia anguinella (Clemens) comb.n. Nepticula anguinella Clemens, 1861: 85. Nepticula anguinella Clemens; Clemens in Stainton, 1872: 175. Nepticula anguinella Clemens; Braun, 1917: 204. Nepticula anguinella Clemens; MeDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9780). Discussion. — For 120 years this species has only been known from the original description of a few lines about the mine and larva. No type material was pre- served and no one has been aware of collecting the species since. Because the larva is described as having “ten square dark brown or blackish spots” this suggests to me that the species belongs to Ectoedemia, this character being typical of immature instars of the genus. The black spots are lost by the time the final stage larva is reached. Therefore, we might assume that the mines de- scribed by Clemens were also incomplete. The “narrow serpentine tract which is filled or discoloured throughout its length by black excrement” could, in a mature mine, have continued by opening into a blotch so producing a typical ophistigma- tonome. When a mine remains narrow and/or becomes discoloured by a mess of blackish excrement, it often indicates that the larva has been parasitised and therefore these may not be true larval characters. It seems strange that with a type locality like Kentucky and a host-plant like oak that no one has collected it since, if indeed, it has a separate identity. Having rea- lised that this species is described from an immature Ectoedemia larva on oak, it enables a more accurate comparison to be made. In fact, Clemens’ original de- scription corresponds in all points with the juvenile larva of similella and therefore it seems desirable to synonymise the two names. To make this permanent would necessitate the designation of a neotype for anguinella which would be an adult ex- ample of similella. Unfortunately anguinella would be the senior name and therefore the one to be adopted. The advantage of the scheme is obvious — it would fix a name which has been in doubt for 120 years, and if it seems a desirable procedure it will be adopted in the forth’coming Nepticulidae volume of the ““Moths of North America, North of Mexico”. Ectoedemia platea (Clemens) comb.n. Nepticula platea Clemens, 1861: 85. Nepticula platea Clemens; Clemens in Stainton, 1872: 175. Nepticula platea Clemens; Braun, 1917: 204. Nepticula platea Clemens; McDunnough, 1939: 107 (no: 9781). Discussion. — There is less evidence for the identity of this species than for an- guinella and not so much justification for regarding it as Ectoedemia. On the other hand, it may be said that that provides all the more reason to do something pos- itive to remove it from its dubious status. There is nothing in the original de- scription to suggest that this “species” represents anything other than a healthy mature larva of the preceding species anguinella. The larva is described as purplish with a pale green vascular line and a row of reddish brown dorsal dashes. Ectoe- WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 99 demia quinquella Beddell in Europe is yellow with a row of large spots on the venter, as in anguinella. These spots are shed early in the final instar and the larva is then pale greenish white with a bright green gut line and a chain of small linear dashes on the venter — the larva mines ventral side up. This is now similar to platea, except for the background colour — purple. As Braun (1917: 204) points out, the purple colour of the larva is not conclusive, as the colour is often pro- duced in larvae which feed on leaves with autumnal colouration. I have examined the larvae and/or descriptions of the twelve or so north American Nepticulidae which feed on oaks, or have been recorded on them. Most can be eliminated for one reason or another as possibly conspecific with platea; of the rest the most feasible and likely proposition, on present evidence, is that angui- nella and platea are synonyms — the descriptions, therefore, representing different stages in the growth of the larvae. If this seems a reasonable proposition a formal synonymy can be made in the “Moths of North America, North of Mexico”. Ectoedemia coruscella sp.n. (fig.2) Description. — External features: g. Head: palps off-white; antennae buff; tuft on front of head and vertex brown; eye-caps white; collar brown. Thorax and ab- domen light brown, shiny. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface buff or light brown, heavily speckled with dark brown, iridescent scales; these are less dense sub-basally, and sub-terminally a pair of light buff triangular spots exist without Fig. 2. Ectoedemia coruscella sp.n., & genitalia. 100 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 the darker scales; one spot is costal, the other anal; fringe brownish-grey, lustrous. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe shiny brownish grey. Legs buff. Wing expanse: Holotype: 7 mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 2). Pseuduncus with single, rounded but flattened lobe. Gnathos: W-shaped but central projection unusually long. Vinculum: broad lat- erally and ventrally. Saccus bilobed but not markedly so. Valves arising high on capsule and extending just beyond pseuduncus; inner margin highly irregular with medial papillate protuberance. Transtillae: with lateral arms well developed; ventral arms extending to edge of saccus; transverse arms medially constricted. Aedeagus: flask-shaped; vesica with extremely spinose cornutus and papillate plate as in fig. 2b; anellus comprising two pairs of bifurcate spines. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — This species is externally typical of other members of its group, but can be diagnosed from others treated here and in the foregoing revision by the pair of triangular postmedial wing patches. The male genitalia shows the valves, aedeagus and perhaps the gnathos to be characteristic. - Discussion. — This species is similar to a number of bark miners, but the ab- sence of palmate anellar plates excludes this species from obrutella. On the other hand, the aedeagus is far more spinose than that of acanthella. The vinculum and saccus also have a different shape and the valves have a unique inner margin. Perhaps mesoloba has the most similar male genitalia to those of coruscella but me- soloba has a smaller central boss on the gnathos and somewhat smaller valves. The wings appear to lack the triangular patches of coruscella. Distribution. — USA: — Illinois. Material examined. & Holotype: USA: Illinois, “Putnam Co., Aug. 14.1960; M.O. Glenn”; slide no. 21817; specimen no. 250; in USNM. Biology. — Unknown. Possibly bark miner which may explain why a northern states species is only now discovered, and by so little material. It is not surprising that the mines of bark miners have remained largely unnoticed and therefore the life cycles are mostly unknown. Ectoedemia specimen 90 (fig. 3) Description. — External features: &. Head: palps buff; antennae light brown; tuft on front of head and vertex darker brown; eye-caps white; collar brown. Thorax and abdomen brown with some white scales. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface brown, irrorate and speckled with white scales, a patch of white medial in position and smaller flecks elsewhere. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe brownish-grey. Legs buff. Wing expanse: ¢: 8 mm (1 specimen). Genitalia: 3 (fig. 3). Pseuduncus with single broad and flattened lobe. Gnathos: W-shaped but central boss approximately half length of outer arms. Vinculum: broad laterally and ventrally. Saccus only weakly bilobed. Valves arising one third WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 101 ft, le, Fig. 3. Ectoedemia specimen 90, ¢ genitalia. up genital capsule and extending barely as far as pseuduncus; inner margin pa- pillate. Transtillae: lateral arms short and robust; ventral arms long, extending beyond capsule; transverse arms united to form a strap. Aedeagus: as long or longer than capsule; vesica with spinose cornutus and papillate plate; anellus com- prising a number of very long spines as in fig. 3b. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — This specimen appears to have highly diagnostic characters in the genitalia, even if not in the externals. Whilst the gnathos and valves are similar to the preceding species coruscella, they are not identical and the aedeagus is very different. E. coruscella has characteristic spots on the wings. Discussion. — The male genitalia of this species are quite different from those of all other species dealt with here or in the preceding monograph. The nearest are those of the preceding species which also comes from the same locality. More material is obviously urgently needed to clarify the species these specimens rep- resent. There is no information as to how this material was obtained. Distribution. — USA: — Illinois. Material examined. — USA: Illinois, Putnam Co., 1g, 14.vii.1968? (or 19607). M. O. Glenn; slide no. 20752; specimen no. 90 in USNM. Biology. — Immature stages unknown. 102 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 Ectoedemia andrella sp.n. (fig. 4a,c) Description. — External features: 3. Head: palps whitish buff; antennae buff; tuft on front of head white darkening to deep buff on vertex; eye-caps white; collar dark brown. Thorax and abdomen brown. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface dark brown, lighter proximally, as is each individual scale; weakly oblique medial fascia white; fringe white terminally, buff elsewhere; all weakly lus- trous. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe greyish buff; a patch of buff hair scales probably androconia can be seen baso-ventrally. Legs buff. Wing expanse: Holotype: 6 mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 4a,c). Pseuduncus rounded but prolonged posteriorly. Gnathos: W-shaped with long central projection. Vinculum: broader laterally than ventrally. Saccus small and bilobed. Valves arise low down on capsule and extend a little beyond it; tapering but regular inner margin. Transtillae: small lateral arms, longer ventral arms and well developed transverse arms forming a lateral strap. Aedeagus as in fig. 4c; flask-shaped; vesica with small denticles and papillate plate; anellus comprising two large spines, tapering markedly to a point. Female: Unknown, but see specimen 251 following. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — Similar to ulmella but differs externally in the more dowdy ap- pearance and weaker lustre of andrella. In the male genitalia the pseuduncus is Fig. 4. Ectoedemia andrella sp.n., & genitalia, a and c; Ectoedemia specimen 245, ¢ genitalia, a and b. WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 103 broader and larger; the gnathos is more W-shaped and the valves more evenly ta- pering than in u/mella. The following two specimens (245 and 251) probably also belong here. The male genitalia only differ in the spines of the aedeagus, and externally the iridescence and tufts of the head differ as does the locality. These points may not be signif- icant. Discussion. — Specimens 245 and 251 are in poor condition and do not warrant being made paratypes, although most of the characters can easily be seen. Distribution. — USA: — Maine. Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: USA: “Maine, Augusta, July 9 1940; A. E. Brower, at light” Slide no. 21819; specimen no. 98 in USNM. Biology. — Unknown. Ectoedemia specimens 245 and 251 (figs. 4a, b, 5) Description. — External features: 4, ©. Head: palps and antennae buff; tuft on front of head and vertex dark brown; eye-caps shining white; collar brown. Thorax and abdomen shining dark brown. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface uniform dark brown with a single shining white medial fascia; fringe dark brown but terminally white. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe greyish brown. Legs dark brown. Wing expanse: 2: 5.5 mm (1 specimen). Genitalia: & (fig. 4a,b). Pseuduncus rounded but prolonged posteriorly. Gnathos: W-shaped with long central projection. Vinculum: broad laterally but not so marked ventrally. Saccus small, bilobed. Valves arise low down on capsule and extend beyond it, tapering, inner margin regular. Transtillae: small lateral arms, longer ventral arms and well developed transverse arms forming a lateral strap. Aedeagus: flask-shaped; vesica with minute denticles and papillate plate; anellus comprising two large spines slightly bifurcate at tip, as shown in fig. 4b. Female (fig. 5). Ductus bursae broad, not long, colliculum appears to be present as an indistinct loop amongst folds and associated lobes. Bursa copulatrix: very large with a pair of reticulate signa approximately equal in size. Anterior apo- physes broad and unusually long. Posterior apophyses straight and narrow, short extending no further anteriorly than anteriores. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Discussion. — Judging from the male genitalia these specimens almost certainly belong to the new species andrella. They only seem to differ in small details in the aedeagus, and these differences may only be a consequence of viewing from dif- ferent angles, since the capsules appear identical. The tufts on the front of the head and vertex are much darker than in andrella. Distribution. — USA: — Illinois. Material examined. — USA: Illinois, Putnam Co. 13,19, 14.&23.iv.1967, M.O. Glenn; slide nos. 21821 and 21822; specimen nos. & 245, 9 251 in USNM. Biology. — Unknown. 104 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 5 Fig. 5. Ectoedemia specimen 251, © genitalia. Ectoedemia reneella sp.n. (fig. 6) Description. — External features: &. Head: palps, antennae off-white with little brown; tuft on front of head and vertex buff; eye-caps white; collar off-white. Thorax and abdomen lustrous white tending to buff. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface and fringe shining white tending to buff with very few scattered darker buff or brown scales. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe as forewings. Ventral surface both wings as upper, but more buff scales distally. Legs off-white. Wing expanse: Holotype: 6 mm. Genitalia: 3 (fig. 6). Pseuduncus smoothly rounded and not prolonged poste- riorly. Gnathos: W-shaped. Vinculum: comparitively narrow laterally, broad ven- WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 105 Fig. 6. Ectoedemia reneella sp.n., & genitalia. trally. Saccus large, bilobed. Valves arise high up capsule and do not extend beyond pseuduncus; evenly curved papillate inner margin. Transtillae: small lateral arms and long ventral arms; well developed transverse arms tapering to- wards centre. Aedeagus as in fig. 6b, c: flask-shaped, vesica with many denticles, papillate plates and strong spinose lobe. Anellus comprising two pairs of large spines posteriorly and two pairs of digitate processes with spines. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. Diagnosis. — This species is unusually light coloured, having no dark coloured parts. As such this could be diagnostic. The aedeagus of the male genitalia is also characteristic having two pairs of anellar spines and two pairs of spinose digitate plates. No other species known so far appears to have so much spiny ornamen- tation and is without internal lobes to the valves. Distribution. — USA: — Florida. Material examined. — & Holotype: USA “Florida, Siesta Key, Sarasota Co., 1.v.1960 C. P. Kimball”; slide no. 21823; specimen no. 144 in USNM (fig. 6c). Par- atype: In USNM — USA: same data as Holotype; 1g, 18.iv.1960 (Kimball); slide no; 18243; specimen no. 159 (fig. 6b). Biology. — Unknown. Ectoedemia helenella sp.n. (fig. 7) Description. — External features: &. Head: palps pale buff; antennae brown; 106 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 Fig. 7. Ectoedemia helenella sp.n., & genitalia. tuft on front of head buff, and vertex, dark brown; eye-caps, collar, thorax and ab- domen brown, shiny. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface buff with scattered dark brown scales, iridescent bronze; lighter patches occur subbasally, shining silver especially on wing tip; fringe brown, lustrous. Hindwings: ground colour and fringe shine brownish grey. Legs buff. Wing expanse: &: 6 mm (1 specimen). Holotype: 6 mm. Holotype: 4 mm. Genitalia: & (fig. 7). Pseuduncus with single, small, rounded, flattened lobe. Gnathos: W-shaped. Vinculum: not so broad laterally but proportionately more so ventrally. Saccus very broad and not bi-lobed but slightly depressed medially. Valves long, tapering and extending beyond pseuduncus; inner margin relatively smooth and regular. Transtillae: lateral arm well developed and leading to very long ventral arms; transverse arms easily separated. Aedeagus: broad, regular; vesica with spinose cornutus and papillate plate; anellus comprising bifurcate spines and a pair of spinose palmate plates as in fig. 7b. Female: Not known. Host plant: Not known. Mine: Not known. WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 107 Diagnosis. — This species is extremely small and in that resembles mesoloba. However, in as far as one can judge by externals this species is much darker than mesoloba and the valves of the genitalia differ. The genitalia are more similar to those of heinrichi than perhaps the illustrations would suggest, however, the size, wing-span and externals are markedly different. Discussion. — Perhaps most closely related to heinrichi but very much smaller. Distribution. — USA: — Florida. Material examined. — ¢ Holotype: USA: “Florida, Siesta Key, Sarasota Co., 23.11.1954, C. R. Kimball”; slide no. USNM 21818; specimen no. 155 in USNM. Paratype: In USNM — USA: Florida, Siesta Key, Sarasota Co., 1 g, 17.iv.1953 (Kimball); slide no. USNM 21825; specimen no. 166. Biology. — Unknown. Ectoedemia specimen 180 (fig. 8) Description. — External features: 9. Head: palps buff with dark brown scales; antennae dark brown with lighter annulations; tuft on front of head and vertex dark brown to black; eye-caps deep gold paling at edges; collar dark brown and black. Thorax and abdomen dark brown to black. Forewings: ground colour of dorsal surface uniform brown, lighter than thorax; individual scales basally grey which would give lighter appearance to worn specimens; fringe and wing edge dark buff; all weakly lustrous. Hindwings: ground colour uniform grey, markedly different from fringe and wing edge which are buff. Legs buff with dark brown scales. 3 unknown. Wing expanse: 9: 12.5 mm (1 specimen). Genitalia: 9 (fig. 8). Ductus bursae broad with lobes and spicules; colliculum not ring-shaped. Accessory duct arising from ductus bursae and spiral medially. Bursa copulatrix long, with fine pectinations. Signum double, comprising equal- sized reticulate patches. Anterior apophyses long, arcuate and narrow. Posterior apophyses much longer, narrower and straight. Host Plant: not known. Mine: not known. Diagnosis. — An extremely large species with some, so far, unique characters including the golden eye-caps, the intensely dark tufts and the striking grey hindwings edged in buff. Perhaps most like obrutella, heinrichi and phleophaga but the foregoing characters are clearly diagnostic. The genitalia are also similar to obrutella. Distribution. — USA:- Alabama. Material examined: — USA: “Alabama, Open Pond Cpgd. 20 mi. S. Andalusia, Covington Co., 19, 18.iv.1976 J. B. Heppner; slide no. 3029; specimen no. 180 in USNM. Biology. — Unknown. Barkminer? Ectoedemia specimen no. 170 g. Might conceivably belong to the same species at this 9. It has white eye-caps and is smaller (11 mm). Unfortunately it is broken and the abdomen is missing. 108 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 8 Fig. 8. Ectoedemia specimen 180, 9 genitalia. Material examined. — USA: “Alabama, Black Warrior River, 13 mi. SW Greensboro, Hale Co., 1g, 23.iv.1976 J. B. Heppner”; specimen no. 170 in USNM. Ectoedemia acanthella Wilkinson and Newton (fig. 9) Description. — This species has been described earlier (Wilkinson & New- ton, 1981, p. 75). Two additional male specimens probably belong here, which WILKINSON: Supplement to Ectoedemia 109 b Fig. 9. Ectoedemia acanthella, Wilkinson & Newton, & genitalia. only became available after the original description was made and the holotype had been returned to the USNM. Therefore they have not yet been directly com- pared. The external features agree with the acanthella description. Fig. 9a, b, c, shows the male genitalia of these specimens and their similarity with fig. 35 (acan- thella holotype) in Wilkinson & Newton (1981) can be seen. Certain features in fig. 9 not shown in fig. 35 probably clarify details of the male genitalia rather than rep- resenting characters which separate two different species. If this inference is correct then it extends the previously cited distribution to include Maine and Ar- kansas. Distribution. — USA :— New Jersey, Maine, Arkansas. Material examined. — USA: — Maine, Round Pond, 14, 26.vii.?, TI3R12; slide no. 21826; specimen no. 176. Arkansas, Mt. Magazine, Brown Spring, 1g, 9.vi.1964 (Clarke); slide no. 21827; specimen no. 151 in USNM. 110 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 3, 1981 INDEX TO GENERA, SPECIES, SUBSPECIES AND OTHER IMPORTANT NAMES (The index serves the two papers by Wilkinson & Scoble and Wilkinson) acanthella 75, 108 altella 58 amelanchierella 69 andrella 102 anguinella 98 argentipedella 95 argyropeza 43 argyropeza argyropeza 44 argyropeza downesi 45 Artaversala 36 bosquella 72 bucculatrix 45 canadensis 94 canutus 45 castaneae 80 chlorantis 84 clemensella 55 corusella 99 corylifoliella 60 Dechtiria 30 downesi 45 Ectoedemia 34 flavipedella 31 Fomoria 35 Glaucolepis 36 grandisella 96 heinrichi 78 helenella 105 Juglandifoliella 48 liebwerdella 30 lindquisti 61 Lyonetia 43 Manoneura 36 marmaropa 49 maximella 51 mediofasciella 95 mesoloba 85 Microcalyptris 35 Nepticula 29 nyssaefoliella 67 Obrussa 35 obrutella 72 Oligoneura 36 Opostega 72 ostryaefoliella 60 phleophaga 81 piperella 77 platanella 51 platea 98 populella 41 quadrinotata 70 reneella 104 rubifoliella 63 similella 56 Stigmella 29, 35 subbimaculella 36 Tinea 36 Trifurcula 30 trinotata 46 turbidella 43 ulmella 65 virgulae 59 Zimmermannia 30 we DEEL 124 AFLEVERING 4 1981 MUS, COMP, ZOOL LIBRARY ~ AUGS 1991 TIJDSCHRIFT u» VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE UITGEGEVEN DOOR DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING INHOUD P. K. ChaupHurI, D. K. Guna and S. K. Das Gupra. — Taxonomic studies of Chi- ronominae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from India. The genus Polypedilum Kieffer, p. 111—147, figs. 1—14. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 124, afl. 4 Gepubliceerd 20-VII-1981 à Eu TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF CHIRONOMINAE (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE) FROM INDIA. THE GENUS POLYPEDILUM KIEFFER !) by P. K. CHAUDHURI, D. K. GUHA and S. K. DAS GUPTA 2) Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104, India With 14 text-figures ABSTRACT Fourteen species of non-biting midges belonging to the genus Polypedilum Kieffer are described or revised from six geophysical zones of West Bengal, India. Polypedilum albipalpus, P. ascium, P. chaudhurii, P. flagellatum, P. insolitum, P. lineatum, P. lucidum, P. nudiceps, P. numerus, P. pseudoflagellatum, P. rufomarginalis and P. tripunctum are described as new species. Polypedilum annulatipes Kieffer and P. griseoguttatum Kieffer, previously known from India and Africa, are recorded and revised in the light of modern taxonomic usages. A key to the species occurring in the state of West Bengal is presented. A check-list of Indian species of Polypedilum is also provided. INTRODUCTION Non-biting midges of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer are one of the most common and widespread group of insects having a fairly wide latitude of ecological tolerance, most of them occurring in lakes and lowland situations. The immatures are known to inhabit running water and places usually avoided by mosquitoes. The material was collected mainly during the period of May, 1976 and June, 1979 with light-traps and sweeping net, while a few, as denoted, were reared in our laboratory. Polypedilum Kieffer is a well-defined genus of the family Chironomidae. It was denoted as a genus for the first time by Kieffer (1913) on the basis of a Palaearctic species, Polypedilum emarginatum Kieffer, which was fixed as its type-species. Edwards (1929) treated it as a subgenus of genus Chironomus Meigen. Goetghebuer (1936, 1937), while accepting the idea of Kieffer, fixed Chironomus nubeculosus Meigen as its genotype in place of that made by Kieffer. Later, the species was found to be similar to that of Kieffer. Townes (1945) considered Polypedilum as a broad genus with three subgenera including Pentapedilum Kieffer and Polypedilum Kieffer and this classification was followed by most workers. Freeman (1958, 1961) accepted the view of Townes 1) Contribution no. 18 to the study of Chironomidae from the Univ. of Burdwan. 2) Professor & Head of the Department of Zoology, Presidency College, Calcutta 700073, India. 111 112 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 and synonymised a large number of genera with this genus. Sublette & Sublette (1973) re-established the generic status of Polypedilum and placed about forty species from the Oriental Region in this genus and also kept many more species unplaced for obvious reasons. Prior to this study, only seven species had been reported from India (Kieffer, 1910, 1911d and 1913). For explanation of morphological terminologies and abbreviations, the works of Frommer (1967), Guha & Chaudhuri (1979) and Saether (1971, 1974 and 1977) have been considered here. The figures in the first brackets in the text of the paper indicate those found in the majority instead of the average number. Types and other specimens of this study are at present kept in the collections of insects at the Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, Burdwan and will be deposited in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London, U.S.N.M., Washington D.C., Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta and Zoologische Staatssammlung, München (West Germany) in due time. Again, help without which this paper could not have been completed was generously accorded by our co-workers, among whom special mention should be made of Dr. D. C. Sinharay, Mr. R. K. Debnath (Raniganj), Mr. P. Chaudhuri, Head of the Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, is ical Survey of India, Calcutta, is sincerely thanked for kindly permitting us to examine the specimens at the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Prof. D. K. Chaudhuri, Head of the Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, is greatly acknowledged for giving laboratory facilities and permission to name a species after him. TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT Polypedilum albipalpus n.sp. (figs. 1 a—h) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 78, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Rani- ganj, 10.v.1977, D. K. Guha. Allotype ©, Burdwan, 11.11.1978, A. Chatterjee. Paratypes: 3 4, 2 2, Burdwan, July, 1978, A. Chatterjee; 1 d, 1 2, Memari, July, 1978, P. K. Chaudhuri; 278, 3 2, Ranigany, August, 00973888 Chaudhuri. Remarks: This species is named Polypedilum albipalpus on the basis of the white colour of its palpomere V. It shows similarities in wing and male hypopygi- um with Polypedilum numerus n.sp. described in this paper and P. aegyptium Kieffer (1925) described by Freeman (1958) from Africa, but it can easily be distinguished as a distinct and valid species by, (i) colour and chaetotaxy of maxillary palp, (ii) spots of wing, (iii) fore tibial scale, (iv) swollen inturned anal point, and (v) appendage 2 with long setae. Male: Body length 2.04 (1.98—2.24, n = 6) mm. Head: Pale brown in colour. Vertex with 9 setae (postocular 1, outer verticals 7, inner verticals 1). Corona without setae. Clypeus with 14—16 setae, clypeal ratio 0.75. Maxillary palp (fig. 1a) pale brown, palpomere V whitish, palpomere III with a preapical pit bearing sensilla, length ratio of palpomeres I—V CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAs GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 113 Figs. la—h. Polypedilum albipalpus n.sp. g: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium 2; f, antenna; g—h, genitalia. 5:6:14:15:27, L/W ratio 3.5. Eyes almost contiguous, bare, reniform, extended dorsally, extension being 0.15 mm long. Frontal tubercle absent. Antenna brown, densely setaceous, setae longer and dense on proximal flagellomeres and gradually become shorter and sparse towards distal flagellomeres, apex of flagellomere XII without seta, length ratio of flagellomeres I—XII 10:5:5:6:7:7:7:7:7:7:7:65; AR 0.92. Pedicel ratio 0.8. CA 0.65, CP 1.43. Thorax (fig. 1b): Yellow in colour. Antepronotum thin without V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 10 arranged in pairs, dorsocentrals 11 in one row, 114 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 humeral 1, prealars 4. Scutellum with 10 setae, postscutellum light brown and bare. Wing (fig. 1c): Cloudy with veins light yellow. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 14, R, with 9, R,,; with 12 setae at the apical part; R,,, meets C very close to R, being 0.02 mm from R,; ending of R,,, and C subacute; r—m proximal to f—Cu; An ends below f—Cu. Wing with pale irregular spots distributed as follows: (i) one at the base of cell R,,;, near r—m, and one linear at the apex of it, often extending to cell R,,3, (ii) one very small spot near the base of M,,, and one longitudinal streak present below R,,;, (ii) one covering the base of cell M,,,, and (iv) one at the middle and apex of cell An. Sensory organ 1 at the base of R,,.. Squama with 5 setae. Haltere light brown at stem and knob and bare. Wing length 1.0 (0.98—1.14, n = 6) mm, breadth 0.36 (0.34—0.38, n = 6) mm. CR 0.91, VR 1.25. Legs (fig. 1d): Yellow to light brown. Fore tibial scale in the shape of isobilateral triangle with a spine-like apex. Spur of mid and hind tibia equal in length, being 0.043 mm long, slightly curved, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid and hind tibia 10 : 9. Tarsomere V of all legs dark. Pulvilli small and split; empodium small. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Ti ta, ta, ta; tay tas LR TR Fore 24 16 28 14 10 7 5 1975 — Mid 29 22 14 11 8 4 4 0.63 — Hind 30 25 18 12 9 5 5 0.72 ES Abdomen: Yellow with uniformly distributed setae. Segment VIII slightly constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. le): Anal point narrow at the base and middle part wide, apex inturned, swollen and pointed, its base with 5—6 setae on each side. Gonocoxite with 8—10 (10) setae; gonostylus long, slightly bowed with 6—7 setae at its inner apical margin, gonostylus with 7—9 (9) setae over it. Append- age 1 elongated with S—6 gently curved setae at its apex; appendage 2 long, elongated, little bent, with 7—8 (7) incurved setae at its apex. Transverse sternapodeme 0.12 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.09 mm long, coxapodeme 0.038 mm long and phallapodeme 0.064 mm long. HR 0.71, HV 2.55. Female: Body length 1.64 (1.56—1.74, n= 6) mm. Similar to male with usual sex differences. Antenna (fig. 1f) light brown, flagellomere V narrowed apically and with few sensilla, length ratio of flagello- meres IV 19:13:15:9:26, AR 0.47. Wing and its chaetotaxy as in male. Wing length 1.16 (1.12—1.18, n = 6) mm, breadth 0.42 (0.40—0.44, n = 6) mm. Genitalia (figs. 1g—h): Notum 0.11 mm long. Coxasternapodeme bowed. Gonapophysis VIII divided into a broad dorsomesal and finger-like ventrolate- ral lobe. Apodeme lobe filamentous. Gonocoxite IX with 2 setae. Postgenital plate V-shaped. Cerci with 10—12 long and numerous small setae. Labia without microtrichia. Seminal capsules (fig. 1g) equal, oval with a neck, measur- ing 0.047 mm by 0.03 mm; ducts of seminal capsules with one loop and open separately. CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAs GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 115 Figs. 2a—f. Polypedilum annulatipes Kieffer 8; a, maxillary palp; b, wing; c, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; d, hypopygium ®; e, antenna; f, genitalia. Polypedilum annulatipes Kieffer (figs. 2 a—h) Chironomus annulatipes Kieffer, 1910: 234. Polypedilum annulatipes; Kieffer, 1921: 100; 1922: 30. Polypedilum octostictum Kieffer, 1921: 101; 1922: 39. 116 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Polypedilum octomaculatum Goetghebuer, 1934: 195; 1936: 488. Polypedilum annulatipes; Freeman, 1958: 277—278. Material: 12 d, 14 ©, India, Orissa, Barkuda lake, 1.x.1922, N. Annandale (C/O Z.S.I., Calcutta); 5 d, 2 ®, West Bengal, Burdwan, 11.111.1978, A. Chatterjee; 3 4, Bankura, 27.ix.1977, S. Basak; 10 d, Coochbehar, 3.xi.1974, S. K. Das Gupta; 3 d, Digha, 15.1v.1976, P. K. Chaudhuri; 3 d, Canning, 2.1v.1976, A. De. i Remarks: This species appears to be distributed in Africa and India. It was described by Kieffer as Chironomus annulatipes in 1910 and as Polypedilum annulatipes in 1921 and 1922. The redescription of the species as presented here is based on the identified collections received from the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, and on those collected during the present investigation. Corre- lating the findings of the present authors with that of Kieffer, it may be inferred that P. annulatipes is a distinct species of the genus Polypedilum due to (i) presence of single spur in mid and hind tibia, (ii) absence of frontal tubercles, (iii) antepronotum not collar-like and (iv) abdominal segment VIII constricted at the base. Male: Body length 2.66 (2.52—2.69, n = 10) mm. Head: Yellowish brown in colour. Vertex light yellow with 9 (postocular 1, outer verticals 5, inner verticals 3) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 14-16 (15) setae, clypeal ratio 1.5. Maxillary palp (fig. 2a) pale to yellow, palpomere III with a preapical rounded pit bearing 3 cilia-like sensilla, palpo- mere V longest with a straight apical seta, length ratio of palpomeres I—V 8:9:26:31:46, L/W ratio 4.33. Eyes bare, crescentic, extended dorsally, exten- sion being 0.07 mm long. Frontal tubercle absent. Antenna brown to dark brown, flagellomeres dumb-bell-shaped, flagellomere XII longest, pear-like, setae on proximal flagellomeres very long and gradually becoming shorter distad; length ratio of flagellomeres I-XII 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:40; AR 1.81. Pediceliratio ls; EAU 53, CP 13: Thorax: Yellow with two longitudinal dark brown bands on mesonotum. Antepronotum very thin without V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 16 in pairs, dorsocentrals 14 in single row, humerals 2—3 (2), prealars 6. Scutellum with 8 setae in oblique row, postscutellum very dark and bare. Wing (fig. 2b): Whitish with veins yellow and conspicuous. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 22, R, with 22 and R,,, with 33—35 setae; R,,, meets C very close to R, being 0.05 mm away from it; ending of R,,; and C subacute; r—m distinct and proximal to f—Cu; An ends below f—Cu. Wing with several dark and light grey irregular spots and bands distributed as follows: (i) cell R,,; with one broad linear band covering the proximal half up to r—m, one very small near the apical margin and a third one at the middle, (ii) cell M,,, with one linear band or broad streaks along the mid part of M,,, and one small spot sometimes found to be present at the apical margin of the cell, (iii) cell M ,,, with two spots, one covering the area of f—cu extending along Cu, up to the margin and another near the apical end below M,,,, (iv) cell An with three spots, one broad at the middle of the cell, one slightly above and away from it and the third covering the area between the end of Cu, and its margin. Sensory organ 1 at the base of R,. Squama CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAs GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 117 with 10 setae. Haltere bare with yellow stem and knob. Wing length 1.51 (1.51— 1.53, n = 10) mm, breadth 0.48 (0.44—0.48, n = 10) mm. CR 0.97, VR 1.27. Legs (fig. 2c): Yellow in colour. Femur and tibia of all legs with a proximal and subapical broad bands. Fore tibial scale elongated and blunt, bearing 0—1 (1) seta. Spur of mid tibia single, curved apically, 0.051 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 14:13; spur of hind tibia single, curved apically, 0.059 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 16:14. Pulvilli split; empodium as long as claw. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Ti ta, ta, ta; ta, tas LR TR Fore 46 30 50 17 12 9 7 1.67 = Mid 51 43 23 10 6 4 5 0.54 _ Hind 53 50 22 10 7 4 5 0.44 _ Abdomen: Intensively dark brown in colour, terga uniformly setaceous. Segment VIII narrowed at base. Hypopygium (fig. 2d): Anal point 0.03 mm long with sharply pointed apex, anal point with S—6 setae at each basal margin and a few setae at the base. Gonocoxite small with 6—8 long setae; gonostylus long, narrowed distally, bearing 15—20 setae over it and 10—12 (12) setae along its inner margin. Appendage 1 well developed, pad-like and minutely setaceous; appendage 2 long, bent with uniform diameter, apex slightly bent inward, bearing 15 incurved setae. Laterotergite with 10—12 (10) long setae; transverse sternapodeme 0.17 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.14 mm long, coxapodeme 0.07 mm long and phallapodeme 0.69 mm long. HR 0.6, HV 1.75. Female: Body length 1.90 (1.90—1.92, n=8) mm. Similar to male with usual sex differences. Antenna (fig. 2e) dark, flagello- mere V longest, length ratio of flagellomeres I—V 20:14:15:10:34; AR 0.40. Pedicel ratio 0.12. Wing with spots and bands similar to those of male but darker. Wing length 1.44 (1.41—1.44, n=10) mm, breadth 0.40 (n=10) mm. Genitalia (fig. 2f): Notum 0.012 mm long. Gonocoxapodeme wide and rounded, not joined mesally. Coxasternapodeme transverse with a single broad bend. Gona- pophysis VIII divided into a broad, posteriorly directed, dorsomesal lobe and a tongue-like ventrolateral lobe bearing brush-like setae. Apodeme lobe moder- ately developed. Tergum IX with 5—6 long setae on each side. Gonocoxite with 4—S (4) setae. Postgenital plate prominently protruding and conical. Cerci toe-like and minutely setaceous. Labia elongated with numerous microtrichia. Seminal capsules (fig. 2f) unequal, oval or spherical with or without little neck, measuring 0.037 mm by 0.037 mm and 0.041 mm by 0.03 mm; ducts of seminal capsules long, coiled with one or two loops or bends and open in common to the vagina. Polypedilum ascium n.sp. Material: Holotype d (Type no. 79, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Bolpur, 118 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 d Figs. 3a—e. Polypedilum ascium n.sp. $: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium. 18.vi.1977, D. Chatterjee. Paratypes; 18 d, data same as holotype, 18— 20.vi.1977; 1 6, Burdwan, 3.iii.1979, S. K. Nandi; 4d, Calcutta, 23.1.1978, D. K. Guha; 3 4, Rampurhat, 29.iv.1978, D. Roy. Remarks: This species is named as Polypedilum ascium on the basis of the axeshaped appendage 2 of its male hypopygium. It comes near to Polypedilum acutus (var. acutus) Kieffer (1915) from the British Isles in certain features of the male hypopygium but on the basis of the detailed morphology, such as colour of the body, chaetotaxy of leg, wing and appendage 2 of male hypopygium, it is considered here a distinct species. Male: Body length 2.4 (2.2—2.62, n=10) mm. Head: Yellow to brown in colour. Vertex light brown with 8 (postocular 1, outer verticals 5, inner verticals 2) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 16—18 setae, clypeal ratio 1. Maxillary palp (fig. 3a) brown, palpomere III with a preapical pit bearing 3 small sensilla, palpomere V with 3 apical setae, length CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 119 ratio of palpomeres I—V 6:7:14:18:28,L/W ratio 2.8. Eyes bare, reniform, extended dorsally, extension being 0.09 mm long. Antenna brown, densely setaceous, setae longer at proximal flagellomeres and gradually becoming shorter distad; length ratio of flagellomeres I—XII 3:3:3:3:3:3:3:3:3:3:3:62; AR 1.947 Pedieelratio33. CA 105) CP i'd. Thorax (fig. 3b): Brown with dark brown patches on mesonotum. Anteprono- tum very thin without any emargination. Acrostichals 12 arranged in pairs, dorsocentrals 9 in single row, humerals 2, prealars 3. Scutellum with 6 setae, postscutellum dark brown with a middle suture and bare. Wing (fig. 3c): Smoky with veins yellow. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 11, R, with 5 and R,,; with 16—18 setae; R,,; meets C a little away from R,, distance being 0.08 mm; ending of R,,; and C subacute; r—m oblique and proximal to f— Cu; An ends before f—Cu. Sensory organ 1 each on r—m and at the base of R,,.. Squama with 5 setae. Haltere with light brown stem and dark brown knob and bare. Wing length 1.26 (1.14—1.35, n=10) mm, breadth 0.36 (0.32—0.40, n=10) mm. CR 0.94, VR 1.33. Legs (fig. 2d): Yellow to light brown in colour. Fore tibial scale elongated and blunt, often with a short abrupt point. Spur of mid tibia single, bent at the apex, 0.05 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 13:11; hind tibia also with a spur, 0.06 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 14:12. Pulvilli very short, bilobed with a median, setaceous empodium. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Tht ta, ta, ta; ta, tas LR TR Fore 38) 21 29 12 10 8 4 1.4 — Mid 32 29 15 9 i 3 4 0.52 = Hind 36 15 8 6 4 4 0.47 1.88 Abdomen: Dark brown in colour, terga uniformly setaceous. Segment VIII constricted widely at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 3e): Anal point 0.04 mm long, apex subacute slightly inflated with 5—6 setae at each basal margin and 10—12 setae at the base. Gonocoxite short with 5 long setae; gonostylus tapered with 5 long setae at its inner apical margin and with 15—20(18) long setae over it. Appendage 1 long, straight with a bent tip or incurved, bearing 3 setae at its base; appendage 2 long, axe-shaped, moderately bent at the middle, with 1 long and 6 incurved setae at its apex. Laterotergite with 16—18(18) long setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.14 mm long with a small concavity at the middle, lateral sternapodeme 0.077 mm long, coxapodeme 0.043 mm long and phallapodeme 0.055 mm long. HR 0.36, HV 1.83. Female: Unknown. Polypedilum chaudhurii n.sp. (figs. 4a—g) Material: Holotype & (Type no. 80, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Burd- 120 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 wan, 11.iii.1978, A. Chatterjee. Allotype 2, data same as holotype. Paratypes: 76, 29, data same as holotype; 2 d, Calcutta, 23.1.1978, D. K. Guha; 1 d, Chinsura, 7.iii.1972, P. K. Chaudhuri; 26, 22, Durgapur, 7—8.i.1978, S. Chaudhuri. Remarks: This species is named after Prof. D. K. Chaudhuri, Head of the Department of Zoology, University of Burdwan, India, in appreciation of his sustained interest, enthusiasm and efforts towards the development of Biologi- cal Sciences in this University. It can be distinguished from all other species described in this paper by, (i) mottled brown thorax and its chaetotaxy, (ii) colour pattern of the wing, (iii) colour band of the legs, (iv) fore tibial scale, (v) two rows of scutellar setae, (vi) anal point with two projections, and (vii) appendages 1 and 2 of male hypopygium. This species comes near Polypedilum griseoguttatum Kieffer (1921) from Africa and Australia in regard to the wing and male hypopygium and to P. prolixitarsis Lundstròm (1916) as described by Edwards (1929) from Finland, but the above characters are sufficient for distinguishing from them and for determining it as a distinct and valid species. Male: Body length 2.51 (2.40—2.62, n=8) mm. Head: Brown in colour. Vertex brown with 13 (postoculars 2, outer verticals 7, inner verticals 4) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 14—16(16) setae, clypeal ratio 1. Maxillary palp (fig. 4a) light brown to pale, palpomere III with a shallow preapical pit bearing 2 long sensilla, palpomere V with an apical seta; length ratio of palpomeres I—V 10:10:28:32:52; L/W ratio 4.66. Eyes bare, crescentic, well extended dorsally, extension being 0.13 mm long. Frontal tubercle absent. Antenna pale brown, setae long in proximal flagellomeres and shorter distad, apical part of flagellomeres with only a few setae; length ratio of flagellomeres I-XII 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:40; AR 1.54. Pedicel ratio 1.37. CA OS HER: Thorax (fig. 4b): Mottled brown in colour. Antepronotum very thin and without V-shaped dorsal emargination. Acrostichals 20 arranged in pairs, dorsocentrals 16 arranged in single row, humerals 2, prealars 6. Scutellum with 20 setae in two rows, postscutellum black-brown and bare. Wing (fig. 4c): Spotted with veins yellow. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 18, R, with 15 and R,,; with 20 setae; R,,, meets C close to R,, distance being 0.04 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C subacute; r—m distinct and proximal to f— Cu; An ends before f—Cu. Wing with irregular grey spots distributed as follows: (i) cell R,,; with two large and one small spots, smaller spot near the apical margin, larger spots lying at the base of cell near r—m and at the middle of cell, (ii) cell M with one at the middle and cell M,,, with one linear spot parallel to proximal half of M,,,, (ili) cell M,,, with one broad spot covering the basal ‘margin, (iv) cell An with one broad spot at the middle, another broad spot at apex of cell and the third at the tip on An. Squama with 9 setae. Haltere with brown stem and knob and bare. Wing length 1.48 mm, breadth 0.44 cm. CR 0.96, VR 1.2. Legs (fig. 4d): Yellow brown to dark brown. Femur dark brown with apical pale band, fore and hind tibia yellow, mid tibia dark brown with an apical and basal yellow band. Fore tibial scale triangular and pointed at the apex, bearing CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 121 Figs. 4a—g. Polypedilum chaudhurii n.sp. 8: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium. 2; f, antenna; g, genitalia. 3—4 long setae at the base. Spur of mid tibia bent, 0.055 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 15:12; hind tibia also with bent spur, 0.059 mm long; ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 16:15. Pulvilli small and split, empodium normal. 122 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe ali ta, ta, ta; tay tas OR TR Fore 19 11 18 9 7 4 5 1.63 Mid 20 18 10 9 Y 4 5 0.55 _ Hind 22 20 11 10 6 5 5 0.55 oil Abdomen: Dark brown in colour and uniformly setaceous. Segment VIII widely constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 4e): Anal point trifid, moderately stout, apex little nar- rowed and curved with 6—7(6) setae at each side and numerous small setae at base. Gonocoxite well developed with 12—14(13) long setae; gonostylus long, straight, distal part narrowed with 12 long setae over it and 5 setae at its inner apical margin. Appendage 1 well developed, with uniform width, gently bent at the middle, bearing 4 setae and numerous small weak setae; appendage 2 long, elongated, little bowed, apex with 12 incurved setae. Laterotergite with 4 long setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.16 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.09 mm long, coxapodeme 0.04 mm long and phallapodeme 0.074 mm long. HR 0.87, HV 1.62. Female: body length 1.65 (1.62—1.68, n=4) mm. Similar to male with usual sex differences. Maxillary palp brown. Antenna (fig. 4f) yellowish, flagellomere V dark; length ratio of flagellomeres I—V 26:21:22:14:38, AR 0.40. Wing with spots and veins similar to those of female. Wing length 1.35 (n=4) mm, breadth 0.52 (0.52—0.54, n=4) mm. Genitalia (fig. 4g): Notum 0.14 mm long. Gonocoxapodeme broadened and joined distinctly at the middle. Gonapophysis VIII divided into broad dorsomesal and a small ventrolateral lobe. Apodeme lobe finger-like. Gonocoxite IX with 3 long setae. Segment X with 8 setae on each side. Postgenital plate as small protuberance. Cerci elongated. Labia with microtrichia. Seminal capsules oval or spherical, subequal, measuring 0.092 mm by 0.059 mm and 0.085 mm by 0.051 mm; ducts of seminal capsules straight with one or two bends, opening separately. Polypedilum flagellatum n.sp. (figs. Sa—h) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 81, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Rani- ganj, 25.iv.1977, D. C. Sinharay. Allotype 2, data same as holotype, date being 4.viii.1977. Paratypes: 4 d, Asansol, Sept., 1976, R. K. Debnath; 4 d, 2 2, Bolpur, 18.viii.1977, D. Chaterjee; 8 6, 3 ®, Burdwan, June, 1977, S. K. Nandi; 1 4, Rampurhat, 15.viii.1977, D. Chatterjee; 3 d, 3 2, Raniganj, 25— 28.1v.1977, D. C. Sinharay. Remarks: The species is named Polypedilum flagellatum in view of the presence of an unusually long flagellum-like seta at the apex of appendage 2 of the male hypopygium. In certain morphological features, especially those concerning the male hypopygium, it seems to be related to a number of species such as Polypedilum bifalcatum Kieffer (1921, 1922) from Sudan (Africa), P. brunneicornis Kieffer (1911) from Italy and P. flavescens Johannsen (1932) from CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAS GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 123 Figs. Sa—h. Polypedilum flagellatum n.sp. 6: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, tibial ends cf fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium. 2: f, antenna, g—h, genitalia. Bogor, Java, Bali, Sumatra etc., but it can be considered a distinct species by virtue of, (i) presence of seta in corona, (ii) comma-shaped eye, (iii) brachiolum with 1 seta, (iv) light grey spots or bands on the wing and opaque haltere, (v) dark brown abdomen, (vi) small and bare appendage 1 and long dorsoventrally flattened appendage 2 bearing one unusually long and a number of usual incurved setae at the apex, and (vii) longer anal point with its characteristic chaetotaxy. 124 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Male: Body length 3.61 (3.19—3.91, n=10) mm. Head: Dark brown to black in colour. Vertex dark brown with 16 (postocular 4, outer verticals 10, inner verticals 2) setae. Corona well developed with 4 setae. Clypeus with 21 long setae, clypeal ratio 0.73. Maxillary palp (fig. Sa) dark brown, palpomere III with a crescentic pit bearing 2 cilia-like sensilla; length ratio of palpomeres IV 3:3:5:7:10, L/W ratio 3.33. Eyes bare, comma-shaped, extended dorsally, extension being 0.11 mm long. Frontal tubercle absent. Antenna brown to dark brown, densely setaceous, setae longer at the proximal flagellomeres and gradually becoming shorter distad; length ratio of flagello- meres I-XI 4:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:48; AR 2.0. Pedicel ratio 1.2. CA 0.55, CP 1.21. Thorax (fig. 5b): Yellow with one longitudinal band in mesonotum and two lateral bands. Antepronotum thin, collar-like without V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 10 in pairs, dorsocentrals 11, humerals 2—3 (3), prealars 2. Scutellum with 10 setae arranged mostly in oblique row, postscutellum dark brown and bare. Wing (fig. 5d): Yellow in colour. Femur pale. Fore tibial scale blunt and elongated bearing 4 long setae. Spur of mid tibia 0.034 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 8:12; spur of hind tibia bent apically, 0.034 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 8:14. Tarsomeres IV—V without long setae. Pulvilli split longitudinally into two narrow lobes, empodium short, with setae. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe ii ta, ta, ta; tay tas LR TR Fore 34 29 44 27 21 17 9 ILDIl = Mid 40 35 22 11 7 6 4 0.62 — Hind 40 41 33 17 15 9 5 0.80 1293 Abdomen: Dark brown in colour and heavily setaceous. Segment VIII deeply constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 5e): Anal point 0.048 mm long and little narrowed with slightly pointed end, bearing 4—5 setae at its basal margin. Gonocoxite stout, narrowed and slightly attenuated at the apex, gonocoxite with 15—18 (18) long setae; gonostylus broad at base and apex narrowed with 6 small setae at its inner apical margin, gonostylus with 10—12 long setae over it. Appendage 1 bare, gently bent at the middle, its base broad and gradually narrowed; appendage 2 stout, base narrowed, dorsoventrally flattened and apex wider with 15—16 (16) long incurved setae, longest seta being 0.09 mm long. Laterotergite with 3 setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.05 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 1.2 mm long, coxapodeme 0.06 mm long, phallapodeme 0.08 mm long. HR 1.14, HV 2.20. Female: Body length 2.61 (2.36—2.96, n=10) mm. Similar to male with usual sex differences. Antenna (fig. 5f) light brown, flagellomere V dark brown, AR 0.31. Wing colour, spots as in male but darker. Wing length 1.4 (1.33—1.48, n=5) mm, breadth 0.51 (0.48—0.55, n=5) mm. Genitalia (fig. 5 g—h): Tergum 0.12 mm long. Coxosternapodeme well devel- oped with a notch and two bends. Gonocoxite VIII joined at the middle. CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 125 Gonapophysis VIII divided into a long dorsomesal and a well developed ventrolateral lobe. Apodeme lobe weak. Tergum IX with 20—25 (24) setae, tergum X with 22—24 setae. Gonocoxite IX with 3 setae. Postgenital plate a small protuberance. Cerci long and broad with 20—25 setae. Labia without microtrichia. Seminal capsules (fig. 5g) oval, 0.044 mm and 0.048 mm; ducts of seminal capsules straight without any loops and opening separately. Polypedilum griseoguttatum Kieffer (figs. 6a—d) Polypedilum griseoguttatum Kieffer, 1921: 100; 1922: 36. Polypedilum hieroglyphicum Kieffer, 1921: 101; 1922: 38. Polypedilum decem-maculatum Goetghebuer, 1934: 195. Polypedilum vanbemmeli Kruseman, 1949: 254. Polypedilum griseoguttatum; Freeman, 1958: 284; 1961: 709. Material 2 ore bundwanee2 e193 DARK GUAM Calcutta 6222 13.11.1979, P. K. Chaudhuri. Remarks: This species was described by Freeman (1958, 1961) in both sexes from Africa and Australia. The present material, though based on only five microslide mounts of males, resembles the above species as described by Freeman. Despite the differences which exist in regard to the male hypopygium it seems unwise to consider this a separate species unless exotic material of the species is available for comparison. Pending the availability of the female specimens this species better be treated as Polypedilum griseoguttatum Kieffer. Male: Body length 3.84 mm. Head: Yellowish brown in colour. Vertex with 9 (postocular 1, outer verticals 6, inner verticals 2). Corona without setae. Clypeus with 18—19 long setae, clypeal ratio 1.2. Maxillary palp brown in colour, length ratio of palpomeres I— V 8:9:28:32:40, L/W ratio 4.6. Eyes bare, reniform, extended dorsally, exten- sion being 0.11 mm long. Frontal tubercle absent. Antenna dark brown, densely setaceous, setae longer at proximal flagellomeres and gradually becoming shorter distad, apex of flagellomere XII without setae; length ratio of flagello- meres I—XII 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:58, AR 2.64. Pedicel ratio 1.12. CA 0.54, CP 12% Thorax (fig. 6a): Brown with dark brown bands laterad. Antepronotum very thin without V-shaped dorsal emargination. Acrostichals 28 in pairs, dorsocen- trals 18, humeral 1, prealars 7, prescutellars 4. Scutellum with 36 setae in two rows, postscutellum dark brown and bare. Wing (fig. 6b): Opaque with veins yellow in colour. