SB 273
.$73
Copy 1

TOBACCO

ele Ni

Virginia & North Carolina.

)

| Soine observations in connection with
| the several types of Tobacco now pro-
duced in these two States (including

Dr. Voelcker’s examination of our |
7” Fine Yellow Tobacco), and on the
| introduction of a new type, namely,

_ Cigar Tobacco.

|
| PRESENTED BY
| Tue Souruern Fertmizinc Company,

RICHMOND, VA.

|
|
| Clemmitt & Jones, Printers, Richmond, Va

—

. gre

MEMORANDUM.

Now that the election is done, and the result declared, we can settle
down to the sober routine of daily life, and, like earnest men, try to conquer
a living from the times.

We, in Virginia, are specially blest in the immunity we have enjoyed
from the-tyranny under which our brethren in the Cotton States have for
so many years groaned. Our recuperation though has been slow; the loss
of eight hundred millions in property, and the taxable area covered by
West Virginia, cannot be replaced at once. What has been accomplished,
however, is no mean achievement, and taking heart from its contemplation,
we will yet make Virginia, viewed in any way we like, a land of which our
children may boast with an honest pride. The business of remoulding our-
selves is a very hard one, but not too hard for men who are resolved.to win.

That good people from abroad might be induced to share our fortunes,
the State Board of Immigration last year took a step in the right direction
when they issued that document (“ Virginia : A Summary,” ée.) setting
forth the attractions of our State. This book has been given considerable
publicity, especially in the British Isles; and we trust will be supplemented
by the arrangement we urge in the pages following. We understand that
inquiry concerning Virginia is very general in England, and we cannot too
much rejoice at the prospect of a large influx of the blood and energy of
that splendid people.

We will not cease to hope and strive, coveting ever the spirit of old
PurcHas, when he wrote: ‘‘I see many likely to be disheartened by the
slender growth of the Virginia Plantation, which for the time might have
been not only a safe but a blessed mother of a numerous and thriving geuer-
ation, branching far into other colonies, and yet is! J sede no where, but
entwine Virginia with a right heart, my pen directed, my hands erected, FOR.

HER GOOD.”

93 1044 « RCE UNK JOWs

WM. H. PALMER, President.
JOHN ENDERS, Vice-President.
FOHN OTT, Secretary.

Dr. W. H. TA VLOR, Chemist.
State Chemist and Assayer,
WH, GILHAM, Ass’t Sec’y,

‘Tue SourHern Fertivizinc Company,
RICHMOND, Va., Marche1G, 1877.

‘To ouR FRIENDS:

As it was proper that our friends, engaged in the pro-
‘duction of Tobacco, should know what was being done elsewhere in the
world, in this direction, we took the trouble, year before last, to get together
the data, in a compact shape, showing how much was grown in each coun-
try, what the character of the Tobacco was, how and where it was used, and
the price it brought in the London market. The result of this exhibit indi-
cated plainly the fact that unless the crop we grow commanded our best
attention, and maintained a high standard of excellence’in quality, we were
‘by no means sure of a paying return for our labor. We saw, indeed, that,
except the British Isles, and the most northerly part of the Continent, both
in Europe and Asia, every people under the sun produced more or less of
this crop ; and also, that some of them were diligent in their efforts to im-
prove its quality. Steam and the telegraph having made the world a close
community, we cannot, in the face of the active competition such a condition
of things both permits and invites, pursue our business with eyes closed to
what other people are doing in the same line.

It will certainly not avail us to lay any particular stress on the production
of low-grade Tobacco beyond what cannot be avoided; because there are too
many people in the world who cannot raise anything else, and with whom
we cannot compete on equal terms. Kast India Tobacco may be taken as an
example, and Germany, a large customer of ours, has of late been buying a
good deal of it. The export of Tobacco from British India (British Board
of Trade), 1872-3, was 17,789,577 pounds, value £134,331, or 33 cents per
pound; 1873-74, 21,337,432 pounds, value £165,275, or 37% cents per
pound; and 1874-'5, 36,830,484 pounds, value £228,201, or 375 cents per
pound. From which we observe that the export more than doubled in three
years, and that the price was exceedingly low.*

*IN the “ Commercial Relations of the United States, 1875,’ we notice the following re-
port of the United States Consul at Gibraltar. It shows a very important outlet to India for
her Tobacco, and should be of interest to us:

«On account of the high cost of Kentucky leaf Tobacco in the United States consequent
on short crops, the importations in this class of Tobacco packed in hogsheads have some-

4

Australia (notably New South Wales and Victoria) is encouraging the
production of this crop, and Australia has ever been a heavy customer of
ours. In 1875, 679,649 pounds were grown in New South Wales, and
765,968 pounds in Victoria. The quality is poor, but the government is aid-
ing the work by allowing a bonus to the manufacturer of domestic Tobacco:
not enjoyed by that imported. Of course, unless the quality of the home-
grown Tobacco is improved so as to approach that imported, the bonus would
avail nothing. To our knowledge, the Australian commissioner to the Phil-
adelphia exhibition availed himself of all the information accessible in this:
country, about the cultivation and curing of Tobacco. We are shamed by
the energy and enterprise of this new people (based too as it was originally
on a colony of convicts.) That people have already achieved wonders,* and

what diminished during the past year (1875), but the deficiency has been more than fully
met by large and constant supplies of East India descriptions, imported direct from Cal-
cutta by steamers, This India Tobacco now interferes considerably with the sale of low
grades of Kentucky and Virginia leaf, since importers can afford to sell it at comparatively
lower rates, It is evident that with the improved cultivation that is now being generally
diffused for the growing of Tobacco throughout India, this branch of trade with European
markets will increase in importance, and may in future seriously interfere with the prospects:
for the sale of Americas Tobacco, especially as regards the low or common grades of Ken-
tucky and Virginia leaf. This India Tobacco is mostly used for chopping purposes, and
answers well in the manufacture of cigarettes by mixing with other descriptions of Tobacco
of higher grade and flavor. An active business has also been done in cigar cuttings (seed
leaf) direct from the United States, as is proved by 3,425 cases having been landed here
during the past year.”’

*THE following official figures, from the Statesman’s Year Book, London, 1875, speak
louder than words of the progress of Australia. They show what can be done by men re-

solved to win,. An export of $60,000,000 worth of wool in a single year is no trifling

matter :
1869. | 1873 Value of ex-
Colonies, port of Wool

year 1872.
Imports. Exports. Imports Exports.
oS cS oo oe eS

New South Wales..... 7,700,743 7,577,724| 11,088,388] 11,815,829 3,342,900
New Zealand........... 4,976,126 4,224,860 6,241,062 5,521,800 2,069,980
@ueensland.a... 33 ).2.08 1,717,472 2,104,887 2,881,726 3,542,513 497,252
South Australia......... 2,754,770 2,993,035 3,829,836 4,587,859 1,186,745
Masmanlarsc.caccres, cs 75,412 826,932 1,107,137 893,550 279,194.
Wilctontariss. 3:38.00. 13,908,990] 13,464,354] 16,533,856] 15,302,454 4,651,665
Western Australia...... 256,730 205,502 297,328 265,217 120,796:
POtaveeeeises.--<-| 32,290,243|" 31,397,294] 41,979)357| 41(920,228| 12) 14S.cee
Equal to............!$161,451,215|$156,986,470!$209,896,785|$209,646,140! $60,742,660.

The United States Consul at Melbourne reports: ‘‘ The spendthrift system of continuous
grain growing is fast giving place to a rational course of husbandry, into which the breed-
ing of sheep enters largely, The wool trade, formerly second to gold, is now first in impor-

5

are leaving no effort untried to induce immigration to their shores from all
parts of the world, and what is more, are securing the immigrants. They are
prepared to show samples of everything their country has to offer to help
the fortunes of the new comers. We, in Virginia, happy beyond most peoples
in the bounty of Nature, are, in respect of the development of our resources,
but little ahead of the kingdom of Powhatan when Capt. John Smith made:
its acquaintance. Of what avail is this wealth if we neither: use it ourselves,
nor permit anybody else to use it? Can we expect people to take an inter-
est in us if we take none in ourselves? Will merely talking about these re-
sources ever develop them? We must show what we have, and show it in
a way that people will understand it. We hold then that Virginia can
make no possible investment that will bring better returns than the estab-
lishment at her capital of a museum exhibiting her resources, embracing
not only what is buried in the ground, but what also grows out of the
ground. It would cost very little to arrange and maintain such an establish-
ment; and we do hope that, as poor as we are, the present Legislature will
not adjourn without some action in this behalf. We want to extend our
taxable area, first, that we may do something towards caring for our public
obligations, and second, to relieve our unproductive lands of the burden they
are now compelled to bear. Will not petitions go up from every county in
the Commonwealth praying the Legislature to take this step? This isa
measure of true economy; and that we must strive after if we are to get out
of our troubles. Our sister State, North Carolina, is far in advance of us in
enterprise. She has a museum at her capital, in charge of her own geolo-
gist, Prof. W. C. Kerr, that would honor any State. There is found, pro-
perly arranged in glass cases, specimens of all the minerals of the State,
their location given with extent and character of deposit; specimens of all
the timber of the State, dressed and undressed; samples of her building
stone; a complete collection of marls, with the analyses attached; a full as-
sortment of the medicinal herbs and roots to be found within her borders;
indeed, everything necessary to show toa stranger what North Carolina has
to offer him to locate and invest his money there. Added to all this isa

tance, It affords a permanent and secure occupation for the capitalists of the country. The
climate of Australia is most favorable to sheep and cattle, which thrive wonderfully, It is
especially suited for the merino sheep, which here attains its best development; conse-
quently the wool produced has achieved a high standard of excellence, unsurpassed in any
other part of the world, This is mainly due to the enterprise and judgment of flock owners,
who have spared no cost to import and produce the most valuable sheep that can be had,”
The number of sheep in the colony of Victoria alone, was in 1875, 11,221,036. Does Vir-
ginia and North Carolina give no hope as a sheep-growing region? Is the lust for office
still so strong in our leading men as to allow them to prevent the exercise of our energy in
this direction, by a longer toleration of worthless dogs, mainly owned by hardly less worth-
iless men, but men who have votes? This is a serious question; how will we answer it?

6

map of the State of enormous dimensions, showing the character of her soils,
the location of her mines and forests, lines of transportation, market price of
lands, &. Should we have less? Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri, are
amply provided for in this particular, and their respective bureaux are pre-
sided over by Virginia-born men, a compliment to us in one way, but a dis-
‘grace to us in another,—in this, that finding in their own State no demand
for the exercise of their talents they were compelled to seek employment else~
where, thus draining from the State the ability she so urgently needs to de~
velop her own resources, and place her in the position the possession of these
resources so eminently entitle her tooccupy. Are we willing that this condi-
tion of affairs should continue? A man to fill such a position with credit can
still be found within our borders,-—can we afford to allow his acquirements
to rust, or permit him, listening to more appreciative people elsewhere, to
abandon his home? Let us think less of office-holding and more of building
up the Commonwealth. It is the first duty of every man of us to do all in
his power to improve the general interest; if that prospers he prospers of
course. In this connection, how does the Tobacco interest fare? We have
nothing whatever reliable showing the extent of our crop each year; what
proportion the production of each particular type bears to the whole; how »
much enters our markets from other States; in few words, this great interest
is allowed to go utterly at random, and the buyers being uncertain as to how
they should proceed, the margin to cover the doubt must be provided by the
seller. The person in charge of our museum could see also to our crop sta-
tistics, and thus save us from the mortification of being unable to answer
the necessary questions that daily arise in the business of moving our crops.

Last year, we gave a historical account of Tobacco in Virginia, to show
how, from the beginning, it has been the chief source of income to our peo-
ple, and how that, through the means it provided, the Colony of Virginia
very soon reached a commanding position, allowing as they did her sons to.
receive the benefit of ample culture in the best schools, and to dispense a
hospitality only possible to long established countries, working in the regular
way. ‘The position Virginia held in the respect not only of the rest of this
country, but throughout the world, was no mean boast. The war came to
waste her fields and destroy her children, but the heritage of glorious man-
hood left by that struggle, makes her still rich, giving the boys who are now
her hope strength to maintain her prestige ; yea more, add to the lustre of
her renown.

We propose now to present some general observations concerning this
crop, in respect especially of the several types peculiar to our region, and
ascertain, as far as may be, the points of encouragement the prospect has
to show.

The country has made very slow progress, if any, in recovering from the
panic of 1873. The wretched policy of the General Government has been

7

the chief cause of this tardy reaction looking to better times. It has been
lawless and corrupt in the extreme; it has squandered the people’s money
with an abandon unprecedented in the history of the country ; and its in-
famy has reached the climax in seating an unelected man in the chair of the
Presidency. We, in the South, did all we could in voting for the man who
represented the idea of relief from oppression; beyond this we were power-
less to go. The new man has begun his career,—and his promises, as far as
they affect us, are very satisfactory. Will they be realized in his acts? By
these only are we to judge him; and if they are fair and generous, of course
we will not fail to respond. Regard always begets regard, and oppression
hatred. We are compelled to live under his rule,—and being so, will
meet his friendly approaches to the fullest extent consistent with our self-
respect and the maintenance of our principles.

At the last session of Congress, the friends of the Tobacco interest were not
idle. The Committee, of which the Hon. Jonn RaAnpoteH TuckERr, of Vir-
ginia, was chairman, presented an exhaustive report on the Tobacco Tax:
They showed how the North and East, by securing the repeal of the income
tax, and entire immunity from taxation in connection with their manufac-
tures (whose name is legion), and on the United States bonds in which a
large portion of their money was invested, had shifted the burden of sus-
taining the government almost entirely to the shoulders of the West and
the Tobacco-growing States of the South.*

* We take the following tables from the Report of the Committee, that they may be per-

petuated, They are an instructive lesson to our children :
States, 1867. 1875.
NORTHEASTERN STATES,
INiaiitn Ceeeeeete ese aiicds sce ssoslacse celta devteicvasesesedscincseiseceee $2,326,380 90 $107,476 15
MNGi NADI PISIIT np ccisdsonc cvgsceace cascesesstessssees cese~s cosines 2,882,147 20 299,389 55
IVieTIM OT Cree eee c Nee scabies a ctics es ce vos teeecaessuaciascmisoswiees sales 986,279 35 58,582 18
MassachuSettStcnacss-crceoseese .. 28,088,077 60 2,708,014 29
TEclhvoydiy TESTE nao Megan AOR a ane Rea a a Ga 5,049,974 00 231,978 00
CONMECHCUts esse se yeccret<sscee cee ceiesomacteoe geveeseee eee eeeens 7,582,970 57 627,717 96
Mic tals rersaaseaamee na sneecewsceccnacs, tadeansvawereerto3ea $46,015,829 42 $4,033,155 13
MIDDLE STATES.
SINT VM O LN R a a civ cicine ah Se No saicire ae se Reais sats uawacaBec conti tees 58,825,159 06 15,238,881 81
PNM GESC Vi vssets daveacop tee sestettereine =: occ cocker eaonss cekoescen ee 7,890,262 61 2,363,469 41
IREnnSVIVAMIar.cs, oes cvcieceses cee Facelemaastoteaiea elev e teitecarens ccaiens 27,580,633 30 6,157,960 04
De aaa ben ney occ aie cluaeer eee acters tener ene oe cuek Pingnsoeduucae 785,967 28 360,331 03
MGM Sia sn ass apeoseien anes as saueere/ccrecconc essere cs ctens $95,082,021 95 $24,120,642 29
NORTHWESTERN STATES.
(55 Se en A bo ee Ae 19,902,527 66 14,662,720 17
HENAN Ale terter tints celina: sos siacesisseeselescseolesteseseciesessteccercesass 4,122,863 98 4,653,789 05
Allinois...21,-+- EA ete bas « senncae totes secu meatbeaccte os heses sees 12,112,985 84 17,634,626 71
WUE AA NEE ao chosiiv.sccesisucesaetess RE We ss ele Bee aes 3, 3,112,070 47 1,931,284 80

8

As showing the bearing of this tax, on both producer and consumer, we

quote some extracts from the Committee's Report :

“In the case of tobacco, the range of prices for which is very great, the excise is the

same for all,
priced consumed by the rich, burdened with the excise of 24 cents.

