-=TIN No. 11. S.1 U.S: DEPARTMENT. OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF SOILS. TOBACCO SOILS OF THE UNITED STATES: A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. MILTON WHITNEY, GATE (OF DEVIS TON: -GQGESSOLLS:: S WASHINGTON: Ske GOVERNMENT PRINTING CYR EEC % 59d. Wo2 Gas O59T _ Book We 7s BULLETIN No. 11. 1 S. 13. sa Se Seer Pan MENTE OF AGRICULTURE. of DIVISION OF SOILS. TOBACCO SOILS OF THE UNITED STATES: A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOBACCO. DISTRICTS. BY MILTON WHITNEY; SHH (Or DIVISION OF SORES. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1898. 1 es © ¢ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS, Washington, D. C., November 1, 1897, Str: [ have the honor to submit herewith and to recommend for pub- lication a preliminary report upon the principal tobacco soils of the United States. It has not been possible, with the time and means at our disposal, to make an exhaustive study and map accurately the areas of the tobacco lands, but trips of reconnoissance have been taken over most of the important tobacco districts and a large amount of material has been examined. The results show a very marked difference in the texture and physical properties of the soils adapted to the different classes, types, and grades of tobacco, and give a basis for the classifica- tion of the soils and their mapping upon any desired scale. A recom- mendation has been made in my annual report that a more detailed study of these soils be undertaken and that reliable maps be prepared showing the area and distribution of the soils. Respectfully, MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Division. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. co CONTENT: Introduchiontacseecc so ece mee ceca aie a eee eae ea elem rexel relearn tel Statistics. of fobaccoculture--2 see. 2550 s-cc)-< ee ee - em eee main secant Tobacco produced in four census years..---.----------- sonting SHE CSA Sd Coos Hstumates.of tobacco prod Wetlom IM COOK seca remieta teeta tala sle re etaa erate ere Rraneipalevobacco: CistriGusge. ee seat eee eee eee eee Seseseitectaee ae Changes in production of tobacco from 1879 to 1889 -..---......---------- Counties constituting the tobacco districts of the United States. .......-- Influence of climate on the distribution of the different classes of tobacco. - -- Meteorological conditions in the great tobacco temions 222-252 eee Experience the only safe test of climate for tobacco.-----.........--..-.- Soilstofithe tobacco districts Sr o-1o eee cee tee tee eee ee eee Thestex ture of tobacco ‘Soll sens =as ee heel ee ieee a ee eee Soils:ofthe: Northern: citar tobacco districts 2-222 s-4- ers =e aoe Soilsof the Southern civar tobacco districts. 1.-\6 - 3-9 eee Briohtstovacco land ses Sse ete e rs seer aes eee ere eee ere Manufacturing tobacco lands of Virginia and North Carolina...-........ The white burley tobacco lands of Kentucky and Ohio...............--.- Export tobacco lands of Kentucky and Tennessee........----..---.------ The relative watercontent.of=tobacco SOs 2-2 a7 2. emia es ee Mean water content of the Northern cigar tobacco soils..--....----..---- Water content of the, Florida: tobaccosollsi2--o2 5-2 see as oe ee ee sae Water content of the soils of the manufacturing and export tobacco dis- LI GC i ees eee ee eRe Ee oe eos oC Don SSHSoaH OE moede sctuc [LEUSTRATTONS: Plate I, Diagram showing comparison of climatic conditions for four tobacco GUC ISU eee oSecnc a Aaa Sera aeetocHsce casone SEE oSShcc Il. Diagram showing comparison of climatic conditions for four tobacco IStRICTS ete eo ete arses elas Sees oe ae Oe eee eee areas Ill. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Massachusetts .-...--------------- IV. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Connecticut..........--...----.-.- V. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Pennsylvania ................---- Vi. Texture of cigar tobacco land im New: York s.2es2-2 cen eee eae Vill: Lexture of cigar tobaccoland\in Ohio) 222 <2 see eee. =e eee VIIl. Texture. of cicar tobacco land in Wisconsin’ -2-2 2-4-2 o--eseee == IX. Texture of bright tobacco land in Virginia....-..-----.-.--...----- X. Texture of manufacturing tobacco land in Virginia .......--..----- XI. Texture of white burley tobacco land in Kentucky -...-...--..----. XU: Lexture ofiexport tobacco land im Kentucky ese eeeee ea ere XIII. Diagram showing relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in bODACCONSOL Sitewereree cee ae arta stress ete csehe ts eee 26 22 4s ieee — a Sn ne ee ee ee ee TOBACCO SOILS OF THE UNITED STATES: A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS, INTRODUCTION. In 1892, when the tobacco exhibit was being prepared for the Colum- bian Exposition, it was proposed to make a very comprehensive study of the soils of the principal tobacco areas of the country. This idea could not be carried out in full at the time, but a beginning was made and quite a large collection of typical tobacco soils secured. Since that time much attention has been given to the subject, a large number of samples have been collected by agents of the Department, and quite a large amount of this material has been examined in the laboratory. This publication is a preliminary report upon the work. In recent years quite a little work has been done upon various lines connected with the production of tobacco, and a number of valuable publications have been issued. The most comprehensive and generally valuable paper was published in the volume of Agriculture of the Tenth Census. This article contains a great amount of exceedingly valuable information in regard to the soils and the ‘influence of the soils on the tobacco crop of the United States. Prof. O. Comes has published a valuable contribution on the botany of the tobacco plant in a short monograph, entitled Hortus Botanicus Porticensis, in which he attempts to classify botanically the tobaccos of the principal tobacco districts of the world. This was followed by the publication in 1897, by the same author, of the first volume of Del Tabacco—Storia, geografia, statistica, speciografia, agrologia e patologia, Several valuable papers have been published in the annual reports of the Connecticut Experiment Station upon the progress of an investi- gation in tobacco culture at Poquonock for the past five years. Sev- eral bulletins have been issued from other experiment stations on this subject, notably the following: Bulletin No. 4 of the Colorado Experi- ment Station, published February, 1888, giving a description of the best tobacco soils, methods of cultivation, curing, and other treatment of the v0 6 crop, together with the yield and quality of tobacco from a number of samples of seed sent out by the United States Department of Agricul- ture. Bulletin No. 20 (second series), of the Louisiana Experiment Station on Tobacco Growing in Louisiana, consists of an essay on the general subject of tobacco growing, together with experiments at the North Louisiana Experiment Station. This was followed the next year by the publication of Bulletin No. 25 (second series), containing the results of experiments made on the cultivation of tobacco in northern Louisiana. Bulletin No. 122, on Types of Tobacco and Their Analyses, published by the North Carolina Experiment Station in 1895, contains the results of the chemical analyses of a number of typical tobaccos from the principal tobacco areas of the country. In 1895 the Florida Experiment Station published a report on the Culture of Tobacco, followed in 1897 by a revised and somewhat enlarged edition. This was published as Bulletin No. 38, and called Tobacco in Florida. In 1896 the Kentucky Experiment Station published Bulletin No. 63 on Tobacco, containing the results of some fertilizer experiments on the yield of tobacco, together with a study of the effects of arsenites on the tobacco plant and its efficiency as an insecticide. Mention should also be made of a number of valuable papers on the cultivation of tobacco by our consular agents in the Consular Report, particularly those relating to the cultivation of tobacco in Sumatra and in Cuba. Another impor tant contribution entitled Tobacco Leaf, by Killebrew and Myrick, published in 1897, covers the general subject of tobacco culture and curing. STATISTICS OF TOBACCO CULTURE. In order to study the question intelligently it was necessary carefully to consider the yield of the different States, the counties in each State and district which produced any considerable amount of tobacco, and be largely guided by this in collecting samples of soils for examination. The data for this work were taken mainly from the Tenth Census, on account of the detailed estimates and the very valuable descriptions given there of the tobacco areas, the soils, and the physical conditions in the areas. In order to judge how the conditions had changed in the ten years which had elapsed since the census was taken, the yield from the counties composing the principal districts was compared with the yield of the same counties given in the Eleventh Census, a preliminary bulletin of which, on Tobacco Production, was published shortly after these investigations were undertaken. As there are no subsequent figures which admit of the detailed study that these census figures allow, they are given here to show the location of the different tobacco areas and incidentally to show the change in acreage and yield in the ten years elapsing between the Tenth and Eleventh Censuses. TOBACCO PRODUCED IN FOUR CENSUS YEARS. The table below furnishes a condensed and exact exhibit of the pro- duction of the tobacco regions of the United States and the changes that took place from 1859 to 1889. | States producing tobacco in 1889. 1859. | 1869. | 1879. 1889. Over 1,000,000 pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. il. JETT aoosocic baspeoct sd sop te GeoeUrooSsc 108, 126, 840-F 105, 305, 869 171, 120, 784 221, 880, 303 25 Wa tes. 3g Abe BREE Beant eae e Soe 121, 787, 9464— 37, 086, 364 79, 988, 868 48, 522, 655 SO MOP RPS eet note oc ces Secs e f 25, 092, 581 18, 741, 973 BAT aoeoeD F Ame NOLiEGarOlN ayes sas 2 = ainsi en em SS 32, 853, 250 11, 150, 087 26, 986, 213 fay. Md Meri Gels eh el eet ee ee aac 43,448, 097-- 21, 465, 452 29, 365, 052 Greennsylyaniaeees aot ee eres S 3, 181, 586 38, 467, 539 36, 943, 272 emVVGISCONAIM Reta > fc coc cee cee co neo ee 87, 340 960,813 | 10, 608, 423 19, 389, 166 Sie Wlarviland sessec occ secocenecassoe ses sees 38, 410,9654+- 15,785, 339 26, 082, 147 12, 356, 838 OMpVEISSO OI ans esos oe ee ce tee oes 25, 086, 196 12,320,483 | 12,015, 657 9, 424, 823 TO, TER BAG a Sas le ne ue RE Sean 5, 764, 582 2,349,798 | 6,481, 431 9, 316, 135 ih). (OCT TGYC NC I eS nett aoe ne AR nee 6, 000, 183 8, 328. 798 14, 044, 652 8, 874, 924 ie, JTLT BE OSES nee aoe oe ROE eee 7, 993, 378 9, 325, 392 8, 872. 842 7, 710, 297 TRY JUS NRA) aan Se See nen ace 6, 885, 262 5, 249, 274 3, 935, 825 38, 042, 936 4a Massachusetts icn-/'scs's cic ~ saan seisice's = « 3, 233, 198 7, 312, 885 5, 369, 436 2, 794. 848 TD ES UAV ITNT A sc cce ecco sl cmwniscc osc as 2, 180, 366 | 2, 046, 452 | 2, 296, 146 2, 602, 021 Between 100,000 and 1,000,000 pounds. Gi AR CATUS AS ctarsieta'a/is'a.nisiayai=1ta)< ayaa /arara siete s slain 989, 980 594, 886 970, 220 954, 640 emi G rid ages Scan. eee tactic See cea selan 828, 815 157, 405 | 21, 182 | 470, 443 lis Grane) Se Ge Se Sees een toce 019, 318 288, 596 | 228, 590 263, 752 ON South Carolinas... o-cccc2 5 aide sisretners ese 104, 412 34, 805 45, 678 222, 898 DAL GRIN eitetnce a on te See cic oS ese .au a no.seic | 97, 914 59, 706 | 221, 283 175, 706 UPAR DAM Dice ccc ce leci-s ceuwe soie.s sis ve eiseiee oe 232, 914 152, 742 452, 426 162, 430 Less than 100,000 pounds. | 22. New Hampshire ..-..-..- Ne arate ae eee oie 18, 581 155, 334 170, 843 86, 593 LOW Ate sas cance ate Soe ae eee ee ews 302, 168 71,792 420, 477 74, 396 JSeOVOEMOM Ges sc secsisceseces eee saree 12, 245 72, 671 131, 432 70,518 PR, TETANY eg a ea nee ae ee 20, 349 33, 24] 191, 669 | 62, 083 POs VEISSISSED Dlvemeia att: ce tee Sains cncinetea 159, 141 61, 012 414, 663 61, 511 PMO UISIAN Mime esc ck ec oe cece 39, 940 15, 541 55, 954 46, 845 ONG Wired OLSOY nee sss saem isco ce ones cise es 149, 485 40, 871 172, 315 33, 855 29. Delaware.........--- oe ma emer te 9. 699 250 1, 278 29, 680 BU MANNE OA scene ns) acc oe sacs os ee 38, 938 8. 247 69, 922 23, 285 SU MOAI OTM Asters nase acc aoe cies sicls sists se ao 3, 150. | 63, 809 73, 317 12, 907 DAMME C HIG ANG ems os cseah cone tensa come sete 121, 099 5, 385 83, 969 11, 984 BOEPNGULAGK Ae eee eee 2 Sec eenecemes ciseeae 3, 636 5, 988 | 57, 979 11, 049 DAMASIO TONE casos ceases nee e econ 10 1, 682 | 6, 930 7, 046 BO MULOL Olle eos see ema eso tecatte cess 405 | 3. 847 17, 325 8, 325 BGMEN GW MOKICO/f os 622 se nesieiceveicecsceics chia | 7, 044 8, 587 | 890 1,415 EO tale eee sce ceste coc ena. wae cece eee | 434, 291, 913 262, 732,755 | 471, 655, 305 482, 244, 764 This table gives the yield of States according to the production in 1889, the first group comprising those States in which the production exceeded 1,000,000 pounds, the second group comprising those States in which the production is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 pounds, the third group embracing the States producing less than 100,000 pounds. 