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 32, R, with 22, R,,, with 35—37 setae; R,,, meets C very close to R,, distance being 0.05 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C acute; r—m distinct and proximal to f—Cu; An ends below f—Cu. Sensory organ 1 on r—m. Wing with complicated pattern of dark grey spots distributed as follows: (i) one small spot distad of cell R,,, touching the margin, (ii) three in cell R,,;, (iii) one at the apex of cell M and M,,,, (iv) two spots in cell M,,, which appear continuous with dark, bent streak, (v) one at the middle and apex and another smaller in between 126 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 6a—d. Polypedilum griseoguttatum Kieffer g: a, thorax; b, wing; c, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; d, hypopygium. the two. Besides the above, a linear dark streak runs below and parallel to M... Squama with 15 setae. Haltere bare with stem yellow and knob dark brown. Wing length 2.07 mm, breadth 0.59 mm. CR 0.96, VR 1.12. Legs (fig. 6c): Yellow to brown in colour. Fore legs yellow except tarsomeres II—V, each of which bear a dark brown basal band. Fore tibial scale triangular bearing a sharply pointed seta at the apex. Mid and hind tibia dark brown distally. Spur of mid tibia dagger-like, slightly bent inward, 0.051 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 14:16; spur of hind tibia also like that of mid tibia, 0.062 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 17:18. Tarsomeres II—V with dark brown band, tarsomere IV with two apical spurs. Pulvilli of moderate length and split; empodium short. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Be Ti ta, ta, ta; ta, tas LR TR Fore 24 19 30 21 17 12 5 1.58 = Mid 28 23 14 8 6 3 2 0.65 == Hind 29 27 20 12 9 5 3 0.74 1.67 CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAS GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 127 Abdomen: Dark brown. Terga uniformly covered with setae which are arranged irregularly. Segment VIII deeply constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 6d): Anal point well developed, tongue-like, with a con- striction at the middle. Gonocoxite well developed with 12—15 (14) long setae; gonostylus long, narrowed towards apex, with 6 setae at its inner apical margin, gonostylus with 20—22 (22) long setae over it. Appendage 1 stout, broad, roughly clubbed, covered with numerous small setae over it; appendage 2 long, bowed with narrow base and apex, bearing 2 long slightly incurved setae. Transverse sternapodeme 0.23 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.13 mm long, coxapodeme 0.059 mm long, phallapodeme 0.14 mm long. HR 0.68, HV 1.73. Female: Unknown. Polypedilum insolitum n.sp. (figs. 7a—d) Material: Holotype d (type no. 82, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Digha, 15.1v.1975, P. K. Chaudhuri. Paratypes: 5 d, same data as holotype. Remarks: The species is named Polypedilum insolitum in view of some unusual characters like the presence of a frontal tubercle and absence of setae on squama. It shows close resemblances with Lauterborniella fuscoguttata Kieffer (1922) from France in its wing and fore tibia, and strong similarities with Polypedilum longinervis Kieffer (1922) from (the then French) Cameroons in respect of the abdomen and male hypopygium but by virtue of having the characters like, (i) presence of frontal tubercle, (ii) absence of stripes on the thorax, (ili) spots of wing, (iv) femoral bands, (v) appendage 1 bare and bilobed, (vi) appendage 2 flattened without any incurved setae, (vii) segment VIII of abdomen deeply constricted at the base and (viii) gonostylus with only 5 small setae at its inner apical margin, the inclusion of the species in the genus Polypedilum and distinctiveness as a separate species seems to be assured. Male: Body length 3.62 mm. Head: Dark brown in colour. Vertex with 8 (postocular 3, outer verticals 4, inner verticals 1) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 20 long setae, clypeal ratio 1.12. Maxillary palp brown to dark brown, palpomere II with a preapical pit bearing 2 flagella-like sensilla; length ratio of palpomeres I—V 4:4:9:6:11, L/W ratio 3.0. Frontal tubercles present. Eyes bare, reniform but slightly extended dorsally, extension being 0.09 mm long. Antenna dark brown to brown, length ratio of flagellomeres I—IV (rest of the flagellomeres broken in all specimens) 5:3:3:3. Pedicel ratio 0.97. Thorax (fig. 7a): Brown with dark brown patches. Antepronotum thin with a small dorsal emargination. Acrostichals 12 arranged in pairs from tip of mesono- tum, dorsocentrals 10 in a row, humerals 0, prealars 2—3 (3). Scutellum with 10 setae arranged irregularly, postscutellum dark brown and bare. Wing (fig. 7b): Pale with veins yellow and conspicuous. Brachiolum with 2 setae. R with 14, R, with 18 and R,,; with 30—32 setae; R,,; meets C almost near the middle, the distance being 0.11 mm from R,; ending of R,,, and C acute; r— 128 TIIDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 7a—d. Polypedilum insolitum n.sp. 9: a, thorax; b, wing; c, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs with fore and mid femora and tibia; d, hypopygium. m distinct and proximal to f—Cu; An ends before f—Cu. Wing with several irregular grey spots distributed as follows: (i) 1 pair broad, unequal spots or bands over the basal and middle of cells R,,; and M,,, with its vicinities, (ii) 1 each near the apical margin of cell R,,; and cell M,,,, (iii) 3 unequal spots in cell M,,,, (iv) 1 large and 1 small linear spot placed one above the other at the distal end of cell An. In addition to the above, linear dark streaks are observed along the distal part of M,,, and in cell An. Sensory organ 1 on r—m. Squama bare. Haltere bare and yellow in both stem and knob. Wing length 1.48 (1.48—1.50, n=2) mm, breadth 0.48 (n=2) mm. CR 0.95, VR 1.20. Legs (fig. 7c): Brown to dark brown in colour. Fore femur and tibia brown with a distal broad dark brown band, femur and tibia of mid and hind legs with a broad proximal and small preapical dark brown band. Fore tibial scale with a sharp pointed spur 0.045 mm long. Spur of mid tibia bent at the apex, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 4:4; spur of hind tibia 0.09 mm long, ratio CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 129 of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 6:4. Tarsomeres of all legs brown to dark brown. Pulvilli split longitudinally. LR 1.48 in fore leg, LR 0.77 in mid and LR 0.90 in hind legs. Abdomen: Brown with alternate dark brown bands on terga I to VII and with uniformly distributed long setae. Segment VIII deeply constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 7d): Anal point small, 0.025 mm long and rod-like and narrowed distad. Gonocoxite with 16—18 (18) long setae; gonostylus small, little expanded and abruptly attenuated, with 5 small setae along its inner apical margin. Appendage 1 short, base broad, distal part slightly bent and bare; appendage 2 elongated, dorsoventrally compressed, reaching almost the middle of gonostylus, appendage 2 also without incurved setae but 1—2 setae near its blunt apex. Laterotergite with 6—7 setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.22 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.09 mm long, coxapodeme 0.06 mm long, phallapo- deme 0.07 mm. HR 1.2, HV 3.27. Female: Unknown. Polypedilum lineatum n.sp. (figs. 8a—e) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 83, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Rani- ganj, 28.x.1977, D. K. Guha. Paratypes: 8 9, Burdwan, 28—30.x.1977, A. Chatterjee; 4 d, Siliguri, 21—22.iv.1979, S. K. Das Gupta; 3 6, Triveni, 4.1v.1979, S. Sarkar. Remarks: The above species is named Polypedilum lineatum in view of its conspicuous linear dark spots running parallel to M,,,. It seems close to Polypedilum tonnoiri Freeman (1961) from Australia in regard to the wing and the male hypopygium. The characters (i) chaetotaxy of thorax, nature of spots on the wing, (ii) infuscation on the apical margin of wing, (ili) dark streak below M,,,, (iv) bands on the mid and hind femur with its chaetotaxy, (v) size and structure of anal point and (vi) appendages 1 + 2, and certain other characters clearly justify its treatment as a distinct species. It should be noted also that the flagellomeres of male antenna number thirteen instead of twelve as in other species. Male: Body length 1.81 mm. Head: Dark brown in colour. Vertex dark brown with 11 (postocular 2, outer verticals 8, inner vertical 1) setae. Corona with 1 seta. Clypeus with 16 setae, clypeal ratio 1. Maxillary palp (fig. 8a) brown, palpomere III with a preapical pit bearing sensilla, palpomere V with 1 straight apical seta, length ratio of palpo- meres I—V 7:6:20:24:32, L/W ratio 4. Eyes bare, semicircular, little extended dorsally, extension being 0.09 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Antenna dark brown, setaceous, setae longer at proximal flagellomeres and shorter distad, length ratio of flagellomeres I-XIII 5:6:8:8:8:8:8:9:9:9:9:9:75; AR 0.71. Ped- icel ratio OZEAN EIERN 2: Thorax (fig. 8b): Yellow to light brown with a median and two lateral brownish bands on mesonotum. Antepronotum dark, very thin without dorsal emargina- 130 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 8a—e. Polypedilum lineatum n.sp. g: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium. tion. Acrostichals 16 in two rows, dorsocentrals 14 in one row, humeral 0, prealars 3. Scutellum with 10 setae arranged in oblique row, postscutellum dark brown and bare. Wing (fig. 8c): Cloudy. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 13, R, with 6 setae at the basal half and R,,; with 21 setae; R,,, meets C close to R,, distance being 0.05 mm from R,; ending of R,,, and C acute; r—m slightly proximal to f—Cu; An ends below f—Cu. Wing with faint grey irregular spots distributed as follows: (i) one at the base of cell R,,; near r—m, (ii) one near f—Cu in cell M,,,, (iii) one linear dark streak running parallel to M,,,, (iv) one broad interrupted spot at the middle and another at the apex of cell An, in some cases the apical margin of cell R,,; and M,,, appear to be infuscated. Sensory organ 1 at the base of R, and R,,s. Squama with 3 setae. Haltere brown, and bare. Wing length 0.97 (0.94— 0.99, n=6) mm, breadth 0.34 (0.33—0.35, n=6) mm. CR 0.97, VR 1.48. Legs (fig. 8d): Yellow to light brown with numerous long weak setae. Femur of mid and hind legs with a middle apical/subapical light greyish band. Fore tibial scale triangular and pointed bearing 1 long seta. Spur of mid tibia slightly curved, 0.04 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 11:10; spur of hind tibia equal to that of mid tibia, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 11:12. Pulvilli longitudinally split with a long setaceous empodium. CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 131 Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Ti ta, ta; taz tay tas LR TR Fore 31 17 Dj 12 8 5) 4 1.59 — Mid 35 27 15 10 7 5 4 0.56 — Hind 35 31 19 13 9 6 5) 0.61 1.46 Abdomen: Light brown with a longitudinal band at the middle of terga. Segment VIII constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 8e): Anal point quite long (0.03 mm) long, little bent and dilated at the apex, anal point with 10—12 setae at each basal margin. Gonocox- ite small with 4—6 setae; gonostylus very long, little bowed with 15—17 (17) small setae at its inner apical margin, gonostylus with 8—10 long setae. Append- age 1 well developed, wider at the apex, with numerous small setae; appendage 2 long, slightly bent near base, with 2 long and 8 incurved setae. Transverse sternapodeme 0.11 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.05 mm long, coxapodeme 0.03 mm long, phallapodeme 0.04 mm long. HR 0.68, HV 1.63. Female: Unknown. Polypedilum lucidum n.sp. (figs. 9a—e) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 84, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Burd- wan, 12.11.1978, S.K. Nandi. Paratypes: 10 d, data same as holotype; 4 d, Calcutta (reared in the laboratory), D. K. Guha; 2 ®, Panagar, 7.iv.1977, K. Sinha. Remarks: The present species is named as Polypedilum lucidum because of the presence of pale infuscations or spots on the wing. It shows similarities in relation to wing with Polypedilum longicrus Kieffer (1911) from Africa. Similar- ly, it shows resemblances with P. numerus n.sp. described in this paper and P. swlovatum Johannsen (1932) in the male hypopygium. However, P. lucidum can be identified as a separate species by the colour pattern of wing and haltere bands on legs, structure of fore tibial scale and the male hypopygium. Male: Body length 2.29 (2.22— 2.40, n=8) mm. Head: Brown to dark brown in colour. Vertex brown with 9 (postocular 1, outer verticals 7, inner vertical 1) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 22—24 (24) setae, clypeal ratio 1.15. Maxillary palp (fig. 9a) pale yellow to brown; palpomere III with a preapical pit bearing 2 sensilla; palpomere V pale with 1 long apical seta; length ratio of palpomeres I—V 7:9:21:27:42, L/W ratio 3.5. Eyes bare, ovoid, well separated, extended dorsally, extension being 0.14 mm long. Frontal tubercle absent. Antenna dark brown, densely setaceous, setae longer at base and gradually become shorter distad, apex of flagellomere XII without long seta; length rato of flagellomeres IE XII 2 DD D DDD EP DBs INNA, De dicelatiorl 2 SNCANOESD ACE NED Thorax (fig. 9b): Brown in colour. Antepronotum very thin, collar-like without V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 16 in pairs, dorsocentrals 23, 132 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 9a—e. Polypedilum lucidum n.sp. 8: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing, d, fore, mid and hind legs with their tibial ends; e, hypopygium. humerals 2, prealars 5. Scutellum with 10 setae in a simple transverse row, postscutellum dark brown and bare. Wing (fig. 9c): Cloudy with veins pale. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 24, R, with 15 and R,,; with 28 setae; R,,, meets C very close to R, being 0.05 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C subacute; r—m distinct and proximal to f—Cu; An ends a little proximal to f—Cu. Wing with infuscations often in the form of spots or bands distributed as follows: (i) one spot at the base of cell R,,;, (ii) one linear dark streak parallel to M,,, in cell M,,,, (iii) one spot at the base of cell M,, , near f—Cu and (iv) two linear spots at the proximal half of cell An, and one spot at the apex of the cell. Squama with 7 setae. Haltere with stem light brown and knob dark brown and bare. Wing length 1.36 (1.29—1.48, n=8) mm, breadth 0.44 (0.39—0.48, n=8) mm. CR 0.97, VR 1.3. Legs (fig. 9d): Brown to dark brown in colour. Fore femur with an apical dark brown band, femur of mid and hind legs each with a broad median and a small apical dark brown band; tibia of both mid and hind legs with a basal and apical pale band. Fore tibial scale triangular with a short pointed tip. Spur of mid tibia 0.04 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 13:12; CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAS GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 133 spur of hind tibia slightly bent at the apex, 0.05 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 16:14. Tarsomeres slightly pale. Pulvilli lobe- like, split at the middle; with a long empodium equal to the claws. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Ti ta, ta, taz tay tas LR TR Fore 17 11 21 12 9 7 4 LO — Mid 19 16 10 4 3 2 0.62 — Hind 19 18 18 8 6 4 3 0.72 1.62 Abdomen: Light brown in colour, terga uniformly setaceous, setae on lateral side arranged in rows. Segment VIII broadly constricted at its base. Hypopygium (fig. 9e): Anal point with 3 setae at each basal margin and a fair number of setae at its base. Gonocoxite well developed with 12—15 long setae; gonostylus long, narrowed down with 5 setae at its inner apical margin, gonosty- lus with 17—19 setae over it. Appendage 1 clublike bearing numerous small setae; appendage 2 long, bowed, apex wide, bearing 8 long incurved setae. Transverse sternapodeme 0.19 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.09 mm long, coxapodeme 0.03 mm long, phallapodeme 0.07 mm long. HR 0.8, HV 1.55. Female: Unknown. Polypedilum nudiceps n.sp. (figs. 10a—h) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 85, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Darjeel- ing, 5.ix.1977, S. K. Das Gupta. Allotype 9, data same as holotype. Paratypes: 50 d, 36 ?, Darjeeling, July-Oct., 1977, S. K. Das Gupta; 7 d, 3 ?, Ghum, June, 1973, D. C. Sinharay; 5 d., Jorbangla, Sept., 1978, P. Chaudhuri; 11 3, 10 MP OVS, A ORL SG, | 2, Wons, Sent, IWS, S. Walle 8,3 2; Lebong, Sept., 1978, P. K. Chaudhuri. Remarks: The above species is named Polypedilum nudiceps in view of bare appendage 1 of the male hypopygium. It comes close to Polypedilum bipustula- tum Freeman (1958) from Africa in some morphological features specially in relation to the male hypopygium but the characters like, (i) colour of the specimens including haltere, (ii) absence of stripes in the mesonotum, (iii) haltere without any setae, (iv) shape of appendage 1, (v) appendage 1 without seta, (vi) appendage 2 with 2 long apical setae, (vii) long anal point, amply justify its identity as a distinct species. Male: Body length 2.77 (2.59—2.96, n=15) mm. Head: Brown to dark brown in colour. Vertex brown with 12 (postocular 1, outer verticals 7, inner verticals 4) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 18—20(20) long setae, clypeal ratio 1.0. Maxillary palp (fig. 10a) yellow, palpomere II dark brown, length ratio of palpomeres I—V 9:10:30:35:53; L/W ratio 5.0. Eyes bare, hemispherical, slightly extended dorsally, extension 0.11 mm long. Antenna yellow to light brown in colour, flagellomere XII longest, pear-shaped and densely setaceous, setae longer at the base and gradually 134 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 10a—h. Polypedilum nudiceps n.sp. 8: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium. ©: f, antenna, g—h, genitalia. narrowed distad, length ratio of flagellomers I—XII 15:8:10:10:10:11:11:11: 11:11:11:81; AR 0.62. Pedicel ratio 1.25. CA 0.6, CP 0.85 Thorax (fig. 10b): Deep yellow to brown in colour. Antepronotum very thin without any V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 14—16 in pairs, dorsocentrals 18, prealars 5, humeral 0—1. Scutellum with 12 long and 6 small setae arranged in two oblique rows, postscutellum light brown and bare. Wing (fig. 10c); Microtrichia dense and the veins brown in colour. Brachiolum CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 135 with 1 seta. R with 26, R, with 18, R,,; with 52 setae; R,,, meets C very close to R, being 0.02 mm away from R,; ending of R,,; and C blunt; r—m oblique and proximal to f—Cu; An ends a little proximal to f—Cu. Squama with 15 setae. Haltere with yellow stem and knob and bare. Wing length 1.85 (1.66—1.96, n=15) mm, breadth 0.55 (0.48—0.62, n=15) mm. CR 0.52, VR 1.3. Legs (fig. 10d): Yellow in colour. Fore tibial scale abruptly pointed with 3—4 setae. Spur of mid tibia bent at the apex, 0.064 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 15:12; spur of hind tibia also bent at the apex, 0.068 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 16:13. Pulvilli split longitudinally; empodium as long as claws. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Be amt ta, ta, taz ta, tas LR TR Fore 22 13 28 18 11 9 4 2.16 — Mid 26 21 11 7 6 4 3 0.52 — Hind 28 23 17 11 ©) 6 3 0.74 1.54 Abdomen: Yellow to light brown in colour. Terga uniformly setaceous and with greyish broad bands. Segment VIII constricted basally. Hypopygium (fig. 10e): Anal point long (0.062 mm), pointed with 7—8(8) small setae at each basal margin. Gonocoxite short with 6 setae; gonostylus long, little bent inward, apex narrowed down and tip in most cases abruptly pointed with a long seta; in other cases, gonostylus straight, widened with little attenua- tion at tip, gonostylus with 15—16 setae over it and 6—7 setae along its inner margin. Appendage 1 bare, broad at base, narrowed down to apex and gently bent inward, often bearing 2 long straight and 6—7 incurved setae. Laterotergite with 6—7 long setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.086 mm long, coxapodeme 0.034 mm long, phallapodeme 0.077 mm long. HR 0.4, HV 1.83. Female: Body length 2.40 (2.12—2.70, n=15) mm. Similar to male with usual sex differences. Maxillary palp light brown, length ratio of palpomeres I—V 11:12:36:43:68, L/W ratio 4.5. Antenna (fig. 10f) light brown, length ratio of flagellomeres I—V 30:20:23:12:30. Genitalia (figs. 10g— h): Notum 0.11 mm long. Coxosternapodeme well developed, with a notch and two bends. Gonocoxapodeme VIII joined indistinctly at the middle. Gonapo- physis VIII with a large dorsomesal lobe and brush-like ventrolateral lobe. Apodeme lobe very weak. Tergum IX as usual. Tergum X with 6—7 setae on each side. Gonocoxite IX with 6—8 setae. Postgenital plate protruded and pointed at the apex. Cerci normal. Labia with dense microtrichia. Seminal capsules oval, 0.055 mm by 0.051 mm long with a short neck; ducts of seminal capsules mostly with two bends. Polypedilum numerus n.sp. (figs. 11a—d) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 86, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Darjeel- ing, 27.x.1977, P. Chaudhuri. Paratypes: 3 ©, data same as holotype; 3 d, 136 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 11a—d. Polypedilum numerus n.sp. @: a, thorax; b, wing; c, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; d, hypopygium. Jorbangla, 3.x1.1978, P. Chaudhuri; 1 d, Kurseong, 22.x.1977, S. K. Das Gupta. Remarks: The species is named as Polypedilum numerus in view of the finger- like appendage 2 of the male hypopygium. It comes close to Polypedilum flagellatum n.sp. described in this paper and P. watsoni Freeman (1961) from Australia in some aspects of wing and the male hypopygium. The characters like, (i) setae in corona, (ii) presence of prescutellar setae, (iii) number and nature of spots or bands on the wing, (iv) bands on the abdominal terga, (v) structure and size of anal point and (vi) male hypopygium having short gonocoxite, long gonostylus, club-shaped appendage 1 with numerous setae and finger-like long appendage 2 with incurved setae, differentiate it as a distinct and valid species in the genus Polypedilum. It will be worth mentioning in this connection that, since the antenna was not available in any of the slide-mounts of this species examined, it has not been possible in this study to present any information on it. Male: Body length 2.73 mm. Head: Yellow to light brown. Vertex with 12 (outer verticals 7, inner verticals 5) setae. Corona with 14 setae, clypeal ratio 1.09. Eyes bare, wider, extended dorsally, extension being 0.11 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Maxillary palp CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 137 pale, palpomere III with a preapical pit (sensilla not seen), length ratio of palpomeres I—V 6:5:15:20:28, L/W ratio 4.5. Antenna broken in all specimens. Pedicel ratio 1.25. Thorax (fig. 11a): Yellow to light brown in colour. Antepronotum thin, without dorsal emargination. Acrostichals 12 in pairs, dorsocentrals 16, hume- rals 3, prealars 6. Scutellum with 10 large and 8 small setae arranged in two rows, postscutellum light brown. Wing (fig. 11b): Pale brownish in colour. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 24, R, with 17 and R,,; with 31 setae; R,,, meets C close to R,, distance being 0.05 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C acute; r—m proximal to f—Cu; An ends a little proximal to f—Cu. Wing with light irregular grey spots or bands distributed as follows: (1) two broad bands at the proximal and distal part of cell R,, 5, (ii) two in cell M,,,, one being near f—Cu and another small one below the apex of M,,,, (iii) two in cell An, one broad at the middle and another below apex of Cu,, (iv) one linear grey streak parallel to M,,, in cell M,,,. Squama with 8 setae. Haltere yellow and bare. Wing length 1.29, breadth 0.44 mm. CR 0.98, VR 1.23. Legs (fig. 11c): Yellow in colour. Femur slightly dark proximally. Fore tibial scale blunt with 1 long seta. Spur of mid tibia straight, 0.055 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 15:13; spur of hind tibia slightly bent apically, 0.059 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 16:14. Pulvilli split in the middle; empodium slightly longer than pulvilli. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Mi ta, ta, taz ta, tas LR TR Fore 43 29 39 14 11 8 4 1.38 = Mid 48 40 21 8 7 5 2 0.52 = Hind 50 44 24 10 8 5 3 0.60 2.4 Abdomen: Terga I—III with brown bands and uniformly setaceous. Segment VIII moderately constricted at the base. Hypopygium (fig. 11d): Anal point short, 0.033 mm in length, with a few setae at its base. Gonocoxite short, bearing 2—4(4) long setae and numerous small setae at its inner margin; gonostylus long, little bowed, with 4 setae at its inner apical margin, gonostylus with 8—10(10) setae over it. Appendage 1 broad, roughly club-shaped with numerous small setae; appendage 2 elongated, finger- like with 15—16(15) long incurved setae. Laterotergite with 2 long setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.09 mm long, coxapodeme 0.03 mm long, phallapo- deme 0.07 mm long. HR 0.46, HV 2.02. Female: Unknown. Polypedilum pseudoflagellatum n.sp. (figs. 12a—e) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 87, B. U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Durgapur, 5.xi.1976, R. K. Debnath. Paratypes: 2 d, Batanagar, 12.v.1975, S. K. Das Gupta; 2 d, Burdwan, 2—3.vii.1977, A. Chatterjee; 1 d, Kharagpur, 138 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Figs. 12 a—e. Polypedilum pseudoflagellatum n.sp. 9: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; e, hypopygium. 14.x.1978, P. K. Chaudhuri; 2 &, Raniganj, 28.vii.1977, D. K. Guha. Remarks: This species is named Polypedilum pseudoflagellatum because of its close similarities with Polypedilum flagellatum n.sp. described in this paper. Although this species resembles P. flagellatum in some features, it is held as a distinct and valid species on the basis of the following: P. flagellatum n.sp. P. pseudoflagellatum n.sp. 1. Corona with 4 setae 1. Corona without setae 2. Clypeus with 21 setae 2. Clypeus with 13 setae 3. Wing with spots 3. Wing without spots 4. Fore tibial scale elongated with blunt apex 4. Fore tibial scale triangular with pointed apex 5. HR 1.14 5. HR 0.62 Male: Body length 2.7 mm. CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAs GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 139 Head: Brown in colour. Vertex light brown with 9 setae (postocular 0, outer verticals 6, inner verticals 3). Corona without setae. Clypeus with 13 setae, clypeal ratio 1.22. Maxillary palp (fig. 12a) brown, palpomere III with an rounded apical pit bearing bearing 1—2 sensilla, length ratio of palpomeres I—V 5:8:27:24:46, L/W ratio 4.5. Eyes bare, comma-shaped, extended dorsally, extension pointed and being 0.37 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Antenna dark brown, densely pubescent, setae longer at proximal flagellomeres and gradually narrowed distad, length ratio of flagellomeres I—XII DD DD DD 2A ASO Ak leg Re dicel ratio 2847 CAO 587 CPAS Thorax (fig. 12b): Yellowish brown in colour. Antepronotum very thin without V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 10—12(10) in pairs, dorsocen- trals 12 in a row, humerals 2, prealars 5. Scutellum with 10—12 setae arranged irregularly, postscutellum dark brown to black and bare. Wing (fig. 12c): Whitish without any clouds in most cases. Veins yellow. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 19, R, with 16 and R,,; with 22—24(24) setae; R,,, meets C very close to R,, distance being 0.05 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C acute; r—m distinct and proximal to f—Cu; An ending little below f—Cu. Squama with 7 setae. Haltere bare with light brown stem and knob. Wing length 1.36 (1.34—1.38, n=5) mm, breadth 0.44 (0.42—0.45, n=5) mm. CR 0.94, VR 1,216 Legs (fig. 12d): Yellow in colour. Fore tibial scale triangular with a very short and abrupt point bearing 3 long setae at the base. Spur of mid tibia bent, 0.03 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 10:13; spur of hind tibia also bent, 0.04 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 13:13. Pulvilli small and bilobed; with a small setaceous empodium. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Ee Ti ta, ta, taz ta, tas LR TR Fore 17 11 20 12 9 7 4 1.82 = Mid 19 15 9 5 4 3 2 0.6 = Hind 19 17 11 6 5 4 2 0.65 1.83 Abdomen: Dark brown in colour, terga with scattered setae, lateral setae arranged in longitudinal row. Segment VIII constricted at base but less than in Polypedilum flagellatum n.sp. Hypopygium (fig. 12e): Anal point 0.51 mm long, apex subacute, bearing a number of small setae at each basal margin. Gonocoxite short with 6—8(8) setae; gonostylus moderately developed, slightly bowed and with 6 small setae at its inner apical margin, gonostylus with 12 long setae over it. Appendage 1 well developed, distal part bent inward and without seta; appendage 2 well devel- oped, narrow at the base, pointed at the apex, bearing 12—14(12) long curved setae of which outermost longer than that Polyepedilum flagellatum n.sp. described in this paper. Laterotergite with 6—7(7) setae, transverse sternapo- deme 0.2 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.09 mm long, coxapodeme 0.03 mm long, phallapodeme 0.06 mm long. HR 0.62, HV 2.43. Female: Unknown. 140 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Polypedilum rufomarginalis n.sp. (figs. 13a—f) Material: Holotype & (Type no. 88, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Burd- wan, 4.ix.1878, A. Chatterjee. Allotype 2, data same as holotype. Paratypes: 8 d, 4 2, Burdwan, 3—4.ix.1977, 2.iii.1978, A. Chatterjee; 3 6, Berhampur, 22.ix.1976, P. K. Chaudhuri; 4 d, 1 2, Malda, 15.viii.1974, S. Chatterjee; 3 d, 1 2, Raniganj, 11—12.iii.1978, D. C. Sinharay; 2 d, Tribeni, 7.111.1975, S. Das. Remarks: In view of the beautifully red coloured margin of the mesonotum, this species is named Polypedilum rufomarginalis. It appears to bear some similarities in colour pattern of the wing to Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse) from Australia and in the male hypopygium to P. alticola Kieffer (1913) from Africa and Chironomus nitidus Kieffer (1913) from Calcutta, India, but the colour pattern of the mesonotum, wing, leg, tarsomere V, basal constriction of the abdominal segment VIII and the shape of the male hypopygium altogether support its distinctiveness from the above-mentioned species. Male: Body length 4.25 (4.14—4.4, n=10) mm. Head: Reddish brown in colour. Vertex red with 15 (postocular 3, outer verticals 8, inner verticals 4) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeal with 22 long setae, clypeal ratio 1.66. Maxillary palp dark brown, palpomere III quite long with a preapical pit bearing 3 cilia-like sensilla; length ratio of palpomeres I—V 9:12:33:35:45, L/W ratio 3. Eyes bare, crescentic, extended dorsally, extension 0.14 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Antenna dark brown, densely seta- ceous, setae longer at proximal flagellomeres and gradually becomes shorter distad, flagellomere XII devoid of seta; length ratio of flagellomeres ITXII LIZA 3 ARS 47 Rediceliratiol EA 0°63" CRM Thorax (fig. 13a): Brown to dark brown with red patches, margin chocolate red. Antepronotum dark red, thin, without V-shaped emargination. Acrosti- chals 18—20(20) in pair from the tip of mesonotum, dorsocentrals 28, humeral 1, prealars 6. Scutellum with 18—20 setae, postscutellum dark brown with a median suture and bare. Wing (fig. 13b): Pale yellowish in colour and the veins conspicuous. Brachio- lum with 1 seta. R with 25, R, with 21 and R,,; with 24 setae; R,, meets C very close to R,, distance being 0.09 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C subacute; r— m distinct and proximal to f—Cu; An ending below f—Cu. Wing with nine grey irregular spots distributed as follows: (i) cell R,,; with three spots placed at the base, middle and near the apex, (ii) cell M,,, with two spots placed near the base of M,,, and behind the apex, (iii) cell M,,, with one spot near f—Cu and continuous along Cu, as a streak, (iv) cell An with one broad at the middle, one small behind f—Cu and another at the end of An. Sensory organ l on r—m. Squama with 15 setae. Haltere light brown at stem and dark brown or black at the knob. Wing length 2.07 (1.99—2.14, n=10) mm, breadth 0.55 (0.52—0.59, n=10) mm. CR 0.96, VR 1.08. Legs (fig. 13c): Yellow to brown in colour. Femur slightly dark, fore tibia pale near the apex. Fore tibial scale blunt with 4—5 long setae. Spur of mid tibia bent being 0.04 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia CHAUDHURI. GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 141 Figs. 13a—f. Polypedilum rufomarginalis n.sp. 9: a, thorax; b, wing; c, tibial ends of fore, mid and hind legs; d, hypopygium, ®; e, antenna, f, genitalia. 12:19; spur of hind tibia also bent, 0.05 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 15:20. Tarsomere IV brown and tarsomere V dark in all legs. Pulvilli narrow and split; a short setaceous empodium, shorter than claws. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Ti ta; ta2 ta; ta, tas LR TR Fore 29 18 26 14 12 I 4 1.44 = Mid 29 23 14 8 6 4 2 0.60 a= Hind 28 27 19 10 ©) 5 3 0.70 1.9) 142 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 Abdomen: Dark brown in colour. Tergum 1 with a broad median depression; setae on terga long and arranged in irregular rows. Segment VIII constricted like a triangle having a very narrow base. Hypopygium (fig. 13d): Anal point 0.07 mm long, tip blunt, base broader with 8—10(10) small setae. Gonocoxite well developed, long, with 18—20(18) long setae; gonostylus short, stout, apex a little narrowed, bearing 4—6(4) small setae at its inner apical margin. Appendage 1 hockey-stick-shaped; appendage 2 narrow at base and gradually becoming wider towards apex, with 18—20 long incurved setae. Laterotergite with 3—4(3) setae, transverse sternapodeme 0.28 mm long, lateral sternapodeme 0.17 mm long, coxapodeme 0.08 mm long, phallapodeme 0.13 mm long. HR 1.17, HV 3.80. Female: Body length 3.6 mm. Similar to male with usual sex differences. Maxillary palp pale to dark brown. Palpomere 1 pale, others dark brown, length ratio of palpomeres I—V 10:9:28:25:45, L/W ratio 3.1. Antenna (fig. 13e) yellow to dark brown, flagello- meres I—V dark brown and narrowed with 2 subapical setae, length ratio of flagellomeres I—V 7:6:5:5:9, AR 0.39. Colour and spots of wings similar to that of male. Wing length 1.96 (1.92—1.96, n=5) mm, breadth 0.66 (0.65—0.68, n=5) mm. Genitalia (fig. 13f): Notum 0.16 mm long. Gonocoxapodeme VIII caudally rounded and widely separated at the middle. Coxosternapodeme with a small and broad bend. Gonapophysis VIII with a tongue-like dorsomesal lobe and a small blunt brush-like ventrolateral lobe. Apodeme lobe moderate. Gonocoxite IX with 3—4 long setae. Tergum IX with 8—10(8) setae on each side. Tergum X normal. Postgenital plate as small protuberance. Cerci elong- ated. Labia narrow, with microtrichia. Seminal capsules (fig. 13f) equal, oval, with small neck, measuring 0.05 mm by 0.03 mm; ducts of seminal capsules straight or with one bent and an ampulla before opening in common. Polypedilum tripunctum n.sp. (figs. 14a—e) Material: Holotype d (Type no. 89, B.U. Ent.), India, West Bengal, Darjeel- ing, 25.x.1970, S. K. Das Gupta. Paratypes: 4 d, Darjeeling, 2—3.1x.1973, P. K. Chaudhuri; 1 &, Tindharia, 17.ix.1974, T. Sharma. Remarks: The present species is named Polypedilum tripunctum in view of its triradiate structure of anal point of the male hypopygium. It resembles Polypedi- lum aegyptum Kieffer (1925), P. pruina Freeman (1958) and P. tridens Freeman (1958) in certain features of the male hypopygium and P. tropicum Kieffer (1913) in respect of wing and male hypopygium, but its separate entity as a valid species can be justified by means of the following features: (i) spots on the wing, (ii) spur of fore tibia, (iii) dark bands on legs, (iv) structure of the appendages 1 and 2 with its chaetotaxy and (v) shape of anal point. Male: Body length 2.75 (2.53—3.0, n=5) mm. Head: Brown to dark brown. Vertex brown with 12 (postocular 1, outer verticals 8, inner verticals 3) setae. Corona without setae. Clypeus with 18—20 CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAS GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 143 Figs. 14a—e. Polypedilum tripunctum n.sp. 6: a, maxillary palp; b, thorax; c, wing; d, femora and tibia of fore, mid and hind legs with their tibial ends; e, hypopygium. (18) long setae, clypeal ratio 0.83. Maxillary palp (fig. 14a) light brown, palpomere V brown, length ratio of palpomeres I—V 7:7:20:23:42, L/W ratio 3.3. Eyes bare, hemispherical, extended dorsally, extension being 0.15 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Antenna brown to pale brown, flagellomeres XIII dark distally, length ratio of flagellomeres I—XII 11:13:10:12:13:13:13: 13:13:13:13:13:75, AR 0.5. Pedicel ratio 1. CA 0.54, CP 1.06. Thorax (fig. 14b): Brown in colour. Antepronotum very thin and without any V-shaped emargination. Acrostichals 12—14 in pairs, dorsocentrals 16—18 (18), humerals 2, prealars 5. Scutellum with 18—20 setae, postscutellum dark brown and bare. Wing (fig. 14c): Cloudy especially along the margin of wing. Veins dark 144 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 brown, anterior veins more prominent than the posterior ones. Brachiolum with 1 seta. R with 21, R, with 15 and R,,; with 35—38 setae; R,,, meets C slightly away from R,, distance being 0.1 mm from R,; ending of R,,; and C blunt; r—m oblique and proximal to f—Cu; An ending below f—Cu. Wing with four irregular grey spots distributed as follows: (i) two in cell R,,; near r—m and at the middle of the cell, (ii) one in cell M;,, covering the base nearer to f—Cu and (iii) one at the middle of cell An. In addition to the above a grey streak runs below the vein M and the space between the spots in cell R,,; along the apex. Wing length 1.64 (1.5—1.78, n=8) mm, breadth 0.6 (0.56—0.62, n=8) mm. Legs (fig. 14d): Brown in colour. Femur with broad dark brown band at the proximal two-third and a small apical dark brown band, tibia with an apical dark brown band on all legs, rest of the legs pale to brown. Fore tibial scale narrowed and slightly pointed at the apex. Spur of mid tibia slightly bent and sharply pointed at the apex, 0.05 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of mid tibia 12:10; spur of hind tibia also bent and pointed, 0.055 mm long, ratio of length of spur to the apical diameter of hind tibia 13:12. Pulvilli split longitudinal- ly. Proportions and ratios of leg segments Fe Ti ta, ta, ta; tay tas LR TR Fore 31 22 41 28 15 7 5 1.87 — Mid 38 31 16 10 7 5 3 0.51 — Hind 41 33 25 13 11 7 4 0.76 LED Abdomen: Brown to dark brown. Tergum I densely setaceous, rest of the segments with scattered setae. Hypopygium (fig. 14e): Anal point long, apex pointed, base with two hook- like structures. Gonocoxite short and with 10—12 long setae; gonostylus very long, bowed and with 15—18 setae. Appendage I well developed, broad apex with numerous setae; appendage 2 long, apex slightly broad and with 8—10 long curved setae. Lateral sternapodeme 0.094 mm long, coxapodeme 0.051 mm long, phallapodeme 0.07 mm long. HR 0.66, HV 1.76. Female: Unknown. CHECK-LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PL YPEDILUM KIEFFER FROM INDIA albipalpus n.sp., 6,9, Raniganj (West Bengal) angustiforceps Kieffer, 6, Katihar (Bihar) annulatipes (Kieffer), d, 9, Puri (Orissa) ascium n.sp., &, Bolpur (West Bengal) brumale Kieffer, ®, Giridih (Bihar) chaudhurii n.sp., 4, 9, Burdwan (West Bengal) fasciatipennis (Kieffer), 9, Calcutta (West Bengal) flagellatum n.sp., 3, 2, Raniganj (West Bengal) griseoguttatum Kieffer, 4, 2, Burdwan and Calcutta (West Bengal) insolitum n.sp., 4 , Digha (West Bengal) CHAUDHURI, GUHA & DAS GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 145 lineatum n.sp., 6, Raniganj (West Bengal) lucidum n.sp., 4, Burdwan (West Bengal) milnei Kieffer, 6, Berhampur (West Bengal) nudiceps n.sp., 3, 9, Darjeeling (West Bengal) numerus n.sp., 6, Darjeeling (West Bengal) pseudoflagellatum n.sp., 6, Durgapur (West Bengal) purimanus Kieffer, & , Calcutta (West Bengal) rufomarginalis n.sp., 8, 2, Burdwan (West Bengal) sealaenulus (Edwards), 3, 9, Barkuda Is. (Orissa) tripartitum (Kieffer) 6, 2 (Orissa and West Bengal) tripunctum n.sp., d, Darjeeling (West Bengal). KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GENUS POL YPEDILUM KIEFFER IN WEST BENGAL IWinsiwithidarkmarkinestand’elouds Zr EE 2 med Winesunmarked nee ee ar 14 Plhoraxowith bands Ormarkines, IE 3 =e NOLAXGwithOutL bands On markings neee GEER 8 SEeAppendagesishortandibroadwithisetaeger nn re 4 — Appendage 1 long and narrow without setae ........................................ 6 4. ARlessthan 1. Abdomen withmarkingsorbands .................. lineatum n.sp. — AR more than 1. Abdomen without markings or bands ........................... 5 5. Fore tibial scale pointed. Anal point tongue-like, constricted at the middle … … eN EEE griseoguttatum Kief. Fore tibial scale blunt. Anal point narrow with pointed apex … … SVN UNE, PRIS OR RE ENGINE AE DE annulatipes Kief. 6. Abdominal terga I—VII with alternate dark brown and pale bands................ RIT pote LU ee Fo OS Jane Ae denn insolitum n.sp. — »Abdomen:withoutsuchbands urn EE atd deed CT 7 7. Thorax yellow in colour. Coronal setae 4. Appendage 2 with a long setae........ RO ATI RR SEA soa ended OSE at flagellatum n.sp. — Thorax red in colour. Coronal seta absent. Appendage 2 with normal setae..... Ree a ARR MR I EA Ra rufomarginalis n.sp. STATA PONI AH iste Eee ME ARE ALOE EEE 9 — Analpointisimple Me Bee RL Re 11 9. Fore femur with dark brown apical band. Appendage 1 flattened ............ 10 — Fore femur without dark brown apical band. Appendage 1 narrow................ Be ee EG nr LG ah Let Ab chaudhurii n.sp. 10. Anal point lanceolate, lateral branches of anal point short and blunt.............. E ER RI eR A deb O Va o A MZ DI lucidum n.sp. — Analpointlongandpointed -....:................................... tripunctum n.sp. 11. Legswithbandsonfemurandtibia .................................. brumale Kieffer — Legs without bands on femur and tibia ............................................. 12 12. Appendage 1 club-shapedwithnumeroussetae .................... numerus n.sp. = Appendagenisimplekwvatlmaktemise aCMEN PER EEE EEE 15 13. Analpointhood-likeandinturned .................................. albipalpus n.sp. —_ wAnalpeintsimple TITTI ani milnei Kieffer 146 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 4, 1981 14. Thorax with bands or markings Mers 15 — ‘Thorax without bandstormarkings nn... RR 16 15. Mid and hind tibia with brown apical band. Abdominal segments II, III, V and Vilwithdarkibrownibands) Zee mer fasciatipennis n.sp. — Mid and hind tibia without bands. Abdominal segments without such bands .. ee LE SSSR N ag pe ascium n.sp. 16. Abdominal segments with bands. Appendage 2 finger-like and uniform in diameterbeanngineurved SCIARE RR nudiceps n.sp. — Abdominal segments without band. Appendage 2 with narrow base and wide apex bearing incurved setae, outermost seta unusually long .................. ha ER LOR RIA NI ARR AIA RARE, RO pseudoflagellatum n.sp. REFERENCES (When marked with an asterisk, the original publication was not seen.) Edwards, F. W., 1929. British non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae).— Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 77: 279—430. Freeman, P.,1958. A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of Sahara. IV. — Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. Ent. 4: 263—363. , 1961. The Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia. — Aust. J. Zool. 9: 611—737. Frommer, S., 1967. Review of the anatomy of adult Chironomidae. — Calif. Mosquito Control Ass. Tech. Ser. Bull. 1: 1—39. Goetghebuer, M., 1934. Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae du Congo Belge. — Revue Zool. Bot. afr. 25: 191—205. —, 1936. Chironomidae du Congo Belge. — Ibid. 28: 453—492. ——, 1937. Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d'Europe. — Bull. Annls Soc. r. ent. Belg. 77: 273—280. Guha, D. K., & P. K. Chaudhuri, 1979. A new species of genus Cryptochironomus Kieffer (Chironomidae, Diptera) from West Bengal. — Bull. Zool. Surv. Ind. 2 (1): 95—98. Johannsen, O. A., 1932. Chironomidae of the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. — Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 11: 503—552. Kieffer, J. J., 1910. Etude sur les Chironomides des Indes Orientales, avec description de quelques nouvelles espéces d’Egypte. — Mem. Indian Mus. 2: 181—242. , 1911a. Contributions to the fauna of Yunnan. IV. Les Chironomides. — Rec. Indian Mus. 6: 27—30. , 1911b. Descriptions de nouveaux Chironomides de l’Indian Museum de Calcutta — Ibid. 6: 113-117. —, 1911c. Les Chironomides (Tendipedidae) de l'Himalaya et d’Assam. — Ibid. 6: 319—349. ———, 1911d. Diptera. Chironomidae der Seychellen-Inseln, aus der Sammlung von Mr. H. Scott. — Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Zool., 14: 331—366. —, 1913. Nouvelle étude sur les Chironomides de I’Indian Museum de Calcutta — Ibid. 9: 119—197. , 1915. Fauna faeroensis: 2. Tendipedidae (Chironomidae). — Zool. Jb. 39: 103—120. , 1921. Chironomides nouveaux ou peu connus de la région palaearctique. — Bull. Soc. Hist. nat. Metz. 29: 51—109. , 1922. Chironomides de l’Afrique Equatoriale. Ile partie. — Annls Soc. ent. Fr., 91: 1—72. 1925. Chironomides d’Egypte (Dipt.). — Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte 8: 244—313. Kruseman, G., 1949. Note on Tendipedidae of the Suez Canal. — Bijdr. Dierk. 28: 249 —254. * Lundström, C., 1916. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dipteren Finlands. X. Suppl. 4: Bibionidae, Chironomidae, Tipulidae. — Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 44: 5—25. Saether, O. A., 1971. Notes on general morphology and terminology of the Chironomidae (Diptera). — Can. Ent. 103: 1237—1260. CHAUDHURI, GUHA & Das GUPTA: Polypedilum from India 147 ——, 1974. Morphology and terminology of female genitalia in Chironomidae (Diptera). — Ent. Tidskr. Suppl. 95: 216—224. —, 1977. Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera; morphology, phylogenies, keys. — Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 197: 1—210. * Skuse, F. A. A., 1889. Diptera of Australia. Part VI. The Chironomidae. — Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W. 2: 215—311. Sublette, J. E., & M. S. Sublette, 1973. Family Chironomidae. — In: Delfinado, M., & E. D. Hardy (Eds.): Catalogue of the Diptera of the Oriental region, Suborder Nematocera, 1: 289— 422. — University Press of Hawaii. Townes, H. K., 1945. The Nearctic species of Tendipedini (Diptera: Tendipedidae — Chironomi- dae). — Amer. Midl. Nat. 34: 1—206. UN Dre 10 2 fa = te Tr se ei TI) 799° DEEL 124 AFLEVERING 5 1981 MUS, COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY 7 AUG S «ac AUG 5 19 81 THDSCURIFT ei UNIVERSITY VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE UITGEGEVEN DOOR DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING INHOUD Z. Boucex, A. WarsHam and J. T. Wieses. — The fig wasp fauna of the recep- tacles of Ficus thonningii (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea), p. 149—233, figs. 1—158, four colour-plates. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 124, afl. 5 Gepubliceerd 20-VII-1981 Se THE FIG WASP FAUNA OF THE RECEPTACLES OF FICUS THONNINGII (HYMENOPTERA, CHALCIDOIDEA) by Z. BOUCEK!), A. WATSHAM?) and J. T. WIEBES?) With 158 text-figures and four colour-plates ABSTRACT Records and descriptions of the chalcids reared from the receptacles of Ficus thonningii BI. (burkei (Miq.) Miq., petersii Warb.) mainly in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, among which the following new species: Camarothorax brevimucro Boutek, spec. nov.; equicollis Boutek, spec. nov.; longimu- cro Boutek, spec. nov. — Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov. — Eurytoma ficusgallae Boucek, spec. nov. — Ficomila Boutek, gen. nov., type-species Ficomila curtivena Boutek, spec. nov.; gambiensis (Risbec) Boutek, comb. nov. from Decatoma. — Otitesella tsamvi Wiebes, spec. nov. — Ormyrus flavipes Boutek, spec. nov.; subconicus Boutek, spec. nov.; watshami Boucek, spec. nov. — Philotrypesis parca Wiebes, spec. nov. — Syceurytoma Boutek, gen. nov, type-species Syceurytoma ficus Boutek, spec. nov. — Sycophila flaviclava Boutek, spec. nov.; kestraneura (Masi) Boutek, comb. nov. from Decatoma; modesta Boutek, spec. nov.; naso Boucek, spec. nov.; punctum Boutek, spec. nov.; sessilis Boutek, spec. nov. Sycoryctes hirtus Wiebes, spec. nov.; remus Wiebes, spec. nov. — Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes, spec. nov. — Sycotetra Boutek, gen. nov., type-species Sycotetra serricornis Boutek, spec. nov. — Watshamiel- la Wiebes, gen. nov., type-species Watshamiella alata Wiebes, spec. nov. — The following known species are recorded from the receptacles of Ficus thonningii: Alfonsiella brongersmai Wiebes; longiscapa Joseph. — Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi). — Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi. — The following new species and combinations originate from other localities: Camarothorax africanus (Wiebes) Boutek, comb. nov. from Sycobia (ex Ficus cf. eriobotryoides K. & B., Sierra Leone); imerinensis (Risbec) Boutek, comb. nov. from Callimomus (Malagasy); orientalis (Wiebes) Boutek, comb. nov. from Sycobia (ex Ficus reflexa Thunb., Aldabra). — Ormyrus chevalieri (Risbec) Bouéek, comb. nov. from Monobaeus; decaryi (Risbec) Boutek, comb. nov. from Tribaeus. — Sycophila, new combinations, all from Decatoma: aethiopica (Silvestri) Boucek; cassinopsisi (Risbec) Boutek); nigrofasciata (Risbec) Boutek; ruandensis (Risbec) Boutek; rubra (Risbec) Boutek; xiphigaster (Risbec) Boutek. — Watshamiella infida Wiebes, spec. nov. (ex. Ficus religiosa L., Sri Lanka); stilifera (Wiebes) Wiebes, comb. nov. from Sycoscapteridea (ex Ficus stupenda Miq., North Borneo). A key is given to the chalcids associated with the receptacles of F. thonningii, irrespectively whether coming from evidently galled ones or not. The species having a closer association with the fig, especially the pollinators, are also mentioned in the introductory description of the fig.cycle and the chalcid wasp fauna of the best studied species of Ficus are reviewed. 1) Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, c/o British Museum (Natural History), London, England. 2) St. Ignatius College, Salisbury, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. 3) c/o Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Raamsteeg 2, Leiden, The Netherlands (requests for reprints to be sent to this address). 149 150 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 INTRODUCTION For some years, one of us has been observing fig insects from what is called Ficus burkei on Chishawasha Mission, near Salisbury, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. In the present paper, the general chapter on the fig cycle and the colour-plates are by his hand (A. W.). The insects collected were sent for identification to Europe, where they were divided into two lots, viz., the Agaonidae and the groups known as Sycoecini, Philotrypesini, Sycoryctini and Otitesellini (treated by J. T. W.), and the Epichrysomallinae, Eurytomidae and Ormyridae (treated by Z. B.). In a short chapter on the classification of chalcidoid fig wasps, some alterations are suggested as to their placement in one of the families Torymidae and Pteromali- dae (Z. B.) Some additional material was collected by Dr. M. G. Bingham (Lusaka) in Zambia, or taken from the BMNH collection. Also some colleagues from South Africa, viz., Dr. C. Eardley (Pretoria), Dr. S. Neser (Stellenbosch) and Dr. M. L. Penrith (Windhoek) kindly sent fig material when requested. In several instances, our treatment led to a revision of the genus or group concerned, and typical material of extralimital species or forms from other host Ficus, were requested on loan. Thanks are due to the curators of the following collections, for complying with our requests (the abbreviations of the institutes are those used throughout the text): British Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH); Cornell University, Entomology Department, Ithaca, N.Y.; Labo- ratorio di Entomologia, Bologna (LEB); Muséum National d'Histoire Natu- relle, Paris (MNHN); Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (RMNH). Acknowledgements are also due to Dr. C. C. Berg (University of Utrecht, The Netherlands), for botanical help and reading portions of the manuscript. Dr. R. B. Drummond of the Salisbury Herbarium arranged for the preserving of the Ficus-specimen and was helpful with botanical advise. Publication of the four colour-plates was made possible by a grant from the Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Stichting at Amsterdam. THE FIG CYCLE Ficus thonningii Blume is an extremely variable species in which can be included Ficus burkei (Miquel) Miquel and F. petersii Warburg, hitherto sepa- rated on minor differences in leaves and figs. Although their conspecificity is recognized, the names F. burkei and petersii are still used here, as samples have been sent under those names. In Ficus thonningii s.l. the trees are up to 15 m high. The leaves are obovate to elliptic or even lanceolate, glabrous or beneath pubescent, the apex is short-acuminate to obtuse, the base acute to rounded: The figs are borne in the leave axils or just below the leaves, they are sessile or pedunculate, sparsely puberulous to densely pubescent. Material of Ficus thonningü is often confused with Ficus natalensis Hochstetter and F. craterosto- ma Mildbread & Burret. The latter two species are sometimes treated as distinct, by others considered as inseparable (e.g., Palmer, 1977: 85, 89). When sectioned a fig can be seen to have a space in the centre, surrounded by Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 151 i inhibited ripening until insects leave ‘parasites! oviposit from emergence of males 6 mating emergence È of females oviposition pollination anthers develop 'lodgers' arrival of enter and pollinator nematodes oviposit collects pollen Figs. 1—6. Ficus thonningii BI. and Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi). 