The lower-priced tobacco consumed by the poorer classes is, like the higher
Without this tax the

States 1867. 1872.

WIS CONST ageseadeccennose Geocc0ecs as oncppc.ccunadasHosdabandesotos 2,513,025 41 2,722,076 75
HOW peters sive inkis oases iisenineesncees by [ccdobnisaac cameras cpicee sce ceeee sy 2,074,052 35 1,040,217 69
hy itn aves OE Ga pap ener sconea dea aeeorn of chocts GeonoSsebocose sesonclecd 452,104 42 228,362 45
WGANISAS toc eccses cscshesessece tees CBA OB CO REACH REC OSCE SOBEL OEE 367,543 Io 133,685 86
MNie braskad}.caccecsnees cncedcessmontereeeses Pails Pion scteausiecen senses 107,075 34 292,472 30
IMIGH LANA 50 cece ssjcsisnteoluseds assesclecseesceines dou Gedes si iibhaveldssis 77,431 14 23,666 Io
WakoOtay\ccsisesactesstencs Peasieasacyseis auciusececesaniscesesisleses aces 1,900 02 10,040 18
Colorado pease sacte sc scctsesasas scmsestcavsesne Se ceccenarcslesssce 151,686 51 70,531 82
PAT IZ ON ae oem R etic mea cas Satccaus Seal Padee ele cae iwbe Selcoae ase 2,665 23 10,263 06
NIG aliG SeeRBePenME nS une, seejacehie sess canta cbaczuesenes's Re coe neseiescnas 81,236 90 19,136 00
UW) tall peeee EN isc ec etccin ck Gos iceccnsies woeces Gucrcsaeesltoaceer oe eae 64,296 34 31,899 68
WAY, GQUININT OPRMNE bore ceicdesencavene sesitans cs ase toes seseess oe tesmenaees ee 11,942 II

Rtoralt: ost be nn A ot eoaer en tae: Sacdatetces $43,144,364 71 $43,476,694 73

SOUTH MIDDLE STATES,

Maryland t scsceqjeccceccsticetsa crest te Rabeseciecteacen Muscpecesccase 6,162,177 85 2,760,736 57
AWA OUN A ee aac leeeeec cs alcctocieeesecniscaesecwsiaceoenicdessecennes 1,966,732 02 7,660,921 20
WIESE RAVAN IN Abeese ey eee lav etisscecelessees oon: bstees Seca ssecoheeeees 944,524 41 508,868 20
INOnehmCarolinateessce-cceccecece veces) esssecieaecetineoeadeos seston 1,648,752 35 1,630,423 58
Kentucky ...... ..sseseeeesceeee coves sestee rosecereecse svesen crcase 5,415,134 02 9,025,587 88
IMMSS OUR tases ajessdesicccscsaicsccdshes'ssleceslessesics Seitooteaeno badasD 6,494,095 53 4,594,875 31

PROLAU Eero s eater bance sastercs wfindaaduiyiethcuppacsee «+ $22,631,406 18 $26,181,412 74

SOUTH COTTON STATES.*

BRE MMALONNG on lars nlis seis <abasseacassanac sus sacesss com aisa ose 1,816,894 21 122,277 92
Georgia MMe Ne ear ae cicais sc aasisceeceitacoeenece bcos ee suronesaeete 4,487,440 90 388,226 84
EIS GI MPa cn cce css ts cecacewscstos coceescesetmascres sucessusnces 557,988 56 184,777 59
Alabama........ SCRONCOLO OOnE6 36d Coco AGA caConcHESe AAdedaag Ho5cKs 4,119,130 23 115,689 37
IMMSSISSIPPlicccsacsclacces use st osievscsecss cose saiease <desetteceseneseren AA GOS OZ OTT 96,967 92
IDOMISIAN ates trteet cee c nae! Aeccac eas ceecer dunt eeeuat eee nee 6,226,787 86 606,264 38
MEKAS eases ceciceseee schiccccdssecetse smn S 52 LIE OOB MSO 258,243 29
UNTICANSAS).5, sec eos'eete see Lge ce ester LAS 2uls, 1S 75,517 44
PRIDE SS COR Uy. ccs. cc)-Ce'vew eet eactecesoeneces te SEcOCOUAD oe 3,349,459 51 861,645 28

MO tale sc cascade arssen Caccraeseets coteteeeee erences $30,104,904 81 $2,709,524 03

PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORY,

(CHIT OTTIONE), pop ocAE CH COE Re OSC RCE ONE LEEE EO CONEE ECE EDR EECEO EEEEe 6,757,131 69 2,988,033 26
OTe MOmeereeee abiec sie stetjies sonics ech Lance tcantt: vesseaeeed seeeawenese 351,450 16 47,939 64
ING Vel Coenen tore coc ocaiteso cack 5 cccee fase socsisesscceeeovestnes : 290,174 24 58,803 30
Washington Territory...... Sresecacoresaces tassceterceTee teens cee 78,911 80 21,146 60

otaless... de vo scivcevecesceccsee onesies Pabe mt eeeceeenaeet $7,477,067 89 $3,115,922 80

This result needs to be corrected by reference to the fact that the whole internal revenue

* The great falling off in the Cotton States is due to the repeal of the cotton tax.

9

laborer may buy for smoking or chewing an article at the price of say 6 cent®. The excise
raises it to 30 cents, a tax of 400 per cent, The Commissioner of Internal Revenue esti-
mates the average consumption to be 15 pounds of manufactured tobacco to each consumer,
and 246 cigars, which represents about 6 pounds, or 21 pounds in all, valued at $1.26.
Thus the price to the consumer of this lower priced tobacco would be raised by the excise
from $1.26 to $6.30 per annum; or he would pay $5.04 tax for his consumption of tobacco
worth $1.26. And when it is remembered that the mass of the laboring men of the coun-
try use this article, it will beseen how burdensome upon labor is this tax upon a simple ar-
ticle of those so-called luxuries which he is able to enjoy.

“On the other hand, the higher priced article, say worth 20 cents cents a pound, is taxed
the same, 24 cents per pound, or 120 per cent.; in the aggregate only the same total tax
of $5.04 per pound, The tax on the poor and the rich is alike, with this marked difference :
that the poor pays the same tax for the most inferior article that the rich does for the best;
in other words, the laborer pays 30 cents per pound for an inferior tobacco under the tax,
when, without the tax, he could buy for two-thirds that price the very best quality of
tobacco.

“Such a rate of tax must decrease consumption and must diminish production; or, as
‘consumption would decrease at an enhanced price, the producer must lower his price to in-
‘duce the same quantum of consumption. Thus this heavy excise must tax consumer and
producer, and will especially operate upon the producers of the lower grades of tobacco,

‘But tobacco is a staple with which the producer buys the necessaries of his daily life,
and which, if to be restricted by the device of excise, because a hurtful luxury to the con-
‘sumer, will deprive the country of an important source of wealth, decrease the value of
lands in many of the States, and ruin many of their citizens. The Government should not,
if it had the power, and cannot, because it has not, pervert a revenue power into an instru-
ment for striking down an industry which for more than two hundred and fifty years has
been a prime source of wealth to the Southern States, and is now to many of the Western
States, and which in all the States is the source of employment in manufacturing industry
to thousands of laboring men, who ask and receive no bounties, but only ask not to be de-
stroyed by taxation.

“The heavy tax leads to exportation of the leaf tobacco, to escape it, and drives manu-
facturing industry out of this country to others where it is not so burdened. For to manu-
facture for export is almost out of the question, Production of the leaf will be decreased.
More will be consumed by the producer without sale for manufacture. And fraud on the
revenue is the ready resource of unscrupulous traders to avoid an onerous tax, and to ena.
ble him to reap, in competition with the honest trader, the amount of revenue he takes fro «
the Government.

«*A wise and just policy will seek to ascertain the lowest and not the highest ¢ .cise
which will secure the desired quantum of revenue. ‘To select the higher when the lower

in 1867 was $248,124,761.23; in 1875, $103,771,664.60, or in the last year it was only as,
say, 104 to 248, or as 13 to 31. ‘Thus rectified, we would have this result, approximately :

Proper proportion

1867. Actual in 1875. in 1875.
Northeastern States................. $46,915,829 42 $ 4,003,155 13 $19,674,380
Widder Statesten.. 2 Uti .decstecessss) Q5,052,021 05 24,120,642 29 39,808,589
MNoxthwestern States: ....ccecs..cene 45,144,364 71 43,476,694 73 18,931,507
Soucwevliddlersotates:...ssescesres 22,631,406 18 26,181,412 74 9,490,587
Souths Cotton sStatesisos..seereccees . 30,104,904 81 2,587,246 II 12,624,637

EPacihic Statesi esa. vccscabe csdecclcoveee 7,477,067 89 3,115,922 80 3,135,790

10

will secure th® same revenue under each, is to tax the producer through the consumer, un-
duly and unjustly, to the detriment of the industry employed in production.” be

The following, extracted from the evidence given before the Committee
by prominent manufacturers, is pleasant reading to a people who havea
right to expect their public burdens to be equally distributed :

Mr, SPENCE: There is a large amount of low-grade smoking Tobacco raised in all To-
bacco districts, and were this tax reduced, for instance from twenty-four to sixteen cents, it
would add probably three dollars a hundred additional value to all that Tobacco,

Mr. Tucker: To the producer ?

Mr, SPENCE: To the producer. Now there is no market for it; he can’t sell it because
this tax is really repelling our manufacture—it is extinguishing it. You know a process of
that kind once fairly under headway often goes on with great celerity. It is a thing which
has already commenced,

Mr. TucKER: Then the effect will ultimately be that Tobacco will be the luxury of the
rich, and the poor will be debarred from it?

Mr, SPENCE: Yes, sir; and it will cease to be an article of commerce.

Mr, CATLIN: The present high rate of tax is driving the low-grades of Tobacco out of
the market. The producer can’t dispose of it at any price.

This presents of itself a good reason why the proportion of low-grades.
should be restricted as much as possible; certainly as long as this tax bears
with the severity it does now.

Whether Congress will listen to these appeals, and provide the remedy
remains to be seen. Of this we may rest assured, however, that the friends
of this great interest in that body will leave no effort untried to secure relief
from this most unjust and ruinous discrimination.

Referring to our heavy shipping Tobacco, we find statements of similar im-
port to the following constantly occurring in Tobacco circulars from abroad :
‘Manufacturers have satisfied themselves that large aggregate stocks do.
not always insure a plentiful supply of deswrable Tobacco.” When we con-
sider that our “fine qualities (to use the words of the best posted Tobacco
man in the London market,) cannot be dispensed with,” we certainly have
reason to try, in our production, to secure the largest proportion possible of fine-
quality. With so much of our crop now in the hands of negroes, as tenant
farmers, the market is bound to show a very considerable quantity of indif-
ferent Tobacco, but the white men, whether large or small farmers, having
the requisite intelligence and skill, have it in their power, the season at all
favoring, to bring a handsome result. It is then, not the largest number of
pounds that will command the most money, but the pounds of good quality.
In the cultivation of heavy Tobaccos, no concentrated manure should be
used as a substitute for the manures produced on the place; itis always
found that the best result is obtained, both in weight and quality, when
these manures are used in conjunction. Hach adds to the value of the other,
fulfilling every requisite, whether chemical or mechanical, demanded by the

slg

crop. [It is a source of great pleasure to us to note the more general spread of
inquiry for information concerning their calling, among the farming commu-.
nity, than used to prevail. It would be a shame if our people refused to
avail themselves of the researches, bearing on soils and plants, now in pro-
gress so generally throughout the thickly peopled portions of the earth.
The results of these researches are accessible to every man, and the better
and more economical management they indicate, becomes a portion of the
farmer's capital. The man is not wise who is content to profit by his own |
experience alone; he 7s wise if he adds to it the experience of everybody

else.] We have much land in the State where only heavy shipping Tobacco

can be grown. The west, (especially Tennessee and Kentucky,) being una-

ble, years ago, to compete with our product of this type, have improved the

quality of their growth, and now, with not a few European buyers, it is

preferred to much of ours. Now, we must hold our own. While it may

be urged, and justly too, that the labor at our command is not reliable,

still we should be able to select enough that was good to enable us to

effect our ends. The experience of Maj. R. L. Raauann, of Halifax,

and Mr. J. G. Tinsury, of Hanover, published in the Planter and

Farmer, should be of value generally in this direction. A smaller

area, well tended and managed, the proprietor giving it the same close

attention a city man habitually gives to his business, will, assuming sea-

sons to be reasonably propitious, hardly fail to show a result on the right

side of the account. A very intelligent tobacco grower from Europe spent

some two years in Virginia, since the war, and, when he was about to leave

for home, honored us with a visit. We asked him for his unreserved opin-

ion of our people, when he answered, ‘“‘Circumstanced as you all are, the far-

mer in Virginia must be his own overseer. Few peoples are as well off as

you are in natural advantages, and itis largely your own fault if you do

not make them available.” We could not gainsay his opinion, knowing that

where there is a will there is generally a way, and what had been accom-

plished the world over by men who were determined to succeed. The loca-
tion and conformation of Virginia, her ready accessibility to all the rest of
the world, her manifold productions—both mineral and vegetable, her power
ready-made to utilize them, all point to a community able to develop a har-

monious whole, and secure a prosperity vouchsafed to few countries in this:
world. If we never try we certainly will never win.

Conferring, as we have, with the heaviest shippers abroad of our Tobacco,
we learn this: Virginia is compelled to give more attention to the production.
of fine Tobacco, or she cannot maintain herself in the markets of the world.
Taking their judgment with that of the Tobacco-men in Europe, and our
course is plain. Will we not doour best to meet this demand? The stocks
of American Tobacco of this sort held throughout the world are not exces--

12

sive ;* but too small a proportion of this Tobacco is of a desirable character.
We have heard much of Hungary, but on good Tobaccos we have very
little to fear there ; she has indeed none to spare. In the Austrian Empire
there was grown in 1873, 604,000 Vienna centner (1234 pounds), or 74,594,000
pounds; in 1874, 513,000 centner, or 63,355,500 pounds. Of these crops,
Hungary produced, in 1873, 430,000 centner, and in 1874, 424,000 centner.
With such large crops, the Austrian Empire imported, in 1874, Tobacco
(561,510 centner) valued at 39,756,400 florins, exporting only 3,781,620
florins’ worth. In the half-year ending June 30, 1875 (the date of the last
official advices accessible), she imported to the value of 18,821,560 florins,
and exported but 1,879,940 florins’ worth. Germany too imports as much
as she grows. Against our low-grades, the world at large can furnish sub-
stitutes enough, and at prices that drive us from the market; for our fine-
_grades there is no subsitute. We are unwise then if we do not profit by this
advantage.

