THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

Cfc

p

THE

TOBACCO PROBLEM

BY

META LANDER

AUTHOR OF "THE BROKEN BUD," "LIGHT ON THE DARK
RIVER," " MARION GRAHAM," ETC.

FIFTH EDITION, ENLARGED

BOSTON

LEE AND SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS

10 Milk Street

Copyright,

By Margaret Woods Lawrence.

1885.

PRESS OF J. J. ARAKELYAN,
I48 AND 150 PEARL STREET, BOSTON, MASS.

37/

HV

TO YOU,

MY YOUNG COUNTRYWOMEN,

i dedicate this book,

because the solution of the tobacco problem
lies very much in your hands.
a cause which aims to lift so fearful a
burden, to remove so terrible an
evil, is worthy of your warm-
est efforts, your most
skilful advocacy.

Margaret Woods Lawrence-
Linden Home, Marblehead.

420.T?-'*

" I do not place my individual self in opposition to tobacco, but
science, in the form of physiology and hygiene, is opposed to it ;
and science is the expression of God's will in the government of
his work in the universe."

" Every interest of purity, dignity, and honor should lead every
woman and every maiden to set her face and her whole example
against everything that is of the passions, everything that is of
the appetites, which leads into peril."

AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE FIFTH
EDITION.

In bringing out the present edition of "The
Tobacco Problem," I desire to say that, while I
have taken tobacco for my text, I have included
all other narcotics, especially those used, at first,
under medical prescription and continued until the
servant becomes, not only a master, but a tyrant.

I wish also to acknowledge the great kindness
with which my book has been received, even by
many devotees of the weed. I had hardly expected
such a degree of sufferance. It is true that, out-
spoken as I have been, I have set down naught in
malice, and have aimed to avoid unfair and unwar-
ranted statements. Yet I am aware that it is well-
nigh impossible for one with strong convictions as
to the use of narcotics, to write a treatise on the
subject which will not seem, perhaps to a large
class, unreasonable and extravagant, if not absurd.
Judging from the indications, the majority in
Church and State are against me. Asrain and
again have I been told that I injure the cause by
demanding too much ; that it is the abuse and not
the proper use of tobacco against which I should
direct my efforts.

The same charges have long been rung against

VI PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION.

those who plead for total abstinence from intoxi-
cating liquors. Such persons assert that temper-
ance means "the moderate use of all these good
things ; " that it is really intemperance to insist on
entire abstinence. I can only reply that in many
cases the tobacco users with whom I have conversed
frankly concede that the habit, however limited, is
not only foolish but injurious, and that they wish
themselves well rid of it.

On the other hand, not a few insist that their use
of tobacco is moderate, even when physicians and
friends are alarmed by their excessive indulgence.
It is very hard for such smokers, perhaps indeed
for smokers generally, to admit that they smoke
too much. Is not this an evidence that the tobacco
habit impairs the judicial faculty?

I have discussed this subject with more than one
excellent clergyman who assert that their temperate
use of the "divine weed" is not only harmless, but
really beneficial. May I not respectfully refer
back the subject to these preachers of self-denial
for a fuller consideration ?

That there may not be exceptions to the rule
governing the habitual use of narcotics, I dare not
insist. But if such exceptions exist, are they not
so rare that they may almost be regarded as
strengthening the general rule ?

C (DC

Totally apart, however, from the more or less
injurious results, physical and intellectual, of the
tobacco habit, arises the question whether, in an

PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. VII

ethical view, the yielding to such a habit is worthy
of one's better self — is not, indeed, a lowering of
the moral tone.

Says Archdeacon Farrar : " It seems to me that,
when man has so many natural wants, it is not
desirable to add to them another want, which can
only be regarded as artificial. "

Governed by the same principle, Sir Isaac New-
ton refused to smoke, "because he would make no
necessities for himself."

Is there not sound philosophy in what Tolstoi
writes : w It is incumbent upon us, as far as in us
lies, to surround ourselves and others with the
conditions most favorable to that precision and
clearness of thought which are so indispensable to
the proper working of our consciousness ; and we
should certainly refrain most scrupulously from
hindering and clogging this action of consciousness
by the consumption of brain-clouding stimulants
and narcotics. "

Is not compliance with any doubtful indulgence
weakening to the moral sense ? Must not contin-
uance in such indulgence by one who admits that
it is foolish and injurious, check his religious aspir-
ations, and bring him down to a low, earthy level?
Are those who make self-indulgence their law fitted
as good soldiers for the real battle of life ? — espe-
cially as leaders of those who are pressing by
thousands into the ranks ?

I desire to express my indebtedness to all those

Ylll PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION.

who have strengthened my hands and cheered my
heart in my difficult and often discouraging work.
A few who most generously aided me at the out-
set— William E. Dodge, Sr., of New York, Elizur
Wright of Boston, William Hyde of Ware, and
President Fairchild of Berea, — have all passed to
a higher field of labor. Are there any who will
take their places?

I am also under obligation to many, including
physicians, both in our own and other lands, for
their testimonies and encouragement. Particularly
would I pay my warm tribute of thanks to my
good friends, Dr. John Ellis of Xew York and Dr.
Charles C. Drysdale, senior surgeon of the Metro-
politan Hospital, London, — not only for the val-
uable information they have given me, but for
their unwearied sympathy and kindness.

Let me add that it was not at hap-hazard that
this book was dedicated to my country-women, and
that every year strengthens the conviction that I
made no mistake in this. I have seen enough of
the effects, on the one hand, not merely of the con-
doning, but of the self-complacent approval, of this
narcotic barbarian, this insidious but desperate
defier of aesthetics, by thoughtless and sometimes
frivolous women, and, on the other hand, of the
decided and unfaltering stand against it on the
part of intelligent, conscientious women, — I have
seen enough of all this to convince me a hundred

PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. ix

times over of the potency of woman's influence in
this as in other matters.

If all our women would combine in kindly but
earnest and unwavering warfare against this to-
bacco necromancer, there is not a question but he
would be slain. Think of the multitudes who
would thus be forever freed from their degrading
bondage !

Will the women do it?

Margaret Woods Lawrence.

Linden Home, Marblehead.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

THE AMERICAN ONE MAN AXTI-TOBACCO SOCIETY.

This society, which was born in 1848, was, I be-
lieve, the first for this cause ever known in the
world. Its founder, George Trask, by a slavery
to the weed of more than twenty years, was brought
to the gates of death. Looking to God for help,
he broke from its bondage. In his own words,
"Its renunciation lifted a loathsome incubus from
my soul. I came back to a normal condition of
body and mind. I ran, I leaped for joy, and
sometimes my gratitude to God for the return of
health was so intense that I was overwhelmed and
wept like a child."

In all the enthusiasm of a fresh convert, George
Trask began to labor with his neighbors, and final-
ly consecrated himself to this work, in which he
continued through life, undeterred by the greatest
obstacles.

In giving his experience sometime after he says :

"My clerical brethren have treated me in a style
somewhat diverse. Some have heartily bid me
Godspeed; some — votaries of the weed — have-
eyed me askance, and, I presume, wished me in
Japan. Some have played the captious critic —
laughed at my work, as they have laughed at all
reforms while struggling for life.

xi

Xll TOBACCO.

f' Biding out of Brattleboro one Monday morn-
ing with Rev. Dr. Pierpont, he asked me, 'What
did you do yesterday ? ' fI preached to Baptist
Mends in the morning on the text, "'Whether ye
eat or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the
glory of God,'' and showed them they could not
glorify him by using tobacco. I addressed three
Sunday-schools at noon, and showed the boys that
tobacco leads to idleness, poverty, strong drink,
Vice, ill health, insanity and death. I preached to
the Congregational ists in "West Brattleboro in the
afternoon on the text, "That which is highly es-
teemed among men is abomination in the sight of
God," showing them that men highly esteemed to-
bacco, but God abhorred it. I lectured in the
evening in the town hall to a noble bod}' of young
men on the destructive effects of tobacco.'

"The poet exclaimed in surprise, 'A piodigious
worker!' Then musing a moment, added, rI will
give you your epitaph.' In a Hudibrastic sort of
verse which I cannot repeat, he said in substance :
1 "We have great men enough, philosophers
enough, poets enough, geniuses enough, D. D.'s
enough, L. L. D 's enough. The world needs work-
ers. Here lies one.''' This is your epitaph.'

I take a few specimens from the journal of Mr.
Trask's warfare on tobacco, which he says "are the
off-hand record of the rough and tumble incident
to the early stages f this reform, when to assault
tobacco in the shape of a smoker, chewer, snuffer

HISTORICAL SKETCH. Xlll

or raiser, was tantamount to assaulting a hornet's
nest, and we were about as likely to be stung by
friend as foe."

"October 28, 1852. — On my way to the city, I
have free talk with Dr. P., who affirms, 'It is an
insidious evil ; it injures the individual more than
the community ; to fight it is like fighting the mi-
asma/ and winds up by saying, 'Brother, I wouldn't
fight it another day. Take a parish, be quiet and
happy the rest of your life ! '

"Right in front of Tremont Temple, a clerical
brother takes me by the button, and facetiously
asks, 'Brother, have you got all the tobacco out of
the world?' 'Not all, brother ; to mend the world
is a vast concern. Dr. P. bids me quit this re-
form and take a parish.' 'No, no ; go on ; agitate,
agitate! It is up-hill work, but in the strength of
the Lord, go on.'

"Called on Professor . He assures me I

shall do a world of good if I do not carry matters
too far. 'I chew a little,' he adds ; 'if I did not, I
should be as fat as a pig. The little I chew does
me good. I detest smoking; it poisons the com-
mon air.'

" I passed to the seminary to give a lecture to
the students. The first I met accosted me : 'Mr.
Trask, you are too late to benefit me ; I gave up
tobacco three months ago.' 'You smoke, my
young brother; I smell it.' 'Yes, I must smoke a
little, but I abhor chewing.9

XIV TOBACCO.

"At Greenfield, saw Rev. Mr. Langstrotk, the
Corypheus in the science of bees. He says, rBees
are wiser than men about tobacco. One of my
hives was insulted, made stupid or drunk by to-
bacco smoke ; but when the persecutor came round
again with his pipe they gave him to understand
that he could not repeat the insult with impunity.
They assailed him on all sides with a vengeance.'"

I give selections from some of Mr. Trask's cam-
paigns :

"Mr. J. C, of Connecticut, in a letter, de-
nounces me and my mission. He bids me meet
him at the judgment day, and answer for the sin
of preaching against tobacco on the Sabbath. I
reply: 'Mr. J. C. — Wlien you write again, pay
your postage. George TraskJ

"January 26. — Spirits below zero. Letter
after letter, giving me not a ray of light, not a
farthing of money, not a word of encouragement.
One from a brother clergyman says : f Our associa-
tion criticised you and your mission in a fraternal
manner, after you left us the other day. Many of
us thought you ought to be a little more cautious
and courteous, and thereby carry on your unpopu-
lar work in a way less offensive and with better
success.' f O God ! ' I cry, f have mercy on an am-
ateur ministry! One-third of this association, or
more, sit in their chairs, chew, smoke, criticise,
and imagine that a man can handle pitch and not
defile his garments.'

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XV

"Called at a school in Boston to drop a word
touching pernicious habits. The teacher assures
me it would not be best. fMy scholars are from
rich and fashionable families which smoke, and it
will not do to forbid the boys to do what their
fathers practise.' The Lord have mercy on gen-
teel families and genteel schools in this city of no-
tions !

"May 13. — On my route to Waltham. Three
red cents in my treasury to hire a hall, pay my
board and battle the most popular of all narcotics.
God give me grit and grace.'

"Cambridge, July 20. — Commencement. A
class of eighty-eight were graduated. With rare
exceptions the young men were pale, lank and
lean — the pitiable victims of smoke. This is
Cambridge College in 1853. How was it in 1650 ?
'No scholar shall take tobacco, unless permitted
by the president, with the consent of their parents
or guardians, and on good reasons first given by a
physician, and then in a sober and private man-
ner.'

"I met an admirable woman, a clergyman's wife,
who said : c My husband preached an excellent ser-
mon on self-denial one Sabbath, and as he came
down from the pulpit I said, "Husband, that is a
good sermon. Now go home, drop tobacco, and
put it into practice." He did.' Luther says, 'The
sweetest thing in the world is the heart of a pious
woman.' Brother Martin, I sincerely believe it.

XVI TOBACCO.

"A deacon in Hadley besought 113 not to lecture
against raising tobacco, because by raising it he
could give more to foreign missions. The deacon
reminds me of a man in Marlboro, who said to his
neighbor: 'Sir, I wish to sell you my conscience.
It is just as good as brand new, for I never used
it.' Tobacco fields and distilleries of liquid death
belong to the same category. When, oh when,
will Christian pulpits in that fat valley do their
duty?

"A school-master caught his boys smoking.
'How, now! 'he shouted to the first lad; 'how
dare you be smoking tobacco?'

"'Sir, I am subject to headaches, and smoke
takes off the pains.' 'And you? And you? And
you?'

" One had a raging tooth ; another colic ; the
third a cough.

' 'Now, sirrah ! ' shouted the master to the last
boy, 'what disorder do you smoke for?'

"Looking up in the master's face, he said in a
whining tone, 'Sir, I smoke for corns.' "

Then follows a characteristic report :

"Ladies and Gentlemen: A few friends have
urged me to call you together to listen to a state-
ment of the doings of the American Anti-Tobacco
Society for the ten years of its existence, and to
give you an opportunity to adopt measures to ar-
rest an evil of great magnitude.

"This society is not rich in names; still we are

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XV11

happy to present a Board of Officers so united in
purpose, so efficient in action, so reliable, and so
well looking, considering the f wear and tear ' of this
decade of hard service. The president of this soci-
ety is George Trask ; the vice-president, secretary,
treasurer and auditor is George Trask. The honor-
ary body, corporate and incorporate, is the same
unwearied individual — the Anti-Tobacco Apostle.

"The object of this society is to break up a
death-like, prevalent stupidity in relation to the
evils of tobacco, and by ' light and love' create a
public conscience, which we trust in God will lead
to the removal of so great a curse. This society
encounters many obstacles. Among these is the
incorrigibility of the habit it assails. A man can
give up his pastimes, his bottle, his pastor, and
his politics with less ado than his quid or his pipe.
If any devotee of the weed disputes this, let him
try it. This cause encounters scorn and derision.
It has been laughed at in the church and out of it
from Maine to Georgia, from Plymouth Rock to
California. We have needed temples of brass, we
have needed faith in God like Abraham's to brave
this tide of sarcasm. Thank God, we have had it !

" The position of many women is unfavorable to
this cause. They think it in bad taste to rebuke
husbands and sons for indulgence in this fashion-
able pleasure. But they do not think it in bad
taste to live day and night in apartments fumigat-
ed with this impurity ; they are used to it. They

XV111 TOBACCO.

are like the Irish girl, who was advised not to
marry a drunkard. She replied: 'I will; I am
used to it; it will seem more like home.'

"AVe have during ten years delivered more than
two thousand sermons and lectures, adapted to
show the pernicious effects of the poison on the
bodies and souls of men. AVe have published a
number of small books and thirty tracts on the
subject. These tracts have never been modified
or mollified by any committee ; hence they are not
perfect ; they retain all the original depravity
they had at the hands of their authors ; I mean the
respectable board of gentlemen we have named
who constitute the officers of this society."

Thus all along the years, this unwearied reform-
er preached and prayed and wrote tracts and small
books which he sowed broadcast. But in the great
Boston fire a sore calamity befell him in the de-
struction of all his plates. I remember seeing a
letter he wrote on this occasion, in which he
speaks of himself as lying flat on his back, yet
looking up into the sky. And with a heavenly
inspired courage he instantly went to work and
had the plates re-cast.

That he was never unwise in his methods, he
was the last man to claim. Fighting single-handed
as he did against a public idol enthroned in the
highest places, it would have been a miracle had
he escaped criticism. But with the most imper-

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XIX

turbable good nature, he skillfully parried the
many hard blows he received.

After a quarter of a century's incessant toil, his
health gave way and for months he was a sick
man. Yet his busy hands never ceased their
work, his last tract being an Appeal to the Rev.
Charles Spurgeon, of which I give the closing
characteristic sentence : "The project of converting
the world by the Gospel of Christ, by the power of
the Holy Ghost, and by man's free agency is not a
humbug, but a natural, scriptural, glorious, project
eclipsing every other. The idea of converting the
world whilst rum, opium, and tobacco are its
masters, is a humbug."

It was while correcting the proofs of this tract
that the Master summoned him. So on January
25, 1875, the old hero joyfully passed from the
toils of earth to the higher, broader services of the
heavenly kingdom.

Blessed be the memory of George Trask, one of
the earliest workers in this great field — The One-
Man Anti-Tobacco Society ! .

But the good work was not to end with George
Trask's mortal life.

At Cincinnati in November of the same year,
1875, at the Second Annual Convention of the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, — that
wonderful society, born of the Crusades and which

XX TOBACCO.

has grown with such marvellous rapidity, — ar-
rangements were made for giving thorough in-
struction concerning alcohol and tobacco to the
members of the Juvenile Union.

At the Fourth Convention in Chicago, 1877, a
strong resolution was taken to oppose the use of
tobacco in every form.

At the Tenth Convention in Detroit, 1883, Mrs.
M. B. Reese, of Ohio, was appointed superintend-
ent of a department of ff Effort to Overthrow the
Tobacco Habit." *

At the Twelfth Convention in Philadelphia,

1885, this department was changed to a "Depart-
ment of Narcotics," of which Mrs. Havens, of Den-
ver, Colorado, was made superintendent.

At the Thirteenth Convention in Minneapolis,

1886, Mrs. E. B. Ingalls, of St. Louis, was ap-
pointed national superintendent of this department,
the different state superintendents securing super-
intendents in district or local Unions. There is
thus a chain of workers from the National to the
smallest Union in every state.

Under the influence of this department, anti-
tobacco literature has been widely circulated, and
instruction has been given in our schools, while
the District of Columbia and thirty-five states
have passed laws of greater or less stringency, for-
bidding the sale of tobacco to minors of various
ages. It is hoped eventually to have the full period
of minority secured against the evil.

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XXI

There are several societies now enlisted in this
important reform.

THE BRITISH ANTI-TOBACCO SOCIETY.

This society was founded in London, 1853, by
Thomas Reynolds, who, like George Trask, was for
some years a great smoker, and who, like him,
when converted, freely devoted his time and sub-
stance to the cause. And he did this so to the
neglect of his own personal interests that some
friend proposed as his fitting epitaph, "Here lies a
man who in his great regard for things spiritual
well-nigh forgot things temporal."

The organ Ox the society is the " Anti-Tobacco
Journal," now edited by Mr. Reynolds' daughter,
who, at her father's death, bravely took up his
work and is still faithfully carrying it on.

THE ENGLISH ANTI-TOBACCO SOCIETY AND ANTI-
NARCOTIC LEAGUE.

In November, 1867, at a conference convened in
Manchester, an organization was formed, designated
as the Manchester and Salford Anti-Tobacco Soci-
ety, a title subsequently enlarged to its present
form. The very Rev. F. Close, D.D., Dean of
Carlisle , was the first president. This society seems
to have been very much alive, if I may use the ex-
pression, many eminent men having been connected
with it as working officers. Alfred E. Eccles,
Esq., of Chorley, with the late Peter Spence and
his son, Frank Spence, have given liberally of their

XX11 TOBACCO.

time and money to the cause. Mr. Eecles, who is
now president, has made a free distribution of
many millions of tracts and booklets, at an expense
of hundreds of pounds. The organ of the society
is " The Committee's Monthly Letter to Members
and Friends." It is pleasant to report that a num-
ber of branches have been formed in different parts
of the kingdom.

In "The Band of Hope Chronicle," issued month-
ly by The United Kingdom Band of Hope Union,
are frequently published articles, and sometimes
a series of articles, upon tobacco.

A local anti-tobacco society has been established
at Heading, about an hour's drive from London.
And this year an attempt is being made to establish
in London a national anti-tobacco society, with
Dr. Drysdale as its president.

SOCIETE OONTRE L'ABUS DU TAB AC.

In Paris, in 1867, M. Decroix, with the assist-
ance of Messieurs Bourrel and Blatin, formed an
association against the abuse of tobacco. On in-
quiring of M. Decroix why it was not named the
association against tobacco, he replied that the
government, which has the monopoly of the tobacco
revenues, would not authorize this, and that the
temperance society was restricted in the same way,
— The Society against the Abuse of Alcoholics.

After a time, the addition of new members greatly
changed this organization, and having labored in

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XX111

vain to bring it back to its original character, M.
Decroix, in 1877, founded the present society. In
1883, the first association was dissolved, and the
commission of liquidation passed over to the new
society three hundred and sixty francs to be
awarded in prizes, while M. Blatin left a legacy
to found an annual prize of fifty francs, bearing
his name.

It was with this society that the International
Congress on the subject of tobacco was held during
the great Paris Exposition of 1889.

The members have shown much energy in pub-
lishing and distributing valuable anti-tobacco liter-
ature. M. Decroix, the founder and president, has
written a number of excellent pamphlets, among
which is one of special importance on ff The use of
Tobacco in the Army." In this connection I can-
not forbear naming a French work of over five
hundred pages, by Dr. H. A. Depierris, entitled
" Physiologie Sociale Les Tabac." The treatment
of the subject is candid and exhaustive, and the
book is interesting as well as instructive from the
beginning to the end.

THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE
ASSOCIATION.

This society was formed in 1879, by Dr. J. H.
Kellogg, of the Medical and Surgical Sanitarium,
Battle Creek, Michigan. It has an anti-tobacco
pledge, to which there have been nearly twenty

XXIV TOBACCO.

thousand subscribers. Dr. Kellogg has written
a number of tracts concerning the tobacco habit,
of which several hundred thousands have been sold.

THE ANTI-TOBACCO ASSOCIATION OF ST. JOHN, NEW
BRUNSWICK.

Several years later, on December 6, 1887, largely
through the influence of the W. C. T. U. workers,
Mr. R. A. H. Morrow, with several others, formed
this society. Among the good results has been the
publication of a book containing "Three Prize
Essays on Tobacco/' the giving up the sale by
some of the traders, and the passage of a law pro-
hibiting its sale in any fonn to persons under
eighteen.

Kev. A. S. Sims has labored for some years in
this cause in Canada, but I have been unable to
get particulars of his work. And there are others
enlisted more or less prominently in the tobacco
warfare, of whom my limits preclude mention.
They are all helping to secure the final victory.

AN ANTI-TOBACCO CLUB IN TURKEY.

A cheering token of progress comes through
Mrs. Montgomery, missionary of "The Woman's
Board" in Adana, Turkey, some extracts from
whose letter I may be pardoned for giving :

"On my return to the Cilician Plain in 1887, I
carried with me a copy of 'The Tobacco Problem'
which I afterwards put into the hands of Mr.
Hagop Yeranian, at that time the Armenian Pro-

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XXV

testant preacher at Tarsus, knowing him to be
greatly interested in such matters. He was so
impressed by the book that he immediately set
about organizing an anti-tobacco club in the city
of Paul's birth. In the spring of 1889, he in-
formed me that he had secured twenty members,
who were quite enthusiastic over the pledges they
had made. I remember that they were of three
different nationalities, Armenian, Greek, and Turk-
ish. Two years later this preacher left Tarsus,
and is now working in the Smyrna field. I have
no doubt that he will start another club in the
country of Paul's early labors."

THE ANTI-NARCOTIC SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC
COAST.

Dr. C. Clifford Vanderbeck, who is at the head
of a sanitarium in San Francisco, called "The
Hygeia," has long been deeply impressed with the
terrible evils of the opium habit, which he says
"has saturated our society here through and
through." After many efforts by lectures and in
other ways to interest the public, on December
1, 1891, he founded "The Anti-Narcotic Society
of the Pacific Coast." Dr. Vanderbeck writes :
" Some of the poor victims who are brought before
the police judges, beg to be sent to the county jail
or the House of Correction, where they cannot
get their accustomed narcotic. Hitherto, with all
our charities, nothing has been done for one of the

XXVI TOBACCO.

most flagrant vices on this coast. But we hope,
in the near future, to have an institution for the
treatment and cure of the victims of the opium
habit."

Some one has expressed the doubt whether the
introduction of hypodermic injections, with their
frequent and fearful results, is not, on the whole,
proving a curse to mankind. But may not the
difficulty lie in their frequent inconsiderate pre-
scription and their sometimes reckless application ?
This is a matter of such grave importance that I
cannot forbear summoning witnesses from the
medical faculty.

Dr. Vanderbeck, in a treatise on "Narcotic In-
ebriety," frankly admits, " We cannot get away
from the fact that we are sometimes a little careless
in our use of narcotics." He quotes Dr. Charles
C. Cranmer, of Saratoga, X.Y. : "I am grieved to
find that physicians possessing a supposed liberal
education, and knowing fully the terrible effects of
the continued use of opium and morphia, prescribe
the same in the most reckless manner. I use the
word reckless because I am bound to believe, from
actual facts before me, that the above drugs are
constantly prescribed for every simple ache or pain
coming under their professional care."

Dr. Vanderbeck continues : "Dr. Cranmer affirms
that, within a radius of half a mile of his office, he
knows of a dozen friends with the opium habit,
and in the majority of them it came about from the

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XXVI 1

physician's prescribing an opiate for a simple pain.
He asks the profession to raise their voice against
this terrible crime. On the other side of the water,
we find the note of warning has been sounded as
well. Dr. Minnet, of Edinburgh, reports cases of
opium eating, all starting from physicians' prescrip-
tions. ... In using opium, the profession should
always bear in mind that we might be the agent of
setting the spark to the fire that may only be ex-
tinguished with life. ... In cases of insomnia
and of neuralgia we have a number of new and
safe remedies that ought to lessen materially the
prescribing of the direct narcotics."

In view of these facts, is it not in order to ex-
press the very earnest desire that physicians be
most scrupulously considerate and cautious in mak-
ing such prescriptions ?

It has been suggested that a law should be
enacted forbidding the sale of the instrument and
the drug to any outside the medical profession,
and that physicians should never commit them into
the hands of patients or of any irresponsible per-
son, but restrict their use to themselves or to an
instructed nurse. Some means of limiting and
controlling this practice is of vital importance.

The Right Rev. Bishop of Little Rock has re-
cently called the attention of the Catholic Total
Abstinence Union to this subject. He says : " What
priest in charge of souls does not know that it is
the well-nigh universal practice among physicians

xxviii TOBACCO.

of the day to administer intoxicants, morphine,
opium, etc., to their dying patients to alleviate
their pains and then send them intoxicated (or
stupefied) before their Judge, and even without
the opportunity of arranging their will or family
affairs. "

mrs. hunt's educational wtork.

There is no more grievous bondage than that in
which the narcotic despot holds his victims, and
his dominion extends to the uttermost parts of the
earth. There was a time when the warfare against
him seemed utterly hopeless ; but God be thanked
that the brave hearts and unwearied hands which
have undertaken this battle have not fought in
vain. We have seen one organized army after
another rising against him, and, though the con-
flict has been desperate, some trophies have been
won.

Of the wonderful work accomplished by Mary
H. Hunt, it would take pages to speak adequately.
Interested in the subject of temperance as a mother,
as early as 1872, she commenced a thorough inves-
tigation which, on the formation of the W. C. T. U.,
led to her accepting the superintendency of the
Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction,
both national and international. The thrilling
story of her labors, her battles, and her victories
is too long to be told here, but can be found in
the ff Brief History of the First Decade of Scien-

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XXIX

tific Temperance Instruction in Schools and Col-
leges." *

I have only room to say that, as the result of
her indomitable efforts with our legislators, in
thirty-six of our states, all the territories, our
military and naval academies, and the Indian and
colored schools under federal government, educa-
tion as to the evil effects of alcoholic drinks and
other narcotics is now required ; thus bringing
more than twelve million children under temper-
ance education laws. And in twenty different
countries interest has been awakened in the work
of this education of the young. Who can predict
the result when the children of every land are
thoroughly instructed in the evils and the perils of
the drinking and narcotic habit, and when anti-
alcoholic and anti-narcotic societies girdle the
whole earth?

THE ANTI-VENENEAN SOCIETY.

Although this society, in its birth, preceded
by many years that of George Trask, yet as it re-
lated more prominently to the drinking than to the
tobacco habit, and was moreover limited to Am-
herst College, the mention of it comes later. It
was formed in 1830, by President Hitchcock, a pro-
nounced temperance man, for the purpose of pledg-
ing its members during their college course against

♦Obtained by addressing Mrs. Mary H. Hunt, Hyde Park, Mass.

XXX TOBACCO.

the use of alcoholic drinks and of tobacco, in case
they were willing to forswear that also.

It was the president's custom to invite the fresh-
men, on entering college, to his house, when, after
a talk on the subject, he would unfold his roll and
give them an opportunity to add their signatures.
After a long period the society was given up to
the entire control of the students, and a few years
since "it died of inanition."'

"At the present time/' writes Professor Hitch-
cock, "more than twenty per cent, of our students
enter college with the tobacco habit. And the
only power I have against it is that men in athletic
training cannot use it."

But the Anti-Venenean, otherwise Anti-Poison-
ing Society, deserves warm mention as being one of
the earliest protests against nicotine, and also for
what it accomplished through its honored founder.

I cannot resist the temptation to quote here a few
passages from President Hitchcock's "History of a
Zoological Convention held in Central Africa in
1847 : "

"After protracted discussions, as the sessions of
the convention were drawing to a close, a committee
appointed early in the deliberations came forward
and through their chairman, the Asiatic Leopard,
reported the following resolutions." Of these res-
olutions I can give only one :

" 6. Jtesolved, that we now pledge ourselves, by
touching noses, that we will entirely abstain from

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XXXI

all beverages but water ; that we nauseate the poi-
sonous weed called tobacco ; that we will discoun-
tenance their use by other animals, and that we will
do all in our power to increase their use among
men as the surest means of their ruin, and the only
hope of preventing them from gaining the entire
control of the whole animal kingdom."

REPORT FROM WEST POINT.

The history of tobacco, as connected with our
National Military Academy, is of special interest.
From the account kindly sent me September 16,
1892, by Col. Charles W. Larned, a professor in
the Academy, the following outline is given : —

In the early days of West Point the use of to-
bacco was prohibited, but as, notwithstanding this,
smoking was prevalent, the superintendent re-
solved to try the permissive course. In 1857,
therefore, tobacco was given free entrance and was
included among the stores issued by the commis-
sary. The only restriction laid upon the cadets
was the forbidding of smoking outside the limits
of their rooms and during "call to quarters" or
study hours. This regulation, however, had little
influence.

"In my own day," writes Col. Larned, "which
was from 1866 to 1879, the great majority were
smokers, a number of my class smoking from re-
veille to tattoo, and not a few lighting their pipes
after taps. At our social meetings during release

XXX11 TOBACCO.

quarters, the air was dense with smoke to a degree
I have never seen equalled, not even in a smoking
car. ... I believe this habit to have been distinctly
injurious to very many, and of three whose post-
graduate careers were wrecked by personal habits,
all smoked to inordinate excess.

"In 1881, the authorities prohibited smoking
absolutely. In the discussions preceding the rec-
ommendation of this course by the Academic
Boord to the Secretary of War, then Lincoln, it
was urged that the effect of toleration is to en-
courage the habit ; that the effects of smoking
were in most cases distinctly detrimental to study,
and in many instances to health, and that many
who came to the Academy without having ac-
quired the habit were induced to form it. It was
argued also that, unlike civil institutions, the Gov-
ernment assumes in the disciplinary code of the
Military Academy direct charge of, and responsi-
bility for, the physical and moral welfare of its
students, and that it is bound in consequence not
to sanction or tolerate any practice which is in any
degree subversive of either.

"It has been urged by some that the effect of
prohibition is to induce surreptitious violation of
regulations. This objection is valid against every
prohibitory regulation whatever, and applies with
equal force to hazing.

"A close questioning of recent graduates and of
cadets themselves substantiates the assumption

HISTORICAL SKETCH. XXXill

that at present about half of the cadets smoke
more or less, but that very few smoke to excess.
My personal opinion is that on the whole the
effect of prohibition is decidedly beneficial, and
that, under the wise system of cumulative punish-
ment adopted by the present superintendent, the
habit is on the decline. An examination of the
roster of officers now stationed at the Academy,
from the superintendent, Col. John M. Wilson,
who is a total abstainer as regards both liquor and
tobacco, down to the junior lieutenant, shows that,
out of a total of sixty-one, some twenty-six or seven
either do not use tobacco, or to so slight a degree
as to place them virtually on the list of abstainers.
Twenty-two do not use tobacco in any form, and
the majority of these graduated after the introduc-
tion of prohibition. It may be observed in this
connection that the steadiness, sobriety, and studi-
ousness of the Corps of Cadets has steadily in-
creased of late years in a very marked degree.
To what extent diminished smoking has contrib-
uted to this condition must be left to conjecture.
It is fair, however, to cite these various facts as
strongly favoring influences."

Equally encouraging is a letter from Capt. R.
S. Pythian, superintendent United States Naval
Academy, Annapolis, Md. :

"Sept. 21st, 1892.

" I beg to state that Naval Cadets are forbidden
to use or to have in their possession tobacco in

XXXIV TOBACCO.

any form. The regulation against the use of to-
bacco is enforced as rigidly as possible, and its vi-
olation is severely punished. While it must be
admitted that the practice cannot be altogether
broken up, even in an institution where the stu-
dents are under such close observation, still the
strict enforcement of the regulation produces good
results by restricting the evil so far as it is possi-
ble to do so."

In this connection I quote from a letter dated
September 28, 1892, from Dr. Albert L. Gihon,
recently in charge of the Naval Hospital at Brook-
lyn:

" The views that I held, and which you did me
the honor to quote in r The Tobacco Problem,' as
to the prejudicial influence of tobacco upon the
growth and development of adolescents, the result
of rive years of close observations of cadets at the
United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Mary-
land, during the period of my duty in charge of
the Medical Department of that institution (1875-
1880), I still hold in undiminished degree.

" I am more than ever convinced that the use of
tobacco by adolescents should be vigorously inter-
dicted in every educational or other establishment
in which the young are under disciplinary control,
and I further believe that the sale of cigarettes, or
other forms of tobacco, to minors, should be prohib-
ited by legislation."

PEEFATOEY.

I have carefully examined the work on Tobacco,
as prepared by Mrs. Lawrence, and find in it a
thorough and kindly consideration of the subject
in all its relations, without prejudice, and with
every desirable concession.

The book cannot fail to impress its truth upon
the public mind. Its mission is in the family, the
shop, the college, the pulpit, — in short, in all
places of education and of training for business,
and in all classes of the community.

WILLARD PARKER, M. D.
New York, May, 1882.

CONTENTS.

Introduction 1

FINANCIAL VIEW.

Quantity and Cost — Cost from Fires — Laws limitingUse — Culture-
Other Tobacco-Costs— Yorktown Bill— Tobacco Census .... 4

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW.

Nicotine-Poisoning — Experiments — Facts — Considered Medically —
Effects on Children and Young Men— Lowering Scholarship —
Hard Breaking in —Cigarettes — Tobacco and Drinking — Man-
ufacture of Chewing Tobacco— Cigar-Making — Properties and
Effects of Tobacco — Experiences of Literary Men — Medical
Inconsistencies — The late Dr. Willard Parker's Views — Tobacco
Illustrations — Tobacco Diseases — Tobacco Amaurosis — Color-
Blindness — Delirium Tremens — Heart Disease — Smoker's Can-
cer — Impaired Muscular Force — Shattered Nerves — Insanity.
Tobacco Heredity — Surgeon-General's Report 23

TOBACCO BENEFITS.

Destroying Vermin — Excluding Ladies — Mellowing Theology — In-
ducing Self- Abasement — Subduing Bad Smells — Protecting
against Malaria and Typhoid — Aiding Digestion — Quieting the
Nerves — An Antiseptic — Preserving the Teeth — Helpful Stim-
ulant—Checking Waste of Tissue — Benefiting Adults — Pro-
moting Sociability

SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC VIEW.

Old-Time View of Tobacco —List of Brands —What Protection Against
Smokers— Twenty Minutes in a Smoking-Car— Present Outlook-
Civil Rights vs. Tobacco — Tobacco Pictures — Tobacco Manu-
facture — Cigarette-Making —Wives of Tobacco-users — Female
Devotees — Demands of Modern Travel — Tobacco Barbarism —

Tobacco vs. Woman 119

xxxvii

XXXV111 CONTENTS.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW.

Deteriorating Influence — Clerical Tobacco — Missionary Tobacco —
Temperance and Tobacco — Tobacco Bondage — The Yoke
Broken — Cheering Tokens — Heathen Examples — Claims of
the Trade — Helpful Suggestions 181

TOBACCO INDICTED AND TRIED.

Indictment — Objectors Summoned — Plea with Woman — Tobacco

Battles — Final Appeal 239

APPENDIX 257

TOBACCO

INTRODUCTION.

Whatever benefits may be legitimately claimed
for tobacco, very few will deny that the prevailing
habit of using it is expensive, unwholesome, and
uncleanly, if not actually demoralizing and peril-
ous. Why, then, must it be touched so gingerly?
Why must we approach it with deprecating bows
and apologies, as if, after all, it was not much of
an offence ?

Alas ! it is because this ugly brown idol is set
up in high places ; because it has more worship-
pers than any heathen god ; because it is enshrined
in many a heart as the dearest thing on earth. If,
now and then, some fearless hand attacks it, not a
few, even among those who are not its votaries, in
their concern lest some good man may chance to
get hit, stand ready to warn off the assailant. One
is thus often reminded of the old slavery days,
when many who were not practical partakers con-
doned the offence of such as were.

Are not those who use this narcotic in its vari-
l

2 TOBACCO.

ous forms as truly slaves as were our Southern
negroes? Is not its bondage as oppressive as was
theirs ? Are not its fetters as tightly riveted ?

This tobacco-habit extends to every nation on
the globe, and permeates every rank in society.
The gray-haired patriarch is not too old nor the
boy of twelve too young to be its willing subject.
The filthiest slum and the politest society are alike
pervaded by it.

It stalks defiantly through the streets, fouling
the very air of heaven. It boldly sits in our legis-
lative halls, both state and national. In spite of
special arrangements to imprison it, there is no
such thing as shutting it away from the tell-tale
air and the whispering breeze.

Its insidious spell has so fallen on the community
that multitudes seem utterly insensible to its char-
acter and its consequences. Indeed, so potent is
this spell that there is now and then a woman who,
instead of being: disturbed bv seeing her father or
brother, husband or lover, among the victims, will
complacently smile upon his offence and gayly
decorate the symbols of his slavery.

Shall I be pronounced a fanatic, a monomaniac,
for writing thus? Yea, verily. But though I am
struck, I will still claim a hearing.

If you deem it audacious for a woman to attack
so terrible a giant, let me plead in self-defence
that, deepty moved on the subject, I was impelled
to go forth, and, under cover, to fire a few shots.
Through the encouragement and solicitations of

INTRODUCTION. 3

many, I have been led to extend my investigations
and to venture on a bolder assault. Yet in this
public arraignment of tobacco, a power so high in
position, so well-nigh supreme in influence, I have
been painfully aware of my difficult and delicate
task, and, but for the abundance of testimony
against the despot, should never have gathered
courage to prosecute it.

Great pains have been taken to authenticate the
statements contained in these papers. And I
would express my sense of obligation, not only to
those able writers on the subject from whom I
have gathered much of my material, but also to
the various medical authorities — strangers as well
as friends — to whose courtesy in response to in-
quiries I have been indebted in the performance of
my work.

If I have written strongly, it is because I have
felt deeply. But however strong the language
used, — and it will be noted that the sharpest,
most uncompromising passages are quotations from
those much better informed on this subject than
myself, — it has been far from my thought to rep-
resent the tobacco-vice as the only or the greatest
vice in the world, or tobacco-votaries as sinners
above all the men that dwell in Galilee. And it
has been frankly, though sorrowfully, conceded
that among these votaries are men of unquestioned
moral and spiritual excellence.

FINANCIAL VIEW.

QUANTITY AND COST.

Some years since, the annual production of to-
bacco throughout the world was estimated at four
billions of pounds. This mass, if transformed into
roll-tobacco two inches in diameter, would coil
around the world sixty times ; or, if made up into
tablets, as sailors use it, would form a pile as high
as an Egyptian pyramid. Allowing the cost of the
unmanufactured material to be ten cents a pound,
the yearly expense of this poisonous growth amounts
to four hundred millions of dollars. Put into mar-
ketable shape, the annual cost reaches one thou-
sand millions of dollars. This sum, according to
careful computation, would construct two railroads
round the earth, at twenty thousand dollars a mile.
It would build a hundred thousand churches, each
costin£ ten thousand dollars, or half a million of
school-houses, each costing two thousand ; or it
would employ a million of preachers and a million
teachers, at a salary of five hundred dollars.
4

FINANCIAL VIEW. 0

What more effective, pathetic appeal to the
head and the heart can be made than by these
figures? Two millions of tons of tobacco annually
consumed by smokers and snuffers and chewers ;
while from every part of the habitable globe are
hands stretched out imploringly for the bread of
life, which must be denied for lack of means to
send it !

In Great Britain alone there are not far from
three hundred thousand tobacco-shops. England
prohibits the culture of the weed, that she may
secure larger imports, her annual receipts amount-
ing to forty million dollars, a greater revenue than
she ffets from all the £old mines of Australia.

In Austria, the duties from this source reach the
same figures ; while in France, where tobacco is
a monopoly, they7 come up to sixty millions. In
most countries official statements show that it costs
more than bread.

In the United States, we find, from the Internal
Revenue Report, that above ninety-five million
pounds of manufactured tobacco and one billion
three hundred million cigars are used in one year,
at an expense of two hundred and fifty millions of
dollars, while the taxes have amounted to forty
millions.

In the city of New York above seventy-five
millions of cigars are annually consumed, and at
a cost of more than nine millions of dollars —
enough cigars to build a wTall from the Empire City
to Albany.

6 TOBACCO.

An English firm has compiled a table showing
that in forty years the amount of tobacco manu-
factured has been more than doubled.

J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, Mass., ascer-
tained as the result of careful inquiry that there
were sold in that place about eight hundred
thousand cigars, fourteen thousand pounds of
tobacco for chewing or smoking in pipes, and
about four hundred pounds of snuff; and all that in
a town of only six thousand inhabitants (in 1850) !

In Syracuse, the leading city of Central New
York, twenty-seven millions of cigars were manu-
factured during the year 1881.

How often will a man go through life without
owning a house, when the money he expends on
this narcotic, if put on interest, would be ample
for the purchase of one ! How many a family is
cramped for the necessaries of life because the
husband and father wTill not give up his cigar !
And how many a man, reduced to beggary, holds
on to his pipe !

Wives there are not a few who are obliged to
sacrifice their artistic tastes to this juggernaut.
Books, music, pictures, excursions with the chil-
dren to the seaside or the mountains, a thousand
and one little refinements and brighteners of the
dull routine of life — all are swallowed up by his
rapacious maw. No matter what self-denials the
patient wife and mother may endure, provided the
husband is not robbed of his cigar.

Suppose a young mechanic, whose earnings are

FINANCIAL VIEW. 7

very small, expends five cents a day for tobacco.
Instead of this let him invest the money at com-
pound interest. The amount in ten years will be
$240.54; in twenty years, $671.30; in thirty
years, $1,442.77.

"Twenty years ago," remarked a gentleman,
" on finding how much money I was wasting upon
tobacco, I stopped using it, yearly depositing the
amount thus saved. When it had accumulated
to three thousand dollars I built with it a house,
which I call my smoke-house."

Said an inveterate smoker : " Twenty thousand
dollars falls short of what I have spent for to-
bacco."

But we have not yet done with figures. In a
single Western town $3,098 were expended for
tobacco, and for the support of churches and schools
only $2,712.

A Methodist pastor states that, while his whole
society expended in a year only $841 for the sup-
port of the gospel and other church and mission
work, sixty-seven of his church members during
the same time spent $845 for tobacco.

At a Methodist Episcopal Conference held in
Massachusetts, Bishop Harris expressed the opin-
ion that " the Methodist Church spends more
for chewing and smoking than it gives toward con-
verting the world."

It has been estimated that the smokers and
chewers among the preachers and members of the
Cincinnati Conference alone expend annually

8 TOBACCO.

over $180,000 for tobacco, while there are many
instances where from live to ten members of a cir-
cuit spend more for this weed than their whole
circuit gives for all the church charities combined.

It was estimated from the internal revenue tax
paid in the fourth district of Michigan, one of six
internal revenue districts, that the tobacco used in
that district must have cost the consumers $1,500,-
000 in one year, — about ten times the cost of sup-
porting the University of Michigan and the stu-
dents therein for the same time.

From the Independent we learn that a single
New Haven firm sells one hundred and twenty
thousand cigarettes a month to Yale students, or
for the ten months of the year, when they are in
town, one million two hundred thousand, at an
average expense of about eight thousand dollars a
year.

There are many religious ( ?) communities which
spend an aggregate of from five hundred to one
thousand dollars every year for this drug that can-
not afford the expense of a minister.

Three hundred dollars a year for tobacco, and
three dollars for Bible, tract, and mission purposes.
Eighty dollars for tobacco, and twenty-five cents
for home missions. Yet these are but samples
of almost numberless cases.

In a Southern Presbyterian paper a correspond-
ent states that K in a town of five thousand inhabi-
tants, in North Carolina, sevent}r-five thousand
dollars' worth of snuff is sold every year." He

FINANCIAL VIEW. 9

also affirms that in any Southern State where the
negroes compose half the population, "the snuff
which is sold amounts annually to more than the
cost of all the farming implements of every kind,
including cotton-gins, cotton-presses, steam en-
gines for farm use, horse-powers, and all sorts of
mechanical tools." In conclusion, he says: "I
stand prepared with Chalmers' challenge, c Give
me your pinches of snuff and I will support the
church.' Give me your tobacco, cigars, and snuff,
and I will support the whole Southern church, and
do it handsomely."

It is stated by Rev. Mr. Evans, formerly presi-
dent of Hedding College, Abington, 111., that
the people of that city and vicinity have, in the
course of twenty-four years, paid eighty thousand
dollars to Abington and Hedding Colleges, while
in the city itself twenty thousand dollars are ex-
pended every year for tobacco. " This great Chris-
tian nation," he affirms, "pays annually forty mil-
lions for its religion, and two hundred millions for
its tobacco ; " adding, " we make an estimate
within the limits of the facts, when we say that
this community, city, and country pay as much for
tobacco as they do for their religion and education
combined."

Said the late President Wayland : " The Ameri-
can Board, an institution of world-wide benevo-
lence, and which collects its funds from all the
Northern States, does not receive annually as much
as is expended for cigars in the single city of New

10 TOBACCO.

York ! " What a record to appear on the heavenly
ledger !

COST FROM FIRES.

The destruction of property from fires occa-
sioned by throwing away the ends of cigars, or
matches used in lighting them, comes properly
under the financial head.

It is stated by Dr. Ritchie that in London fifty-
three fires occurred in one year as the result of
smoking. He adds : ff I have more than once
seen a carpenter under a London station light his
pipe and cast the half-burnt match among the
shavings."

From the throwing down of a cigar, or a match
used in lighting it, the Bateman Hotel in Pitts-
burg, Penn., took fire and was destroyed. The
son of the proprietor was fatally burned, while the
wife and four daughters perished in the flames.

What shall we say to the setting on fire of a
forest near Lowell, Mass., by ministerial cigars?
to the burning of several buildings in Fall River
from juvenile cigars and matches? to the consum-
ing of a church in Chicago from a carpenter's pipe ?
and to the destruction of three millions' worth ot
property in one of our cities from a half-smoked
ci^ar which a vouns; man threw down ?

So infatuated are the devotees of the weed that,
in spite of the strictest regulations, workmen
sometimes persist in smoking even amid the most
dangerous surroundings.

In a single day pipes and matches were found

FINANCIAL VIEW. 11

in the pockets of fifty-eight workmen as they were
just entering the powder works at Hounslow.

The blowing up of a powder-magazine in Mexico,
and many houses near by, with the destruction of
seventy lives, was caused by the dropping of a
lighted cigar.

After the Blantyre explosion in 1879, resulting
in the death of twenty-eight persons, the inspec-
tor of mines found matches and partly smoked
pipes lying near the bodies.

It was from a match thrown down by a smoking
plumber that the Harpers' printing establishment
took fire, consuming five blocks, at a loss of about
a million of dollars, and throwing nearly two thou-
sand people out of work.

By a spark dropped from a pipe a dreadful fire
was kindled in Williamsburg, destroying three ves-
sels and six buildings, with the lives of three
persons.

Says an insurance agent : M One third or more
of all the fires in my circuit have originated from
matches and pipes. Fires in England and America
are being kindled with alarming frequency by
smokers casting about their firebrands or half-
burnt matches."

From the reports of various journals as to the
burning of the mail-car on the New York Central
Railroad, there seems scarcely a doubt that it was
owing to the smoking habit. Does not common
prudence require the absolute interdiction of
cigars by all employed in the postal department

12 TOBACCO.

during the hours when they are engaged in this
service ?

An account lies before me of an appalling fire
in a crowded circus in Russia, where the side exits
were nailed up and the doors of the main entrance,
which opened inward, were kept closed by the
pressure of the frantic throng. Parents threw their
children into the ring, and then, as the flames in-
creased, leaped after them, the scorched and mad-
dened horses also plunging into the area, and, in
their frenzy, trampling people to death. And the
cause of this terrific fire, in which about three hun-
dred perished, is stated to have been a cigarette
thrown carelessly among the straw.

LAWS LIMITING USE.

We find from " Chambers' Encyclopaedia " that in
Great Britain sailors are generally limited to chew-
ing, smoking at sea being prohibited, or greatly
restricted from danger of fire.

To a certain extent, the laws in some parts of
our own country have been cognizant of this dan-
ger. In 1818 the following Acts were passed in
the metropolis of Xew England.

"Every person who shall smoke, or have in his
or her possession any lighted pipe or cigar in any
street, lane, or passage-way, or on any wharf, in
said city, shall forfeit and pay, for each and every
offence, the sum of two dollars."

M And, further, if any person shall have in his or
her possession, in any ropewalk, or barn, or stable,

FINANCIAL VIEW. 13

any fire, lighted pipe or cigar, the person so offend-
ing shall forfeit and pay, for each offence, a sum
not exceeding one hundred dollars, nor less than
twenty dollars."

The first of these Acts was never enforced, and
having remained on the statute-book a dead letter
for more than sixty years, in 1880 it was repealed.