1, section through a young fig (in the receptive stage B); 2, female florets, with styles of different lengths; 3, male floret (ripe in stage D); 4, general appearance of a twig with leaves and figs; 5, female fig wasp, showing pollen pockets (p); 6, the fig cycle, running from a young receptable A, over B (in which the pollinators and the lodgers enter), C (in which most parasites oviposit) and D (from which the wasps of the new generation emerge), to the ripe fig E, the fruits of which are dispersed, a.o. by birds. (Scale to figs and insects of fig. 6). florets, the outer layer being an enlarged receptacle (fig. 1). Bracts form an ostiole by which insects may enter; entrance is limited to those insects that are adapted to crawling through narrow places. Such adaptations of the female of Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (fig. 5) are seen in the legs, the wings and the head and antennae. The legs, hind and front, are powerfully developed, whereas the middle pair are not. The tibiae are short and strong, with numerous spines. The head has a sunken central membraneous region, which allows it to be deformed when entering, and protects part of the antennae. The mandibular appendage may assist her in forcing her way in. The trailing segments of the antennal club and funicle break off and the wings detach when she enters the fig. At the early stage (B, fig. 6) it is comparatively easy for the female to crawl in through the ostiole. Inside there is a space for her, surrounded by an even layer of 152 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 stigmas (synstigma, Galil & Eisikowitch, 1968: 261 '). In the section of the fig it can be seen that the styles are of different lengths (fig. 2). The insect has a short ovipositor, which limits her ability to lay eggs in the florets with the shorter styles: in these the new generation of wasps will develop. The florets with the longer styles are more likely to become seeds. The receptacle is monoecious, the male florets are scattered amongst the female and there are relatively few (about 10%). Ovipositing and pollinating will commence when the wasp has entered and proceed for some hours. If there are other insects also there, she will not be disturbed, but her ovipositing will be restricted. Other species may enter: of these Crossogaster odorans is the most common. Less common is Phagoblastus barbarus. Recently, it was published that a species of Phagoblastus pollinates the flowers of Ficus vogelii (Miq.) Miq. in Ghana, although it is not as efficient as is the Agaonid (Allotriozoon heterandromorphum Grandi). According to Newton & Lomo (1979: 29) this relative ineffectiveness of the Phagoblastus probably results from two factors. One is that the only pollen carried into the fig by the female wasp is that adhering to the outside of her body. The other factor is that transfer of pollen from the insect’s body to the synstigma is probably a matter of chance, brought about as the insect crawls around. In Ficus thonningii, pollina- tion is a deliberate act by the Elisabethiella and she carries the pollen in special pockets (fig. 5). After pollination, she cannot leave the fig, due to the arrange- ment of the ostiole, however, she has only a short time to live. Nematodes inside her will feed on her remains, growing rapidly to about 0.7 mm. They emerge from the gastral end as a number of large nematodes, twisted together, and inert. The species was recently described as Parasitodiplogaster sycophilon Poinar (1979). A general account on figs and nematodes was published by Martin et al. (1973). Next to Elisabethiella stuckenbergi, there are two other Agaonids entering the receptacle in stage B, viz., Alfonsiella brongersmai and longiscapa. They may be lodgers in the fig, just as are the Crossogaster and Phagoblastus, and pollinate only occasionally. They have functional pollen pockets and pollen can some- times be seen in them, but nothing is known of their behaviour. It is known for the Elisabethiella: while continuing oviposition, she periodically will stretch for- ward both head and thorax, and at the same time fold the legs back so that the feet touch the edges of the pollen pockets. It can be seen from the side that the thorax, which is normally arched, flattens out, drawing the coxae of the front legs forward and exposing the pockets. It is presumed that the pollen removed from the pockets with the feet is then applied to the stigmal surfaces as she rubs the feet about. The action may be done once, or repeated a number of times before pausing. Thus, five species are found to oviposit inside the fig, viz., Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi) Crossogaster odorans Wiebes Alfonsiella brongersmai Wiebes Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi Alfonsiella longiscapa Joseph 1) General reference is here made to a series of papers by Galil and collaborators on the pollination of figs (review in Galil, 1977). Some of the terms used in the present paper were taken from Galil et al., as are the indications of the developmental stages of the receptacle. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 153 The fig develops inwards. — After pollination, the florets and galls enlarge, completely filling the space, and crushing the remains of the insects. In this state, the nematods may be overlooked, but if the fig is cut up and placed in water, they can be found. A number of species of chalcids oviposit through the skin of the fig. They have various methods of forcing the ovipositor through the hard receptacle, as de- scribed by several authors (review in Wiebes, 1977: 224—227, fig. 8). Some are evidently adapted to this task by the structure of their ovipositing organs, which they can raise high over the substratum, or they can guide the ovipositor by the long valves. Other species are quite normal and have their ovipositor concealed in the gaster. Some are known to behave as the cuckoo and have been termed “cleptoparasites’’. They lay their eggs later than the wasps that enter the fig, and they tend to emerge before, so their rate of development is faster. They cannot themselves cause the florets to develop, so have to rely for their larval food on one already started. Some take only plant tissue prepared by the Agaonid, e.g. this is known for Philotrypesis caricae (L.) from the Common Fig. Other species are supposed, by their being noticeably smaller than the other wasps, to be para- sitoids of any of the other larvae, killing it and eating its body contents. The fol- lowing is a list of those to be found ovipositing from the outside: Philotrypesis parca Wiebes Ficomila curtivena Boutek Watshamiella alata Wiebes Ficomila gambiensis (Risbec) Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes Sycophila kestraneura (Masi) Sycoryctes remus Wiebes Sycophila punctum Boutek Sycoryctes hirtus Wiebes Sycophila sessilis Boucek Otitesella tsamvi Wiebes Sycophila modesta Boutek Sycotetra serricornis Boutek Camarothorax equicollis Boutek Camarothorax longimucro Boutek Camarothorax brevimucro Boutek Eurytoma ficusgallae Boucek Sycophila naso Boutek Sycophila flaviclava Boutek Ormyrus watshami Boutek Ormyrus flavipes Boutek Ormyrus subconicus Boutek Syceurytoma ficus Boutek It should be stated that we found it difficult to draw a line between the obligato- ry fig wasps and those which apparently have a looser or even very loose associa- tion with the figs. We have included in the study the chalcids which frequently oc- cur in the galled receptacles, whether these finally develop into normal or sub- normal syconia. However, there are a number of other insects that use figs as a suitable niche, but are not closely associated with them. Even if they are some- times present in considerable numbers, as e.g., parasites of dipterous eggs de- posited into the tissues of the fig, or of other insects using the fig in a similar way, they are regarded as being out of the scope of this paper. The chalcids associated with such facultative inhabitants of the figs belong mostly to the genera Eupel- mus Dalman, Anastatus Motschulsky, Pediobius Walker, Tetrastichus Haliday, etc. The fig grows outwards. — As the fig grows, the central space will be formed again. This allows more freedom of movement. Nematode eggs can be found between the bracts of the florets. Inside the eggs, the juvenile nematode can be 154 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 seen sliding about. As the space is formed in the centre of the fig, the male insects start to emerge from their galls. This can be encouraged by opening the nearly developed fig. The male Elisabethiella makes an opening in his gall and sits on the edge of the gall. He looks with the aid of his antennae for galls containing females of his species, which are usually in one region. There is probably something in them that attracts him, as he will continue to open a female gall even when she has been removed. He bites a hole in the female gall and inserts the tubular segments of his gaster and mates. This process takes about half a minute from finding to insertion. He continues looking for females. : Other wingless males emerge at the same time. These eae their own galls and go in search of the females: in the species which oviposit from the outside, perhaps they are more scattered than the Elisabethiella, and so need to be looked for. The males bite an opening into the female gall and slip in to mate with her inside. This behaviour may be different for the different species, but this can be more easily studied now they have been distinguished and described. As the males are very similar to each other, and differ completely from the females, in most cases it was necessary to collect mating pairs. As each pair mated, they were collected. The winged females can be collected on forceps and presented to the males. The other species will reject them, while the correct one will stroke her face and then mount and mate. Later in this stage (fig. 6, D), the Elisabethiella males make several openings in the receptacle and the females start to leave. When the Elisabethiella female crosses an anther, she is stimulated to collect pollen. She rubs her fore legs as though wiping the feet on a mat, and raises them to place the pollen into the pockets. After having crawled out of the receptacle, she flies off. The complete cycle may take about 50 to 60 days, though it is variable. Ficus capensis Thunb. takes about this time, and it is quite easy to find fruit at different stages, most of the year. The Ficus burkei seems to have a similar lot of fruit available, but it is not always so easy to find. At certain times there is much ripe fruit and many thousands of insects are emerging, but it is difficult to find any trees with young fruit that would receive these insects. This may be due to the fact that trees are cut for firewood. A careful search will reveal fruit at different stages of development. Nematodes can be seen in the newly emerged insects. At first they are crawling over the insects in the moist conditions of the fig. More than twenty can be seen easily. If the emerged insects are kept for a day in a plastic bag, fewer nematodes are seen on the outside, and some are found inside the thorax (sometimes in the pollen pockets) and gaster. They can be seen moving about, displacing the contents of the gaster. At this time they are about 0.4 mm long. The final ripening of the fig fruit. — According to Galil et al. (1973) opening of the figs allows an increase of ethylene, which encourages the final ripening of the fruit. So the insects are protected while they remain in the fig and no emergence holes have yet been made. Once the insects emerge, the fig begins to ripen and birds such as Glossy Starlings and other fruit-eating birds, also the Fruit Bats, feed on the ripe figs and aid in the dispersal of the seeds. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 155 Other insects are to be found in the fig, but they are not concerned with the cycle of the fig. These include Lepidoptera, weevils (Coleoptera) and several Hemiptera. Diptera that are interested in ripening fruit may also be found (see an interesting paper by Lachaise, 1977). THE FIG WASP FAUNA FROM FICUS THONNINGII COMPARED WITH THAT FROM OTHER FIGS The main purpose of the present paper is to give a survey of all chalcids reared from one species of fig, in order to make their symbioses open to further research. Compared to what we know of the entomofauna associated with other species of Ficus, that of Ficus thonningti is now the best known, while that of the Indian Ficus benghalensis is the next best. In general, however, our knowledge of the fig-fauna is scanty: hopefully, our survey will persuade other entomolog- ists to study the wasps of figs within their reach. In table 1 a survey is presented of selected figs and their chalcid fauna. Most sections of Old World Ficus (see Corner, 1965) are represented, but five had to be excluded for lack of relevant data (viz., Stilpnophyllum Endl., Rhizocladus Endl., Kalosyce (Miq.) Corner, Sinosycidium Corner and Adenosperma Cor- ner). In the accompanying list, the references are given that can not be found in the host catalogue (Wiebes, 1966 b). The data lead to the following conclusions. Generally, the Agaonid genera, or in some instances species-groups, are specific to their host-section(s): members of the subfamily Agaoninae are restricted to two sections of Ficus, the African representatives of which also harbour Sycoeci- nae (but see Wiebes, 1974 b for the Indo-Malayan relatives). The Sycophagini (one species of Parakoebelea excepted, see Joseph, 1957: 100) and the Apocryp- tini are restricted to figs pollinated by Ceratosolen. The Otitesellinae (with very few exceptions, not listed; see Wiebes, 1974 d) are restricted to the sections of subgenus Urostigma and to section Oreosycea. Special attention is drawn to cases where more than one Agaonid are present (nos. 18, 19, 35, 36, 78), where several species of parasitic wasps are present (nos. 8, 17, 41, 45, 48, 49, 50), or where one species was recorded from different species of Ficus (nos. 71, 77; 47, 84; 48-2, 85; 49-5, 86). The list is not in all instances definitive because some of the groups mentioned are still in need of revision. I. Section Urostigma (Gasp.) Miq. Ficus religiosa L. (see Wiebes, 1967: 419—434): 1, Platyscapa quadraticeps (Mayr) (Wiebes, 1977 b: 214); 2, Philotrypesis anguliceps (Westwood) (Abdurahiman & Joseph, 1975 b: 78); 3, Sycoryctes religiosae Wiebes; 4, Sycoscapteridea monilifera (Westwood); 5, Watshamiella infida Wiebes*; 6, Eurytoma spec. II. Section Conosycea (Miq.) Corner Ficus benghalensis L. (see Wiebes, 1967: 400—419): 7, Eupristina masoni Saunders; 8, Philotrype- sis transiens (Walker) & affinis (Westwood); 9, Sycoscapter stabilis (Walker) (S. insignis Westwood, 1883: 35, d; Indothymus crenulatus Joseph, 1953: 77, ®); 10, Sycoryctes spec.; 11, Sycoscapteridea guruti Joseph & Abdurahiman (1969: 42); 12, Micranisa pteromaloides (Walker); 13, Walkerella temeraria Westwood (Joseph & Abdurahiman, 1969: 44); 14, Sycobia bethyloides Walker; 15, Sycophilodes moniliformis Joseph; 16, Sycophilomorpha saptapurensis Joseph & Abdurahiman 156 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Table 1. Groups and selected genera of fig insects, with the Ficus species from which they were Fig wasps: Blastophaginae Agaoninae Sycoecinae Sycophagini Apocryptini Philotrypesini Sycoryctini Otitesellinae Epichrysomallinae Eurytominae Ormyrinae Platyscapa Eupristina Waterstoniella Blastophaga Dolichoris Kradibia Ceratosolen Pleistodontes Allotriozoon Elisabethiella Alfonsiella Crossogaster Phagoblastus Sycophaga Eukoebelea Parakoebelea Idarnes Apocrypta Philotrypesis Sycoscapter Arachonia Sycoryctes Sycoryeteridea Sycoscapteridea Watshamiella Otitesella Micranisa Walkerella Grandiana Grassetana Sycobia Pembertonia Sycophilodes Sycophilomorpha Sycotetra Camarothorax Eurytoma Syceurytoma Ficomila Sycophila Ormyrus — religiosa benghalensis N 12 13 15 16 etupenda 19 20 21 22 23 24 reared. macrophylla 25 26 27 28 eriobotryoides 29 30 31 32 33 34 thonningtt 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 callosa 51 52 53 54 eartea 55 56 57 exasperata 58 59 60 laterifolia 61 62 nota 63 64 65 66 67 variegata 68 69 70 Sn racemosa 72 73 74 75, 76 77 eycomorus 78 85 86 (1969: 37); 17, Sycophila decatomoides Walker and other species (? Decatoma, Joseph & Abdurahi- man, 1968). Ficus stupenda Miq. (see Wiebes, 1966 b: 163—192): 18, Waterstoniella masii (Grandi); 19, “Blastophaga” errata Wiebes; 20, Sycoscapter reticulatus Wiebes; 21, Arachonia borneensis Wiebes; 22, Sycoryctes hilli Wiebes; 23, Watshamiella stilifera (Wiebes)*; 24, Grandiana corneliae Wiebes. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 157 III. Section Malvanthera Corner Ficus macrophylla Desf. ex Pers.: 25, Pleistodontes froggatti Mayr; 26, Philotrypesis aterrima Saunders; 27, Sycoryctes australis (Froggatt); 28, Pembertonia ficicola Gahan. IV. Section Galoglychia (Gasp.) Endl. Ficus cf. eriobotryoides K. & B. (see Wiebes, 1971: 367—383): 29, Allotriozoon prodigiosum Grandi; 30, Philotrypesis finitimorum Wiebes; 31, Sycoscapter montis Wiebes; 32, Sycoryctes lomaensis Wiebes; 33, Otitesella royi Wiebes; 34, Camarothorax africanus (Wiebes)*. Ficus thonningü Bl. (present paper): 35, Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi); 36, Alfonsiella brongersmai Wiebes & longiscapa Joseph; 37, Crossogaster odorans Wiebes*; 38, Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi; 39, Philotrypesis parca Wiebes*; 40, Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes*; 41, Sycoryctes remus Wiebes* & hirtus Wiebes*; 42, Watshamiella alata Wiebes*; 43, Otitesella tsamvi Wiebes*; 44, Sycotetra serricornis Boutek*; 45, Camarothorax equicollis Boutek*, longimucro Boutek* & brevimucro Boutek*; 46, Eurytoma ficusgallae Boutek*; 47, Syceurytoma ficus Boutek*; 48, Ficomila curtivena Boutek* & gambiensis (Risbec)*; 49, Sycophila kestraneura (Masi)*, punctum Boutek*, sessilis Boutek*, modesta Boutek*, naso Boutek* & flaviclava Boutek*; 50, Ormyrus watshami Boutek*, subconicus Boutek* & flavipes Boutek*. V. Section Oreosycea (Miq.) Corner Ficus callosa Willd.: 51, Dolichoris malabarensis (Abdurahiman & Joseph) (Wiebes, 1979 a: 188); 52, Sycoryctes callosa Abdurahiman & Joseph (1975 a: 103); 53, Sycorycteridea keralensis Abdurahi- man & Joseph (1975 a: 99); 54, Grasseiana callosa Abdurahiman & Joseph (1967: 14). VI. Section Ficus L. Ficus carica L.: 55, Blastophaga psenes (L.); 56, Philotrypesis caricae (L.); 57, Sycoscapteridea raoi Joseph. VII. Section Sycidium Mid. Ficus exasperata Vahl: 58, Kradibia gestroi (Grandi) (Wiebes, 1978 a: 176); 59, Philotrypesis quadrisetosa (Westwood); 60, Sycoscapteridea longipalpus (Joseph). Ficus laterifolia Vahl: 61, Kradibia cowani Saunders (Wiebes, 1978 a: 174); 62, Sycoscapter gibbus Saunders (Wiebes, 1978 b: 187). VIII. Section Sycocarpus Miq. Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr.: 63, Ceratosolen notus (Baker); 64, Eukoebelea nota (Baker); 65, Apocrypta larvalis (Baker); 66, Philotrypesis similis Baker; 67, Sycoryctes bakeri Wiebes. IX. Section Neomorphe King Ficus variegata Bl.: 68, Ceratosolen appendiculatus (Mayr); 69, Eukoebelea spinitarsus (Mayr); 70, Philotrypesis bimaculata Mayr; 71, Sycoryctes patellaris Mayr. X. Subgenus Sycomorus (Gasp.) Miq. Ficus racemosa L.: 72, Ceratosolen fusciceps (Mayr); 73, Eukoebelea brevitarsis (Grandi); 74, Parakoebelea stratheni Joseph; 75, Idarnes testacea (Mayr); 76, Apocrypta westwoodi Grandi; 77, Sycoryctes patellaris Mayr. Ficus sycomorus L. (see Wiebes, 1968: 307—320): 78, Ceratosolen arabicus Mayr & galili Wiebes; 79, Sycophaga sycomori (L.); 80, Eukoebelea sycomori Wiebes; 81, Parakoebelea gigas (Mayr); 82, Idarnes gracilis Wiebes; 83, Apocrypta longitarsus Mayr; 84, Syceurytoma ficus Boutek*; 85, Ficomila gambiensis (Risbec)*; 86, Sycophila naso Boutek*. REFLECTIONS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF CHALCIDOID FIG WASPS It is still rather premature to give proper taxonomic assignment of most * New species or new combination published in the present paper. 158 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 chalcidoid groups associated with the figs, to the families as they are recognised today. It can be said that the closer is this association, the more difficult it is to trace the links with the most closely related non-fig-associated groups. Despite certain controversies most authors agree that the genus Ficus was already present and abundant in the Cretaceous period. However, there is but one fossil record of an Agaonid (Brues, 1910) and also records of the other Chalcidoidea are very scanty, especially of the groups of the “pteromaloid complex”, i.e., families most closely related to Pteromalidae, including Torymidae, Eurytomi- dae and Agaonidae. So far the main source has been an analysis of the morpho- logical characters, supplemented by some biological evidence. This analysis seems to suggest that at least some of the relevant groups have nothing to do with the Torymidae under which most of the fig wasps (apart from Agaonidae) have been recently classified. Agaonidae are best regarded as a separate family. However, it seems possible that the “‘unplaced”’ Sycoecinae are related to them, probably as a plesiomorphic (less specialised) group, pointing perhaps to a common origin of both groups in the pteromaloid complex. All the same it must be stressed that a placement of Sycoecinae in Agaonidae is still very problematic. | Apart from the neotropical genus Physothorax Mayr, which undoubtedly belongs to Torymidae, subfamily Toryminae, two other groups seem to have closer links with Torymidae, viz., Apocryptini and Sycophagini. They might be regarded as two tribes of a special subfamily Sycophaginae. Another, but more questionably torymid subfamily may constitute the Sycoryctinae. They may include two tribes, Sycoryctini (here also the neotropical Critogaster Mayr) and Philotrypesini. Both are undoubtedly closely related, but there are almost as many reasons to classify them under Pteromalidae as are in favour of the Torymidae. A few further groups seem to be placed best in the family Pteromalidae. Here belong Otitesellinae which include, apart from several palaeotropical genera (listed e.g., in Hill, 1967) also the neotropical Aepocerus Mayr and Heterandri- um Mayr. Yet another pteromalid subfamily, although completely different from Otitesellinae, may be Epichrysomallinae. They may retain the subfamily status, being sufficiently different from, although related to, the Brachyscelidi- phaginae (Epichrysomalla Girault was originally described along with several genera of the latter group), possibly as their apomorphic sister group, as suggested by Leeweniella Ferrière. Both groups are of phytophagous habits, but Epichrysomallinae are associated exclusively with figs (palaeotropical), galling the female florets as do the Agaonidae, but apparently ovipositing through the fig wall. Otherwise the coiled ovipositor reminds us much of certain Eurytomi- dae. However, Epichrysomallinae do not seem to be closely related to the eurytomids, as found independently, on other evidence, also by M. Copland (in litt.). The remaining groups Eurytomidae and Ormyridae do not pose many prob- lems, but it should be noted that the latter group shows close relationship with Torymidae and should perhaps be better regarded as a subfamily of Torymidae, as they were in the past. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 159 Thus, in the present paper the following classification is used: Family Subfamily Tribe Agaonidae Agaoninae Blastophaginae (not placed) Sycoecinae Torymidae Toryminae Sycophaginae Sycophagini Apocryptini Ormyrinae Torymidae Sycoryctinae Philotrypesini or Pteromalidae Sycoryctini Pteromalidae Otitesellinae i Epichrysomallinae Eurytomidae Eurytominae In the following descriptive part, the groups are treated in the sequence of the above classification, which is that given by their association with the figs; for the reason of their rather loose association with Ficus, however, the Ormyrinae are treated last. The Blastophaginae and Sycophaginae are not represented in Ga- loglychia-figs, as is evident from table 1. pay Oo = KEY TO THE FIG WASPS FROM FICUS THONNINGII MEullwWineedsfemalesandimales eee ere EEE RENE COORTE 2 APLeTOUSONbDEACRYpDIE TOUS AMAlES ONLY PE CEE EEE EC RE ERE 36 . Females: gaster with distinct tail formed either by the ovipositor and its sheaths, or also by extremely narrowed last one or two tergites ............ 3 Females without such a slender tail: ovipositor sheaths short, hardly ex- serted; or males, i.e., with last sternite virtually reaching apex of gaster .... 12 WINGED FEMALES WITH TAILS Narrow gastral tail formed for a great part by one or two ultimate tergites ... 4 Last tergite short, tail formed by the ovipositor and its sheaths ............ 8 Tail formed in anterior part by two ultimate tergites (the proximal of which is recognizable by the very small spiracular peritremes) and, in hinder portion, by long protruding ovipositor and sheaths (Philotrypesini) ................ NEE EBEN BEN ED ieee HORDE ESS E DE EE Philotrypesis parca Tail formed by the last tergite, i.e., the apparent gaster ending with the eighth urotergite, which bears the spiracular peritremes (Sycoryctini) ...... 5 . Stigmal vein produced into a boot-like stigma (fig. 64), the fore wing with long setae in the marginal-stigmal angle; the epistomal margin produced intojantacutesprojection(figs65) rr er Sycoscapter cornutus Stigmal vein more normal, the wings at most with some long setae along the veins (but may be pilose all over); the epistomal margin straight or with wide TODESPRPARMA NEE EN DAN LE MER AE LO Or 6 . Epistomal margin widely lobed (fig. 68); the wings hyaline but for some 160 10. JUL 12} 13; 14. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 Setacalongtheveins(Syconyctes) EEE E EE EE TEE 7 Epistomal margin straight (fig. 62); the wings evenly pilose ................ cre Anka an he sie RR Watshamiella alata The legs up to and including the tibiae dark .............. Sycoryctes remus The legs from the femora onwards yellowish ............ Sycoryctes hirtus . Antennal scape strongly broadened; prognathous head with mandibles provided with a denticulate appendage; marginal vein normal and slender, postmarginal short but not rudimental (Agaoninae) ..................... 9 Antenna of more normal form; mandibles without such appendage, al- though they bear teeth directed backwards; marginal vein thickened and longer than rudimental postmarginal (Sycoecinae) ..................... 11 Funicular segments of antenna with sensilla linearia. General aspect, fig. 5 . . . . A Seed eet rey ite Re IREH RER. For Elisabethiella stuckenbergi siella) - fatten de i ate Re: Ia ei MR SEHEN DAR Ohr O 10 Head scarcely longer than wide (fig. 14), mandibular appendage with twenty ventral rows of teeth; antennal scape not produced.................. iran iena ati Babe 2 Alfonsiella brongersmai Head distinctly longer than wide (fig. 15), mandibular appendage with thirty-five ventral rows of teeth; antennal scape with an apical process. . ...... RAMUS VARO ODE SPR ATE OSM ER CR Alfonsiella longiscapa Antenna with one anellus, funicle with long sensilla chaetica; fore tibia with adorso-apicaly bidentate hook Ere wer SRO Crossogaster odorans Antenna with two anelli, funicle with sensilla linearia; fore tibia with a comb oficonicaliteettà i SIC RO ... Phagoblastus barbarus WINGED FEMALES WITHOUT TAILS AND WINGED MALES Gaster with at least some coarse sculpture; marginal vein very long, at least seven times as long as short stigmal vein; antenna thirteen-segmented, with twolanell'(Ormyrinae) am me Ze ee ie ee EEEE 13 Gaster without any coarse sculpture, either smooth or virtually so; marginal vein never so much longer than the stigmal vein ....................... 15 Mid lobe of mesoscutum in both sexes mainly bare, pilosity reduced to few dark bristles on posterior half; in 2 gaster mostly not longer than head plus thorax combined, dorsally keeled; femora and tibiae dark; in d legs and sides of thorax testaceous, gaster flat and shiny, two middle tergites usually each with two exposed rows of deep foveolae .......... Ormyrus watshami Mesoscutum (and scutellum) all over with regular subdecumbent pilosity; othercharacters also pattly.different.... nen. er ne EEEN: 14 Femora and tibiae in both sexes testaceous; in © gaster anteriorly rather high, compressed, but its apical third (from middle of sixth tergite) abruptly narrowed and slightly upturned; middle tergites each with a row of raised short ridges but deep foveolae at base of tergites often concealed; in d gaster slightly dull (also between foveolae), fairly densely punctulate ........-. Set t o, Gail CORO Pet Ormyrus flavipes Femora, sometimes also tibiae, in both sexes more or less infuscate and 15} 16. IE 18. 9: 20. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 161 pedicellus slightly shorter than in alternate; in © gaster not high, almost gradually tapering, subconical, usually tergites 3 to 5 with exposed deep foveolae at base, just in front of serrate rows of short ridges; in d gaster with distinct smooth interspaces between deep foveolae .. Ormyrus subconicus Body with metallic gloss, very finely reticulate; in 9 apex of gaster slightly eunyineäyentrad.(Otiteselinae)er nee een Otitesella tsamvi Body non-metallic, frequently either almost smooth or with distinct sculp- ture on thorax and mostly also on head; apex of gaster in © often curving dorsadsinever VentEad wen. Aula lie eee ARI AIRES 16 Thorax (and head) with distinct sculpture and pubescence; stigmal vein usually at acute angle or short marginal vein distinctly expanded (Eurytomi- naer he entre re bonsai eta RENE 17 Body without distinct sculpture, although often microscopically alutaceous; thorax always with pubescence reduced to pairs of bristles; marginal vein not so short or, if so, then stigmal vein arising at nearly right angle ........... 26 Gena posteriorly with strong and distinctly raised carina extending up the temple; thorax densely umbilicately punctured ........................ 18 Gena posteriorly with an edge which is blunt or at most indistinctly carinate in middle or at mandible; umbilicate punctures, if present on thorax, usually notiveryidenseir tr A AE ETA EME 19 Marginal vein distinctly swollen; gaster on distinct petiole which has ante- riorly a transverse crest; fore coxa antero-ventrally flat; mesosternal shelf very short, in middle with small rounded projection which is hollowed from both sides; genal carina smoothly joining mouth margin; body usually extensively rufous, in darkest specimens at least ventrally . . Syceurytoma ficus Marginal vein normal, slender; gaster in 2 virtually sessile; fore coxa on antero-ventral surface with strong oblique carina; mesosternal shelf sepa- rated by sinuate cross-carina; genal carina with a tooth at base of mandible, body black, legs beyond coxae usually orange ........ Eurytoma ficusgallae Mesosternal part of thorax with distinct though not high median projection excavated from the sides and, sublaterally, with slight carina marking off mesosternal shelf; marginal vein in © not longer than stigmal vein which is usually distinctly curved; wing sometimes without fuscous spot (macula) (Economia. BR, meh RETTET NIE 20 Mesosternum regularly sloping, posteriorly with median hairy depression (at mid coxae), but without any indication of delimited mesosternal shelf; marginal vein always with fuscous macula and frequently longer than the stema Velni(SY RUE ZI In © gaster dorsally broad, with fourth tergite about twice as long as the third; thorax dorsally almost always black, with dense umbilicate punctura- tion and conspicuous white pubescence; fore wing whitish, without infus- cate macula, its pilosity, including marginal fringe, very short, inconspicu- ousadiunknown ME. FETI, SI REIT SI AREN Ficomila curtivena In ® gaster compressed from sides, dorsally subcarinate, its fourth tergite hardly longer than the third; thorax usually yellowish, its pilosity and puncturation often not conspicuous; fore wing with small fuscous macula on Maroinalavcin wee aes n Ri ho biro Ficomila gambiensis 162 JAY, 22% 23) 24. 25} 26. DAR TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 Pedicel in both sexes distinctly shorter than first funicular segment; marginal vein swollen, i.e. with its lower margin convex, often strongly so (in dark larger 6); in 2 wing below submarginal vein bare or with up to 2 hairs and petiole distinctly elongate (about 1.5 x 1), gaster compressed, dorsally keeleden tedere eo ee corte Sycophila kestraneura Pedicel nearly as long as or even longer than first funicular segment; marginal vein widening distad but its lower margin (sometimes obscured by macula) either straight or even concave; partly different also in other characters fi sur. whee). Lenci ERE 22 Exposed part of prepectus with some hairs (fig. 144); in 2 wing below submarginal vein bare or with up to 2 hairs only; marginal vein only moderately widened and rather short, macula small, usually round and not reaching base of marginal vein; in d head subglobose, stout, 1.5—1.65 times as broad as long in dorsal view .................. Sycophila punctum Prepectus completely bare (occasionally with 1—2 hairs in sessilis); in 9 wing below submarginal vein at least with a sparse hairline on basal fold; in 6 head more transverse thaninalternate oe AREE 23 Gaster in © virtually sessile (fig. 148) as dorsal part of petiole is strongly transverseso unknown an SESSI SS Sycophila sessilis Gaster distinctly petiolate in both sexes, petiole in 9 mostly elongate in dorsal view: gites une: sarai alice lose EEE 24 Malar space slightly shorter than, or at most virtually as long as half of longest diameter of eye, lower extremity of eye subangular (fig. 150); in © antenna darkened but with yellow apex; interantennal crest rather steep into:serobakeavit ya ee Sycophila flaviclava Malar space at least slightly longer than half of longest eye diameter, eye broadly rounded in lower part (figs. 149, 151, 152); antenna in © uniformly darkened; not yellowiatiapex «u... Inner. moeren GEE 25 Fore wing on dorsal surface of costal cell in 9 with distinct row of erect hairs; interantennal crest gradually descending into scrobal cavity; © gaster usually with darker bands on anterior tergites; pedicel at most about 2.2 timesiasdongias broad ayy a ne Er Sycophila modesta Dorsal surface of costal cell in 2 bare or at most with odd hair; interantennal crest mostly perpendicularly descending into scrobes, forming a subrectan- gular tooth; 2 gaster usually unicoloured, yellowish or blackish; pedicel in both sexes with flat dorsal outline, usually more than 2% times as long as broadis sh ade er Sycopnila naso Only males: fore wing wholly pilose, narrow, marginal vein very long and postmarginal fully twice as long as the stigmal; antennal flagellum not or hardlyllongerthaniscapusia Ario Era MR ae Watshamiella alata Both sexes; in male venation different, wing at base extensively bare, flagellum longer: voos uier EIER IT EEE Di Only males: marginal vein thickened and at least 1.9 times as long as the stigmal, wing in area below marginal vein and parastigma pubescent; head flat;:with long mandibles (Sycoecinae) tre: ERRATE 28 Both sexes: in male marginal vein not so long and thickened, area below this vein at least partly bare; head different (Epichrysomallinae) ee ee ee RO ee ee 28. 29} 36. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 163 Head virtually as long as wide, with antennal toruli partly below lower ocular line; marginal vein fully twice as long as the stigmal; outer tooth of mandible shorter than the inner tooth (fig. 36) ................ Crossogaster odorans Head slightly but distinctly longer than wide, with antennal toruli distinctly above ocular line; marginal vein not quite twice as long as the stigmal; outer tooth of mandible longer than inner tooth (fig. 37) .. Phagoblastus barbarus Tarsi 4-segmented; notauli very superficial, in form of dark lines not nearly reaching transscutal line; scutellum anteriorly separated from axillae only by lines, not by grooves; funicular segments in both sexes separated by distinct incisions, in © funicle serrate and 6-segmented, in d 5-segmented .... PRA LR Sycotetra serricornis Tarsi 5-segmented; notauli groove-like, complete or nearly so (some d); axillar grooves also complete; flagellar segments in ? never serrate, flagel- lum fairly compact and sometimes with different number of segments; in d funicle either with 5 or 7 segments (Camarothoraxd) ae Se RER ERRT 30 . Females (gaster compressed, high, dorsally keeled) .................... 31 Males (gaster flat, much shorter than thorax) ......................... 33 . Antenna with 7 funicular segments plus small anellus; pedicel subglobose ....... BETEN TIT VITO: EOS] EIERN TOGA ENT Camarothorax equicollis Only 6 funicular segments, a small anellus and an elongate pedicel (at least PPA RA een EN URES PRONE tisi nice 32 . Gaster strongly compressed, about as long as head plus thorax, its hypopygi- um not quite reaching two-thirds along ventral edge but bearing at apex a long thin whitish projection; clypeus dorsally separated from supraclypeal akeaibyidistinct lino EN Camarothorax longimucro Gaster relatively broader and only about as long as thorax, hypopygium reaching near to apex of gaster and bearing a short projection; clypeus dorsally not separated from supraclypeal area.. Camarothorax brevimucro . Antenna with 5 funicular segments; clypeus not separated dorsally from supraclypeal area; body yellowish ............. Camarothorax brevimucro With 7 funicular segments; clypeus separated dorsally by a dark line from supraclypeal area; body often brownish .............................. 34 . Head and pronotum unusually long, each longer than broad; notaular grooves almost meeting at scutellum ............ Camarothorax equicollis Head and pronotum shorter, each at least slightly broader than medially lone-noraulimonezaparspostenionlyrz te SARNO RO OR AE OE 35 . Head only slightly broader than long, also pronotum relatively long; body brown, legs partly yellowish ........ (? a form of Camarothorax equicollis) Head obviously shorter than broad, its genae converging; pronotum trans- versesbodysyellowar Sem an ee Camarothorax longimucro APTEROUS MALES Solenogastrous i.e., the last four or five gastral segments tubularly length- ened; antenna reduced to five or six segments (Agaoninae) ............. 57 Last gastral segments not tubularly lengthened; antenna consisting of at leastitenisepments! or NAA NN 39 164 41. 42. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 . Antennae situated in a common groove (fig. 7), the club slender, not much wider than the funicle (fig. 10) ................ Elisabethiella stuckenbergi Antennae situated in separate sockets, the club much wider than the funicle (iesl3)Alfensiellay nen hr.) MER ee 38 . Head rather wide in front, the width just behind the eyes little smaller than the maximum width. General aspect, fig. 13 ...... Alfonsiella brongersmai Head distinctly narrowing frontad, the width just behind the eyes four-fifths ofthemaximum width er ee SE Alfonsiellalongiscapa . Antennae inserted high on face, at the upper ocular line, their toruli wide apart; tarsi 4-segmented, antennae 10-segmented (Otitesellinae)............ Atesina bay. Be of il a oe Ro Otitesalla tsamvi Antennae inserted near to mouth, below lower ocular line; tarsi 5-seg- mented, antennae consisting of 11 or 12 segments (Sycoryctinae) ......... 40 . Segments of antennal flagellum normal, gradually changing in shape; two basal segments of hind tarsus strongly expanded dorsally; hypostomal margin of characteristic shape: deeply incised between sublateral lobes (fig. 49) (Philotrypesini) Ar er DE Philotrypesis parca Flagellum with partly alternating larger and smaller segments, especially second funicular segments always smaller than the first; hind tarsus at most with first segment expanded; hypostomal margin at most moderately emar- ginate (or straight) (Sycoryctiml) 22... 22.0... 4-4). 20 ee 41 Tarsi with enlarged last segment but basal segments small, especially on fore tarsus (fig. 58); antenna 11-segmented .............. Sycoscapter cornutus Tarsi different, last segment not greatly enlarged, on hind tarsus first segment distinctly longer than the second; antenna 12-segmented (Sy- Conyetes) en. anal. uve ia herten 42 Head posteriorly with conspicuous cervical shield; head and thorax with abundant pilosity; antennal club usually much darker than the slender funiculus; hind basitarsus at most only moderately broadened .............. atleta Sooke Le soe N RS ERO Sycoryctus hirtus Head posteriorly only with the usual raised cross-carina; head and prono- tum, apart from usual bristles, nearly glabrous; funicular segments of antenna rather wide, club less distinctly set off, pale; hind basitarsus often ereatly;enlarseda e nat doren ted ee er Sycoryctes remus AGAONINAE In the present material, three species of Agaoninae are represented, viz., two of Alfonsiella Waterston and one of Elisabethiella Grandi. Evidently, either can act as a pollinator, but the true relationships are not understood. A key to the African genera of the Agaonidae was published by Wiebes (1974a: 34—36), one to the species of Elisabethiella in the same paper (p. 30— 31). The species here treated is a member of the species group of E. enriquesi (Grandi), with which it will be compared in the description below. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 165 Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi) (figs. 5, 7—12; pl. 1 fig. 1, 3) Blastophaga (Elisabethiella) stückenbergi Grandi, 1955: 85—87. Holotype ?, South Africa: Gra- hamstown (LEB) [examined]. Female. — Length of the head, thorax and gaster ca. 1.4 mm. Colour dark brown to blackish, the antennal scape and the tarsi of the legs lighter. Head as long as wide across the compound eyes; the eye as long as the cheek. Mandible with five ventral ridges, two apical teeth and two glands; the append- Figs. 7—12. Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi), female (12) and male (711). 7, head and thorax; 8, fore tibia and tarsus; 9, hind tibia and tarsus; 10, left antenna, ventral aspect; 11, left mandible, ventral aspect; 12, hypopygium. Figs. 13—15. Alfonsiella, sketches of: 13, male of A. brongersmai Wiebes; 14, female of A. brongersmai Wiebes; 15, female head and part of thorax of A. longiscapa Joseph. 166 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 age four times as long as wide, with about twenty rows of ten to twelve denticulations (except for the proximal and distal rows, which have less). Labium with two apical setae, the maxilla with two subapicals. Antenna: the scape three times as long as the rotundate pedicel; the segments, from the fifth onwards, with rather long sensilla covering the whole length of the segment. Thorax with large mesosternal pollen pockets; shallow coxal corbiculae and a distinct comb. Fore tibia with an apical comb of three teeth and with one ventral tooth and a spur; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 7 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 6. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 4:3:3:3:4. Hind tibia with two bidentate antiaxial and a slender, simple axial teeth; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 8:4:3:2:5. Fore wing (ca. 2 : 1) 1.3 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 10 : 2: 3 : 4; the hind wing (4 : 1) 0.7 mm long. Gaster: the hypopygium (fig. 12) has a rather short spine with a blunt apex (unknown for E. enriquesi). The ovipositor is as long as the body, over two times as long as the gaster (27 : 13). Male. — Length of the head and thorax ca. 0.9 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Head (fig. 7) as long as wide; the eye approximately one-fifth of the length of the head. The dorsal surface, especially in the anterior third, has rather stout spines directed backwards. Mandible (fig. 11) with one apical tooth and with one gland; other mouthparts atrophied. Antennae (fig. 10) situated in a common groove; there are five free segments (formula 1121), the third and fourth of which are annuliform; the club is more than twice as long as wide (20 : 9). Thorax, fig. 7. The pronotum has a distinct collar, the sclerite itself is shorter than the combined lengths of the posterior sclerites (10 : 11) and longer than wide posteriorly (20 : 19). As seen from the lateral indentations, the meso-, metanotum and propodeum are subequal in length; the mesonotum is wider than the metanotum (19 : 14), the propodeum is narrower (12). The spiracles occupy one-third of the lengh of the propodeum. Fore tibia (fig. 8) with three teeth in a dorso-apical crest and two short conical spines on the dorsal margin, a bidentate ventral apex; the tarsal segments all distinctly separate, approxi- mately in ratio 8 : 3 : 2: 1 : 7, the first and second with two and one axial cones, respectively. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 6:5:6:5:7. Hind tibia (fig. 9) with a bidentate apical crest at the antiaxial disk and a faintly bicuspidate tooth axially (Grandi mentioned a tridentate crest for E. enriquesi, which must have been the bidentate crest and the axial tooth seen as one); the tarsal segments approxi- mately in ratio 8:5:4:5: 10, the basitarsus has four conical spines in two rows (in one line in E. enriquesi) and the second has one ventral cone. Gaster: the genitalia simple. Material. — Series 236, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission, Chinamo- ra Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); Salisbury, ex Ficus burkei, series £ 8, ii-v.1977 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Kafue National Park, Ngoma, ex Ficus burkei, 6 8, 8.xii.1977 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2465); Lusaka, Chelston School, ex Ficus burkei, 7.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2472); Chipata Golf Course, ex Ficus burkei, 14 2, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2474); Lusaka, Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 167 Cathedral of the Holy Cross, ex Ficus burkei, 50 2 50 6, 16.11.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2490). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some duplicates are in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. Comments. — The number of crenulations in the transverse rows on the mandibular appendage was not clear from Grandi’s description of the female; now, the data used in my key (Wiebes, 1974a: 31) prove to be incorrect. The only differential character that remains with the female of E. enriquesi is the longer head. The male, too, should be compared with E. enriquesi and also with E. allotriozoonoides (Grandi), to which Grandi referred when describing E. enriquesi. The following couplets have to be inserted into my key to accomodate for the species mentioned. 1. Female: the antennal pedicel angular in outline, longer than wide. Male: the head distinctly longer than wide (7:6), the pronotum as long as the composite posteriorsclerite. Eritrea, ex Ficusspec.......... allotriozoonoides — Female: the antennal pedicel rotundate in outline. Male: the head, if at all, only little longer than wide, the pronotum shorter than the posterior sclerite.. 2 2. Female: the head distinctly shorter than wide across the compound eyes (6 : 7). Male: the fore tibia without conical spines on the dorsal margin; the secondtofifthtarsalsegmentsfused. Angola, ex Ficusspec.......... enriquesi — Female: the head as long as wide. Male: the fore tibia with two short conical spines on the dorsal margin; all tarsal segments free. South Africa, Rhodesia ANdZAMDIA EX ALCUS DUREE ECC ER EEE CO O stuckenbergi Alfonsiella Waterston There are four described species of Alfonsiella, mainly known from light catches. In the present material (which is retained in the RMNH, Leiden for further revision) two species are represented, viz., A. brongersmai Wiebes and A. longiscapa Joseph, but in different samples. The two species are recognizable by the following characters (Wiebes, 1972). Female. — Length of the head, thorax and gaster I—2 mm. Colour yellowish. Head scarcely longer than wide in A. brongersmai (fig. 14), distinctly longer than wide in A. longiscapa (fig. 15); the compound eye 1/2—2 times as long as the cheek. Two ocelli. Mandibular appendage with about twenty (A. brongersmai) or thirty-five ventral rows of teeth (A. longiscapa). Antenna: the scape with an apical process in A. longiscapa, without such a process in A. brongersmai; the third segments rather simple, the funicular sensoria very long and flexible. Thorax with mesosternal pollen pockets, and also the fore coxa with a corbiculum. Fore tibia with two dorso-apical teeth and one ventral. Hind tibia with two ventral spurs. Postmarginal vein of fore wing as long or half as long as the stigmal (A. longiscapa and brongersmai, respectively). Gaster: the ovipositor about as long as the gaster. Male. — Length of head and thorax 1 mm. Colour yellowish, but the head may be darker, especially the large mandibles; the mid femur and tibia dark and setose. 168 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Head little longer than wide in A. brongersmai (fig. 13), distinctly longer than wide (5 : 4) in A. longiscapa; with rather large compound eyes, one-quarter of the length of the head. Mandible heavy, triangular in lateral aspect. Antenna six- segmented (formula 1131). Thorax consisting of two sclerites. Fore tibia with two dorsal hook-like teeth and one simple ventral, the dorsal edge with conical spines; the tarsus oligomer- ous. Mid leg strikingly darker than the other legs, the femur and tibia setose. Hind tibia: two ventral spurs, the dorsal margin with conical spines. Gaster: genitalia simple. Alfonsiella brongersmai Wiebes (figs. 13, 14) Alfonsiella brongersmai Wiebes, 1972: 326. Holotype ©, Kenia: Nairobi (RMNH, Leiden) [exam- ined]. Material. — Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salisbury, ex Ficus burkei, 2 d, 11.1977 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Chipata, ex Ficus petersii, 14 2 64, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2475); Lusaka, Cathedral of the Holy Cross, ex Ficus burkei, 1 9, 16.11.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2490). Alfonsiella longiscapa Joseph (fig. 15) Alfonsiella longiscapa Joseph, 1959: 30. Holotype ®, Guinea: Mts. Nimba (MNHN, Paris) [examined]; Wiebes, 1972: 328—330. Material. — Zambia: Luapula Prov., Mununshi Banana Estate, ex Ficus cf. burkei, 23 2 5 3, 9.xii.1978 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2471). SYCORYCTINI The Sycoecinae have alate males, and females modified for penetrating the fig ostiole. They are easily distinguished by the wing veins in that the marginal is just longer than the stigmal, and thickened; the postmarginal is subequal to the stigmal but very sharply tapering (Hill, 1967: 98). Grandi (1955: 101, nota) concluded when making his key to the genera of the Sycoecinae (Sycophagini in his sense, pro parte), that the classification of this group is still unstable. Even now Lipothymus Grandi and Eujacobsonia Grandi are allocated to the Otitesellinae and Sycophaga Westwood to the Sycophagini s. str. (Wiebes, 1966a), there still is some ambiguity in the definitions of Crossogas- ter Mayr and Phagoblastus Grandi. Six species are included: Crossogaster triformis Mayr (1885: 189—192, figs. 20-22; redescribed by Grandi, 1928: 203-206, figs. xlii-xliii, the apterous male excluded), Crossogaster silvestrii Grandi (1916: 253—264, figs. xli-xliv), Crossogaster atrata Masi (1917: 125— 126, fig. 3), Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov., described below, Phagob- lastus barbarus Grandi (1955: 102—106, figs. viii-ix), the male described below, and Phagoblastus liodontus Wiebes (1979b: 397—400, figs. 20—37). Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 169 It appears that there are three species groups, as follows: Crossogaster s. str., species C. triformis and odorans. — Epistomal margin entire; antenna with one anellus; labial palpus consisting of one segment, the maxillary one- or indistinct- ly two-segmented!); female fore tibia with a dorso-apical, bidentate hook; stigma of the eighth urotergite especially in the female large, ovoid. Phagoblastus, species P. barbarus and liodontus. — Epistomal margin entire; antenna with two anelli; labial palpus consisting of two segments, the maxillary of three; female fore tibia with a row of teeth. Crossogaster, group of C. silvestrii and atrata. — Epistomal margin cleft in the middle; antenna with two anelli; labial palpus of silvestrii consisting of one segment, maxillary of two (atrata: 2, 3); female fore tibia with a row of conical spines. Table 2. Host relations of Crossogaster and Phagoblastus. Ficus Crossogaster Phagoblastus Elisabethiella Allotriozoon references vasta triformis!) socotrensis Wiebes, 1977b: 210 burkei odorans barbarus stuckenbergi present paper petersii barbarus stuckenbergi Grandi, 1955: 106 leprieuri liodontus Wiebes, 1979b: 397 reflexa spec.?) reflexa Wiebes, 1975: 234 vogelii silvestrii3) spec.) heterandromorphum Grandi, 1916: 264 baroni spec.>) heterandromorphum Wiebes, 1974c: 140 nautarum cf. atratus heterandromorphum Wiebes, 1975: 233 1) 8°9, Ethiopia, leg. Friis no. 2263 (RMNH, Leiden, no. 2905). 2) Crossogaster spec, Wiebes, 1975. 3) Host record inferred from the locality data. 4) Newton & Lomo, 1979; the identity has to be checked. 5) Series 2 &, Madagascar, leg. L. Blommers (RMNH, Leiden, no. 2363). Crossogaster s. str. and Phagoblastus are associated with Agaonidae of the genus Elisabethiella, as is apparent from the records listed in table 2. It should be noted that also Philocaenus Grandi may be found in Elisabethiella-figs. The two aberrant species of Crossogaster seem to be associated with Agaonidae of the genus Allotriozoon Grandi. The species may be distinguished by the following key. Key to the species of Crossogaster and Phagoblastus (RE pistomalimargmiele finite middle SB REESE 2 ME PISONIANO ERE RS OTO ERE O I 3 2. Labial palpus consisting of two segments, the maxillary of three. Male unknown. Seychelles and Aldabra, ex Ficusnautarum Bak ............. atrata — Labial palpus consisting of one segment, the maxillary of two. Senegal, ex Jes VOGAMIMUG) o's 0269000050000 q000cecccccsaasasanopsooaseas silvestrü 1) Grandi (1928: 204, fig. xlii, 3) corrected Mayr (1885: 189) and stated that the maxillary palpus has two segments. In my material, from Ficus vasta Forsk. as well as from F. burkei, the basal segment of the maxillary palpus is short, in some instances merely consisting of a sclerotization of the connective membrane. 