a

i

= ooo

TORREYA

A MonTuty JourNAL or Boranicat Notes anp News

oi ie ag oe
- ca é= eS
ns, A I
mie YAR wo
<a he ® a >
PES Bal Ongena Nil Uae ae ea
ee ae ‘ EDITED FOR
a“

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY EOMWE

Volume I.

NEW YORK

IQOl

Welle, TOIRISE A lexQJP Suniel, TCI:

OFFICERS FOR 101

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice- Presidents,

T. F. ALLEN, M.D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Laitor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, PH.D. H. B. FERGUSON, PHAR.D.
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors.

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M.
CARLTON C. CURTIS, Pu.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Pu.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.

ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the

College of Pharmacy and the New York Botanical Garden.

PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per
year. Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied entire, but the com-
pletion of sets will be undertaken. All correspondence relating to the Bulletin and
Memoirs should be addressed to Professor L. M. Underwood, Columbia University,

New York City.

Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab-
lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume.

Torreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price $1.00 per year. Address the
Editor of Torreya, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.

ee ee

2
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

Carney

TORREYA

January, 19c1

Vol. 1

INOWMSS, ON IRGIDIBICINUA TELUR ITE. IL,

By N. L. BriTron

In Pittonia, 4: 174-180, recently published, Mr. Thomas V.
Moore, a student of the Catholic University at Washington, work-
ing under the direction of Professor Greene, presents a valuable
contribution to the arrangement and description of some of the
species of Rudbeckia of the jirta group. In discussing RX. herta
he takes exception, apparently with good reason, to the statement
in Illustrated Flora, 3: 416, that this plant is native only on the
western prairies, and is widely distributed in the East as a weed.

There can be no doubt, however, that the latter portion of this
statement is quite true ; at the time of publication of Dr. Torrey’s
Flora of the State of New York, in 1843, the only station for this
species known in that State was near Buffalo, where it was col-
lected by Dr. Sartwell; it is now one of the most abundant
weeds in grass fields throughout, I think, nearly all portions of
the State and is a pest to farmers in many counties, being ex-
ceedingly abundant everywhere within one hundred miles of New
York City. No indication of its occurrence further east in the
northern states is given in the first edition of Dr. Gray’s Manual
of 1848, where its range is cited from western New York to
Wisconsin and southward. In the second edition of Dr. Gray’s
Manual, 1856, this is supplemented by the statement ‘‘also in
southern New York (White Plains), and various parts of New
England, but probably of recent introduction.’ In the sixth
edition of Dr. Gray’s Manual, 1890, the statement of the first
edition is repeated, supplemented by “‘now common asa weed in
eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West.”

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number ]

2

It was the acceptance of the ranges cited by Gray which caused
the limitation by me of the native habitat of the plant to the
western prairies. I find, however, on reference to Dr. Darling-
ton’s Florula Cestrica, that the plant is recorded from Chester
County, Pa., in 1826, though it is there said to be not common.
In the third edition of the Flora Cestrica, 1853, it is recorded by
Darlington as growing in ‘“ fence-rows and thickets, not common.”

In 1857, Dr. Knieskern records it in his Catalogue of Plants
of Monmouth and Ocean County, New Jersey, as occurring in
dry fields, not common. In the Catalogue of Plants of New
Castle County, Delaware, published in 1844, the species is ad-
mitted without question. In Dr: Aikin’s Catalogue of Plants of
the vicinity of Baltimore, Md., 1837, the plant is said to grow in
bushy meadows. According to Dr. Curtis’ Catalogue of Plants
of North Carolina, 1867, it is said to grow in all the districts of
that State. In Dr. Elliott's Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia, 1824, it is recorded as growing in dry sandy soil.

It seems to me from the above citations that the point made
by Mr. Moore is well taken, and that there is no evidence that
the species is not native on the Atlantic sea-board from Maryland
or, perhaps, Pennsylvania, southward ; that it has, however, been
introduced, as Dr. Gray suggested, presumably from the West,
into New York and New England, seems from its recorded his-
tory, equally certain.

SEEDLINGS OF ARISAEMA
By D. T. MacDoucGaL

The writer has had the seedlings of Arisaema triphyllum and
A. Dracontium under observation for some time in etiolation
experiments and some facts of independent interest have been
gathered and are presented here.

The general facts concerning the germination of A. triphyllum~
are familiar and need be recounted only briefly. The cylin-
drical cotyledon pushes out of the seed coats in about six

3

weeks after being placed in moist soil, carrying the hypocotyl and
plumule. It becomes progeotropic almost immediately upon its
emergence from the seed coats and pushes its way down into the
soil to a depth of 8to 10 mm._ The basal or outer end of the
hypocotyl next becomes slightly enlarged giving rise to one to
three roots which penetrate the soil to a depth of 2 or 3 centi-
meters. These roots are well provided with root hairs in the
earlier stages of their existence and later contract to some extent
as indicated by the wrinkled epidermis, losing the root hairs
previous to this process. This results, of course, in the pulling
of the corm downward into the soil, and the repetition of the
process in succeeding stages finally buries the adult corm to a
depth of Io cm. or more.

Shortly after root-formation has begun, the first leaf begins to
grow, emerging from the cylindrical cotyledon through a rupture
near the seed. By the activity of the leaf, carbohydrates are
formed, and the third stage of the seedling is marked by the en-
largement of the corm until it reaches a size about equal or
greater than the seed, and is conical, or globose in form. Almost
all of the original store in the seed is expended in the construc-
tion of the seedling in the two first stages of development.

During the course of the etiolation experiments, numbers of
seeds and plants were divided into two lots, one being placed in
the dark chamber and a second in the experimental laboratory.
The seeds from an entire fruit of A. Dracontium were thus
placed in two pots in January. No seedlings being visible in
the first week of May the soil was explored to determine the
fate of the seeds. To the great surprise of the writer num-
bers of seedlings were found which had undergone the develop-
ment underneath the surface, and those in the dark room were
indistinguishable from those grown in the light. In fact, this
plant was found to offer a second example of a germination of
the seed without development of the plumule, a type of pro-
cedure which is followed also by Arum maculatum as discovered
by Scott and Sargant.*

* Scott and Sargant. On the Development of Arum maculatum from the Seed.
Annals of Botany, 12: 399-414. 1808.

4

The cylindrical cotyledon of A. Dracontium frees itself from
the seed coats and attains a length which varies from 3 mm. to
6 to 7 mm. and pushes down into the soil. Before this extension
has ceased, the base of the hypocotyl begins to enlarge and in
the case of the shorter cotyledons may bring the resulting corm
actually in contact with the seed. Coincidently with the swell-
ing of the hypocotyl the appearance of two or three roots is to
be noted. These are furnished with hairs and are highly con-
tractile. In the matter of the development of the plumule the
widest variation is shown. In the greater number of instances
the plumule is absolutely quiescent during this germination and
the formation of the corm goes forward until the seed is ex-
hausted, when the roots go into the contractile state and pull it
down into the soil with no showing of a leaf during the first
stage of its development. This agrees in the main with the
behavior of Arum maculatum. Ina small number of seedlings
of A. Dracontium, however, the first leaf may be dissected out as
a small body about 3 mm. long, of which half is petiole and the
other half a rolled green lamina which reaches no greater de-
velopment, and never emerges from the cylindrical cotyledon
in which it is enclosed. In 9 of the 70 seedlings which
came under observation, the first leaf became active before the
hypocotyl had doubled its thickness and before more than one
root was formed, and extended, forming a petiole 3-4 cm. long
and a broad lamina. The seed remains attached to the corm by
the cotyledon for an unusually long period and may be seen ad-
hering to the corms formed by leafless seedlings in their first
resting period.

The seedlings of Avim maculatum and Arisaema Dracontium are
thus seen to be entirely saprophytic during the first season of
their development.

Ignorance of this habit of A. Dracontium led the writer to sac-
rifice a fine lot of seedlings of a hybrid between A. Dracontinm
and A. triphyllum. During the first season of the development of
these plants only seven plumules were counted and when the
second season began thirty plants were found, which led to the
belief that the culture had been vitiated and the entire lot was

5

discarded. Fortunately some drawings had been made which pre-
served characters easy of interpretation in the light of subsequent
discoveries.

NOTES ON THE GENUS LYCOPODIUM

By FrAncis E. Lioyp

Lycopodium Chamaecyparissus.—Through the courtesy of Mr.
D. K. Gilbert, the writer has received specimens of this plant
collected at Alder Creek, Oneida Co., N. Y., at which place it
grows “‘plentifully in woods.’ This establishes the fact of the
plant’s distribution in this State, from which it was not hitherto
reported. ‘‘The specimens were gathered in early October, and
* you will see that the strobiles are old and brown. Those of Z.
complanatum gathered at the same time and place were still yel-
lowish green and show that their time of ripening is much later
than that of L. Chamaecyparissus,” writes Mr.Gilbert. This dis-
crepancy in the time of ripening, first noted by Austin in New
Jersey, is an important physiological character distinguishing the
two species. Another observed difference is in the position of
the rhizome, which in ZL. Chamaecyparissus is underground and in
L. complanatum prostrate on the surface. Notes by field workers
on this point should be made during the coming season.

L. pinnatum.—In August of the past year Professor S. M.
Tracy and the writer were collecting in the vicinity of Biloxi,
Miss., and a locality was found where this plant grows in abun-
dance, and in perfect form. The horizontal stems are quite pros-
trate and thin and the leaves are confined to one plane very closely.
The habitat is a very wet white or yellowish clay bank with full
insolation. In the same spot L. Carolinianum was found grow-
ing to a good size (18 cm.). There can be no doubt of the dis-
tinct specific value of this plant. When it grows in sphagnum
bogs, as was found to be the case near Auburn, Ala., a little later
in the same season, the plant becomes so spindling and distorted
as the result of its struggles in growing through the moss, that it
becomes very difficult to recognize it.

6

L. alopecuroides.—This species also was found in savannahs
near Biloxi. In the South the variation of the plant is quite small
in amount. The arching of the stem, its thickness (4-5 mm.)
and the leaf positions separate it very readily from L. pznnatum.
Recently we advanced the notion that the presence or absence of
reflexion of the sporophylls when ripe would serve to distinguish
the two plants, but our observations in the South do not strengthen
that view. The plants were, however, not ripe, and further ob-
servation is necessary.

L. adpressum.—The validity of this species is still open to
some doubt. We found during July last, in bogs near Toms
River, N. J., many plants which show the same perplexing varia-
tion recently referred to by Clute in the Fern Bulletin (9: 8.
1901). No plant of the species was found in the South. As
the plants of Toms River were by no means mature we hesitate.
to submit an opinion on them further than to say that forms
from New Jersey, hitherto regarded as L. alopecuroides and
L. adpressum are apparently the ends of a series of many inter-
gradations. One point we think settled, namely, that the denticu-
lations of the leaves are of no constant specific value in distin-
guishing species of this segregate. It is, however, worth while
to point out that the plants of the zauxdatum group, from that
species to L. alopecuroides, including the so-called adpressum, are
to be regarded as a series of forms in a plastic condition. They
seem also to be very susceptible to small changes or differences
in the environment. It becomes necessary, therefore, to study
them very carefully in the field, and full series of specimens
should be collected with differences in habitat carefully noted.
One way in which some useful work might be done by those
who are in favorable conditions would be to exchange growing
plants, say of ZL. zxundatum and L. alopecuroides and to deter-
mine by cultivation in different environmental conditions whether
they vary toward each other. It is also of great interest to note
that the segregate has in the Old World, so far as known, only
one representative, L. zxundatumt.

THE SUMMIT FLORA OF KING’S MOUNTAIN AND
CROWDER’S MOUNTAIN, NORTH CAROLINA

By JoHn K. SMALL

A few miles north of the southern boundary of North Caro-
lina and many miles east of the Appalachian Mountain system,
is an irregular ridge with a northeasterly and southwesterly trend.
From most adjacent points this ridge is not conspicuous ; in fact,
it might be passed unobserved were it not for the two peaks which
rise abruptly near its northeastern extremity. These peaks are
known as King’s Mountain and Crowder’s Mountain.

The geology of the region in question is quite similar to that
of the nearest portion of the Blue Ridge, while neither peak
reaches an altitude of quite 1,800 feet. The top of King’s
Mountain is a little higher above the level of the sea than that of
Crowder’s Mountain.

I have visited this locality several times and have found inter-
esting, rare and undescribed species; but it is the character of
the vegetation inhabiting the summits that especially impresses
one.

The summits of both mountains are small and very rugged;
that of Crowder’s is somewhat larger and less rugged than that
of King’s Mountain. Onascending the slopes of either mountain
two striking features arrest the eye. They are the prevalence of
a very local species which has taken the name of one of the moun-
tains, namely Lactnaria Regimontis, and of the relatively rare
fern, Asplentum Bradley. The main peculiarity in connection
with this fern there, is that it does not confine itself to its
favorite habitat, namely, overhanging cliffs ; but it is, or it was
up to the time I last visited the locality, very common and grew
nearly everywhere, on cliffs, on ledges, on and about boulders
and in loose soil.

The vegetation of the summits is almost exclusively of woody
plants, and shrubby. The shrubby condition of normally large
forest trees presents an extraordinary and interesting aspect.
The chestnut tree, Castanea dentata, ranges from three to six

8

feet in height, nevertheless these plants produce an abundance of
fruit. Sassafras, Pinus Virginiana, Quercus Prinus, Diospyros
and Oxydendrum, all appear in the same form and stature. The
common sour gum, /Vyssa sylvatica, in like condition, exists on
King’s Mountain, and a single shrub of //exr ofaca was found on
the uppermost cliffs of Crowder’s Mountain.

The normally shrubby plants appear more natural. Polycodium
stamineum, Vaccinium vacillans and Quercus nana are common
to both peaks, while Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron Catawbiense,
Gaylussacia frondosa, Gaylussacia resinosa and Batodendron ar-
boreum are species apparently confined to the top of King’s
Mountain. Only two perennial or shrubby herbs, namely Galax
aphylla and Paronychia argyrocoma, exist on the summit of
King’s Mountain, while the summit of Crowder’s Mountain is
destitute of herbaceous vegetation with the exception of a fern
and a few sterile plants of some sedge. |

A SIMPLE DYNAMOMETER ;
By H. M. RICHARDS

It is instructive to demonstrate that force is exerted by the
swelling of seeds previous to germination, or, for that matter, in the
imbibition of water by any substance capable of taking it up. A
very simple machine for registering approximately the amount of
energy involved, which perhaps may be dignified by the name of
a dynamometer, is found in one of the ordinary self-registering
letter scales which work by compression. A dish containing the
seeds is placed on the pan of the scale, and on top of them is laid
a cork, or better a glass plate, which just fits into the glass vessel
without binding. The whole is placed ona retort stand anda
stick, held firmly by a clamp, is placed against the glass plate.
Water is now poured on, and as it runs down among the seeds
they swell, and the glass cover being rigid the scale itself is de-
pressed as a result of the pressure. It is needless to say that the
weight of the dish, seeds, etc., must first be recorded. In this
way an idea of the amount of force exerted by a given weight of

9

seeds can be obtained. It is not of course very accurate or
strictly quantitative, but it is at least approximate, and suitable
for comparisons, say between living and dead seeds.

The dials of these scales, as obtained in this country, are
graduated in ounces, but it is not difficult to substitute a paste-
board dial and regraduate it in grammes by means of weights
placed on the scale pans. This is of course preferable. The con-
struction of these scales is so simple that there is no reason why
a home-made and weaker spring could not be substituted for the
one provided, and in such a manner an apparatus capable of more
delicate adjustment could be obtained. With a more sensitive
balance the force exerted by the downward growth of the root
tip of Vicza aba could be recorded.

THE RARE MOSSES OF BASHBISH FALLS
By ELizABETH G. BRITTON

Bashbish Falls may be reached from the Copake station of the
Harlem Railroad, by a short walk, and are about one hundred
miles from New York City. They are situated in a picturesque
ravine with steep walls of rock and wooded slopes surrounding
them. Many interesting mosses have been collected in the two
expeditions which I have made to this locality, the rarest of which
is Anomobryum concinnatum, this being the third station recorded
for this species in the State. Didymodon riparius was collected
by Mr. Williams in the stream above the Falls and on the wet
cliffs were found Didymodon rubellus, associated with Gymnostomum
rupestre, Amphoridium Lapponicum, and Myurella Careyana, all
rare species for this region, but finding congenial moisture and
shade in this sheltered ravine. Homalia Jamesiu, Porotrichum
Alleghentense, Pogonatum alpinum and Forsstrémia trichonitria
growing on wet rocks, were also collected above the Falls, and
the slopes on the south side yielded Hylocomium brevirostre and
Dicranella heteromalla with curved pedicels. Fine fruiting speci-
mens of Sryum proliferum were also found in the region.

10

ECONOMY IN NATURE
By P. A RYDBERG

Rising ‘‘ on stepping stones
Of their dead selves to higher things.”’

On Faitoute Avenue in New Orange, New Jersey, used to
stand an old cherry tree, seven or eight feet in circumference.
About seven feet from the ground it divided into two trunks.
Just at the junction of the two there was a big hole, indicating
that the tree was decayed and hollow. Nothing of peculiar in-
terest about this tree was revealed, however, until the severe
storm came in the spring of 1899, when one of the two trunks
was torn down. The hollow trunk contained several bushels of
cherry-pits and mulch, produced by decayed cherries and leaves.
An adventitious root had sprung fromthe margin of the hole,
ramified in this mass of decayed matter, and grown to the size of
the thickness of one’s wrist. Not satisfied, however, to feed only
on old cherries and leaves, it had sent numerous branches into
the decayed portion of the trunk, and the tree was actually feed-
ing on itself, like the old wolf which, according to the fable, was
eating its own frozen legs.

REVIEW

A “ Flora of Vermont,* a list of the fern and seed-plants grow-
ing without cultivation,’ prepared by President Ezra Brainerd,
Professor L. R. Jones and Mr. W. W. Eggleston, a committee
of the Vermont Botanical Club, was issued in December, 1900.
This list represents much careful and painstaking work on the
part of the authors and their associates, involving a thorough-
going revision of previously published lists of Vermont plants.
The spirit in which the work has been conceived is revealed in the
following words from the preface: ‘‘ In every case where a name
is admitted to the main list, there is an authenticated specimen de-
posited in one or more of the permanent herbaria of the state, or

* Brainerd, Jones and Eggleston. Flora of Vermont, a list of fern- and seed-
plants growing without cultivation. 8vo. Pp. i-xii; 1-113. Burlington, 15 D.
1900. [Extracted from Twentieth Vermont Agricultural Report. |

1]

in such other herbarium as is indicated in the accompanying note.
The invariable rule has been to admit no name which has not an
extant specimen back of it. This has necessarily led to the ex-
clusion of a number of names of plants reported by earlier
botanists. In many of these cases the evidence is such as to
leave little doubt that the plants actually occurred as reported,
and probably many of them will be rediscovered. The names of
such plants are included in a supplementary list at the end of the
main catalogue, and each name so appearing should be con-
sidered as a challenge to the sagacity of present botanists until
the plant is again found.’ The main list includes a total of
1,563 species and varieties of Phanerogams and Pteridophytes.
The Engler and Prantl sequence is adopted, but the nomencla-
ture is essentially that of Gray’s Manual and of the Kew Her-
barium. Whatever may be our differences of opinion as to the
claims of usage and expediency in nomenclatural matters (any
appeal to ethical grounds being logically denied to us who accept
an initial date for nomenclature), it certainly seems a violent per-
version of botanical history to retain longer for one of our com-
mon ferns the generic name Dicksonia, a name, which, so far as
the Pteridophytes are concerned, was first applied to two species
of ferns so different from ours that now, by common consent,
they are placed in an entirely different family. Even Sir William
once wrote, ‘‘ The

d

Jackson Hooker,* a prince of “‘ conservatives,’
name of Dicksonia surely, however, ought to be preserved to the
original D. arborescens (Balantium Kaulf. * * ),” and this posi-
tion is maintained by Diels in the Engler and Prantl Pflanzen-
familien and by other modern writers. From an international
standpoint, the attempts to preserve two Dicksonias in two dif-
ferent families of ferns are likely to prove a little confusing.

Those who have seen Lycopodium Chamaecyparissus growing
side by side with Lycopodium complanatum and so distinct as to
be readily distinguished at a distance of several feet and showing
not the least tendency to intergrade will be very sceptical as to
the propriety of considering it a variety of L. complanatum.

At the close of the work are shorter lists, representing the more
important regional floras, in which we see an expression of the

* Hooker, W. J. Genera Filicum, #7. 67 A [text].

12

commendable and increasingly popular modern tendency to study
plants particularly in relation to their surroundings. The pam-
phlet is attractively printed and is most fittingly dedicated to the
well-known botanical collector, Mr. Cyrus G. Pringle. The
Vermont Botanical Club is to be congratulated upon the enthusi-
asm and enterprise which have resulted in the publication at this
time of such an important addition to the list of American local

floras. [M. A. H.]

NEWS ITEMS

Professor Francis E. Lloyd, of the Teachers College, Co-
lumbia University, is soon to take a half year’s leave of absence.
He will spend the time in the laboratory of Professor Strasburger
at Bonn.

The Asa Gray Bulletin and the Plant World have effected a
consolidation, retaining the name of the latter. The place upon
the editorial board which was to have been filled by the late
Thomas A. Williams of the Asa Gray Bulletin, will be taken by
Mr. Cornelius L. Shear.

Dr. William A. Murrill, whose valuable paper on ‘‘ The De-
velopment of the Archegonium and Fertilization in the Hemlock
Spruce (7suga Canadensis Carr.),” has recently appeared in the
Annals of Botany, is now Instructor in Biology in the Boys’
High School, New York City. Dr. Murrill received his degree
from Cornell University.

The last annual meeting of the Society for Plant Morphology
and Physiology was held at Baltimore, December 27th and 28th.
The presidential address, entitled ‘‘ A Decade of North American
Palaeobotany,” was given by Professor D. P. Penhallow, of McGill
University. Among the papers presented were three by Dr. D.
T. MacDougal, with the following titles: ‘‘ Critical Points in the
Relation of Light to Plants,” ‘“‘ Propagation of Lystmachia,” and
“ Germination of Avisaema.”’ Anaccount of ‘ The Insular Flora
of Mississippi and Louisiana,” illustrated by lantern views, was
given by Professor F. E. Lloyd. Dr. Erwin. F. Smith was
elected president for the ensuing year, and Professor W. F.

(Ca mane aynede ina Ppemanoers

+8 RAw>

-° ey

NEW YORK
ea

Sa4rnE®:

TORREYA

February, 1go1

Vol. r

WBE WAIL OQ! POIRIESINR YY JON A COWIKSI3 Ole
INDE WUIRIS, STUD

By ELIzABETH CARSS

Until very recently, little or no attention was paid to the care
of our forest trees or to the relation of our forests to water sup-
ply and soil preservation. Forests were cut only for immediate
gain with no regard to future productiveness. Tracts of land
were also carelessly burned and no means taken to prevent such
occurrences. The consequence is that many districts once cov-
ered by forests are now barren wastes of stumps. I[*arms are
often seen where a good wood patch has been so reduced as
scarcely to provide the household fuel. I recall one farm in
northern New York where the only plot of woodland that the
farmer possessed has been almost entirely cut away within the
last five or ten years. At first, as the wood was abundant and
the farmer felt no particular need for economy, the cutting was
done in a most wanton manner. ‘Tall stumps forty and fifty
inches in height have been left, and great tree trunks have been
felled and left to decay, often crushing small trees in their fall.
In the same region there are two striking examples of hillsides that
have been cut and burned to the ground to form “pasture.” The
result is scarcely satisfactory even for sheep. The soil at best was
very scant and the hard rock ledges formed uneven masses to:
which soil could not cling without the aid of vegetation.

It is not difficult to find many illustrations of such destruction
as has been described, which is the result of ignorance and con-

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number. Vol. 1, No. 1, comprising pages I-12, was issued January 29, 1901. |

14

sequent short-sightedness. Attempts are now being made to
_ awaken the private owner to the necessity of care and proper
management of forest areas, both for his own sake and for the
interests of the country. The Division of Forestry of the Agri-
cultural Department at Washington is making efforts to instruct
owners of forest lands and to aid them in the care and preserva-
tion of such areas. To this end the Division has undertaken to
provide a series of practical examples of improved treatment of
private forest lands. The object of the undertaking is to show,
by assisting a few owners to make a trial of new methods, that
improved ways of handling timber lands are best for the owner
and forest. The results of these experiments with private lands
are to be published for the benefit of all.

In order that a reform may become vital in a country like this,
it is necessary that the means of reform should reach not only
those who are directly interested, but the many who influence the
legislation of the country. The majority of people know nothing
of the valuable government publications on the subject, nor ap-
preciate the expenditure necessary for experimentation and pub-
lication of results.

How can the school aid in establishing among the people a
proper estimate of the importance of the forests? We often hear
that the aim of the school should be to promote social efficiency.
To this end children are given calculations and illustrations from
the life of trade and commerce, and are taught the ins and outs
of a complex political life. While the value of this may not be
disputed, there is here presented a very vital question in which
both city and country children should be interested.

Elementary work in forestry may be approached through two
parts of the school curriculum: geography and nature study.
The subject may be introduced by simple study of trees. With
very little children, only the recognition of some of the common
trees by means of form, leaves, fruit and blossom, is possible.
Later, the work may be expanded somewhat as suggested in the
following outline originally prepared by the writer for the Teach-
ers College Record :

I. Special tree study.

15

General form: branching, height and breadth of the tree.
Bark: Characteristic appearance. Does the tree shed the

bark ?

Compare bark of the tree studied with other common trees.

Compare the bark of the needle-leaved trees with that of
some of the broad-leaved trees.

Leaf: Compare the form with other leaves that have been

studied. How is the leaf fastened to the stem? Where are
the leaf buds for next year? Make a careful study of buds
with their wrappings. When do the leaves fall and what
changes take place in the leaf before its fall ?

Fruit : How fastened to the stem? Where most abundant on

the tree? Kind of seeds produced by the tree ?

Germination of seeds: Recognition of seeds of the common

trees. Allow the seeds to sprout and examine stages of
srowth. Brief account of nourishment and growth of trees.

Twigs: Prominence of certain buds and smallness of others.

ne

IDOE

IV.

We
1s

Development of buds on different parts of the twigs; size,
shape, color of buds; shape and character of bud scales.
Scars onthe twigs. Leaf scars; budscars. Annual growth
as shown by external markings ; compare growth of different
years. Growth and development of branches.

Field work. Recognition of individual trees at different sea-
sons. General outline for field work: difference in height
of trees ; difference in foliage masses ; advantage of different
types growing together; trees that have the greatest
number of branches ; results of crowding ; method of mak-
ing a tree grow with a tall, straight trunk; the effect upon
the wood if numerous branches are allowed to develop ;
method of cutting and pruning.

Care of trees and forests. Some ways in which destruction
of forest areas has come about ; fires, careless cutting, etc.,
insect pests, fungus growths. Ways of preventing destruc-
tion.

Let some pupil write for pamphlets. Discuss the efforts
that are being made to save the trees and forests. Com-
pare our forest tracts with forest areas in Europe.

Wild life in the woods. Make a list of some of the wild
animals seen in the woods in which we have been, and
speak of their interesting characteristics, enemies, means of
protection, etc. Life in winter, snow tracks. Hunting
centers of the United States.

Lumbering.

Lumbering regions and forest reserves: Where situated in

16

the United States? Characteristic trees of different
regions. Relation of water supply and forests. Control
of erosion by forests. The effect of extensive cutting
upon distribution of soil. Examples of excessive erosion
and excessive deposition of soil.

2. Lumber camps: Sites chosen—reasons. Why winter is a
good time for cutting and hauling. Transportation from
lumber camp.

3. Saw mills: Situation; power used for operation; ways of
preparing wood.

VI. Woods. Examine woodwork in the school room. Notice
the different grain found. What is the grain of wood?
Why do pieces of wood differ so much in grain? Ex-
amine small logs of different woods cut in cross, longitu-
dinal and radial sections. Growth of wood—meaning of
rings in the wood; green layer under the bark ; injury
caused by girdling trees.

It is not supposed that this outline can be carried out in all
schools, but it is believed that many valuable lessons can be given
along such lines of thought as are here suggested. The work as
it stands is very comprehensive and is intended to be distributed
throughout a course of nature study and geography.

A large part of this has been in use in the Horace Mann School
in New York and has been found of great interest to the boys and
girls, and it is hoped that such study in the schools will lay the
foundation for an intelligent interest in the problems of forestry in
the United States, and thus aid in checking the destruction which
has already attained alarming proportions.

A NEW HYGROMETER SUITABLE FOR TESTING
Nv CMON MO esi Ovary es

By D. T. MacDouGAL

Light, temperature, electricity, mechanical shock, moisture of
the soil, salts in the soil, humidity of the air, winds, and pro-
longed darkness, exercise an influence upon the guard-cells of
stomata in such manner that the pore is closed or opened when

7

any one of these forces acts with increased or decreased intensity
upon the plant. The behavior of stomata to these factors is ex-
ceedingly various however. Thus some stomata open when the
leaf is placed in water, while others close ; some stomata open in
light, while others close under the effect of the sun’s rays. Again,
weak electric shock gives rise to one result, while a strong shock
exercises the reverse action.

Any study of stomata by which their action is observed by
means of a microscope will be vitiated with many errors, because
in taking the epidermis from a leaf and. mounting it for examina-
tion, stimuli are set up, which may cause the stoma to open or
close before its original condition can be observed.

Practically all of the water given off by a leaf in transpiration
passes through the stomata in the form of vapor, and the best
method of ascertaining whether the stomata are opened or closed
is to use some means of detection of watery vapor. This may be
done in two ways, viz., by the cobalt method, in which paper
saturated with cobalt nitrate placed on the leaf changes from a
bluish to a reddish color in the presence of watery vapor; the
second method consists in the use of a hygrometer. Several
types of these instruments are in use in physiological laboratories.
In one the variations in length of a strand of human hair with the
changing humidity moves a lever carrying a pen which gives a
constant record of the proportion of watery vapor in the air.
This form has not been made suitable for testing the action of
leaves. Another hygrometer consists essentially of an awn of
some grass, like St#pa, which twists or untwists with the varia-
tions in humidity of the atmosphere. This type has been found
very useful in some forms of investigation. A third form con-
tains a thin strip of some material which curves and straightens
with the varying humidity, and the best example of this type is
the horn hygrometer of F. Darwin, in which the sensitive mate-
rial is made of a thin strip of pressed horn. The simpler forms of
hygrometer sold in the market for general use have a sensitive
strip composed of two layers of material of different hygroscopic-
ity, and the writer has devised one for testing the action of stomata
which is based upon this principle. It may be made as follows:

18

Secure a straight piece of iron or copper wire 2 mm. in diameter
and 25 cm. long, and bend a section 8 cm. long at right angles.
Thrust this short arm through the axis of a cylindrical cork 15
mm. long and 8 mm. in diameter and bend the terminal 5 cm. at
right angles and parallel with the long arm. Cut a strip from a
developed film plate, such as are supplied by photographers, 8 cm.
longand 5 mm. wide. Cutaslit in the cork parallel to the axis and
thrust one end of the film in the slit. Now fasten a bristle 5 or 6
cm. long to the free end of the strip of film, which should have its
convex surface uppermost. Bend the free end of the long arm
of the wire upwards and at right angles, affixing a cork to the
tip to which a suitable scale may be attached with glue (Fig. 1, J).
Turn the cork on its axis until the strip would lie within 2 mm.
of any surface on which the apparatus might be placed ; note the
position of the pointer, and place on the under surface of
leaf which has been laid on a table upside down. If the stomata

PSS

=

Fic. 1. Differential hygrometer. A, strip of film. 4, cork. C, portion of
wire bent upward to hold scale. , scale over which the indicator has moved two
divisions showing open stomata in the leaf on which the instrument rests. (Illus-
tration from ‘‘A Practical Text-Book of Plant Physiology,’ by MacDougal, now in
press. By permission of Longmans, Green & Co. )

are open the gelatine of the film will absorb watery vapor in-
stantly and the strip will begin to straighten so that a movement
of the indicator may be noticed inside of ten seconds. Set the
hygrometer aside for a few minutes and place on the opposite
side of the leaf. If it is free from open stomata no movement will
be seen.

UG)

The instrument is extremely delicate and care must be taken
not to blow the breath upon it while making a test, and the
transpiration of the hand will give a decided reaction. Leaves
attached to the plant may be tested both indoors and outdoors.
It is believed that this instrument is free from most of the faults
ascribed by F. Darwin to the horn hygrometer devised by him,
and is quite as accurate and sensitive.

WUE, INCEOIDNNOIML ANIL Jal Qvile
By FREDERICK H. BLODGETT

In Middlesex County, New Jersey, the climbing fern [ Lygodium
_ palmatum (Bernh.) Swz.] occurs in considerable abundance. The
several localities are quite similar in general conditions, and a
description of one will serve for an average of all.

The most accessible spot where it is found abundantly is a few
miles south of New Brunswick, in the edge of the sandy area
known as ‘‘the burnt woods.” This is a tract of low hills and
shallow hollows covered to a large extent with various scrub
oaks and laurel. Many of the hollows contain water, either as
nearly stagnant ponds, or as bogs of sphagnum and other aquatic
plants. It is in one of these sphagnum bogs that the Lygodium
Srows.

Swamp maples and other water-loving trees surround the bog»
giving place to the lower forms as the edge of the peat is
reached, so that the surface of the sphagnum is nearly free from
shade during the greater part of the day. Near the west end of
the bog there are three colonies of Lygodium, a small one at the
southwest, another at the northwest, and the third at the apex of
a triangle, nearly equilateral, formed by the three. The fern
srows among and entwines the low shrubbery and stout her-
baceous plants forming the border of the sphagnum area of the
swamp.

The largest colony is that in the northwest corner of the
swamp. Here, on the 22nd of last December, the stems of golden-

20

rod and similar plants were closely entwined by the coils of the
fern for nearly four feet from the ground. The fruiting pinnules
were very abundant and formed nearly half the length of the,
fronds. Six or more fronds were often twined about the same
stem, forming a loosely coiled rope. The pinnules of such
masses would make the diameter of the whole reach three or
four inches—a dense cluster of fine brownish lobes, contrasting
with the brighter green of the less dissected and fewer sterile
pinnules lower on the stem. Following the slender fronds down-
ward, the dark brown rootstocks are found covered with about
an inch of moss and leaf-mould, among the roots of the plants
which support the fronds. The rootstocks, which usually bear
only a few, from one to three, fronds, are often branched, throw-
ing off one branch at a time, and they persist for a number of
years, so that a length of a foot or more is not rare.

While the plants appear to require abundant moisture, they
are not common in the sphagnum of the swamp, but are confined
quite strictly to the growth of stout herbaceous plants and low
shrubs along the bog margin, or on islands of similar growth in
the midst of the sphagnum.

The large colony just described covers about a square rod at
the edge of the bog, but extends through the undergrowth for a
considerable distance from the open swamp. Along the sides
of a diainage ditch it is quite luxuriant but does not equal the more
exposed plants. Here the soil has only a thin layer of moss and
leaf-mould upon it, the rootstocks being more directly in con-
tact with the wet sand below. In some portions of the swamp
area there are clay beds, but the Lygodium has not been observed
in their immediate vicinity.

The sterile pinnules of the climbing fern were almost grass-
green on December 22nd, but the fertile ones were turning brown.
Nearly all other foliage had been killed and browned by the se-
vere frosts, so that the color of the fern was in striking contrast
to its surroundings. But conspicuous as its color was, it was not
easily seen until close at hand, owing to the mass of dead sedge
stalks, of golden-rods and briers in the midst of which the plants
are located.

A NEW SENECIO FROM PENNSYLVANIA
By N. L. Brirron

In the course of a field excursion of the Torrey Club and the
Philadelphia Botanical Club on May 29, 1899, at Penn Valley
and Tullytown, Bucks Co., Pa., my attention was called by
Mr. Joseph Crawford to a Senecio growing in abundance in a
marshy meadow at Tullytown, which seemed different from any
described species. The plant was in full flower at the time and
its bright yellow rays were a conspicuous feature in the land-
scape. Ripe fruiting specimens were secured from the same
place by Mr. Crawford on June 6, 1900.