The chief position has always been given to our shipping Tobacco because
Virginia Tobaccos originally were all shipped.+ As time passed, the home

*THE following, from the Tobacco Circular of R. L. MaitLanp & Co., of New York, March 1, will show the
‘

stocks on hand as reported to that date:
1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873,

hhds. hhds. hhds. hhds. — hhds.
18,162 20,530 42,254 10,282 7,153
10,711 10,925 12082 11,154 7,720

7,279 3,908 4,250 4,949 1,034
Liverpool, «“ Lata hen hee ee 35,000 26,192 32,873 27,667 16,891
London, « 17,293 13,500 17,510 15,415 18,547
8,161 3,637 2,350 4,857 1,981

New York, February 28th
Baltimore, s 24th
New Orleans, “ 24th

Bremen, <e

96,606 78,687 111,319 74,324 48,326
+ As showing an item in the Tobacco operations of “old times,” we present the following Table of Ex-
ports from Virginia, from 1745 to 1756. It will be observed how entirely the product was confined to the

Tide-water country. These figures are gotten from “ The Fairfaxes of England and America in the 17th
und 18th Centuries :

ven mee Par oat Aes
| 1745. | 1746. | 1747. | 1748. | 1749.| 1750. | 1751. | 1752.
} |

| | |
| 1753. | 1754. | 1755. | 1756.

| | ae a | I

|
|
| | | | |

| | | | |
10,799 9,356 12,489 11,509 12,974 10,858 13,530 18,830 13,900 13,739) 7,262

EXPORTS.
| |

Upper district of James River, 10,991

Lower district of James River, 1,381| 1,872] 1,718 3,170, 3,150, 2,218 2,525 1,423] 2,113) 1,181} 918] 1,096

| | |

York River, Fs : '11,118/11,015 12,895 11,089|10,970 13,802 12,054 12,623 15,127 14,878 15,344| 6,918
| | |

Rappahannock, . . |12,882 10,745/12,132 13,052) 15,012 14,331) 13,553 14,299|16,815 13,512 11,963| 8,531
juts ait | | | |

“South Potomac, . - | 6,659 6,311) 5,704) 6,983) 7,346] 5,242, 7,713 6,505) 6,959) 7,332 5,723) 4,645

Accomack, : sullbeseess $5an0.-9 loseeon yn jacceone rd jococes | 3

-Accomack, 11 bbls. in 1755-'6. |

Hogsheads—Total, . 42,481 40,242/41,804
|

46,783 47,987 |48,567 46,703 |48,380 59,847 [50,803

47,687 28,452

13

consumption confined itself largely to the “sweet-scented” swn-cured To-
bacco produced north of the James River. This fine type, known in
the trade as “manufacturing,” is now grown mainly in Louisa, Caroline,
King William, Spotsylvania, and portions of Essex, Goochland and Flu-
vanna. It furnishes the stock for all the finest brands of chewing Tobacco
produced by our factories; and what is more, except in a few spots elsewhere
in the State, is without a competitor. This type of Tobacco does not require
the same proportion of gross manures, in its production of fine quality, as
our heavy shipping,—but these manures should not be neglected. Next to
proper size and body, in this type of Tobacco, we are assured by the manu-
facturers who purchase it in largest quantity, that to bring ‘‘ the top of the
market,” it must be indeed swn-cured, and not air-cured, or dried out in the
barn. With the immunity from competition enjoyed by this favored region
what is to prevent its advance? The demand takes all now produced, and
will take more if it is to be had of a quality to suit; and, unless the season
is exceptionally bad, this element of the question is entirely within the con-
trol of the grower. We urge then upon our friends there the best work in
their power, knowing that this work, well directed, will not be in vain.

The next type, and belonging by distinction to Virginia and North Caro-
lina, is the bright yellow, used for smoking and plug wrappers. This To-
bacco is peculiarly adapted to the light gray soils of lower Virginia and up-
per and western North Carolina. In its cultivation gross manures are not
desirable, as delicacy of texture and high color are indispensable to
secure fine prices. The production has increased enormously, a steady
demand existing, at good prices, for all that is grown. Through the hand-
ling of this Tobacco, Danville and Durham owe their wonderful growth
since the war. The transactions (in this Tobacco almost exclusively) at
Danville, during the year ending September 30, 1876, reached 23,466,413
pounds. Proper machinery has been contrived to shred this Tobacco so as
to render it serviceable in the production of cigarettes. Much has been said
of the Russian cigarettes, made from Turkish Tobacco; but we are per-
suaded that when our fine yellow has time to become generally known it will
supplant all others for this purpose. Already large factories in this country
are engaged in their production, and the favor with which they are received
induces the belief that they will enter largely into the consumption of Eu-
rope as well as of the United States. Wishing to get the opinion, on this
Tobacco, of one of the most distinguished chemical authorities in the world,
and believing that nothing could prove more interesting to the planters who
produced it, we submitted last year, a large assortment of samples to Dr.
Aveustus VoELcCKER, F.R.S., Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultu-
ral Society of England. The Doctor gave the matter a very thorough exam-
ination, and submitted to us the results he obtained. They will be found in
the following communication. It will be observed that this Tobacco has

14

two points that must commend it to universal use: first, in respect of its
healthfulness, the extremely small percentage of nicotine it contains,—and,
second, in respect of comfort and pleasure in its use, the almost entire ab-
sence of nitrates. It must prove to be a matter of great gratification to our
people in the bright Tobacco country to know thus fully the value of “ this

magnificent Tobacco ”’

ANALYTICAL LABORATORY, II Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E. C.,
London, December 7, 1876.

Mr, JoHN OTT, Secretary, &c., Richmond, Va.,

My Dear Sir :—You will remember having sent me, some time ago, a packet of
‘Tobacco leaf, labelled “‘ Fancy Bright Tobacco, from Granville county, North Carolina,”
which you desired me to analyse. I have now completed the examination, and have much
pleasure in handing you the results obtained, both in the analysis of the organic and the
inorganic parts of this magnificent Tobacco, The dried leaf, when analysed, had the fol-

lowing general composition :

IMIOIStUTE: ss coc cetmanecs catatoetnaebas menses ren ceawdses ssececcsciteecccesansecete mmLACOS

Organic matter.... .... 72,07
Mineral matter (ash)...... 13.25
100,00

In comparing this general statement with the results which Prof. JOHNSON, of Yale col-
lege,* obtained some years ago, in the examination of a specimen of Fancy Bright Tobacco,

*T HE following table will show the analysis (No. 13) to which Dr. VorELcKeRr refers. Prof. JouNsoN being
engaged in the examination ot Tobacco for the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture, this Company fur-
nished him samples showing all the types peculiar to Virginia and North Carolina. Of these, he ana-
lysed the sample of ‘fancy bright,” raised by Mr. E. BE. Lyon, of Granville county, N.C. On the receipt of
the above communication from Dr. VoELCKER, we submitted it at once to Prof. JOHNSON, who, but for very
infirm bealth, would have furnished us with a paper on the subject. The first twelve analyses are of Cigar
(seed leaf) Tobacco, and will be interesting considered in connection with the matter of Cigar Tobacco, treated
elsewhere in this document:

s de ar
x3) Sy eat i eee
Topacco Lar. 2| 8 138 < mie oeensa tl]
a Ga ie = .2 |oee| &
(When and where raised.) Sega ee renee a) |) EE Peel toy | eat |
2) 2) 18s) 8) | se) Ss | ae |m -aiiee
a2/Ola|& |A478)e | 2 be slog
MCropils7il. Ha (S. Porter, MlGssr.ccsces-sscccee= 0.21 | 0.87] 1.21] 0.47} 6.48) 1.81) 3.90] 1.81} 16.26} 83.74
2. Crop 1871. J. M. Smith, Mass... 0.19 | 1.35] 1.46] 0.52] 8.23] 1.24] 4.53] 0.87] 17.88] 82.02
3. Crop 1871. H. L. Loomis, Mass... 0.30 | 0.12] 0.99] 0.80) 3.17 | 1.01| 7.45] 0.29] 14.13) 85.87
4. Crop 1871. Alden Smith, Conn.. .... .-- | 0.12 2.50] 1 69| 0.58] 3.61| 1.13] 6.43] 9.34) 16.45] 83.55
9. Crop 1871. Levi Wells, Conn...............c0-++ 0.19 | 1.47] 0.74] 0.60) 6.70) 2.21] 4.79] 0.20} 16.90} 83.10
6. Crop 1872. Levi Wells, Conn.........0+..+eee+- 0.05 | 1.58] 1,06] 0.64} 6.14] 1.74) 5.49) 008} 1678} 88.22 | 5.11
7. Crop 1872. J. P. Brewster, Conn. -«- | 0.11 | 2.06] 1.88] 0.50| 7.03] 1.77] 4.82] 0.18] 17.85} 8215] 3.78
8. Crop 1872. W. D. Hall, Conn....... «| 0.12 | 0.08} 1.18) 0.64] 4.21) 1.04] 4.93] 0.12] 12.32] 87 68) 320
9. Crop 1872. H. O. Warner, Conn..........0-- 0.11 | 2.49) 0.98} 0 75| 5.11] 0.94) 7.03] 019} 17.60; 82.40) 4.42
10. Crop 1872. H.O. Warner, Conn.. + eee | 0.07 | 0.84] 0.84) 0.48] 6.06] 1.01; 653) 0.10} 15.93) 8407 | 4.32
LV Crop siz., Dr. Riggs, Conmi......2.ccccesscess 0.08 | 2.55] 1.07} 0.62} 6.38] 1.51) 7.01] 0.18} 19.40] 80.60} 3.89
12. Crop 1872. J. H. Hinman, Conn....... -- | 0.09 | 2.52] 0.52} 0.58} 5.41} 1.41! 6.68/ 0.11] 17.82] 82.68 | 4.93
3. Crop 1872. E. E. Lyon, Granville Co., N. C.| 0.12 | 0.20] 0.36] 0.73] 2.44] 1.05] 3.54] 0.09} 8.53] 91.47 | 2.88
Average of the New England Tobaccos............ 0.14 | 1.55] 1.09} 0.59] 5.71] 1.36] 5.79] 0.33] 16.56} 83.44] 4.24
Average of 30 varieties we from Hentucky)
analysed by Dr. Peter... ccseccececceeees eooee | 0.30 | 0.48] 0.54] 0.64] 4.53} 1.20] 4.82) 0.27} 12.83) 87.17
LEAF AND SraLK—analysed by Dr. C. T. Jack-
BOM SOGiccstcarcescesessncesce
W. H. Dickinson, Mass. Leaf...-....... ... «| 2? | 0.32} 0.52} 1.44) 4.87] 0 30] 3.86) 1.14] 12.45] 87.55
W.H. Dickinson, Mass. Stalk.........ccec08 ceeceee -- | 0.04 | 0.32] 0.22] 1.33) 1.87] 0.30! 4.29] 0.98 8.63] 91 37 | 3.00

15

from Granville county, N. C,, you will notice that whilst the Professor found only 8.53 per
cent. of ash, the sample you sent me contained 13,25 per cent. Now, whilst I do not
‘doubt, for a moment, the correctness of Prof, Johnson’s determination, I may be allowed to
‘say that 814 per cent, is an exceptionally low per centage of mineral matter in Tobacco
leaves; for, in all the recorded analyses of Tobacco, which I could lay hold of,—analyses
made in your country as well as in others made on the Continent, I do not find any other
‘specimen which yielded as little as 81% per cent. of ash, and the per centage which I ob-
‘tained in the sample you sent me agrees better with the average amount of mineral matter
in Tobacco, The proportion of ash constituents in Tobacco, however, I find varies con-
siderably, and usually amounts to over 12 per cent., and in some instances reaches to 20 per
‘cent, in round numbers,

I have made a complete analysis of the ash of the sample you sent me, and embody the
results in the following tabulated statement showing the—

‘Composition of the Mineral portion (ash) of a sample of Fancy Bright Tobacco, grown in

Granville county, N. C., and sent to Dr, Voelcker, by Mr, Fohn Ott, Seeretary, &c. of

Richmond
ILjWin eeneee seas cecesiicuscccccccddonesscaciacescesescecccs coon Bobs Aa00BChe, Ocoee Soong eR
IVI OMESTate sk eas cescieciese 6 FODECOOCOCD KERbID BoC Se aleeisienclne’esloefoje so\slel/= am cnwase ceteris 4.05
Oxidevof ironic... DB CEOCORL 700000 Gus: AS GOR IGSC Sq RG ORE COMEEEEAppacniGeA cor SI
Potash.. ¥ ng oogoRKEbOs SACO HCO SS oCODoSdEE condaouoSOodROSenbaNadoceS 18.55
Chloride of Potassium. ........ seigenos doce scdecoee Sdboudeape casedasccanpeasase 5-82
Chiloriclesor, SodiUmMiecs.stscccosscessceeces sOSOdOHE SDDOGONCHCROHGIEIONC AHESAOAD Wohh7/
IPG RPDINGIIG JANETC, «ads co opauedbeocuqdenon bode Aan Coos UOCSOSSRAS BSneAeE bg boooesoad 3.36
SulphuricAcidiasccesesces = DESO COROGHEODH / boasosdonodrodacHoatoLbaacsesnepeasocs 2587
Soluble (Silica: ..-..-.. Bsc eeelecsetlicee Mp elecerenyecccecceracces cle netlecherocetweeacs 13.80
mew San die: jee eclesiselces > se daigconsssene ccooabooueconeoénno0G abececaedcbe s000s. 5-72

Gar boniceAcideamdmieosse yestecscsitesures soeesiescs Befelete se stecrele CBECEDO AOSODD 13.96

Deducting Sand and Carbonic Acid, and the composition of the pure Tobacco is as
follows:

Etim Ceeee scee cer ce QnOEcacod55a codd0cqno poadod GUsO eB Roos HaOEee acquube Socdonosacsone 29.12
IVIASMESTAL ES enceceicoecee stele Sag bdoRoO. SdENKT COAGHO OBAGLE GadGOE CanaBONTO Sidon ase oe 5 04
@xidevor Tnonise.. conse stesacta gees Ma wiasSarniecanwe his wea neteaaemecaeteae et Lene I.o1
Mol aAS Mas: cnc seese ce encase ete nieces oe cocnorcsosanscnnde Becociseeeeeseccerlessenere: 23.09
Chloride’ of Potassium). <.3.2....0+.00 Seba CO HHECSB enone ALC SEH COOe 7.25
Chilorideron Sodiumetteseasetce ck cee eee neces see cse rs tausceseckon aseewsess) MEEOSOR
Phosphoric Acid,..... EGE J DECREE SBE Sage SCR Seer Ce Enea PROPPED bat AGS
DUMPMUTIC’ ACI es cnc < acer snciarciavs sesseoceonessionton se Seite seayascalate rico eeeenas 4,19
DOkublensilicar.yeeecearusnecetcesconesseece cee manicetiscany halsaieas eaocenadacs seach 17.19

100,00

I find merely traces of nitrates in the Fancy Bright Tobacco, which, perhaps, is one of
the reasons why this Tobacco has a very mild taste; for, in all biting, strong Tobaccos, I find
invariably nitrates are present in considerable proportions,

Another, and still more important fact, which my investigation has brought to light, is
that the Granville county Tobacco you sent me contains little nicotine, which I am inclined
to regard as a good feature of this kind of Tobacco. In coarse, strong Tobaccos, notably
the inferior Tobaccos grown in the Palatinate (Bavaria), and some of the coarse (highly
manured) Virginia Tobaccos, they are found to contain much more nicotine, some as high
as three or four times as much as I find in the “ Fancy Bright,”

aaa

16

The following table shows the detailed composition of the sample of Fancy Bright Gran-
ville county Tobacco, sent by Mr. Fohn Ott, Secretary, &c., and analysed by Dr,
Voelcher -

IVIGISELIT G8 aoe Et cic ays vianw oem posi aoaeasie MORESO AC ET OER EE NOE Sew sivs ees eaiee 5 Banece 14.68
*Gum, extractive matters and other substances, soluble in water... = 30h
Mineral matters, soluble in water.................. Pe eas he is5hecuts eee OOS
INK COPINC sn race seu naee ne eneislouins oc see salteteanienanciaiemalanaic's'ewicnivecieine oon L.3i
Resinous compounds, Oil and other constituents, soluble in ether and
alcohol. . Pee Gases wegen ee sews oad se erties ssasve tohceeee eS
Digestible woody fibre BSA GES sth OECD ER ESHA DOO DEC SOB UNEAEOEE 14.43
1 Indigestible woody fibre (pure cellulose)........ .. ....+. 12.42
Mineral matter, insoluble 1n water...... ......sceecene sees 4.33 = 32.18
100,00
*Containing NitrOgen.........-seeccceecesenrececccceececenesee teeneaesecessseneseessreeee AT
fNitrogen in portion Insoluble in Water.......ccccccsscsecee vor sescesernccceeeee 4
Total percentage Of NitrOgen.......cscsseeseecssssessersreeesees seceeceeessrsseeaees 91

Tn other recorded Tobacco analyses, I find the proportion of nitrogen is given much higher ;
and for this reason I was particularly anxious to verify my results by repeated determinations,
which closely agreed in the second decimals, and leave no doubt in my mind that the Fancy
Bright Granville Tobacco contains a comparatively very small amount of nitrogenous (albu-
minous) compounds. Perhaps, this explains the delicate flavor of the Tobacco smoke of
this kind of Tobacco; for it is well known that albuminous and other nitrogenous com-
pounds, when largely present in materials submitted to dry distillation (and smoking is a
familiar illustration of destructive dry distillation) give off disagreeable-smelling ammoniacal
vapours, reminding one more or less of singed feathers or burnt horn, Be this as it may,
the Fancy Bright Granville county Tobacco certainly is one of the finest flavoured, mild To-
baccos I ever smoked, and it is certainly a fact that it is poor both in nicotine and albumi-
nous compounds, which I am inclined to regard as a good and distinguishing characteristic
of delicate flavored mild Tobaccos.