8 ESTIMATES OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN 1896. The following are the final estimates of the Division of Statistics of this Department for the year 1896: Area, yield, and value of tobacco in 1896. State preeouls Yield. | Value. Acres. Pounds. MON GUC kiygeceinc setee si eee etnene ne ae ate namicia/els crmietnie ate a eit | 196,745 | 1438, 623, 850 | $6, 032, 202 INOLbH CG arOlingics seo cses cee eee wae caltarevsioeae seman Seteceie ae 134, 567 68, 629, 170 5, 490, 334 VERE by ee ee a ees Sono masa orbonb>.cecteaecasac 92, 002 57, 961. 260 3, 013, 986 TENN OSSCOsee santiws wa cles Seco eciac secs eee eae ceee ote eee 53, 351 35, 211, 660 2,464, 816 OT OSes a ee cee ace & clown cicibine cle acme eC eters See conte 32, 012 23, 688, 880 1, 066, 000 IManvland bemsactercesce ss sans sees orlomecen ae ete seamen a asiae 15, 995 9, 277. 100 398, 915 IPennsy LvaMia te se a eset aes oo en toe ele ae ia eens 18, 884 16, 244, 280 1, 299. 542 TING aN Ae sos wen we slens = Se Sec are no oda eee aneee enceen eaten 11, 957 8, 130, 760 365, 884 IMGSS0 UTI ete ee Sok coe cts! uc c:cile cmos cesses cease seen 10, 580 7, 406, 000 666. 540 CONNECH CMe sceeomaneec ns ata samacemee seca eee eee ene 6, 579 10, 197, 450 1, 325, 668 WES AVA DIN see = ae as oro n om nies alerelstre sien em ce eee ere emcrcien 5, 119 3, 685, 680 313, 283 AWHISCONSIN Soot a acon oaectes Secces oe een teres memes 3, 975 5, 088, 000 279, 840 5 ObbhYey Gleeesees Waa ene ican witis Sialeiciere siove'ete ais\etel ears eet aisotaarore re eicterae 3, 902 2,497, 280 | 237, 242 IN GEG OTK ac Bate it ermine @riicic ae vince aie So sen see eee ee 8, 259 3, 389, 360 | 271.149 PAT KAnSaStes sce cece ome cess se os cece Se eee ee eee 2, 950 1, 327, 500 | 146, 025 HAA AIM Fi eae ce ae cies cto se oe et cece cane es loceene ae Seeieite 2, 147 1, 009, 090 | 161, 454 Massage huseltsiserc: = ese as scan mone yocee eee ee ee ese ee iSO 3, 199, 500 | 383, 940 Others Stateswcsecl cc oso cc. coe ee wicise aie Sais wise cicicye = clelslereieree 3, 750 2,437, 500 | 341, 250 A Oba sec ore eae ees Bolas worn a nae aaa a aero 594,749 | 403, 004, 320 24, 258, 070 PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. The Department is constantly in receipt of letters asking for informa- tion and advice in regard to the growing of tobacco. The main points of inquiry seem to be in regard to the kind of tobacco which should be grown and the method of curing the product. Climate and soil conditions should determine the kind of tobacco raised. The tobacco plant readily adapts itself to a great range of climatic conditions, will grow on nearly all kinds of soil, and has a comparatively short season of growth. It can, therefore, as a matter of fact, be grown in nearly all parts of the country, even where wheat and corn can not be economically prcduced. But while tobacco can be so universally grown, the flavor and quality of the leaf are greatly influ- enced by the conditions of climate and soil. The industry has been very highly specialized and there is only demand now for tobacco possessing certain qualities, adapted to certain specific purposes. A nondescript tobacco is not worth growing and should not be grown, as it lowers the price of really good types of tobacco, to the detriment alike of the grower and the consumer. It is important, therefore, to under- stand what kinds of tobacco are in demand and what the climatic and soil conditions are which will most easily produce the qualities desired. The principal kinds of tobacco grown in this country are the cigar types, for our domestic supply of cigars; the manufacturing types, for smoking and chewing, for our domestic use; the bright yellow tobacco, for cigarettes, smoking, and plug wrappers; White Burley, for smok- ing and chewing, both for domestic and export trade; and the export types proper, which are not suited to our domestic use, but which are mainly exported to foreign countries to be used both for cigar and manufacturing purposes. classes of tobacco should be grown? 9 The question is often asked, Which of these CHANGES IN PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO FROM 1879 TO 1889. The following table, compiled from the Eleventh Census, shows where these different classes of tobacco are produced, the acreage of the dif- ferent tobacco districts in 1879 and 1889, together with the increase or decrease in acreage and yield in 1889 as compared with the acreage and yield of 1879. The plus sign in the table indicates an increase; the minus sign indicates a decrease. Comparison of acreage and yield for 1879 and 1889, by districts. Relation of acreage Acréace Change in each dis- | Change in whole in each a ais trict. area. Districts. district to total 7 ACTCAZO 1879 1889. Acres. Yield. Acres. Yield. in 1889. - Cigar leaf: Per cent.| Acres. Acres. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. peedleat Wes ecsence.ocs 0.3 752 | 329 — 56.2 — 62.7 — 0.58 — 0.68 Massachusetts ...- 2.9 3, 358 2, 012 40.1 — 92.1 — 1.84 — 2.67 Connecticut. =.ss.—-.. 6. 8, 666 6,331 ; — 26.9] — 36.8) — 3.20 <= ¥AEOS indians pete 2s sce se 9.2 9, 859 Boer ese OO = = 8870)" ae nS == 353 Pennsylvania .......... 29. 2 26, 347 26,746; + 1.5) — 19.4] + .54 — 7.24 Seed leaf, Ohio ......... 23.2 15, 017 21, 224 + 41.2 -f 5.9 + 8.52 + 1.04 ING WR MOLne SU eeee kos. Out 4, 264 8,289 | + 94.31 + 56.1) + 5.52] + 3.33 MWHSCODSIN icnecus eo aicrle | 18.6 8,509 | 17, 000 + 99.8 + 83.3 +11.66 | + 9.05 MU OWIG Bee ee = eee oee . 04 35 | 1, 100 +3042. 8 +3570. 5 + 1.32 + .44 ARG ba eee eee cache enis aid 98. 74 76, 807 OU 409) eee ee aiac|™ ee 291. 91 19 Manufacturing and export: Red and spangled, W. AV eas tee a eee Bae . 05 568 187 68. 0 72.3 — .10 — .ll Manufacturing, Mo .... 4 2, 977 1,205; — 59.5); — 59.4] — .50 — 42 Sun and air cured fill- BUN SVIR) oeiats fsa sae iets .8 6, 285 2, 616 — 58.3 — 69.9 — 1.05 — 1.29 Maryland: 222. testcce 2 5.4 37, 741 7,778 — 52.9 — 52.6 — 5.72 — 5.73 Spangled, Ohio ......... el 7, 581 3, 604 — 52.4 — 51.6 —1.14 — 1.41 Green River, Ky.-....--. 9 6, 419 3, 123 — 51.3 — 51.3 — .91; — .91 Red shipping, Va......- teal GrolGe Sigel | a Rel end 1 | #80: | = SO Heavy tobacco, Mo .... 2.0 10, 018 6, 862 ol! —=) 26:2 == 2:90 i498 Cumberland River, Ky .- Bist 3, 844 2, 729 ==, 29:0 Sy faa) Soil DT Upper Green River, Ky. 4.3 17, 676 14,440 | — 17.9 12.9); — .92 — .65 Ohio River; Ky......... 4.2 18, 297 14, 203 — 2.2 26.4 a Baty) = 147. Upper Cumberland TULVGT GM ayers oat iceie 1.6 5, 421 5,398 | — 4) — 14.2 + .01 — .27 Paducah, Key, =. cescse 8.4 28, 205 28,188 } — «1 == 14,0) . 00 leo Lower Green River, Ky- 14.9 50, 318 50, 088 -O|; + 1.2 - 00 + .21 Clarksville, Ky..-...... 13.7 45, 756 45, 753 .0 + 4.1 - 00 + .55 HXPOLt, Liles ees oe «9 2, 999 3,029; + 1.0] + 9.2] + .01 + .07 Benton County, Ark ...- 5B} 844 | 940 + 11.4 eel) + .02 . 00 West Tennessee, Tenn -| 3.7 10,103 | 12,4382)| + 23.0) + 13.2] ++ .66 + .41 Clarksville, Tenn .-..-. 8.8 220012 ley 29. Bosal) =e 20rd + 37.3 + 1.93 + 2.53 Dark shipping, W. Va.. ayy 1, 342 1,819) + 35.5) + 30.7] + .13 + .18 North Carolina. -....... @22.3 a48,005 a74,848 + 55.9] + 24.4 a. 7. 69 + 2.34 MR ObM eae cce ne cee cena bessoe dine BES OOO ee Oar OAL ec cccmisicc lates < cleo ales —13.87 | —10.34 i: == = = Bright yellow: | | NIT OTIN erent eres 040.2 652, 565 | 051, 281 — 2.4 — 24.1 — 1.26 —13.31 West Virginia ........- 14 1, 169 1,390 | + 10.3; + 17.0|/ + .21 . 20 North Carolina.:.....-- 58.8 648,005 674,848 -- 65.9 | + 24.4 +80. 31 +10. 98 RO tae Sct a f= ed |e eee IELTS RG Ge Ace ace. ce ae eee +29.26 | — 2.13 White burley: | | ONTO e ee es eee cc 15.3 | 11,258 17, 250 + 53.2 + 37.4 + 9.25; + 7.02 MentuCkeyras sesso cc 84.7 53,475 95, 563 + 78.7 + 86.3 +65.01 +69.97 Me ee COO Sa eee ee | 64, 738 SSW anemia sets |e os kickcc fac +74. 26 +76. 99 a There is no way of estimating separately the acreage in yellow and in manufacturing in this State. It is generally believed the acreage in manufacturing is greatly decreased and that in yellow has increased. bIncluding also flue-cured fillers. This estimate is but approximate. 10 A glance at the table shows that in this period of ten years the acre- age and yield of the cigar tobaccos have been very considerably increased, The manufacturing and export districts can not be sharply separated, as both kinds of tobacco are frequently grown in the same district and the same kind is frequently used for both purposes. It will be seen that on the whole there has been a considerable decrease in the acreage and yield. With the bright yellow and burley tobaccos there has been a large increase in both acreage and yield. This table gives an idea where the different kinds of tobacco are raised in such quantities and of such commercial importance as to constitute a dis- trict. Since 1889 there has been considerable change in many of these districts, while other new districts, notably Texas and California, are coming into considerable prominence both as to the area under culti- vation and the excellent quality of the product raised. The acreage in Florida has also been very greatly increased since 1889, but there are no reliable statistics to show the extent of the changes in the counties making up the tobacco districts. COUNTIES CONSTITUTING THE TOBACCO DISTRICTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following are the counties in each State making up the different tobacco districts of the country. This gives only a very approximate idea of the area of the districts, as the boundaries follow geological and soil formations rather than county lines, and consequently only small portions of some of the counties are included in the districts. The counties are given in the order of their acreage in 1889, those having the largest acreage being given first. The numerals immedi- ately after the names of the States show the percentage of the total tobacco acreage of the State in 1889 included in the counties named. Only those counties producing notable quantities of tobacco are here mentioned. District of cigar types. , pacare Product _ 3 States and varieties. ehiStatos Counties. Illinois: Per cent. Seed ‘leaf. s25s6cc.0s2 i: Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll. Massachusetts..-..---- 100 Hampshire, Hampden, Franklin, Berkshire. Connecticuties=..24--.. 100 Hartford, Litchfield, Fairfield, Tolland, Middlesex, New Haven. Indiana-s: =o - 5.88 89.4 | Switzerland, Spencer, Warrick, Jefferson, Dubois, Ohio, Pike. Pennsylvania.......--- 99.2 | Lancaster. York, Chester, Bragiford, Clinton, Tioga, Bucks, Leb- anon, Northumberland, Lycoming, Dauphin, Cumberland. Ohio: Seedileafs.-=.-.\- 2. 47.8 | Montgomery, Darke, Preble, Warren, Miami, Butler, Clinton, Clark, _ Shelby, Champaign, Greene. k , INeweOork Lode Leg Lone ‘A a ‘ » i i Bull. No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. ey June July Ang. Sept. 8 Mean Monthly Temp. Mean Min. Temp. 0 Av. Monthly Rainfall. Ke ntucky May June 95 90 July PLATE II. Aug. Sept. Mean Max. Temp. IN Mean Daily Range 60 Mean Relative Humidity. Tennessee——— Virginia --------- North Carolina EB.L Flournoy der 13 Mean minimum temperatures. District. Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug Sept. OF, OF, oF, | OrBY i SOR oF, MONNCCHICULEN dG yoces ssc aan alniej7e a's c)s)o'ninaoimeln'eye bos ~s | 35.40 46.50 | 55.90 60. 50 58. 80 50. 87 SE rvs livin bl tors aeti= Beets tet s Seicie oie occisciesiciiec ede 39.50 | 49.40] 59.70 64.00) 61.00 54. 68 EORSENIIG Laver areata eee esate ae ee lelc's ore Sinks Sia (Siew ee 47. 90 56. 20 66.20 | 67.60 | 65. 60 Dio BUGTITICRS OG sets = core ero ctoesisire aa yereiccke Ss Secle.cisiecciee waned 51.50 | 59.30 | 67.80} 71.30) 68.50 62. 25 SVR OUN Meee ne earn sock oe ie Scie ete Se voeekne ounces 45. 40 55. 50 64. 50 68. 50 66. 50 59. 90 LS(@uETAAY CEN ROLE os Be Re gee ee Oe ee 47.90 | 57.60 | 65.60 | 68.20 | 66.90 61.10 SEL IEL US eee eee NE cela Nai icinainiciais einen oh tae | 74.40 | 74.00] 74.25 | 74.15 | 73.60 73. 70 District. Oct Nov Dec Jan. Feb. | Mar. Ee ater eet Set ye Ne aise a mace eces wouceeeoecs 74.10 | 70.70 | 68.00} 66.90 | 68.00 68. 40 Mean daily ranges of temperature. District. Apr. | May. | June. | July. | Aug Sept. Z — | | OF. | oF, oF. OF, OF, oF, Mote Gt CUDA ANNOY is cece al esaiitenemssccestess 21.3 22.5 22.1 21.6 20.1 20.4 PRO WS LN, AN den weenie raises oe helo cloieisio\mnin inser ce o.ni2 © 21.4 21.8} 21.9 20.5 21.8 20.3 TEQES ARIE CC): oe a eS 22.5 23.6 18.6 16.9 15.7 21.6 SUENTCSROOR eee ne ae maein posed Seiad co L Al District. Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar - | " = Haba atte jeeps esas cee Seen sa ones aoe eases 15 10 9 | 8 6 6 | | The Sumatra tobacco imported into this country is used only for a wrapper for our domestic cigars; it is not suitable for fillers nor for any other purpose in the market. The Habana tobacco is suitable both for cigar wrapper and filler. The Connecticut tobaeco which is grown at present is valued mainly as a wrapper and binder leaf; the Pennsyl- vania tobacco is used mainly as a filler, the cigars being wrapped with a leaf from other localities. The same is true of the Ohio tobacco. The principal tobacco season in Cuba is about the opposite of our own. Sev- eral crops of tobacco can be grown there each season, but the main planting season is in November and December, while with us it is in May and June. It is surprising to find so little difference in the mean meteorological records for these several places during the crop season. There does not seem to be sufficient difference to explain the distribu- tion of the different classes of tobacco, and yet this distribution is probably due mainly to climatic conditions. EXPERIENCE THE ONLY SAFE TEST OF CLIMATE FOR TOBACCO. One must still judge, so far as the climate is concerned, mainly from the experience of others as to the class of tobacco to be raised, as the ordinary meteorological record will be of very little value in determin- ing this point. The plant is far more sensitive to these meteorological conditions than are our instruments. Even in such a famous tobacco region as Cuba tobacco of good quality can not be grown in the immedi- ate vicinity of the ocean or in certain parts of the island, even on what would otherwise be considered good tobacco lands. This has been the experience also in Sumatra and in our own country, but the influences are too subtle to be detected by our meteorological instruments. Little, therefore, can be said at the present time in regard to the suitable climatic condition for tobacco of any particular type or quality SOILS OF THE TOBACCO DISTRICTS. Under given climatic conditions the class and type of tobacco depend upon the character of the soil, especially on the physical character of the soil upon which it is grown, while the grade is dependent largely 15 upon the cultivation and curing of the crop. The different types of tobacco are grown on a wide range of soils all the way from the coarse, sandy lands of the pine barrens to the heavy clay, limestone, grass, and wheat lands. The best soil for one kind of tobacco, therefore, will be almost worthless for the staple agricultural crops, while the best for another type of tobacco will be the richest and most productive soil of any that we have. Itis particularly true of tobacco, to a greater extent, perhaps, than of any other crop, that the texture and physical proper- ties of the soil influence the physiology of the plant to such an extent as to determine and control the distribution of the different widely distinct types of tobacco. Soils producing a heavy shipping tobacco will not produce fine tobacco of any variety. Soils containing a large proportion of clay, or which for other reasons are very retentive of moisture, tend to produce large, heavy plants which cure to a dark brown or red. A lighter, sandy soil produces a plant having a thinner and more delicate leaf, which by proper treatment can be cured to a bright red, mahogany, or fine yellow color. So marked is this influence of soil upon the quality of the tobacco that a fine, bright tobacco land inay be separated by only a few feet from a heavier clay soil which will produce only a heavy manufacturing or export leaf. Manures and fertilizers tend always to increase the yield per acre, but where large quantities of nitrogen are added to the soil there is a tendency for the leaf to become thicker, heavier, and more gummy. In the case of the fine, bright tobaccos or naturally thin-textured leaves this is apt to cause a marked deterioration in the character of the leaf; but with the heavier varieties this result is far from undesirable, because it merely increases the normal influences of the soil in making the leaf heavier, richer, and of more body. Considerable control can therefore be exercised upon the quality or grade of the leaf, not only by judicious cultivation, but by proper fertilization. A person well acquainted with the practical work of growing tobacco ean readily tell from a simple inspection of the soil what special kind of tobacco the soil will grow and in what condition the soil is for tobacco cultivation. There is some physical, tangible evidence that indicates to the experienced eye whether the conditions are favorable for tobacco growing, whether the land would produce a given type, or whether a nondescript tobacco would be produced. The evidence upon which this judgment is based appears to be the texture or coarseness of the soil grains and the water content. The present investigation is based upon this. THE TEXTURE OF TOBACCO SOIL. The texture of a soil can be determined very satisfactorily by the method of mechanical analysis which has been described in Bulletin No. 4 of this division. The method consists of separating the particles of soil into grades of different sizes, which are especially distinguished 16 as sand, silt, and clay, and weighing the quantity of each grade. The texture of a soil controls to a large extent its relation to water and the relative amount of water that it will contain. As a rule, the more clay a soil contains the more water it will hold; for the spaces in the clay soil are so exceedingly small that the water moves very slowly and a relatively large proportion of the rainfall is retained for the use of plants. The texture of the soil, however, does not altogether determine the relative amount of water which the soil will contain, for the arrange- ment of the soil grains also has a very important influence upon the water content. If the grains are evenly distributed, as in a puddled soil, the soil is much more retentive of moisture than where they are gathered together in flocks or segregated into masses, as in a loamy soil; for when the spaces in the soil between the grains are of nearly uniform size, as they are in a puddled soil, the movement of the water is very much slower than where the spaces are of various sizes, as in a loamy soil. Therefore, while the texture of a soil is a very important factor in the classification of the tobacco lands, the structure, or the arrangement of the soil grains, is also an important factor which must be considered at the same time. The arrangement of the soil grains is not an easy matter to determine, and there is no satisfactory way of expressing the difference in the structure of two soils.” It is therefore necessary to determine the texture and to rely upon actual moisture determinations in the soil to determine the structure and the actual relation of the soil to water. A great many samples of soil and subsoil have been collected from most of the important tobacco districts, and enough of these have been analyzed to enable generalizations to be made as to the character of the soils. Continuous records have been kept for several years of the moisture content of the soils in one or two localities only, in some of the principal tobacco districts. This work should be extended and continuous records kept of the soil condition in a number of places in each district. SOILS OF THE NORTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO DISTRICTS. The grade of tobacco used to wrap a cigar for domestic purposes is quite different from that suitable for the filler. Theoretically the wrap- per leaves are the best on the plant, the binders are second quality, while all the other leaves are used for filler purposes. The one plant, therefore, is supposed to produce the filler, binder, and wrapper for the complete cigar. Asa matter of fact, this is seldom satisfactorily accom- plished with the same plant except in Cuba and our Southern States. In the Northern tobacco States a plaut which will produce a good wrapper leaf does not, as a rule, make a very good filler. Good domes- tic wrapper leaf is worth anywhere from four to twenty times as much per pound as a filler leaf, but as the filler leaf is grown on heavier soil, with closer planting, the yield per acre is much larger and, as the eul- 17 tivation and treatment of the tobacco is less expensive, the return per acre, even at the low price per pound at which it is sold, can be made as profitable as the wrapper. The Pennsylvania filler is seldom wrapped now with its own leaf. It is wrapped with either a Cuban, Sumatra, Connecticut Valley, or Wis- consin wrapper. A Connecticut wrapper seldom wraps its own leaves, but is used on a Cuban, Pennsylvania, Ohio, or Wiscousin filler, The present prevailing grade in the Connecticut Valley is a wrapper leaf, the second quality being used as binder. In Pennsylvania at the present time the quality is a filler leaf, except on the river lands, where a light, thin-textured leaf is produced, which makes wrappers of a superior quality. The New York lands produce a good type of wrapper, and the crop at present is mainly a wrapper and binder grade. The Ohio tobacco is essentially a filler, and is covered with a Cuban, Sumatra, Connecticut Valley, or Wisconsin wrapper. The tobacco lands of Wis- consin appear to be nearly an average of the other States, and to pro- duce in nearly equal excellence a wrapper and a filler leaf. It is commonly called a binder State. THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY SOILS. The tobacco soils of the Connecticut Valley are confined at present to the light, alluvial, sandy terraces and plains bordering the Connec- ticut River from northern Massachusetts down to within afew miles of the Sound. (See Plates III and IV.) These soils are the general type of the early truck soils of the Atlantic Coast. As a rule the lighter the texture—that is, the less clay they contain—the thinner the textureof the tobacco leat and the more elastic, pliable and better the wrapper it will make. The yield per acre, however, on these very light soils is very small, and the care necessary to keep the plant growing and to protect it from the occasional drought is expensive; so that there is a limit of profitable production. On these light soils the plant must be kept growing at all hazards, for if the growth is retarded by too great a deficiency of water at any time, the plant will be small and the leaves thick and harsh. With continuous and rapid growth, such as is secured on these soils in favorable seasons, the leaf is of very thin tex- ture, silky, pliable, light-colored, and admirably adapted for a cigar wrapper. Unquestionably some form of irrigation could be profitably adopted on these soils. It is the experience in Florida that if the plant can be kept growing by frequent rains or by judicious irrigation, the maturity of the crop can be greatly hastened; so that the growing season is only about half as long as it would be under unfavorable weather conditions. Every possible means should be taken to secure a continuous growth, and any check, however slight it may seem, must be regarded as a positive injury to the quality of the product if it is to be used as a wrapper leaf. The wrapper should have little body and but little flavor. 8564—No. 11 » —_ 18 The binder is a low-grade wrapper which, from its quality or appear- ance or both, is not suitable for the outside covering of the cigar. The filler leaf, being worth much less per pound than the wrapper, is too often neglected in this country, and when cured is but little better than dried leaves or has a very rank, strong flavor. This is a very great mistake, as the filler, forming the main bulk of the cigar, should give it character and flavor. Too much care and attention could not be given to the growing and fermenting of the filler leaf, were it not for the fact that the market demands a good-looking cigar above all else. The quality is a very much smaller factor in determining the market value. The filler should always be a leaf of good body and much stronger and richer in its flavor than the present type of wrapper. The rich, heavy clay soils of Pennsylvania and Ohio are admirably adapted to produce a rich, heavy filler leaf. Unfortunately, the methods of curing and fermentation are not so controlled as to develop the best quality of the leaf, as is done in Cuba. The accompanying table gives the average results of the mechanical analyses, Showing the texture of a number of subsoils of the Northern cigar tobacco lands: Mechanical analyses of subsoils. eB a ' 4 =) a sgaluwstla etl. 2 BS |e Vice PR Ses | ei Rel | leer opie 5 Principal eed dele, |S ne 5 | DS S g = & | ii : a & S 5 5 aur of léafproduced'|, cfs) | Pe ol ee Bt ie en | Chana ral =| & LASTER atthe Fe) 38) .8 |) eo So) oS has | S58 ioe mes r=) present time. | a», | = BF P| toes |eieiee i bsoir all aerial ete ae ees = SHEh Ifgay H Oot |S | easy || Omnis “S| as A Ae |KO on erm fis Bes Saas Vireo | Prek.| Peck. | Rct,| Poet. Petial teaeta| eb. Chall leets| laste ||eeene ts 9 | Connecticut ...| Wrapper dnd | 0.76, 2.53! 1.03) 3.26] 9.92) 22.62) 45.47) 10.41) 1.36] 2.32 | binder. 5 | Massachusetts.|....- COM aertania= -61; 2.20) .00) .04| .71! 10.09) 49.26) 30.89) 2.71) 3.31 10) | News VYiork.-2..|5-..- dos anrae? | 1.06) 2.82} 1.94] 2.80] 9.02] 24.47] 32.52| 15.09] 3.09) 7.43 5 | Pennsylvania .-.-.. dO eee 2.03} 3.23 67| 1.23! 5.87) 6.62) 37.18) 23.41) 5.21) 13.80 10 | Wisconsin... -. jeBinderss-esso-- | 4.70) 2.93] .59/ 1.09 4.98] 10.34] 15.68] 31.04} 6.01) 22. 