The second, which is a law necessary to safety,
is still in force in Boston, and ought to be in every
city, town, and hamlet throughout the land, simply
as contemplating protection against fire.

CULTURE.

Much might be said under the financial head as
to the culture of this weed, but space allows only
a few words.

"The tobacco plant," writes one, "is a great
exhauster. Whether raised north or south, on
the banks of the Danube or the Connecticut, it is
all the same. It is a huge glutton, which, con-
suming all about it, like Homer's glutton of old,
cries : * More I Give me more ! ' "

Another : " A gum issues from green tobacco
that covers everything it comes in contact with.
We met recently a troop of men, fresh from the
tobacco-field, who might pass for Hottentots.
They looked as if they always burrowed in the
ground, and in hands and face, as well as dress,
were the color of woodchucks."

Dr. Humphrey : " What shall we say to raising
tobacco — a narcotic plant which no brute will eat,

14 TOBACCO.

which affords no nutriment, which every stomach
loathes till cruelly drugged into submission, which
stupefies the brain, shatters the nerves, destroys
the coats of the stomach, creates an insatiable thirst
for stimulants, and prepares the system for fatal
diseases ? "

Prof. Brewer : " The sole advantage is that an
individual may grow rich from raising it. But
what one man gains is obtained at the cost of his
son and his son's son."

Jefferson : " It is a culture productive of infinite
wretchedness."

Gen. John H. Cooke, of Virginia : w Tobacco
exhausts the land beyond all other crops. As
proof of this, every homestead, from the Atlantic
border to the head of tide water, is a mournful
monument. It has been the besom of destruction
which has swept over this once fertile region."

Says a traveller : " The old tobacco-lands of
Maryland and Virginia are an eyesore, odious
f barrens,' looking as though blasted by some ge-
nius of evil."

There are those who claim that the land can be
kept in good condition by the free use of fertilizers.
But the experience of many years furnishes evi-
dence that this crop ultimately exhausts the soil,
and that, in consequence, its culture is deprecated
by the better class of agriculturists.

Tobacco-raising consumes the greater part of
the year. The seed is planted about the middle of
April, and in two or three months the shoots are

FINANCIAL VIEW. 15

transplanted or set, which process occupies several
weeks. Besides the older members of the family,
the little boys and girls work in the fields, thus
becoming familiar with the weed from their earli-
est childhood.

In September the plants are cut, and, after lying
some hours in the sun, are hung under cover to
be cured. When the winter thaw occurs, they are
taken to a room where the leaves are stripped from
the stalk and packed in bundles, and then handled
one by one, to be arranged in grades, or sorted,
not being carried to market, however, until April.
Thus, throughout the year, tobacco is the great
subject of conversation, and, as it is an uncertain
crop, the mind is kept in an absorbed, anxious
condition till it is delivered, when the processes
are again started. Meantime, other crops are
mostly neglected.

This culture is greatly on the increase. Among
other regions, the beautiful Onondaga valley in
New York State is becoming more and more devo-
ted to it. The reports from this valley as to its
unfavorable effect upon the health are clear and
decisive. Nor is this strange when we learn that
the stripping rooms are kept at a high temperature
and without ventilation. Thus the strippers who
work here for several months every year are
breathing the noxious vapor from morning till
night. Physicians assert that in this way many
cases of tobacco-poisoning occur. One instance
is given of an infant whose death ensued in con-

16 TOBACCO.

sequence, the mother admitting that she had taken
the cradle into the room so that while at work she
might care for her child.

That the physical effects are due solely to the
poisoned atmosphere created is evident from the
fact that many who raise tobacco do not use it,
some even considering this to be wrong. The
great argument is : — ff If I don't raise it, somebody
else will, and I might as well make the money as
anybody else." What must be the influence of
such reasoning upon the conscience ! It is not
surprising that ministers should consider the effect
on the moral and spiritual health to be no less
unfavorable than on the physical. It was the
remark of one not a professing Christian, — "A
revival need never be expected where everybody
is raising tobacco." There are clergymen that
have had experience in this line who feel that the
time a minister spends in a tobacco-region is vir-
tually wasted.

A pastor who is laboring in the Onondaga
valley says : " Although I came into the place
without knowledge on this subject, and entirely
unprejudiced, yet my observation has satisfied
me that tobacco-raising injures the farms, impairs
the health, dulls the intellect, and blunts the
moral and religious sensibilities."

And what shall be said of cultivating this ex-
hauster of the soil, this foulest, most destructive
of poisons in the beautiful Connecticut valley, the
land of the Pilgrims? A cruel matricide, which
Christian hands, alas ! join in perpetrating.

FINANCIAL VIEW. 17

On this subject, a gentleman of large experience
writes : " The raising of tobacco has cursed our
fair valley. Hatfield, for instance, some twenty
years ago the richest town in the State according
to its population, early entered into the craze for
gain through tobacco-raising. As a result nearly
everj^one has failed financially. But far worse, —
our farmers, who once declared, 'I would cut off
my right hand rather than engage in such busi-
ness,' seeing their neighbors — at the outset —
growing rich, gradually choked conscience and be-
came absorbed in the traffic. This has demoralized
the people and paralyzed the church. The spirit-
ual death resting upon our valley may to a great
extent be traced to this cause."

Before me is a letter from Bishop Huntington of
Central New York, dated June, 1884, and bearing
on the same point : M While my old homestead in
Hadley, Mass., lies on the Connecticut River,
where the alluvial soil is particularly favorable for
profitable tobacco crops, I have never allowed a
plant of it to be raised on the farm. There is an
extraordinary fact connected with the culture there,
which is attested by intelligent residents of the
town. Since 1855 enormous harvests of tobacco
have been raised and carried off every year, —
hundreds of thousands of pounds. Yet, by the
working of some mysterious law, not one dollar
can be found to show for it in all the property in-
vestments or scenery of the entire population."

When there was some querying whether so sin-

18 TOBACCO.

gular an assertion would be accepted, he replied :
"My statement was, I believe, literally and indis-
putably true, that the farmers of Old Hadley have,
for a quarter of a century, been planting, raising,
and gathering tobacco as the principal crop of the
soil ; yet that there is in the whole town not one
visible sign of improvement, enrichment, thrift, or
prosperity to show for it. In all these respects
the town, from end to end and side to side, has
lost rather than gained. It is not stransre that vou
are perplexed by a fact so paradoxical. So am I.
The mystery has sometimes struck me as contain-
ing a silent judgment of God on the abuse of his
ground."

Alluding to some natural explanations that might
be suggested, he adds : "These only partially ac-
count for a blight so persistent and universal."'

From the Boston Transcript we learn that enough
Connecticut tobacco has been produced in a single
year to make nine hundred millions of cigars !

Most eloquently writes Prof. Bascom : w Take
the land, the sunshine, the rain which God gives
you, and set them all at work to grow tobacco;
throw this, as your product, into the world's mar-
ket ; buy with it bread, clothing, and shelter,
books for yourselves, instruction for your children,
consideration in the community, and perchance
the gospel of grace ; pay ever and everywhere, for
the good you get, tobacco, only tobacco — tobacco,
that nourishes no man, clothes no man, instructs
no man, purifies no man, blesses no man ; tobacco,

FINANCIAL VIEW. 19

that begets inordinate and loathsome appetite and
disease and degradation, that impoverishes and
debases thousands and adds incalculably to the
burden of evil the world bears ; but call not this
exchange honest trade, or this gnawing at the root
of social well-being getting an honest livelihood.
Think of God's justice, the honesty he requires,
and cover not your sin with a lie. Turn not His
earth and air, given to minister to the sustenance
and joy of man, into a narcotic, deadening life and
poisoning its current, and then traffic with this for
your own good."

OTHER TOBACCO COSTS.

Still another point deserves consideration. Be-
sides the hours that many spend on tobacco, from
which, to say the least, they get no benefit, is the
fact that the narcotic, by diminishing their force,
tends to lessen the value of their remaining time.

Moreover, it is estimated by many medical men
that the victims of this weed, on an average, cut
short their life about one quarter. Thus, from an
average life of forty-five to fifty, about ten or
twelve are sacrificed to this evil-doer.

Nor is this all. In order to make a fair esti-
mate of what this drug costs the country, we ought
to visit our almshouses and houses of correction,
our reform schools, insane asylums, jails, and peni-
tentiaries, to which poverty, disease, and crime,
resulting from the tobacco-fiend, with intempe-
rance following in its wake, bring hundreds and

20 TOBACCO.

thousands. For the support of all these we are
taxed, and that doubly, since we are also assessed
to supply many of them with the very poison that
brought them there.

In the old snuff-taking days a senatorial snuff-
box was kept on the stand of the Vice-President
for the use of our legislators ! The annual report
of the expense of our National Senate still con-
tains the item of snuff, which has always been
furnished at the expense of government, and which
may, not improperly, be reckoned among tobacco-
costs.

YORKTOWN BILL.

But although in respect to this form of tobacco,
there may be some diminution, we have small
cause for self-gratulation. Examine the bill for
"rum and cigars" which were furnished to the
Centennial Commission on their trip to Yorktown,
by order of the congressional committee. In the
list of items we find set down, among the large
variety of liquors : —

3200 Reina Cigars $400.00

3600 Concha Cigars 594.00

2000 Londres Cigars 340.00

1500 Domestic Cigars 120.00

17 pounds Gravely Tobacco 11.20

1 gross Fine Cut 9.00

1000 Lone Fisherman Cigarettes 6.00

1000 Richmond Gem Cigarettes 6.50

The cost of this convivial provision was nearly
seven thousand dollars, and all at the expense of
the people.

FINANCIAL VIEW. 21

What a picture ! The old pagan bacchanals
over again in this grand Republic in the year of
our Lord 1881 !

There are Congressmen who urge in defence of
this course that if we entertain visitors from abroad
we must entertain them according to their own
customs. Must we, then, provide dog-meat for
our Chinese guests, and share it with them ? Let
us not plead that national hospitality required this
at our hands — not, certainly, till we have forgot-
ten the disgraceful arrangements in connection with
the funeral cortege of our lamented Garfield.

TOBACCO CENSUS.

The United States census of the tobacco crop
for 1880 is truly a disheartening document. With
the honorable exceptions of Colorado and Wyo-
ming, Montana and Utah, all the States and Terri-
tories are implicated in this business. The number
of acres devoted to the weed throughout the coun-
try was 638,841. The number of pounds raised
was nearly 500,000,000, — bringing a vast revenue
of gold and silver to the government coffers, and
an equally vast revenue of penury, wretchedness,
and shame to countless homes and hearts.

During the year 1882 more than three thousand
millions of cigars and six hundred millions of ciga-
rettes were manufactured in our country, showing
an advance in both together, over the preceding
year, of three hundred millions.

In the city of New York twenty thousand per-

22 TOBACCO.

sons are engaged in the cigar manufacture, a num-
ber of them being American women. " The hands
in a single factory consume three million cigars a
year, saving the tobacco out of their allotment and

rolling and filling the cigars for themselves."

© © ©

The tobacco manufacturers urge a reduction of
the tobacco tax, to promote their own moneyed in-
terests, and for the same reason oppose its aboli-
tion ; while members of Congress advocate its abo-
lition in order to cheapen the article. In strange
contrast with these attempts we find that King
James I. of England raised the tobacco tax from
twopence a pound to six shillings and tenpence.
To do this, as he did, without the consent of Par-
liament, was an unwarranted act ; yet the legisla-
tion was in the right direction, while ours, should
these unwise attempts succeed, would be in the
wrong. Until the happy day arrives when this man-
ufacture shall be prohibited by our national gov-
ernment, may we be saved from any disastrous
congressional acts that shall make the poison still
freer to the community !

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW.

NICOTINE POISONING; EXPERIMENTS; FACTS.

It is upon the effects of the tobacco-habit on
body and mind that this whole question hinges.
And these effects must be determined by the opin-
ions of medical and scientific men, founded on
experience and observation, with such facts as
corroborate them. It has therefore been deemed
important to treat this point with great fulness,
and to summon many witnesses as to the various
diseases, bodily and mental, charged to the ac-
count of the weed.

A chemical examination of a tobacco-leaf shows
its surface dotted with minute glands, which con-
tain an oil found in no other plant, the proportion
of this oil being seven per cent of the whole
weight of the leaf. This oil is nicotine. It is this
nicotine — one of the subtlest of poisons — that
determines the strength of tobacco. Physicians
who have studied its effects thus sum them up :

"Nicotine primarily lowers the circulation,

23

24 TOBACCO.

quickens the respiration, and excites the muscular
system ; but its ultimate effect is general exhaus-
tion. As administered in even the minutest doses,
the results are alarming, and in a larger quantity
will occasion a man's death in from two to five
minutes."

W. A. Axon asserts in the "Popular Science
Monthly " that " the nicotine in one cigar, if ex-
tracted and administered in a pure state, would
suffice to kill two men."

The Indians used to poison their arrows by dip-
ping them into nicotine, convulsions and often
death being the results of these arrow wounds.

In a paper upon Tobacco, read before a Sanitary
Convention in Michigan in 1883, Lemuel Clute,
Esq., a lawyer, quotes freely from a work on
poisons, by Dr. Taylor, in which many diseases
are attributed to the use of the weed. He says :
K I have cited thus fully from Taylor on Poisons,
because he is a recognized authority in courts, and
no one can charge him with being a temperance
fanatic. The principles he has gathered and dis-
cussed in his book are constantly referred to, and
are largely the guide of our judges in passing upon
the questions of the liberty, life, and death of our
citizens."

Brodie, Queen Victoria's physician, made sev-
eral experiments with nicotine, applying it to the
tongues of a mouse, a squirrel, and a dog, death
being produced in every instance. A frog placed
in a receiver containing a drop of nicotine in a

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 25

little water will die in a few hours. Franklin
found that if the oil floating on the surface of
water, when a stream of tobacco-smoke has passed
through it, is applied to the tongue of a cat, it
shortly causes death. Put on a cat's tongue one
drop of nicotine, and in spite of its K seven lives,"
it instantly writhes in convulsions, and dies.

Set an open bottle containing a small quantity
of this oil under an inverted jar. Place a mouse
or a rat under the jar, taking care that the fresh
air is not excluded. Death presently follows,
simply from the animal's breathing the poisoned
atmosphere. And this same tobacco-laden atmos-
phere is that which we find everywhere, and from
which there is no escape.

Put a tobacco victim into a hot bath ; let him re-
main there till a free perspiration takes place ; then
drop a fly into the water, and instant death ensues.

Hold white paper over tobacco-smoke, and when
the cigar is consumed, scrape the condensed smoke
from the paper and put a very small amount on
the tongue of a cat ; in a few minutes it will die
of paralysis.

Pack a tobacco votary in a wet sheet, and when
he is taken out the whole room is filled with the
odor. No wonder that wolves, buzzards, and can-
nibals retreat in disgust from the flesh of such a
man !

Among the animals denominated irrational it is
asserted that none can use the weed except the
loathsome tobacco-worm and the rock-ooat of

26 TOBACCO.

Africa. Of the latter, the smell is so offensive
that every other animal instinctively shuns it.

At Dartmouth Park, England, an old wooden
pipe was given to a three-year-old to blow soap-
bubbles with, the pipe being first carefully washed
out. The boy wras taken ill, and died in three
days, his death, according to medical evidence,
being caused by the nicotine which he had sucked
in while blowing bubbles.

The daughter of a tobacco merchant, from sim-
ply sleeping in a chamber where a large quantity
of the weed had been rasped, died soon after in
frightful convulsions.

A child picked up a quid that had been thrown
on the floor, and, taking it for a raisin, put it
into her mouth, dying of the poison the same day.

Bocarme, of Belgium, was murdered in two
minutes and a half by a little nicotine. A very
moderate quantity introduced into the system, or
even applying the moistened leaves over the
stomach, has suddenly extinguished life. Indeed,
so thoroughly does tobacco poison the blood that,
according to the testimony of a physician to a dis-
pensary in St. Giles, " leeches are instantly killed
by the blood of smokers ; so suddenly that they
drop off dead immediately when they are applied."

In this view, wre cannot wonder that it is pro-
nounced perilous for a delicate person to sleep in
the chamber with a habitual smoker.

Medical journals report the poisoning of babes
from sharing the bed of a tobacco father, and even

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 27

from being in the room where he smoked ; and infant
deaths have occurred from no other cause. Says Dr.
Trail : " Many an infant has been killed outright
in its cradle by the tobacco-smoke with which a
thoughtless father filled an unventilated room."

Not a few physicians regard much of the invalid-
ism, and also the positive ill-health of women, as
due to the poisoned atmosphere created around
them by the smoking members of their household.

A gentleman in a Saratoga hotel said to a doc-
tor : " See that portly man yonder smoking like a
volcano; he stands the racket; smoking don't kill
him." " No, but he is killing his wife. See her
by his side, pale, shrivelled, tremulous, sinking
into the grave. So far as health is concerned, she
might about as well have wedded a cask of to-
bacco."

A French journal reports the case of a farmer
who, with two companions, smoked one evening
in a chamber where a young man was asleep.
When, at midnight, the visitors withdrew, the
farmer found the youth insensible. A doctor was
summoned, but all efforts for his restoration were
fruitless. At the post mortem it was pronounced
that he had died of congestion of the brain, caused
by the respiration of tobacco-smoke during sleep.

Tobacco commences its dreadful work in the
factories, the operatives inhaling its dust and ab-
sorbing its poison, so that, according to the doc-
tors, M it takes only four years to kill off the
worker." Dr. Kostral, physician to the royal

28 TOBACCO.

tobacco factory in Moravia, reports that, of a hun-
dred boys entering the works, seventy-two fell
sick daring the first six months, while deaths fre-
quently occur there from the nicotine poisoning.

Three or four women, after drinking fresh
coffee, were seriously affected with faintness, ver-
tigo, nausea, convulsions, and loss of conscious-
ness. It was discovered that the coffee-beans had
been picked out from the store-sweepings, consist-
ing principally of tobacco leaves, among which the
coffee had got mixed and lay for a time exposed
to the rain.

A squadron of hussars hid tobacco leaves in their
breasts for smuggling purposes. Every man of
them was seized with headache, vertigo, and vom-
iting. Soldiers have sometimes purposely disabled
themselves for war by applying these leaves to the
pit of the arm, thus inducing alarming symptoms.

A Frenchman living near Paris, having cleaned
his pipe with a knife, but neglecting to wipe it,
subsequently happened to cut one of his fingers.
The wound was so slight that he thought nothing
of it. A few hours later, however, the finger
grew painful and swelled, the inflammation rapidly
spreading through the arm. Doctors were sum-
moned, but the case remained a mystery till, in
answer to inquiries, the enigma was explained.
All remedies proved ineffectual, and the man's
condition grew so alarming, that he was taken to
the hospital, where the arm was amputated as the
only chance of saving his life.

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 29

CONSIDERED MEDICALLY, THIS WEED RANKS AMONG
THE DEADLIEST POISONS.

This must be a very sick world to require nearly
as much medicine as food. Though the scientific
men who have charge of the public and private
health very seldom prescribe tobacco, they all
admit that it is a powerful medicinal agent. As a
poison, it stands next to strychnine. Its method
of cure is by partially killing.

In a late treatise on Physiology it is stated : "To-
bacco produces remarkable effects on the system,
whether it be taken into the stomach, or applied
to portions of the body from which the skin has
been removed. In the latter instance it is absorbed
into the blood, and its use is attended with great
danger, sometimes with death."

Brodie : " It powerfully controls the action of
the heart and arteries, producing invariably a
weak, tremulous pulse, with all the apparent symp-
toms of approaching death."

Another physician : " If we wish at any time to
prostrate the powers of life in the most sudden
and awful manner, Ave have but to administer a
dose of tobacco and our object is accomplished."

" The effect on the heart is not caused by direct
action, but by paralyzing the minute vessels which
form the batteries of the nervous system. The
heart, freed from their control, increases the
rapidity of its strokes, with an apparent accession,
but real waste of force."

30 TOBACCO.

According to Dr. Druhen's testimony, w a boy
of fourteen, who smoked fifteen cents' worth of
tobacco for tbe toothache, fell down senseless and
died tbe same da}'."

It was formerly used as an emetic, from its
prompt action, all tbe powers of tbe system
rallying to expel tbe enemy. A poultice of tobac-
co placed on tbe stomacb of a child dying with
croup caused deatbly nausea and instant vomiting.
Tbe physician, wbo arrived shortly after, admitted
tbat it bad saved tbe child's life, but pronounced
it to be an exceedingly dangerous, and often fatal,
remedy.

Xo one will deny tbat tobacco is a drug. And
it is an axiom among physicians — whoever among
them practically may disregard it, — tbat no drug
should ever be token in health.

From Dr. Stille's Therapeutics and Materia
Medica we learn that w tobacco as a therapeutic
agent, belongs to tbe same class witb belladonna,
alcohol, and opium, but that its use is restricted
witbin comparatively narrow limits, because of tbe
distressing symptoms which, even in moderate
doses, it occasions ; tbe risk of fatal consequences :
and tbe uncertainty in regard to the degree of its
influence upon individuals."

Dr. Grimshaw : "It is believed by all judicious
practitioners too dangerous to be employed as a
medicine. Tbe benefits, as a remedy, do not
counterbalance the risk of using it. Yet so in-
sidious are its effects, tbat very few have regarded

PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 31

it as swelling the bills of mortality. It is, never-
theless, true that multitudes are carried to the
grave every year by tobacco alone."

Dr. Clay : " I have been called to children
writhing in horrid convulsions from having the de-
coction of tobacco applied for the scald head, and
I have always experienced great difficulty in re-
storing them ; three instances, in my own recollec-
tion, were attended with fatal results."

Dr. Newell, a Boston practitioner : " Small doses
of the oil of tobacco administered to a dog for a
few weeks cause marasmus and a withering of the
spinal cord. The dog soon drags the hind legs,
sheds his hair, sloughs off the eyelids, becomes
blind, and dies. Thus it is seen that nicotine is
one of the most deadly poisons, its fatal results
being produced in less time than any other poison
except prussic acid."

In confirmation of this, it is asserted by M. Or-
fila, president of the Paris Medical Academy, that
" Tobacco is the most subtile poison known to the
chemist, except the deadly prussic acid."

A prominent tobacco manufacturer declares that
nothing ever goes into tobacco so deleterious to
the constitution as tobacco itself.

That its legitimate results are not invariably man-
ifested is owing to the marvellous power in the
human system to tolerate poison taken gradually.
It is with tobacco as with laudanum, opium, ar-
senic, whiskey, and other liquors, to the use of
which a man may, by degrees, habituate himself,

32 TOBACCO.

so that he can take it with seeming impunity ; yet
it is none the less a poison, slowly, it may be, but
surely, impairing the organism and inducing
diseases which strike at the life forces. And the
victim may be quite sure that nature will, in the
end, reassert herself, and exact a bitter atonement
for all such infractions of her wholesome laws.

" The effect of tobacco on the glandular system
is not less evil than on the nervous. If there is
any tuberculous tendency, this enemy searches it
out, excites it, and sends its victim to the grave by
rapid stages. Whatever weak spot there is in the
constitution, this insidious thief creeps into, mining
and sapping about it until the fabric crumbles into
dust. In some stages of its action, it excites the
passions abnormally, and later they are deadened
as unnaturally."

A promising young man of fine constitution and
correct habits, with the single exception of smok-
ing, was found dead in his bed. Examination
showed the blood in one lung completely black
from the disintegrating effects of tobacco. Accord-
ing to the doctors it was this which killed him.

Such are the characteristics of tobacco, making
its prescription permissible only in the extremest
cases, and with the utmost caution. Yet this
most powerful, most fatal of all drugs it is which
has come to be regarded by thousands as a daily
necessity — more to them than meat, or drink, or
any earthly good.

Writes Dr. Solly, for many years the medical

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 33

examiner of various English life insurance offices :
" The profession have no idea of the ignorance of
the public regarding the nature of tobacco. Even
intelligent, well-educated men stare in astonishment
when you tell them that it is one of the most
powerful poisons. Now, is this right? Has the
medical profession done its duty ? Ought we not,
as a body, to have told the public that, of all our
poisons, it is the most insidious, uncertain, and,
in full doses, the most deadly?

M What a blessing it would have been to man-
kind if all men had shrunk from this plague of the
brain as did the first Napoleon ! One inhalation
was enough. In disgust, he exclaimed, rOh, the
swine ! my stomach turns.'

,f In the course of my practice I have met with
many who, like myself, have abandoned smoking.
I have never found one who does not assert most
positively that he has been in better health since,
and that his intellectual activity has increased. I
may be mistaken, but I believe that our greatest
men, statesmen, law}rers, warriors, physicians,
and surgeons, have either not been smokers, or, if
sn>okers, that they have died prematurely."

EFFECTS ON CHILDREN AND YOUNG MEN ; LOWER-
ING SCHOLARSHIP.

Dr. Willard Parker : " Tobacco is ruinous in
our schools and colleges, dwarfing body and
mind."

Dr. Ferguson : " I believe that no one who

34 TOBACCO.

smokes tobacco before the bodily powers are de-
veloped ever makes a strong, vigorous man."

Prof. Richard McSherry, president of the Balti-
more Academy of Medicine : f? The effect of to-
bacco on schoolboys is so marked as not to be
open for discussion.

From " Lessons on the Human Body : n w To-
bacco, like alcohol, and for nearly the same rea-
sons, injures the brain, deranges the entire nervous
system, spoils the appetite for wholesome food,
lowers the life forces, injures the lungs and heart,
and depresses the spirits. When indulged in by
young persons, it saps the foundation of health and
dwarfs the body and mind."

Dr. B. W. Richardson : ?f The effects of this agent,
often severe even on those who have attained to
manhood, are specially injurious to the young. In
these the habit of smoking causes impairment of
growth, premature manhood, and physical pros-
tration."

A superintendent of education in Vermont gives
the case of a boy of fourteen who fell unaccounta-
bly behind his class. The incapacity thus evinced
in one naturally bright was a puzzle to his teachers.
At last he sickened and died, when it was found
that he was killed by tobacco, to which he was in
the habit of helping himself privately from his
fathers store.

At an examination for admission to the Free
College of Xew York, out of nine hundred girls,
six hundred and sixty, or seventy-one per cent.

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 35

passed, while only forty-eight per cent of the boys
could enter, the difference being ascribed to the
stupefying effect of tobacco.

A prominent teacher in Syracuse writes : " After
long experience, I have come to the conclusion
that many boys from all departments of the public
schools become incapable of prolonged mental
effort, and are lacking in refinement and in interest
and attention to school duties, in consequence of
the use of tobacco, and that very many of the fail-
ures in promotion from year to year are due to the
same cause."

The testimony on this point, both as to our own
and foreign countries, is clear and overwhelming.
Statistics obtained from European institutions show
that lads whose standing had been good before they
began to smoke or chew were invariably found,
after they became addicted to either habit, to fall
below the school average.

In 1862 the Emperor Louis Napoleon, learning
that paralysis and insanity had increased with the
increase of the tobacco revenue, ordered an exam-
ination of the schools and colleges, and finding
that the average standing in both scholarship and
character was lower among those who used the
weed than among the abstainers, issued an edict
forbidding its use in all the national institutions.

The investigation of the public schools of France
by medical and scientific men has been very thor-
ough. M. Bertillon reported some of the results
in the Union Medicate. Facts as to the Polytechnic

36 TOBACCO.

School in Paris are given in the Dublin Medical
Press: "It is shown that smokers have proved
themselves, in the various competitive examina-
tions, far inferior to others. Not only in the ex-
aminations on entering the school are they in a
lower rank, but in the various ordeals of the year
the average rank of the smoker has constantly
fallen."

Science and Health contains the translation of a
report on this subject by Dr. Constan, one of the
medical men employed in the investigations spoken
of, and which covered the ground from 1876 to
1880. He says : " Our inquiries have extended to
three groups of educational establishments, viz. :
primary, secondary, and higher, or special schools.
Whether the use of tobacco is entirely prohibited,
or only indulged in surreptitiously, or on going-out
days, or permitted under certain restrictions, and
consequently more largely practised, the figures
show that it affects the quality of the studies in a
constant ratio, and this influence is more marked in
the different establishments where tobacco is more
extensively used."

Dr. Constan gives statistics with regard to the
grammar schools of Douai, St. Quentin, and Cham-
bery, the primary and the higher normal schools of
Douai, with the military school at the same place,
and also that at Saumur. The general results in
all these schools are substantially the same as those
in the Polytechnic School at Paris. Still more
striking results are given as to the Naval School at

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 37

Brest, where the students were allowed to smoke
half an hour every morning and evening. After
one year's study, eight smokers so fell in their
rank that they M lost between them one hundred
and twenty-three places."

Dr. Constan thus concludes his article : " The
depressing action of tobacco on the intellectual
development is, therefore, beyond question. Its
influence clogs all the intellectual faculties, and
especially the memory. It is greater in propor-
tion to the youth of the individual and the facili-
ties allowed him for smoking."

It having been thus clearly established that the
students who do not smoke outrank those who do,
and that the scholarship of the smokers steadily
deteriorates as the smoking continues, we are not
surprised to learn that the Minister of Public In-
struction issued a circular to the various teachers
in all the schools of every grade, forbidding tobacco
as injurious to physical and intellectual develop-
ment. Indeed, so much anxiety is felt concerning
the decreasing stature of the French — some of
the most eminent scientists ascribing it to tobacco
— that the question of prohibiting this drug to all
classes of children and youth is under considera-
tion.

It is pleasant to state that the Council of Berne
in Switzerland has issued such a prohibition to boys
under fifteen.

A report by the Medical Department of the Uni-
ted States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., enu-

4.2037.1

38 TOBACCO.

merates the following as the result of the use of
tobacco in the school : —

" Functional derangement of the digestive, cir-

culatory, and nervous systems, manifesting them-
selves in the form of headache, confusion of intel-
lect, loss of memory, impaired power of attention,
lassitude, indisposition to muscular effort, nausea,
want of appetite, dyspepsia, palpitation, trernu-
lousness, disturbed sleep, impaired vision, etc.,
any one of which materially lessens the capacity
for study and application.

"The Board are of opinion, therefore, that the
regulations against the use of tobacco in any form
cannot be too stringent."

The New York Times rebukes Commodore Par-
ker for allowing naval students to chew and smoke,
notwithstanding the expressed opinion of the
Board ; charging that it was done " with an impress
of ignorance not creditable to the commanding offi-
cer." It goes on to sav : " The boy who smokes
cigars or chews tobacco poisons himself, and the
teacher who does not know this is not fit to be
trusted writh the charge and government of boys.
He who permissively encourages boys to smoke or
chew is a corrupter of youth."

Justice to Commodore Parker, however, requires
the admission that he conferred with a prominent
physician, claiming that it was almost impossible
effectually to prohibit the practice, and concluding
that, on the whole, it was better to allow the bo}'s to
smoke under regulations than to punish them con-
stantly for violation of rules.

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 39

The first general order of the superintendent
succeeding Commodore Parker forbade the use of
tobacco in every form. Unfortunately, however,
the habit is such a tyrant that, "in spite of the sys-
tem of daily inspection, strict bounds, military pun-
ishment, and the fact that all supplies are bought
from the Post Commissary, it is not entirely sup-
pressed." Such is the testimony of a graduate,
now a professor in one of our colleges.

The classes in Yale College are graded accord-
ing to their scholarship, the best scholars being in
the first division, and the poorest in the fourth.
From the Yale Courant we learn that in the first
division only twenty-five per cent use tobacco ; in
the second, forty-eight ; in the third, seventy, and
in the lowest, eighty-five.

It is asserted that during the last fifty years no
devotee of the weed has graduated from Harvard
at the head of his class, although above eighty-
three per cent of the students are addicted to
its use.

We also learn that in Oxford and Cambridge,
England, nine tenths of the first-class men are non-
smokers.

It is humiliating to state that at Amherst College
the average number of tobacco-users anions: the
students for the last fourteen years has been nearly
twenty-nine per cent, while in one of the gradu-
ating classes at Princeton it wras fifty per cent.

In addressing the Graduating law class of the
Wisconsin State University, ex-Senator Doolittle
remarked : —

40 TOBACCO.

ff I verily believe that the mental force, power of
labor, and endurance of our profession is decreased
at least twenty-five per cent by the use of tobacco.
Its poisonous and narcotic effects reduce the power
of the vital organs and tend to paralyze them,
while the useless consumption of time and money
takes away twenty-five per cent of the working
hours, if it does not consume the same amount of
the earnings."

With very few exceptions, medical and scientific
men are in substantial agreement as to the effect
of tobacco on the intellect ; indeed, I have yet to
hear of the first one that has expressed himself at
all on the subject who is not explicit in his decla-
ration of its injurious influence on the physical and
mental powers of the young.

Prof. Lizars of Edinburgh enumerates a fearful
catalogue of diseases which he proves to be the
result of tobacco, adding: f'It is painful to con-
template how many promising youths must be
stunted in their growth and enfeebled in their
minds before they arrive at manhood."

What an advance in intellectual and moral power
should we behold if our young men could be in-
duced to follow the example of Sir Isaac Newton,
who refused to smoke " because he would make no
necessities for himself; " a sentiment worthy to be
engraved over the doors of every college and school-
house in the land. Dr. Depierris, a French phy-
sician, in his excellent treatise on tobacco, ex-
claims, "How sad it is to behold so manv fine in-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 41

tellects, well cultivated, full of vitality, and striv-
ing with enthusiasm towards the heights of human
knowledge, withered in the barrenness of narcot-
ism, and sinking into premature death."

Wrote President Nott of Union College : " The
lives of some and the health of many have been
destroyed by persisting, in despite of counsels, in
the use of this poisonous narcotic, which, next to
intoxicating liquors, is, in my opinion, more de-
structive to the health of the youth in our country
than any other agent."

A prominent physician testifies : " I never ob-
served such pallid faces and so many marks of
declining health, nor ever knew so many hectical
habits and consumptive affections as of late years ;
and I trace this alarming inroad on young consti-
tutions principally to the pernicious custom of
smoking cigars."

Even the organ of the tobacco trade is forced
to admit that " few things could be more pernicious
for boys, growing youths, and persons of unformed
constitution than the use of tobacco in any of its
forms," — a truly significant confession.

In Germany the mischief done to growing boys
has been found so £i*eat that the government has
ordered the police to forbid lads under sixteen
from smoking in the street. The Swiss canton of
Schaffhausen has also issued a law prohibiting boys
under fifteen from using tobacco, either on the
streets or at home. On our streets we behold a
vast and ever-increasing number of young Ameri-

42 TOBACCO.

cans who evidently consider smoking essential to
manliness. And, alas, our police have no orders
to forbid it.

For a gleam of dawning light, however, we will
thank God and take courage. >Ve catch this ffleam
in an act of the Xew Jersey legislature on this sub-
ject, entitled K An act prohibiting the sale of ciga-
rettes or tobacco in any of its forms to minors."
And now " every person who sells the narcotic in
any form to a boy or girl under sixteen years of
age is liable to a penalty of twenty dollars for each
and every offence."

HARD BREAKIXG-IX.

How emphatically nature protests against this
alien, almost every tobacco-user can testify. I
give but a single instance.

In a neighborhood of smoking boys, Dio Lewis
made an experiment on a lad who had never used
the weed, giving him a pill of plug-tobacco to
chew. Instantly, before he had swallowed a par-
ticle, he grew fearfully sick, became pale as death,
while a cold swent crept over him, and soon, in
the midst of violent retchings, he had to be carried
into the open air.

Yet what pains are taken and what obstacles
conquered in forming the habit ! A lady met on
the street a three-year-old with a black stick in
his mouth. She begged him to throw it away,
promising him a nice present if he would ; but
he held on to his stick, asserting that he "liked

PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 43

smoking and meant to smoke himself when big
enough."

Boys sometimes break themselves into this vice
by rolling up tea or ground coffee in papers, and
smoking them as cigarettes.

Neal Dow graphically describes the early pro-
cesses : " At the very first the use of tobacco is
a dreadful disgust. It is even worse than this.
It inflicts upon its future victim a nausea, a retch-
ing, a vomiting, a headache, to which the horrors
of seasickness are not to be compared. There
ib the blue upper lip, the livid, ghastly hue of the
face, the eye like that of a dead fish, the limbs
limp and powerless, a violent and painful vomiting,
every symptom of death, which it would soon be
in reality if the unutterable horror of the suffering
did not compel the poor fool to postpone the at-
tempt to become a man in that way. Here endeth
the first lesson. The silly youth resolves always
that he will never touch tobacco again, and holds
to his purpose until he has entirely recovered
from the effects of the first lesson. Then he sees
other youngsters like himself who have succeeded
in conquering their disgust at tobacco. They have
done it. AVhy not he? They laugh at him as
white-livered ; they assure him that the worst of it
will be over in a few days, or, at most, in a few
weeks. They strut through the streets or in
other public places so grandly ; they have such a
manly way with them ; there is such a grace in
their style of holding the cigar between finger and

44 TOBACCO.

thumb, and striking off the ashes with the little
linger. "When they put the cigar into their mouths
again, it is with such a nourish, and their heads
are thrown back, a little on one side, with so
much self-consciousness, their eyes at the same
moment cast slily right and left, to see who ob-
serves and admires them ! Ah ! this is quite
irresistible, and our poor, foolish youngster goes
off behind the barn, or into some other out-of-the-
way place, and takes the second lesson. All this
is carefully concealed from the parents, so ihe
tobacco-pupil must go to bed before supper, under
pretence of headache. Pretence? It is no sham.
He has a racking and splitting headache, with the
return of dreadful nausea. In a few Aveeks, more
or less, our youngster has learned to smoke or
chew, as the case may be."

All this painstaking and all this suffering vol-
untarily endured to make himself the slave of a
terrible tyrant ! f'He little knows that a god more
cunning than all the heathen divinities put together
has bound him in his spell, and that he is in for a
whole life of unspeakable abomination-."*

CIGARETTES.

Something should be said as to cigarette-smok-
ing, which is becoming so prevalent, and which is
thought by many to be quite harmless. A physi-
cian, who had strong suspicions on the subject, for
his own satisfaction had a cigarette analyzed. The
tobacco was found to be strongly impregnated with

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 45

opium, while the wrapper, warranted to be rice-
paper, proved to be common paper whitened with
arsenic. Thus the cigarette subtlety combines a
threefold deadly bane, proving in the end, per-
chance, as fatal to the unwary as the poisoned
garment of Nessus to the unsuspecting Hercules.

A chemist in New York city, who also had his
own suspicions, purchased from prominent dealers
a dozen packages of the highest-priced cigarettes.
These he sent for analysis to an eminent chemist
in another State, and was astounded by his report
of the quantity of opium found in these standard
brands.

Dr. Lewis A. Sayre pronounces cigarettes to be
worse for boys than pipes or cigars, and paper
cigarettes to be worse than tobacco cigarettes,
perhaps because the paper absorbs more of the
nicotine ; that they lead to a nervous trembling of
the hands, and, if used excessively, affect the
memory.

Dr. Hammond bears testimony to " the ill effects
of cigarettes in the production of facial neuralgia,
insomnia, nervous dyspepsia, sciatica, and an in-
disposition to mental exertion."

In a city school a bright lad of thirteen became
dull and fitful, and troubled with nervous twitch-
ings. His condition at length compelling him to
be withdrawn from his studies, he was found to be
a smoker of cigarettes. When asked why he did
not give them up, he replied with tears that he
had often tried to do so, but could not.

46 TOBACCO.

The following is from a public journal : " Park-
ham Adams, aged fourteen, a student in the Uni-
versity of Tennessee, is dying. He smoked forty
cigarettes, and inhaled the smoke on a wager."

A young man exhibited symptoms of heart-
disease, the pulsations sometimes almost ceasing,
and again so accelerated that he could scarcely
catch his breath, and seemed on the point of
dying. On consulting a doctor, he was told
that all these symptoms came from the use of
cigarettes, and on banishing them his health was
soon restored.

Sa}'s an eminent doctor : "We look upon the ciga-
rette as a leading demoralization of the last twenty-
five years."

From the Philadelphia Times we learn that
several leading physicians in that city " unani-
mously condemn cigarette-smoking as one of the
vilest and most destructive evils that ever befell
the youth of any country ; " declaring that K its
direct tendency is a deterioration of the race."
One of these physicians affirms that within a single
week he had two patients who had been made blind
by cigarettes, while he knew several other cases
of the same kind.

There are in the city of Xew York a good many
tf cigar-butt grubbers," as they are termed, that is,
boys and girls who scour the streets for stumps
and half-burnt cigars, which are dried and then
sold to be used in making cigarettes. A religions
weekty of that city is responsible for the following

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 47

account : A ragged eight-year-old Italian boy,
bareheaded and barefooted, was brought before
one of the city justices on the charge of vagrancy.
The officer who arrested him stated that he had
found the boy picking up cigar stumps from the
streets and gutters, showing the justice a basket
half full of such stumps, water-soaked and cov-
ered with mud. "What do you do with these?"
asked his Honor. " I sell them to a man for ten
cents a pound, and they are used for making ciga-
rettes."

The statements of the representative of a large
Southern tobacco house, given on the authority of
the New York Tribune, will not be questioned.
He asserts that "the extent to which drugs are
used in cigarettes is appalling," and that "Havana
flavoring" is sold everywhere and by the thousand
barrels. This is prepared from the tonka-bean,
which contains a deadly poison. Cigarette wrap-
pers are in some cases made from the filthy scrap-
ings of rag-pickers, arsenic being often used in
the bleaching process, while combustion develops
the oil of creosote.

Tobacconists report that cigarettes are coming
to overshadow all other branches of the business ;
and it is stated officially that the revenue of our
government has gained by several millions from
their increased use. As helping to account for
this increase, we also learn that "ladies, in grow-
ing numbers, habitually use cigarettes."

A teacher of long experience remarks : "I think

48 TOBACCO.

that at least seven out of every ten boys smoke by
the time they are fourteen years old."

On a winter's day may be seen skating on the
lake in Central Park, New York, thousands of
children, girls as well as boys, most of them puff-
ing cigarettes bought at a restaurant close by for
a penny apiece. Indeed, one can hardly walk the
streets without meeting small boys with discarded
stumps of cigars or cigarettes in their mouths. No
wonder that Dr. Rush should have exclaimed :
ff One cannot witness this sight without anticipating
such a depreciation of our posterity in health and
character as can scarcely be contemplated without
pain and horror."

TOBACCO AND DRINKING.

It is tobacco in some form which perhaps more
than any other cause leads to the dram-shop. An
English physician states that he examined the
breath of thirty smoking boys between the ages
of nine and fifteen. In twenty-two of them he
found various disorders of a serious nature, and
ff more or less marked taste for strong drink"
a taste generated by tobacco. His prescriptions
had little effect till smoking was given up, when
health returned. It is also said that when smok-
ing was abandoned the boys recovered. These
facts are stated on the authority of the British
Medical Journal.

A French physician, who had studied the effects
of smoking on thirty-eight boys between nine and

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 49

fifteen, gives as the result that twenty-seven pre-
sented marked symptoms of nicotine poisoning ;
twenty-three, serious derangement of the intellec-
tual faculties, and a strong appetite for alcoholic
drinks; three, heart disease; eight, decided de-
terioration of the blood; twelve, frequent nose-
bleed; ten, disturbed sleep; and four, ulceration
of the mouth in its mucous membrane.

Says Decaisne, an eminent Paris doctor : "Among
children from nine to fifteen who were examined,
smoking undoubtedly caused palpitation, intermit-
tent pulse, and chloro-anaemia. Besides this, the
children showed impaired intelligence, became lazy
and stupid, and were disposed to take alcoholic
stimulants.''''

Even the very name has by some one been
ingeniously traced to the god of drunkenness,
To) BaxxM' Indeed, M so inseparable an attendant is
drinking on smoking," says Adam Clarke, "that in
some places the same word expresses both acts.
Thus, peend, in the Bengalee language, signifies to
drink and to smoke."

Dr. Rush affirms that " Smoking and chewing to-
bacco, by rendering water and other simple liquids
insipid to the taste, dispose very much to the
stronger stimulus of ardent spirits ; hence, the
practice of smoking cigars has been followed by
the use of brandy and water as a common drink."

The following is from a brief treatise on Nar-
cotics : —

" When introduced into the system in small

50 TOBACCO.

quantities, by smoking, chewing, or snuffing, to-
bacco acts as a narcotic, and produces, for the
time, a calm feeling of mind and body, a state of
mild stupor and repose. This condition changes
to one of nervous restlessness and a general feeling"
of muscular weakness when its habitual use is
temporarily interrupted. The body and mind feel
in need of stimulation, and there is great danger
that a resort to alcohol may be had. The use of
alcohol is frequently induced by that of tobacco."

Out of six hundred in the State prison at Au-
burn, Xew York, sent there for crimes committed
through strong drink, live hundred testified that
it was tobacco which led them to intemperance.

Dr. Logee, of Oxford, Ohio, relates that he once
heard Mr. Trask offer fifty dollars to any intemper-
ate man who had not been a tobacco-user : and
that he himself has frequently made the offer of
fifty or a hundred dollars to any hard drinker who
would prove that he had never been a smoker or
a chewer. Xot a man, however, has ever claimed
the money.

" Show me a drunkard that does n't use tobacco,"
said Horace Greeley, K and I will show you a white
blackbird."

George Trask pronounces the weed M Satan's
fuel for the drinking appetites."

" The professors in the University and High
School at Ann Arbor, Michigan, who have had a
long experience among thousands of young men,
regard tobacco as having a worse effect than even

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 51

liquor, affirming that more young men break down
in body and mind and finally go astray as a result
of smoking than of drinking, while the former
often leads to the latter." In this view concur
Dr. Parker, Dr. Rush, and a multitude of medical
men.

Dr. Cowan affirms that " the exceptions are very
rare, when a user of tobacco in any of its forms
is not ultimately led to use alcoholic liquors ; and
that, next to transmitted tendencies, the use of
tobacco is the great cause of both moderate and
excessive alcoholic drinking."

MANUFACTURE OF CHEWING-TOBACCO.

For the following account I am indebted to a
Quaker friend, David Tatum, of Cleveland, Ohio,
who visited some of the largest establishments in
Virginia.

* When the tobacco is brought into the factory
and carefully sorted, it is dipped in a solution of
licorice and sugar, and passed between rollers
which press it through the leaves, while the sur-
plus juice runs back into the solution in which it
was dipped. It is then dried : after which it is
put into boxes about four feet long, and two deep,
each layer of leaves being dusted with powdered
licorice and thoroughly sprinkled with rum till the
box is filled, then it is covered, and allowed to re-
main a few days until it becomes well soaked with
the licorice and rum, and ready to work up for
market."

52 TOBACCO.

CIGAB-MAKING.

The New York Tribune informs us that five
eighths of the cigars sold in the metropolis are
made in east-side tenements by Bohemian families,
the work being done in the room where they eat
and sleep. The tobacco, wet and spread on the
floor, is trodden down by the family while about
their domestic employment. In the morning,
damp and dirty, it is stripped from the stems by
the children, the women making the fillers, and the
men rolling and finishing at the rate of seven hun-
dred a day. A choice foreign brand is affixed, and
they are ready to go forth on their errand of de-
struction. Day and night these children exist —
not live — in this dreadful atmosphere. Will not
the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chil-
dren interfere in their behalf ?

A German smoker in New York, while using a
razor, slightly cut his lip. In a few days the
wound assumed the appearance of an ulcer, which
the medical attendant knew to be scrofulous. The
whole lower lip became affected with a repulsive
outgrowth, while the gums were greatly swollen,
and the teeth loose, ready to drop out. Learning
where the German purchased his cigars, the doctor
called at the tenement. The mystery was solved.
The man was finishing, "with a lick and a stick"
a bundle of fresh leaves, while on his lip was a
scrofulous sore. His son, too, working by his side,
had a similar sore. Nor was this instance ex-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 53

ceptional, the doctor stating that such cases are of
frequent occurrence.

In the Bellevue Hospital there were recently
fifty patients suffering from one of the most fearful
and incurable of maladies, contracted from cigars
manufactured in tenement houses, by diseased
persons, the finishing touch being given by the
teeth and tongue. Among the physicians who
have traced several similar cases to this source
may be named Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley, of New
York.

Let the sons of Esculapius who recommend
cigars for their tranquillizing influence enlighten
their patients with the fact that, at one time, just
after thousands of cigars had been turned loose
upon the world, their makers were discovered to be
pitted with the small-pox.

We learn from the public journals that in San
Francisco a hundred and ninety-five cases of lep-
rosy have been traced by the physicians of that
city to the smoking of cigarettes manufactured by
Chinese lepers.

Mr. K. L. Carpenter: "It is stated that an im-
mense quantity of cheap European tobacco is
shipped to Cuba, to be made up and exported as
Havana cigars. The Act of Parliament against the
adulteration of tobacco informs us of various nox-
ious articles used by unscrupulous manufacturers.
Some, however, are comparatively innocent, —
such as sawdust, peat, and seaweed, — so that the
workman's bad tobacco may not be as poisonous as

54 TOBACCO.

bis neighbor's best Virginia. When I was in Balti-
more I went into the great tobacco warehouses ; a
pig was wandering about, and seemed quite at home
there ; the leaves were being pulled by unwashed
negroes without pocket-handkerchiefs. But those
who do not object to poison cannot be expected to
mind dirt."

The following list of the various articles used in
flavoring tobacco was procured from the manufac-
turers : —

Sugar, honey, orange peel, lemon peel, mace,
cloves, spices of all kinds, vanilla, licorice, va-
lerian, tonka-bean, opiates, laudanum, Spanish
wine, Santa Cruz rum, liquor of all sorts.

When opiates are used, a solution is sprinkled
on the tobacco before manufacturing. Spices are
sprinkled on the tops of the cigars after packing,
to give a pleasant odor to the box, and to destroy
any rank flavor from poor tobacco.

It is asserted that a manufactory in the city of
Syracuse makes a favorite and increasingly pop-
ular brand of cigars by soaking the tobacco leaves
in opium. Even smokers testify that there is no
doubt on this point.

PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF TOBACCO.

In a treatise on the injurious effects of tobacco,
even when used moderately, Dr. Grimshaw, in
order to confirm his statements, quotes freely from
some of " the most learned medical authorities,
men who were not emraired in a reform movement,

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 55

who were unconnected with any society, temper-
ate or total abstinent, and were therefore mere
recorders of facts, and propagators of truth."

Dr. Harris, physician to the New York city dis-
pensary : " The properties and effects of tobacco
are of a curiously mixed character. Its power or
property of stimulation is strangely interwoven
with its more important and predominating one of
sedation or depression. This complex and double
action is peculiarly adapted to the work of fascin-
ating and misleading those who submit them-
selves to its influence.