How variable the proportions of nitrogen and ash are in Tobacco, you will notice in the
following determinations which I made of three other samples of (prepared) Tobacco
which you kindly sent me:

Percentage of Nitrogen and Ash in three specimens of Tobacco, dried at 212° Fahrenheit.

Percentage of Nitrogen. Percentage of Ash.
[one Jack?” Mobaccoy sc. .c0s2 dcsasst ons 1.65 14.93
“Perfection Straight Cut Matchless
Cavendish,” prepared by John F.
Allen & Co., Richmond............... 1.68 16.48
Louisiana * Perique’’ Tobacco, grown
in St. James Parish (crop of 1872.).. 3.04 20.55

You will observe that the strong Perique Tobacco is much richer in nitrogen and ash
than the two milder kinds.

Of course, I merely throw out, by way of suggestion, that delicate flavoured mild Tobacco
is likely to be found always poor in nitrogen. An extended series of analyses alone would
be required to establish this point. If my engagements permitted it, I should feel much
interested in following up this line of investigation, but I have my hands so full of work,
and the subject of Tobacco growth is of no immediate interest to British agriculturists, that
I am obliged to leave so important and interesting a work as that of a thorough Tobacco
investigation to others more favourably situated than I am.

Believe me, my dear sir, yours faithfully,
(Signed) AUGUSTUS VOELCKER,

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17
CIGAR TOBACCO.

If, as in old times, the bulk of our Tobacco production was confined to
“heavy shipping,” we in Virginia, would fare badly indeed in the face of
the competition of Kentucky and Tennessee, producing as they do so abun-
dantly of this particular type. We are happy then in the diversity that
now prevails in the character of the Tobacco we grow. We have three dis-
tinct types; why may we not have a fourth, namely, Cigar Tobacco? The
more numerous our types, consistent with proper attention to crops of sub-
sistence, and a demand existing for the product, the more certain the grower
of each is of a paying return for his crop. Whether from our central location,
or other cause, it is a fact that of the three types we already grow, no other
portion of the country can produce them of such qualty as we can, save in
the matter of “fancy bright,’’ where North Carolina stands unexcelled.

We see, referring to Cigar Tobacco, what has been accomplished as far
north as New England, in the production of this Tobacco, and how, under
a lower latitude (in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania), the quality has been
improved. Should not a still lower latitude improve still more its quality ?
Indeed, in this, as in other vegetable products, the soils favoring, the flavor
becomes more pronounced in proportion as we approach the equator. In
Florida,* there is produced a very fine leaf for cigars, and between 10° and
30° north latitude we see it in perfection, namely, in Cuba and the Philip-
pine Islands.

We have had this matter of Cigar Tobacco in our mind for several years
past, and believe the day has come when we may, with propriety, propose
its consideration in a definite shape to our friends; and to indicate the
localities in the State where, considering the character of the soils on which
New England and Pennsylvania “seed leaf” is grown, it is believed it wil!
reach the greatest perfection, we sought the good offices of Maj. Jep. Horcu-
Kiss, Topographical Engineer, Staunton, Va., in the preparation of a map
and description of these localities. The map is submitted herewith, and the
description contained in the following communication. We are in corres:

*TxHE following communication, relative to Florida Tobacco, was received by the United States Commis-
sioner of Agriculture :—

“The Gadsden ‘ wrapper-leaf? was always in high repute, and extensively used in the manufacture of
cigars, being in size, fineness and texture fully equal to the best Cuba, and far superior to the Connec-
ticut seed leaf. Where the variety known as the Cuba-filler has been tried, it has succeeded finely in this
county. We need but the capital to manufacture our Tobacco into cigars (thus affording us a home mar-
ket for the raw material) to make the cultivation of it the most profitable crop that is grown. It is a
sivgular fact, but nevertheless true, that of all the counties of the State. many of them abounding in the
very finest soil, Gadsden is the only one that has succeeded in making the Cuba Tobacco a staple market
crop. Prior to 1860 it rivaled in net returns the great staple—Cotton. Whether this success is attribu-
table to any peculiarity in the elements of the soil I am not able to determine, but this fact is worthy of
note, that, except immediately on the banks of the Apalachicola River, which forms the western bound-
ary of the county, there is an entire absence of the rotten limestone which so largely pervades the other
sections of the State. In 1872 a citizen of this county cleared one acre of good pine land, and after
breaking it up, and applying $8 worth of commercial fertilizer in the hills, planted it in Cuba Tobacco.
The crop was sent to New York, and the net returns of sale amounted to $320.90. In 1873 he added an-
other acre, making two acres, and planted it again in Tobacco. The crop of two acres was sold in New
York, and netted $760. The two acres in Tobacco did not interfere with the making of an abundant sup-
ply of provisions, and the usual amount of cotton for market.”

2

18

pondence with Prof. Kerr, State Geologist of North Carolina, for a similar
map in connection with that State, which we expect to have the pleasure of
presenting in a future publication.*

STAUNTON, Va., March 15, 1877.
Mr. JoHN OTT, Secretary, &c. +

My Dear Sir :—Knowing that the famous “seed-leaf’’ (Cigar) tobacco of the
Connecticut valley is grown on the soils overlying the Triassic, or New Red Sandstone,
rocks, as, also, in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, it has often occurred to me that a simi-
lar valuable ‘“‘leaf’? might be reared upon the same formation in Virginia, where these
rocks cover an area of about 1,690 square miles, I am accordingly much gratified to hear
that you have taken the subject of “seed-leaf’’ tobacco in hand, and I feel great pleasure
in complying with your request for a map and a brief description of this, and the associated
formation in Virginia, to accompany your paper.

The formations shown on the map herewith (as located by Prof, WM. B. ROGERs) are:
1, The Lower Furassic, passing down into the Triassic, colored in a dark brown; and, 2,
The Upper Furassic, passing into the base of the Cretaceous, colored ina light brown.
These rocks, as found in Virginia, are distributed in some four lines of broken strips, ex-
tending nearly across the State from north east to south-west, and they do not conform in
position to the rocks that are beneath them.

J.—THE LOWER JuRAssiIc ROcKs.

These are found in eight or more distinct basins, The /7s¢ rests on the Potomac, and
extends through Loudoun, Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier and Culpeper to the Rapidan.
Its area is about 1,000 square miles. The secovd is an oval area, in Madison and Orange,
west of Orange Court house,—part of the fine country watered by Blue run, The ¢Azrd is
north west of the James, in Albemarle and Nelson, intersected by Rockfish river, and em-
bracing the slope of the Green mountain and Buffalo ridge. The /ozrt4 begins in Appomat-
tox and runs through Campbell and Pittsylvania counties, crossing a corner of Halifax to the
North Carolina line, with a break in it a few miles north of that line. The #/¢A (small) is
found near the middle of Prince Edward, The szxth begins in the south-east corner of
Buckingham and extends into Cumberland and Prince Edward, including the fine planting
lands on the Appomattox in the vicinity of Farmville and along the western side of Willis’s
river, The seventh is the region familiarly known as the Richmond coal-field, and extends.
through Henrico and Chesterfield, from the sources of the Chickahominy to the Appomat-
tox. The eighth is a detached fragment, in Hanover county, intersected by the South
Anna, near Taylortown. The entire area of these eight basins is not far from 1,600
square miles,

The following analysis of these rocks, as found in New Jersey, will give some idea of
their constituent elements :

SilicicfacidiandvquattznesccezescerrstesdutsssssVebsccnasesaieacdeconcusesesscceSacss cs ecbe cae sme cece ncchsedeeke 73.00
4 Peroxide Of ir Wecchcecc race csscecarcseccss<- ces ecesesccaetecscvescnecdceccvess coccousessescoceied Weccaceneseben 10.00
PATUMING\cscoscccccocercceueswesvesccrcescesel acl tscerssrsnccesoptoctsc cccgcecceseerascessccesccceccedooetona Chetanm 3.20
WSU; cedecccacssc scucdcacdevevescoscccect neveccecslveterl eavisesccessicosseserecsaceceee seeseoes cocccosescevsneeepnanes 4.93
IMeipnGBidic. ssescscdssescestascersnceccseecs ee: susedesiccvdesasestissaseclanneaseseqcaecsocddesecascssccatesterenenee’ 0.90
Potash 0.73
SOUG cocceccsescascsses 0.97
Sulphuric acid.... a trace
Water 1.00

* We esteem Virginia and North Carolina highly favored in this: Each has a man not only thoroughly
acquainted with the resources of his State, but imbued with a spirit and energy becoming men who ap-
preeiate the tremendous importance that attaches to such knowledge, when the best interests of the Com-
monwealths, possessing these resources, are considered. We know how rare this knowledge is, and cannot
too much value the men who have devoted their lives to its acquisition.

North Carolina has Prof. Kerr,
and Virginia Maj. Horcnxiss.

19

II.—THE Upper JuRASSIC ROCKS,

They are found in some four detached fragments on the James, Appomattox, Blackwater
and Nottoway, south of Richmond, and their characteristic features are well shown at
Drewry’s bluff. North of Richmond they occupy a long and irregular belt of country, ex-
tending from near Richmond, through Henrico, Hanover, Caroline, Spotsylvania, Stafford,
Prince William, Fairfax and Alexandria to the vicinity of Washington city. The railway
from Richmond to Washington runs in or near this belt all the way between these cities,
There are many noted estates in this belt, including the historic ones of Gunston Hall, Mt.
Vernon and Arlington. Some detached masses of these rocks are found scattered over
portions of Tide-water to the east of where the formations are in place. It is generally
believed that the areas now occupied by these rocks were once depressions or foldings in
the granitic (Archaean or Primary) rocks, that were inlets of the sea, estuaries of rivers, lakes ,
or marshes, often of great depth, that were gradually filled up by the washings from the hills
of the surrounding country. The washings that filled these depressions in Virginia, and
consolidated into the Jurassic and Triassic rocks, as in New England, were from the older
crystalline rocks: the granite, gneiss, mica and talcose schists, and even from the limestones
of the valley; hence, it is not surprising that the lands of this formation are unusually fer-
tile. An abundant vegetation, including extensive forests, covered the hills around these
lakes and rivers, in which grew not only gigantic ferns and other coal plants, but also trees
of the pine family, which at times were swept into these depressions and formed beds of
coal, as in the Richmond, Farmville and Dan River basins.

Not only are the remains of vegetation found abundantly in these rocks, but on the sur-
face of some of the layers of red sandstone, shale, conglomerate, impure limestone, brown
building stone or freestone, that make up the formation, are seen, when exposed, the ripple
marks of the waves, the indentations of the rain drops, the mud cracks, and the footprints
of birds, insects and reptiles, all made while the mud flats were hardening into dry land.
In these rocks in England are found the two great salt beds of Cheshire, that have a thick-
ness of go to 100 feet. In the United States are found in these formations beds of bitu-
minous coal (sometimes baked into coke by the trap rocks that came up red hot through
cracks that from time to time were made in and near these rocks), copper, barytes, and.
valuable iron ores. The soil of these rocks is red from the oxidation of the grains of
iron ore distributed through the rocks.

These important formations, thus briefly explained, it is hoped, may yet be carefully
studied by our people, and reported on, that we may better know their value,
Yours, truly,
(Signed) JED. HOTCHKISS, 7. 2

We have, in this matter, taken the counsel of Mr. Winu1Am H. Wurtz, of
Massachusetts, than whom no grower of this character of Tobacco in the
United States has been more successful. He has been good enough to fur-
nish us with the two essays following, one by Mr. Hutt, of Connecticut, and
the other by Mr. LipHart, of Pennsylvania. Of course, this is not intended to
affect at all our arrangements for the coming season; and even next season we
beg that those who propose to make the trial on their soils will only operate in
avery small way, so as to ascertain as exactly as possible what promise they
have of success when pitched on a larger scale. That is, as the “fancy bright”
came in by degrees to the place it now holds, we cannot expect this new
type to fare better; besides, it requires time to bring a new product into the
grooves of regular trade; but the matter is altogether too important to be
ignored by us.

The instructions here submitted being for higher latitudes than ours, the
judgment of the planter will, of course, be exercised in modifying them to
suit his surroundings. Mr. WHITE informs us that the average of frosts,

20

injurious in his region, is the middle of May and say the 10th of Septem-
ber, which, as compared with ours, indicates, for the intermediate time,
quite a short season.

On the Cultivation and Curing of Seed Leaf (Cigar) Tobacco.

I.— By Perry N. HULL, Litchfield county, Connecticut.

The cultivator of Tobacco needs, Ist, A rich, warm, finely pulverized soil; 2d, Strong
early plants. The failure to obtain either of these at the outset, will very seriously endan-
ger the success of the crop. Here in Connecticut, it usually requires the whole season
for the crop to arrive at the proper state of maturity, without which its value is. greatly
diminished. Even though harvested no more than one week before maturity, the danger
while curing is greatly increased, and if, through very favorable weather, the Tobacco es-
capes total ruin by pole-burn, its value will still be diminished one-fourth by bad colors, etc.

SEED-Beps,—Select a light garden soil, in a location sheltered from north winds, but ex-
posed to the sun from morning until evening, and prepare in October. The best manure
for plant-beds is that taken from the hog-pen, kept in a heap through the summer, and occa-
sionally cut over with a shovel, that it may be thoroughly rotted, Such manure contains
fewer weed-seeds than almost any other, and its fertilizing qualities cannot be surpassed,
This should be generously applied—say scatter the ground over one, or one and one-half
inches deep, and thoroughly spade in, in the month indicated, The seed should be selected
from an early, strong growing plant, which should, after ripening, be cut up and hung ina
dry place, top downwards; the seed, if out of the reach of mice, keeping in this way much
better and safer than if picked and shelled.

VARIETIES,—There are almost as many varieties of seed-leaf Tobacco as there are of
Indian corn—the difference not always noticed by the inexperienced, but very readily by
the experienced cultivator. In my opinion, the variety best adapted to our purpose, is that
known in this State as the Bull Tongue. The leaf is neither too long nor too short, the
length and width being in such good proportion that manufacturers consider there is less
waste than there is to a very narrow leaf, or a very broad, short leaf. It yields well, and
ripens at least one week earlier than many of the broader varieties, Almost any of the
seed-leaf varieties will do well; but never patronize any of the humbugs sent from the
Patent-Office, under the name of Graham Tobacco, Maryland Broad-Leaf, etc. They are
a southern Tobacco, and when grown upon that soil, make-chewing Tobacco; but here it
is good for nothing for that purpose, and is too coarse for cigar-wrappers.