76 A) ?ObiO- ace sa ceeee Din) eeeeesoeae 3.05} 2.67} .39 76 2.25) 5.04) 15.36 37.60) 6.41| 27.52 6 Pennsylvania b|..... Ol see scie |) SOL) ee 47ts c.08 78 | 2 = 13, 89) 34,23) 9.79} 29.27 a@ River land and shaly limestone. b Trenton limestone. It will be seen from the table that the tobacco soils of the Con- necticut Valley, both in Massachusetts and in Connecticut, contain on the average considerably less than 5 per cent of clay. These soils are too fight in texture for any of the staple farm crops. They are adapted to the quick-growing spring vegetables, but are not used to any great extent for these crops, except immediately around the cities and larger towns. The conditions seem to be peculiarly adapted to this particular grade of wrapper leaf tobacco. FASHION AS A FACTOR IN THE VALUE OF TOBACCO SOILS. It must not be forgotten, however, that fashion has much to do in the consumption of cigars. Just at present the demand is for light wrappers and mild-smoking cigars. A few years ago the demand was for heavier cigars, and these light soils of Connecticut had little or no Bull, No. 11, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils PLATE III. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION Oh, SOS: THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIGAR TOBACCO LAND OF CONNECTICUT. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Gravel. Coarse sand. Medium sand. Fine sand. Very fine sand. Silt. Fine silt. Clay. 3.26 9.92 22.62 45.47 10.41 1.36 2.32 1-.5 -5-.25 -25-.1 1-.05 .O5-.01 O1-.005 OO5-.G0OL DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS: IN. MILEIMETERS. Bull. No. 11, UsS. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. PLATE IV. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIGAR TOBACCO LAND OF MASSACHUSETTS. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt. and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Coarse sand. Medium sand. Fine sand. Very fine sand Silt Fine silt Clay. 0.04 0.71 10.09 49.26 30.89 2.71 3.31 Pa ~ | i ¥ see oak amt a: i 1-.5 -5-.25 Pate | -1-.05 .05-,.01 -O1-.005 005-9060} DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. 9 value then for tobacco and were lying out as waste land. At that time the tobacco was grown mainly on the heavier soils and on the ‘meadow lands” of the Connecticut Valley. Strangely enough, there is little or no difference in the texture of these meadow soils compared with the light, sandy soils now used for tobacco, except that they usually con- tain a larger proportion of silt. They are, however, probably by reason of their structure, very reten- tive of moisture and contain upwards of from 23 to 27 per cent of moist- ure, while the finest types of tobacco land in the Connecticut Valley contain only about 7 per cent. These meadow soils are therefore not used for tobacco at present, but if in the course of events the style should change and dark wrappers come into vogue, these lands will again be taken up and the present tobacco lands will have to be aban- doued or used for other crops. PENNSYLVANIA CIGAR TOBACCO LANDS. The tobacco soils of Pennsylvania are confined mainly to the com- paratively narrow belt bordering the Susquehanna River and to the broad expanse of limestone soils typically developed in York and Lan- caster counties. The better class of tobacco lands in Pennsylvania, and those which produce by far the finest wrapper leaf, are the light, alluvial soils along the river, many of them similar in texture to the tobacco soils of the Connecticut Valley. The main crop, however, of the Pennsylvania tobacco has been grown on the limestone soils of York and Lancaster counties. This is a continuation of the great limestone valley extend- ing down through Maryland and Virginia and to the great area of the Trenton limestone formation in Ohio and Kentucky, forming the great blue grass region of these States upon which the white burley tobacco is at present grown. This limestone soil, as it is exposed in the tobaeco districts of Penn- sylvania, is a strong clay soil, well adapted to grass, wheat, and corn, It forms one of the most productive areas in the State of Pennsylvania, and in this respect it is markedly different from the tobacco lands of the Connecticut Valley. There is considerable variety in the texture of the soils, as the limestone itself is not pure, but is mixed with shale. The amount of clay, therefore, in these Pennsylvania lands varies from about 13.8 per cent in the river soils and in the very shaly limestone soils to 29.27 per cent on the average in the pure limestone soils. (See Plate V.) The former grade of soils is preferred just at present to the very heavy ones, as they produce a better grade of wrapper leaf. By proper cultivation, close planting, and especially by proper fermenta- tion and grading of the leaf, the quality of the filler grown on the heavy limestone soils could unquestionably be greatly improved. It has not been feasible for agents of this division personally to examine the soils of the tobacco districts of New York. (See Plate V1.) A large number of soil samples were collected, however, through rep- A 20 resentative growers, whose names were furnished by the Tobacco Growers’ Association. The samples were accompanied by full notes upon the character of the soil, the native vegetation, and the quality of the tobacco grown. A number of these scils have been analyzed, and the results show on the average that the soils contain rather more clay than the soils of the Connecticut Valley. They are much lighter in texture than the Pennsylvania tobacco soils. OHIO CIGAR TOBACCO LANDS. The cigar tobacco district of Ohio is situated in the southwestern part of the State and includes the country bordering the Miami River, Montgomery, Darke, and Preble counties forming the center of the district. The Miami Valley, in the tobacco area, is from 2 to 5 miles wide, level, and extremely fertile. Bordering the valley are upland rolling hills. Broad terraces extend back from the river in a number of places, giving second bottoms, beyond which come the great rolling red lands upon which tobacco is raised with great success. These soils are well drained, with numerous streams flowing out from between hills. Farther back on the level prairies the land is inclined to be wet and needs thorough underdrainage to be profitably cropped. Through- out the whole tobacco area, underdrainage is practiced to a large extent. The soil is derived from drift material which has been worked over and modified by subsequent action of water. (See Plate VII.) The underlying rock is the Lower Silurian limestone shale, but it forms no feature of the surface, as it is covered by the drift material. There is quite a variety in the character of the soil, owing to the heterogeneous nature of the material from which it has been derived. The bottom soils are, as a rule, much lighter in character than the upland soils. The second and third bottoms, in cases where they occur, are level ter- races. The soils vary much, the black prairie soil and the red silty soil predominating. The soils of the rolling uplands are more uniform in character. The timber is mainly sugar tree, and on this sugar-tree land the finest type of tobacco is produced. The sugar-tree soil is a thin, uniform, silty soil, with red clay or silty subsoil. The lower levels of this upland contain considerable areas of black land, which is con- sidered the best land in the district for general agricultural purposes, but which produce too heavy a leaf and one of poor flavor, so that it is not desirable for tobacco culture. Wheat, corn, hay, and tobacco con- stitute the staple crops of the district, although on the sandy river lands truck and fruit growing are carried on to a large extent. Three types of cigar leaf are raised in this district. The most popu- lar at present is the Zimmer Spanish. This has small leaves about 12 inches long, of very fine texture and flavor. It produces about 1,000 pounds per acre. The old Ohio seed leaf is a very large, heavy leaf, 20 inches or more in length, and produces from 1,506 to 2,000 pounds per acre, This is little grown in the district at the present time. The Bull. No. 11, U.S Dept. Agr., Div. Soils UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF Sols. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIGAR TOBACCO LAND OP PENNSYLN ANIA. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt. and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Eravel. Medium sani. Fine sand Very fine sand. is ee inessteeatasin panniers enbessnAAdarps thin pte tropnctiesnnttinneer rama +25-.1 mith -O5-.01 nine ~.005 DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. PLATE V. -O05-.0001 Buil, No. 11, U.S. Dept Agr., Div. Soils PLATE VI. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIMISIONG OE Soils: THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIGAR TOBACCO LAND OF NEW YORK, Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Gravel. Coarse sqnd. Medium sand. Fine sand. Very fine sand. Silt. Fine silt Clay 1.94 2.30 9.02 24.47 32.52 15.09 3.09 7.43 — — _ as ae ~~ r lt ei x iar die ee + 4 t foe on F "i Tae Se ae oR ‘ » a i. cx - = di Note —_— * bas See < — 3 = 2-1 1-.5 .5-.25 -25-.1 1-.05 .O5-.01 -O1-,005 HO Org dunt DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. a lee ae an 7 ali y ; ie whe Pes aaa? ae : it Dy a) oe is A (ahs a aa 7) 7 ‘fe Pan I 1? a ge 2 visa ee bie) ise Geog Paiva ee 7 ao ie 9 ue Bull. No. 11, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils PLaTeE VII. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIGAR TOBACCO LAND OF OHIO Gra Coarse Medium sand Fine sand. Very fine sand. Silt Fine 0.39 0.76 aed = 5.04 15.36 37.60 6.4 21 .:Oe — IG i s 7 ne ‘bs ~ = Ss fa J ew Pie z ie : eo = — ig, Sa : aan es —. ‘ > - —— —_— —s eas ee. DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS ee Zl Little Dutch has a thick, short, narrow leaf which produces about 1,200 pounds per acre and was at one time very extensively grown. These tobaceos are grown almost exclusively for filler purposes. It will be seen from the table already given that these soils have a large percentage of clay. WISCONSIN ‘}OBACCO SOILS. The Wisconsin tobacco is used both as a wrapper and filler leaf to some extent, but it is known in the markets as a binder State. The character of the leaf is midway between the Connecticut wrapper and the Pennsylvania filler. The tobacco is grown in the southern part of the State on the prairies and oak openings. The prairies are a dark, rich loam, resting on a ‘rather heavy silt or clay. The oak openings have a loam lighter in color but about the same in texture. Both are gently rolling and, as a rule, have good surface and under drainage. In texture the Wisconsin lands come between the Connecticut and the heavier limestone soils of Pennsylvania. (See Plate VIII.) SOILS OF THE SOUTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO DISTRICTS. Tobacco has been grown for many years in Flerida, especially in the western part of the State. The tobacco grown there is mainly the Cuban type of cigar wrapper and filler, with some Sumatra lately intro- duced. The recent scarcity of Habana tobacco has given a great im- petus to the cultivation of the crop in Florida, and very extensive arrangements have been made to introduce it to a large extent in the central part of the peninsula. The accompanying table gives the average texture of the cigar tobacco soils of the Southern States: Mechanical analyses of subsoils. | | | | | | | | | | ) a Sli ea aa 5] oer ese oe at lapis. | oma |}a-ea/2 Se |S ae Z| Neste ESL te fae liye al Rt eee s_@|/o8 oe bie eee eel Gell set asc aise les)|—4 26) Locality. Grade of leaf. | 55 ae Oe el ee, |; Meio aAS|SEe | ae aa : Heese a Ore Noe | Bs Bea =A ces = E S| Ne Ol a | ea | 2e] 2s hale i) 98 oS | ps 5a) ‘S'S ph) 0 s S4 | o ae} 2 | a> | wo eo | ial ees as S| rie ete pectic | sic A | A 2 oS | O | ALS Pol] | oO nes | C = s DeECtal be chalet | bet. te cb. lb. Cb. P.ct.| Pct as ies 29 Florida, pen- | Main-cropwrap-) 0.62 | 1.73 | 0.26 | 2.60 18.94 ol. 5p) 118290 |) L383"! 0,59) |) sx20 insula per, binder | | filler. “Sucker- | _ crop filler. | | 4 | Florida, Gads- | Same gradesa...| .58 | 2.68 |) .68 | 4.85 (20.03 |45.53 /14.93 | 4.15 | .80 | 5.15 den County. | Fe se G6) ssc e Se | Same grades, | 1.18 | 5.69 -54 | 1.94 | 8.81 [85.15 (13.39 S530 1) 1207) || 29230 subsoil. | 3. |* Dexas..2-2s-cce Same grades....| .23 | .46 | 1.68 | 6.58 |24.55 [37.05 |14.16 | 8.90 | 1.59 | 4.70 1 | California .-..| Wrapper and | 1.28 | 3.91 | 2.94 | 5.49 |19.44 )27.33 |12.85 |13.37 | 2.18 | 10.77 filler. | | | | 8 | Sumatra ..... Wintel p Pele: sai - 7.48 15.41 | 1.41 | 4.39 | 9.95 16.15 17.17 |19.11 | 4.35 | 5.00 6 Cuba (Vuelta | Wrapper and | .74 | 3.80 | 4.06 | 4.62 | 8.28 /21.67 /48.09 | 6.53 | 1.82 5.69 Abajo). tiller. | | | 4 | Cuba (Reme- | Same, heavier...| 5.17 10.01 | 1.31 | .36 | .52 | 4.51 /14.97 |21.24 | 9.37 | 32.32 dios). | | | | | | aA light loam, averaging 12 to 18 inches deep, overlying the red clay. 22 CIGAR TOBACCO SOILS OF WESTERN FLORIDA. The soils of the older Gadsden County district in the western part of the State are very different from any others which oceur in Florida. They are the characteristic ‘‘ red-land” soil of the Lafayette formation, similar to those found at Wedgefield and Aiken, 8S. C., which extend south through Georgia and form some of the western counties of Florida, with Quincy as a center. The soil is a light loam resting on a very strong red clay. The clay is exposed in all cuts and in the washings of the land, and is usually found from 8 to 18 inches below the surface. The country is guite rolling, well wooded with hard-wood trees, and in the early spring it has the fresh green appearance of the country in the Valley of Virginia and in the tobacco area of Pennsylvania. 