170 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 3. Antenna with one anellus. Female fore tibia with a dorso-apical, bidentate hook vu. atome niem rain ae 4 — Antenna with two anelli. Female fore tibia with a comb of three to seven conicaliteethi nach «hth se eee alta III 5 4. Female: antenna with sensilla linearia. Male: the hind tibia without very Stoutspines Socotra ex FicuswastaForsk 22.2.2 TE triformis — Female: antenna with long sensilla chaetica. Male: hind tibia rather heavily armed with dorsal and ventral rows of spines. Rhodesia and Zambia, ex Ficusburkeby Sees WE OE Sarre EP E odorans 5. Female: mandible smooth, without teeth except at the apex. Male: the compound eye more than twice as long as the cheek (12 : 5). Gabon, ex FicusleprieuriMig. ERE ANNEER aoc SERRE liodontus — Female: mandible with a row of ventral teeth. Male: the compound eye not quite twice as long as the cheek. South Africa, Rhodesia and Zambia, ex Ficusburkeiandpetersü.. … a See ans enne see TIE barbarus Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 16—24, 29—36; pl. 1 figs. 2, 4) Female. — Length of the head, thorax and gaster 1.3—1.6 mm, the ovipositor valves ca. 0.15 mm long. Colour dark, especially the head and thorax, the gaster and the greater part of the legs lighter. Head (fig. 22) about as long as wide across the compound eyes; the eye almost half as long as the head (5: 11), slightly longer than the cheek (5 : 4). Three ocelli. The face has a triangular median impression, with the antennal toruli about half way between the epistomal margin and the median ocellus. Epistomal margin weakly convex. Antennal toruli close together. Mandible (fig. 19) with two apical teeth, two glands, and with a longitudinal row of approximately fourteen small teeth at the ventral surface. Labium and maxillae (fig. 24): the palpi unisegmented. Antenna (fig. 29) eleven-segmented, formula 1115(3); the scape five times as long as wide, 2! times as long as the pedicel; the funicular segments and the club have long rod-like sensilla in an irregular row of about ten per segment (in some instances the sensilla are somewhat longer than drawn in the figure). Thorax glabrous except for some long setae on the pronotum (which is wider than long, 5:4), the scutum (with complete parapsidal furrows) and the scutellum; and with a row of short setae on the mesosternum running from slightly behind the wing-basis almost to the coxal cavity of the mid leg!). Fore leg (fig. 17): the tibia has long setae, the armature consists of a dorso-apical bidentate hook, one ventral cone, and a bifid spur, next to two peg-like spines at the axial apex; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 7:2:2:2:6, with peg-like spines at the axial surface. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 12: 7 : 6 : 5 : 6. Hind leg (fig. 16): the tibia heavily armed with setae and about eight conical spines 1) I mentioned such a patch of setae for Phagoblastus liodontus Wiebes (1979b: 397, 399); it may be adaptive to (topocentric) pollination. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 171 along the dorsal margin, one robust cone and a long spur-like spine in the ventral angle; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 12 :8:7:6:7, with many ventral and axial spines. Fore wing (7:3) 1.1 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 16 :7:4:2 S ihe \| LY 27 28 AA 4 I Figs. 16-24. Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov., female holotype. 16, hind tibia and metatarsus; 17, fore tibia and tarsus; 18, venation of fore wing, detail; 19, mandible, ventral aspect; 20, stigma of eighth urotergite; 21, pygostyle; 22, head; 23, hypopygium; 24, mouthparts. Figs. 25— 28. Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi, female. 25, hypopygium; 26, head; 27, mouthparts; 28, fore tibia and tarsus. 172 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 (fig. 18), the membrane glabrous in the proximal third, with small microtrichia _ | distally; hind wing (4 : 1) 0.9 mm long. Gaster. The posterior edges of the segments crenulate. Hypopygium (fig. 23) with short setae and small warts along the arms of the V, the spine short. Stigma (fig. 20) of the eighth urotergite large, ovoid in outline; the pygostyle (fig. 21) with five long setae. Male. — Length of the head, thorax and gaster, ca. 1.5 mm. Colour yellowish, the long setae on the head, thorax and gaster blackish. Head (fig. 31) about as long as wide across the compound eyes; the eye almost half as long as the head (5 : 11), distinctly longer than the cheek (5 : 3). Three ocelli. The antennal toruli situated just below an imaginary line connecting the lower rims of the eyes. Clypeus slightly impressed, the epistomal margin weakly convex. Mandible (fig. 36) with two teeth, the subapical of which situated on the outer side; two glands. Maxillary palpi two-segmented (1:5), labial palpi consisting of one segment, which is as long as the apical one of the maxillary palpi. Antenna (fig. 30) eleven-segmented, formula 1115(3); the scape five times as long as wide, more than twice as long as the pedicel (21 : 9); the club (segments in ratio 2 : 3 : 4) much wider than the funicle. Thorax with a rather long pronotum (length: width, 3 : 5) and short mesoscu- tum (5 : 12), with short parapsidal furrows; the scutellum distinctly transverse (8 : 5), the propodeum wide (1 : 3). Fore leg (fig. 32): the tibia with two short dorso-apical teeth, one ventral conical spine and one bifid spur; axially, there are some slender spines next to the spur; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 4:1:1:1:2, with peg-like spines on the axial surface. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 12:7:6:5:8. Hind leg (fig. 33): the tibia rather heavily armed with dorsal and ventral rows of spines and with two long ventral spurs; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 15:9:7:5:9, with many setae and spines. Wings much as in the female, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins of the fore wing (12 : 5, 1.2 mm long) approximately in ratio 16 : 6 : 5 : 2; the hind wing (5 : 1) 0.9 mm long. Gaster. The pygostyle (fig. 35) with five setae; the claspers of the genitalia (fig. 34) with three claws. Type material. — Holotype © (slide-mounted), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, ii.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in RMNH, Leiden (no. 2970). Paratypes: series 2 d and two mating pairs, same data as holotype (coll. dates ii-iv. 1977); Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 15 © 106, vii, x1.1974, i, iv, vi.1975, vii.1976, 1.1977; Makumbi Mission, Chinamora Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Kafue National Park, Ngoma, ex Ficus burkei, 69, 8.xii.1977 (M. G. Bingham no. 2465); Chipata Golf Course, ex Ficus burkei, 1 6, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no 2474). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some duplicates are in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. Comments. — Compared with Crossogaster triformis Mayr, the new species Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 173 can at once be distinguished by the sensilla of the female antenna. The male of C. triformis was not fully described and for that reason cannot be compared with the present sample. ‘PIE ELS Figs. 29—36. Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov., female holotype (29) and male (30—36). 29, female antenna, axial aspect; 30, male antenna, axial aspect; 31, head; 32, fore tibia and tarsus; 33, apex of hind tibia, and metatarsus; 34, armature of genitalia; 35, pygostyle; 36, apex of mandible. Figs. 37—40. Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi, female (38) and male (37, 39, 40). 37, apex of mandible; 38, female antenna, antiaxial aspect; 39, male antenna, axial aspect; 40, head. 174 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi (figs. 25—28, 37—40) Phagoblastus barbarus Grandi, 1955: 102—106. Holotype 2, South Africa: Grahamstown (LEB) [examined]. Female. — Length of the head, thorax and gaster ca. 1.8 mm, the ovipositor valves ca. 0.2 mm long. Colour much as in Crossogaster odorans. Head (fig. 26) variable, its length equal to its width in large specimens, up to distinctly larger than the width (11 : 10) in more slender examples; the eye more than half as long as the head (13 : 25), almost twice as long as the cheek (13 : 7). Mandible much as in fig. 19; the two segments of the labial palpus approximately in ratio 3 : 4, the three of the maxillary palpus 5 : 2 : 4 (fig. 27). Antenna (fig. 38), formula 1125(3): the scape six times as long as wide, 212 times as long as the pedicel; the funicular segments with few linear sensilla. Thorax, differential characters with Crossogaster odorans: fore tibia (fig. 28) with four or five teeth in the dorsal comb (seven in Grandi’s specimens), the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 6:3:2:2:6. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 4:3:3:2:3. Hind tibia with a row of five or six conical spines along the dorsal margin and one conical spine next to the long spur at the ventral apex, much as in Crossogaster odorans (fig. 16); the tarsal ratio approximately 8 : 7 : 5 : 5 : 6. Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 25) with a short, rather wide spine. Stigma of the eighth urotergite approximately one-third of that of Crossogaster odorans; the pygostyle with four long setae. Male. — The male was not known to Grandi; it is here compared to that of Crossogaster odorans, described above. Length of the head, thorax and gaster ca. 1.7 mm; the colour darker than in Crossogaster odorans. Head (fig. 40) as long as wide across the compound eyes, which are not quite half as long as the head (11 : 24) and much longer than the cheek (5 : 3). The antennal toruli are situated above an imaginary line connecting the lower rims of the eyes; the epistomal margin is almost straight. Mandible (fig. 37): the subapical tooth truncate at the tip or even bicuspidate, situated on the inner side of the large apical tooth; two glands. Maxillary palpus three-segmented (7 : 3 : 6), labial palpus two-segmented (9 : 11). Antenna (fig. 39), formula 1125(3); the scape slightly expanded distad, the anelli unequal (2:5), the funicular segments transverse, with lateral sensilla, the club wider, with more sensilla. Thorax. The armature of the legs similar to that in Crossogaster odorans, the tarsal ratios as follows: fore leg, 3:1:1:1:3; mid leg, 10:7:6:4: 8; hind leo 132.9 FAT ESE 9: Gaster. Claspers of the genitalia with four or five claws. Material. — Series 26, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission, Chinamo- ra Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); Salisbury, ex Ficus burkei, series 23, ii.1977 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Chipata, ex Ficus petersü, S226, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2475). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some duplicates are in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 175 Comments. — Although the two specimens from Grandi’s original series differ from the present specimens in the number of teeth on the fore tibia (seven versus four or five), I could not find any other characters warranting a specific distinction from Phagoblastus barbarus. PHILOTRYPESINI The Philotrypesini form a group of fig wasps immediately recognized by the tubularly lengthened eighth and ninth urotergites of the female and by the deeply emarginate hypostomal edge of the male. There are some twenty known species of Philotrypesis Förster (revised by Grandi, 1930), and one of Philotry- pomorpha Abdurahiman & Joseph (1976) from India. In general, the differ- ences between the species are rather slight, especially in the female sex, while in the male sex the polymorphism may make differentiation and identification difficult. Philotrypesis appears to be associated with species of all sections of Ficus. There are five species of Philotrypesis known from Africa. The present species cannot be confused with two of those because they have the sensilla of the female antenna situated in several rows per segment (P. africana Grandi, longicornis Grandi). From the other three viz., P. erythraea Grandi, finitimo- rum Wiebes and selenetica Grandi, it can be distinguished by the characters used in the following key. Key to some African species of Philotrypesis 1. Female: setae on the antennal funicle dispersed over the segment. Male: hind basitarsus 3—4 times as long as the second segment ................. 2 — Female: setae on the antennal funicle situated at the base of the segment. Male: hind basitarsus not quite twice as long as the second segment ........ 3 2. Female: funicular segments of the antenna relatively short, e.g., the first only slightly longer than wide. Hind tibia with four conical spines in the dorso-apicalcorner. Male unknown. Guinea, ex Ficus vogeliiMiq.... selenitica — Female: funicular segments of the antenna longer, e.g., the first 12 times as long as wide. Hind tibia with two conical spines in the dorso-apical corner. Sierra Leone, ex Ficus cf. eriobotryoidesK.&B. ............... finitimorum 3. Female: the stigmal vein half as long as the postmarginal. Male: fore tibia with two stout spines proximad of the ventral spur; mid tibia with conical spines along the dorsal margin; hind femur without apical spines, the tibia without stout spines at one-third ofitslength. Eritrea, ex Ficusspec. .. erythraea — Female: the stigmal vein one-third of the length of the postmarginal. Male: fore tibia with three stout spines proximad of the ventral spur; mid tibia without a row of dorsal conical spines; hind femur with two spines at the dorsal apex, the tibia with two stout spines at one-third of its length (fig. 47). Rhodesia and Zambia, ex Ficus burkei parca 176 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 Philotrypesis parca Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 41—57; pl. 2 figs. 1, 2, pl. 3fig. 1) Female. — Length of head, thorax and apparent gaster 1.8 mm, the tubular segments and the ovipositor valves ca. 3 mm. Colour yellowish, with black marks on the scutellum and propodeum, and on the dorsum of the gastral tergites. Head (fig. 42) distinctly shorter than wide across the compound eyes (3 : 4); the compound eye almost two-thirds of the length of the head, 112 times as long as the cheek. Mandible (fig. 44) with two apical teeth, one of which is truncate; | two glands; the labial palpus consisting of two segments (2 : 3), the maxillary (fig. 48) of four (4: 6: 3 : 11). Antenna (fig. 41) consisting of thirteen seg- ments, formula 1135(3); the scape is three times as long as the pedicel; the funicular segments about as long as wide, each has one rather regular row of long sensilla and long, basal setae. | Thorax. The tibial armature of the fore leg (figs. 45, 46) consists of three conical antiaxial spines, viz., one ventral and two dorsals, and two slender axial spines next to the ventral spur; the tarsal segments are approximately in ratio 6:3:3:2:6. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 8: 4 : 3 : 2 : 3. Hind leg: the tibial arma- _ ture (fig. 47) consists of two unequal ventral spurs accompanied by two slender antiaxial spines and a row of axials, and four to six spines at the antiaxial dorsal apex; the tarsal segments are approximately in ratio 11 : 7 : 4 : 3 : 4. Fore wing (5 : 2) 1.3 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 6 : 4 : 1 : 3; the hind wing (4 : 1) 0.8 mm long. Gaster. The hypopygium (fig. 43) has a short, wide spine. The eighth uroter- gite is only slightly shorter than the combined lengths of the proximal segments (20 : 23), the ninth is not quite half as long as the eighth (9 : 20). The ovipositor and the valves are distinctly more than twice as long as the eighth and ninth urotergites combined (22 : 9). Male. — Length of head and thorax 0.8—0.9 mm. Colour yellowish. All specimens studied are eumegetic, acanthocephalous, macrognathous (triodon- tous) and apterous. Head (fig. 50) about as long as wide across the compound eyes; the compound eye over one-fifth of the length of the head (2 : 9), longer than the cheek (5 : 3). The head bears long dorsal setae, but no ventrals. The antennal toruli are situated in a shallow depression above the epistomal edge. Mandible falcate, with two glands (fig. 49, also showing the hypostomal edge, so characteristic for all species of Philotrypesis), the labial palpus consisting of two segments (11 : 10), the maxillary of four (2:2:1:3). Antenna (fig. 51) eleven-seg- mented, formula 1115(3); the scape is less than five times as long as the pedicel (23 : 5); the five funicular segments are gradually widening distad, the second to fourth have apical sensilla. Thorax with the pronotum much longer than the other segments combined (5 : 3), with long setae in the anterior and posterior corners; the mesonotum is (in the middle) more than twice as long as the metanotum and the propodeum taken together. Fore leg: the tibial armature (figs. 53, 56) consists of three stout axial spines, proximad of the ventral spur and one antiaxial, one robust spine at Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 177 the axial and antiaxial apices, and one in the dorso-apical angle accompanied by four conical spines; the tarsal segments are approximately in ratio Hu Figs. 41—52. Philotrypesis parca Wiebes, spec. nov., female (41—48) and male holotype (49—52). 41, female antenna, axial aspect; 42, head; 43, apex of hypopygium; 44, clypeus and left mandible, dorsal aspect; 45, apex of fore tibia, and tarsus, axial aspect; 46, do., detail in antiaxial view; 47, apex of hind tibia; 48, mouthparts, palpi; 49, hypostomal margin and right mandible, ventral aspect; 50, head and thorax; 51, male antenna, axial aspect; 52, genitalia. 178 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Figs. 53—57. Philotrypesis parca Wiebes, spec. nov., male holotype. 53, apex of fore tibia, and tarsus, axial aspect; 54, apex of mid tibia, and tarsus; 55, hind tibia, axial aspect; 56, apex of fore tibia, and part of tarsus, antiaxial aspect; 57, apex of hind tibia, and tarsus (long setae not fully drawn). Figs. 58—60. Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes, spec. nov, male holotype. 58, fore tibia and tarsus; 59, mid tibia, and part of tarsus; 60, apex of hind tibia, and tarsus. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 179 3:1:1:1:15. Mid leg: the tibia (fig. 54) has a small dorsal cone and two more slender ventral spines at the apex (one axial and one antiaxial), the ventral margin has six large spines, the dorsal margin is without the row of conical spines described and figured for all forms of P. erythraea; the tarsal segments are approximately in ratio 11 : 4 : 5 : 4 : 24. Hind leg (figs. 55, 57): the femur have two spines, one behind the other, at the dorsal apex; the tibial armature consists of two spines (situated just beyond one-third of the length of the tibia) that are not apparent in P. erythraea; some more spines, most of which small and conical, occur along the dorsal margin and at the antiaxial apex; two longer, slender spines accompany the unequal ventral spurs, and three larger spines are situated along the distal third of the ventral margin; the tarsal segments (measured along the dorsal margin) approximately in ratio 8:5:1:1:7, the proximal two expanded dorsad, with long setae. Gaster. The claspers of the genitalia (fig. 52) with four claws. Type material. — Holotype ® (slide-mounted) Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, ii.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in RMNH, Leiden (no. 2964). Paratypes: series 9 5 d, same data as holotype; Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 5 2 5 &, 1976, vi.1977. Zambia: Chipata Golf Course, ex Ficus burkei, 32 4 3, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2474). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some duplicates are in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. Comments. — The present material differs only slightly from Grandi’s Philotrypesis erythraea, just enough — although originally with some doubt — to consider them separate taxa. A similar situation exists with Elisabethiella stuckenbergi and socotrensis (discussed above) and Otitesella tsamvi and epica- rioides (compared below). For the alate male (?), see below, under Watshamiel- la alata. SYCORYCTINI A key to the Indo-Australian genera of this group was published by Wiebes (1966c: 173). Revisionary notes on some were given by Wiebes (1967: 428, Sycoscapteridea Ashmead; 1978b: 185—186, Sycoscapter Saunders in West- wood). Abdurahiman & Joseph (1975a: 99) added a new genus Sycorycteridea, which they compared with Sycoryctes Mayr. As a group, the Sycoryctini are recognizable in the female sex by the tubularly lengthened ninth urotergite, which makes the impression that the apparent gaster ends with the eighth segment; the males are mostly apterous, subapterous in some species and, as will be apparent from one of the descriptions below, alate in others. The apterous males can be distinguished at a glance from those of Philotrypesis by the straight or almost straight hypostomal edge. As many samples of fig insects bred from one fig contain several species and genera of Sycoryctini (up to four were recorded by Wiebes, 1966), it is not always easy to correlate the sexes. For the present study mating pairs were available of all species, so as to allow of a certain correlation of males with their females. In 180 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 general, the generic classification of the Sycoryctini is still unsatisfactory and this is why I here confine myself to the differentiation of the genera treated in the general key (p. 159). Sycoscapter Saunders in Westwood A survey of the species now recognized in the genus Sycoscapter was given with a recent redescription of its type-species (Wiebes, 1978): the African species are S. gibbus Saunders and S. montis Wiebes. The new species now added may be differentiated from its African congeners by the following key. The male sexes are recognizable as a group by the ventral spur of the fore tibia being bifid, instead of simple as in the Indo-Malayan species. Key to the African species of Sycoscapter 1. Female: the fore wing with about fifteen large setae in the marginal-stigmal angle, some ten along the stigmal vein and a few in the wing-apex; the ninth urotergite about six times as long as the apparent gaster. Male: all tarsi consisting of four segments; wing remnant present. Sierra Leone, ex Ficus chseriobotryoidesK-& Bi Lu ut ans LO EER montis — Female: the fore wing with thirty or more large setae in the marginal-stigmal angle, and 15—20 along the stigmal vein; the ninth urotergite two to three times as long as the apparent gaster. Male: all tarsi consisting of five segments; No:wingremnant Vi Cor Er o ee - noe eee 2 2. Female: the fore wing with many setae in the apical part, so as to make the surface distinctly hirsute. Male: the epistomal margin almost straight or with two slightly protruding bulges. Madagascar, ex Ficus soroceoides Baker and Réunion, ex Ficuslaterifolia Vahl... e E .. gibbus — Female: the fore wing with only a few large setae in the apical part, otherwise glabrous. Male: the epistomal margin distinctly produced into two rather acute lobes. Rhodesia and Zambia, ex Ficus burkeiandpetersii ...... cornutus Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 58—60, 64—66, 75—76, 83; pl. 2 fig. 3) Female. — Length of head, thorax and apparent gaster ca. 1.4 mm, the ninth tergite (the “tail”) ca. 2 mm, i.e., 2/2—3 times as long as the apparent gaster. Colour blackish bronze, the basal segments of the legs up to the tibiae brown, sometimes also the dorsal part of the tibiae dark, mostly the tibiae and tarsi yellow. Head (fig. 65) shorter than wide across the compound eyes (9 : 11), the eye half as long as the head and as long as the cheek. Antennal toruli slightly below the middle of the face; deep scrobes run from the toruli to the median ocellus. Epistomal margin produced into an acute median projection. Mandible with two rather robust apical teeth; two glands; the labial palpus consisting of two segments (4:3), the maxillary of four (6: 7:5: 13). Antenna (fig. 66), formula 1125(3); the scape 212 times as long as the pedicel; the funicular Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 181 segments with one row of long sensilla, and with a basal row of long setae. Thorax. Fore leg with two dorsal cones and one antiaxial spine on the tibial apex, and with a bifid ventral spur accompanied by a slender spine; the tarsal ratio approximately 5 : 3 : 2: 2: 6. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 9:5:4:3:5. Hind leg: the tibia with about six to nine small conical spines along the distal two-thirds of the dorsal margin, and one or two short spines in the ventral angle, next to the two spurs; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 13 : 10:5:4:7. Fore wing (2 : 1) 1.2 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 5 : 4 : 3 : 6, the stigma (fig. 64) boot-shaped; ca. 35 long setae occur in the marginal-stigmal angle, some fifteen on or along the stigmal vein, and a few in the part distad of this vein; hind wing (4 : 1) 0.8 mm long. Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 83) with a short and wide spine, and one pair of long setae. O IG DI — = e SG — y, 4 « — ug e 2 i A 7 El A Fig. 61—69. Details of some female Sycoryctini: 61—63, Watshamiella alata Wiebes, gen. & spec. nov.; 64—66, Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes, spec. nov.; 67—69, Sycoryctes remus Wiebes, spec. nov. 61, 64, 67, veins of fore wing; 62, 65, 68, head; 63, 66, 69, scape, anelli and first funicular segment of antenna. 182 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Male. — Length of head and thorax ca. 1.0 mm. Colour and general habitus as in pl. 2 fig. 4, but the epistomal edge with more distinct horn-like projections (fig. 75) and the tarsal segments much shorter, especially those of the fore leg (fig. 58). Head (fig. 75) longer than wide across the compound eyes (10 :9); the compound eye one-quarter of the lengt of the head, about as long as the cheek. The toruli are close together at the epistomal margin, which bears two horn-like projections with a seta on top. Mandible robust, with a serrate molar edge and with two glands; the labial palpus consisting of two segments (2 :1), the maxillary of four (5 : 6 : 2 : 4). Antenna (fig. 76) eleven-segmented, formula 1115(3); the first and third funicular segments larger than the others, with an apical sensillum (axial in the one, antiaxial in the other); the club segments unequal (3 : 1 : 1), with sensilla on the apical and subapical. Thorax (fig. 75): the pronotum rather short, 1% times as wide as long in flattened position, also much wider than the mesonotum (10 :7) and the posterior tergite (10 : 9) representing the metanotum (the lateral lobes) and the propodeum. All legs bear relatively few tibial spines. The fore coxa has an antiaxial, hyaline edge; except for one long axial, all spines of the fore tibia are fully visible in antiaxial aspect (fig. 58); the ventral spur is rather long and bifid; the five tarsal segments are approximately in length ratio 5:1:1:1:17. The mid tibia (fig. 59) is more robust than those of the other Sycoryctini treated here; it bears pairs of ventral spines in the distal half, one simple spur that is as long as the first three tarsi combined, one apical on either side, and up to ten dorsals in the distal half; the tarsal ratio is 3 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 10. The hind tibia (fig. 60) has small spines along two-thirds of the dorsal margin and four longer spines near the ventral apex next to the spur, which is as long as the basitarsus; the tarsal ratio is 3 les 21 elen Gaster: the claspers of the genitalia with three or four claws. Type material. — Holotype d (slide-mounted), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, 11.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in RMNH, Leiden (no. 2968). Paratypes: series 2d and 13 mating pairs, same data as holotype (coll. dates iii-v.1977); Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 22 ® 28 6, vii.1974, v.1975, 1976, i, vi.1977; Makumbi Mission, Chinamora Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, series 9 9 d, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Kafue National Park, Ngoma, ex Ficus burkei, 4 3, 8.xii.1977 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2465); Chipata Golf Course, ex Ficus burkei, 1 3, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2474); Chipata, ex Ficus petersii, 2 2, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2475); Lusaka, Cathedral of the Holy Cross, ex Ficus burkei, 19 © series d, 16.11.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2490). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some paratypes in BMNH, London and the Watsham Collection. Sycoryctes Mayr The type-species of Sycoryctes, S. patellaris Mayr, originates from Java. It seems that most Indo-Malayan species of the genus are distinct in having long setae on the male hind basitarsus (Mayr, 1885, pl. 13 fig. 30) instead of shorter Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 183 setae as in the African species (e.g., fig. 78). Many of the African species are insufficiently known; the new species described below are compared with the following: S. caelebs Wiebes, coccothraustes Mayr, lomaensis Wiebes, sjoestedti Mayr, truncatus Mayr. Two species are known in the female sex only, viz., S. dagatiguyi (Risbec), which has a longer postmarginal vein than the specimens from Ficus burkei (where the postmarginal is scarcely longer than the stigmal); and S. sebertianus Masi, which seems to be rather larger (6.6 mm versus 5 mm, including the ‘tail’’). In general, the females are difficult to differentiate, as in most cases the descriptions are very short and mostly refer to colour characters. In the present paper, too, the females of the two new species are distinct mainly in colour. The males can be distinguished by the characters used in the following key. Much as the present novelties appear well characterized, the differentiation of some of the others is still unsatisfactory. Key to the males of African Sycoryctes ieee llead:and thorax hirsute dorsallys. 34.52 Reel SECTOR ee 2 — Head and thorax with some long setae, but not hirsute ................... 3 2. Spurofthehindtibiaaslongasthebasitarsus. Cameroons, ex Ficusspec.. ....... DEE N AE EN N RUE ATE EB. eh Er mA sjoestedti — Spur of the hind tibia reaching to the third tarsal segment. Rhodesia, ex CUS DUR CL EL IIS LIE TREE SUSA NE RE IA ATAR hirtus 3. Spur of the hind tibia long, reaching up to the fourth or fifth segment ...... 4 — Spur ofthe hind tibia much shorter, reaching to the third segment ......... 5 4. Eye small, one-third of the cheek. Basitarsus of the hind leg not expanded. SocotrasexhicusvastaN allen SSR a: coccothraustes — Eye almost as long as the cheek. Basitarsus of the hind leg in most instances distinctly expanded. Rhodesia and Zambia, ex Ficus burkei and petersii. . . remus 5. Head distinctly longer than wide (3 : 2), the lateral margins straight. Sierra BeoneneskicuschsenobotnyvoiderksCiB E EROE lomaensis Head transversenthe lateral Martins CUVE NP ORE EEE 6 6. Antennawithone anellus. Socotra, ex Ficus vasta Vahl ............ truncatus — Antennawithtwoanelli. Aldabra, ex Ficusavi-aviBl................. caelebs Sycoryctes remus Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 67—69, 72—74, 77—79, 84; pl. 2 fig. 4) Female. — Length of head, thorax and apparent gaster 1.3—1.6 mm, the ninth tergite ca. 2 mm, i.e., 2/2 times as long as the apparent gaster. Blackish, also the legs up to and including the tibiae dark; the wings hyaline. Head (fig. 68) distinctly shorter than wide across the compound eyes (23 : 28), the eye more than half as long as the head (12 : 23) and about twice as long as the cheek. Antennal toruli situated in the lower third of the face, at a distance from the epistomal margin equal to their longitudinal diameter; shallow scrobes run to the median ocellus. Epistomal margin with three wide lobes. Mandible biden- tate; two glands; the labial palpus consisting of two segments (4:5), the 184 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Figs. 70—71. Sycoryctes hirtus Wiebes, spec. nov., male holotype. 70, head and thorax; 71, antenna, axial aspect. Figs. 72—74. Sycoryctes remus Wiebes, spec. nov., male holotype. 72, head; 73, lateral lobe of mesothorax, and wing remnant; 74, antenna, axial aspect. Figs. 75—76. Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes, spec. nov., male holotype. 75, head and thorax; 76, antenna, axial aspect. maxillary of four (2: 4: 1:5). Antenna (fig. 69), formula 1125(3); the scape three times as long as the pedicel; the funicular segments with one row of long sensilla, and with long basal and shorter apical setae. Thorax. Fore leg: the tibial armature consisting of two dorso-apical spines and one subapical; ventrally, there is the bifid spur and some accompanying spines, viz., one distal of the spur and two, more slender, proximad; the tarsal segments Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 185 approximately in ratio 16 : 8 : 8 : 5 : 12. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 19:9:6:4:7. The tibial armature of the hind leg consisting of two unequal spurs and some stout spines along the distal half of the ventral margin: typical is a number of three dark spines and some lighter more proximally; the distal third of the dorsal margin has four or five conical spines and two apicals; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 22: 10 : 7 : 4 : 8. Fore wing (5 : 2) 1.25 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 35: 18:9: 11 (fig. 67), the wing hyaline but for some setae along the veins; hind wing (4 : 1) 0.9 mm long. Gaster. Hypopygium (fig. 84) broadly rounded, with two setae of medium size at the apex; a patch of two or three setae occur on either side, where the arms of the V appear broken. Male. — Length of head and thorax 0.7—0.9 mm. General habitus pl. 2 fig. 4; in most specimens, the basitarsus of the hind leg is more distinctly enlarged. Head (fig. 72) quadrate or slightly transverse, more elongate in small speci- mens; almost similar in shape to that of Sycoscapter cornutus, but the epistomal margin less distinctly cornute or even almost straight in the middle; the posterior edge of the head rather sharp, laterally produced into acute angles. Also mandible similar; the segments of the labial palpus approximately in ratio 3 : 2, those of the maxillary palpus 7 : 14 : 4 : 9. Antenna (fig. 74), formula 1125(3). Thorax much as in Sycoscapter cornutus, but with a distinct wing remnant (fig. 73). The fore leg (fig. 79) resembles that of Sycoryctes hirtus, to be described hereafter, but the dorsal and ventral spines are less in number and there are two apical spines instead of one; the tarsus is more compact, its ratio 5: 3: 2:2:6. The mid leg is long and slender; the tibia (fig. 77) has many spines along the dorsal and ventral edges and a long ventral spur reaching to the third tarsal segment; the tarsal ratio approximately 8 : 4 : 4 : 3 : 9. Hind leg (fig. 78) much like that of S. hirtus, but two ventral spines are sometimes situated on a small tibial protuberance, so as to make them very conspicuous, the tibial spur reaches to the fourth tarsal segment; the basitarsus distinctly expanded, the ratio 13:24:27 PRES PES Gaster: the claspers of the genitalia wide, with three to five claws. Type material. — Holotype d (slide-mounted). Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, ii.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in the RMNH, Leiden (no. 3713). Paratypes: series ? d and eight mating pairs, same data as holotype (coll. dates ii-v.1977); Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 12 2 10 d, 1976, vi.1977; Makumbi Mission, Chinamora Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, series 2 15 d, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Kafue National Park, Ngoma, ex Ficus burkei, 1 2% 3, 8.xii.1977 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2964); Chipata Golf Course, ex Ficus burkei, 5 © 3 6, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2474); Chipata, ex Ficus petersü, 2 6, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2475); Luapula Prov., Mumunshi Banana Estate, ex Ficus cf. burkei, 1 2, 9.xii.1978 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2471); Lusaka, Cathedral of the Holy Cross, ex Ficus burkei, 30 2 24 6, 16.11.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2490). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some paratypes are in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. 186 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 Sycoryctes hirtus Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 70, 71, 80, 81) Female. — Length of head, thorax and apparent gaster ca. 1.5 mm, the ninth tergite ca. 2.5 mm long, i.e., three times as long as the apparent gaster. Blackish as in S. remus, but more dull, the legs from the femora onwards yellowish. In all morphological characters this species very much resembles Sycoryctes remus, but the number of ventral spines on the hind tibia tends to be larger (up to six) and there usually also are more dorsal spines (six to eight). In some of the samples I could not identify all female specimens with any certainty. Male. — Length of head and thorax 0.9—1.0 mm. General habitus as in pl. 2 fig. 4, but the head and thorax hirsute dorsally, the antenna slender with a brownish apical knob, and the head with a cervical sclerite (fig. 70); the basitarsus of the hind leg is not expanded. Head (fig. 70): shape and proportions much as in Sycoscapter cornutus, but the epistomal margin straight; the pubescence of the dorsal surface especially distinct in lateral aspect, as a short fur in between the longer setae — the same applies to the thorax. The posterior part of the head is raised in the middle, so as to form a small cervical shield; the lateral angles of the head are slightly produced. The molar teeth of the mandible stout; the segments of the labial palpus approximately in ratio 1 : 1, those of the maxillary palpus 7:10:3:5. Antenna (fig. 71), formula 1125(3). Thorax, fig. 70. Compared to Sycoscapter cornutus, the fore tibia (fig. 80) more slender, with a series of five ventral spines proximad of the bifid spur, one apical spine visible in antiaxial aspect, and three dorsals in the apical third, inserted more axially; the tarsal ratio approximately 6 : 6 : 3 : 2 : 8. Hind tibia (fig. 81): long dorsal spines among a row of cones in the distal two-thirds; ventrally, there are three or four conspicuous spines in the distal third and one long spur, reaching to the third tarsal segment; the tarsal ratio approximately Sr ZE Gaster: the claspers of the genitalia with four claws. Type material. — Holotype dg (slide-mounted), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, ii.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in RMNH, Leiden (no. 2967). Paratypes: 9 2 76 and seven mating pairs, same data as holotype (coll. dates iii-iv.1977); Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 10 2 4 d, vii.1974, 1976, vi.1977; Makumbi Mission, Chinamora Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, 2 2 3 6, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Lusaka, Catheral of the Holy Cross, ex Ficus burkei, 9 9 13 &, 16.11.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2490). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some paratypes in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. Watshamiella Wiebes, gen. nov. Type-species: Watshamiella alata Wiebes, spec. nov. Sycoryctini with alate male. Toruli of the antennae widely spaced, situated : Fig wasp fauna 187 Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES a ge ET E E G ESS a ren NB inne di zn i / 5 D 2 SEES SECO 7 === ee e BIS is = 0.8890 i 32283 ET DE SD —@ N en zer OO = ANS: SO gu È Fe SS D ‘4 SS, ESES fl NIS S2ESH8 U SI SEB Sus è < 4 Sea SLI \ N Se é II Ce So a SET [Se Sens Ee LS Ed 188 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 rather close to the epistomal margin, which is straight. Mandible bidentate (most males) or tridentate (females). Antenna with three anelli. Pronotum long; parapsidal furrows complete or almost so. Front femur inflated. Hind basitarsus at least as long as the second and third segments combined. Wings hirsute; the postmarginal vein 2—3 times as long as the stigmal. Gaster shortly petiolate; the ninth urotergite of the female with lateral rows of setae, and with small pygo- styles; also the male ninth urotergites with pygostyles. Comments. — The correlation of the female of W. alata with an alate male made me reconsider the generic identification of such males, up to now classified with Philotrypesis Förster, viz., P. anguliceps (Westwood), finitimorum Wiebes and longicornis Grandi. The first mentioned appears to be congeneric with the one here treated and thus should be allocated to Watshamiella. P. finitimorum has short wing remnants and, for the time being, there is no reason to alter its generic status; the wings in P. longicornis are longer, but this male, which I did not study myself, is so similar to its female that I prefer to leave it in Philotrypesis. Other species to be compared were up to now classified with Sycoscapteridea Ashmead, viz., the female identified with S. monilifera by Wiebes (1967) and S. stilifera Wiebes (1966). Both are now allocated to Watshamiella. It should be clearly stated that in classifying Watshamiella with the Sycorycti- ni, much weight is given to the structure of the ovipositing organs (Wiebes, 1966a), while the resemblance to the Philotrypesini is neglected e.g., in the three antennal anelli, the situation and number of spines on the legs, the long postmarginal vein of the fore wing. The Watshamiella-males, known from their association with the females with which they were found in copula, are very similar to a type of male that I know from the Indo-Malayan region and of which we now also have at least one from Ficus thonningii. AW pictured it (pl. III fig. 1), but JTW could not yet study it in any detail: it has a bare strip along the marginal vein, just as Philotrypesis-females usually have. Probably, this is an alate male of Philotrypesis! The reclassification of the species mentioned makes necessary some nomen- clatorial alterations, as follows: Watshamiella alata Wiebes, spec. nov., described below. Watshamiella infida Wiebes, spec. nov., description in Wiebes, 1967: 426, figs. 77—84 (Sycoscapteri- dea monilifera (Westwood), female), 433—434, figs. 102—108 (Philotrypesis anguliceps (West- wood), alate male). Watshamiella stilifera (Wiebes, 1966c), nov. comb. These species may be recognized by using the following key. Key to the species of Watshamiella 1. Funicular segments of the antenna distinctly longer than wide, with about two (sometimes irregular) rows of sensilla. Male unknown. North Borneo, ex Ficus stupenda MUG sn SAI stilifera — Funicular segments of the antenna not longer than wide, with one row of sensilla. Female: ninth urotergite three times as long as the apparent gaster. Male: hind basitarsus longer than the three following segments combined... 2 Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 189 2. Female: the head distinctly transverse (16 : 19); the eye not quite 1/2 times as long as the cheek (11 : 8). Male: the compound eye distinctly longer than thecheek (= 2)A@eylonsexkieusreligiosaE nr re infida — Female: the head almost as long as wide (23 : 25); the eye twice as long as the cheek. Male: the compound eye as long as the cheek. Rhodesia, ex Ficus Dürkeise ES BEER. EI EED OE alata Watshamiella alata Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 61—63, 82, 85—92; pl. 2 figs. 5, 6) Female. — Length of head, thorax and apparent gaster ca. 2 mm, the ninth urotergite ca. 3 mm i.e., three times as long as the apparent gaster. Colour yellow-brown, with black markings on the dorsum of the gaster. Head (fig. 62) almost as long as wide across the compound eyes (23 : 25), the eye more than half as long as the head (14 : 23) and twice as long as the check. Antennal toruli widely spaced, situated rather low in the face, close to the epistomal margin; shallow scrobes run to about the middle of the face. Epistomal margin straight. Mandible tridentate, two glands; the labial palpus consisting of two segments (3 : 7), the maxillary of four (3:2:2:5). Antenna (fig. 63), formula 1135(3); the scape three times as long as the pedicel; the funicular segments with one row of sensilla, and with scattered setae. Thorax. Pronotum long, about of the same length as the scutellum (which bears two long, posterior setae); the parapsidal furrows complete. Fore leg: the femur inflated, the tibial armature consisting of two dorso-apical spines and a bifid ventral spur, accompanied by some spines; the tarsal segments approx- imately in ratio 12:4:4:3: 14. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 17:9:6:5:7. Hind leg: the tibia (fig. 89) with a rather straight apical edge, the armature consisting of stout spines next to the ventral spurs and six conical spines along the distal fifth of the dorsal margin; the tarsal ratio 8 : 5 : 3 : 2 : 3, i.e., the basitarsus as long as the combined lengths of the second and third segments. Fore wing (5 : 2) 1.6 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 15: 10 : 3 : 9 (fig. 61), the surface hirsute; hind wing (4 : 1) 1.1 mm long. Gaster shortly petiolate. Hypopygium (fig. 82) with an acute spine and three pairs of long setae. The ninth urotergite with small pygostyles. Male. — Length of head, thorax and gaster ca. 1.7 mm. Colour yellow-brown. Head (fig. 87) almost as long as wide across the compound eyes (13 : 14), the eye as long as the cheek. Three ocelli. Antennal toruli widely spaced, situated close to the epistomal margin, which is straight. Mandible bidentate, with two glands, but the inner tooth truncate and divided at the apex in some specimens; the labial palpus consisting of two segments (1:2), the maxillary of four (8 : 8 : 7 : 14). Antenna (fig. 85), formula 1135(3); the scape 212 times as long as the pedicel; the funicular segments with some large sensilla and mainly apical setae. Thorax. Pronotum almost as long as the mesonotum; the parapsidal furrows almost complete. Fore leg (figs. 86, 91—92): the femur inflated, the tibial 190 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Figs. 85—92. Watshamiella alata Wiebes, gen. & spec. nov., male (85—88, 90—92) and female (89). 85, right antenna, antiaxial aspect; 86, right fore leg; 87, head; 88, apex of hind tibia, and basitarsus; 89, apex of female hind tibia, axial aspect; 90, apex of gaster, with genitalia; 91, apex of fore tibia, and two tarsal segments; 92, do., detail in axial view. armature much as in the female, the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 9:3:3:2:7. Mid leg: tarsal ratio 6:3:3:2:6. Hind leg (fig. 88) with seven conical spines along the distal third of the dorsal tibial margin and some ventral spines next to the spurs; the tarsal segments approximately in ratio 23 :9:6:3: 11. Fore wing (5 : 2) 1.3 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 26 :23:9:18, the membrane hirsute; hind wing (5 : 1) 0.9 mm long. Gaster shortly petiolate. Genitalia (fig. 90) with four claws on the claspers; pygostyles present. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 191 Type material. — Holotype © (slide-mounted), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, ii.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in RMNH, Leiden (no. 2966). Paratypes: series 2 and four mating pairs, same data as holotype (coll. dates ii-v.1977); Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 5 d, 1976 & vi.1977; Makumbi Mission, Chinamora Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, 5 2 3 &, xii. 1976 (A. Watsham). The material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some paratypes in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. OTITESELLINAE The Otitesellinae held my attention for some time (Wiebes, 1967: 435—441, 1969: 443-444, 1974: 145-161). They were formerly classified with the Tory- midae, but now are transferred to the Pteromalidae. The females have a short ovipositor and for that reason were supposed to oviposit from within the receptacle; some have special features (rasps, stout spines) evidently related to the way of entering through the ostiole, but most have not. Otitesella Westwood, to which the species from Ficus burkei belongs, does not enter the receptacle for oviposition. The males are peculiar by their oversized head and mandibles. The main character by which the species of Otitesella and its close relatives can be distinguished, is found in the male thorax (fig. 94), the terga of which are all free; the female wings are almost hyaline. Immediate African relatives of the species here treated are Otitesella africana Grandi, epicarioides Grandi and royi Wiebes, with which the species from Ficus burkei is being compared in the following key. Key to some African species.of Otitesella 1. Female: epistomal margin with a median lobe in between the lateral lobes. Male: head with a large anterior concavity reaching the antennal toruli. ERICA ENIRICUSISDEC MR IT III OI epicarioides — Female: epistomal margin with a median indentation in between the lateral lobes. Male: head convex dorsally, only faintly impressed in front ........ 2 2. Female: the compound eye four times as long as the cheek. Male: toruli of the antennae distinctly situated between the eyes. Guinea, ex Ficus vogelii MINI AN DER EAN RE SEE DORE RR EN AN: africana — Female: the compound eye about twice as long as the cheek. Male: toruli of the antennae almost totally behind the posterior edge of the eyes .......... 3 3. Female: the antennal anelli long, the distal one half as long as wide. Male: antenna with two distinct anelli. Guinea, ex Ficus cf. eriobotryoides K. & B. … EI Ath RA ra A ANALI Eh RIO I LA O i PRET royi — Female: the antennal anelli (fig. 101) shorter, disk-like, up to five times as wide as long. Male: antenna with only one anellus. Rhodesia and Zambia, ex KICUSIDUIKCIOR PASO tsamvi Otitesella tsamvi Wiebes, spec. nov. (figs. 93—108; pl. 1 figs. 5, 6) Female. — Length 1.4—1.7 mm. Colour blackish, the tibiae and tarsi of the legs lighter. 192 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Figs. 93—108. Otitesella tsamvi Wiebes, spec. nov., male holotype (93—98) and female (99—108). 93, apex of antennal scape, pedicel and three flagellar segments; 94, head and thorax; 95, apex of fore tibia, and tarsus, axial aspect; 96-97, antennal scapes of a large- and small-sized specimen, respectively; 98, apex of male fore tibia; 99, apex of female fore tibia, and basitarsus; 100, right mandible, ventral aspect; 101, basal segments of antenna, axial aspect; 102, outline of head; 103, epistomal margin; 104, apex of hind tibia, and basitarsus; 105, maxillary palpus; 106, labial palpus; 107, part of wing-venation; 108, hypopygium. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 193 Head (fig. 102) shorter than wide across the compound eyes, twice as long as the cheek. The epistomal margin (fig. 103) broadly bilobate. Mandible (fig. 100) with three teeth; the labial palpus (fig. 106) consisting of two segments (11 : 16), the maxillary (fig. 105) of four (4:6:3:10). Antenna (fig. 101), formula 1135(3); the scape more than three times as long as the pedicel (13 : 4); the flagellum with five or six sensilla and long mainly basal setae visible in axial view of each segment, more and shorter setae over the whole of the disk and less sensilla in antiaxial view. Thorax. The legs (hind leg, fig. 104) are quite similar to those of O. epica- rioides. Fore wing (2 : 1) 1.3 mm long, the submarginal, marginal, stigmal and postmarginal veins approximately in ratio 30 : 9 : 8 : 4 (fig. 107, but in some specimens the stigmal and postmarginal are of almost equal length), hyaline, no fringe; the hind wing (4 : 1) 1.0 mmlong, with a normal fringe. Gaster. The hypopygium (fig. 108) has a short spine. Male. — Length of the head (without mandibles) and thorax 0.9—1.0 mm. Colour yellowish. Head (fig. 94) slightly longer than wide (greatest length: greatest width, 1.0 : 1.1), only faintly depressed above the epistomal edge and without a sulcus parallel to the posterior margin. The eyes large, more than thrice as long as the cheek (7 : 2) and more than half as long as the remaining posterior part of the head. The toruli of the antennae are situated in the posterior half of the head, well behind an imaginary line connecting the posterior margins of the eyes. Mandible two-thirds of the length of the head; three glands; the labial palpus consists of one segment, the maxillary of two (4 : 5). Antenna (figs. 93, 96—97), formula 1115(2); the scape distinctly expanded, only slightly so in smaller specimens; the pedicel about a quarter of the length of the scape; one anellus (it is difficult to distinguish between the stalk of the third segment and a possible extra anellus; even if the stalk is counted as a second anellus, there is a difference with O. epicarioides and royi, which then have three anelli: see Grandi, 1922, fig. vi 2); five subequal funicular segments, each with one antiaxial sensillum, and a divided club (2 : 1). Thorax (fig. 94): the pronotum 1/2 times as wide as long, three times as long as the mesonotum is in the middle, and thrice as long as the propodeum is laterally. Wing remnant present. Legs (fore tibia, figs. 95, 98) much as in O. epicarioides. Gaster. The claspers of the genitalia bear three-claws. Type material. — Holotype d (slide-mounted), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Salis- bury, ex Ficus burkei, ii.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in RMNH, Leiden (no. 2971). Paratypes: series 2d and 11 mating pairs, same data as holotype (coll. dates iii-iv.1977); Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 3 ® 22 d, i, v.1975, ix.1976, i, vi.1977; Makumbi Mission, Chinamora Reserve, ex Ficus burkei, 35 2 10 6, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). Zambia: Kafue National Park, Ngoma, ex Ficus burkei, 2 d, 8.xii.1977 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2465); Chipata Golf Course, ex Ficus burkei, 1 2, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2474); Chipata, ex Ficus petersii, 3 2 7 6, 11.1.