The locality had already been considerably explored by the
Philadelphia botanists and is interesting from the large number
of pine-barren plants which inhabit it, the soil being very sandy,

The new species resembles both Senecio Balsamitae Muhl., of
dry soil, and S. Robins Oakes, of northern meadows, but is, I

think, distinct from either. I append a description.
~ Senecio Crawfordii.— Perennial, with slender thread-like roots,
glabrous, or with sparse woolly pubescence below. Stem slen-
der, about 4 dm. high: leaves thick, firm, the basal ones erect, the
larger 2—2.5 dm. long, the blades oval, oblong, or some of them
narrowly obovate, mostly not more than one-half as long as the
slender petioles, sharply and nearly equally serrate from the acute
or obtuse apex to the entire cuneate base, or the lower teeth
somewhat larger than the upper; stem leaves lanceolate or nar-
rower, mostly acuminate, incised-serrate, clasping, the upper ses-
sile, the lower peticled, the uppermost very small: heads 3-7 ;
peduncles 1.5-10 cm. long, slender, bracted, rarely forked ; in-
volucre 7-9 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
I-I.5 mm. wide, shorter than the white barbellate pappus ; rays

8-10 mm. long ; achenes linear, striate, 2.5 mm. long, 0.5 mm.
thick.

Type specimens in herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden.

i)
bo

ROSPMCUINTA@VielS sles) Soa:
By WILLIAM A. RILEY

Mr. Ellis has described * under the name Sphaeria ovalis, a
pyrenomycete occurring on Artemisia in Utah. Specimens were
issued as No. 896 of N. A. F. A careful comparison of these
with specimens of Rosellinia pulveracea (Ehr.) shows no essential
differences and has led me to question the validity of the
species.

In North American Pyrenomycetes, Mr. Ellis says regarding
the new species: ‘Closely allied to R. pulveracea, differing prin-
cipally in its perithecia.’ A careful study of the two species
reveals individual perithecia of each which correspond perfectly.
Those of R. pulveracea are in some cases subovate, while, on the
other hand, those of R. ovalis are sometimes subglobose. Even
in the descriptions there is not brought out any marked distinc-
tion. Asan aid to comparison, I tabulate Ellis’s descriptions
of the two species:

Rosellinia ovalis (E\l.) Sacc. | Rosellinia pulveracea (Ehr.) Fckl.

1. Perithecia gregarious or sub- : 1. Perithecia densely gregarious,

caespitose. often forming continuous
2. Ovate. | crustaceous layer and sove-
3. Rough. | times scattered.
4. 250-300 » in diameter. | 2. Ovate-globose.
5. Ostiolum obtusely papilliform. 3. Minutely tubercular-rough-
6. Ascicylindrical,60-65 ~X 6p. ened.
7. Stipe 15-20 p. | 4. One-third mm. in diameter.
8. Spores short-elliptical to ob- 5. Ostiolum papilliform.

long, 8-124 X 5-7 vu. 6. Asci cylindrical 60-70 » X Io

—I2 py.

7. Stipe 20-30 p.
8. Spores elliptical, 8-15 X 6
— =9 p.

The above table shows some little distinction in size of asci

* Bull. Torr. Club, 8: 125. 1881.

23

and spores. The unimportance of these characters, unless very
marked, is quite generally recognized by workers on this group
and has been frequently emphasized. An instance is afforded by
a series of measurements of asci and spores of LK. pulveracea
from the various exsiccati. In these Mr. Ellis found a varia-
tion from 60-70 » x 8-10 in asci and from 6-8 x 5-6 to
10-122 X 7-gy in spores. My measurements of the same
species show a variation. from 70 x 74 to 90 X 13 p in asci;
from) 10x 7 /satom ts) 6 106 in Ssporess) Monee ovals, llis’s
measurements, as seen above, are 60-65yx Oy for asci;
8-124 x 5-7 for spores. I find asci as large as 85 x 7p,
spores 10-122 x 6-7y. From a comparison of these figures
it may be seen that on the basis of asci and spores we cannot
even approximate a separation of the two species. It is my be-
lief that Rosellinia ovals (Ell.) is, at most, but a variety of KX.
pulveracea (Ehr.).

It should be noted that Saccardo attributes this species to New
Jersey, whereas, it has so far been reported only from Utah.
Misled by the statement ‘‘on sage-brush” he doubtfully refers
to the host as Sa/vza.

BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

NEWS ITEMS

The sixth annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club
was held in Burlington, on January 25th and 26th. Fourteen
papers were presented.

“ The Gamophyllous, a monthly magazine devoted to plant life
in field, forest and garden,” is the title of a recently established
periodical. It is edited and published by Mr. Harry A. Bird
of Plainfield, New Jersey.

An interesting paper entitled ““An Ecological Study of the New
Jersey Strand Flora,’ by Dr. John W. Harshberger was issued
on December 31, 1900. It is extracted from the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Dr. David Griffiths, who received his advanced degree from

24

Columbia University last June, is now botanist of the Agricultural
Experiment Station at Tucson, Arizona. His doctorate thesis,
an important paper on the North American Sordariaceae is in
press.

The appearance of “A Practical Text-Book of Plant Physi-
ology,’ by Dr. D. T. MacDougal is announced for May ist.
The book will be suitable for use in the laboratory, will comprise
about 350 pages with 150 illustrations, and will be published by
Longmans, Green and Company.

Dr. Timothy Field Allen has donated his collection of Char-
aceae to the New York Botanical Garden. The collection repre-
sents the accumulations of many years of active interest in this
group of plants. It is rich in types and co-types and is doubt-
less one of the largest collections of Characeae in existence.

““Mosses with a Hand Lens,” an introduction to the study of
mosses, lay io J. Coxon, Jed) Of Une Isoyer Initsin Serooll,
Brooklyn, is an attractive booklet of 73 pages, issued in Decem-
ber last. It contains descriptions of one hundred of the com-
moner and more conspicuous mosses in but slightly technical
terms, with numerous illustrations.

“The Outline of the Course in Biology” in the Horace Mann
School, by Professor F. E. Lloyd and Mr. Maurice A. Bigelow, has
recently appeared as Vol. II., No. 1 of the Teachers College Rec-
ord. The pamphlet contains the detailed outline of the course
in botany and zoology and will be of interest to teachers of those
subjects in high schools.

Mr. J. E. Kirkwood has accepted a position in Syracuse Un:
versity, where he will take charge of the Department of Botany.
Mr. Kirkwood is a graduate of Pacific University, Forest Grove,
Oregon. He received the appointment of special Fellow in Bi-
ology, Princeton University, for the year 1898-99, on the com-
pletion of which he continued his studies at the New York Bo-
tanical Garden and Columbia University. His special work has
been on the embryology of the Cucurbitaceae and on the food —
content and digestion in the coconut during germination.

)

Vol. 1 No. 3

TORREYA

March, 1go1

A NEW HORSE GENTIAN (TRIOSTEUM) COMMON
JON) WSUS, JEANS INE IRIN “SIPAINES)

By EuGENE P. BICKNELL

Notwithstanding that Rafinesque, in 1836, proposed six species
of Zriosteum in addition to the two which had come down from
the time of Linnaeus, these two alone continue to represent the
genus in our manuals of to-day. There is, nevertheless, a third
species, quite a common one, which seems to have escaped rec-
ognition as effectually as if it did not exist. Its discovery, now
some years ago, was quite a matter of accident, and affords a
good illustration of the utility of botanical gardens in the study
of our flora.

In the early days of the New York Botanical Garden, while
passing through the grounds one Saturday afternoon in company
with Dr. Britton, I rather surprised my companion by asking the
name of a 77zosteum cultivated in the herbaceous beds. My own
surprise was in turn excited upon learning that the plant was merely
the common 7. perfoltatum L. and I insisted that it was, neverthe-
less, a species different from the plant with which I was familiar as
T. perfoliatum and which actually grew in its native state on the
grounds of my own home. The cultivated specimen had been
brought from Staten Island, near Dr. Britton’s home, and the fol-
lowing day an opportunity was found of visiting, under Dr. Brit-
ton’s guidance, the very piece of woodland from which the plant had
been removed. There, in its natural surroundings, we found more of
it, and the interesting fact at once developed that it was distinctly
later-flowering than the species of my own region twenty miles

{ The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number. Vol. 1, No. 2, comprising pages 13-24, wasissued February 23, 1901.
8 D prising pages 13-24, y

26
farther north along the Hudson River. The latter had come into
bloom some two weeks before, whereas the flower-buds of this
Staten Island plant were still very immature. I had never col-
lected the species familiar to me, taking for granted—a cardinal
sin in systematic botany—that it was our supposedly well-known
T. perfoliatum, the only red-flowered species allowed by the books.
Now, however, upon the first occasion, the two plants were care-
fully compared and it needed no profound study to find out that
they were distinct species.

The essential or rather the most obvious difference between
the two is seen in the main leaves which, broadly perfoliate in
true pervfoliatum, are in the new species conspicuously narrowed
into a merely sessile base. This, however, holds true only of the
principal sets of leaves. In the upper leaves a curious reversal of
these characters is frequent. In jerfoliatum the upper leaves are
often, or usually, narrowly sessile ; in the contrasted plant they
are sometimes distinctly connate.

Just here is encountered a difficulty which I have found insuper-
able in attempting the correlation of any of Rafinesque’s descrip-
tions with the present new plant. Parts of most of these descrip-
tions seem to point toward it ; other parts seem to have a different
bearing. It would’ appear that Rafinesque must have had the
species but there is no certainty in regard to this nor as to the
positive application of any of his names. Those which do not
refer unmistakably to 7rviosteum perfoliatum or to T. angustifolium
may refer, for anything which appears to the contrary, either to
forms or fragments of 7: perfolatum, or tc species as yet un-
known. In going over the matter with Dr. Britton, we have been
able to reach no other conclusion than this. The case seems ©
analogous to that of the genus Lechea, about which Rafinesque
knew a great deal in a careless and incoherent way or, at least,
so set down what he knew, making his descriptions varitable enig-
mas to us at the present day.

Triosteum aurantiacum sp. nov.—Stem 5-12 dm. tall,
glandular-puberulent to weakly hirsute, simple and erect or late
in the season sometimes declined: leaves thin, entire or rarely
subsinuate, becoming 1.5-2.5 dm. long and 8-10 cm. wide,
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, attenuate at both ends,

27

or acuminate at the apex and contracted below the middle into a
narrow basal portion, sometimes, especially in the upper leaves,
the extreme base again slightly dilated and connate, but never
broadly perfoliate, green and thinly appressed-hirsutulous above,
scarcely paler beneath, except in age, and minutely soft-pubes-
cent: corolla dull purplish-red, 14-20 mm. long, the outer sur-
face glandular-puberulent, strongly gibbous-saccate at base,
more distinctly two-lipped and dilated above and with larger
more spreading lobes than in 7. perfoliatum, the stamens rel-
atively much shorter and the style less exserted ; calyx-lobes
linear, obtuse, the largest becoming 18 mm. long and much sur-
passing the corolla; fruit 2-6 in each pair of axils, larger and
more obovoid-oblong than in 7: perfoliatum, pubescent, becom-
ing orange to bright orange-red.

From Quebec to Minnesota, Massachusetts, North Carolina,
Kentucky and Iowa, growing in rich soil in hilly or rocky
woods. Comes into flower about New York from May 9g to 20,
two or three weeks earlier than 7: perfoliatum. The fruit
ripens in late summer and sometimes persists well into November.

The type from Van Cortlandt Park, New York City, is de-
posited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

This plant, although greatly resembling 7: perfoliatum, has
many points of difference. Perhaps the most obvious of these re-
sults from the shorter internodes of TZ: perfoliatum and its broadly
perfoliate leaves which sometimes measure as much as 5—7 cm.
across their united bases. 7: perfolatum is also mostly stouter
and more leafy, the leaves thicker, and more rugose-veiny and
paler beneath and more densely soft-pubescent. A closer com-
parison reveals interesting differences between the flowers of the
two species. Not only is the corolla of 7. perfoliatum often
duller in color and decidedly greenish about its lower half, but
it is markedly different in shape and in relatively longer stamens
and more exserted style ; the corolla-tube is nearly cylindric and
scarcely at all two-lipped with very short erect lobes scarcely, if
at all, surpassing the anthers, in definite contrast with that of 7.
aurantiacum, which is decidedly two-lipped and upwardly dilated
with much larger more or less spreading lobes much surpassing
the included stamens. Furthermore, the calyx segments of
Lriosteum perfoliatum are ordinarily much shorter and less foli-

28

aceous than in 7: aurantiacum and usually narrower and more
acute. The fruit of 7: perfoliatum is commonly more numerous
and crowded than in 7: aurantiacum, mostly 6-8 in each pair of
axils, more globose and of a duller yellowish-orange color; at
least, I have never seen it of as deep a flame color as that of 7.
aurantiacum sometimes becomes. Apparently also the species
prefers a more sandy soil in lower, more level woods and thickets.

I have been unable to make out much difference in the distri-
bution of the two species, although 7: perfoliatum is perhaps
rather more southern in its range. Specimens seen show a
range from New York to Minnesota, Alabama, Kentucky and
Kansas.

A MODIFIED FORM OF RESPIRATION APPARATUS
By H. M. RICHARDS

There are many methods of all degrees of complication by
which the amount of carbon dioxide evolved by plants may be
measured. Many are simply out of the question for a laboratory
which is not extensively stocked, requiring as they do a great
array of glassware, many air-tight joints, siphons, aspirators or
what not, while others are very crude. The writer has found the
following simple and easily constructed piece of apparatus very
useful for demonstrating in a fairly accurate way and on a some-
what large scale the respiration of plants. It is indeed a mod-
ification in form but not in principle of a method long used
and often figured in many of the text-books. The apparatus
referred to consists, as far as the glassware is concerned, of an
exceedingly long-necked flask. Such flasks, however, must be
specially blown and are consequently hard to obtain and also
somewhat expensive. Instead of such a flask, an ordinary Bo-
hemian one of 150 to 200 cc. capacity, with the neck of usual
length, is selected. A test-tube, the closed and slightly tapering
end of which was just a little too large to slip into the flask’s
neck, is next taken. By means of a little carborundum or emery-
powder it is ground into the flask neck so as to get an air-tight

Sia Pe ea a egy Diener? bey PR SE Tomy ety 1 Pe erat) PRE meee soy Te nd ee eh ee mee DRS TS a: Lae

29

It may be noted here that carborundum is a very handy grind-
ing material. It is harder than emery and cuts more quickly and
may be obtained in any grade of powder from the manufacturers
at the electrical works at Niagara Falls. The writer has pre-
pared ground-glass plates of consider-
able size and has ground covers to dishes,
joints in tubes, etc., with a minimum
amount of trouble by means of this car-
borundum.

But to return to the respiration appar-
atus. The test-tube having been ground
into the neck in a satisfactory manner,
its end is next blown out, by heating and
blowing while in a Bunsen flame. The
hole thus produced may be easily en-
larged to any size by moulding with a
piece of cold metal.

The tube should now be graduated,
which may be done by corking up the
end of the tube and running in water
from a burette, marking on a paper scale
glued to the side any graduation—1 or
5 cc.—that is desired. For use, the flask
is filled with seedlings, flowers, leaves, or
whatever is to be investigated, and a plug
of cotton, loosely poked in, to prevent
their falling out when the flask is in- Diagram of Section. The
verted. The extension of the neck is Pparatus is supported by a
now put with its end (what as a test-tube a ee kta on
was its mouth) over mercury. Some ers, seeds, etc. The tube

strong potash—say 50 per cent.—is run may be graduated or the re-
sults may be read simply by

in at the top; the weight of the mercury i
k comparison.

will be enough to prevent as much, at

least, as 5 cc. from running out. The ground joint of the

test-tube is now painted liberally with vaseline, or better vaseline

and wax, and the correspondingly ground flask joined to it. The

whole apparatus is supported by a clamp on a retort-stand over

the dish of mercury.

30

You now have such a flask with an elongated neck as is fig-
ured in the text-books, but with the advantage that, the neck be-
ing in two pieces, the potash can be introduced in the manner
described with the greatest ease. As the carbon dioxide is
evolved, it, of course, sinks and is absorbed by the alkali, the
diminution in volume of the air within the flask being shown by
the corresponding rise of the mercury in the neck. The tube be-
ing graduated, this absorption can be readily observed and noted.

The apparatus is so simple and so quickly and cheaply put to-
gether, that several may be set up side by side for comparison of
the respiration of different plant organs under different condi-
tions. There are certain errors to be guarded against. The rise
of the column within the neck should be read from the mercury
surface and not from that of the potash above it, since the latter
absorbs water as well as carbon dioxide. Great change of tem-
perature should also be guarded against, since it alters the vol-
ume of gas within the flask, and to this the apparatus is very
sensitive. If the volume of the flask and neck, less the contents,
be taken, the proper correction for temperature variation may be
applied. There is also an error introduced by the variation of
vapor tension due to the possible change of the moisture in the
enclosed air, but this is not considerable. Such a union by a
ground joint is vastly to be preferred to cutting off the flaring
mouth of the flask and uniting it to a tube by a rubber joint.
The manipulation of a rubber tube of such size and under such
conditions is annoying in the extreme. The ground joint pre-
pared as above and well sealed with vaseline has proved itself to
be entirely air-tight.

THRIVING UNDER DIFFICULTIES

By DaAvip GRIFFITHS

A sewer pipe three feet underground is not only uninviting but
rather an unusual object of botanical study. Yet associated with
such a structure on the campus of the University of Arizona, the
workmen uncovered one of the most interesting struggles for ex-

dl

istence the writer has seen for some time. The sewer system,
which was put in eight or ten years ago, is of a most primitive
character, being simply a drain pipe leading from the laboratories
into a ‘small jravine which finally finds its way into the Santa
Cruz. The pipe consists of short sections of tiling, with no
shoulders, placed end to end as closely as circumstances would
permit, no cement at all being used on the joints. This pipe was
laid about three feet under the surface through a hard calcareous
subsoil commonly designated by the Spanish name, caliche.
After the pipe was placed in position the trench was filled with
the white hard chunks of calche together with pieces of brick
and scraps of iron and tin, refuse from the construction of the
building.

This pipe recently became clogged, necessitating the removal
of a large portion of the tiling. While the laborers were exca-
vating, they discovered, just above the pipe and running parallel
with it, an unusually large contorted root which excited their
curiosity. This proved upon examination to be the root of a
Virginia creeper situated at a distance of nine feet from one end
of the trench. It had followed the wall of the building as far as
the tiling, turned an obtuse angle and then proceeded to follow
the pipe across the campus. The débris and hard masses of
caliche caused it to become exceedingly twisted and contorted,
but strange as it seemed to me the contortions were mainly in
one plane approximately parallel to the surface. In no instance
was the root in actual contact with the pipe, but it followed di-
rectly above it at a distance of one to two inches. Laterals,
however, were freely given off toward the pipe and in two in-
stances small roots were found actually entering between the
joints of the tiling and projecting into the lumen.

The clogging of the pipe was due in a very large measure to
the entrance of the roots of plants which penetrated mainly from
the top and sides, forming dense mats around all the crevices.
All roots, whether isolated or in clusters, were imbedded ina black
slimy deposit characteristic of such locations.

There is nothing surprising in the fact that roots in this arid
region should penetrate into such a structure as that described

32

above in search of moisture ; but when we remember that this
small pipe, four inches in diameter, drains two chemical labor-
atories running at their full capacity during the entire school
year, a different aspect is placed on the phenomenon, No less
than 150 pounds of sulphuric acid alone pass through the pipe
during the year. Of course there are solutions of other acids
and salts in corresponding quantities. At certain times in the
year and indeed at different hours of the day, solutions of
poisonous chemicals of considerable density must pass down
this pipe and bathe the roots which project into it.

There are probably two reasons why the large root of the
Virginia creeper should follow the pipe. It found along this
path considerable moisture and but slight resistance compared
with the hard undisturbed ca/zche on the outside of the trench.
But since we are naturally led to suppose that its main object
was a search for water, we may inquire why it did not follow the
pipe closely instead of remaining at a distance of one to two
inches. The probable explanation for this is that it kept a safe
distance from the poisonous chemicals which flow down the pipe
and that the small quantities which ooze through the loose joints
are reacted upon to some extent by the soil which renders them
less harmful. Possibly the laterals which entered the pipe did
so at atime when the quantity of chemicals in solution was at
a minimum, as is the case during the summer months. One of
the rootlets which entered the pipe a distance of half an inch was
in apparently a perfectly healthy condition but the other which
entered a distance of fully an inch had its end blackened and
dead.

The roots which formed a mat around the joints and were the
chief agents in clogging the pipe proved to be those of Bermuda
grass (Capriola Dactylon) a plant which does not appear at all
choice with reference to what it drinks, for it is known to thrive
in the Southwest in localities where alkali is very abundant.
Among other plants growing in the vicinity and which doubtless
contributed to some extent to the clogging may be mentioned

burr clover, alfalfa and rescue grass.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, February, 1901.

3D

SYNONYMY OF BURMANNIA AND GYROTHECA

By ROLAND M. HARPER

A few weeks ago I had occasion to look up the synonymy of
Lurmannia capitata, one of the plants I collected in Georgia
last summer, and found the following facts of interest in connec-
tion with it.

In Heller's Catalogue of North American Plants, both edi-
tions, the name of this species is cited as B. capitata Chapm.
But Dr. Chapman was not the original author of the species, for
in his Flora of the Southern States, all editions, he gives as a
synonym 77ipterella capitata Mx. Michaux based his species on
Vogelia capitata Gmel., and Gmelin refers to ‘‘ Walt. flor. carol.
p. 69,” where our plant seems to have been first described,
under the name of ‘“‘Azonymos capitat.”

Having traced the origin of the name back to Walter, it then
occurred to me that Dr. Morong a few years ago had published
the combination Gyrotheca capitata,* based on this same Axonymos
capitat. of Walter. On examining Walter’s description, I noticed
that it applied undoubtedly to our Lurmannia, and had nothing
whatever to do with Gyrotheca. But on the opposite page (68)
I noticed an Anxonymos tinctort., the description of which clearly
applies to our Gyrotheca, and the cause of the trouble at once
became evident.

It appears that Dr. Morong in some way got the two names
confused, for he says: “It is a little singular that Walter’s spe-
cific name has been changed into ‘tinctoria’ by all the writers
who have quoted him, from Pursh to Kuntze. The plant is
placed by Walter among his ‘Anonymo’ genera, the term he
uses when he is doubtful about the genus, but his description is
so full that no one can doubt what is meant.”” He then cites the
correct page, 68, but gives the wrong specific name, capzfata.

This error seems to have passed unnoticed ever since, having
been taken up in the “ List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta
srowing without cultivation in Northeastern North America”

* Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 472. D. 1893.

34

(Mem. Torr. Club, 5), Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora,
Rhodora (1: 68), Heller’s Catalogue, and other publications.

In the Kew Index, Walter’s Anxonymos capitat. is correctly re-
ferred to Burmannia, and the authorship of the combination
Lurmannia capitata is credited to Martius.

The correct synonymy of these two species is then as follows:

BURMANNIA CAPITATA (Walt.) Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp. Pl.
iBrase Te gl2) sro 2t

Anonymos capitat. Walt. Fl. Car. 69. 1788.

Vogelia capitata Gmel. Syst. 2: 107. 1791.

Tripterella capitata Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 19. pf. 3. - 1803.

GYROTHECA TINCTORIA (Walt.) Sal. Trans. Hort. Soc. I: 327.
1812.

Anonymos tinctori. Walt. Fl. Car. 68. 1788.

Dilatris tinctoria Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 30. 1814.

Lachnanthes tinctoria Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 47. 1816.

Gyrotheca capitata Morong, Bull. Torr. Club, 20: 472. 1893.

Several other synonyms for the latter are given in Dr. Mo-
_rong’s paper. _

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

TRANSPIRATION OF RUST-INFESTED RUBUS
By FREDERICK H. BLODGETT

On May 23d last, two branches of Rubus sp. were cut from
adjacent plants. The branches were as nearly alike in size and
number of leaves as possible, but one was healthy, the other
badly rusted (with Gymmnoconia interstitials). Fifteen minutes
after cutting they were placed in water. Each had wilted some-
what, especially in the new growth of which there were several
inches on each branch. The rusted branch was wilted consider-
ably more than the healthy one. The healthy specimen revived
when placed in water, the rusted one continued to wilt, the basal
leaves only showing any tendency to recover.

On the 24th the test was repeated in a more careful manner.
The two branches bore the same relation to one another as
before, but they were placed in water immediately upon cutting.

9)

The leaf surface was slightly greater in the healthy specimen,
as the normal leaves were larger than the rusted, but the num-
ber was nearly equal in the two specimens. Large test-tubes
were used, in which the branches were left tightly corked over
night. When examined on the morning of the 25th the healthy
branch was not wilted, the rusted one was considerably so. The
«usted specimen evaporated 42 cc. while the healthy specimen
evaporated 23 cc. of water under parallel conditions.

Thus the branch with the rusted leaves absorbed nearly twice
as much water as the healthy branch, and yet failed to remain
unwilted. The rust covered the lower surface of nearly all of
the leaflets almost completely, and the extra demand for water
thus imposed upon the plant was equivalent to doubling the leaf
surface, as indicated by the volume of water transpired.

4

NEWS ITEMS

- Professor A. S. Hitchcock, of the Kansas Agricultural Col-
lege, has been appointed Assistant Agrostologist of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture in the place of Thomas A. Williams,
deceased.

A revision of the Crotons of the United States by A. M.
Ferguson has recently been issued as a separate from the
Twelfth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Twenty-six species and several varieties are described, most of
which are also illustrated.

The Yale Summer School of Forestry will hold its sessions
this year at Grey Towers, the estate of Mr. James W. Pinchot,
near the village of Milford, Pike Co., Pennsylvania. The instruc-
tion will be under the charge of Professor Henry S. Graves and —
Professor James W. Toumey.

Mr. Percy Wilson, Museum Aid at the New York Botanical
Garden, has been sent with the Solar Eclipse Expedition, under
the direction of Professor David P. Todd, of Amherst College,
to the Dutch East Indies, for the purpose of securing museum
specimens, living plants and seeds. He sailed on March 2, by
way of the Suez Canal, for Singapore.

s

36

One of the latest results of the remarkable activity of American
mycologists and mycophagists is “‘ The Mushroom Book”’ by Miss
Nina L. Marshall. It is expected that a review of this will ap-
pear in an early number of Zorreya.

Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener of the New York
Botanical Garden, has gone to the Royal Gardens, at Kew, Eng-
land, on the invitation of the Director, Sir W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer, for the purpose of selecting duplicate living plants from
the Kew collections and shipping them to New York. Mr.
Nash will also carry out some studies on grasses in the Kew
herbarium.

Five of the papers presented at the meeting of the fern students
held in New York City on June 27, 1900, under the auspices of
the Linnaean Fern Chapter, have been published by the Chapter
in pamphlet form under the collective title of ‘‘ Fernwort Papers.”
fiheysarce 1. the (Genus Tsoctesmin New sinclandhaaby een ae
Eaton; “The system of Ferns proposed in ‘ Die natiirlichen
Pflanzenfamilien, ” by Lucien M. Underwood; ‘‘ Experiments in
hybridizing Ferns,’ by Margaret Slosson; ‘‘ Athyrium as a
Genus,” by B. D. Gilbert ; and ‘“‘ Onthe Occurrence of the Hart’s-
tongue in America,” by William R. Maxon.

The announcement for the fourteenth season of the Marine
Biological Laboratory at Woods Holl, Massachusetts, has recently
been issued. The season extends from Wednesday, July 3,
to Wednesday, August 14, 1901. The botanical staff consists of
Dr. Bradley Moore Davis, Instructor in Botany, University of
Chicago; Dr. George T. Moore, Instructor in Botany, Dartmouth
College; Dr. Rodney H. True, Lecturer in Harvard University ;
Dr. Charles H. Shaw, Professor of Botany, The Temple College ;
Mr. Anstruther A. Lawson, Fellow in Botany, University of
‘Chicago; and Miss Lillian G. MacRae, Curator and Collector
in Botany. Copies of the announcement may be obtained of Dr.
Bradley M. Davis, University of Chicago.

Vol. 1 No. 4

TORREYA

April, 1901

NOES ON MLE BOLD: OF WE Sal WarRCG NEA
By Henry C. BEARDSLEE

Brookside, West Virginia, is situated in the heart of a moun-
tainous region at an altitude of 3,100 feet. Its surface is much
varied and presents all the conditions for an abundant fungus
flora, which it was the writer's good fortune to study during the
past summer.

Many of the species observed were of great interest to a
northern botanist ; the Boleti, especially, presenting many forms
which are either rare or unknown to our own State of Ohio. In
all, nearly forty species were observed. Many of these were
common and well known to all students of the group. Some,
however, were comparatively rare, and the following notes in re-
gard to them have been collated, as of possible interest to students
in other regions.

Boletus auriflammeus B. & C. was one of the first species of in-
terest to be observed. Like all the Pulverulenti, it is very rare,
but as all three of our species were originally discovered in the
Carolinas, it was with more of pleasure than surprise that it was
observed in West Virginia. It grew by preference in dry gravel
high on the mountain-sides, and was remarkably arid, being less
perishable than any other species observed. . It is a small plant,
bright golden yellow in color, and thickly covered with a yellow
powder, which disappears with age. This powder in the younger
plant colors the mouths of the tubes, giving them a distinct orange
tint, which contrasts plainly with the remainder of the tubes.

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the suc-

ceeding number. Vol. 1, No. 3, comprising pages 25-36, was issued March 25,
1901. |

38

This would seem to explain the reference, in the original descrip-
tion, to the scarlet mouths of the angular tubes, which certainly
does not otherwise apply to our plant.

Boletus Ravenel B. & Ct, another member of the Pulverulenti,
was rather more common than the preceding species and almost
as striking. It was frequently found with its large fluffy veil in-
tact, and thickly covered with its sepia-brown spores. Its slender
flexuous stipe was a marked characteristic of the form at Brook-
side.

Boletus cyanescens Bull. has been considered a northern species,
but it was not rare along the mountain roads. The first speci-
men observed was just emerging from the bare soil on the road-
side. Its yellow tomentum was so characteristic and its appear-
ance so distinct that it was visited daily as it slowly developed,
though with no suspicion of its identity. It was afterward found
fairly abundant, but always in the clay-banks, along the roads,
with which its grayish yellow color harmonized perfectly.

Among the rosy spored species Boletus alutarius Fr.and Bole-
tus nigrellus Pk. were the most interesting, and Boletus gracilis
Pk. the most abundant.

Boletus nigrellus Pk. was observed in all its stages and differed
so widely from the original description, that it seemed at first
distinct. It was at first “blackish” in color, but soon changed
to a sordid gray. Its flesh, however, was decidedly not ‘ white
and unchangeable,’ as the entire plant, when handled or bruised,
blackened rapidly, the dried specimens being inky black. Pro-
- fessor Peck, who has examined my specimens, pronounces them
identical with his species, so that it is evident that the original
description must be modified.

Boletus alutarius Fr. grew all summer in turf beneath the same
chestnut tree, where it was kept under observation. It is an at-
tractive plant, unlike any of its relatives. In its earlier stages it
has a distinct pubescence, but it becomes quite smooth with age.

Peck’s two fine species, Boletus separans and Boletus eximuus,
were generally distributed on the hillsides, but neither was com-
mon. JSoletus eximius Pk. fell far below the huge dimensions of
this species as we have found it in Maine.

39

Boletus edulis Bull.,to our great surprise, was scarcely seen all
summer. Soletus affinis Pk. was abundant everywhere.

The two species which were most abundant were Soletus
chromapes Frost and Boletus bicolor Pk. The latter species was
particularly common along the sandy roads, where its dark red
pilei might be seen often in large clumps attracting the eye of
every passer-by.

CLEVELAND, OHIO.

Me MNRACS ONS THE USE Ob BUNARTA TYiGRO=
MUBINIC A OS, IBKOTAUNIUGAIL, IGANG IGUING

By MARSHALL A. Howe

The common cord-moss (/wnaria hygrometrica) figures so
prominently in well-known botanical text-books that little or
nothing needs to be said as to the characters by which it may be
recognized. It may be remarked, however, that this moss grows
by preference on moist sandy soil in either open or lightly shaded
places and that it thrives with special luxuriance where such soil
has been recently burned over. Though the leaves of the living
Funaria have long been famed for the beauty and clearness with
which their chloroplasts are exhibited, the gametophyte, on ac-
count of the shortness of the stem, is perhaps not so well adapted
for general study in the laboratory as is that of some of the
larger mosses like the Mniums. Yet, for spring classes, /wnarta
may be relied upon to furnish material for the demonstration of
living spermatozoids. The clusters of antheridia may be recog-
nized in the living plants with the naked eye or with the aid of a
hand lens. They are of a yellowish or brownish color owing to
changes in the chloroplasts of the cells composing the walls of
the maturing antheridia, and each cluster is surrounded by leaves
in such a way that the whole is rosette-like in form. In the re-
gion of New York, the antheridia are mature late in April or
early in May. As in dealing with fern prothalli, the spermato-
zoids are set free with greater certainty if the plants are kept
rather dry for a day or two before the antheridia are brought into
a drop of water for examination.

40

But certain characters of the sporophyte, notably the beauty of
the peristome and the ease with which it may be made to illustrate
the hygroscopic nature of moss peristomes in general, are what
especially commend /wzxaria for use in botanical instruction. It
is, I believe, a sound principle in the pedagogics of natural his-
tory to select illustrative material now and then which is bound
to excite the interest and admiration of the most indifferent pupil.
It can be readily understood that in its abuse this motive might
lead to a selection which would interfere with a proper perspec-
tive of the subject as a whole, but, in the present case, the features
in which the peristome of Fznxaria differs from the type most com-
mon in the mosses are of little importance to the general student.

For the best demonstration of the workings of the peristome,
the plants should be collected and dried when the capsules are
mature and brown and a little before the opercula are ready to
fall, which, in the neighborhood of New York, is mostly in June
and July. In this dried condition, they may be preserved indefi-
nitely. When the study of the matured sporophytes is begun,
some of them, still attached to the gametophytes, may be placed
in a glass of water and the student’s attention directed to the un-
twisting of the seta as it absorbs the water. Then, on holding
one of them in the air a few moments, the seta is seen to twist
again. These movements of the seta under changing conditions
of moisture were, with little doubt, what suggested the specific
name hygrometrica to Linnaeus. Finally, the probable relation
of these movements to the dispersal of the spores may be sug-
gested to the student if he fails to think of it himself. The
amount of soaking required to remove the operculum depends
largely on the degree of maturity of the capsule at the time of
gathering. The act of throwing off the operculum and the re-
lation of the annulus to the process can best be observed if a few
capsules are placed in a large drop of water on a glass slide or in
a shallow watch-glass. After the removal of the operculum and
annulus, the capsule may be allowed to dry and if it can then be
balanced on its back with the mouth directed upward, the peris-
tome as a whole may be examined to advantage by reflected light
under the ordinary lower poWers of the compound microscope.

4]

If the peristome is in a normal condition, it will be found to be
extremely sensitive to changes in moisture, responding perhaps
to the ordinary breathing of the observer or at least to a gentle
blowing. Asin mosses in general, the teeth draw inward and
close together on absorbing moisture and execute the reverse
movements on drying. The equilibrium of a capsule balanced
in the manner described is unstable at best, but it can be easily
rendered stable and permanent by the use of various adhesives.
Professor Francis E. Lloyd suggested to the writer the use of
paraffin for this purpose and this has proved a convenient
medium. A very small quantity of paraffin is melted on a glass
slide and the capsule is placed in contact with it and held in posi- |
tion, mouth upward, until the paraffin hardens. Preparations
made in this way may be laid aside for future use. The matured
capsule, peristome, annulus, etc., may of course be subjected to
further study in the usual manner, not neglecting the important
fact of the presence of stomata, which may be found near the
base of the capsule.

Formalin-preserved material of Fuzaria with young sporo-
phytes is valuable, among other things, for demonstrating the
structural independence of gametophyte and sporophyte. With
the right kind of a pull, the young sporophyte may .often be
separated from the gametophyte in such a way that a micro-
scopical examination of its foot will show that the act was
accompanied by no rupture of cells. But for this special purpose
Funaria is perhaps no better than many other mosses.

SHORTER NOMS

A new HawkwEeED FROM FLorIDA.—Contained in an interest-
ing collection of plants made in the vicinity of Tallahassee, Florida,
by Mr. N. K. Berg, and received from him several years ago by
Dr. Small, is a single well-preserved specimen of a hawkweed
which differs widely from any species known to me, and [ can
find no plant described which answers to its peculiar characters.
In a genus of so many species, and these so very widely dis-
tributed there is chance that this plant may have been recorded

42

by some previous author, but this chance is not very great, for
the North American species have been considerably studied, and
doubtless most of the forms deserving recognition as species are
fairly well understood. The plant may be characterized as follows:

Hieracium Floridanum. — Stem tall, stout, villous-hirsute
below the middle, over 1 m. high, paniculately branched above
the middle, the branches slender, erect-ascending ; no basal leaves
at flowering time: stem leaves broadly oval to elliptic or ovate-
oval, firm, the lower g cm. long, 4—5 cm. wide, rounded at the
apex, subcordate-clasping at the base, loosely villous-hirsute on
both sides, entire, with numerous minute glands on the margins,
the upper leaves gradually smaller, the uppermost acute: panicle
6 dm. long or more, naked, ample, its branchlets glandular ;
heads very numerous, 20—25-flowered ; involucre 8 mm. high, its
principal bracts in one series, linear, acutish, glandular, the much
shorter outer ones triangular-lanceolate, acuminate or acute:
achenes columnar, 4 mm. long, truncate, slightly narrowed above,
a little shorter than the brown pappus.