30th the Cuban and Sumatra types of tobacco are grown here, and both are used for wrappers as well as fillers. Unlike the imported _ Sumatra tobacco, the tobacco grown in Florida from Sumatra seed loses much of its bitter taste, while the sucker crop and inferior leaves are cured up with more body and are much better adapted to filler purposes. A single plantation in Gadsden County had last year 900 acres in tobacco and, with the crops bought of the farmers in the surrounding country, the company owning the plantation cured and packed upward of 2,500 bales. The season is so long that two crops of tobacco can be produced in the same year, or two or three sucker crops can be grown after the main cutting has been taken. The sucker crop is stronger, heavier, and darker, and is used only as a filler. It will be seen from the table that these red subsoils contain about 30 per cent of clay, and therefore compare in texture with the soils of the Ohio seed leaf district and with the stronger soils of Pennsylvania. The top soil, however, is quite a light loam, and the character of the land as a tobacco soil depends largely upon the depth and character of the , red-clay subsoil. These lands are notable in another respect, which seems to be characteristic of this formation generally, namely, they maintain on an average only about 8 or 10 per cent of moisture against 20 to 22 per cent maintained by the Pennsylvania and the Ohio lands. CIGAR TOBACCO SOILS OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULA. Outside of this area in western Florida most important developments have recently been made around Ocala, Bartow, and Fort Meade. At Fort Meade particularly there is a well-organized company, managed by Cubans, with a large area in tobacco. The first crop was made last year. This was cured and fermented according to the Cuban processes, and without waiting to mellow with age, as is necessary to bring out the finest qualities of a tobacco, the crop was sold at Tampa for a very satisfactory price. Tobacco growing on the peninsula is essentially a new industry, and. comparatively little experience has been available except what has Bull. No, 11, U.S. Dent. Agr., Div. Soils PLATE VIil. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIGAR TOBACCO LAND OF WISCONSIN. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Gravel. Coarse sand. Medium sand, Fine sand. Very fine sand. Suit Fine silt Clay 0.59 1.09 4.98 10.34 15.68 31.04 6.01 22.76 ; pare ae = ie) re hha : tee J coal = whe: a =~ = — wait =| $ 2-1 1-.5 -5-.25 -25-.1 -1-.05 -05-.01 -O1-.005 }05~.0001 mind. men 1430 went DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. a , 7 eine sila aM and bia i" ; ts ieee : x ; PEN ad ree sale sate Need te, ne Pa ad Se au 3 Mb! reo - A? ; 7 ; sa dp 4 i i aie sats ees ces Or se ‘ 4 aie - ay fi : er ate ik ee i oe a ao : 7 ar a ee a ey en ie lat ‘cite ty Faery: ae } at Oh, Hat ol bet Rta |. AND MAD ae ay 1, ei a hh ; | Tha, 1 a Oh bbe © oe hoon fi ; tA tat < ors, eer) |) We A or B. 18 Dele an Lae ist Oy Nal i eas 7 > yaa Po -" ayy te i, Oe arden ce : , : Ay ; ei) mate ; ot "d i en Pr) Rat! Ca Peon raat a) —) | sale ve ge Ry , a ae hs, es 2G, : i val ma 2h 7 46 oa " phy 7 - Ab at Dh . bp ae an eal aes) ae 23 been collected during the past year. The industry has been developed upon the post-oak lands around Ocala, which are considered the best type of tobacco lands in that locality, and upon the hammock lands at Bartow and Fort Meade. There are large areas of these soils in the State which can be developed through the tobacco interest, and there is every reason to believe that the venture will be very successful. There is no reason to doubt that many of the pine lands are well suited to tobacco. There is very little difference in the texture of the post-oak lands, the hammock lands at Fort Meade, and the pine lands. ‘The difference in the soil which causes the distribution in the forest growth appears to be mainly due to the difference in the water content of the soils, ag will be explained in another place. The soils are all very light and sandy. It will be seen from the table that they contain on an average less than 4 per cent of clay and less than 6 per cent of silt, fine silt, and clay. They contain over 50 per cent of ‘fine sand,” so that they are relatively rather coarse and open. Notwithstanding this open texture, the hammock soil at Fort Meade contains on an average about 8 per cent of water throughout the season, which is about as much as the tobacco lands of the Connecticut Valley contain. This water con- tent, moreover, is for some reason more uniform, and the land can go for some time without rain with no serious injury to the crops. Never- theless, the planters have been greatly benefited by judicious systems of irrigation through overhead sprays. By thus keeping the plants continually and rapidly growing the crop will mature in forty-five days from the time the plants are set out. On account of the length of the season tobacco can be grown almost continually through the year, and crops can be set out almost every month in the year. Usually two or three crops are made and two or three sucker crops are produced. There is undoubtedly a vast area of land in Florida suited to tobacco, and the climate is unquestionably favorable for the production of a very fine quality of leaf. A very intelligent method of growing and fermenting is being practiced, and there is no reason why the industry should not be successful. For a great commercial success there must be a large quantity of tobacco for the manufacturers to depend on in maintaining particular brands of cigars. The method of curing and sweating can be more eco- nomically and successfully done in large bulk than in small quantities. The experience of the growers in Cuba and Sumatra, that the tobacco erown near the water has an inferior burn, must be given due con- sideration in extending the industry toward the coast and developing it in the lake regions of the State. It has not been feasible for agents of the Department to make a per- sonal investigation of the soils of the new tobacco districts which are being developed in Texas and in southern California, A number of samples of soil have been received from prominent growers from both 24 States and have been analyzed in the Division. The results as given in the table show that the soils agree very well with the finer grade of cigar tobacco lands. The general climatic conditions, however, are dif- ferent, and great care and judgment should be used in selecting suitable locations for the industry. BRIGHT TOBACCO LANDS. The bright yellow tobacco used for cigarettes, plug wrappers, fillers, and cutting is grown mainly in Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, and East Tennessee. (See Plate IX.) It is, however, produced in smaller quantities in several of the other Southern. States. Wherever it is grown the industry is confined to a certain type of soil. The con- ditions in Granville and Buncombe counties, N.C., and around Danville, Va., are typical of the conditions upon which the industry is based. The typical bright tobacco land consists of a loose, porous sand, con- taining not more than 8 or 10 per cent of clay. This sand must be at least 12 inches deep. Many areas are cultivated in which the sand extends to a depth of 5 or 10 feet or more, and a very fine quality of tobacco is produced. As a general rule the less clay the soil contains and the deeper the sand the finer the quality of the tobacco, providing it keeps growing continuously. The trouble with such very light soils is that they produce but a small yield per acre and there is danger of drought, which would check the growth of the plant and cause the leaves to thicken, It is for this reason, therefore, that it is preferred to have the sand underlaid at a depth of 18 to 22 inches by a heavier clay, which tends to conserve the moisture supply of the soil and ren- ders the plant less subject to the injurious effects of what would other- wise prove a severe drought. The clay which underlies the bright tobacco lands of Virginia and North Carolina is the same as that upon which the heavy manufactur- ing and export tobacco is grown. Where this clay is exposed to the surface the heavy type of tobacco is produced; where it is covered from 12 to 20 inches with fine-grained sand the bright tobacco is produced the most profitably. The country throughout these regions is generally quite rolling, with numerous * draws,” or natural ditches, and streams, so that the land is well drained. The sandy covering is usually found on the ridges or slightly elevated plateaus, while the heavy clay may be exposed within a few feet, and the two types of tobacco sucecessiully grown upon the same farm. For this reason it has never been easy to detine the areas of the two types of tobacco, for they are both grown in the same coun- ties and frequently on the same farm. The accompanying table shows an average of 44 samples of the sub- soils of the bright tobacco lands which have been examined, and they contain about 8 per cent of clay. This is quite uniform, the extreme range for profitable tobacco culture being probably between 6 and 12 aes Bull. No. 11, U.S. Dept Agr., Div. Sorls PLATE IX. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL BRIGHT TOBACCO LAND OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Gravel. Coarse sand. Medium sand. Fine sand. Very fine sand. Silt. Fine silt. Clay 2.57 6.39 13.67 22.02 23.45 14,08 5.43 $.23 i ‘ " kek. ee cM SE irate —_! 1 ae = aS * fae -005-.0001 .5-. -25-.1 1-.05 -05-.01 nas mu mine mn .O1-.005 DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. bare. aan oe hes a a ay ie 7 4 a iy wey sd : i) PY eal io Ces rE he ry ca Wiedgioen y ree are Lene Ge ih } ee aa ee ae wll a : ine yi! chs, : ia A y i 7 i” 'y aia. PS ey f ls Bh a a ay ae Org per cent. The character of the red clay subsoil is also shown for the manufacturing tobacco district of Virginia: Mechanical analyses of subsoiis. Sie =| ay ee ae . 3 eis 4 fu Soiee is ess a) poo Wee Mlipso2 = eglaa/72/ss|ee og oe Sacre Sisal Ses Ree am |25/Sq\|s8 | SA ae Locality. escription. Bo |-a2 35 a ae Sa | as = Aa OHO! 8 jour qin By oe bo 5a saa @ | 8 ieee eres. (ae es 4 ae alin ics mel|rSl“z |e 15° | P.ct. P.ct.| P.ct. P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P.ct.| P. et 44 | Virginia and| Brightyellow...) 1.10 | 2.24 | 2.57 6.39 |13. 67 |22. 02 |23.45 [14.08 | 5.43 | 8. 2% North Caro- | | | | lina. 55 | Kentucky and| Export ..-.-...... 2.23 | 3.00] .39] .56]| .73 | 1.93 | 9.50 |52.50 | 6.28 | 22.59 Tennessee. : | | 30 | Kentuckyand| White burley... 3.48 4.42 | .64 1.63 | 1.44 | 1.22 | 7.04 (39.77 | 9.36 | 31.62 Ohio. | PAL Aloha bob Weer | Manufacturing - 5.55 | 7.87 / 1.22 2.05 | 3. oa 6.94 | 9.45 (11.29 | 7.67 | 44.38 | As the relation of the physical properties of the soil is not thoroughly understood or practically recognized by the growers, a large amount of land is now cultivated in bright tobacco which is not suited to this plant and which does not produce a good grade. On the other hand, there are large areas not at present under cultivation which could be developed into very fine tobacco lands. The typical bright tobacco soil is of little value for any of the staple farm crops, although, when suit- ably located near transportation lines, it is admirably adapted to the production of early vegetables, watermelons, and sweet potatoes. MANUFACTURING TOBACCO LANDS OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. sefore the development of the white burley industry the strong red-clay soils around Charlottesville, Lynchburg, and Danville, Va., and in Granville and neighboring counties of North Carolina were extensively used for the production of the typical Virginia manufactur- ing and export tobacco. These areas are located mainly on the gabbro, gneiss, and Lafayette clays. The material is quite uniform, the subsoils containing from 30 to 50 per cent of clay. (See Plate X.) They are very productive and are well suited to the staple farm crops, such as grass, Wheat, and corn. Since the introduction of the White Burley tobacco, however, there has been a very noticeable decrease in the acreage in Virginia, especially of the soil adapted to the heavier types of tobacco, and the cultivation of tobacco on these lands has been almost abandoned. The industry is confined now principally to small areas along rivers, streams, or creeks and upon recent deposits which can not well be referred to any of the older geological formations and which can not well be examined without a detailed examination of the larger part of the State. The same remark holds true in regard to the tobacco industry in North Carolina. A great change has taken place very recently, and the acreage devoted to the heavier type of tobacco has been consider- ably reduced. These heavy clay lands are being used for other crops, 26 and the tobacco is grown upon limited areas in certain districts where the quality of the tobacco produced is such as to make it reasonably profitable. Here, again, it is impossible to make any statement in regard to the tobacco district without making a detailed study of the soils of the State. There seems to be no general type of soil. The tobaceo grown upon the soil which was formerly cultivated most exten- sively