South
Carolina

Tobacco

5B273

r628

10.15 \ Chapter in America's Industrial Growth

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SB273
T628
no. 15

fg pruducer of tobacco
xlij by North Carolina
h 33,000 farm families
ight tobacco on 63,000
million.

•^markets auctioned the
fern for use as part of

iant retail market for
'ficfs. More than 19,000
in cigarettes to South
lie level, tobacco prod-
)n in sales.
Tobacco is "king' in South Carolina as it remains the
number one cash crop in the state. From the period of the
first known settlements in the 17th century tobacco has
been closely woven into the economic and social fabric
of South Carolina. This booklet presents the record of
tobacco in the state and describes its current agriculture
and industry.

Tobacco History Series
First Fdition

THE TOBACCO INSTITUTE

1776 K St., N.VV., Washington, D.C. 20006
1972

NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

III Hill mil nil mil iiiii mil Hill
S01 202397 O

South Carolina and
Tobacco

n 1526, only 34 years after Colum-
bus' first voyage, a Spanish colony of 500 was
started near present-day Georgetown, South Caro-
lina. Disease and a bitter winter put an end to
this attempt at colonization.

Later, in 1562, Jean Ribout, a French Huguenot,
built the colony of Charlesfort on Parris Island.
This settlement was later destroyed by Spanish
invaders who settled and then abandoned the out-
post in 1586.

South Carolina was destined to become a Euro-
pean base in 1629 when a charter was granted to
Sir Robert Heath by Charles I. There was no
permanent English settlement in the area until
1663 when Charles II gave to eight of his favorites
all the land from the Virginia borders to well
within the perimeters of Florida. These Lords
proprietor were authorized to legislate and govern
the territory called "Carolina" and with the aid of
the great philosopher John Locke, they wrote the
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina.

An English settlement appeared on Albemarle
point on the Ashley River in 1670 and was soon
moved to the neck of land between the Ashley
and Cooper Rivers. This new settlement was
called Charles Town after the monarch who gen-
erated its establishment. It was later renamed
Charleston, a now busy and affluent commercial
port.

Although rice became the colony's first staple
crop, tobacco culture was not uncommon. Through-
out the state's history, tobacco grew and grew in
importance.

Today, tobacco is the state's number one cash
crop supporting thousands of families in farming,
marketing, transportation and other industries re-
lated to the important tobacco culture.

From the Albemarle settlement to today, to-
bacco has had an important impact on the econ-
omy of South Carolina; an impact so important
that it has brought the crop to "number one" in
South Carolina— a position that will remain stead-
fast for a long time to come.

THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN
SOUTH CAROLINA TODAY

FLUE-CURED TOBACCO BELTS

ALA.

FLA.

OLD BELT (U.S. TYPE 11-A)
MIDDLE BELT (U.S. TYPE 11-B)
EASTERN BELT (U.S. TYPE 12)
BORDER BELT (U.S. TYPE 13)
GEORGIA-FLORIDA (U.S. TYPE 14)

0

A. lie abundant fields

Although tobacco cultivation in South Carolina
was popular during the colonial period and up to
the Civil War, its popularity suffered a temporary
setback after the War. It regained its momentum
just before the turn of the century and tobacco
production in the state has boomed ever since.

South Carolina tobacco, officially called Type
13, grows in the coastal plain or Pee Dee section
of the state. A variety of flue-cured, or Bright
tobacco, it is the only type cultivated in the state.
Not too long ago though, Turkish, or aromatic
tobacco was grown in the northwestern. Piedmont
area of South Carolina.

Across a good part of the countryside numerous
farms grow Bright tobacco for flue-curing. The
quantity produced is abundant: 133,632,578 pounds
in 1971, grown on 63,000 acres on some 25,000
farms, 90 percent of which are under six acres.

riming to curing

Mechanization has as yet hardly touched the
fields of flue-cured tobacco. The cultural routine,
as it has been since colonial days, is dependent
on patient labor, skilled eyes and hands. Each
farmer will put in anywhere from 300 to 400 hours
of labor to produce an acre of tobacco— from prep-
aration of seed beds to harvest to market.