The sessile half-clasping leaves extend down the stem to the
fourth node above the mass of fibrous roots. They are very
numerous and the internodes not over 2 cm. long. From the
character of the achenes the species is apparently more nearly

_ related to HY. Martanum than to any other North American plant.
~ —N. L. Britton.

A NEW ARNICA FROM OREGON.—Arnica aurantiaca. Sub-
alpine, low, forming dense patches, the simple monocephalous
stems 2—6 inches high from horizontal rootstocks: leaves in about
3 pairs, the lowest broadly oblong, obtuse, the others broadly
lanceolate, attenuate-acute, all entire, glabrous or nearly so, except
the woolly-ciliate margin: slender peduncle sparingly woolly-
hairy and minutely glandular: involucre broadly turbinate, its
thin lanceolate bracts about 10, scarcely biserial, narrowly lanceo-
late, woolly at base, the margins obscurely glandular-ciliolate :
flowers both of ray and disk orange-color: achenes silky-villous :
pappus white, barbellulate.

At the head of Keystone Creek, Wallowa Mountains, Oregon,
at about 7,000 feet, Aug., 1900, W. C. Cusick. A small sub-
alpine species, uncommonly well marked by its deeply colored
flowers, and silky achenes.

ARNICA CROCINA is a name to be assigned the A. crocea of
Pittonia, 4: 159, in view of the fact that the Linnaean name of

43

_what has since been transferred to Gerbera was Arnica crocea.—
~ Epwarp L. GREENE.

A NEW PANICULARIA.—Panicularia Holmii. A pale peren-
nial 25-50 cm. high, spreading by rootstocks: leaves 4-6,
scabrous ; the upper ligule 5—7 mm. long ; blades flat, acuminate,
4-12 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide: panicle open, lax, 5—8 cm. long,
rays in pairs, the longest 4-5 cm. long, bearing about 20 spike-
lets on the outer half: spikelets 2—3-flowered, joint of rachilla
o.5 mm. long; first empty glume hyaline, ovate, 1 mm. long
with one obscure nerve ; second, hyaline, oval, 1.3 mm. long mith
three obscure nerves : ‘flonet aealetisl oblong, 2-2.2 mm. one
floral glume broadly oval when spread, 5-nerved, apex sub-
truncate, irregularly toothed; paler while attached, extending to
the apex of its glume: grain elliptical, 1 mm. long, base acute,
apex truncate.

Near to Panicularia pallida ; the blades wider, spikelets mostly
2-flowered, empty glumes shorter, floret shorter, floral glumes 5-
nerved instead of 7-nerved.

Growing in a creek at a beaver-dam in dense thickets of Sa/z,
near Lamb’s Ranch at Long’s Peak, Colorado ; altitude, 8,600
ES,

No. 249. Collected by Theo. Holm, July 8, 1899, for whom
it is named.—W. J. BEAL.

NATURALIZED OR ADVENTIVE Narcisst.—Mr. C. L. Gruber
writes as follows from Kutztown, Pa. ‘I have repeatedly found
two species of Varcissus running wild, escaped from cultivation :
Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus (daffodil) and Narcissus poeticus.
Pseudo-Narcissus | have found at a number of places, usually on
warm slopes of meadows, in the vicinity of gardens; and JV. fo-
ettcus 1 have found in meadows, unused portions of cemeteries and
on one occasion in an orchard adjoining a garden.”

REVIEWS
MycopHaGy AND ITs LITERATURE

Some five years ago an extensive interest began to be dis-
played in this country toward the subject of edible fungi. It
is probable that a part at least of this interest was stimulated

44

through the influence of William Hamilton Gibson’s popular
articles and illustrated work,* and the interest was increased by
the publication of the special edition of the report of the State
Botanist of New York for 1894 + with numerous colored plates
of edible and poisonous fungi. It was thought that the fad would
soon die out, but, instead, the mycological clubs seem to be grow-
ing larger and the interest in their gatherings does not appear to
show any signs of abating. It was further hoped that this wide-
spread interest in this neglected group of plants would stimulate
some to take up a scientific study of the fleshy fungi, but while
a very few have made slight contributions, the many desiring
entertainment rather than severe study, have contented themselves
to remain mere mycophagists instead of taking mycology too
seriously. To appeal to this latter class of readers, four works
have recently appeared. That they all appeal to eye and stomach
as well as brain is evidenced by their profuse illustration, their
chapters on how to cook the delectable mushroom, as well as by
their assumption of scientific or pseudo-scientific diagnoses.

Of these books, two may be quickly dismissed. The modest
little work of Misses Dallasand Burgin { purports mainly to give
the beginner in the study of the larger fungi the results of the
recent field experiences of its authors. The ponderous volume
by McIlvaine §, while it will doubtless prove the most useful of
the entire series because of its covering a much wider range of
descriptions of species than any of the others and freely quotes
descriptive matter from original sources, is more or less uncertain
and unreliable because one is often left in doubt where the quota-

* GIBSON. Our edible Toadstools and Mushrooms and how to distinguish them.
8vo. New York, 1895.

7 Peck. Annual Report of the State Botanist for 1894. 4to. Albany, 1897.

{ Dauias & BuRGIN. Among the Mushrooms. 7.5 & 5 X 0.875 in. Pp. xi+
175. With 11 full-page plates, two colored, the others half-tones. Weight 15 oz.
Drexel Biddle, Philadelphia. 1900. Price, $1.50.

@ McILVAINE. One thousand American Fungi. How to select and cook the
Edible ; how to distinguish and avoid the Poisonous. 11.25 < 8.25 X 3.5 in. Pp.
xxxvii + 704. Illustrated with 193 ‘‘ plates’’ of which 128 are simple text figures,
thirty are full-page diagrams or half-tones and thirty five are colored. Weight, 122.5
oz.—about that of a Winchester repeating rifle. Bowen-Merrill Co., Indianapolis.
1900. Price, $10.00.

45

tions end.and the less reliable remarks of the author commence.
As awork intended for practical use it is a clumsy product of the
bookmaker’s art * as wretchedly adapted. to its purposes as any
botanical work that the past century produced.

The other two works however are the ones between which the
mycophagic public will be more likely to choose, for at this pub-
lic it is evident that their respective authors have clearly aimed.
Of the two, Professor Atkinson’s work + is more technical, for it
is not easy for the professional botanist to lay aside the techni-
calities of his office in appealing to a popular audience. Yeta
mixture of too technical science and recipes for cooking jars one’s
sensibilities of congruity, seeming to bring the kitchen in too
close proximity to the laboratory. The work is admirably illus-
trated with photographs in half-tone and seven colored plates.
The cover ill accords with the contents and the paper used is of
the glossy clay-covered form so common in our time, which
serves to bring out the half tones well, but ill comports with fine
bookmaking and lessens the prospect of durability. The descrip-
tions are very complete and accurate, giving details that were
evidently drawn from long and close acquaintance with the speci-
mens in their native haunts.

The work by Miss Marshall t is a practical well-written text
shorn, as far as possible, of technicalities, prepared to accompany
reproductions of what are without question the finest series of
fungus photographs that have been produced. These were made
by Mr. J. A. Anderson, of Lambertville, New Jersey, and colored

*In quoting titles of books hitherto it has usually been sufficient to mention the
superficial area of the cover. As these works ought to be such that they can be used
afield, it is thought desirable to add the third dimension so that bulk may be com-
puted, as well as the important consideration of weight.

tATKINSON. Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, edible, poisonous, etc.
Io 6.5 <1in. Pp. vi+ 275. [Illustrated with 223 figures, 76 of them full-page
plates, seven colored. Weight, 38.5 oz. Andrus & Church, Ithaca. 1900. Price,
$3.00. Reviews of this book by its own author appear in Sczence, 23 N. 1900, and
in Popular Science Monthly, F. 1901.

{ MarsHALL. The Mushroom Book. A popular Guide to the Identification and
Study of our commoner Fungi with special Emphasis on the edible Varieties. 11 x 8
1.25 in. Pp. xxvi+ 167. Illustrated with forty eight full-page plates, twenty four

of them in colors, and numerous text illustrations. Weight, 42 oz. Doubleday,
Page & Co., New York. gor. Price, $3.00.

46

by his daughter, Miss H. C. Anderson. Twenty four of these
have been reproduced in color, none of which equal the superb
originals, though a few, like those of Amanita muscaria, Pholiota
adiposa, Loletinus pictus, and Phallus, approach them. Others
like Zricholoma personatum and Clavaria formosa are too highly
colored and the defective reproduction of backgrounds in some
cases detracts from the good illustration of the fungus itself. The
work makes no claim to be coldly scientific but depends for its
technical descriptions on those who have originally made them.
As a piece of artistic bookmaking the Mushroom Book shows
superior workmanship. Fine quality of paper, excellent printing,
and plain but effective cover make the work attractive externally
and internally, while its clear and simple text is not aimed above
the heads of the audience to which it primarily appeals.

In both works are occasional slips of the pen and verbal inac-
curacies which future editions will doubtless correct. Through
both it becomes clearly evident that the camera is the scientific
instrument by which we must attack the problem of bringing to
the laboratory the characters of the perishable fleshy fungi.

But after all that is said, for the practical purpose for which these
books are intended, namely the enlightening of unscientific people
as to what are edible and what are poisonous fungi, none of the
American books yet touch the standard * set by the Germans at
half the price, where in place of attempts to force science on unsci-
entific minds, in place of heavy books adapted best for library
tables, we have fifty-six colored plates (nearly all of which are of
species as common in America as in Europe) put up in a form
adapted for the pocket and for work afield, with plain descrip-
tions of the fungi one is sure to meet with in the field and forest,
and with no entanglements of rare or new species or elaborate
keys and array of technicalities; for after all the mycophagist
must learn edible fungi as he learns garden vegetables—by sight
—and then eat them by faith !—Lucizen M. UNDERWOOD.

* MICHAEL. Fiihrer fiir Pilzfreunde. 8.25 5.5 X0.5 in. Pp. xi+31. With

56 colored plates with descriptive text opposite each for ready reference. Weight,
It oz. Zwickau, 1897. Price, 6 marks ($1.50).

47

CORRESPONDENCE
‘A SIMPLE DYNAMOMETER ”’

In the first number of Torreya, Dr. H. M. Richards describes
briefly ‘a very simple machine for registering approximately the
amount of energy involved” in imbibition.* Passing over the
terms here used (to which the physicist would take serious ex-
ception), it is obvious that the force of imbibition cannot be meas-
ured by the arrangement described. Dr. Richards has apparently
confused the force of imbibition with the extent of swelling. The
attraction in virtue of which water is imbibed, being probably
molecular or analogous thereto, is not dependent on the number
of organized structures (such as cell-walls) involved, but the ex-
tent of the swelling is. The scale in the arrangement suggested
registers not force but dzstance in terms of weight. To illustrate :
If the bottle contained only one layer of peas the scale might
register a quarter of an ounce, since the distance through which
the pan would be depressed might equal the depression which
that weight would cause in the particular spring used (a weak
one). If the bottle were nearly filled, however, and the peas did
not jam but moved freely upward as they swelled, the scale might
register half a pound. Yet the actual force of imbibition in the
two cases would be exactly the same, and vastly greater than
either registration. Evidently also the result would be wholly
different with a very strong spring, an equal depression corre-
sponding perhaps to 100 lbs.

The same objection would lie against the use of the scale for
measuring the force exerted in growth.

It may be worth while, further, to call attention to the fact
that a like error inheres in all methods of measuring the force of
root-pressure in decapitated plants when a large open tube is
used asa manometer.t Toa less extent this objection applies
also to open mercury manometers.—C. R. BARNES, University of
Chicago.

* Richards, H. M. A simple Dynamometer. Torreya, 1: 8. Ja. I90I.

f Atkinson. Elem. Bot. 32, and Lessonsin Botany, 51. Here, regarding a device

recommended by Detmer merely to demonstrate the outflow of sap, it is said, ‘‘ The
height of this column of water is a measure of the force exerted by the roots.”’

48

«A sIMPLE DyNAMOMETER”’

In reply to the above criticism by Professor Barnes the under-
signed would say that it was not his intention that anyone should
interpret the method described as a way to estimate the total
imbibition force in all directions: but it is hardly possible, of
course, to make an experiment absolutely safe against misunder-
standing. The apparatus described by MacDougal™* is about
the only one which will adequately represent this force. In this
method enough seeds are used so that the total thrust of expan-
sion is delivered within the range of the manometer. With
proper precautions however the apparatus described as ‘‘a simple
dynamometer ’’ may be made use of for a comparative study of
the force of imbibition in one—the vertical direction. The pre-
caution is a simple one, namely that the scale be not overloaded,
or in other words that the amount of material used be coérdi-
nated with strength of the spring. In common with other
apparatus of this type the critical point at which overloading be-
gins can only be determined by empirical experimentation.

The same objections as those brought forward by Professor
Barnes could also be made to Pfeffer’s spring dynamometert+ or
indeed to the common lever dynamometer if the same precaution
is neglected. The apparatus described by Detmer f is in effect
much the same, and the results obtained by it could also be
rendered of small import if a two gram instead of a two hundred
gram weight were used on the platform.

It should indeed have been stated that it was a ‘2 lb.” letter
scale which was used. The weaker scales might serve for in-
dicating force exerted by the downward growth of certain roots ;
ones in other words which were adapted to the strength of the
spring within the scale—Hersert M. Ricwarpbs, Laruard
College.

* Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 39. Mr. 1901.
+Druck und Arbeitsleistung durch wachsende Pflanzen p. 18 et seq. Leipzig. 1893
~ Practical Plant Physiology (translation), 142.

Vol. 1 No. 5

TORREYA

May, 1901

AY INOQIIE ON Wishes IWIOADIDIOIX IOginle INJAeOC WSIS
LUTKEANA

By W. A. CANNON

One of the most interesting forms of the West Coast marine
algae is the bladder kelp (Wercocysts Liitkeana Post. & Rupr.).
This is closely related to the giant kelp (/acrocystis), to the sea
palm (Postelsia), to the devil’s apron (Laminaria), and to other
forms which are familiar to all frequenters of the coast of middle
California.

In these algae there is an interesting correlation between the
environment and the structure and certain other peculiarities of
the plants. They not only vary in the length of the daily ex-
posure to the air, but, in addition, they occupy a varying position
with regard to the impact of the waves. The bladder kelp is
normally never out of the water, while the sea palm is regularly
exposed to the drying influence of the atmosphere, and the other
kelps vary between these extremes. The different relation of
these forms to the waves, which will be spoken of later in this
sketch, is presumably the basal cause of a certain and unexpected
weakness of the stem of Vereocystis, as well as accounting for the
great mechanical strength of the stem of Postelsia. The exami-
nation of other kelps would undoubtedly disclose quite as remark-
able a connection between the plants and their individual sur-
roundings.

The bladder kelp is light brown in color and somewhat trans-
lucent. It is said to reach a length of 300 feet and is therefore
to be reckoned as one of the largest marine plants. The blad- ©

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the suc-
ceeding number. Vol. 1, No. 4, comprising pages 37-48, was issued April 19, Igot. }

50

der kelp grows near shore attached to the sea bottom and
reaches to the surface of the water, upon which the larger part of it
floats. The plant may be divided into three main regions: a hold-
fast, a stem, and a crown. The holdfast is made up of root-like
processes which attach themselves to the rock, or to a fragment
of rock, and they form a body that may reach a diameter of two
feet or so. The holdfast is so securely attached to its founda-
tion that, if it is a boulder, the rock in a storm may be dragged
by the kelp from its bed to a place high on the beach.

The stem of this kelp is for the most part hollow and of va-
riable diameter. Where the stem leaves the holdfast, it is less
than an inch in diameter, and it gradually increases the diameter
until, at a place just below the free end, it may be three or more
inches in transverse section. The stem ends in an enlargement,
beneath which it is somewhat constricted, and to the oblong en-
largement the name of bladder or cyst is given. The bladder is
hollow and its cavity is continuous with that of the stem. The
cyst may attain a length of eight inches, although commonly it is
considerably less. The wall of the stem, where it is hollow,
and of the cyst is about half an inch in thickness.

The crown is composed of two groups of leaves or sporophylls
attached to the free end of the bladder. They are entire and
leathery, and like the rest of the plant, are smooth. The leaves
vary much in length but seldom exceed three feet, and in the plants
examined they are on the average one inch wide, tapering somewhat
toward the end. They bear, in certain areas called sori, masses of
asexual reproductive bodies. It need hardly be said that all of the
measurements vary with the age of the plant. Those which I have
given may probably be regarded as the maximum in the species
as I have seen it. Much larger figures are given by observers
farther to the northward.

The relation of the bladder kelp to the impact of the waves is
such that it is subjected to stresses almost exclusively of one
kind, namely, to pulls in a direction parallel to the long axis.
The pounding to which some kelps, as for instance the sea palm, are
subjected by the waves seems to be entirely wanting in the pres-
ent case. The endeavor of the plant to keep to the surface of

51

the water, the level of which is perpetually changing, and the
pulling action of the ebb and flow of the tide cause the free end
to tug at the holdfast like a ship at anchor.

A few summers ago | wished to put up material of the “ fruit”
of Wereocystts for microscopical examination and for the pur-
pose it was necessary to obtain fresh sporophylls. I found a
place near the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory where the plants grew
in abundance. They were out of reach from the shore by hand
but I found that they could be reached with a long-handled gaff-
hook. The attempt was made at first to pull from the water the
smallest by placing the hook back of the bladder, but I was un-
able to get any plants in this manner. Next the hook was used
as a hatchet in the hope that some of the leaves might be torn
away, but they were so tough and smooth ‘that this also failed.
Finally, I tried to tear the cyst in two by striking the sharp hooks
into it; much to my surprise the large bladders cracked across
like the most fragile substance. I tried repeatedly blows of vary-
ing force and found that even a slight one was sufficient to break
either the cyst or the stem. Through this unexpected weakness
of the plant I had no difficulty in obtaining all of the sporophylls
that were desired. It should be said that the plant loses this
brittle character when it is exposed to the air.

In seeking for a cause of this mechanical weakness of the stem
of the bladder kelp, z. ¢., to its inability to withstand the stresses
to which I subjected it, it ogcurred to me to compare the habitat
of another form, as for instance the sea palm, with that of the
bladder kelp and also the mechanical strength of the former with
that of the latter. The sea palm was chosen because its habitat
and habit are well marked and quite different from that of the
bladder kelp. These will be considered very briefly.

The sea palm is usually about two feet high. Like the blad-
der kelp, it has a holdfast, a stem, and a crown of leaves or
sporophylls. The stem is upright and quite independent of sup-
port from the water. The plant grows on sloping rocks between
tide marks. The position of the sea palm is such that it is
pounded with inconceivable force by the waves in the times of
high seas, and always when the tide is in, it is subject to the

52

direct impact of the waves. There are several sorts of forces
thus brought to bear upon the sea palm. The waves may strike
the plant at right angles to the long axis, they may tend to crush
the plant to the surface of the rock by their great weight, or they
may exert a pulling force. And the plant has become a sort of
living resultant of these forces.

To compare the two kelps with regard to the mechanical
strength, I applied to the sea palm the same sort of blow that
had been previously given to the bladder kelp. The result was
what one would expect ; it did not have the slightest effect. In
addition, I found it quite impossible to wrench the kelps from
their station, however hard I might try.

Briefly, it would appear then that the differences of the sea
palm and the bladder kelp in habitat, more especially the dif-
ference in their exposure to the waves, go far to explain the dif-
ferences which the plants themselves exhibit as regards me-
chanical strength, and, further, these plants appear to be able to
withstand those stresses best which also occur among the condi-
tions of their environment.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

THE NORTH AMERICAN TWINFLOWERS
By P. A. RYDBERG

In all our manuals of botany, Lzznaea is given as a monotypic
genus, consisting of only L. borealis L. One variety has, how-
ever, been recognized by some botanists, viz., L. borealis var.
longiflora Torr., described from the collection made on the Wilkes
Expedition. This is found in the extreme eastern portion of Asia
as well as on the American Pacific Coast from Alaska to Cali-
fornia, and extends also into the Rocky Mountain region in British
Columbia and Idaho. In connection with my work on the flora
of the Rockies, I happened some time ago to look up the record
of this plant. Asa rule, it is easily distinguished from the com-
mon twinflower of the East and of the Rockies by its much
longer leaves, especially on the flowering branches. In depau-

53

perate specimens this character is, however, not sufficient. I
therefore looked for some differences in the flower.

In the original description and also in Gray’s Synoptical Flora,
the variety Zongiflora is said to have a longer corolla attenuate be-
low into a distinct tube. I made a comparison with the eastern
form and found that the flower of the Pacific Coast plant had a
slightly longer corolla, but that our common twinflower had
just as much a distinct tube as the other, but I found another
character, viz., that the var. Jongzflora had about twice as long
calyx-lobes. This character held in all American specimens.
How in the European and west Asiatic? Inthem, the calyx-lobes
were just between the two in length. But now I happened to
make the most interesting discovery of all, viz., that all the latter
specimens had a campanulate corolla without any indication of a
narrow tube at the base. I then looked up illustrations of the
European twinflower and found that the corolla there is figured
as more campanulate, or short-funnelform without a distinct
tube, while our American plant has rather a funnelform corolla
with a short narrowed tube-like portion at the base,.in fully de-
veloped flowers usually exceeding the short calyx-lobes. When
the var. Jongiflora was described, it was evidently compared with
the European species in which case the character of the corolla
given above is the most prominent.

Being satisfied that our American twinflower really is distinct
from the European, I tried to find if it had ever received a dis-
tinct name. I found that it had been named, in 1833, by Forbes
in Hortus Woburnensis, page 135. His description is scarcely
a description at all, for it does not distinguish the plant from ZL.
borealis, the only character being orbicular shining leaves in con-
trast to oval. Undoubtedly his cultivated specimens had un-
usually broad leaves. There is, however, no doubt regarding
the identity of Forbes’s plant and our North American twin-
flower, which, therefore, should be known as Linnaca Americana
Forbes.

The genus Lzznaea contains consequently at least three spe-
cies, VIZ:

Linnaea boreats L., of Europe and west Asia.

54

Linnaea Americana Forbes, of boreal America, extending south
to New Jersey and Colorado.

Linnaea longiflora (Yorr.) Howell (L. borealis var. longifiora
Torr.), of western America and eastern Asia.

There seems to be still a fourth undescribed species, judging
from rather fragmentary specimens from Kamchatka and neigh-
boring islands. These have very small flowers and leaves,
scarcely larger than those of the common cranberry.

SHORTER NOTES

A Kentucky CoRNEL.—Several months since, Miss Sadie F.
Price sent me flowering specimens of a Cornus, which she had found
growing on river banks near Bowling Green. Later, at my re-
quest, she furnished me with fruiting specimens from the same
locality. This material is, apparently, not referable to any spe-
cies thus far described, and may hereafter be known as :

Cornus Priceae.—A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. tall, with red
and finely pubescent twigs. Leaves numerous ; blades elliptic to
ovate-elliptic or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, rather leathery, usually
acuminate, deep green and roughish-pubescent above, pale and
more copiously, but rather softly pubescent and prominently
veined beneath ; petioles 1-2 cm. long, pubescent like the twigs:
corymbs 2-3 cm. broad during anthesis, 4-6 cm. broad at ma-
turity : peduncles and pedicels closely and harshly pubescent :
sepals triangular: corolla white, about 7 mm. broad: petals 4,
oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate: filaments slightly shorter
than the petals: drupes about 3 mm. in diameter, subglobose,
white ; stone about 2 mm. in diameter, scarcely longer than broad,
faintly pitted.

On bluffs of the Barren River, near Bowling Green, Kentucky.
The species flowers late in the spring and matures its fruit about
the middle of the summer. The fruiting specimens I have were
collected on July 27th. The specimens on which the species is
founded are preserved in the herbarium of the New York Botan-
ical Garden. !

Cornus Priceae is related to Cornus asperifolia and C. mucro-
carpa. Its leaves somewhat resemble those of the former spe-

5D

cies, while its fruit is more like that of the latter, especially in

size. The newly described species is peculiar in that it bears

smaller fruit than any other North American cornel. Hereto-

fore, Cornus microcarpa of the southeastern Gulf States was char-

acteristic in bearing the smallest fruit, but the drupes of C.

Priceae average about one third smaller and have a very differ-
_ently shaped stone.—Joun K. SMatt.

A NEW CRATAEGUS FROM WaAsHINGTON.—Crataegus Piperi.
A much branched shrub 2-3 m. high. Bark of older stems light
eray, that of the younger twigs brown, the lenticels conspicuous,
the branches of the season and the inflorescence strigose-villous ;
thorns 3—5 cm. long, dark brown, shining, straight or nearly so,
rather slender, somewhat reflexed: petioles 1.5—2 cm. long, bear-
ing several glands; leaf-blades broadly oval in outline, sparingly
strigose on both sides, dark and glossy above, paler and dull be-
neath, incised and doubly serrate at and above the middle, but
merely serrate on the cuneate base; teeth sharp and gland-tip-
ped ; apex short-acuminate : corymbs 4—12-flowered ; pedicels and
hypanthium densely villous: sepals about 4 mm. long, promi-
nently glandular-dentate : fruit spherical or nearly so, about12 mm.
in diameter, coral-red, sparingly pubescent even when mature.

On springy gravelly hillsides, Pullman, Washington, C. V.
Piper, no. 1535 (type specimen in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden). Professor Piper writes that the foliage
turns dull brown in autumn.—N. L. Britron.

\\

CIRCAEA FRUIT DEVOID OF HOOKED BRISTLES.*—Several speci-
mens of a smooth-fruited Czrcaea were found July 29, 1900, when
a small party of us were collecting in some low woods, border-
ing Ten-mile creek, about three miles west of Toledo, Ohio.
These plants enjoyed the same rich alluvial deposits with C. Lu-
tetiana, which appeared in abundance.

Careful observation was necessary to detect the smooth-fruited
form, and it seems likely that this plant is much more common

* One of the specimens mentioned by Mr. Burglehaus was exhibited to the Club at
the-meeting of February 12, 1901. It is interesting as necessitating a modification of
the characters of Czrcaca, the fruits being entirely smooth and glabrous. Otherwise, as
Mr. Burglehaus remarks, the plant is essentially identical with the North American
C. Lutetiana ; it also matches a specimen received by Dr. Torrey from Agardh, col-

lected in Scania, Sweden, and named C. zntermedia, but the true C. zntermedia
Ehrh., from Central Europe, is evidently different.—N. L. BRITTON.
a

56

than is supposed but is mistaken for C. Lutetiana, which it so
closely resembles.—F. H. BurGLEHAUS.

THE MIGNONETTE AS CLAss ILLUSTRATION FOR ASCENT OF SAP.
—The garden mignonette when in flower is a suitable plant with
which to test the upward flow of liquid in cut stems, and by means
of it, when the inflorescence is many inches long, the rate of as-
cent may, in some measure, be obtained without destroying the
stem. This is because the petals are delicately fringed with
white, and into these the liquid will pass and quickly show a
beautiful color, whether blue, red, or other that may be used.
The fine somewhat spatulate lobes of the corolla will first show
the color in the main vein, but shortly after it will increase and
become diffused throughout all the middle of the lobe, the outer-
most and purely cellular portion being the last to be tinged.
Methyl-blue has proved the most striking color for class illustra-
tion.—Byron D. HALstTep.

A Rare PLANT FROM WESTERN TEXAsS.—Last summer, when
collecting in western Texas, I found a parasite on Dalea for-
mosa, which I took first, after a careless examination, for a
Cuscuta. But in the winter, when I studied my plants from
western Texas more carefully, I found that it was a very
different plant and was more related to the Loranthaceae than
to anything else. Lately I purchased the Plantae Novae Thur-
berianae and here I found my plant described by Dr. Asa
Gray as Pilostyles Thurberi (now Apeodanthes Thurbert B. &
H.). This plant is the only representative of the Rafflesiaceae
in the United States. It was first collected by Mr. Thurber on
Dalea Emoryi, along the Gila River, in western Arizona.—HEnry
EGGERT.

REVIEWS

Tue Genus Lycopopium: A CRITICISM
By Francis E. LLoyp
The part of Engler and Prantl’s Die naturlichen Pflanzen-

familien dealing with the Lycopodiaceae * has lately appeared, and

*E. Pritzel. Lycopodiaceae. Engler & Prantl, Die natiirlichen Pflanzen-
familien I*: 563-606. 1900. :

57

the treatment there given to the genus Lycopodium by Pritzel is
open to some criticism concerning certain matters, both of fact
and of opinion.

Under Section V. Clavata, there are given two subsections
characterized as follows :

A. Leaves of one sort, shoots externally radial in structure.

B. Shoots bilateral, often flattened. Leaves in 4-8 rows, of
two kinds, the lateral flat, upwardly curved, spreading, broadly
emarginate, the upper and lower smaller, linear and appressed.

The species found in North America which are placed under
the former are Lycopodium annotinum, L. alpinum, L. sabinae-
folium, L. Sitchense and L. clavatum. Of these, the first and the
last two are undoubtedly to be placed in this category, a state-
ment which cannot apply to the other two, namely, L. a/pinum
and L. sabinacfolium. L. sabinaefolium has been for many years
confused with ZL. Sztchense, but the two differ, among other re-
spects, in that the former has a dorsiventrai structure with leaves
on the ultimate aérial branches always in four rows, while the
ultimate branches of Z. Sztchense are of radial structure with
leaves in five rows.

L. alpinum, on the other hand, has a most distinct and easily
recognizable bilaterality in its twigs. The leaves of this plant
are indeed of three forms ; those of the upper row are “ narrowly
ovate, acute, those of the lateral rows thick, with one asym-
metrically placed nerve, laterally truncate, acute, falcate, curved
toward the under side, those of the under side trowel-shaped.” *

In view of these differences, Lycopodium sabinaecfolium and L.
alpinum should be placed with L. complanatum and L. Chamaecy-
parissus, the propriety of which is practically admitted by Pritzel.
Speaking of ZL. Fawcett and L. Wightianum he says: ‘The
latter plants evidently form a transition to the doubtless nearly
related ZL. alpinum, to which all these species stand closely re-
lated.” If we place these species in Section B of Pritzel, we
should then have a series of North American forms which show
as many degrees of divergence from a more primitive type.

* Lloyd, F. E., and Underwood, L. M. A Review of the Species of Lycopodium
in North America. Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 147-168. 21 Ap. 1900.

58

Such a type probably resembled Lycopodium sabinaefolium, rather
than L. alpinum, as Pritzel suggests, for the latter on account of
the trimorphism of its leaves and remarkably developed dorsi-
ventrality forms a species of extreme divergence, while L. sabznae-
folium has afar more generalized form. Of the radially symmet-
rical species, ZL. Sztchense would justly claim to lie close to the
original form from which the dorsiventral plants under discussion
have arisen.

The degrees of specialization seen in the North American con-
tinental species may be expressed in the following linear series :
Lycopodium sabinaefolium, L. Chamaecyparissus, L. complanatum
and L. alpinum.

Referring to the diagnosis of Section B, it may further be
pointed out that the leaves of the upper and lower rows are not
always appressed. The upper ones in L. alpinum and the lower
ones in L. Chamaecyparissus are indeed so. In L. complanatum
and L. sabinaefolium the leaves of both upper and under rows
are spreading.

Under Section B, Pritzel places Lycopodium complanatum
and L. Fawcett with L. Chamaecyparissus as a variety of L.
complanatum. The relation of these two last named plants has
been heretofore a matter of doubt, but the facts which have
already been set forth * would seem fairly to settle the question
so far as North America is concerned.+ Here the two plants
may be found growing in exactly the same habitat, but still dif-
fering anatomically, in external features and in physiological
characters. The more obvious characters of the species L. com-
planatum are seen in the ultimate shoots which are distinctly
plagiotropous, much flattened dorsiventrally, with leaves of the
under row much reduced, spreading, and not emarginate. The
rhizome is above ground. The spores ripen at least as much as
four weeks later than those of ZL. Chamaecyparissus, which has

*Lloyd, F. E. Two hitherto confused species of Lycopodium. Bull. Torr.
Club, 26: 559-567. 15 N. 1899.

} While at Kew during the past summer I saw the type of Lycopodium tristachyum
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 653. 1814, and find that it is exactly the species separated
by Al. Braun many years later as Z. Chamaecyparissus. The earlier name will there-

fore replace the later and another of Pursh’s species can be justified.—L. M. UNDER-
WOOD.

59

orthotropous annually innovating branchlets, a much less pro-
nounced dorsiventrality, evidently emarginate, appressed under
leaves and an underground rhizome. No intermediate condi-
tions were found to reward a diligent and repeated search on the °
part of two observers over an acre of ground where both plants
were growing side by side in great abundance. One is there-
_fore irresistibly driven to the conclusion, no matter what view
may be taken of the question of species, that here at least are
distinct plants which must be completely separated in order
satisfactorily to recognize their differences.

Finally, the authorities for Lycopodium Fawcett and L. poro-
plulum are quoted incorrectly. It would appear that there is but
one alternative in such matters, either to leave the authority out
altogether or to give it correctly.

NEWS ITEMS

William Austin Cannon, A.M. (Stanford University), has been
reappointed Fellow in Botany in Columbia University. Mr.
Cannon is making a special study of certain features of hybridiza-
tion in plants.

Mr. Jared G. Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
has gone to Honolulu to assume the directorship of the Hawaiian
Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Roland M. Harper, graduate student in the Botanical De-
partment of Columbia University, is temporarily in Washington,
D. C., as special assistant in the United States National Herbarium.

Professor William F. Ganong’s paper, entitled “ Suggestions
for an Attempt to secure a standard College Entrance Option in
Botany,” read before the Society for Plant Morphology and
Physiology at the Baltimore meeting, December 28, 1900, is
published in Sczence for April 19, 1901.

A suggestive contribution to the literature bearing upon ques-
tions of nomenclature is “The Determination of the Type in com-
posite Genera of Animals and Plants,’ by President David Starr
Jordan, printed in Sczenzce for March 29, 1901.

60

The annual meeting and exhibition of the Horticultural Society
of New York was held at the Museum of the New York Botan-
ical Garden, May 8 and g. Prizes to the amount of $700 were
‘offered, $ 500 by the Botanical Garden and $200 by the Horti-
cultural Society.

Mr. George V. Nash has returned from the Royal Gardens at
Kew with about 1,300 species of living plants for the New York
Botanical Garden. Through the courtesy of Sir W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer, the Director of the Royal Gardens, further consignments
are expected in the near future.

The report of Prof. Charles H. Peck, State Botanist of New
York, for the year 1899, has recently been distributed. In ad-
dition to the other matter, it contains as usual an important con-
tribution to the knowledge of our fleshy fungi. Vol. 3, No. 4,
of the Memoirs of the New York State Museum, a quarto volume
containing descriptions and illustrations of the edible and un-
wholesome fungi of New York—the second volume of the series—
was issued at about the same time.

Dhonias Conrad Porter DID ED Ementius Protessor ‘of
Botany in Lafayette College, died suddenly at Easton, Pa., on
April 27th, in the 80th year of his age. He was well known as
a botanist, especially by his contributions to our knowledge of
the flora of Colorado and of Pennsylvania. He won distinction
in the literary field also, being the first to call attention to the re-

5

semblance between “ Hiawatha” and the Finnish epic Ka/eva/a,

and writing several well-known translations of German poems.

The Departmental Committee on Botanical Work and Collec-
tions at the British Museum and at Kew has recently reported
to the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty’s Treasury, in part
as follows: ‘That the whole of the botanic collections at the
British Museum now administered by the Keeper of the Depart-
ment of Botany under the Trustees, with the exception of the
collections exhibited to the public, be transferred to the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, and placed in the charge of the First
Commissioner of His Majesty’s Works and Public Buildings under
conditions indicated below, adequate accommodations being there
provided for them.”

Vol. 1 No. 6

TORREYA

June, 1901

Wit Ne wN KROME DO AS) THE ROMANS DO

By P. A. RYDBERG

Professor E. L. Greene has lately published a very interesting
article in the Catholic University Bulletin under the title, “Some
Literary Aspects of American Botany” in which he criticizes
especially the forms of titles used by botanical authors in America.
I intend here to point out some misuses in naming plants. If, in
attempting to do this, I should myself make some blunders, I
trust they may be pardoned and corrected by some more com-
petent critic. *

The old proverb, ‘‘When in Rome do as the Romans do,”
may well be applied to the use of Latin in botanical descriptions
and terms. In other words, when we use the Latin language in
science we should always try to use it as a Roman would have
done. Latin descriptions such as two which were published in
one of our leading botanical journals a few years ago } bring dis-
credit to the author as well as to the journal that prints them.