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2475); Lusaka, Cathedral of the Holy Cross, ex Ficus burkei, 20 2 20 6, 16.11.1979 (M. G. Bingham, no. 2490). The 194 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 material is deposited in the RMNH, Leiden, some paratypes in the BMNH, London and in the Watsham Collection. Derivation of the name. — Tsamvi is the vernacular name (Shonatribe) for Ficus burkei. EPICHRYSOMALLINAE Most of the described genera of this group were listed by Hill (1967), but so far no key to them has been published and most of them were not critically studied. Most of the descriptions were based on slide-mounted material in which it is difficult to see certain important characters and usually too much significance is _ ascribed to tiny differences in bristles on legs, wings and some other body parts. Unlike many other groups, in Epichrysomallinae the number of antennal segments and their shape is often different even in closely related species, often also in different sexes of the same species, and, if not corroborated by other features, seems to be of problematic value as a generic character. Unfortunately most of the existing generic descriptions were based on such characters, some- times even on the still less reliable difference in the palpal segments. The validity of such genera was first questioned by Wiebes (1971: 382) when describing a new species from Sierra Leone. He decided then to place the species under the oldest name in the group, Sycobia Walker, 1871, and called it S. africana. Later (1975) he placed similarly another new species from the Aldabra Islands in the Indian Ocean, Sycobia orientalis. To my knowledge there is only one further species coming into our consideration, described by Risbec (1955a) from the Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) as Callimomus imerinensis (although some Indian species have been compared as well). Epichrysomallinae seem to be confined to the tropics of the Old World and probably all are associated with figs. I have studied taxonomically at least two dozen species, some of which could be named, but am not yet quite sure about the range of some genera. The oldest genus, Sycobia Walker, is known to me only in the males of its type-species, S. bethyloides Walker from India. These males are quite distinct from the males of all African species (described or undescribed) and because it seems to me doubtful that the rather ordinary looking female assumed by some authors to belong to S. bethyloides really belongs there, I am reluctant to accept the name Sycobia for these species. The second oldest name is Camarothorax Mayr, 1906, based on C. obscurus Mayr from Java. Although I have not seen any material certainly belonging to this species (and the type material could not be located in the Mayr collection in Vienna), the description suggests a genus acceptable for most of the African species known to me. Therefore I transfer the three previously described African species to this genus and they should be known as Camarothorax africanus (Wiebes) comb. nov., C. orientalis (Wiebes) comb. nov. (both from Sycobia) and Camarothorax imerinensis (Risbec) comb. nov. (from Callimo- mus). According to the emerging evidence Epichrysomallinae seem to oviposit into the female florets of figs. They gall them in a similar way as do the Agaonidae, but Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 195 they oviposit from outside. They are no pollinators and attack only figs of smaller size, with florets within reach of their coiled ovipositors (see Galil & Copland, 1981). If this picture of their biology proves accurate it remains to explain why their bodies are invariably so smooth (unsculptured). Altogether four species have been found to occur in the figs of F. burkei, one belonging to a new genus Sycotetra, the remaining three to Camarothorax Mayr, as already mentioned also in the key above. Sycotetra Boucek, gen. nov. Type-species: Sycotetra serricornis Boucek, spec. nov. Head in female with convex vertex, parascrobal areas and temples, and relatively deep scrobes; no interantennal ridge; occipital carina distinct only above level of foramen; in facial view head not as high as broad, with rounded converging genae; antennae inserted slightly above centre of face, distinctly above lower ocular line. Clypeus with bilobed lower margin, its median incision accompanied by round depression; dorsally not separated from supraclypeal area; its lateral margins strongly converging and just above tentorial pits less apart than one ocellus diameter, each margin then curving towards inner third of the closely approached antennal toruli. Mouth and mandibles of normal size. Antennal formula 1106(3), i.e., without distinct anellus; funicular segments very clearly separated by incisions, asymmetric, appearing distinctly serrate in the type-species (fig. 111); claval segments almost completely fused. Thoracic dorsum virtually smooth, with few pairs of short bristles, only the pair at apex of scutellum long, upturned forwards. Pronotum medially shorter than mesoscutum; latter with strongly converging incomplete notaular lines (these not groove-like) which turn caudad at posterior end, at the medio- posterior pair of setae, still about a quarter of their length before transscutal suture. Scutellum rather broadly bordering on mesoscutum, this border about as broad as each axilla, but axillar lines anteriorly not marked as grooves on surface. Propodeum without significant sculpture; spiracle partly covered by transparent outer flange. Metapleuron hairy, its hairs much shorter than hairs on the flat propodeal callus. Mesopleuron with deep grooves separating subalar sclerite and lower epimeron, but groove indicating pleural suture (running from mid coxa to fore wing) completely effaced in ventral half. All tarsi four-seg- mented, basitarsus of mid and hind legs very long. Fore wing venation normal for the group, postmarginal vein however longer than half of the stigmal, which is curved and shorter than marginal vein. Gaster sessile, slightly compressed from sides; epipygium with cerci situated dorso-laterally; hypopygium slightly exceeding three-quarters of gastral length. In male head stouter than in female, especially temples more tumid; antennal formula 1105(3), antennal insertion below centre of face, lower margins of toruli slightly below lower ocular line; flagellum not serrate, its first segment usually smaller than any of subequal segments 2 to 5. Pronotum distinctly longer than in female and pubescence of fore wing more conspicuous. Gaster flat, subsessile. Comments. — Sycotetra differs from most of the known genera of Epichryso- 196 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 mallinae in having only tetramerous tarsi. These are also found in Odontofrog- gatia Ishii (1934), from which Sycotetra differs in having incomplete notauli, normal male mandibles (falcate in Odontofroggatia) and a subsessile male gaster (petiolate in Odontofroggatia, armed with lateral or ventral spines). Sycotetra serricornis Boutek, spec. nov. (figs. 109—113; pl. 3 fig. 2) Female. — Stretched body 2.0—2.7 mm. Testaceous, gaster usually darker brown; wings hyaline including most of marginal vein, venation otherwise brownish. Head; relative measurements: breadth 85, length (dorsally) 47, height includ- ing clypeal lobes 72, breadth of frons 56, POL : OOL as 21: 16, eye 40x32.5, malar space 19, mouth breath 39, distance between toruli and median ocellus 26, scapus 20X7.5, flagellum plus pedicellus 93. Upper face with shallowly engraved striae merging at antennae with lengthened engraved reticulation. Malar sulcus obliterated, indicated merely by a narrow streak of denser reticulation. Anten- nal toruli about one-third of torulus apart. Flagellar segments (fig. 111) with Figs. 109—113. Sycotetra serricornis Boutek, gen. & spec. nov., female (109—111) and male (112, 113). 109, head and thorax; 110, gaster and hind leg; 111, antennae, left one in lateral aspect, right antenna (part) in dorsal aspect; 112, male pronotum, dorsal aspect; 113, male antenna. Figs. 114, 115. Camarothorax equicollis Boutek, spec. nov., female. 114, venation of fore wing; 115, clypeus. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 197 longitudinal plus trichoid sensilla, trichoid ones sparse on funicular segments, first segment ventrally flattened and there devoid of sensilla. Pronotum about 0.8 of breadth of mesoscutum, its sides subparallel, anterior- ly broadly rounded (fig. 109); its dorsum smooth. Flat; both hind and anterior margins of pronotum emarginate, length in median line only about 0.4 of maximum breadth and (in presumably normal position) about half as long as mesoscutum. Relative length of scutellum (less axillae) 60, breadth 50. Fore femur (less trochantellus) about 2.8 times as long as broad, about as broadened as hind femur; fore basitarsus dorsally as long as the second, mid basitarsus dorsally as long as rest of tarsus less claws, hind basitarsus relatively very slightly shorter. Fore wing venation see pl. 3 fig. 2. Gaster hardly longer than thorax; in normal position tip of hypopygium reaching very nearly as far as apex of the spiracle-bearing tergite (fig. 110), most of hypopygium bare, except for few hairs at tip which is shortly produced (mucro). Male. — Usually 1.5—1.8 mm (non-stretched specimens shorter, then length of body about equal to length of forewing). Antennae paler than in ?. Head only 1.6 times as broad as long in dorsal view, with temples longer, almost parallel just behind eyes. For antenna see fig. 113. Pronotum (fig. 112) dorsally flat, its median length about 0.8 of the breadth, hind margin fairly deeply emarginate. Mesoscutum with distinct engraved striation generally parallel to notaular lines. Fore wing pubescence beginning at base of marginal vein (in 9 bare area stretches to base of stigmal vein), similar to that shown in fig. 122. Type material. — Holotype ® (on card), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, ex Ficus burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 44 ® 33 d (1 d observed mating with holotype 2), same data as holotype; Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 3 gd, xii.1974, 5 ®, ix.1974, iii. and v.1975 (A. Watsham). Some paratypes in RMNH, Leiden and the Watsham Collection. Camarothorax Mayr Type-species: Camarothorax obscurus Mayr. For discussion on Camarothorax see above, under the heading Epichrysomal- linae. Camarothorax equicollis Boutek, spec. nov. (figs. 114—121; pl. 3 fig. 3) Female. — 2.2—2.7 mm. Reddish testaceous but often with gaster dark brown (except for paler base), as well as mesopleura, metathorax plus propodeum, antennal flagellum and legs except tarsi. Wings hyaline, including parts of venation which alternate with darker colour at base, middle and apex of submarginal vein and at base and apex of stigmal vein. Head orthognathous, scarcely broader than mesoscutum (36 : 34), in dorsal 198 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 view fully 1.9 times as broad as long (stout), in facial view (fig. 117) barely 1.2 times as broad as high. Relative measurements: head width 89, frons 53, POL : OOL as 23 : 13, eye 40x34, malar space 27, mouth 44; toruli 30 from lower margin of clypeal lobes, 20 from eye and 32 from median ocellus; slender scapus 31, flagellum plus pedicellus 86. Vertex very weakly convex, with bristles as in 6 but without short ones mesad and laterad of ocelli; also sculpture and pilosity similar to that of male. Occipital carina conspicuous and complete, reaching mouth margin on hind side of head; temples rounded, short. Lower face with some very short hairs, longer hairs present only at mouth margin and on mandibles; clypeus subtriangular, its lower margin with two deeply separated lobes (fig. 115), dorsal margin against supraclypeal area indicated by dark line, supraclypeal area itself narrower than one torulus, almost parallel-sided, about three times as high as broad. Malar groove distinct. Antenna (fig. 118): pedicel- lus short; flagellum stout except for thin anellus, with seven funicular segments, all of them transverse, distal ones usually about twice as broad as long; formula 1117(3). Figs. 116—121. Camarothorax equicollis Boutek, spec. nov., female (116—118) and male (119— 121). 116, apex of gaster in lateral view; 117, head; 118, antenna; 119, male antenna; 120, male head; 121, male thorax, dorsal aspect. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 199 Thorax shiny, with similar fine engraved striae as head; dorsally with two bristles on each side of pronotum, two posteriorly at each outer corner of mesoscutum, the meso-posterior pair more than twice from each other than from scutellum; on scutellum one pair of lateral bristles in middle of length and another pair at hind margin. Pronotum distinctly narrower than mesoscutum, its median length to breadth in ratio as 26 : 62; anterior corners broadly rounded. Notaular grooves shallow, posteriorly sinuate and meeting scutellum slightly inside of axillar grooves; latter grooves separated from each other by little less than breadth of one axilla (21 : 26). Relative length of scutellum 59, breadth 53, median length of propodeum 20. Propodeum with fine median carina accompa- nied by a groove connected anteriorly with a broader groove running along anterior margin, narrowing laterad and subdivided in several areolae; short carinae arising also from raised petiolar margin of propodeum; spiracle round, less than its diameter from metanotum, anteriorly overroofed by transparent flange; callus with long hairs, these reduced posteriorly to hardly more than one row. Metapleuron convex, reticulate, bare. Mesopleuron ventrally very flat, dorsally with longitudinal striation; a curved groove separating subalar sclerite, a distinct bent groove delimiting lower epimeron (katepimeron). Fore femur and hind femur each about three times as long as broad. Fore wing pilosity strongly reduced, hairs extremely short, sparse, marginal fringe absent; bristles of veins reduced to a few on darker parts of venation (fig. 114); relative measurements: costal cell length about 115, marginal vein 26, postmarginal 9, stigmal 18. Gaster sessile, only moderately compressed from sides, hardly as long as thorax. Cerci close to each other, on ventral side. Hypopygium ending slightly beyond middle of gaster but with thin white median projection (mucro, fig. 116) about of length of hind basitarsus. Male (pl. 3 fig. 3). — Stretched body 1.9—2.7 mm (holotype 2.6 mm). Dark brown, but mesothorax dorsally sometimes more or less testaceous; antennae, fore tibia and all tarsi testaceous. Wings slightly infumate but hyaline in basal one-third sending out a curved hyaline streak, also quadrangular area below marginal vein hyaline; venation brown, but marginal vein pale. | Head subprognathous, elongate-subquadrangular (fig. 120). Relative mea- surements: breadth 65, thickness 44, height (here = length) 78, breadth of frons 39, POL : OOL as 19 : 12, eye 38x26, malar space 23, width of mouth 44, distance between toruli and median ocellus 42, scapus length 37, pedicellus plus flagellum 69. Surface of body shiny, with very fine shallow engraved striation; short hairs scattered on lower face, spreading partly along inner orbits and across genae to temples; on vertex regular bristles: one in front of each lateral ocellus, one antero-laterad from that ocellus at eye margin, four bristles in cross-arch on vertex and a short bristle mesad of each lateral ocellus. Occipital carina even dorsally indistinct. Malar sulcus fine but distinct. No supraclypeal area, and clypeus ill-defined dorsally, very transverse, lobes of lower margin as if converg- ing, separated by a subtriangular incision. Antennal insertion about half-way between ocular line and mouth margin, toruli close to each other. For antenna see fig. 119, formula 11071; scapus straight; first flagellar segment undivided, 200 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 distinctly longer than following one but scarcely as long as pedicellus; clava not distinctly subdivided. Thorax with fine striation similar to that on head, dorsally slightly flattened, in shape slightly widening caudad (fig. 121), in stretched position about 2.5 times as long as broad. Pronotum about 1.2 times as long as broad, its hind margin only shallowly emarginate; sides subparallel. Mesoscutum (if pronotum in horizontal position) fully twice as broad as long, only half as long as pronotum; notauli extremely shallow though groove-like, very nearly complete, almost meeting on scutellar border. Scutellum about 1.2 times as long as broad, most of border with axilla indistinct. Propodeum subhorizontal, without significant sculpture, only medio-anteriorly with faint converging grooves separated by short fine carina. Metapleuron and mesopleuron as in female, only with odd hairs in front of mid coxae. Legs strong but tibiae and tarsi relatively long and slender; hind coxa pyriform, dorsally and laterally bare; fore femur stout, 2.1 times as long as broad, hind femur about 2.9 times as long as broad; mid basitarsus dorsally slightly shorter than combined dorsal length of segments 2 to 4. Proximal third of fore wing bare except basal cell and apex of costal cell, bare area stretching to base of stigmal vein; otherwise distinctly pubescent, hairs moderately dense; marginal fringe conspicuous; bristles on submarginal vein absent only on a short stretch just before parastigma. Gaster flat, mostly short-oval. Type material. — Holotype d (on card), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, ex F. burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 12 © 5 d, same data as holotype; Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 11 © 8 6, ix. and xii.1974, vii.1976, iii. and iv.1977 (A. Watsham). South Africa: Pondoland, Port St. Johns, 1 ©, vii.1923 (R. E. Turner). Uganda: Kawanda, 1 ©, ii.1939 (T. H. C. Taylor). Some paratypes in RMNH, Leiden and the Watsham Collection. Comments. — This species, especially by its long “horse” head and pronotum (hence its name equicollis) reminds one much of Camarothorax orientalis (Wiebes) described in Sycobia from the Aldabra Islands (1975). C. equicollis differs from C. orientalis (of which I could examine the type material) in the female mainly by the lateral ocellus being nearer to the median ocellus than to the eye (the reverse in orientalis), a different disposition of hairs on the vertex, a slightly more transverse head (in frontal view), a much shorter pronotum (median length to breadth in orientalis as 13 : 26), and by the distinctly com- pressed gaster (not compressed in orientalis); in the male by the relatively less elongate head with larger eyes which are much longer than part of head anterior to eyes in equicollis, but only about as long in orientalis. The above material of C. equicollis comes mainly from the Rhodesian Ficus burkei, but a very similar form is known to us from the figs of F. petersü from South West Africa (Namibia). The latter form cannot be separated morphologi- cally but is much darker, having only the pronotum and lower parts of the head pale testaceous. I regard it as a form of C. equicollis, although the material is not included as paratypes (it may be a climatic form, or does the colour difference suggest a beginning of speciation?) Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 201 Camarothorax longimucro Boucek, spec. nov. (figs. 122-125; pl. 3 fig. 4) Because of great similarity of this species to C. equicollis the stress is made in the following description on the diagnostic characters. Female. — 2.05—2.35 mm. Testaceous, but propodeum and gaster some- times slightly darker than the rest; wings hyaline, venation with a pattern similar to equicollis but generally paler. Head in dorsal view transverse-quadrangular, about 1.85 times as broad as long, with swollen temples which are subparallel for short distance at eyes; in facial view (fig. 125) head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high. Sculpture on head, as well as on thorax, similar to that of equicollis, but deeper, therefore surface duller. Relative measurements: head breadth 83, frons 51, POL: OOL as 22 : 14, eye 34x29, malar space 24,-mouth 42, toruli 25 from lower margin of clypeal lobes and 33 from median ocellus (lower torular margin on lower ocular line), scapus 31, flagellum plus pedicellus 82. Ocellar angle about 135°, ocellar area about three times as broad as high. Compared with equicollis eyes are smaller, supraclypeal area (separated by distinct line from clypeus, fig. 125) is only about twice as high as broad, as broad as one torulus; antennae inserted slightly lower on face, pedicellus fully 1.6 times as long as broad, flagellum slightly more slender, with only six funicular segments. Pronotum parallel-sided, only 0.75 times as broad as mesoscutum, its median length about 0.47 the breadth; anterior corners (shoulders) subrectangular. Notaular grooves meeting scutellum slightly outside of axillar grooves; latter grooves separated anteriorly by distance subequal to half breadth of axilla. Scutellum about 1.15 times as long as broad, posteriorly more regularly semicir- cular than in equicollis, but propodeum and sculpture of pleura as in that species, except that metapleuron is narrower, hind lateral corner of propodeum slightly more produced, the groove delimiting subalar sclerite ventrally is straight. Legs relatively slender; fore femur about 2.5 times, hind femur nearly 3 times as long as broad; hind basitarsus dorsally about as long as rest of tarsus (less pulvillus). Fore wing as in equicollis, relative length of costal cell 120, marginal vein 26, postmarginal 10, stigmal vein 21. Gaster sessile, fairly compressed from sides, about as long as head plus thorax combined. Hypopygial mucro slender (fig. 124), about as long as two basal segments of hind tarsus combined. Cerci situated ventrally, close to each other. Male. — About 1.7—1.9 mm (if stretched). Pale testaceous (only eyes, ocelli and pulvilli dark); fore wing venation (fig. 122) pale, only parastigma and stigmal vein more pigmented. Head almost orthognathous (mouth downwards), in facial view fully 1.1 times as broad as high. Relative measurements: breadth of head 71, length (dorsally) about 40, height 62, frons 42, eye 34x26, malar space 16, scapus 25X9, flagellum plus pedicellus 55. Occipital carina fine and developed only dorsally. Head narrower in temples than across eyes but temples parallel for short distance just behind eyes; a few additional hairs posteriorly on vertex; two pairs of dorsal adorbital bristles (one pair in equicollis). Antennal toruli situated below lower 202 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 ocular line; supraclypeal area short, with sides diverging upwards, ventrally separated by distinct line from clypeus. Antenna short and stout, clavate (fig. 123); scapus slightly narrowed basally; flagellum more distinctly tapering towards base; seven distinct funicular segments, no anellus. Thorax long, with large pronotum which is about 0.85 times as broad as mesoscutum, but normally (in subhorizontal position) distinctly longer; maxi- mum length of pronotum equal to breadth, but because of emargination of hind margin, in median line shorter than broad as 45 : 54, broadly rounded anterior- ly; pronotum dorsally nearly smooth, with 4 to 6 bristles in an anterior cross-line, one pair of sublateral bristles behind this row and 4 bristles at hind margin (submedian ones more apart). On propodeum the T-shaped groove obliterated; Figs. 122-125. Camarothorax longimucro Boutek, spec. nov., male (122, 123) and female (124, 125). 122, venation of fore wing; 123, antenna; 124, female gaster and hind leg; 125, female head and antenna. Figs. 126-128. Camarothorax brevimucro Boutek, spec. nov., female (126, 127) and male (128). 126, head; 127, apex of gaster; 128, male antenna. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 203 also grooves on mesopleuron almost obliterated. Legs strong and stout; fore femur hardly 2.1 times, hind femur about 2.4 times, as long as broad; fore tarsal segments 1 to 4 very short; hind tibia dorsally bristly; hind basitarsus dorsally about as long as segments 2 plus 3 combined (dorsally). Fore wing (fig. 122) with pilosity similar to that of d equicollis; on lower surface pubescence extending partly to marginal vein. Gaster flat, much shorter than thorax. Type material. — Holotype © (on card), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, ex F. burkei, vi.1977 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: same origin as holotype, 2 d, 3.xii.1974 and 5 ©, 1976. Some paratypes deposited in RMNH, Leiden, PPRI (Plant Protection Research Institute), Pretoria and the Watsham Collection. Comments. — The name of C. longimucro refers to the unusually long spine- like projection (mucro) of the female hypopygium. In this respect the species is similar to C. equicollis. The female looks otherwise very much as that of C. brevimucro, especially in the antennae, but the males of the two species have very different antennae and the female of C. brevimucro, as the name suggests, has only a short projection on its hypopygium. Camarothorax longimucro is also similar to C. africanus (Wiebes) from West Africa. The latter species differs from C. longimucro by its larger size, and in both sexes by a more robust body with a stout head which looks subquadrangular dorsally and is, in female, only about 1.65 times as broad as long, with the occipital carina nearly reaching the level with ocelli (this carina much lower in longimucro), the pronotum with almost parallel sides and longer, in female medially about 0.6 times as long as broad, in both sexes of C. africanus the axillar grooves are rather strongly converging forwards, thus considerably narrowing the anterior margin of the scutellum, and the clypeus is distinctly separated from the supraclypeal area (as in C. longimucro, fig. 125, but unlike in the otherwise also similar C. brevimu- cro, fig. 126). Camarothorax brevimucro Boutek, spec. nov. (figs. 126—128; pl. 3 fig. 5) Female. — 1.3—2.5 mm (holotype 1.8 mm). Testaceous to dark brown, sometimes either pale or dark, usually pale colour spreading first on sides of pronotum, then on lower parts of head and in a streak on sides of thoracic dorsum including fore coxa, prepectus and sides of scutellum (so in holotype). Wings hyaline, venation uniformly pale brown. Otherwise very similar to C. longimu- cro, hence stress is made on diagnostic characters. Head with occipital carina reaching higher up than in longimucro, therefore vertex less sloping posteriorly. Ocellar area about twice as broad as long, angle of ocelli about 120°. In facial view (fig. 128) head rather transverse, about 1.37 times as broad as high; clypeal lobes rather short, clypeus dorsally confluent with supraclypeal area. Relative measurements: breadth of head 78, frons 48, POL : OOL as 18: 11, eye 34x29 (rather large), malar space 20 (relatively 204 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 short), scapus 22, flagellum plus pedicellus about 60. Flagellar segments mostly more transverse than in /ongimucro. Thorax slightly stouter than in /ongimucro; median carina on propodeum reduced to mere rudiment anteriorly; several bristles on dorsal part of metapleu- ron. Fore and hind femur each about 2.5—2.6 times as long as broad. Relative measurements in fore wing: costal cell length 95, marginal vein 18, postmarginal about 6, stigmal vein 18 (the marginal relatively short). Gaster sessile, only moderately compressed from sides, about as long as thorax. Hypopygium reaching near to apex of gaster, its median projection (mucro) short (fig. 127; hence the name). Male. — 1.4—1.9 mm. Mainly yellowish but often with darkened gaster and, usually less distinctly darker on vertex and on median parts of thoracic dorsum. Wings mostly hyaline but sometimes slightly infumate, mainly with a faint median streak and more infumate in basal half where a strongly curved line following the cubital vein and another longitudinal streak along hind margin are left hyaline. Very similar to & of longimucro but body less slender and antennae only with five segments between pedicellus and clava (fig. 128); clypeus dorsally fused with supraclypeal area; vertex subhorizontal behind ocelli, relative distance between lateral ocelli (POL) 18, both only 14 from distinct occipital carina; length of pronotum medially about 0.65 the breadth, in two-thirds of length with a pair of submedian bristles. Fore femur nearly 2.3 times as long as broad (hind femur barely more slender); fore tarsus very short; hind basitarsus about as long as three following segments combined, measured dorsally. Fore wing pilosity about as in C. equicollis: relative length of marginal vein 22, postmarginal about 3 (indistinct), stigmal vein 19. Gaster subpetiolate, flat, short oval; median length of petiole barely a third of maximum breadth. Type material. — Holotype © (on card), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, ex F. burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 100 9 109 3; Chishawasha Reserve, 1 ©, iii.1975 (all A. Watsham). South Africa: Pondoland, Port St. Johns, 1 ®, viii.1923 (R. E. Turner). Some paratypes deposited in RMNH, Leiden, PPRI, Pretoria and the Watsham collection. Comments. — The main characters separating this species are summarized in the key and in the comments on C. longimucro. The male of C. brevimucro is similar in many features to that of Sycotetra serricornis, but it has complete notaular grooves, five-segmented tarsi and differs otherwise in various details mentioned in the description. EURYTOMINAE Figs, even if inhabited only by the pollinating Agaonidae, represent an ecological niche virtually identical to many plant galls and as such attract many Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 205 species of gall-inhabiting Eurytomidae. All the African species associated with figs belong to subfamily Eurytominae, as defined by me earlier (e.g., in Peck, Boutek & Hoffer, 1964 : 23) and quite recently by Subba Rao (1978). There seems to be no good reason to split the subfamily, as some authors traditionally did. Eurytominae include a variety of genera, with numerous species both of phytophagous and entomophagous habits. There are still considerable difficulties with the range of many genera and it proved the best way to place two of the species associated with Ficus burkei into two new genera, whilst the majority belongs to Sycophila Walker and one species can be undoubtedly classified as Eurytoma Illiger. Their separation is summarised in the key, based mainly on practical characters (not necessarily of generic value, as some, e.g., in Eurytoma ficusgallae). Eurytoma Illiger One species, apparently undescribed, belongs to this well known genus. Eurytoma ficusgallae Boucek, spec. nov. (figs. 129—130; pl. 3 fig. 6) Female. — 2.5—3.4 mm (holotype 3.3 mm). Black; head and thorax with short silvery pubescence; antennae, tegulae, venation and legs beyond coxae rufous, tarsi paler, sometimes pedicels infuscate, rarely also femora; wings hyaline. Head dorsally twice as broad as long, anteriorly 1.4 times as broad as high; densely umbilicately punctured, including malar space, but on lower face punctures confluent into grooves separated by raised striae radiating from depressed clypeal margin. Frons convex but not bulging; deep scrobes barely narrower than parascrobal area, its edges carinate, especially in upper third, united at ocellus, in a slight depression. Inner orbits with slight carina. Hairs on face very dense and flattened, arranged as if radiating from antennal base; lower edge of toruli at half distance between median ocellus and the emarginate mouth margin; on lower face median stria raised slightly more than others. In frontal view, mouth margin medially distinctly emarginate and depressed (including clypeus) but raised laterad of clypeus, narrowly notched above base of each mandible so that genal lamina projects there as a tooth; malar sulcus absent. Relative measurements: head width 55, frons 34, POL 12.5, OOL 7, eye 22x20, malar space 18.5, scapus 17X5, flagellum plus pedicellus 52. Antenna 11153; scapus reaching top of median ocellus, distinctly tapering in apical third (fig. 129); pedicellus subglobose; funicular segments oblong, the first distinctly, the fifth only slightly longer than broad, all with sparse longitudinal sensilla. Thorax: densely punctate; dorsum about 1.43 times as long as mesoscutum broad; pronotal sides rounded, anteriorly slightly carinate (carina vertical). Hind margin of mid lobe of mesoscutum in middle slightly produced. Tegula distinctly striate-reticulate at hind margin. Scutellum rather flat, at apex broadly rounded (almost truncate) and with hairs directed towards median line; axillula impunctate, well delimited even dorsally, its posterior subvertical border out- 206 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Figs. 129, 130. Eurytoma ficusgallae Boutek, spec. nov. 129, female antenna; 130, male antenna. Figs. 131—134. Ficomila gambiensis (Risbec), female (131—133) and male (134). 131, venation of fore wing; 132, antenna (less scapus); 133, body in lateral view; 134, male antenna. Figs. 135—137. Ficomila curtivena Bouéek, gen. & spec. nov., female. 135, venation of fore wing; 136, gaster; 137, lateral aspect of part of thorax, showing prepectus (prp), mesopleuron with characteristic feature of the genus, and mid coxa (mc). standing. Propodeum steep; the irregularly round large median area only slightly depressed, with low weak cross-carinae arranged as a tree: lower ones nearly horizontal, upper ones increasingly turning upwards; bottom between them reticulate; margins of area partly carinate against the foveolate-areolate Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 207 convex sublateral parts. Mesopleuron in posterior part horizontally rugulose- striate, anteriorly with epicnemial area delimited by subparallel low keels and containing a partly doubled row of piliferous puncta. Mesosternal shelf distinctly delimited by wavy carina, its minimum length (in front of each mid coxa) equal to breadth of fore tibia; ventral surface hairy, with a few hairs also in front of the shelf carina. Fore coxa anteriorly hairy, with strong oblique lamina beyond basal third; mid coxa without auricular lamella. Hind tibia on dorsal edge with a row of about 9 slightly alternating bristles, longest one as long as inner spur. Fore wing with marginal, postmarginal and stigmal veins subequal in length; basal cell hairy in distal third; costal cell pubescent on ventral surface but dorsally bare. Gaster sessile, about as high and long as thorax but narrower, compressed, though not keeled dorsally; in median line tergites 2, 3 and 4 subequal in length. Surface smooth, but beginning with fourth tergite finely punctulate; fourth tergite sublaterally at base with a row of hairs which is more complete on the fifth, sixth tergite wholly hairy; epipygium very short, barely up-turned. Male. — 1.7—3.0 mm. Pubescence on head and thorax, especially on face, golden. Flagellum brownish, with 4 bristly funicular and 3 claval segments (fig. 130). Scapus with distinct granulate boss beyond middle; first funicular segment distinctly elongate, segments 2 to 4 subequal, very slightly longer than broad. Antennal insertion distinctly above middle of face. Median area of propodeum more coarsely sculptured than in 2. Gastral petiole about 1.5 times as long as broad, laterally and anteriorly carinate, dorsally rather flat, granulate, anterior crestlike margin arcuate. Type material. — Holotype 9: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- bury, xii.1974 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 13 © and 9 gd, same origin as holotype, mostly reared from galled figs of F. burkei, 11.1974, iii.-x1.1975, 11.1976; 15 © and 4 d, Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, same host, xii.1976 (all A. Watsham). Some paratypes deposited in RMNH, Leiden and in the Watsham collection. Comments. — Eurytoma ficusgallae seems to be easily separable from all the described African species of the genus. By the combination of the well delimited (carinate) mesosternal shelf and the presence of an oblique laminate carina on fore coxa, E. ficusgallae approaches the nodularis-group of Eurytoma. Howev- er, unlike the latter group, it has the coarse radiating striation on the lower face, with a medially emarginate and depressed mouth margin. This character, combined with the mesosternal shelf, is present in the braconidis-group (para- sites in cocoons of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae, etc.), but there the shelf is differently formed (not well delimited laterally), the massive genal carina merges smoothly with the sublateral mouth border and there is a pair of outstanding carinae below the antennae, instead of a median carina as in ficusgallae. The facial radiation reminds one also of the robusta-group but in those species the fore coxa has on its anterior face just a shallow longitudinal channel, not a laminate carina. This carina is further present in the latrodecti- group (called Desantisca by Burks; parasites in spider egg-cocoons) the species 208 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 of which much resemble E. ficusgallae also in many other characters and are also similar and closely related to the braconidis-group. The latrodecti-group differs in having a relatively deep reticulation on the tegulae and in female sex loose funicular segments. Syceurytoma Boutek, gen. nov. Type-species: Syceurytoma ficus Boucek, spec. nov. Body generally in shape and sculpture as in most Eurytoma species, i.e., with head and thorax densely umbilicately punctured, with very short pubescence. Head transverse; scrobes reaching ocellus, not broader than parascrobal area. Interantennal crest small but high, doubled by broad median groove. Lower face coarsely striate, median stria slightly raised; striae radiating from lower clypeal margin which is slightly bilobed: lobes separated by depression in emargination; tentorial pits indistinct. Malar sulcus slightly indicated, about as long as shorter diameter of the relatively small eye. Gena posteriorly with strong laminate carina joining ventrally the reflexed-carinate mouth border. Occipital carina low, ending near middle of posterior genal carina by a small tooth and this connected by horizontal carina with hypostomal carina (which delimits the cavity containing mouth organs). Antennae inserted slightly above middle of face, formula in female 11153, with scape narrowed apically and with small anellus; in male 11143, with funicular segments more distinctly constricted at both ends, longer and more hairy: hairs semidistant and about as long as breadth of segments and mostly not distinctly whorled (fig. 140). Pronotum large and virtually as broad as, and slightly longer than, the mesoscutum; antero-laterally with vertical carina. Scutellum as in Eurytoma; axillulae not well delimited. Propodeum steep, medially depressed, irregularly alveolate, anteriorly with two carinae diverging from middle as in Sycophila. Mesopleuron anteriorly delimited by epicnemial strip which is reduced in ventral half to single carina; this carina becomes high laminate where turning mesad, there marking off short mesosternal shelf; more mesad carina lowered and joining in median line a double rounded projection (fig. 138); this projec- tion is strongly excavated from either side and anteriorly connected with two weaker subparallel carinae, each with a side branch. Fore coxa laterally carinate but its anterior face rather flat, with slight meso-distal depression. Fore wing much as in Sycophila: marginal vein strongly enlarged (more so in male than in female), accompanied by a slight infuscation; postmarginal and stigmal veins short (fig. 139). Gastral petiole subquadrate in female, in male distinctly elongate, dorsally flat, anteriorly expanded on sides (fig. 141), with sharp anterior crest. Gaster globose, in female broad and dorsally only weakly convex, with third tergite the longest. Comments. — The new genus is proposed, rather reluctantly, for a distinctive species which shows affinities both to Eurytoma Illiger and Sycophila Walker. It is described after an attempt at a critical analysis of the characters used previous- ly as generic characters, but also including a number of new ones. The only Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 209 alternative to this generic separation would be a union of many genera of the former Eurytominae, Eudecatominae and Harmolitinae, which, indeed, I regard all as belonging to Eurytominae (in Peck, Boutek & Hoffer, 1964: 23). These subfamilies are still maintained by some authors, in my opinion without good reason. Another genus which to some extent intergrades between Eurytoma and Sycophila is Paradecatoma Masi. It was originally based on a single female named Paradecatoma bannensis Masi from Somalia but is known to me now in both sexes from Ethiopia (Harrar), Yemen, Tanzania and South Africa (Port St. Johns). Some specimens were apparently reared but no host data are attached. Paradecatoma has the posterior genal carina (I think that “‘postgenal carina” of Claridge is rather occipital carina) strong and complete as in Syceurytoma and most Eurytoma, but has, apart from other characters, an impunctate boss on malar space, the lower margin of clypeus with a small median tooth, a cross- striate and hairy anterior face of fore coxa, a coarsely punctured and hairy long mesosternal shelf which is anteriorly not carinate but abruptly turning smooth, and the male antennal flagellum with six two-whorled funicular segments plus an indistinctly 3-segmented clava. The bristly male flagellum puts Paradecatoma nearer to Eurytoma, but again the marginal vein is enlarged and stigmated by infuscation, although short and with certain similarity to the genus described here below, Ficomila. In the Eurytominae the posteriorly rounded gena seems to indicate, at least to some extent, a degree towards phytophagy, as suggested by the rounded gena in Tetramesa Walker, Systole Walker, Bruchophagus Ashmead (and the extremely close Risbecoma Subba Rao, 1978, based on the supposedly parasitic Eurytoma bruchocida Risbec which is in fact phytophagous in the Acacia seeds!). If this hypothesis works, both Syceurytoma and Paradeca- toma should be parasitic in habit. Syceurytoma ficus Bouéek, spec. nov. (figs. 139—141; pl. 4 figs. 1, 2) Female. — 2.1—3.4 mm. Ochreous to rufous, sometimes (especially in small specimens) with black spreading from median line on thorax and vertex. Head; relative measurements: breadth 68, length 36, height 52, frontovertex 45, POL 13, OOL 13, eye 24.520, malar space 22, scape 21.5, flagellum plus pedicellus 59. Fine granulate reticulation on scapus confluent near base into cross-striation. Narrow interstices of umbilicate punctures on head and thorax reticulate. Punctured thoracic dorsum only about 1.44 times as long as broad. Anterior margin of pronotal collar broadly emarginate in middle, its sides longer than half its breadth (33 : 62). Scutellum barely longer than broad. Propodeum rather steep, convex, except for shallow median depression; mainly irregularly alveolate behind two carinae diverging from middle anteriorly and arcuately turning to anterior end of spiracles; sometimes median depression partly delimited by subparallel irregular carinae (more often in smaller specimens). Exposed part of prepectus concave, about as large as tegula, separated by a carina from the normally concealed part which is broad channel-like. Fore wing: costal cell dorsally nearly bare but densely pubescent underneath; basal third of 210 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Figs. 138—141. Syceurytoma ficus Boutek, gen. & spec. nov., female (138) and male (139—141). 138, characteristic sculpture on mesosternal part; 139, venation of male fore wing; 140, male antenna; 141, gastral petiole of male. Figs. 142, 143. Sycophila kestraneura (Masi), female. 142, antenna; 143, venation of fore wing. Figs. 144, 145. Sycophila punctum Boutek, spec. nov., 144, male head with antenna and part of thorax; 145, venation of female fore wing. Fig. 146. Sycophila sessilis Bouëek, spec. nov., venation of female fore wing. wing below submarginal vein mainly bare, but basal fold with hairs in 1 or 2 rows; parastigma distinctly enlarged; marginal vein broader than length of stigmal vein, its lower margin slightly convex. Gastral body broadly convex; exposed part of third tergite nearly to about twice as long as the second, both smooth; epipygium very short, transverse, barely up-turned. Male. — 1.45—3.4 mm. Thorax usually with black widespread, more than in Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 211 darkest female, sometimes whole dorsal side of body black, rarely wholly ochreous as in most females. Antenna in most specimens not appearing very bristly (fig. 140) but bristles often more outstanding in smaller specimens and then fourth funicular segment with two whorls. For gastral petiole see fig. 141, for fore wing venation fig. 139, made from a specimen of size over 3 mm; smaller specimens have hairs relatively sparser, in large specimens also wing blade is partly infuscate. Type material. — Holotype 9: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- bury, from F. burkei (= “natalensis”), 10.xii.1974 (A. Watsham); in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 104 © and 61 d, same origin as holotype, xi.1974—vi.1975, ii.1976; 38 © and 5 d, Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, iv.1975 and xii.1976 (all A. Watsham). Uganda: Kampala, “ex stem galls on Ficus sycomorus”, 3 ®, 3 d, 8.x.1935 (H. C. Taylor). South Africa: 1 &, Zululand, Eshowe, iv.1926 (R. E. Turner); 1 2, 1 d, Natal, Weenen, xi.1923 (H. P. Thomasset); 3 ©, Pondoland, vii. and xi.1923 (R. E. Turner); 1 ©, East London, v.1923 (N. K. Munroe). Paratypes are deposited in RMNH, Leiden and in the Watsham collection. Ficomila Boucek, gen. nov. Type-species: Ficomila curtivena Boutek, spec. nov. Puncturation on head obliterate but on thorax often distinctly umbilicate, becoming relatively less dense and obliterate in smaller and pale-coloured specimens, usually absent on median part of scutellum in males. Scrobes deep but not carinate on margins, not reaching ocellus; interantennal ridge ending in abrupt angular tooth; antennal toruli slightly above middle of face. Clypeus delimited laterally by grooves reaching tentorial pits; lower margin bilobed. Malar groove distinct; gena posteriorly edged as in Sycophila; occiput with weak and low occipital fold (normally developed as carina running from upper margin of foramen obliquely towards mouth corners) only half way down, ending at change of plane. Female antenna 11153; scapus tapering apically; funicular segments short; male antenna 11143; first funicular segment the longest, con- stricted at base, longer than pedicel. Pronotal collar on shoulders only bluntly edged, not carinate. Scutellum with axillulae indistinctly separated. Propodeum: median part flat or weakly con- cave, moderately finely reticulate in larger specimens, in smaller ones sculpture partly obliterate; median area anteriorly delimited by arcuate carina which broadly touches metanotal margin (as in some Sycophila, slightly less broadly than in Systole and Bruchophagus). Mesepimeron horizontally striate, sepa- rated from mesepisternum by fine carina; mesosternal shelf partly delimited: sublaterally by short cross-carina as continuation of epicnemial edge (weak in some males) and in middle by a rounded or slightly depressed (but still very distinct) projection which is hollowed from both sides into a shape of a little elongate window (fig. 137), similar to that of Syceurytoma (fig. 138). Fore wing with short marginal vein widening distally, stigmal vein curved on its upper margin and longer than short postmarginal vein. 212 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Gaster of female very nearly sessile (petiole barely visible dorsally), about as long as thorax, convex or compressed; fourth tergite much longer (F. curtivena) or hardly longer (F. gambiensis) than the third; epipygium short. In male petiole longer than hind coxa. Comments. — This is another peculiar group, in some ways again intermed- | late between Eurytoma and Sycophila. Although at present Eurytoma includes a whole range of sometimes very different species-groups, they all differ from Ficomila at least in the venation, especially in the postmarginal vein, which is always relatively longer, and also in the occipital characters. By the genae, scrobes and the venation Ficomila approaches more Sycophila, but in that genus, although its limits were slightly extended recently (Boucek, 1974: 267— 268), the mesosternal region of the thorax is remarkably uniformly shaped, without any separation of the “mesosternal shelf”, in contrast to Ficomila, as stressed in the key above. The genus is represented in the material by two species: of these the type- species F. curtivena is known only in the females, the other, which I identify as F. gambiensis (Risbec), in both sexes. Because of certain doubts as to the identity of the latter species I designate the first as type-species. Ficomila curtivena Boutek, spec. nov. (figs. 135—137) Female. —1.7—2.5 mm. Black, but often with mouth margin, pronotum lateroanteriorly and subalar sclerite testaceous, sometimes pale brown spreads on lower face, eye orbits and most of pronotum, with vague spots even on sides of mesoscutum and base of gaster; legs and antennae mainly pale coloured or with parts infuscate, beginning with coxae, then more or less femora and flagellum. Wings hyaline to whitish, veins yellowish. Head with inner eye orbits converging upwards; a few hairs present between scrobes and ocellus. Relative measurements: breadth of head 92, length 51, height 72, frontovertex 51, POL 23, OOL 8, eye 43x38, malar space 27, scapus 34, flagellum plus pedicellus 80. Funicular segments 2 to 5 moderately trans- verse, each slightly shorter than pedicellus; first funicular segment swollen dorsally, about 1.4 times as long as broad. Thoracic dorsum sculptured and about 1.57 (less than 1.6) times as long as broad; pronotum barely narrower than mesoscutum, relative length laterally 33 (compare head). Propodeal, upper diverging cross-carina ending by angular tooth sublaterally (there turning downwards); area anterior to carina subdivided by several longitudinal carinulae; in profile propodeum sloping at about 70° as to plane mesoscutum-scutellum. Fore and hind femora moderately thickened; hind tibia with a dorsal row of about 9 outstanding bristles, longest bristle about as long as 0.8 of tibial breadth. For fore wing venation see fig. 135. Gaster (fig. 136) smooth; slightly compressed from sides, dorsum only weakly convex; fourth tergite about twice as long as the third, bearing one cross-line of hairs which is broadly interrupted dorsally. Apex slightly up-turned. Male. — Not known (one male which might belong to this species, cannot be at present separated reliably from those of F. gambiensis). Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 213 Type material. — Holotype ?, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- bury, ex F. burkei (natalensis), 26.xi.1974 (A. Watsham); in BMNH, London. Paratypes: same origin as holotype, 22 ©, xi.-xi1.1974, ili.and ix.1976, ii1.1977; Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, 4 ?, iv.1975 and xii.1976 (all A. Watsham). South West Africa: Gross Otavi, ex F. petersü, 4 ©, xi.1973 (A. Watsham). Paratypes deposited in RMNH, Leiden and in the Watsham collection. Ficomila gambiensis (Risbec) comb. nov. (figs. 131—134) Decatoma gambiense Risbec, 1955b: 561—564. Holotype 9, Gambia. Mocquerys (MNHN, Paris) [examined]. Female. — 2.1—3.2 mm, holotype 4 mm. Usually honey yellow, flagellum and gaster slightly darker, tiny dark spots at ocelli; in holotype thorax except pronotum and almost whole gaster dark, blackish, in dark-coloured southern specimens whole body with all coxae almost black, only sides of pronotum and base of gaster ventrally paler, femora partly infuscate. Fore wing always with distinct macula, normally small, but somewhat expanded below level of stigmal vein in holotype. Head dorsally about 1.8 times (1.75—1.85X) as broad as long, with only slightly receding temples, hence appearing rather quadrangular. Scrobes ending one diameter from ocellus. Antenna: flagellum plus pedicellus less than 1.1 times as long as breadth of head; pedicellus nearly as broad as the broad-filiform funicle and distinctly shorter than its first segment (fig. 132) which is as if swollen on dorsal side and slightly concave ventrally where short hairs replace longitudi- nal sensilla; this segment about twice as long as broad in large holotype but usually relatively shorter in smaller specimens. Thorax about 1.75 times as long as broad. Pronotum shallowly emarginate posteriorly. Outline of propodeum in profile straight; neck distinct. Marginal vein of fore wing slightly more widening (fig. 131) than in F. curtivena (fig. 135). Gastral body slightly longer than thorax (fig. 133), fairly strongly compressed from sides, but dorsal keel rather blunt; hypopygium reaching about one- quarter along convex ventral edge. Male. — Size and colour range about as in female (except holotype). Scapus distinctly broadened in basal two-thirds (fig. 134); pedicellus much shorter than first funicular segment which is dorsally swollen and bears short hairs in subconcave basal part ventrally, similar to female. Fore wing strongly hairy in basal part, unlike in female, marginal vein moderately to very strongly thick- ened. Petiole dorsally slightly shorter than scutellum, narrowed anteriorly, about 3.5 times as long as broad. Material (apart from holotype). — Gambia: Fajara, 2 ©, i.1978 (L. Huggert). Uganda: Kawanda, ex Ficus sycomorus, 1 ®, ii.1939 (T. H. C. Taylor). Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha and Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, mostly ex or on F. burkei, 50 2 and 23 6, 1970-1977 (A. Watsham). South West Africa: Gross Otavi, ex F. petersü, 3 2, 6 à, xi.1973 (A. Watsham). South Africa: Hartebeeste Poort Dam, 1 2, viii.1974 (A. Watsham). 