Tobacco cultivation begins in early spring. The
tiny seeds are planted in "beds" and covered until
seedlings are ready to be transplanted in fields
which are meticulously fertilized and well cared
for.

The process is a long and time consuming one.

Tobacco requires just the right amount of water-
improper drainage can result in total loss.

A single acre of flue-cured tobacco yields 100,000
to 150,000 leaves. Each week, two to four mature
leaves are "primed," that is, pulled from each
plant. The harvesting period usually runs five to
eight weeks. Before it is over the leaves will
probably have been examined ten times before
they are ready to be primed. This is the standard
production routine for Bright tobacco, an essen-
tial and laborious chore. After that comes the
precise, tedious work of curing the leaves.

As a preliminary to curing, about forty hands
of three or four leaves per hand are tied together
and strung on sticks and hung in "curing" barns.
In the past, farmers burned large logs to create
the heat vital to the flue-curing process. Later
they used coal and today they use oil and gas.
The fuel has changed, but the basic technique
has remained the same over a century.

After two or three days and nights of watchful
waiting and after the leaves have yellowed, the
temperature is increased to "fix the color," and
dry out the stems.

A liealthy crop
ie way to maturity
'arly in the season.

Some South Carolina tobacco farmers are be-
ginning to bulk-cure their crops. The leaf is hung
in bales while warm air is forced into the barn
through vents. Although this method is growing
in popularity, the vast majority of farmers still
use the traditional flue-curing method.

R

rom bams to buyers

Once out of the curing barns starting in July,
the bright-yellow leaf, sorted and placed onto
sheets as loose leaves goes to the market through-
out the season which normally ends in the fall.
The market opening is marked by intense activity
on the part of auctioneers, buyers, warehousemen,
truckers and others in the 37 warehouses operating
during 1971 in 11 South Carolina markets. Buyers
for the major tobacco manufacturers purchase the
tobacco and have it shipped to redrying plants in
preparation for product manufacturing.

The leaf is a cash crop unlike corn, for example,
which the farmer might feed to his cattle. In 1971
tobacco farmers received about $100,283,000 for
flue-cured leaf sold in the state. The average price
was 75.8 cents per pound. This places South
Carolina in the number three position for the
amount of tobacco produced in the United States
—behind only North Carolina and Kentucky.

Before cured tobacco can be converted into con-
sumer commodities, nature imposes a long sleep
upon it, an aging process that improves its flavor
and aroma. Huge hogsheads of tobacco, after
initial processing of the leaf, are stowed in sprawl-
ing warehouses that collectively occupy miles
of space in many tobacco manufacturing cities
throughout the south.

K

lue-cured vs aromatic

Type 13 grows in about half the state extending
inland from the coast. The federal government's
1971 acreage allotment for flue-cured came to
about 70,000 acres, most of which were in actual
tobacco production. South Carolina's tobacco,
grown in what is called the Border Belt, has
been in great demand for years. Buyers all over
"tobaccoland" journey to the state's markets
yearly to purchase Type 13.

Flue-cured is a major ingredient in cigarettes.
But South Carolina has had another unique type
grown in the mountain areas, and although aro-
matic or Turkish tobacco is no longer grown in
the state, it once thrived throughout the north-
west in the Piedmont sections.

Turkish grew in abundance after World War II
and by 1955, farmers were producing over 100,000
pounds of this special type yearly. Imported from
the middle eastern part of the world, Turkish
tobacco is another part of the mixture that goes
into the making of the cigarette. Although Turkish
is nonexistent now in South Carolina, it had an
important effect on the history of the industry in
the state and will be discussed in a later chapter.