This time I shall, however, dwell only upon specific names
given in the honor of some person. Two methods have been
used by biologists, viz., the Latin genitive form of the proper
noun and an adjective formed from the same by appending -anus,
-ana, -anum. Many botanists have agreed to use the former
when the person in whose honor the plant is to be named has
discovered it, described it or done any other work in connection

* Even the best may make mistakes sometimes, as was illustrated in the article
cited above, where Professor Greene misquoted a title he criticized. On page 153
appears ‘‘ Contributions to the Comparative Histology of Pulvini and the Resulting
Pholeolitic Movements,’? and on page 157, ‘‘ Pholiotic Movements’”’ instead of
«<x * * Photeolic Movements”’ as it reads in tie original.

+ Bot. Gaz. 26: 268, 269. 1808.

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number. Vol. 1, No. 5, comprising pages 49-60, was issued May 22, 1901. ]

62

with it, and the latter when the author wishes to honor some
friend without the latter being otherwise connected with the plant.
The acceptance of this distinction is far from universal, however.

If a friend happens to discover an undescribed species and one
wishes to name it after him, it is important to know how to give
his name in a proper Latin form. The Berlin botanists have
adopted the following rules: If the name ends in a consonant
other than 7, add -zz to the name, but if the name ends in a vowel or
y,add -2.* We therefore say Carex Bicknell, but C. Torreyi and
C. Fraserit. The only exception to these rules admitted by the
Berlin botanists is in case the name ends in a, when it follows the
first declension with -ae in the genitive, as for instance Physalis
Lagascae, named after the Spanish botanist Lagasca.

The adding of -z or -2 to the proper name of any barbarian
language has not come down to us from the classic Latin; for
the old Romans latinized names in many different ways, and if
they could not give it a good Latin form, they adopted it as it
was and made it indeclinable. The custom mentioned comes to >
us from the middle ages, when Latin was the language of the
learned and every learned man must have a Latin name. Most
of them formed this by adding -zws or -ws to the name, so that
Des Cartes became Cartesius, Rudbeck, Rudbeckius, and Ray,
Raius ; others, however, translated their names, as for instance
Bock, who called himself Zragus.

The adding of -zws and -ws in the nominative and -z and -z in
the genitive is good, as a rule, whenever the name is not already
in good Latin form. It would never occur to a Roman to write
Lagascai as the genitive of Lagasca, and the Berlin botanists have
seen it in that light, but would it not be as ludicrous in the eyes
of a Roman to see the genitive of Magnus written Magnusi ?
And still the Berlinese cite thisas the proper form. Names such
as Retzius, Hieronymus, Wislizenus, etc., have a good Latin
nominative form (A/zeronymus was used in old Latin), and no end-
ing needs to be added. It would be worse than grammar school
Latin to write in the genitive Retzzusiz, Hieronymusa and Wis-
lizenusit. American botanists have, in general, refrained from
such forms. The only name that in America has been treated

*If the friend werea lady, -7ae and -ae should then be substituted, respectively.

63

somewhat in the Berlin fashion, is that of a German, Mr. Purpus,
in whose honor Aviogonum Purpusi, etc., have been named ; but
the Americans have satisfied themselves with only one -2 at the
end.

The use of -2 instead of -zz even after a consonant has been very
common in this country. Watson, for instance, almost always
used one -z. Plants named after Dr. Chapman are nearly always
Chapmant (one -2) and there are perhaps ten species named
Engelmannti (one -2) to one called Engelmann (two -2’s). In the
mediaeval Latin names ending in -7zaznx were written with the end-
ing -7annus, without anz. The genitive therefore had only one
-2. Whether we should keep up this tradition or not is a matter
of taste. We have no precedent in classical Latin to follow.
There are cases, however, where a consonant should be followed
by only one -2 as in Bernhardt, Gerardi, etc., as Bernhard and
Gerard have old Latin forms in -ws, Bernhardus, Gerardus. In
the same way, I think, we should write Richardt, Howard, Ha-
vardi, Bongardi, etc., all with one -z.

Names ending in 7 take according to the Berlin rule one ~z.
This is not because 7 is a semivowel and the nominative therefore
should end in -ws instead of -zws, but simply because those end-
ing in -er have as they stand a Latin nominative ending, and the
Berlinese let the few ending in -ar, -zr, -or, -ur foilow the same
rule. An old Roman would never have done this. The latter
names should follow the third declension, like the Latin words,
nectar, victor, robur, vultur, etc. Fendler, Berlandier, Fraser,
Heller, Carpenter, Porter, etc., being in good Latin form as they
stand, follow the second declension regularly, with /endlert, Ber-
landiert, etc., in the genitive; but Bolivar, Victor, Arthur and
Muir should have the genitives Bolivaris, Victoris, Arthuris and
Muiris, unless the last may be regarded as an exception and fol-
low the declension of vr (-2).

According to the Berlin rules, names ending in a vowel (ex-
cept a) should take one -z. Those ending in -a, follow the first
declension. Why should not those ending in -o follow the third?
All foreign words ending in -o, taken into Latin, followed the
third declension; and this was not only the case with Greek
words, but also those from the Phoenician, the Egyptian and

64

other barbaric tongues. Why should we not follow the same cus-
tom in botanical names? Ledebour wrote Claytonia Chamissoz ;
but Eschscholtz had before him in manuscript, C. Chamussonis.
Many of the later botanists have used the proper form. We
have, therefore, Aguilegia Ottonis, Cyperus Ottonis, Lupinus
Chamissonis, Viburnum Demetrionis, Sullivantia Ohionis. These
forms are much more common and of course far better than such
as Astragalus Serenot.

But if names ending in -o should follow the third declension,
then should also those ending in -oz. Here, however, botanists
have seldom tried to follow Latin customs. We find both Avzztonz,
Eatoni, etc., and Brittoniz, Eatoniz ; but not Srittonis, Eatonis, etc.,
which would be better. Besides myself, who have used Wootonis
and Congdonis as specific names, I think no American botanist
has used a genitive in -ovzs, in naming a plant in honor of a per-
son whose name ends in -oz. I know of one case in which such
a genitive was used, but the plant was not named after a person.
I refer to Astragalus Zionis Jones.

A German may claim that Anton has the Latin form Az‘zonzus,
which follows the second declension with -zz in the genitive ; but
we must remember that Anton is a German and Scandinavian
form and that the name is written in French Antoine and in
English Anthony, while most of the names ending in -oz are
French or English, and in the latter case derived from the Nor-
man-French or formed under its influence. The majority of
modern French words ending in -oz came from Latin words end-
ing in -o or -onz, both with -ozs in the genitive. I think, there-
fore, that all names ending in -oz, at least those belonging to any
of the Romance languages or derived from them, should follow
the third declension.

The extension of this rule to names ending in -soz, as Anderson,
Nelson, etc., is perhaps of doubtful propriety. These are all of
Scandinavian origin and have a peculiar history. In Sweden
they have never, until in later years, been regarded or treated as
family names. Peterson meant Peter’s son and nothing more.
If Peter Anderson had a son by the name of John, he would be
known not as John Anderson, but as John Peterson ; and John’s
son Nels would be Nels Johnson. From the middle ages to the

65

later part of the eighteenth century, these names were often writ-
ten in Latin. The first Protestant Archbishop of Sweden was
Lars Peterson, who usually wrote his name Lawrentius Petri (the
word fiius being understood). In Swedish history we read both
of Olaus Magnus (Big Olof, so called for his size) and Olaus
Magni (Olof Magnuson). In the genitive both names would be
Olati Magni. The old way of writing Johnson, Anderson, Lar-
son, etc., could scarcely be used in botanical names, as it would
cause much confusion, and the names would scarcely be recog-
nizable. The three above mentioned would be respectively,
Johannis, Andreae, and Laurent. If a Roman had seen Ander-
son written, without knowing the meaning or derivation, he
would very likely have written the genitive as Amdersonis. He
might perhaps have given it the Latin form Azdersonius (-7) ;
but never as many of our botanists do, Azdersonus (-2).

If a Roman had seen the name Ames, he would probably have
written it in the genitive dis, according to the third declension.
It is perhaps safer to latinize such names and write Ameszus
(-2), in the same way as Des Cartes became Carteszus (-72).

From the foregoing it would appear that the Berlin rules must
be modified in order to accord with good Latin usage, and that
the latinizing of proper nouns is a matter that needs the attention
of a botanical congress.

AVENE IROVIEDVILIEAY JONT) IsUB IBA INUCIN ZANCIUAAN
By S. H. BuRNHAM

A few years ago, while collecting in an old rich wood near
Vaughns, Washington County, New York, I found several plants
of an interesting acute-leaved Hepatica, and transplanted a single
plant in my wild garden, where the leaves have remained con-
stantly seven- to nine-lobed. The normal form has leaves with
three acute lobes, sometimes passing into Hepatica Hepatica (L.)
Karst., with which it sometimes grows, though it usually blooms a
week earlier in northern New York. Often, leaves are five-lobed ;
but rarely is the lobing carried so far as in the above plants.

66

In the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 8: 36. 1881,
is a note with illustration of a leaf of the round-lobed Hepatica
with seven lobes, which was exhibited by Mr. Gerard at a meet-
ing of the Club. He says all the leaves of the plant possessed
the same peculiarity, ‘the middle lobe being deeply trilobate and
the lateral ones bilobate, thus making an approach toward the
leaf forms found in the genus Azemone.”

Professor W. R. Dudley, in his Cayuga Flora, alludes to “forms
with five- and even seven-lobed leaves in rich shaded soil at Big

Gully, etc.” In the Columbia Herbarium is a specimen from
Lookout Mountain, Tenn., with eight-lobed leaves, collected by
Dr. A. W. Chapman. There is also a specimen from northern
New Jersey, at State Line, collected by Dr. N. L. Britton, June
6, 1885, with five- to seven-lobed leaves.

Thanks are due to Miss Alexandrina Taylor for the care with
which she has drawn one of the beautiful leaves of the Wash-
ington County plant.

67

AN ALLEGHANIAN RUDBECKIA

By JoHN K. SMALL

While on excursions into various portions of the southern
Alleghanies and the Blue Ridge, I have quite frequently met
with a very characteristic Rudbeckia. It occurs more frequently
at altitudes between 1000 and 1600 meters, although sometimes
it may be found at elevations a little lower or considerably higher
than those just indicated. As far as its biological distribution is
concerned, it is mainly confined to the Alleghanian life-zone and
thrives best in such localities as are inhabited by Solidago monti-
cola, Gaylussacia ursina and Vaccinium pallidum. So far as I
can learn, this species has never been described, but may now be
characterized as follows:

Rudbeckia monticola

Perennial by short horizontal or oblique rootstocks. Foliage
hirsute or hirsute-hispid: stems 3-11 dm. tall, sometimes tufted,
normally simple, occasionally branched above: leaves few;
blades oblong, elliptical, oval or ovate, 5-10 cm. long, sharply
serrate, sometimes shallowly so, those of the basal and lower
stem-leaves with winged petioles or petiole-like bases, those of the
upper stem-leaves sessile and usually partly clasping by their
broad bases: bracts of the involucre linear to linear-lanceolate,
I-1.5 cm. long, bristly hirsute, reflexed: ray-flowers several ;
ligules bright yellow, 2-3.5 cm. long: disk hemispheric to ovoid,
12-18 mm. broad, dark purple-brown to almost black at maturity :
bractlets acute, ciliate near the slightly broadened tips: disk-
corollas 3—3.5 mm. long: achenes 2.5 mm. long, slightly enlarged
upward, finely longitudinally ribbed and very minutely pitted.

In woods, West Virginia to North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee
and Alabama. Summer.

Rudbeckia monticola is related to R. jirta from which it may
easily be separated at sight by the sharply serrate blades of the
upper stem-leaves with their broad partly clasping bases. The
type is preserved in the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden. The following cited specimens belong here:

WEST VIRGINIA: White Sulphur Springs, July 16, 1892, 4. Browz.

NorTH CAROLINA: Haywood Co., July, 1885, 12. £. Hyams; Swain Co., July
12, 1891, Beardslee & Kofoid; Biltmore, June 10, 1896, Biltmore Herbarium no.
852; Hendersonville, June 29, 1898, Biltmore Herbarium no. 852a.

TENNESSEE : White Cliff Springs, July 11, 1894, 7. A. Kearney, Jr.; Lookout
Mountain, June 28, 1897, H Eggert; Wolf Creek, August, 1896, 4. Ruth, no. 4055.

68

GeorciA: Tallulah Falls, August 8, 1893, 7, A. Smal/; Thomas Bald, August
9, 1893, /. K. Small; Estotoah Falls, August 11-12, 1893, /. A. Small (type) ;
Stone Mountain, July 27, 1893, 7. A. Small.

ALABAMA: Auburn, June 5, 1897, Zarle & Baker, no. 276.

DIEMBRYONY IN CORN

By Byron D. HALSTED

In making some germination tests of corn upon a large scale
a single grain was met with that showed a double embryo—one

la

| Ai
Wy
jee

apparently normal and the other sec-
ondary. The grain in germination
was lying with the embryo side down-
ward so that the main plantlet needed
to turn upward around one side of the
grain making a J-shaped curve. The
smaller shoot grew nearly parallel
with the first one and stood close
to it, although much smaller. The
grain was transferred from the germ-
inating dish to earth in a flower pot
and supplied with conditions for fur-
ther growth, at which time each plant-
let had a main root.

After growing as long as the smaller
plant would, the two were removed and
a photograph taken from which the
little side engraving has been made.

It is seen that one plant grew quite
normally, while the other remained
small and attempted to produce two
ears, but without tassel, and no grains
were obtained.

It only needs to be said that the
case in hand was a yellow grain from
an ear picked upon the College Farm
and brought to me, because it was the
only one of a large field that had dark,

nearly cherry-colored grains mixed in almost equal numbers with

69

the yellow grains. It is regretted that a sketch of the two em-
bryos was not made before the grain was placed in the earth for
further growth. Out of very many thousands of germinating
grains of corn, this is the only one showing diembryony that has

come to my notice.
RUTGERS COLLEGE, May 4, I90I.

REVIEWS

A work that is sure to play an important part in popularizing
botanical studies on the Pacific Coast is the recently published
“Flora of Western Middle California” * by Dr. Willis Linn
Jepson, Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of Cali-
fornia. This is a carefully written and attractively printed de-
scriptive manual, with keys to the families, genera, and species.
In many species a considerable range of variability is recognized, |
especially in vegetative characters, under conditions which are
definitely named. New species and varieties are described in
various genera. In the matter of nomenclature, it is not wholly
obvious just what considerations have determined the choice of
generic names. The nomenclature is evidently not that of Berlin,
Kew, Harvard, the Rochester Code, or of the Flora Franciscana.
With considerable allowance for the inherent difficulties of mak-
ing one’s practice seem always consistent and logical to another,
it may be said that Professor Jepson’s selection of names has the
appearance of being an arbitrary compromise between the so-
called “‘ conservative”’ and “reform” tendencies. The influence
of the American principle of “Once a synonym, always a
synonym” is doubtless to be recognized in the substitution of
Tumion Raf. for Torreya Arn., Osmaronia Greene for Nuttalha
T. & G., and Xvlothermia Greene for Pickeringia Nutt. To the
‘‘priority of place’ idea is evidently to be attributed the accep-
tance of 7zssa Adans. in the place of Buda Adans., while simple
priority of publication is apparently responsible for the adoption
of Panicularia Fabric. for Glyceria R. Br., Razoumofskya Hoffm.
for Arceuthobium Bieb., Koellia Moench for Pycnanthemum

*Jepson, W. L. A Flora of Western Middle California. 8vo. Pp. iv+
625. 16 Ap. I901. Encina Publishing Co., Berkeley. Price $2.50.

70

Michx., Loleha Raf. for Downingia Torr., Ptiloria Raf. for
Stephanomeria Nutt., etc. In these changes from the usage of
the ‘‘ Botany of California,’ there is no suggestion of the fifty-
year limit proposed by the Berlin botanists and there is little
evidence of mercy toward names which, according to some
writers, have become so consecrated by long usage as to be out
of the reach of modern nomenclatural legislation. Yet several
generic names equally vulnerable, like Capsella Medic., Echino-
cystis T. & G., and Dicentra Bernh., are retained. But these
possibly await modification in the second edition, which the mani-
fest merits and popular qualities of the work will doubtless soon
make a necessity. [M. A. H.] }

CORRESPONDENCE

“A StmepLE DyNAMOMETER ”’

The discussion of this particular apparatus would not deserve
more space, did not the criticism involve a principle applicable to
a number of instruments for measuring the force exerted by
plants. In his reply * to my former letter, Dr. Richards implies
that I misunderstood his experiment; rather, I think, he has
missed the point of my objection. I had no thought of criticiz-
ing his device because it does not measure the force of imbibition
in all directions. The difficulty is that the proposed dynamom-
eter does not register correctly azy component of the force of
swelling, for the simple reason that the spring scale is not adapted
to do it. Gravitation can act through an indefinite distance and
the weight in the pan descends until the distortion of the spring
is as great as the force acting can produce. In swelling, on the
contrary, the force to be measured acts through a very limited
distance only, and when the limit of its thrust is reached the in-
dex stops, whether it indicates an ounce or aton. The principle
is that distortion of a system, however registered, can never be
used to measure correctly any force, unless the possible distor-
tion is greater than that necessary to produce the maximum
registration of the instrument.

The caution regarding overloading, therefore, is not pertinent,

* TORREYA, 1: 48. Ap. I9QOI.

al

because, owing to the limited displacement by the swelling, the
spring could not easily be loaded beyond its capacity to register,
although any component of the force acting is. really vastly in
excess of its powers to register in units of weight.

The objections made above do indeed apply to any apparatus
not used in accordance with the principle enunciated. But Det-
mer is careful to say that his device* is only for the purpose of
showing that external work is done by swelling seeds.

C. R. Barnes.

Notwithstanding the careful explanation given above by Pro-
fessor Barnes the writer is still of the opinion that overloading
from the standpoint of the strength of the spring is, as previously
stated, entirely possible, and it seems too that this is the critical
point—H. M. Ricwarps.

NEWS ITEMS

Volume 7 of the Contributions from the Department of Botany
of Columbia University has recently been completed by the pub-
lication of the 175th number of the series.

Dr. H. M. Richards, Dr. P. A. Rydberg and Miss Louise B.
Dunn are spending their summer vacations in Europe.

Dr. D. T. MacDougal left New York on June 2d to conduct
some special botanical investigations in western Montana.

Tracy Elliot Hazen, Ph.D. (Columbia University, 1900), has
been appointed Director of the Fairbanks Museum at St. Johns-
bury, Vermont, and enters upon the duties of the position this
month.

Mr. Frederick H. Blodgett, recently a graduate student in
Columbia University, is now an assistant in the botanical depart-
ment of the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.

Edward W. Berry, of Passaic, N. J..a member of the Torrey
Botanical Club, has been awarded the Walker Prize of fifty dol-
lars by the Boston Society of Natural History for an essay on
Liriodendron.

* Pflanzen-Phys. Prakt. 119.

12

Professor L. M. Underwood of Columbia University, and Mr.
O. i. Cook and party, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
sailed for Porto Rico on June 8th for the purpose of studying
the flora of that island.

The death of M. Henri Philibert, the European specialist in the
genus Lryum, occurred on the 14th of May at Aix in France in
his 79th year. He had just added a tenth article to his series of
studies on the peristome, which have appeared in the Revue Bry-
ologique.

The tablet in memory of Asa Gray in the Hall of Fame of the
New York University was unveiled on May 30 by Professors B.
D. Halsted, B. L. Robinson and L. M. Underwood, representing
the Botanical Society of America.

The third session of the Rhode Island Summer School for
Nature Study will be held at the Rhode Island College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts, Kingston, R. I, from July 5 to July
20. The botanical instruction is in charge of W. W. Bailey, H.
L. Merrow, F. W. Card, A. B. Seymour and G. E. Adams.

“The Sea-Beach at Ebb-Tide”’ is the title of a recent book
written by Augusta Foote Arnold and published by the Cen-
tury Company. It contains non-technical descriptions and nu-
merous illustrations of the larger and more common marine
plants of the United States, together with a similar account of
the littoral animals.

The entire palaeobotanical collection of Columbia University,
and the books on palaeobotany from the University Library, ex-
cept such minor part thereof as is needed at the University for
undergraduate instruction, will be deposited with the New York
Botanical Garden during the coming summer, under the terms of
a supplementary agreement recently made between the two insti-
tutions. The museum of palaeobotany will be installed in one
of the well-lighted basement halls of the Museum Building of
the Garden.

Wioleaet No. 7

Ok hi yA

July, 1901

JUNCOMDIES JON Wels, SOW INSIBANSINAIIN (Sie ites)
By JoHN K. SMALL

While collecting about the summit of Table Rock in western
North Carolina, in company with Mr. Heller, specimens of a
species of /uncoides in every way smaller than the so-called
Juncoides campestre were gathered and found to be bulblet-bear-
ing at the base. Further investigation showed that the same
form had previously been collected on Lookout Mountain, Ten-
nessee, by Prof. A. Wood and had by him been described under
varietal rank, he evidently not thinking it worthy of being con-
sidered aspecies. Later experience with the genus in the South-
east has led me to the conclusions expressed in the following
brief synopsis.

Juncoipes Adans.

Differs from Juncus by its closed leaf-sheaths, the 1-celled
ovary with basal placentae which support 3 ovules and later 3
seeds.

Key TO THE SPECIES.

Peduncles terminated by rz or rarely 2 flowers: capsule of an ovoid type. 1. J. pilosune.
Peduncles terminated by compact spikes : capsule of an obovoid type.
Sepals and petals 3-4 mm. long: capsules much stirpassed by the perianth. 2. J, echinatum.

Sepals and petals 2-2.5 mm. long: capsules surpassing the perianth or about equalling it.
3. J. bulbosum.

I. JUNCOIDES PILosuM (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, 2—4-
leaved. Leaf-blades 3-8 mm. wide, webby, blunt and almost
gland-like at the apex: peduncles filiform, equal or nearly so:
perianth 2.5-3 mm. long; sepals and petals triangular-ovate,
brown except the hyaline margins: capsule usually about 1%
longer than the perianth, sometimes but slightly longer.

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number. Vol. 1, No. 6, comprising pages 61-72, was issued June 20, 1901. |

74

In woods, New Brunswick to Alaska, Georgia, Tennessee,
Michigan and Oregon. Also in Europe and Asia.

Luzula Carolinae S. Wats., founded on a specimen from Grand-
father Mountain, North Carolina, is /uxcoides pilosum. The elon-
gated bract described by Dr. Watson is the upper leaf of the
stem and not the bract subtending the inflorescence.

2. Juncoides echinatum n. sp. . Base of plant not bulblet-
bearing. Foliage webby-pubescent : stems 2.5—5 dm. tall : pedun-
cles conspicuously unequal, each terminated by an oblong or
cylindric spike: sepals and petals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long,
acuminate, greenish or pale brown, soft and hyaline at the tip:
capsule obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, manifestly longer than thick.

In woodlands, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama.

This species is the representative of /uzcotdes campestre in
the Southern States. The following specimens belong here:

* AraBAMA: Auburn, April 17, 1897, Zarl & Baker. (Type,
in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.)

NortH Caroina: Biltmore, May 14, 1897, Biltmore Herb.
no. 505.

3. Juncoides bulbosum (Wood). Base of plant accompanied
by bulblets. Foliage almost glabrous or somewhat webby on
the leaf-margins and at the top of the sheaths: stems 1-4 dm.
tall: spikes shorter than those of /. echinatum.-: sepals and
petals ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, brownish,
acuminate, neither manifestly soft nor hyaline at the apex: cap-
sule broadly obovoid or globose-obovoid, surpassing the sepals
or sometimes about equalling them. [Lwuzala campestris var.
bulbosa Wood, Cl. Book, 753. 1863.]

In woods, thickets and open sandy places, Virginia to Georgia,
Kansas and Texas. net

This species is apparently quite common within the range
given above, but very few specimens were collected until within
the last four or five years.. The following belong here:

VIRGINIA: Summit of White Top Mountain, June 26, 1892,
N. L. & E. G. Britton and A. M. Vail.

NorTH CAROLINA: Summit of Table Rock, July 2, 1891, /.
K. Small and A. A. Heller.

TENNESSEE: Lookout Mountain, d. Wood; Jackson, March,
1892, S. AZ, Bain, no. 172, at least in part; Franklin County,

75

June 8, 1897, H. Eggert; Knoxville, April, 1897, A. Ruth, no.
TOE

Mississippr: Topelo, April 6, 1889, S. M. Tracy.

Texas: Houston, April 10, 1872, £. Hall, no. 655 ; Houston,
Apnlingy 100Om>) i. busy mo. 32+) Uvalde, March 20) 1801,
E, N. Plank.

ARKANSAS: Prescott, April 9, 1900, 5. F. Bush, no. 552
Benton County, 4. NV. Plank, no. 45.

Kansas: Cherokee County, 1896, A. S. Hitchcock, no. 844.

AMSONIA AMSONIA IN NEW JERSEY

By B. S. MILLER

May 23d a friend sent me a small specimen to identify, as it
had created quite a discussion at a card party. It was seen from
the roadside and picked to match agown. Vanity, after all, is of
some use in this world, as it has been the means of establishing this
dainty little blue flower in New Jersey. Professor Britton veri-
fied it for me, as I saw it was not found so far north and in such
a dry locality. There were fourteen clumps of this plant grow-
ing in a high, dry, rolling field, rocky and of sandy soil. It isa
ten-acre lot cleared for building purposes, woods of oaks, chest-
nuts and hickories growing about three sides of it. The plants
show evidence of being there some time, for when the grass is
mown it has been cut down and old stalks are still on the roots—
four or five on some. There were such plants as these growing
in this same lot, which will give an idea of the poor soil. Three
large patches of Lupinus perennis, and in the midst of one, I
found six clumps of Amsonta; as the blue being a much more
delicate shade, one could distinguish it from a distance. /va-
garia Virginiana, Trifolium pratense, Rubus Canadensis, very
abundant, Potentilla argentea, Antennaria plantaginifolia., Chrys-
anthemum Leucanthemum and small patches of Prerzdium

76

aquilinum. On speaking of it to a naturalist, Mr. Hales, he
said it was originally brought to Ridgewood from the South by
a Mr. Fuller, who had an experimental garden. It would not
grow on his ground, so he gave some to Mr. Hales, who has a
reclaimed meadow for a garden, and there the plant was much
more beautiful—a large clump, twenty-five years old, fully
four feet around and about that high, while what I found was
only about a foot to a foot and a half high and not so thrifty.
This same Mr. Fuller gave some to the people who own this lot
and it has grown in their garden. Now this lot is about a
quarter of a mile from this garden where the original plant was,
so it has spread by means of the wind or birds. The odd fact to
me is, that though it grows in “damp soil” it has not spread
from Mr. Hale’s garden, but from the latter place which is very
high and dry, this part of Ridgewood being one of the highest
parts of Bergen County.

LYCOPODIUM TRISTACHYUM
Ip 18s No Jeliivie,

When Prof. Lloyd’s article “Two hitherto confused Species
of Lycopodium” (Bull. Torr. Club, 27: 559. 1899) appeared,
my specimens, labeled L. complanatum L., were examined with a
view to test them by the characters mentioned and several of
them were found to agree with the descyiption of L. trastachyum
Pursh (Z. Chamaecyparissus A. Braun), Some had already been
designated by this name as varietal, and their peculiarities noticed.
One of these was the burial of the rhizome from three to nine
centimeters below the surface of the ground, considerable dig-
ging often being required to uncover them. They have all been
found in sandy soil, in woods of pine or mixed pine and oak.
The rhizomes and the basal parts of the aerial shoots are pale,
being blanched by exclusion of the light. The ultimate branches
are numerous and crowded, commonly narrower and much less

ae

limited to one plane than those of ZL. complanatum. The branches
by their abundance make a very heavy top. Mounted specimens
generally have a heaped appearance, the branches lying upon
each other in several layers, while specimens of L. complanatuim
are nearly or quite flat. The time of collecting has been August
and October. The bracteal leaves and sporangia have been found
to be yellow as early as August 2d, and the spores beginning to
be shed. In October the sporangia had all become empty. One
obtained at Ha! Ha! Bay, Quebec, Can., August 25th, was less
mature, the sporangia closed and the bracteal leaves but slightly
yellowed. Others collected at the same time were shedding
their spores. Climatic reasons will probably account for the
later ripening. In the same region the Early. Blueberry (Vaccz-
mum Pennsylvanicum) and the Canada Blueberry (V. Canadense)
were found to be contemporary in the ripening of their fruit.
They grew intermingled, the fruit of both equally abundant on
the bushes. In the latitude of Chicago the former begins to
ripen the last of June; the latter, occurring a little farther north,
ripens in August.

The following are the stations and times of collecting the
specimens of ZL, éristachyum Pursh, in my possession: Fruitport,
Mich., August 2, 1872; Indian River, Mich., August 3, 1878;
Miller, Ind., October 2, 1881; Ha! Ha! Bay, Quebec, Au-
cust 25, 1888. The three former localities are contiguous to
Lake Michigan, Miller being in the dune region at the head
of the lake, Indian River in a dune locality near its northern
end, and Fruitport midway on the eastern shore. From all I
recall about the Lycopodiums I had identified as Z. complana-
tum, but did not take specimens for preservation, I feel quite safe
in stating from the impression its habit has left in memory that
L. tristachyum is the more common in places where I have met
with the two species in the upper lake region. Those grow-
ing at Miller, Ind., do not seem to fruit very freely, the shoots
being commonly found barren.

CHICAGO, ILL.

78

AT EULTE With vA ORIUINNE RK

By FREDERICK H. BLODGETT

A number of young tulip bulbs were planted in November,
in a shallow box for indoor cultivation. On January 23, 1901,
one of these plants was removed from the soil for examination.
The leaf was several inches long, but still tightly rolled, as the
plants were kept ina dark room.* From the bottom of the bulb
a runner extended obliquely downward for two inches or more.
The tip was broken in lifting the plant from the soil, so that it
could not be examined. The appearance of the bulb is shown,
natural size, at Fig. 1.

JER ue Iie, 2.

The bulb was cut open in the plane of the runner. In origin
the runner was found to be quite similar to those of Exythronium.
The base of the runner and that of the leaf stalk are continuous,
and form a continuous core through the center of the bulb. By
the side of this core there was another, much less developed.
The leaf portion of this core was hardly differentiated from the

* This was part of the etiolation experiments by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, who
kindly gave the specimen to the author.

79

common central mass, but the runner was easily recognized as a
small bud projecting downward from the bottom of the core.
In Fig. 2 the two cores are shown as they appeared in place
within the bulb. The smaller core is hidden beneath the larger
in the first figure (2, @).

The two cores were united to each other and to the bulb tissue
by a common stem or stalk. The stalk of the smaller core was
longer than the other, as is seen in the figure (2,4). This stalk,
or point of union between bulb tissue and sprout or vegetative
tissue is not at the point nearest to the root fibers as is the case
in Lrythronium, but is at a little distance from that point. The
roots form a compact bundle of fibers at the bottom, rather than
at one side of the base, of the bulb. But the runner issues in
the two genera (Z7ythronium and Tulipa) from the bottom of the
immature bulbs, when produced.

VARIETAL AND SPECIFIC NAMES

iby We, JD), A. COcixaRinu,

I am very glad to see (Bull. Torr. Club, May, p. 300) that
Dr. Robinson has frankly discussed the important question of the
status of varietal names; it is a question which has been over-
looked or evaded by many botanists, with the result that the ex-
isting nomenclature is often inconsistent.

I am by no means prepared to admit, of course, that what is |
good in zoology is not also good in botany ; and there era cer-
tain considerations which Dr. Robinson has apparently over-
looked.

Generic and subgeneric names are expressions of arbitrarily-
formed groups which have justification simply in their conven-
ience. From a Darwinian standpoint, these groups must contain
species which are not less related to one another than to species
assigned to other genera or subgenera. There is to be, in fact,
a natural continuity or contiguity, as with the inches on a foot-
rule. But granting this, it is then a matter of taste or custom
how large such divisions may be made. The subgenera of one
generation or one author are often the genera of the next.

80

Species and subspecies, on the other hand, are units isolated
by nature. It is not a matter of taste how many species exist,
though one might imagine so, to read the current botanical
literature. Ultimately we shall have to know how many forms
stand physiologically isolated from one another, and these will
be recognized as true species. Subspecies are similar, except
that at some point the isolation is as yet incomplete. The word
variety may as well be abandoned as a distinct category ; but it
is useful as a refuge when we do not know the proper status of
a plant.

The “form” (forma) is really something different. As I under-
stand it, it expresses a phase existing wholly within specific
limits ; a result of the variability of the organism, spontaneous or
induced by external conditions. I thoroughly believe in the
classification and naming of forms, as the study of these phe-
nomena greatly assists us to understand the origin of species;
but the form is not to be confused with the subspecies or variety
proper. I think, myself, that even names given to forms should
be recognized when it is found that they represent valid sub-
species or species; but if there is to be a distinction made and a
line drawn, surely it must be between the subspecies and form ;
not between the species and subspecies. This is the more neces-
sary, because while we can usually (or at least frequently) tell
when we are dealing with a form, it is much harder to draw the
line between species and subspecies. The evidence for the status
of the form may be simple and positive ; that for the status of the
species is negative, and to affirm that it does not anywhere inter-
grade with its nearest ally, would require knowledge that we
rarely possess when describing.

The trouble about the homonyms results from the practice of
suppressing a name because it has been used in a varietal sense
under a different species of the genus. This seems to me an un-
necessary and mischievous procedure, and I live in the hope that
it will at length be universally condemned. The law of homo-
nyms is at best a necessary evil, and it should be made to bear
on us as lightly as possible.

East Las Vecas, N. M., May 26, I9o1.

81

AN ALPINE BOTANICAL GARDEN

In a recent article published in the Revue Philomathique de
Bordeaux et du Sud-Ouest, M. Henri Devaux describes most
interestingly the Alpine Botanic Garden of the University of
Lausanne. This Garden was founded a few years ago by Pro-
fessor Wilczek at Pont-de-Nant which is situated at the entrance
of the Canton du Vallais, some two hours’ drive up from Bex at
an altitude of 1,300 meters, surrounded by peaks and glaciers
ranging from 2,500 to 2,900 meters. It is ina narrow valley
protected from the east, west and north winds, but receives from
the south the “ Thalwind,” a strong current of glacial air from
the surrounding peaks, which united with the intense humidity
combines to make climatic conditions favorable to the cultivation
and growth of the vegetation of a much higher altitude and
where such plants as Campanula Cenisia (2,600 m.), Viola Cent-
sia (2,000 m.), Crepis pygmaea (2,400 m.), and Geum reptans
2,500 m.) thrive. A small brook traverses the garden which
with the intensely heavy dew of that high altitude is sufficient
for the watering of the plants.

After many attempts Prof. Wilczek gave up the systematic
arrangement of the classification of the plants growing in the
Garden and resolved to form “ physiological associations”’ resem -
bling as closely as possible the biological and geographical
groups found in nature. A Salicetum has been started ; a collec-
tion of alpine willows with which have been planted those her-
baceous plants that are grouped with them in a wild state. An
alpine meadow brings together Gramineae, Pedicu/aris, and their
associates. In a wood and along the brook have been cultivated
such plants as Lonicera, Ribes, Maples, Ericaceae, Rubus, Prenan-
thes, Dentaria, Lycopodium, Selaginella and a multitude of ferns
as well as various kinds of shade-loving Orchids, Lestera, Coral-
larhiza, Goodyera and others. Rock-loving plants are planted
together in an artificial rock garden where natural conditions
have been copied as nearly as possible and where Savifraga,
Heldreichia, Crepis pygmaca, Viola Cenisia, Poa minor and others
of their kind flourish. On these groups of rock a very clear

82

demonstration is given of the influence of surroundings and ex-
posure on plants. Each group has of course a sunny and shaded
side, a dry and a humid surface; and a notable and striking dis-
tinction is established between the vegetation of the north and
south side of the same hillside. On the south side with fullest
exposure to the sun and drought are established the xerophilous
plants, Potentillas, pinks, Geraniaceae, Artemisia Pedemontana,
Achillea argentea, as well as most all of the labiates. On the
north side are the hygrophylous plants, Sarifrages, Rhododen-
dron, Mimulus, various Silenes, Valeriana Celtica, etc.