" It titillates the nerves and exhilarates the feel-
ings, while it obtunds and stupefies the sensibility,
and partially suspends the process of life. The
appetite which it creates is a never-ending gnaw-
ing that will not be denied ; and under the most
specious guise of absolute physical necessity, it
hides its insatiate and cruel demands. Its seda-
tive influence acts as a damper to the bustling
excitability which the nervous system acquires
from deficient or excessive action ; while at the
same time it affords fresh and fascinating excite-
ment that for a lon^ time makes one forgetful 0f
weariness, and promises to relieve the tedium of
life. There is no other substance known that can
induce such complex and various effects ; but the
idtimate residts are invariably the same. Its dis-
astrous influences upon the functions of the ner-
vous system and the action of the heart are felt
throughout every tissue of the body ; the blood

56 TOBACCO.

moves sluggishly, and as it stagnates in delicate
organs, foundation is laid for every form of
disease, while at the same time the poison of the
drug is diffused through every tissue of the living
frame, benumbing and impairing all the powers of
life, so that the system is at once more liable to
disease and less able to endure its consequences
and resist its power."

Dr. Logee : " Being a narcotic stimulant it
breaks down the nervous system, raising the user
above his natural level, only, by inevitable reac-
tion, to depress him below it."

Dr. B. W. Richardson : n The extreme symptoms
induced by tobacco smoke are intensely severe,
and the idea that tobacco is a narcotic like opium
or chloroform is entirely disproved by them. Its
action is as an irritant upon the motor parts of
the nervous system, not as a narcotic upon the sen-
sational."

Dr. Marshal] Hall : ff The smoker cannot escape
the poison of tobacco. It gets into his blood,
travels the whole round of his system, interferes
with the heart's action and the general circulation,
and affects every organ and fibre of the frame."

Dr. J. C. Jackson: "I have long entertained
the opinion that tobacco is really more deleterious
in its effects than are alcoholic drinks. I have
settled mj'self thoroughly in the conviction that no
habit of the American people is so destructive to
their physical vigor, and their moral character."

11 We are accused of killing patients with calo-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 57

mel," remarks a physician ; M but a thousand are
killed by tobacco to one by calomel."

Solly, surgeon of St. Thomas' Hospital, Lon-
don : " I know of no single vice which does so
much harm as smoking. It soothes the excited
nervous system at the time to render it more
irritable and more feeble ultimately."

Dr. R. W. Pease of Syracuse : tf There can be
but one opinion among physicians, and that is, the
use of so powerful a narcotic stimulant must be
hurtful, not only to the nervous system, but es-
pecially to the circulatory organs, chiefly the heart,
causing, first, functional disturbance, and finally,
organic disease of that organ. In short, I am
firmly convinced that tobacco is doing more mis-
chief to the physical condition of our people than
alcohol in all its forms."

Dr. Drysdale : " Nicotine enters the body by
the stomach, the lungs, and the skin ; and its
effects are uniform by whatever gate it enters."

Strong testimony on this subject is presented by
Dr. Pidduck, physician to a dispensary in St.
Giles. It appears in the London Lancet for
1857, which embodies the results of the investiga-
tions as to the use of tobacco by prominent phy-
sicians, including Dr. Taylor, the great English
surgeon and author. All are agreed that it is a
poison for both brain and heart, producing paraly-
sis, apoplexy, and heart disease, and also in the
conviction that it sows the seeds of various other
maladies.

58 TOBACCO.

It is estimated by German physicians that of
the deaths occurring in that country among men
between eighteen and thirty-five years of age, one
half die from the effects of this drug. They
unequivocally assert that r tobacco burns out the
blood, the teeth, the eyes, and the brain."

Dr. Wright : " I believe it to be the great antag-
onist of the nervous system, especially in its rela-
tions to the organs of sense, of reproduction, and
of digestion."

Dr. Harris : K At the New York City dispen-
sary, more cases of constitutional, chronic, and
functional diseases are treated than at any other
institution in America, more than fifty thousand
patients being annually prescribed for. Of the
male adult patients affected by such diseases who
have come under my care at the dispensary, I
have found that nearly nine tenths of the whole
number were habitual tobacco-mongers. In no
small proportion of these it has been perfectly
evident that tobacco had an important influence
upon the cause and continuance of these maladies."

Decaisne : " Tobacco-smoking often causes an
intermittent pulse. Out of eighty-one smokers
examined, twenty-three presented an intermittent
pulse, independent of any cardiac lesion. This
intermittency disappeared when smoking was
abandoned."'

Blatin relates that "a young medical student,
after smoking a single pipe, fell into a frightful
state, the heart becoming nearly motionless, the

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 59

chest constricted, breathing painful, limbs cor.
tracted, pupils insensible, one contracted, the other
dilated. These symptoms lasted four days."

Tyrrell : " The tobacco habit is one of those
pleasant vices which the just gods make instru-
ments to scourge us, destroying the very principle
of manhood."

Abernethy : " Smoking stupefies all the senses
and all the faculties, by slow but enduring intoxi-
cation, into dull obliviousness."

Prof. Miller, of Edinburgh : " As medical men
we know that smoking injures the whole organism,
and puts a man's stomach and whole frame out of
order. The effects of narcotics, mental and bodily,
I can fairly testify, are nothing but evil ; and I
stand in a position of giving an experienced as
well as an impartial observation."

"In our country," says one, "it is no uncommon
circumstance to hear of inquests on the bodies of
smokers, especially youths, the ordinary verdict
being "Died from extreme tobacco-smoking."
In a single death-certificate of a New York
physician, we read: "Four died of poisoning
from tobacco."

"I have no hesitation in averring," wTrites one
of the most able and experienced temperance ad-
vocates, "that, gigantic as are the evils arising
from the use of strong drink, those of using
tobacco exceed them."

Dr. Twitchell, of Keene, N. H., expresses sub-
stantially the same opinion.

60 TOBACCO.

If additional testimony were desirable, a long
and goodly array of medical names, both in our
own country and in Europe, might be cited. All
the medical schools as such, allopathic, hydro-
pathic, homoeopathic, with the various specialists,
unite in their testimony as to the disastrous effects
of tobacco, whether for smoking, chewing, or
snuffing ; nor is this strange when it is the appal-
ling verdict of a college of physicians that twenty
thousand in our own land die annually from this
poison. The only wonder is how any doctor can
fail to throw the whole weight of his influence
against this practice.

EXPERIENCES OF LITERARY MEN.

A volume by A. Arthur Keade, entitled w Study
and Stimulants," contains the experiences of many
literary men in regard to stimulants, From these
I select but a few cases, and such as relate only to
tobacco.

Among those who advocate its use are Edison,
Wilkie Collins, and Anthony Trollope. The lat-
ter, however, admits that, finding it was injuring
him, he gave it up for two years, when he resumed
smoking, substituting, however, for "three large
cigars daily three very small ones ; and so far as I
can tell," he adds, "without any effect."

Among the total abstainers on principle from
tobacco, as well as from spirits and wine, are Dr.
Allibone, the Duke of Argyle, Kobert and Wil-
liam Chambers, George W. Childs, Prof. Fair-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 61

bairn, Cardinal Newman, Keshub Chunder Sen,
and M. Barthelemy St. Hilaire.

Of Gladstone it is affirmed that he "detests
smoking."

Darwin : " I have taken snuff all my life, and
regret that I ever acquired the habit."

Ernst Haeckel : " I have never smoked."

Philip Gilbert Hamerton : " I shall certainly
never resume smoking. I never use any stimu-
lants whatever when writing, and believe the use
of them to be most pernicious ; indeed, I have
seen terrible results from them. When a writer
feels dull, the best stimulant is fresh air."

W. D. Howells : "I never use tobacco, except
in a very rare, self-defensive cigarette, where a
great many other people are smoking."

R John Ruskin entirely abhors the practice of
smoking, his dislike of it being mainly based on
the belief that a cigar or pipe will often make a
man content to be idle for any length of time."

Charles Reade : " I tried to smoke ^.\e or six
times, but it always made me heavy and rather
sick ; therefore, as it costs money, I spurned it.
I have seen many people the worse for it. I never
saw anybody perceptibly the better for it."

The case of the distinguished French savant,
the Abbe* Moigno, editor of the Journal du Monde,
is very striking. Temperate in his general habits,
he became conscious of injury from his excessive
use of snuff, many times giving it up only to
resume it again. He was a noted linguist, know-

62 TOBACCO.

ing by heart some fifteen hundred root words in
various languages; but, under the influence of the
narcotic, these were all dropping from his memory.
He felt this to be so great a trial that he finally
renounced the habit. He writes : M It was the
commencement of a veritable resurrection of health,
mind, and memory, and the army of words that
had run away has gradually returned."

The following item is taken from another source.
Algernon Charles Swinburne, wandering one day
from room to room at the Art Club, in the vain
search for a clear atmosphere where he could write,
at last exclaimed in poetic indignation : " James
the First was a knave, a tyrant, a fool, a liar, a
coward; but I love him, I worship him, because
he slit the throat of that blackguard Kaleigh, who
invented this filthy smoking."

MEDICAL INCONSISTENCIES.

Of a physician who is not only indifferent to
this great evil, but who himself makes use of the
drug, what shall be said? His tell-tale breath as
he bends over his suffering patient, the very smell
of his garments to one for whose recovery God's
pure air is a first necessity, — what can be urged
in his defence ? Said a refined and highly intelli-
gent woman, " I would never employ a physician
who used tobacco."

But whatever rights the doctors may claim so
far as their own use of the weed is concerned,
what plea can be made for those who prescribe

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 63

this poison for a patient, and thus, for a mere tem-
porary soothing effect, bring him into a bondage
entailing evils beyond computation to himself and
family? A certain physician recommended the
chewing of tobacco to a man as the only thing to
secure him against a fever to which he was ex-
posed in the case of one of his family. But what
of a woman? How about said man's wife and
daughter, who, from being more constantly in the
sick room, were far more exposed? Were their
lives of less value than his? Why didn't the
doctor prescribe it for them also?

I know a man of fine intellect and high moral
character who had come to a ripe maturity without
touching the filthy weed. He is attacked with
whooping cough. A wise ( ?) doctor recommends
smoking to quiet the paroxysms of the cough,
and himself brings and presents the first cigar to
the patient — his very best medical prescription.
Does he offer one to the woman, suffering from
similar paroxysms, and with less strength to bear
them ? And the children with their fearful cou^h-
ing fits, — does he bring a cigar for their relief?
The poor baby, too, who grows black and all but
dies in the struggle for breath ! It is too young
to smoke? Why not, then, teach the little cough-
ing sister this fine art, and let her smoke in the
baby's face? Does not any doctor know that
under any such ill-omened spell the tender infant
would speedily pine away and die ?

But what of the husband and father after his

64 TOBACCO.

first and second and third cigar? Why, grand
man though he is, — a man, too, of great strength
of character, — he becomes an inveterate smoker.
And though, with his fine constitution, the ill
effects on his health may not at once be obvious,
yet, like many another tobacco user, he may be
suddenly stricken down with apoplexy or heart
disease, when the doctors, perhaps, will pro-
nounce judgment that he died from the effects
of smoking.

Then who can tell what injury this loving father
may not have entailed on his children by the sure,
retributive law of heredity ? And what if his boys
aspire to a cigar? Shall their smoking father for-
bid them, holding himself up in terrorem?

A minister of rare qualities of head and heart,
but of delicate organization and highly nervous
temperament, who had unfortunately learned to
smoke, consults his trusted physician. What a
grand opportunity for helping the man to knock off
his fetters ! Does he seize the occasion? Why,
instead, he tells him that moderate smoking, "just
a little," will not only not injure, but will help
him — will quiet his excited nerves ! So the min-
ister's wife, who knows he is the very last man
who ought to smoke, and who sees that it is only
confirming his unfavorable symptoms, is obliged,
as she sees the fetters tiofhteninfi:, to hide her
anxiety and her sorrow in her own heart.

Xow, how can we account for such a course on
the part of the accredited guardians of health?

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 65

Sometimes it may, without doubt, be explained
on the ground of inconsideration. A physician,
having recommended one of his patients to smoke,
gave as his only reason that, as the patient was
old and deaf and infirm, he thought smoking might
be a little amusement for him!

A young clergyman in feeble health was directed
by his medical adviser to smoke. Some doubt
being expressed on the subject, the case was
referred to an old physician, who indorsed the
smoking prescription. It seems this wise old doc-
tor, twenty years before, had recommended the
same thing to another minister. The results had
proved so disastrous that his attendant felt con-
strained to write to the veteran physician, asking
information as to the medical value of tobacco,
which had led to the prescriptions. His answer
was : n I have not paid sufficient attention to the
subject of smoking to make my opinion of the
slightest value." How, then, did he dare indorse
such a practice ?

THE LATE DR. WILLARD PARKER'S VIEWS.

In reporting a lecture on Tobacco, given to the
students of Union Theological Seminary by Dr.
Willard Parker, to whom I have already referred,
the New York Observer remarks : " Dr. Parker is
a physician whose fame is not bounded by the me-
tropolis or the nation. There is no higher author-
ity than he in the line of his profession."

From this report, and from other printed matter

66 TOBACCO.

on this subject by Dr. Parker, the following pas-
sages are taken : —

" It is now many years since my attention was
called to the insidious, but positively destructive
effects of tobacco on the human system. I have
seen a great deal of its influence upon those who
use it and work in it. Cigar and snuff manufac-
turers have come under my care in hospitals and
in private practice ; and such persons cannot re-
cover soon and in a healthy manner from cases of
injury or fever. They are more apt to die in
epidemics and more prone to apoplexy and paraly-
sis. The same is true, also, of those who smoke
or chew much."

w The use of this weed is particularly injurious
to studious men of sedentary habits. The odor
infects their clothing, study, and books, so that
they live and breathe in a noxious atmosphere.
The poison is slow, but in the second or third de-
cade its virus becomes manifest. The words of
the wise man, r Because sentence against an evil
work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart
of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil,'
are strikingly applicable to those who indulge in
this pernicious habit. There have died in Xew
York within a few years three excellent clergy-
men, all of whom might now have been alive had
they not used tobacco. The duty of abstaining
from the slow killing of one's self by this poison is
as clear as the duty of not cutting one's throat."

" Tobacco is doinc: more harm in the world than

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 67

rum. It is destroying our race, and it is sure to
destroy the farms producing it also, as it has done
some of the best land in Virginia."

ILLUSTRATIONS.

A man, distinguished for scholarship, but, un-
fortunately, equally distinguished for inordinate
smoking, paid the penalty in a manifest retarding
of his mental movements — his thoughts and words
coming so slowly as to be painful to the listener.
This clogging of the intellect his physician unhesi-
tatingly attributed to tobacco.

A smoking club of three young men came to its
end within two years of its formation, all its
members having smoked themselves to death.

A striking account, well authenticated, is given
concerning a man in Detroit, of fine constitution and
regular and temperate habits, except in the one mat-
ter of cigars. For thirty years he had smoked with
seeming impunity. But the day of reckoning
came at last! He complained one night of feeling
unwell, and from that moment a gradual numbness
stole over him. First his sight left him, next his
tongue was paralyzed ; then he lost the power of
moving his head. Thus member after member
was clutched and held as in a vise, till he lay
sightless and motionless, helpless — alive, yet
dead. One sense alone was untouched, — that of
hearing ; and he exhausted himself in frantic efforts
to reply to the questions put to him. For a little
time he rallied, but his constitution, undermined

68 TOBACCO.

by the narcotic, had lost all recuperative power.
He lay for a fortnight, a most pitiable object, and
then sank — as all his doctors agreed — a victim of
tobacco.

In speaking of Senator Carpenter,, the brilliant
friend of General Grant, Eev. Mr. Marsh, who
has written vigorously on the tobacco habit, re-
marks : " He died, his system a pitiful wreck,
when, as far as years went, he ought to have been
in the prime of his power. An acquaintance
writes of him, 'Died of smoking twenty cigars a
day.' "

Lorenzo and Siro Delmonico, the famous New
York caterers, were anions the innumerable to-
bacco victims. Of the latter, Dr. Wood, who had
attended him for a long time, testified, "I have
known him to smoke as many as a hundred cigars
a day. He was completely saturated with nico-
tine, and the question of his death was only one of
time. He used the very strongest cigars, made
expressly for him in Havana, and he was perpet-
ually smoking. The disease this produced was
called emphysema, — a morbid enlargement of the
lung cells, and caused fits of coughing which
sometimes nearly strangled him. He had been
many years under medical treatment, frequently
changing his physician, but never his practice,
although often warned of its perils." From a
midnight revel Delmonico went to his house, and
the next morning was found dead upon the floor.

A prominent and highly esteemed citizen of Sy-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 69

racuse, N. Y., died suddenly of paralysis of the
heart, attributed by his family physician to M the
too free use of tobacco." He had repeatedly been
warned against his habit of excessive smoking, and
he had moderated his indulgence, coming down
from twenty daily cigars to five. But he could
not break his fetters, and he fell, conquered by the
destroyer.

TOBACCO DISEASES.

From an able work entitled Diseases of Modern
Life, by Dr. Richardson, an eminent English
physician, I copy the following : —

" Smoking produces disturbances in the blood,
causing undue fluidity and change in the red cor-
puscles ; in the stomach giving rise to debility,
nausea, and in extreme cases, vomiting; in the
mucous membrane of the mouth, causing enlarge-
ment and soreness of the tonsils, smokers' sore
throat, etc. ; in the heart, producing debility of
that organ, and irregular action ; in the bronchial
surface of the lungs, when that is already irritable,
sustaining irritation and increasing cough ; in the
organs of se?ise, causing, in the extreme degree,
dilatation of the pupils of the eye, confusion of
vision, bright lines, luminous or cobweb specks,
and lonsr retention of images on the retina ; with
other and analogous symptoms affecting the ear,
viz., inability to define sounds clearly, and the
occurrence of a sharp ringing sound, like a whistle
or a bell ; in the brain, impairing the activity of
that organ ; in the volitional, and in the sympa-

70 TOBACCO.

thetic or organic nerves, leading to paralysis in
them."

" This does not leave very much of a man," re-
marks Mr. Marsh, M but his hair and his bones."

Justice requires the admission that Dr. Richard-
son regards the diseases induced by this weed as
functional and not organic, so that the suspension
of its use not unfrequently removes the disease.
But he goes on to say, " In the confirmed smoker
there is a constant functional disturbance. . . .
On the ground of these functional disturbances an
argument may be used which cuts sharply because
it goes right home. . . . Why should a million
of men be living with stomachs that only partially
digest, hearts that labor unnaturally, and blood
that is not fully oxidized ? "

Concerning the alleged influence of tobacco on
the hearing, Stille* says that it causes " a buzzing
and ringing in the ears, and even hallucinations of
this sense."

In his essay on " The Effects of the Abuse of
Tobacco," read before the American Institute
of Homoeopathy, in June, 1884, Dr. T. F. Allen
writes, " Much less is known or has been reported
concerning the action of tobacco on the ear than
on the eye. Sufficient, however, is known to en-
able us to state that two distinct affections are
produced. One, an impairment of the auditory
nerve, recognized by a roaring sound, and di-
minished acuteness of hearing ; . . . the other, a
chronic catarrhal, inflammation of the middle ear, as-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 71

sociated with an angina of the throat. The mucous
membrane of the Eustachian tube becomes swollen,
and the tube closed ; the drum becomes red,
thickened, and retracted. With these catarrhal
symptoms are noticed roaring in the ears."

Physicians also assert that the use of tobacco
tends to injure the voice, rendering it coarse,
tremulous, and husky. On this point Dr. Kussell,
who, for forty years was a professor of Elocution,
remarks : " As to the effect of the habitual use of
tobacco on the quality and character of the voice,
I know it to be injurious in proportion to the ex-
tent to which it is carried. Snuff-taking destroys
the natural sound, and the pure ring of healthy
human utterance. It deadens the voice, and by
impairing its clear resonance, mars the distinctness
of articulation. Smoking creates a reedy, burning
sound, which hinders purity of tone, and renders
the voice more or less grating to the ear. Chew-
ing, by its exhausting effect on the salivary glands,
causes the quality of the voice to become dry,
hard, and bitter."

Dr. Newell, of Boston : " Tobacco has eleven
special centres of action in the human system, the
chief of which are the heart, eyes, spinal cord,
genitalia, lungs, and the circulation. I have seen
nicotine lower the circulation and lessen the res-
piratory powers ; wither or paralyze the motor
column of the spinal cord, produce atrophy of the
retina and blindness. It produces mental aberra-
tions, low spirits, irresolution, the most dismal

72 TOBACCO.

hypochondria and insomnia, and sometimes, after
the victim has retired, frightful shocks, likened to
a discharge of electricity. Impregnate fresh-drawn
blood with nicotine, and at once it acquires a dark
hue, while the microscope shows the red corpus-
cles undergoing rapid disintegration," a phenome-
non which is styled crenation.

On this point, another medical man states that,
where the tobacco habit has been of long standing,
the ratio of degenerated corpuscles to healthy ones
is often as one in twenty-five or thirty, and some-
times comes to be as one in ten. A wealthy ama-
teur who had been selecting a microscope at an
optician's, left on the slide a drop of his own blood
wThich he had used as a test. As he was leaving
the office with a cigar in his mouth, the professor
of microscopy in one of our medical colleges,
happening in, glanced at the slide, moving it to and
fro, and then made a rapid computation. The
optician looked on with surprise, remarking, " that
gentleman is one of our best customers, he buys
more heavily than half a dozen professors." " And
this is a drop of his blood ? " inquired the man of
science. The purveyor of lenses assented. " Very
well," replied the professor, "tell your best cus-
tomer, if you can without impertinence, that unless
he stops smoking at once he has not many months
to live." But he did not stop. A few weeks
later he went to Europe, thinking a sea voyage
might recruit his wasted energies. In a few weeks
more his death was announced by telegraph from

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 73

Paris, where the doctors styled his disease a gen-
eral breaking up.

According to good medical authority, there are
more than fifty diseases — some say eighty-seven —
which spring from tobacco, or are greatly intensi-
fied by its use. Among these are paralysis and
apoplexy.

TOBACCO- AMAUROSIS ; COLOR-BLINDNESS.

Stille maintains that smoking " renders the
vision weak and uncertain, causing objects to
appear nebulous, or creates muscat volitantes and
similar objective phenomena," adding that "in
numerous instances it has produced amaurosis."

Chisholm, in his report On the Poisonous Effect
of Tobacco on the Eyesight, states that " in the past
few years he had treated thirty-five cases of
amaurosis, directly traceable to the use of tobacco,
by smoking, in every case but one."

McSherry : " When the sight fails with smokers,
and no appreciable change of structure can be
found in the eye, tobacco-poisoning may be as-
sumed. The assumption is converted into cer-
tainty by the fact that appropriate remedies fail
entirely while the habit of smoking is continued.
In rare cases the susceptibility is so great that the
smoking of a single cigar a day will produce it."

Dr. Drysdale, in Tobacco and the Diseases it
Produces : " In one week I saw in the Koyal Lon-
don Ophthalmic Hospital two cases of tobacco-
amaurosis in young men under thirty. The first

74 TOBACCO.

had chewed continually ; and the other smoked
one ounce of shag tobacco daily. Both were com-
pletely and irretrievably blind. Lichel of Paris
found some cases of blindness easily cured by
cessation from tobacco."

Dr. George Crichett a distinguished London
oculist, says he is " constantly consulted for blind-
ness occasioned solely by great smoking."

Dr. T. F. Allen : " We find here the character-
istic physiological action of the drug, namely, a
persistent contraction of the blood-vessels, produc-
ing an anaemia of the nerve structure. This con-
traction is like a persistent cramp, and may pass
off on ceasing to use the drug; but if it continue,
malnutrition, and slow degeneration of the nerves
is sure to take place."

Dr. Allen gives confirmatory opinions and testi-
monies from nine or ten eminent physicians, while
he frankly admits that there are some who differ
from them as to the influence of tobacco.

Dr. Perry, a highly educated physician of Col-
chester, Illinois, was an excessive smoker and
chewer, sometimes in three days using not far
from a pound of plug tobacco. As the result, he
is totally blind.

In a medical journal, among other similar
instances, one is given of a man about forty -two,
a smoker of many years, whose eyesight was
gradually failing. After two months' cessation
from the habit, his vision was restored. But the
ardent votary of the weed — refusing to ascribe his

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 75

difficulty to its true cause, because, forsooth, he
had smoked so long without any bad effects —
returned to his idol. In a few weeks, however,
the recurrence of his trouble convinced him,
though much against his will, that it was entirely
owing to tobacco.

A distinguished English physician states that
" out of thirty-seven patients suffering from
amaurosis, twenty-three were inveterate smokers."

A highly intelligent man in Vermont, a con-
firmed smoker, found that his sight was gradually
leaving him. Being a great reader he felt the
trial keenly, and was quite willing to follow the
total abstinent counsel of his physician, when
his sight slowly returned.

A general freight-agent in Indiana, from exces-
sive smoking, found his vision growing dim ; but,
disregarding the expostulations of his friends and
the entreaties of his wife, he held on to his cigar.
One day, on lifting a great weight, the heavy
strain went to the weakened optic nerve, and he
became blind. He immediately abandoned smok-
ing, and put himself under the care of a physician.
It was too late, however, and, full of the keenest
self-reproach, he caused this account to be pub-
lished as a warning to others.

It is affirmed, on medical testimony, that color-
blindness is often caused by the tobacco habit. A
well-known public lecturer made the following
statement : —

" A leading oculist of the United States asserted
before a Science Congress, in one of our cities,

76 TOBACCO.

that he had examined the eyes of twelve thousand
of the boys and girls of that city ; that he found
four per cent of the boys color-blind, while but
ten girls were thus affected. The boys could tell
black from white, but they could not tell blue from
green, or the different shades of various colors.
f I find,' said he, ( the average boy of twelve with
a cigarette in his mouth, which is dipped in nico-
tine"' "

Notwithstanding the source from which it came,
the audience received the statement with such in-
credulity, that the oculist requested and received
permission to bring his science-test to bear on the
spot. These were men, not boys ; women, not
girls ; and not four, but ten per cent of the men
were color-blind ; while not a woman was thus
affected.

When we consider that the safety of our trains,
with their hundreds and thousands of passengers,
is often dependent on the instant and accurate ren-
dering of signals, — the color of a li^ht or of a
flag, — we can easily see howT utterly such a defect
in the vision disqualifies one for this service.

A thorough and annual examination of all these
employes would seem indispensable to public
safety.

DELIRIUM TREMENS.

That most terrible of diseases, delirium tremens,
which was formerly regarded as due only to
alcohol, is now, by Dr. Abraham Spoor and other

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 77

learned doctors, ascribed largely "to the exasper-
ating agency of tobacco upon the human nerves
and organism."

One of the resident medical officers of St.
Thomas' Hospital, London, reports three cases of
delirium tremens induced by tobacco smoke.

I know of a Southern tobacco-grower who, by
excessive smoking, is reduced to a deplorable con-
dition. He falls into the deepest gloom, breaking
forth in the night into frightful ravings, and
threatening his wife with murder. To what a life
of wretchedness and terror has he thus doomed
her !

A mechanic, standing high in a temperance
lodge, was subject to fearful sufferings, his whole
family being at times called to his bedside at mid-
night to witness what seemed his dying agonies.
In one of these dreadful paroxysms a doctor was
summoned. " Do you use strong drinks ? " " No."
"Do you belong to the Sons of Temperance?"
w Yes." " I supposed you did ; you use tobacco.
This is a tobacco fit ; this is delirium tremens.
Drop tobacco, or tobacco will drop you." He did
drop it, and has known nothing of delirium tre-
mens since.

HEART DISEASE ; SMOKER'S CANCER.

The physician of an insurance company, after
examining a certain applicant, reported against
issuing him a policy on the ground of his having
what the doctors call " tobacco-heart."

78 TOBACCO.

Dr. Townson, another physician to insurance
companies, stated that nearly every one of those
whom he had rejected had an affection of the heart
from excessive smoking.

Dr. E. Smith found that after smoking eleven
minutes his pulse had risen from seventy-four to a
hundred and twelve beats. Another physician,
who counted his pulse every five minutes during
an hour's smoking, computed that it had beat a
thousand times in excess.

Dr. Magruder, Medical Examiner of the United
States Navy, affirms that " one out of every hundred
applicants for enlistment is rejected because of
irritable heart, arising from tobacco-poisoning."

According to official statement, "Thousands in
our civil war were discharged from the army on
account of heart-disease, owing largely to the use
of tobacco."

Dr. Bowditch, formerly chairman of the State
Board of Health, and one of the most eminent
physicians in Boston, considers tobacco nearly as
dangerous and deadly as alcohol, and pronounces
a man with a " tobacco heart " as badly off as a
drunkard.

Dr. Twitchell : " The sedative effect of tobacco
upon the brain is so great that it often requires an
act of the will to stimulate the involuntary muscles
to action, so that when sleep arrests this will-power
these muscles cease to act, the breathing stops, and
the person is found dead in his bed, — f from
heart-disease ' say his friends, but in reality from

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 79

tobacco-paralysis of the heart and muscles of in-
spiration. "

Dr. Corson relates the case of a smoker who,
having suffered greatly for seven years, was one
day seized with intense pain in the chest, a gasping
for breath, and a sensation as if a crowbar were
pressed tightly against his breast and then twisted
in a knot round the heart, which would cease
beating and then leap wildly, the heart being
found to miss every fourth beat. For twenty-
seven years, similar, though milder, attacks con-
tinued, sometimes two or three times a day. He
grew thin and pale as a ghost. At length he gave
up tobacco, and in a few weeks the paroxysms
ceased, he grew stout and hearty, and for twenty
years has enjoyed excellent health.

Mr. Carpenter : " The smoker's sore throat, and
diseases of the tongue and gums are notorious."

Lip and tongue cancers are not infrequent results
of continuous smoking. Of the latter Dr. Lizars
gives some terrible instances. One of the victims
he describes as " writhing in agony, unable to
speak or swallow, his tongue having mouldered
quite away."

We learn from the public journals that Senator
Hill's cancer was the result of smoking, " the nico-
tine being absorbed by a blister on the tongue/'

Catelain, "the Parisian Delmonico," died of what
is called the smoker's cancer. He had the unen-
viable distinction of being regarded as the greatest
smoker in the world, his daily allowance for thirty

80 TOBACCO.

years being twenty of the largest cigars, the whole
expense being estimated at from forty to fifty
thousand dollars.

We are told of a Western clergyman, an exces-
sive smoker, who, dying of this same disease,
expressed submission to the will of God " who had
decreed his death in that particular manner." He
may have been a good man, and sincere in his
ignorance, but ought he not to have known that
he was neither more nor less than a suicide ?

IMPAIRED MUSCULAR FORCE.

There is a fact well known to the medical pro-
fession which speaks volumes. It is that tobacco-
using surgeons are unable to perform any nice
operation, unless the nerves, unstrung by the nar-
cotic, are first steadied by some powerful drug or
alcoholic stimulant.

Some physicians maintain that a smoker cannot
be a successful oculist, as firmness of nerve is
one of the essentials in the treatment of so delicate
an organ as the eye.

An impairing of the muscular force is often seen
in the tremulous hand-writing of the tobacco-
votary. So significant is this, that applicants for
the situation of book-keeper have sometimes been
rejected because of the habit thus indicated. That
there is the same betrayal of the habit in drawing,
we find in a letter of Medical Inspector Gorgas,
who writes to the superintendent of the Naval
A en demy at Annapolis : " The professor of draw-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 81

ing informs me that he has observed among the
smokers an impaired power of muscular control,
which has retarded their progress and proficiency
in this branch."

Dr. Gihon also says : " The defective muscular
co-ordination occasioned by this drug is remarkably
illustrated by the fact — which I learn from Professor
Oliver, head of the department of drawing — that
he can invariably recognize the user of tobacco by
his tremulous hand in manipulating the pencil, and
by his " absolute inability to draw a clean, straight
line."

It is well understood that, in the regimen of
athletes, pugilists, and oarsmen in preparation for
boat-races, no rule is more rigid than that which
prescribes an utter abstaining from all forms of
tobacco ; and this solely because of its enervating
influence on the nerves and muscles. Says Parton,
" No smoker who has ever trained severely for a
race, or a game, or a fight needs to be told that
smoking reduces the tone of the system and
diminishes all the forces of his body. He knows
it."

Dr. W. F. Carver, the famous marksman, says :
" I have never tasted intoxicating drinks, nor do I
use tobacco in any form."

An Ohio gentleman tells me of a brother of
great nerve, who had been an excellent shot. He
became a smoker, and meeting him after a long
separation, the brother found him with trembling
hands and shattered nerves. On challenging him

82 TOBACCO.

to a shooting match as of old, he accepted. He
could not even aim straight, still less could he hit
a mark, however near. The virtue had all gone
out of him. He made up his mind to stop short,
but his sufferings were pitiable, the miserable slave
continually fumbling in his pockets after the longed-
for weed.

Mr. Hanlan, the victor of the international boat-
race, said before he left England : " In my opinion,
the best physical performances can only be secured
through the absolute abstinence from alcohol and
tobacco. This is my rule. In fact, I believe that
the use of liquor and tobacco has a most injurious
effect upon the system of an athlete, by irritating
the vitals and consequently weakening the system."

Does not the same reasoning apply even more
strongly to the soldier ? No man, surely, has greater
need of unflinching nerve and never-failing endur-
ance. For no man is the best possible physical
condition of more supreme importance. The Duke
of Wellington complained of the excessive use of
tobacco by his soldiers, and attempted to restrain
it. Another distinguished English officer, Gen.
Markham, was so convinced of the injurious effects
of this drug, that he neither smoked himself nor
allowed any of his personal staff to do so.

Mr. Meadows tells us, in the British Quarterly
Review, that, in China, "the soldier who smokes
tobacco is bambooed."

In a letter to Dr. Lizars, Mr. Anton writes :
"lam convinced that a soldier who is an inveter-

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 83

ate smoker is incapable to level his musket with
precision and without shaking his hand, so as to
take steady aim. I recall instances of nervous
trepidation which rendered many a brave man use-
less as a marksman or musketeer."

Corroborating this statement is a quotation from
Mr. O' Flaherty, who says that "he has known
men who, previous to their using tobacco, could
send a bullet through the target at eight hundred
yards' distance ; but who, after they had become
smokers and chewers, became so nervous that they
could scarcely send one into a hay-stack at a hun-
dred yards' distance."

During our civil war, a large number of the
diseases in the soldiers' hospitals were attributed,
in a great degree, to the inordinate use of this
drug, which was often sent to them through the
mistaken kindness and sympathy of distant friends.
And many a man is now a miserable slave to the
tyrant, who took his first lessons in that same war.

SHATTERED NERVES ; INSANITY.

There are eminent physicians to whom almost
every day brings fresh confirmation of the fact
that nervous and brain diseases are not infre-
quently caused by the tobacco habit.

Prof. Kirke, in Nerves and Narcotics: " You see
a man weary, and yet restless. By means of the
narcotic this nervous irritation is subdued. The
supply of vital force from the organic centres to
the motor nerves is so much lessened that the irri-

84 TOBACCO.

toting movement in them ceases. This gives a
sense of relief to the person affected. He is not
aware that the benefit is purchased at a very seri-
ous cost. He has not only lessened the supply
of vital force for the time being, but has done a
very considerable amount of injury to his vital
system. He has, in fact, poisoned the springs of
life within him. As soon as these nerves rally
from the lowering effect of the narcotic, the
irritation returns, and the narcotic is called for
anew. Fresh injury is inflicted for the sake of
the ease desired. This goes on till the vital cen-
tres, if at all delicate, totally foil to give supply to
the motor nerves, and paralysis begins. Yet the
man goes on indulging in the so-called luxury of
the narcotic."

Dr. Allen : w Many smokers, naturally bold and
resolute, lose their fortitude, become unable to bear
pain, are nervous in the society of others, and even
afraid of being left alone at night."

Dr. Lizars : f' I have invariably found that
patients addicted to smoking became cowardly,
and deficient in manly fortitude to undergo any
surgical operation, however trifling."

Dr. Brodie : K The earliest symptoms are mani-
fested in the derangement of the nervous system.
Almost the worst case of neuralgia that ever came
under my observation was that of a gentleman
who consulted the late Dr. Bright and myself.
The pains were universal and never absent, but
during the night they were specially intense, so

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 85

as almost wholly to prevent sleep. Neither the
patient himself nor his medical attendants had any
doubt that the disease was to be attributed to his
habit of smoking, on the discontinuance of which
he gradually recovered."

Another physician : " The natural vibration be-
tween excessive action of the brain and correspond-
ing depression, caused by tobacco, is mental
unbalancing and overthrow. Memory is weakened,
the perceptions are blunted, cowardice is engen-
dered, the power of the will enervated, and insanity
is the result."

From a long array of nervous cases by dis-
tinguished physicians, I have gathered the following
symptoms : — great mental depression, weak-
ness of voluntary muscles, neuralgia local and
general, trembling, vertigo, difficulty in standing
steadily or moving directly, shaking palsy, convul-
sions, uncontrollable nervous tremors, a cataleptic
condition, hysterics, twitching of the flexor muscles
of the whole body, palpitation, movements and
gesticulations like St. Vitus' dance, startings from
sleep, insomnia, epileptic tits, choking sensations,
rush of blood to the head, cramps, numbness,
paralysis, shocks in the epigastrium like elec-
tricity.

In almost every case a suspension of the
tobacco-habit brought relief, while with a return
to it the symptoms came back.

We learn that Mr. Andreas Hofer, who was
grandson of the Tyrolean patriot shot by order of

86 TOBACCO.

Napoleon I., and who was long a member of
the Austrian Parliament, has become insane from
his excessive use of tobacco.

An Ohio friend tells me of a young man in
business whose excessive smoking and chewing
so broke him down mentally and morally that it
was necessary to dismiss him from the firm of
of which he was a member. In the course of a
year, about eight thousand dollars, awarded him
as his share of the profits, were all squandered.
The father, from fear of personal violence, was
compelled to place him in an insane asylum.
His single chance for recovery was entire absti-
nence ; yet the father, in his blind fondness, with
his own hand supplied him with cigars, and the
doctors did not interfere !

A young man promised his father that he would
abstain from smoking till he was twenty-one.
That time had no sooner arrived than he set
himself to learn, and though nature made a fierce
revolt, and he suffered terribly in the process, he
persevered till he succeeded, when his health
broke down and he became a confirmed epileptic.
Well does Lord Bacon say : — "To smoke is a
secret delight, serving to steal away men's brains,"
and another : " Tobacco carries but a thin edge of
enjoyment ahead, and a blunt edge of dull stupidity
and crackling sorrow and nervous derangement
behind."

A member of the Paris Academy of Medicine :
w Statistics show that in exact proportion with the

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 87

increased consumption of tobacco is the increase
of diseases in the nervous centres, — insanity,
general paralysis, paraplegia, and certain cancerous
affections."

At a meeting of the Medical and Chirurgical
Society of London, Dr. Webster read a paper on
the Statistics and Morbid Anatomy of Mental
Diseases, in which he cites the great use of tobacco
as prominent among the causes, supporting his
opinion from statistics as to insanity in Germany.

Strong testimony on this subject follows from
various institutions for the insane. From the
Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Insane Hospi-
tal: "The earlier boys begin to use tobacco, the
more strongly marked are its effects upon the
nerves and brain." From a report by Dr. Kirk-
bride of this Hospital : " Six cases of insanity
were clearly attributable to the use of tobacco."

From Dr. Harlow, at the head of the Maine In-
sane Asylum : " The pernicious effect of tobacco on
the brain and nervous system is obvious to all
who are called to treat the insane."

From the Superintendent of the New York
Insane Asylum : " Tobacco has done more to
precipitate mind into the vortex of insanity than
spirituous liquors."

From Dr. Bancroft, for many years at the head
of the Insane Asylum, Concord, New Hampshire :
"I have known several cases of insanity most
unquestionably produced by the use of tobacco
without other complicating causes, and which have

88 TOBACCO.

been cured by the suspension of the habit ; while
the number in which it was prominent among the
causes is much larger."

From Dr. Woodward, of the Insane Asylum at
"Worcester, Massachusetts : " That tobacco pro-
duces insanity I am fully confident. Its influence
upon the brain and nervous system is hardly less
than that of alcohol, and, if excessively used, is
equally injurious."

At one time, eight cases of insanity from tobacco
were found in this Asylum.

According to the New York World, " in nine
cases out of eleven, where insanity has resulted
from inebriation, the primary cause was smoking."
This journal also gives the number of patients in
insane asylums, under treatment for rf confirmed
inebriation resulting in insanity," whose use of
tobacco had led them to intemperance.

In Bloomingdale Asylum, out of ... . 100 87

In Flatbush Asylum, out of 64 49

In Trenton Asylum, out of 56 48

In Columbus Asylum, out of 74 62

From a French publication, we learn that the
increase of insanity in France has kept pace with
the increase of the revenue from tobacco. In
presenting to the Academy of Science the statistics
which prove this assertion, M. Jolly remarks, —
that "the immoderate use of tobacco produces an
affection of the spinal marrow and a weakness of
the brain which causes madness."

In speaking of mania as a result of using tobacco,

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 89

Dr. Lizars of Edinburgh skives an account of two
brothers connected with a family where there was
no tendency to insanity, who, through this nar-
cotic, lost their reason and committed suicide.

He also relates the case of a gentleman of thirty-
five who drank, smoked, and chewed, till attacked
by fits resembling epilepsy, when he was taken to
an insane retreat. He gave up drink, but no
improvement occurred till he abandoned tobacco,
when the fits ceased and sanity returned.

TOBACCO-HEREDITY.

A leading physician in one of our largest cities,
in speaking of those who had indulged in the use
of tobacco for years with seeming impunity, adds :
" But I have never known a habitual tobacco user
whose children, born after he had long used it, did
not have deranged nervous systems and sometimes
evidently weak minds. Shattered nervous systems
for generations to come may be the result of this
indulgence."

It is claimed by some doctors that the effects of
tobacco on posterity are even greater than those of
alcohol ; that it destroys more vital force, and thus
saps the very foundations, transmitting a tendency
to disease. Sometimes, the dreadful appetite itself
is entailed upon the child.

Dr. Hall : " The parent whose blood and secretions
are saturated with tobacco, and whose brain and
nervous system are narcotized by it, must trans-
mit to his child elements of a distempered body

90 TOBACCO.

and erratic mind ; a deranged condition of organic
atoms, which elevates the animalism of future being
at the expense of the moral and intellectual na-
ture."

Brodie : " This is a sin which afflicts the third
and fourth generation."

Spain is one vast tobacco shop, which fact is
said to account largely for the degeneracy of the
nation. So long ago as the sixteenth century,
the sultan Amarath inflicted severe punishment on
those who used tobacco, from its known effects in
deteriorating and depleting the population. In
a report of the Medical Director of the United
States Navy, we find the following testimony on
the same point : " The pernicious effect of tobacco
on the generative function is authoritatively asserted
by Acton, who declared, — * I am quite sure that
excessive smokers, if very young, never acquire,
and, if older, rapidly lose, their normal virile
powers.'"

A good man, unconscious of the wrong he was
doing, smoked for many a year, often suffering
intensely, but without understanding the cause.
A tract on the subject, which fell into his hands,
brought him needed light and led him to give up
tobacco. This prolonged his life, but the change
came too late for his son, who, as a consequence of
his father's habit, inherits an impaired constitution.
A life-long sufferer on this account, he is untiring in
his efforts to convince others of the great evil of the
tobacco habit, declaring that he is " before Richmond

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 91

on this question until the King of Battles gives him
an honorable discharge."

w I can point you," says a physician, "to two fami-
lies right under my eye, where in each case there
is a nest of little children rendered idiots by the
tobacco habits of their parents."

A doctor found among the patients at an infir-
mary a young man suffering from tobacco symp-
toms. " What will you say to this case ? " inquired
a medical friend ; " the youth has never chewed,
smoked, or taken snuff." "His father did it for
him," replied the doctor. Turning to the father
the question was asked, " How long have you
smoked?" " These-five-and twenty years." "Have
you ever smoked an ounce of tobacco a day ? "
"Yes, many times."

Dr. Richardson : " If a community of youths of
both sexes, whose progenitors were finely formed
and powerful, were to be trained to the early prac-
tice of smoking, and if marriage were to be con-
fined to the smokers, an apparently new, and a
physically inferior, race of men and women would
be bred."

Dr. Cowan : " Of all the harm done by the use
of tobacco, the greater harm and the mightiest
wrong is that of transmitting, to the unborn, the
appetite for the filthy, disease-creating, misery-
engendering drug."

A business man who was an excessive smoker,
but whose work was mostly in the open air, had
no consciousness of injurious effects. Of his two

92 TOBACCO.

sons, however, one had paroxysms of insanity,
and the other drunkenness. The mother was a
healthy woman, and no trace of insanity or of
drinking habits could be found in the family on
either side ; so that, by good medical authority,
the condition of the sons was attributed to the use
of tobacco by the father.

Of two Reverend D.D.'s who were inordinate
users of tobacco, the children of one were dissi-
pated and intemperate, while those of the other suf-
fered every form of pain and agony, resulting from
weak and disordered nerves. In both cases, the
evil was pronounced hereditary, — the result of
the selfish indulgence of the fathers.

"The men of the West," writes one, "are not
only filling themselves with this horrid poison, but
in numberless ways are transmitting the deadly
influence to their offspring. How any man who
knows that the condition of the parent influences,
for good or ill, his offspring, can become the father
of children while his system is so dominated by
this powerful narcotic that abstinence for twenty-
four hours nearly sets him crazy, I cannot con-
ceive."

Says the Journal of Science and Health, w There
are Christians and temperance men who are trying
to redeem the world from sin and drunkenness,
yet who are begetting children so depraved in
their physical organization that their desire for
stimulants it is almost impossible for them to
resist."

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 93

An authentic account is given of the child of an
inveterate smoker, a mere infant, whose stomach
rejected food, and who was pining away for lack
of nourishment. To quiet it, the father held a
cigar between its lips. The babe greedily sucked
it, and by means of the stimulus was able to take
food. But this tobacco, for which it inherited so
unnatural a craving, proved a necessity. It could
not get on without it. I hardly need add that
under its influence the child gradually became
dwarfed and idiotic. " The fathers have eaten sour
grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge."
Are we doomed, in the future, to have a race of
idiots ?

One of our public journals gives the account of
a four-year-old who inherited the narcotic appe-
tite, cigars being " necessarily given from infancy
to keep him quiet." This continued, till he came
to smoke twenty stoga cigars a day, and then cry
for more. Spinal disease setting in, he was taken
to a surgical institute. When the doctors took
away his cigars, " the child kicked and howled
like a maniac."

A physician relates the case of a smoker whose
children " were cursed from their birth. His idi-
otic boy would scoop up the loathsome ashes
scraped from his father's pipe and eat them with
avidity ! "

Surely Dr. Pidduck is justified in his assertion
in The Lancet of 1856, that " in no instance is the
sin of the father more strikingly visited upon his

94 TOBACCO.

children than the sin of tobacco-smoking. " He
adds, — w The enervation, the hypochondriasis, the
hysteria, the insanity, the dwarfish deformities,
the consumption, the suffering lives and early deaths
of the children of inveterate smokers, bear ample
testimony to the feebleness and unsoundness of the
constitution transmitted by this pernicious habit."

A man of fine abilities, a member of one of the
learned professions, had early formed the habit of
both smoking and chewing. It grew upon him till
it had gained a complete mastery. His child was
diseased from infancy, had terrible convulsions,
became deformed and idiotic. The father suffered
from entire nervous derangement, and finally sank
into a decline. It was a bitter harvest that he
reaped for his indulgence, — the ruin of himself
and child. rr Oh, if I could only live my life over,"
he exclaimed, K I would never touch the weed.
AVould that I could warn every boy and every
young man against this dreadful evil ! "

Alas ! this Havana cloud on the horizon, is it
not a very dreadful one ?

surgeox-general's report.

In the Report of the Surgeon-General of the
United States Army for 1881, Dr. Albert L.
Gihon, senior medical officer of the Naval Academy
at Annapolis, Md., is referred to, as having made
a special study of the physical development of
applicants for admission to that institution, and
also of the cadets at stated intervals. Dr. Gihon's

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 95

report to the surgeon-general contains a graphic
portraiture of the effects of tobacco, more espe-
cially on the young. Some extracts from this
report will make a fitting close of this chapter.

"Unquestionably the most important matter
in the health history of the students at this acad-
emy is that relating to the use of tobacco. I have
urged upon the superintendent, as my last official
utterance, the fact, of the truth of which five years'
experience as health-officer of this station has sat-
isfied me, that, beyond all other things, the future
health and usefulness of the lads educated at this
school require the absolute interdiction of tobacco.

"In this opinion I have been sustained, not only
by all my colleagues, but by all other sanitarians
in military and civil life whose views I have been
able to learn ; while I know it to be the belief of
the officer who is to succeed me in the charge of
this department, and who was one of the Board of
Medical Officers which, in 1875, reported that
* the regulations against the use of tobacco in any
form could not be too stringent.' Since then,
three successive annual Boards of Visitors have
indorsed the prohibition of tobacco, as a wise sani-
tary provision ; and the last of these Boards, on
being informed that the regulation against its use
was not then in operation (June, 1879), emphatic-
ally recommended that f its strict enforcement be
at once restored.'

"With a sense of the serious responsibility
which devolves on the sanitary officer of this estab-

96 TOBACCO.

lishment, conscious that the bodily welfare and
happiness of these young men and of their future
offspring may be permanently influenced by this
vicious indulgence, I have most earnestly ad-
vised that the strongest efforts of the authorities
of the academy shall be directed towards the pre-
vention of this pernicious, indefensible, and wholly
unnecessary habit.

" By the continued excitation of the optic nerve,
tobacco produces amaurosis, — a fact demonstrated
by Wordsworth, Mackenzie, Hutchinson, Sichel,
and Chisholm.

"I have myself several times rejected candidates
for admission into the academy on account of defec-
tive vision, who confessed to the premature use of
tobacco, one of them from the age of seven.

"The irregularity in the heart's action, which
tobacco causes, is one of its most conspicuous
effects. Candidates are annually rejected for car-
diac disturbances, who have subsequently admitted
the use of tobacco : and the annual physical exam-
inations of cadets reveal a large number of irrita-
ble hearts ('tobacco hearts') among boys, who
had no such trouble when they entered the school.
Among the applicants for enlistment as appren-
tices in the navy during the year 1879, ten in a
thousand were rejected for functional lesions of the
heart, indicating tobacco-poisoning.

" Finally, the antidotal effect of tobacco makes
drinking of stimulating liquors the natural conse^
quence of smoking."

PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 97

"While it is indisputably the fact that a large
number of the cadets have learned to smoke before
admission to the academy, its compulsory inhibi-
tion during their academic career will be of in-
calculable benefit to them, as well as to all others
who now unfortunately acquire the habit here
through the example of their schoolmates. It is
almost impossible for the cadets, however young,
— and some enter at fourteen, — to avoid contract-
ing the habit, if his room-mate indulges ; and the
extent of this indulgence was instanced by one of
the officers in charge, who told me that some of
the rooms were so foul and offensive that it was
unpleasant to enter them. The medical officer of
the day was, not long since, called late at night to
attend a cadet in a state of extreme prostration
caused by tobacco ; and, although himself a smoker,
he declared the atmosphere of the room to be
repulsively stifling from tobacco smoke. I have
seen youths, fresh from graduation from this
school, go on board ships smoking rank, black-
ened pipes that would have nauseated many an
adult.

"That the user of tobacco is incapable of con-
centrated mental effort is demonstrated b}^ the fact
told me by a member of the Academic Board, that
cadets have complained of their inability to apply
themselves to study and attain the class-standing
they desired on account of the excessive smoking
in their rooms, in which they were compelled to
indulge.

98 TOBACCO.

" An agent that has mischievously been repre-
sented to be innocuous only because of the re-
markable tolerance exhibited by a few individuals,
and is actually capable of such potent evil; which,
through its sedative effect upon the circulation,
creates a thirst for alcoholic stimulation ; which,
by its depressing and disturbing effect upon the
nerve centres, increases sexual propensities, and
induces secret practices, while permanently im-
perilling virile power ; which determines functional
disease of the heart ; which impairs vision, blunts
the memory, and interferes with mental effort and
application, — ought, in my opinion as a sanitary
officer, at whatever cost of vigilance, to be rigidly
interdicted."

Writes Rev. Dr. J. W. Chickering: "The Nic-
otine plant is poisoning the life-springs of coming
generations ; sowing the seeds of more bodily
diseases than even strong drink, — so say careful
observers of physical causes and effects ; while
those in charge of asylums for the insane, for
idiots and feeble-rninded persons, trace mental and
moral, as well as physical, effects to the same
source. Add to this the filthiness of these habits
and the selfish disregard to the comfort of others,
so generally characteristic of the tobacco habit,
and it becomes a profound mystery how any con-
scientious, patriotic, and Christian man can contri-
bute to the hundreds of millions annually spent,
and to the pernicious example constantly presented
in this direction,"

TOBACCO BENEFITS.

DESTROYING VERMIN ; EXCLUDING LADIES ; MEL-
LOWING THEOLOGY ; INDUCING SELF-ABASEMENT ;
SUBDUING BAD SMELLS.

Are there no benefits, you will ask, resulting
from the use of tobacco ?

I have alluded to the security it affords against
being devoured by wolves, buzzards, and cannibals,
of which advantage its defenders are at liberty to
make the most.

It is useful in destroying sheep-ticks and any
creature that molests man. The vapor of tobacco-
juice has been tested in France with great success
as an insect-destroyer in hothouses, effectually
disposing of thrips, scales, and slugs. It also
scares away moths, carpet-bugs, and other vermin,
and thus preserves furs and woollens.

By excluding ladies from festive breakfast and
dinner parties, it withdraws from gentlemen a
disagreeable restraint.

An acquaintance argues that smoking tends to
round off sharp, doctrinal edges, and thus to

99

100 TOBACCO.

mellow one's theology ; instancing an eminent
Western divine who has become a total abstainer,
and who, he says, grows more and more conser-
vative and afraid of progress. He claims that if
this divine had continued to smoke, the extreme
blueness of his dogmas would have passed off in
the blue vapor of his cigar !

Still another benefit, according to a doctor of
divinity whose long experience entitles him to
implicit credit, is that the habit gives to a man " a
sense of deep humiliation of which his unpartaking
brethren can know very little."

"If any one smokes to overcome a bad smell,"
sa}Ts Eussell Lant Carpenter, — " he only adds to
the nuisance ; the ashes and smoke are two dirts
the more."

PROTECTING AGAINST MALARIA AND TYPHOID.

There are those who plead that tobacco is a
safeguard against malarial diseases.

Dr. Solly makes answer, — "I dispute the
alleged benefits of even moderate tobacco-smoking
as a preventive of damp or malaria."

In a cit}r daily appears the following item of
consolation for lovers of the weed : M A Virginia
physician says he has never known an habitual
consumer of tobacco to have typhoid fever."

A Massachusetts doctor reports the case of " an
habitual consumer " who has had typhoid every
summer for five years. Dr. H. J. Cate, of
Saratoga, knows M an habitual consumer " who " for

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 101

a series of years, has had an annual attack of this
fever." Another physician, living in a mining
country where all use the weed, affirms that he could
report hundreds of similar cases. Indeed, so far
from tobacco's being a protection against such dis-
eases, it is the opinion of many eminent doctors that,
by enfeebling the system, it renders men more sus-
ceptible to this as well as other diseases.

AIDING DIGESTION.

Dr. Alcott : "I have never known a dozen
tobacco-users — my acquaintance has extended to
thousands — whose digestive organs were not in
the end more or less impaired by it."

Dr. Grimshaw : " Tobacco is injurious by
depressing the nervous powers, by injuring the
salivary glands, and by creating an undue secretion
of saliva."

Dr. Harris of the New York Dispensary : —
"The functions of digestion and nutrition are
impaired ; and though, in some cases, tobacco may
for a time appear to relieve irritability of the
stomach, it eventually cripples and almost destroys
the digestive powers."

QUIETING THE NERVES.

The answer to this plea is found in the evidences
which have been adduced to prove that, however
soothing may be its temporary influence, the ulti-
mate effect is the exhaustion and shattering of the
nervous system.

102 TOBACCO.

AN ANTISEPTIC ; PRESERVING OF THE TEETH.

" Tobacco-smoke is not a vile, noxious exhala-
tion," declares someone. " It does not contaminate
the air, but tends to purity it. It is an antiseptic
principle, taking up and destroying poisons in the
air."

As to the remarkable negative assertion in the
above passage, let it be referred to those whose
senses have not been impaired by the use of the
weed. Just what the writer means by terming
tobacco-smoke " a principle " one can only guess.
But what of the benefit he claims ?

It has been my great aim to prove that tobacco
4n all its forms — snuffing, chewing, and smoking,
— is poisonous. If the proofs are not convincing,
let them be challenged. But I make my appeal to
Caesar.

As to preserving the teeth, the claim was utterly
denied by Dr. "Warren, of Boston, who asserted
that it was positively injurious to them.

In order to treat this subject with entire candor,
I have written to a good number of eminent
dentists. From their uniformly kind and cour-
teous replies I will quote several passages, giving
the names when at liberty to do so.

Dr. French, of Rochester, New York, while
himself a smoker, and claiming that tobacco is
antiseptic, states, in the Odontography Journal,
that a physician for whom he was operating
called his attention to certain teeth which were de-

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 103

cayed at the neck of the roots, and which he
asserted to be caused by tobacco, as that was
where he always carried the weed.

Another gentleman, having the same difficulty
pointed out, said to Dr. French, " That is where I
used to carry my tobacco ; I have used it for forty
years, but have quit now."

"I may add," continues Dr. F., "that I have
smoked for thirty years, and the upper tooth where
I always hold my cigar lost its vitality live or six
years ago, but the lower one is perfectly sound.
A friend who is an inveterate smoker has lost
entirely, by gradual crumbling, the upper tooth
where he held his cigar, while the lower one is all
right."

" In regard to the beneficial tendencies, there is
nothing which the use of the brush and proper
dentifrice would not accomplish."

"The salivary and mucous glands are debili-
tated, and the gums and other soft tissues of the
mouth are irritated, inflamed, and debased by the
over-stimulation of the constant use of tobacco."

Dr. Barrett, of Buffalo : " Tobacco is undoubt-
edly antiseptic in the mouth, but I am inclined to
think that the remedy is worse than the disease.
I am given to smoking myself, but it keeps the
mouth in an unhealthy condition."

Dr. Barnes, of New York : " Chewing tobacco
removes particles of food, and smoking often adds
a coating over softened portions, thereby rendering
them less liable to caries. But Ave have plenty of

104 TOBACCO.

remedies more cleanly and wholesome.*' Br. B.
names a case where smoking prevented toothache,
but irives the smoker's remark that the effect was
bad, as it stupefied the nerve, thus giving him no
warning of danger, the breaking of the teeth being
his first knowledge of trouble. Dr. B. adds, " To
my mind, the disadvantages greatly overwhelm
the advantages."

Dr. Lillebrown, of Boston : " Tobacco chewing,
by causing a free flow of saliva, washes the teeth.
But no benefit can even secondarily compensate
for the uncleanness of the habit."

Dr. J. Foster Flagg, of Philadelphia : M Indirect-
ly tobacco is, I think, advantageous to the teeth in
cases of rapid decay, especially when complicated
with pulpsensitivity. But the disadvantages in-
separably associated with its use, are of such mag-
nitude as to make with me, the advice or even
permission to employ it, a matter of grave moment
and intense reluctance."

Dr. Chandler, of the Dental Department in
Harvard University : " I am no believer in the
preservative qualities of tobacco upon the teeth.
On the contrary, in so far as the use of it injures
the health, and thereby vitiates the oral secretions,
it must be directly injurious. There is no doubt,
however, that smoking in excess, and perhaps also
chewing, blunts the sensitiveness of the teeth both
directly and indirectly, by its stupefying proper-
ties, so that they can be worked upon with less
pain ; but I consider this no compensation for the

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 105

Hastiness consequent upon indulgence in the vile
habit."

The remainder of the extracts from letters on
this point are by physicians, not dentists.

Dr. Heitzman, of New York : " Being a hearty
smoker myself, I can assure you that tobacco
smoke has no beneficial effect upon the teeth. In
my case, it did not work as a disinfectant." Dr.
H. is candid enough to pronounce smoking
"a vicious though delightful habit.''

Dr. T. F. Allen, of New York: " The state-
ment that tobacco is antiseptic, is I think, simply
ridiculous. There is no doubt that creosote, or
rather the products of combustion in smoking, have
an antiseptic effect ; but the same effect would be
produced by burning paper, cabbage-leaves, or
anything else of the sort."

Dr. Cate, of Lakewood : " No authority on sanita-
tion or disinfection, whether medical or non-medi-
cal, classes tobacco among disinfectants, or anti-
septics, or protectives in any mode or degree ; and
those who have written most, and most vigorously,
against the use of tobacco, are physicians. To-
bacco is, confessedly on all hands, not only a drug,
but a very powerful narcotic. And there is a
universal law that the use of any drug in health is
always mischievous.

"It is the doctrine of the day that ferments are
not only accompanied but caused by minute
organisms, and that any agent killing these, or their
spores, will remove or prevent fermentation. As

106 TOBACCO.

tobacco is a narcotic poison, it will certainly des-
troy these organisms or their germs. So will
kerosene, carbolic acid, and other strong acids.
But no one regards these things as wholesome when
taken into the system. The effect sought is local,
and only their local use is justifiable. The per-
spiration of old tobacco users is so saturated with
nicotine that it will destroy the life of flies precisely
by the same poisonous properties by which it des-
troys fungi in the secretions of the mouth ; and
there is no more wisdom in poisoning the whole
body in order to destroy caries fungi of the teeth
than there would be in setting up our bodies as
manufactories of fly-poison to destroy flies in our
rooms. Any fungicide can unquestionably be
used more efficiently as well as harmlessly with
the brush and by rinsing the mouth than when
taken into the stomach and lungs. I believe
that no physiologist can, or does deduce from the
general laws of health and disease any conclusion
but that the use of tobacco in every form is mis-
chievous."

HELPFUL STIMULANT.

In regard to the arguments of those who have
raised the lance in defence of tobacco as a helpful
stimulant, quoting Dr. Anstie and his followers, I
have taken pains to consult many wise ones, and
will report from high authority a brief reply to
this defence.

"Physiologists and the medical profession gen-
erally accept as axioms the principles that in

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 107

small doses all the narcotics represented by opium,
tobacco, the deadly nightshade, strychnine, and
other similar drugs, are stimulants, not tonics, that
is, in these small doses, they increase the rate of
action, or living, without adding to the strength or
means of living; that the decree of stimulation
varies in different members of the group of
narcotics, it being very slight and transient in
tobacco, the r soothing,' or narcotic effect being
the result usually sought and speedily reached ;
that the assertion that ' food and stimulus are equally
indispensable ' is a monstrous fallacy ; that any
drug stimulation in health is unnecessary and
mischievous ; that all such stimulation is followed
by a gradual loss of healthful vigor in the tissues
and the organs involved; and that while these
effects may accumulate slowly, the aggregate re-
sults of many years of even moderate indulgence
is almost invariably seen in broken health and
lessened efficiency, as well as in the presence of
positive disease."

In reply to the claim that tobacco stimulates the
mental powers, Dr. Harris writes : " A moderate
indulgence may, for a brief period, enliven the
imagination, accelerate the thoughts, and give a
pleasing sense of intellectual vigor, but, under
such unnatural stimulus, the intellect works neither
reliably nor safely ; and the reaction and stupor
which necessarily succeed, more than counterbal-
ance the largest measure even of apparent gain.
And he who resorts to such expedients will soon

108 TOBACCO.

find that not only has be been fascinated and de-
ceived, but that he has literally sold himself into a
physical and mental bondage, from which escape
is almost impossible."

CHECKING WASTE OF TISSUE.

As to anything more in favor of tobacco, justice
requires me to admit that I have learned of still
one other benefit. It is that w by checking mole-
cular waste of tissue, that is. by retarding organic
metamorphosis, the adult is able to maintain his
physical integrity."' This very effect, however, is
admitted to be ?f detrimental to the adolescent, since
it retards that progressive cell-change upon which
the advanced development of the body depends."

I am not wise enough to apprehend the rtole
force of this argument, though I should have sup-
posed that anything which retards nature's pro-
cesses would, except in abnormal cases, prove in
the end a loss rather than a gain. We learn from
physiologists that rapid waste and repair of tissues
are a natural result of action, and the best condition
of health : while suspension is unnatural and in vio-
lation of hygienic laws. It is this fact that renders
exercise and open air life so desirable ; that sends
invalids and worn-out people in such throngs to
the seaside, the mountains and the woods. Except
in cases of famine, therefore, any obstruction to the
removal of effete matter would seem an injury
rather than a benefit.

The claim of gain on the score of economy, from

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 109

less food being required by this checking of the
waste of tissue, reminds one of Mr. Squeer's cus-
tom in Dotheboys Hall of dosing his boys every
morning with sulphur and treacle, in order to
limit their capacity for eating.

We find it complacently stated in the public
prints that, "as the result of investigations recently
made, the professors of the University of Jena
affirm that moderate quantities of this weed may
be used with beneficial effects ; that in the German
army soldiers in active service are very properly
furnished with smoking tobacco, because smoking
enables them to endure severe fatigue upon smaller
nutrition and with greater alacrity and confidence
than would otherwise be the case." The ultimate
influence of tobacco upon the muscular force has
been already considered, K the greater alacrity and
confidence" being but transient effects of the nar-
cotic, as they are also of brandy and whiskey.

Dr. Richardson: "If smoking sustains the sys-
tem longer without food, it does it by reducing
the activity of all the organs, and therewith the
organic power."

In answer to inquiries, Dr. John Ellis writes :
"I suppose, without any reasonable doubt, that
tobacco, like opium and some other substances,
does actually retard the waste, and thereby the
nourishment of the tissues ; but this is really one
of the chief objections against its use, for it is
exactly ivhat we do not wdnt to do, since the health
and strength depend on, or are intimately associ-

110 TOBACCO.

ated with, the regularity and rapidity of this meta-
morphosis of the tissues."

Dr. Willard Parker, from whom I have already
quoted so freely, asserts that there is no occasion
for this talked-of arrest of waste, except for the
starving, and affirms that free waste and renewal
are among the most essential hygienic conditions.
f? Where the processes of waste and of repairs are
maintained in balance." he says, "the system is
in its normal state, or in health. Disturb the
balance, and disease commences. Every system
is worked by force, and this is the one cause of
waste. Diminish waste, and you diminish force.
The work of all poisons is to diminish force. Now,
if tobacco diminishes waste, it is because it dimin-
ishes force, and so far marches toward death. Let
us have no more of such sophistry."

In conversing on the subject, Dr. Parker made
use of an illustration which I will give in my own
words : I have a house which will accommodate
five persons. Every day I take in five and
every day send out the same number, and the
house is in good condition. But I take in five and
send out three, and the condition is disturbed. I
take in five more, but must push aside the two
dead to make room for the incoming five. I now
send out two, and have three more dead to pile up
with the former two. How long will the dwelling
be inhabitable? It is already a sick-house. The
dead avIio are retained are not only no addition to
the strength of the house, but are a positive ob-
struction, a source of disease and death.

TOBACCO BENEFITS. Ill

In the same strain Dr. Cate writes : " If the
change is no more rapid than in health, it is a phy-
siological, not a diseased process ; it is one of a
chain of interlinked and interdepending processes
which cannot be interfered with without upsetting
the beautifully contrived balance, and leading to
mischievous results. Every physiologist knows
that the use and wear exactly correspond ; that
you cannot diminish one without diminishing the
other. All narcotics diminish the energy of all the
functions of every organ. They lessen the vigor
and amount of the work done, and exactly to this
extent diminish the waste. Going beyond certain
narrow limits, the result is far worse, — they act
so powerfully on every organ and function that the
derangement amounts to disease, the power of doing
healthy work is lost, and not only the waste, but
repair is decidedly diminished. The difficulty
after youth is not that waste is unduly active, but
that repair is too little so. It follows that, instead
of diminishing waste by diminishing through nar-
cotics the energy of brain and body, and hence the
amount of work done, the increase of the repara-
tive energy is the needed power in advancing
years.

"Every physiologist accepts the law that with
every thought, with every emotion, with every
throb of the heart, with every movement of a mus-
cle, with every step in the process of digestion,
there is waste of tissue in exact and inevitable
correlation to the amount of work done ; and this

112 TOBACCO.

waste can only be diminished by diminishing action
or production. It is like the consumption of fuel
and the production of heat. It is easy to diminish
the draft of the furnace or engine, and so the con-
sumption of fuel ; but the production of heat is
diminished in the same proportion. This is pre-
cisely what is done to the functions of the body
by narcotics, including tobacco. They lower the
vigor and energy of every organ, and so its pro-
duction, and in the same desrree the waste.

"I believe this is the correct statement of the
action of tobacco in the much talked-of relation
to waste : that from the scientific standpoint these
conclusions are inevitable ; and that from the medi-
cal, the experience of ninety-nine out of a hundred
of the profession clearly affirms their truth."

I am aware that Dr. Tanner's endurance under
his Ions: fast is accounted for bv the sustaining
virtues of tissue. And the same advantage, result-
ing, it is said, from the use of tobacco — that it
tends to prevent the destruction of tissue — is
urged for the use of wine and spirits. To this,
as argued in the Saturday Review, Punch re-
sponds : —

" Oh, thanks, dear Review, for that comforting creed,
For joining with temperance-humhug the issue ;
In Johnson and Webster in future we'll read
For 'drinking,' 'preventing destruction of tissue.'

" O Daniel in judgment! for teaching that word

You cannot conceive what good fortune we wish you.
Punch fills up a bumper, the downy old bird,
And 'prevents,' in your honor, 'destruction of tissue.'"

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 113

BENEFITING ADULTS.

A well-known physician, himself a smoker,
while he pronounces tobacco "highly injurious to
persons whose nervous systems are not developed,
or to women, who naturally have more delicate
nervous organizations than men," avows that he
believes it is beneficial to most adults.

Another physician of high standing, himself a
non-smoker, affirms that, at the very least, three
fourths of the profession are against this view of
said doctor; that his utterances, as reported,
amount to two arguments : First, that, using it
himself, he justifies its use ; second, that there is
in adult life a comparative tolerance of all nar-
cotics, but that it is only a question of more or less
poisonous influence. He adds that the very asser-
tions made to defend its use are significant, —
" cigarettes are more mischievous than cigars ; "
" the effect of tobacco is much worse on young
men than on adults ;" " chewing has a far more
deleterious influence on the digestive system than
smoking," and other similar expressions.

There is in these arguments of smokers some-
thing passing one's comprehension.

"Tobacco, by exciting the secretions of saliva,
excites the secretions of gastric juice;" ergo,
"used after dinner, it promotes the digestion of
the adult."

"Tobacco, by exciting unnaturally the secretions
of saliva, impairs the digestion of the young."

114 TOBACCO.

The boy of our age does not accept this logic.
He cannot comprehend why that which is of such
service to the adult should be so injurious to him.

It would be interesting to know at what precise
point this remarkable change occurs in the diges-
tive organs, to draw a definite line between a boy
and a man. Does the change take place in the
substance of the organs, or their form, or what?
One is tempted to ask the question, which I trust
is not irreverent, Can one who avowedly indulges
in the nightly smoking of "five or six moderately
strong cigars," and declares that he is a "wiser,
better, and happier man for it," can such an one,
even though both medical and scientific, be pre-
sumed to judge impartially?

At one stage a poison, and at another a promoter
of wisdom, morality, and happiness! Surely, it is
of the utmost importance to learn the exact mo-
ment when the peril ceases and the advantage
begins.

Now, is there not a sort of ohfuscation in such
reasoning that only tobacco-fumes could occasion?
According to Dr. Cate, the non-smoking physician
just quoted, the stimulation to the secretion of
saliva and gastric juice is a strong argument
against tobacco, and as really so for adults as for
youth. He goes on, — "The sight and taste of
food and the act of eating are physiological
stimulants to the glands concerned in digestion,
exactly fitted to the sufficient performance of this
office ; and the assertion that these glands need

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 115

stimulation in health by tobacco or any other drug
is a monstrous and mischievous fallacy."

We may therefore infer that the way in which
tobacco aids the digestion is just as brandy and
whiskey do it, — that is, by narcotizing and deaden-
ing the pangs of a dyspeptic stomach, only, in the
end, however, to make it more and more incapable
of its proper work.

The most zealous defenders of tobacco admit
that some adults are poisoned by it. But how are
men to decide whether it is a blessing or a bane,
till they have tried it? And alas! by the time
they have got over the disagreeable introduction
and made a fair acquaintance, the spell is on them.
By that time they will be slow to admit that its
effect is injurious ; and, even if convinced of this,
what about breaking the spell? Has it been
found so easy that you can conscientiously advise
your adult friend, or brother, or son, to make the
experiment ?

But even should it be admitted that that which
is disastrous to most might possibly bring to a
very few some small gain, the question arises, —
when the good proposed is so uncertain and so
slight, and the evils are so great, and often so fatal,
and when all are agreed that the habit should not
be formed in youth, does it pay to form it in
mature life? It is, unfortunately, a habit that will
not stand still, but rather makes perpetual
encroachments. If the smoker has a difficult
physical or mental task to perform, he seeks his

116 TOBACCO.

cigar; if 8 burden weighs heavily, he takes to his
cigar ; and thus, as occasions multiply, his smoking
is more frequent and prolonged, till at length it
becomes an imperious necessity, against which,
bitterly as he may regret it, he has no nerve to
contend. Or, perhaps, under some crushing blow,
he surrenders absolutely to the tyrant, and dies
its victim.

Xow, why should he venture at all on this
enchanted ground? Besides, as the very atmos-
phere of the noxious weed is not only extremely
offensive, but positively injurious to many, and
moreover, since the example of the moderate user
is an incentive to the young to follow in his steps,
will not the broad law of divine charity lead him
to sacrifice the small and doubtful good, thereby
to save others from incalculable harm?

A beautiful illustration of this law of charity
is the case of the well-known philanthropist,
S. V. S. Wilder, who was a snuff-taker. When
asked by a brandy-drinker, with whom he had
been expostulating on his habit, whether he
thought tobacco did him any good, Mr. Wilder
explained that he took snuff by the prescription
of his physician for feeble eyes. "Well, sir,"
responded the gentleman, "your case is exactly
like mine. I have a feeble stomach, and have
long been compelled to take an occasional drop of
spirits for its relief and restoration." "Is it
possible," Mr. Wilder asked himself, frthat my
taking snuff should serve as a pretext for drunk-

TOBACCO BENEFITS. 117

ards to ruin both body and soul ? " And the good
man instantly abandoned his habit.

The following, from the Boston Evening Journal,
bears on the assertion that tobacco lessens the
power of endurance : "According to Lieut. Gree-
ly's account of the nineteen men who perished "
(in the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition) "all but
one were smokers, and that one was the last to die.
The seven survivors were non-smoking men."

To make sure of the correctness of this report,
a letter of inquiry was sent to Lieut. Greely.
His reply substantially confirms it, except on a
single point, which is that one of the seven rescued
was an inveterate tobacco-chewer. Candor re-
quires this correction, whatever inference the
devotees of the weed may be inclined to draw
from it. The lieutenant closes his letter by
saying : " That no undue weight may be given
to the facts, I add that the seven rescued were
all temperate in eating and drinking."

PROMOTING SOCIABILITY.

Man is pronounced an unsocial being, and it is
claimed that smoking is the antidote for this. In
olden times, it was supposed that women were the
great promoters of sociability. But this impres-
sion must have been a mistake. The fact seems
to be that their presence is an incubus on the spir-
its of mankind, so that, after dinner, they are ex-
pected to withdraw, and allow gentlemen, through
their cigars, to have a good, social time.

118 TOBACCO.

This is, certainly, an important advantage and
worthy of cultivation in other directions. There is
frequent complaint of the formal, unsocial prayer
meetings in the church. We all are familiar
with the long, painful silences when no one has
anything to say. Strange that some one has not,
at this juncture, introduced cigars to loosen the
tongues of the silent brethren ! The only awk-
ward thing about it would be the presence of the
sisters. One would hardly like to turn them out
of the meeting, even for the sake of greater free-
dom among the brethren. Besides, on these occa-
sions the spell of silence is on the sisters also.
Why not set them to smoking likewise, thus secur-
ing a lively prayer meeting ?

The great question as to the promotion of soci-
ability by the tobacco habit is — Does it pay ?
Taking into account the trespassing on good man-
ners which is inevitable to the most gentlemanly
assemblege of smokers, and the tendency to a
disintegration of society by the separation between
man and woman that it necessitates, to say nothing
of the physical, mental, and moral results of the
habit, I emphasize the question : — Does it pay?

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW.

OLD-TIME VIEW OF TOBACCO.

In our search for the pedigree of smokers, we sail
up the stream of time till we cast anchor in 1499,
where, — as Columbus, lying off Cuba, sent two
men ashore, — we put our linger upon the record
of their right honorable ancestry, — to wit, — M Hie
naked savages twist large leaves together ■, light one
end at thejire, and smoke like devils."

In 1535, Cartier writes of Canada, — "Where
grows a certain kind of herbe, whereof in summer
they make provision for all the yeere, and only
men use it, and first they cause it to be dried in
the sunne, then weare it on their necks wrapped
in a beaste's skinn, made like a little bagge, with
a hollow piece of stone or wood like a pipe ; then
when they please they make powder of it, and then
put it in one of the ends of said cornets or pipes,
laying a coal of fire upon it, and at the other end
smoke so long that they fill their bodies full of
smoke, till that it comes out at their mouth and
nostrils, even as out of the tonnele of a chimney."

119

120 TOBACCO.

In 1576 was born one Robert Burton, who, in
his Anatomy of Melancholy, discriminatingly says
of tobacco, M A good vomit, a virtuous herb, if it
be well qualified, opportunely taken, and medici-
nally used ; but as it is commonly abused by most
men, which take it as tinkers do ale, 'tis a plague,
a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health ;
hellish, devilish, and damned tobacco, the ruin of
body and soul."

This arrogant pretender which in our advanced
period of civilization and culture is admitted into
the first society, was received, in the old days
of comparative barbarism, with marked disfavor.
Soon after its introduction into the Eastern Conti-
nent, it was prohibited in various countries. Phy-
sicians pronounced it injurious, priests denounced
it as sinful, and princes enacted laws against it.

It was not, however, from mere aesthetic consider-
ations that it was thus, in those olden times, put
under the ban by physicians, priests, and poten-
tates, but because of its effects in deteriorating
and depleting the population.

Any Turk caught smoking was conducted
through the streets with a pipe-stem transfixed
through his nose, and later, the Sultan made the
act a capital offence.

In Russia, the first offence was punished with
the bastinado, the second with the loss of the nose,
and the third, with the loss of life.

The Shah of Persia made the use of the drug a
capital crime, and proclaimed that " every soldier

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 121

in whose possession tobacco was found should
have his nose and lips cut off, and afterwards be
burned alive."

In Switzerland, children ran after the offenders,
innkeepers were ordered to report those who
smoked in their houses, and all transgressors were
cited before the Council and punished.

In 1624 Pope Urban VIII. issued a bull excom-
municating all who took snuff in church, while
the Empress Elizabeth authorized the beadles to
confiscate the snuff-boxes to their own use. In
1690 Pope Innocent renewed the bull of excom-
munication.

It is related that Frederic the Great, at the cor-
onation of his mother as Queen of Prussia, observ-
ing that she watched her opportunity to take a
pinch of snuff, sent a gentleman to remind her of
what was due to her high position.

Queen Elizabeth of England published an edict
against its use, " as a demoralizing vice, tending to
reduce her subjects to the condition of those
savages whose habits they imitated."

Her successor, King James, took still stronger
ground. About five years after the Common Version
of the Bible was made, appeared his Counterblast to
Tobacco, in which the royal writer indignantly
launches forth : " Moreover, which is a great in-
iquity and against all humanity, the husband shall
not be ashamed to raise his delicate, wholesome,
and clear-complexioned wife to that extremity that
she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith,

122 TOBACCO.

or else resolve to live in a perpetual torment.

Have you not reason, then, to be ashamed, and to
forbear this filthy novelty, so basely grounded,
so foolishly received, and so grossly mistaken in
the right use thereof? — a custom loathsome to the
eye, hateful to the nose, dangerous to the lungs,
and in the black, stinking fume thereof, nearest
resembling the Stygian smoke of the pit that is
bottomless ? "

w See the works of the most high and mighty
Prince James, by the grace of God, King of Great
Britain, 1616." *

"We find recorded four years after this Counter-
blast, a remarkable fact, viz. : that in 1620, The
London Company exported to the Colony at
Jamestown ninety poor, but respectable women,
who were sold to the planters at the rate, one to
each, of a hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco
worth sixty cents a pound, the value of a wife
being thus estimated at seventy-two dollars. The
following year, another batch of wives was sent
over and sold at a slight advance.

The tobacco policy of the Bay State Colony
was entirely different.

When the Puritans came to Boston in 1630, it
was under the following instructions.

" We specially desire you to take care that no
tobacco be planted by any of the planters under
your government, unless it be some small quantity
for mere necessity, and for physic, and that the same
be taken privately by ancient men, and none other,

SOCIAL AND ^ESTHETIC VIEW. 123

and to make a general restraint thereof as much as
in you is."

In Prince's Annals of New England we find
that a similar public sentiment was embodied in
the laws of this colony. In 1632 it was " Ordered,
That no person shall take any tobacco publicly , and
that everyone shall pay a penny sterling for every
time of taking tobacco in any place."

Two years later : " The General Court forbid any
person to use tobacco publicly, on fine of 2s. 6d.,
or privately in his own dwelling, or dwelling of
another, before strangers, and they also forbid tivo
or more to use it in any place together."

Such was the aesthetic view in the olden time
(the italics are modern.) Are we growing more
or less civilized? When will the sentiment of
this enlightened age require the affixing and the
executing of suitable penalties on this practice, so
far at least as it interferes with the rights, the com-
fort, or the health of others ?

LIST OF BRANDS.

Considering this habit merely in its relation to
good-breeding , a volume might be written. This
will be easily believed by anyone wTho will glance
over the long list that follows of tasteful and appe-
tizing brands which I have sought to arrange artisti-
cally to suit my artistic subject. It will not be
expected of one unpractised to discriminate be-
tween the smoking, chewing, and snuffing brands,
as this involves nice points known only to the

124

TOBACCO.

initiated. The list, however, is gathered from
documents obtained at headquarters, and may
therefore be relied on as accurate, so far as it goes :
to wit, through a hundred and thirty-four brands.

Admiration.
Ambassador.
American Eagle.
American Gentleman.
Annot Lyle.
Atlantic.
Banner Brand.
Big Gim.
Black Diamond.
Blunt Heads.
Bright and Black.
Bright Navy.
Bright Smokers.
Bright Wrappers.
Brown Dick.
Caporal \.
Captive.
Cataract.
Cavendish.
Cheroots.
Chew Fast.
Chew Globe.
Clear the Way.
Clipper.
Club.
Colorado.
Concha.
Conqueror.
Corporal.
Common Lugs.
Dark and Light Grape.
De Soto.
Dew Drop.

Doctor's Prescription ("the
finest and best cigar in the

Lrrited States, for the
money." )

Durham Smoking and Chew-
ing.

Dutch Saucer.

Early Bird.

Eclipse.

Entre Xous.

Erie Cigar.

Fine Cut.

Fine-fibred Clarksville Wrap-
pers.

Fig.

Flush.

Forest Kose.

French Rappee.

German Lancer.

Gold Corn.

Gold Drop.

Golden Crown.

Good Lugs.

Halves.

Happy Thought.

Head Light.

Heart of Gold.

Hold Fast Tobacco.

Honeysuckle.

Horse Head.

Indiana Kite-foot.

Ironsides.

Jockey Club.

Lighter.

Little Dutch.

Little Hatchet.

Little Joker.

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW.

125

Live Oak.

Long John Nines.

Londres.

Lone Fisherman.

Lugs.

Lundy Foot.

Maccaboy.

Magnet.

Magnolia.

Manilla.

Matinee.

Mexican Baler.

Mild.

Mille Fleurs.

Nabob.

Navy Clippings.

Negrohead.

Neptune.

Old Dominion.

Old Honesty.

Old Judge.

One Jack.

Onward.

Own.

Perique.

Pigtail.

Planet.

Plug.

Prince Albert Cigarettes.

Rag Tag.

Raleigh Plug Smoking.

Reina.

Richmond Gem.

Royal Palm.

Royal Puck.
Sailors Choice.
Sailors Solace.
Saint George.
Saint James.
Scotch.

Seal of North Carolina.
Semi.
Senator.
Shag.
Signal.

Smokers Fat Lugs.
Snuff Lugs.
Solid Comfort.
Sport.

Sweet Corporal.
Sweet Oronoke.
Sweetened Fine Cut.
Tidal Wave.
Tobacco Baggin.
Trade Dollar.
Turkish Patrol.
Twist.
Uncle Tom.
Union Club.
Union Jack.
Vanity Fair.
Veteran.

Virginia Yellow and Mahog-
any.
Virginia Dare.
White Burley Lugs.
Yellow Prior.
Zetland.

Sorry am I to say that a Grant brand must be
added to this list.

In view of such a multitudinous array, Ave cease
to wonder at the British imperial " tobacco pipe,"
kept always lighted, and holding, as we are in-

126 TOBACCO.

formed, a large number of tons. This vast tobacco-
shop, which is unequalled in the world for size,
covering, as it does, an extent of five acres, and
which is rented by the government for fourteen
thousand pounds, or seventy thousand dollars,
annually, has been christened — it would seem
rather ungallantly — The Queens Warehouse.

WHAT PROTECTION AGAINST SMOKERS?

What shall be said of puffing pipes or cigars
along the streets and upon the sidewalks into
the faces of men, women, and children? AVhat
right has any one to fill God's pure air, which is
as much mine as his, with such loathsome fumes,
so that I am compelled to keep my mouth tightly
closed, and every few steps make futile attempts
to blow away the noxious cloud ?

"To be sure, it is a shocking thing," Dr. John-
son writes, "the blowing smoke out of our mouths
into other people's mouths, eye^, and noses, and
having the same tiling done to us."

Says Xeal Dow : " The forcibly taking away
one's pure air by tobacco-smoke is as much steal-
ing, in the moral sense, as picking one's pocket."

Must we go out and come in all our life long,
making an everlasting but unheeded protest?
Will deliverance never come? Even in places
where it is forbidden, can we have no security?
It is not simply disagreeable, it is oppressive, suf-
focating, I would say intolerable, except that we
have to tolerate it.

SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC VIEW. 127

" Cigar smoke puffed in a man's face by another
man is assault and battery" is the declaration of a
New York judge. "If that is the case," says one,
"cigarette-smoke puffed anywhere in one's neigh-
borhood should be considered murder in the first
degree."

Now, have gentlemen the smallest idea of the
discomfort and annoyance occasioned by this
habit? It is bad enough to encounter it in
public, or sometimes in entering a room where
the sickly fumes have been caught and impris-
oned ; but to have it sprung suddenly upon us
in our most unsuspecting mood and with no possi-
bility of escape !

You are a guest in a charming household, and
at a late hour seek your room in the third story.
As the weather is blustering, and your bed stands
near the window, you dare not raise it; but,
instead, you open your door. Soon that unmis-
takable vapor ascends from away down-stairs.
Beginning to cough, you get up and shut the door.
Through the cracks and the keyhole it still creeps
in, causing a sense of faintness and suffocation.
There is nothing for it but to open your window.
Between the cold air on the one side and the
"choice Havana" whiffs on the other, so subtly
telegraphed up to you from the polished gentleman
and scholar, luxuriating in his paradise of smoke
below, you both shiver and cough. Tired out,
you fall, at length, into a disturbed slumber, till,
becoming suddenly conscious of a strong wind

128 TOBACCO.

blowing through the window, you quickly close it.
Too late, however ; for you awake in the morning
with a sore throat and an aching head, followed,
it may be, by a severe sickness.

Has your accomplished host the smallest idea of
his own responsibility in the case? N'ot he; and
you open not your mouth to accuse him. Indeed,
if you once do this, can you ever shut it? For,
alas, wherever you go, still that everlasting per-
fume ! You encounter it on land and water, going
out and coming in, walking and riding, in omni-
buses, cabs, and cars. Even through the pretence
of its banishment from the latter, the all-pervading
breath of the inveterate smoker or chewer catches
you before and behind, on your right hand and on
your left, while from the smoking-cars comes
floating in that indescribable tobacco-laden air.

You purchase a garment ; but when it reaches
home you perceive the same sickening smell, and,
before vou can wear it, are obliged to srive it a
thorough airing.

You lend a book. It comes back telling the
same stale story. So that, too, must be venti-
lated.

You call at the post-office. You have not es-
caped it. Besides, you may receive a foreign
epistle bearing an infectious breath, which even
the passage of the broad Atlantic has not been
able to sweeten.

You enter a lawyer's office. Behold, it is there.

You flee to the parsonage ; but sometimes even

SOCIAL AND ^ESTHETIC VIEW. 129

from the minister's sanctum you are forced to beat
a hasty retreat.

You seek refuge in the church. It has got there
before you ; indeed, it may have seized the pulpit
itself. Think of the incongruities to which this
has led ! For instance, a clergyman, giving out a
portion of the Psalms, took occasion, while his
hearers were opening their Bibles, to steal a hasty
pinch of snuff, and then read, "My soul cleaveth
unto the dust."

Hospitably inclined, you open your pew-door to
a stranger. He no sooner enters than you repent
of your good deed ; for with him enters such an
offensive odor that all your comfort in the service
vanishes.

You come out of a concert or lecture-hall, and
in the passage-ways are well-nigh choked with
tobacco fumes ; but you are wedged in among the
crowd and must abide your time.

You visit your honored Alma Mater. After the
grand Commencement dinner, and sometimes even
before it is through, you find yourself enveloped
in clouds of smoke, which enwreathe alike the
youngest graduates, the oldest alumni, and the
most respected professors.

Stopping transiently at some boarding-house,
you go to your room, and have occasion to open a
drawer. There rushes forth an offensive stench
that almost knocks you down. It is as if the
long-imprisoned ghosts of a thousand cigars were
struggling to escape.

130 TOBACCO.

Even your pleasure excursions are half spoiled
by this ever-following foe. If you venture to
protest, you may be told that, if you don't like it,
the world is wide, and you can go elsewhere.

Unfortunately, good sir, the world is not wide
enough to afford us a hiding-place from smokers.
To make sure of this, we must get into another
and a totally different world.

Of the ^Vest someone writes: "Tobacco is
here the ever-present deity. Circles into which
whiskey gains no admittance are cursed with to-
bacco. The judge on the bench and the lawyer at
the bar, the witness in the box, and the jury in
their seats, are, in three cases out of four, rumi-
nating animals, and are all tributary to the tan-
colored flood which deluges the court-room. The
railroad car and the stage-coach, the steamboat
cabin and the bar-room, the lyceum hall and, alas !
the Christian conference-room, are all splashed
with disgusting fluid. Chewing, smoking, spit-
ting, are the low and vile enjoyments of animal-
ized man."

Could not substantially the same picture be
drawn of the East and the Xorth and the South?
And what a picture !

Writes Dr. Harris : M I have seen the floors of
the lecture-rooms of the University of Pennsyl-
vania as filthy as any stable before the groom
has performed his morning cleansing. I have
seen the passage between the seats of a railroad
car in such a foul and mucky condition that no

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 131

lady could walk with safety or comfort from her
seat to the door."

"A proper description of the habit of chewing
tobacco," says one, " would exhaust the filthy ad-
jectives of the language, and spoil the adjectives
themselves for further use."

The old-time English and French gentleman
carried around with him his own private spittoon,
silver or otherwise, thus gallantly securing a
monopoly of that which many a modern gentleman
dispenses freely to all.

In our legislative halls, the ancient snuff-boxes
have been largely displaced by the modern spit-
boxes, although these are far from sufficient to
protect Congressional floors and furniture. This
civilized custom of the nineteenth century prevails
par excellence in our national capital, making it,
according to Dickens, "the headquarters of to-
bacco-tinctured saliva."

Doctor Stanton writes in the Independent :
"Enter the chamber of the House, the first thing
that greets you is the smoking f nuisance.' See

the member of Congress from , a clergyman,

and the son of a clergyman, sitting at his desk,
or walking the aisle, smoking and puffing. And
why should not he, a young member, smoke, when
older members, and scores of them, indulge the
habit while engaged in the business of the House ?"

And the smoke poison borne upward into the
faces of the assembled ladies in the galleries ! Can
anyone deny that this is barbarism ?

132 TOBACCO.

Now, there are common civilities which it is not
expected any true man will violate. To refrain
from smoking or chewing in the presence of others
is no special virtue, any more than to refrain from
rude elbowing and crowding, and stepping on your
neighbor's toes. To insist, however, on doing
this, and in the very face of others — is it not an
infraction of the commonest laws of courtesy?

"Is it offensive to you for a gentleman to smoke
in your presence? " inquired a smoker of a lady.
" No gentleman ever smokes in my presence," she
made answer.

Another lady, in reply to the same question,
honestly admitted that it icas offensive. " It is so
to some," responded the offender, and coolly con-
tinued smoking.

Suppose now, my gentlemanly friend, we ladies
take our turn at this game, not indeed with cigars,
but with tallow candles, successively lighting and
extimruishino: them till you have had a £ood taste
of the smoke. Although compared with that
which you bestow so abundantly upon us, it is
quite innocent, yet I think you would speedily cry
Peccavi, and sue for mercy.

A writer in the Congregational list , referring to
a s\gn in a steam-boat, — " Out of consideration
for the ladies, gentlemen will xot smoke on this
deck" goes on to remark, — "The sign, rNo
smoking,' is hung up in a gentleman's own mind
whenever he is in the company of those who do
not smoke. He will not sacrifice the comfort of

SOCIAL AND ^ESTHETIC VIEW. 133

others for a needless indulgence. There are so
many well-dressed men who are not gentlemen,
but only hogs in disguise, that every transporta-
tion company has to say to them, ' must not,' by
frequent signs against smoking. They would
never know how to be courteous without these
perpetual suggestions."

Now, please take note that it is a gentleman
who makes these grievous charges. Had I ven-
tured on such expressions, I should, doubtless, be
arraigned as guilty of "great exaggeration and in-
vective."

An eminent physician asks, " What should we
think of a person who spit in the water Ave were
about to drink? And what is the difference be-
tween such a person and one who spits a quantity
of tobacco-smoke into the air wre are about to
breathe? "

It is frankly admitted that among the trans-
gressors are some of our most refined and cultivated
men. But in what a predicament will they some-
times place a luckless woman ! She is a visitor
in some house, and her agreeable host, being accus-
tomed to- smoke in the parlor, brings thither his
cigar, when suddenly he turns to her with the
question, "Is smoking disagreeable to you?"

Now, if it happens to be repulsive to both
her natural and moral sense, what is she to do?
What can she do but tell the truth? Does the
gentleman thereupon lay down his beloved cigar?
By no manner of means, but retreats to enjoy his

134

TOBACCO.

smoke elsewhere. And the woman almost feels
that she has been guilty of some rudeness. Ought
these things to be?

These refined gentlemen by no means regard
smoking as an animal indulgence, but rather as
an intellectual enjoyment. They will talk of
the ethereal mood to which it lifts them, and it
may be of the loftier essays and more eloquent
sermons they can produce under its inspira-
tion. This, however, is precisely the argument
that some urge, and with equal reason, for the
use of opium and hashish. Into what mental
exaltation did the former raise De Quincey ! Yet
how terrible the retribution ! The principle in
all these narcotics is virtually the same, though
tobacco is far more offensive than any, or than all
the rest.

But whatever pleas may be urged, it remains
an unalterable fact that the public highway is not
a smoking room ; and, if it would be regarded as
an indictable offence for one to carry around with
him assafoetida or any other vile compound, and
fling it broadcast as he walks the streets or enters
private dwellings, why should not the doers of the
same with this noxious weed be also liable to in-
dictment !

You don't regard it as an annoyance to others?
Do you take others at all into the account ?

Not an annoyance ! How, then, do you inter-
pret the conspicuous posters in various countries ?

JVb smoking here!

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 135

Smoking positively forb idden !

JVb smoking abaft the shaft !

Nicht rauchen!

Hier wird nicht ger audit!

Niet rooken!

JSFefumez pas id!

11 est defendu defumer!

And what means the label, Smoking-car?

Think for a moment of the potency of a habit
which makes the public parading of such rules
necessary. It is bad enough as it is — indeed, it
is often more than the innocent part of the travel-
ling public knows how to bear ; but were these
very few and sometimes ill-kept regulations en-
tirely done away with, such a dreadful tyrant is
this tobacco, that a reign of terror would speedily
ensue, when no uncontaminated man. woman, or
child would dare to venture forth. Is not this
strange lack of consideration and courtesy due,
in part, at least, to the benumbing, and may I not
add demoralizing, influence of the habit?

Would that the regulations were far more strin-
gent ! that our railroad directors might label
certain cars — For the Unclean, and then prohibit
smoker or chewer from entering any other ! As
it is, the irrepressible smoker follows you wher-
ever you go. You seat yourself in a car, and in
utter disregard of the printed ordinance — Smok-
in9 forbidden — in some subtle, indescribable
fashion, the dreaded odor assails you in front and
in rear. You pay an extra dollar and retreat to a

136 TOBACCO.

Pullman. Vain effort ! From regions unknown
comes the same sickening vapor.

A great responsibility rests on railroad direc-
tors who encourage the tobacco-habit, not only by
running special cars for the benefit of smokers,
but by providing for luxurious offenders rooms in
the palace cars, whence the fumes and sometimes
the accompanying profanity find their way to many
an innocent victim.

In order to make your travelling connections
you are doomed to pass several long hours at a
station. In the Ladies' Room is posted conspic-
uously— Smoking positively forbidden. All in
vain ! for through the telegraph window comes
pouring in that same perennial stream.

TWENTY MINUTES IN A SMOKING-CAR.

Once, strange to say, I spent twenty minutes in
a smoking-car. It was on approaching Hoosac
Tunnel, and as this was the rear-car, it was our
best point of observation. Over and above this,
however, I admit that I made the most of the
occasion, urging this singular visit, — greatly to
the surprise and protest of my companion, —
because I desired the enlightenment of my own
sis:ht and smell and hearing.

Yet it was with a half-guilty feeling that I stole
in behind him, almost as if I were seeking en-
trance to some Tartarean abode. The sense of
hearing was not offended, as an instant hush fell
on the surprised-lookim? smokers at the unwonted

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 137

presence of ladies. Their cigars, too, seemed to
drop instinctively from their lips. But the senses
of sight and of smell were abundantly filled, I will
not say satisfied.

A card-table, evidently not a mere ornamental
appendage, stood conveniently between every two
seats, — an expensive indulgence not granted to
any other class of passengers, — a seeming pre-
mium offered to smokers. After twenty minutes
of forced endurance I withdrew, saddened and
indignant, with profound pity for the women whose
dear ones such places could attract. Most of all
I wondered how any man of religious principle,
or even ordinary sensibility, could bring himself
to tolerate such a social and moral atmosphere ;
still more, how he could seek it. My one expe-
rience was enough for a lifetime.

M I was glad," said Thoreau when at Cape Cod,
" to have got out of the towns wThere I am wont
to feel unspeakably mean and disgraced, — to
have left behind me for a season the bars of
Massachusetts, where the full-grown are not
weaned from savage habits, — still sucking a cigar.
My spirits rose in proportion to the outward
dreariness. The towns need to be ventilated.
The gods would be pleased to see some pure
flames from their altars. They are not to be
appeased with cigar-smoke."

138 TOBACCO.

PRESENT OUTLOOK.

The outlook has not improved since Thoreau's
day. On a hot summer's night you invite your
guests to sit by the windows and enjoy the cool air.
No sooner are you all fairly seated than strolling
smokers begin to pass, compelling you to shut out
the air which they have poisoned.

On a Sunday evening, you wander forth to an
out-door meeting on the hill-side. Once, twice, and
yet again, the near presence of some smoker drives
you from your seat.

You eniraofe a room at some fashionable seaside
hotel, — Nantasket, Coney Island, Atlantic City,
or any of the popular resorts. Through the open
windows, with the fresh breath of Ocean, enters a
totally different breath. It pervades the verandah
crowded with ladies, filling the wide atmosphere ;
"and sometimes," writes a sojourner who had vainly
sought an escape, "the finer sex seem to like to
have it so."

You enter a city ferry-boat. If you are a gentle-
man and not a smoker, and the ladies' cabin is
full, whither shall you betake yourself? Accord-
ing to the best of testimony the so-called gentle-
men's cabin is not a fit place for a decent man.
Says one who had been obliged to occupy it several
times, "I have invariably suffered headache or
dizziness or nausea after standing in the filth, and
breathing the abominable smoke from hundreds of
vile cigars and viler pipes." How long will our

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 139

ferry companies be more considerate in their
arrangements for tobacco-votaries than for all their
other passengers combined ?