Many are too anxious in the spring to get their seed into the ground, to be successful in
getting good plants; as often, after waiting two or three weeks for the plants to come up,
they have to make a second sowing, thereby putting them back a week or more. Wait un-
til the ground is dry, and warm enough for the seed to grow, instead of rotting. When
this change has taken place in the soil, sprout the seed, instead of sowing dry, thus gaining
at least ten days’ time, and precluding the possibility of ‘being disappointed in the first sow-
ing. From the first to the middle of April (being governed by the forwardness of warm
weather), procure some rotten wood, so rotten that it may be finely pulverized with the
hand; mix this with the seed, in about the proportion of ten parts of wood or dirt to one of
seed. Mix them thoroughly, and moisten with water slightly warmed, and repeat it as of-
ten as it dries up, and keep it ina warm room, The seed will usually get in the proper
condition for sowing in from four to six days, depending upon the temperature at which it

21

is kept. The seed is sprouted sufficiently, whenever, upon disturbing the dirt, it looks sil-
very inside.*

The beds should be well worked over with the fork or spade and rake. If the soil is in-
clined to be moist, raise the beds well; if dry, raise them less. They should be only about
three feet wide, to facilitate weeding. After making the top of the beds perfectly smooth
and fine, sow the seed, first mixing enough ground plaster to thoroughly dry the seed and
prevent them from falling in bunches. The quantity of seed sown should be about one-
half a table-spoonful to thirty-six or forty square feet of ground, Do not rake in the seed,
but procure a smooth board, lay it on the bed, and with the feet stamp the beds quite hard.
The ground should never be allowed to freeze after sowing the seed; to prevent this, and
also for another purpose, which will soon be apparent, construct a straw mat. They are
made by laying a scantling (six feet long, one and a half inches wide, three-fourths of an
inch thick) upon the barn floor; place a layer of good straight rye straw upon it, so that
the scantling will come about in the middle of the straw, then another layer with the tips
the other way, that it may be of uniform thickness in all its parts (about one and a half
inches thick). Place a similar scantling exactly over it, and with sixpenny nails, nail them
tight; with an axe trim both edges straight, and to a width of three feet, and the mat is
made, With these the beds should be covered every night, cold or warm; in the day-time
they should be set up at the north side of the bed, at an angle of about sixty-five degrees,
by driving crotches just inside of the bed, for the ends of the scantling to rest in, the lower
edge of the mat resting on the ground, outside the bed,

The plants, as soon as they are out of the ground, which will be in a few days, require
strict attention. The beds should be made high enough, so that in fair weather a little wa-
ter can be applied every night. After the fourth leaf appears, manure-water should be used,
Place an old barrel near the beds, and throw into it one-half bushel of hen-manure, and
fill with water; after it is well soaked, use one-half pailful of it, and fill up with clear
water with the chill taken off. As the plant gets larger, the strength of the decoction can
be increased, being careful that it is not so strong as to turn the plants yellow, As soon as
the plants are large enough to be readily taken hold of by the thumb and point of a
knife, they should be thinned to about one hundred and forty-four per square foot, and kept
free from weeds. This plan is decidedly preferable to raising under glass, It is less ex-
pensive, the plants are more hardy to plant out in the field, are got fully as early, and a lit-
tle carelessness in a hot day will not ruin the whole. It has been my method for the past
eight years, and during that time I have never failed to have good, strong plants ready for
the field from the fifth to the tenth of June.

PREPARATIONS OF THE SOIL.—Tobacco requires a light, rich soil, in a locality not ex-
posed to early frosts. If the soil is not naturally rich enough, it must be made so by a gen-
erous application of manure; and he who is unwilling to “ feed his barn yard,’’ and spend
both money and time to increase the manure-heap, had better not attempt the cultivation of
Tobacco—at least not largely, It has been, and still is the practice of many farmers in the
‘Connecticut valley, and to some extent here in the Housatonic valley, to plant one and the
same piece of land with Tobacco year after year for an indefinite period, because, as they
‘say: “* Tobacco impoverishes the soil, and they confine it to a single piece, rather than have
‘its injurious effects upon all parts of the farm,”’ It seems as if almost any practical farmer
would discover the fallacy of such reasoning, for these same farmers carry all, or nearly all

*NoTE BY THE CoMPpANY.—With our softer climate, and longer season, sprouting the seed will probably not
‘be necessary. Mr. LinHart (Essay II) is opposed to it, and he is a good deal north of us. The same short-
ness of season in New England requires a very much heavier application of stimulating manures than
would be needed with us.

22

their manure, upon this one piece, year after year, leaving the remaining part of the farm
to take care of itself as best it may, which, in my opinion, is the surest way to impoverish
a farm which a farmer could take. Besides, it will take almost as much again manure per
acre to raise a crop in this way, as it will where Tobacco is grown as one in a rotation of
crops, and a new piece of land taken for it every year, This was the idea that I started with
when I commenced growing Tobacco ten years ago. I have cultivated from four to six acres.
yearly ever since, without ever more than once or twice planting the same piece of land two.
years in succession. This distributes the manure over a great portion of the farm, thus.
keeping the whole in a good state of fertility,

The turf should be turned over in September or first of October, only three or four inches.
deep, plowing the manure in with it, which should be well-rotted by being kept over the
summer, under the sheds and barns, or, which is better yet, in a heap in the field, composted
with swamp-muck. In the month of May, the field should be worked over with the plow
and harrow, until thoroughly pulverized. If there have been from twenty to forty loads of
manure applied to the acre, according to the natural condition of the soil, no further manur-
ing will be necessary ; the hills can be made with a hoe, and the field be ready to receive
the plants, If some special fertilizer is to be used, my method is this: take a horse-plow
and mark out the rows, three feet four inches apart, making a shallow furrow, say two inches.
deep; scatter the manure, if guano, two hundred pounds to the acre—if superphosphate of
lime, three hundred and fifty pounds per acre—evenly the whole length of the furrows; then
make the hills with a hoe, from two feet to two feet six inches apart, raising them somewhat
above the level of the ground, at the same time covering the intervening part of the furrow.
The object of thus scattering the fertilizer instead of dropping it all immediately in the hill,
is this, that the roots, reaching it gradually, its effects will be felt throughout the whole sea-
son; whereas, if it is all dropped in the hill, its power would soon be spent, I am aware
that some practice and recommend ridging ground before planting out, but I consider the
above practice better for this reason: where the ground is thrown into ridges beforehand, a
plow can not be used in the after-cultivation, or it will leave the ridges too high; conse-
quently the cultivation must all be done with the hoe, which, I believe, is the practice of
those who ridge. On the other hand, a light plowing at each hoeing greatly reduces the
labor, and also raises the ridges to a sufficient height, All this preparation should be ac-
complished just before the plants attain sufficient size, that there may be no hindrance, and
all hands may be engage® in

PLANTING OuT.—When wet, lowery weather comes, from the first to the middle of June,
take the plants carefully from the beds with a garden trowel, digging deep enough to se-
cure all the roots, and transfer them carefully tothe field. In planting them, see that every
man puts the roots well into the ground, and leaves a little disk around each plant, to hold
a half-pint of water, in case dry, hot weather follows, In many seasons we do not get the
wet weather, but it isnot best to delay later than the 12th or 15th of June, One wagon or
cart-load of burdock leaves, or brakes will nearly cover the plants upon an acre, and I
have often thought that plants put out in dry, hot weather, watered and lightly covered from
the sun for a few days, started to grow sooner and better than those set out in wet weather,
and not covered. When the field is once planted, it needs but little care for a while, unless.
the black corn-worm attacks it; in that case—and they are too plenty—it is best to catch
them off, and often reset, or fill out the field, that the plants may start as near alike, and the
field be as even as possible. It should be hoed as often as necessary, until all weeds are
thoroughly subdued,

Worms,—The tobacco-worm usually makes its appearance about the first of August, Our
Tobacco being raised for wrappers to cigars, the necessity for keeping the leaves as sound
as possible, is at once seen; for no matter of how fine a texture a leaf may be, if badly

23

eaten by the worms, it must go into the lower grades, and sell for a small price, After the
worms make theirappearance, the Tobacco should be gone through, as often as twice a week,
and the worms destroyed, large and small.

Toppinc.—The top or seed bud, will generally make its appearance from the first to the
tenth of August; as soon as developed enough to got hold of conveniently, it must be
pinched off. The exact point for topping, must be determined to a great extent by the cul-
tivator, Some fields of Tobacco will mature a plant of eighteen leaves, while others will
not more than twelve; depending upon how forward the crop is, and the strength of the
ground, The above numbers are the two extremes, from fourteen to sixteen leaves are
usually left to the stalk when topped from first to the fourth of August, from the fifth to
the tenth, leave from twelve to fourteen.

SuckeErs.—After the top is taken off, the suckers will start, one from the base of each
leaf, those at the top making their appearance first, then downwards in succession, These
must be taken off as fast as they get large enough to be got hold of, otherwise a great
amount of growth is lost, and consequently the maturity of the plant retarded, As the
plant approaches maturity, great care should be exercised in going through and handling
as the leaves are daily growing brittle, and are liable to be broken off and torn by careless
hands. Turn back to their natural position all leaves turned up by the wind, or the
‘sun shining upon the under side of the leaf, will soon burn it, and very seriously in-
jure the color,

HARVESTING THE Crop.—This is an important season, and generally commences about
the first of September, Before cutting any, see that the drying sheds are fully prepared
with poles and scaffolds; the twine examined for rotten places, etc, The best convenience
for transporting it from the field to the shed, isthesimplest. If a cart is to be used, remove
the body, and with two poles construct one without sides, only bottom and ends. If
horses are to be used, use trucks, the wheels of which will be entirely out of the way, With
either of these, the plants can be loaded crosswise with the butts out, and tips lapping in
the middle; being careful in loading to lay a tier across one side, then the other, regularly,
that it may be taken off without any pulling or tearing of the leaves. In this way four or
five hundred plants may be carried at a load,

A very little experience will teach one to determine the proper time for cutting, When
about ripe, the color changes from a dark green to a spotted appearance; the under side
of the leaf, when pinched between the thumb and finger, will crack ; the suckers commence
‘to put out, below the bottom leaves, and the plant presents an entirely different appearance
from what it previously did, There is decidedly less danger of Tobacco getting too ripe
than there is of it being cut too soon; many a crop being seriously injured by being har-
vested before perfectly mature. The plant should never be cut while the dew is on the
leaves; but wait until it is off, say ten o’clock, and what Tobacco is cut from that time until
two o’clock, if the day is hot, will need close attention, In short, the whole operation,
from cutting in the field, to the hanging upon the poles in the barn, needs care, as a little
carelessness or inattention will damage many dollars worth. No hand should be al-
lowed to handle it, who is unwilling to use care, and perform every operation just as
directed, or else by breaking of leaves, or sticking fingers though them, etc., he may do
more damage than his wages amount to, The plant to be cut should be taken by the left
hand, not carelessly by the leaves, but carefully by the stalk, and as carefully leaned over
to give a chance to use the ax, which should have a handle about one foot long. Cut the
plant with one blow, laying it carefully down with the top to the sun; if it is laid other-
wise, the leaf will burn before the main stalk of the leaf will wilt sufficiently to admit of
handling. Even in that position, it may burn unless attended to, but not as soon, After
lying until pretty well wilted, and before burning, turn it over and wilt the other side—

24

When so wilted that the main stem has lost most of its brittleness, load as explained above ;
taking hold of the butt of the stalk, lay them carefully upon the arm and again as care-
fully upon the load. If the day be very hot, use expedition in getting to the shed, else if
the distance be great, the load may heat, which will spoil the leaves for anything but fillers,

When carried into the shed, if quite warm, they should be left only one plant deep upon
the floor and scaffolds. If the day be cool, and they are to be hung up soon, they may lie
much thicker. They should never be hung upon a pole less than five inches in width, If
sawed pieces are used, saw them just that; if poles are used, see that they are about that ;
for if anything of less width is used, the plants will hang so close, that the chances of fo/e-
burn are greatly increased, They are fastened to the pole by a half hitch,

It requires two hands to hang them, one to hand them, another to tie them. The poles
should be about eighteen inches apart, and the number hung upon a twelve foot pole will
depend upon the size, from twenty-four to thirty, so regulating them, that when thoroughly
wilted, they will scarcely touch each other. If hung thicker than this, a little unfavorable
weather will cause more or less pole-burn, sweat and mould. After the tobacco is hung,
the building should be so thoroughly ventilated that there will be a circulation of air
through every part. The ventilators should be kept open during all fair weather, until well
cured down. During storms, shut the doors and exclude as much wet as possible; being
cautious to give it a thorough ventilation again, as soon as the rain ceases, When it is cured
enough to be husky in dry weather, exclude all hard winds, that will crack and damage
the leaves. When the leaves are so much cured, that there is nothing about them green
but the stem, a moderate quantity of wet weather will not injure it, but rather improve the
color; as the sap of the stalk works through the stems into the leaves, during moist weather,
until the stalk has been well frozen; after this takes place, the Tobacco should be picked,

PickING.—Tobacco, as a general thing should not be picked until about December; at
least not until the fa¢ stems (main stems of the leaves, which are not thoroughly cured at
the butt end) have mostly or all disappeared, which they will have done by that time, if the
crop reached maturity before harvesting. The operations of picking and assorting are
by many, who make only two classes or qualities of the tobacco, carried on at the same
time. By far the preferable way is, especially if there is a very large crop to pick, to take
off the leaves during damp or wet weather, tie them into bundles of fifteen or twenty
pounds, with twine, and pack it away into cellars, or wherever it can be kept without dry-
ing up. It can then be assorted in any kind of wéather, thus gaining considerable time,
as two will pick and tie up in this way as much during one wet spell as six hands would,
assorting and hanking up, at the same time, Anotherreason why the last practice is prefer-
able, is, that, by the former, the assorting can be but indifferently done; whereas, by the
last, it can be done as carefully as desired. Tobacco should not be allowed to get too wet
before picking; in fact, should not be allowed to get wef at all, so as to feel we¢, only just
damp enough to make the leaves pliable, so as to handle and pack without breaking or
feeling husky. If allowed to get wef, before picking, it is next to impossible to get it dried
to the proper state again uniformly, so but that some of the leaves will still be too wet, while
others will be dry enough to crack and break. So if the rains are long enough to get
it too wet, which they often are, by all means let it remain upon the poles until the
next wet spell.

ASSORTING,—Tobacco, to sell well, should be assorted into ¢hree classes or grades,—
Wrappers, Seconds, and Fillers. The wrappers, will include the soundest, best colored
leaves, the color (a dark cinnamon) should be as uniform as possible; this quality should
include nothing but what is fit for wrappers, The Seconds, which are used as binders for
cigars, etc., will include the small top leaves, of which, if the Tobacco was topped too
high, there will be one or two to each plant—the bad colors, and those leaves somewhat

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27

have good plants enough to fill the patch at one planting, so that the tobacco may be of a
uniform size and ripeness when cut off,

VARIETIES,—The best variety for cultivation in a high northern latitude is the Connec-
‘ticut seed-leaf, as it ripens two weeks earlier than most any other variety, cures and colors
‘better, and commands the highest price in the market. The Pennsylvania seed-leaf out-
strips the Connecticut in size and weight, but owing to its requiring a longer time to mature
in, is not so well adapted to climates north of 41° or 42°.

PREPARATION OF THE SoIL.—The manure should be spread and plowed down several
weeks before it is intended to plant. There is scarcely any limit as to the quantity of
manure that may be put to the acre, it seeming that the richer the ground is, the larger will
be the tobacco. As an instance verifying this fact, a gentleman in this place raised the past
‘season on a half-acre of land fourteen hundred lbs, of tobacco, of the aggregate value of
$230. There was $25 worth of barn-yard manure put upon it at about the rate of fifty
‘cents per one horse load; the average crop in the vicinity was only about twelve hundred
Ibs, to the acre. After the land is plowed, and a few days before it is intended to plant,
‘the soil should be well worked with a harrow or large cultivator until it is free from lumps
-or clods, when it is ready for ridging; this is performed with a common plow. Beginning
on one side of the field, take a light furrow, so as to throw up a ridge about five or six
‘inches higher than the surrounding surface of the field. When arrived at the end, return
another furrow alongside, so that the earth thrown up by the plow unites with that of the
‘former furrow, leaving a ridge apparently about ten inches in height, but really only five or
‘six above the general level. So proceed, making the apex of the ridges three-and-a half
feet apart, until the whole is finished. Measure off the distance of thirty-six inches for the
plant on the top of the ridge, with an instrument constructed as follows: Take two strips of
board, two-and-a-half feet long and an inch square, make one end of each pointed, then
‘spread them in the form of a pair of compasses, until the points are the desired distance
apart, making the other ends lap each other, fasten them, and put a brace across 2bout the
middle to keep them stiff; with this instrument one person can go before, and planting one
point at a time on the apex of the ridge, measure off rapidly and correctly the place fox
‘each plant. Now take a hoe, and at each indentation made by the compasses, cut off
‘about two or three inches in depth of the top of the ridge, and tap it lightly with the back
‘of the hoe; this forms a platform or ‘‘bench’’ for the reception of the plant.