It is thus shown in these few notes that the garden is not
only a collection of alpine plants but also of alpine conditions
gathered into a small space and easily accessible for study. Not
the least interesting and valuable collection and certainly a
unique one in its way, is that of the mosses. The region is
bryologically a remarkably rich one, and the project has been
formed by the Director, Professor Wilczek, and the distinguished
bryologist M. Jules Amann, to list the species of mosses grow-
ing on the rocks, which after numbering the rocks, will establish
a catalogue of the mosses of the valley. On many of the boul-
ders as many as forty species have been enumerated.

A. MsNe

SHORTER NOTES.

TULIPA SYLVESTRIS IN THE FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES.—
On May 6th, while driving along a thicket in a rich ravine near
Sellersville, Pa., I discovered the 7udipa sylvestris L. growing in
considerable abundance. Later it was found in the meadows a
mile up the stream. Upon inquiry it was ascertained that it had
been growing there for at least five years.

At the same time it was reported from Lansdale, Pa., a point
ten miles from the first mentioned locality. Here it was found in
a meadow, from which it had spread into an adjoining truck-patch,
and thence into a wooded ravine.

It is thoroughly established in both localities, and should be
included in the flora of the United States——C. D. Frerz, M.D.

oo

, 83

Nocca AnD Cracca.—In the recently published contributions
from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University (new series),
No. 20 (Proc. Am. Acad. 36: 467), Dr. B. L. Robinson gives
us a ‘‘ Synopsis of the Genus Nocca.”’ He remarks: ‘The
name /Vocca (given by Cavanilles in 1795 in honor of Dominico
Nocca, professor of botany at Padua) is clearly the one to be
employed for this genus by those who wish to apply consistently
the generally conservative Berlin Rules. From the definite
characterization and excellent figure given by Cavanilles there
can be no doubt as to the identity of his genus /Vocca, and the
fact that the name was taken up in the same sense within fifty
years by Persoon, Jacquin, La Llave, and Sweet, should es-
tablish its validity,”

Dr. Robinson’s acceptance of Mocca and his rejection of
Cracca are inconsistent ; itis clear that he construes his ‘‘ generally-
conservative’’ Berlin-fifty-year-limit-rule to suit his fancy. The
genus Cracca was employed by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum,
1753, for six species, all subsequently referred to the later
genus . 7ephrosia of Persoon, 1807; in 1769, sixteen years
after Linnaeus’ publication, Cracca was used by J. Hill in
“ Hortus Kewensis” for C. Virginiana, one of the Linnaean
species, so its validity is well enough established. Of course the
phonetics of these generic names are not very usual, but if Dr.
Robinson can go JVocca there seems no good reason why he

should not go Cracca—wN. L. Britton.

NoMENCLATURAL NotEe.—New names have recently, been pro-
posed for two of the commonest plants of the Rocky Mountain
region. Before accepting them as they stand, certain questions
have to be raised, as follows:

1. Castilleia alpina (Porter). This was described as a variety
of what we used to call C. pallida. It was said to be woolly
pubescent, few-flowered, flowers almost concealed in uncolored
floral leaves. It is, as I understand it, the form of the species
found in the Hudsonian zone, hardly specifically separable from the
plant so common lower down. Now Dr. Rydberg (Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club, 28: 29) calls the ordinary plant of lower elevations

84

C. luteovtrens. This may be distinct from a/pzva, but whether it
is or not, surely a/prna stands.

2. Trifolium heterodon (Watson). This was introduced (Proc.
Am. Acad. 8: 130) as a variety of the plant we used to call
LT. involucratum. Now Dr. Greene says this is not zzvolucratum,
and proposes for it the name 7: Fendlezz. It seems doubtful
whether Fendlerz is a species distinct from ezerodon, but in any
case the name of prior date is valid.—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

MossEs OF THE CATSKILL Mountains, N. Y.—The Decora-
tion Day trip of the Torrey Club to Woodland Valley resulted
in a fine collection of mosses. The best discovery was Ary
proligerum, which was found fruiting at one station; it usually
propagates by slender, branching gemmae from the axils of the
upper leaves. We aiso found one log covered with Dicranum
viride in fine fruit and on one old sugar maple gathered Zygodon
viridissimus. Buxbaumia aphylla was in fine condition ona road-
side bank and on dripping ledges of a quarry were found 4ar-
tramia OEderiana, Trichostomum tenuirostre, Homalia gracilis and
Lryum capillare. On Slide Mountain at an elevation of 3,500 ft.,
on cliffs and ledges among balsams, were collected fine specimens
of Raphidostegium Jamesu and R. laxepatulum,; Plagiothectum
striatelum and P. Millerianum ; Hylocomium umbratum and H.
Pyrenaicum ; Dicranum fuscescens and D. longifolium.

Exizasetu G. Britton.

NEWS ITEMS

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, who has recently been appointed an
assistant Curator in the New York Botanical Garden, is spending
the months of July and August in Nova Scotia and Newfound-
land, making collections for the Garden. He is accompanied by
Clifton D. Howe, Fellow in Botany in the University of Chicago,
and by William Lang, a Museum Aid at the Garden.

Dr. Alexander P. Anderson, recently of Clemson College,
South Carolina, and of the University of Minnesota, has been ap-
pointed Curator of the Herbarium of Columbia University.

Vol. 1 No. 8

TORREYA

August, 1901
VANISHING WILD FLOWERS

By ELIZABETH G. BRITTON

A number of articles on this topic have been published this
year. They have awakened the interest of many readers, caused
much comment and discussion, and prompted investigation as to
the reasons for this calamity, which, if it does actually come to
pass, is as much to be deplored as the extermination of the buf-
falo, the seal or the beaver. As in the case of mammals and
birds, greed and thoughtlessness combine to do the harm, and
fashion and selfishness are the motives.

The New York Tribune of May 5th had the following article:

‘Now that spring is really here, the picnicking parties are in-
vading the woods north of the Harlem, and have begun the an-
nual’ systematic destruction of a large proportion of all wild
flowers within reach. The authorities of the Botanical Gardens
are on the lookout for them, and within their own precincts will
suard the blossoms as thoroughly as possible under a well
planned system; but the rest of the Bronx will be at their
mercy, and that means death to many a poor little plant. It is
not that these ruthless explorers fail to appreciate the beauty of
flowers—they ‘“‘just love them,” in all probability. The trouble
arises from their ignorance of the extent of the damage they do,
and from an utter inability to comprehend that a flower or any-
thing in the vegetable world has rights which the lord of crea-
tion himself is bound to respect. Thanks to the picnickers and
alleged botanists, the arbutus, loveliest of spring blossoms, has
been almost exterminated in the Bronx region. Its delicate pink
and white used once upon a time to hide under the leaves all
through the northern woods in that part of the suburbs ; now it
may be found only in spots where it commands less enthusiastic
admiration, The mountain laurel has shared a similar fate.”

[ The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number. Vol. 1, No. 7, comprising pages 73-84, was issued July 13, 1901, |

86

“The most curious feature of this destructive energy is that
the plants and flowers so carelessly torn from their homes prob-
ably give little or no satisfaction to those who take them away
with them. Is there, for instance, a more unsatisfactory flower
to make attractive in a vase than the arbutus?- It pines for its
screen of leaves; the loveliness that seems 'so perfect when half
hidden becomes quite inadequate when pulled out into the glare
of the day and put down ina city room. The same is true of
most other delicate wood plants. They depend upon the charm
of their surroundings.” In 7he House Beautiful, July, 1901.

“Ts there a flower lover who has gone out into the country with
a party of young people unaccustomed to find themselves sur-
rounded with green who has not noted with something very like
hopeless rage the immediate rush on every growing thing in the
neighborhood, its instant uprooting and subsequent careless toss-
ing aside? Later in the day, before going home, when all the blos-
soms in the immediate neighborhood have been destroyed, there
is a search for fresh fields, and another spot is denuded. A few
dejected blossoms are all that is left when home is reached ;
nothing of any value remains out of all the lives butchered to
make an East Side holiday. The saddest part of it is, not that the
children do it, for that might be pardoned on the score of ignor-
ance, but that those in authority permit it without a remonstrance.”’

‘The flower’s right to existence nobody takes into account, or
the harm done to the children by allowing them to think that
they may destroy life as they choose.”’

And in this connection arises the question of public rights on
private property. I know that less than fifty miles from New
York, a man of wide and varied culture and sympathies, a mem-
ber of a variety of horticultural and agricultural societies, own-
ing a large tract of land away from any large town, has at-
tempted to plant the waste roadside places and private woodland
with wild and cultivated flowers, and repeatedly seen great bunches
of them carried off by people, walking or driving by, who did not
realize all the trouble and expense he had been to, in order to
beautify the roadsides for them and for others who might come
later. Manya prized Azalea bush has been rifled before its owner
knew it, often thoughtlessly and without evil intention by those
who ‘‘just love them.”’

87

The destruction of wild flowers not only takes place while
they are in bloom but there is another cause which is even worse
than picking and that is fire. In early spring, March and April,
when the woods are dry and high winds prevail, a match thrown
carelessly among the dry leaves will start a fire which soon at-
tains serious proportions and is often difficult to conquer, so that
in a short time nothing remains but charred stems and scorched
earth from which weeds only can derive sustenance. Fires often
result, in the New York Botanical Garden, from the carelessness of
smokers, and they always start near the paths. |

The same selfish disregard of consequences impels picnic
parties to come and scatter unsightly papers, boxes and broken
glass, in spite of the fact that according to the city ordinances
they are guilty of a misdemeanor and liable for each offence to
a fine of from one to five dollars.

These evils are due to thoughtlessness and selfishness ; now let
us see what fashion is doing. In the July number of the House
Beautiful occurs the following paragraph :

“The rarest flower in Europe, the edelweiss, is becoming
scarcer every year, and unless measures are taken to prevent in-
discriminate gathering it is likely to disappear altogether. The
edelweiss only grows 2,500 or 3,000 yards above the level of
the sea and under special climatic conditions. Unfortunately, the
edelweiss has become the ‘fashionable’ flower in Germany since
the Emperor commenced wearing it.”’

The truth of the matter is that for commercial purposes, the
wild supply of edelweiss has long been insufficient and for many
years it has been impossible to gather it “indiscriminately,” for it
is only to be found in the most inaccessible places. But it has
long been cultivated for sale to tourists and makers of souvenirs.
In fact, the edelweiss is not difficult to grow in suitable localities,
and even in unsuitable ones for it, such as the New York Botanical
Garden, it has grown and blossomed for two years in succession,
in one of the Composite beds of the Herbaceous Grounds, next
to its North American allies, the everlastings and cudweeds.
The living plants were obtained from the Buffalo Botanical Gar-
den, where it has also been grown, but a succession of hot, dry
summers has killed it. In the shaded and moist rock-garden
yet to be built it may probably be made to live.

88

It would be interesting to learn how many boxes of arbutus
are annually mailed in the United States and how near extermina-
tion it is at the several stations where it was formerly abundant.
We know that at Lakewood there is little of it left, and we hope
that George Gould will protect it within the limits of his estate.
It is the only way that certain rare plants and birds have been
preserved in England, and we are rapidly finding such restrictions
necessary. At Natural Bridge all persons are forbidden picking
wild flowers. Various places have their fashionable favorites ; in
the Berkshires it is the fringed gentian, in Boston the Saddata,
at several places in Pennsylvania it is the Rhododendron, Kalimia
and Azalea, and New York may well claim first place as destroyer
of the Holly and Prizos berry. We may well ask, also, where
will the Christmas trees and greens come from in the future, if
they do not cultivate the balsams and spruces, and cease the reck-
less destruction of ground-pine and laurel. Weare sending now
to the southern states for most of the holly and mistletoe and to.
the states northeast of us for Christmas trees. _

Before it became the fashion to use ‘ Galaxy” for funeral
wreaths, Galax was very abundant in the southern Alleghanies,
but now that the leaves are picked by the crate-full, it is becom-
ing more expensive. It is to be hoped that they do not “kill the
goose that lays the golden egg.”

The custom of filling jardinieres with ferns has destroyed many
pretty nooks in Bronx Park and is the cause of endless trouble,
as the propensity to take them and ignore the signs, seems to be
a prevalent feminine failing. None of our native ferns are par-
ticularly suited to this purpose, however, and invariably need fre-
quent renewing, so that it would be easy to exterminate any one
species very soon, if the depredations were permitted and con-
tinued. Inthe heat of summer nothing is more beautiful and
restful than a fern bank ; but the sight will not be allowed to New-
Yorkers if energetic folk who “‘must have green things about”
have their way. Much care has been taken to transplant into
suitably prepared nooks and crevices of the Fern corner, the rarer
species and varieties of North American ferns and to surround
them with beds of mosses and rocks and shade. The Walking-
fern has been exceedingly difficult to establish. There are sev-
eral stations for this fern within a radius of fifty miles from New

89

York City, but the stations are kept secret by those members
of the ‘‘ Torrey Botanical Club”’ who know them, for fear that it
will be exterminated. This is the experience of a New England
botanist who mourns about her losses in Rhodora for March.
“We find the ‘Walking-leaf’—to use Dr. Bigelow’s English
name for the Camptosorus—but a pretty habit that it has may be
the death of it. Growing amongst mosses and other low plants
that need but little depth of soil, and whose interlaced roots weave
the whole together, it frequently carpets the flat tops of rocks—
a beautiful sight which draws the attention even of idle picknick-
ers who, not realizing that they are destroying years of growth,
find it amusing to peel off these mats and then, without a pitying
thought, throw them on the ground todie. Thus they have laid
bare the rocks within sight of their walks; but away from the
paths the interesting fern is still common.”

In Connecticut the Hartford or Climbing fern was so nearly
exterminated for decorative purposes that a law was passed pro-
tecting it. We hope that the newly-awakened popular interest in
ferns will not lead to the same sad results, but rather cultivate the
love of these beautiful plants and help to protect them.

The Natural Science Committee of the Associate Alumnae of
the Normal College has been doing a good work, among the
children of the East side, in distributing ‘‘ Nature Material,”
holding flower-shows in various places and making ‘“ loan-col-
lections”’ for the use of the teachers. We quote from the last
Annual Report which reaches 1,500 members.

During the past year the Natural Science Committee has done
all in its power to arouse greater interest in Nature Study, es-
pecially among the teachers and children of the public schools.
With this object in view, the following lines of work have been
carried on:

First, the distribution of ‘(nature material’? to the Alumnae
School Representatives. There have been five of these distri-
butions and the specimens have been as far as possible ‘“‘ accord-
ing to season,” that the children might come into touch with
what was going onin the great world of nature, even though
obliged to spend their days amid brick and mortar.

October 12, 1900. Fruits and seeds of all kinds, as well as
some of the late flowers, as witch-hazel and fringed gentian.

90

December 7, 1900. Evergreens of many kinds, holly, ground-
pine, etc.

January 16, 1901. Birds’ nests, cocoons, starfish, sea-urchins,
shells, minerals, etc.

February 28, 1901. Budding twigs in great variety, also
mosses, lichens, fungi and sea-weeds.

April 16, 1901. Material for aquaria: frogspawn, tadpoles,
snails and aquatic plants. A number of maple seedlings in paper
pots were also distributed. In a number of instances barrels of
labeled specimens have been sent direct to various down-town
schools. ‘‘ About twenty boxes and baskets were sent every
week to the ten vacation schools.”

‘Through the distributions we reach the teachers, but by means
of the flower shows we come into direct touch with the children.
Last May the experiment was tried of holding a flower show in
one of the down-town schools. It proved even more successful
than we had anticipated and we hope to make this a permanent
branch of our work, as it seems to be more far-reaching in its
effects than anything else we undertake. The flowers are en-
Joyed, not only by the children of the school in which the exhi-
bition is held, but by the neighboring schools which are invited
to visit the show after school hours ; the mothers of the children
are asked to come, and if there chances to be a little leisure time
the children from the street are invited in.”

It is evident from the above quotations that such wholesale
quantities as these must be judiciously selected, or there will be
no wild flowers left within easy transportation of the city. One
member is reported to have sent 150 fetcher-plants from a bog at
Plymouth, Massachusetts! We question the wisdom of gathering
either fringed gentians, pitcher-plants or christmas-fern, in quan-
tities sufficient for distribution to seventy-five teachers, and we
hope the pupils of country schools may be guided to make a wise
selection, if they are encouraged to send flowers in quantities to
the city schools.

The flowers which may be picked in large quantities, without
likelihood of extermination are dandelions, violets, daisies, butter-
cups, black-eyed Susan, wild carrot, clovers, sweet melilot,
golden-rod, asters, and grasses innumerable. But the rarer,
dainty woodland wild flowers, that fade as soon as they are picked

91

such as spring-beauties, dogtooth-violets, bloodroot and hepati-
cas, columbines, anemone, arbutus and pyxie, azalea and laurel,
wilk pinks, geraniums and roses and lilies and orchids, dogwood
and viburnums, are far better left to reproduce their kind and add
new loveliness in new places next year and for many years after.
Several times since our connection with the New York Botanical
Garden I have stopped children and teachers who were picking
‘flowers or breaking branches of trees, and have been told it was
for ‘“ nature study”’ or for ‘“‘ school” and when asked if they did
not know it was against the rules of all public parks to pick any-
thing, they almost invariably replied either that they had been in
the habit of picking in this place before it became a Park ora
Garden and did not see why they should not continue to do so ;
or they implied that the object for which they were to be used
justified the breach of law. The making of loan collections
for the teachers is an excellent plan, and the accumulation of
local floras at two or three different educational institutions also
will help them. For the children, there are the Museums of
National History and Botany and the Children’s Museum in
Brooklyn, but we hope that besides these, we shall have fora
long time yet, places near the city, where the wild flowers may
be seen growing and that the children of the public schools may
not only learn to “now them by name and enjoy them,” but leave
them to continue their growth. The greatest destruction of all,
comes from the draining, clearing and cultivating of wild lands ;
and in the vicinity of large cities, by the continued extension of
their limits ; this, of course, is unavoidable.

The Metropolitan Park Commission of Boston has printed a
Flora of the parks within their jurisdiction, compiled by various
local botanists who volunteered their services, organizing and
cooperating for this purpose. It was published in 1896 and
special localities were given for a number of rare plants, among
them Pogonia verticillata, Habenaria fimbriata, Epigaea repens,
Kalmia latifolia and Conopholis Americana and in the preface we
find the following references to them: ‘The public should be
exhorted, if they come across such plants as these, to preserve
them rigidly. The true botanist and lover of nature needs no
such exhortation.”

It would be interesting to know, whether any injurious results

92

have followed its publication, or whether the Boston public has
reached such a high degree of culture both moral and aesthetic
that no one makes an exception even of himself?

But the climax has been reached in an advertisement which
has been printed in Rhodora, the Journal of the New England
Botanical Club, since May. It announces that on the Bangor
and Aroostook Railroad, there is to be had the “ best botanizing
in the Eastern States,” and proceeds to give the names of stations
and lists of rare plants to the length of two whole pages. We
ask with amazement, where did they get the information? What
botanist sold his birthright for a few railroad passes? For-
tunately, many of the plants listed are so rare that only the dis-
criminating and trained botanical specialist will be sure to find
them, and the general public will hunt a long time and not
know them when they see them.

Mr. Redfield used to tell the story of Rafinesque that when he
first found Corema Conradi, he threw himself down upon it and
stretching out his arms, said ‘all that I cover is mine.” It is
not always the most enlightened who are the most unselfish.
There have been botanists, even in the Torrey Club, who up-
rooted plants wantonly and made no good use of them after they
were picked. But the custom of carrying “tin trunks’’ has
been largely superseded by presses, and only a few duplicates
are now made of each species.

The flora of Great Britain is, perhaps, the best known of any
in the world; and there is more knowledge among the working
people of special and difficult branches of botany, probably than
in any other country, Germany not excepted. Dr. Braithwaite
told me that he had solda great many copies of the ritish Moss-
flora to the Manchester weavers.

But many of their rarest plants have been exterminated by
botanists, as shown by the following quotations taken from the
Journal of Botany for July:

‘The accuracy in general matters for which the Daz/y A/ail has
long been conspicuous, extends to its botanical information. We
reproduce the most recent item in the hope that the publicity now
given to the methods of the ‘ professional botanist’ will cause him
to abstain from this nefarious means of adding to his income.

‘Four of the daintiest of English wild plants are rapidly dis-

ino
appearing from this country, and one, at any rate, can rarely be
seen outside Kew gardens. This is the Cypripedium Calceolus
commonly known as the ‘lady’s slipper.’ It is really a wild
orchid, with a pretty yellow flower resembling in shape the article
which has given it its popular name. The other vanishing plants
are the Osmunda regalis, the Scolopendrium vulgare (hart’s
tongue), and the Asplenium viride (green spleenwort), all of which
are ferns. Their disappearance is due to the depredations of the
tourist, especially of the cyclist, and the professional botanist,
who scours the woods and disposes of his ‘ finds’ for a few pence
in the streets of the nearest large town.” —Dazly Marl, June 26.

“There can, however, be little doubt that, apart from the
ravages of ‘professional botanists’ and the destructive efforts of
various local bodies, who throughout the country are engaged
in destroying grassy roadsides and scarifying hedgebanks, to the
creat advantage of the nettles, docks and other weeds which take
the place of the native vegetation, our British plants are threat-
ened with a new danger.”

‘“‘T have before me the programme of the Essex Technical In-
struction Committee for Field Studies in Natural History. The
course for 1901 is intended to instruct teachers in the elements
of botany by means of rambles in search of wild flowers. One
leading feature is a vacation course of ten days in the New
Forest. The teachers are to be accompanied by local guides,
and their attention is particularly directed to the rarest species,
which are specially named, as well as the places in which they
are known to grow. To collect, dry and identify plants is the
chief aim of the leaders, who not only urge every teacher to
make his own collection, but suggest that duplicate plants will
prove useful for ‘special fascicles.’ It seems to me lamentable
that teachers should be advised to study natural history by
schedules, and to gather plants merely in order to name and dry
them. I imagine that they will be worse and not better for
working through so dry and barren a course. Nothing shows
the want of judgment of the promoters more clearly than that
untrained botanists should be seriously advised to pay particular
attention to the difficult and uncertain subspecies of the common
bramble. But all of us, whether we are concerned with the
teaching of botany or not, have an interest in the preservation of

94 °

our native plants. The Essex Committee is simply organizing a
raid upon plants which are already near to extinction. I hope
that they will fail to discover the rarities which they selfishly
covet; their enterprise is, I venture to say, an injury to natural
history and to education alike. It may not be too late to get
this programme cancelled, and I would beg those who care for
live natural history to use their influence in diverting the atten-
tion of the Essex collectors to some other pursuit where they
will do less harm.”

ON SCIKRPUS KOBUSIUS, PURSH “AND GER aA iay
OF TS NERA eS

By EvuGENE P. BICKNELL

A recent article by Mr. M. L. Fernald in Rhodora, 2: 239
(‘‘ Representatives of Sczrpus maritimus in America’) brings to
notice a common eastern bulrush hitherto concealed under the
species Sczrpus robustus Pursh.

Mr. Fernald’s paper, of much interest in itself, was of particular
interest to me for the reason that this same bulrush clearly an-
nounced itself to me in the field several years ago, when I was
led over the same technical ground traversed by Mr. Fernald’s
more recent study, and to conclusions similar to but not identical
with those there expressed.

Mr. Fernald’s conclusion is that the new plant is related to
Scirpus robustus as a variety, by which term I understand a state
or condition of that species or a tendency of the plant, from what-
ever cause, to express itself in a particular form more or less
divergent from the recognized type.

My own conclusions were that the plant was probably not a
very remote derivative, or ancestor, of Sczrpus robustus, but that
the two plants had, nevertheless, reached a condition of organic
separateness—of individualization—which could be rightly ex-
pressed only in terms of absolute distinctness at species. Here
was a case, it seemed to me, one of many, indeed, where ex-
tremely close relationship would probably refuse to be transformed
under any conditions of environment into actual organic identity.

Mr. Fernald finds this new eastern plant to be identical with —
the Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson from Wyoming. This being
true I cannot doubt that the plant should continue to be known

95

by the specific name conferred by Mr. Nelson rather than by
the varietal form proposed by Mr. Fernald.

My own observations on the two plants were made near
Van Cortlandt, New York City, where both occurred near to-
gether in the same marshes, S. rvobustus mostly along muddy
ditches, S. paludosus on the open salt meadows or along their
borders. I have since found S. paludosus abundant on muddy
or sandy flats along the coast as far east as Mt. Desert.

Not the least noteworthy distinction between the two plants
where they occur together is in their time of flowering, S.
puludosus coming into bloom three or four weeks before its near
relative, sometimes being in full bloom while yet its companion
species shows not the first signs of developing spikes. I have
found it blooming as early as the third week in May, while the
spikes of S. vodustus do not usually appear until towards the
middle of June. Furthermore S. paludosus often or usually
grows in close colonies, S. robustus in scattered groups. My
field notes record the following comparative differences between
the two as they occur at New York: S. vobustus is habitually
much taller and more leafy, mostly with longer and broader
leaves and stouter culms ; S. paludosus is lower and stiffer, with
much shorter and narrower leaves. It is in fact often extremely
slender throughout, and though becoming 6 dm. or more tall
often bears dense clusters of fruiting spikes when only a few
inches high. S. vobustus becomes 1.5 meters tall, and small ex-
amples are usually sterile or only imperfectly floriferous. The
dense clusters of mostly ovate, sessile spikes have already been
described by Mr. Fernald. In addition I find the scales to be
usually darker and relatively shorter, finally becoming more
lacerate and the achenes often also darker, thicker and more
broadly obovate or sub-orbicular, and the styles shorter. The
underground tuber-bearing stems also appear to be quite con-
stantly shorter than those of S. rodustus.

S. paludosus has undoubtedly much the habit of S. campestris
Britton, of the prairie region, which is also rated by Mr. Fernald
only a variety of S. robustus. Of the perfect distinctness of S.
campestris, however, I can feel no doubt after the examination of
fully matured examples showing a form of achene which in

96

greater narrowness and more pointed apex, besides duller color,
was unmistakably different from that of S. vobustus.

The purpose of this paper, however, is not to announce a mere
want of exact accord in the results of two independent studies of
the plants in question but rather to bring out the existence of
still another New England bulrush of the S. robustus group cer-
tainly very distinct from any other at present recognized. This
plant was collected by me in mature fruit August 20, 1898, on
the shore of Somes Sound, Mt. Desert, Maine, growing in com-
pany with S. paludosus. This plant may appropriately bear the
name of Mr. Fernald, through whose critical industry the old
genus Sczvpusin New England has become scarcely recognizable
in its lineaments of to-day.

Scirpus Fernaldi sp. nov. Rather pale green, from 4—8 dm.
high, the slender culms sharply three-angled and striate: stem-
leaves long and narrow, the longer ones equalling or surpassing
the inflorescence, 2-6 mm. wide, slenderly attenuate: primary
involucral leaf erect, mostly 15-20 cm. long: spikes rather pale,
short-ovate or finally broadly ovate, mostly 10-15 mm. long,
I—3 in a sessile or stipitate cluster and 1-5 solitary, on slender
stiffy flexuous or crinkled, wiry, diverging peduncles 2-7 cm.
long: scales finely close-puberulent, the lower ones often rather
-widely ascending, membranous, acuminate, entire or bifid- or be-
coming lacerate, the midvein excurrent in a slender flexuous or _
recurved awn 3-12 mm. long: achene rather yellowish-brown
and shining, broadly truncated, obovoid-cuneate, 2.5—3 mm. long,
and broad, usually slightly longer than broad, almost equally
trigonous or slightly depressed trigonous, the angles rounded or
the dorsal swelling more or less umbonate, short-mucronulate
and sometimes slightly retuse, the slender style several times the
length of the achene, bearing three slender stigmas ; bristles
shorter than or subequal with the achene.

Type in herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

The pale, short-ovoid spikes, some of them on slender, elon-
gated peduncles, and bluntly trigonous achenes, mark this plant
off distinctly from all of its near allies.

& WEEPING (CRATAEGUS

By JoHN K. SMALL
Several years ago Mr. A. H. Curtiss sent me specimens of a _
very slender Crataegus which he had collected near Crestview in

97

western Florida. A year later the collectors of the Biltmore
Herbarium secured more complete specimens from the same
locality, some of which, together with the field notes, Mr. C. D.
Beadle has kindly placed in my hands. The species may be
characterized as follows:

Crataegus lacrimata

A small tree 4-5 meters tall, with a single trunk 1-2 dm.
thick, or more frequently with several main stems I—2 meters
long, the branches ‘‘ weeping.” Bark of the branches gray, often
slightly scaly: branches and twigs zigzag, armed with thorns or
thorn-like spurs 1-3 cm. long: leaves numerous; blades firm
or leathery, cuneate-spatulate, 1-2 cm. long, or rarely slightly
longer, predominately truncate or rounded at the apex or often
a few of them merely blunt or acutish, toothed mainly at the
apex or above the middle, with a minute dark gland terminating
each tooth, 3-nerved, glabrous at least when mature, cuneately
narrowed into slender finely pubescent petioles: corymbs 2—4-
flowered, or sometimes developing a single flower: pedicels 8-13
mm. long, glabrous at least in age, occasionally bearing a few
linear-filiform deciduous scales: hypanthium turbinate, the lower
part even, the upper and more spreading part ridged: sepals
2.5-3 mm. long, about as long as the hypanthium, lanceolate or
triangular-lanceolate from a triangular or more dilated base, en-
tire, glabrous, with reddish or brownish tips, early and per-
manently recurving: petals 5, white, suborbicular, 5-6 mm.
broad: stamens normally 20; anthers yellowish, about I mm.
long: pomes pyriform when young, becoming globose or nearly
so at maturity, yellow, orange or orange-red, with a thin but
succulent flesh, crowned with a short neck representing the re-
mains of the top of the hypanthium: mature carpels usually 3,
minutely roughened, 5-6 mm. long and nearly as broad.

Along streams in pine woods, near Crestview, Florida.

Crataegus lacrimata is most closely related to C. /epfida and
like it has drooping branches with relatively short internodes ; but
C. lepida is a small thorny shrub seldom over 1 meter tall ; it
also differs in the glabrous or glabrate foliage and inflorescence
and in the longer narrower and more attenuate bases of the leaf-
blades. Crataegus lepida bears leaves with obovate, orbicular-
ovate or nearly orbicular blades which at the time of unfolding
are both pubescent and glandular, while the pedicels and hypan-
thium are tomentose during anthesis, whereas in the case of C.

98

lacrimata the twigs are glabrous or nearly so, the leaves with
their narrow blades only slightly if at all pubescent, except on the
petioles, and not glandular, while the pedicels and the hypanthium
are glabrous. The types pecimens (Biltmore Herbarium no. B 17
and B 969) are in the Herbarium of the N. Y. Botanical Garden.

The plants flower during the first half of April, good flower-
ing specimens having been collected on April 8, 1899, while the
fruits ripen after the middle of August and have fallen, usually
before the first of September.

REVIEWS

Seed Plants*

The first part of the ‘Morphology of Spermatophytes”’ deals
with the Gymnosperms alone, and is presented as the outgrowth
of a course of lectures and laboratory work at Chicago Uni-
versity. A chapter is devoted to each of the four orders,
Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales. In the sec-
tions of these chapters on vegetative organs there are a number
of half-tone habit illustrations from photographs but the majority
of original illustrations are those of the development of the ovule
and pollen grain in Puzus Laricio by Chamberlain.

The chapter on the Conifers is naturally the most detailed,
both from the present importance of the group in the temperate
zone, and since more morphological and cytological work has
been done on it. The Gnetales are treated purely from com-
parison of literature owing to difficulty in obtaining material.
The internal treatment of each group is what one would expect,
dealing first with the vegetative organs including a limited
amount of anatomy, more especially of the stem. The spore-
producing members, the gametophytes and the embryo are the
other sections of these four chapters. One realizes in comparing
the review of the embryology of the four groups how much work
is still to be done in tracing the stages of the development of
the critical regions of the embryo itself. The authors have, it
seems, not added to our knowledge on this point. The question
of the possible homologies of the ovuliferous scale and bract is
considered at some length and a working decision given in favor

* Coulter, John M., and Chamberlain, Charles J. Morphology of Spermato-
phytes. Part I. Gymnosperms, 8vo., pp. x +188. D. Appleton & Co., N. Y.,
Ig0I. Price, $1.75.

99

of regarding the scale as a carpel rather than with Celakovsky, as
an outer integument.

The remaining four chapters of the book are a comparative
summary of those preceding, with two devoted respectively to
fossil gymnosperms and geographical distribution. The fossil
forms are treated practically from the standpoint of Scott and
there are new illustrations of Cycadeoidea from the preparations
of Wieland, of Yale. One looks perhaps for a rather more
thorough treatment of the intermediate group of Cycadofilices
from which, according to the authors, the cycads are derived
through the Bennettitales, while the Ginkgoales and Coniferales
originate through the Cordaitales. This phylogeny looks to the
Filicales as the ancestral group of the Gymnosperms because of
the close similarity of the Cycads and Cycadofilices.

The book serves as a very convenient and up to date summary
of the literature of the subject; a separate bibliography is given
for the five more important chapters and a complete bibliography
at the end of the book. The references from the text are made,
however, by numbers corresponding to the chapter bibliography,
which is not as convenient for the reader as footnotes ; and the
chronological arrangement of even the shorter bibliographies
seems unnecessary. The half-tone illustrations are not always
as satisfactory as the older line work especially for anatomical
reproductions (see Fig. 47), or for such morphological details as
the seedling leaf forms (Fig. 42), of which the arrangement as a
whole is excellent. The book undoubtedly provides a useful and
concise review of the present knowledge of Gymnosperms.—

Louise B. Dunn.
Practical Text-Book of Plant Physiology. By D. T. Macpoucat,

Ph.D. Longmans, Green & Co., Ig01.

In this text-book the author departs somewhat from the usual
arrangement of the subject found in the majority of plant phys-
iologies. In the opening chapter on the “‘ Nature and Relations
of an Organism” are found excellently clear and concise defini-
tions of such phenomena as rigor, irritability, tonicity, etc.,
which must be of great service to the student in forming a definite
conception of these underlying and often not properly understood
principles of plant physiology. Following this chapter are sev-
eral on the relation of plants to various external agents. In the

100

first of these, the ‘‘ Relation of Plants to Mechanical Forces,”’ is
found a very full treatment of experiments which have to do with
contact stimuli—more particularly by the curling of tendrils—
on which the author himself has already done much work.

The third chapter, entitled “Influence of Chemicals upon
Plants,” treats of this subject in its broadest aspect, including a
full list of experiments on the toxic action of various salts. The
title of this section may possibly be open to criticism by some,
owing to the somewhat limited field which the term “‘ chemicals”
covers, in its common, though perhaps not correct, usage.

In the relation of plants to the influence of water, gravity, temper-
ature, electricity and light is found the subject of the next five chap-
ters. Inthe consideration of the influence of light the author treats
it from the interesting standpoint of light as a stimulating rather
than as a retarding agent in the matter of phototropic effects.

Chapter nine deals with the “‘ Composition of the Body,”’ or, in
other words, with the substances found in plants. Following this
the ‘‘ Exchanges and Movements of Fluids,” including osmosis,
the transpiration current, etc., are taken up, while ‘ Nutritive
Metabolism ”’ is not introduced until the eleventh chapter.

In connection with this we find the subject of the next chapter
is ‘‘ Respiration, Fermentation, and Digestion.” Under the last-

named head fall the experiments with enzymes which are very -

complete and practical.

The phenomena of growth in itself, aside from the growth at-
tending curvatures, is kept until almost the last, perhaps that they
may be contrasted and compared with those of reproduction,
which is very fittingly the final chapter of the book. An appendix
of chemical and physical tables and a copious index is included.

Throughout the book we find a clear cut and concise style
which to the student will prove a great boon. Particularly are
the opening sections of each chapter to be mentioned ; they serve
to properly orient the reader on what is to follow. When the
immense ground to be covered is considered, the very complete
list of experiments can but prove satisfactory and almost always
well chosen. Several new contrivances, among which is a pre-
cision auxanometer, will recommend themselves to the experi-
menter. H. M. Ricuarps.

i” ‘

Vole | No. 9

TORREYA

September, 1901

DISTRIBU LION OF RPTEROSRORA
By D. T. MAcDouGAL

Pine Drops (Pterospora Andromedea Nutt.) ranges over a region
extending from Mexico northward through California and the
-Rocky Mountain district into British Columbia, appearing east of
- the Mississippi River in Michigan, and ranging eastward and also
southward along the Alleghany Mountains. These two ap-
‘parently separate areas are probably joined by a belt extending
westward through Canada above the headwaters of the Missis-
- sippi.. The plant is an inhabitant of the pine or transition zone,
and its climatal relations are indicated by its limits in southern
Arizona, where it occurs only at elevations between 7,000 and
8,000 feet.