You go on board a steamer for a pleasant sail,
and seat yourself on the deck. Presently you are
haunted by that unmistakable odor. Turning your
head, you find a person near by, puffing away in
serenest complacency. You change your seat.
This only brings you into the range of another
equally serene offender. Verily, there is no escape.
The smokers plant themselves before you and be-
hind you and beside you, and no one says them
nay.

A traveller writes : " If I were an artist, and
desired to picture absolute selfishness, I would
paint a smoker seated on the forward deck of a
steamer, his face radiant with that familiar expres-
sion of complacency, while his fellow travellers,
sickened and disgusted, are trying to shield them-
selves from the fumes of his pipe.

" We spent one of the loveliest days of the past
summer in f shooting the rapids ' of the St. Law-
rence. Three persons, dressed like gentlemen,
seated themselves on the forward part of the boat,
and from after breakfast till we reached the dock
in Montreal in the evening, they rivalled the fur-
nace fires in polluting the balmy atmosphere."

A lady on a journey fell in with a recently
married couple. When the bridegroom saw that
the smoke from his cigar annoyed his bride, so
that she tried to brush it away, he brought himself

140 . TOBACCO.

squarely in front, and then smoked straight into
her face !

You betake yourself to a rural retreat. But no
matter how secluded it may be, there will be some
way of getting to it, whether by car, coach, or cart.
And whatever the vehicle, somebody will be in it,
and that somebody will be sure to smoke or chew,
or both.

Even the broad ocean offers no asylum. In
spite of printed enactments, the lawless wind bears
the dreadful odors " abaft the helm," directly into
your face. Can the moral atmosphere engendered
by this habit be any more securely locked in ? A
traveller says : " One of the foulest places I ever
saw for blackguards, profanity, and indecent lan-
<ruage, was the smokinsr-room of an ocean steamer."
And this testimony is abundantly repeated. Let
me give that of Dr. Charles S. Robinson : —

w It is deemed to be a prime advantage on the
part of steamer companies to publish that their
vessels are provided with r smoking-rooms, beauti-
ful and clean, quiet and comfortable, in the steadiest
part of the deck.' Oh, the sarcasm of those sweet
words of recommendation ! Whoever enters one
of these reserved saloons after the first twenty-
four hours from the start, will find it a noisy,
stenchful pandemonium of smoking, drinking, bet-
ting, and gambling, into which no decent person
can enter, and in which no peace-loving person can
stay without exasperation.

<fIt has been my lot to cross the ocean many

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 141

times during the last fifteen years ; I have chosen
my passage on the vessels of nearly every line
which plies between Xew York and Liverpool, and
on a number of vessels of some of them ; and I
distinctly aver that the smoking-rooms are the
centre of demoralization and offensiveness, and this
is on the increase, summer after summer, as the
travel increases."

The very literature of the day is tinged and
flavored, and sometimes saturated, with tobacco.
Many a hero in our most popular novels is made
to luxuriate in the elegant accomplishment of
smoking. "He gracefully knocks the ashes from
his cigar." " With gentlemanly ease he enjoys at
once his smoking and her conversation."

In a serial by a favorite, and, in the main, high-
toned, young novelist, issued in one of our first-
class magazines, we find the following: "The
discussions, it was observed, were always more en-
joyable when the Professor, having his easy-chair
placed in exactly the right position with regard to
light and fire, found himself with his cigar in hand
carefully smoking it and making the most of its
aroma. His tranquil enjoyment of and respect for
the rite were agreeable things to see. f It soothes
me,' he would say. f It even inspires and ele-
vates me. I feel as if I had discovered a new
sense. I am really quite grateful."1

Another of our charming writers, in connection
with one of his characters, speaks of the " fra-
grance of admirable cigars, that active and passive

142 TOBACCO.

perfume, which comes from smoking and being
smoked in the best company."

And the heroines of these tales are blandly re-
signed, even if they do not actually smile upon the
deed. Now, for variety's sake, why can't we have
a hero who will none of this, — who always and
everywhere eschews the weed?

Just look back to the degradation to which this
luxury of being smoked had brought the Aztec
civilization at the time of Spanish discovery and
conquest. It may be found in Herbert Bancroft's
History of the Native Races, vol. I., page 776, a
quotation from Wafer's New Voyage : f? Laying
two or three leaves upon one another, they roll up
all together sideways into a lon^ Roll, vet leaving
a little hollow. Round this they roll other Leaves
one after another, in the same manner, but close
and hard, till the Roll be as big as one's Wrist,
and two or three feet in length. Their way of
Smoaking when they were in Company together is
thus : A Boy lights one end of a Roll and burns it
to a Coal, wetting the part next to it to keep
it from wasting too fast. The end so lighted he
puts into his mouth and blows the Smoak through
the wThole length of the Roll into the Face of
everyone of the Company or Council, tho' there
be 2 or 300 of them. Then they, sitting in their
usual Posture upon Forms, make with their Hands
held hollowr together, a kind of Funnel round their
Mouths and Xoses. Into this they receive the
Smoak as 't is blown upon them, Snuffing it up

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 143

greedily and strongly, as long as ever they are able
to hold their Breath, and seeming to bless them-
selves, as it were, with the Refreshment it gives
them."

In a letter bearing on this point, John G. Whit-
tier writes : " The vile practice is increasing — the
blessed air of heaven is foul with it. Our novel-
writers, women especially, on both sides of the
water, make their heroes announce their coming to
their fair ones by the smell of tobacco-smoke, and
take their cigars from their mouths only when they
stop puffing to kiss ! It is a shameful and filth}'
habit, indecent and unmanly."

Now I have faith enough in my own sex to be-
lieve that anything of this on the part of a true
woman must be from ignorance or inconsideration.
How otherwise, dear sister, would it be possible
for you or for me to speak lightly of such a prac-
tice? How could we give our seeming approval
to it by accepting an invitation to walk or to ride
with a gentleman who has a cigar in his mouth ;
or by voluntarily putting ourselves in the way of
inhaling cigar-smoke, no matter how delicately
scented it may be ? Is a poisoned chalice any the
less fatal for being wreathed with roses? How can
we dare to countenance that which not only has
been proved perilous, but which our Quaker-poet
pronounces "a shameful and filthy habit, indecent
and unmanly V Could we ask a higher aesthetic
authority ?

Let me introduce other testimony from a

144 TOBACCO.

wholly opposite direction. When the trainer of
Barnum's clown-elephant, proposed to add to his
many wonderful performances that of smoking a
tobacco-pipe, Barnum replied that ff his army of
employees were men of exemplary character, and
his clown-elephant should not be permitted to
demoralize them by setting them a bad example."

Is there, then, I repeat, absolutely no refuge,
no quarantine, by which these noxious, ever-poison-
ing, ever-persecuting spirits of the air can be
effectually shut out from the innocent?

" Chewers," writes one, "ejaculate their saliva
upon the sidewalk, in the store, in spittoons which
become incorporate stenches, in dark corners
of railroad cars to stain the white skirts of unsus-
pecting women, in lecture-rooms and churches,
upon fences, and into stoves that hiss with anger
at the insult. And the quids after they are ejacu-
lated— !"

Some smoke till their bedrooms and shops can
scarcely be breathed in, and until their breath is
as rank as the breath of a foul beast, and their
clothes have the odor of the sewer.

And this loathsome without is only a fit exponent
of the equally loathsome with in . Says Dr. Alcott :
f' If the interior of the tobacco-user could be
fairly exposed to the public gaze, I am not sure
but it would do more to deter the rising irenera-
tion from falling into this habit than all our lectures,
and essays, and homilies."

Did no one suffer except the willing victim, the

SOCIAL AND ^ESTHETIC VIEW. 145

case would be different. But the dreadful penalty
falls heaviest on the nearest and dearest : on those
who cannot escape the sickening atmosphere, no,
not for a moment.

A writer of experience tells us that there are
professional men, lawyers, physicians, clergymen,
college professors, and not a few prominent liter-
ary men, who carry with them into society, as well
as into the street and the railway car, not the odor
of a fresh cigar, which, in comparison, would be
endurable, but the "vile, vulgar scent of a cigar
long since burned to ashes."

Who, indeed, has not seen a gentleman (?) enter
a car, and leaving his satchel or overcoat in posses-
sion of a seat, retire to the smoking-car, lose him-
self in the dense clouds of some half a hundred
cigars, have his smoke out, and then return
saturated from hat to boots with the sickening
fumes? And, alas! peradventure, this may be a
Reverend, a Professor, or a Doctor of Divinity,
and a man of refinement too.

If an Arab regards spitting in his presence as an
insult, even outside his tent, can one conceive of
the just indignation of American women when
travelling in the cars? There 's little use in care-
fully holding up one's dress, and looking warily
from place to place. One may as well make a
covenant with her eyes, and take the first seat that
comes. The men chew and spit, they read and
spit, they talk and spit, they laugh and spit, they
breathe and spit, and some swear and spit.

141) TOBACCO.

Windows may be open at right and left ; but,
apparently, they consider it a sin to spit out of
them. Well, it would be a pity to sully the fair
face of Nature ; indeed, one might well compas-
sionate a country drenched in such narcotic show-
ers.

By lamplight, as by daylight, the process goes
on. And what scenes do the flickering lights dis-
close ! Men, shaken out of their dignity, tumbling
and rolling every way ; while some, from their
horizontal positions, now spit more directly upon
their neighbors ! Women, huddled up on the
seats, starting, even in their slumbers, at these
ever-threatening showers !

Will any one deny that this fashion is an out-
rage against all propriety ? Ought passengers who
have paid honestly for their tickets to be thus
doomed to perpetual terror?

Daniel Webster said: "If gentlemen must
smoke" (or chew, he might well have added) "let
them take the horse-shed." This seems to have
been the prevailing sentiment in that staunch tem-
perance town, Oberlin, Ohio. Years ago, a doc-
tor-of-divinity smoker, who was passing a few da}'s
there, found himself out of cigars. After a long
hunt in search of them, he was directed to a host-
ler who might, perhaps, supply him. He sought
him out, and obtained a cigar ; but when told that
he must go behind the stable to smoke, such a
sense of shame came over him that from that time
he foreswore the indulgence.

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 147

Not so apt disciples were two New England
ministers who, being at the same place, at a con-
vention, some years later, walked down the rail-
way-track for their daily smoke.

It is not uncommon to find among temperance
lecturers ardent devotees of the weed. A total
abstainer, yet a tobacco-sot !

We have suffered quite enough from these demi-
semi-reformers. Our parlors and our chambers,
our halls and our sanctuaries are often desecrated
by their performances. " Why don't you use the
church for your temperance addresses, and devote
to the cause the money you expend in hiring a
hall?" "Oh, it would never do, the church is so
fearfully defiled by these lecturers." When such
men come out from a smoke-room, pallid, trem-
bling, and bearing the nauseous signs of the in-
dulgence, instead of mounting the platform to
exhort others to temperance, would it not be more
fitting that they should take the back seats, and
listen in silence and humiliation? Thou that sayest
another shall not drink, dost thou smoke or chew ?

CIVIL RIGHTS VS. TOBACCO.

Wh}' cannot the civil-trespass law be brought to
bear on this matter ? Our statutes forbid that any
man shall, from greed of gain, or to gratify any
unnatural appetite, cause a nuisance in any public
place wThere all have equal rights and a common
interest. Is not the wide-spread use of the wreed
a nuisance so offensive, so unwholesome, that, if

148 TOBACCO.

suddenly sprang upon the community, there would
be a spontaneous uprising, an indignant mass-
meeting, which should demand its immediate ex-
pulsion? Xo pipe or cigar ought to be smoked
within a thousand yards of a church or place of
public gathering. Cannot the early New England
statute be revived, at least so far as to impose a
fine on any person using the weed publicly?

In point here is the opinion of Dr. John H.
Griscom, president of the Xew York Society
for the Advancement of Science and Art, and for
twenty-three years attending physician of the Xew
York Hospital: f'If every human being should
understand and appreciate the value of pure air
when inhaled, and the injurious influence of any
foreign substance when absorbed into the blood
through the lungs, the writer hereof cannot doubt
that tobacco-smoking would be totally discarded
voluntarily and, perhaps, legally."

Joseph Cook says : ffI believe that the natural
instinct of man concerning tobacco, if he has not
inherited a taste for it, is repulsive. When I was
in Harvard University, Dr. Shattuck, of the Medi-
cal School, gave a lecture on Health to the fresh-
man class ; and he told its members that he, as a
physician, could not deny that tobacco was a sed-
ative ; but that if they must take it, he would
advise them to put it in a bowl on the mantel-
piece, and take it as a decoction ; for then it
would have all its sedative effect, and not injure
anyone else besides the taker of it. That was the

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 149

coolest advice I ever heard concerning the use of
tobacco."

Yet five-sixths of the Harvard students are ad-
dicted to this habit ! Would that the old order
issued by the overseers of the University in the
time of President Dunster could be revived ! —

"No scholar shall take tobacco, unless permitted
by the President, with the consent of parents
or guardians, and on good reasons first given
by a physician ; and then in a sober and private
manner ."

Speaking of another of our leading New England
colleges, a writer recalls the past, when " no student
could have maintained his character for scholarly
instincts who should have smoked on the public
streets, or at an Alumni dinner or supper." " Now,
however," he adds, "the modern student, with no
more sense of propriety than the Irishman, puffs
in public places, and forces his foulness into the
presence of the older graduates at Commencement-
dinner and other college festive occasions. Such
rudeness is bad enough anywhere, but it is simply
unpardonable in men who claim the refinements of
good learning and of gentle manners."

An alumnus of one of our highest New England
colleges, in speaking through the press of a recent
Commencement, tells us that at the business-
meeting of his class a great many smoked, the
cigars being furnished and distributed by one of
the professors : and that, at the Alumni dinner,
presided over by the college president, many

150 TOBACCO.

began smoking, while a large number were still
eating !

TOBACCO-PICTURES.

Among: the various methods of usin°: this aesthetic
weed, a few of those less familiar may be men-
tioned.

The Indians were accustomed to insert the
forked ends of a hollow cane into the nostrils and
then apply the other end to the burning leaves or
to the dried and powdered tobacco, thus inhaling
smoke or snuff as the case mi^ht be.

In Micronesia, as the missionary, Mr. Rand,
tells us, all smoke, men, women, and children,
though the habit of sitting down alone to enjoy a
smoke is never practised. On the assembling of
a crowd, a chief calls for his pipe ! This is
brought, filled, and lighted by a little boy or girl,
who, in the process, takes early lessons in the fine
art. When the lighted pipe is handed to the chief,
he passes it to a chief higher in rank, and he again
to one still higher, till the topmost man is reached.
This man takes a fewT whiffs, then hands it to the
next one, and so on, till all the company are
served.

Dr. Titus Coan, the late venerated missionary
of Hawaii, says of the Patagonians : R They would
inhale the smoke of tobacco, hold it for a time in
their mouths, then blow it out through the nostrils,
or swallow it into the lungs, and become deadly
drunk. I have been aroused at midnight by the
most fearful groans of savages in the wigwams

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. l5l

near by, and on entering them have been struck
with the ghastly and cadaverous look, and chilled
with the agonizing groans of Indians drunk with to-
bacco fumes. The same was true of the Marquesas
group, of the Hawaiian Islanders, of the Poly-
nesians generally, and of all savage tribes, so
far as I can learn."

Of the snuff-taking habits among the Zulus,
Rev. Josiah Tyler, who has been a missionary
in Africa over thirty years, gives the following
account : —

"The Zulus make their snuff of tobacco, dry
aloes, and ashes, grinding it very fine. It is
exceedingly pungent, causing tears to flow pro-
fusely down their cheeks, which they wipe off
with a snuff-spoon made of bone or horn ; this
being their only handkerchief. Old and young of
both sexes carry snuff-boxes made of small cala-
bashes tied to a girdle around the wraist. Some-
times diminutive reeds full of snuff are inserted in
holes in their ears. When they meet — after the
usual salutation, f I see you, friend' — the snuff is
passed round, each one taking a good pinch. It
is a nasty habit ; their nostrils, after this operation,
being covered with filth ; and it is also injurious
to health.

"Zulu men, especially young men, are be-
coming fearfully addicted to smoking; and I
perceive, after thirty-two years' observation, that
it makes serious inroads on their constitutions.
This is one of the unpleasant results of European

152 TOBACCO.

civilization/ I am glad to say that, so far as my
knowledge extends, no American missionary in
South Africa uses tobacco in any form. "We shall,
ere long, have anti-tobacco societies in all our
missionary stations ; and shall fight against this vile
habit till we lay our armor down."

What pictures may be seen in Mexico ! — the
schoolmaster with a cigar in his mouth, and his
scholars smoking around him, either at their reci-
tations or studying in their seats, as a reward of
merit !

In the law-courts, judges, jury, and prisoner
all smoking ; the latter, if his cigarette happens to
go out in the excitement of the charges against
him, coolly lights it by that of the officer who is
his guard ! Xo wonder that an inveterate smoker
is said to have become Mexicanized.

Mr. Pixley, another missionary in Africa, writes :
" It has sometimes been said, and very truly, that
Africa is a land where the people eat with their
fingers and take snuff with a spoon. The first
request on meeting, after the salutation, invariably
is, f Give me some snuff', my friend.' Down they
sit ; each takes his snuff-spoon, and the one who
consents to treat shakes his box and pours some
snuff into his open hand. From this each one dips
a portion with his spoon, and all begin to snuff;
often continuing snuffing and chatting till the tears
roll down their cheeks.

" Everywhere men and women who do not take
the weed as snuff' delight to smoke the pipe ; some

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 153

have learned from Christians the de^raclinof habit

of chewing; and a few women and girls have
become adepts in the art of f dipping ' as adroitly
as any Southern lady.

" This tobacco habit blunts the sensibilities of
Zulu Christians so that missionaries feel that it is
almost as much of a hindrance to the progress of
the Gospel, and to the elevation of the people as
intemperance."

Dr. Lizars relates that he once travelled with a
South American, " who first filled his nostrils with
snuff, which he prevented from falling out by
stuffing shag tobacco after it, and this he termed
? plugging ; ' then put in each cheek a coil of pig-
tail tobacco, which he named r quidding ; ' lastly,
he lit a Havana, which he put into his mouth.
This gentleman was as thin as a razor, and fright-
fully nervous."

What a body of living death !

TOBACCO MANUFACTURE ; CIGARETTE MAKING.

The following is a description by Lillie E. Barr,
of the preparation of tobacco as she saw the pro-
cess in Richmond, Virginia : —

M After a certain amount of drying and dipping
into various solutions, it goes through the supreme
process which makes it palatable to the chewer.
The leaves are laid on the floor, not necessarily a
clean floor, and then a negro man, with pants
rolled up to the knees, walks backward and for-
ward upon it. As he does so, he pours upon it a

154 TOBACCO.

solution of loaf sugar, licorice, delicate essences,
etc., which, to use a darkey's expression, 'are well
stomped in by dese two foots.' If, while perform-
ing this 'stomping' business, he desires to spit,
the leaves get the benefit of that juice, also ; while
with his bare feet he kicks them over and over,
and 'stomps' both sides well. The mess is then
swept up into a pile, and afterward strung on
poles and dried.

"Do the men wash their feet before going on
the tobacco ? " I inquired.

" f Well-1 — they wash them when they come
off,' was the smiling answer."

Truly an appetizing process !

A writer in the Xew York Times furnishes ad-
ditional pleasant information : —

" A prominent physician told me lately that
from the practice of cigar-makers wetting the
wrapper with their saliva, and biting the end of
the cigar into shape, a spread of syphilitic disease
was taking place ; and that he knew of several
cases. Somewhat alarmed, I managed to visit a
number of factories. Two thirds of the cigar-
makers, I found, daub the whole end of the cigar
with their saliva. Thinking that Cuban workmen
might not do it, I visited places where they were
employed, and found not only did they use their
saliva to make the wrapper stick, but that most of
them before wrapping bit the end of the cigar into
shape with their teeth. As the physician in-
formed me that many of the cigar-makers have sore

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 155

mouths from disease, it is a dangerous as well as a
beastly habit."

A Detroit paper gives an account of a squalid
old man whom a reporter saw picking up cigar-
stubs. In his collection, he also had "ends of
villainous five-centers-stubs picked out of office-
spittoons, and swept from the floors of saloons."

After replying to the reporter's questions, a
policeman took him to a little tenement, in the
front room of which were a man, a woman, and two
girls. Passing through to a back room, they found
live dirty boys sprinkling cigar-stubs from a rusty
old pot, then cutting them into shreds and spread-
ing them out to dry, after which the whole mass
was taken to the front room. Here, with shreds of
this stale tobacco scattered all over the floor and
around their bare feet, the slatternly woman and girls
were rolling out the repulsive material. Wetting
the wrappers with their lips, they would poke the
hair out of their eyes, and then, moistening the
finger tips of the same hand with their tongue,
would smooth out the edges till a dainty cigarette
was the result. The man's business was to do up
these cigarettes into bunches, and then put fancy
labels on them.

" Are there many who smoke this second-hand
tobacco?" asked the reporter. The policeman's
reply was : " Thousands upon thousands. Not
such as this old scavenger, but nobby young bloods
who never did an hour's manual labor in their
lives, and never will ; young fellows who wear the

156 TOBACCO.

latest fashions, and carry little canes. They 're
the ones who smoke those old stubs."

There is a kind of tobacco — I cannot srive the
brand — whose fumes are exceedingly offensive
even to the smoker, — I mean to the refined smoker ;
nor is he a model of patience when it is inflicted on
him. Strange he cannot realize that to most of the
uninitiated, all tobacco is obnoxious ; that they in-
stinctively repel the whole genus.

The pervasiveness of the weed has been more
than once spoken of. There is in fact no such
thing possible as absolutely cleansing a home afflic-
ted with chronic smoking. Even a few whiffs
leave their mark. What was my consternation
one day on opening a closet-door, to perceive the
unmistakable fumes ! Had one of my male mem-
bers turned traitor? I summoned them both.
They emphatically declared their innocence. On
close examination, the offender proved to be a
garment just brought from an establishment where
smoking was in vo^ue.

WIVES OF TOBACCO-USERS.

What shall we say as to those women whom these
inveterate smokers call wives? I have seen a man
whom I loved and respected, who showed by many
a sad token the effects of his cruel bondage. I
have heard his wife, who had borne the trial
patiently, though with suffering health, speak
with feeling of the clean and sweet atmosphere of
houses untainted with tobacco.

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 157

Think of a delicate woman who is unpleasantly
affected by the least breath of the vile weed yoked
to one who makes use of it perpetually. The
health of many a wife has been sacrificed by such
a union. But has not the husband sufficient love,
or even common gallantry, to abandon the habit
he formed before marriage ? JVbt he! In the scales
are placed on the one hand his wife, and on the
other his ugly idol ; and the latter outweighs the
former !

I should fail in justice, however, if I did not
affirm that I know of two or three men who, lovinor
the wife more than the cigar, did actually, once
and forever, trample it under their feet.

I have heard of a few others who from a similar
motive broke their fetters. The wife of a certain
smoker was affected with palpitation of the heart,
deathly faintness, and hysterical symptoms. Her
physician was at first puzzled, but concluded that
she was a victim of tobacco-poisoning. The uncon-
scious husband, on learning the views of the doctor,
instantly abandoned smoking, and was rewarded
by the speedy recovery of his wife.

I know a gentleman in Philadelphia, who did
more than that. In his young days, cherishing a
high respect for womanhood, though he had not then
found his ideal, he fell into reflections, as young
men sometimes will, on the subject of matrimony.
Believing that the habit of smoking rendered him
less worthy the love of any true woman, with a high
chivalric feeling, he abandoned it. This was genuine

158 TOBACCO.

aesthetics. When, in our civil war, he entered the
army, many prophesied a fall. But his wife knew
him better. While multitudes succumbed to the
subtle tempter, he never wavered.

Another striking case is that of a physician who
thus graphically describes his conflict. When his
wife, soon after their marriage, asked the sacrifice,
he readily replied, —

" f Nothing will afford me greater delight than to
yield to your request.' So I entered upon my re-
nunciation," he says, "and in twenty-four hours
was thoroughly conscious of m v enslavement. Oh !
how my nervous system suffered from the want of
its daily draught of poison ! The most violent
headache and blindness, equal to that which was
induced when I first indulged in the use of tobacco,
came upon me ; and such complete prostration of
my physical powers and depression of mind, with
perturbation of spirits, I hope never during my
mortal life to be called upon again to endure. My
blood played through my veins as if it were a sea-
surge. I saw all invisible things that were ugly
and demon-like : devils in the shape of old women,
haggish and witch-like, danced around me. For
the first time in my life I became sensible of the
enslaving powers of appetite. Xo force of will, or
vigor of conscience was competent to my deliver-
ance. My love for my wife, which usually ab-
sorbed all my self, faded away into nothingness.
I saw nothing, thought 0f nothing, felt nothing
but the overpowering desire for my tobacco,"

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 159

For three months this process of resolving and
falling went on, every successive fall being deeper
than the preceding. He continued, —

M I was about to leave home on a journey. Be-
seeching the Saviour to help me, I went out into
the darkness. From that hour to this the poison
has not passed my lips. For four months, however,
I was in a wild, dreamy haze, staggering through
mist and darkness, a dozen times a day tempted
and well-nigh overborne, but conquering for the
hour and stru^glin^ on."

Is it strange that a woman should be unwilling
to share a man's heart with so base a rival, getting
the smaller share at that? Nay, is it not the won-
der of wonders that any woman should feel other-
wise ?

In the fact that not a few wives, sisters, and
mothers, from lack of information on the subject,
and a loving readiness to sacrifice their own com-
fort to the gratification of their dear ones, submit
quietly to this ever-encroaching tyrant, — in this
fact, may we not find some slight explanation of
its almost universal sway ?

But the case, I fear, is sometimes worse than
this. The perpetual strain that comes upon some
men from the ambitious craving and promptings of
their wives and daughters for a more elegant style
of dress and of living, is doubtless irritating as well
as wearing. I pity the man who, feeling that be
ought not to be thus taxed, and who, failing, in spite
of all his toil to satisfy these cravings, is driven to

160 TOBACCO.

a cigar for consolation. But I pity far more the
woman who has any share in driving him to this.
Better that she and her daughters should live in an
Irish shealing and wear tow-cloth all the days of
their life than thus to be a drag upon their best
friend, ruthlessly turning the sweet sentiment of
life into bitterness and gall.

FEMALE DEVOTEES.

Can any picture be more revolting than that of
the miserable, snuff-dipping women of the south ?
Their life is not life, — hardly existence, — but
one continuous stupor — faculties, feelings, con-
science, everything dead, except the single sense
of snuff — snuff.

But this dipping is not confined to the poor
whites. In other classes, circles of young ladies
and married ladies meet expressly to practise it.
Each snuff-dipper carries her bottle or box, and
also a swab, by which she conveys the filthy stuff
to her mouth, afterwards, perhaps, passing it to
her neighbor.

The ladies prepare this swab by taking a little
stick of green wood about an eighth of an inch in
diameter, and chewing one end of it till the fibres
are separated, giving it the appearance of a small
broom. Saturating this with saliva, they dip it in
their box of snuff, and then place it as far back in
the mouth as possible, leaving the other end
sticking out. Many walk along the streets with
the dip in their mouth.

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 161

Nor does this loathsome custom stop at the
South. Careful investigation has proved that for
a number of years it has prevailed to a consider-
able extent in the city of New York, the tobacco-
nists, who call it " digging," admitting that a large
part of the demand comes from fashionable circles.
These diggers, however, conceal their perform-
ances, seeking the privacy of their own rooms
when giving themselves up to their disgusting de-
bauch. With a horn or a spoon the abominable
stuff is deposited inside the lower lip, and thence,
when sufficiently moistened, passed round the
mouth.

Says the journal from which most of the above
facts are taken : rf That our readers may form
some idea of the enormous prevalence of this habit
in their midst, we may state that one tobacconist,
having a small store on Broadway, retails one hun-
dred pounds per week, to his f digging' customers
alone. Another firm, which keeps a store on
Broadway, and also one down town, makes and
sells three barrels — seven hundred pounds — in
three days, all of which is consumed by women of
New York city. The amount used by each f dig-
ger,' varies from one quarter of a pound to a pound
a week."

A victim of this terrible mania, finding when she
had started on a journey, that she had forgotten
her snuff-box, gave a black stewardess five dollars
for a little of the baneful dust which she had in her
possession,

162 TOBACCO.

Alas for the woman who has surrendered to
this vilest habit ! The costliest gifts and the
most earnest rebukes are alike unavailing. Neither
conscience nor reason, neither ruined health, nor
pleading friends can move her.

But this unspeakably dreadful custom is by no
means confined to grown-up women. Indeed it
would seem to be, in the South, a part of common-
school education ; while the boys spit tobacco-juice
all over the floor, the girls hold their snufF-swab,
or dip, between the teeth, except indeed, when
they share it with some less-favored schoolmate.

Many have supposed that the snuff taking, for-
merly so common among women and girls in the
North, and which frequently was an understood part
of the social gatherings, had long ago died out. But
it would seem that the habit has only changed its
form, and that from bad to very much worse.
Indeed the use of snuff among factory-girls, M to lie
as a sweet morsel between the cheek and gums,
is growing alarmingly prevalent. In response to
inquiries, a druggist in a large manfacturing town
affirms that w there is no limit to its use by these
girls."

The outlook as to feminine smokers is equally
disheartening. A tobacco-dealer affirms that
" nearly half his trade in cigarettes is directly or
indirectly among women and girls."

A orraduate of one of our best ladies' seminaries
has so fearfully retrograded that she indulges in a
daily after-dinner cigarette.

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 163

On a crowded boat, between New York and
Boston, a lady (?) passenger, unable to sleep,
rose at three, virtuously mended her gloves, and
then, O shade of Minerva! leaning back in her
arm-chair, gave herself up to a cigarette ; while,
stretched on mattresses around her, many looked
on with undisguised amazement and disgust.

Kiding in an omnibus in the New England
metropolis, I heard one young girl in a loud voice
ask another, "Did you forget the cigarettes ?" "I
was afraid I had left them, but I find they are in
my pocket." I could scarcely credit my senses.
I had another shock, however, at what, after this,
ought not to have surprised me, — the hearing of
profane words from those same youthful lips.

But there is a still darker view. The smoking
father's darling, who climbs into his arms, and
clings around his neck, and whom he kisses fondly
with lips redolent of a Havana, is made familiar
with its flavor. A drop of its poison on the tongue
of her pet kitten would be fatal. But she be-
comes gradually accustomed to it, and, associating
it with her papa, will sometimes "play smoke."
And now her little brother appears with a dainty
cigarette in his mouth, seemingly a bit of white,
fragrant paper, so delicate that with a puff or two
it disappears. " How nice ! " she exclaims, " please
give me one." He complies, for there is no pro-
testing voice. Why should there be ? Her father,
now and then, smokes these cigarettes as "baby
cigars." Her brother, too, smokes them ; why,

164 TOBACCO.

pray should should n't she ? Alas ! what is to be
the end of all this ?

A writer in the Washington Post gives an ac-
count of a well-dressed lady who entered a drug-
store, and, coolly asking for a couple of cigars,
paid for them as unconcernedly as she would for a
bottle of cologne. In answer to his questions, the
druggist informed him that he sold as many cigars
either to ladies or on their order by messengers as
he did to gentlemen, remarking that at first the
ladies were quite shy as to their purchases, and
that he managed matters so as to save their blushes.
"But after a while,"' he added significantly, "they
don't mind."

And what shall be said of ladies' smoking-clubs?
From the Retailer, of Xew York city, Ave learn
that a cigar-dealer of Louisville, Ky., pronounces
the members of such a club his most profitable
customers. By his account, it seems that they are
from the aristocracy of the city ; that they insist
on the very finest of tobacco, flavored with the
most delicate perfumes ; that they meet at one
another's houses, and, with locked doors, have out
their smoke ; that they seek to remove all traces of
the habit, or, if any tell-tale scent betrays them,
charge it to the account of their smoking gentle-
men friend?. One of these young ladies is re-
ported as saying that, although she would prefer
not to have her smoking habit known, yet that, if
the secret got out, and was unfavorably commented
on, "she would snap her fingers in the objector's
face."

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 165

Since writing the above, I have met with a Ken-
tucky young woman who confirms the above ac-
count, but begs that it may not be taken for
granted that all the Kentucky girls are of this
sort, as some of them are strongly opposed to to-
bacco.

On the other hand, I have learned from authen-
tic sources that in Philadelphia, the city of William
Pcnn, there is also a ladies' smoking-club, and
composed, like the former, of the creme de la
creme of society.

How many other of our cities are thus dese-
crated?

There is, if possible, a still lower deep to which
the fair sex has fallen, — the chewing of tobacco.
I learn from accredited witnesses that this desrrad-
ing habit is quite common among Western and
Southern women ; and a picture was given of one
of these chewers too revolting to repeat. Yet
these women, say the narrators, are sometimes
from the so-called respectable class.

In heaven-wide contrast to such women and
to the clubs above named is an association of
young women, in a certain town, who passed reso-
lutions that they would not have intercourse with
any young man who used tobacco, or avIio was
not strictly temperate. At first, the young men
made themselves meriy over this, declaring that
they could stand out as long as the girls. But
these girls quietly held to their resolves ; and
gradually one young man after another broke from

166 TOBACCO.

his obnoxious habits, till tobacco and the wine-cup
were banished from the circle.

DEMANDS OF MODERN TRAVEL.

A keen observer writes : K Your genuine smoker
comes to feel that he has a right to all the air, in
doors and out of doors, and feels himself wronged
when a man or woman puts in a claim to breathe
it without the tobacco admixture."

Let me give a recent experience bearing directly
on this point. After various inquiries as to the
different routes from St. Louis to Chicago, the
glowing representations as to " The Palace Reclin-
ing-Chair Cars,'' on the Chicago & Alton Road,
led my companion and myself to make choice of
that. So, on a bright morning, we entered the
car, anticipating a delightful journey. As we
stopped at the various stations, passengers came in
through the door in front. They were mostly of
the male sex, and now and then one of them had a
cigar in his mouth. I cannot assert positively that
these cigars were lighted, but I noticed that they
were laid aside with seeming reluctance, or held
tenderly in the hand ; and in one or two cases, that
they were still burning. The seats near the door,
and facing the chairs, were occupied by persons
whom it needed no diviner's rod to pronounce
smokers, while the same might be said of several
who sat in the chairs.

The atmosphere soon became thoroughly im-
pregnated with tobacco-fumes. It did not take

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 167

loner to discover that the smoking-room was close
by, between the inner and the outer doors. As a
matter of course, the little hall, or vestibule, was
filled with unmistakable odors, which made their
way through every cranny and crevice ; while each
time the door was opened — which I should say
occurred about every other minute, — thick clouds
of smoke were borne directly into our faces, bring-
ing with them headache, nausea, sore throat, and
a sense of suffocation.

I ventured to ask the porter to open the venti-
lators. As he hesitated, I urged that the smoke
sickened me, begging for a little fresh air, if only
for a few minutes. He replied courteously, but to
the effect that people could n 't expect to have the
cars like a private parlor; yet he did slightly
open one or two of them. I have no fault to find
with him, knowing how many are opposed to venti-
lation ; indeed, it was a hard alternative, for even
strong and perpetual currents could only partially
have purified the atmosphere, while they might
have cost some of the passengers a severe cold.

As it was, the faint breath that stole in was no
match for the ever-increasing fumes. For, in ad-
dition to the poisoned air so freely bestowed on us
from the smoke-room, we were forced to endure
the presence of the smokers themselves, as one
after another returned to the cars. Gentlemen, as
some of them evidently were, — with a good num-
ber of honorable legislators, — they surely could
not have realized how saturated were their whole

168 TOBACCO.

persons with offensive odors. Over and over
again I asked myself, M Am I, verily, in one of
'The Finest Palace Reclinixg-Chair Cars in
the World ? ' "

After a time one of the aforesaid gentlemen
carefully closed the ventilator. Feeling too mis-
erable for resistance, I said not a word ; indeed,
I had entirely succumbed to the inevitable. For
twelve long hours were we thus imprisoned, — our
much-anticipated trip being turned into disappoint-
ment, discomfort, and positive suffering.

Yet we were pilgrims all the way from the old
Bay State, and never again expected — I might,
on that day, have added, never again desired — to
be in the Mississippi valley. Need I say that I
was thankful when the last mile was ended ; when
sick, weary, and disgusted, I was free to leave
this much-lauded rt luxurious " car.

To show that my statements are not exaggerated,
let me say that neither a long waiting in the
ladies' room, nor a ride of a mile and a half,
proved a sufficient quarantine. We carried with
us a strong tobacco-flavor, which our friends
instantly noticed. If they had inferred that we
were just from a smoking car, would they have
been far out of the way? For several days the
dreadful tobacco-odor clung to my garments, and
the tobacco-poison lingered in my system.

Now, I am a peaceable woman, not given to
complaints; and were I the only victim, I would
keep silence. But I speak in behalf of hundreds

SOCIAL AND .ESTHETIC VIEW. 169

of fellow-sufferers, who are beguiled, like our-
selves, by alluring advertisements. The common
smoking-car is quite bad enough in the penalties it
inflicts, sometimes, on a whole train. But to have
one's expectations of something super-excellent end
in smoke — this is a cruel imposition.

Is there no remedy for all this? Have not the
lovers of God's pure air certain rights as well as
the ever-increasing — may I not add, ever-e^-
croaching — army of smokers ? And will not you,
mighty men of the railroads, help us in securing
and preserving these rights ?

In justice to at least one of these autocrats, I
ought to state that, on venturing to send an account
of my unfortunate journey to the general manager
of the road, he returned the following courteous re-
ply : " I very much regret that you were annoyed
in the manner indicated. The demands of modern
travel have compelled us to place these smoking
rooms in many of our chair-cars, and in our sleep-
ing-cars ; but it is the intention to have them so
constructed that they will not in the least way
interfere with the other part of the car. We will
look into the matter of which you complain, and
see that a remedy is applied."

While fully appreciating these assurances, I
could not help pondering the expression, "the
demands of modern travel." What, then, is this
modern travel? And who are these demanders,
to whom must be sacrificed women, children, and
non-smoking men ?

170 TOBACCO.

One of this latter class, a sick banker, in making
an extended pleasure trip through the country,
represents that at the stations he usually found the
G'<r/itleme)i's Room "a smoking pen; " that on the
boats, whenever he took his seat, K a smoke fac-
tory " would be planted in his face ; that when on
the cars, with the stopping of every train, gentle-
men were sure to be at the open door filling the
car with smoke, while along the route the stock
was frequently replenished by the passage through
it of a lighted cigar ; that he came to shun the
palace-cars, as he there had to pay higher prices
for less comfortable seats, and for staler smoke,
which, from the close vicinity of the smoking-
room, was distributed without stint. This banker's
experience quickened his inventive powers to the
extent of making some adequate return, in the form
of a thousand trumpets imitating cigars. Armed
with these, boys were commissioned to go forth,
and, like another Gideon's host, to blow their
trumpets in the ears of all offenders ; and thus
avenge on their sense of hearing the torment they
inflicted on others.

This tobacco habit is making fearful strides, and
sometimes under an illusive guise. A friend tells
me of a journey he took on The Limited Express
of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Road.
Attracted by the proclamation of a fine library in
the cars, he sought it out to find all the books
locked up, and the room so dense with smoke that
he could scarcely see from one end of it to the

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 171

other ; could not easily have read the books, had
they been open before him.

Another friend has given me her experience. It
seems that a number of the passengers had taken
through tickets from Philadelphia to Cleveland,
and with the understanding that there was no
change of cars. At Harrisburg, where the train
stopped for a few minutes, a gentleman and his wife
stepped out to get refreshments, leaving their little
ones with the nurse. While they were absent, a
brakeman came along, calling on the passengers to
go at once into another car. So, with only the
nurse to attend to it, the children, with their many
scattered wraps, and bags, and parcels, must be
quickly gathered up and hustled out. A lady in
the same car, to whom this move was as annoying
as it was unexpected, in an aggrieved tone asked the
brakeman, "Why is such a change necessary?"
"Because," replied the brakeman, "we have to
make this up for a smoking car! "

" THE DEMANDS OF MODERN TRAVEL ! "

And where will these demands end ?

TOBACCO-BARBARISM .

There is a close if hidden connection between
the minor and the major moralities.

No one can violate the former without blunting his
finer feelings and becoming far more likely to in-
fringe the latter.

In the Art Journal, Jackson Jarves, in treating

172 TOBACCO.

of " the manners of the Latin and Ango-Saxon
races, considered as a fine art," attributes much of
the decline of good manners to the increasing use
of tobacco. He says : —

ff I refer to the anti-aesthetic influence. The
supreme test of the virtue of the knight in the days
of chivalry, which was the highest ideal of fine
manners, was his self-denial and desire to succor
the oppressed. The severest test of the modern
gentleman is his willingness to forego his pipe for
the comfort and health of another. It takes a
thoroughly well-bred man to withstand this form
of self-indulgence, when it can only be practised
to the annoyance of another. Whatever the bene-
fit or harm the use of tobacco may do the con-
sumer's body, its common tendency is to render
the mind indifferent to the well-being of his
neighbors. Smokers crowd into rooms or seats
reserved for those who would escape their presence,
and claim the right to fumigate, sicken, and half
strangle those, be they delicate women and chil-
dren, whose physicial organizations are more
sensitive than their own, and sometimes add insult
to the contemptuous indifference with which they
inflict positive distress on their victims."

Mr. Jarves concludes with an illustration show-
ing the tendency of this tobacco habit to develop
boorish manners : —

" I have known a German of rank, with his
daughter, get into a ladies' compartment in a rail-
way carriage, and insist on using his pipe, despite

SOCIAL AND ^ESTHETIC VIEW. 173

the expostulations of the lady occupants, who
finally were compelled to apply to the guard for
protection, when he was made to go into the
smoking carriage. As he reluctantly went, his
daughter turned angrily to the ladies, exclaiming,
f See what you have done to my poor papa ! You
make him leave his place to smoke away from
me.'"

A writer describes a scene he witnessed at a
hotel in the vicinity of one of the most popular
New England colleges. Around a coarse, illiterate
man, enwreathed in clouds of smoke, gathered a
circle of young loafers, to whom he passed cigars.
As they joined him in smoking, they talked slang
and profanity. It was difficult for the beholder to
credit the fact, which incidentally became known
to him, that these same smoking, swearing loafers
were veritable college students.

I believe it will not be denied that, as tobacco
comes, good manners are apt to go, yet if you ex-
press concern that a young friend is in this bondage,
one sometimes breaks out on you with the remark,
ff Be thankful he does n't drink. Let him smoke
as much as he will, and in your parlor, too, that
you may thus save him from the saloon." And it
is said without a suspicion that this habit often
leads to that very place.

All honor to the brave young woman, who, in
uttering her protest against tobacco, declares that
" there is one girl firmly resolved never to marry
a man who uses tobacco, and to do what she can

174 TOBACCO.

by prayer and works to break up this growing
evil." In her own family she had so learned this
evil by heart that she could not help lifting up her
voice. Are there not many other girls who will
join her ranks, and thus present a fair, solid front
to the invading foe ?

" Tobacco is the worst natural curse of modern
civilization." Such is the declaration of our aes-
thetic seer.

That the general tendency of this weed is to bring
men down to a lower plane will not be denied.
The effect on the lower classes themselves is to
degrade them still lower, to deaden the sense of
their own pitiful condition, and stifle any flickering
sparks of ambition. Smoking is called the poor
man's solace, because " it makes him contented
with his lot." That is one of its very mischiefs.
He has no business to be contented. He is living
in a miserable tenement, and in the most meagre
fashion, when he might be owning a home and
educating his children. But there, day in and day
out, he sits, selfishly and stupidly smoking his
pipe, while his pinched and joyless wife patiently
waits on him, and does her best to keep the wTolf
from the door.

As for the refined and scholarly, what but the
strange charms of this narcotic could reconcile
them to the companionship and the habits to which
it not unfrequently degrades them?

Says Elizur Wright: "A man calling himself a
gentleman, with all the outward appointments of

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 175

a gentleman, and everything but the smell of a
gentleman, will do in your house, in your parlor,
in the very presence of ladies, things which, if not
under the spell of tobacco, no money would have
tempted him to do."

No spot is too sacred for the encroachment of
the tobacco-tyrant. The neat ingrained carpet of
}'our guest-chamber and the elegant tapestry of
your drawing-room alike bear his defiling marks ;
and with all your painstaking you can never efface
them.

Writes Horace Greeley : " I have intimated that
the tobacco-consumer is not, indeed, necessarily
and inevitably, but naturally and usually, a black-
guard ; that chewing or smoking obviously tends
to blackguardism. Can any one doubt it? . . Go
into a public gathering where a speaker of delicate
lungs and an invincible repugnance to tobacco is
trying to discuss some important topic so that a
thousand men can hear and understand him, yet
whereinto ten or twenty smokers have introduced
themselves, — a long-nine projecting horizontally
from beneath the nose of each, a fire at one end
and a fool at the other, — and mark how the puff,
puffing gradually transforms the atmosphere (none
too pure at the best) into that of some foul and
pestilential cavern, choking the utterance of the
speaker and distracting the attention of the hear-
ers, until the argument is arrested or its effect
utterly destroyed. If he who will selfishly,
recklessly, impudently, inflict so much discomfort

176 TOBACCO.

or annoyance on many, in order that he may
enjoy in a particular place an indulgence which
could as well be enjoyed where no one else would
be affected by it, be not a blackguard, who can be?
What conduct would indicate bad breeding and a
bad heart, if such conduct does not?"

Something, however, should be said in behalf of
the smoker. In the universal practice of what is
the joy of his heart, and in the ready tolerance, if
not actual encouragement, of some of our own sex,
it is not altogether strange that he becomes incred-
ulous as to the ofTensiveness of his deed. More
than this, it is one of the tendencies of tobacco to
blunt the sensibilities. In a recent lecture on this
narcotic, R. L. Carpenter, of England, dwells em-
phatically on its peculiar influence in rendering its
devotees indifferent to the discomfort of others.
fr The high-bred nobleman who is the slave of to-
bacco is, in that respect," he says, "not above the
smoker who blacks his boots."

From an article in the London Times, in Sep-
tember, 1879, the following pertinent remarks are
taken : v There is a reason against public smoking,
— perhaps, in effect, against all smoking. — which
has scarcely received sufficient recognition. It is
the absolute indifference to the comfort and con-
venience of societv at lar^e that it is certain to
produce. The smoker does not care whether you
are happy or miserable. . . . Smokers monopolize
for more than their share of our railway accommo-
dation. Their exigency knows no limits. A

SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 177

smoker must have a compartment in which lie
enjoys the free exercise of his privilege, even if he
have it all to himself and a dozen people are rush-
ing about the platform, looking in vain for room,
the guard's whistle already sounding. Tobacco is
a powerful drug, administered through the respira-
tory organs, that is, through the atmosphere ; and
as we breathe one another's atmosphere, as it were,
in common stock, the smoker administers his drug
to all about him, whether they wish it or not. The
indifference or apathy with regard to the comfort
of others is one of the most remarkable effects of
tobacco. No other drug will produce anything
like it. The opium-eater does not compel you to
eat opium with him : the drunkard does not com-
pel you to drink. The smoker compels you to
smoke, — nay, more, to breathe the smoke he has
just discharged from his own mouth."

M Tobacco demoralizes,'" says Dr. Parker. " It
makes a man careless about his hair ; he lets his
nails go uncleaned ; his clothes are soiled ; in a
word, he is dirty."

A writer in Blackwood asserts " that tobacco is
the favorite filth of every savage life within the
circumference of the globe ; that it fills the atmos-
phere of the continent with a perpetual stench ;
. . . that it is in its own nature the filthiest, most
foolish, dullest, and most disgusting practice on
the face of the earth."

178 TOBACCO.

TOBACCO VS. WOMAN.

Tobacco is the relentless foe of woman. It
withdraws man from her society, and makes him
glory in his isolation, thus greatly marring, if not
positively undermining, the relation between the
sexes.

In the words of Cowper, —

" Thy worst effect is banishing for hours
The sex whose presence civilizes ours.
They dare not wait the riotous abuse
Thy thirst-creating streams, at length, produce,
When wine has given indecent language birth,
And forced the flood-gates of licentious mirth."

In an account of K The Founding of the Atlantic
Monthly" which appeared in the Golden Rule, it
is stated that it was for a long time the custom for
the editor and chief contributors to dine together
once a month. After giving a constellation of
illustrious names by which the festival was usually
honored, it is said : f' \Vhittier came rarely. His
health was always delicate . . . and he was evi-
dently troubled by the clouds of smoke that
succeeded the dinner. Once, only, the women-
contributors were invited. The experiment was
not repeated."

The tendency of this habit will be more and
more to separate woman from man, unless, in self-
defence, she, too, forms the habit, and learns to
revel in tobacco-smoke.

Gentlemen, wTould you hail the advent of such
a day ?

SOCIAL AND ^ESTHETIC VIEW. 179

Bulwer writes : " Woman in this scale, the weed
in that. Jupiter, hang out thy balance and weigh
them both ; and if thou give the preference to
woman, all I can say is, the next time Juno ruffles
thee, O Jupiter, try the weed."

"The fact is," says Thackeray, "the cigar is a
rival to the ladies, and their conqueror, too."

" What is the real attraction of these gorgeous
establishments?" inquired some one of a gentle-
man, entering a new club-house on Fifth Avenue,
New York. And what was the graceful and gal-
lant reply? "No woman can enter them. Once
within these sacred walls, we are safe from every-
thing that wears a petticoat." "Are we getting to
be Turks?" the narrator adds. "The Turks shut
women in, Ave shut them out." No wonder that
Parton writes, " There is something in the practice
of smoking that allies a man with barbarians, and
constantly tends to make him think and talk like
a barbarian."

Is such a disintegration and degradation of soci-
ety in this nineteenth century of the world a thing
to glory in ?

Sure I am that, were the tobacco-problem fully
comprehended, every true woman would cease to
condone so grave an offence, — an offence which
puts in jeopardy the health, not only of the wrong-
doer, but, in a greater or less degree, that of his
whole family ; which tends to lower its aesthetic
and social tone, and involves a lengthening train
of discomforts and miseries.

180 TOBACCO.

Very dark is this cloud in our horizon. In true
gallantry American mankind is ahead of all the
world. Could we only secure this earnestly
coveted, much-pray ed-for reform, it would add
the one finishing touch. It would exalt this same
American into the ideal gentleman. But where
will the present current land him ?