TRANSPLANTING,— When the ridge has been thus prepared, one person goes ahead with
a basket of plants and drops one on each “ bench,” another person following and planting
‘as rapidly as possible, as it is injurious to the plant to leave its roots long exposed to the
air, In inserting the plant, a hole may be made with a pointed stick, but the most expedi-
‘tious, as well as the best way, is with the hands, The roots of the plant are carefully in-
‘serted, and the earth pressed moderately tight upon them; care must be taken not to press
the delicate heart leaves, for upon their preservation depends the future vigor of the plant.
‘The best time for planting is during a warm, drizzling rain; but if no such occasion pre-
‘sents itself, when everything is ready, then immediately before or after a shower will do
nearly as well. If it is necessary to plant without any rain, it should be done in the even-
‘ing, and each plant watered slightly. Unless absolutely necessary, never plant when the
ground is in the consistence of mud, as the roots are doubled up and stuck together, and
ithere is considerable time lost in starting the plant, if, indeed, it ever becomes vigorous,
In taking the plants from the bed, if the earth is not previously well moistened by rain,
‘water the ground sufficiently, so that the plants will come up with some earth attached to
tthe roots; they may be pulled by taking hold and gently doubling up the several large
leaves of the plant at once; they are very nicely raised with a common table fork. After

28

the whole area has been planted, it should be gone over every few days, and such plants as.
have been destroyed by the cut-worms, or otherwise, replaced by new ones; if, however,
a plant shows signs of remaining vitality, it should not be destroyed, but a new one placed
alongside, as it often happens that a plant of the first setting, even though it be injured, will
eventually outstrip in growth one of a subsequent planting; either can be used to adyan-
tage in replacing any missing plants at the first hoeing, transplanting them with a large balk
of earth to the roots.

CULTIVATION.—When the weeds begin to appear pretty abundantly, and after the plants.
have made visible growth, a cultivator must be run between the rows, taking care that it
does not throw up the earth on the ridges and cover the plants; a cultivator that can be
regulated in width is the best. Hoe down the prominences of. the ridges to a level with
the plants, and eradicate all weeds that have come up between the leaves of the plants; also-
transplant from any double plants to such hills as have become vacant. The plants will
now begin to grow vigorously, and require no attention beyond transplanting, to fill vacan-
cies until a new crop of weeds appear, when the cultivator must be again run through, and
the plants carefully hoed, fresh earth being drawn up after the weeds have been scraped
away. Care must be taken not to hoe too deep close to the plant, as it destroys too many
of the fibrous roots which have begun by this time to permeate the soil in every direction,
When the weeds and grass have been thoroughly killed by the sun, the shovel plow or hook
may be run between the rows, and following after, uncover such leaves as may have been
buried by the earth thrown up by the implement, and hoeing the ridges into an even shape,
rather flat upon the top, and rounding off gradually till they meet in the centre between the
rows of tobacco, forming a ditch or furrow not too deep, but answering the purpose of a
drain, This is all the cultivation it will require, but if the weeds come up between the rows
thereafter, it will benefit the tobacco as well as the ground if they are scraped off with a hoe,

Worms.—Now no attention is required until the tobacco-worms appear, which, in this
latitude, 40° north is about the latter end of July, when it must be gone over every few
days, and the worms picked off and destroyed, The moth that produces these worms is
nocturnal in its habits, and in the twilight may be seen hovering over the plants and deposit-
ing its eggs on the under side of the leaves; these are of atransparent green color, and very
hard to detect on account of their similarity in color to the leaf. The worm begins to feed
as soon as it emerges from the shell, and grows and increases in size so rapidly, that it soon
becomes a formidable enemy to the farmer, and if not captured, will soon cut the plant to
shreds; and not content with spoiling one plant alone, will visit and demolish several more
before entering the earth and becoming a chrysalis. Continue to visit the field regularly
every three or four days until the time for topping arrives.

Torrinc.—There can be no stated time for this, as it depends upon the stage of growth
in which the plant may be, and the latitude or climate. As a general thing, it should be
topped before the seed buds are visible, for when these appear, the plant has expended most
of its vigor, and is no longer able to mature the upper leaves; and it must be done at least
four weeks before the period of heavy frosts. ‘The number of leaves that may be left to a
stalk depends upon the quality of the soil; if it be very strong, it will mature twenty or
twenty four leaves, but in general from sixteen to twenty is amply sufficient to leave on a
stalk in any situation, In topping, it is better to pinch out enough of the crown of the
plant to leave the first two leaves not less than three or four inches long, as they grow more
vigorously and mature more rapidly than the small and tender leaves found about the blos-
som buds. In pinching out the heart of the plant, care must be taken not to break or in-
jure the upper leaves that are left. When topping, the plants intended to produce seed for
the following year’s crop must be spared; they should always be chosen with regard to the

29

theaviest, as well as the longest and broadest leafed plants, as weight and size of leaf is the
chief consideration of tobacco-growers, The seed-stalks should be left standing until the pods
care fully formed and begin to turn brown, when the leaves may be stripped off and saved,
and the stalk be spaded up and placed beyond the reach of frost until the seed is fully ripe.

SUCKERING.—Soon after the tobacco has been topped, the ‘‘ suckers’ begin to appear
from the junction of every leaf with the stalk; they must be pinched off as soon as they
are large enough to be caught by the thumb and finger, and every new one that appears
must be served likewise, for if left they consume much of the nourishment that would other-
wise go to the leaves, besides much impairing the process of curing when the stalk is hung
ap: :

CUTTING AND Housinc.—When the top leaves have attained the size of the lower ones,
and begin to be dotted with reddish spots, the tobacco is ripe, and ready to be cut off and
ihung up to cure. There are several methods of hanging up tobacco, but the following two
-are the best and shortest: first, splitting and hanging it upon lath or poles, and leaving it to
partially cure in the field; secondly, nailing it to rails with lathing-nails, at once in the
‘shed. The former method, for high northern latitudes, is by far the best, as it will cure in
a much shorter time (and thus prevent the destruction of the crop by freezing in the shed)
by the drying of the pith of the stalk, which is the main reservoir of moisture. It is per-
formed as follows: have a chisel about a foot long and three inches broad, the sharp end
mot beveled on one side, but coming to an edge by a gradual taper on both sides (a common
tenon saw will do pretty well); place the edge of the chisel in the centre of the stalk upon
ithe end where it has been topped, and push it down, guiding it im its course so as not to
break or cut off any leaves, to within three or four inches of the ground; the stalk may
then be cut off with a hatchet, or with the chisel, if it be made pretty strong. The split-
ting may be done in the morning when the leaves are too brittle to admit of the stalk being
‘cut down, and then, when the sun has sufficiently wilted the leaves, the stalk may be cut
and left to lie until it will bear handling without breaking the leaves. The lath being pre-
viously prepared, four feet in length, and about an inch in thickness on one edge, and one-
half inch on the other, and two inches broad (or poles cut in the forest will answer pretty
well); then have trestles prepared high enough to allow the stalks to hang suspended with-
out touching the ground, and set far enough apart in the field to admit of the lath reaching
from one to another; now place the stalks of tobacco upon the lath (previously laid across
the trestles) by slipping them over and down until they will hang perpendicular, and six or
eight inches apart, so they will merely touch, without crowding too much. It may be left
hanging thus exposed to the weather until the leaves are so wilted that the stalks hang apart
without touching, and the lower leaves begin to dry, when it is taken off the trestles, each
lath entire, and laid upon a wagon and hauled to the

SHED oR DRyING-HousE.—The shed must be constructed of timbers strong enough to
resist storms, and should be boarded “up and down,”” About every three feet one board
should be hinged, to readily open and shut. If it is intended to split and lath the tobacco,
the inside of the shed must be divided by rails into widths to accommodate the lath, and
likewise into tiers, one above the other, far enough apart to allow the stalks to hang from,
well separate. The frame of rails and timbers inside the shed, destined to sustain the
weight of the tiers of tobacco (which when green is exceedingly heavy), should be strongly
constructed, so as to preclude the possibility of breaking down, for if this should happen
to the upper tier, in all probability the whole would be tumbled to the ground. When ready
to hang up, beginning at the top tier of the shed, slip on one lath after the other, until the
whole is filled, The process of nailing it up to rails or strips of board, in some respects may
be superior to the former method, as the tobacco is more expeditiously secured in the shed,

30

and does not require so much handling, but in general there is more tobacco lost by being
frozen in the shed than will pay for the difference in time and labor, The stalk should be
cut down after the dew is off in the morning and left to wilt. If the sun be very hot, the
tobacco must be watched that it does not scorch, and if this be found to be the case, it should
be thrown in heaps about a foot high, and three feet or less in width, and then hauled into
the shed; here it must not be piled more than a foot high, or it willsoon heat and spoil. “It
should be nailed up as rapidly as possible; one person sticking the nail in the pith of the
stalk exposed by cutting it off from the ground, and shaking it to loosen the leaves, hands.
it to a second person, who nails it to the rail, far enough apart to allow of the circula-
tion of the air throughout. After the crop is in, the doors and shutters should be
opened all round, so as to allow a strong draught of air to pass through the tobacco and
prevent what is technically called “ burning.’”’ This is literally nothing more than a par-
tial decomposition of the leaf, consequent upon the exclusion of air from passing through:
it while in the green state, which destroys its quality and texture. When dried it has a
blackish brown color, and crumbles beneath the touch. When the tobacco is pretty
thoroughly cured, and during dry weather, when it is very brittle, the high winds that pre-
vail about that season will damage it very much if allowed to blow through the shed,
hence at such times the shed should be closed on the sides whence the wind comes, and
opened again when it has ceased to blow. When the leaves are all dry, or after the wea-
ther has been severe enough to freeze the remaining green ones, the tobacco is ready to be
stripped,

STRIPPING.—At the setting in of a warm, drizzling, wet, foggy spell of weather, the shed
must be opened on all sides to allow the damp atmosphere to pervade the whole interior;
after the dry leaves have become damp enough to allow handling in any degree without
breaking, the stalks must be taken off the lath, or pulled down and laid in heaps about
eighteen inches or two feet high, and any desired length; if it is not intended to strip it
immediately, it should be conveyed to a cellar or other apartment, where it will remain
damp; it should not, however, be suffered to remain longer than two or three days in heaps
without examination, as there is sometimes sufficient moisture remaintg in the stalks or
frozen leaves to create heat and rot the good tobacco. If found to be heating, it should be
changed about and aired, and be stripped immediately, If found to be drying out, further
evaporation may be checked by covering the heaps with damp straw or corn-fodder, To-
bacco is usually stripped into two qualities, ‘‘ ground-leaf”’ or ‘fillers’? and ‘* wrappers ;”
the leaves that lie next the ground, generally from two to four, are always more or less
damaged by sand beating on by the rain and other causes, hence they only command about
half the price of the good tobacco or “ wrappers.’’ The ground-leaves are taken off first,
and tied up separately in bunches or ‘‘ hands ;” this is performed in the following man-
ner: take off one leaf after another, until there is contained in the hand a sufficient num-
ber to make a bunch about an inch in diameter at the foot-stalks, which must be kept even.
at the ends, and holding the bunch clasped in one hand, take a leaf and wrap it around
(beginning at the end of the bunch), confining the end under the first turn, continue to
wrap smoothly and neatly until about three inches of the leaf remains, then open the
bunch in the middle, and draw the remaining part of the leaf through, This forms a neat
and compact ‘‘hand,’’ that will bear a great deal of handling without coming open.
After the ground-leaves have been removed, the good leaves are stripped off and tied up
the same as the ground-leaves, with this exception: the leaves of each stalk should be tied
in a bunch by themselves, to preserve a uniformity in color and size, as tobacco is sold in
the market according to color and size, therefore if the leaves of a large and a small plant,
or of a dark colored and a light one, be tied up together, it at once diminishes the appear-
ance and value of the crop.

dl

BULKING,—As soon as a quantity of tobacco is stripped it should be “bulked down,”
or if intended to be immediately delivered at the packing-house, put up in bales. A place
to bulk it in should be damp enough to prevent the tobacco from becoming dry, and not
_ damp enough to cause it to mold. A platform raised a few inches from the ground, and
open to let the air circulate under, must first be laid down, and then the ‘hands’ of to-
bacco piled upon it crosswise in successive layers, and lapping each other about three or
four inches at the points of the leaves. If ‘ bulked’ beside a wall, a space must be left
behind for air to pass through to prevent moulding, It may be thus ‘‘ bulked”’ four or five
feet in height without danger of spoiling. In most sections the crop is sold to merchants
who have packing houses, and who pack it in cases of about three hundred pounds each,
and store it until it has gone through the “sweating” process, by which it becomes fit for
manufacturing purposes, and then dispose of it to manufacturers and speculators in the city
markets.

PACKING.—In order to transport it more readily, it is put up in bales of about one hun-
dred pounds each. The process of baling is performed thus: make a bottomless box
about thirty-four inches long (inside) by sixteen high and wide. On each side nail two
upright cleats, one-and-a-half. inches thick, each ten inches from the end, Across these
cleats, parallel and even with the top of the box, nail a narrow strip of board. These strips
or rails are to confine and keep the ends of the straw-bands out of the way while packing,
Now have a duplicate box the same size in length and breadth, but about six inches deep,
to fit down on the top of the first box; there must be three notches cut in the bottom of
each side of this box for the bands to pass through. It should fit down close on the top of
the true box. There must also be a lid made to slip up and down easily in the box, with
three notches in each side to allow it to slip past the bands, When ready to pack, have
good bands made of rye-straw, and wet, to render them more pliable. Twist them, and
getting inside the box, lay one band down on the ground, with the knot in the middle, and
within three inches of the end of the box, and place one foot in each corner of the box
upon the band, then push the ends of the band down between the outside of the box and
the rail. There must be three bands in all, one at each end and one in the middle. When
the bands are in the box, the ‘‘hands’’ of tobacco are laid in the same as in the “ bulk,”
keeping the ends of the bunches well against the end of the box, until it is filled, then put
on the lid and press it down with lever or screw, whichever may be most convenient ; after
it is pressed sufficiently solid, remove the lid, and place the upper box in its proper position,
fill up to the top with tobacco, and press it down again, and so until the box is sufficiently
full to come within the limits of the bands to confine, Now remove the upper box and tie
the middle band first (this prevents the mass from expanding further), and lastly, the end
ones, and give it another pressure to set the bands and restore the shape of the bale; now
pull off the box, and there remains a neat, square bale of tobacco, of about one hundred
pounds’ weight, that will bear handling and transportation almost anywhere without injury
or coming open, If the tobacco should become too dry in the ‘bulk’ to pack, it may be
restored by sprinkling it lightly with hot water, using a small corn-broom, and “ rebulking”’
it, taking down and sprinkling one layer at a time, and allowing it to remain about two
days, when the water will have become diffused throughout the whole, and it again be fit
to pack,

THE true test of the value of a manure is its behavior IN THE FIELD,
year after year. No shorter road to this end has yet been found; and it is
not probable that any will. .

32

We beg our Friends to read carefully what follows.

PATENTED:

moO BACCO -FE RT lL) Z2aaie

We deemed the information presented in the preceding
pages of such importance as to insert it without abridgement.
The space it consumed has accordingly limited the number
of reports we would like to have submitted, showing the
action of our Tobacco Fertilizer last year. We have re-
ceived enough to fill the book, but must content ourselves
with those following. It is with great gratification that we
are able to point, from year to year, to such universal success
in the use of this article. This is the eleventh year it has
been before the public, and if time is necessary to demon-
strate the value of such an article, the Anchor Brand Tobacco

Fertilizer has certainly had this test, azd zt does not fail.

Mr. W. E. Roya.r, of Powhatan county,

Va., writes:

You wish to know how the Anchor Brand
Tobacco Fertilizer acted on my Tobacco crop
last year. I am perfectly satisfied with the
result, both on the crop after it was planted
and also on the plant beds, not making a
single failure out of six beds prepared. Give
me) plenty of your Fertilizer for my beds,
aud anybody who prefers ducks may have
them, I think my crop the best since the
war, with the exception it is somewhat worm-
eaten.