is no longer profitabie. The table shows that these soils, which a very few years ago would have been considered the typical manufacturing tobacco land, contain on an average over 40 per cent of clay and have thus a larger content of clay than the soils of any other tobacco district. THE WHITE BURLEY TOBACCO LANDS OF KENTUCKY AND OHIO. The white burley tobacco is confined to the well-marked type of soil of the Lower Silurian limestone in central and north central Kentucky and the adjacent counties of Ohio. This embraces the blue grass region of Kentucky, and it is upon these fine, fertile, blue grass soils that the white burley is grown. (See Plate XI.) The country has the general appearance of an old limestone region, generally rolling and with frequent depressions, sinks, and caves. The hills, 400 to 500 feet high, bordering the Ohio River and extending from 6 to 10 miles back, are generally steep, and fields are often culti- vated in tobacco with slopes as great as 45 degrees. The valleys are narrow, winding, and V-shaped, and no bottom lands are found except- ing along the larger rivers and streams. The country back from the hills on the Ohio side is generally rolling. The drainage is excellent. The tobacco lands on the Ohio side are all within the hills on the Ohio River and confined to two kinds of soil, popularly known as the ‘“‘sugar-tree land” and “beech land.” The beech lands lie low in the valley and are inclined to be wet, and do not produce the finest quality of leaf. The sugar-tree lands lie well up in the valleys and are consid- ered the typical white burley soil. Back from the hills, in Ohio, the soil becomes white, wet, and ‘‘crawfishy” and does not produce a fine quality of burley. These flat lands are of drift origin, timbered with white oak, and usually need to be underdrained in order to produce well. In Kentucky the tobacco area is confined to the Trenton and Hudson River limestones. Phosphatie limestone is frequently met with, while chert occurs only sparingly through the area. The soils are all heavy clay of a uniform deep red color. The depth of the soil varies considerably, the rocks outcropping in many places, especially on the hillsides. Around Lexington the rock is on the average about 6 feet below the surface, while in the northern counties it is at a greater depth than this. The top soil is of light, loamy char- acter, not inclined to form into clods when properly cultivated. The soil is adapted to grass, wheat, and corn, and has made famous the world over the blue grass region of Kentucky. It 1s seen trom the table (page 25) that the subsoil contains on an average about 30 per cent of clay. Bull. No. 11. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Sotis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. PLATE X. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL MANUFACTURING TOBACCO LAND OF VIRGINIA. i a Sa See eae SL ee ere] Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Grave! Course sand Medium sand. L.22 2.05 3.74 < me. fig i> 4 * DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. Very fine sand Sit Fine silt Clay 9.45 11.29 7.67 44.38 5 4 re | ¥ a - —~e ee 1.05 -O5-.01 O1-.005 005-.0001 rns nee Bull, No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils PLATE X\I. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL BURLEY TOBACCO LAND OF KENTUCKY AND OHIO. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Gravel. Coarse sand, Medium sand. Fine sand. Very fine sand. Silt. Fine silt, Clay. ‘ 0.64° | i.63 1.44 1.22 7.04 39.77 9.86 31.62 2-1 1-5 -5-.26 -25-.1 1-.05 -05-.01 .01-,005 005-.0001 Hees ram sete. nae serted det. Bae DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. 27 EXPORT TOBACCO LANDS OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. The dark, heavy varieties of tobacco adapted to the export trade are extensively grown in western Kentucky and Tennessee on silty soils which are quite fertile in character. The whole area is divided into a number of districts, such as Clarksville, Hopkinsville, Jackson’s Pur- chase, and the Green River district, but the character of the soil is quite uniform in all of these; the class of tobacco grown is generally the same. In each district the types of tobacco adapted to the foreign markets are grown, the types appearing to depend less upon the charae- ter of the soil than upon the character of the season, the cultivation, and curing of the crop. The general character of the country is level or gently rolling, with broken and hilly country along the large water courses. Much of this land was formerly devoid of forest growth and called barrens. It was a prairie region, with trees only along the water courses, and prairie fires are supposed to have annually swept over the country. Since the country has become settled and the large fires prevented, a luxuriant forest growth of hickory and oak has covered the land. The soils are classed by Safford as “rich barrens.” The term ‘‘ barrens” is not to be taken literally to mean poor soil, The counties of Kentucky bordering the Tennessee line are generally level, with occasional stretches of rugged country along the water courses, but with a soil of quite uniform texture. The southern boundary of the tobacco area is the Cumberland River, while the northern boundary is the carboniferous hills of Kentucky. The tobacco district stretches around these hills, following the subearboniferous strata as far as the Ohio River on either side. SOILS ARE HALF SILT. The soils are mainly derived from the St. Louis group of the subear- boniferous, which are mainly limestone. (See Plate XII.) The disinte- grated material is so thick that the rock is seldom exposed, except where the material has been recently eroded. The drainage is excellent, and numerous sinks and caves are found through the country. The soil, whether upland or bottom, level or hilly, is usually of a decided silty character, closely approaching loess in texture. The subsoil has a typical bright red color, which extends to a considerable depth. Where this red color changes to a pale yellow or white, the land becomes ecraw- fishy and can only be profitably cultivated after underdrainage. The lack of color indicates a deficient drainage within recent times and is due to the deoxidation of the iron compound in the decay of organic matters and the absence of sufficient oxygen from other sources to provide for the proper oxidation of the organic matter. It will be seen from the table that these soils contain on an average about 50 per cent of silt. It ranges from about 40 to 60 per cent, some samples exceeding even this latter figure. With all such silty soils great care has to be taken in their cultivation. They are naturally 28 quite fertile, but deteriorate very rapidly and excessively unless the fertility is maintained by judicious methods of cultivation and of crop- ping. Many of these tobacco soils have been run down with constant cropping in tobacco, but some of the worst cases have recently been brought up by rotation with wheat, corn, and clover, together with a judicious application of fertilizers, especially phosphatic manures. The value of careful tillage is becoming more apparent in the whole area, and it is generally recognized now that the quality of the tobacco and the price it brings on the market can be very materially influenced by the kind and condition of the cultivation. The soils of the Lower Green River district lie within the carboniferous strata along the Green River, and, although these are underlaid with sandstone, the soil proper presents the uniform silty character of the other export tobacco districts. The Jackson’s Purchase region, lying between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers, is made up mainly of loess and loam, and has the same silty character as the other districts and produces essentially the same type of tobacco. The accompanying diagram (Plate XIII) illustrates graphically the relative proportion of the sand, silt, and clay in the soil adapted to differ- ent classes and types of tobacco, and shows, upon careful study, a marked relation between the texture of the soil and the grade of tobacco produced. A detailed statement of the analyses upon which these summaries are based is given in the table at the end of the bulletin. THE RELATIVE WATER CONTENT OF TOBACCO SOILS. It has been stated that a classification can be made of the tobacco soils in accordance with their texture, as this determines to a large extent the water content of the soils and the amount of water at the disposal of the crop. The texture is not the sole factor, however, which determines the water content; so it has been necessary to keep actual records of the water content of some of the principal tobacco soils. Only preliminary work has been started in this, as a satisfactory method for the ready determination of the water content of the soils has only just been completed. So far as these records have been taken they show avery great difference in the soils adapted to the different classes of tobacco, and in a general way agree with the texture of the land. The earlier records were made by taking a sample of soil in a brass tube, driven from the surface of the ground to a depth of 12 inches. The sample was transported to the laboratory without any evaporation and there dried at a temperature of 110° C. and the amount of water determined by the loss in weight. The investigations this year have been made by the electrical method described in Bulletin No. 6. These records must be maintained through a number of years before reliable data can be established to show the average water content of the soils, as well as to show the normal variatious which may occur in Bull. No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. PLATE XII. rr ———— UNITED -SFATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION ©F Solis. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL EXPORT TOBACCO LAND OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Gravel Coarse sand Medium sani. Fine sand. Very fine sand. Silt Fine stit Clay 0.39 0.56 0.73 1.93 9.50 52.50 6.28 22.59 eye ee eiaiiinianes ieee: caneiaeenl sinaiinca — 2-1 1-.5 -5-.25 .25-.1 -1-.05 ,O5-.01 O1-.005 O005-.00( niin, mie in mine, wn DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. ibs & Bull. No. 11, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. PLATE XIII IGAR |OBACCO Connecticut OAL / Lies thy LW ey Lf CIE. 77, yt," 6 x x CESS GZ SSL LLLLLLLL, IT, G 6 SMM ILL, “the eeneets SSO Massachusetts ox SAAKRAY Pennsylvania Limestone MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT TOBACCO Ol I|IHHtttttdt11t00 lh BEES Bright Tobacco Burley ‘Tobacco POLLO & RRR WLLL SAND BSSQRRI SILT Re clay PP F ae eye Caan tee Yad ate i i ae aaa a eae i ae ios al , ra as At ' - by uy a e an > ae 29 the water content without danger to the plant. At the same time sufficient work has been done to give an idea of the mean relative water content of these different soils, under the meteorological conditions which have existed. This water content is seusibly the same for sev- eral of the soils in any one season, The amount of water a soil contains depends largely, as has been stated, upon the texture and structure and is influenced of course by the character of the season. It varies from day to day, and these variations are exceedingly important in their effects upon the erop. The term “mean water content,” therefore is only to be used as a meas- ure of the relative water-holding capacity of the soil under similar meteorological conditions. MEAN WATER CONTENT OF THE NORTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO SOILS. Tobacco soils of the best grade in the Connecticut Valley maintain on an average about 7 per cent of water throughout the season. There are many soils cultivated in tobacco which average 10 or 12 per cent, but these do not produce a tobacco leaf of the finest texture and most desirable quality for the present market. On the other hand, there are soils cultivated in tobacco which maintain less water than this, and while in favorable seasons, when the tobacco is kept constantly grow- ing, they produce a very fine and delicate leaf, it is not on the whole a safe or economical condition under which to grow the plant on account of the small yield per acre and the injury liable to occur in dry seasons. The meadow lands of the Connecticut Valley, which were formerly culti- vated in tobacco when a dark, heavy leaf was in demand, contain on an average from 20 to 28 per cent of water. As already stated, these soils are entirely unfit for the production of the grade of tobacco necessary to mect the present market demands. The tobacco soils of Pennsylvania, as already explained, are heavier than those of the Connecticut Valley and maintain on an average about 18 per cent of water. The present season has been unusually wet, and the average this year has been 4 to 5 per cent higher, but as a result of three years’ observations 18 per cent can safely be taken as the mean water content of the average tobacco soil of the limestone area of the Pennsylvania district. Soils which produce the best wrapper leaf in Pennsylvania are those which have the lightest texture and contain the smallest water content, while the heaviest limestone soils maintain on an average 22 to 23 per cent