Wrote Mary Clemmer in the Independent : " Gaz-
ing on the average American who crowds the cor-
ridors of the capitol on the last day of the ses-
sion, it is impossible to believe him the fraction of
a civilized nation. Nothing in their way could be
more exquisite than the staircases of tinted marble
leading to the galleries of both Senate and House.
Yet had they been tottering staircases leading to
dens of dissipation instead of to the highest legis-
lative chambers of the nation, they could not be
more defiled. From base to summit they reek
with tobacco. It drips from their edges and is
piled in 'quids' in their corners, while the spittoons
that line the way would disgrace a pot-house.
With tobacco reeking under your feet ; tobacco
spurting diagonally on your clothes ; tobacco mak-
ing the air blue with smoke and foul with smell,
over acres of marble that should be stainless as
your conscience, altogether it is quite sufficient to
make you doubt the civilization of the people who
claim to be the mightiest on the earth."

MOKAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW.

DETERIORATING INFLUENCE.

According to a New York doctor, "The universal
experience of all mankind will attest, and the
intelligent observation of every individual will
confirm, the statement that, precisely in the ratio
that persons indulge in narcotic stimulants, the
mental powers are unbalanced, the lower propen-
sities acquire undue and inordinate activity at the
expense, not only of the vital stamina, but also of
the moral and intellectual nature. The whole being
is not only perverted, but introverted and retro-
verted. Tobacco-using, even more than liquor-
drinking disqualifies the mind for exercising its
intuitions concerning the right and wrong: it
degrades the moral sense below the intellectual
recognitions."

It is the testimony of Dr. Lizars that "in some
instances the starting-point of a criminal career
dates from the first indulgence of the tobacco-vice,
— producing by slow degrees, when acting upon
a constitution still extremely flexible, a complete

181

182 TOBACCO.

moral and intellectual transformation as well as
physical degeneracy."

The professors in the University and High School
at Ann Arbor, Michigan, who have had a long
experience among thousands of young men, regard
this weed as having a worse effect than even liquor,
affirming that more young men break down in body
and mind, and finally go astray as a result of smok-
ing, than of drinking, while the former often leads to
the latter.

Prof. Moses Stuart, of Andover, who at one time
was himself a user of the weed, writes: "That
it undermines the health of thousands ; that it
creates a nervous irritability, and thus operates on
the temper and moral character of men : that it
often creates a thirst for spirituous liquors : that it
allures to clubs and grog-shops and taverns ; and
finally, that it is a very serious and needless expense,
are things that cannot be denied."

Prof. Mead, of Oberlin : w The tobacco habit
tends to deaden the sense of honor, as well as of
decency ; and none are more likely to practise de-
ception unscrupulously than those who use the
weed."

In the same spirit, President Bascom, of the Wis-
consin State University, affirms that "every man
who uses tobacco is in one degree or another
enslaved by it. The habit is vulgar and low in all
its associations. It uniformly degenerates into
that which can only be fittingly characterized as
filthy. No one who uses tobacco can fully escape

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 183

the taint. His breath is impregnated with it ; his
clothes are full of it ; his presence is a constant
reminder of it to delicate organs. The use of
tobacco is an unclean habit and belongs to unclean
persons. There are few spectacles giving a more
disgraceful impression of our civilization than that
of a mere lad sporting a pipe or a cigar in self-
congratulatory imitation of the bad habits of those
older in years than himself, but alike immature in
wisdom."

A physician who has well considered the matter,
writes : " I believe that the habit of using tobacco
in various forms is not only laying the foundation
for many diseases of serious character, and not
easily removed, but that it is damaging the moral
fibre of many of our students."

The superintendent of the Reform School at
Westboro, Mass., reports that all the boys sent
there have been users of tobacco ; and that it is the
one thing that occasions him the most trouble, and
that he is working hardest to extirpate."

Chancellor Sims, of the Syracuse University :
" The tobacco-habit is expensive, offensive to
others, and deteriorating to the one indulging in
it."

Dr. Harris : " There is not another practice in
civilized society that will so directly introduce a
young man to vicious associates and to all the
haunts of wickedness, as do the unrebuked, fashion-
able habits of tobacco-using ; nor is there another
article of luxury that so secretly and yet so surely

184 TOBACCO.

saps all the foundations of manliness and virtue.
It paves the way to every vice, and tends directly
and powerfully to habits of the grossest immoral-
ity."

CLERICAL TOBACCO.

" But good men smoke and chew ! "

The more 's the pity. There 's no use in blink-
ing the fact that many Christians, ministers among
them, are not guiltless in this matter. The very
utmost that can be made of the plea, however, is
that some good men are not free from the dominion
of very bad habits. This, unfortunately is no new
thing.

Years ago the use of intoxicating liquors was
practised and approved by the majority of clergy-
men, one or more of them being now and then
taken home drunk from some association or con-
vention dinner, where wines abounded ; but pre-
cisely because drinking was in such good repute
was there the more pressing need of bold leaders
to raise the banner of reform.

Let us not use the goodness of a man as a gar-
ment to cover his sins, little or great. This very
goodness brings upon him a tenfold responsibility.

A rich man, in acknowledging the receipt of one
of George Trask's tobacco books, sensibly re-
marks, —

M The best proofs of its utility should be its
effects upon the clergy. \Ve can hardly expect
youth to refrain from tobacco when their moral
teachers set them so bad an example ; when you

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 185

have reformed those of your profession, if you will
apply to me, I will give fifty dollars to reform the
rest of mankind."

The London Christian World, after commenting
on the Spurgeon case, thus closes : " To ourselves
this tobacco pest is a daily martyrdom, and we
could earnestly wish that every Christian teacher,
at all events, felt no desire to indulge in a habit
. . . which is unquestionably most fearfully de-
structive, both to the bodies and souls of tens of
thousands of our young men."

Neal Dow, who was in England at the time of
the Spurgeon-Pentecost affair, relates that he was
soon after a guest in a family where the matter came
up. The father told him that by long and painful
labor he had obtained a promise from his son, who
was a great smoker, to abandon the habit, and
that he had kept his pledge till the great preach-
er's declaration, "I shall go home and smoke the
best cigar I have got to the glory of God." After
this he returned to his cigar, saying that Spur-

sreon's example was £Ood enough for him. Even
o too

a clergyman pleads, in excuse for his habit, that
" Mr. Spurgeon, the greatest preacher in the world,
smokes."

Since then, if report speaks true, this "greatest
preacher " has abandoned his cigar, not, as we
wish he had done years ago, from religious prin-
ciple, but because he was driven to it by its injuri-
ous influence upon his health. A similar report
prevails as to some of our great American preachers.

186 TOBACCO.

A clergyman's son overheard his father telling
another clergyman that he could never write well
without his cigar. Arguing analogically, the boy
naturally inferred the same thing would improve
the working of his own brains, and thus better en-
able him to reach the head of his class. So, stating
his reasons, he begged for a cigar. What could
that father do ?

Another clergyman walking with his boy of six,
and meeting a group of young smokers, with
cigar-stubs and broken pipes in their mouths,
pointed them out warningly to his son, declaring
that the city authorities ought to break up such
practices. " Is n't it worse for a man to smoke,
father? " w Do you think it is, my son? " " Please
father, boys would n't want to smoke if men did n't
do it." The arrow, so innocently aimed, hit the
mark. " I threw away my cigar," relates the father,
"and have never touched tobacco since."

That a clergyman's influence is greatly impaired
by the use of the drug is painfully evident. A
young man was deeply moved by the eloquence
of a preacher, and lingered after the services to
speak with him as he came out, but when he saw
him spitting tobacco-juice, he retired in disgust.

A lady of the Episcopal church, who had come
up to the communion altar, on seeing the rector
take a quid from his mouth and deposit it carefully
on a chair, was impelled to withdraw, shrinking at
the very thought of receiving the sacramental cup
from such hands.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 187

An eminent divine relates that at one time when
walking the streets of the city where he resided,
with a cigar in his mouth, he met an infidel ac-
quaintance who burst into laughter. On being
challenged as to the cause of his merriment, he
replied ; — " Oh, I was thinking how you would
look going up to meet the Lord amid wreaths of
tobacco-smoke, and with that cigar in your mouth."
Neither the infidel nor anyone else ever again saw
a cigar in that man's mouth. It was a case of in-
stant conversion.

To show to what grievous indecorums even a min-
ister who is in bondage to tobacco may be driven,
one or two instances are related.

At the close of a revival meeting in some town
in Illinois, the preacher who was conducting it
made the following appeal : " As I am a great lover
of tobacco, I would be very thankful if some kind
friend in this audience would present me with
twenty-five cents or a half dollar that I may supply
my wants in this direction." Had tobacco killed
his religion, and his common sense as well?

A negro preacher in Richmond, Va., thus
sets forth his view of heaven : " My brethern and
my sistern, you ain't a gwine to have to pay no
ten cents a plug for tobacco there, you kin get
jist as much pure Golden Leaf as you wants, and
a little more ; and you kin chaw and chaw and
chaw all day long, and it won't cost you a cent."
" Not a cent ! " came exultantly from all parts of
the little church.

138 TOBACCO.

What an idea of future blessedness !

As an offset to this may be given the following,
which was delivered on the stage at St. Louis : —

The circus preacher told the crowd that " there
are some professors of the pure principles of Christ,
so tilth v from the use of tobacco, that if the Lord
put him on sentinel duty, when they arrived at the
haven Moody tells of, he would keep them quaran-
tined outside the pearly gates until they were
aired, and the cleansing angel had had time to per-
fume them, in order that they might be fitted to
enter into the presence of a pure and holy God."

It is a relief to indicate the better side of minis-
terial influence.

A well-known preacher, who had renounced the
weed on assuming the charge of a metropolitan
church, found that a large number of his members
were enslaved to the appetite. His efforts against
it were so earnest, that, when he left the church,
out of nine hundred members only one remained
its victim. With his smoking successor, however,
the people lapsed again into the old bondage.

Some years ago, an eminent divine from the Old
World was invited to deliver a course of lectures
in the virtuous old-fashioned town of Oberlin.
Before the course was completed, his supply of
chewing-tobacco was exhausted. Making his ex-
tremity known to the professor in whose family he
was a guest, he requested that a supply might be
procured for him.

As no use of the weed by professor or student is

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 189

tolerated in that institution, his host was in a predic-
ament. Should he, in defiance of law himself pur-
chase the forbidden article ? Or, not venturing on
this, should he delegate the commission to one of the
students ? He decided on the only right step. Seek-
ing the room of his distinguished guest, he frankly
explained that he could not supply his wants without
breaking the rule which, from the beginning, had
been observed by all the teachers and twenty
thousand pupils.

The good doctor made answer that he should
not bring dishonor upon the rule while he was in
that pure atmosphere.

It can hardly be pleasant to a D.D., and perhaps
LL.D. to boot, to have it bruited abroad : K He
is an extraordinary man ; but he is also an extraor-
dinary smoker, his study being sometimes perfectly
black with smoke. He is a great and a good
man ; but he will smoke a pipe. He is a fine
preacher ; but then he goes through the streets
puffing a cigar."

Eloquence and tobacco flowing from the same lips
— the eloquence, perchance, born of the narcotic !
To many a hearer the edge of the sermon is blunted
by his knowledge that the preacher has a quid
adroitly hidden in his mouth. The more devout
the man, the more deplorable the conjunction.

During the sessions of a religious body, it is not
uncommon to see ministers smoking in the vesti-
bule, while the committee-rooms are saturated with
tobacco-fumes.

190 TOBACCO.

Says James Partem : K Clergymen hurry out of
church to tin el momentary relief for their tireel
throats in an ecstatic smoke, and carry into the
apartment of fair invalids the odor of ex-cigars. . .
A parishioner who wishes to confer upon his minis-
ter— if a smoker — a real pleasure, can hardly do
a safer thin^ than send him a thousanel cigars of a
good clerical brand. It is particularly agreeable
to a clergyman to receive a present which supplies
him with a luxury he loves, but in which he knows
in his inmost soul he ought not to indulge."

I cannot forbear to enrote here one or two pas-
sages from the satirical remonstrance of "A Smok-
ing Minister." In writing to The Advance, he
says, —

"I had hoped, it seemed vainly, that, after the
death of Mr. Trask, no more unjust and exagge-
rated statements and no innuenelos and covert
reflections upon us who puff and chew would be
admitted into the newspapers, or prayer-meetings,
or the pulpit. I write while smarting under some
spoken and some implied criticisms that have
touched my sensitiveness."

After enumerating at length the manifold bene-
fits he has derived from tobacco, he sums up, —

" If I am deprived of my usual smoke, my nerves
are so unstrung that I am unfitted for any utterance
elemanding consecutive thought, accurate expres-
sion, anel deep religious feeling. It only aggra-
vates my elifficulty to have it referred to in the
Sabbath-School, or prayer-meeting, or the pulpit.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 191

" I do not, however, object to a quiet discussion
of the subject in ministers' meetings, if the major-
ity are smokers and are very witty. I am a Con-
gregationalist, from conviction and early training :
but I have seriously thought of joining the Pres-
byterians, as I have heard that, while they are
strict in doctrine, they are more liberal than we
are in the non-essentials of practice. If The
Advance would use its influence to have all the
public or printed allusions to this trivial and
entirely personal matter abated, it would be a
great relief to me and many brethren, in the
ministry and out. Indeed it might save us to
the denomination."

It is stated on good authority that a well-known
divine, on arranging to give a lecture to the young
ladies of a certain academy, agreed to take in pay-
ment for his service a box of the best Spanish cigars.
The lecture was delivered ; the cigars were made
over and the debt was thus squared.

I am tempted to give a few humorous but very per-
tinent passages from a letter purporting to be written
by a zealous deacon to his offending pastor : — "I
don 't know the Hebrew for terbakker, but I know
what terbakker is, to my sorror ; and I 'm agin
it ... In the space of six years grandfather took
over three hundred cuds out of Parson Hawker's
pulpit. He thought he would collect 'em as a sort
of ecclesyasticle curiosity. Sometimes he found
'em on the floor, sometimes on the seat or cush-
ion, sometimes on the Bible, and now and then,

192 TOBACCO.

as a mark in the him book. . . . And now, sir,
I'll say a few words about them spittoons that the
young ladies were agoin' to present you on New
Year's day. I went to three of the gentlemen
whose darters was most perminent in the bisness,
and asked 'em if they would be so good as to meet
me on Monday mornin' at the meeting-house, and
bring their darters. So they said they would. I
told 'em it seemed to come nat'ral to you to spit
off broadcast, and no spittoon smaller than the
pulpit would be of any use. I them told 'em I
hadn't yet cleaned the pulpit, but left it for them
to examine, just as it was arter you had operated.
I asked 'em to step up and look at it. On Monday
they came. They all looked in, and agreed they
would n't have believed that one minister could
have done it without assistance. Old Col. Pickets
was the last to go up; and when he came down, he
shook his head, and said it did n't smell Orthodox.
It's been proposed by some, instead of a pulpit,
to have a raised platform, with nothin ' round it,
so that every secret thing shall be brought to light.
Father Cleverly, who's amazin' quick for a text,
said, in such case you might well preach from the
latter part of Isaiah, 1:6. f I hid not my face
from shame and spitting.' "

If such things are possible with clergymen, what
better can we look for in church-officers and Sun-
day-school teachers? One writes of a certain dea-
con that he has many a time seen him, in church,
fill his pipe and take out a match, waiting with

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 193

evident impatience till the meeting was dismissed,
when the pipe was instantly lighted, and every-
body assailed with its odors.

When the news was sprung upon a little village
in Ohio, that an old and respected deacon was
attacked with delirium tremens, no wonder that
consternation seized the residents. Nevertheless,
the report was true, and after several attacks the
good man died, a victim of tobacco.

A Sunday-School scholar begged to be removed
to another class, but declined to give his reasons
till, being urged, he confessed that he couldn't
endure the tobacco-breath of his teacher.

A student who went from Yale College to Union
Theological Seminary there learned to smoke, —
when he expressed his regret that he had n't learned
sooner, " thus securing years of delight." In all
fairness, however, it should be added that his habit
was formed in intercourse with fellow-students
fresh from college, and, with a single exception,
from Yale.

While it is true that a number of young men
have given up tobacco during their course in Union
Seminary, it must be admitted that at least one of
the students, a man of abilities and earnest piety,
and who offered himself to the foreign field, was
unfortunately both a smoker and a chewer. In
speaking of this case, a young theologue perti-
nently remarks : M It has been my feeling that it
would be much better if, while he lays down his
life at his Master's feet, he would also give up this

194 TOBACCO.

indulgence for his Master's sake. I cannot get rid
of the notion of incongruity between a pure heart
and a foul mouth; a breath now laden with the
utterance of inspired truth, and now with fumes
of tobacco."

Think of a smoking clergyman standing at the
communion table, on which are spread the emblems
of that self-sacrificing Love that surpasses mortal
conception ! Think of him as ministering to suffer-
ing and disease ; — as approaching the bedside of
a sick member of his flock, and being feebly waved
away because of the offensive odor radiating from
his whole person ! A dying woman was so affected
by the tobacco-breath of her pastor as he leaned
down and talked with her, that she begged her
friends to employ at her funeral a minister who
would breathe no poison over her coffin.

A gentleman who had listened with deep in-
terest to a powerful sermon from a distinguished
theological professor, was greatly surprised the
next day to see him smoking a cigar, and confessed
that the sight destroyed the impression of the
sermon. He adds, — "A young man trying to
reform from this habit remarked to me, — f Never
say anything against it again, when a man who can
preach such a sermon as that was yesterday in-
dulges in it.'"

Says a well-known clergyman in addressing his
brethren, — w Do you say, — f I am not going, be-
cause there are weak men in this world, to deny
myself any lawful and proper pleasure.' Then

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 195

you are not fit to be a preacher and a disciple of
the Lord Jesus Christ."

In a discourse to the graduating class at Williams
College, President Hopkins, after some prelimi-
nary remarks on the use of tobacco, thus sums up :
"I may express to you my conviction that habitual
narcotic stimulation of the brain is not compatible
with the fullest consecration of the body as a
temple of God. Good men may do this in ig-
norance, as other things prevalent at times have
been done, and not offend their consciences ; but
I believe that greater earnestness, more self-scru-
tiny, fuller light, would reveal its incompatibility
with full consecration and sweep it entirely away.
The present position on this point of the Christian
Church as a whole, and largely of the Christian
ministry, I regard as obstructive of the highest
manhood and of the spread of spiritual religion.
I know that strong men have in this connection
been bound as in fetters of brass, and cast down
from high places, and have found premature
prostration and a premature grave, and that this
process is going on now. Let me say, therefore,
to those of you who expect to be ministers, that I
believe that sermons, even those called great ser-
mons, which are the product of alcoholic or nar-
cotic stimulation, are a service of God by f strange
fire ; ' and that for men to be scrupulous about
their attire as clerical, and yet to enter upon
religious services with narcotized bodies and a
breath that 'smells to heaven' of anything but

196 TOBACCO.

incense, is an incongruity and an offence, a crop-
ping out of the old Phariseeism that made clean
f the outside of the cup and the platter.' Xot that
abstinence has merit or secures consecration ; it is
only its best condition."

Consider what an almost insuperable obstacle
the tobacco-example of clergymen opposes to the
efforts of Christian parents and teachers against
this evil in their children and pupils !

Dr. Higginbottom, an English physician, testi-
fies : " After fifty years of most extensive and
varied practice in my profession, I have come to
the decision that smoking is a main cause of ruin-
ing our young men, pauperizing the working-men,
and rendering comparatively useless the best
efforts of the ministers of religion."

In the session of a district Congregational con-
vention held in Wisconsin, a layman made an ad-
dress on the subject, " What the pews want from
the pulpit." Towards the close he said, "The
example set by some of the pulpits in the use of
tobacco is strongly objected to by many of the
occupants of the pews. The Wisconsin State
Congregational Convention, at its annual session
in 1869, declared,—

" The common use of tobacco is an offensive
practice to persons of neatness and refinement,
hindering the influence of those who use it ; it is
a wasteful practice, using money that is needed
for other purposes ; it is a practice injurious to
health of body and mind ; it is a practice of in-

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 197

jurious moral tendency ; and it is setting a mis-
chievous example to our youth.

"If what the State Convention said in 1869 is
true, then the pews say, without any hesitation or
mental reservation, that no man who is in the habit
of using tobacco ought to enter the pulpit to preach
the Gospel as a minister of the Lord Jesus Christ
until he renounces the habit.

" It may seem hard to say it, dear Christian
brother, but it is none the less true that the know-
ledge that you were in the habit of using tobacco
would completely destroy your influence, and
render it impossible for you to do any good to a
large portion of many of the Christian congre-
gations of the land, should you stand in their pres-
ence to speak as a Christian minister."

Bishop Huntington, of Syracuse, writes: "I
could give you many reasons why the use of this
narcotic seems to me especially incongruous with
the calling of the ministry, which it is a large part
of my duty to guard. Among them are a waste of
money, an injury to health, the offence sometimes
given physically to sick or sensitive persons, the
moral harm done to tender consciences, the lower-
ing of the sacred office in their estimation, and a
check put upon ministerial usefulness."

MISSIONARY-TOBACCO.

" What reception may we suppose the apostles
would have met with," inquires Dr. Rush, "had
they carried into the houses where they were sent

198 TOBACCO.

snuff-boxes, pipes, cigars, and bundles of cut, or
rolls of pigtail, tobacco?"

The missionaries in some of our stations are
greatly embarrassed in their efforts against tobacco
by the influence in its favor of so many Christians
in this country. When the native converts quote
the honored American Reverends, Professors, and
Doctors of Divinity whom they have heard named
as addicted to the weed, the missionaries are
struck dumb with sorrow and shame.

But what shall be said — what can be said — con-
cerning any such missionaries as are themselves in
bondage to this habit ? Let them learn a lesson from
a young colored missionary, once a slave. Dur-
ing the examination in reference to his oroinor to
Africa, some one inquired as to his use of the drug.
He made answer that he was free from this habit, —
rr that a gentleman would not use tobacco and that
a Christian gentleman would not wish to use it."

Mr. Rand, of the Mieronesian Mission, writes;
ff Much as we need help in the Caroline Islands,
we had rather work there alone than to have the
best of men come to our aid, if he uses tobacco."

TEMPERANCE AND TOBACCO.

With what conscience can a temperance man
who is unwilling to give up his tobacco urge
drunkards to give up their drink, especially when
it is the prevailing testimony of medical authori-
ties that tobacco-using leads naturally to liquor-
drinking, that it is the " facilis descensus Averni"

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 199

and that multitudes of reformed inebriates have
fallen again by its use? In point here is the wish
of the poor, doubly-wronged Indian : M I want
three things, — all the rum in the world, all the
tobacco in the world, and then more rum. I
smoke, because it makes me love to drink."

A reformed inebriate, in relating how he first
signed the pledge, says: "I soon found that in
renouncing one stimulant I used a double quantity
of another ; or, in the words of Theodore Weld, I
had f swapped brandy for tobacco.' Then, im-
pelled by the feeling, c drink I must, and drink I
will,' I went back to the gutter." Two years later,
hearing a lecturer affirm that the Washingtonians
who apostatized were tobacco-sots almost to a
man, and that the pledge, to be safe, must inter-
dict both drug and drink, he took the double
pledge, and had remained firm, but with an in-
creasing conviction that " you can't cure a drunk-
ard while a slave to his pipe ."

To the same effect, Dr. Justin Edwards de-
clared : "Not much more can be done in behalf of
the temperance cause till there is an anti-narcotic
movement, particularly against tobacco, the hand-
maid and ally of intemperance."

Says the well-known temperance-worker, E. C.
Delavan : "I have had my fears for the safety
of the temperance cause through the insidious
influence of tobacco. It is my opinion that while
its use continues, intemperance will continue to
curse the world."

200 TOBACCO.

It is the testimony of Jerry McAuley, who has
rescued multitudes from drunkenness, that it is
extremely rare to rind a reformed man that con-
tinues a slave to tobacco who does not fall back
into the gutter. This fact is so patent that it is
coming: more and more to be taken for granted
that the converts in his mission, when giving up
drink, will also give up the weed. The case is
related of one who, being persuaded to smoke a
single cigar, relapsed into drunkenness.

Says Dr. Stephenson : f* The use of tobacco is
one great leading-step towards intemperance. But
it is a lamentable fact that very many who stand
the most prominent in the temperance reform are
grossly intemperate in the use of tobacco."

A noted temperance-worker in Illinois, who was
a votary of the weed, was induced by a Methodist
clergyman to sign a pledge of total abstinence.
But the man who waxed so eloquent in urging
inebriates to forswear the demon of drink found
himself enslaved to as remorseless a tyrant, and
broke his pledge again and again.

George Trask writes: "I have known a tem-
perance lecturer of great distinction positively
refuse to lecture till he had been furnished with a
pipe of tobacco to screw his nerves up to the point
of eloquence."

So enslaved do these victims become that, in
spite of all remonstrance, of all propriety, they
will smoke, not only in parlors and in halls, but,
strangest of all, in temperance meetings. Indeed,

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 201

a certain lodge of the Sons of Temperance passed
a resolution that they would not lay aside their
tobacco even during the hour they were gathered
for temperance purposes ! ! God be praised that
woman's crusade against intemperance has never
been set back by any such marvellous incon-
sistency !

The author of Temperance Tales tells a story of
the accredited agent of a temperance society. He
was one day soliciting contributions with tobacco
in his mouth, when he was accosted by a gentle-
man, — " You, sir, are not a proper person to be an
agent in the cause of temperance, for you are not
a temperance man yourself; you are enslaved to
tobacco." No answer was made ; but some one
present afterwards told the rebuker that the lec-
turer was one of the very best men in the country.
He was surprised to hear this, and would have
sent an apology, had he known the agent's ad-
dress. Some time after, meeting this same agent,
looking like a different man, he was beginning: to
apologize, when he was interrupted, — "No apol-
ogy is needed. Your reproof led to much reflec-
tion and to new resolutions. As the consequence,
you behold me to-day a free man ; and you are
my deliverer."

Gough, who became a temperance-lecturer while
still a smoker, relates that on his way to an out-
door meeting a friend offered him cigars. "No, I
thank you ; I have nowhere to put them." "You
can put half a dozen in your cap." This he did,

202 TOBACCO.

and so, soon ascending the platform, addressed two
thousand children. To avoid taking cold, he kept
on his cap, forgetting what it contained. At the
close he exclaimed, "Xow, boys, let us give three
rousing cheers for temperance." Lifting his hat,
he waved it vigorously, flinging the cigars right
and left at his audience ! ! And it is not strange
that this occurrence set him thinking.

At a later period, being a guest at an English
house, he sought the river-bank for a quiet smoke.
Finding it difficult to light his cigar, he got down
on his knees by a rock, sheltering a match with
his hat, while he puffed. Suddenly the thought
flashed on him that, if people should see him, they
would conclude that he had sought this spot for
private devotion. " And what am I doing? What
would the audience say who heard me last
night?" The conviction of his inconsistency
struck him so forcibly that he exclaimed, "I '11
have no more of it ; " and away into the river went
both matches and cigars.

TOBACCO BONDAGE.

It is seldom that we find one who entirely justifies
himself in the tobacco habit, while many and many
a good man groans under his self-imposed bondage
— a bondage not one whit less degrading because
of the high standing and excellent Christian char-
acter of the victim. The wonder is how anyone
can forbear groaning, and repenting, and forsaking.

A clergyman, enslaved to snuff, labored with a

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 203

drunkard. "If you will give up your snuff, I
will give up my rum." The minister assented ;
but within two days was in agonies for his idol.
Setting a watch over the drunkard, the moment he
learned that the cup had passed his lips, he seized
his snuff-box, and shortly after died in idiocy.

"Why did you send me that pamphlet on smok-
ing?" said a pastor to a friend. "Because I
thought you needed it." "Who told you that I
smoked?" "You told me as you go about."
" I will confess that I know it is wrong, and that
I once gave it up ; but, fool as I am, I took to it
again, and I have been in bondage ever since."

An eminent minister exclaimed: "I would
gladly lay down a hundred pounds if I could give
up smoking."

"Oh," exclaimed a sufferer, "I need tobacco to
give me resolution to give up tobacco."

" I would give half my farm to get rid of this
master," declared another.

"I have given up my pipe a dozen times, and
then returned to it," said a third victim. "I will
try no more."

So imperious is the appetite, that during our civil
war men were sometimes shot by the enemy
simply because they would strike a light and
smoke. And many risked capture in their peril-
ous search after what smokers call "a little fire."

"I know my pipe is injuring me," a young man
confessed, " but were I certain that it would cur-
tail my life fifteen years, I could not give it up."

204 TOBACCO.

A prominent physician, who himself both smokes
and chews, is honest enough to admit that " tobacco
is too deadly a poison to be used even as a medi-
cine ; " and declares that he " would give five
hundred dollars to he free from the habit." Yet
he chews and smokes on.

A Christian professor, in her dying agonies,
repeatedly entreated her friends, " Give me snuff,
give me snuff." They were her last words.

Earnestly implored to give up the filthy weed, a
clergyman made answer, ff Not I ! I will smoke
if it shortens my life seven years. I will live
while I do live."

A lip-cancer, which had been occasioned through
smoking, was removed by a physician. " Twenty-
four hours after the operation," says the doctor, "I
found the patient propped up in bed, with his
face bound up on one side and a pipe on the other
side of his mouth."

George Trask writes: "I have known men to
dream and rage about tobacco like madmen when
deprived of it. I know an excellent clergyman,
who assured me that he had sometimes wept like a
child when putting a quid into his mouth, under a
sense of his degradation and bondage. I know
a man who confessed that tobacco Avas the dearest
thing on earth, dearer than wife, child, church, or
state."

Pitiable thraldom ! Bound hand and foot !

It takes the very manhood out of one. Dr.
Henderson relates the case of a member of Con-

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 205

gross, who, from having been a man of force and
fearlessness, became, to use his own words, w Sick
all over, and timid as a girl." Though he had long
been a practising lawyer, he had not nerve enough
to present a petition to Congress, and still less to
say a word concerning it. Indeed, he grew to be
such a coward that he was afraid to be alone at
night.

Tobacco-fetters ! oh, it makes one's heart ache
to witness the vain stru^oles to break them ! I
have known a young man of line natural instincts,
under a strong pressure, resolve over and over
again to burst his chains. It was pitiful to note his
struggles and his falls, with his keen self-abase-
ment at his repeated failures, till finally, in a sort
of moody despair, he gave up the attempt.

A deacon, on his death-bed, exclaimed: "I
thank God that, as my last sickness has come, I
shall be rid of this hankering for tobacco."

M You are wasting away under it," pleaded one
minister with another. "Alas! my brother, it is
true ; but I cannot help it." " Would you take
that excuse from a sinner?" "I cannot answer
you. I cannot leave it off. It is out of the ques-
tion ; I cannot. I feel what you say ; but — "
The poor slave to this appalling appetite died soon
after.

THE YOKE BROKEN.

In contrast with this melancholy instance it is
cheering to read the experience of Dr. S. H.
Cox : —

206 TOBACCO.

" From about fifteen to thirty," he wrote, " I am
ashamed to say I smoked ; my conscience often
upbraiding me, as well as my best earthly friend.
Still I made excuses, and my physician, a smoker,
helped me to some. So I continued, till once, on
board a steamer, a drunken gentleman staggered
up to me, exclaiming, f Give me a-a 1-ight, Dr.
Cox.' I handed him my cigar. He returned it.
I threw it overboard ; and since have never ceased
to thank God that I have been enabled to keep my-
self from so foul and odious a sin."

In replying to a letter from Dr. Cox, John
Quincy Adams writes : " In nry early youth I was
addicted to tobacco, in two of its mysteries, —
smoking and chewing. I was warned by a medi-
cal friend of the pernicious operation of this habit
upon the stomach and the nerves ; and the advice
of the physician was fortified by my own experi-
ence. More than thirty years have passed away
since I deliberately renounced the use of tobacco in
all its forms ; and although the resolution was not
carried into execution without a struggle of vitiated
nature, I never yielded to its impulses.

"I have often wished that every individual of
the human race afflicted with this artificial passion,
could prevail on himself to try the experiment
which I made ; sure that it would turn every acre
of tobacco land into a wheat field, and add five
years to the average of human life."

Prof. Dascomb, of Oberlin, learned to smoke
wThen a boy. His physician, though himself a

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 207

smoker, said to him, "You will live only a few
years if you continue this habit. / cannot break
it off, but you are young and may be able to do
so." The boy undertook it, and succeeded ;
although to the end of his life he suffered from the
effects of his early indulgence.

A well-known doctor relates that, after smoking
for twenty years, he took a vow of abstinence for
one month. " Never," he says, " did boy long
more eagerly for election day than I longed for the
end of the month." Such was the good doctor's
passion for the drug, that if cigars failed, he would
resort to snuff. Thus he went on till the indul-
gence had so injured the nerves and softened the
coats of the stomach that he could retain no food.
Then he gathered his forces for the conflict, and
broke forever from his bondage.

A slave to the weed in Macomb, Illinois, finding
his family at one time out of flour and meat, and
himself out of tobacco, but who was possessor of
only a dollar and seventy-five cents, went to
market. He returned with fifty cents' worth of
meat and a dollar and twenty-five cents' worth
of tobacco, telling his wife that they must trust the
Lord for flour. At the age of seventy-six he
became a Christian, when, without hesitation, he
instantly renounced his idol.

A theological student, in breaking off smoking,
gives three reasons for so doing : —

* 1. No gentleman would like to smoke in the
presence of ladies.

208 TOBACCO.

w 2. There is possible harm, and no possible
benefit.

ff3. As there is no possible benefit, it is an un-
lawful expenditure of time and money."

A professor in one of our colleges who had
smoked for many years, and had then been led to
abandon the habit, also gives his three reasons : —

w 1. I didn't like to indulge in a habit that I
was compelled to apologize for.

"2.1 knew that, however little I might smoke,
I should be quoted as a smoker.

"3. My boys!"

In The Congregationalvit was found the follow-
ing incident : n Two clergymen, than whom few
are better known all through the State, happened to
meet in our office. Both have been inveterate
smokers ; but both stopped short more than a year
ago, and have not blown a whiff since. They
came to the conclusion that the only way to stop
was to stop. And neither of them is likely to
repent of his repenting. Who will go and do like-
wise?"

A member of the Massachusetts legislature, who
was a smoker, was led, by someone's inquiries as to
statute laws on the subject, to reflect on his habit.
and to see that he had come into a bondage which
was holding him closer and closer. Although he
had not been conscious of injury from the habit, he
instantly broke from it.

A distinguished pastor in one of our city churches
was induced to abandon smoking by the innocent

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 209

remark of a young convert whom he was examin-
ing, that he " had given up all bad habits, including
smoking." The shepherd felt that he must not
fall behind the sheep.

The venerable Rev. Job Washburn, widely
known in Maine, had formed in boyhood the habit of
chewing. He made several efforts to give it up,
but without success. In his later years, when he
would again have attempted it, his friends dis-
couraged him, fearing the effect of such a change at
his years. He could not rest, however ; and at the
advanced age of ninety-two, he went to God in
earnest prayer, and soon, to the surprise of all, was
able to announce his victory over his lifelong
habit.

Mr. Washburn's daughter, to whom I am indebt-
ed for these particulars, writes that after this con-
quest his health improved, and he seemed to her a
fairer and better man. About two years later, a
few days before his death, he expressed his joy
and gratitude that he had been enabled to free him-
self from his galling yoke.

Another striking case is that of Mr. Joseph Har-
per, father of the publisher. He was an excellent
man, but a great chewer ; and nobody dreamed he
could be induced to give up the habit. Mr. Har-
per had a neighbor who was a notorious drunkard.
A friend was one day laboring with the man and
entreating him to quit drinking. w Why, I could
no more stop drinking," he replied, "than old Joe
Harper could give up tobacco." When this remark

210 TOBACCO.

was repeated to Mr. Harper, he exclaimed, —
" Does that old drunkard say so ? He shall not
get behind me with his rum. I will show him that
old Joe Harper can give up tobacco." And from
that moment he never touched it.

I knew a man in Marblehead, Massachusetts,
who was a great smoker from his youth till he was
about fifty, when his health was so undermined
that he saw he " must quit tobacco or die." He
did quit it and from an abject slave became at once
a freeman. At the age of ninety he declared him-
self stronger in body and mind, and better fitted
for work than at fifty.

Dr. Titus Coan, of the Sandwich Islands, to
whom reference has already been made, relates
that when a boy, suffering from toothache, his
father crowded a piece of tobacco no larger than
the head of a pin into the defective tooth, which
soon put him to sleep. "But in a little while I
awoke, and felt my bedstead whirling round and
round like a top. I thought the whole house was
revolving and that my end was near. Retching
and in distress, I cried for help ; and my parents came
to comfort me and to assure me that this state
would soon pass off."

It did pass, but for many years the boy could n't
bear the smell of the poison. At last, however,
resolving to be manly and brave like other young
men, "I began moderately, so that in time all
went well, and I felt that I had mastered the
situation, little dreaming that the seduction was

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 211

about to master me. At this time I did not look
upon the use of tobacco from a moral standpoint.
At length I went into a store with an elder brother.
Here I found the choicest of tobaccos, and assisted
in selling, still feeling that the business was le^iti-
mate. My brother smoked freely, but suddenly,
fearing injury to health, and restive under the sense
of slavery to that habit, he resolved to abandon the
use of the narcotic poison. For about a month he
struggled with the entrenched foe, under such a
pressure of languor and depression as to unfit him
for business. The fight was for life. He con-
sulted physicians, he used substitutes, but all in
vain. He had harbored an enemy which had
poisoned his blood, coursed over his nerves,
disturbed the action of the heart, and chained him
like a galley slave to an unworthy and unmanly
habit.

"In despair of victory he returned to the pipe,
and died in middle life. Without a word with any
one, I then resolved to conquer the foe. On the
second day the call for indulgence was strong, but
resolution held the fort. Day after day pleaded
for indulgence, but will prevailed over appetite
and habit. As the mornings succeeded one an-
other, my motto was What the Lord helped me to
do yesterday, I can do to-day with His help.

" The battle lasted two weeks, when appetite
surrendered at discretion. Since that happy day,
I have had no more taste or desire for that deceit-
ful poison than for an adder ; and I give the fore-

212 TOBACCO.

going testimony as a kind legacy to encourage all
who feel the fangs and the tightening toils of that
enchanting serpent, tobacco ! No earthly gift
could bribe me to return to the use of the weed ;
and I am sure that unyielding resolution, and
a patient looking for divine help, will enable all
who honestly desire to break the slavish chains of
that unnatural and degrading appetite, to become
free from its toils."

A good deacon gives me his experience : " I com-
menced the use of tobacco when under ten, became
a habitual consumer at about fifteen, and when
thirty began to realize that it was injuring me.
Then came the struirsfle. I would leave it off for

CO

a week, for a month, and then for a year. The
moment my pledge was up I would commence
with renewed energy. This continued till I was
about forty, when I became satisfied that I must
either die or break from my bondage. I attempted
the latter. For more than two years I wrestled
with the appetite, at the end of which time my
craving was, if possible, stronger than ever. I
felt that I must have relief from this craving, or
succumb to it. In my despair, I took the matter
to the Lord with strong crying. He soon deliv-
ered me from the dreadful appetite, and it has never
returned, praised be the name of the Lord."

Dr. Talmage tells us that he was once an ex-
cessive smoker, and that in writing his sermons he
was accustomed to take a fresh cigar with every
new head. On one occasion, after an experience of

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 213

this kind, he found himself in the highest state of
nervous excitement. The falling of a book startled
him like the firing of a pistol, and the creaking of
his own boots made his hair stand on end.
Alarmed by these symptoms, he instantly broke
from the habit, and found himself born into a new
physical, mental, and spiritual life.

Thurlow Weed, according to his own account,
smoked cigars during fifty-four years, giving away
in that time eighty thousand. Being in Saratoga
for his health, Dr. Freeman, an old friend, called
on him. When some reference was made to
the cause of his being there, the doctor, pointing
to the cigar still burning in Mr. Weed's hand,
remarked, — "I see the time has come when that
luxury must be foregone." "Do you mean it?"
" I do." "Then that is the end." And with true
Spartan heroism he threw away his cigar and never
touched tobacoo again.

CHEERING TOKENS.

It is a cheering fact that many German, French,
English, and American physicians of the highest
standing are waging war upon this drug. A meet-
ing of Sunday-school and week-day teachers in
England has been held for the purpose of consider-
ing measures to check its use. It was presided
over by an eminent ph}'sician of a royal e}Te-inh*r-
mary, who affirmed that paralysis of the optic
nerve and other diseases of the eyes were directly
caused by tobacco.

214 TOBACCO,

It is encouraging, in the almost overwhelming
current of public sentiment that sets the wrong
way, to note any straws floating in the right direc-
tion ; among such, we reckon the following: —

A minister of talent and piety, a good preacher,
and of acceptable manners, who had supplied three
different churches, received no call from any of
them, and, as was plainly stated, simply because
he was known to be an immoderate user of tobacco !

Two Xew England churches recently refused to
call two Andover theological students because they
used the unclerical weed.

If all the churches were of the same mind, we
should soon witness a wonderful advance in this
much-needed, ardentlv-prayed-for reform.

At a monthly collection in a church, a ten-dollar
bill was put in the box, with a paper affixed, on
which was written : tr To be given to a missionary
who does not use tobacco."

Writes " a mother " : M I would as soon help a
saloon-keeper furnish his bar as to help tobacco-
using students ; or contribute toward a f Brewers'
Union' as to a society which aids such young men
in getting into the ministry."

An itinerary preacher, being refused entertain-
ment by an old woman, where he asked for it,
quoted to her the passage, "Be not forgetful to
entertain strangers, for thereby some have enter-
tained angels unawares ; " when she promptly
made answer : " You need n't say that. Xo angel
would come down here with a big quid of tobacco
in his mouth."

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 215

The Iowa Central Railroad has published an
order forbidding its employees to drink any in-
toxicants and also to smoke while they are on
duty.

San Diego, California, has passed an ordinance
prohibiting cigarettes to boys.

At a Universalist convention the following reso-
lution was offered : —

" Resolved, That this convention memorialize the
General Convention, at its next session, asking it to
refuse beneficiary aid to all students in our theolo-
gical schools who make use of tobacco ; believing
such practice to be incompatible with the highest
Christian service."

This resolution was adopted by an almost unan-
imous vote.

In " The Doctrines and Discipline of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church " is found the following : —

"Resolved, 1. That we advise all our ministers
and members to abstain from the use of tobacco,
as injurious to both soul and body.

" Resolved, 2. That we recommend to the Annual
Conferences to require candidates for admission to
be free from the habit, as hurtful to their accepta-
bility and usefulness among our people."

To cut off any possible loophole, the General
Conference of this church advises that no man who
uses tobacco be received into an Annual Confer-
ence. For years, the Central Illinois Conference
has refused to admit any votary of the weed.

Says Bishop Simpson : " In some places congre-

216 TOBACCO.

gations are unwilling to receive ministers who in-
dulge in tobacco. Many families almost dread the
visits of such ministers, lest their growing sons
may be led to adopt a practice which they so ear-
nestly discountenance and oppose."

A presiding elder in the Methodist Church, in
answer to inquiries on this subject, writes : " Our
Conferences have been srrowinof more exact from
year to year. In the New England Conference,
we never receive any man as a preacher without
questioning him on this point."

Rev. Mr. Evans, presiding elder in the Central
Illinois Conference, writes : " I am glad to say that
for about twenty years, the Conference, at nearly
every session, has adopted radical anti-tobacco reso-
lutions : while the use of the weed has been uni-
formly denounced as expensive, filthy, injurious,
and unchristian. The Conference refuses to admit
any one addicted to the tobacco-habit, unless a
pledge of abstinence be given : and it has also re-
quested the Bishop not to transfer to the Confer-
ence, nor appoint to the office of presiding elder,
any tobacco-user. The discussions of every year
have served to make it more unaminous and radi-
cal in its action."

With the Free Methodists no one is allowed to
become a church-member who uses tobacco in any
form, — a rule strictly enforced upon the ministers.

Of the Primitive Methodist Church, the "Cana-
dian Discipline " declares : rf Xo preacher on proba-
tion shall be received into full connection unless it

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 217

be stated on his Station's Report that he has not
used tobacco during the previous year." A simi-
lar rule obtains in the English body.

John Wesley refused to admit to the ministry
any man addicted to the use of the noxious weed.
Both English and American Wesleyans follow his
practice in this respect, and Bishop Janes cheers
us by his avowed belief that the time will come
when congregations will not accept a pastor who
uses it. The New York State Congregational
Association a few years since adopted, without
dissent, the following resolutions : —

w 1. That the tobacco-habit is an enormous evil ;
and, on account of its waste of money, positive in-
juries to health, and pernicious example to the
young, Christians ought to abandon it.

" 2. That this Association earnestly recom-
mend to all our churches thorough measures
for instructing the people as to the manifold mis-
chiefs flowing from the use of narcotic drugs, as
well as drinks ; and that special efforts be made
to guard children and youth from any and every
use of tobacco."

At the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian
church in Pittsburg, Penn., a report was adopted,
declaring that " members using tobacco ought to
strive earnestly to give up the habit, as offensive to
good manners and cleanliness, and inconsistent
with self-denial."

If one may be allowed to comment on a dec-
laration emanating from so respectable a body,

218 TOBACCO.

the susrsrestion is ventured that the omission of
the clause w to strive earnestly " would render the
report more terse and effective. We must re-
member, however, that the various Presbyterian
bodies are more conservative than some other de-
nominations, — a fact borne out in the Cumberland
General Assembly at Austin, Texas, where a
resolution condemning all ministerial use of tobacco
was fully discussed, but unfortunately was finally
laid on the table.

At a Baptist General Convention, in a Western
city, the subject of tobacco was ably presented,
and a resolution passed deprecating its use.

Professor Hovey, of the Xewton Theological
Seminary, writes: "For many years past there
have been very few of our students who have used
tobacco. The Northern Baptist Educational Soci-
ety has adopted a rule which prevents it from fur-
nishing pecuniary assistance to any student who
uses the weed ; and, so far as I am informed,
there is no fault found with the Society for taking
this stand."

Great reason as we have for deploring the gen-
eral low public sentiment on this subject, we
would not ignore the fact that, in certain respects,
there is a manifest improvement. A well-known
gentleman, son of one of our excellent Xew Eng-
land pastors, writes of the custom that prevailed
in his boyhood : " When the Berkshire Association
of thirty ministers was to meet at my father's, I
was sent to the store for two quarts of Jamaica,

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 219

four quarts of Santa Cruz rum, two dozen pipes,
and two large papers of tobacco ! "

In view of such usages, the ecclesiastical good
tokens that have been named are truly encour-
aging. A few in the secular line are no less
cheering.

The enterprising firm of Jordan, Marsh, & Co.,
of the New England metropolis, occasionally fur-
nish brief, practical lectures to their employees
in the large hall connected with their establishment.
In one of these lectures the tobacco-subject was
discussed ; and, as a result, every one of the
clerks, with a single exception, voted to abandon it.

After the women of Massachusetts had been
admitted to vote on the education question, the
Commonwealth, in 1881, passed an act to aid in
preserving order at elections, of which the follow-
ing is the substance : —

" During any town-meeting, held for the election
of national, state, county, or town officers, no
person shall smoke, or have in his possession any
lighted pipe, cigarette, or cigar, in any town-hall
where such meeting is being held. Any persons
violating any of the provisions of this act shall be
deemed guilty of disorderly conduct, and the
moderator shall order the person to remove any
such pipe, cigarette, or cigar, or withdraw himself
from said place of meeting ; and, on his declining
to obey, shall order any police officer, or other
person, to take him from the meeting, and confine
him in some convenient place until the meeting

220 TOBACCO.

adjourns. The person so refusing shall forfeit a
sum not exceeding twenty dollars."

In the Jewish Messenger is an account of a club
of young ladies who are pledged to kiss no man
whose lips are tainted with tobacco. May its
membership rapidly increase !

A Western gazette tells us of the suspense for
ten days of an engineer on the C. B. & Q. Rail-
road by the superintendent, because, when on his
engine, ready to pull out the passenger-train, he
held in his mouth part of an unlighted cigar.
Thanks to the superintendent, and a speedy re-
form to all engineers !

The city corporation, Manchester, England,
fines a cabman if he smokes while conveying a
passenger.

A Philadelphia smoker, on entering a horse-car,
insisted on retaining his cigar in his hand. Its
smoke being offensive to the ladies, the conductor
warned him to throw it away, and, as he refused,
put him out by force. The smoker sued the com-
pany for damages ; but the verdict was against
him, the court charging the jury that he was w a
nuisance which the conductor had a right to abate."
Later, a smoker in New York city was fined fifty
dollars, because in a street-car he insisted on re-
taining his cigar.

A Xew York editor remarks with regard to the
Treasury at Washington: "It is no secret that
that fine building has been for several years past,
as to many of its departments, a cross between a

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 221

bar-room and a smoking-car." It is cheering to
know that Secretary Folger issued an order for-
bidding smoking in the halls or rooms of the
Treasury. This is understood to be, in part, an
act of consideration toward the lady clerks, who,
he saw, were greatly annoyed by the universal
cigar.

Concerning this example, so worthy of imitation,
the New York Evening Post remarks : w The order
is not acceptable to the male clerks, the great ma-
jority of whom are accustomed to smoke at all
times during business hours. The abuse of smok-
ing has been very great. Since Secretary Bris-
tow's time, the secretaries themselves, not only
have not forbidden smoking, but have smoked at
their desks. Even in the file-rooms, where valu-
able papers are stored in lofts of pine-wood par-
titions, the custodians have often been seen with
cigars. Secretary Folger's order forbidding this is
strictly a revival of the order which has been in
disuse since Secretary Bristow's time."

In view of the alarming increase of the use of
tobacco among children, the Boston Woman's
Christian Temperance Union sent a circular with
several tracts on the subject to all the teachers
and officers of the public schools of Boston and
the suburbs.

In November, 1882, a statement appeared in
the Boston Journal to the effect that seventy-five
per cent of school-boys over twelve or thirteen
smoke cigarettes. A Cambridgeport teacher places

222 TOBACCO.

the age between eight and fifteen, and gives the
results of his efforts against the evil. Out of three
hundred and fifty boys, he induced all but thirty
to sign a total-abstinence pledge for the year ; and
of these, fifty per cent kept their pledge.