I am glad your company can afford to re-
duce the price of the Fertilizer,

Capt. B. F. WuiTe, of Alamance county,

N. C., writes:

I used in 1876 some of your Tobacco Fer-
tilizer on old sandy ground, at the rate of
I50 pounds to 4,000 hills. The Tobacco
grew well and yellowed well on the hill—
cured yellow and holds its color, It has al-
ways done better for me than any other
brand.

| Mr. SAMUEL FosTER, of Davie county, N.

C., writes :

I used on my Tobacco last year three
kinds of fertilizers, side by side, in hill and
drill, as an experiment, viz,: the Anchor
Brand, and I noticed no
| perceptible difference as to the growth where
| the Anchor and were used, until the
Tobacco commenced ripening, after which
there was a marked difference in the yellow-
ing of the Tobacco, the Anchor being far
superior in yellowing and curing.

Mr. SV. ARCHER, of Dinwiddie county,

Va., writes :

I am glad to inform you that your Tobacco
Fertilizer came up to my expectations this
year, as i has always done heretofore, and
though we had a severe drought on our
crops through this section, and the worst
drought I have ever seen since the war, yet
with your Fertilizer my crop of Tobacco
stood it, and has made an average crop. I
am truly glad to hear that you have reduced
the price per ton of the Fertilizer; I intend

33

using it every year as long as it acts as it has
‘done.

Mr. W. W. CATTERTON, of Albemarle coun-
ty, writes :

® T used one ton and a half of your Tobac-

«co Fertilizer, on eight acres, in the drill, on
my Tobacco, this year, and am perfectly sat
‘isfied that the investment was profitable. My
‘crop was remarkably fine in size and quality,
up to the time of cutting, when it was serious-
ly injured by the storm. Iam well con-
vinced that it is equal to any other commer-
‘cial fertilizer I have ever used at any time,
either before or since the war; therefore,
being favorably impressed with its action, |
cheerfully recommend it to my friends, and
Tobacco growers generally.

Dr, J. A. Fiippo, of Caroline county, Va.,
writes :

In reply to your enquiry as to the action
‘of your Tobacco Fertilizer on my crop the
past season, I have to state, that it made a
good crop, and seemed fully up to its usual
standard of excellence. I have heard simi-
lar expressions of satisfaction by my neigh
‘bors who used it last year.

Mr. Wm. Kies, of Nottoway county, Va.,
writes :

I used three tons of your Anchor Brand
‘Tobacco Fertilizer this year, with great satis-
faction, on very thin land. With a mode.
rate application I made Tobacco that will
compare very favorably with the best lot
land; made an application on turnips also,
which surpassed my expectation, I am of
the opinion that I can raise anything with
your “Anchor Brand.’ Will use it exten-
sively this year,

Mr. J. RAVENSCROFT JONES, of Brunswick
county, Va., writes:

ITused your Tobacco Fertilizer the past
season, with the same satisfactory results,
which have uniformly followed its applica
tion in combination with the home-made
manures, You are already aware that I con-
sider all commercial fertilizers only valuable
to the planter as an adjunct to, not a substi-
tute for his own domestic supplies of manure.
The reduction in price is gratifying, and will
further commend your Fertilizer to the plant-
ing community.

[Nore.—Mr. Jones, raising heavy ship-
ping Tobacco, his views are in strict accord
with what we have so continually urged upon
ithe producers of this type of Tobacco, The
growers of such Tobacco need all they can
command, in the way of manures, both do-

mestic and chemical. ]

2. Bass, of Halifax county, Va.,
ae

Your Tobacco Fertilizer acted first rate for
me last season. I have used it for several
years, and it has always done well for me.
| I used it two years side by side with

laud I did not find any difference in the
growing of the Tobacco, but believe it yel-
lows the best from the Anchor Brand ; be-
_ sides, [ found one bag of yours will go over
| five or six hundred more hills than one bag
of ———, and make just as good Tobacco,
therefore I think yours is the cheapest. I
expect to get what I need this year of the
Anchor Brand,

Mr. R. M. HALL, of Albemarle county, Va.,
writes :

I used one ton of your Anchor Brand To-
bacco Fertilizer on my Tobacco crop last
year. Iam more than pleased with it, the
result being so far beyond my expectations.
I think I have made between four and five
thousand pounds of Tobacco. I am satisfied I
would not have made: one thousand pounds
without it; and if I could have planted my
crop in good time, I believe I would have
gotten six thousand pounds, I put four hun-
_ dred pounds of the Fertilizer to the acre, on
| a piece of piney old field,—all of it that was
planted forward was very large and ripened
beautifully. My wheat crop on the land is
looking very well. I wish to use two tons
of your Fertilizer this year, and heartily re-
commend it to all who wish to secure a fine
Tobacco crop.

Mr.
|
|
|
|

Mr. JAMES BRYANT, of Buckingham coun-

ty, Va., writes:

I only used last year 1000 pounds of the
_ Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer on five acres
| of branch land, white clay soil; I planted
about the last of June; it madea fine start
and did as well as I could expect, and in-
| deed better, for the wet season put in after I
had worked over the crop. I left out one
row, and it made a mere nothing compared
with the other Tobacco. If the season had
been a fair one my crop would have been
entirely satisfactory. I used no guano on
the other side of the branch (the land
equal), and I got little or no Tobacco;
I planted other lands without the Fertilizer,
and the turnout was almost nothing. I ex-
pect to buy largely the coming season of
yours.

Mr E, P. ZENTMYER, of Patrick county,
Va.,’ writes:

A}l of my friends express themselves en-
tirely satisfied with the action of the Anchor
Brand Tobacco Fertilizer, in their efforts to
secure by its use an active growth and uni-
form ripening of Tobacco,

34

Mess. HALL BROTHERS, warehousemen at
Hickory, Catawba county, N. C., have fa-
vored us with the following letter written

them:
DANVILLE, VA., Feb. oth, 1877.

Messrs. Hall Brothers, Hickory, N. C.:

GENTLEMEN :—We do not hesitate to pro-
nounce the “Anchor Brand” Tobacco Fer-
tilizer, the most reliable article that is used
in this fine Tobacco section, and produces a
finer and better Tobacco than any other Fer-
tilizer.

These are the facts told us by our most
successful planters. From our knowledge
of your section, we are satisfied that your
lands are well adapted to the cultivation of
Tobacco, and we wish you much success.
Our house handles nearly all the Tobacco
that comes to this market down the W. N.
C, Railroad, and whilst they generally have
colory stock it is very thin and slazy. On
inqury we find that they do not use fertilt-
zers, which would no doubt make it thicker,
and hence more valuable in every way. We
invariably recommend the “Anchor Brand”
to these planters.

Yours truly,
PACE BROTHERS & Co.

Mr. J. J. Brooks, of Person county, N.C.,
writes :

I have used your Anchor Brand Fertilizer
(commonly known as Gilham’s Tobacco
Fertilizer) for Tobacco and plant beds, for
the last eight or nine years, and am well
pleased with its results; indeed, think it the
best Fertilizer for producing fine Tobacco
now in use,

Ihave never missed raising Tobacco plants
in abundance since I have been using it;
even last Spring, and in the Spring of 1874,
when there was such a failure in plants, I
had enough plants to set out my usual crop
in good time and to spare.

I think every person who wishes to raise
bright Tobacco ought to use this Fertilizer.
It grows the Tobacco of good size, matures
well, and ripens yellow on the hill, thereby
making it a fine Tobacco for bright coal or
flue curing. I have also used it for the last
two years on my corn crop, and find it acts
admirably well, putting about roo pounds to
the acre, in the hill, and think it increased
my crop from 50 to Ioo per cent.

I use your Fertilizer in the following pro-
portions: On fresh or new ground about 200
pounds per acre, and on old field land 300

pounds per acre, sowing 100 pounds broad-°

cast and 200 pounds in the drill. Sometimes
I use farm-pen manure and rich dung-hill
earth dug and scraped from corners and

around the yard of old houses, with your
Fertilizer, drilling the manure or earth light-
ly, and then following with Fertilizer about.
half the above quantities per acre; this pro-
cess is the best on thin poor land. °

I have had good success raising and cur-
ing bright Tobacco with the above process,
My crop, consisting from six to eight thou-
sand pounds Tobacco, has averaged me, for
the last five years, from thirty to forty dollars.
per thousand pounds,

Mr. W. J. Jones, of Orange county, Va.,.
writes:

The Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer,
used by me last year, gave entire satisfac-
tion; but this has been my experience with,
it for several years past. I expect to con-
tinue its use,

Mr. H. FULLER HALL, of Louisa county,.

Va., writes:

Your Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer
gave me perfect satisfaction on my last crop,
as it has done heretofore, therefore I shall
continue to use it, in preference to any other
fertilizer or guano that can be bought, be-
lieving it is better for Tobacco than any now
offered, Peruvian not excepted.

Mr. Wm. F. Jones, of Brunswick county,.
Va., writes:

I used the Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertili-
zer last year. I applied 350 pounds to the:
acre, on piney old field. The Tobacco is a
great deal better than I expected it to be, and
what has been sold, weighed well. I am
highly pleased with the Anchor Brand.

Mr, R. A, RAsH, of Dinwiddie county, Va.,,
writes :
I used your Tobacco Fertilizer, and I have

| heretofore used nearly all the fertilizers now

on the market, and must say, with truth, that
your brand is superior to any I ever used for
Tobacco. It produces a rich heavy shipping
Tobacco, and is superior to stable manure
for the first year, and it is all that you re-
commend it to be. Tobacco made from your
Fertilizer will astonish any practical farmer,

| in weight and quality, that has never used it

for Tobacco,

Mr. B, TRUEHEART, of Amelia county, Va.,.
writes :

I used your Tobacco Fertilizer at the rate
of 300 pounds to the acre upon my Tobacco,
and never made better in my life, considering
the dry season. The crop was planted upon
ordinary land, without the use of any other
fertilizer. Your Fertilizer is specially adapted
to raising Tobacco plants. I shall use it as
long as it is kept up to its present standard
and price.

39

Mr. S. B. GoopMAN, of Powhatan county,
Va., writes:

You wish to know how your Tobacco Fer-
tilizer acted the last season—well I find no
fault of the Fertilizer; it acted very well,
As I have always said, it is the best fertilizer
T have ever used for Tobacco. My crop isa
small one, but what I did make was large
and fine,

Mr. Rost, J. BARKSDALE, of Amelia coun-
ty, Va, writes:

I am now Stripping a fine quality of To-
bacco made from the application of 400
pounds of your Tobacco Fertilizer, drz/led
to the acre. I used a moderate application
of it on a piece of new ground with decided
effect.

Mr. GEORGE J. FLoyp, of Lunenburg coun-
ty, Va, writes:

The Anchor Brand Fertilizer which I pur-
chased last Spring acted finely, considering
the droughts which we had. Owing to the
scarcity of plants and bad seasons I did not
have more than half a stand; consequently
I could not give it a fair trial, but regard it a
first-class Fertilizer for Tobacco, and un
doubtedly the best for turnips I ever saw. I
raised in my missing Tobacco hills some of
the finest I] ever had, some weighing as high
as nine and a half pounds.

Mr. C. W. INGE, of Lunenburg county, Va.,
writes:

Your Tobacco Fertilizer has met my high-
est expectations. In my opinion it is the
best in the market.

Mr. RIicHARD T. HALLETT, of Nottoway
county, Va., writes:
The half a ton of your Tobacco Fertilizer
I purchased last Spring proved satisfactory,
and made a fine crop of Tobacco on two
acres of land, by using nearly 800 pounds

on the same. One bag was used for my tur- |

nip land, about half an acre, and made a re-
markably fine crop.

Mr, O. J. Hayes, of Mecklenburg county,
Va, writes:

I have no fault to find with your Tobacco
Fertilizer at all. It did well for me, consid-
ering the seasons. I can’t say that I ever
used any that I liked better, if as well; I
think it is a No. 1 Fertilizer.

Mr. S. S. Broappus, of Caroline county,
Va., writes :
Tused the Anchor Brand Tobacco Fer-

tilizer the past season on my crop of Tobac-

co; was well pleased with the result, and
take much pleasure in recommending it
to all tobacco growers.

|

i
\

Mr. JOHN P. PERKINS, of Hanover county,
Va., writes:

Isend you my report on your Tobacco.
Fertilizer. I used about 200 pounds to the
acre, on a gray soil, and it acted like a
charm. I prefer it to any other for Tobacco.
It gave it a fine silky texture, which is always.
so desirable in Tobacco.

Mr. A. A. Lovinc, of Nelson county, Va.,
writes :

I failed almost entirely in plants, and con-
sequently did not have an opportunity of a
fair test as to the merits of your Tobacco.
Fertilizer, but the small quantity of plants I
did get planted in time, on which I used it,
grew off finely and ripened well. Tam well
pleased with the Fertilizer, and shall want.

| to use it again this year,

Mr. J. F. Woop, of Powhatan county, Va.,

writes :

I was much pleased with the action of
your Tobacco Fertilizer on my Tobacco I

only succeeded in planting half of my crop.

in time to ripen, on which I applied about
500 pounds of the Fertilizer to the acre,
making two applications, and I think the

' Tobacco was as large and heavy as any I

ever saw made from stable manure,
Mr. P. A. BEAZELEY, of Caroline county,
Va., reports :
I have been using the Tobacco Fertilizer
for the past seven years, and it has done very

| well for me,—indeed I have never had any-

| thing but satisfactory returns from this Fer-

tilizer. My crop was planted late in July;
and it turned out of good quality and did
not fire, while some of my neighbors who.
used other fertilizers had theirs to fire. I

| expect to use it continuously.
| Mr. S. H. Hawi, of Amelia county, Va.,

writes :

Your Tobacco Fertilizer is by far the best
on the market, according to my opinion, I
have tried it side by side with No. 1 Peru-
vian, and much preferred it. If it keeps on
as good as it has been, I think every farmer
will use it in preference to the (so called)
Peruvian. I have used all kinds of fertili-
zers, and it is the best that I ever tried, I
am glad you have reduced the price. It
beats all other fertilizers for Tobacco and
potatoes I have ever seen about here.

Mr, R. G. Dickinson, of Spotsylvania
county, Va., writes:

Your Tobacco Fertilizer acted well on my
crop. I sowed between four and five hun-
dred pounds to the acre, on poor land, and
the yield was very satisfactory,
try it again this year.

I expect to.

36

“Mr. B, H. PERKINS, of Goochland county,
Va., writes:

I used last year nearly a ton of your
‘Tobacco Fertilizer on my Tobacco crop.
‘Owing to the unusal dry weather which
prevailed in this section last summer I
failed to get a good stand. Where I did
get a stand I was pleased with the re-
‘sult, I like it so well that I expect to try it
-again this year. It acted splendidly on my
plant beds,

Mr. ABRAM Faris, of Cumberland county,

Va., writes:

You wish to know how your Anchor
Brand Tobacco Fertilizer acted for me the
last season. I applied 400 pounds to the
acre, and made a very good crop of Tobac-
co. Have used several kinds of Fertilizers,
and consider this the best in use; expect to
buy it again next Spring.

Mr. D. M. WHARTON, of Westmoreland
county, Va., writes:

I used your Tobacco Fertilizer the past
season on Tobacco, and its action on the
crop was satisfactory. The application was
large—from 400 to 500 pounds—on land
that had grown Tobacco the two preceding
years, and the Tobacco was large. But an
unusually wet season, a heavy storm in Sep-
tember and the depredation of worms dam-
aged it seriously, both in quality and quan-
tity.

I have used the Fertilizer before, and I
‘shall wish to continue to use it so long as
my convictions of its value are sustained by
future results,

Mr. C. H. CutsHoim, of King William
county, Va., writes :

I used eight bags of your Tobacco Fertil-
‘izer last year, on poor land, and* made as
good a crop as on regularly manured land;
and so will buy more the coming season,

Mr. H. T. Ruyne, of Mecklenburg county,

Va., writes:

I tried last season some of your Anchor
‘Brand Tobacco Fertilizer,—and it doubled
ithe yield on some old sandy bottom land.
I have not yet tried it on red land, I have
.a high opinion of the fertilizer.