A

n endless supply

There is an unending flow of tobacco goods
across retail shelves. South Carolinians buy to-
bacco products with the confirmed enthusiasm of
other Americans— the largest consumers of tobacco
anywhere in the world. A trade estimate of the
wholesale value of manufactured tobacco distrib-
uted within the state in 1971 is about $54,664,601.
Of this total, cigarettes represented over $48 mil-

Harvesting South
Carolina tobacco.

Courtesy Cooperative
Extension Service,
Clemson University

B

lion. With 19,338 retail outlets selling tobacco
products in the state, consumers have ready access
to the products of their choice. Total retail sales
of cigarettes alone in 1971 came to well over
$102 million.

uttressing tlie economy

Ever since a federal excise was established on
manufactured tobacco, the various tobacco prod-
ucts have been heavily taxed. The tax on finished
commodities was first applied in 1862. Cigarettes
were included in the tax in 1864. Since the incep-
tion of the tobacco excise the total yield to the
United States Treasury through June 1971 has
been over $60 billion.

The current federal rate on each package of 20
cigarettes is eight cents. It was "temporarily"
raised from seven cents in 1952.

Tobacco has supported thousands of people in
South Carolina and created thousands of jobs for
many years. With the purchase of tobacco as a
consumer item, South Carolinians have contrib-
uted vast sums of money to the state's treasury.
Since 1923 when the first tax on tobacco products

was levied by the state South Carolina's tobacco
users have added $293,057,372 to the state's rev-
enues.

The current state excise on cigarettes in South
Carolina is six cents per pack. In 1971 gross state
cigarette collections came to over $18 million. In
addition to the excise, cigarette consumers pay a
four percent sales tax on cigarettes which amounts
to about two cents per pack.

In all, the tobacco industry is very important
to South Carolina. Although there is relatively
no manufacturing of tobacco products there, the
growth of the plant requires a large labor force
both directly and indirectly involved with the
cultivation of tobacco. Type 13 has helped support
manufacturers in border states where the tobacco
is blended into the finest grade cigarettes in the
world.

Much more could be said about the tobacco
industry in South Carolina. But the facts presented
will serve to indicate the paramount place tobacco
holds in the state's economy. It took a very long
time for the "Palmetto State " to arrive at that
position. The history of that achievement is a
dramatic one.

Cured Bright tobacco

on display after

being examined by a

Clemson University

agriculture

extension specialist

upon its removal from

the curing barn.

Courtesy Cooperative
Extension Service,
Clemson University

lO

THE HISTORY OF
TOBACCO IN SOUTH CAROLINA

if

%

I

-^SJfc

A

thriving settlement

When Charles I made a land grant to Sir Robert
Heath in 1629, the area was named "Carolana."
Sir Robert failed to exploit his holdings and its
name was changed to Carolina when Charles II
granted the land to eight Lords proprietor in 1663.
The English settlement on the land between
the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, now Charleston,
began to thrive when cultivation of rice and indigo
became stable. Introduction of trade with local
Indians and Negro slavery further insured a suc-
cessful future for the colony.

Under the leadership of its governor, William
Sayle, the colony multiplied in population and
affluence. In 1670, one settler wrote to a fellow
countryman and praised the land for its wealth
and potential:

The Country proves good beyond expectation
and abounds in all things as good Oake, Ash,
Deare, Turkies, partridges, rabbits, turtle and
fish the land produceth anything that isputtin
it for wee have tried itt with Come, Cotton
and tobacco . . . which proves very well the
lateness of the season considered . . .

Tc

obaceo*s good reputation

The settlers came to Carolina with tobacco.
Part of the group that settled at Albemarle Point
or Charleston, came from Barbados and were al-
ready familiar with the tobacco plant. One planta-
tion owner, upon his arrival in the new community
in 1672, noted the special interest the Indians
there had in tobacco when he wrote: "When we

13

came a shoare . . . we gave them Brass rings and
tobacco at which they seemed well pleased."