of water and produce mainly a heavy, strong filler leaf. The soils of the tobaceo district of Ohio are as heavy in texture as the limestone tobacco lands of Pennsylvania. They have maintained on an average the present season rather more than 27 per cent of water. It is probable that the mean water content of these soils in an average season would amount to about 23 to 24 per cent of water. The tobacco grown under these conditions is used almost exclusively as a filler leaf. 30) No records have been kept of the water content of the tobacco soils of New York or Wisconsin. It is unquestionably true that the texture of the soil and the meteor- ological conditions, with the resultant water content, determine to a marked extent the character and grade of leaf which can be produced. In this, as in all other agricultural lines, the aim should be to recognize the conditions and adopt the crop, the method of cultivation or fermen- tation, and the grade of leaf which those conditions are best adapted to produce. If the general character of the soil in a locality is adapted to the wrapper leaf, use only such soils as may be reasonably expected to give the best wrapper leaf. If, on the contrary, the soils of the dis- trict are adapted only to filler leaf, use only such of the soils as are best adapted to this grade and plant, cultivate, manure, and ferment the crop for the specific purpose of producing a filler leaf of superior quality. Most of the tobacco soils of the Northern States will not pro- duce equally good fillers and wrappers. . WATER CONTENT OF THE FLORIDA TOBACCO SOILS. Records have been kept during the present season of the moisture conditions in the soils of the Gadsden County district of West Florida and of the newer tobacco district of Fort Meade, in the peninsula. The mechanical analyses showed that the tobacco land in western Florida consisted of a light loam about 12 inches deep resting on a heavy red clay which is naturally well drained. The hammock soil of Fort Meade is, on the other hand, a very light sandy soil, extending down to a very considerable depth. Both soils produce a hard wood growth. Strange to say, in spite of the great difference in the texture of the subsoil, the soils of these two localities have maintained during the present season almost identically the same amount of moisture. The average water content of the soil at Fort Meade, for a period of four months, was 8.6 per cent, while the mean water content of the soil at Quincy for the same time was 8.26 percent. It is a surprising thing to find that these soils maintain about the same amount of water, but this is in line with the general facts that the hammock soils of Florida maintain very much more water than would be expected from their texture, or than is main- tained by soils of similar texture further north along the Atlantic Coast. This matter of the relatively large amount of the water con- tent of the hammock soils of Florida will be discussed in a separate bulletin. No records have been kept of the moisture conditions in the tobacco soils of Texas or of California, and unfortunately none have been kept in the tobacco soils of Sumatra and Cuba. WATER CONTENT OF THE SOILS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT TOBACCO DISTRICTS. As in the northern cigar tobacco districts, it will be seen that the texture of the soil and the water content appear to determine the type 31 of tobacco produced. The typical soils for the bright yellow tobacco of Virginia, North Carolina, and East Tennessee maintain on an average about 7 per cent of water. Where the soils contain less than this the leaf is inclined to be thinner in texture and to have a better color, but the yield per acre is small, and the most economical conditions on the whole are maintained by these soils having from 7 to 8 per cent of clay and maintaining on an average about 7 or 8 per cent of water. As the soil becomes heavier in texture and the amount of water increases, other grades and types of tobacco are produced. The export tobacco lands of Kentucky and Tennessee contain about 22 or 23 per cent of clay, and as a characteristic feature they contain from 40 to 60 per cent of silt. These soils contain on an average about 15 per cent of water, although the soil at Hopkinsville, Ky., this year, which had an unusually wet growing season, maintained on an average about 3 per cent more than this. The characteristic soil of the limestone area of Kentucky, adapted to the white burley tobacco, as the result of several years’ investigation, may be said to maintain on an average about 20 per cent of water. The present season being unusually wet, the water content in the soil at Lexington, Ky., was about 3 per cent above the normal. Records have not been kept in the manufacturing tobacco soils of Virginia, but from investigations which have been made on adjacent lands it is probable that the mean water content of these soils, having as much as 40 per cent of clay, will not be far from 20 or 22 per cent of moisture. RECORDS AS A BASIS FOR IRRIGATION. The object of the daily record of moisture in the soil is not only to determine the average amount soils contain, but to determine the normal as well as the extreme variation. Itis known, for example, that in the white burley limestone soil at Lexington, Ky., if the water content is maintained for any length of time above 25 per cent the land will be too wet for crops, while, on the other hand, if it falls to 15 per cent it will be too dry, and anything less than this will constitute a drought. The extent and duration of the drought will be apparent if the results are plotted on cross-section paper. It is possible from such records, therefore, to show the character of a season. The methods of cul- tivation should have for their prime object the maintenance of the water supply above the line of drought, so that the growth of the plant shall receive no check. If this can not be done by the ordinary method of cultivation, irrigation must be resorted to upon such occasions, if the crop is to be maintained in its best condition. It will require years to establish satisfactory normals for any soil, but the normal variation which may occur without detriment to the crop can probably be approximately established in a very much shorter time. This line of work is being vigorously pushed 1 ow. d2 TABLES OF THE WATER CONTENT OF TOBACCO SOILS. Following are the tables showing the records of the water content of tobacco soils so far obtained. Cigar tobacco land. s POQUONOCK, CONN. Tuly, 1895. Tuly, 1895. ‘Tuly, 1895. July, 1895. Day: Mois- Day: Mois. || PY | Mois. Day: Mois- ture. a ture.a | ture. @ ture. a Per cent. Per cent. | | Per cent. || Per cent. i ee AR 8.8 Quisaeasiescee | RO BHU Life creates ate aire SxS o|w2O assets 8.2 Dance ates 8. || Wea sreceeee 12.4 Meee Been = Fe 85:9) 2265 eee 9.2 ote sae tate SOF Posse see eer y Wp lege Gall el be eee i Se SOs Qin secon tae 10.1 SG tee a els aerate O56 eee ence: ALFA E20 reece ere SBT IM b pres eens Me peg 10.4 [Se eR eee LORD? Whalldieooste sees AS ete leeces - Bari 29.285 c cee 9.5 Gre soseee ence 10 Os} Sal ee see we L404: ||N2Die 2. Sk ero 9) 4} (BO Pee reece 8.9 Minee tes obeGess Dh +s |i eee Hesse a Ga eee Sees eed ONG uP ces ceemteeas (Bef gene 3 eee DRO asekiaiaje Oia sowie of 22) OMsesen 22.4 03 115 Go eee 2253) | sea Seis 36.1 | 2.25 ea 24.3) 0.59 SAS Oli coerce UTS 2h octane eras 23.8 | O01 BenOu | aasenaee V2 Yesecccise 25: OF |eacae ees 31.2 . 038 US Di eee simcrce 2208: [Sscceieeh 33.4 15 LORD aecieeoe 22.3 ZO BOsOn |laiceee es LOY 28 Semen. cre 22.6 305 S080 zesese=8 OR Giliseras- car 25.3 81 29.6 18 9.5| .28 py ee a eee ae 2Br 4 cckectoce 29.2 | 1.90 D2 Bl ascrarlarers 28.1 . 08 25. 8 | . 03 B19" Seassee 2 QUilsceassan OED sco eter PA i eee 26.3 . 03 TON GW esos 25. 0 1.34 DAL OR Soeiatensshs 15: 7 . 04 Pe a sees ee 24.8| 10 15.1} 11 poh als cout. Oa WFeeascsers 28.4 | 72 ole Ouiecce ees 20.9 | . 09 SLs 3t |aeeseeine 21.7 coed 1A ese eee Be De hecceieteens Ge So eee QAP oe eras of SiO rene wit-ee 21. 2 oll TED |eowravarnte'e SOU DHS cctereinree Qh eeeccret tors WOM eaters anon Beceae ae 31.0 1.79 i SRGg Monee S) QONSIN SS Nec 29.2 10 13.3 13 (isteul PB Beenee 27.4 AAU ON x= serstatans 22.6 .24 20d0 uses NAR bowels nee eee 1.81 24:0) |asecse ss 116? NeSar soe oS acecece . 30 POON | Sia eare Ub reeioesallasnicaee cer | Seems: 7A Ee Ree eee Soran dped Sesogace lsoareoneee Vofoialstetsie D1 4 Me ceictece ‘i | a Determined by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. 64——No: 11, o'8) Or 3 d4 GERMANTOWN, OHIO. May,1897.a | June, 1897.a | July, 1897. a August, 1897. a Day. | | = = Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. —— = =) = —_ ——=|| | | Per cent.| Inch. | Per cent. | Ineh. Per cent.,| Inch. | Per cent. Inch. aeons eateries enon see chee see alemeceeae PAT Ob oe ae lV eyetaiee ice ere leeimes easter 24.6 0.10 a Determined by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. FORT MEADE, FLA. | May, 1897.a@ | June, 1897. a | July, 1897. a May, 1897.a@ | June, 1897.@ | July, 1897. @ Day-| yrois. |... | Mois- |,.- | Mois- |, | D8¥-| Mois- |... | Mois-|p...| Mois- |... Pa er Fea Rain. ture, | ain. tek | Rain. mies tain.) ture. Rain. | | | | Per ct. | Inch.| Per ct. | Inch.| Per ct. | Inch. | Per ct. Inch., Per ct. Inch., Per ct. Inch. sere 10,2 | 0.12 | ee, | See ae ACh ee eee | eae PS ee v.89 | Seen etn eae Dimas Tey es ieee |e ese eee 735) | On20|lSiees soccer. [secs Ta8s ease 8277 0219 Sencee CBG Ii osecen lseeoccrd saccor 10.5 | 1.32 || 19 | 0 2 |.-eeee 8.2 | 0.17 Snoel eases Aves {SiiiscSeaallmeesaen|socass S39) esas 20 Be) I iesonos 8.6 pil) Sie sae ieee AOP lp oereine |e aterce cc samen 10.7 4l-}| 2L.., Ce etsdos 8.8 47 (O00 ane Gi) Nadal seeosal sree ener leeeets 9:3) | ..04. || 22 Hee) ||Sp5638 Be OM acters OME . 24 ‘tke LU eae ce 7.5 | 0.18 ON2RI ose 23 TaBialiseteaa's 9.0 |.----- EO oseeas 8. (Po Feeseescas (ee geese 9.2 By Ra eed: ee aenesor ear Re Wee oe 8345 See OSs. Ma OM emer 8.0 .05 10.7 BN reo Racecar Wace 8.8 | .41 10.6 . 82 AO 6, (Salaccens 950) este QE iat eee Oak ites Oy mie ata se Saletan ote O500 ences MOR leceacs abies (hited BARES tO seers LO ROFa Ive (4482 Pbeteral| state etctnrers||(Parerecere 8.9 36 PRUE Ihsgonoc esa 13.6 | 1.30 Bee ae. TMOG OB M28 ee ease. olentcerets Chil dlecsoas 848) Sooners i oes 11.4 | 1.90 BOG he seman OR Ball SO a2 Oyler Steel ernie Maye | Beet ate Sl) aaaee 142s 9.2 30 LON8i)\ =109 Pa 14 SOR SE eee acl lets stetete UsiD) |\Setetwre 8.8 -32 7 lbTs 11.0 | 1.05 8:69) 6% Shoal scans |i ceee sill aywtverea||lacelers cote] erste eperete| srereteters 9.0 .18 1Gce al ese 9.0 03 9.4 . 08 || | | a Determined by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. 35 Bright tobacco land. OXFORD, N. C. 1895. a | May, | June, 1895. a 1895. a | July, | August, | 1895. a Moisture. Rinie(ose, Motatane! Moisture. Moisture. Lain. Moisture. Main. June, 1896. a July, 1896. a | | | | Percent. Per cent. Percent. Percent. Per cent. Inch. Per cent. Inch. 11.9 | 13.9 1p G(R) aes = ee ee ee 1K) il ee ee TV | IR 1S gD rp 9 Paeemeneemies 10.9 13.1 | TORS alee a re, ears ae 9.5 | 0. 80 10.4 12.1 | (Far hee eae eee. oe ORGh| eee eee 10.1 W101} GR ent fk on sale ce ead anes WOVE Wccesee as ie 10.6. 9.9 i kee aed eee POCO yee cca: (fe creo Ree saree cae ae ee ei ae 10. 2 | 8.9 7H | eee aes [ee caer eee 15.3 | 30 ga aeetie Shae es ids Seg 9.6 | 8.1 C5 (| ae ae es ee i Ag Pee eee (ie Sa ee ea | 18.3 8.8 | TA Guar sence eas kee aees ae 17.6 | 09 KV SoH See 16. 7 | 8.2 6.9 Fy | gerne lee eestor te TBE 1S ees ee ie ee ek. 15.4 8.6 | 6.6 1g ee oS i ee LS ee ea 12a. ee ee 14.4 9.2 6.4 4.6 19290 lEseotse ce i AC ee ae ee Dawe tem ee eh | 13.5 Bg 6.0 4.4 | 12.8 0. 60 | AG), ule ee ees ae. 1257 8.0 5.7 4.0 | 17 ieee ee | it dulea ee ce Ni 3 hi a i aeeeee 1D 7.4 | 5.5 3.7 | TONG pees ae | Meds |eoaee eee Cea AE ee Ae ee Arg 7.3 5.2 3.4 | Ey eee | PB glewa deci 22 Diet ee ne as | 11.3 7.3 | 5.0 6.7 1 Re | eee | 13.1 42 Ae Aan eee aes | 1] 7.3 | 4.6 6.9 Vira eee Nee as 1942) 42 ee ec toe 11.0 | 7.2 | 4.4 6. 2 | GBs fe. cue os | 18rd | sence cree TV ye Te oes eee 13. 4 6.8 4.2 5.6 | he 1228 09 DL ks de ee eee | 12.9 5.8 | 4,1 8.1 TOUS ese. 8: Hererers 15a ee, ae eee | CAH ie ae HAD 3 13.8| .45 1316) NG c= cole Se a See ates ae a ord , DE |e ates 18. 0 2 SOSH eae ores De Aelia <7 2 =e UT Re eaiettane eee ener ZOnSa eee ae TSR0F acne see P3585 Peo. = Ue Sy ee sec 1S i2 56 hae aa ator aaeae COLO eek. - ae 48.015. Jesse" PAAON pce. ae | Soe |e are OU SS. eee a eee 1 | | a a 19.0 730} 14.2 03 | LSeoet eae QO Je Se one Soe estrone ciceiate LONOS ecw areitios 20. 0 . 67 | 14 i, . 02 | BE Sl poassese VA CES RR os oe tO G TOWO Ghoaiweieeme 19.2 .40 | 14. 6 | 15 3.3 02 Don cake Wed ees ane eee NBS OV eerie cree A OW OS rseeeetaste | WET ceeaseS 13.2 29 D3 FIR OR ss 3 alba oe tee 19.0 0. 20 23.8 45 1 Ee er ences ee te pa AA Eso DA, a Sat A Oem SIS MSS ee erciate Ae 25. 4 | 01 14 AG) See US? incre PANS ete BOS ABA REISS SEC ESN eeccee wre 26.8 . 02 14.8 . 10 US50! pee DOM cena cohen eee cease PGA corte Pa Ts a |e pra ee, 14.9 ol 12RD) 5 eee QU eigaratess crejare et Ste eintee ee cee 1S) .10 25844 Reece 14.9 . 05 T258 ee sere 28 fs aie cess os Soon Se ones TR: ee PAU AL | Sees acs Ue ere ae On SAE ok om ae OP ee eo eet 18.0 21 18.5 | aka) id BS ae earllnae erie eiaitle erieteroe BO AST etree etemteta s Serteter ars LSS OM ae aeeierete 19. 