Mr. R. S. OsBorRNE, of Nottoway county,

Va., writes :

I have always thought well of the Anchor
Brand Fertilizer, and used it in preference to
any other. Jn compliance with your re-
‘quest to state how it acted this year,
I would say that that part of my crop on
which it was applied and planted early was
very fine Tobacco. The other planted late
was small and late, but has good body, I

think that your Fertilizer, applied properly
on well prepared lands, will make a better
sample of Tobacco than any I have ever
used,

Experience teaches me that no fertilizer
will pay on lands that have not a sufficiency
of vegetable matter in them. I have made
fine Tobacco with 150 pounds of your Fer-
tilizer to the acre; but it was well-prepared
new land, rather than old field pine land.

Mr. JAMES E. WILLIAMS, of Prince Edward
county, Va., writes:

I have used your Anchor Brand Tobacco
Fertilizer side by side with two other stand-
ard fertilizers, and the result was decidedly
in favor of the Anchor.

Mr. M. B. Hurt, of the same county,
writes :

I used one and a half tons of your An-
chor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer, on ten acres
land, 40,000 hills, and made the best crop I
have made in twenty years. The plants
were set out the first week in June, and the
crop housed the first week in October. I
think the crop will weigh 10,000 pounds.
T also used one ton of your Old Dominion
Fertilizer on corn, and was well pleased
with it,

Dr. GEORGE B. STEPHENS, of Albemarle
county, Va., writes:

Tam glad to see the reduction made in
the price of your Anchor Brand Tobacco
Fertilizer. I think more of our planters
will take hold of it next season than last,

My experience the past season with the
Anchor Brand on my Tobacco crop was
very satisfactory. I have, since 1865, used
every year upon my Tobacco crop fertilizers
of various kinds, yet none of them have
given me as much satisfaction as the Anchor
Brand,

Notwithstanding the season for raising
plants, setting them and growing a crop of
| Tobacco, was the most unfavorable I ever
| knew, all of my crop planted by Ist of July
| made a splendid return; the leaf was large,
heavy, of fine body and altogether free from
firing. I used 250 pounds to the acre sowed
in the drill. Two of my tenants, Messrs,
Wash and Harris, used one ton on thirty
, thousand hills. They had plants in time to
set out their crops by Ist of July. Their
land was only moderately good, yet they
made a splendid crop for any season; I think
double what it would have made without the
Fertilizer. Their crops throughout will make
a pound to every four plants, of rich, ripe
Tobacco. No firing or specking in their
crops. They are greatly pleased with it, and
like myself will use it again.

37

Capt. J. W. HARPER, of Brunswick county,
Va., writes :

On all my five pleas, your Tobacco Fer-
tilizer last year did well.

Mr. JAMES C. MARTIN, of Goochland coun-
ty, Va., writes :

I purchased one thousand pounds of
your Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer
last Spring, which I applied to about three
acres planted in Tobacco the Ist of June,
and made the finest crop I have made since
1868, A good portion of the crop was large,
rich and waxy. Those who have used your
Fertilizer in this vicinity are pleased with its
action on Tobacco I never used any of
your Fertilizer until the past season, and was
very much pleased with the result.

Mr. B. G. BotssEau, of Dinwiddie county,
Va., writes:

T have used your Tobacco Fertilizer (An-
chor Brand) for two years, and am entirely
pleased with it. The past season it was
very satisfactory. Where I obtained a stand
it cured up a dark, heavy Tobacco.

My. G. F. SHEPHERD, of Iredell county, N.
C., writes:

Your ‘Tobacco Fertilizer’? gave entire
satisfaction the past season in this vicinity.
There will bea large crop planted this year,
if nothing prevents.

Mess. Morrison, GAITHER & Co., of the
same county, write:

Wherever your Tobacco Fertilizer has
been used in this section, all hands report
themselves satisfied.

WE get from Alamance county, N. C., the
following :

We used last year some of the Old Domin-
ion on Corn and Tobacco Fertilizer on To-
bacco, and found the results very satisfactory,
We will use it another year. We have used
the Tobacco Fertilizer for several years, aud
have never found it to fail of making excel
lent crops with favorable seasons.

L. B McApAm,
Ext McApam,

J C. VINCENT,

G. D. VINCENT,
CLAY MURRAY,
GEORGE FLORENCE,

Mess. PFOHL & STOCKTON, of Winston,
the most westerly Tobacco market of impor-
tance in North Carolina, inform us that the
Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer ‘rules
the roast’? in their region of country, as
nothing else has yet approached it in the
production of fine yellow Tobacco,

Mess, T. A. RATLIFFE & Bro., Rocking-.

ingham county, N. C., write:

The report to us is that your Tobacco Fer-
tilizer does not act so well on poor worn out
old fields as it does on new ground, or second
year’s land; but where the soil is at all fer-
tile it produces good crops of Tobacco, and
planters say they can cure it brighter than
that raised by Peruvian Guano.

Mess, BAILEY BROTHERS, of Iredell county,
N. C., write:

We find, from our friends who used it,
that the Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer:
has given general satisfaction.

Mi se Al WELD, off IEEE INAS county, N.
C., writes :

Cage B. F. White reports the Tobacco
Fertilizer acted finely for him, and paid him
better than any investment made by him last
year. He used a few bags only (see elsewhere
what he says). J. C. Vincent, Eli McAdams,
Clay Murray, Levi McAdams, J. R. Williams
and George Florence, of Pleasant Grove, all
used a few bags, and say that it did well.

| Mr. STAFFORD ROBERTSON, of Nottoway

county, Va., writes:

Your Tobacco Fertilizer acted well for
me this year. J made large and heavy To-
bacco with it on thin land; will want more

in the Spring.

Mr. Jos. C, ENGLANn, of Hanover county,
Va., writes.

{ used your Tobacco Fertilizer on my To-

bacco this year, and I am so well pleased with
| its result w “il continue to use it, preferring it
to any fertilizer I ever used on Tobacco.
Be Oe COGBILL, of Petersburg, Va.,
writes :
In every case reported to me, where your
Tobacco Fertilizer was used, entire satisfac-
| tion with it was expressed.
Mr: Epwarp S. Bumpass, of Hanover
county, Va., writes:
I used your Tobacco Fertilizer last year ;

I dressed my land with farm-pen and stable
manures; ] put 200 pounds of your Fertili-
zer to the acre. I madea fine crop of To-
bacco. I think the Fertilizer stands the dry
weather better than any other.

Mr. J. L. WEAVER, of Prince Edward coun-
ty, Va., writes:

I used your Tobacco Fertilizer last year,
A portion of my crop was planted on the
27th of May, and some as late as the 4th of
August The early plantings did well, keep-
the Tobacco green and ripened up beauti-~
ful and heavy

38

Mr. THoMAs R. JoRDAN, of Halifax coun-
ty, Va., writes:

I have to say that the Anchor Brand To-
bacco Fertilizer gave entire satisfaction du-
ring the past season, In fact, during the
four years I have been handling it, I have
not a single instance to note of a customer
finding fault with it. I believe it has come
to be generally understood that for this—the
bright Tobacco section—the Anchor Brand
is best.

Mr, THomaAs N, SALE, of Bedford county,

Va., writes:

I applied about 400 pounds of your An-
chor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer on my crop
last year, The season was unpropitious and
difficult for plants—for planting, for grow-
ing and for ripening of the crop. Notwith-
standing these difficulties, the action of the
Fertilizer was most decided and powerjui.
As long as you have on the market the same
article, I think you deserve the patronage of
the planters,

Mr. W. M. REYNOLDs, of Louisa county,

Va., writes:

I used the Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertili-
zer on my Tobacco crop last Spring—three
hundred pounds to the acre; the Tobacco is
very large and leafy and ripened well, with
good body. I expect to use it again the
present year.

Mr. J. S. FAULCONER, of Spotsyly
ty, Va., writes:

It gives me pleasure to say to you that the
Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer gaye entire
satisfaction. I tried it side by
—, using four hundred pounds
to the acre, and only two hundred of the
Anchor Brand, The ——— was planted
some days first and yet the Anchor Brand
made the best Tobacco. I shall use yours
on all of my crop the coming season.

Mr, GEORGE T JouNson, of Goochland
county, Va., writes:

ania Coun-

fe) evel
side with

ol -—

as

I used your Tobacco Fertilizer last year,
and notwithstanding the drought! it acted
finely. I think my crop was much better
last year than it was the year efore ; in fact
I regard your Fertilizer as superior to any I
ever used,

Mr. C..C. PARIs, of Charlotte county, Va.,
writes :
Your Tobacco Fertilizer ated very satis
factorily for me last year.
Messrs. MACLIN & GOoDWYs, Tobacco In
spectors, Petersburg, Va., w ite:
The Anchor Brand Tobaco' Fertilizer

gives universal satisfaction.

Mr. W. L. HAckeETT, of Buckingham coun-
ty, Va., writes :

I haye to say that your Tobacco Fertilizer
which I used acted well; I put two bags on
5000 hills of creek bottom land of good
quality, except some poor washed places in
it, that I thought would not make much;
but to straighten my rows had to work
through; I dropped the Fertilizer in the
hill, and when I got to the washed places I
made the application a little heavier, The

| result was the Tobacco grew up uniformly,

and in the poorest places was as large as in
the richest land, a great many plants weigh-
ing nearly a pound after stripped.

Mr. SAMUEL C, Harris, of Louisa county,
Va., writes:
Tused your Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertil-

/izer on my Tobacco crop last Spring, and I

have the finest and the largest crop I ever
raised. I have no hesitation in saying it is
the best result I ever had from any fertilizer
whatever.

Mess, PAYNE & G
ty, Va., write:
Your Tobacco Fertilizer is highly esteemed

by all who used it last season. Its results

will show an excellent display of fine sam-
ples of Tobacco.

Mr. RICHARD TINDER,
county, Va., writes :

In reply to your inquiry about the An-
chor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer used on my
Tobacco last year, I have to say it gave en-
tire satisfaction, JI expect to use it again

GRAVELY, of Henry coun-

of Spotsylvania

_ this year.

Mr, PAuL G. CAMP,
Va,, writes:

of Caroline county,

I cheerfully give my testimony in favor of
your Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer. I
tried it on Tobacco and Turnips, and the re-
sult in both cases was highly satisfactory.

Mr. C. A. Scot, of Albemarle county, Va.,
writes :
Your Anchor Brand Tobacco Fertilizer
pays well when used liberally ; and I have
always recommended it to my neighbors,

Mr. JoHN L, MorT_Ley, of Amelia county,
Va., writes:

I have to say that your Tobacco Fertilizer
acted remarkably well for me last year,

Mr. THos, P. PurpIE, of Chesterfield coun-.
ty, Va., writes:

For many years I have been using fertili-
zers, and of almost every kind that is in the
market. I take great pleasure in saying to
you that yours is the best [ have ever used,

nd I must say I hietee yours on Tobacco to
Peruvian, from the fact that it makes it much

yeavier, The growth is not so quick, but
here is a great deal more weight in the To-
bacco, That I bought of you last year
acted like a charm.

[Nore.—The late Dr, MapIson PrEn-
DLETON, of Louisa county, demonstrated, in
_ the most thorough manner, what is urged

for our Tobacco Fertilizer, in the matter of
‘weight, We have a long season, and our
endeavor is to arrange the Fertilizer so as to
_ be of service to the’end, Jf does not give
out,
Mr. Spencer C, VAUGHAN, of Mecklenburg
, county, Va., writes :
3 The Tobacco Fertilizer bought from you
last spring was used for tobacco on sandy
soil which had been cultivated for a number
of “be
I applied it in drills. The plants started
off well, growing regularly, ripening uni-
formly, and producing an unusually good
crop of tobacco, a large portion of which I
class as fine yellow wrappers.

I attribute my success solely to the use of
your fertilizer, which I consider the best I
ever used, Peruvian not excepted. I also
_. used it on plant beds, and was the only one
in the vicinity with a sufficiency of plants to
‘supply my neighbors,

I also tried it on vegetables with great suc-
‘cess, and particularly on sweet potatoes, ap-
plied i in the hill, it acted splendidly.

es

_ Mr. H, H. Dyson, of Nottoway county, Va
writes :
The fertilizer purchased of you last spring
I intended to use on lot land, but owing to
scarcity of plants was unable to plant but
. little on lot, so I used a partof the guano on
27,000 new ground hills; prepared the land
thoroughly, ploughed with double plow, and
‘then reploughed with single Dagon, and
raked well; then laid off rows as I would lot
land, and drilled the guano, using about 200
Bots. to the acre. On two rows through this
~ land T used none. The difference from
planting to time of cutting was so percep-
itible as to make the appearance of two rows
_ being cut out, Many of my neighbors
viewed the difference with astonishment.
My tobacco was green from planting to cut-
ting, and cured up very dark, making as
large heavy shipping tobacco as I ever grew
on lot land, I don’t think the people of
this section will use any other manure in fu
ture; certainly they ought not to; think my
¢rop was doubled by the application above
teferred to,

Lack of space stops us here. We have

~

|

eg -

of the| same favorable i import as the forego-
ing, as, from others whose names even we
cannot} give. We refer to then all with the
greatest pleasure: Danvzlle, Va.—M.aj.W.T.
Sutherlin and all the tobacco warehousemen
there, andl at Durham, Reidsville and Win-
ston, Granville county, NM. C—T. M.,
Lyon,, E.|E. Lyon, G. W. Watkins, M. L.
Daniel, J. A. Watkins, J. H.Webb & Co. and Ba
J. B. Elliatt. Mottoway county, Va.—P.C, fg

Marker, /W. E. Oliver, Saml. A. Leneare, By

Thy Jett rson, J. E. Perkinson, Miller &
Fowlkes, Dr. W. T. Warriner. Westmorelana
county,|Va.—G. W. Blakiston, <Amela
county, |Va.—S, Scott, J. L. Townes, R. W.
Barden] J. W. Layne, Peter Brewer, Th. Y.

Tabb, R. H. Beverley, J. R. Dunnavant, Dr, S
W. J. Gheatham, Albemarle county, Va.— :
A. W. Martin, A. D. Harlow, James Powell.
LVelson county, Va—M.H. Spotts. Buck-
county, Va—Wm. M. Swoope, C.
James B. Ficklen. Cumberland
Va.—Capt. E.R, Cocke. Halifax «i
county,) Va.—Maj. RL. Ragland. Pow- a

county, Va.—Wm. H. Gordon, V.

» C. B. Goodman &

( Patrick county,
- O. Broadus, Green Penn, and J. F

Appomattox county, Va—Geo. Ab-
_ W. A. Tanner, W. A. Trent, Thos
John H. Tanner. Caroln:)
Va.—J. H. Marshall, F. G. Clai-\
. L. Cobb, C. W. Tompkins, Alex.
J. Pugh, H, W. Broaddus, G. W. Fuller, W.
H, Jordan, R. A; Wright, H. Durrett, D.
Webstey, B. E. Pollard, H. A. Ware, R.
Freeman, B. F. Taylor, S. W. Allen, W. J.
Sale, AJ] R. Flippo, A. S. Beazley, G. W.
Blanton} N. H. Carneal, W. G. Garrett, D.
H, Yeager, S. E. Swann. Aanover county,

county,
borne,

Va,—M. A. Waldrop, J. P. Harris, T. M.
Perkins, A.G. Ware. Sfotsylvania county,
Va.—Thhos. S. Young, Frank Tompkins.

Charlothe county, “a Maj, R. V. Gaines,
Dinwiditie county, Va.—N. P. Branch, R.
Cen lare ys 1]. Mins Louisa county,
Va.—Ra. F. Moss, J. M. Baker, C. D. Par-
trish, C} A. and J. .Perkins, C. Gooch —
Mecklenurg county. Va.—M. A. Barnes,
Chesterfield county, Va.—S. Y. Gilliam, &c,

ANCHOR BRAND
icCOUPERTIVGZ ER,
1855 person at Factory.

¢ all important poents Wivoughout
the Tobacco 76530 hk.

OFFICE: 1321

CARY STREET.

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