Lord Shaftesbury, a backer of the Albemarle
settlement, wrote to Sir Peter Colleton, one of its
leaders, and commented:
I ... am glad to find that the tobacco of
Carolina gives it soe good a reputation
amongst you I was always more confident
and am dayly more and more confirmed that
it will prove the most flourishing plantation
that was ever settled in America . . .
The stage was set for South Carolina. The
growth of Charleston continued and other settle-
ments spread throughout the territory. The entire
area of Carolina, encompassing present day North
and South Carolina, was considered one colonial
territory, although it had two governors, until
about 1712. At this time the two areas became
independent of each other and were referred to as
North and South Carolina.

c

olonial difficulties

During the same period the Church of England
had attempted to control the politics and com-
merce of the colony. Finding the authority of the
Church too depressing, the colonists revolted in
1719 and elected James Moore the Younger gover-
nor of South Carolina. Later, the English proprie-
tory was abandoned and South Carolina became
a Royal Province.

By 1730, immigration to the Province increased
with an influx of settlers from Great Britain,
Scotland, Germany and Switzerland.

The prosperity of South Carolina had reached
a paramount position in the colonies. Charleston

14

was a major seaport by mid-18th century and the
people of South Carolina were slow to break away
from the British. Her commerce was protected by
the British navy, her indigo enjoyed a Parliamen-
tary subsidy, her rice was allowed to be exported
directly to France, but an instinct for self govern-
ment made South Carolinians jealous of imperial
restrictions.

South Carolina sent delegates to the Stamp Act
Congress in 1765 and later to the Continental
Congresses. Just before the outbreak of hostilities
in the colonies. South Carolina annually was ex-
porting nearly a million pounds of tobacco to
Britain and Scotland and receiving about 17,000
pounds of manufactured tobacco back from the
British. But in 1775, a revolutionary Council of
Safety took over the South Carolina government.
The British attempted to recapture Charleston in
June of 1776 but they were repulsed at the city's
Fort Moultrie.

From the collections of the South Carolina Histuncd

A 1794 engraving of the state house at Columbia.

15

B

Charleston, the largest and most prosperous city
in the colonies south of Philadelphia, remained the
capital and was the city where the first independ-
ent state constitution was adopted in the American
colonies. The capital was moved to Columbia in
1786, after South Carolina ratified the United
States Constitution, and it has remained there
since.

uilding for the future

South Carolinians had contributed heavily to
the war with England. Many great South Carolina
heroes emerged from the war, among them Francis
Marion, or the "Swamp Fox," as he was then
called. Marion's colorful escapades with the Brit-
ish seemed to have been more like fictional tales
rather than fact, but he and his brave South Caro-
lina troops justly rank among the heroes of the
American Revolution.

After the Revolution much of South Carolina
and Georgia adopted tobacco as a staple and in-
troduced regular warehouse and inspection pro-
cedures. The "golden leaf" was already booming
throughout Virginia and North Carolina. But the
invention of the cotton gin held back the growth
of tobacco and although there was a good deal of
tobacco harvested in the state, planters focused
much of their attention on cotton.

In the latter part of the 18th century tobacco
markets were established in Cheraw, Columbia,
Charleston, Camden and Beaufort. Shipping of
South Carolina tobacco to other states and over-
seas was handled through Charleston. Much of
the South Carolina tobacco was sent to Virginia

16

From the collections of the South Carolina Historical Society
A 19th century street scene in front of Charleston Theatre.

and North Carolina where manufacturing and
processing plants were thriving.

After the turn of the century, the political at-
mosphere in South Carolina began to change.
Once a hardy advocate of nationalism and federal
power, South Carolina's populace began to cham-
pion state's rights. These feelings grew because
of the mounting anti-slavery movement in the
North and because of the increasing protective
tariff on cotton levied by the federal government.
Also, slavery proved inefficient to the manufac-
ture of cotton products in South Carolina and
Gulf ports for the shipping of the crop were
growing at Charleston's expense. Irate over the
tariff, the South Carolina legislature passed the
Nullification Act of 1832, declaring what it be-
lieved to be its sovereign right to declare null
any act of Congress found disagreeable to the
people. Although the tariff problem was settled
by a compromise in 1833, anti-federal feelings
continued to rise and became so intense that year
during the administration of Andrew Jackson that
there was almost an armed confrontation between
federal and South Carolina troops.