In the Latin School, one half of the upper classes
are smokers, many of them with the concurrence
of their parents. While a number of teachers do
all they can to banish tobacco from the schools,
the ignorance and indifference on the part of
parents, with the smoking example of some of
them and also of a portion of the teachers, are
almost insuperable hindrances to a thorough re-
form.

In Barnard's Journal of Education, ten cities
are named, among which are Chicago, New Orleans,
San Francisco, and Washington, in which the use
of tobacco during school-hours or in school-rooms
is forbidden to both teachers and pupils.

In Germany, the Minister of Public Instruction
has addressed a circular to the directors of all the
Gymnasia (higher classical schools), in which he
condemns in the strongest terms the practice of
smoking ; and students of these institutions have
been officially forbidden smoking in the streets.
And this in the very land of smokers !

The principal of Phillips Academy, at Exeter,
N. H., issued a circular to the parents of his stu-
dents, desiring their view as to the prohibition
of the weed, and received answers in favor of
this from quite a number of them.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 223

The trustees of Williston Seminary, Easthamp-
ton, Mass., have passed the following vote : " No
member of the school shall be allowed to use
tobacco, unless he bring a statement in writing
from his parent or guardian that he does it with
his approval." In a letter, speaking of this cir-
cular, Principal Fairbanks says : " Many young
men connected with this institution have been
injured physically, mentally, and morally by the
use of tobacco. At present, very few use it, and
only those who have the written consent of parents
or guardians. We shall enforce the prohibition
more strictly from year to year."

Principal Bancroft, of Phillips Academy, An-
dover, Mass., writes that in reply to a similar
circular sent to parents, guardians, school-officers,
and physicians, he received " a hundred and forty-
seven replies, not one of them approving the use
of tobacco by boys." He goes on to say: "To-
bacco is the bane of our schools and colleges, and
increasingly so. Teachers who have given any
attention to the subject agree that boys go down
under its use in scholarship, in self-respect, in
self-control. It takes oft' the fine edge of the
mind, injures the manners, and dulls the moral
senses. School disorders are always rank with
the fumes of tobacco. We can select the boys
who smoke heavily by a certain hesitation in an-
swering questions, by a peculiar huskiness of
voice, by a dulness of complexion, by a tremor of
the hand.

224 TOBACCO.

w Boys learn to smoke because it is a habit of
our times ; because it is sanctioned by the practice
of many eminent men in all the walks of life, —
some of them intellectual leaders of the age ;
because literature, art, and song have been satu-
rated with the fragrance of the choicest tobacco,
till it affects the taste, as well as appetite. Gen.
Grant's smoking is the boy's answer to many an
appeal in this country, as the Prince of Wales's
smoking is in England. I have had under mv
charge a boy who could reply to my argument on
the ground of health, 'My physician smokes ; ' on
the ground of morals, f My minister smokes : ' on
the ground of hi^h-breedinsf, 'My father smokes.'

" Parents are surprisingly ignorant of the habits
of their boys in this regard, surprisingly helpless
when they find their sons using tobacco, or sur-
prisingly timid, and criminally indifferent.

" The tobacco-reform must begin in the enliofht-
ened conscience. A habit which destroys or
enfeebles the physical powers, which affects the
whole nervous system, and thus reaches the will
and the moral character, is a sin,

" It is specially important that parents, preachers,
and all others whom boys propose to themselves
as models of deportment, honor, and usefulness,
should themselves be exemplary. I would not
have a teacher here who used tobacco, or sympa-
thized with those who do."

Prof. William Stephens, of Philadelphia, has
caused to be pasted on the inside of every text-

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 225

book used in his school a brief printed statement
of the physical and mental diseases produced in
the young by tobacco. That it is high time for
such information to be diffused, we learn, from his
alarming statement that of the fifty thousand pupils
of the city a large majority use tobacco, the
habit having rapidly increased since the introduc-
tion of the cigarette.

" A Williams student reports that the greater
part of his class, on entering college, did not
smoke, but that, on graduating, the larger majority
had become smokers. They had in tutors and pro-
fessors the example ; why not follow it?"

In Oberlin, in marked contrast with this tolera-
tion, no professor or teacher is employed who uses
tobacco, and it is strictly prohibited in the college.

If a student uses it surreptitiously he is expelled ;
if he frankly states to the Faculty that he cannot
give it up, he receives what is called an honorable
dismission, accompanied with a statement of the
reason for this dismission, — which, being inter-
preted, is, that he is in bondage to tobacco. The
sentiment of the town is in accordance with this
course, and at one time, when the tobacco-habit
seemed on the increase, an enthusiastic meeting was
held to take measures against it. After dwelling
on the injurious influences, physical, mental, and
moral, a resolution was adopted that pastors be
requested to preach on the subject from time to
time, and that a committee be appointed to visit
those engaged in its sale, urging them to desist,

226 TOBACCO.

and to devise means for putting an end to the use
and the traffic.

Anions the terms of admission to the Training-
School for Boys, at Oxford, Ohio, is found printed
in Italics : —

" jyb pupil wiU be received into the boarding
hall who uses tobacco in any form.1"

This condition was made in the face of public
sentiment, and with the probability of its dimin-
ishing the numbers ; but it is winning its way, as
right, in the long run, must ever do.

In the advertising columns of the Washington
Star appears the following : " The prayers of God's
people are most earnestly requested for the
thorough purification of a young church, whose
pastor and officers are inveterate tobacco-users,
much against the wishes of its members/'

In Xew York and Brooklyn the evil is felt to be
so great that petitions have been circulated, asking
for a statute law prohibiting the sale of tobacco to
minors.

As we have already seen, tobacco is forbidden
in the Naval School at Annapolis. There is the
same prohibition at Girard College, while at Cor-
nell many of the students have voluntarily signed
a pledge of abstinence. At West Point, the pro-
hibition which had been recommended by the
trustees is carried into effect by the order of
Lincoln, Secretary of War.

At one of the annual meetings of an English
anti-tobacco society the chairman stated that they

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 227

had met, in the name of science, humanity, and
Christianity, to enter their most solemn protest
against the growing use of tobacco. The following

COO o

resolution was moved by Dr. Edmunds, of Lon-
don : —

"That this meeting, impressed with a deep con-
viction of the physical, mental, and moral evils
resulting from the use of tobacco, and regarding
with a profound alarm and apprehension the
rapidly extending habit of smoking amongst the
youth of our country, calls upon parents, Sunday-
School teachers, members and ministers of Chris-
tian churches, and all true patriots and philanthro-
pists to discountenance the practice to the utmost,
both by precept and example."

At Exeter Hall, London, a National Society for
the Suppression of Juvenile Smoking has been
founded ; Dr. B. W. Richardson being elected
honorary president, and the Hon. Arthur Kinnaird
treasurer.

HEATHEN EXAMPLES.

Now, how do we find it when the heathen come
under the power of the Gospel ? Do their native
preachers and teachers and deacons continue this
indulgence? So far from this, the Christian senti-
ment is strongly against tobacco.

As an evidence of the sincerity of Indian con-
verts in Idaho, it is said that, though devoted to
the pipe, growing up with it in their mouths, yet
on being converted, with the laying aside of paint,
they also lay aside their pipe.

228 TOBACCO.

At Ponape, in the Caroline Islands, more than
half the church members, who had smoked all
their lives, had given it up. In other islands of
Micronesia, where, a few years ago, every one
used tobacco, at the present time, of eight hundred
and thirty Christians not a single one now makes
use of it.

Dr. Coan states that on his arrival at the Ha-
waiian Islands in 1835, the missionaries were de-
bating the tobacco question. Some argued for
strong decisive measures, and others for a moder-
ate course, while a small number advised silence,
saying, — M Preach the Gospel and convert the
people, and let these little matters alone." But
unfortunately it was discovered that some of this
class were secret devotees of the weed, while others
did not scruple to take puffs from the pipes of the
native smokers.

Dr. Coan continues : ff During one of my visits
as delegate to the Marquesas Islands, one of our
Hawaiian missionaries there told me that a former
delegate of our mission had made them trouble in
this way. He chewed tobacco secretly, but a keen-
scented Marquesan smelled his breath, and on a cer-
tain occasion, when the delegate walked out, this
savage followed him, and watched for his spitting.
At length it came, and fell on a rock. The savage
waited a little for the delegate to pass on, then
knelt down and smelt the rock. The secret was
out, and it spread like wildfire among the natives.
They accused our Hawaiian teacher of guile and

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 229

inconsistency in teaching them to abandon tobacco
while our own ministers used it. And the mission-
aries in those islands begged of me to see that no
more tobacco-consumers be sent them as dele-
gates."

This honored missionary, now gone up to his
reward, relates that in his labors among the people
of Hilo and Puna, he "was careful, in illustrating
the commands and prohibitions of the law and
Gospel, to be specific, and so to illustrate as to
make their untutored minds understand what was
right and wrong in heart and act. Our people
must be told how to catch the little foxes." The
result on the tobacco question was that hundreds of
little patches of the weed were rooted up and des-
troyed ; thousands of pipes were smashed or
burned. And it is probable that ten thousand na-
tives of this parish have promised to let the poison
alone. Some played the hypocrite, of course ;
others forsook it for a season, and, like many of
our educated clergymen and other professed Chris-
tians, returned to it when appetite overpowered
resolution. But many thousands of our church
members held out to the last, and were faithful to
their vows until death. Numbers are still living,
and they are our most reliable men in all that is
good.

" But the great increase of example on the part
of smoking and chewing clergymen and lay pro-
fessors from other countries is demoralizing this
generation of Hawaiians, rendering church disci-

230 TOBACCO.

pline difficult, our labors hard, and the simple
practical truths of the gospel of little effect among
the lovers of pleasure."

A Baptist missionary in India, writing of the
interest in the mission work by the native helpers,
states that they have resolved to abandon tobacco
and the betel nut, which has a similar effect, and
to give the money thus saved to the good cause.
Why not send some of these converted, sin-renoun-
cing Indians and South Sea Islanders as mission-
aries to this country, that they may exhort alike all
tobacco-sinners and all tobacco-Christians to cast
their detestable idols to the moles and the bats, and
to consecrate the gold and silver thus redeemed to
the service of the one living and true God ?

CLAIMS OF THE TRADE.

In addition to the clamorous appetite which sets
itself squarely against reform, is another formidable
obstacle, — the greed of grain, or, as some put it,
and it may be honestly, the claims of a family de-
pendent for their daily bread on the culture, the
manufacture, or the sale of tobacco. The extent
to which moneyed interests have become involved
in this wretched business appears in the vast
amount expended for the drug throughout the
world, with the immense revenue it brings to the
various governments. The arguments thus result-
ing for the continuance of the traffic are only too
familiar to those who have fought in our anti-slav-
ery and our temperance battles.

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 231

Dr. Johnson was once remonstrating with a man
engaged in some occupation which he confessed to
be wrong. The man excused himself by the com-
mon plea : " But I must live, sir," when the
sturdy doctor rejoined, "I don't know that that
is necessary."

K Fear to endanger your craft," the wholesale
and retail distribution of poison ! If those medi-
cal and scientific men who assert that " Indulgence
in narcotic luxuries is the great highway to the
grave" have uttered the truth, then let all such
crafts sink to the bottom of the sea ! If your plea
of necessity is a true one, then, better live and die
in poverty, or trust to God's ravens, than to thrive
by poisoning your fellow men. Besides you can-
not wrong your neighbor without reaping, sooner
or later, a bitter harvest. To commit a doubtful
act injures the doer as really as the receiver ; to
sanction an admitted wrong will in* some way
bring you incalculable harm.

Put your commercial interests, as you call them,
into one scale, and the welfare of the community
into the other. How is it with your end of the bal-
ance ? Do not reason and conscience make your
path plain ? What if you should resolve that not
for another day will you curse the ground with
the growth of the rank poison ; that you will never
manufacture, that you will never sell, another ounce
of it?

232 TOBACCO.

HELPFUL SUGGESTIONS.

A miserable tobacco-slave, who had tried again
and again to break his fetters, but in vain, ex-
claimed in his despair, " Tobacco is killing me by
inches, and yet I cannot help using it." And it
did kill him.

For such persons, with energies so sapped by
the narcotic that they have neither grit nor grace
for the breaking of their yoke, the best plan would
seem to be a retreat where this insidious foe could
be effectually excluded. Said a Boston man : "The
tobacco-disease is the great disease of our times,
and the most difficult to cure. I will give land
worth a thousand dollars towards an institution for
the cure of tobacco-victims."

I have recently heard of the bondage being bro-
ken by animal magnetism. Dr. Dodge, the well-
known magnetic healer at Riverside Institution,
Hamilton, 111. tells me that he has produced with
some inveterate users of the weed, an utter loath-
ing of it, and that this loathing is not a mere
transient mood, but an abiding condition, so that
the result is total abstinence, unless the enfran-
chised slave chooses, by the same process as in the
beginning, once more to come under the tyrant's
yoke.

For one who has no magnetic opportunities, but
is willing to enter on a warfare against this appe-
tite, there is a right physical as well as mental and
moral treatment. The dreadful poison has wrought

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 233

itself into the system, and induced a diseased con-
dition. And to meet this condition, common-sense
dictates hygienic treatment. To overcome the
tobacco-habit, plain and easily digested food is
strongly recommended, with abstinence from all
spices and condiments and every stimulating article.
In addition frequent packs or baths are helpful.
The baths may be Russian or Turkish, or, if these
cannot be secured, an old-fashioned vapor-bath.
But in all this, one must keep the will at the helm;
he must not for a single moment let go the resolve to
conquer, or the effort will result in a miserable
failure.

There are some who maintain that all which is
needful in order to break from this bondage is the
determination and backbone to carry it out.

In reference to this, Dr. Ringland, of the River-
side Institute, to which allusion has been made,
writes : " While it is true that will-power — "back-
bone ' — is the essential quality in overcoming
the habit, we cannot overlook the fact that the
giving up tobacco causes a disturbance of the vital
forces which may properly be treated with reme-
dial measures.

"The use of tobacco induces many chronic affec-
tions ; the disuse of it, one acute affection, The
former may be for life, the latter for a few days
only. There are none who cannot overcome the
habit if they will recognize the condition induced
by the giving it up as one of disease, and submit
to treatment accordingly.

234 TOBACCO.

"If the will is stronger than the appetite, the
man, unaided by any treatment, can overcome it ;
but if the Avill has become so weakened that appe-
tite is the more powerful, the subject yields his
will and appetite prevails.

"By the long use of tobacco we have, in the
smoker or chewer, a system saturated with the
poison ; and when he ceases to use it, the nerves
become excited, because they are deprived of their
accustomed stimulus. To meet this want, the
system is drawn upon to give forth the latent to-
bacco that has become deposited in the tissues
throughout the body. In this effort, it is aroused
to intense action. The supply failing to satisfy the
demand, a fever ensues, and a nervous craving
that dominates the whole being.

"What we wish to do is to allay the feverish
condition by eliminating the poison, and, by build-
ing up the nervous system, to render its action
normal, and quiet its cravings.

" To accomplish the first, packing in wet sheets,
or warm bathing that will induce perspiration are
speedy and effective methods. To prove that
poison can be eliminated from the body, we may
experiment upon one who has for some weeks been
using the tincture of iron. Let him be packed
several times in a wet sheet, and this tincture will
be drawn through the pores, so that the sheet will
actually begin to rot away.

" A warm bath at bedtime, for a few da}^s,
followed by a brisk rubbing and the drinking of

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 235

hot lemonade, will make the battle with the habit
comparatively easy. During the day, whenever
the craving becomes intense, two or three swallows
of strong, cold lemonade will allay it. If the man
be going from home, let him carry a supply with
him for the time of need. The acid of lemons is
one of the best antidotes for this and many other
poisons."

Medical men who have had large experience in
this matter, declare that instant emancipation is
entirely safe. Says Dr. Kirkbride : " I have never
seen the slightest injury result from the immediate
and total breaking oft* the habit of using tobacco,
and the experience of this hospital is a large one
in this particular."

Another physician writes : " The struggle of
the sufferer may be terrible — he may even feel
like death. But there is no danger of dying ;
such a result has never yet happened. Though
the pain and misery are intense, their duration is
short, and, when once over the bridge that spans
the great chasm of reaction, the smoker or chewer
can raise his voice and shout : — f I am purged of
the vile weed; I am free; I am clean; and as
long as I live , I will continue to be so.' "

But the world is not yet without men who have
had " backbone " enough to conquer the habit by
sheer will. The head of the eminent house which
has electrotyped this work was thirty-five years
ago a chewer of tobacco. He left that oft* at the
advice of John Quincy Adams, but still smoked.

236 TOBACCO.

Twenty-five years ago he lighted his last cigar,
and, at the dictate of his own conscience, threw it
away unsmoked. The hope of humanity is in such
men, who, victorious over their own vices, lead
the young safely into paths where all temptations
to slow suicide cease to be attractive. Xo men
more than the ex-slaves are destined to prize
liberty, and especially if they have won it for
themselves.

I cannot better close this chapter than in the fol-
lowing earnest words by that untiring soldier in this
warfare, President John Bascom, D.D., L.L.D. :

"Many sages in various forms of philosophy,
many saints in diverse phases of faith, have in-
sisted on the conflict between lower and higher
impulses in man, between the flesh and the spirit.
"We have some additional wisdom as to the best
method of stilling this strife , as to the way in which
the two sets ot powers are to find their union in
higher forms of work ; but the strife itself remains
an early and unavoidable fact in moral and spirit-
ual life. The trio of evil influences in Christianity
is still the world, tlie flesh, and the devil. Cer-
tainly the use of tobacco belongs on the wrong side
of this enduring struggle into which we all enter
singly and collectively. It belongs to the flesh,
and smacks, at times, of both the other two. This
habit gains ground at the expense of emotional
refinement and spiritual force.

" There is scarcely a smoker to be found that
does not, at some time, in a careless way, put

MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 237

upon others the discomfort of his habit. How can
it be otherwise? He is driven by an exacting
demand, whose disagreeable effects are very much
hidden from him. The smoker loses the power to
see himself as others see him. If those wno use
tobacco were decidedly in the minority, the habit
would be thought to be a strange, outlandish, out-
rageous perversion of the decorum of life, and, in
its open indulgence, a surprising trespass on good
taste and delicate consideration. I thinK we shall
see this to be so if we consider the effect the habit
of chewing, or smoking even, would have on our
estimate of a refined woman. The union is almost
an impossibility. Yet there is nothing but the
nature of the habit that renders the use of tobacco
unfit in a woman. It is superior purity and refine-
ment only that banish it from such a presence.

" We have something of this feeling, though un-
fortunately in a much less degree, in connection
with the most noble-minded and venerable men.
Veneration is weakened by this indulgence. The
very mildest word we can apply to it is that of in-
dulgence , and the earthly appetite carries an earth-
ly odor with it wherever it extends. Old age casts
no glamour over habits, but leaves them to stand
on their own merits. The infirm old man who
must n^eds have his snuff-box, or tobacco-box, or
pipe, is a less agreeable inmate of any home than
he otherwise would be. His better nature does
not ascend heavenward in and by this smoke of

238 TOBACCO.

sacrifice, but out of it, and in spite of it, if it ascends
at all. Age should purge away the grossness of
the flesh, should stand on tiptoe in the physical
world, and, like a bursting chrysalis, hold the
wings of faith astir. The best that can be said
for tobacco under such conditions is, that it is the
expiring appetite of an expiring body ; one not
held in subjection by the spirit, but one that has
subjected the spirit to itself. The only fortune
that remains to such a one is the fortune of escap-
ing from himself. We can conceive of no refining
process, that fits one as pure gold for a New
Jerusalem, that would not quickly, at the very
outset, refine away this habit. The Kiver of Life
does not flow through a tobacco field."

TOBACCO INDICTED AND TRIED.

INDICTMENT.

It is a formidable indictment that has been
brought against tobacco, but I have sought to sus-
tain every point by evidence from trustworthy wit-
nesses, many of them entirely outside of any reform
movement.

It has been shown what a fearful expenditure of
time and money is involved in the use of this nar-
cotic ; what an interminable train of physical and
intellectual evils follows in its path ; how it some-
times destroys the liner sentiments and lowers the
whole tone of a man's character, rendering him
inconsiderate, selfish, and discourteous ; how it
tends to unman and annualize, if not to brutalize.

But worse than this is the deep injury it inflicts
on the moral and spiritual nature, planting in the
system an appetite which not only renders its vic-
tim obtuse in his nicer perceptions, but which
deadens his conscience, cuts the sinews of his will,
and bears him irresistibly onward in a course of
vicious indulgence, over-riding reason, charity,
love for wife and children, and whatever else would

239

240 TOBACCO

stay its progress, and, more dreadful still, trans-
mitting a heritage of physical and mental disease
even to the third and fourth Generation.

Certain I am that in all the light which science
and medicine, experience and observation, have
cast upon its character, the cases are exceedingly
rare in which an intelligent tobacco-victim is not
sometimes disturbed by doubts as to the rightful-
ness of the indulgence. Think, then, of the injury
to his moral nature from persistence in it !

The shutting one's eyes against overwhelming
evidence, the poor attempts at justification — who
has not witnessed all this? And even where the
admission of wrong is clear and abundant, how
many fail in their endeavors to reform ! " There
is probably no tobacco-user in the world,"*
writes Beecher, w who would advise a young man
to commence this habit. Yet against all advice,
against nausea and disgust, against cleanliness,
against every consideration of health and comfort,
thousands every year bow the neck to this drug,
and consent to wear its repulsive yoke."

The question presses : How shall we stem,
if we cannot turn the mighty current? Shall we
petition Congress to pass laws for abating this
nuisance?

But are not many of our wise men and our
honorables in both houses in complicity with it?
Are they not themselves helping to swell the
current? Seeing that tobacco-users form the
great majority of voters in both parties in this

INDICTED AND TRIED. 241

republic, and that non-smoking men are hardly
ever found in political conventions, of what avail
would be petitions to Congress ?

A writer in the Independent remarks : ff Those
whom we esteem and love share in the indulgence.
Our theological seminaries are scarcely cleaner
than our colleges . . . and as for the lawyers and
politicians, one is under suspicion of being ascetic,
mean, or somehow unfinished, if he does not
smoke. We know of some districts where a man
could not be elected to Congress if it were thor-
oughly known that he disapproved of the use of
tobacco in any form."

A strong indication of the prevalent feeling is
contained in the Report, December 1884, of Hugh
McCulloch, Secretary of the Treasury. Here is a
passage : —

"An article which is so generally used as tobacco,
and which adds so much to the comfort of the large
numbers of our population who earn their living
by manual labor, cannot properly be considered
a luxury, and as the collection of the tax is ex-
pensive and troublesome to the Government, and
is especially obnoxious and irritative to small
manufacturers, the tax upon tobacco should, in my
judgment, be removed."

In view of such a proposal from so high a source
— a proposal that entirely ignores moral consider-
ations— we might well despair, did we not know
that, in the days of our fathers, whiskey was not-
regarded as a luxury, but as a necessary of life,

2i2 TOBACCO

especially for laboring men. And now, as the
Secretary of the Treasury goes on to say, "The
tax upon whiskey could not be repealed without
a disregard of public sentiment."

But how shall we bring about a similar change
in public sentiment concerning this poisonous drug?

Shall we implore the pulpit and the press to cry
aloud and spare not ? Thank God for all that has
been done and is now doimx ! Thanks for that
fearless champion, George Trask, who fought
single-handed till he went up to take his crown !

The pulpit and the press ! The authorized re-
bukers of wrong, the creators of public sentiment !
Sorry am I to be obliged to admit that so many of
the moral and religious leaders in the land, — the
sJtould-be besiegers in this warfare, — are them-
selves among the besieged, that it is considered
too delicate a subject to be dealt with uncompro-
misingly. One is permitted to walk softly round
about it, and to touch it very carefully ; but no
sword must be lifted, lest blood be drawn ; no
gun fired, lest somebody chance to get hurt. And
all this trembling solicitude lest, forsooth, it might
possibly reflect on many excellent Christians, in-
cluding not a few ministers, elders, and deacons,
and thus injure their influence ! But does our
Book of books set an example in favor of such
delicate approaches? Does it hesitate to make
unsparing comments on the most saintly sinners?
Not so do we read it.

INDICTED AND TRIED. 243

OBJECTORS SUMMONED.

" But the appetite is so imperious."

No one can deny this. Its clamorings are more
urgent than those even of hunger and thirst. Neal
Dow relates that when Pumpelly, in his tour round
the world, found himself and others in a great
desert without food or water, they sent off men
after supplies. And for what did these famishing
sufferers beg, as they hastened to meet the return-
ing messengers ? "Food? We were almost starving.
Drink? We were almost perishing with thirst.
No, we asked for no food, for no drink, but for
tobacco."

While on the Pacific, the vessel went down.
Pumpelly relates that as the life-boat, his last
chance for preservation, was getting off, he be-
thought him of his cigars, and rushed below to
seize them, adding coolly, " People who smoke will
understand why 1 was ready and willing to risk
my life for a few cigars"

Yea, verily, the appetite is "imperious." It is
a tyrant whose dominion is absolute. All the
more reason, then, why it should be trampled
under foot. Unless you set upon the tempter
your iron heel, it may strike its fangs through
body and soul.

" With all your assertions and facts as to the
injurious influence of tobacco, smokers sometimes
attain a great age."

Simply quoting the adage that "one swallow

244 TOBACCO

does n't make a summer," I will refer to George
Trask's disposal of this same plea, when the ease
was brought up of a great smoker who lived till
he was a hundred and four. After making several
inquiries, he summed them up : ff In a word, did
he love anybody, or hate anybody, dead or alive.
in this world or in any world?" "I think not."
"Well, well, your old man died fifty years ago,
and your only mistake was that you did n't bury
him."

An eminent physician remarks that although,
owing to the wonderful power of toleration in the
S3'stem, there are occasional instances of long life
among tobacco-users, as among drinking men and
opium-eaters, yet it is, with rare exceptions, only
a dragging, half-and-half life, the natural and
moral forces being greatly diminished.

There are good men, and men wise in most mat-
ters, who say : " Tobacco belongs to the same
category as tea and coffee, sweetmeats and confec-
tionery, which are to be taken with discretion.
When thus used, and in a manner gentlemanly
and Christian, its use is fitting and proper."

Xow let the examples of this discreet, gentle-
manly, and Christian use be given, and that so
plainly that there shall be no mistake, — examples
by which no religious principle is violated, no
fellow-mortal harmed or annoyed, least of all, one's
neighbor, or friend, or bosom-companion.

But, for argument's sake, granting this immacu-
late method, how about those abundant testimonies

JXDICTED AND TRIED. 245

of medical and scientific men to its injurious effects
on body and mind ? Can it be doubted that every
candid man, however inveterate his habit, would
be led by a thorough examination to the one con-
clusion? Benjamin Franklin affirms that "he
never knew a person who used tobacco habitually
that would recommend another to do the same."

A young man tells me that when a boy he was
made so sick by his first and second cigars that he
desisted from farther attempts ; and that, some
years later, on expressing to his smoking com-
panions his regret that he did not persevere till he
had conquered his repugnance, they replied,
f* Don't talk so ; for, on our part, we thoroughly
regret that we did persevere."

Does the victim plead, " I smoke but little, not
enough to harm me any, and I can break off at
any time ? "

My friend, you have little idea how completely
tobacco is robbing you of your power. You can
break off at any time? Then, if you are a wise
man, you will do it instantly, else the sly enchant-
ress may bring you into a bondage where you
can't break off.

M I, surely, cannot be called a smoker; fori in-
dulge in a cigar only on rare occasions, such as in
vacations or on Christmas and other red-letter
days."

Just enough to temporize with conscience, and
utterly to nullify any good influence on the subject
which you might otherwise exert. An eminent

246 TOBACCO

and popular divine, who entirely repudiates all
narcotic stimulants while engaged in his minis-
terial duties, frankly admits that when off duty he
now and then smokes a cigar. It may seem pre-
sumption in me to comment on this apparent
inconsistency in so devoted a pastor and so excel-
lent a man, especially as it is claimed that such an
example illustrates the power of self-government.
But would not the entire subjugation of this habit
show a far higher degree of self-government? So
conscientious is this divine, that I verily believe,
if he would look on all sides of the question, he
would no longer stand on dubious ground, but
would place himself in the sight of all men in the
most uncompromising attitude towards the tobacco
habit.

"But the poverty-stricken in our almshouses,
and the criminals in our jails, prisons, and peniten-
tiaries, ought not to be deprived of this comfort.
Even some of their overseers approve its use,
believing, under the circumstances, that it is a
preventive to a worse demoralization."

Is tobacco, then, to be regarded as an indis-
pensable in such institutions, not a few of whose
inmates it has been, more or less directly, the
means of brinofinor there? And is this deteriorating
luxury to be furnished them at the expense of the
industrious and the law-abiding? The inmates
need every possible reformatory influence that can
be brought to bear upon them. Is this such an
influence ?

INDICTED AND TRIED. 247

r< We plead for the poor sailor in his isolation
from the world. By all means, let him retain his
tobacco."

The surroundings of sailors are sufficiently un-
favorable to mental and moral growth without
unnecessary additions. There is a tendency to
sluggishness in the monotony of sea-life, which
needs to be resisted rather than strengthened.
Shall the sailor, then, be encouraged to use a nar-
cotic which aggravates the difficulty he constantly
encounters ? Though he has the broad ocean for
a quarantine, and can use tobacco with less annoy-
ance to others and less peril to himself than any
other class, shall we not make every effort to free
him from the bondage of this appetite, and to
devise some resource which, instead of benumbing
the faculties and killing all ambition, shall arouse
and stimulate?

In some of our boarding-schools for boys, we no
sooner enter the hall door than we are startled by
the sickening fumes which rush forth. So sur-
prised are we that we can scarcely gather voice
to speak. The boys are evidently learning some
things on which we little reckoned, and from a
most unexpected quarter. And you, a gentleman,
a Christian, perhaps, to whose care a confiding
mother has trusted, it may be, her only boy ; you,
whom he is accustomed to look up to as his model,
are giving him, by your example, his first lesson
in this vice ! You surely have not considered how
harmful it has proved to the young, so much so

US TOBACCO

that by decree of certain governments, not over apt
to magnify moral issues, tobacco in every form has
been forbidden in their national institutions.

M But my pupils are girls or young women, and
my smoking cannot injure them."

So be it, if to lessen their respect, and to make
your presence an offence to them — yes, and a posi-
tive harm, — if in this there is no injury. And
what of the example to their brothers ? Let us not
deceive ourselves in such matters. The young
folks are better logicians than we fancy. What is
right for the elder people, they argue, cannot be
wrong for the younger.

One of the most-needed lessons for the children
of this free and easy generation is that of unswerv-
ing loyalty to principle. If we would have men
and women of character and stability, we must
have children and youth who can say No, and say
it emphatically and persistently. They must learn
that every violation of law, whether physical, in-
tellectual, or moral, is sure to be followed, sooner
or later, by its inevitable penalty. To all the
enervating self-indulgences, the doubtful practices
to which they are continually tempted, they should
form the habit of giving an instant and imperative
denial. Let us have an army of young people
thus trained, and the tobacco-warfare will be suc-
cessfully waged.

INDICTED AND TRIED. 249

PLEA WITH WOMAN.

Writes Kev. Dr. Brand of Oberlin : " When
young ladies fully commit themselves against any
social and degrading custom, especially among
young men, that custom will begin to disappear.
Woman certainly has the right, among many other
things, to noble companionship and pure air, and
it would be a very encouraging sign to see her
assert it."

A woman's crusade would be a more hopeful
movement than anything which could possibly be
devised. Mention has been made of the Massa-
chusetts ordinance prohibiting the use of tobacco
at the polls. One of the law-makers who worked
for this bill writes : ff The inspiration for the act
came from woman. And, as in all other matters
when woman speaks, she does it on the side of the
refining and elevating influences of life."

All admit that woman has much to do in fixing
the moral tone of society. By every consideration,
then, financial, hygienic, aesthetic, mental, and
moral, all which are ignored, and, to a greater or
less extent, violated by the habit, — women, who,
on account of it, suffer as but few imagine, are
called upon to give the whole weight of their in-
fluence, singly and collectively, against it. If they
raise their banner, and in the name of God under-
take the war, they cannot fail to batter down this
grim Moloch past all resurrection.

250 TOBACCO

TOBACCO BATTLES.

Desperate as may seem the undertaking, there is
room for hope, — sometimes, even, when the case
seems darkest. Many years ago there was a grad-
uate of Andover Theological Seminary who was
unusually popular and successful in his ministry
for two or three years, and then broke down. He
soon became a violent maniac, and was sent to an
insane asylum. Xo one divined that the cause of
this wreck was tobacco, or, if this was suspected,
strangely enough, he was still allowed to use it.
There, in his prison-house, champing tobacco day
and night, he paced up and down for twenty years,
cursing himself, his wife, and his children, and
dealing " damnation round the land." One day,
while thus walking back and forth, he stopped
abruptly and asked himself, ft What brought me
here ? Tobacco," he exclaimed indignantly. Then,
breaking into tears, he flung through the grating
his vile plug, and, looking up to heaven, cried, "O
God, help, help ! I will use no more."

God listened to his agonized entreaty, and out
of the heavens reached down to him a delivering
hand. With the dropping of his poison his reason
and health gradually returned, and he re-entered
the ministry, in which he labored earnestly for ten
years, when, with the respect and affection of all,
he went into the better world.

It may not be out of place to quote the substance

INDICTED AND TRIED. 251

of a letter I once received from a clergyman who
has passed into the other life, simply explaining
that the subject had often been urged upon him
while he was a theological student : —

" I have left off smoking. I indulged in it till I
was thoroughly convinced that it was not only op-
posed to the fine socialities of life, but that it was
detrimental to health, befooling to the intellect, and

' CO o '

stupefying to the sensibilities. I will give you a
few details of its moral bearings : —

w f If meat make my brother to offend, I will eat
no flesh while the world standeth.' A very prac-
tical text ; but I was a smoker, and that habit was
opposed to the best Christian sense of my brethren,
and even by many who were not Christians was
regarded as a vice. I must waive that subject, lest
my people say, f Physician, heal thyself.'

" I wanted to preach upon the duty of self-denial
— a duty which needs often to be urged ; but the
idea of a smoker preaching such a sermon was
simply ridiculous. That must be delayed, then.

"The subject of temperance came up. I felt
that I ought to preach upon it ; but I could find
no sound premise from which to reason that was
not destructive to my peace as a smoker.

" I wished to preach on benevolence — saving the
littles for Christ ; but my cigar bill faced me.

M It was my daily prayer that God would cleanse
my heart from sin. Conscience would whisper :
Smohirig is sin.

* I wanted to visit my people. Both my clothes

252 TOBACCO

and my breath indicated that I had been smoking.
I had a little rather they would not know it ; be-
sides, it might be offensive to them. I must stay
at home.

" I needed two or three hours of vigorous exer-
cise ; but I smoked after each meal, and an hour
and a half or two hours were gone. A good
smoke requires an hour. I had no time for exer-
cise, and I soon got so it was irksome ; in fine, I
grew lazy.

" But I forbear. I don't know how others get
along with these daily experiences ; but I could
endure them no longer, and I am no longer a
smoker. I relate these experiences because I know
you have a disposition to trouble people's con-
sciences about this sin ; but a sinner knows best
how a sinner feels, and the above items may help
you. Besides, I owe you this confession as an
evidence of approval of your efforts and arguments
for my reform in this matter."

Dr. Henson's experience, as related by himself,
is most encouraging as well as instructive. He
had long been in trouble on account of his tobacco-
habit, having a sense of personal defilement, and
realizing the possibility of coming to "such a pass
of palpable filthiness " as some others whom he had
observed. And along with this, he says, K came the
conviction that tobacco-using was against nature;
and seeing that God is the God of nature as well
as grace, I could not help feeling that in running
against nature, I was running against not it only,

INDICTED AND TREED. 253

but Him; and this, I was persuaded, was not a
thing to be safely done ; for, however slowly God's
mills grind, * they grind exceeding small,' and
sooner or later, as sure as we live, they will grind
exactly all. . .1 could not urge my people to f lay
apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughti-
ness,' while the traces of such superfluity were dis-
coverable in my breath and on my body. I could
not insist that they should ' keep the body under,'
if my body kept me under.

" More and more imperious grew the demands
of an appetite that finally became impatient of
almost any intermission in its accustomed gratifica-
tion. . . . I endeavored to persuade myself that the
Lord did not concern himself about such a trivial
matter, and said to myself, f Is it not a little one,
and my soul shall live ? ' But I had preached from
that text too often, and to too many just such sin-
ners as myself, to extract much comfort out of it.
I remembered that Scripture, f He that eateth is
damned if he doubt ; ' and I more than doubted,
and so was involved in danger.

" Then I deliberately, solemnly, prayerfully de-
termined, God helping me, to have done with
tobacco at once and forever.

" It was just a question, and one of exceeding grav-
ity, as to the possible consequences of so sudden and
complete a revolution in the whole habits of my life.
But having decided that it was the Christian thing
for me to do, there was nothing left but to do it,
trusting Him for whose sake I did it to take care

254 TOBACCO

of all the consequences. And He did, in the most
surprising and beautiful way.

" I could no more have made a sermon than 1
could have built a locomotive. And this continued
for five weeks, in which I was wrapped in f an horror
of great darkness, and the very hair of my flesh
stood up.'

" At length my mind, long eclipsed, came out like
the moon when it has swept past the shadow . . .
and if my whole life-work is not being better done
and upon a higher plane, as I hope it is, I have a
f comfort in my conscience ' which is to me of in-
calculable value."

FIXAL APPEAL.

The Levites were required to be thoroughly clean
and pure. And even among the lamas, or priests,
the rules of Buddha strictly interdicted the use
of tobacco. Shall the Christian priesthood be
behind the Levitical or the Buddhist ? Shall that
be allowed in our churches which would not for
one moment have been tolerated in Jewish, Chinese,
or Indian temples ?

It were blasphemous to imagine the Master and
his disciples chewing or smoking, as they sat to-
gether on the mountain's side or sailed over Lake
Gennesaret, or passed from the Supper to the
Garden. Who does not shudder at the bare thought,
inveterate chewer or smoker though he be !

And must we have tobacco-chewers in the Lord's
house ! Spittoons in the pews and in the pulpit —

INDICTED AND TRIED. 255

a dreadful need-be, or else what is far worse? Oh
for some Divine purifying hand that with its scourge
of small cords shall drive from the sanctuary all
these incongruous, uncleanly sights and smells !
Oh for a breath from the heavenly heights that
shall lead every Christian, whether minister or lay-
man, to wash his hands and cleanse his garments
in innocency of this habit !

"It would be a sweet and blessed thing," writes
one, " if, in addition to all a man's positive works
of good in life, he could say, when he comes to die,
1 I have not consciously done a single thing, in
eating or drinking or pleasure, that I thought had
a tendency to mislead or stumble to their destruc-
tion, any of those around me !' "

This tobacco problem is truly appalling. From
the rapid increase of the evil ; from its prevalence
among all classes ; above all, from the sanction of
men high in position, it is threatening us with
national degeneracy and degradation.

Is it, then, an impertinence for me to make a
respectful, but most urgent appeal to every editor,
philanthropist, and Christian, to every minister
and teacher, to every college and every theo-
logical professor, to every member of a Young
Men's Christian Association, and above all, to
every wife and mother and daughter and sister
in the land, not only that you rid yourselves of
all complicity with this terrible evil, but that,
with downright earnestness and persistence, you
make common cause against it.

APPENDIX.

SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM.

The "Easy Chair" of Harper, February, 1885,
replies to the complaints of " Clarissa " against
gentlemen-smokers. From this reply a passage is
given : —

M And has Clarissa done all her duty ? Has she
plainly apprised those gilded satellites of hers,
1 who wear the garb of gentlemen, and verily be-
lieve themselves to be such,' that they must choose
between her and a cigarette, and that they cannot
simultanously enjoy smoking and her society?
Has she taken occasion to intimate that, in her
opinion, no gentleman, truly so called, smokes in
the street? . . . The problem that Clarissa pro-
pounds can best be solved by her and her friends.
There are classes of offenders, indeed, whose
smoke can be stayed only by stringent laws, vig-
orously enforced. These may be described as
'persons in the form of man.' But that other
large company f who wear the garb of gentlemen '
are amenable to the influences of Clarissa, and
such smoke she and her sister sylphs can suppress "
(The Italics are mine.)

257

258 TOBACCO.

This is an absolute certainty. If woman only
ivill, she can effectually solve the problem. Will
she disregard her responsibilities ?

WHY SHALL NOT YOUNG LADIES SMOKE?

The following is from "The Christian Union" : —
" I wish you would tell me if it is f the thing '
for a young lady to smoke ? My brother Will is
a great smoker, and he has taught me to be very
fond of the aroma of his cigarettes. I think it is
just delicious, and I envy him, oh, so much ! when,
after tea, he sits out on the piazza and smokes his
cigar, and watches the smoke curl away from it
in those beautiful little clouds. I have often
wished I was a man, so that I could smoke. But
Will has always laughed at me. Once he just
let me try one whiff of his cigar, and it was, oh,
so nice ! — nobody was looking, you know. The
other day my cousin Ned was at our house, and he
sa}Ts it is quite 'the thing' for a young lady to
smoke ; that there are cigarettes made just for
them , and that it is all the rage ; and I want
to know if it is so, for if it is f the thins: ' I am going
to smoke too, I don't care what Will says ; for it
is just as nice for a lady as for a gentleman to
smoke, and I don't see any reason why the
gentlemen should have all the nice things ; do
you?"

Young gentlemen, shall your sister, or sweet-
heart, or wife offer up her daily incense with
yours on the altar of your idol ? Why not ?

APPENDIX. 259

A SALUTARY GIFT.

In 1868 Mr. James Sugden of New York city,
gave to the Trustees of Kutgers College, New
Brunswick, the sum of two thousand dollars, the
interest to be used for the purchase of books,
which were to be divided among the senior class
in the Theological Seminary of the Reformed
Church, who would sign a pledge to abstain for-
ever from the use of tobacco in any form. The
professor to whom this charge was entrusted,
writes : — "I have secured from six to ten pledges
annually, and in many cases from students who had
been in the habit of smoking or chewing, or both.
This fund has the influence to call attention to the
subject, and it has done much to create a public
sentiment against the habit. It may not be entirely
owing to this fund, but it is a fact that. the use of
tobacco grows less year by year among our theo-
logical students, so that whereas formerly nearly
all used it, now nearly all abstain from it."

A NEW VOTARY.

A correspondent of the London Telegraph writes
from Egypt : —

"I have just discovered that my camel is an
inveterate lover of the weed. Let any one smoke
a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in the compound called
stables, and the camel will follow the smoker
about, place his nose close to the burning tobacco,
inhale the fumes with a prolonged sniff, swallow-

260 TOBACCO.

ing the smoke, and then, throwing his head up,
with mouth agape and eyes upturned, showing
the blood-shot whites, will grunt a sigh of ecstasy
that would make the fortune of a low comedian in
a love scene. This is the plain, unvarnished fact,
easy of corroboration. AVhat have the Anti-
Tobacco League to say about it?"

I think they would say that the gradual deterio-
ration of camels is of far less consequence than
that of mankind, and would therefore propose that
all the tobacco the world produces should be sent
for their use, that by their vicarious endurance of
its penalties man might be spared.

ANOTHER ESTHETIC FACT.

In our large cities much of the cut tobacco is
manufactured in mills erected for the purpose.
A good part of the material is gathered from the
sweepings of bar-rooms, streets, and sewers," con-
sisting mainly of cigar stumps and old cuds of
tobacco which have been chewed and cast away.
Conceive the loathsome diseases thus generated !

REPLY TO MATTHEW ARNOLD.

Matthew Arnold's remark about wine-drinking,
that it ff adds to the agreeableness of life, and
therefore to its resources and powers," has by
some been applied to tobacco.

It has been the object of this book to show that
so far as others besides the user are concerned,
tobacco adds to the cZzsa^reeableness of life, and in

APPENDIX. 261

its results, later on, to that of the user also, so
that, instead of adding to, it subtracts from, the
" resources and powers " of life, as well as from its
" agreeableness."

SMOKERS IN THE PEW.

A lady writes : —

" I am hospitably inclined towards strangers in
church, but not long since my hospitality was
severely taxed. We received into our pew a well-
dressed lady and gentleman. I was so sickened
by the tobacco-breath of the latter that I was
obliged to turn my face entirely away from him,
and so from the minister. r Oh,' thought I, f if he
only knew how disgusting he is, would he continue
this?'"

Unfortunately, excluding smokers from one's
pew does not always exclude the tobacco-fumes,
for they bear a free pass and travel where they
list. Nor is the presence of the smoker always
necessary, as garments worn in his home often
bring their accusation against him.

Will not those who think they w cannot " break
from this iron bondage be willing to hold up their
experience as a warning, and thus, perhaps, do
more to deter our youth from this slavery than the
most eloquent anti-tobacco apostle.

If ever there was good and sufficient cause for
woman's righteous indignation, is it not just here?
In the lecture-room, in the concert-hall, in the
opera-house, in the small, plain chapel, in the

262 TOBACCO.

elegant church, in the grand cathedral, she is alike
greeted with that insufferable tobacco-atmosphere.
Sickened thus for a whole evening in some secular
or sacred assembly, she is glad at last to hasten
out as fast as the odor-pervaded crowd will allow.
But even on the street it confronts her, it sur-
rounds her, it pursues her.

One may well be alarmed, not merely at our
social and aesthetic prospects, but for our religion,
nay, for our very civilization.

Think, dear friends, what we have come to !

Tobacco-Christians at a prayer-meeting talking
about self-sacrifice and entire consecration !

Ministers of the pure Gospel spitting tobacco-
juice under the pulpit, and then dispensing the
Word of Life !

Delicate, refined, yea, Christian physicians,
skilful, genial, tender-hearted, yet persistent
transgressors against common courtesy, — know-
ing that to sensitive patients this tobacco-odor is
highly offensive, yet clinging to their idol !

One may talk about his choice, delicately-
perfumed cigars, but to many the smoke, how-
ever disguised, is poison. Besides, staleness
inevitably follows hard after freshness, and stale
tobacco — what words can describe it?

Oh, if gentlemen, whether saints or sinners, —
if gentlemen only knew, would they not forbear,
though it should be cutting off the right hand, or
plucking out the right eye?

APPENDIX. 263

TYRANNY SUPERIOR TO THE RUSSIAN.

As an instance of the tyranny of the despot,
may be related the case of the Russian envoy,
after a court dinner given in Bulgaria in the latter
part of 1884, by Prince Alexander. The rest of
the company having withdrawn, the envoy lin-
gered in the dining-room to enjoy his cigarette,
while chatting with a Russian staff-officer who
was in the Bulgarian service. The court chamber-
lain courteously took the officer aside, and deli-
cately reminded him that there was a smoking
apartment, and that to smoke in the dining-room
was contrary to etiquette. When the officer made
this known to the envoy, he instantly left the
palace in high dudgeon. The next morning, the
prince learning what had happened, hastened to
the envoy to express his regret, and forthwith dis-
missed the chamberlain. Verily, tobacco is king.

The narrator of this event remarks : " I have
heard of various immunities attached to the post of
envoy, but I never heard that they were exempt
from the rules of common politeness." If he had
paused to think, he would have remembered that
tobacco tramples on all such rules without let or
hindrance.

AN ENCOURAGING TOKEN.

The following appeal from the New Orleans
Picayune is an encouraging token : —

" If New Orleans proposes properly to care for

264 TOBACCO.

and treat the thousands of visitors now here at the
Exposition or soon to come, it must abolish, at
least for the period of the great World's Fair, an
abuse which has grown unbearable here during the
past few years — the smoking cars. In the name
of visiting thousands, in the name of health, of
common politeness and common decency, we ask
for a suspension of smoking in the street cars of
this city, at least during the Exposition, and we
confidently ask the support of the ladies and gen-
tlemen of New Orleans in this much-needed
reform."

FROM DR. W. WALLACE XIMS, OF SYRACUSE.

" To say nothing of the scent of tobacco, so
offensive to many, the habit of using it de-
praves the appetite, impairs the digestion, and
tends to produce emaciation. Tobacco is a pow-
erful sedative and acts directly on the nerves,
prostrating the nervous system and laying the
foundation for a long train of difficulties. And
through the nerves it affects the heart and the cir-
culation.

"For these and other reasons I consider the
tobacco-habit one of the very worst, next, indeed,
to the drinking-habit, to which it often leads."

SMOKING IX HIGH PLACES.

An Episcopal clergyman, who suffered from ill-
health, was induced by the urgent advice of his
physician to give up smoking. Happening some

A£I>EtfDIX. 265

days after to call upon the bishop of his diocese, —
not Bishop Huntington, you may be sure, — he
was invited to take a cigar. He declined on the
ground that his physician had forbidden tobacco.
"Oh, come in and have a good smoke with me,"
replied the bishop, " there are plenty of physicians
who approve of smoking."

TOB ACCO-MANNEKS .

A gentleman, who with several ladies was wait-
ing his turn at a money-order office, ventured to
suggest to one in the act of smoking, who was also
waiting, that tobacco-fumes were unpleasant for
the ladies. " This is a free country," was his re-
ply. To some other remark on the subject from
the gentleman, he made answer: "If you don't
like tobacco-smoke, you can stick your head the
other way ! "

"I have reason to think," writes one, "that a
great many persons who smoke choice brands, and
who are told by ladies that the fragrance is agreea-
ble to them, fail to know that old tobacco-smoke is
everywhere and always a nuisance."

Says Dr. Drysdale : " The use of tobacco turns
the smoking rooms of most clubs into dens, which
remind the non-smoker of the lairs of wild animals,
so foul and pestiferous are they."

266 TOBACCO.

ADDITIONAL MEDICAL TESTIMONY.

A prominent dentist recently said that the use
of tobacco gave his profession more than half of
their business.

Dr. Zulinski has published, in a Warsaw medi-
cal journal, a paper giving the results of the inves-
tigations of years upon the effect of tobacco smoke
in the case of men and animals. He declares it to
be, even in small doses, a distinct poison. He
finds such smoke, over and above its nicotine, to
have a second toxical principle called colidine,
with also oxide of carbon, and hydrocyanic acid.

Dr. Maxon, of Syracuse, known for his emphatic
opposition to tobacco in every form, writes :
rr Whether operating through the nervous sys-
tem, or by entering the circulation, tobacco di-
rectly diminishes vitality. And there can be
no doubt that the physical prostration it pro-
duces may account for the fact that nearly every
drunkard first used tobacco." Dr. Maxon also
states that delirium tremens sometimes results
from its use, the cases of two clergymen thus
affected having fallen under his observation.