0 03 EBON Rae Shq|Baconebecel aso scboc bi ieee Ss ao AR crib ads So DSRS, He eecsere | aoe ses setae eee MAS 3B: fe, cheleraevere | is oro eee hice | eee a Determined by the pectieal Tetiod at depth 3 to 6 inches. 39 NEWSTEAD, KY. August, 1895. @ . Moisture. .| Per cent. in cn RwWWOOCNNMNONE OO: 13. 13. w — MORSCFROWONNOKN ‘Moisture. M-isture. Moisture. | August, 1895. @ July, | August, |) 1895. a 1895.a || Day. : es Day. . Moisture.| Moisture. Per cent.| Per cent. || Lian onan op Aosenaed .0 22.2 20.9 || 17....ceeeeeseee-- PRS 225.2. os 21.6 Pil i ae Bees Fes: 22.5. 5 20,2 DONO NPIGOS Sect ou oc 2 eae ee 6 18.5 TONS ees eeon tee tkane aS a iclaie icine cow neem BAY 17.6 TOMA NUE 3% crete che, ouiaiasreietas Bie laine ape Be 18.3 Te Geo ons ok Sac cies tse. ce h- co hol SRR oe .9 20.0 TA OF 2D trae ls © era) oo a eletereeie's (ace eee eel 3 21.6 i Liste Coe heme eer (UE 7s See eer .9 21.9 NGL WO a aces carers NOR eserin nono meee ss op 21.5 TY fi | de eee oe ee a (i), ole a 20.5 ral eee aha oe oeen ss. Sear as 4 20.2 15, BYRON ce se de ee ee 1B) Ase SOB oe eee Hla) 19. 2 bay | (2 ee eee eae Siena cinta cine a) 18.8 RRO NSU 2s .cccre\arerstararaie siemfare Ui Se oes Se ee 70 7.8 TA OM Les cc cecc ces oobi ce clocsisecemee Sere ayetacs crecarsie:ctaicce 5.3 Mie 13.8 a At depth 0-12 inches. Manufacturing tobacco land, EASTHAM, VA. July, | August, . 1895. a 1895. a Day. porate pease Seon TT Day. Moisture. Moisture. Moisture. r cent.| Per cent. || 1 Soo SRO CS SR DOC EA ae See eee YES ROW ck hechae sales wartinvctecs Re Pe ate SVs jo'a.0 ote Ses 23k Bled 1G osiemcawteao< sews Detain ete cease 22.8 21.0 1 Ras oe A wien YO 3 oe Se ee 23.0 PUN ASS | 1 aa ea ae een ae Cine CHGeic eee eee ¢ 23.4 | BUS Oo oz cate e ee cease (i) eae BR See tee .8 21.9 De Les WN ceca bepenn eens arate (othe oe oh ee ener Rte 20.8 Doe lieth ved Com 2 ines ow ceca Oe SSB Oee See| 6 20.6 a tee | ie: SORA Ne USE SSD Ae ee | ba 26.0 DOLD» Wl Lowes «wale eens ec es gl ig Sa ee Ful 23.5 ait Wy AOicie aeleielg noe sclecimnd 1 eee ee sf 22.4 OE Se Mpa Miscan es tucie te chaena: < ave oar eS OS a at | ne 21.6 22.1 DO ode hein aia eee Nites Oo vajorcho Siacasee BA 21.1 PPA | 1) ete Segre ae eee eee 1 Oi amine 20 pA ieee. De GO lita Uc ate iorare as aeste seen, « Blises Ara ee as 21.9 DEO A Mca Vetere o's Rinie ainjeler ewes 1G. She eee sade 22.8 24.0 ) 4 D> OD hD be Nolte ole oH wen On ol <4 ool SE « oo a At depth 0-12 inches. .| Per cent. ~] POUCH OUNCARWHARS TABLES OF MECHANICAL A 40 DISTRICTS. NALYSES OF SUBSOILS OF PRINCIPAL The following tables give the mechanical analyses of the subsoils of the principal districts: Cigar tobacco land. NORTHERN DISTRICTS. S Se ia [ed eee ees f= = } d¢|2|& |€-/82|82 82s S 5 SE Cs Mb re 1h Mes c= leet § [10 2 at pe bee = er Description.and oH) A |) 2 | Sa Bed See Sales Se z locality. depth. pe| 2 | 2/35/88 \ oie |sloe se a | Bie SVS am ie ihe ss | eet the ees S SUSY || oy al ete rohan | ce ae Ne Te Gaye PS |= Se va Ae sO Ne NS ae a te = = | ee == ea SS ee Massachusetts. | | | P= ct.| Pict.|P.ct.| be. Cbe! Pct. Pcl. Ct. el Ve mCh ew PuCt 1089 | etatfiield!< << <22 52. 6-20 inches.........- 0.21) 1.48, 0.00) 0. 00) 2. 50/28. 11/55. 78/10. 71 0.63 0, 92 Lil |} "Whately csv-c2ee: 6-18inches.....-.-- .77| 1.84.00) .20) .30| 8.91/69. 9814.35 .93 1.98 DTS | PAGO % cen -.cec= 5 8-30 inches -~5.=-)..- 59] 2.71! .00) .00) . 40 9. 00/42. 12/38.90 3.07 3.17 S75 7leacee (Un Gapecoscsgecee Subsoileess sane see: | .66) 2.15) .00) .00) .12) 2.31)40. 30.40.41 4.15 4.50 SOT9 secen ie aeecgnoacdons 9-30 inches...-....- 82) 2.90) .00) .00) .21) 2. ees 11/45.09 4.76 5,98 | _ = oa = = _ —} PACrOramoceanna |: semane ccwletee aoe | -61| 2.20) .00) .04 . 71/10. 09/49. 26|30. 89, 2.71 3.31 Connecticut. | » ae | 4 | 5 al oe | | 1066 Poquonock .......-- 12-36inches........ | .41) .76) 1.33) 7.40/21. 80/31. 78/32. 77) 1.74 .45 .19 959) | #\Wald SOM cess oc oee= 11-35 inches---....- | .58] 1.30) .00} .07] . 36/22. 52/65. 08) 7.46 1.01) 1.33 13051| Bloomfield’. - ==. =< 11-12inches 5-5. --.< Ooi eLe: . 40) 1.18] 4. 68/39. 87/45. 11] 3.82 .84) 1.63 1277 | South Windsor..... HOANCHESE poe nce . 84] 2.13) .00) .16! . 60/14. 93/67. 20/10.93 1.16) 1.67 831 | East Hartford .....- 0-10inches.......-.| .76| 4.60) .82) 5.39/19. 51/24. 47|28. 34/11. 88 1.20) 2.41 S42 Ease OR0h 8 a eet LO230dincheses. concn | . 46! 2.08] 1. 05! 5. 03/18. 31/25. 83)82.11111.31 1.15 2.51 1254 | Poquonock ......... 9=20NChESs aes Coes se . 56) 1. 64) 3.22) 7. 53/19. 63)23. 76/34. 50) 5.92 .78| 2.53 (295) Mast Hartford. <<.oc)|os-0 G0 Sccce~ cece eae |} .49) 2.05 09) .30) 1.11] 9.95/52. 47/27.73 3.56] 4.00 1303. | Wetherstield .....-. 10-18 inches......-- 2.18) 6.85) 2.39] 2.32) 3.26/10. 51/51. 66)12.94 3.03) 4.65 Moveragectiees eee ee 76| 2.53 1.02) 3.26, 9, 9222, 62.45. 47/10.41 1.36) 2.32 New York. hiner i a | i i . PS Sif PEEL TON yarn ares salela\srave ate 11=20 inches’s..i.--%- . 76) 1.34! .94) 1.38) 2.67/14. 84/71. 28) 5.41! . 52) 1.36 1279) | Phoenix =. <1 UShincliess2 see. sre . 91) 1.71} . 84 1.10) 7. 22/47. 39/34. 65] 3.32 .95) 2.58 POSOO BUD OW ecrsrcters werent < 12-14 inches. .-.. =... 31.51) 5.40, 2.60) 4.57/18. 01/37. 71/16. 44] 6.44 2.43) 5, 21 I 4s y (ok ee C0Geo eee a 18-20 inches.....-- .69| 1.82) 3.71) 5. 88/21. 66 38. 3715.71) 4.80 2.08 5.54 1281 SouthGranby....... Ginches: 20.2.0--8 1.21) 2.26 .21| .29| .60) 4.61/37. 2642.57 4.20! 6.13 135os\eLy sander. essen. Subsoiliees esac . 93] 2.63) 2.20] 4.17/14. 90/23. 60.21. 21/19.16 3.48) 8.05 1285 | South Butler......-. 910inches=s-c-e se. . 84) 1.89 1.73) 2. 05) 4. 41/17. 67.39. 56/18. 08 3.77/10. 08 1283 | Fayetteville ........ 6-18 inches. .-2.2..<- 1.09) 3.23 3.11) 2.71) 6.42/18. 41 27. 90/20. 70 5. 92/10. 60 138550 (Catone soee ene 9-18 inches......--. 1.33] 4.05 1.87) 2.84) 6.09/18. 54 35. 02/15. 33 3.06 12.18 1289 Baldwinsville....... Subsoilmeetce eeeee-| 1.32, 3.83 2.21) 3.03) 8. 17/23. 58 26. 16/15. 12 4.51/12. 55 wera pe sane. |e eee eee ee eee 1.06 2.82 1.94) 2.80] 9. 02'24. 47.32. 52/15.09 3.09) 7.43 S| | — | pd [pce |e eae (a Pennsylvania. | | 2568 | Washington ........ Shaly limestone, 1.31 2.40 13 2.31/21.77) 8.92 24.77 21.57 4. 41'11. 83 _ 18-36 inches. | | | | 2514 Washington, 2miles Shaly limestone, 2.36 3.01) 2.55 3.03, 3.90.12. 20 29, 33 22.53 6. 96 12. 27 | east. 12-30 inches. | | | 2574 Columbia’ < secs2< River land, 12-30 | 2.26, 2.64, .22 .30) 1.66, 9. 18 52.32 13. 82 4.50 12. 68 | _ inches. | | 2516 | Washington........ | Shaly limestone, | 1.87 2.69 .11 .18 1.37 1. 6042.83 28.43 4.96/16. 03 | 12-30 inches. | | 2511 | York, 4 miles south- | Phillite.........-.. 2.36 5.40) 736 .33] .65 1.22)36.65 30.68 5.23/16.19 east. | | | a pana Ee |e Seta eee Average. .-2=-- (ees scn2 Sse ccemee 2.03 3.23.67 1.23 5.87 6, 6237.18 23.41 5.21/13. 80 2510 | York,9 miles east.... Trentonlimestone, | 3,68 4.17 .57| .80, 1.07 1.9218. 8335.58 10. 9822. 47 | 12-30 inches. | 2570 | Wrightsville ....... lees i Wesasnnoseaane 4.51) 4.62} .88) .92' .96 1.30)17.7236.82 7. 14/23. 87 2508 | York, 34 mileseast... Trenton limestone, | 2.40 3.52) 1.06) .94 .67 1.1512. 35'43..64 8.79/25. 23 | 12-24 inches. 2803s | Moitttzhee ec aee seats | Trentonlimestone, | 2.85) 4.83) 1.41) 1.38 1.55 4.9815. 54)30.52 5.27/31. 96 subsoil. | | 1360 | Marietta...........- Trenton limestone, | 5.59) 4.36) .12) .22 .27 .37 > 7.48/28. 28 16. 24/35. 80 | 9-30 inches. | NG is WUGEGI TZ em, 2.2 stare ctotnletate| sarees COP. cere ae 2.63} 5.30] .06) .40) .93) 5. 11 11. 45 30. 55 10. 35/36. 30 Average. csc fees ee ee 3.61] 4.47| .68| .78) 91 2. 47/13. 89/34. 23 9. 79|29. 27 41 Cigar tobacco land—Continned. NORTHERN DISTRICTS—Continued. ' : ie A eee el] ; oe ee = g 12 /e./eslca|Esls Pe See Wesel el an cel SsalS Isls x) ae S eae ia, eal@ai"aig.|o8 one = ree Descriptionand |o2, # D | | aan eg eo To (Cn z Locality. depth. Be | = | | ain an os és = 4 | of |S | x ae a 2 bat aarp exa | Sn a am l= : = GOP ence lt ot | ey ieee RODS prt Site & om fa | | aces Ot 1 OSs [6 | OS Jen pier ts A 2 \O)0 18 ja =|e lb-lo lmels ee Pict. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.et. P.ct.\P. et. 3090 Miamisburg ......-. Glacial drift, 9-24 | 2.49 2.69 .15 .65 2.18 4.9013. 8441.49 6.68 25. 60 inches. | | 3111 , Germantown ....... Glacial drift, 12-24 | 2.58 2.27) £03) .18 .48 .9611.8447.81 7.85.26.75 inches. | | | | 3a PA0 Beas QOterearececes ol Scene Oe citeoe veers 3.96 3.06) .03 .20 .95, 2.50.17. 07/40. 25, 6.08 27. 40 Bel, a om~ MM Gteeeeitiestincas=— Glacial drift, 24-36 | 3.16 2.68 1.36 2.07 5.3811.8018.71 20.86 5.05.30.35 inches. a ee Oe Been al ei - ANETALCE.-==- Jones eeeee ee cece ee sees 3.05 2.67! .39 .76) 2.25) 5, 04/15. 36/37. 60] 6. 41/27. 52 i eee el - “S| : Wisconsin. | a ae - | on ie =a oa ol ee 1498 Newark ........-.-.| Limestone, 7-18 1.47 1.87! 3.82 5.13/20. 11/31.35) 9.26.13. 13) 1.71 11.53 | inches. . | | | | 3259 Stoughton, 54 miles | Oak opening, 9-30 2.98 1.94.75, 2. 01/14. 87/36, 44.10.91) 9.58) 2.41 18. 65 east. inches. | | 3249 Edgerton, 4 miles Prairie, 12-36inches 5. ai 3.03} .18 .58) 2.92) 2.98 17. 88/37. 27) 7. 62:22. 60 west. 3245 Edgerton, 4 miles | Oak opening, 12-36 | 4.26) 3.08 .06 .42) 2.96) 5.51 18.79/35. 67, 6. 74 23. 20 northwest. inches. °3253 Stoughton, 6 miles Oak opening, 12-30 5.15 3.00) .02 .11) .41) £58 14.98.42.56 8.71 23.20 east. inches. 3257 Stoughton, 4 miles Prairie, 9-33inches. 6.06 4.24.05 .09 .45 .84.17.30 39.35 8.46 23.75 east. 3255 | Stonghton, 44 miles Oak opening, 36 5.20 2.94 .52 .97 4.97 5,1517.0133. 89, 5.73 23.90 | east. inches. 3247 | Edgerton, 2 miles Prairie,12-36inches 4.86 3.84 .15 .47 2.93 3.15 19.06 35.35 7.26 24.53 southwest. 3251 | Edgerton, 4 miles Oak opening, 9-36 4.72 2.28 .38 1.06 .7617.00 14.68 25.99 4.81 27. 40 | northwest. inches. 3254 | Stoughton, 6 miles | Oak opening, 30-39 6.71 3.05 .00 .02 .18 .35 16.97 37.56 6.63 28.70 east. - inches. a a - 3 | Le : i ; a | PAS OL REE. ccna 2) eni2 aoe a2 cea) nomen 4.70 2.93 .59 1.09 4.98 10. 34 15.6831.04 6.01 22.76 SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. Florida. | | | | EAU O CAL Ac ointals ccics'es = - Light hammock, 0.35 1.16 (@) 1.59 15.63 .62.8715.70, 1.25 0.48 0.61 0-9 inches. | | e2819)) Hort Meade-..-.---- Gray hammock, 1.06 2.50 0.80 3.81 13.7750.10 24.41.90 .55 .99 | 0-30 inches. | | | BS2Ie eo ..: Om merce ar) Gray hammock, 1.03 2.16 .36 1 40 8.3048.8735.36 1.00 .52 1.17 | 20-36 inches. | | DSPOMMOcal a2. 2 22a: sect = Light hammock, .30 .65 (a) 1.45 19.63 62.4011.65 1.80 .62 1.26 | 24-36 inches. | 2ey4s} | coe UR ecapoacee nee Light hammock, .22 .75 (a) | 1.8018. 2565.37.10.07 1.20 .55 1.39 9-24 inches. | | | 2823 | Fort Meade.....--.. Mulatto hammock, .47 1.48. 70 2.50 14. 30 53.00 24.46 1.62.34) 1.58 12-36 inches. | 2A PAU one (itt) Sodenoseosceer Gravy hammock, | 1.39 2.88 .25 1.36 7.7641.7541.22 1.22) .70 1.58 | 0-20 inches. | | | PPA cae OF mene seen ae - High pine land, :47 1.60 .10 .65 4.5847.88 40.90) .58 .23 1.68 0-18 inches. | | | 2847 | Silver Spring ....--. Light hammock, .19 .40 .62 5.57,28.6652.715, 9.84) .38 .20) 1.82 12-24 inches. } | | 2822 | Fort Meade.......-- Mulatto hammock, .62 1.53.78 2.8514.35.53.5123.50 .65 .44) 2.07 0-12 inches. | | | | Zeb) |) COLE Eeseo aoe REeeee | Mixed land, 0-12 a 1.63, .09 4.07/32. 31/44.72.11.10 2.55, .53) 2.09 | inches. | | | | | 2845 |..... Gi eneoacesarbce Mixed Jand, soil ...| .31) 1.34 .10, 1.95/24.46,60.25, 9.59, .42 .19 2.10 2838 Janse (lie eeeeiae aoe = Mixed land, 12-36 aa .49) (a) | 8. 15:24. 94:51. 10/13. 47) 2.33) 1.10) 2.29 inches. | 2820 Ocala, one-half mile Light hammock, .49 1.36 (a) 3.0721. 4455. 54.13. 30 2.68 1.33 2.39 | south. 0-12 inches. | | | 2841 Ocala, 2milessouth. Mixed land, 24-36 -41; 1.10) (a) | 1.90.13. 83/63. 70,12. 85 2.06 .94 2.48 inches. | 2825 | Fort Meade, 14 | High pine land, .48 2.22 .52 3.1417.2349.2923.14. .62 .30 2.62 miles south. 20-36 inches. | | | | | DO2e |) Soa. do...........--| High pine land, | 1.54 3.02, .52) 2.9416. 0047.95 24.73) .86) .38 2.62 | _ 0-20 inches. | | DOOM AT LOW: «com's iciarema ae Highpine land.0-9 .81 3.37 .35 2.2120.8346.70 21.89 1.24 .41 2.83 inches. | | | | | a Trace. 42 Cigar tobacco land—Continned. SOUTHERN DISTRICTS—Continued. S | | . g: | Locality. 3 nD 3 | A Florida—Continued. PS4G Ocal aces cto ere twets,<:| 2850) li Bartow: =< --5-<----- 2831 | Ocala, one-half mile south, | 2818 | Fort Meade...-...--. | 2853 | 3artOW ---- 222 eee eee 9817 | Fort Meade.......-. 9839 Ocala, 2 miles south. 2985] SALCOM ce aeisiseecs 29810 Ocala, 2 miles south. 2842 Ocala, one-half mile east. 2843 Ocala, 14 miles east. | Average ..-.---| | 2990, OuinCyesaseeasee es | D807 delete MOUs a Noe aertereees | 9899) ence QO)... vacetiece ces | OOH crete, sys COs eee cies eseratee Average .....- 280d MQMUINCY 22.5 secis [Ala |e=|a JES = | —| ie - Sas 2h a |[P..ct.P. ct.| Pct. P, ct.|P.ct.P. ct.|P. ct,|P. otP. ct.) Pct. AZ MN CHER scone cise | 0.40) 2.09, 0.60) 8.08 20. 66,26. 52 25. 38) 8.24) 5.54) 2.48 | | | SOll eee ee awiceones . 16; 1.34) 2.85 10. 03,20. 28 27. 00 re 6. oa 2.38 2.90 A aBaRS Oe essen sae onl, 226) 2s be 138, 68 8284129045,05.03 12. 90) 7. 85] 1.80, 3.12 PCL Os aaa e wicrreretelals .18} 1.50, 2.56 7.89/25, 63/23. 65}18. 70/13. 51) 3.16) 3.33 dO) Bh worse. qesiaeis 36, 2.18 .00 .92) 8.93.55. 65/15. 85/10. 44) 1.88) 4.00 SUDSoMl exo. oes aso . 00} 3.17, 6.4117. 48,29. 66,17. 18) 7. 14)12. 86) 2.05 4.05 seeker QO! .22e~