17

T

lie dawn of conflict — and disaster

As relations between the South CaroUna state
government and the federal government were erod-
ing, arguments over slavery further polarized the
North and South. The state's economy was thriv-
ing and by 1860, South Carolina ranked third in
per capita wealth in the United States. Cotton,
corn and tobacco ranked high in agricultural
products that buttressed the economy. South Caro-
lina was not prepared to let her economic afflu-
ence be affected by social and economic sanctions
set forth by the federal government.

On December 20, 1860 the state legislature
approved the Ordinance of Secession, making
South Carolina the first southern state to leave
the Union. Ten other states followed suit and
formed the Confederate States of America. On
January 9, 1861, Southern shore batteries fired
on the vessel Star of the West which was at-
tempting to deliver supplies to a United States
garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston. Later,
Confederate troops bombarded and captured the
fort, thus opening hostilities.

JL obacco makes a comeback

The War proved devastating to both the people
and the economy of South Carolina. In 1865,
General William T. Sherman, with an army of
60,000, cut through the state leaving only ashes
behind. Half of the state's agriculture was de-
stroyed, including almost half the tobacco crop.
During the years of Reconstruction, tobacco culti-
vation in South Carolina was negligible. Then,
some of the North Carolina manufacturers became

18

B

interested in expanding the growth of flue-cured
tobaccos and they sent experts into the state to
teach South Carolina farmers how to grow it.

This type of tobacco first entered South Carolina
in Horry, Marion, Florence, Williamsburg, Dar-
lington, Sumter and Clarendon counties.

A pioneer in the development of Bright tobacco
in the Pee Dee area was W. H. (Buck) Daniel
who planted his first crop in Mullins, today one
of the two largest markets in the state. Born in
North Carolina, Daniel enlisted in the Confed-
erate Army in 1861. He was captured and im-
prisoned in Elmira, New York, until his release
at the War's end. He walked back to North
Carolina and later moved to the Pee Dee section
of the state.

In 1876, Daniel founded the W. H. Daniel Sup-
ply Company. He ultimately went on to build
the city's first tobacco warehouse and its first
redrying plant, and established the Bank of Mul-
lins. He was also one of the organizers of the
Merchants and Farmers Bank of Marion— the first
bank to make direct loans to farmers in the Pee
Dee, to finance raising crops and supplanting,
to some extent, the crop lien system and easing
the tobacco farmers' financial problems.

right tobacco flourislies

Another pioneer in the development of South
Carolina's flue-cured crop was Frank M. Rogers.
Rogers cultivated a small tobacco crop in 1882
around Florence. By 1884 he had 20 acres and in
1885 he recorded a profit of $9,000. Soon, tobacco
flourished as many of his neighbors followed suit
and began planting tobacco all over the Pee Dee.

19

But there were no local markets in the area, and
it was inefficient for individual growers to ship
their crops to the manufacturing centers to the
north. Rogers, therefore, went to Durham, North
Carolina, where he met with successful manu-
facturer James B. Duke and others to seek buyers
who might attend a South Carolina market. In
1890, a warehouse operator from Danville, Vir-
ginia, R. A. Croxton, came to Florence and with
Roger's backing, opened the state's first tobacco
warehouse.

Four years later, in Mullins, Buck Daniel opened
the Planter's Warehouse. Daniel had hired North
Carolina experts to come down to the "Palmetto
State" and advise farmers and warehousemen
how to handle their crops most efficiently. By
1895 there were 200 tobacco barns around Mullins
and a great deal of the crop was being shipped
to Virginia and North Carolina.