In the course of some recent studies on the physiology of this
symbiotic saprophyte (Annals of Botany, 1899) the author was
unable to obtain living specimens from eastern United States, and
from facts given by correspondents and brought to light by the
author, it was concluded that this species was moving toward ex-
tinction. It has become extremely rare east of the Mississippi
River.: not more than a dozen specimens were found in Arizona
in a region three hundred miles long, and not a score have been
seen in northern Idaho in two seasons’ work in collecting.

During the present season, however, the writer has traversed
the Mission Mountains as a member of the Biological Expedition
from the University of Montana, and met this plant in great
abundance. It is found at altitudes of 3,000 to 4,000 feet in the
rich humus of coniferous woods, and at one place east of the
southern end of Flathead Lake a hundred stalks were counted
within a radius of thirty feet of the observer, and many thousands

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-
ing number. Vol. 1, No. 8, comprising pages 85-100, was issued August 23, 1901. ]

102

were seen in the course of a day’s walk. The plant probably at-
tains its greatest density of distribution in this locality.

The plant derives all its food material from humus by the aid
of a fungus living in the roots, which form a small compact mass
no larger than a golf ball. Any disturbance or departure from
the conditions offered by a primitive forest would be detrimental
to the growth and development of both the Prerospora and the
fungus with which it is allied. It will, therefore, probably become
extinct in eastern United States, but will retain its foothold
among the western mountains until its habitats are ravaged by
fire, or by clearing of the forest.

In its habitat in the Mission Mountains, Prerospora occurs
more abundantly in a given locality than any other known
chlorophylless seed plant.

TWO NEW BUSH CLOVEKS (ZESPEDEZZ)
By EuGENE P. BICKNELL

It may well be doubted whether the notable activity of the
last few years in the critical exploration and study of our com-
mon flora has yet achieved anything more than a very good be-
ginning.

A few years ago the discovery of a new eastern species was
. hailed as a botanical event. Now, no season passes but a nu-
merous progeny of new species is transplanted from nature into
the pages of our botanical serials, and still in the background
many others await their turn. The doors to new discovery,
thought by the last generation of botanists to be barred and
locked by our earlier manuals, have been easily pushed wide
open, and, lo, we find a beginning where our predecessors seemed
to find the end.

Among the species of Lespedeza that have all this time been
awaiting recognition, two well-marked eastern plants may here be
distinguished.

Lespedeza velutina

Erect, , stout, bushy-branched above or sometimes simple,
0.5-1.25 meters high, the appressed-ascending branches mostly

103

not over 10-15 cm. long, densely velvety-pubescent throughout,
the younger parts soft-canescent. Leaves numerous, crowded,
ascending or subappressed, on short petioles mostly 3-5 mm.
long, shorter than or slightly exceeding the very narrow,
recurved-spreading stipules; leaflets oblong, somewhat nar-
rowed to the base, rounded to the short-mucronulate apex,
25-40 mm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, densely tomentose-ciliate,
the odd leaflet usually slightly the largest on a foot-stalk longer
than the petiole: inflorescence capitate in dense clusters axillary
to the upper leaves or crowded at the ends of stem and branches ;
heads ovoid or broadly ovoid, subsessile or on obscure petioles
becoming 10-15 mm. long: corolla 6.5-8.5 mm. long, subequal
with the calyx lobes; standard pure white with a crescent of
suffused pink-purple streaks in the middle, oblong and partly
conduplicate, nearly horizontal; wings as long as the standard,
linear-oblong, narrowed to the tip, white ; keel shorter, purplish-
margined toward the tip: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, attenuate,
exceeding the corolla, becoming 8-10 mm. long, densely hoary-
pilose: pod oblong or narrowly rhomboid, gradually narrowed to
each end, 5-6 mm. long, mostly 2.5 mm. wide, densely short-
pubescent, much shorter than the calyx-lobes.

New York: Woodlawn, border of low thicket, beginning to
flower from the middle to the end of August.

MASSACHUSETTS: Beach Bluff, August, 1889, Wm. FE.
Wheelock.

Type from Woodlawn, N. Y., August 28, 1898, flowers ;
September 25, 1898, fruit : in herb. New York Botanical Garden.

This species, although beautifully distinct from Z. capitata
Michx., resembles that common species so closely in general
habit that it is not surprising it has remained undistinguished. The
soft velvety pubescence covering both surfaces of the leaves and
showing nothing of the appressed and silky character of that of
L. capitata and its more western variety sericea, will alone
always easily distinguish ZL. velutina from these near relatives.

It should be noted further that its flowering time is from two
to four weeks later than that of Z. capitata. ;

Lespedeza Brittonii
Densely soft cinereous-pubescent or tomentose, especially
above, with finally spreading hairs, becoming sparsely pubescent
below, the upper surface of the leaves thinly subappressed-pubes-

104

cent to glabrate : roots strong and greatly elongated : stems wand-
like and widely ascending, sometimes forming dense growths
several yards in extent, 0.6-1.25 meters long, simple or with
numerous, short, subappressed branches above, sometimes with
longer ascending branches from near the middle: leaves rather
light green, thickish, on short petioles mostly 2-10 cm. long,
the joints of the leaflets, especially, cinereous-tomentose ; pubes-
cence of lower surface short-tomentulose, that of the midrib
denser and more spreading, the margins tomentulose-ciliate ;
leaflets oblong, rounded or somewhat narrowed to base and
apex, mucronulate, 20-45 mm. long, 8-20 mm. wide, the odd leaf-
let slightly the largest and ona petiolule 3-10 mm. long : flower-
ing portion of stem elongated and bearing short stiffly sub-
appressed branches and reduced leaves: cleistogamous flowers
clustered on short lateral branches: petaliferous flowers short-
spicate at the ends of slender peduncles 2-5 cm. long sub-
terminal on the stem and sometimes on the branches; spikes
closely flowered, shorter than their peduncles, short-oblong or
globose, sometimes appearing capitate, 10-20 mm. long: flowers
very short-petioled or subsessile: corolla 6-8 mm. long, much
surpassing the calyx, whitish and pink tinged with purple, which
deepens to a streaky purple spot at the base of the standard :
calyx-lobes linear-attenuate, 4-5 mm. long: pod ovate or ob-
long-ovate, abruptly acute to somewhat acuminate, 4.5—6.5
mm. long, twice the length of the calyx-lobes or less, thinly
puberulent all over with short subspreading or tomentulose hairs.

MassaAcuusetts: Boston, Muddy Pond Hills, Sepleua 10,
1892, Edwin Faxon, herb. Columbia Univ.

New York: Near Bronxville (two stations), in dry soil sie
the borders of woods, flowering in late August and early Sep-
tember.

New JersEY: Quaker Bridge, C. Packering, Herb. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia.

Type from Bronxville, N. Y., September 4, 1893, flowers ;
September 16, 1893, fruit: in herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden.

Somewhat intermediate in characters between L. Nuttall Darl.
and forms of ZL. procumbens Michx., but larger than either and
well marked throughout as perfectly distinct.

The much smaller and normally trailing L. procumbens scarcely
needs close comparison. JL. Nuttalli is a smaller, normally erect
and much less pubescent plant, with more delicately and freely
branched inflorescence, longer and more slender petioles, thinner
and broader leaflets, which are paler and appressed-pubescent be-
neath, more Seed inflorescence of smaller flowers in smaller

105

and looser less strongly pedunculate spikes, longer-pedicelled
pods, which are longer, narrower and more acuminate, with
longer and more or less persistent instead of early deciduous
styles, and with the pubescence coarsely appressed-hairy instead
of thinly tomentulose.

_ It would appear that so well distinguished a plant, if not a rare
species, would have been often collected unless by reason of its
very brief flowering period it has escaped notice when in flower
and at other times has been passed over for some common MVe- .
b6omia which in appearance it strongly suggests.

NOTES ON LIRIODENDRON LEAVES

By EDWARD W. BERRY

(WiTH PLATES I AND 2)

The accompanying plates represent leaves borne near flower-
ing buds, either foliar flower-bud-scales or the next older leaf
than the bud-scale on full grown trees. Those figured on plate
I are one-fourth natural size, and those on plate 2 are two-thirds
natural size. They all serve to confirm the view previously af-
firmed * that the diversion of sap for other purposes causes the
abbreviated Liriophyllum-like leaf-form in this genus (z. ¢., Lzrio-
dendron). Yhe broadly-winged stipular appendages of the leaf-
stalk are much commoner this year (1901) than I have ever be-
fore observed them and it is quite possible that this excessive
stipular development may be a correlative of the long continuous
wet weather which was sucha remarkable feature of the: past
spring. Further support of this view is furnished by the ordinary
stipules which seem to average much larger in size than usual.

In some of the specimens the stipules are merely adnate, and
doubtless would, in a less wet season, become entirely separated,
splitting away from the petiole when it straightened, as do the
winged petiolar appendages in some species of Magnolia. Other
of the specimens however show evidence of a true persistent
union between petiole and stipule.

Of Figs! 3) 6) 7s, 11, and) 12, the only one, that need) be es-
pecially mentioned is the leaf shown in Figs. 6 and 7. Fig.
6 shows the entire leaf with its winged petiole, and Fig. 7 the en-

* Bull. Torr. Club, 28. S. 1901.

106

larged detail, to which attention is especially directed, together
with a cross section of the petiole showing the fibrous margin
formed by the descending lowest primary vein. The lowermost
vein divides as it approaches the midrib, the upper branch join-
ing the latter, while the lower branch is directed downward and
passes along the side of the petiole, remaining distinct as a tiny
fibrous margin of the latter all the way to the point of insertion
of the stipular wings.

Figs. 1, 2, and 4 show specimens in which the leaf-blade
has only developed sufficiently to form very small, ovate leaves
which, both in shape and venation, are very similar to Lzrzoden-
dron cotyledons, or to what I consider the ancestral type of Lzrio-
dendron \eaf to have been. Their summits are crowned with a
longer or shorter length of the persistent awn-like tip of the mid-
rib (in Fig. 1 the latter is 5 mm. in length).

Figs. 5, 9, and 10 show what I considered after careful com-
parison and measurement to be anomalous flower bud-scales,
before I found them in position on the tree. Afterward I found
numerous specimens in position (Figs. 13 to 16).

The forms figured at 10, which are quite common, have the
midrib developed for a considerable distance as a thread-like,
fibrous bundle with no trace of green tissue. In those forms
figured at 9, of which I have numerous specimens, the midrib is
much more extensively developed, being the normal length of a
true midrib, and bearing at its summit a thickened cylinder of
green tissue, evidently an abortive leaf-blade.

In Fig. 5, this mass is expanded into a true leaf-blade, ovate-
lanceolate in shape, and of tiny dimensions, bearing at its summit
the extended midrib as an awn of 21.5 mm. in length.

Fig. 10 minus the extended midrib shows the ordinary form
of the flower bud-scales which may be found in great numbers
rolled up on the ground beneath the trees as soon as the buds
have swollen sufficiently to cast them off.

Figs. 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, and 16 are especially interesting
inasmuch as they are practically identical with the foliate bud-
scales referred to in a previous paper (/. c.) as occurring in the
related genus Magnolia.

E. W. B.

LIRIODENDRON LEAVES

oy

i

ny)

a" wa

2 ey nel eee he an ae

Ts . ; f oy ea

3h fe "4 a q ’ i ie Ge

are
Le of
PR hae

107

It has seemed best not to enter into a detailed discussion of
the foregoing specimens at this time, but simply to publish them
with the hope that observers who may run across similar speci-
mens will kindly communicate with the writer, who intends pub-
lishing a more elaborate essay on Lzriodendron in the near future.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate 1. Leaves of Liriodendron Tulipifera L., from mature trees at Passaic, N.
J., all Y natural size except Fig. 7.

Figs. 1, 2, 4. Small, primitive-shaped leaves.

Figs. 3, 6, 11, 12. Leaves with winged petiole.

Figs. 5, 9, 10. Flower bud-scale.

Fig. 7. Enlarged detail of petiole and cross section.

Fig. 8. Acutely bilobate leaf with winged petiole.

Plate 2. Leaves of Lirtodendron Tulipifera L., from mature trees at Passaic, N.
J., all 24 natural size.

Fig. 13. Posterior aspect of foliar flower-bud-scale.

Fig. 14. Lateral view of a similar somewhat older specimen.

Fig. 15. Posterior view of same specimen.

Fig. 16. Lateral view of a bud-scale bearing a large, more normally shaped blade

and petiole.
Passaic, N. J.

IWO SWMACUZS OlF Ceavawless LINQ ONNl

By JoHn K. SMALL

More than ten years ago Dr. Britton collected a fruiting plant
of a Chamaehrium in the mountains of West Virginia. This
specimen was seen to be characteristic, particularly on account
of its large long-pedicelled capsules, but for some time nothing
else in our collections appeared to correspond to it very closely.
However, several years since, specimens from a number of locali-
ties have been obtained which have characters similar to those
possessed by the West Virginia plant and which together with
it doubtless represent an undescribed species. Therefore, the
genus Chamaelirium becomes a genus of two species, instead of
being monotypic as heretofore considered.

KEY TO THE SPECIES
Capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 7-10 mm. long. I. C. luteum.
Capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 12-14 mm. long. ~ 2. C. obovale.

1. CHAMAELIRIUM LuTEUM (L.) A. Gray. Stems 2-12 dm.

tall, those of staminate plants shorter than those of the pistillate,

108

simple: leaves mainly basal; blades spatulate or oblong-spatu-
late, 5-20 cm. long, tapering into broad petioles; stem-leaves
usually oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear, few: racemes spike-
like ; staminate usually continuous, 5-20 cm. long, the tip nodding ;
pistillate stiff, interrupted, longer than the staminate; pedicels
I-5 mm. long: perianth (staminate) white; sepals and petals
narrowly linear: capsules ovoid-oblong or oblong, 7-10 mm. long.

In open woods, Massachusetts to Ontario, Michigan, Florida
and Arkansas. Spring and summer. [I cite the following fruiting
specimens :

NortH CAROLINA: Roan Mountain, September 9, 1885, Dr. and Mrs. Britton.
TENNESSEE: Jackson, May, 1893, M/Z. S. M. Bain, no. 173.

GEORGIA: Macon, Dr. Boykin.

FLORIDA: Apalachicola, Dr. Chapman.

2. Chamaelirium obovale. Stems 6-11 dm. tall, leafy at the
base and to near the middle, somewhat zigzag: leaves various ;

basal with spatulate blades; cauline shorter, 4-15 cm. long, ob-

lanceolate to lanceolate or linear, acute or acuminate, erect or
ascending: flowers manifestly larger than those of C. luteum -

capsules obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 12-14 mm. long, on stout

club-shaped pedicels usually fully as long as the capsules or
slightly shorter.

In open woods, New York to West Virginia, North Carolina
and Alabama. Spring. I cite the following fruiting speeimens :

New York: Apalachin, M/r. 7. E£. Fenno, no. 396.

New JERSEY: Sneden’s Landing, on the Palisades, 1862, Dr. Torrey.

West VIRGINIA: White Sulphur Springs, August 19, 1890, Dr. Britton (type);
Aurora, August and September, Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Steele.

ALABAMA: Auburn, August 11, 1897, Messrs. Earle & Baker.

Chamachrium obovale seems to be rather characteristically an
Alleghanian species and, as far as we know, approaches the sea
coast only near New York City. On the other hand C. luteum
is most common in the middle and low country of the southern
states.

SHORTER NOTES

THE STORING OF SEEDS BY SQUIRRELS.—At Chilson Lake,
Essex county, N. Y., on June 15th, I collected a mass of white
pine seedlings from a hollow at the base of a pine tree, which
convinced me that a ‘‘chipmunk”’ had stored them there for

109

winter use and forgotten them. Scattered through the woods
among the paper-birches, I collected also clusters of seedlings
which looked as if a whole catkin had germinated just as it fell.
This also was probably the work of the squirrel for the seeds
usually fall out and are blown away singly. These seedlings were
brought home and some of them potted just as they were ; the
young plants have ‘thinned themselves out,’ and the few that
remain in each pot, lean away from each other at precisely the
angle which clumps of birches grow in. It seems probable that
this will explain why the birches are frequentiy found growing
in this way.—E. G. Britton.

Notes on ASTRAGALUS.—One of the most common failings of
manual descriptions results in leaving the student without a vivid
and definite impression of the plant as a whole, segregating it and
its kind from all others; in other words, a specific impression.
One 1s impressed by this more and more as he does larger amounts
of field work and sees the plants at home and learns to know them
equally well at all seasons. The best books become then ‘‘a
weariness to the flesh”’ at times, because of their laboratory flavor.
The illustrations in Britton and Brown help notably to overcome
this failing, though they can give but one form where several may
be found by the investigator in the field. Two species of As¢ra-
galus, with which it has been my good fortune to live, fail to find
their proper description in any manuals that I have seen, viz., A.
Flattensis Nutt. and A. Hypoglottis L. These are both caespitose
in habit, from underground stems, forming beds a rod or more in
extent, possibly and probably from several parent plants. A.
crassicarpus Nutt. and all the others with which these are bo-
tanically associated branch from the crown of a deep tap-root.
The individual plants remain self-centered and isolated while the
two of which I speak may be called gregarious. Now I wish to
insist that this is the characteristic of these two species, so that
with a slight knowledge in addition the collector may identify
these species without waiting for fruit to mature, as otherwise he
might have to do. Surely such marks as these, if known to the
author, should never be omitted from any descriptions. Yet these
are the very ones that are most likely to be omitted.—J. M. Bates.

110

NEWS ITEMS

The Macmillan Company announces the approaching publica-
tion of a ‘‘ University Text-Book of Botany,” by Professor Doug-
las Houghton Campbell.

Dr. N. L. Britton, in company with Prof. J. F. Cowell, Director
of the Buffalo Botanic Garden, is spending a few weeks in St.
Kitts, West Indies.

Mr. R. S. Williams left New York early in July for Bolivia,
where he expects to be engaged for a year or more in botanical
explorations.

Specimen pages of a catalogue of the ‘‘ Pteridophyta and Sper-
matophyta of Southern California,’ by Mr. Samuel B. Parish have
been issued. The volume is published by the Southern California
Academy of Sciences.

“Plant Life of Alabama,” a notable work by the late Dr. Charles
Mohr, has appeared as Vol. VI. of the Contributions from the
National Herbarium. It forms a large octavo volume of 921
pages. Dr. Mohr’s death occurred on July 17th; his greatest
botanical work was issued on July 31st.

Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes and her sister, Miss Caroline
Phelps Stokes, have donated three thousand dollars to the New
York Botanical Garden to be employed in special investigation
into methods of protecting native plants from extermination.

The Summer School of Science for the Atlantic provinces of
Canada, held at Lunenberg, Nova Scotia, has had this year an
enrollment of over three hundred pupils. The botanical instruc-
tion was in charge of Mr. G. U. Hay, A.M., and Mr. J. Vroom.

Dr. Arthur Hollick, recently of the Department of Geology of
Columbia University, has been appointed an assistant curator of
the Museums of the New York Botanical Garden, where he will
have special charge of the palaeobotanical collections.

Professor L. M. Underwood returned from Puerto Rico in the
latter part of July, bringing valuable collections of living plants,
seeds and dried specimens for the New York Botanical Garden.
He has since been devoting several weeks to explorations in Colo-
rado.

An

“ The American Botanist,a monthly journal for the plant-lover,”’
edited and published by Mr. Willard N. Clute of Binghamton,
N. Y., is one of the latest additions to the rapidly increasing list of
American botanical periodicals. The first number was issuedin July.

Mr. Percy Wilson, who accompanied the Todd eclipse expe-
dition to the Dutch East Indies in the interests of the New York
Botanical Garden, reached New York again on August 2oth.
Among his collections are interesting exhibits for the economic
museum and numerous living orchids.

The New York Botanical Garden expedition to Nova Scotia
and Newfoundland returned to New York on September goth.
About 12,000 dried specimens were secured, including 4,000 of
marine algae. A considerable quantity of algal material pre-
served in fluids was also obtained.

The department of biology of Teachers College, Columbia
University, will move into new and more spacious quarters be-
fore the opening of the university in October, a complete suite of
large rooms having been remodelled for its accommodation.
There will be two large laboratories facing north and east, stock
rooms, photographic and physiological dark rooms, and aquarium
room, besides the private offices of the instructors.

Dr. Theodore Greely White, of late an assistant in the depart-
ment of physics of Columbia University, died in New York City
on July 7th, aged twenty-nine years. Dr. White will be remem-
bered as a contributor of articles of merit to the Lzdletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club and the Asa Gray Bulletin. His chief in-
terests during the last four or five years were in the line of geology
and physics, but he had remained a member of the Torrey
Botanical Club up to the time of his death.

A “Society for the Protection of Native Plants” has been organ-
ized in Boston and vicinity, and leaflets are being published by it
directing attention to plants which are in special danger of becom-
ing extinct, at least locally. These leaflets are designed for dis-
tribution to teachers in the schools and to others in position to
further the aims of the society. They may be obtained by ad-
dressing Miss Maria E. Carter, Curator of Herbarium, Boston
Society of Natural History, Berkeley Street, Boston.

112

The first meeting of the International Association of Botanists
was held at Geneva, Switzerland, August 6th, 7th and 8th, un-
der the presidency of Professor Chodat, of the University of
Geneva. Complete organization was effected and a set of
statutes adopted. Provision was made for the management of
a periodical for the reviewing of botanical literature. The
further important item of business consisted in the purchase of
the Botanisches Centralblatt.. Professor K. Goebel, of Munich,
was elected President for the ensuing session and Professor F. O.
Bower, of the University of Glasgow, Vice-President.

During the recent meetings in Denver, the botanical interests
of the country were well represented in the Forestry Associa-
tion, the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, the
Botanical Club, Section G of the American Association, and the
Botanical Society of America. Despite the long distance which
most of the botanists in attendance had to travel, many repre-
sentative botanists were present and programmes of the usual
jength and interest were presented. A number of botanists made
short field excursions in various parts of Colorado at the close of
the meetings. The next annual meeting of the American Associ-
ation for the Advancement of Science and the affiliated Societies
wiil be held in Pittsburg in the latter part of June, 1902; business
sessions will be held in Chicago during convocation week at the
beginning of the year. Dr. D. H. Campbell was elected Chair-
man, and Dr. H. von Schrenk, Secretary, of the Botanical Sec-
tion of the Association; Dr. J. C. Arthur was elected President
of the Botanical Society of America and Dr. D. T. MacDougal,
Secretary. Among the important business coming up before the
Botanical Society of America, it was formally resolved :

“That it is the present policy of the Society to accumulate
invested funds until the annual income, interest and dues, is at
least $500, and then to use such income yearly, or at greater or
less intervals, as circumstance may dictate, for the best advance-
ment of botanical knowledge.”

A committee consisting of Drs. Trelease, Britton and Robin-
son was appointed by the Society, to investigate and report upon
the condition of the National Herbarium.

Vol. 1 No. 10

TORREYA

October, 1901

A FOSSIL NUT PINE FROM IDAHO*
By F. H. KNOWLTON

Some months ago I received from Mr. Waldemar Lindgren,
of the U. S. Geological Survey, a fossil pine cone that had been
obtained by one of his associates in the Snake River Valley, near
Bernard’s Ferry, Idaho. Unfortunately it was not found in posi-

Fic 1. Lateral view, showing the Fic. 2. Lateral view, showing scales
scales. with seed-cavities at their bases.

tion, having been picked up by a local ranch owner, but with
little doubt it is from the Pliocene lake beds that are so abun-
dantly exposed in that vicinity. It is silicified and in general so
closely resembles material from the lake beds as to make it rea-
sonably certain that it came from them.

* Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.
[ The exact date of publication of each issue of TorREYA is given in the succeed-

ing number. Vol. 1, No. 9, comprising pages IO0I-112, was issued September 28,
190!. |

114

I propose for this species the name

Pinus Lindgrenii

Cone apparently ovoid or nearly globular in shape; fertile
scales very thick, 2 cm. or more broad at apex; nut oblong or
obovoid, full and rounded at both ends, about 1.5 cm. long, and
I cm. or a little less in diameter.

This cone, which is fairly well shown in figures I, 2 and 3,
was, as nearly as can be made out, about 5.5 cm. in length and
4 cm. in diameter. It is irregularly broken through the fertile
portion, thus well exposing the large seed-cavities at the base of

Fic. 3. Basal view, showing the large seed-cavities.

the scales. The remaining scales diminish rapidly in size,
those at the apex being only 4 or 5 mm. in long diameter. In
several of the seed-cavities fragments of the very thin and evi-
dently brittle shell of the seed can still be observed, and in one
cavity a brownish, carbonaceous mass appears to represent the
seed itself.

So far as I am now aware, this is the first undoubted nut pine to
be described in a fossil state from this country. In the compact,
almost globular, shape of the cone, this pine seems most closely
to resemble Pinus edulis, but the size and shape of the scales,
and the larger seeds seem to bring it closer to P. monophylla.
Although having a cone that was apparently little if any larger
than the ordinary cones of P. edulis, the seeds are noticeably
larger than those of either this species or P. monophylla. The
present range of P. edulis covers the general locality where P.

115

Lindgreni was found, while P. monophylla occurs more to the
southward, yet the conditions during Pliocene times may have
been very different, and it is perhaps reasonable to conjecture
that this fossil species was the ancestor of P. monophylla.

SOME POEULAK PEANT=NAMES USED IN
GEORGIA

By ROLAND M. HARPER

The following plant-names are a few of those which I have
picked up in Georgia during ten years of residence and two sum-
mers of travel in the State. Every one is in common use in some
part of the State, though many of them have apparently never
come to the notice of botanists. They are used by people who
have no knowledge of botanical literature, and have never been
influenced thereby as have so many of the inhabitants of the
northeastern states.

As the customs and dialects of the people vary to a consider-
able extent in different parts of Georgia, I have thought best to
give in connection with each common name the names of one or
more counties in which it is in use, so that it may be connected
with some definite locality.

It is not claimed that all the following common names are new
to science, but most of them have never been reported from
Georgia before.

A few words of explanation are given for those names which
seem to need it.
Panicum digitariides Carpenter. Maiden cane. Decatur.
Sporobolus Indicus (L.) R. Br. Swamp-grass. Mitchell.

This is a rather misleading name.

Campulosus aromaticus (Walt.) Trin. Wild ginger. Sumter.
Smilax laurifolia L. Bamboo-vine. Sumter.

Smilax Waltert Pursh. Sarsaparilla. Sumter, Coffee.

Myrica cerifera L. Sweet oak. Sumter.

Quercus digitata (Marsh.) Sudw. Red oak. Sumter, Bulloch.

Probably confounded with Q. rubra, which is unknown in
these counties.

116

Lriogonum tomentosum Mx. Dog-tongue. Bulloch.
Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Yankapin. Decatur.

I cannot vouch for the spelling of this name. I have written
it as it sounded to me.

Rubus cuneifolius Pursh. Brier-berry. Bulloch.

So called to distinguish it from various species of Vaccinium
and Gaylussacia with black fruit inhabiting the same region.
Crataegus aestivalis (Walt.) T. & G. May haw. Sumter,

Mitchell.

This is the best-known species of the genus in southwest
Georgia, on account of its fine fruit, and seems to be the only
one which has received a distinctive name.

Cassia occidentalis L.. Coffee-weed. Sumter, etc.
Cassia Tora L. Coffee-weed. Sumter, etc.

These two species are universally known by this name only,
wherever they occur in Georgia.

Baptista lanceolata (Walt.) Ell. Deer-grass. Bulloch.

Baptisia perfoliata (L.) R. Br. Gopher-weed. Bulloch.

Cracca Virginiana L. Devil’s shoestring. Whitfield, Sumter,
etc.

Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Mohr. Devil-weed. Sumter.

Metbomia Michauxu Vail. Dollar-leaf.. Whitfield.

Lradburya Virginiana (L.) Kuntze. Clabber-spoon. Sumter.

So called from the shape of the standard.

Dolicholus simplicifolius (Walt.) Vail. Dollar-weed. _ Coffee.

This species, like Weibomia Michauxu, takes its common name
from the size and shape of its leaves or leaflets.

Ceratiola ericoides Mx. Rosemary. Bulloch, Emanuel.
Cyrilla racenifiora L. Titi. Sumter, Bulloch, Coffee.
Cliftonia monophylla (Lam.) Britton. Titi. Bulloch, Coffee.

In southeast Georgia, where these two species occur together,
no distinction is made between them by the natives.

Ilex glabra (L.) Gray. Gallberry. Sumter, Bulloch, etc.

This seems to be the only name applied to this species in
Georgia.

Berchemia scandens (Hill) Trel. Rattan-vine. Sumter.
Sida rhombifolia L. Tea-weed. Mitchell.

117

Aralia spinosa L. Prickly ash. Clarke, Walker, Sumter.
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. Rat’s-bane. Whitfield.
Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. Gopher-berry. Bulloch.
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh. Sparkleberry. Coffee.

Vaccinium stamineum L. Gooseberry. Sumter.

Galax aphylla L. Colt-foot. Whitfield.

Asclepias humistrata Walt. Wild cotton. Bulloch.

Tecoma raaicans (L.) DC. Cow-itch. Sumter.

Reputed to be poisonous to the touch, probably on account of
its similarity in habit to Rhus radicans.

Cephalanthus occidentahs L. Button-willow. Sumter.
Diodia teres Walt. Poverty-weed. Sumter. Poor-land weed.

Coffee. Poor Joe. Spalding.

Pinckneya pubens Mx. Maiden’s blushes. Bulloch.

Doubtless so called on account of the color of its enlarged
calyx-segments. -

Eupatorium compositifolium Walt. Dog-fennel. Bulloch.

This and Axthemis Cotula, the dog-fennel of north Georgia,
are not usually found in the same vicinity, hence there is little if
any confusion of names.

Trilisa odoratissima (Walt.) Cass. Deer-tongue. Sumter, etc.
Pterocaulon undulatum (Walt.) Mohr. Black-root. Coffee.

The roots are said to possess valuable medicinal properties.
Gnaphalium obtusifoium L. Rabbit-tobacco. Whitfield, etc.

Known universally by this name in Georgia. The dried leaves
are smoked by boys.

New York CITY.

NOWES ON IW COWOINOWWE IRIS IVANC IED UIME JUN Tal
a CHAMAECYPARISSUS A. BR.)
By B. D. GILBERT
Having gathered a considerable amount of this lycopod the
past summer (Ig01), at the station near Alder Creek, N. Y., I
noticed some features which may be of interest to collectors. The
neighborhood of Alder Creek is a vast bed of sand, said to be in
some places sixteen feet thick. The hills, as well as the plain, are

118

covered with sand, but this does not prevent a fine growth of
trees. The hill west of the railroad station is a good example of
this and it is here that the lycopods grow in great profusion.
There are four species, viz.: Lycopodium tristachyum, L. com-
planatum, L. annotintim and L. clavatum, besides an occasional
L. obscurum. The most common of all these is L. complanatum.
Lycopodium tristachyum grows in the woods which are composed
of deciduous trees, maple, beech, birch, etc. The soil is pure
sand. When you come to an open spot this species is replaced
by L. complanatum, which does not seem to be as fond of the
shade as its congener. L. tristachyum does not fruit so freely as
L. complanatum and there are many barren shoots. As has been
noticed before, the running stems lie below the surface of the soil,
but the habit of the plant is the same as that of this whole section.
It throws up single stems at intervals which, at a distance of about
2inches from the soil begin to branch and produce fan-shaped stems
covered with leaves in 4 ranks, but not flat as in L. complanatum.
These leafy stems are much longer and slenderer and more droop-
ing than in L. complanatum. ‘Vhere are sometimes as many as 4
long fruit-peduncles produced from different parts of the main
upright stem and not in the least connected with each other, but
generally growing to the same height, so that there may be an
inch or two of difference in their length. At the top, each of
these bears 2 to 4 spikes about an inch long, preferably 4 of
them. Here again there is a difference which cannot be detected
in the pressed plants. In ZL. complanatum the short pedicels of
the spikes make an elbow from which the spikes stand up erect,
so that in case there are 4 spikes they form an exact square, or
if 3 only, then an exact triangle, the spikes standing up like can-
dles out of a candelabrum. In ZL. “istachyum the pedicels are
more slender and rise directly from the spot where they branch,
without the elbow but in an oblique direction. This difference is
very noticeable in the growing plant, but not particularly so in
the pressed specimens.

Prof. Charles H. Peck, our New York state botanist, informs
me that he has gathered ZL. ¢rzstachyum in Essex Co., N. Y., and
that his impression is that it grows there more plentifully than

{19

L. complanatum. This accords with E. J. Hill’s experience re-
lated in the July Torreya. It is quite abundant at Alder Creek
also, but not to the same extent as L. complanatum. _The long
slender fingers distinguish it easily from the latter species, the
digits of which are short, flat and stout.

yd

SHORING INOIWNES

SPRING FOLIAGE IN OctoBEer.— lhe fall tent-caterpillar, tussock -
moth, and other ravenous insects have been particularly abundant
this year in the parks of New York City, and the trees in Union
and Madison Squares, presented a desolate and denuded appear-
ance at the end of August. But during September most of the
trees have developed a new set of leaves, so that now, in the be-
ginning of October, they have the fresh green beauty of May.
There are exceptions here and there, however, for the elms,
poplars, catalpas and the thorny locust still retain their old leaves
and- shabby aspect, while the maples, lindens, and button-balls
make a strong contrast with their fresh green foliage. The Eng-
lish elms have not been eaten by insects, the catalpas only
occasionally, and the poplars and thorny locusts suffered more
from the excessive heat and dryness of June and July, which
caused them to lose many of their first leaves. The leaves which
have grown since, on the extremities of the branches, are larger
and more vigorous and still remain, when all the rest are fallen.—
E. G. Britton.

Fietp Days oF THE Torrey BoranicaL Crus.—During the
summer months, weekly excursions have been made by mem-
bers of the Torrey Botanical Club to interesting localities in the
vicinity of New York City. In order to keep in closer touch
_ with the Club, the Botanical Garden has aimed to send on each
excursion a member of its staff or an aid, who collected for the
local herbarium.

On the excursion of August 17th, to Grasmere, Staten Island,
S. H. Burnham represented the Garden. The following interest-
ing plants were found: Slephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb., in moist
smilax tangles, in full bloom; Prlimniuim capillaceum (Mx.) Raf.;

120

Koelha flexuosa (Walt.) MacM.; Sanguisorba Canadensis L.;
Polygala viridescens L.; P. verticillata L.; Rhexia Virginica L.;
Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.; Baptista tinctoria (L.) R. Br., nearly
out of flower; Cuscuta arvensis L.; Spiraea salicifolia latifolia
Ait.; lva frutescens L.; Panicum virgatum L.; Rynchospora
glomerata (L.) Vahl and Agios Apios (L.) MacM.—S. H. B.

REVIEWS

)

THE “ PEG” or “HEEL” IN SEEDLINGS OF THE CUCURBITACEAE

For many years that curious adaptive structure known as the
“peg” or “ heel’? which serves to open the seedcoat in seedlings
of the cucurbits has been an object of study for many investiga-
tors. The extent to which this has been the case is indicated by
the extraordinary number of papers which have been devoted to
it, namely 531!

The last of these is from the laboratory of the Agricultural
Academy at Bonn, by Professor F. Noll.* The very interesting
and important results of the investigation are given below in the
form of a partial translation :

As shown by Darwin, the structure in question is produced
at the point of union of hypocotyl and root. Its lower half
is therefore morphologically root, and the upper half stem.
Qualitatively, the axis at this point is able to produce the peg
on all sides. On the broad flanks of the axis, which in transverse
section is elliptical, the peg develops more strongly than on the
narrow flanks. Quantitatively, therefore, the axis differs in this
regard in different regions of the sensitive zone.

The development of the peg, which is for the greater part con-
fined to one side of the axis, occurs in response to two kinds of
stimuli. .

1. Its localized origin is on the one hand dependent on the
stimulus of gravitation, and is formed on the under side. By re-
versing a sufficiently young seedling, a second peg may be called
out on the opposite side.

* Zur Keimungs- Physiologie der Cucurbitaceen. Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbiicher.
I9gOl. 145-165. Erganzungsband I.

121

If the axis is placed in a vertical position, the stimulus of
gravitation is still effective in that it produces an outgrowth which
completely surrounds the axis. When the latter is placed more
than 6° out of the vertical, no peg is formed upon the upper
side.

The formation of the peg is the result of a peculiar and until
recently unrecognized method of geotropic reaction in that the
stimulus sets up a growth at right angles to the normal direction
of growth, the polarity of which 1s displaced through an angle
of go°. This change is accompanied in the peg-forming region
by a substitution of-periclinal for anticlinal divisions.