214 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Comments. — This is apparently a widespread African species which I hope I | have correctly interpreted, although in the wide variation of the specimens | actually none is extremely similar to the holotype. However, the difference , seems to be due mainly to the unusual size of the holotype. | Certainly of interest is the fact that this species was found associated with a least three different fig species, which again must reflect in some variation, apart , from the geographical range from Gambia to Uganda and South Africa. Sycophila Walker | Type-species: Sycophila decatomoides Walker. | The genus Sycophila Walker was earlier known under the name Decatoma, but this name given by Spinola was later recognised, according to its type- | species, as a junior synonym of Eurytoma Illiger. Decatoma was then replaced by | Eudecatoma Ashmead, until this name itself was synonymised, together with | Tineomyza Rondani, under Sycophila (by Boutek, 1974). The synonymy slightly widened the earlier concept of the genus (earlier based only on North American and European species), mainly as to the length of the gastral petiole and the form of the expanded marginal vein. These characters vary considerably within the genus, especially in many tropical species partly or mostly associated with galled figs. Even now, however, Sycophila is one of the better delimited genera of the whole subfamily Eurytominae. It includes species of relatively usual eurytomid shape of body, with the gena posteriorly more or less edged but never sharply carinate; the scrobes deep, the parascrobal areas flat or slightly convex; antennae in female with five free funicular segments (11153), in male with four funicular segments (11143), without whorls of bristles. The marginal vein of fore wing is more or less widened (varying as to species and sometimes also as to sexes: more widened in males) and very nearly always bearing an infuscate spot which sometimes extends below the vein. The propodeum has always a median depression which, especially if it is shallow, is anteriorly delimited by slightly oblique cross-carinae diverging from the middle of the base (anterior margin). Otherwise the gaster in the males is always petiolate, in the female the petiole is sometimes shortened. Legs usually normal, but in some species, especially in the males, mainly fore and hind femora are thickened, often strongly so. The intraspecific variation, especially of size and colour, is frequently wide. Some species vary from completely yellow to completely black, but in the partly pale specimens a certain pattern can be recognised. The size affects also sculpture and density of pubescence. Some of the variation is certainly con- nected with temperature and humidity, some is more host-dependent or climatic and may offer a geographic pattern. Apparently at least some Sycophila are not host-specific and it seems that the host range of some species may be fairly wide. List of described African and Malagasy species of Sycophila: Sycophila aethiopica (Silvestri, 1915) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Eritrea Sycophila cassinopsisi (Risbec, 1952) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Madagascar Sycophila hilla Watsham (1977), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Sycophilla kestraneura (Masi, 1917) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Seychelles Sycophila nigrofasciata (Risbec, 1952) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Madagascar Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 215 Sycophila ruandensis (Risbec, 1957) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Rwanda Sycophila rubra (Risbec, 1952) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Madagascar Sycophila xiphigaster (Risbec, 1955c) comb. nov. (from Decatoma), Kenya Dr. J. R. Steffan of the Paris Museum (MNHN) kindly enabled me to examine most of Risbec’s species. One of them, S. ruandensis, is extremely close to S. aethiopica, of which I could examine a syntypic couple coming from Nefasit, Eritrea, thanks to Prof. Dr. G. Viggiani of Portici: the female is here designated (and was accordingly labelled by me) as lectotype. The two may be just forms of one species, the main difference being more compressed female gaster in aethiopica, apart from colour and extension of the sub-parastigmal patch of hairs, which is certainly prone to intraspecific variation. Also, S. aethiopica seems to be distributed over most parts of Africa. Most of these species are probably never associated with figs, only S. kestraneura apparently is, and probably also S. xiphigaster. The newly described species are compared with the old ones wherever it is relevant. Decatoma plectroniae Risbec (1952) from Madagascar does not belong to Sycophila. It has a percurrent carina bordering the gena and temple posteriorly. Sycophila kestraneura (Masi) (figs. 142, 143; pl. 4 fig. 5) Decatoma kestraneura Masi, 1917: 138—139. Holotype ®, Seychelles (BMNH, London) [exam- ined]. This seems to be a very variable species and it took me a long time to recognise it from the small holotype specimen (in BMNH), a dwarf as I now believe, from the Seychelles Islands. A redescription seems necessary. Female. — 2.1—3.0 mm. Usually yellow with poor blackish markings in median line of body, including ocellar area, occiput, median streak on thorax expanding on base of propodeum to inside of wing bases, petiole and dorsal keel of gaster. This pattern may be either reduced or slightly extended. Fore wing with elongate fuscous spot on swollen marginal vein, spot expanding slightly below the vein in large darker specimens. Head dorsally about 1.85 times as broad as long; relative measurements: breadth of frontovertex 27.5, short oval eye 21 x 18, malar space 13.5. Scrobes ending about half diameter from ocellus; interantennal keel narrow and not protruding, rather gradually sloping into scrobal cavity. Flagellum plus pedicel- lus barely longer than breadth of head, subclavate (fig. 142); pedicellus about 1.4 times as long as broad, narrower than basal funicular segments first of which is usually about 1.8 times as long as broad and distinctly longer than pedicellus (and bearing two rows of longitudinal sensilla), the fifth quadrate; clava about twice as long as broad. Pronotum nearly as broad as mesoscutum, its sides in dorsal view moderately rounded. Umbilicate punctures on thorax usually fairly dense, but less so in smaller specimens. Axillar grooves anteriorly wide apart, only slightly inside of notauli: base of scutellum slightly broader than each axilla. Propodeum with conspicuous anterior converging keels, anterior to them (submedially) with 216 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 broad irregular areolae; median part shallowly convex, broad, anteriorly often with indication of median carina; posterior quarter, to one-third, narrowed, neck-like. Legs relatively slender, more slender than in S. naso. Fore wing pubescence rather reduced, dorsal surface basally extensively bare, occasionally | with 1 or 2 hairs on basal fold; costal cell dorsally bare, on ventral surface | generally with one row of hairs in proximal third, expanding to about 3 irregular | rows distally; marginal vein distinctly longer than the subhyaline stigmal vein, swollen, its lower margin convex (fig. 143). Petiole 1.5—1.8 times as long as broad (dorsally); gastral body fully as long as thorax, smooth, strongly compressed from sides, with distinct dorsal keel. Hypopygium ending shortly before middle of gastral body, its apex with usually | two pairs of hairs. Male. — 1.5—3.4 mm. Small specimens often similar to female in colour, but all differ mainly in antennae, fore wing pilosity and veins, and in gaster. Dark | colour often spreads with larger size, including fore wing macula which may then be combined with brownish infumation of the blade proximad and distad of speculum; also femora get much stouter with larger size. Scapus and pedicellus hardly different from female, but flagellum is filiform, | itself (less pedicellus) distinctly longer than breadth of head; all funicular | segments elongate, with rather dense subdecumbent hairs, first segment cylin- drical, always much longer than pedicellus, in larger specimens fully twice so; following three segments subequal, each fully twice as long as broad; clava nearly four times as long as broad. Pronotum expanding forwards in larger specimens. Fore wing pilosity dense, long, extensive, especially long in basal part; in small specimens marginal swelling not much larger than in female but in larger specimens becoming more conspicuous, broader and further accentuated by expanding infuscation which may become higher than broad, as in pl. 4 fig. 5, . which also shows the form of gaster, including the rather slender curved petiole | which is slightly longer than the scutellum. Material. — S. kestraneura was reared from figs of Ficus burkei in Zimbabwe- | Rhodesia, from F. petersii in South West Africa (Gross Otavi, xi.1973, A. Watsham), from unidentified figs in Uganda (Kawanda, ii.1939, T. H. C. Taylor) and collected also in South Africa: Pondoland, Port St. Johns, v.1923 (R. E. Turner). In Zimbabwe-Rhodesia the collected or reared material comes from Chishawasha and Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury and the Chinamora Reserve (all A. Watsham). Comments. — In Africa there seems to be another species very close to S. kestraneura (Masi), with similarly shaped marginal vein but shorter funicular segments and the hypopygium (in female) fairly long. Otherwise S. kestraneura, among the African species, seems to be the one most closely related to the type- species of the genus S. decatomoides Walker from India. Sycophila punctum Bouéek, spec. nov. (figs. 144, 145) Female. — 1.8—3.1 mm (holotype 2.5 mm). Usually predominantly black, Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 217 with pronotum on shoulders broadly pale yellow, also antennae pale yellow; hind coxa, femur and tibia mainly infuscate, on mid and especially fore legs pale colour more extended; sometimes head yellowish, mainly ventrally, rarely also most of pronotum, legs and even parts of ventral thorax and gaster anteriorly pale. Wings hyaline, with fuscous spot small and usually round, not reaching pale base of marginal vein. Head finely reticulate, without umbilicate punctures; white pubescence unusually short, subdecumbent, longer and more erect only at mouth margin. In dorsal view head about 1.6—1.68 times as broad as long, with lateral ocellus ‚ nearer to eye than to median ocellus; the latter fully by its diameter from scrobes; i interantennal crest not high but slightly tooth-like. Relative measurements: | | head width 47, length 28.5, height 37, frontovertex 25.5, eye 23 x 19, malar space 12, scapus 19, flagellum plus pedicellus 46. Centres of antennal toruli on lower ocular line. Pedicellus 1.7—1.8 times as long as broad, at least slightly | longer (but not broader) than first funicular segment which is usually 1.5 times as long as broad. Flagellar segments stout-filiform, preclaval one often quadrate; flagellar pubescence subdecumbent. Sculpture on thorax fine dense reticulation, surface not shiny; puncturation obliterated, pubescence white, short and almost decumbent, absent from central area of scutellum. Anterior edge of lateral panel of pronotum usually finely carinate. Propodeal surface in profile convex in upper one-third. Hind tibia with a row usually of 7—10 dorsal bristles, middle ones longer than half breadth of tibia. Fore wing with basal third bare (as in kestraneura); marginal vein gradually expanding, relatively short, about as long as the stigmal (fig. 145). Gastral petiole dorsally (measured as usual from anterior cross-ridge) sub- quadrate. Body of gaster about as long as thorax less propodeum, distinctly compressed, tergites 3 to 5 distinctly keeled, fourth slightly longer than third and with one short row of sparse hairs on either side; tergites with extremely fine and shallow cross-striae. Male. — 1.9—2.5 mm. Head extensively to completely yellowish; pronotum dorsally yellow, except median triangle, but lower part of lateral panel abruptly black, often other parts of thorax pale. Head very stout (fig. 144), but variable, 1.35—1.55 times as broad as long in dorsal view. Antennal toruli entirely below lower ocular line. Pronotum distinctly longer than in ®, its collar fairly flat, about 1.5 times as broad as laterally long. Fore and hind femora distinctly thickened. Fore wing macula in one specimen extended down as curved streak. Gastral petiole stout in lateral view, dorsally finely reticulate and about 2.1 times as long as broad, slightly tapering forwards. Type material. — Holotype ® (plus 7 ® and 1 d paratypes), Zimbabwe- Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, ex F. burkei, iv.1975; then 6 © paratypes, xii.1976 (all A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Further paratypes: Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, 73 9 2 dg, 1969—1977, mostly ex F. burkei; St. Pauls Mission, 1 2, 1.1975 (A. Watsham). Some paratypes are deposited in RMNH, Leiden and in the Watsham collection. 218 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Comments. — Sycophila punctum, as stressed in the key, is recognisable | mainly on its pilose prepectus (fig. 144), further in the female on the usually, predominantly black colour with large pale spots on pronotal shoulders, small | wing macula and a stout head. The head apparently becomes stouter in larger males, also the wing macula may be expanded. It is striking that so few males were reared or collected, although in this species they seem to be quite safely recognisable. Sycophila sessilis Boucek, spec. nov. (figs. 146, 148, 149) Female. — 2.0—2.7 mm. Colour as in paler specimens of S. punctum, 1.e., | with pale yellow shoulders but yellowish colour otherwise spread also over most parts of body, but flagellum slightly brownish. | Head dorsally slightly less than 1.8 times as broad as long. Interantennal ridge gradually descending into scrobal cavity. Relative measurements: head width 48, frontovertex 25, eye 19.5 x 17 (smaller than in punctum), malar space 13.5, scapus 20, flagellum plus pedicellus 51. All funicular segments elongate, the first very slightly longer than pedicel (fig. 149). Umbilicate punctures on thorax shallow and not very dense, but fairly distinct, | pubescence longer than in S$. punctum. Exposed part of prepectus bare, occa- sionally with 1 or 2 hairs. Fore wing with sparse bristles on basal fold, rarely with only two or three; fuscous macula similar to that of S. punctum but marginal vein longer (fig. 146). Gastral petiole dorsally much broader than long, gaster almost sessile; its body about as long as thorax, more strongly compressed than in S. punctum, | surface smooth. Male. — Not known. Type material. — Holotype 9, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- | bury, ix.1974 (A. Watsham); in BMNH, London. Paratypes: Chishawasha, partly ex F. burkei, 7 ©, ix.1970, ix.—x. 1974, iii. and vii.1975, vi.1977 (A. | Watsham); South Africa: Pondoland, Port St. Johns, 1 ©, ii.1924 (R. E.. Turner). Comments. — The species should be recognisable from the key and the additional characters in the description. However, I could not find any males — which I could safely associate with the females of S. sessilis. Sycophila modesta Boutek, spec. nov. (fig. 147) Female. — 2.2—2.6 mm. Predominantly yellow, with tiny dark spots at ocelli — and brown colour on flagellum, pedicellus, median part of propodeum, petiole, | broad bands at hind margins of first three tergites, sides of fourth tergite and — apical half of hind tibia. Dark markings may be slightly reduced or expanded. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 219 Fig. 147. Sycophila modesta Boutek, spec. nov., venation of female fore wing. Figs. 148, 149. Sycophila sessilis Boutek, spec. nov., female. 148, propodeum, gaster and hind leg; 149, head, tilted lateral view. Fig. 150. Sycophila flaviclava Boutek, spec. nov., female head in tilted lateral view. Figs. 151—153. Sycophila naso Boutek, spec. nov., female. 151, head in a larger specimen with a more rectangular interantennal lobe; 152, head in a smaller specimen with more rounded interantennal lobe; 153, gaster. Wing macula (fig. 147) as in S. naso. In colour, size, sculpture, pubescence of fore wing and length of petiole very similar to S. naso, but for following characters. Lateral ocellus slightly nearer to 220 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 eye than to median ocellus, interantennal ridge only gradually sloping into scrobes; pedicellus up to 2.2 times as long as broad, subequal in length to first | funicular segment; scutellum slightly broader at base (border with mesoscu- | tum); propodeum rather flat in median part, ground nearly smooth, wide- areolate, with stronger carinae delimiting a pentagonal area, with a cross-carina separating the neck; costal cell dorsally in distal half usually with distinct line of erect hairs (fig. 147; rarely reduced to several hairs only). Body of gaster broader and shorter, only moderately compressed from sides, not distinctly keeled dorsally. Male. — Not known (I am not sure about their specific identity). Type material. — Holotype 2 (plus 1 © paratype), Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: | Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, ex F. burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); in BMNH, London. Further paratypes: Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, mostly ex F. burkei, 12 2, ix. and xi.1974, iii. and vi.1975, xii.1976, vi.1977 (A. Watsham). Comments. — This species seems to be safely recognisable in the females, although similarly coloured females of other closely related species, e.g., of S. naso, may occur. The wing pilosity seems to be a good character, but not for the males in which larger and darker specimens of the same species often exhibit much greater density of pubescence, along with broader veins, femora, etc. Sycophila naso Boutek, spec. nov. (figs. 151—153) Female. — 2.3—3.5 mm (holotype 2.8 mm). Body usually yellow (as in holotype) but colour variable: dark colour appearing first in a streak on dorsal keel of gaster, then at ocelli, on lower occiput, pronotal collum, on deeper parts inside wings, some specimens have also darker mesoscutum anteriorly and scutellum posteriorly, in extreme case whole gaster and underside of thorax including propodeum are dark, also partly mid and hind legs; flagellum brown- | ish; fore wing with dark elongate spot on marginal vein, with about half of macula | (or more) below the vein. Puncturation, especially on thorax, rather dense and conspicuous; pubes- | cence moderately short but distinct. Head dorsally about 1.75 times as broad as — long, with temples rather strongly receding; POL nearly twice OOL; lateral ocellus hardly nearer to median one than to eye; scrobes ending by blunt edge — about half diameter before ocellus; interantennal keel high, fairly broad ventral- — ly, dorsally forming a distinctly protruding subrectangular tooth (figs. 151, 152; hence the name, naso = nose). Parascrobal area subequal in breadth to scrobes at level where its straight edge turns towards ocellus. Pedicellus dorsally fully — twice as long as broad (17 : 7), slightly to obviously longer than first funicular segment (17 : 15 in holotype), its dorsal side nearly straight; fifth funicular segment slightly elongate; clava about 2.5 times as long as broad. Thorax about twice as long as broad (mesoscutum); pronotum slightly wid- ening forwards, with subrectangular protruding corners, laterally longer than in Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 221 middle; lateral panel not distinctly carinate anteriorly. Mid lobe of mesoscutum posteriorly narrow, scutellum still more narrowed anteriorly, axillae little apart. Propodeum shorter than scutellum (about 3 : 4); its median depression shallow; anterior diverging keel distinct, pentagonal median area subdivided into irregu- lar areolae. Metasternal region medially usually with three distinct carinae converging caudad into one. Legs fairly slender. Fore wing with distinct line of bristles on basal and most of cubital fold, usually also some bristles on basal cell (as in fig. 147); costal cell with numerous short hairs on ventral surface but dorsal surface bare, occasionally with one hair; marginal vein broadening distad, its lower margin almost straight. Gastral petiole dorsally fully 1.5 times as long as medially broad (20 : 13 in holotype), sides subparallel. Gastral body (fig. 153) slightly longer than thorax (including propodeum), fairly strongly compressed from sides, dorsally with blunt but distinct keel; epipygium very shortly protruding, usually also tips of sheaths visible; tergites 1 to 5 virtually bare and smooth. Hypopygium (not always visible) rarely exceeding basal quarter of gaster, at apex with two thin long bristles, before them a pair of shorter hairs. Male. — In size and colour and in most characters very similar to female. Pedicellus dorsally about 3 times as long as broad, almost as long as, to slightly longer than, first funicular segment (anellus excluded), latter slightly longer than any of following three subequal segments; flagellum almost filiform, clava as long as two preceding segments combined. Basal third of fore wing with many more hairs than in female, hairs much denser in bigger and darker specimens; ventral surface of costal cell with extremely dense short pubescence, distal half of dorsal surface with a row of hairs which is usually partly doubled. Lower margin of marginal vein almost straight (but looking slightly convex in certain lights in darker specimens), relatively longer than in S. kestraneura, about twice as long as the pale stigmal vein which is subparallel to front margin of wing; greater part of fuscous macula often below the vein. Petiole dorsally slightly shorter than scutellum. Type material. — Holotype ©, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- bury, ex galls on F. burkei, v.1975 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH. Paratypes: same origin as holotype, 65 2 and 52 d, ix.—xii.1974, ii., v.— x1.1975, ii.—iii.1976, 1.1977; Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, 1 ©, iv.1975 (all A. Watsham); Uganda: Kampala, ex galls on stem of Ficus sycomorus, 2 9, 8.x.1935 (T. H. C. Taylor); South West Africa: Gross Otavi, ex F. petersii, 1 9, x1.1973 (A. Watsham). The females of the Chishawasha material emerged between May and July are yellow-coloured, those emerged between September and March are dark-coloured, whilst the dark males appear throughout the year, although the yellow ones only together with yellow females. Some paratypes in RMNH, Leiden and the Watsham collection. Variation. — Apart from the range of variation already mentioned I find some puzzling features in some further specimens (not included in the type material of naso). In a few females the pedicellus is relatively shorter (fig. 152) and so it is in a 222 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 number of males. I wonder whether still another species may be involved, but as | to the males, some of them may belong also to Sycophila sessilis or S. modesta, whose males are not yet known for sure. Comments. — S. naso is recognisable mainly on the relatively long and slender pedicel (in both sexes), the strongly converging axillar grooves and the small wing macula on the straight lower margin of the marginal vein. Furthermore the female has a fairly long gastral petiole and hairy proximal part of the fore wing, but virtually no hairs on the dorsal surface of the costal cell. Another similar species is Sycophila cassinopsisi (Risbec), comb. nov. origi- nally described in Decatoma (Risbec, 1952: 278—281) from Madagascar. Dr. J. R. Steffan from the MNHN, Paris, kindly sent me the type material for examination. I remounted most of the syntypes on cards and designated one female (emerged 6.iv.1950) as lectotype and labelled accordingly. S. cassinopsi- si is smaller but less slender than S. naso, has the puncturation on thorax much more obliterated, the head is stouter, about 1.5 times as broad as long (dorsally 70 : 47), the sides of pronotum are parallel, the collar is regularly convex, in middle almost as long as at sides, the pedicellus is distinctly broader than the proximal half of flagellum and much longer than the first funicular segment. The fore wing pubescence is short and rather reduced towards base, with only few hairs on basal fold. The gastral body of female is relatively short (not the petiole) and not keeled dorsally. By the stouter head it reminds one somewhat of Sycophila punctum, but that species differs greatly in colour, the pilose prepec- tus, the shorter marginal vein and petiole, etc. Sycophila flaviclava Boutek, spec. nov. (fig. 150; pl. 4 figs. 3, 4) Female. — 2.0—3.2 mm (holotype 3.2 mm). Predominantly yellow, with small black spots at occipital foramen, base of fore coxa, mid part of prepectus (normally concealed), a T-shape pattern on propodeum, metasternum and petiole; sometimes dark colour more spread, or less so (pl. 4 fig. 3); flagellum slightly infuscate but most of clava (except base) yellow (hence the name). Head shaped about as in S. naso but white pubescence distinctly denser, shorter and more decumbent (this to lesser extent also on thorax); lateral ocelli slightly nearer to eye than to median ocellus; eye distinctly larger than in S. naso and its lower extremity distinctly subangular; parascrobal areas relatively narrower, also temples and genae; interantennal crest descending slightly obliquely into scrobes; antenna very slightly clavate, pedicellus dorsally only 1.75 times as long as broad and slightly shorter (7 : 8 in holotype) than first funicular segment. Relative measurements: head breadth 54, length 30, height (with clypeal lobes) 45, frontovertex breadth 29, eye 29 x 21.5, malar space 14, scapus 24, flagellum plus pedicellus 52. Thorax slightly more robust than in S. naso; median part of metasternum in profile angular at level of anterior edges of hind coxae; metanotal hairline dense. Gastral body distinctly less compressed than in S. naso, slightly shorter than thorax less propodeum; dorsally not keeled. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 223 Male. — 2.7 mm. Colour (pl. 4 fig. 4) about as in holotype © but flagellum not paler apically, pubescence slightly longer and more erect. Longest eye diameter in ratio to malar space as 23 : 13; pedicel dorsally twice as long as broad, scarcely longer than fourth funicular segment. Pronotum posteriorly hardly emarginate, this margin subparallel to anterior edge of collar; black petiole dorsally fully three times (28 : 9) as long as broad. Type material. — Holotype ©, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- bury, 11.1977 (A. Watsham); in BMNH, London. Paratypes: same origin as holotype, partly reared from F. burkei galled figs, 9 2, 1 6, ix.—xi.1974, iii. and v.1975 and (1 © + 1 d) ii.1976; Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, 1 ©, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). Comments. — The description is based on difference between S. flaviclava and S. naso. Both species belong to a group of closely related species which might be called the naso-subgroup and includes also S. modesta and S. sessilis, whilst the other two species treated here in detail, S. punctum and S. kestraneura, belong to other subgroups. ORMYRINAE Ormyrus Westwood Type-species: Ormyrus punctiger Westwood; by monotypy. The species of this group possess a strongly sclerotised gaster, often bearing characteristic rough sculpture (figs. 155—157). This sculpture (although not present in all species) combined with the obliterated notaular grooves and the virtually non-exserted ovipositor with which again a reduction of the epipygial cerci (to low tubercles) is correlated, were regarded recently as important enough to warrant the group a family status, i.e, independent of Torymidae. Riek (1970: 921) even transferred them, on the basis of the reduced cerci, as a subfamily to the Pteromalidae. However, an analysis of various critical charac- ters seems to demonstrate strong links with Torymidae and thus they seem to be best placed as their subfamily, as they were mostly in the past. Several generic names have been proposed in this group, all based on the number of the reduced proximal segments of the flagellum (anelli) and partly on the gastral sculpture. As they do not denote any evidently natural groups, only one genus is recognised, Ormyrus Westwood. All Ormyrus species have associations with plant tissues, especially galls, although a few species probably develop in grass stems. Their actual role within the galls is not yet known, although they are supposed to be at least partly entomophagous, parasitic, rather than feeding solely on plant tissues (see under O. flavipes, below). Three species were found in association with the galled figs of Ficus burkei: Ormyrus watshami spec. nov., O. subconicus spec. nov. and O. flavipes spec. nov. Otherwise the following species have been described from Africa south of the Sahara and from Malagasy: 224 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 O. australis Risbec, 1957, from Madagascar O. chevalieri (Risbec, 1955 b) comb. nov. (originally in Monobaeus), from Chad O. decaryi (Risbec, 1955 a) comb. nov. (originally in Tribaeus), from Madagascar, but widely distributed in southern Africa including Zimbabwe-Rhodesia O. eugeniae Risbec, 1955 a, from Madagascar O. harongae (Risbec, 1952) from Madagascar, originally described in Wania, but transferred to Ormyrus by Risbec (1955a: 176) himself O. ornatus (Risbec, 1951) from Senegal, originally described in Wania, but transferred to Ormyrus by Risbec (1954: 535) O. sculptilis Crosby, 1909, from Malawi (formely Nyasaland) O. striatus Cameron, 1907, from South Africa (the single extant male type in BMNH, London, Type Hym. 5—64, is here designated lectotype). The new species are compared with the earlier described species following a study of their types. Ormyrus watshami Boucek, spec. nov. (fig. 157) Female. — 1.7—2.0 mm. Bright metallic blue (mainly thorax) to green (vertex, occiput), dorsum of darker bluish gaster from apex of tergite 1 to base of tergite 3 black; antennae dark brown but scapes, fore tibiae, all tarsi, partly also knees, trochanters, mid tibiae and fore femora, testaceous. Wings hyaline. Head fairly shiny, with sculpture weaker than in most known species of Ormyrus, on vertex consisting of curved engraved cross-striae; hairs on vertex reduced to one pair between posterior ocelli, two hairs at eye outside of posterior ocellus and one hair in front of this ocellus; piliferous punctures very conspicu- ous; parascrobal areas and lower face with very short and rather sparse white hairs. Anterior margin of clypeus short, bilobed, with median incision. Occipital carina situated low, near occipital foramen; a blunt edge slightly indicated not far behind posterior ocelli. Relative measurements: head width 85, height 67, length (thickness) 43, frons width 50, POL 24, OOL 8, eye 44 x 34, malar space 16, scapus 28 x 7, flagellum plus pedicellus 74. Pedicellus subglobose (beyond basal constriction); first anellus very thin, second larger but still more than 3 times as broad as long; all six funicular segments transverse, the first slightly so, the sixth twice as broad as long, each with one row of sensilla. Thorax about 1.33 times as long as (mesoscutum) broad, strongly convex, shiny. Mesoscutum finely but not very densely cross-striate, mid lobe mainly bare, only posteriorly with 3—5 irregular pairs of bristles (fig. 157). Scutellum fully 1.1 times as long as broad, dorsally with concentric striae, with only 4 pairs of bristles leaving the disc broadly bare; apex of scutellar rim truncate-subemar- ginate and jutting out over the steep smooth propodeum; latter with numerous hairs on lateral callus. Mesopleuron almost smooth, bare; broad metapleuron with a few hairs. Dorsal edge of hind tibia with a row of about 10 strong bristles and more outside with another row of slightly shorter bristles; longer spur curved, its basal half distinctly hairy. Fore wing unusually sparsely pubescent, basal third including large speculum (which extends on dorsal surface to stigmal vein) bare, but usually with some hairs in place where basal fold approaches cubital fold. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 225 Gaster not or hardly longer than thorax, fairly compressed from sides, with distinctly up-turned epipygium; tergites 2 to 5 with simple keel in median line. Hind margin of first tergite medially excised; second tergite short, punctured; third tergite longer, in basal half sublaterally with full 3 rows of coarse puncta (rows interrupted in median line), apex with simple puncturation (as most tergites); fourth tergite sublaterally hardly showing any puncta (they are mostly Figs. 154-156. Ormyrus flavipes Boutek, spec. nov., female (154, 155) and male (156). 154, venation of fore wing; 155, gaster; 156, male gaster, dorsal aspect. Fig. 157. Ormyrus watshami Boutek, spec. nov., female. Fig. 158. Ormyrus subconicus Boutek, spec. nov., female gaster with hind leg. 226 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 concealed by third tergite). Hypopygium not prominent, not exceeding middle of gaster. Male. — 1.6—1.9 mm. Bright brassy green but sides of thorax including tegulae testaceous, as well as all legs and antennal scapes; rest of antenna more brownish; usually also a broad indefinite cross-band on gaster just before middle testaceous. Head and thorax very much as in female but anelli more conspicuous; fore wing pilosity denser and more conspicuous, speculum slightly reduced, reaching only two-thirds of marginal vein. Gaster flat, elongate, its sculpture generally weaker than in @; third and fourth tergites basally with large puncta (pits) arranged in very irregular rows, more than two of which are usually exposed on the third, and less than two rows on the fourth tergite. Type material. — Holotype 9, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, ex Ficus burkei galls, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 18 © and 25 d, same data as holotype; 5 © and 3 d, Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, x. and xii.1974, iii. and v.1975, ili. and ix.1976, vi. and x.1977. Comments. — Ormyrus watshami can be immediately recognised in both sexes by the reduced pilosity on the dorsum of the head and thorax, leaving the mid lobe of mesoscutum bare, except for a few hairs posteriorly. This is unique among all other known species of the genus. In addition, the female has a characteristic short form of the gaster (fig. 157) and the male is distinct by the combination of the gastral sculpture and the widespread pale colour of the body. Otherwise it belongs to the punctiger-group. Ormyrus flavipes Boutek, spec. nov. (figs. 154—156; pl. 4 fig. 6) Female. — 2.1—4.3 mm (holotype 4.1 mm). Bright metallic green, partly more golden, especially on genae and sides of pronotum, but on hinder part of thorax and its sides more bluish to violaceous; violaceous mainly on dorsal edge of hind coxa, on dorsal part of first tergite and on the coarsely sculptured basal parts of tergites 3 to 5; epipygium dark purpureous; testaceous are: antennal scapes, all legs including fore coxae and distal parts of mid and hind coxae, then tegula with subalar area, partly lateral panel of pronotum and underside of gaster from where the pale colour usually spreads broadly dorsad, at least along hind margins of tergites, especially the fifth and sixth; rest of antenna black. Wings hyaline. Head and thorax dorsally fairly dull, generally cross-striate, rather densely clothed with subdecumbent pubescence. Piliferous punctures on vertex little conspicuous in dense cross-striation; an edge behind ocelli, occipital carina situated close to foramen. Face, except for the rather deep and smooth scrobes, with dense rugose striation; on lower face a slightly raised semicircular carina in half distance between toruli and mouth (separating also clypeus from supracly- Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 227 peal area), at sides ascending towards eye margins. Gena in a strip just behind malar groove very finely but distinctly striate; posteriorly striation much coars- er. Lobes of clypeal margin low, separated by shallow emargination. Relative measurements: head width 111, height 83, length (thickness) 52, frons width 60, POL 24, OOL 12, eye 55 x 44, malar space 24, distance between toruli and mouth margin 31, scapus 33 x 10, flagellum plus pedicellus 101. Pedicellus dorsally nearly twice as long as broad (13 : 7); first anellus thin, second nearly half as long as broad; first funicular segment about 1.1 times, last (sixth) about 1.5 times as broad as long, each with dense row of sensilla; clava only 1.7 times as long as broad. Thorax dorsally about 1.45 times as long as broad; its sculpture on mesoscu- tum consisting of cross-striation' formed by numerous fine strips with mostly raised hind margins, with hairs arising on hind slope of raised margin. Scutellum about 1.15 times as long as broad, its apex rounded; anteriorly it is cross-striated with piliferous punctures, posteriorly striae are arranged concentrically. Propo- deum subvertical, short, medially smooth, submedially alutaceous. Hind tibia dorsally with many rather short bristles which are only partly arranged in about three irregular rows. Fore wing with rather dense pilosity, cubital hairline reaching base of wing, basal hairline complete, basal cell with a dorsal row of bristles subparallel to submarginal vein; costal cell dorsally bare but ventrally with a hairline which is trebbled in distal third; stigma close and subparallel to postmarginal vein (fig. 154). Gaster fully twice as long as thorax, fairly compressed from sides, with simple median keel distinct from tergite 4 to saddle of tergite 6 (fig. 155); distal third of gaster conical and moderately up-turned; tergites 3 to 5 each punctured, with basal part raised and ending by a vertical row of short ridges (each ridge with a bristle at caudal tip), virtually without any exposed foveae; on sixth tergite the ridges shortened into tubercles and additional weaker tubercles are scattered on basal part; ridges on fourth tergite mostly longer than distance between them. Sculpture as wel as dimensions indicated in fig. 156. Male. — 1.4—2.4 mm. Gaster wholly metallic, long oval (fig. 156), slightly longer than thorax to as long as head plus thorax combined; first tergite dorsally with broad-meshed reticulation; second very short; tergites 3 to 5 each with dark purple basal band of deep foveolae arranged in at least 2 rows, with smooth narrow interspaces. Biology. — After finishing this paper one of us (A. W.) observed a white larva attached to the pupa of Syceurytoma ficus in a galled fig. He separated the parasitised pupa from the rest and after a few days the parasite pupated and proved to be Ormyrus flavipes. Type material. — Holotype ©, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Chishawasha nr. Salis- bury, ex F. burkei galls, vi.1975 (A. Watsham); deposited in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 16 2, 12 d, same data as holotype; 12 9 and 20 d, same origin, ii.— ix.1975, 1 d ix.1976; 1 d Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, xii.1976 (A. Watsham). 228 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 Comments. — Among the African species known to me (described or undescribed) several species belong to a species-group of O. orientalis Walker characterised by the double carina on at least some gastral tergites in the females, with generally rough sculpture of gaster in both sexes. From the African species listed above O. eugeniae Risbec, O. ornatus (Risbec) and O. striatus Cameron belong to this orientalis-group and can be therefore easily separated from O. flavipes. Another easily separable species is O. decaryi (Risbec) belonging to the species with no dorsal keel on the gaster in females. Our O. flavipes, with its simple keel on the female gaster, belongs to the group of O. punctiger Westwood (a European species), along with the African O. chevalieri (Risbec) and O. sculptilis Crosby, and the Malagasy O. harongae (Risbec). O. chevalieri is easily recognisable by its short rounded female gaster. O. harongae, of which I examined the two syntypes (mounted on a slide) thanks to my colleagues from the Paris MNHN, differs from O. flavipes mainly by the predominantly yellow- ish body with the apical part of the female gaster still more produced and with shorter ridges in rows on the tergites. On the other hand O. sculptilis, of which I was enabled to examine and remount the original material (thanks to my colleagues in the Cornell University in Ithaca) and selected and labelled a female in good condition as lectotype (here designated), has the conical apical part of the female gaster much shorter than in O. flavipes, and not up-turned. The male can be more easily confused and the assessment of its diagnostic characters has to await a revision of the African species. Ormyrus subconicus Boucek, spec. nov. (fig. 158) Female. — 1.7—3.3 mm (holotype 2.5 mm). Mainly bright green, sometimes slightly bronze or brassy, but on head and thorax often in places bluish to violaceous or even purpureous, on gaster foveolate bases of middle tergites usually dark violet or purpureous; scapes (except apically), tegulae, trochant- ers, knees and tarsi testaceous, but often pale colour spreading to whole tibiae and most of femora, then with only hind femora mainly metallic. Wings hyaline. Sculpture and form of head and thorax much as in smaller specimens of O. flavipes, but lateral ocelli slightly nearer to eyes, POL nearly 3 times OOL; scapus slender, about 4 times as long as broad. Gaster (fig. 158) about 1.3 times as long as head plus thorax combined, only slightly compressed from sides, with simple dorsal keel. Basal part of tergites 3, 4 and 5 with distinct exposed belts of foveolae, usually in two rows on each tergite; tergite 6 usually as long as the fifth, its saddle very shallow; epipygium much shorter than preceding sixth tergite, not or scarcely up-turned. Male. — 1.4 mm. Very similar to male of O. flavipes but hind femur distinctly infuscate, antennal pedicellus subglobose, i.e., beyond its basal constriction only slightly longer than broad (more evidently so in flavipes) and tergites 4 and 5 each with full two rows of basal foveolae (irregular and not fully two rows in flavipes, fig. 156). Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 229 Type material. — Holotype 9, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia: Makumbi Mission nr. Salisbury, F. burkei, xii.1976 (A. Watsham); in BMNH, London. Paratypes: 1 2, same data as holotype; 9 © and 1 d, Chishawasha nr. Salisbury, F. burkei, xi.—xii.1974 (A. Watsham). Comments. — This species also belongs to the punctiger species-group and, being close to O. flavipes, the above description stresses the diagnostic charac- ters in relation to that species. This species-group is rich in species in Africa. Among the previously described species the nearest is O. sculptilis Crosby which differs from O. subconicus mainly in the still less saddled sixth tergite in the female, with longer fifth tergite exposing usually three regular rows of foveolae (in this it differs also from O. flavipes). I find these more extensive foveolate bands also in two males reared from figs of F. petersii in South West Africa and therefore regard them as probably specifically different from O. subconicus. It seems that as to the host-specificity possibly O. watshami is a typical fig-asso- ciated species, whilst O. flavipes and O. subconicus may develop also in some other galls or gall-like plant parts. However, the questions of the host-specificity have been hardly considered in the African chalcids so far. REFERENCES Abdurahiman, U. C. & K. J. Joseph, 1967. Contributions to our knowledge of fig insects (Chalcidoi- dea: parasitic Hymenoptera) from India (New Series) 1. Notes on some new and interesting fig-insects. — Oriental Insects 1: 1—19. ——., 1975a. Three new Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from India. — Oriental Insects 9: 99—109. ——., 1975b. New fig insects (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India: three Torymids parasitic on Agaonids. — Entomophaga 20: 73—80. ——., 1976. Three new Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Ficus arnottiana. — Oriental Insects 10: 541—552. Boutek, Z., 1974. On the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) described by C. Rondani. — Redia 55: 241—285. Brues, C. T., 1910. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Tertiary of Florissant, Colorado. — Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 54: 3—125. Cameron, P., 1907. Description of species of parasitic Hymenoptera, chiefly in the collection of the South African Museum, Cape Town (Second paper). — Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 5: 203—225. Corner, E. J. H., 1965. Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with keys to identification. — Gdns’ Bull., Singapore 21: 1—186. Crosby, C. R., 1909. Chalcid-flies reared from galls from Zumbo, East Africa. — Broteria (Zool.) 9: 77—90. Galil, J., 1977. Fig biology. — Endeavour (n.s.) 1: 52—S6. Galil, J. & J. W. Copland, 1981. Odontofroggatia galili Wiebes in Israel, a primary fig wasp of Ficus microcarpa L. with a unique ovipositor mechanism (Epichrysomallinae, Chalcidoidea). — Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. (C) 84 (in press). Galil, J. & D. Eisikowitch, 1968. On the pollination ecology of Ficus sycomorus in East Africa. — Ecology 49: 259—269. Galil, J., M. Zeroni & D. Bar Shalom, 1973. Carbon dioxide and ethylene effects in the co-ordination between the pollinator Blastophaga quadraticeps and the syconium in Ficus religiosa. — New Phytol. 72: 1113—1127. Grandi, G., 1916. Gli Agaonini (Hymenoptera Chalcididae) raccolti nell’Africa occidentale dal Prof. F. Silvestri. — Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 10: 121—286. ——., 1921. Richerche sul gen. Philotrypesis (Hymenoptera-Chalcididae). — Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 15: 33—190. IN] vs 230 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL.5, 1981 ——, 1922. Ricostruzione e morfologia comparata dei generi Otitesella Westw., Sycobiella Westw. ed affini (Hymenoptera-Chalcididae). — Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 16: 1—58. —, 1928. Revisione critica degli Agaonidi descritti da Gustavo Mayr e catalogo ragionato delle specie fino ad oggi descritte di tutto il mondo. — Boll. Lab. Ent. Bologna 1: 107—235. —, 1930. Monografia del gen. Philotrypesis Först. — Boll. Lab. Ent. Bologna 3: 1—181. —, 1955. Insetti dei fichi (Hymenoptera-Chalcididae) dell’ Afica australe. — Boll. Lab. Ent. Bologna 21: 85—106. Hill, D. S., 1967. Figs (Ficus spp.) of Hong Kong. — Hong Kong Univ. Press, viii+ 154 p. Ishii, T., 1934. Fig chalcidoids of Japan. — Kontyü 8: 84—100. Joseph, K. J., 1953. Contributions to our knowledge of fig-insects (Chalcidoidea: parasitic Hyme- noptera) from India ili. Description of three new genera and five new species of Sycophagi- ni, with notes on biology, distribution and evolution. — Agra Univ. J. Res. 2: 53—82. —, 1957. Do., vii. Description of fifteen new and revision of some old species. — Ann. Soc. Ent. France 125: 97—133. Joseph, K. J. & U. C. Abdurahiman, 1968. Description of six new species of Decatoma (Chalcidoi- dea: Eurytomidae) from Ficus bengalensis L. — Oriental Insects 2: 63—87. —, 1969. Contributions to our knowledge of fig insects (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) from India 4. Further descriptions of new fig insects from Ficus bengalensis L. — Oriental Insects 3: 37—45. Lachaise, D., 1977. Niche separation of African Lissocephala within the Ficus Drosophilid commu- nity. — Oecologia 31: 201—214. Martin, G. C., A. M. Owen & J. I. Way, 1973. Nematodes, figs and wasps. — J. Nemat. 5: 77—78. Masi, L., 1917. Chalcididae of the Seychelles Islands. — Novit. Zool. 24: 121—230. Mayr, G., 1885. Feigeninsecten. — Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien (B) 35: 147—250. Newton, L. E. & A. Lomo, 1979. The pollination of Ficus vogelii in Ghana. — Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 21—30. Palmer, Eve, 1977. A field guide to the trees of South Africa. — Collins, London & Johannesburg, 352 p. Peck, O., Z. Bouéek & A. Hoffer, 1964. Keys to the Chalcidoidea of Czechoslovakia (Insecta: Hymenoptera). — Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. 34: 1—120. Poinar jr., G. O., 1979. Parasitodiplogaster sycophilon gen. n., sp. n. (Diplogasteridae: Nematoda), a parasite of Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Agaonidae: Hymenoptera) in Rhodesia. — Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. (C) 82: 375—381. Riek, E., 1970. Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants). — In: CSIRO, The Insects of Australia. Melbourne Univ. Press, 1029 p. Risbec, J., 1951. Les Chalcidoides d’A.O.F. — Mem. Inst. frang. Afr. noire 13: 5—409. , 1952. Contribution a l’étude des Chalcidoidea de Madagascar. — Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar (E) 2: 1—448. 3 ——., 1954. Chalcidoides et Proctotrupoides de l’Afrique occidentale française (3e Supplément). — Bull. Inst. franç. Afr. noire (A) 16: 524—552. ———, 1955a. Torymidae et Agaonidae de Madagascar (Hym. Chalcidoidea). — Ann. Soc. ent. France 124: 147—194. ———, 1955b. Chalcidoides et Proctotrupides Africaines. — Bull. Inst. franç. Afr. noire (A) 17: 533—580. ——., 1955c. Chalcidoides du Kenya (Mission de I’Omo). — Mem. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. (A) 8: 153—176. ——, 1957. Hyménoptères Proctotrupidae et Chalcidoides. — Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar (E) 8: 355—358. Silvestri, F., 1915. Contributo alla conoscenza degli insetti dell’olivo dell’Eritrea e dell’Africa meridionale. — Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici 9: 240—334. Subba Rao, B. R., 1978. New genera and species of Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). — Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci. (B) 87: 293—319. Watsham, A., 1977. A new species of Sycophila Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) from Rhodesia. — J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 40: 247—250. Westwood, J. O., 1883. Further descriptions of insects infesting figs. — Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.: 29— 47. Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna 231 Wiebes, J. T., 1966a. The structure of the ovipositing organs as a tribal character in the Indo- Australian Sycophagine Torymidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 41: 151-159. ——, 1966b. Provisional host catalogue of fig-wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). — Zool. Verh., Leiden 83: 1-44. —, 1966c. Bornean fig wasps from Ficus stupenda Miquel (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). — Tijdschr. Ent. 109: 163—192. ——., 1967. Redescription of Sycophaginae from Ceylon and India, with designation of lecto- types, and a world catalogue of the Otitesellini (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Torymidae). —Tijdschr. Ent. 110: 399—442. ——, 1968. Fig wasps from Israeli Ficus sycomorus and related East African species (Hymenop- tera, Chalcidoidea) 2. Agaonidae (concluded) and Sycophagini. — Zool. Meded., Leiden 42: 307—320. ——, 1969. Philosycus, a new genus of fig wasps allied to Otitesella Westwood (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Torymidae). — Ann. Mus. R. Afr. centr., in 8, Zool. 175: 439—445. ——, 1971. A new record of Allotriozoon prodigiosum Grandi, and description of its symbionts (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). — Mém. Inst. fond. Afr. noire 86: 367—383. ——, 1972. The genus Alfonsiella Waterston (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 47: 321—330. ——, 1974a. Nigeriella, a new genus of West African fig wasps allied to Elisabethiella Grandi (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 48: 29—42. ——, 1974b. The fig wasps genus Diaziella Grandi (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Torymidae Sycoecini). — Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. (C) 77: 295—300. —— 1974c. Species of Agaon Dalman and Allotriozoon Grandi from Africa and Malagasy (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 48: 123—143. , 1974d. Philippine fig wasps i. Records and descriptions of Otitesellini (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Torymidae). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 48: 145—161. ——., 1975. Fig insects from Aldabra (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 49: 225—236. ——, 1977a. A short history of fig wasps research. — Gdns’ Bull. Singapore 29: 207—232. ——, 1977b. Agaonid fig wasp from Ficus salicifolia Vahl and some related species of the genus Platyscapa Motschoulsky (Hym., Chalc.). — Neth. J. Zool. 27: 209—223. ——, 1978a. The genus Kradibia Saunders and an addition to Ceratosolen Mayr (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). — Zool. Meded., Leiden 53: 165—184. ——, 1978b. Redescription of Sycoscapter gibbus Saunders, a parasitic fig wasp from Madagascar and Réunion (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae). — Ent. Ber., Amst. 38: 185— 189. —, 1979a. The fig wasp genus Dolichoris Hill (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). — Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. (C) 82: 181—196. —, 1979b. Fig wasp from Gabon: new species of Agaon (Agaonidae) and Phagoblastus (Torymidae) (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). — Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. (C) 82: 391—400. 