One Marion County historian described the
situation well when he wrote in 1901:
By the year 1900 Mullins' market had three
large warehouses, four large and well equipped
tobacco stemmeries . . . which employ four or
five hundred hands. This has given Mullins
an impetus not dreamed of ten years ago.
People are emigrating from all parts, houses
are not to be had. She has a bank. This spirit
animates, actuates and permeates the whole
surrounding country.

The extension of Bright tobacco into the area
was even uniquely encouraged by a newspaper.
The News and Courier of Charleston distributed
seeds, gave instructions and employed professional
demonstrators to advise prospective growers on
farm techniques and other information related to

20

tobacco cultivation. In 1890, South Carolina ranked
19th in production of tobacco. By the turn of the
century she ranked sixth among 42 tobacco pro-
ducing states in the country.

Xhe piedmont yields turkisli tobacco

Turkish tobacco, a special aromatic type, is used
in the manufacture of cigarettes. Blended with
other types, Turkish helps to provide the distinct-
ive flavor of the rich American cigarette.

In 1939, Duke University at Durham, North
Carolina, began experiments to see if the south-
eastern states could grow Turkish tobacco. With
the beginning of World War II, it became more
difficult to import good Turkish tobacco from
Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and Soviet Russia. As
the experiments were intensified, they proved
successful, and South Carolinians found the north-
western. Piedmont section of the state ideal for
the growth of Turkish or aromatic tobacco. Some
additional amounts of it were grown on the coastal
plains.

Planting of Turkish in the American southeast
was largely experimental until the late 1940' s
and early 1950' s. In 1947, for example, aromatic
was cultivated in six South Carolina counties on
only 20.5 acres. Farmers produced about 25,500
pounds that brought more than $19,000. By 1955,
the growth of aromatic spread to 18 counties. It
was planted on about 200 acres which produced
nearly 150,000 pounds valued at $106,500 to the
farmers.

Since then, however, overseas sources regained
preference, and virtually no Turkish tobacco is
grown in South Carolina today.

21

M

anufacturing enters tlie scene

In 1900 it was reported that there were six
estabhshments making cigars and cigarettes in
South Carolina with a capital of $12,510. The
value of manufactured products that year came
to $31,550. In 1905 there were seven such establish-
ments with a capital of $699,296, employing 500
people and using $108,289 in materials. The value
of products manufactured that year came to
$257,078. In 1907, one plant turned out $378,000
in manufactured goods. For a while it seemed as
if the tobacco manufacturing business would
thrive in the state. But competition to the north
proved so strong that manufacturing and process-
ing of flue-cured were left mostly to Virginia and
North Carolina.

S

trong and. sturdy

Well before World War I, tobacco became a
leading industry in South Carolina. In 1907, Hart-
well M. Ayer, a member of the state General As-
sembly from Florence, filed a report with the
United States Department of Agriculture and said:
South Carolina tobacco has won its place in
markets of the world. It has been growing in
favor rapidly for some years, and is now being
especially advertised by foreign houses for
their trade as the most pleasing of all tobac-
cos. It is understood that fully 75 percent of
this tobacco is used at home . . . it has been
in great demand all over the country. It is
used for wrappers and cigarettes and cut
plug, which is year by year becoming more
and more in demand. It has both beauty of

22

color and body which makes it the most
desirable weed on the market . . . it has a
place all its own and that is at the top of
the list. It will sell high when other tobaccos
do not.

1907 was truly an impressive year for South
Carolina's tobacco farmers. Over 26 million pounds
of flue-cured were produced on 27,000 acres and
were sold for almost $3 million, at an average
10.75 cents per pound. James Wilson, U.S. Secre-
tary of Agriculture from 1897 to 1912, rode through
South Carolina from the coast to the Piedmont
and said: "No section of the world offers such
inducements for diversified farming."