2. On the other hand the formation of the peg is conditioned
by the bending of the axis, in such a manner that it occurs on
the concave side of the curve. Jn other words, as in the analogous
case of the formation of secondary roots on the convex side of
the curve of a primary root, the stimulus is derived from the
organism itself, and is connected with its form. By appropriate
experiment it is possible to separate the two stimuli, and thus to
cause two outgrowths to appear on opposite sides.

Pressure and friction of the axis on the testa do not act as’
stimull.

Under natural conditions the two stimuli, thus recognizable ex-
perimentally, work together in complete harmony with the result
that the seedling is successfully freed from the testa at the right
time. This process is most successful when the broad faces of
seed are placed at right angles to the vertical ; and least success-
ful when the micropylar end is directed downwards.

The final throwing off of the testa, which prevents independent
nutrition, occurs usually after 10-14 days without the help of
the peg. Climatic conditions naturally affect the results favor-
ably or unfavorably. Continuous high temperature of the sub-
stratum prevents the effective working of the apparatus by induc-
ing-a too sudden and rapid lengthening of the hypocotyl.

In planting, therefore, the seeds of cucurbits should be placed
with a broad face directed downward, and the temperature of the
substratum should not be kept too high.

It may be added that the nature of the stimuli, which, as indi-

122

cated above, are related to the form of the organism, is very
obscure.—FRANcIS E. Lioyp.

CORRESPONDENCE
EDITOR OF TORREYA.

Dear Siy: The attention of the Natural Science Committee of
the Associate Alumnae of the Normal College has been called
to the article which appeared in the August number of TorREyA,
entitled ‘‘ Vanishing Wild Flowers.”’ In that article the work of
the Committee is spoken of at considerable length, and inasmuch
as it is mentioned in such reprehensible company that the mere
statements without explanation might lead the reader to mis-
taken conclusions, the Committee respectfully requests that you
will kindly publish the following in your next issue:

Could the school children have the opportunity “to learn to

”)

know the flowers by name and enjoy them”’ as the writer of
‘Vanishing Wild Flowers”’ suggests, there would be no need of
our work at all. Unfortunately, the facts are that thousands of
children never have that opportunity as the following statistics
prove. Out of a class of fifty-five only one knew the clover ;
of acclass of thirty-four three did not know the daisy, twelve the
dandelion; of another class seven did not know the buttercup,
and of a class of thirty-five not one knew a violet. From data
carefully collected we found that forty per cent. of one entire
school had never been to the country and twenty-five per cent.
had never even visited Central Park. It is for these unfortunates
that we hold our flower shows.

The commonest flowers are wonderful to them and we make
special efforts to get these in quantity and also the flowers men-
tioned in the poems studied in school. It was for the latter
reason that we were anxious to obtain the fringed gentians. We
would like to state that those mentioned in the article in ques-
tion were collected in the course of a long drive, were carefully
cut, and only a few were taken from each locality.

Likewise, the pitcher plants referred to were gathered from a
deserted cranberry bog at Plymouth, Mass., where the supply

123

was practically limifless; the plants were not missed from the
bog and brought pleasure untold to many a New York class-
room where they were kept for months.

The holly referred to was sent from South Carolina, while all
the club-mosses that the Committee has distributed have come
from Canada and Lake George. ‘The barrels and boxes of ma-
terial that seem to have raised apprehension were quite innocent ;
with the exception of one barrel filled with daisies, they contained
cones, nuts, various dried fruits and shells.

The ‘‘twenty baskets a week sent to the vacation schools ”’
were filled almost entirely with garden flowers, the common
garden vegetables, showing manner of growth, and the common-
est wild flowers. These were what were especially requested.

The Christmas ferns alluded to were merely the fronds, with-
out roots, as might be concluded from the time of year when
they were distributed (December). As to the twigs, they are
small ones, not more than a foot or a foot anda half long; the
only large branches we have received have come from the au-
thorities of Central Park, who have always taken the greatest in-
terest in our work and contributed most generously whenever
appealed to.

We have gathered many of the ‘‘ woodland flowers”’ referred
to, but, as they have been taken without roots and from various
localities, we fail to see any diminution of either plants or flowers
as a result, although the members of the Committee have had
many of the stations under observation for over ten years.

As has been seen, a large part of the material we receive
comes from a distance, and is, in most cases, sent by intelligent
flower lovers to whom our work appeals. With very few excep-
tions, the collections made in the immediate vicinity of the city
are made by the Committee and as judiciously as possible.

The Committee has carefully considered the question of the
preservation of our rarer wild flowers, and one reason for omit-
ting the annual botanical flower show at the Normal College last
year was that the rarer plants would naturally be collected for
that. We would also state that especial effort is made to educate
the various field classes, held under the auspices of the Commit-

124

tee, to see the necessity of protecting our least common wild
flowers, if any are to be left about the city.
It may be of interest to state that eight members of the Com-
mittee are members of the Torrey Club.
Repectfully yours,
MapeL H. TAaytor,

Secretary of the Committee.
NORMAL COLLEGE, Sepembter 24, 1901.

NEWS ITEMS

Professor F. S. Earle, recently of the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute, has entered upon his new duties as an Assistant Cura-
tor of the Museums of the New York Botanical Garden. Pro-
fessor Earle will continue his special studies on the fungi.

The program for the autumn lectures to be delivered in the
Museum Building of the New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, on Saturday afternoons at 4:30 o’clock, has been an-
nounced as foliows:

October 12th, “Sunlight and Vegetation,” by Dr. D. T. Mac-
Dougal.

October Ioth, “ Botany of the West Indies,’ by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

October 26th, ‘‘ Habits and Characteristics of Some of the
Larger Marine Plants,’ by Dr. M. A. Howe.

November 2d, ‘‘ Ancestral History of Some Living Trees,” by
Die Ce mollick:

November oth, ‘‘ Production of Cinchona Bark and Quinine
in the East Indies,’ by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

November 16th, ‘‘ Botanical Features of the Mountains of
Colorado,” by Dr. L. M. Underwood.

The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise.
They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:38 train from
Bronx Park railway station, arriving at Grand Central Station at
6:04.

Vol. 1 No. 11

TORREYA

November, 1901

DUPLICATION OF CONTRIBUTIONS ON PHYSI-—
OLOGW OW IWEINIDIXIVES

By D. T. MAacDouGAL

The author of this note spent some time in making observations
and experiments upon the tendrils of Eztada scandens, the West
Indian filbert, in the Botanic Gardens at Bath and Castleton,
Jamaica, in the summer of 1897, and some additional anatomical
work was carried out in the laboratory later in the year. A
brief note containing the chief results of the experiments was
read before the Indiana Academy of Science, December 30, 1897,
and a detailed account of the entire investigation was published
in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club in 1898 (25: 65-72.
jf. A-F), under the title of ‘Contribution to the Physiology
of Tendrils.”’

By reference to the accompanying figures, which were omitted
from the original paper it may be seen that the tendrils of Av-
tada are the transformed terminal leaflets of the large bipinnate
leaves. The tendrils are extremely sensitive over their entire
surfaces, and curve to the most delicate touch, and the efficiency
of this pair of grasping organs is far greater than that of any
single tendril, due in part to their rapid action and to their com-
bined mechanical ‘superiority. The detail of the structure and
action of these organs is given in the article cited.

Dr. Haberlandt has recently published in pamphlet form a
lengthy treatment of tendrils and other sensitive organs under

[The exact date of publication of each issue of TORREYA is given in the succeed-

ing number. Vol. 1, No. 10, comprising pages 113-124, was issued October 26,
1gol. |

126

the title of ‘“‘ Sinnesorgane im Pflanzenreich zur Perception me-
chanischer Reize (Leipsic, 1901), in which a historical resumé of
the researches upon the included subjects is attempted. The
larger. portion of the work is devoted to “ Special investigations ”’
upon the sensory organs of various plants.

Fic. 1. Leaf of Antada scandens with terminal tendrils.

In this section Dr. Haberlandt describes briefly the results of
his own work upon Extada scandens and seems wholly unaware
of my own more detailed work published three years previously as
noted above, to which he has not added a single fact, or general-
ization of any importance. He has been equally unconscious of
the facts in regard to the sensory cells and perceptive organs of
other tendrils described by myself still earlier in the Annals of
Botany (39: 394. 1896). If Dr. Haberlandt’s remissness con-
sisted solely in a disregard of my published results the fault
might be easily condoned, but a glance at the other sections of
the treatise shows that a description of the similar omissions in
regard to other work would fill a complete number of this
journal.

It is truly lamentable that with such opportunity for exactness
and completeness Dr. Haberlandt has written a paper historically

127

inadequate, and speciously misleading as to the value and priority
of his own work. The bibliography of the entire subject is most
easily accessible in’any well-arranged botanical library. The lack
of consideration to published researches is most marked with re-
spect to articles in English and American journals, and while it
may not be wilful neglect, yet it is constructive ignorance and
speaks most clearly of a careless and unscientific habit of inves-

Frc. 2. Various positions assumed by tendrils of Ezéada scandens.

tigation, entirely inexcusable in an author of such extensive ex-
perience. Furthermore, it is indicative of a form of narrow pro-
vincialism to which the writer has had occasion to call attention
more than once. (See Transmission of Impulses in Azophytum
Bot Centralbye 77: 2Zo75.) 1890) line thes present instancessit
renders Dr. Haberlandt’s work untrustworthy to quite a degree.

CRMIPTOGAWOIC AUNID) IPIEDYSIOILOGICAIL IBOITAINNY AI
COILID SIISUNG IsVAIRIBOS JUN ween

By Epwin BINGHAM COPELAND

The Flora.—TYhe field work in cryptogamic botany, carried
on in major part by Mr. A. F. Blakeslee, has resulted in a large

128

addition to the known local flora. Among Myxomycetes, which
were submitted to Professor Macbride for final determination, and
among Fungi, the reported flora of Long Island has been found
most incomplete. The following representative genera, from the
list of this season’s collections, will show how remarkably rich
Cold Spring Harbor is in the types usually chosen for laboratory
study, and what advantages it therefore offers both for local work
and for the collection of material for class use elsewhere :
Anabaena, Lyngbya, the Oscillarias or Oscillatorias of laboratory
guides, and of course bacteria ; numerous Peridineae and diatoms ;
all the chief genera of Myxomycetes except Trichia; Volvox,
“ Proctococcus,’ Ulva and Monostroma, Spirogyra, desmids in-
cluding very large Closterium, Bryopsis, Vaucheria, Cladophera,
Bulbochaete, Nitella (introduced by Dr. Johnson, now common),
Ectocarpus, Fucus and Ascophylum, Nemation, Agardhiella, Poly-
siphonia ; Albugoand Peronospora, Saprolegnia, Sporodinia, Mucor
of course, and Penicillium, Taphrina, Microsphaera, Peziza, Cordy-
ceps, Ustilago, Puccinia, Uredoand Aecidium, Exobasidium, Stereum,
Hydnum, Polyporus, Strobilomyces (splendid material for the study
of basidia and spores), Coprinus, Amanita, Scleroderma, Cruci-
bulum, Dictyophora; Riccia, Marchantia, Conocephalum, Cepha-
lozia, Notothylas, Funaria, Dicranum, Georgia, Polytrichum ;
Botrychium, Osmunda, Adiantum, Pteridium, abundant undeter-
mined prothallia, Eguzsetum, Lycopodium and Selaginella. Mar-
silea is reported, but was not collected this year. Fully 80 per
cent. of these grow within a quarter of a mile of the laboratory.
Geotropisim of Fungus Stipes—Work in physiological botany
has been attempted at Cold Spring Harbor this season for the
first time, and the wealth of unworked material has coaxed atten-
tion in various directions. The geotropism of the stipe of the
Boleti and agarics—Amanita is excellent material—is essentially
the same as that of phanerogams. All parts of the stipe are
irritable, and there is no evidence that the stimulus is transmitted.
But if the horizontal stipe is fastened at the pileus end, the base
being free, it may curve as much as 180° ; the zone of most rapid
growth, and therefore of most rapid curving, moves toward the
pileus, carrying the fixedly bent basal part beyond the perpen-

129

dicular. An egg of Stmblum “aimed” horizontal shortly be-
fore its rupture gave rise to a horizontal mature fructification,
The absence of geotropism seems to substantiate the view that
the elongation of the stipe of the Phalloidei is an essentially dif-
ferent process from ordinary growth.

Extrusion of the Gametes of Fucus.—As is well known, the
the gametes of /wcws are extruded from the conceptacles during
low tide, while the plants are out of water. It has been sug-
gested that the cause of their exit might be the removal of the
pressure of the water. But this pressure, even at high tide, is
insignificant. In reality, the /wcws plants shrink very appreciably
during low tide. As they begin to dry, the outer layers lose
some of the great amount of water which they hold by imbibition,
and their consequent contraction compresses the inner layers.
The pressure thus exerted against the conceptacles forces out a
part of their water content, carrying along the gametes, usually
before they separate from one another. Pinching a fruiting tip
between the fingers has the same result. As Strasburger sug-
gests (Praktikum, 296, 2d ed.), active gametes may be ob-
tained for study at a distance from the coast, and are extruded
when plants are removed from their vessel of sea water and al-
lowed to dry for a few hours. Instead of having sea water
shipped, I have made it for use at West Virginia University; it
need not be at all accurately made. The development of the
conceptacles and fruiting organs of Ascophyllum seems to be
hastened by keeping the plants constantly submerged in standing
water.

Adaptations of Spartina polystachya to Environment.—Spartina
polystachya Willd. is the characteristic plant of the lowest tide-
water zone inside the bar of Cold Spring Harbor. The lowest
scattered plants grow where the tide leaves them from 3 to 3.5
hours. The lowest patches are left for about 4 hours. The
best development, both in density and height comes where the
ground is above water nearly half of the time. Near high tide
mark the plant disappears again. Young plants then spend
from one-quarter to three-quarters of their time submerged, and
it may therefore be assumed that immersion for some hours does

130

not interfere with their photosynthesis. But the cuticle is
strongly developed, and intercellular spaces are very inconspic-
uous in the leaf. As the plants grow taller the leaves are more
of the time above water, and are stiff enough so that many of
them stand erect above the surface, but when too great a length
is exposed they float. Free movement of gases, when the leaves
float or are submerged, is insured by the position of the stomata.
These occur only on the upper surface of the leaves, where they
are confined to the sides of deep and narrow clefts. The walls
of these clefts are beset with papilla, which further narrow them
and increase their surface until it is practically impossible that the
air in them should be driven out by water. The stomata being
protected against plugging by water, the plants continue to take
up carbon dioxide though entirely under water (Cf Pfeffer,
Pflanzenphysiologie, 1: 161, 2d ed.). As must be expected,
especially from Stange’s work (Bot. Zeit. 1892), the plant meets
the concentration of the sea water with an over-regulation of its
turgor. In the mesophyll, in a leaf reaching above high tide,
I have found plasmolysis just beginning in 7.5 per cent. KNO;
in the cortex of the roots, in 7 per cent. KNO. I could find no
root hairs. .

SHORTER NOTES

WEEPING TOMATOES.—Some days after clearing off a plot of
ground in tomatoes for the past season it was observed that the
places where the plants had stood were moist while all the other
area was covered with the dry, finely raked earth. Upon examina-
tion it was found that this moisture was due to water that flowed
from the roots of the tomato plants that had broken off and re-
mained in the soil in the process of pulling. Further inspection
showed that when a broken end of one of the larger roots chanced
to extend above the soil its exposed fraction was wet and dripped
water so that it glistened in the late October sun. From some
roots that arched over with the broken end pointed downward
the water fell in drops to the soil which was literally muddy be-
low the live spigot.

Having other plots to clear, many of the tomato plants were

131

cut at the surface of the soil, and the root system in each left
undisturbed in the soil. The location of all such roots could be
easily seen by the wet place,around them for a week after the
removal of the vines. In some instances the otherwise dry soil
was moist for a foot or more from the stump and decidedly
muddy near the center of the wet circle.

Up to the time when the vines were removed there had been
no hard frosts and the plants, still in flower, were loaded with
fruit and therefore the breaking of the roots was at a time when
they were active in taking up water. However, the flow was so
copious that the fact is mentioned with the thought that some
vegetable physiologist may find in the tomato a fruitful subject
for the study of the obscure phenomenon of Selseating ” in
plants.—Bryon D. Hatstep.

THE GENERATIVE Divisions IN GyMNOSPERMS.*—In February,
1900, while examining a number of my slides made from the
ovules of Pinus rigida, it was my good fortune to discover that
interesting division in the pollen tube which botanists had been so
eagerly seeking in conifers since the discovery of blepharoplasts
in Gingko, Cycas and Zamia. Careful examination of several
slides, however, failed to bring to light the ‘‘ reduced blepharo-
which had been predicted and further search for them
was abandoned; but I was impressed with the peculiar fibrous
appearance of the cytoplasm and the position of the spindle in
the antheridial cell. These impressions gained considerably in
force when, a few weeks later, I discovered and worked out in
detail the method of division in the formation of the ventral
canal-cell in 7suga Canadensis ; + for | found these two so-called

”)

plasts

generative divisions to be at once unique and strikingly similar.
kK a aK Kk ca 7S aK 7K 7K

In brief, the two divisions occur approximately at the same

time, are both unequal, and the spindles are the same in origin,

development and type. In both cases the force initiating divi-

sion originates below the nucleus in cytoplasm afterwards belong-

* An abstract from an address on Fertilization in Gymnosperms delivered at the
Fifth International Zodlogical Congress, Berlin, August 15, IgoI.

+ The Development of the Archegonium and Fertilization in the Hemlock Spruce.
Annals of Botany, 14: 583-607. D. 1900.

ing to the persisting functional cell; in both cases two cells are
formed, one capable of taking active part in fertilization, while
the other is ultimately a total loss involving only a small part
of the cytoplasm of the parent cell but half of its chromatic
contents. In the hundreds of cases of fertilization among gym-
nosperms which I have studied, the mature functional sexual cells
have invariably developed from the lower larger daughter cells
produced by the unequal generative divisions.—W. A. Murri_t.

CupaniIA ON Pine Key, FiLorrpa.—A_ specimen, labelled
Paullinia, showing foliage and flower-buds of a tree collected
many years ago by Mr. Blodgett on Pine Key, Florida, has
hitherto remained undetermined in the Columbia University her-
barium, Dr. Small’s studies not having as yet reached Sapin-
daceae, and Dr. Robinson, noticing the specimen while preparing
the manuscript of this family for “‘Synoptical Flora” disposed of
it with the annotation ‘‘some other genus?’’—a pertinent sug-
gestion. I think there can be no doubt that it represents a
species of Cupania, probably C. glabra Sw., which is thus to be
added to the arboreous flora of the United States. Mr. Blod-
gett’s label records that it grew on hammocks and flowered in
September.—N. L. Brirron.

Fretp Days oF THE TorReEY BotanicaL CLus.—On the ex-
cursion of August 24th, along the Palisades, New Jersey, the
Misses Clarke and Esterly represented the New York Botanical
Garden. The following are some of the interesting plants found:
Gyrostachys gracilis (Bigel.) Kuntze; Sz/ene stellata (L.) Ait. ;
Actaca alba (L.) Mill. in fruit ; drata racemosa L.; Clethra al-
nifolia L.; Eupatorium purpureum falcatum (Mx.) Britton ; Aster
Schrebert Nees ; Helianthus divaricatus L., and H. decapetalus L.

The Club went to Mt. Vernon, August 31st, Dr. P. A. Ryd-
berg acting as the Garden’s representative. The following plants
were found: Lodeha syphilitica L.; Rhexia Virginica L.; Decodon
verticillatus (L.) Ell.; Dzoscorea villosa L. in fruit ; Prunus sero-
tina Ehrh. in fruit; JZezbomia Canadensis (L.) Kuntze; and a
decumbent fruiting plant of Rubus nigrobaccus Bailey. Dr.
Rydberg also found an interesting form of J/mpatiens biflora
Walt., with pink, spotted flowers, growing with the common
lorm which has orange-yellow, mottled flowers.

133

REVIEWS

Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada

The most widely useful and influential books are those which
summarize in convenient form for students the results of a period
of notable scientific activity. Such a book we have in Dr. Brit-
ton’s Manual.*

When Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora appeared, in
1896-1898, botanists had a new and indispensable treatise on
our northeastern flora, but it was bulky and expensive. The
three royal octavo volumes of that work, which contained nearly
1900 pages, weighed 12% pounds, and cost nine dollars, are
now digested and compressed into a single small volume of less
than 1100 pages, which weighs not quitetwo pounds. The pages
of the new work, including the margins, are 734 by 5 inches,
and the whole book, including the flexible linen covers, is 13%
inches thick. The paper is thin and the sewing is not too tight.
The book stays open. These mechanical features suggest at
once how usable the book will be in the field.

Compared with the Illustrated Flora in its subject matter, the
Manual has shorter descriptions, omits synonymy and citations,
omits figures but includes references to them, and abbreviates
geographic names. The English system of measurements is re-
placed throughout in the Manual by the metric system. Many
new species are added, based particularly on the critical work of
Bicknell, Fernald, Greene, Nash, Rydberg, Scribner, and Small,
besides the work of Dr. Britton himself. The Manual contains,
for example, seven species of Anfennaria, nine species of Szsy-
rinclium, and thirteen violets not figured in the Illustrated
Flora.

The principal fault in the makeup of the book is the use of
two indexes instead of a single index, which causes annoyance
by accidental reference to the wrong one, and wastes time un-
necessarily. The lack of a species index to some of the large
senera will also cause annoyance, notably in the case of Carew,

* Britton, N. L. Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. 8vo.
Pp. x +1080. 1901: New York: Henry Holt and Company. Price, $2.25.

which includes 205 species and covers 40 pages. One typo-
graphical abnormality of the Illustrated Flora has disappeared,
namely, the use of dsculus for Aesculus. The use of the capital
E was both ugly and incorrect and has been dispensed with in
the Manual.

The Engler and Prantl sequence, and the many new species
and new names will give to some a feeling of strangeness. He
who was brought up to look for the Ranunculaceae on page I
of his botany and now at last locates them near the middle of
the book, not very far from the vile Chenopodiaceae ; who must
learn to discriminate ten species of Aztennarta where the early
botanists taught him there was only one; and who used to think
that Acer saccharinum meant the sugar maple, when now it
means the silver maple—he who has a feeling that unnecessary
duties are thrust upon him by theSe new features must remember
that they appear because they are right, and that the old features
have been discarded because they were wrong.

Every botanist from Labrador to the Cimarron must have a
copy of ‘ Britton’s Manual.” He will find it a comfortable book
to hold in his hand and a satisfactory book with which to name
any plant from adder’s tongue to blessed thistle. —FREDERICK V.
COvILLE.

A popular Work on Ferns*

Mr. Clute has given us a carefully prepared and readable book
on the ferns of the Northeastern States, for the subtitle, which
reads ‘‘ A Guide to all the native Species”’ has a local rather than
a national significance and for that reason is misleading. The
work includes a combination of ancient folk-lore about ferns,
poetical allusions to ferns, mingled with an untechnica]l statement
of their characters, habits, and haunts, not badly written, and pro-
vided with a series of accurate structural illustrations. To these
are added a considerable number of full-page illustrations, some of
them colored. From the artistic standpoint these full-page illus-
trations may be correct but as a means of illustrating the habits
and especially the habitats of our ferns they are far from success-

*Criute, W. N. Our Ferns in their Haunts, a Guide to all the native Species.
12mo., pp. xii, 322. Illustrated. New York. Frederick A. Stokes Company.

135

ful. River scenes and other miscellaneous rural landscapes with
a fern of some sort placed in one corner apparently as an after-
thought or adaptation of the artist do not bring out the true re-
lations of the ferns to their surroundings as might easily have
been accomplished with a camera.

It is of course natural to bring this book into contrast with
others of its class and particularly with Mrs. Parsons’ How to
Know the Ferns. It contains more folk-lore, gives evidence of
more research into the old literature of ferns, presents more proof
of an accurate familiarity with ferns in the field, contains less
personal narrative, and its structural illustrations are a decided
improvement. As a piece of book-making and artistic illus-
tration it is also superior when that feature is considered from an
artistic instead of a scientific standpoint. But as a means of
knowing our ferns which is professedly one of its reasons for be-
ing, it lacks some features of arrangement that have rendered
Mrs. Parsons’ effort very successful.

For an untechnical book, the matter of nomenclature figures
too prominently and the author may well feel the uncertainty he
cannot conceal that the nomenclature he uses is either correct or
final. ‘To the majority of the class of people to whom the book
will appeal it matters little what names they find so long as they
have a Latin sound, for those who study ferns for more than a
passing amusement will find in standard manuals the prevailing
and proper nomenclature. It shows poor taste for a professed
‘conservative’? to propose such a combination as ‘ Matteuccia
Strutiopteris Pennsylvanica”’ in advance of a proven necessity
and contrary to his profession of belief. It betokens weakness of
position and insincere principles, and besides could not be used
since the earliest name of the American form if distinct from the
European is not Pexusylvanica. From a botanical standpoint
changes in nomenclature in a work professedly untechnical are

inexcusable anyway.—L. M. UNDERWoopD.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, 6 Nov. 1901.

136

NEWS ITEMS

Dr. Walter R. Shaw has resigned his position in Pomona
College, Claremont, California, and is now botanist and entomolo-
gist of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, at
Stillwater.

Mr. F. H. Blodgett has recently been appointed assistant
vegetable pathologist of the Maryland Agricultural Experiment
Station.

The following statement, printed on a postal card, was re-
ceived last month by members of the Linnaean Fern Chapter of
the Agassiz Association. The appeal is self-explanatory, and as
TorREyYA is not ‘in politics”’ just at present, we republish with-
out comment:

Fellow Members :

Vote for Mr. Gilbert. There is no comparison between the
two candidates for the presidency. Mr. Gilbert is a scientist, has
a wide acquaintance with the members, and the duties of the
office. He lives near the center of fern lore. I am only a col-
lector, have never attended a meeting and I am a worldly busi-
ness man. I have a daily newspaper to attend, and I am a
politician. In truth, Iam one of the possibilities for the Presi-
dency of the United States upon the Populist ticket in 1904
against Theodore Roosevelt. It will give me all I can do to get
the nomination for the office. I am much pleased for the honor
so far and would be greatly pleased to make the Joliet park the
headquarters of the American fern, but the association should be
continued along its present prosperous lines and its affairs should
be considered far above the pleasure of any one individual. If
possible I will attend the next meeting and if you like my looks
I will stand for the race some other time. If any have already
voted for me write quickly and have the vote changed.

Jas. H. FErriss,

October 17, 1901. Joliet, Till”

Vol. i No. 12

TORREYA

December, 1901

ONSITE RE EATON Ob WE DWOODS AND OG ©
Mae, GINGA, JARI CUANUATNIOIN ION IMSIe,
IUEIDWVOOID) IHsILIT Ol CAILIVFOIRIN ICA

By W. A. CANNON

It is well known to all dwellers in regions which are frequently
covered by fog that fog acts to conserve, as well as to increase,
the general amount of moisture, and while, so far as I know, no
data have been compiled touching either of these effects, they
undoubtedly play an important part in the plant life of the region.
This is well illustrated by the inland distribution of the redwood
on the west coast of the United States. As is well known, the
redwoods occur in the fog-belt of the northern half of California,
and are confined in a markedly restricted manner to those por-
tions of the coast mountain ranges, such as ravines, which, on
account of favoring topographical conditions, the fog may reach.
The restriction of the distribution to so narrow a zone is, per-
haps, not due so much to the negative factor, the conservation
of moisture already present, as to the positive one, the actual
precipitation of water from the fog. While this, without ques-
tion, is an important factor in the total precipitation in any
region subject to fog, it becomes very much more marked, I am
convinced, in that region where the redwood forests are found.
The reason for this lies in the character of the foliage of the red-
wood. Because the leaves of the redwood are small and closely
set together on the twigs, and because both twigs and leaves are
relatively delicate, the boughs which they help to form are fern-like
in general appearance and constitute a very effective filter, by which

[The exact date of publication of each issue of ToRREYA is given in the succeed-

ing number. Vol. 1, No. 11, comprising pages 125-136, was issued November 25,
1901. |

138

water may be “‘combed”’ out from the fog. In the effectiveness
of this filtering process, which is said to be a good method for
removing water from the fog, lies, I believe, an important reason
why the redwood loves the zone subject to fogs. And it will be
readily seen that this factor not only increases the general amount
of moisture in the region, but it supplies the redwood itself with
a proper amount of water at a time when there is the least rain-
fall, that is, in the late summer and early autumn, when the fogs
are especially abundant.

So far as I know, there is no method in use for determining
the amount of fog precipitation. The amount of water in a fog
which extends vertically tooo feet may be equal to 0.1 inch rain-
fall.* But, of course, only a small portion of this is precipitated.
This amount, however, can be greatly increased if the fog is
passed through such a filter.as is formed by a redwood forest,
and under such conditions the amount of water taken out of the
fog by the trees is considerable. Two or three illustrations will
show this at least approximately. I have been told by a gentle-
man who owned a large ranch in the redwood belt, and whose
observation was quite trustworthy, that whenever there was a fog,
especially if accompanied by a wind, the soil beneath the trees ap-
peared as if drenched bya heavy rain ; and that, further, in cases
of fires in his forest, if a fog came up accompanied by wind, the
fires could be brought under control. To any person who has
seen the force and destructiveness of a forest fire this observation
will appear very significant. The relation of the redwood to fog
precipitation is shown in another way, which, although suff-
ciently dzzarre in itself, is vouched for, and may lend a hint to a.
possible manner of estimating the amount of water precipitated
in this manner. On the ‘hog-back”’ of the Santa Moreno
mountains lives a woodchopper, in a place once heavily covered
by a redwood forest, but where there is left only an occasional
large tree. Like other mountaineers, he must use water for culi-
nary purposes at least, and in lieu of a convenient spring or well
he has devised a unique “‘tree-well.’’ The chopper has fashioned

* Alexander McAdie, Fog Studies on Mt. Tamalpais. -Pop. Sci. Monthly, 59:
535. O. Igo!.

139

the ground beneath a large redwood into the form of a trough at
the lower end of which he has placed a barrel, and I have it on
good authority that in this primitive manner he obtains sufficient
water for his needs. However picturesque a ‘‘tree-well’’ may
appear, I believe, as does also Prof. W. R. Dudley, of Stanford
University, who has studied these conditions for several years,

b)

that a receptacle for the water which the tree ‘‘combs”’ out from
the fog might be so placed that it would catch nearly all of the
water thus retained, in a manner analogous to that employed by
the chopper, and from data thus obtained some estimate of the
total fog precipitation in a redwood forest might be had. It is
hardly necessary to say that in any such calculation the density
of the fog, the rate of the wind, as well as the character of the
forest, and other factors would have to be considered, all of
which could be worked out for each time of calculation.

A comparative study of the amount of water which different
species of forest trees are able to take from fog could not fail to
be of interest, and may be found to be of great moment in the
life processes of the denizens of the region. And may it not be
that the increased amount of the total precipitation brought about
especially by the redwoods as just described, and its more uni-
form distribution throughout the year, will prove to be an im-
portant and possibly a determining factor in reforesting a denuded
redwood area?

Ie, Wels WAS Ol SUMMA L ILIA Is1D)
MUP EILOISIES SIIMBEILIE, 2

By Byron D. HALSTED *

A vine of Ampelopsis cordata Michx., growing upon my house
piazza has interested me during the autumn days by the reluctant
_ way in which it drops its leaves. It keeps them green for weeks
after the leaflets of the American ivy | Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(L.)] have taken on a blaze of colors and gone. The last-named
vine, as is well known, has its leaves compounded of five leaflets
and accommodates their departure by providing each leaflet with
a ‘“‘letter of dismissal’ that is composed through the season’s

140

growth. In other words, a line of separation is made at the base
of the leaflet so that in its going it may not disturb the others
that are situated close by and all at the upper extremity of the
petiole. There is no disputing the convenience of this in the
plant economy to the lame and lazy, for the injured and indolent
may sever their connection and drift down the hedge-row, while
their fellows, still green perhaps, stay longer for the finishing
touches, and until the vital fluids may be withdrawn under cover
of gorgeous decay.

Turning again to the “simple-leaved ampelopsis,”’ with which
we started, it is found that the same arrangement is made for the
fall of the foliage. The joint is formed at the base of the blade
and when the latter falls there remain the stiff petioles for some
time to come. Why this double provision for the release of the
leaf—first a well-formed suture at the base of the blade and an-
other at the union of petiole with the branch? In other words,
why does not this leaf, in form like a linden, observe the method
of the linden, or the maple, or the oak? Shall we find an answer
in a study of kinship? Because its sister, the ‘‘ pepper-vine”’
[ Ampelopsis arborea (L.)], of the South has compound (bipinnate)
leaves and sheds them piece-meal, is that any reason why my
A. cordata should do the same so far as it can? Its half-sister,
the American ivy, we have seen, does likewise, although its
leaves are compounded upon a different pattern from those of the
‘“‘pepper-vine.’’ When we come to look at the Japanese ivy
| Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.)] with its leaf-blades
only three-lobed usually, but sometimes three-divided, it is found
that the same method obtains, and my neighbor’s outside chim-
ney has at first a leaf-shingled surface of green, then is splashed
with purple, followed by a showing of stiff upturned “straws ”’
and the bricks beneath. It is a little family trait and whether
there be one or many leaflets to the blade, the parting with the |
mother parent is the same.

If the several species were once all in one it is possible that
that one had compound leaves and defoliated by means, natural to
such leaves. Then in the passing of the years the ‘“simple-
leaved ampelopsis’’ has acquired the present form by enlarging

are

one leaflet at the expense of the others so that it serves for the
whole. In doing this it has not, as yet, taken on the ordinary
ways of simple leaves when the time comes to loose its hold upon
the vine. We might say that the leaf was still compound, with
a single leaflet, or “ unifoliate’”’ as is the term used with the lemon
and orange of the ordinary sorts, but not of C7trus trifoliata,
which is evidently compound.

If we were to go far into phylogeny—perhaps beyond our
depths—it might be stated that the subject of our note had early
left the simple form of leaf, still adhered to by the grapes proper,
became fully compound, as are now its nearest to kin, and then
underwent a “‘ degeneration,” if this word is the one, and assumed
a type of foliage that might easily put it in the genus Vis.
The stiff defoliated petioles, however, uphold its place with the
compound-leaved group—a position fully maintained by other
characteristics of the species.

Isls, SIA UDIUNG Ole SOWMMOVeGO) SI-aClOSya JON
Was; WIGIONIIOY Ole SCOINIRIGIRIS, ING WY,

By Mrs. JouHn I. NORTHROP

Previous to 1898, the only station known to me in this local-
ity for the above plant was on the crest of the hill south of Mt.
Hope Cemetery. This handsome goldenrod was always abun-
dant there in several old fields. In the fall of 1898, I noticed that
it was spreading towards the southwest in the direction of the
Hudson, as a number of plants were seen ona hillside about a
mile south of Hastings village. By the next year it had reached
Warburton Avenue on the river bank and a few plants were
noticed just across the Yonkers line. Under the date of October
ZB, IOS), way note-book reads: “ S. speciosa has spread very
rapidly since last year and now solidly covers the slope on the
edge of the woods near the trolley terminus. It is still spreading
SOU sltmisronlyatwo, vecarsmsince Il have lseentit Ierevat allem
The same year I found that it had taken possession of a field on
the western slope of the Sawmill River valley, a mile or more to the
east. Here, too, only a few plants had been noticed the year before.

142

This year, 1901,I find it is still spreading to the south and
east as a few plants were found for the first time along a road-
side in the valley, perhaps a quarter of a mile away from the last-
mentioned locality. It has also gained a foothold in some fields
on the other side of a patch of woods still further south. The
most easterly station I have found for it is the southern slope
of the ridge west of Grassy Sprain Lake while the most
southerly is about half a mile north of Lincoln Park on the main
line of the New York Central and Putnam road. If it continues
its triumphant march to the south, it will soon cross the New
York City line and approach its old possessions, as there was once
a station for it, I believe, on Manhattan Island.

In the two cases especially noted above it has taken Solidago
speciosa but three years to take complete possession of new terri-
tory and the goldenrods and asters that formerly flourished there
have almost disappeared. It is not only that many new plants
seem to spring up but the older ones increase in size very rapidly,
one transplanted to my garden more than doubling its size the
second year. Many of the old plants sent up seven or eight
flower-stalks this year five feet or more in height.

YonkERS, N. Y., November 15, 1901.