Dr. O. S. Sanders, an eminent Boston physi-
cian: ffI am fully convinced, from clinical obser-
vation of forty years' practice, that tobacco pro-
duces blood-poison, and that its effect on the
nervous system is appalling.

"Its pathological action is through the spinal
cord and pneumogastric nerve, affecting the stom-

APPENDIX. 267

ach and lungs, and relaxing and paralyzing the
muscular system.

"Its toxical effect is to bring on nausea, ver-
tigo, and an enfeebling action of the heart.

K The constant use of tobacco, either in smoking
or chewing, predisposes one to epilepsy, and to
symptoms resembling cholera morbus. It weak-
ens the memory and sours the disposition. It
acts upon the liver, making one hypochondriac,
peevish, stupid, and morose, and producing op-
pressive apprehensiveness, restlessness, and melan-
choly.

"It not only vitiates the appetite for proper
food, but impairs nutrition, and sooner or later
engenders a desire for intoxicating stimulants.
It cannot be otherwise expected, for tobacco not
only causes general apathy of nerve-force, but
produces great weariness, languor, and general
debility ; hence, to meet such an extremity, the
system naturally craves something more exciting
than air, water, and wholesome food. While not
all tobacco-consumers are drunkards, there are
very few drunkards who do not use tobacco in
some form.

" One argument is offered as an apology for the
tobacco-habit, and that is that it prevents many
types of disease. This is an error. Tobacco is
not an antidote; on the other hand, when a man,
whose blood has been poisoned, and whose nerve-
fluid has become abnormal from the use of tobacco,
is attacked by any malignant disease, his chances
for recovery are lessened fifty per cent."

268 TOBACCO.

Dr. Kostral, in the Austrian state tobacco manu-
factory, sa}'s that the workers are subjected to
many diseases, especially in the case of young
women and boys.

From Prof. Henry Mills, of Fairview Electro-
pathic Institute, Binghamton, N. Y. : —

" For about twenty years I was in the habit of
using tobacco in all its forms. My whole system
became deranged, and there was every prospect of
my being an invalid for life. I resolved on eman-
cipation, and quit its use at once and forever. My
health was restored, and for forty years I have
hardly known a week's sickness."

In the preceding pages, extracts were given from
the Reports of Drs. Gorgas and Gihon of the
United States Navy. The following passages are
from the sanitary column in n The Independent "
for Jan. 22, 1885: —

"Surgeon A. C. Gorgas, Medical Inspector,
United States Navy, in his article on the f Effects
of Tobacco on Youth,' gives us, in full, the facts
which led to its prohibition from cadets in the
Naval Academy at Annapolis, as it has since also
been prohibited at the Military Academy at AVest
Point. When the order went into effect at Anna-
polis, the class of diseases, such as headache, dis-
ordered digestion, malaise, diminished at least
one half in the next three months. The sympa-
thies of the professors were in favor of its use,
and Dr. Gorgas is himself a smoker, yet he bears

APPENDIX. 269

testimony that the rescinding of the order, and
the return to smoking for a year, had such unmis-
takable results, as that all the officers who had
favored the plan of unrestricted permission to
smoke confessed that the experiment had proved
a failure.

" The use of tobacco by youths can never be
regarded as moderate. It is generally excessive
in the literal sense of the term ; but its effects,
even when but little indulged in, are those which
characterize excess in adults. The depressing
effect of tobacco upon growth, by diminishing the
forces concerned in tissue change, its effect upon
the heart and pulsation, the disturbance of muscu-
lar co-ordinative power, of ability to concentrate
the mind upon study, the dyspeptic troubles, im-
pairment of vision, headaches, and the retardation
of sexual development and disturbance of that
function, are conceded by most observers and
clearly demonstrated by many. ... At this acad-
emy instances of almost all the evil effects of
tobacco have been brought to the notice of the
medical officers. Many of the cases of irritable
heart supposed to be induced by gymnastic exer-
cises I believe to be caused by tobacco. ... If,
to-day, a census could be taken of all the boys
who smoke, it would surprise, and ought to dis-
tress, our American people. For it is one of the
facts that has to do with social, moral, and politi-
cal degeneracy.

"We believe that all licensed tobacco sellers

270 TOBACCO.

should enter into obligations not to sell to those
below a certain age, and that any person should
have a right to enter complaint against children
found to be indulging this habit. Besides the
direct effect on impaired physical vigor, there is
another view not enough considered, — the power
of choice, self-control, self-restraint. Will-power,
in its best sense, is the greatest power beneath the
sky. The freedom of the will is far more than a
theological doctrine. It is the reserve hope of
manhood, and not only decides individual charac-
ter and destiny, but social and national destiny
also. Our most outspoken quarrel with tobacco,
as with other stimulants and narcotics, is this : that,
indulged in so early, they so affect the brain and
nervous system that habits become dominant and
uncontrollable, which lead to a general loss of self-
restraint. \Ye hear much discussion as to whether
intemperance is a disease. The real disease that
is gaining ground is debility in self-restraint ; it
is producing that debility among the young. To-
bacco is the most threatening power. It leads
often to intemperance, to a general yielding of
self-control, and so to many an evil greater than
that of physical infirmity."

The following is from the widely known Nathan
Allen, M.D., LL.D., of Lowell, Mass., who has
written ably on Hereditary Diseases, Laws of
Inheritance, and on various subjects connected
with physiology : —

APPENDIX. 271

"I am glad to learn that you are soon to pub-
lish a work on Tobacco. Having made, for many
years a specialty of the study of the laws of health
and disease, I consider this one of the greatest
evils of the present day. Language cannot de-
scribe the terrible effects which tobacco produces
upon both body and mind. It perverts the taste,
impairs mental capacity, corrupts the moral sense,
and stimulates the animal nature.

M But its pernicious effects are not confined to
the present generation, nor to this life. Its dread-
ful evils, through the laws of inheritance, extend
to offspring, even to the second, third, and fourth
generation.

"In view of such facts, that smoking should
increase, especially among young men, is alarm-
ing, yes, shocking ! I pray that your book may
prove a powerful auxiliary in this much-needed
reform."

From Pres. Edward Hitchcock, D.D., L.L.D.,
for many years the honored president of Amherst
College :

" I believe that tobacco is a cursed evil to our
boys and young men, seriously damaging them
morally and physically. It is a bewitching evil.
It has a soothing and quieting effect on the nerve
centres, and hence to the user seems to do no

272 TOBACCO.

harm. And the fact that its use follows the law
of increase, makes it much more damaging than if
the law were otherwise. Besides, it retards the
change of tissue, so necessary to young people.
Its check on virility has not been made sufficiently
plain."

TOBACCO AND CAXCER.

The following is from the British Medical Jour-
nal:—

n As to whether smoking may be the immediate
cause of cancer, surgeons are not agreed ; but there
is a condition of the tongue which is, in many
cases, the precursor of epithelioma, namely, f leu-
coplakia ; ' and this disease is more generally con-
sidered to be caused by smoking. Mr. Barker,
writing on this inflammation, points out that among
seventy-five recorded cases, seventy-one smoked,
and only four were non-smokers. Buzenet used
the term 'plaques des furaeurs ' for this disease, be-
cause he was convinced that smoking so often gave
rise to it. Mr. Hulke has more than once shown
that f leucoplakia ' ma}* be the starting-point of epi-
thelioma ; and out of the above-mentioned seventy-
live cases, forty-four developed epithelioma, and
in one only was there a family history of cancer."

THE VICTOR VANQUISHED.

Since the above pages were in type, Ulysses S.
Grant, our greatest American general, whose deeds

APPENDIX. 273

have won the admiration of both continents, has
passed from earth. His marvellous physical en-
durance, in spite of his ceaseless smoking, has
been a standing argument with tobacco-votaries as
to the innocence of the weed. But even the
indomitable soldier could not forever "fight it out
on this line."

It was early admitted by his physicians that
General Grant's disease was epithelioma, or epi-
thelial cancer. In his March statement to a Tri-
bune reporter, Dr. Douglas remarks : K Smoking
was the exciting cause of this cancer, though
there have been many contributing causes." Since
Grant's death, Dr. Shrady, in his closing summary,
says : M It is quite probable that the irritation of
smoking was the actual cause of the cancer ; or at
least it is fair to presume that he would not have
had the disease if his habit had not been carried
to excess."

The sorrowful end so long looked for has finally
come. The grand old hero, to whom our country
was immeasurably indebted, and whom she has
delighted to honor, — whom not tens nor hundreds
of thousands in hostile array could intimidate, —
this dauntless soldier surrenders at last to a foe
which, approaching him in the guise of a friend,
he cherished, alas, with his own hand. And the
whole nation is clad in mourning.

274 TOBACCO.

A few confirmatory testimonies are given as to
the relation between cancer and tobacco.

Professor Bouisson, of France : "Tobacco, which
answers no natural want, is the most common cause
of cancer in the mouth."

Dr. "William Hardwicke, coroner for Central
Middlesex, England : " Certain forms of cancer in
the lips and tongue are clearly traceable to the use
of tobacco."

Dr. Charles E. Drysdale, of London: "Cancer
of the lip is rarely seen, except in men who smoke."

Professor Lizars, of Edinburgh: "I have had
under my own treatment several cases of ulcera-
tion of the lips, tongue, and cheek, some of them
incurable, all of which occurred in persons greatly
addicted to smoking."

Dr. John C. Warren, the well-known Boston
surgeon : " The irritation from a cigar or a pipe
frequently precedes cancer of the lips."

The * Medical Times and Gazette " mentions a
hundred and twenty seven cancers cut from the
lips, nearly all the lips of smokers.

Dr. Brown, of Manchester, England, "communi-
cated to the Clinical Society of London a very
remarkable observation on an 'ablation,' almost
entire, made in two operations on the tongue,
affected by neoplastic indurations succeeding an
old ichthyose of the organ. The only cause to
which it could possibly be attributed was tobacco."

Eev. A. Sims gives the case of a banker in Phil-

APPENDIX. 275

adelphia who was an inveterate smoker. "The
roots of the tongue rotted and the throat sympa-
thized until he could not swallow, . . . and death
from starvation and suffocation finally closed the
scene."

Mr. Fenn, of Suffolk : * I have seen very mild
attacks of typhoid fever rendered fatal from the
excessive use of tobacco."

Professor Miller, of Edinburgh, surgeon to the
Queen: "In plain language, tobacco tends to
paralysis."

Dr. Solly, F.R.S. : " Smoking is one of the
causes of paralysis."

Dr. Maillot, Chief of the French Arnry Board of
Health, found among numerous cases of paralysis,
many patients who were immoderate smokers.

Dr. Stephenson : " It impairs the functions of the
brain, clouds the understanding, and enfeebles the
memory."

Dr. L. G. Alexander of Kentucky, in "Good
Health: " "The rapid increase of nervous people,
nerve pain, neuralgia, and obscure nervous disease
is seen by the physician every day, and it is my
belief that tobacco, as well as alcohol and opium, is
the most prominent cause. It is from this class
that drunkards are mostly recruited."

" Journal of Science : " " The temporary stim-
ulus and soothing power of tobacco are gained
by destroying vital force. Nor is the poison easily
expelled from the system, . . . indeed, nicotine

27*> TOBACCO.

has been detected in the tissues of the lungs and
liver after death."

The wonderful pervasiveness of nicotine is illus-
trated by a singular case related in a recent journal-
A lady in one of our western towns being brought
very low from illness, her physician recommended
transfusion of blood, which was accordingly taken
from the arm of her son. The young man was a
smoker, and soon after the experiment the mother
complained of the taste of tobacco in her mouth !
The result, as a wise man might have foreseen, was
unfavorable.

Dio Lewis, in "Dr. Holbrook's Hygiene of the
Brain and Nerves : " " If a man wishes to train for
a boat race, his trainer will not let him use tobacco.
If he wishes to train for a long walk, his trainer
will not let him touch a cigar. If he will train
himself to graduate from a college with honor, he
must not use tobacco. It is a powerful poison
and the brain cannot escape it if it be used in any
form."

Dr. Warren P. Lombard, in an article entitled
"Some of the influences which affect the power of
voluntary muscular contractions,'" that appeared in
the "Journal of Physiology." Anions: the influ-
ences treated of is tobacco. " Smoking was found
to have a very depressing effect upon the strength
of the voluntary muscular contractions. This was
seen when a light cigar was smoked just before
each test of the strength during a number of days,

APPENDIX. 277

and the amount of work possible on these days
was compared with that done at the same hours
on other days, when no tobacco was used. A
loss of strength was likewise observed when a cigar
was smoked before one of several observations of
a day. The result was unexpected to the subject,
who, though aware of the depressing effects of
large doses of tobacco, thought he could do better
mental work when smoking, and supposed that
moderate smoking tended to excite rather than
depress both mental and muscular activity."

Rev. E. O. Pigott, of England, one of the Cam-
bridge University eight in 1864 : "I am perfectly
convinced that smoking greatly decreases the power
of endurance needful in sustaining physical effort."

Extracts from a paper by Dr. Jay W. Seaver,
college physician and professor of athletics at
Yale : " A record of the users of tobacco has been
kept at Yale for the past eight years, for the main
purpose of determining the number of men who
began the habit while in colloge."

Omitting certain statistics, the extracts are con-
tinued : " If this growth be expressed in the form
of percentage, it will be seen that in weight the
non-users increased 10.4 per cent, more than the
regular users, and 6.Q per cent, more than the
occasional users. In the growth of height the
non-user increased 24 per cent, more than the
habitual user. In growth of chest girth, the non-
user has an advantage over the regular user of 22

278 TOBACCO.

per cent. , while in capacity of lungs the growth is
in favor of the non-user by 77.5 per cent, when
compared with the regular users, and 49.5 per
cent, when compared with the irregular users. It
has long been recognized by the ablest medical
authorities that the use of tobacco is injurious to
the respiratory tract, but the extent of its influence
in checking growth in this and other directions
has, I believe, been widely underestimated. "

Dr. Seaver also finds the smokers inferior in
scholarship : " Of those students who, within a
given time, have received junior appointments
above dissertations, only five per cent, were
smokers, and very few smokers received appoint-
ments of any kind."

The setting forth of these facts has not been
without results. Dr. Seaver reports that seventy
per cent, of the senior class do not smoke, and not
a single candidate for the rowing crew is a smoker.

Dr. Bilroth, of Vienna, an eminent surgeon :
'■ The colossal increase of nerve and mind disease
in our day is undoubtedly the result, to a great
extent, of the tobacco and alcohol habit, and the
straining of the nervous system caused by these
poisons."

Dr. Amos Twitchell, of Keene, X.H. : "It pro-
duces its most pernicious effects by paralyzing
the action of the nerves of involuntary motion.
Among the diseases it occasions are palsy, invet-
erate nervous headache, palpitation of the heart,

APPENDIX. 279

disease of the liver, indigestion, ulceration of the
stomach, piles, and many others."

W. A. Axon, in "Popular Science Monthly:"
"By causing irregularity in supply of blood, it
degrades tissues."

" The Lancet : " " Dr. Chadnovski published in
the c Ruskayer Meditsina ' an account of a series of
observations made on twelve soldiers in a military
hospital, who were perfectly well with the excep-
tion of slight injuries. Six of the men were smok-
ers and six non-smokers. In the former the time
required for digestion averaged seven hours, while
in the case of non-smokers the mean period of di-
gestion was only six hours."

Dr. Copeland, F.R.S. : " Smoking weakens the
digestion and assimilating functions, impairs the
due elaboration of the chyle of the blood, and pre-
vents a healthy nutrition of the several strictures
of the body."

Dr. Mussey : " Physicians meet with thousands
of cases of dyspepsia connected with the use of
tobacco."

Dr. McAllister, of Utica : " The habitual smoker
weakens the organs of digestion and assimilation,
and at length plunges into all the accumulated
horrors of dyspepsia."

Dr. Darwin, of England: "Tobacco produces
diseases of the salivary glands and the pancreas,
and injures the power of digestion."

Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia : "It impairs appetite,

280 TOBACCO.

produces dyspepsia, tremors, vertigo, headache,
and epilepsy."

C. B. Pun-is, Freedman's Hospital, Washing-
ton, D.C. : "Tobacco prevents in a great measure
assimilation of food, and produces a variety of dis-
orders of a permanent character. Smoking causes
debility of the stomach, irregularity of the heart,
bronchial irritation and partial or entire paralysis
of the optic nerve."

Prof. Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst College :
f' The use of tobacco may seem to soothe the feel-
ings and quicken the operations of the mind ; but
to what purpose is it that the machine is furiously
running and buzzing after the balance wheel is
taken off?"

Dr. Woodward, of the Worcester Lunatic Asy-
lum : " Tobacco is very deleterious to the nervous
system, producing tremors, vertigo, faintness, pal-
pitation of the heart, and other serious diseases."

D. R. Hagner, M.D., of Washington, D.C:
"Many cases have fallen under my notice of mi-
nors suffering from nervous diseases and general
impairment of the powers of mind and body from
the use of tobacco, and more especially from cigar-
ette smoking."

Says a recent writer : " It has been proved that
lunacy has kept pace in France with the increase
of the revenue from tobacco."

Dr. Hassock : " Tobacco is one cause of the

APPENDIX. 281

alarming frequency of apoplexy, palsy, epilepsy,
and other diseases of the nervous system."

" Phrenological Journal : " " Half the old tobacco
users are in a state of semi-imbecility. Their
memory is leaky, moral sense blunted, general
disposition impaired, and tone of both body and
mind let down."

Hon. Charles Steele, of Illinois : "When given to
the excessive use of tobacco, I was prostrated by
a well denned attack of delirium tremens, and
from that time found it necessary to abstain entire-
ly from its use."

Dr. Boerhave, of Germany: "Since the use of
tobacco has become so general, the number of
hypochondriacal and consumptive complaints has
increased."

Liebig, the celebrated German chemist : " Smok-
ing is prejudicial to health, as much gaseous car-
bon is injuriously inhaled that robs the system of
its oxygen."

Dr. L. E. Keeley, Keeley Institute, Dwight,
Illinois: "Tobacco enfeebles digestion, produces
emaciation and general debility. It lays the
foundation of nearly every nervous disorder now
common to the people of America. It produces
amaurosis and color-blindness, insanity, epilepsy,
bronchitis, rheumatism and asthma, dyspepsia and
catarrh, f tobacco-heart ' and cancer of the stom-
ach."

Dr. Stille's " Therapeutics : " " It impairs diges-

282 TOBACCO.

tion, induces constipation, irritates the throat, ren-
dering it habitually congested, induces sense of
nervousness, epigastric sinking, or tension, palpi-
tation, hypochondriasis, and neuralgia."

M. Mouzon, director of the Professional School
at Bruges : R Without mentioning cases of epilep-
sy and aggravated nervous maladies, we have
three young men who have been almost entirely
blind since the age of twelve, from smoking."

Dr. C. S. JeafFreson, senior surgeon at the Eye
Hospital, Newcastle, England: "Tobacco am-
blyopia— incipient amaurosis — is a very common
malady in this district ; there are few weeks that
I do not see one or two such cases."

Dr. Chisholm, a distinguished oculist of Balti-
more, on examining the eyes of a woman was
puzzled. "If you were a man," he told her, "there
would be just one thing that I should say." " What
would that be?" "That you had tobacco eyes."
"Then that is just it." It seems that her husband
had allowed her to smoke in his company, and this
was the result of the privilege.

Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Medical and Surgical Sani-
tarium, Battle Creek, Mich. : "From the use of
tobacco comes sudden or gradual impairment of
vision ; a blurring of objects ; ability to see bet-
ter in twilight than in full daylight ; difficulty in
distinguishing colors ; and after a time partial or
complete and permanent loss of vision."

In a publication by the " Societe contre L'Abus

APPENDIX. 283

du Tabac," Dr. Galezowski gives the history of
an immoderate smoker who lost the power of dis-
tinguishing colors, regained perfect sight on aban-
doning tobacco, had a relapse on frequenting a
club where was continuous smoking, and was en-
tirely cured by ceasing to go there.

Dr. Chalmers : " Smoking leads to drinking and
drinking leads to the devil."

Dr. Pennoyer, of the Pennoyer Sanitarium,
Kenosha, Wis. : "The tobacco habit is one of the
things I most inveigh against, believing it to be
the most important factor in inducing the liquor
habit."

Lord Palmerston at an agricultural meeting at
Romsey : " The first step in the downward course
of the laborer begins at the tobacco shop, for thence
he goes to the alehouse."

Dr. Brochard, on a visit to a French nursery
where the mothers employed in the tobacco manu-
factory leave their little ones during working hours,
inquired of the directress whether she had noticed
any difference between these and other children.
"They are easy to recognize," she replied. "They
are weakly, emaciated, undersized, with faces old
looking and wrinkled."

Mr. J. H. Hoose, State Normal and Training
School, Cortland, X.Y. : "Suppose the law places
the boy under the ban for smoking, who will com-
plain of him ? A smoker ! Led to the office by
an officer, smoking ! Fined by a justice, smoking !

284 TOBACCO.

The pulpit, in many cases, f smells to heaven' of
smoke ! The problem is one of gravity."

Principal Hill, Cook Academy, Havana, N.Y. :
" The harmful effects of tobacco upon boys cannot
be overstated. I have personally known many
students whose capacity for intellectual work has
been well-nigh destroyed, and who have been
brought to the verge of idiocy by tobacco. I
am amazed that the church, that society, that
parents treat with indifference this menace to all
that makes life worth living. I do not hesitate to
say that I believe the f tobacco curse ' is as threat-
ening as the liquor traffic."

Principal Sheldon, Normal and Training School,
Oswego, N.Y. : "The tendency of the tobacco
habit is to undermine both the health and morals
of the young. It is the direct road to intemper-
ance in the drinking habit."

D. Webster Prentiss, M.D., president of the
Medical Society of the District of Columbia: "I
cannot express too strongly from a medical point
of view my opinion of the grave deleterious effects
of the use of tobacco, especially of cigarette smok-
ing, by young persons."

The only son of the proprietor of a French
restaurant in New York recently died from ex-
cessive cigarette smoking. He began to smoke
when six years of age and the habit grew so upon
him that, his father says, with all his efforts to
break from it, "In three years I never saw him

APPENDIX. 285

night time or day time without a cigar in his
mouth."

President Barnard, Columbia College, New
York: "The free use of tobacco in all its forms,
but especially in the form of cigarettes, is doing
much to undermine the health of the rising genera-
tion, and is nearly as noxious as the giant evil,
drunkenness."

It has been shown that throughout the United
States during the past year, 1891, there have been
about one hundred deaths of young men, mostly
under sixteen years of age, from the effects of
cigarettes. In some cases there has been an anal-
ysis of the stomach, and in most instances there
have been found phosphorus and arsenic, which
are largely used in the manufacture of cigarette
paper. About a hundred have also been con-
signed to insane asylums for the same cause.

Henry C. Spencer, principal Spencerian Busi-
ness College, and Sara A. Spencer, vice principal :
" In our thirty years' experience in teaching more
than fifty thousand young people, we have found
the effects of this narcotic to be precocious devel-
opment of evil passions, premature age, shattered
nerves, mental weakness, stunted growth, and
general physical and moral degeneracy, and there-
fore now decline to receive into this institution any
who use this noxious weed."

Rev. A. C. Amaron, president of the French
Protestant College in Springfield, Mass., tells me

286 TOBACCO.

that the students are forbidden the use of tobacco
in any form.

Bishop of Kansas : " The enormous consumption
of tobacco is one of the crying evils of the day.
It is destroying the health of our youth, and vitiat-
ing the powers of early manhood."

Bishop Grafton, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin : "I
have known the influence of many a clergyman in-
jured by the tobacco habit, and sometimes their
health seriously impaired, even their lives lost by
it. The late Bishop Whittingham, of Maryland,
spoke most strongly against it. The Methodist
ministers have given a noble example of discipline
to churchmen in making, since 1850, total absti-
nence and the disuse of tobacco a condition of en-
trance into their ministry. It would be well if we
did the same."

Bishop Gillespie, of Western Michigan: "I
abominate the filthy weed. It is especially a grief
to me that the clergy will use it. I think our
theological seminaries should expel any student
who perseveres in chewing or smoking. I know
clergymen whose usefulness has been as thoroughly
ruined by tobacco as it could have been by drink."

Bishop De Wolfe Howe, of Central Pennsylva-
nia, the oldest bishop in the American Church :
" Tobacco is not a specific — as far as I am in-
formed — for any human ailment ; it is revolting
to the natural taste ; it occasions the loss of much
precious time ; it unfits one for attendance on the

APPENDIX. 287

sick ; it impairs the health which it does not de-
troy ; its use in any form is uncleanly ; it demands
of its devotees a constant expenditure of money ;
its culture occupies rich arable lands which other-
wise would yield wholesome fruits for man and
beast. I have been grieved by the extent to which
the vile habit of smoking and chewing prevails
among the clergy."

W. H. Wakeham, field secretary of the Inter-
national Health and Temperance Association : " I
believe tobacco is doing more harm physically and
morally than alcohol."

" New York Medical Journal," November, 1888 :
"When Europeans first visited New Zealand, they
found in the native Maoris the most finely devel-
oped and powerful men of any of the tribes inhab-
iting the islands of the Pacific. Since the intro-
duction of tobacco, for which the Maoris developed
a passionate liking, they have from this cause
alone, it is said, become decimated in numbers,
and at the same time reduced in stature and in
physical well being, so as to be an almost inferior
type of men."

Sir Benjamin Brodie : "If a generation should
arise when both men and women should take to
using tobacco, the deterioration of the next genera-
tion would be insured."

Again he says : " I cannot entertain a doubt that
the value of life in inveterate smokers is consider-
ably below the average. Nor is this opinion con-

288 TOBACCO.

tradicted by the fact that there are individuals
who, in spite of the inhalation of tobacco smoke,
live to be old, and without any material derange-
ment of the health ; analogous exceptions to the
general rule being met with in the case of those
who have indulged freely in the use of liquors.
Nicotine occasions death by destroying the func-
tions of the brain."

Dr. Curvengen cited the case of a gentleman to
whom he was obliged to administer strong coffee
to arouse him from the nervous depression occa-
sioned by long smoking.

Dr. Laycock, Medical Professor in Edinburgh
University : " I have not known any good from
tobacco that might not have been obtained from
less objectionable means."

Abernethy, the great English surgeon : " To-
bacco stupifies the moral sense."

A gentleman, it is said, once asked Abernethy
if he thought the moderate use of snuff would
injure the brain. "Xo, sir," was Abernethy's
prompt reply, "for no man with a single ounce
of brains would think of taking snuff."

Horace Mann : w Tobacco should not only be
denounced, but the student who uses it should be
expelled on the ground that the practice is unfit
for a scholar and a gentleman."

"The Christian:" "The smoker more than any
one else is a selfish man. Xo matter how poor

APPENDIX. 289

he is, no matter how hard the times are, he must
have his cigar.

Timothy Titcomb : " I have never seen a slave
of tobacco who did not regret his bondage ; yet,
against all advice, against nausea and disgust,
against cleanliness, against every consideration of
health and comfort, thousands every year bow the
neck to this drug and consent to wear its repul-
sive yoke."

The president of one of the Cambridge col-
leges, England: "Smoking demoralizes people
more than drinking ; when young it makes them
skulk, and when grown up it makes them rude
and careless of the feelings of others."

President John Bascom : " Ugly and unclean !
An indulgence that holds in its right hand a sting-

ing curse."

Rev. Dr. Dexter, of the " Congregationalist : " "I
never in my life used tobacco in any form except
to burn it on a hot shovel with malice aforethought
towards certain bugs which infested my conserva-
tory. Were I to live my life over again, I don't
think I should alter it in this respect, except to
try something else on the bugs."

Madame de Stael : "Smokers cease to think."
Dr. Nichols, in the "Herald of Health:" "To-
bacco makes man selfish, unmannerly, and in cer-
tain ways what is called brutal. A smoker will
carry his disgusting odor into any company, and
show himself utterly callous to the rights of others.

290 TOBACCO.

. . . There is no doubt that thousands of delicate
women and children are seriously, if not fatally,
injured by this stupid selfishness of men, which is
the direct result of nicotine poison."

Ruskin, "Queen of the Air:" "It is not easy
to estimate the demoralizing effect on youth of
the cigar. Tobacco is the worst natural curse of
modern civilization, and belongs to a tribe of ven-
omous plants, having the deadly nightshade for its
queen, and including the henbane and the witch's
mandrake."

From " The Resources of Siberia : " " Among the
Buddhists in this country tobacco is strictly for-
bidden, the priests affirming that it is conducive
to indolence, and tends to waste the hours which
we are able to spare from the serious occupations
of life."

"Tobacco, like alcohol, is a nerve stimulant,"
and, as Rev. Dr. Monger says, "stimulated nerve
means at last irritated nerves, and irritated nerves
clamor forever. And being unnaturally irritated
and strung into undue action, they lose their force,
which is a loss of vitality."

Prof. Montegazza : " It takes ages for ideas of
justice to become prevalent, even in the most
civilized states ; it has taken only three hundred
years for a fetid herb to conquer the world."

From many recent letters on this subject sent
the writer, the following extracts are given : —

Dr. John Blackmer, Springfield, July, 1892 :

APPENDIX. 291

"That the nervous system which was blunted
by nicotine is not so keen and sharp for mental
work as it otherwise would be, is abundantly estab-
lished. The habitual use of tobacco is weighted
in the intellectual race. It accelerates the respir-
ation, produces morbid changes in the blood-cor-
puscles, disturbs digestion, occasions defective
nutrition, lessens the power of the heart, impairs
nervous energy, not only in the special nerves of
seeing, hearing, smelling, and touching, but also
in the ordinary nerves both of sensation and of
motion, inducing in some instances partial or com-
plete paralysis, and also insanity.

"The strongest indictment, however, against
tobacco is that it makes one a slave. A man of
forty-five came to me one day with serious disease
of the heart. After an examination I asked, f Why
don't you leave off smoking?' 'Oh, I wish I
could.' 'Do you mean to say that you really
cannot do it ? ' f That is just what I mean ; I am
a slave, bound hand and foot. I could have broken
away once. I cannot now.' And he went to an
untimely grave. What a slavery is that which
holds a man to the very doors of the sepulchre and
will not let him £0 till the orrave closes over him ! "

Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Sanitarium at Battle Creek,
Michigan, September 8, 1892: "In my opinion
the tobacco habit is the worst vice of civilization."

Bishop Coxe, of Western New York, April,
1892: "I feel strongly on the subject and am

292 TOBACCO.

pained that so many men much better than myself
look at the matter in a very different light, argu-
ing that the abuse and not the use is blameworthy,
and that a moderate indulgence is an aid to some
constitutions. It is hard for me, with due respect
for such men, to express all I feel about this dirty
smoking habit."

Rev. Mr. Southgate, 'Worcester: "I dread the
crop of suffering and sin which is yet to be reaped
when this generation of smokers has shown itself
and its penalties to the world. It is a tremendous
fight, but reinforcements must come. I hope all
Christian people, and especially parents and teach-
ers, will go at the curse."

Rev. S. Robert, a Catholic priest, St. Boniface
College, St. Boniface, Canada : " Tobacco is a bad
tree which produces bad fruit, and the worst of
these bad fruits is the destruction of the reasoning
power in man. Paralyzing as it does the tissues
and the muscles in the human body, it necessarily
follows that the brain and the heart become more
or less paralyzed. Hence the weakness of the
intelligence to reflect and of the heart to take any
determination against tobacco. Therefore, I am
very much afraid of breathing the poisoning to-
bacco smoke for any length of time. But my con-
solation is for the future life, for I am confident
there will be no such smoke in heaven. On the
contrary, I am very much inclined to believe that
hell will be the smoking room of eternity."

APPENDIX. 293

Dr. M. Hammond, Baltimore, Md. : "As a phy-
sician of forty years' practice, I give my decided
opinion that tobacco ha3 killed ten men where
whiskey has killed one. This, no doubt, will be
disputed by physicians who indulge in the weed,
but I believe it can be demonstrated that many of
the chronic diseases to which the male population
are subject owe their origin to tobacco. Thou-
sands of boys to-day are suffering from the use of
the cigarette, as will be seen by the rejection of so
many by the Naval and Army Boards."

Dr. C. M. Culver, an oculist of Albany, Sept-
ember 3, 1892 : "I occasionally see a patient who
has the choice between discontinuing the use of
tobacco and becoming blind. I have known some
such patients stop the tobacco and recover vision,
because of such abstinence. Many, however, un-
happily choose the tobacco and become blind. I
have had much experience with the weed, having
used it myself intemperately, as well as studied its
effect on others. For more than five years I have
been a total abstainer. My experience and study
lead me to oppose the use of tobacco."

Dr. Hiram Orcutt, Boston, July, 1892 : "There
is but one place in the wide world where a man
can properly smoke, and that is the desert of
Sahara."

Hon. Xeal Dow, Portland, June, 1892 : "There
is no doubt that the tobacco habit deadens the
moral sense in every one who is its victim ; many

294 TOBACCO.

of them are not aware of it, but it is certainly true.
It is a gross, vulgar habit, without the excuse that
drinkers have. Liquors can be made good to
every beginner, but the tobacco slave acquires
the habit only after a desperate struggle with loath-
ing and disgust, more or less prolonged."

Dr. William B. Hidden, Baltimore, August,
!*!>:? : "The heart is the engine of the human
body. The arteries are the hose. To increase the
power of the engine and not strengthen the hose
correspondingly means disaster. Tobacco lessens
the frequency of the heart's action and increases
its force, so that any excitement or a hearty meal
is liable at any moment to burst the arteries of the
brain where they are least protected ; hence the
tobacco devotee is liable to sudden death."

Dr. Anderson of the McAll Mission, member
of the Royal College of Surgeons, England : "All
the cases of cancer of the mouth that I have come
across, and they are pretty numerous, have been
started by the pipe, cigar, or cigarette ; and almost
all the male neuralgic patients that I have seen in
the London and Paris hospitals, as well as a third
of the cases of heart disease that have come under
my notice, were smokers. As you are aware, at
the McAll Dispensary, I have the opportunity of
seeing over a hundred and fifty fresh patients each
week."

Dr. Charles E. Drysdale, senior physician to the
Metropolitan Hospital, London, May, 1892 : "The

APPENDIX. 295

majority of medical men here are anti-tobacco ;
but there is, I regret to say, a minority who set a
very bad example in this respect. For I have
always maintained that as it is particularly dis-
graceful for clergymen to be untruthful, so it is a
disgrace to any practitioner of the healing art to
make daily use of what is injurious to health, and
thereby invite others to do the same. My opin-
ion, based on a prolonged study of diseases of my
own sex, is that one of the most common causes of
deteriorated health is to be found in the practices
of smoking, chewing or snuffing. Among the dis-
eases resulting from the tobacco habit are cancer
of the lip and tongue and even of the larynx, weak-
ness of sight, sometimes ending in blindness, func-
tional diseases of the heart and nervous affections.
Mr. Goschen, our Chancellor of the Exchequer,
has just informed us that the consumption of to-
bacco per head in the United Kingdom is double
what it was fifty years ago. Some of our ladies
indulge in cigarettes, and at a new ladies' club,
recently formed, there will probably be a room set
apart for smokers as there is in gentlemen's clubs.
This smoking habit is one of the greatest hygienic
delinquencies of modern civilization."

Dr. Benjamin Ward Richardson, London, a
physician of the highest authority, July, 1892 :
" My views expressed many years ago respecting
the action of tobacco on the human body have been
confirmed in every way by later and continued

29(3 tobacco.

observations. I have no doubt that smoking in-
terferes with the proper development both of the
physical and mental powers of the young and that
it injuriously disturbs the same powers in persons
of mature age."

Dr. Jay W. Seaver, Yale University, May 26,
1891: "The evidence regarding the influence of
tobacco on physical growth is, I believe, incontro-
vertible, and seriously against the tobacco user.
I continually have advised against its use both as
a teacher and physician, and I now feel as though
I had an argument that was conclusive and scien-
tific, and that would appeal to growing boys. This
matter has long been recognized by athletes, and
met in a practical way by absolutely forbidding
tobacco to persons in training."

Prof. Edward Hitchcock, Amherst College, Sep-
tember 20, 1892 : "I send a scrap on the tobacco
question : " " The matter of tobacco smoking as an
influence upon the physical development of Am-
herst students has been studied in the history of
the class of '91. Of this class, 71 per cent, have
increased in their measurements and tests during
their whole course, while 29 per cent, have re-
mained stationary or have fallen off. In separa-
ting the smokers from the non-smokers, it appears
that in the item of weight the non-smokers have
increased 24 per cent, more than the smokers ;
in height they have surpassed them 37 per cent.,
and in chest girth 42 per cent. And in lung capac-

APPENDIX. 297

ity there is a difference of 8.36 cubic inches in favor
of the non-smokers, which is 3 per cent, of the
total average lung capacity of the class."

President M. H. Buckham, University of Ver-
mont, Burlington, October 20, 1892 : "The use of
tobacco is much less prevalent here now than for-
merly. Free scholarships are conditioned on the
recipients' agreement not to indulge in f the use of
tobacco and in other expensive habits.' "

President Warren, Boston University, October
18, 1892 : "Since the year 1880, by authority of
the General Conference of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church, every minister, when taking the vows
required for admission as a full member of the cler-
ical body, is publicly asked, 'Will you wholly
abstain from the use of tobacco ? ' and is expected
to respond in the affirmative. Some of our minis-
ters in middle life and beyond make some use of
the weed, but I know of none in the younger gen-
eration. Even such of the fathers as are addicted
to the habit find it necessary to be very circum-
spect that they may not give offence, or be under-
stood to set a bad example. In a few years, I
think the whole body will be in this respect the
cleanest ministerial body of like numbers in the
world. For this we will thank God and take
courage."

Among the General Rules of the School of The-
ology in the Boston University is the following :

298 TOBACCO.

"3. Xo user of tobacco is considered a candidate
for membership in this school."

President Eliot, Harvard University, Cambridge,
October 16, 1802 : "The latest statistics as to the
use of tobacco by Harvard students which I have
seen are those relating to the class which took the
degree of A.B. in June, 1891. This class num-
bered 293 members. To the question, 'Do you
smoke?' 125 replied, 'Xo;' 123, 'Yes;' 19, 'Oc-
casionally,' and 13, 'Rarely.'

President William De W. Hyde, Bowdoin Col-
lege, Brunswick, Me., October 2, 1892: "In
reply to your inquiry, permit me to repeat what I
have said in a little book on ' Practical Ethics.'
1 The use of tobacco is the exception with scholars
at the head, and the rule with scholars at the foot,
of the class. Shortly after we began to take statis-
tics on this point, I asked the director of the gym-
nasium what was the result with the freshman
class. 'Oh,' he said, ' the list of the smokers is sub-
stantially the same as that which was reported the
other day for deficiencies in scholarship.' . . . Xo
candidate for a college athletic team, or contestant in
a race, would think of using tobacco while in train-
ing. Every man who wishes to keep himself in
training for the highest prizes in business and pro-
fessional life must guard his early years from the
deterioration which this habit invariably brings."

President Franklin Carter, TTilliams College,
October 3, 1892 : "I believe that the use of tobac-

APPENDIX. 299

c° by young men is a form of self-indulgence,
greatly hindering the best physical, intellectual
and moral development ; that as self-indulgence it is
always likely to break down the proper sense of
proportion in values and to lead to other more
pernicious habits. Its banishment from our schools
and colleges would, in my judgment, effect a great
increase in the usefulness of educated men and give
new tone and power everywhere to those who
work for the best things."

President E. B. Andrew, Brown University,
Providence : " Too many of our young men smoke,
but I am inclined to think the number less and
less from to year to year. My influence against
this habit I make as strong as possible."

President Rankin, D.D., L.L.D., Howard Uni-
versity, Washington, D.C., October 11, 1892:
" We do not allow the use of tobacco on the univer-
sity premises, and no student can have help from
the Aid Fund, who indulges in the habit. I re-
gard it as the most selfish and ungentlemanly habit
a young man can form."

Rev. George A. Jackson, Swampscott, Mass.,
October 10, 1892: w Setting forth as you do the
facts, your appeal to the chivalrous instincts of
young men to give up that which brings such dis-
comfort to others will not be in vain."

Rev. B. Fay Mills, the Evangelist, April, 1892 :
"I am deeply interested in your efforts to promote
cleanliness and practical righteousness. I former-

300 TOBACCO.

ly used tobacco myself, but was forced to abandon
it entirely when I realized that it was simply a
question of how godlike a man I proposed to be."

Prof. Ruggles, of Dartmouth College, Hanover,
N.H. : "All those receiving aid from college funds
promise to abstain from the use of tobacco. Sev-
eral scholarships have been founded on this basis."

Rev. Edward A, Lawrence, Baltimore, October
3, 1892 : "The aesthetic abhorrence which most of
those who do not use tobacco feel for the weed is
usually more deep than loud. The many mute
sufferers, therefore, have reason to thank you for
voicing their protest in such form that it expresses
in emphatic words both the discomfort which it
brings to the innocent victims and the disrepute
which it brings to the offending victims."

Rev. Dr. J. H. Ecob, Albany, September 29,
1892 : "To give carte blanche to one bad habit is
to make easy the entrance of the next comer. For
there seems to be a sort of free-masonry among
bad habits ; no sooner does one get possession than
it invites seven others. Tobacco is the enemy
within who secretly conspires to pass the keys of
the castle to the invaders without."

FRANK CONFESSIONS .

A friend in the Revenue Service who is an invet-
erate smoker has given me one of his experiences :

"In the summer of 1878, while at Charleston,
S.C., I was attacked with malarial fever, and sent

APPENDIX. 301

for a doctor, who put me to bed, giving me medi-
cine that caused profuse perspiration. At the end
of three days the fever was broken up and I was
able to leave my bed. On calling the doctor's at-
tention to the brown sheets, he remarked, 'Oh,
that is nicotine,' as, indeed, the strong tobacco
odor indicated."

. In answer to the inquiry "Does smoking tend
to make one selfish ? " the same man frankly replies,
August, 1892 :

"All smokers are selfish. The mother has to
hear the boy's lessons, to drive nails, — pounding
her thumb, of course, — and do many things that
belong to the father, because his f smoke' must
not be interfered with. He declines to make calls,
pleading that he is tired, or that he doesn't know
the parties, while the true reason is that it may
deprive him of a 'good smoke.' From the cigar-
ette to the mild cigar, from the mild to a stronger
one ; this is the way the habit grows, and continues
to grow by the increased number of smokes and
the use of stronger tobacco, although a new and
strange brand will sometimes make the head swim
even of the old veteran."

Remember it is a smoker who gives this picture !

" Does smoking promote sociability, and in such
a sense that it may be regarded as a tobacco bene-
fit ? " To this question he again responds : " Smok-
ing does promote sociability, but it is rarely help-
ful or instructive. In smoking-cars, it promotes

302 TOBACCO.

the telling of stories of sometimes doubtful import,
and brings one into contact with gamblers and
toughs."

Another reply to the same question comes from
Port Huron : "Yes, I must admit that the use of
tobacco tends to make men more social ; while on
the Pacific coast, I saw that kind of social life in
car-load lots ; in fact, it was to be obtained by the
train-load. The bulk of this kind of sociability
consists of gambling, profane and obscene language,
bawdy yarns, sensuous nonsense, and ill-timed re-
partee."

And another from Chicago : N Of course smok-
ing encourages sociability ; so does gambling and
drinking. A company of men smoking in a room
are very sociable, and there is generally, besides
politics, an almost invariable flow of profanity and
obscenity, and an excellent chance for smutty
stories, and when once started, the earth is raked
for material, each trying to excel the other."

TOBACCO AXD CRIME.

From "The Criminal," by Havelock Ellis, p.
120: "It is worthy of note that criminals begin
to use tobacco at an early age. Thus, among a
population which normally begin to smoke before
the age of thirty in the proportion of 14 per
cent, (and the insane 7.2 per cent.) , 22 per cent, of
criminals smoke before the age of thirty, and

APPENDIX. 303

nearly all (279 out of 300 males, and 32 out of 32
women) before entering prison.

Venturi* found tobacco used by 14.3 per cent, of
criminal men, 15.9 of criminal women.

Marambatf concluded that the love of tobacco
was the first passion that rooted itself in the youth-
ful criminal. Out of 603 juvenile delinquents be-
tween the ages of eight and fifteen, 51 per cent,
had acquired the custom of using tobacco before
their detention."

In the Auburn state's prison, five hundred out
of six hundred convicts confessed that they began
the career which brought them there, by the to-
bacco habit.

TOBACCO STATISTICS.

Total tobacco crop raised in 1888, as estimated
by the United States Department of Agriculture :

Area, 747,326 acres.

Product, 565,795,000 pounds.

Value, 43,666,665 dollars.

Report of Internal Eevenue Department gives
the following amounts of tobacco on which taxes
were paid in the year ending June 3, 1892 : —

Number of cigars, cheroots and heavy cigarettes,
4,548,797,417.

Number of light cigarettes, 2,892,982,840.

Total, 7,441,782,257.

Pounds of snuff, 11,164,351.

* " Studio sultabacco nei pazzi e nei criminali."
t "Revue Scientifique," 1889.

304 TOBACCO.

Pounds of tobacco for chewing and smoking,
253,962,139.

Total, 265,126,490.

The taxes on this tobacco were $31,000,493.07.

The amount expended annually in the United
States for tobacco is $600,000,000, while in Chi-
cago $24,500 are daily spent for cigars alone.

The tobacco revenue which Great Britain re-
ceived during the last year was 10,135,666 pounds,
or 49,056,623 dollars.

CHEERING ITEMS.

In the thick clouds of discouragement that sur-
round this tobacco subject, there are a few rifts
through which the light is breaking.

A Senate committee on epidemic diseases has
recommended to Congress the prohibition of for-
eign cigarettes and of their sale in the District of
Columbia and in the territories.

LIFE INSURANCE.

There is encouragement in the fact that life insur-
ance companies are coming more and more to under-
stand the effect of tobacco upon the health, and
especially the liability to sudden deaths from the
f' tobacco heart." The following instance is given
on the authority of a well-known smoker : " The
North TTestern Life Insurance Company refused
to insure an applicant, of whose condition they
were aware, unless he would absolutely renounce

APPENDIX. 305

tobacco. Declining to do this, he applied to the
New York Life Insurance, but that company made
the same requirement."

Says Dr. L. R. Jerome, La Grange, HI. : "For
twenty years I have been largely engaged in med-
ical examinations for life insurance, and it is aston-
ishing how many men have the 'tobacco heart.'
Insurance companies are beginning to see the dan-
ger of such symptoms and to reject for that cause."

STREET CAR SMOKING.

The nuisance of street car smoking has become
so intolerable that the travelling public, whose
patience in all this matter has been amazing, is
becoming aroused. Appeals to the officials con-
cerned have proved ineffective from the persistence
of offenders and the reluctance of conductors and
corporations to displease their patrons. The press,
however, has at last attacked the nuisance, and
if the warfare is vigorously continued, street-car
smoking will certainly be banished.

NO SMOKING ALLOWED.

This salutary interdiction is being posted in
some of our factories, owing to the higher prem-
ium that our insurance companies are beginning
to require of the manufacturers who allow smoking
in their establishments. May this wholesome pro-
scription be introduced into every factory through-
out the land !

306 TOBACCO.

A TOBACCO RESOLUTION BY THE GENERAL PRES-
BYTERIAN ASSEMBLY.

In the minutes of this body held at Portland,
Oregon, May, 1892, it is stated that "The As-
sembly earnestly called the serious attention of
its ministers and elders and students to the very
apparent propriety and pressing importance of
total abstinence from the tobacco habit.''

Although w the resolution was voted upon amidst
the derisive shoutings" of many smoking elders
and clergymen, yet that a tobacco resolution was
adopted by the Assembly is surely a sign of pro-
gress.

A CHEERING WORD FROM PRUSSIA.

In consequence of numerous complaints by non-
smokers that they receive no consideration on the
Prussian state railways, the Minister of Public
Works has ordered that in half the second-class
compartments, exclusive of those reserved for
women, smoking shall be prohibited. A move-
ment has been started also to secure an order
against pipe smoking on railway traffic. Some
time ago the government ordered that only pipes
with covers on the bowls should be allowed, but
this concession to non-smokers has not satisfied
them, and they are now overwhelming the Depart-
ment of Public \Vorks with petitions against the
toleration of pipe smoking at all.

APPENDIX.

307

A HIGH IDEAL.

In compliance with my request, I am kindly
permitted to give the following from a private
letter by Mr. James MacArthur, of New York,
September 24, 1892. Would that I could receive
a hundred thousand similar letters !

" I have been a votary of Charles Lamb's am-
brosial weed, but have eschewed the practice for
the sake, chiefly, of being free from a slavish habit
and of having a purer example to set to my com-
panions in life. These motives have succeeded
when all others failed."

UNIQUE SACRIFICE.

Away beyond Denniston, England, in a lonely
coal-miner's hut upon a hill, is the following curi-
ous sign, which was put up by the owner some

months ago : —

_n

TOBACCO
June 2"),

CRUCIFIED,

1891.

The cross is composed of two sticks of tobacco,

568 TOBACCO.

placed crosswise and securely nailed, and under-
neath is the inscription : —

•' Thou subtle enemy, thou hast held me fast,
But now I'm freed from thee at last;
Thou hast cost me £3 10s. each year,
But I consider thou art far too dear! "

UNFLINCHING PRINCIPLE.

A standing offer of fifteen hundred dollars a
month was made to the directors of the grand tem-
perance temple in Chicago for the privilege of
placing an elegant tobacco stand in the marble cor-
ridor of the rotunda. But in spite of their press-
ing need of money, Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, chief
manager of the temple affairs, without a moment's
hesitation, responded: "Never, not if fifty thou-
sand dollars were offered ; we are not poor enough
to permit the sale of that vile weed under this roof."

THE GREAT CONVENTION.

The rumors as to the virtuous tobacco abstinence
of the thousands of Christian Endeavorers who
attended the grand Xew York Convention were so
marvellous that I dared not put them in print till
I had made inquiries of Father Endeavor himself.
His response is a truly cheering prophecy of future
possibilities :

Boston, July 27, 1892.
Dear Mrs. Lawrence :

I think it is safe for you to say that so far as
can be ascertained there was no smoking among

APPENDIX. 309

the delegates at the Christian Endeavor conven-
tion. There may have been some who indulged
in a cigar, but I did not see any one or hear of
any one. There were no smoking cars on most of
the excursion trains, and where there was one, I
understand it was not patronized. There is no
way, of course, of verifying any absolute state-
ment in regard to all the 40,000 young people who
were present, but in a general way it would be
safe to say that there was no smoking.
Sincerely yours,

Francis E. Clark.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.

FFB 9 1962

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