A

Uotments and acreage control

Despite its growth, there was very little stability
in the tobacco industry in South Carolina and
elsewhere until acreage control was introduced in
the late 1930' s. Over-production could cause prices
to dive to a deplorable level. Congress approved
an allotment program to limit tobacco acreage and
to support tobacco prices. This resulted in a more
regulated and controlled crop. Farmers were grow-
ing better quality tobacco at a higher rate of
production per acre. In return, the price of tobacco
became stable and increased yearly.

M

ild tobacco for cigarettes

In the early days of tobacco production in South
Carolina, the primary emphasis in farming was on
the production of high flavored tobacco especially
for adaptation to the manufacture of plug or chew-

23

ing and pipe tobacco. As production spread to the
lighter soils of the southeast, and the use of "tai-
lormade" cigarettes became more popular, in the
1930's and 40's, the market demand shifted to
the mild types of tobacco best suited to cigarette
manufacture.

The increase in yield per acre as well as im-
provement in quality has progressed throughout
the years. The general adoption of better plant
production practices, improved cultivation, the
use of better and more efficient fertilizers and dis-
ease and insect deterrents along with the better
varieties produced from the 1930's to date, have
caused Type 13 tobacco to become recognized as
among the best in the entire tobacco belt.

South Carolina has come a long way from the
tiny Albemarle settlement to today. The state
produces more flue-cured tobacco than any other
area in the United States with the exception of
North Carolina. Tobacco and related industries
have created jobs and have been the source of the
livelihood of thousands of South Carolinians over
the years.

For South Carolina, the "golden leaf is para-
mount to all other forms of agriculture within the
state. It took a long time for tobacco to gain that
foremost rank. And as far as South Carolinians
are concerned, tobacco will be around for a long
time to come.

24

Data on the current tobacco industry in South Carolina have
been supplied by the Cooperative Extension Service of Cleinson
University, Agriculture Experiment Station, Florence, S.C.; Eco-
nomic Research Service and Agriculture Marketing Service,
United States Department of Agriculture; and the Tobacco Tax
Council, Richmond, Va.

A special note of thanks is due to D. A. Benton of the Pee
Dee Experiment Station in Florence, S.C.; Dr. U. S. Jones,
Dr. Norwood Page and Dr. L. P. Anderson all of Clemson
University, College of Agricultural Sciences; Marion Fowler,
executive secretary of the South Carolina Tobacco Warehouse
Assn., Inc. in Lake City and to J. M. Lewis of Florence.

Material on the history of tobacco in South Carolina came
from The Shaftesbury Papers, Vol. V, South Carolina Historical
Society (1897); Tobacco and Americans, Robert K. Heimann
(1960); The Story of Tobacco in America, Joseph C. Robert (1967);
The Bright Tobacco Industry, Nannie May Tilley (1948); Mullins,
The City of Opportunity, published by the Mullins. S.C. Cen-
tennial Commission, Inc. (1972); Growing Flue-Cured Tobacco
in South Carolina, Circular 287, Clemson University Cooperative
Extension Service (1969); Aromatic Tobacco Production Practices
and Requirements, D. E. Crawford, Clemson Agricultural Col-
lege (1967); Ramsey's History of South Carolina, David Ramsey,
M.D., Volumes I & II (1858); Statistics of South Carolina,
Robert Mills (1826); The Production of Tobacco, W. W. Garner
(1946); Handbook of South Carolina, State Department of Agri-
culture, Commerce and Immigration (1907). Other information
on the history and current data concerning tobacco and South
Carolina were obtained from various circulars published by
Clemson University in cooperation with the United States De-
partment of Agriculture.

The quotations on p. 13 are from The Shaftesbury Papers as is
the p. 14 quote, the quote on p. 20 is from the Mullins' Centen-
nial booklet, A History of Marion County, W. VV. Sellers (1901);
the p. 22 reference to South Carolina tobacco is from Handbook
of South Carolina as is the James Wilson quote on p. 23.

Permission to quote directly from this booklet is granted

Additional copies will be made available without charge

upon request to The Tobacco Institute

1776 K St., N.W., Washington, DC. 20006