232 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5, 1981 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES (MAINLY CHALCIDOIDEA) Aepocerus 158 aethiopica 214 affinis 155 africana (Otitesella) 191 africana (Philotrypesis) 175 africanus (Camarothorax) 157,194 alata 153, 157, 160, 162, [189 Alfonsiella 156 Allotriozoon 156, 167, [169 allotriozoonoides 167 Anastatus 153 anguliceps 155, 188 Apocrypta 156 appendiculatus 157 arabicus 157 Arachonia 156 aterrima 157 atrata 168, 169 australis (Ormyrus) 224 australis (Sycoryctes) 157 bakeri 157 bannensis 209 barbarus 152, 157, 160, [163, 170 bethyloides 155, 194 bimaculata 157 Blastophaga 156 borneensis 156 braconidis 207 brevimucro 153, 157, 163, [203 brevitarsis 157 brongersmai 152, 157, [160, 164, 168 bruchocida 209 Bruchophagus 209, 211 caelebs 183 Callimomus 194 callosa (Grasseiana) 157 callosa (Sycoryctes) 157 caricae 153,157 Camarothorax 156, 194, [197 cassinopsisi 214, 222 Ceratosolen 155, 156 chevalieri 224, 228 coccothraustes 183 corneliae 156 cornutus 153, 157, 159, [164, 180 cowani 157 crenulatus 155 Critogaster 158 Crossogaster 156, 169 curtivena 153, 157, 161, [212 dagatiguyi 183 decaryi 224, 228 Decatoma 156, 214 decatomoides 156, 214, [216 Desantisca 207 Dolichoris 156 Elisabethiella 156 enriquesi 164, 167 epicarioides 191 Epichrysomalla 158 equicollis 153, 157, 163, [197 errata 156 erythraea 175 Eudecatoma 214 eugeniae 224, 228 Eujacobsonia 168 Eukoebelea 156 Eupelmus 153 Eupristina 156 Eurytoma 155, 156, 205, [208, 214 ficicola 157 Ficomila 156, 209, 211 ficus 153, 157, 161, 208, [209, 227 ficusgallae 153, 157, 161, [205 finitimorum 157, 175, 188 flaviclava 153, 157, 162, [222 flavipes 153, 157, 160, [224, 227 froggatti 157 fusciceps 157 galili 157 gambiensis 153, 157, 161, [213 gestroi 157 gibbus 157, 180 gigas 157 gracilis 157 Grandiana 156 Grasseiana 156 guruti 155 harongae 224, 228 Heterandrium 158 heterandromorphum [152, 169 hilla 214 hilli 156 hirtus 153, 157, 160, 164, [186 Idarnes 156 imerinensis 194 Indothymus 155 infida 155, 188, 189 insignis 155 keralensis 157 kestraneura 153,157, [162, 215 Kradibia 156 larvalis 157 latrodecti 207 Leeweniella 158 liodontus 168, 170 Lipothymus 168 lomaensis 157,183 longicornis 175, 188 longimucro 153, 157, 163, [201 longipalpus 157 longiscapa 152, 157, 160, [164, 168 longitarsus 157 malabarensis 157 masii 156 masoni 155 Micranisa 156 modesta 153, 157, 162, [218 monilifera 155,188 moniliformis 155 Monobaeus 224 montis 157,180 naso 153, 157, 162, 220 nigrofasciata 214 nodularis 207 nota 157 notus 157 obscurus 194 Odontofroggatia 196 odorans 152, 157, 160, [163, 170 orientalis (Camarothorax) 194 orientalis (Ormyrus) 228 Ormyrus 156, 223 ornatus 224, 228 Otitesella 156, 191 Paradecatoma 209 Parakoebelea 155, 156 Parasitodiplogaster 152- [154 (nematod) Z. BOUCEK, A. WATSHAM & J.T. WIEBES: Fig wasp fauna parca 153, 157, 159, 164, [176 patellaris 157,182 Pediobius 153 Pembertonia 156 Phagoblastus 152, 156, [169 Philocaenus 169 Philotrypesis 156, 175 Philotrypomorpha 175 Physothorax 158 Platyscapa 156 plectroniae 215 Pleistodontes 156 ‚ prodigiosum 157 psenes 157 pteromaloides 155 punctiger 223, 228 punctum 153, 157, 162, [216 quadraticeps 155 quadrisetosa 157 raoi 157 reflexa 169 religiosae 155 remus 153, 157, 160, 164, [183 reticulatus 156 Risbecoma 209 royi 157,191 ruandensis 215 Acacia 209 Adenosperma 155 avi-avi 183 baroni 169 benghalensis 155 burkei 149-229 callosa 157 capensis 154 carica 157 Conosycea 155 craterostoma 150 eriobotryoides 157,175, [180, 183, 191 Ficus 155,157 exasperata 157 Galoglychia 157 rubra 215 saptapurensis 155 sculptilis 224, 228 sebertianus 183 selenitica 175 serricornis 153, 157, 163, [196 sessilis 153, 157, 162, 218 silvestrii 168, 169 similis 157 sjoestedti 183 socotrensis 169 spinitarus 157 stabilis 155 stilifera 156, 188 stratheni 157 striatus 224, 228 stuckenbergi 151,157, [160, 164, 165 subconicus 153,157,161, [228 Syceurytoma 156,208, [211 Sycobia 156,194 sycomori (Eukoebelea) 157 sycomori (Sycophaga) 157 Sycophaga 156,168 Sycophila 156,205, 208, [211, 214 Sycophilodes 156 INDEX OF PLANT NAMES Kalosyce 155 laterifolia 157,180 leprieuri 169 Malvanthera 157 macrophylla 157 natalensis 150, 211, 213 nautarum 169 Neomorphe 157 nota 157 Oreosycea 155, 157 petersii 150, 169, 180, [183, 185, 193, 200, 213, [216, 221, 229 racemosa 157 reflexa 169 religiosa 155, 189 Sycophilomorpha 156 sycophilon 152-154 [(nematod) Sycorycteridea 156, 179 Sycoryctes 155, 156, 179, [182 Sycoscapter 156, 179, 180 Sycoscapteridea 156, 179, [188 Sycotetra 156, 195 Systole 209, 211 temeraria 155 testacea 157 Tetramesa 209 Tetrastichus 153 Tineomyza 214 transiens 155 Tribaeus 224 triformis 168, 170 truncatus 183 tsamvi 153, 157, 161, 164, [191 Walkerella 156 Wania 224 Waterstoniella 156 watshami 153, 157, 160, [224, 229 Watshamiella 156, 186 westwoodi 157 xiphigaster 215 Rhizocladus 155 Sinosycidium 155 soroceoides 180 Stilpnophyllum 155 stupenda 156,188 Sycidium 157 Sycocarpus 157 Sycomorus 157 sycomorus 157,211,213, 4 [221 thonningii 149, 150, 155- [157, 159 Urostigma 155 variegata 157 vasta 169, 183 vogelii 152, 169, 175, 191 233 Fou RR nt on <1 STI 4 RS: an) RAUTI CA ose a | À 1 Ù ‘7 Ù i Ul 4 \ di 7 \ i ¥ CAT ur Si nei i | ; 4 | | LI vi 7 À > % 1 ) } x tai 3 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5 PL. 1 Fig. 1, Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi), female; 2, Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov., fe- male; 3, Elisabethiella stuckenbergi (Grandi), male; 4, Crossogaster odorans Wiebes, spec. nov., male; 5, Otitesella tsamvi Wiebes, spec. nov., male; 6, do., female. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5 PL. 2 „5 6 Fig. 1, Philotrypesis parca Wiebes, spec. nov.; 2, do., male; 3, Sycoscapter cornutus Wiebes, spec. nov., female; 4, Sycoryctes remus Wiebes, spec. nov., male; 5. Watshamiella alata Wiebes, gen. et spec. nov., female; 6, do., male. \ R TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5 PL.3 5 6 Fig. 1, Philotrypesis parca Wiebes, spec. nov., alate male; 2, Sycotetra serricornis Boutek, gen. et spec. nov., female; 3, Camarothorax equicollis Boutek, spec. nov., male; 4, Camarothorax longimu- cro Bouéek, spec. nov., female; 5, Camarothorax brevimucro Boutek, spec. nov., male; 6, Euryto- ma ficusgallae Boutek, spec. nov., female. ’ Ù er: ye TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 5 PL. 4 6 af Fig. 1, Syceurytoma ficus Boutek, gen. et spec. nov., female; 2, do., male; 3, Sycophila flaviclava Boutek, spec. nov., female; 4, do., male; 5, Sycophila kestraneura (Masi), male; 6, Ormyrus flavipes Boutek, spec. nov., female. = Was Ben de USE DEEL 124 AFLEVERING 6 VU 1981 COMP. ZOOL LISRARY WOE TIJDSCHRIFT sur CMNVYERSITY VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE UITGEGEVEN DOOR MUS sl. DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING INHOUD J. KRIKKEN, C. VAN ACHTERBERG, P. H. VAN DOESBURG, R. DE Jong and K. W. R. ZWART. — Samuel Constant Snellen van Vollenhoven (1816-1880) and his entomological work, p. 235—268, figs. 1—3, one colour-plate. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, deel 124, afl. 6 Gepubliceerd 31-XII-1981 SAMUEL CONSTANT SNELLEN VAN VOLLENHOVEN (1816-1880) AND HIS ENTOMOLOGICAL WORK by J. KRIKKEN, C. VAN ACHTERBERG, P. H. VAN DOESBURG, R. DE JONG!) AND K. W. R. ZWART?) With one plate and three text-figures Hat sich nun ein Entomolog um unsre Wissenschaft nicht bloss in seinem engern Vaterlande und amtlichen Wirkungskreise, sondern auch nach vielen und bedeutenden Richtungen im Grossen und Ganzen so hochverdient gemacht wie Samuel Constant Snellen van Vollenhoven, so gebührt ihm ein Zeugniss der dankbaren Anerkennung. C. A. Dohrn, 1881, Stett. ent. Ztg. 42: 371 ABSTRACT The significance of the entomological work of S. C. Snellen van Vollenhoven (1816-1880) is descri- bed by means of a concise biography, an annotated bibliography, and an annotated list of taxa he pro- posed. The bibliography includes 184 items. The list of taxa includes the names of 9 genera and 471 species proposed by Vollenhoven in the insect orders Dictyoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleopte- ra, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. CONTENTS RTÉLACE RE TOA IR E TNA NO A CR IA A IONI 235 BIOLrAPhy: SR N Een 239 Bibliography i I LO SR eenen 240 PIstofgenus-prOUpiandspecies:SIOUPMAMESERT RT TO I 248 Indexofisenus-group,and'species-SToUp names Re RT O TT 263 PREFACE Now that we are compiling this account of the entomological activities of S. C. Snellen van Vollenhoven?) a century has passed since he died: the first truly scien- tific entomologist in the Netherlands. Others had preceded him (e.g., Cramer, Stoll, Voet, Merian, Sepp), but their contributions to Dutch entomology were li- mited from a scientific point of view. Vollenhoven’s achievements still keep us 1) Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden 2) Dept. of Entomology, Agricultural University, Wageningen 3) The full family name Snellen van Vollenhoven is in this paper abbreviated Vollenhoven. Vollenho- ven should not be confounded with the Dutch lepidopterist P. C. T. Snellen (1832-1911). 235 236 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Fig. 1. Samuel Constant Snellen van Vollenhoven, around 1870. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 237 L00 Hat tH | a. oh ark Le — Soa) n Fig. 2. Handwriting of Snellen van Vollenhoven. Section of a letter written in 1860. 238 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Fig. 3. Stone plate in wooden carved frame, commemorating Snellen van Vollenhoven’s decease in 1880. It shows the symbols of two of his life-time’s ambitions: a butterfly (top of frame) and a sketch- book and drawing-pen (bottom). Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. busy, were it alone for the fact that, as museum curators, we are still dealing with the numerous insects he assembled and described. Therefore, we thought it a good idea to spend part of 1980, the centennial year of his death, on writing an account of Vollenhoven’s entomological work. This account consists of a concise biography, a bibliography and a list of the genera and species he described. Spe- cialists interested in Vollenhoven’s work will find numerous verified details in the following pages; they will, however, not find solutions to any taxonomic problems they might have with respect to Vollenhoven’s species. The list of taxonomic na- mes given below is only intended as a preliminary survey of Vollenhoven’s taxo- nomic activities. We hope that the present account will show our fellow entomolo- gists, besides technical details, a man at the roots of Dutch entomology: to Vol- lenhoven life was nearly synonymous with the study of insects. We are indebted to the Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Foundation for financing the publication of plate 1. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 239 BIOGRAPHY Samuel Constant Snellen van Vollenhoven was born in Rotterdam on 18 Octo- ber 1816. At the age of 18, after his secondary school education, he started to stu- dy law at the University of Leiden and graduated on 25 September 1839. Soon after his graduation he registered as a lawyer in The Hague, but there is no evi- dence that he ever actually practised. From his childhood Vollenhoven appeared to be more interested in the natural sciences, and, consequently, after his marria- ge with Jeanne Everdine Meijer, he moved to Leiden again with the explicit pur- pose of acquiring a more serious knowledge of animals and plants. He frequently visited the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and the Hortus Botanicus, and was delighted in conversing with the zoologists and botanists working in these in- stitutions. After this second Leiden period Vollenhoven, disliking city life, took up his residence at the Gliphoeve, a country seat south of Haarlem. Here he spent, according to his own saying, the happiest years of his life. Vollenhoven now devoted himself almost entirely to insect studies. An early result of these stu- dies is his publication on insects harmful or beneficial to horticulture (1843a). Before Vollenhoven’s time Dutch entomology had been largely the domain of a few amateurs and non-specialist biologists, and the scanty knowledge available on the Dutch insect fauna was totally unreliable. This changed drastically through the efforts of Vollenhoven: soon after its foundation in 1845 he joined the Neder- landsche Entomologische Vereeniging (Netherlands Entomological Society), and immediately impressed his fellow members with his scientific approach to entomo- logy. They elected him President of the Society, an office he held till 1872, and again from 1878 till his decease in 1880. In 1858 he took the initiative to publish a Society journal, the Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, which was profusely illustra- ted, in the first place by Vollenhoven himself. Of the 277 plates published in the journal up till 1880 (23 vols.) no less than 155 had been prepared by Vollenhoven, who shared his artistic ambitions with contemporary entomologists, like J. O. Westwood, of Oxford, with whom he had a very intense correspondence. The government recognized Vollenhoven’s capacities by appointing him ento- mological curator of the Leiden museum in September 1854. What he found there seems to have been a mess, which was partly due to the protracted illness of his predecessor Dr. W. de Haan. The notorious C. A. Dohrn, of Stettin, on visiting Leiden shortly after Vollenhoven’s appointment, noticed the curator’s embarrass- ment over the state the collections were in. Vollenhoven, however, set to work energetically, and Dohrn clearly appreciated the improvement during a later visit, as he mentioned in Vollenhoven’s obituary (1881; see quotation above). Vollen- hoven’s private collection was purchased by the museum and incorporated. His appointment necessitated Vollenhoven to move to Leiden once again. His cura- tor’s salary was not particularly high, and the resources of the museum were also very limited. Luckily, Vollenhoven was financially more or less independent, and he regularly spent private money to pursue his entomological endeavours. While continuing his work on the Dutch insect fauna, Vollenhoven’s attention was also drawn to the exotic treasures kept in the Leiden museum. He described many no- velties from the Dutch East Indies and other parts of the world, partly in well-il- lustrated monographs. From 1871 on Vollenhoven had rheumatic complaints, and 240 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 considered that resignment from his curatorial duties would improve his health. In 1873 he was succeeded by his able assistant C. Ritsema. Bureaucratic decisions barred Vollenhoven from further pursuing his survey of the East Indian insect fauna, and his attention now shifted to the Dutch Ichneumonoidea and Hemipte- ra, although his broad interest remained. He died on 22 March 1880, at the age of 63. Indeed, Vollenhoven was the first truly scientific Dutch entomologist: reliable literature on the Dutch insect fauna was virtually non-existent until he compiled the first critical lists of Dutch Coleoptera (see bibliography, 1848), Diptera (1852c, 1853a), Hemiptera (1852d), Hymenoptera (1858a), Orthoptera (1859g), and their various sequels. He was keenly interested in economic entomology (cf. 1843a, 1852a). He published dependable popular surveys of Dutch arthropods (1859f, 1861g) and of insects in general (1870d). Vollenhoven described the meta- morphoses and habits of Dutch Symphyta with numerous fine illustrations (1858g, etc.). His other important contributions to entomology include monographs of East Indian insect groups (1863k, 18651, 1868f), a treatise on Dutch Hemiptera (1878j), and the Pinacographia (1875, etc.), being an atlas of Hymenoptera. All in all we counted 480 new names proposed by Vollenhoven, as follows: genera species genera species Dictyoptera 1 1 Coleoptera 2 97 Orthoptera 1 3 Hymenoptera 5 103 Heteroptera 1 155 Diptera 1 15 Homoptera 0 9 Lepidoptera 0 88 Vollenhoven’s scientific efforts were rewarded by memberships of several fo- reign learned societies. In 1860 he became a member of the Koninklijke Acade- mie van Wetenschappen (Royal Academy of Sciences). In April 1862 the Univer- sity of Groningen bestowed on him the title of Philosophiae naturalis doctor hono- ris causa. An extensive obituary was given by F. M. van der Wulp, 1880, Tijdschr. Ent. 24: LXXXIX-CVII, in Dutch, with a portrait. BIBLIOGRAPHY All publications with separate title headings are included. Casual observations, not published under a separate heading and without any substance, can be found in meeting reports of the Netherlands Entomological Society as published ın the Tijdschrift voor Entomologie; these have been omitted (we have a list of 35 addi- tional items). Other minor contributions (e.g., to a dictionary) have also been omitted. Annotations are added where necessary, especially translations of titles in the Dutch language. 1843a. De schadelijke insecten in tuinen met de middelen tot derzelver verdelging, benevens eene opgave der voor tuinen nuttige insecten, p. 1—128, pls. I—5. — Rotterdam. (Treatise of no- xious and beneficial insects in gardens). 1843b. Over de larve van de Cimbex lucorum. — Tijdschr. Natgesch. Phys. 10: 97—102, figs. 1—6. (Description of larva). 1844. 1848. 1852a. 1852b. 1852c. 1852d. 1853. 1854a. 1854b. 1854c. 1855. 1856a. 1856b. 1858a. 1858b. 1858c. 1858d. 1858e. 1858f. 1858g. 1858h. 1859a. 1859b. 1859c. 1859d. 1859e. 1859f. 1859g. 1860a. 1860b. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 241 Beschrijving eeniger larven van Tentredinidae. — Tijdschr. Natgesch. Phys. 11: 157—163. (Descriptions of larvae). Bijdrage tot de fauna van Nederland. Naamlijst van de schildvleugelige insecten, p v + (1) + 1—50. — Haarlem (His first checklist of the Dutch Coleoptera; cf. 1854c, 1870e). De insecten welke den landbouwer schaden, p. 1—136, figs. 1—69. — Arnhem. (Noxious insects in agriculture; also published in 1856 by Kruseman at Haarlem). Nederlandsche blad- en houtwespen. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 1: 104-112. (Dutch Symphyta). Naamlijst van inlandsche Diptera. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 1: 138—151 (Checklist of the Dutch Diptera, with F. M. v. d. Wulp). Nederlandsche Hemiptera. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 1: 169—186; (with H. W. de Graaf; Dutch Hemiptera). Naamlijst van inlandsche Diptera. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 1: 188—206. (2nd part of checklist, cf. 1852c; with F. M. v. d. Wulp). Over het tweede deel van den “Schouburg der rupsen, wormen, maden en vliegende dier- kens daaruit voortkomende” van Steph. Blankaart. — Alg. Konst- en Letterbode 66: 159— 160. (About a manuscript by S. Blankaart). (Discussion about the genus Canopus (Hemiptera)). — Hand. Ned. Ent. Ver. 1: 63—64. Naamlijst van de Nederlandsche schildvleugelige insekten. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Her- klots) 2: 1—70. (Checklist of the Dutch Coleoptera). Mierengasten. — Jaarb. Natura Artis Magistra: 140—148. (Popular short paper on ant guests in the province of Gelderland). Nieuwe bijdragen voor de Fauna van Nederland. — Alg. Konst- en Letterbode 68: 178. (Short faunistical list of Coleoptera and Hemiptera of the Netherlands). Naamlijst van inlandsche Diptera. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 2: 89—117. (With F. M. v. d. Wulp; checklist of Dutch Diptera). Naamlijst van Nederlandsche vliesvleugelige insekten (Hymenoptera). — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 2: 221—275. (Checklist of Dutch Hymenoptera). Beschrijving der nieuwe soorten. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 2: 276—283. (Descrip- tions of new species of Hymenoptera). Description de quelques espèces nouvelles de Coleoptères Lamellicornes. — Tijdschr. Ent. 1: 20—27, pl. 2. Notes diptérologiques. — Tijdschr. Ent. 1: 88—93. De rups van Hepialus sylvinus. — Tijdschr. Ent. 1: 98. (The caterpillar of H. sylvinus). Phyllodes Verhuellii, nieuwe vlindersoort uit Java. — Tijdschr. Ent. 1: 159—168, pl. 8. (New moth from Java). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaanteverwisselingen en levenswijze beschreven (1). — Tijdschr. Ent. 1: 133—154, pls. 5—7. (First part of the series on Dutch Symphyta). Id. (2). — Tijdschr. Ent. 1: 171—194, pls. 9—12. (Second part on Dutch Symphyta). Id. (3). — Tijdschr. Ent. 2: 63—78, pls. 3—5. (Third part on Dutch Symphyta). Phyllodes Eyndhovii, nieuwe vlindersoort uit Java. — Tijdschr. Ent. 2: 86—89, pl. 6. (New moth from Java). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaanteverwisselingen en levenswijze beschreven (4). — Tijdschr. Ent. 2: 134—151, pls. 8—10. (Fourth part on Dutch Symphyta). Eenige aanteekeningen van gemengden inhoud. — Tijdschr. Ent. 2: 152—158. (Some mis- cellaneous notes). Over de verdedigingsmiddelen der bladwespen larven. — Jaarb. Natura Artis Magistra, p. 125—133. (Short paper on the defense-mechanisms of sawflies, mainly against parasites). Natuurlijke historie van Nederland. De dieren van Nederland. Overzigt der gelede dieren 1: i-vi+ 1—296, many text-figs., pls. 1—19. — Haarlem. (Popular survey of the Dutch Arthro- poda). Naamlijst van Nederlandse regtvleugelige insekten (Orthoptera). — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 3: 34—39. (Checklist of the Dutch Orthoptera). Over eenige nieuwe soorten van dagvlinders uit Oost-Indië. — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 35—45, pls. 1—4. (New butterflies from the Dutch East Indies). Description d'une nouvelle espèce de lépidoptère du genre Papilio, suivie d’une énumération 242 1860c. 1860d. 1860e. 18608. 18608. 1860h. 18601. 1860j. 1861a. 1861b. 1861c. 1861d. 1861e. 1861f. 1861g. 1862a. 1862b. 1862c. 1862d. 1862e. 1862f. 1862g. 1862h. 18621. 1862j. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 des espèces de ce genre, qui se trouvent au Musée royal des Pays-bas à Leide. — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 67—89, pl.6. De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaanteverwisselingen en levenswijze beschreven. (5). — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 99—119, 3 pls. (Fifth part on Dutch Symphyta). Deux Lépidoptères nouveaux. — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 125—127. Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van bladwespen. — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 128—130. (Descriptions of some new species of sawflies). Over de larve van Carabus auratus L. — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 166—167, pl. 12: A, B. (Note about larva of C. auratus). Tweede naamlijst van inlandsche Hemiptera, eerste gedeelte. — Tijdschr. Ent. 3: 168—195. (With H. W. de Graaf and G. A. Six). (Checklist of the Dutch Hemiptera, cf. 1862b; first part). Iets over de Columbatscher-mug (Simulium maculatum Meig.). — Jaarb. Natura Artis Ma- gistra: 128—135. (Short note about the midge Simulium maculatum). Etwas über die Columbatscher Mücke (Simulium maculatum Meig.). — Stett. ent. Ztg 21: 306—319. (Introduction and translation of 1860h. by C. A. Dohrn). Beschrijvingen en afbeeldingen van Nederlandsche vlinders. In: Sepp’s Nederlandsche Insec- ten, 2nd series, 1860-1900, pt. I-IV. — ’s-Gravenhage. (Descriptions and illustrations of Dutch Lepidoptera). Over drie bladwespen en Sesia formicaeformis. — Tijdschr. Ent. 4: 44—46. (Notes on three sawflies, and Sesia formicaeformis). Aantekening omtrent het leven en de wetenschappelijke werkzaamheden van Q. M.R. Ver Huell, in leven Ridder van onderscheidene orden, gepensioneerd Schout-bij-nacht, lid van verschillende geleerde Genootschappen, enz. — Tijdschr. Ent. 4: 55—63. (Obituary of Q. M. R. Ver Huell). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaanteverwisseling en levenswijze beschreven (6). — Tijdschr. Ent. 4: 65—87, pls. 1—4 (Sixth part on Dutch Symphyta). Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van Lucanidae. — Tijdschr. Ent. 4: 101—115, pls. 5—7. (Description of new Lucanidae). Description de quelques espèces nouvelles de Lepidoptères. — Tijdschr. Ent. 4: 157—163, pls. 8—10. Bij de afbeelding der larve en pop van Rhyssa persuasoria. — Tijdschr. Ent. 4: 176—177, pl. 12. (Note on figures of Rhyssa persuasoria). Natuurlijke historie van Nederland. De dieren van Nederland. Overzigt der gelede dieren 2: 297—558, pls. 20—35. — Haarlem (cf. 1859f). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (7). — Tijd- schr. Ent. 5: 49—71, 4 pls. (Seventh part on the Dutch Symphyta). Tweede naamlijst van inlandsche Hemiptera. — Tijdschr. Ent. 5: 72—95. (With H. W. de Graaf and G. A. Six), (Second part; cf. also 1860g.). Beschrijving van Dryobius riparius v. Voll. — Tijdsch. Ent. 5: 95—96, pl. 5, figs. 1—3. (Des- cription of Dryobius riparius). Iets over het cocon van Sagra Boisduvalii Dej. — Tijdschr. Ent. 5: 97—99, pl. 5 figs. 69. (Cocoon of Sagra Boisduvalii, Coleoptera). Beschrijving eener nieuwe soort van Kakkerlak uit Sumatra, Archiblatta Hoevenii. — Tijd- schr. Ent. 5: 106—110, pl. 6, figs. 1—2. (Description of Archiblatta Hoevenii). Bijdrage tot de kennis van het vlindergeslacht Adolias. — Tijdschr. Ent. 5: 181—207, pls. 10—12. (Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Adolias, Lepidoptera). Description d’un Lépidoptère nouveau de la tribu des Saturnides, appartenant à la faune son- daique. — Rev. Mag. Zool. Pure Appl. (2nd series) 14: 335—339, pl. 14 fig. 1. Diagnoses specierum novarum e genere Lepidopterum diurnorum Adolias, insulas Indiae orientalis inhabitantium. — Versl. Meded. K. Akad. Wet. Natuurk., Amst. 13: 270-273. (14 new species of Adolias are described from Indonesia). Over Stekaas en wat daaruit voortkomt. — Jaarb. Natura Artis Magistra: 143—153. (Popu- lar paper about caddis-flies). Levensschets van Dr. J. Wttewaall. — Ned. Spectator, p. 290—292 + 298—299. (Obituary of Dr. J. Wttewaall). 1863a. 1863b. 1863c. 1863d. 1863e. 1863f. 1863g. 1863h. 18631. 1863j. 1863K. 1864a. 1864b. 1864c. 1864d. 1865a. 1865b. 1865c. 1865d. 1865e. 1865f. 18658. 1865h. 18651. 1865j. 1865k. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 243 Over de inlandsche soorten van het geslacht Delphax Fabr. — Tijdschr. Ent. 6: 10—12. (No- tes on the Dutch spp. of Delphax, Homoptera). Mededeeling. — Tijdschr. Ent. 6: 13—16. (Short descriptions of some papers published in “Schriften der Königlichen physikalisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg”). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (8). — Tijd- schr. Ent. 6: 65—86, pls. 4. (Eighth part on Dutch Symphyta). Bijvoegselen tot de naamlijst van Nederlandsche schildvleugelige insecten. — Tijdschr. Ent. 6: 90—116. (New records of Dutch Coleoptera). Beschrijving van drie nieuwe soorten, behoorende tot het geslacht van Hemiptera, Oplomus. — Tijdschr. Ent. 6: 121—123. (Descriptions of three new species of Oplomus). Description de quelques nouvelles espèces de lépidoptères des Indes Orientales. — Tijdschr. Ent. 6: 129— 144, pls. 8—10. De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (9). — Tijd- schr. Ent. 6: 179—187, 2 pls. (Ninth part on Dutch Symphyta). Bijdrage tot de kennis van het vlindergeslacht Leptosoma Boisd. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1: 35—51. (Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Leptosoma, Lepidoptera). Over een merkwaardige soort van Tweevleugelig Insekt, Antidoxion fulvicorne. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1: 346—349. Same paper appeared in Versl. Med. K. Akad. Wet. Natuurk., Amst. 15: 1—4. (About the dipteron Antidoxion fulvicorne). Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van Diptera. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 1: 349— 355. Same paper appeared in Versl. Med. K. Akad. Wet. Natuurk., Amst. 15: 8—18. (Descrip- tions of some new Diptera). Essai d’une faune entomologique de l’Archipel Indo-Neérlandais. Première Monographie: famille des Scutellérides. p. 1—64, 4 col. pls. — La Haye. Verslag van de negentiende algemeene vergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Ver- eeniging te Leiden, den 29sten Augustus 1863. — Tijdschr. Ent. 7: 1—31 (perhaps already published in 1863) (Report of the 19th general meeting of the Netherlands Entomological So- ciety, with description of a new genus and species of Scutelleridae.). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze (10). — Tijdschr. Ent. 7: 59—74, pls. 1—3. (Tenth part on the Dutch Symphyta). Description de quelques espèces nouvelles de Coleoptères. — Tijdschr. Ent. 7: 145—170, pls. 9—12. Bijdrage ter aanvulling van de naamlijst der inlandsche Waternimfen. — Bouwst. Faun. Ned. (Herklots) 3: 188. (Addition to checklist on Odonata). Verslag van de twintigste algemeene vergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Veree- niging gehouden te Amersfoort, den 30sten Julij 1864. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 1—29. (Report of the 20th general meeting of the Netherlands Entomological Society, with notes on some Or- thoptera). Description d’une nouvelle espèce de Calodema (Calodema Johannae) de Waigeou. — Tijd- schr. Ent. 8: 61—62, pl. 1. (Buprestidae). Un genre nouveau d’Hémiptères Scutellérides. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 63—64, pl. 1 figs. 3—5. Beschrijving van een nieuwe Tetrix-soort, Tetrix limosina. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 65—66, pl. 1 figs. 6—8. (New species of Tetrix). Over een rups van Clostera curtula. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 69—70, pl.2 figs 34. (Description of the caterpillar of Clostera curtula). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisselingen en levenswijze beschreven (11). — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 73-93, pls. 3—6. (Eleventh part on Dutch Symphyta). Macrolyristes, een nieuw geslacht van Orthoptera. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 106110, pl. 7, pl. 8 figs. A—C. (Description of a new genus). Opmerkingen omtrent de vangst van kleine insecten. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 132—136. (Notes on the capture of small insects). Sur quelques Lucanides du Muséum Royal d’Histoire Naturelle à Leide. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 137—156, pls. 10-11. Over eene galwespsoort, die nieuw is voor onze fauna. — Tijdschr. Ent. 8: 160—168. (Des- cription of an unnamed species of gall-wasp). Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van Curculioniden, uit het geslacht Apoderus. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 2: 158—167, 3 figs. (Descriptions of new Attelabidae). TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Essai d’une faune entomologique de l’Archipel Indo-Néerlandais. Seconde Monographie: Famille des Piérides, p. 1—70, pls. 1—7. — La Haye. Description de deux nouvelles espèces de Piérides et de la femelle de P. Polisma. —Tijdschr. Ent. 9: 57—60, pls. 1—2. De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (12). — Tijdschr. Ent. 9: 189—208, pls. 7—9. (Twelfth part of his series on Dutch Symphyta). Description de deux nouvelles espèces de Lépidoptères. — Tijdschr. Ent. 9: 209—210, pl. 10. Eenige nieuwe soorten van het geslacht Dalcantha Am. & Serv. — Tijdschr. Ent. 9: 216— 221, pl. 11 figs. 5—9. (Some new species of the genus Dalcantha, Hemiptera). Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van Coleoptera uit Oost-Indië. — Tijdschr. Ent. 9: 222—229, pls. 11—12. (Descriptions of new Indonesian Coleoptera). Naamlijst der soorten van de familie der Pieriden behoorende tot de fauna van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië. — Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. 3: 53—61. (Checklist of Indonesian Pieridae). Mededeelings omtrent de toezendingen in de laatste jaren aan ’s Rijks Museum van Natuur- lijke Historie gedaan, in betrekking tot de entomologie. — Versl. Meded. K. Akad. Wet. Natuurk., Amst. 1 (2): 210—223. (Notes on the Entomological collections sent to the Rijks- museum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden). Jan Swammerdam’s Catalogus. — Ned. Spectator, p. 125—127. (Notes on a catalogue by Jan Swammerdam on objects owned by his father). Twee waarnemingen van wijlen Dr. J. Wttewaall. — Tijdschr. Ent. 10: 20—25, pl. 1 figs. 1— 6. (Two observations by the late Dr. J. Wttewaall). Bijschrift bij het opstel van Dr. Mayr. — Tijdschr. Ent. 10: 118—119. (Note on the paper by Dr. Mayr). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (13). — Tijdschr. Ent. 10: 165—182, pls. 6—10. (Thirteenth part on the Dutch Symphyta). Drie nieuwe soorten van inlandsche Hymenoptera. — Tijdschr. Ent. 10: 222—226, pl. 10. (According to the title three new species are described from the Netherlands, but actually two new species are named). Naamverwisseling. — Tijdschr. Ent. 11: 128. (Note on the synonymy of Euploea superba Voll. with E. schlegelii Felder). De inlandsche Hemiptera beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Eerste stuk met twee platen. —Tijdschr. Ent. 11: 129—172 pls. 5—6. (Monograph on the Dutch Hemiptera, first part; cf. 1869a, 1870c, 1873d, 1876c, 1877e, 1878d.). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (14). — Tijdschr. Ent. 11: 197—209, pls. 8—10. (Fourteenth part on the Dutch Symphyta). Diagnosen van eenige nieuwe soorten van Hemiptera Heteroptera. — Versl. Meded. K. Akad. Wet. Natuurk., Amst. 2 (2): 172—188. (Diagnoses of some new species of Heteropte- ra). Schetsen ten gebruike bij de studie der Hymenoptera. Ist part, 3 pls. — ’s-Gravenhage. (Sketches for the study of Hymenoptera. First part contains line-drawings of the Ichneumoni- dae, for 2nd part (Braconidae) cf. 1869d, for 3rd part (Pteromalidae) cf. 1871e, and for 4th part (Proctotrupoidea) cf. 18731). Essai d'une faune entomologique de l’Archipel Indo-Néerlandais. Troisième Monographie: famille des Pentatomides, Ire partie. p. 1—54, 4 col. pls. — La Haye. (Monograph on the Indonesian Pentatomidae). Natuurlijke Historie van Nederland. De gelede dieren, 2 pts. — Amsterdam. (Reprint of the popular treatise on the Dutch Arthropoda, cf. 1859f). Iets over galnoten. — Jaarb. Natura Artis Magistra: 137—146. (Short popular paper about galls and gallwasps). De inlandsche Hemipteren beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Tweede stuk met twee platen. — Tijdschr. Ent. 12: 49—74, pl. 1—2. (Second part of the paper on Dutch He- miptera). Nieuwe naamlijst van Nederlandsche Vliesvleugelige insecten (Hymenoptera). — Tijdschr. Ent. 12: 89—127, pl. 3. (Checklist of the Dutch Hymenoptera, followed by descriptions of several new species of Symphyta and Cynipoidea). Description de six espèces nouvelles de Hémiptères Hétéroptères. — Tijdschr. Ent. 12: | | | 1869d. 1869e. 1870a. 1870b. 1870c. 1870d. 1870e. 1870f. 1870g. 1871a. 1871b. 1871c. 1871d. 1871e. 1871f. 1872a. 1872b. 1872c. 1872d. 1873a. 1873b. 1873c. 1873d. 1873e. 1873f. 1873g. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 245 255— 260, pl. 11, figs. a—e. (Description of six new species of Heteroptera). Schetsen ten gebruike bij de studie der Hymenoptera. 2nd part. 3 pls. (Braconidae; cf. 1868e). Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses dépendances, d’après des découvertes de Frangois P. L. Pollen et D. C. van Dam, Insectes, 5(1): 1—14, 2 pls. — Leiden. (with E. de Sélys Longchamps; list and descriptions of some new species collected in Madagascar and surrounding islands). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (15). — Tijdschr. Ent. 13: 55—74, pls. 1—4. (Fifteenth part on Dutch Symphyta). Bijschrift bij Plaat 6. — Tijdschr. Ent. 13: 158, pl. 6. (Text of plate 6). De inlandsche Hemipteren beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Derde stuk met drie platen. —Tijdschr. Ent. 13: 263—302, pls. 10—12. (Third part of paper on Dutch Hemipte- ra). Gedaantewisseling en levenswijze der Insecten. p. 1—457, figs. 1—251, 4 pls. — Haarlem. (The insects, their biology; a general survey; reprinted in 1876 (Amsterdam)). Laatste lijst van Nederlandsche schildvleugelige insecten (Insecta Coleoptera), p. i— iv+(1)+1—146. (Checklist of the Dutch Coleoptera). Jean Théodore Lacordaire — Ned. Spectator, p. 321—322. (Obituary of J. T. Lacordaire). Verslag van de vier-en-twintigste algemene vergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Zwolle, den 31sten Julij 1869. — Tijdschr. Ent. 13: 17—20. (Re- cord of Polysphincta carbonator Grav. as ectoparasite of Miranda cucurbitina and notes on other parasites of spiders). (Comment on Darwin’s theory of evolution). — Tijdschr. Ent. 14: 28—29. Quelques espèces nouvelles de Curculionites et de Longicornes. — Tijdschr. Ent. 14: 101— 112, pls. 4—5. Les Batocérides du Musée de Leide. — Tijdschr. Ent. 14: 211—220, pl. 9. De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (16). — Tijdschr. Ent. 14: 237—254, pls. 10—12. (Sixteenth part on the Dutch Symphyta). Schetsen ten gebruike bij de studie der Hymenoptera. 3rd part, 4 pls. Pteromalidae. (cf. 1868e). [Description of Eupoecila balteata, in Mohnike, O., Uebersicht der Cetoniden der Sunda-In- seln und Molukken]. — Arch. Naturg. 37: 277, pl. 6 fig. 3. (Letter of Vollenhoven quoted verbatim, his figure published). Bladvulling. — Tijdschr. Ent. 15: 111—112. (Notes on some Tenthredinidae in the Ritsema Collection). Opmerkingen omtrent een miskenden Sumatraanschen kever. — Tijdschr. Ent. 15: 125— 128. (Notes on Rhomborrhina, Cetoniidae). Beschreibung einer neuen Paussus-Art aus Ost-Indien, Paussus Ludekingii. — Stett. ent. Ztg. 33: 82. Over de ziekte van de wijnstok in Frankrijk en de Phylloxera vastatrix. — Alb. Nat. Haar- lem, p. 33—46. (Paper on the pest by Phylloxera vastatrix in France). Aderen in de ondervleugels der Hemiptera en andere mededelingen. In: Verslag van de zes- de wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Leiden, den 28 December 1872. — Tijdschr. Ent. 16: LIV—LVIII. (On the veins of the hind wings of Hemiptera). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (17). — Tijdschr. Ent. 16: 1—15, pls. 1—3. (Seventeenth part on the Dutch Symphyta). Trois espèces nouvelles du genre Rhyssa. — Tijdschr. Ent. 16: 67—70, pl. 4. De inlandsche Hemipteren beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Vierde stuk met drie platen. —Tijdschr. Ent. 16: 75—122, pls. 5—7. (Fourth part of the paper on Dutch Hemipte- ra). Nieuwe naamlijst van Nederlandsche vliesvleugelige insecten (Hymenoptera), tweede stuk. —Tijdschr. Ent. 16: 147—208. (Second part of a checklist of Dutch Hymenoptera). © Beschrijving der nieuwe soorten. Bijlage tot de lijst van inlandsche Hymenoptera. — Tijd- schr. Ent. 16: 209—220, pl. 9. (Descriptions of 13 new species of Ichneumonoidea). Description d’un Bombus nouveau de l’île de Sumatra. — Tijdschr. Ent. 16: 229—230, pl. 10. 246 1873h. 18731. 1873j. 1873k. 18731. 1874a. 1874b. 1874c. 1875a. 1875b. 1875c. 1875d. 1875e. 1875f. 1875g. 1875h. 1876a. 1876b. 1876c. 1876d. 1876e. 1876f. 1876g. 1876h. 1877a. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Description de trois espèces nouvelles de Lépidoptères des Indes Orientales. — Tijdschr. Ent. 16: 244—247, pls. 11—12. Schetsen ten gebruike bij de studie der Hymenoptera. 4th part, 4 pls. — ’s-Gravenhage. (Proctotrupoidea). Vijf entomologische wandelingen, p. 1—162, ill. — Haarlem. (Five “entomological walks” are described). Een snuitkever en een sluipwespje. — Jaarb. Natura Artis Magistra: 155—168. (Popular pa- per about some observations by Stollwerk concerning the hymenopterous parasite of Attela- bus curculionoides). Een indringster en hare gevechten. — Jaarb. Natura Artis Magistra: 173—180. (Popular pa- per on the biology of the ant genus Solenopsis). Verslag van de acht-en-twintigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Breda den 7 Junij 1873. — Tijdschr. Ent. 17: xii—xv. (Notes on Dryinidae and Tenthredo agilis Klug). Over de groep der Dryiniden in de familie der Proctotrupiden, met beschrijving eener nieu- we soort — Versl. Meded. K. Akad. Wet., Amst. (2) 8: 150—162, figs. 1—6. (Notes on the Dryinidae, with description of Dryinus spectrum Snellen van Vollenhoven). Verslag van de zevende wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Leiden den 6 December 1873. — Tijdschr. Ent. 17: LXV—LXVI. (List of Hy- menoptera new to the Dutch fauna, i.a. Dryinus spectrum n.sp.). Verslag van de negen-en-twintigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Arnhem den 29 Augustus 1874. — Tijdschr. Ent. 18: xx—xxii+xx- xi—xxxil. (Notes on Dutch Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (18). — Tijdschr. Ent. 18: 33—49, pl. 3—5. (Eighteenth part on the Dutch Symphyta). Systematische lijst der in dit Tijdschrift beschreven gedaantewisselingen van bladwespen. — Tijdschr. Ent. 18: 50—52. (List of Dutch Symphyta of which metamorphosis was described in this journal). De inlandsche Hemipteren, beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Vijfde stuk met drie platen. —Tijdschr. Ent. 18: 150—185, pls. 8—10. (Fifth part on Dutch Hemiptera). Pinacographia. — Illustrations of more than 1000 species of North-West-European Ichneu- monidae sensu Linnaeano, p. 1—8, pls. 1—5. (Series of papers on about 400 species of Ich- neumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcidoidea, and Proctotrupoidea, all illustrated and shortly des- cribed. Incomplete when Vollenhoven died. N.B. Preface (p. I—IX), index and p. 65—68 are by G. A. Six (1880)). Id. — p. 9—16, pls. 6—10. De Colorado-kever. — Alb. Nat., Haarlem: 97—104. (Popular paper on Leptinotarsa decem- lineata Say). De wurm in ’t hout (Anobium pertinax). — Alb. Nat., Haarlem: 187—189. (Popular paper on some Anobium spp. and their parasite). Verslag van de dertigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Amsterdam op Zaturdag 24 Julij 1875. — Tijdschr. Ent. 19: XL—XLII. (Notes on some Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera). Verslag van de negende wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Leiden op Zaturdag 18 december 1875 des avonds ten 7 ure. — Tijdschr. Ent. 19: CIX—CXIII. (Comparison of the fauna of Heteroptera of the Netherlands and Great Britain). De inlandsche Hemipteren, beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Zesde stuk met 3 pla- ten. —Tijdschr. Ent. 19: 65—132, pls. 3—S. (Sixth part on Dutch Hemiptera). Iets over Otiorhynchus sulcatus L. — Tijdschr. Ent. 19: 210. (Record from the Netherlands). Bijvoegsel tot de nieuwe naamlijst van Nederlandsche vliesvleugelige insecten (Hymenopte- ra). —Tijdschr. Ent. 19: 211—257. (Additions to the checklist of Dutch Hymenoptera). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (19). — Tijdschr. Ent. 19: 258—277, pls. 10—12. (Nineteenth part of series on Dutch Symphyta). Pinacographia, p. 17—24, pls. 11—15. (Third part of this series on Hymenoptera). Id., p. 25—32, pls. 16—20 (Fourth part of this series). Verslag van de een-en-dertigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Ver- 1877b. 1877c. 1877d. 1877e. 1877f. 18778. 1878a. 1878b. 1878c. 1878d. 1878e. 1878. 18789. 1878h. 18781. 1879a. 1879b. 1879e. 1879d. 1879e. 1879f. 1880a. 1880b. 1880c. 1880d. 1880e. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 247 eeniging, gehouden te Middelburg. — Tijdschr. Ent. 20: xiii—xv. (Some notes on galls of Andricus ramuli L. and on the caterpillar of Meterocampa margaritaria L.). Verslag van de tiende wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Leiden op Zaturdag 23 December 1876. — Tijdschr. Ent. 20: Ixxiv—Ixxvii. (Lists of galls, and of scarce Dutch Heteroptera are given; Coleophora onosmella Brahns and a Coccus species). Bijdrage tot de kennis der gedaantewisseling van Diptera. — Tijdschr. Ent. 20: 57—63, pl. 4 figs. 1—5. (Notes on the biology of Machaerium maritimum Hal.). Tryphon praerogator Grav. — Tijdschr. Ent. 20: 64. (Short note on its identity). De inlandsche Hemipteren, beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Zevende stuk met vier platen. — Tijdschr. Ent. 20: 90—167, pls. 7—10. (Seventh part of the series on Dutch Hemiptera). Pinacographia, p. 33—39, pls. 21—25. (Fifth part of the series). Determinatie der platen in het werk van Joannes Goedaert. — Alb. Nat., Haarlem: 307— 318. (On the identification of insects figured by Joannes Goedaert). Verslag van de twee-en-dertigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Ver- eeniging, gehouden te Utrecht op Zaturdag 30 Junij 1877. — Tijdschr. Ent. 21: xvii—xix. (On an Ephemera species, Cheimatobia and some spp. from the Holmgren Collection). Verslag van de elfde wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, ge- houden te Leiden op Zaturdag 22 December 1877. — Tijdschr. Ent. 21: LXXIV—LXXVII. (On Indonesian Ichneumonidae and the checklist of Dutch Hymenoptera). Un Ephialtes de Java, Ephialtes Melanomerus de Haan. — Tijdschr. Ent. 21: 48. De inlandsche Hemipteren, beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld. Achtste stuk met twee platen. — Tijdschr. Ent. 21: 49—80, pls. 3—4. (Eighth part on the Dutch Hemiptera). Oproeping. — Tijdschr. Ent. 21: 126—128. (Appeal concerning Orthoptera). Especes nouvelles ou peu connues d’Hymenopteres térébrants. — Tijdschr. Ent. 21: 153— 177, pls. 9—11. Pinacographia, p. 41—48, pls. 26—30. (Sixth part of the series). Id. p. 49—56, pls. 31—35. (Seventh part of the series). Hemiptera Heteroptera Neerlandica. De inlandsche ware Hemipteren. (Land- en water- wantsen) beschreven en meerendeels ook afgebeeld, p. 1—368, pls. 1—22. ’s-Gravenhage. (Treatise on the Dutch Heteroptera). Verslag van de drie-en-dertigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Ver- eeniging, gehouden te Nijmegen op Zaturdag 29 Junij 1878. — Tijdschr. Ent. 22: ix— xilit+xxvi. (Notes on Typhlocyba and other faunistic data; description of Proctotrupes sixia- nus). Verslag van de twaalfde wintervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, gehouden te Leiden op Zondag 22 December 1878. — Tijdschr. Ent. 22: xc. (On Ephippige- ra vitium Serv. and Cratomus megacephalus F.). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (20). — Tijdschr. Ent. 22: 1—20, pls. 1—4. (Twentieth part of the series on Dutch Symphyta). Bijvoegsel tot de lijst der inlandsche Hemiptera Heteroptera. — Tijdschr. Ent. 22: 227—231, pl. 12, figs. C—F. (Additions to the checklist of Dutch Heteroptera). Einige neue Arten von Pimplarien aus Ost-Indien. — Stett. ent. Ztg. 40: 133—150. Pinacographia, p. 57—64, pls. 36—40. (Eighth part of the series). Verslag van de vier-en-dertigste zomervergadering der Nederlandsche Entomologische Ver- eeniging. — Tijdschr. Ent. 23: XIV—XVI. (Short enumeration of some interesting species of Hymenoptera new to the Dutch fauna and a note on Typhlocyba). De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven (21). — Tijdschr. Ent. 23: 4—16, pls. 1—3. (21st part on the Dutch Symphyta). Pinacographia, p. 65—68, pls. 41—45. (Ninth part of the series, text by G. A. Six). Levensschets van Mr. Pierre Lyonet. — Alb. Nat., Haarlem: 1—14, 1 portrait. (Sketch of the life of P. Lyonet). Lyonet’s Microskoop. — Alb. Nat., Haarlem: 62. (Short note about the fate of Lyonet’s mi- croscope). 248 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 GENUS-GROUP AND SPECIES-GROUP NAMES FIRST PUBLISHED BY SNELLEN VAN VOLLENHOVEN To our knowledge, Vollenhoven published nine new genus-group names and 471 new species-group names. The following list gives all the names we have found, in their original combination, alphabetically arranged within the families in which they are currently placed. Each species-group name is followed by a refe- rence to the bibliography and many are followed by the name of the genus in which the species is currently placed. Furthermore type-localities are cited, usual- ly in the original spelling. Frequently a country name is added between brackets. The status of type-material is given as follows. Holotype: Vollenhoven undoub- tedly had only one specimen at hand; syntypes: Vollenhoven undoubtedly had more specimens at hand or did not specify the number. If not indicated otherwise, the specimens are present in the Leiden museum. The number of syntypes is the number of specimens found in the collections, and does not indicate the number of types originally at hand. So “1 syntype” means that one specimen has been found; this might in fact be the only specimen Vollenhoven had. In the Hymenopterous family Ichneumonidae most of the types of Dutch spe- cies were found in the collection of the Dept. of Entomology in Wageningen. For this family the presence of type-material in Leiden en Wageningen is mentioned separately. | Vollenhoven did not label his types as such. In many cases he even did not add a name to the pin. This will certainly have caused the loss of various types and makes it difficult to recognise them. A few specimens bear lectotype labels, but we are not always sure whether the designations were actually published. The reverse may also be true. Where the designation of a lectotype is known to have been published, this is indicated. No- ne of the statements in the present list should be interpreted as a nomenclatorial action taken by the compilers, i.e. neither the statements concerning lectotypes, nor those concerning recombinations, synonymies, etc. We have not included in- formation on current species-level synonymies except those proposed by Vollen- hoven himself. The reason is that these synonymies are only rarely based on a stu- dy of the type-specimens. The lists for the various orders have been compiled by the authors, viz., J. Krik- ken (Coleoptera), P. H. van Doesburg (Dictyoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera), C. van Achterberg (Hymenoptera), K. W. R. Zwart (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae in the Wageningen collection) and R. de Jong (Lepidoptera). P. J. van Helsdin- gen supplied information concerning Diptera. All are curating the collections of these groups in the Leiden museum or the collection of the Dept. of Entomology in Wageningen. Any enquiries should be addressed to the curator of the group concerned. | ORDER DICTYOPTERA Family Archiblattidae Archiblatta, 1862e: 106, type-sp. A. hoevenii Vollenhoven, 1862 (monotypy). Archiblatta hoevenii, 1862e: 106, pl. 6 figs. 1—2, Padangse Bovenlanden, or Agam (Sumatra), holoty- pe, 9. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 249 ORDER ORTHOPTERA Family Tettigoniidae Macrolyristes, 1865g: 106, type-sp. M. imperator Vollenhoven, 1865 (monotypy). Macrolyristes imperator, 1865g: 108, pl. 7 figs. 1—2, pl. 8, figs. A, B, C, Java, Borneo, 1 d syntype, Pengorang (Borneo). Family Acrididae Oedipoda virgula, 1869e: 3, 11, pl. 2 fig. 2, Madagascar, 2 d syntypes. Family Tetrigidae Tetrix limosina, 1865d: 65, pl. 1 figs. 6—8 (to Ophiotettix), Isl. Gebeh, 2 9 syntypes. ORDER HEMIPTERA Suborder HETEROPTERA Family Berytidae Berytus driebergensis, 1869a: 64, pl. 1 fig. 9 (to Berytinus), De Bildt, Sterkenburg nr. Driebergen (Ne- therlands), 2 d syntypes. Family Coreidae Choerommatus niger, 1869e: 5, 14, pl. 1 fig. 8, Mayotte (Comores), holotype, 2. Coreus difficilis, 1869a: 56, pl. 1 fig. 5 (to Ceraleptus), Den Haag, (Netherlands), holotype, à. Family Cydnidae Acatalectus flavomarginatus , 1868d: 177 (to Adrisa), Nova Caledonia, 4 syntypes. Acatalectus luteomarginatus , 1868d: 177 (to Adrisa), Timor, Flores, 3 syntypes; 1868f: 19, pl. 2 fig. 9. Aethus pallidicornis, 1868d: 177 (to Geotomus), Bezoeki (Java), Ceram, 8 syntypes; 1868f: 17, pl. 2 fig. 8. Cyrtomenus insignis, 1868d: 177 (to Scoparipes), Java, Sumatra, Borneo, 6 syntypes; 1868f: 16, pl. 2 fig. 7. Family Microphysidae Microphysa sanguinea, De Graaf & Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1852d: 175 (to Loricula), Leiden, (Ne- therlands), 1 9 syntype. Family Miridae Lopus subpatellatus, 1875d: 172, pl. 9, figs. 2, 2a (to Conostethus), Netherlands, Texel, Velp, (Nether- lands), 2 syntypes. Lygus aurantiacus, 1876c: 103, (to Phylus), Holland, holotype, d. Family Pentatomidae Alcimus collaris, 1868d: 182 (to Alcimocoris), Timor, 1 d syntype. Alcimus venustus, 1868d: 182 (to Alcimocoris), Gorontalo, (Sulawesi), 1 2 syntype. Asopus bernsteinii, 1868f: 14, pl. 2 fig. 6 (to Amyotea), Nova Guinea, 1 2 syntype. Asopus carnifex, 1868f: 12, pl. 2 fig. 3 (to Amyotea), Ternate, 1 5d, 1 © syntypes. Asopus distigma, 1868f: 13, pl. 2 fig. 4 (to Amyotea), Amboina, Ternate, 3 2 syntypes. 250 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Asopus semiviolaceus, 1868f: 13, pl. 2 fig. 5 (to Amyotea), Halmaheira, holotype, ©. Aspidestrophus lineola, 1863k: 44, pl. 3 figs. 10, 10a, Borneo, 2 d, 1 9 syntypes. Aspongopus muelleri, 1868f: 39, pl. 4 fig. 5 (to Coridius), Java, 1 &,3 © syntypes. Canthecona acuta, 1868f: 9, pl. 2 fig. 1 (to Cantheconidea), Timor, Halmaheira, 1 d,3 9 syntypes. Canthecona apicalis, 1868f: 6, pl. 1 figs. 3, 3a (to Platynopus), Ternate, Halmaheira, Batjan, Morotai, Gebeh (Moluccas), 1 4,4 9, 1 ?, syntypes. Canthecona biguttata, 1868f: 8, pl. 1 fig. 6 (to Platynopus), Aru, holotype, 2. Canthecona decorata, 1868f: 9, pl. 2 fig. 2 (to Montrouzierellus), Halmaheira, holotype, ©. Canthecona mitis, 1868f: 7, pl. 1 fig. 5 (to Cantheconidea), Amboina, Timor, 3 2 syntypes. Canthecona plebeja, 1868f: 7, pl. 1 fig. 4 (to Cantheconidea), Ternate, holotype, d. Canthecona rufescens, 1868f: 6, pl. 1 fig. 2 (to Cantheconidea), Java, Borneo, 3 © syntypes. Canthecona variabilis, 1868f: 8, pl. 1 figs. 7—8 (to Cantheconidea) Timor, 3 8,7 © syntypes. Cazira coccinelloides, 1868f: 4 (to Blachia?), Hindostan, 1 d syntype. Chlaenocoris pusillus, 1863k: 45, pl. 3 figs. 11, 11a (to Sepontia), Java, holotype, 2. Chlorocoris roseus, 1868d: 178, patria ignota, 1 9 syntype. Coenus punctatissimus, 1868d: 183, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), 1 d syntype. Cuspicona antica, 1868d: 188, Hindostan, 1 © syntype. Cuspicona basimaculata, 1868d: 188 (to Vitellus), Waigeou, 2 6, 2 2 syntypes. Cuspicona eltio, 1868d: 188 (to Vitellus), Amboina, 1 d,1 © syntypes. Cyclopelta trimaculata, 1868f: 37, pl. 4 fig. 4, Malacca, Borneo, 2 © syntypes. Dalcantha amyoti, 1866d: 219, pl. 11 fig. 7 (to Carpona), India Orientalis, ? Sumatra, 2 © syntypes. Dalcantha sanctifargavii, 1866d: 218, pl. 11 fig. 6 (to Pycanum), Sylhet (India), 1 d syntype. Dalcantha servillei, 1866d: 220, pl. 11 fig. 9 (to Pseudopycanum), Malacca, 1 &, 1 nymph, syntypes. Dalcantha stalii, 1866d: 220, pl. 11 fig. 8, Sylhet (India), 4 d syntypes. Dalcantha westwoodii, 1866d: 217, pl. 11 fig. 5 (to Pseudopycanum), Sumatra, 1 © syntype. Dalpada aenea, 1868d: 179, Timor, 1 d syntype. Dalpada crux, 1868d: 179, Timor, 2 4, 4 © syntypes. Dalpada triguttata, 1868d: 179, Java, Borneo, 2 &,2 9, syntypes. Diceraeus euschistoides, 1868d: 180, Wisconsin (U.S.A.), 1 6 syntype. Diceraeus sellula, 1868d: 179, Java, 19 syntype. Dryptocephala divergens, 1868d: 178, Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), 1 9 syntype. Eusthenes minor, 1868f: 29, Java, Sumatra, 1 6, 6 © syntypes. Eysarcoris coecus, 1868d: 183, Timor, 1 4,3 © syntypes. Eysarcoris geminatus, 1868d: 182, Java, 1 6 syntype. Eysarcoris lineola, 1868d: 183, Timor, Borneo, syntypes. Not seen. Eysarcoris marmoratus, 1868d: 183 (to Menida), Timor, 1 © , syntype. Eysarcoris obscurus, 1868d: 182, Java, Sumatra, 2 d syntypes. Eysarcoris rufoscutellatus, 1868d: 183 (to Menida), Timor, 1 9, syntype. Gynenica dalpadoides, 1868d: 178, Moluccas, 1 © syntype. Hoplistodera decora, 1868d: 181, Manilla, 3 9 syntypes. Hoplistodera gibba, 1868d: 181 (to Paracritheus), Gorontalo, (Sulawesi), 1 6 syntype. Hoplistodera schwaneri, 1868d: 182, Borneo, 1 d syntype. Loxa minor, 1868d: 179 (to Fecelia), Portorico, 1 & syntype. Lyramorpha perelegans, 1868f: 35, Nouvelle Hollande (Australia), 1 &, type ?, = L. rosea Hope, co- type. Megarhynchus fuscus, 1868f: 43, 44 (to Megarrhamphus), Ningpo (Japan), 2 4 syntypes. Megarhynchus intermedius, 1868f: 43, 44 (to Megarrhamphus), Ningpo, 1 4, 3 © syntypes. Megymenum anacanthum, 1868f: 46, pl. 4 fig. 9 (to Anoplocephala), Sumatra, holotype © lost. Megymenum parallelum, 1868f: 48, pl. 4 figs. 10, 10a (to Pseudaradus), Java, Sumatra, 1 2, syntype (Java), 2 syntypes lost. Megymenum quadratum, 1868f: 46, pl. 4 fig. 7 (to Anoplocephala), Morotai, 2 syntypes lost. Megymenum semivestitum, 1868f: 46, pl. 4 fig. 6 (to Anoplocephala), Amboina, Ceram, 1 d,4 © syn- types, 2 syntypes lost. Mormidea hoplites, 1868d: 181 (to Cuspicona), Timor, 1 d syntype. Mormidea haematica, 1868d: 181 (to Carbula), Java, 1 © syntype. Mormidea trisignata, 1868d: 181 (to Carbula), Java, Sumatra, 1 d, 1 © syntypes (both from Java). Mormidea vidua, 1868d: 180 (to Padaeus), Guatemala, 1 à , type. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 251 Mucanum patibulum, 1868f: 22, pl. 3 figs. 1, la, Sumatra, 2 d, 1 2, syntypes. Oncomerus bernsteinii, 1868f: 30, pl. 4 fig. 1, Halmaheira, Morotai, 2 d,1 2, syntypes. Oncomerus flavicornis Guér. var. chrysoptera, 1868f: 30, pl. 4, fig. 2, Waigeou, 2 syntypes. Oplomus flavoguttatus, 1863e: 123, Suriname, 2 & syntypes. Oplomus haematicus, 1863e: 122, Suriname, 3 9 syntypes. Oplomus rubropictus, 1863e: 121, México, 2 © syntypes. Pentatoma arlechino, 1868d: 184, Sumatra, 1 d,2 2 syntypes. Pentatoma chloris, 1868d: 184, (to Hyrmine), Java, Sumatra, 2 d, 1 © , syntypes. Pentatoma hilaris, 1868d: 184 (to Antestia), Java, 1 9 syntype. Pentatoma ignobilis, 1868d: 184 (to Antestia), Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 &, 1 9 syntypes. Pentatoma nurus, 1868d: 185 (to Antestia), Java, 1 9 syntype. Pentatoma pallidiventris, 1868d: 183 (to Tolumnea), Java, Sumatra, Biliton, Borneo, 5 &, 3 © synty- pes. Pentatoma plebeja, 1868d: 184 (to Antestia), Java ?, 1 & syntype. Pentatoma scurra, 1868d: 185 (to Antestia), Java, Sumatra, 2 © syntypes. Placosternum bison, 1868d: 188, Morotai (Indonesia); 1868f: 40, 1 © type. Podops breviscutum, 1869e: 5, 13 (to Thoria), Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype, à. Podops serratus, 1863k: 42, pl. 3 figs. 9, 9a (to Scotinophara), Borneo, Celebes, 5 5, 4 9 syntypes. Podops tarsalis, 1863k: 42, pl. 3 fig. 8 (to Scotinophara), Java, Borneo, 1 d, 2 © syntypes. Podops vermiculatus, 1863k: 41, pl. 3 figs. 7, 7a (to Scotinophara), Sumatra, Borneo, 4 d, 5 © synty- pes. Proxys rhododactylus, 1868d: 180, Caracas. Not seen. Pygoplatys minax, 1868f: 23, pl. 3 fig. 3, Borneo, holotype, 2. Pygoplatys roseus, 1868f: 24, Malacca, holotype, 9. Pygoplatys subrugosus, 1868f: 23, pl. 3 fig. 2, Ambon, Buru, 2 d,4 ® syntypes. Rhaphigaster celebensis, 1868d: 187 (to Acrosternum), Tondano (Sulawesi), 3 8,3 © syntypes. Rhaphigaster ludekingii, 1868d: 187 (to Glaucias), Java, Sumatra, Borneo, 3 4,2 9 Syn Den Rhaphigaster megalops, 1868d: 187 (to Elemana), Nova Guinea, 1 © syntype. Rhaphigaster melanosticticus, 1868d: 187 (to Glaucias), Java, 1 9 syntype. Rhaphigaster nitens, 1868d: 187 (to Menida), Sumatra, 1 9 syntype. Spudaeus modestus, 1868d: 178 (to Ectenus), Waigeou, 2 9 , 1 ?, syntypes. Strachia coelestis, 1868d: 186 (to Stenozygum), Nova Hollandia (Australia), 1 9 syntype. Strachia instabilis, 1868d: 186 (to Antestia), Timor, Isl. Wetar, 3 4,5 9 , syntypes. Strachia quincunx, 1868d: 186 (to Antestia), Waigeoe, 2 9 syntypes. Strachia rubescens, 1868d: 186 (to Stenozygum), Celebes, 2 9 syntypes. Strachia sanguineguttata, 1868d: 185 (to Stenozygum), Batjan, Salawatti, 1 d, 1 © syntypes. Strachia varians, 1868d: 185 (to Stenozygum), Timor, 4 8,4 © syntypes. Tarisa dromedarius, 1863k: 57, pl. 4 figs. 11, 11a (to Brachycerocoris), Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 4,3 © syntypes. Tesseratoma javanica Thunberg var. stictica, 1868f: 26 (var. nov.), Java, holotype, 2. Tesseratoma javanica Thunberg var. timorensis, 1868f: 26, pl. 3 fig. 5 (not 4!) (var. nov.), Timor, Ado- nara, 2 8,3 2 syntypes. Vulsirea hemichloris, 1868d: 187 (to Hyrmine), Salawatti, 2 © syntypes. Vulsirea tau, 1868d: 186, Rio de Janeiro, 1 d, type. Family Plataspididae Brachyplatys crux, 1863k: 54, pl. 4 fig. 9, Sumatra, holotype, 9. Brachyplatys pallifrons, 1863k: 55, pl. 4 figs. 10, 10a, Timor, 2 4, 10 9 syntypes. Brachyplatys pauper, 1863k: 54, Java, Ternate, Celebes, 3 4,3 9, 1? syntypes. Brachyplatys radians, 1863k: 53, pl. 4 fig. 7, Celebes, 3 9 syntypes. Coptosoma forsteni, 1863k: 49, pl. 4 figs. 4, 4a, Celebes, 3 © syntypes. Coptosoma marmoratum, 1868k: 48, pl. 4 fig. 3, Celebes, 1 d, 1 2 syntypes. Captosoma (sic!) modestum, 1863k: 47, pl. 4 fig. 1, Timor, holotype, d. Coptosoma muelleri, 1863k: 49, pl. 4 fig. 5, Borneo, holotype 9. Coptosoma tondanense, 1863k: 48, pl. 4 fig. 2, Celebes, 2 9 syntypes. 252) TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Poseidon, 1864a: 30 (to Cronion Bergroth, 1891, new name), type-sp. P. malayanus Vollenhoven, 1864. Poseidon malayanus, 1864a: 31; 1865c: 64, pl. 1 figs. 3—5 (to Cronion), Malacca, 1 6, 1 © syntypes. Tiarocoris sumatranus, 1863k: 51, pl. 4 figs. 6 4,6 2,6 d a. Sumatra, 1 d,1 © syntypes. Family Scutelleridae Bolbocoris emarginatus, 1868d: 177, (to Testrica), Nova Hollandia (Australia), 2 6, 1 © syntypes. Callidea bilunulata, 1863k: 33, pl. 3 fig. 1 (to Chrysocoris), Sumatra, holotype, d. Callidea bosschei, 1863k: 34, pl. 3 fig. 4, (to Chrysocoris), Banca, holotype, 3. Callidea caesar, 1863k: 21, pl. 2 fig. 1. (to Calliphara), Morotai, holotype, ©. Callidea celebensis, 1868d: 175 (to Chrysocoris), Celebes, 2 5, 4 © syntypes, 1869c; 258, pl. 11 fig. c. Callidea consul, 1863k: 36 (to Chrysocoris), Luçon, Manilla, 2 © syntypes. Callidea croesus, 1868d: 176 (to Lampromicra), Aru, Salawatti, Gebeh, 7 4, 7 2, syntypes; 1869c: 2S9Rpla lino re: Callidea daedalica, 1868d: 176 (to Chrysocoris), patria ignota, 1 9, syntype. Callidea ditissima, 1863k: 26, pl. 2 fig. 5 (to Lampromicra), Ambon, 1 6, 2 © syntypes. Callidea elongata, 1868d: 175 (to Calliphara), Salawatti, 1 6, 1 2 syntypes; 1869c: 257, pl. 11. fig. b. Callidea eximia, 1863k: 20, pl. 1, figs. 8, 8a (to Calliphara), Sumatra, Ambon, Morotai, Ternate, 3 g, 6 © syntypes. Callidea fastuosa, 1863k: 26, pl. 2 fig. 6 (to Lampromicra), Ternate, 1 4,3 © syntypes. Callidea gibbosa, 1863k: 30, pl. 2 figs. 10, 10a (to Chrysocoris), Java, 2 6,3 © , syntypes. Callidea gloriosa, 1863k: 35, pl. 3. fig. 5 (to Lampromicra), Java, 1 8,1 © syntypes. Callidea hypherythra, 1863k: 34, pl. 3 fig. 3 (to Chrysocoris), Borneo, holotype, d. Callidea hypomelaena, 1863k: 33, pl. 3 fig. 2 (to Chrysocoris), Borneo, holotype, 2. Callidea latefasciata, 1868d: 175 (to Lampromicra), Salawatti, 2 © syntypes; 1869c: 257, pl. 11 fig. d. Callidea modesta, 1863k: 29 (to Chrysocoris), Sumatra, holotype, à, Callidea puella, 1868d: 176 (to Chrysocoris), Cochinchina, 1 6 syntype. Callidea quadrimaculata, 1863k: 23, pl. 2 figs. 2, 2a (to Chrysocoris), Ambon, 2 6, 1 © syntypes. Callidea schlegelii, 1863k: 24, pl. 2 figs. 3, 3a, 3b (to Chrysocoris), Halmaheira, Bajoa, Ternate, 3 9 syntypes. Callidea schwaneri, 1863k: 26, pl. 2 figs. 7, 7a, 7b (to Chrysocoris), Borneo, 1 6, 4 © syntypes. Callidea stalii, 1863k: 24, pl. 2 figs. 4, 4a, 4b (to Calliscyta), Timor, 1 6, 3 © syntypes. Callidea sumatrana, 1863k: 28, pl. 2 fig. 9 (to Chrysocoris), Sumatra, 5 d, 1 © syntypes. Callidea variabilis, 1863k: 22, pl. 1 fig. 9 (to Chrysocoris), Bali, 5 © syntypes. Cantao rudis, 1863k: 60, Isls. Kajoa & Morotai, 2 4,6 2 syntypes. Coleotichus fuscus, 1863k: 59 (to Paracoleotichus), Ceram, holotype, ©. Coleotichus pallidus, 1863k: 4, Adelaide (Australia), 1 2 syntype. Eurygaster ligneus, 1863k: 39, Java, Celebes, 2 ? syntypes. Hotea fusca, 1863k: 38 (to Tylonca), Java, holotype, sex ? Libyssa westwoodii, 1868d: 175 (to Calidea), Zambesi, 1 &, 1 ?, syntypes; 1869c: 256. Pachycoris tigrinus, 1868d: 176 (to Polytes), Colombia, 1 d syntype. Poecilocoris aeneiventris, 1863k: 7, pl. 1 fig. 3 (to Pachycoris), “India Orientali” (New World spe- cies!). Not seen. Scutellera pilosa, 1863k: 13 (as junior synonym of S. amethystina Germar). Tetrarthria marginepunctata, 1863k: 13, pl. 1, fig. 6, a, b, c, d, Celebes, Sylhet (Bangla Desh), Java ?, 2 d syntypes. Tetrarthria tenebrosa, 1868d: 175, Amboina, 2 4, 1 © syntypes; 1869c: 255, pl. 11 fig. a. Suborder HOMOPTERA Aphidoidea Family Lachnidae Dryobius riparius, 1862c: 91, 95, pl. 5 figs. 1—3 (to Tuberolachnus). Culemborg (Netherlands), 5 alate syntypes. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 253 Auchenorrhyncha Family Cicadellidae Jassus apicalis, 1862b: 83, Doorn (Netherlands), not seen. Jassus longeciliatus, 1862b: 84, Noordwijk, Voorhout (Netherlands), 1 syntype (coll. Fokker). Paropia vilis, 1862b: 81 (to Megophthalmus), Gliphoeve, Zutphen, (Netherlands), 2 syntypes. Typhlocyba agathina, 1862b: 87 (to Linnavuoriana), Den Haag (Netherlands), holotype, à. Typhlocyba aurantiaca, 1862b: 85 (to Eurhadina) Wassenaar (Netherlands), holotype, 2. Typhlocyba fastuosa, 1862b: 86 (to Alebra), Driebergen (Netherlands), not seen. Typhlocyba medenbachii, 1879a: XII (nom. nud. to Eurhadina), Arnhem (Netherlands). Sternorrhyncha Family Lecaniidae Lecanium rosarum, 1862b: 94, Deventer (Netherlands), not seen. ORDER COLEOPTERA Vollenhoven’s names were all traced in the Coleopterorum Catalogus of Junk & Schenkling for ascertaining the current combination of the species-group name. Meanwhile (i.e. since the publication of the respective parts of this catalogue) combinations may have been revised, but it is simply impossible to check this wi- thin a short period of time. Equally, lectotype designations may have been publis- hed of which we are unaware. Family Apionidae Chalcocybebus, 1866e: 225, incl. 2 species. Chalcocybebus alboguttatus, 1866e: 226, Salawatti, 2 syntypes. Chalcocybebus nitens, 1866e: 225, Waigeou, 1 syntype. Family Attelabidae Apoderus anser, 1865k: 162 (to Cycnotrachelus), Timor, 5 syntypes. Apoderus erythrogaster, 1865k: 165 (to Compsapoderus), Japan, holotype. Apoderus niger, 1865k: 166, Gorontalo (Sulawesi), 2 syntypes. Apoderus olor, 1865k: 161, Java, 2 syntypes. Apoderus palliatus, 1865k: 162 (to Paracycnotrachelus), Sumatra, Java, 5 syntypes. Apoderus pardalis, 1865k: 164 (to Paroplapoderus), Japan, 2 syntypes. Apoderus quadrillum, 1865k: 163 (to Leptapoderus), Java, 2 syntypes. Family Bostrichidae Bostrichus iracundus, 1869e: 10, pl. 1 fig. 7, 7a-b (to Xylothrips), Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), 2 syntypes. Family Buprestidae Calodema johannae, 1865b: 61, pl. 1 figs. 1, 2, Waigeou, 1 syntype. Catocantha hemixantha, 1864c: 160, pl. 11 figs. 1, 2 (to Megaloxantha), Banca, holotype. Chalcophora amabilis, 1864c: 163, pl. 11 fig. 5 (to Chalcophorella), Japan, syntypes. Not seen. Chalcophora pyrostictica, 1864c: 162, pl. 11 fig. 4 (to Chrysodema), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Chalcophora pyrothorax, 1864c: 162 (to Chrysodema), Borneo, 3 syntypes. Chrysochroa ludekingii, 1864c: 161, pl. 11 fig. 3, Sumatra, 1 syntype. 254 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Chrysobothris pulcherrima, 1864c: 164, Sumatra, Banca, 2 syntypes. Psiloptera mayottensis, 1869e: 9, pl. 1 fig. 6, 6a (to Polybothris), Mayotte (Comores), syntypes. Not seen. Family Cerambycidae Batocera irregularis, 1871c: 220, pl. 9 fig. 3 (to Abatocera), Menado (Sulawesi), Sangir, at least 2 syn- types. Batocera obligua, 1871c: 219, pl. 9 fig. 3, Buru, 3 syntypes. Epipedocera perelegans, 1871b: 104, pl. 4 fig. 4, Timor, 2 syntypes. Eurycephalus wieneckii, 1871b: 105, pl. 4 fig. 5 (to Purpuricenus), Timor, 1 syntype. Leprodera felderii, 1871b: 109, pl. 5 fig. 9, Sumatra, 1 syntype. Megacriodes guttatus, 1871b: 110, pl. 5 fig. 10 (to Batocera), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Phymasterna humeralis, 1869e: 10, pl. 1 fig. 1, la (to Megalofrea), Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype. Protemnemus rosenbergii, 1871b: 108, pl. 4 fig. 8, Doreh (West New Guinea), holotype. Not seen. Tmesisternus isabellae, 1871b: 107, pl. 4 fig. 7, Salawatti, 2 syntypes. Tragocerus heraldicus, 1871b: 106, pl. 4 fig. 6, New Guinea, holotype. Family Cetoniidae Chalcothea affinis, 1858c: 23, pl. 2 fig. 2, Borneo, holotype. Clinteria dives, 1864c: 153, Borneo, Billiton, 2 syntypes. Clinteria egens, 1864c: 152, Borneo, holotype. Clinteria vidua, 1864c: 152, pl. 4 fig. 6, West coast of Sumatra, holotype. Euryomia forsteni, 1864c: 156, pl. 10 fig. 4 (to Glycyphana), Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 syntype. Euryomia quadriguttata, 1864c: 158 (to Glycyphana), Sumatra, Halmaheira, Batjan, Morotai, 5 synty- pes. Euryomia regalis, 1864c: 157 (to Glycyphana), Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 syntype. Euryomia sieboldii, 1864c: 158 (to Glycyphana), Japan, holotype. Euryomia sumatrensis, 1864c: 157 (to Glycyphana), Sumatra, holotype. Heterorhina infuscata, 1864c: 151 (to Smaragdesthes), St. George del Mina (Ghana), 1 syntype. Macroma flavoguttata, 1864c: 159, pl. 10 fig. 6, (to Campsiura), 2 syntypes. Lectotype, Krikken, 1977. Macronota aciculata, 1864c: 153 (to Penthima), Java (“vrai habitat?”), holotype. Macronota aurantiaca, 1858c: 26, pl. 2 fig. 5 (to Taeniodera), Sumatra, holotype not seen. Macronota forsteni, 1858e: 24 (to Mecinonota), Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 syntype. Macronota luctuosa, 1858e: 25, pl. 2 fig. 4 (to Mecinonota), Amboina (Moluccas), 2 syntypes. Macronota ludekingii, 1864c: 154, pl. 10 fig. 1 (to Eumacronota), Fort de Kock (= Bukittinggi, Suma- tra), 1 syntype. Macronota suturalis, 1858e: 25, pl. 2 fig. 3 (to Meroloba), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Parachilia polleni, 1869e: 9, pl. 1 fig. 5, Sa-c (to Heterosoma), Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype. Schizorhina nigerrima, 1864c: 156 (to Lethosesthes), Morotai (Indonesia), 2 syntypes. Schizorhina balteata, 1871f: 277, pl. 6 fig. 3 (to Dilochrosis), Waigeou, holotype. Schizorhina sanguinolenta, 1864c: 155 (to Sternoplus), Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 syntype. Trichius septemdecemguttatus, 1864c: 159, Japan, 1 syntype. Family Cucujidae Hectarthrum nodicorne, 1864c: 145, pl. 9 fig. 1, Borneo, holotype. Family Curculionidae Arachnopus frenatus, 1866e: 228, pl. 12 fig. 5, Salawatti, at least 1 syntype. Arachnopus geometricus, 1866e: 227, pl. 12 fig. 4, Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 syntype. Arachnopus persona, 1866e: 226, pl. 12 fig. 3, Waigeou, 2 syntypes. Danae, 1864c: 16 (to Rhinoscapha), type-sp. Danae lunulata Vollenhoven, 1864 (monotypy). Danae lunulata, 1864c: 166, pl. 12 fig. 2 (to Rhinoscapha), Morotai (Indonesia), holotype. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 255 Episomus stellio, 1864c: 169, pl. 12 fig. 5, Sumatra, holotype. Eupholus aurifer, 1864c: 167, pl. 12 fig. 3, Wahaai (South Ceram), holotype. Eupholus bandanus, 1871b: 102, pl. 4 fig. 2, Banda (Moluccas), at least 5 syntypes. Eupholus vilis, 1864c: 168 (to Rhinoscapha), Sumatra, at least 2 syntypes. Macropterus verlorenii, 1871b: 101, pl. 4 fig. 1 (to Esamus), Atapoepoe (Timor) 1 syntype. Pachyrhynchus forsteni, 1864c: 168, pl. 12 fig. 4, Ternate, Halmaheira, Sumatra, at least 7 syntypes. Pachyrhynchus morotaiensis, 1864c: 169, Morotai (Indonesia), 2 syntypes. Protoceraius laetus, 1866e: 228, pl. 12 fig. 1, Sulawesi, syntypes. Not seen. Rhinoscapha batjanensis, 1864c: 164, Batjan (Moluccas), Kajoa (Sulawesi?), at least 7 syntypes. Rhinoscapha dohrnii, 1864c: 165, pl. 12 fig. 1, Morotai (Indonesia), 5 syntypes. Family Dynastidae Oryctes cristatus, 1858c: 21, pl. 2 fig. 1, St. George del Mina (Ghana), holotype. Stypotrupes candezei, 1866e: 222, pl. 11 figs. 1—4 (to Ceratoryctoderus), Celebes, 1 syntype. Trichogomphus alcides, 1864c: 151, pl. 9, Borneo, 2 syntypes. Lectotype. Trichogomphus simson, 1864c: 150, Sumatra, 3 syntypes. Lectotype. Family Gyrinidae Dineutes bidens, 1869e: 7, pl. 1 figs. 1, 2, Mayotte (Comores), at least 2 syntypes. Family Lucanidae Dorcus forceps, 1861d: 109, pl. 6 fig. 2 (to Prosopocoilus), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Lectotype. Dorcus niponensis, 1861d: 113, pl. 7 fig. 3 (to Macrodorcas), Japan, 1 syntype. Dorcus pilifer, 1861d: 112, pl. 6 fig. 4 (to Serrognathus), Japan, 2 syntypes. Dorcus purpurascens, 1861d: 111, pl. 7 figs. 1, 2 (to Serrognathus), Sumatra, 3 syntypes. Dorcus rectangulus, 1861d: 114, pl. 7 fig. 7 (to Aegus), Sumatra, 1 syntype. Dorcus tragulus, 1861d: 113, pl. 7 figs. 4, 5, 6 (to Prosopocoilus), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Lectotype, Bomans. Eurytrachelus alcides, 1865i: 150, pl. 10 figs. 2, 3, Sumatra, 1 syntype. Eurytrachelus rubrofemoratus, 1865i: 152, pl. 11 figs. 1, 2, Japan, syntype. Gnaphaloryx miles, 1865i: 155, pl. 11 fig. 5, South Halmaheira and Gebeh (Indonesia), 2 syntypes. Lucanus brookeanus, 1861d: 107, pl. 6 fig. 1 (to Odontolabis), Borneo, 2 syntypes. Lectotype, Bom- ans. Lucanus lacordairei, 1861d: 105, pl. 5 fig. 1 (to Odontolabis), Sumatra, 1 syntype. Lucanus ludekingii, 1861d: 105, pl. 5 fig. 2 (to Odontolabis), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Lucanus dejeani var. nigra, 1861d: 108 (to Odontolabis), no type-loc. given, 1 specimen (syntype) from Sumatra. Family Melolonthidae Anomala bivittata, 1869e: 8, pl. 1 fig. 4 (to Prodoretus), Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype. Parastasia atra, 1864c: 149, Amboina, 1 syntype. Parastasia degenerata, 1864c: 147, Borneo, Sulawesi, Batjan, Morotai (Indonesia), 5 syntypes. Parastasia ephippium, 1864c: 148, pl. 9 fig. 4, Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Parastasia pileus, 1864c: 147, pl. 9 fig. 3, Borneo, Sumatra, Batjan, Halmaheira, 5 syntypes. Patastasia vittata, 1864c: 149, Amboina, Buru, 6 syntypes. Pleophylla unicolor, 1869e: 8, pl. 1 fig. 3 (to Phylloserica), Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype. Family Mordellidae Anaspis testacea, 1854c: 70, Netherlands, syntypes. Anaspis assimilis, 1854c: 70, Netherlands, syntypes. 256 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Family Paussidae Paussus ludekingii, 1872c: 82, Sumatra, 1 syntype (of 2). Family Scaphidiidae Apoderus spectrum, 1865k: 159, pl. 3 figs. (to Diatelium), Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Family Scarabaeidae Onthophagus schwaneri, 1864c: 146, pl. 9 figs. 2, 2a, Borneo, 2 syntypes. Family Staphylinidae Staphylinus pygmaeus, 1854c: 70 (to Philonthus), Netherlands, syntypes. Not seen. Stenus roscidus, 1854c: 70, Netherlands, 1 syntype. ORDER DIPTERA Family Bombyliidae Systropus blumei, 1863j: 8, pl. 1 fig. 4, Java, holotype, d. Systropus tessellatus, 1863j: 9, Sumatra, holotype, d. Family Calliphoridae Calliphora nigribarbis, 1863j: 17, Japan, 4 2 syntypes. Lectotype, Van Helsdingen, 1980. Silbomyia nitidissima, 1863j: 16, Tondano (Sulawesi), syntypes, 3 d, 1 © (not 4 ©). Lectotype, Cross- key, 1965. Family Conopidae Conops lugens, 1863 j: 10, pl. 1 fig. 5 (to Physocephala), Borneo, holotype, 2 (not d!). Conops niponensis, 1863}: 11, Japan, holotype, © (not d!). Family Dryomyzidae Dryomyza gigas, 1863j: 18, pl. 1 fig. 7, Japan, 2 © syntypes. Family Rachiceridae Antidoxion, 1863i: 6 (to Rhachicerus Walker), type-sp. Antidoxion fulvicorne Vollenhoven (monoty- Py). Antidoxion fulvicorne, 1863i: 6, pl. 1 figs. 1—3 (to Rachicerus), Java, holotype, ©. Family Stratiomyidae Ptilocera amethystina, 1858d: 92, Java, Celebes, 2 ? syntypes. Ptilocera smaragdina, 1858d: 92, Menado (Sulawesi), 2 2 d syntypes. Family Syrphidae Megaspis cingulatus, 1863j: 12, (to Phytomyia), Japan, 3 © ,3 & syntypes. Milesia apicalis, 1863j: 13, Java, holotype, d. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 257 Milesia diardi, 1863j: 14, pl. 1 fig. 6, Borneo, 3 d syntypes. Milesia undulata, 1863j: 12, Japan, holotype, 9. Family Tachinidae Rutilia pretiosa, 1863j: 15 (to Formosia subg. Euamphibolia), Ternate, © & syntypes. Lectotype, Crosskey, 1973. ORDER HYMENOPTERA Many of the Hymenoptera were described from the Netherlands; localities lac- king country names are situated in the Netherlands. The families are arranged ac- cording to the usual grouping in Symphyta, Parasitica and Aculeata. In the non- Ichneumonid families records of type material mean that the specimens are in the Leiden museum. For the Ichneumonid types the presence in Leiden and Wage- ningen is specified. In a forthcoming paper K. W. R. Zwart will give more details concerning Ichneumonid types, including some lectotype designations. SUBORDER SYMPHYTA Family Argidae Hylotoma flava, 1860e: 129 (to Arge), Japan, 2 9 syntypes. Not seen. Hylotoma humeralis, 1860e: 129 (to Arge), Japan, holotype not seen. Hylotoma microcephala, 1860e: 130 (to Arge), Java, 3 2 syntypes. Hylotoma similis, 1860e: 128 (to Arge), Japan, 4 ? syntypes. Not seen. Family Cephidae Cephus elongatus, 1858b: 280 (to Calameuta), Sterkenburg near Driebergen; near Heemstede; 4 9, 1 3; 1 syntype from first locality seen. Family Cimbicidae Amasis sanguinea, 1878f: 154, pl. 9 (to Corynis), Morocco, holotype. Not seen. Family Diprionidae Lophyrus catocalus, 1858b: 276 (to Gilpinia), Groesbeek, 2 9, 2 d syntypes. Family Pamphiliidae Lyda maculifrons, 1858b: 179 (to Neurotoma), near Utrecht, holotype, d. Not seen. Lyda nigricornis, 1858b: 279 (to Pamphilius), near Den Haag, holotype, d. Family Tenthredinidae Dolerus busaei, 1858b: 277, Haarlem, 4 syntypes. Emphytus majalis, 1869b: 121, pl. 3, near Utrecht. Holotype not seen. Macrophya histrionica, 1878f: 155, surroundings of Baireuth, holotype, 2. Not seen. Macrophya klugii, 1869b: 124, Noord-Brabant; near Den Haag, 2 d syntypes. Not seen. 258 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Nematus aquilegiae, 1866b: 202, pl. 9 (to Pristiphora), Renkum, 4 syntypes. Nematus catachloris, 1869b: 120, pl. 3, near Leyden. Type not seen. Nematus consobrinus, 1871d: 237, pl. 10, Haarlem, 10 9, 1 & syntypes. Not seen. Nematus immaculatus, 1869b: 119, Schoten; near Rotterdam, syntypes. Not seen. Nematus lugdunensis, 1871d: 243, pl. 11, dunes near Noordwijk, 9 d syntypes. Not seen. Nematus pectoralis, 1867d: 223, surroundings of Utrecht, holotype. Not seen. Nematus solea, 1870a: 59, pl. 1, Netherlands, from Larix, holotype, 4. Not seen. Nematus trimaculatus, 1862a: 69, pl. 4, Leiden, 2 syntypes (of 6). Nematus vallator, 1858h: 191, pl. 12 (to Pristiphora), Leiden, 2 syntypes. Nematus wttewaalli, 1862a: 65, pl. 4, Voorst; Utreht; Velp; near Leyden; Sterkenburg near Drieber- gen; Ter Wadding between Leyden and Voorschoten; only one syntype present. Phyllotoma pinguis, 1869b: 121, pl. 3 (to Heterarthrus), near Den Haag, holotype, 2. Selandria albomarginata, 1858b: 278 (to Sciapteryx), near Den Haag; near Utrecht, 3 syntypes. Not seen. Selandria cereipes, 1873b: 13, pl. 3, Gelderland, “d. Roo, Velp”, 3 syntypes seen (out of 12 9). Selandria humeralis, 1869b: 122 (to Blennocampa), Gliphoeve, holotype, 9. Selandria phthisica, 1869b: 123, pl. 3 (to Stromboceros), Beekbergerwoud, holotype. Selandria sixii, 1858b: 278, near Utrecht, holotype, 9. Selandria soror, 1869b: 123, Leyden, near Utrecht, syntypes. Not seen. SUBORDER APOCRITA Division Parasitica Family Braconidae Alysia theodori, 1878f: 174, pl. 11 fig. 3 (to Phaenocarpa), dunes of Loosduinen, holotype, 2. Laccophrys medenbachii, 1878f: 173, pl. 11 fig. 2 (to Opius?), Surroundings of Arnhem, holotype, 9. Not seen. Laccophrys villaenovae, 1876e: 243 (nom. nud.); 1878h: 172, pl. 11 fig. 1 (to Opius), Naaldwijk; Zee- land; d 2 syntypes. Not seen. Macrocentrus flavus 1878h: 54, pl. 34 fig. 3, Glogau (Poland), 2 d syntypes. Not seen. Mesora analis, 1878f: 175, pl. 11 fig. 4 (to Dacnusa), Biggekerke in Zeeland, holotype, 4. Not seen. Microdus compeditus, 1876e: 243 (nom. nud.), near Venlo; specimens not seen, synonymized by Vol- lenhoven (1878f: 173) with Agathis rugulosus (Nees, 1834). Phylax aestivalis, 1858b: 282 (to Aleiodes), near Den Haag, holotype, 9. Synonymized by Vollenho- ven (1873e: 193) with Rogas dissectus Nees, 1834. Polemon albimanus, 1873f: 219 (to Coelinius), near Vogelenzang. Type not seen. Rogas pubescens, 1879a: XXVI (nom. nud.), St. Jansberg, Mook. Vipio insularis, 1873f: 218, pl. 9 fig. 5 (to Agathis), near Koudekerke in Zeeland; holotype, ©. Not seen. Synonymized by Vollenhoven (1878g: 46) with Agathis syngenesiae Nees, 1814. Family Cynipidae Aulax albinervis, 1869b: 126. Driebergen, holotype, 2. Not seen. Family Diapriidae Loxotropa sabuleti, 1879d: 62, pl. 40 fig. 2 (to Spilomicrus), Netherlands. Type not seen. Spilomicrus major, 1879d: 63, pl. 40 fig. 7, Burgdorff (Switzerland), Den Haag, 2 d syntypes. Not seen. Family Eucoilidae Eucoila effluens, 1869b: 126, pl. 3, near Utrecht, holotype ©. Not seen. Eucoila inflata, 1867d: 224, pl. 10, figs. 2—3, surroundings of Utrecht; Driebergen, 2 syntypes. Not seen. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 259 Family Ichneumonidae Agrothereutes batavus, 1873f: 209, pl. 9 fig. 1, Zuid-Holland, holotype, 9 . (Wageningen). Agrothereutes destitutus, 1879f: 58, pl. 37 fig. 4, no type locality mentioned, holotype, ?. Not seen. Anomalon bucephalum, 1858b: 281 (to Heteropelma), Walcheren and Warmond, 4 g syntypes (Lei- den and Wageningen). Synonymized by Vollenhoven (1876e: 237) with Anomalon amictum F. Anomalon melanocneme, 1878f: 168, pl. 10 fig. 5, near Montpellier (France), holotype, 9 . Not seen. Aptesis longicauda, 1873f: 210, Wort-Rhede in Gelderland, holotype, ? (Wageningen). Atractodes spiniger, 1876e: 239 (nom. nud.); 1878f: 171, pl. 10 fig. 8, near Leyden, holotype, d. Not seen. Bassus monticola, 1875e: 4, pl. 1 fig. 9 (to Sussaba), Switzerland, holotype (sex not given). Not seen. Bassus quadriguttatus, 1873f: 211, Leyden, holotype, 2 (Wageningen). Coleocentrus abiae, 1873f: 215, pl. 9 fig. 3 (to Perispuda), no type-locality mentioned (in the Nether- lands), holotype, 4 (Wageningen). Coleocentrus sixii, 1873f: 216, pl. 9 fig. 4, near Utrecht, holotype, d. Not seen. Colpotrochia affinis, 1875f: 12, pl. 8 fig. 2, Arnhem, holotype (sex not given). Not seen. Cremastus balteatus, 1878f: 169, pl. 10 fig. 6, Breda, holotype, d. Not seen. Cremastus cabalisticus, 1876e: 239 (nom. nud.). In 1878f: 169 Vollenhoven states that the specimen does not belong to a new species, nor is it a Cremastus. No specimen seen. Cremastus sabulosus, 1876e: 239 (nom. nud.); 1878f: 170, pl. 10 fig. 7, near Scheveningen, 2 d synty- pes. Not seen. Crypturus niger, 1878f: 158, pl. 9 fig. 3, (Southern) France, holotype, d (?). Not seen. Eclytus semiluctuosus, 1878h: 51, pl. 32 fig. 5, near Driebergen and Roozendaal, syntypes (sex not given) (1 syntype Leiden; heavily damaged). Ephialtes melanomerus, 1878c: 48 (to Dolichomitus), Java, holotype, ? (Leiden). Euceros unifasciatus, 1876e: 229 (nom. nud.); 1878f: 159, near The Hague, Leyden, [var. near Breda], 2 2 syntypes. Not seen. In 1878h: 53 Vollenhoven states that it might be a variety of Euceros egre- gius. Exetastes cimbicis, 1858b: 281, Zwammerdam ex Cimbex aenea (1858a: 244) (to Perispuda), d + ? syntypes (1 d, 1 2 Wageningen, 2 specimens Leiden). Exochus semilividus, 1875f: 13, pl. 8 fig. 11, Switzerland, holotype (sex not given). Not seen. Exophanes [sic !] fulvescens, 1875e: 5, pl. 2 fig. 5, Rotterdam, holotype 9. Not seen. Glypta elegans, 1873f: 214, pl. 9 fig. 2, Beverwijk, 2 d syntypes (Wageningen). Lissonota cruenta, 1858b: 281, near Brummen (1858a: 241), 3 syntypes (2 Wageningen, 1 Leiden). Synonymized with Lissonota lateralis Grav. bij Vollenhoven 1873e: 178. Notopygus fulvipes, 1878h: 50, pl. 31 fig. 5, no type locality given, probably from Sweden, holotype (sex ?). Not seen. Notopygus minkii, 1878h: 49, pl. 31 fig. 4, no type locality given, probably from Germany, holotype, 9. Not seen. Ophion monostigma, 1879f: 62, pl. 39 fig. 8 (to Enicospilus), no type locality given, holotype (sex ?). Not seen. Ophion tournieri, 1879f: 61 (to Enicospilus); in 1878g: pl. 28 fig. 7 figured as Ophion repentinus Hlg., type locality not given, probably near Geneva (Switzerland), holotype d . Not seen. Ophion unicallosus, 1878f: 167, pl. 10 fig. 4 (to Enicospilus), Espagne (Spain), holotype ?. Not seen. Paniscus ornatus, 1973f: 218 (to Netelia), Drever in Groningen, holotype, 2 (Wageningen). Perilissus singularis, 1878h: 52, pl. 32 fig. 8, near Rotterdam, holotype, d (Leiden). Phidias, 1878f: 164 (= Diacritus Foerster, 1868), type-sp. Phidias aciculatus Voll., 1878 (monotypy). Preoccupied by Phidias Rafinesque, 1815. Phidias aciculatus, 1878f: 165, pl. 10 fig. 2 (to Diacritus), Angleterre (England), holotype, 2. Not seen. Phytodietus exareolatus, 1876e: 236 (nom. nud.); 1878f: 163 (as Phytodictus [sic !], pl. 9 fig. 5, Voorst in Gelderland, holotype, 2. Not seen. Pimpla basalis, 1879e: 148 (to Lissopimpla), Sumatra, holotype, 4 (Leiden). Pimpla caligata, 1877f: 34, pl. 21 fig. 8, near Scheveningen, holotype, d. Not seen. Pimpla elegans, 1879e: 147 (to Xanthopimpla), Java, holotype, ? (Leiden). Pimpla laevidorsum, 1873f: 213 (to Scambus), Voorst, holotype, 2 (Wageningen). Pimpla sagrae, 1878b: LXXVI (nom. nud.); 1879e: 149 (to Sericopimpla), Buitenzorg, Java, lectotype © (Townes et al. 1961), 5 d © syntypes (of 6) (Leiden). 260 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Pimpla transversalis, 1879e: 146 (to Xanthopimpla), Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, Thibet, lectotype 2 (Townes et al., 1961) from Sumatra, 1 4,2 © syntypes (Leiden). Pimpla vincta, 1873f: 212, Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland (Provinces), 1 9 syntype (Wage- ningen). Pimpla zebra, 1879e: 147 (to Theronia), Ambarawa, Java, holotype, 9 (Leiden). Platylabus pictus, 1878f: 157, pl. 9 fig. 2, surroundings of Montpellier (France), holotype, d. Not seen. Rhyssa bernsteinii, 1879e: 138 (to Myllenyxis), Salawatti or Waigeou (Indonesia) (label destroyed du- ring transport, according to Vollenhoven), holotype, © (Leiden). Rhyssa doreica, 1873c: 69, pl. 4 fig. 3 (to Lytarmes), Dorey, New Guinea, holotype, 2 (Leiden). Rhyssa flaviceps, 1879e: 139 (to Certonotus), Aru (Indonesia), lectotype 9 (Townes et al., 1961), 3 © syntypes (Leiden). Rhyssa fractinervis, 1873c: 67, pl. 4 fig. 1, surroundings of Auckland, New Zealand, holotype, © (Lei- den). Rhyssa fulva, 1879e: 136 (to Lytarmes), Obi (Indonesia), holotype, & (Leiden). Rhyssa laniaria, 1873c: 68, pl. 4 fig. 2 (to Megarhyssa), Amboine (= Ambon) (Indonesia), holotype, 2 (Leiden). Rhyssa mülleri, 1879e: 140 (to Myllenyxis), Java, holotype, 9 (Leiden). Scolobates corrallinus, 1873f: 211, Wikkenberg near Schalkwijk, 4 9 syntypes (Wageningen) (of 5). Scolobates marshalli, 1878f: 166, pl. 10 fig. 1, Pyrenées (France), holotype, 4. Not seen. Syene, 1878b: LXXVI (= Echthromorpha Hlg., 1868), no species included, type-sp. Cryptus notulato- rius F. (= E. agrestoria notulatoria), designated by Townes, 1960. Trichomastix, 1878f: 160 (= Bioblapsis Foerster, 1868), type-sp. Trichomastix polita Voll., 1878 (mo- notypy). Trichomastix polita, 1878f: 161, pl. 9 fig. 4 (to Bioblapsis), Scheveningen, holotype, 2. Not seen. Family Proctotrupidae Proctotrupes sixianus, 1879a: XIII, Netherlands, Type not seen. Family Pteromalidae Hetroxys gribodii, 1878f: 176, pl. 11, North Italy, 2 9 syntypes. Not seen. Lagynodes pallipes, 1873e: 205 (nom. nud.); 1876e: 253 (nom. nud.). Synonymized by Vollenhoven (1876e: 249) with Theocolax formiciformis Westwood. No specimens seen from “Leyden”. Division ACULEATA Family Apidae Bombus senex, 1873g: 229, pl. 10, Sumatra, holotype, 9. Nomada batava, 1858b: 283, near Leiden, holotype not seen, may be a specimen under Nomada goo- deniana Kirby, 1802. Family Dryinidae Dryinus spectrum, 1874c: (LXVI) (nom. nud.); 1874b: 159, figs. 34, from “Vogelzang” (= Vogelen- zang), holotype, ?. Goniozus tibialis, 1876e: 253 (nom. nud.); 1878f: 177, pl. 11, near Den Haag, one of the 2 syntypes seen. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA For the family classification of the Papilionoidea Kristensen (1976) has been followed. The family classification of the other Lepidoptera is in conformity with J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 261 the dictionary of Laithwaite et al. (1975). No attempt has been made to indicate the genera the taxa described by Snellen van Vollenhoven are at present suppo- sed to belong to, as there is no general agreement on the generic classification of many families. Most species-group names of the list below can be found in the Le- pidopterorum Catalogus, where further references are given. Family Agaristidae Ophthalmis bernsteinii, 1863f: 132, pl. 9 fig. 1, Morotai, holotype, 9. Family Arctiidae Crambomorpha (?) aurora, 1873h: 246, pl. 12 fig. 2, Salawatti. Type not seen. Gnophria (?) ceramensis, 1873h: 246, pl. 12 fig. 1, Ceram, holotype, d (?). Hypsa orbona, 1863f: 137, pl. 9 fig. 4, Halmaheira, Morotai, 4 syntypes. Leptosoma assimile, 1863h: 39 (to Nyctemera, the following species as well), Java, 2 d syntypes. Leptosoma clathratum, 1863h: 48, Amboina, holotype, 9. Leptosoma flavescens, 1863h: 46, Sumatra, holotype, ©. Leptosoma herklotsii, 1863h: 39, Java. Type not seen. Leptosoma inconstans, 1863h: 47, Java, Borneo, 4 4,5 2 syntypes. Leptosoma luctuosum, 1863h: 42, Batjan, holotype, d. Leptosoma ludekingii, 1863h: 49, Sumatra. Type not seen. Leptosoma macklotti, 1863h: 50. Amboina, holotype, 9. Leptosoma mülleri, 1863h: 41. Sumatra, 2 9 (?) syntypes. Leptosoma noviespunctatum, 1863h: 42. Java, 3 2 syntypes. Leptosoma nubecula, 1863h: 45. Java, 2 d syntypes. Leptosoma pallens, 1863h: 45. Java, holotype, d. Leptosoma quadriguttatum, 1863h: 40, Java, 2 d syntypes. Numenes trigonalis, 1863f: 140, pl. 10 fig. 1, Sumatra, 2 2 syntypes. Numenes virginalis, 1863f: 142, Sumatra, holotype, ®. Spilosoma roseiventer, 1863f: 143, Japan. 2 d, 1 9 syntypes. Family Elachistidae Atteva apicalis, 1863f: 139, pl. 9 fig. 5, Java, 2 syntypes. Atteva basalis, 1863f: 140, pl. 9 fig. 6, Morotai, 7 syntypes. Family Geometridae Milionia flammula, 1863f: 134, pl. 9 fig. 2, Nova Guinea, holotype, d (?). Milionia fulgida, 1863f: 133, pl. 8 fig. 4, Java, 1 d, 1 9 syntypes. Family Lymantriidae Lymantria (Liparis) hilaris, 1863f: 143, pl. 10 figs. 2, 3, Sumatra (interior), 1 4,3 2 syntypes. Family Noctuidae Phyllodes eyndhovii, 1859b: 86, pl. 6, Java. Type not seen. Phyllodes verhuellii, 1858f: 159, pl. 8. Java, holotype, 3. Family Nymphalidae Acraea dammi, 1869e: 12, pl. 2 fig. 4, Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype, à. 262 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Adolias agnis, 1862f: 202, pl. 12 fig. 2; 1862h: 273, Java, 1 9 syntype. Adolias apicalis, 1862f: 186, pl. 10 fig. 1; 1862h: 270, Borneo, holotype, à. Adolias apsarasa, 1862f: 198, pl. 11 fig. 3; 1862h: 272, Borneo, holotype, d. Adolias bipunctata, 1862f: 191, pl. 10 fig. 4; 1862h: 271, Borneo, holotype, d. Adolias blumei, 1862f: 205, pl. 12 figs. 3, 4; 1862h: 273, Java, Sumatra (Padang), syntypes, probably several specimens. Adolias clathrata, 1862f: 205, pl. 12 fig. 5; 1862h: 273, Borneo, holotype, 4. Adolias diardi, 1862f: 188, pl. 10 fig. 2; 1862h: 270, Borneo, holotype, à. Adolias gandarva, 1862f: 199, pl. 11 fig. 4; 1862h: 272, Java, 18,3 © syntypes. Adolias indras, 1862f: 194, pl. 11 fig. 2; 1862h: 271, Borneo, 1 © syntype. Adolias ludekingii, 1862f: 189, pl. 10 fig. 3; 1862h: 270, Padang (Sumatra), holotype, 9. Adolias octogesima, 1862f: 193, pl. 10 fig. 5, pl. 11 fig. 1; 1862h: 271, Java, Borneo, 1 2 syntype. Adolias pardalis, 1862f: 197, pl. 11 fig. 5; 1862h: 272, Java, 1 d syntype. Adolias surjas, 1862f: 200, pl. 12 fig. 1; 1862h: 272, Java, holotype, 2. Adolias varuna, 1862f: 195, pl. 10 fig. 6; 1862h: 271, Java, Borneo, 2 4 , 1 © syntypes. Charaxes cognatus, 1861e: 159, pl. 9 figs. 1, 2, Moluques, holotype, 3. Charaxes concha, 1861e: 162, pl. 10 figs. 1, 3, Java, Padang (Sumatra), 2 &, 1 9 syntypes. Charaxes rayi, 1861e: 161, pl. 9 fig. 3, pl. 10 fig. 2, Ambon, holotype, 4. Drusilla anableps, 1860a: 40, pl. 1 fig. 3, pl. 2 fig. 1, Otaheiti, holotype, à. Drusilla artemis, 1860a: 37, pl. 1 figs. 1, 2, Nieuw-Guinea, holotype, 4. Drusilla dioptrica, 1860a: 38, pl. 2 figs. 2, 3, Nieuw-Guinea, holotype, à. Drusilla diops, 1863f: 131, pl. 8 fig. 3, Morotai, Halmaheira, 2 d syntypes. Euploea mesocala, 1873h: 244, pl. 11 figs. 1,2, Waigeou, 1 d,1 2, syntypes. Euploea superba, 1866c: 209, pl. 10 fig. 1, Gorontalo (Sulawesi), 6 d syntypes. Idea diardi, 1860a: 44, pl. 2 fig. 4, Borneo, 2 6, 2 © syntypes. Idea tondana, 1860a: 41, pl. 4, Tondano (Sulawesi), 1 &, 1 9 syntypes. Melanitis stellaris, 1861e: 159, pl. 8 fig. 3, Nouvelle Guinée, holotype, 9. Minetra tigrina, 1866c: 210, pl. 10 fig. 2, Salawatti, 2 d syntypes. Mynes mulderi, 1863f: 129, pl. 8 figs. 1, 2, Batjan, Halmaheira, 3 d syntypes. Vanessa royeri, 1861e: 157, pl. 8 figs. 1, 2, Nouvelle Guinée. holotype, 9. Family Papilionidae Papilio trogon, 1860b: 69, pl. 6 figs. 1, 2, Sumatra, 2 d syntypes. Family Pieridae Iphias felderi, 18651: 53, pl. 6 figs. 2, 3, Halmaheira, Morotai, 1 d,1 © syntypes. Pieris affinis, 18651: 40, pl. 5 fig. 2, Celebes sept., holotype, d. Pieris amalia, 18651: 23, pl. 3 fig. 6, Sumatra, Banca, 1 d syntype. Pieris candida, 18651: 11, pl. 3 fig. 2, Batjan. Type not seen. Pieris chrysomelaena, 1866a: 57, pl. 1 figs. 1, 2, Kajoa, holotype, à. Pieris chrysorrhoea, 18651: 6, pl. 2 fig. 4, Sumatra, holotype, à. Pieris cornelia, 18651: 5, pl. 2 fig. 2, Borneo, holotype, d. Pieris dice, 18651: 39, pl. 4 fig. 7, Nova Guinea, Waigeou, 2 d,1 2 syntypes. Pieris elisa, 1869e: 12, pl. 2 fig. 3, Mayotte (Comores), 1 4, 1 9 syntypes. Pieris emma, 18651: 24, pl. 4 fig. 2, Batjan, 2 9 syntypes. Pieris fatime, 1866a: 59, pl. 2 figs. 1, 2, Celebes, holotype, ©. Pieris haemorrhoea, 18651: 10, pl. 2 fig. 5, Banca, 1 6, 1 2 syntypes. Pieris hagar, 18651: 38, pl. 4 fig. 6, Padang (Sumatra), holotype, d. Pieris herodias, 18651: 14, pl. 3 fig. 4, Galela (Halmaheira), 1 6, 1 9 syntypes. Pieris hester, 18651: 24, pl. 4 fig. 1, Nova Guinea, 2 © (?), syntypes. Pieris poecilea, 18651: 13, pl. 3 fig. 3, Halmaheira, Morotai, 1 4, 2 9 syntypes. Pieris rosenbergii, 18651: 11, pl. 2 fig. 6, pl. 3 fig. 1, Celebes sept., 3 4,2 2 syntypes. Pieris sulphurea, 18651: 32, pl. 4 fig. 4, Insulae Moluccae, 2 d, 1 © syntypes. Pieris zoe, 18651: 37, pl. 4 fig. 5, Batjan, holotype, à. J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 263 Pontia lignea, 18651: 4, pl. 2 fig. la, b, Bone, Gorontalo (Sulawesi), 3 d syntypes. Terias impura, 18651: 70, pl. 7 fig. 5, Timor, holotype, 1 d (?). Terias tominia, 18651: 66, pl. 7 fig. 4, Celebes sept., 1 4,2 2 syntypes. Thestias ludekingii, 1860d: 125, Sumatra (interior), holotype, 3. Thestias reinwardtii, 1860d: 126, Moluques, holotype, 4. Family Pyralidae Deiopeia occultans, 1869e: 13, pl. 2 fig. 5, Nossi-Bé (Malagasy), holotype, d. Saturnia insularis, 1862g: 335, pl. 14 fig. 1, Java, Sumatra, 4 d syntypes. Family Saturniidae Family Zygaenidae Agalope westwoodii, 1863f: 136, pl. 9 fig. 3, Japan, holotype, d. Chalcosia candida, 1863f: 135, Sumatra, 2 syntypes. Leptosoma arcuatum, 1863h: 45, Java, 2 d syntypes. Leptosoma marginale, 1863h: 43, Java, holotype, à. Abatocera 254 abiae 259 Acatalectus 249 aciculata 254 aciculatus 259 Acraea 261 Acrosternum 251 acuta 250 Adolias 262 Adrisa 249 Aegus 255 aenea (Cimbex) 259 aenea (Dalpada) 250 aeneiventris 252 aestivalis 258 Aethus 249 affinis (Colpotrochia) 259 affinis (Chalcothea) 254 affinis (Pieris) 262 Agalope 263 agathina 253 Agathis 258 agnis 262 agrestoria 260 Agrothereutes 259 albimanus 258 albinervis 258 alboguttatus 253 albomarginata 258 INDEX alcides (Eurytrachelus) 225 alcides (Trichogomphus) [255 Alcimocoris 249 Alcimus 249 Alebra 253 Aleiodes 258 Alysia 258 amabilis 253 amalia 262 Amasis 257 amethystina (Ptilocera) 256 amethystina (Scutellera) [252 amictum 259 Amyotea 249, 250 amyoti 250 anableps 262 anacanthum 250 analis 258 Anaspis 255 Anomala 255 Anomalon 259 Anoplocephala 250 anser 253 Antestia 251 antica 250 Antidoxion 256 apicalis (Adolias) 262 apicalis (Atteva) 261 apicalis (Canthecona) 250 apicalis (Jassus) 253 apicalis (Milesia) 256 Apoderus 253, 256 apsarasa 262 Aptesis 259 Arachnopus 254 aquilegiae 258 Archiblatta 248 arcuatum 263 Arge 257 arlechino 251 artemis 262 Asopus 249, 250 Aspidestrophus 250 Aspongopus 250 assimile 261 assimilis 255 atra 255 Atractodes 259 Atteva 261 Aulax 258 aurantiaca (Macronota) [254 aurantiaca (Typhlocyba) 253 aurantiacus 249 aurifer 255 264 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 aurora 261 balteata 254 balteatus 259 bandanus 255 basalis (Atteva) 261 basalis (Pimpla) 259 basimaculata 250 Bassus 259 batava 260 batavus 259 batjanensis 255 Batocera 254 bernsteinii (Asopus) 249 bernsteinii (Oncomerus) [251 bernsteinii (Ophthalmis) [261 bernsteinii (Rhyssa) 260 Berytinus 249 Berytus 249 bidens 255 biguttata 250 bilunulata 252 Bioblapsis 260 bipunctata 262 bison 251 bivittata 255 Blachia 250 Blennocampa 258 blumei (Adolias) 262 blumei (Systropus) 256 Bolbocoris 252 Bombus 260 bosschei 252 Bostrichus 253 Brachycerocoris 251 Brachyplatys 251 breviscutum 251 brookeanus 255 bucephalum 259 busaei 257 cabalisticus 259 caesar 252 Calameuta 257 Calidea 252 caligata 259 Callidea 252 Calliphara 252 Calliphora 256 Calliscyta 252 Calodema 253 Campsiura 254 candezei 255 candida (Chalcosia) 263 candida (Pieris) 262 Cantao 252 Canthecona 250 Cantheconidea 250 Captosoma 251 Carbula 250 carnifex 249 Carpona 250 catachloris 258 catocalus 257 Catoxantha 253 Cazira 250 celebensis (Callidea) 252 celebensis (Rhaphigaster) [251 Cephus 257 Ceraleptus 249 ceramensis 261 Ceratoryctoderus 255 cereipes 258 Certonotus 260 Chalcocybebus 253 Chalcophora 253 Chalcophorella 253 Chalcosia 263 Chalcothea 254 Charaxes 262 Chlaenocoris 250 chloris 251 Chlorocoris 250 Choerommatus 249 Chrysobothris 254 Chrysochroa 253 Chrysocoris 252 Chrysodema 253 chrysomelaena 262 chrysoptera 251 chrysorrhoea 262 Cimbex 259 cimbicis 259 cingulatus 256 clathrata 262 clathratum 261 Clinteria 254 coccinelloides 250 coecus 250 coelestis 251 Coelinius 258 Coenus 250 cognatus 262 Coleocentrus 259 Coleotichus 252 collaris 249 Colpotrochia 259 compeditus 258 Compsapoderus 253 concha 262 Conops 256 Conostethus 249 consobrinus 258 consul 252 Coptosoma 251 Coreus 249 Coridius 250 cornelia 262 corrallinus 260 Corynis 257 Crambomorpha 261 Cremastus 259 cristatus 255 croesus 252 Cronion 252 cruenta 259 crux (Brachyplatys) 251 crux (Dalpada) 250 Crypturus 259 Cryptus 260 Cuspicona 250 Cyclopelta 250 Cycnotrachelus 253 Cyrtomenus 249 Dacnusa 258 daedalica 252 Dalcantha 250 Dalpada 250 dalpadoides 250 dammi 261 Danae 254 decora 250 decorata 250 degenerata 255 Deiopeia 263 dejeani 255 destitutus 259 Diacritus 259 diardi (Adolias) 262 diardi (Idea) 262 diardi (Milesia) 257 Diatelium 256 dice 262 Diceraeus 250 difficilis 249 Dilochrosis 254 Dineutes 255 diops 262 dioptrica 262 dissectus 258 distigma 249 ditissima 252 divergens 250 dives 254 dohrnii 255 Dolerus 257 Dolichomitus 259 Dorcus 255 doreica 260 driebergensis 249 dromedarius 251 Drusilla 262 Dryinus 260 Dryobius 252 Dryomyza 256 Dryptocephala 250 Echthromorpha 260 Eclytus 259 Ectenus 251 effluens 258 egens 254 egregius 259 elegans (Glypta) 259 elegans (Pimpla) 259 Elemana 251 elisa 262 elongata 252 elongatus 257 eltio 250 emarginatus 252 emma 262 Emphytus 257 Enicospilus 259 Ephialtes 259 ephippium 255 Epipedocera 254 Episomus 255 erythrogaster 253 Esamus 255 Euamphibolia 257 Euceros 259 Eucoila 258 Eumacronota 254 Eupholus 255 Euploea 262 Eurhadina 253 Eurycephalus 254 Eurygaster 252 Eurytrachelus 255 Euryomia 254 euschistoides 250 Eusthenes 250 exareolatus 259 Exetastes 259 eximia 252 Exochus 259 Exophanes 259 eyndhovii 261 Eysarcoris 250 fastuosa (Callidea) 252 fastuosa (Typhlocyba) 253 fatime 262 J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven Fecelia 250 felderi 262 felderii 254 flammula 261 flava 257 flavescens 261 flaviceps 260 flavicornis 251 flavoguttata 254 flavoguttatus 251 flavomarginatus 249 flavus 258 forceps 255 formiciformis 260 Formosia 257 forsteni (Coptosoma) 251 forsteni (Euryomia) 254 forsteni (Macronota) 254 forsteni (Pachyrhynchus) [255 fractinervis 260 frenatus 254 fulgida 261 fulva 260 fulvescens 259 fulvicorne 256 fulvipes 259 fusca 252 fuscus (Coleotichus) 252 fuscus (Megarhynchus) 250 gandarva 262 geminatus 250 geometricus 254 Geotomus 249 gibba 250 gibbosa 252 gigas 256 Gilpinia 257 Glaucias 251 gloriosa 252 Glycyphana 254 Glypta 259 Gnophria 261 Goniozus 260 goodeniana 260 gribodii 260 guttatus 254 Gynenica 250 haematica 250 haematicus 251 haemorrhoea 262 hagar 262 Hectarthrum 254 hemichloris 251 hemixantha 253 265 heraldicus 254 herklotsii 261 herodias 262 hester 262 Heterarthus 258 Heteropelma 259 Heterorhina 254 Heterosoma 254 Hetroxys 260 hilaris (Lymantria [(Liparis)) 261 hilaris (Pentatoma) 251 histrionica 257 hoevenii 248 Hoplistodera 250 hoplites 250 Hotea 252 humeralis (Hylotoma) 257 humeralis (Phymasterna) [254 humeralis (Selandria) 258 Hylotoma 257 hypherythra 252 hypomelaena 252 Hypsa 261 Hyrmine 251 Idea 262 ignobilis 251 immaculatus 258 imperator 249 impura 263 inconstans 261 indras 262 inflata 258 infuscata 254 insignis 249 instabilis 251 insularis (Saturnia) 263 insularis (Vipio) 258 intermedius 250 Iphias 262 iracundus 253 irregularis 254 isabellae 254 Jassus 253 javanica 251 johannae 253 klugii 257 Laccophrys 258 lacordairei 255 laetus 255 laevidorsum 259 Lagynodes 260 266 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 Lampromicra 252 laniaria 260 latefasciata 252 lateralis 259 Lecanium 253 Leprodera 254 Leptapoderus 253 Leptosoma 261, 263 Lethosesthes 254 Libyssa 252 lignea 263 ligneus 252 limosina 249 lineola (Aspidestrophus) [250 lineola (Eysarcoris) 250 Linnavuoriana 253 Liparis 261 Lissonota 259 Lissopimpla 259 longeciliatus 253 longicauda 259 Lophyrus 257 Lopus 249 Loricula 249 Loxa 250 Loxotropa 258 Lucanus 255 luctuosa 254 luctuosum 261 ludekingii (Adolias) 262 ludekingii (Chrysochroa) [253 ludekingii (Leptosoma) 261 ludekingii (Lucanus) 255 ludekingii (Macronota) 254 ludekingii (Paussus) 256 ludekingii (Rhaphigaster) [251 ludekingii (Thestias) 263 lugdunensis 258 lugens 256 lunulata 254 luteomarginatus 249 Lyda 257 Lygus 249 Lymantria 261 Lyramorpha 250 Lytarmes 260 macklotti 261 Macrocentrus 258 Macrodorcas 255 Macrolyristes 249 Macroma 254 Macronota 254 Macrophya 257 Macropterus 255 maculifrons 257 majalis 257 major 258 malayanus 252 marginale 263 marginepunctata 252 marmoratum 251 marmoratus 250 marshalli 260 mayottensis 254 Mecinonota 254 medenbachii (Laccophrys) [258 medenbachii (Typhlocuba) [253 Megacriodes 254 Megalofrea 254 megalops 251 Megaloxantha 253 Megarhynchus 250 Megarhyssa 260 Megarrhamphus 250 Megaspis 256 Megophthalmus 253 Megymenum 250 Melanitis 262 melanocneme 259 melanomerus 259 melanosticticus 251 Menida 250, 251 Meroloba 254 mesocala 262 Mesora 258 microcephala 257 Microdus 258 Microphysa 249 miles 255 Milesia 256, 257 Milionia 261 minax 251 Minetra 262 minkii 259 minor (Eusthenes) 250 minor (Loxa) 250 mitis 250 modesta 252 modestum 251 modestus 251 monostigma 259 monticola 259 Montrouzierellus 250 Mormidea 250 morotaiensis 255 Mucanum 251 muelleri (Aspongopus) 250 muelleri (Coptosoma) 251 mulderi 262 mülleri (Leptosoma) 261 mülleri (Rhyssa) 260 Myllenyxis 260 Mynes 262 Nematus 258 Netelia 259 Neurotoma 257 niger (Apodorus) 253 niger (Choerommatus) 249 niger (Crypturus) 259 nigerrima 254 nigra 255 nigribarbis 256 nigricornis 257 niponensis (Conops) 256 niponensis (Dorcus) 255 nitens (Chalcocybebus) 253 nitens (Rhaphigaster) 251 nitidissima 256 nodicorne 254 Nomada 260 Notopygus 259 notulatorius 260 noviespunctatum 261 nubecula 261 Numenes 261 nurus 251 Nyctemera 261 obliqua 254 obscurus 250 occultans 263 octogesima 262 Odontolabis 255 Oedipoda 249 olor 253 Oncomerus 251 Onthophagus 256 Ophion 259 Ophiotettix 249 Ophthalmis 261 Opius 258 Oplomus 251 orbona 261 ornatus 259 Oryctes 255 Pachycoris 252 Pachyrhynchus 255 Padaeus 250 pallens 261 palliatus 253 pallidicornis 249 pallidiventris 251 pallidus 252 pallifrons 251 J. KRIKKEN ET AL.: Snellen van Vollenhoven 267 pallipes 260 Polemon 258 rosenbergii (Protemnemus) Pamphilius 257 polita 260 [254 Paniscus 259 polleni 254 roseus (Chlorocoris) 250 Papilio 262 Polybothris 254 roseus (Pygoplatys) 251 Parachilia 254 Polytes 252 royeri 262 Paracoleotichus 252 Pontia 263 rubescens 251 Paracritheus 250 Poseidon 252 rubrofemoratus 255 Paracycnotrachelus 253 pretiosa 257 rubropictus 251 parallelum 250 Pristiphora 258 rudis 252 Parastasia 255 Proctotrupes 260 rufescens 250 pardalis (Adolias) 262 Prodoretus 255 rufoscutellatus 250 pardalis (Apoderus) 253 Prosopocoilus 255 rugulosus 258 Paropia 253 Protemnemus 254 Rutilia 257 Paroplapoderus 253 Protoceraius 255 patibulum 251 Proxys 251 sabuleti 258 pauper 251 Pseudaradus 250 sabulosus 259 Paussus 256 Pseudopycanum 250 sagrae 259 pectoralis 258 Psiloptera 254 sanctifargavii 250 Pentatoma 251 Ptilocera 256 sanguinea (Amasis) 257 Penthima 254 pubescens 258 sanguinea (Microphysa) perelegans (Epipedocera) puella 252 [249 [254 pulcherrima 254 sanguineguttata 251 perelegans (Lyramorpha) punctatissimus 250 sanguinolenta 254 [250 Purpuricenus 254 Saturnia 263 Perilissus 259 pusillus 250 Scambus 259 Perispuda 259 Pycanum 250 Schizorhina 254 persona 254 pygmaeus 256 schlegelii 252 Phaenocarpa 258 Pygoplatys 251 schwaneri (Callidea) 252 Phidias 259 pyrosticta 253 schwaneri (Hoplistodera) Philonthus 256 pyrothorax 253 [250 phthisica 258 schwaneri (Onthophagus) Phylax 258 quadratum 250 [256 Phyllodes 261 quadriguttata 254 Sciapteryx 258 Phylloserica 255 quadriguttatum 261 Scolobates 260 Phyllotoma 258 quadriguttatus 259 Scoparipes 249 Phylus 249 quadrillum 253 Scotinophara 251 Phymasterna 254 quadrimaculata 252 scurra 251 Physocephala 256 quincunx 251 Scutellera 252 Phytodictus 259 Selandria 258 Phytodietus 259 radians 251 sellula 250 Phytomyia 256 rayi 262 semilividus 259 pictus 260 rectangulus 255 semiluctuosus 259 Pieris 262 regalis 254 semivestitum 250 pileus 255 reinwardtii 263 semiviolaceus 250 pilifer 255 repentinus 259 senex 260 pilosa 252 Rhachicerus 256 Sepontia 250 Pimpla 259 Rhaphigaster 251 septemdecemguttatus 254 pinguis 258 Rhinoscapha 254, 255 Sericopimpla 259 Placosternum 251 rhododactylus 251 serratus 251 Platylabus 260 Rhyssa 260 Serrognathus 255 Platynopus 250 riparius 252 servillei 250 plebeja (Canthecona) 250 Rogas 258 sieboldii 254 plebeja (Pentatoma) 251 rosarum 253 Silbomyia 256 Pleophylla 255 roscidus 256 similis 257 Podops 251 rosea 250 simson 255 poecilea 262 roseiventer 261 singularis 259 Poecilocoris 252 rosenbergii (Pieris) 262 sixianus 260 268 '. sixii (Coleocentrus) 259 sixii (Selandria) 258 smaragdesthes 254 smaragdina 256 Solea 258 Soror 258 spectrum (Apoderus) 256 spectrum (Dryinus) 260 Spilomicrus 258 Spilosoma 261 spiniger 259 Spudaeus 251 stalii (Callidea) 252 stalii (Dalcantha) 250 Staphylinus 256 stellaris 262 stellio 255 Stenozygum 251 Stenus 256 Sternoplus 254 stictica 251 Strachia 251 Stromboceros 258 Stypotrupes 255 subpatellatus 249 subrugosus 251 sulphurea 262 sumatrana 252 sumatranus 252 sumatrensis 254 superba 262 surjas 262 Sussaba 259 suturalis 254 Syene 260 syngenesiae 258 Systropus 256 Taeniodera 254 Tarisa 251 tarsalis 251 tau 251 tenebrosa 252 Terias 263 tessellatus 256 Tesseratoma 251 testacea 255 Testrica 252 Tetrarthria 252 Tetrix 249 Theocolax 260 theodori 258 Theronia 260 Thestias 263 Thoria 251 tibialis 260 tigrina 262 tigrinus 252 timorensis 251 Tmesisternus 254 Tolumnea 251 tominia 263 tondana 262 tondanense 251 tournieri 259 Tragocerus 254 tragulus 255 transversalis 260 Trichius 254 Trichogomphus 255 Trichomastix 260 trigonalis 261 triguttata 250 trimaculata 250 trimaculatus 258 trisignata 250 trogon 262 Tuberolachnus 252 Tylonca 252 Typhlocyba 253 TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 undulata 257 unicallosus 259 unicolor 255 unifasciatus 259 vallator 258 Vanessa 262 variabilis (Callidea) 252 variabilis (Canthecona) 250 varians 251 varuna 262 venustus 249 verhuellii 261 verlorenii 255 vermiculatus 251 vidua (Clinteria) 254 vidua (Mormidea) 250 vilis (Eupholus) 255 vilis (Parapia) 253 villaenovae 258 vincta 260 Vipio 258 virginalis 261 virgula 249 Vitellus 250 vittata 255 Vulsirea 251 westwoodii (Agalope) 263 westwoodii (Dalcantha) [250 westwoodii (Libyssa) 252 wieneckii 254 wttewaalli 258 Xanthopimpla 259, 260 Xylothrips 253 zebra 260 zoe 262 Bra TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE, DEEL 124, AFL. 6, 1981 ‘© ON. / r Figs. 1—S. Adolias species described by Snellen van Vollenhoven, after his original water colours. .The names of Snellen van Vollenhoven are followed by the names of the taxa (in brackets) Snellen van Vollenhoven’s species are currently considered to belong to. 1. Adolias diardi, holotype (subspecies of Euthalia cocytina Horsfield). 2. Adolias ludekingii, holotype (Euthalia cocytina cocytina Horsfield). 3. Adolias bipunctata, holotype (subspecies of Euthalia monina Fabricius). 4. Adolias octogesima, $ (Euthalia alpheda alpheda Godart; the female of A. octogesima is considered to be the same as Euthalia monina salia Moore). 5. Adolias varuna (subspecies of Tanaecia lutala Moore). TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR ENTOMOLOGIE UITGEGEVEN DOOR DE NEDERLANDSE ENTOMOLOGISCHE VERENIGING REGISTER VAN DEEL 124 * Een sterretje duidt aan een naam nieuw voor de wetenschap * An asterisk denotes a name new to science The articles by Bouéek, Watsham and Wiebes (on p. 232) and Krikken, Van Achterberg, Van Does- burg, De Jong & Zwart (on p. 263) have their own index. DIPTERA aegyptium 112, 142 *albipalpus 111, 112, 144 alticola 140 angustiforceps 144 annulatipes 111, 116, 144, [145 *ascium 111, 117, 144, 146 bipustulatum 133 brumale 144, 145 *chaudhurii 111, 119, 144, [145 Chironomus 111 emarginatum 111 *fasciatipennis 144, 146 *flagellatum 111, 122, 136, [144, 145 fuscoguttata 127 griseoguttatum 111, 120, [125, 144, 145 *insolutum 111, 127, 144, [145 Lauterborniella 127 “lineatum 111, 129, 145 longicrus 131 longinervis 127 *lucidum 111, 131, 145 milnei 145 nitidus 140 nubeculosus 111 nubifer 140 *nudiceps 111, 133, 145, [146 “numerus 111, 112, 131, [135, 145 Pentapedilum 111 Polypedilum 111 sqq proxilitarsis 120 pruina 142 *pseudoflagellatum 111, [137, 145, 146 purimanus 145 *rufomarginalis 111, 140, [145 sealaenulus 145 tonnoiri 129 tridens 142 tripartitum 145 *tripunctum 111, 142, 145 tropicum 142 watsoni 136 HETEROPTERA *assimilis 2, 16, 20 Asthenarius 1, 22 Hylopsallus 1 sqq kiritshenkoi 23 perrisi 1, 2, 16, 17 Psallus 1 sqq quercus 1, 2, 16, 22 variabilis 1, 2, 16, 19 *wagneri 2, 16, 18 LEPIDOPTERA acanthella 39, 75, 108 *andrella 102 anguinella 98 argentipedella 95 argyropeza 28, 31, 43, 44 Artaversala 36 bosquella 72 canadensis 94 canutus 28, 39, 45 castaneae 31, 40, 80 chlorantis 41, 84 clemensella 38, 55 *coruscella 99 Dechtiria 30 ssp. downesi (E. argyro- [peza) 31, 39, 45 Ectoedemia 27 sqq flavipedella 31 Fomoria 35 Glaucolepis 36 grandisella 96 heinrichi 31, 40, 78 *helenella 105 liebwerdella 30 lindquisti 38, 61, 95 Manoneura 36 marmaropa 39, 49 maximella 53 mesoloba 41, 85 mediofasciella 85 nyssaefoliella 29, 37, 67 Obrussa 35 obrutella 41, 72 phleophaga 41, 81 *piperella 40, 77 platanella 38, 51 platea 98 populella 28, 29, 30, 38, [41 quadrinotata 39, 70 *reneella 104 rubifoliella 31, 39, 63 similella 38, 56 stigmella 29, 31, 35 Trifurcula 30 trinotata 39, 46 ulmella 39, 65 virgulae 30, 38, 59 Zimmermannia 30 PLANTAE Voor de namen in Bou- tek, Watsham & Wiebes zie p. 233 *Acer campestre 2, 22 Betula 38 Betula lutea 40 Betula papyrifera 40, 62 Carpinus 39, 72 Carya 39 Carya cordiformis 40, 48 Castanea 40, 41, 81 Carpinus caroliniana 40 Castanea dentata 40, 83 Corylus 38, 39 Corylus americana 40, 59 Nyssa 37 Nyssa sylvatica 40, 67 Ostrya 39 Ostrya virginiana 40 piperella 40 Platanus 38 Platanus occidentalis 40, [53, 54, 56 Populus 38, 39 Populus balsamifera 38, [45, 46 Populus grandidentata 40, [42, 45 Populus tremuloides 40, [42, 45 Quercus 40, 74 Quercus palustris 31, 40, [57, 79 Quercus platanoides 31, [64 Quercus robur 18, 20, 23 Quercus rubra 31, 40, 57 Rosa 38 Rosa woodsii 40, 50 Rubus 39, 40, 63 Ulmus 39 Ulmus americana 40, 67 Ulmus thomasi 67 Ulmus racemosa 40, 67 Ulmus rubra 40, 67 aa MES (i aint lee lapo an N \ de . N nl _ Seme Bookbinding Co., Inc. 100 Cambridge St. Charlestown, MA 02129 ‘APR 3 0 1982 ERNST MAYR LIBRARY LIU 3 2044 110 350 279 Ss EK A Hil id ith 4 i MAR PA == = gen an taucht a J Pee ed ied je ET) N Etats ATV ented] VIN Nest ven ' Gel pa € iis si SO PES Ot or PALER ORL À ee UA] RIMESSI RFI a? RETTEN ARS ER ATEN fig er “i di ut WACO EN KORK x È La HEN HE SNE AR \ SORDO HSA SOUS CCE Pa! | \ GA AS ; ORARI nit î O ul Nu US \ (Sc Kur DIR n si ( ara A do) sii SUM VA MIR au n N N Su BAAS VIOLATO DEHN AND NE Let aap è "RIST ui Tali URN HRN oh AN i eve