HESPERASTER, A GENUS: OF LOASACEAE
By ate D. A. COCKERELL

Hesperaster (Western Star); Lartonia Sims, Bot. Mag. 36:
pl. 7487. 1812. (Not Bartoma Muhl., a valid genus of Gentz-
anaceae published in 1801.) Biennials or perennials; petals 10
or fewer, narrow and pointed, conspicuous ; stamens very numer-
ous, up to 300; leaves pinnatifid with pointed lobes ; trichomes
barbed; seeds numerous, mostly winged. Type Hesperaster
decapetalus (Bartonia decapetala Sims, /.c.). The genus includes,
among others, the following species :

I. HESPERASTER DECAPETALUS (Sims). In New Mexico I have
found this only at Raton. The flowers open at sunset, and are
visited by the larger Sphingidae. Just as they open they are
visited also by Bombus, which can get into them when they are

143
opening, the petals affording some purchase ; but after they are
fully open the radiating stamens form an efficient barrier.
— 2. Hesperaster nudus (Lartonza nuda Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.
BZ Oa) Sam espertine:

3. Hesperaster laevicaulis (Lartonia laevicaulis Dougl.; Hook.
bom aMeehee22 14) 1833) se Diurnal:

4. Hesperaster Rusbyi (Mentzeha Rusbyt Wooton, Bull. Torr.
Club, 25: 261. 1898). Vespertine. Its distribution in New
Mexico is peculiar ; I have found it in the Sacramento Mountains
and around Las Vegas, where there is no //. multiflorus. The
latter occurs at Santa Fe, Raton and in the Mesilla Valley, to the
exclusion of (7. Rusby.

5. Hesperaster multiflorus (Lartona multiflora Nutt. Journ.
Ncadae hia eh ei SOn 9s48) a Diurnalyy Whey tlowerssare
erroneously stated by Coulter to be deep yellow. They are in
reality little darker than those of /7. decapetalus. They are freely
visited by bees, especially Perazta.

6. Hesperaster perennis (Wentzeha perennis Wooton, Bull.
Torr. Club, 25: 260. 1898). Diurnal (?)

7. Hesperaster pumilus (Mentzeha pumila T. & G. FI. N.
Am. 1: 535). Vespertine, according to Miss Eastwood, Proc.
Call, Axe, Sei, IG Os Bors .

8. Hesperaster chrysanthus (Mentzelia chrysantha Engelm.;
Brandegee, Fl. 5S. W. Col. 237). Diurnal (?).

9g. Hesperaster densus (Mentzelia densa Suse, Pittonia, 3:

99. 1896).
— Ff, perennis (Wooton), and 7. densus (Greene) are perennials ;
the others apparently all biennials. The latter is a Colorado
species and has probably been confused with F/. multflorus. I
have been greatly indebted to Dr. Rydberg for advice when Be
paring these notes.

East Las Vecas, New Mexico.

SHORTER NODES

Explosive FRuits.—During the present year a portion of our
experiment grounds has been in Polemoniaceae, including spe-

144

cies in the following genera : Phlox, Gilia, Polemonium and Cobaea,
the first-named having the greatest space and the largest repre-
sentation of species, including wild and cultivated representatives.
The Phlox Drummond, an annual of the gardens, has been in
blossom for many months and has demonstrated its right to a
place in the ornamental grounds, because of its ease of culture,
profusion of blooms and not least for its intrinsic beauty.

Now as the freezing weather comes the end is near, but the
lighter frosts of earlier nights had no disturbing effect. While
the particolored blooms are still numerous, they are not sufficient
to obscure the clusters of small dry stars that cover the stems,
and below them the ground is covered all around with the young
seedlings ready for the coming year.
that the reader’s attention is called, for

”

It is to these “stars
they are nothing other than the calyces of the phlox flowers
standing open and empty upon their short stiff stems. They are
like so many miniature nests from which the eggs have hatched
and the fledglings have flown. This is not so figurative a state-
ment as it first seems for each “nest’’ has three as the normal
number of seeds, which are of large size, as seeds go, and repre-
sent the offspring as do the eggs. Here we must note a material
change in the method of dispersion, for eggs take to themselves
wings by hatching and the wings bear away the young. Our
smooth and shiny phlox capsule as it matures separates quickly
along three lines and with such force are the parts disturbed that
the three seeds within are thrown out for some distance. At the
same time there is a distinct sound that can be heard for several
feet and as one works among the phlox plants, carrying pol-
len to a tiny stigma or adjusting a bag to a castrated blossom, he
may feel the seeds as they are hurled against his face or rattle
upon the straw of his broad-brimmed hat. When mature pods
are placed three or more feet from a wall the seeds may be
thrown across the intervening space. The wonder is that so
small a body can possess so much explosive and expulsive
power. After the vegetable mortar is fired there remains only
the calyx as a sort of gun-carriage which takes on in drying the
above described.—Byron D. HaLstTep.

d

Sistah:

145

New Meruops or Dryine PLants.—In a recent number of
Flora * certain improved methods of drying plants are described
which, according to a note appended by Professor Goebel to
the article, are highly successful.

The first method consists of using, instead of the ordinary
drying paper, sheets of cotton batting. The batting is cut to
regular size and then inclosed in covers of tissue paper glued
along the margins. The plants are placed between layers of
‘these sheets and then put in an open-work press. Without
further changing, except in the case of very fleshy plants, the
specimens are dried in two or three days. Especially delicate
plants liable to be easily torn should be placed first between
sheets of tissue paper alone and then laid on the driers.

The second method + is more complicated but is very rapid
and is recommended especially for climates which are moist.
Half an hour to an hour, or in the case of unusually fleshy plants,
somewhat longer, is sufficient to dry the specimens thoroughly.
The principle consists simply of this. A cylinder of tin or rus-
sia iron, say 50 cm. high by 35 cm. in diameter, and, punctured
with holes like a colander, is supported over a kerosene lamp or
Bunsen flame, the plants being strapped on the outside. The
latter process is the one which is more or less complicated.
First the cylinder is permanently covered with linen or some kind
of cloth. Then a second removable cover is made, which will
barely meet around the cylinder ; on its edges are strips of wood
provided with metal screws which can be used to draw the cloth
tight.{ Thus prepared the cover is laid on the table and the
plants enclosed in several layers of filter paper placed on it. The
cylinder on its side is then laid on top of the whole and the cloth
with the specimens is wrapped carefully around it. The screws
are then tightened, binding the whole mass to the cylinder, which
is set up on end ona tripod over the flame. The drying pro-
ceeds rapidly but care must be taken not to burn the specimens.
As they dry the cover loosens and must be tightened from time

* Prof. S. Rostowzew, Laboratorium Notizen. Ueber einige Methoden des Trock-
nens der Pflanzen fiir das Herbarium. © Flora, 88: 473. 1901.
ft First employed by Herr Jegorow of Moscow.
{ It is possible that the adjustable catches such as are used on ‘‘arctics’’ could be
ed for this.

146

to time. The plants will be slightly curved when dried but may
be readily straightened out by placing them for a short time
under moderate pressure. By this method it is said that the nat-
ural colors of the plants are admirably preserved.—H. M. R.
BROMELIACEAE IN Costa Rica.—The monograph of the
Bromeliaceae by Dr. C. Mez, the great specialist, gives the
number of known species in Costa Rica as 56 (in 1896). Yet
the real number of species in that small country is about 300.
All the genera with superior ovary are epiphytes in Costa Rica,
as are also, among those with inferior ovary, the two genera
Aechmea and Lillbergia and a few of the genus Hepetis. The
chief reasons why such a small percentage of the species is rec-
ognized are to be sought in the great similarity of many species
and the dissimilarity of individuals of the same species at different
ages and under different conditions. There are many species
with a number of varieties and finally there is a complete con-
fusion of natural hybrids among the superb large Conostachides
of the high frost-region. For these reasons, there are few
botanists and collectors who venture to take up the Bromeli-
aceae seriously in Costa Rica. Only after living for years in the
Bromeliaceae region does one become able to recognize the types.
Dr. Mez states that the same confusion exists among the smaller
species of 7?//andsia in Argentina, etc., where they have become
entirely mixed by natural crossing. Another reason for the pres-
ent neglect of this exceedingly interesting family is the difficulty in
drying most species, especiallyin the wet season. Again manyspe-
cies havea very local distribution or arevery scarce.—C.WERCKLE.

A TEXAN CHERRY—Prunus eximia. A tree becoming 26 m.
tall, with wide-spreading branches and glabrous twigs. Leaf-
blades relatively thin, mainly ovate, varying to oblong, oblong-
lanceolate or oval, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse, or slightly acuminate,
but blunt, glabrous, delicately reticulated, serrate with appressed
teeth, bright green above, pale green beneath, slender-petioled:
racemes drooping, 5-7 cm. long, glabrous: pedicels 4—8 mm.
long, thickened upward: sepals deltoid, slightly broader than
long, acute: corolla white, 10-12 mm. broad: petals orbicular-

ovate: drupe globular, 8-10 mm. in diameter, purple, sweet.
In river valleys, south-central Texas. Type, Heller, Pl. So.
ex now a 5O2*

147

Related to Prunus serotina, from which it is distinguished by the
deltoid acute sepals and by the delicately reticulated and differently
shaped leaf-blades. Mr. Howard Lacy, a resident of the
region where P. eximia grows, informs me that the fruit of the
tree is sweet and much eaten by the children. He says also that
it has a great attraction for bears and hogs.—J. K. SMALL.

Fietp Days oF THE Torrey BoTanicaL CLus.—David S.
George acted as the representative of the New York Botanical
Garden on the excursion to Rockaway Park, Long Island, Sep-
tember 7th. A few interesting coast plants were collected,
among which were Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook.; Salsola Kal
L.; Teucrium tittorale Bicknell, one of the recent segregates of
T. Canadense L.; Lechea maritima Leggett ; Ammophila arenaria
(L.) Link, which is abundant here; Chaetochloa glauca (L.)
Scribn. and the pretty pink-flowered Sabbatia stellaris Pursh.

Between Monachie and Woodridge, Bergen Co., N. J., Sep-
tember 21st, Mr. G. V. Nash collected Aupatorium album L.;
Gentiana Saponaria L.; Parnassia Caroliniana Michx.; Spartina
polystachya (Michx.) Ell.; Conna arundinacea L., with purplish pan-
icles; Zizania aquatica L. and Woodwardia areolata (.) Moore.
—S. H. Burnuam.

A NEW common Name.—It seems that Micrampelis lobata
(Michx.) Greene, the wild balsam-apple, mock apple, or wild cu-
cumber, commonly cultivated and escaped in this vicinity, shares
with Bicuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. the euphonious appellation
of ‘“ Dutchman’s Breeches.’”’ The allusion is to the inner fibrous-
netted part of the fruit, which encloses the seeds and bears a
striking resemblance to a pair of wide pantaloons.

New Jersey is a good old Dutch colony and the name may be
local as I never seen that it is used elsewhere. However, the
plant is commonly so-called in Passaic.—EDWARD W. BERRY,
ELISE, INE I

NEWS ITEMS

Professor Appleton P. Lyon, a member of the Torrey Botan-
ical Club, died suddenly at Mt. Vernon, N. Y., on November 27.

The death of Mr. Thomas Meehan, the well-known editor

148

and botanist, occurred at Germantown, Pa., on November Ig, at
the age of seventy-five years.

Dr. John K. Small and Mr. George V. Nash spent the larger
part of November in southern Florida, making collections for the
New York Botanical Garden.

The newspapers announce the appointment of Professor F.
Lamson-Scribner, agrostologist of the Department of Agricul-
ture, as Chief of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture in the Philip-
pines.

Mr. Howard J. Banker, who was a graduate student in botany
at Columbia University in 1898-1900, is now teaching in the
Southwestern State Normal School at California, Pa.

The Society for the Protection of Native Plants has recently
issued Nos. 2 and 3 of its series of leaflets for public distribution.
No. 2 is a general statement of the aims of the Society, by Pro-
fessor George Lincoln Goodale, and No. 3 is “A Plea for the
Preservation of Our Ferns,’ by Mr. George E. Davenport.

The fifth annual meeting of the Society for Plant Morphology
and Physiology will be held at Columbia University on Tuesday
and Wednesday, December 31 and January 1. The American
Society of Naturalists with which this Society usually meets
holds its sessions this year at Chicago. Reports of the Society’s
committees on the Botanisches Centralblatt and upon the Stan-
dard College Entrance Option in Botany will be among the
special features of the Columbia meeting.

ERRATA
Page 5, 7th line, for D. K. Gilbert, vead B. D. Gilbert.

Page 26, 7th line from below, for varitable, read veritable.
Page 79, 12th line from below, for era, read are.
Page 81, 5th line from below, for Corallarhiza, read Coral-

lorhiza.
Page 82, oth line from above, for hygrophylous vead hygroph-

ilous.

Page 100, 13th line from below, for is, read are.

Page 132, 19th and 2oth lines from above, for KNO, read
KNO,.

; INDEX® HOY VOLUME

New names and the names of new genera and species are printed in boldface type.

Achillea argentea, 82

Actaea alba, 132

Adams, G. E., personal, 72

Adiantum, 128

Aechmea, 146

Aecidium, 128

Agardhiella, 128

Albugo, 128

Alleghanian Rudbeckia, An, 67

Allen, T. F., personal, 24

Alpine Botanical Garden, An, 81

Amanita, 128

America, Botanical Society of, 112

American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, 112

American Botanist, The, 111

- Ammophila arenaria, 147

Ampelopsis, ‘‘ Simple-leaved,’’ Are the
Leaves of, simple?, 139; arborea,
140; cordata, 139, 140 ~

Amphoridium Lapponicum, 9

Amsonia Amsonia in New Jersey, 75

Anabaena, 128

Anderson, A. P., personal, $4

Anemone, 65

Anomobryum concinnatum, 9

Anonymos capitat., 33, 34; tinctori., 33,
34

Antennaria plantaginifolia, 75

Apios Apios, 120

Apodanthes Thurberi, 56

Aralia racemosa, 132; spinosa, 117

Arceuthobium, 69

Are the Leaves of ‘‘ Simple-leaved Ampe-
lopsis’’ simple, 141

Arisaema, Seedlings of, 2;
2, 4; Dracontium, 2, 3, 4

Arnica from Oregon, A
aurantiaca, 42;
crocina, 42

Arnold, A. F., ‘‘ The Sea-Beach at Ebb-
Ingle,” 72

Artemisia, 22; Pedemontana, 82

Arthur, J. C., personal, 112

Arum maculatum, 3, 4

Ascent of Sap, The Mignonette as Class
Illustration for, 56

triphyllum,

new, 42;
crocea, 42, 43;

Asclepias humistrata, 117

Ascophyllum, 128, 129

Asplentum Bradleyi, 7 ; viride, 93

Association for Advancement of Science,
American, 112

Association of Botanists, International,
I12 ;

Aster Schreberi, 132

Astragalus, Notes on, 109; crassicarpus,
109; Hypoglottis, 109; Plattensis,
109

Atkinson’s ‘‘Studies of American Fungi,”’

45
Azalea, 88

Bailey, W. W., personal, 72

Banker, H. J., personal, 148

Baptisia lanceolata, 116; perfoliata, 116 ;
tinctoria, 120

Barnes, C. R., ‘‘A simple Dynamom-
eter,”’ 47, 70

Bartonia, 142; decapetala, 142, laevi-
caulis, 143; multiflora, 143; nuda,
143

Bartramia Oederiana, 84

Bashbish Falls, The rare Mosses of, 9

Bates, J. M., Notes on Astragalus, 109

Batodendron arboreum, 8

Beal, W. J., A new Panicularia, 43

Beardslee, H. C., Notes on the Boleti of
West Virginia, 37

Berchemia scandens, 116

Berry, E. W., Notes on Liriodendron
Leaves, 105; A new common Name,
147; personal, 71

Bicknell, E. P., A new Horse Gentian
(Triosteum) common in the Eastern
States, 25; On Scirpus robustus Pursh
and certain of its near Allies, 94; Two
new Bush Clovers ( Lespedeza), 102

Bicuculla Cucullaria, 147

Billbergia, 146

Bird, H. A., personal, 23

Bladder Kelp, Nereocystis Liitkeana, A
Note on, 49

British Museum, Report of Committee on
Botanical Work and Collections at, 60

149

150

Blephariglottis ciliaris, 119

Blodgett, F. H., The Lygodium at Home,
19; Transpiration of rust-infested Ru-
bus, 34; A Tulip with a Runner, 78;
personal, 71, 136

Bolelia, 70

Boleti of West Virginia, Notes on the, 37

Boletus affinis, 39; alutarius, 38; auri-
flammeus, 37 ; bicolor, 39 ; chromapes,
39; cyanescens, 38; edulis, 39; ex-
imius, 38; gracilis, 38; nigrellus, 38 ;
Ravenelii, 38 ; separans, 38

Botanical Garden, An alpine, 81; New
York, 24, 36, 60, 72, 124, 148

Botanical Society of America, 112

Botany at Cold Spring Harbor in Igor,
Cryptogamic and physiological, 127

Botrychium, 128

Bower, F. O., personal, 112

Bradburya Virginiana, 116

Brainerd, Jones, and Eggleston’s ‘‘ Flora
of Vermont,’’ Io

Britton, E. G., The rare Mosses of Bash-
bish Falls, 9; Mosses of the Catskill
Mountains, N. Y., 84; Vanishing
Wild Flowers, 85; The Storing of
Seeds by Squirrels, 108; Spring Foli-
age in October, 119

Britton, N. L., Notes on Rudbeckia
hirta, 1; A new Senecio from Penn-
sylvania, 21; A new Hawkweed from
Florida, 41; A new Crataegus from
Washington, 55; Nocca and Cracca,
83; Cupania on Pine Key, Florida,
132; personal, 110, 112, 124

Britton’s ‘‘ Manual of the Flora of the
Northern States and Canada,”’ 133

Bromeliaceae in Costa Rica, 146

Bryopsis, 128

Bryum capillare,
proligerum, $4

Buda, 69

Burgin, see Dallas

Bulbochaete, 128

Burglehaus, F. H., Circaea Fruit de-
void of hooked Bristles, 56

Burmannia and Gyrotheca, Synonymy of,
333 capitata, 33, 34

Burnham, S. H., Heterophylly in He-
patica acuta, 65; Field Days of the
Torrey Botanical Club, T19, 132, 147

Bush Clovers (Lespedeza), Two new,
102

Buxbaumia aphylla, 84

84; proliferum, 9;

Cakile edentula, 147

Campanula Cenisia, $1

Campbell, D. H., personal, 112

Campbell’s ‘‘ University Text-Book of
Botany,’’ 110

Camptosorus, $9

Campulosus aromaticus, I15

Cannon, W. A., Note on the Bladder
Kelp, Nereocystis Liitkeana, 49; On
the Relation of Redwoods and Fog to
the general Precipitation in the Red-
wood Belt of California, 137 ; personal,
59

Capriola Dactylon, 32

Capsella, 70

Card, F. W., personal, 72

Carss, E., The Value of Forestry in a
Course of Nature Study, 13

Cassia occidentalis, 116 ; Tora, 116

Castanea dentata, 7

Castilleia alpina, 83; luteovirens, 84;
pallida, 83

Cephalanthus occidentalis, 117

Cephalozia, 128

Ceratiola ericoides, 116

Chaetochloa glauca, 147

Chamaelirium, Two Species of, 107;
luteum, 107, 108; obovale, 107, 108

Chamberlain, see Coulter

Cherry, A Texan, 146

Chimaphila maculata, 117

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 75

Cinna arundinacea, 147

Circaea Fruit devoid of hooked Bristles,
553; intermedia, 55; Lutetiana, 55,
56

Citrus trifoliata, 141

Cladophora, -128

Clethra alnifolia, 132

Cliftonia monophylla, 116

Closterium, 128

Clute’s ‘*‘ Our Ferns in their Haunts,”’ 134

Cobaea, 144

Cockerell, T. D. A., Varietal and specific
Names, 79 ; Nomenclatural Note, 83;
Hesperaster, Genus of Loasaceae, 142

Cold Spring Harbor, Cryptogamic and
physiological Botany at, in 1901, 127

Common Name, A new, 147

Conocephalum, 128

Conopholis Americana, 91

Conostachys, 146

Copeland, E. B., Cryptogamic and phys-
iological Botany at Cold Spring Har-
bor in IgOI, 127

Coprinus, 128

Corallorhiza, 81

Cordyceps, 128 ©

Corema Conradil, 92

Corn, Diembryony in, 68

Cornel, A Kentucky, 54

Cornus asperifolia, 54 ; microcarpa, 54,
55; Priceae, 54

Cracca, Nocca and, 83; Virginiana, 83,
116

151

Crataegus from Washington, A new, 55;
A weeping, 96; aestivalis, 116; lacri-
mata, 97; lepida, 97 ; Piperi, 55

Crepis pygmaea, 81

Crucibulum, 128

Costa Rica, Bromeliaceae in, 146

Coulter and Chamberlain’s ‘‘ Morphology
of Spermatophytes,’’ 98

Coville, F. V., Britton’s ‘‘ Manual of the
Flora of the Northern States and Can-
ada,”’ 133

Cowell, J. F., personal, 110

Cryptogamic and physiological Botany at
Cold Spring Harbor in 1901, 127

Cupania on Pine Key, Florida, 132;
glabra, 132

Cuscuta, 56; arvensis, 120

Cycas, 131

Cypripedium Calceolus, 93

Cyrilla racemiflora, 116

Dalea Emoryi, 56; formosa, 56

Dallas and Burgin’s ‘‘Among the Mush-
rooms,’’ 44

Davis, Bb. M., personal, 36

Decodon verticillatus, 132

Dentaria, 81

Dicentra, 70

Dicksonia, II; arborescens, II

Dicranella heteromalla, 9

Dicranum, 128; fuscescens, 84; longi-
folium, 84; viride, 84

Dictyophora, 128

Didymodon rubellus, 9

Diembryony in Corn, 68

Dilatris tinctoria, 34

Diodia teres, 117

Dioscoraea villosa, 132

Diospyros, 8

Dipsacus sylvestris, 120

Distribution of Pterospora, 101

Dolicholus simplicifolius, 116

Downingia, 70

Drying Plants, New Methods of, 145

Dunn, L. B., Coulter and Chamberlain’s

‘Morphology of Spermatophytes,’’ 98; |

personal, 71

Duplication of Contributions on Physi-
ology of Tendrils, 125

Dynamometer, A Simple, 8, 47, 48, 70

Earle, F. S., personal, 124

Eaton, A. A., personal, 36

Echinocystis, 70

Economy in Nature, 10

Ectocarpus, 128

Eggert, H., A rare Plant from western
Texas, 56

Eggleston, see Brainerd

Entada scandens, 125, 126, 127

Epigaea repens, 91

Equisetum, 128

Eriogonum tomentosum, 116

Erythronium, 78, 79

Eupatorium album, 147; compositifolium,
117 ; purpureum falcatum, 132

Exobasidium, 128

Explosive Fruits, 144

Extrusion of the Gametes of Fucus, 129

Ferguson’s ‘‘ Crotons of the United
States,’’ 35

Ferriss, J. H., personal, 136

Field Days of the Torrey Botanical Club,
119, 132, 147

Flora of King’s Mountain and Crowder’s
Mountain, North Carolina, 7

| Florida, A new Hawkweed from, 41

Flowers, Vanishing Wild, 85, 122

Fog, see Redwoods

Forestry in a Course of Nature Study,
The Value of, 13

Forsstrémia trichomitria, 9

Fragaria Virginiana, 75

Fretz, C. D., Tulipa sylvestris in the
Flora of the United States, 82

Fruits, Explosive, 144

Fucus, 128, 129;
Gametes of, 129

Funaria, 39, 40, 41, 128; Funaria hy-
grometrica in botanical Teaching, Re-
marks on the Use of, 39

Fungus Stipes, Geotropism of, 128

Extrusion of the

Galax, 88; aphylla, 8, 117

Gamophyllous, The, 23

Ganong, W. F., personal, 12; ‘‘ Sugges-
tions for an Attempt to secure a stand-
ard College Entrance Option in Bot-

any,’’ 59

| Gaylussacia dumosa, 117; frondosa, 8;

resinosa, 8; ursina, 67

Gentiana Saponaria, 147

Georgia, 128

Georgia, Some popular Plant-names used
in, 115

Geotropism of Fungus Stipes, 128

Gerbera, 43

Geum reptans, 81

Gilbert, B. D., Notes on Lycopodium
tristachyum Pursh (LL. Chamaecyparis-
sus A. Br.), 1173; personal, 36

| Gilia, 144
| Gingko, 131

Glottidium vesicarium, 116
Glyceria, 69

Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 117
Goebel, K., personal, 112
Goodyera, 81

Graves, H. S., personal, 35

Gray Bulletin, Asa, 12

Greene, E. L., A new
Oregon, 42

Griffiths, D., Thriving under Difficulties,
30; personal, 23

Grout’s ‘* Mosses with a Hand Lens,’’ 24

Gymnoconia interstitialis, 34

Arnica from

Gymnosperms, The generative Divisions |

in, 131

Gymnostomum rupestre, 9

Gyrostachys gracilis, 132

Gyrotheca, Synonymy of Burmannia and,
333 Capitata, 33,34; tinctoria, 34

Habenaria fimbriata, 91

Haberlandt’s ‘‘Sinnesorgane im Pflan-
zenreich zur Perception mechanischer
Reise,’’ 126

Halsted, B. D., The Mignonette as Class
Illustration for Ascent of Sap, 56:
Diembryony in Corn, 68; Weeping
Tomatoes, 130; Are the Leaves of
«« Simple-leaved Ampelopsis ’’ simple?,

39; Explosive Fruits, 143; personal,
2

Harper, R. M., Synonymy of Burmannia
and Gyrotheca, 33; Some popular
Plant-names used in Georgia, 115;
personal, 59

Harshberger’s ‘‘ Ecological Study of the
New Jersey Strand Flora,’’ 23

Hawkweed from Florida, A new, 41

Hay, G. U., personal, 110

Hazen, T. E., personal, 71

Heldreichia, 81

Helianthus decapetalus, 132; divarica-
tus, 132 é

Hepatica acuta, Heterophylly in, 65;
Hepatica, 65

Hepetis, 146

Hesperaster, a Genus of Loasaceae,
142; chrysanthus, 143; decapet-

alus, 142; densus, 143; laevicaulis, |

143; multiflorus, 143; nudus, 143;
perennis, 143; pumilus, 143; Rus-
Dyas

Heterophylly in Hepatica acuta, 65

Hieracium Floridanum, 42; Marianum,
42

Hill, E. J., Lycopodium tristachyum, 76

Hitchcock, A. S., personal, 35

Hollick, A., personal, 110, 124

Homalia gracilis, 84; Jamesii, 9

Horse Gentian (Triosteum) common in
the Eastern States, A new, 25

Horticultural Society of New York, An-
nual meeting of, 60

Howe, C. D., personal, 84

Howe, M. A., Brainerd, Jones, and
Eggleston’s ‘‘ Flora of Vermont,”’ 10 ;

bo

Remarks on the Use of Funaria hygro-
metrica in botanical teaching, 39; Jep-
-son’s ‘* Flora of Western Middle
California,’’ 69; personal, 84, 124
Hydnum, 128
Hygrometer suitable for testing Action of
Stomata, A new, 16
Hylocomium brevirostre, 9; Pyrenaicum,
84; umbratum, 84

Idaho, A fossil Nut Pine from, 113

Ilex glabra, 116; opaca, 8

Impatiens bitlora, 132

International Association of Botanists,
I1I2

Iva frutescens, 120

Jepson’s ‘‘ Flora of Western Middle
California,’’ 69

Jones, see Brainerd

Jordan’s ‘‘The Determination of the Type
in Composite Genera of Animals and
Plants,’’ 59

Journals: The American Botanist, 111 ;
Asa Gray Bulletin, 12; Gamophyllous,
23; Plant World, 12

Juncoides in the Southeastern States, 73 ;
bulbosum, 73, 74; campestre, 73, 74;
echinatum, 73, 74; pilosum, 73, 74

Kalmia, 88; latifolia, 8, 91

Kentucky Cornel, A, 54

King’s Mountain and Crowder’s Moun-
tain, North Carolina, The Summit
Flora of, 7

Kirkwood, J. E., personal, 24

Knowlton, F. H., A fossil Nut Pine from
Idaho, 113

Koellia, 69; flexuosa, 120

Lachnanthes tinctoria, 34
Lacinaria Regimontis, 7
Laminaria, 49

Lang, W., personal, $4

| Lawson, A. A., personal, 36
| Lechea, 26; maritima, 147
| Lespedeza Brittonli, 103 ; capitata, 103 ;

Nuttallii, 104;

velutina, 102, 103
Linnaea, 52; Americana, 53, 54; bo-

realis, 52, 53, 54; longiflora, 52, 53,

procumbens, 104;

54

Liriodendron Leaves, Notes on, 105

Listera, 81

Lloyd, F. E., Notes on the Genus Lyco-
podium, 5; The Genus Lycopodium—
iN Greg, GOs Iie Cleese? oe .
‘¢ Heel’’ in Seedlings of Cucurbitaceae,
120; personal, 12 :

153

Lloyd and Bigelow’s ‘‘ Outline of Course
in Biology,’’ 24

Loasaceae, Hesperaster, a Genus of, 142

Lobelia syphilitica, 132

Lonicera, 81

Lupinus perennis, 75

_ Luzula campestris, 74; Carolinae, 74
Lycopodium, 81, 128; Notes on the
Genus, 5; adpressum, 6; alopecu-
roides, 6; alpinum, 57, 58; annotinum,
57, 118; Carolinianum, 5; Chamaecyp-
arissus, 5, I1, 58, 76, 117; clavatum,
57,118; complanatum, 5, 11, 58, 76,
77, 118, 119; Fawcettii, 57, "58. 593
inundatum, 6; obscurum, 118; pin-
natum, 5, 6; ’sabinaefolium, 57, 593
Sifenense, 57,593 tristachyum, 59, 76,
77, 117, 118; Wightianum, 57

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh, Notes
on, 117

Lygodium at Home, The, 19 ; palmatum,
19

Lyngbya, 128

Lyon, A. P., death of, 147

MacDougal, D. T., Seedlings of Ari-
saema, 2; A new Hygrometer suitable
for testing Action of Stomata, 16; Dis-
tribution of Pterospora, 101 ; Duplica-
tion of Contributions on Physiology of
Tendrils, 125, personal, 12, 71, 112,
124

MacDougal’s ‘‘ A practical Text-Book of
Plant Physiology,’’ 24, 99

MacRae, L. G., personal, 36

Macrocystis, 49

Magnolia, 105, 106

Marchantia, 128

Marshall’s ‘“The Mushroom Book,’’ 36,

4

Marsilea, 128

Maxon, W. R., personal, 36

Mcllvaine’s ‘‘One thousand American
Fungi,’’ 44

Meehan, T., death of, 147

Meibomia Canadensis, 132 ;
116

Mentzelia chrysantha, 143; densa, 143;
perennis, 143; pumila, 143; Rusbyi,
143

Methods of drying Plants, New, 145

Michael’s ‘‘ Fiihrer fiir Pilzfreunde,’’ 46

Micrampelis lobata, 147

Microsphaera, 128

Mignonette as Class Illustration for As-
cent of Sap, The, 56

Miller, B. S., Amsonia Amsonia in New
Jersey, 75

Mimulus, 82

Mohr, C., death of, 110

Michauxii,

Mohr’s ‘‘ Plant Life of Alabama,’’ I1o

Monostroma, 128

Moore, G. T., personal, 36

Mosses of Bashbish Falls, The rare, 9

Murrill, W. A., The generative Divisions
in Gymnosperms, 131 ; personal, 12

Mycophagy and its Literature, 43

Myrica cerifera, 115

Myurella Careyana, 9

Name, A new common, 147
Names, Varietal and specific, 79
Narcissi, Naturalized or adventive, 43
Narcissus poeticus, 43; Pseudo-Narcis-
sus, 43
Nash, G. V., personal, 36, 60, 148
Naturalized or adventive Narcissi, 43
Nature Study, The Value of Forestry in
a Course of, 13
Nelumbo lutea, 116
Nemalion, 128
Nereocystis Liitkeana, A “Note on the
Bladder Kelp, 49
New common Name, A, 147
New Jersey, Amsonia Amsonia in, 75
New Methods of drying Plants, 145
New York Botanical Garden, 24, 36, 60,
72, 110, III, 124, 148
Nitella, 128
Nocca and Cracca, 83
Noll’s ‘‘Zur Keimung’s-Physiologie der
Cucurbitaceen.’’ 120
Nomenclatural Note, 83
North American Twinflowers, The, 52
North Carolina, The Summit Flora of
King’s Mountain and Crowder’s Moun-
tain, 7
Northrop, Mrs. J. I., The Spreading, of
Solidago speciosa in the Vicinity of
Yonkers, N. Y., 141
Notes on the Boleti of West Virginia, 37
Notes on the Genus Lycopodium, 5
Notes on Liriodendron Leaves, 105
Notes on Lycopodium tristachyum (L.
_Chamaecyparissus A. Br.), 117
Notes on Rudbeckia hirta L., I
Notothylas, 128
Nut Pine from Idaho, A fossil, 113
Nuttallia, 69
Nyssa sylvatica, 8

Osmaronia, 69
Osmunda, 128; regalis, 93
Oxydendrum, 8

Paleobotany, 72 :

Panicularia ,69 ; A new, 43 ; Holmii, 43 ;
pallida, 43

Panicum digitarioides, 115; virgatum,
120

154

Parish’s ‘‘ Pteridophyta and Spermatoph-
yta of Southern California,’’ I10
Parnassia Caroliniana, 147
Paronychia argyrocoma, 8
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 139 ; tricus-
pidata, 140
Paullinia, 132
Peck, C. H., Annual Report, 60
Pedicularis, 81
«¢ Peg”? or ‘* Heel’’ in Seedlings of Cu-
curbitaceae, The, 120
Penhallow, D. P., personal, 12
Penicillium, 128
’ Pennsylvania, A new Senecio from, 21
Peronospora, 128
Peziza, 128
Philibert, H., death of, 72
Phlox, 144; Drummondii, 144
Physiology of Yendrils, Duplication of
Contributions on, 125
Pickeringia, 69
Pilostyles Thurberi, 56
Pinchot, J. W., personal, 35
Pinckneya pubens, 117
Pinus edulis, 114 ; Lindgrenii, 114, 115;
monophylla, 114, 115; rigida, 131;
Virginiana, 8
Plagiothecium Miillerianum, $4; stria-
tellum, 84
Plant from Western Texas,
BO ale
Plant-names used in Georgia, Some pop-
ular, 115
Plant World, 12
Poa minor, 81
Pogonatum alpinum, 9
Pogonia verticillata, 91
Poiemonium, 144
Polycodium stamineum, 8
Polygala verticillata, 120; viridescens,
120
Polyporus, 128
Polysiphonia, 128
Polytrichum, 128
Porotrichum Allegheniense, 9
Porter, T. C., death of, 60
Postelsia, 49, 51, 52
Potentilla argentea, 75
Precipitation in the Redwood Belt of
California, On the Relation of Red-
woods and Fog to the general, 137
Prenanthes, 81
Prinos, 88
Pritzel’s ‘‘ Lycopodiaceae,’’ 56
Protection of Native Plants, Society for,
IIr, 148
Prunus eximia, 146, 147; serotina, 132,
147
Pteridium, 128; aquilinum, 76
Pterocaulon undulatum, 117

A rare,

Pterospora, Distribution of, 101 ; Andro-
medea, i101

Ptilimnium capillaceum, 119

Ptiloria, 70

Puccinia, 128

Pycnanthemum, 69

Quercus digitata, 115 ; nana, 8; Prinus,
8; rubra, 115

Raphidostegium Jamesii, 84; Jaxapet-
alum, $4

Razoumofskya, 69

Redwocds and Fog, On the Relation of,
to the general Precipitation in the Red-
wood Belt of California, 137

Respiration Apparatus, A modified Form
of, 28

Reviews : Atkinson’s ‘‘ Studies of Amer-
ican Fungi,’’ 45; Brainerd, Jones, and
Eggleston’s ‘‘ Flora of Vermont,”’ Io ;
Britton’s ‘* Manual of the Flora of the
Northern States and Canada,’’ 133;
Clute’s ‘‘ Our Ferns in their Haunts,’’
134; Coulter and Chamberlain’s
“Morphology of Spermatophytes,’’
98; Dallas and Burgin’s ‘‘Among the
Mushrooms,’’ 44; Jepson’s ‘‘ Flora of
Western Middle California,’ 69;
“MacDougal’s ‘‘ Practical Text-Book of
Plant Physiology,’? 99; Marshall’s
“«The Mushroom Book,’’ 45; Mcll-
vaine’s ‘‘One thousand American
Fungi,’’? 44; Michael’s ‘‘ Fiihrer fiir
Pilzfreunde,’’ 46; Noll’s ‘‘ Zur Kei-
mungs-Physiologie der Cucurbitaceen,
120; Pritzel’s ‘‘ Lycopodiaceae,”’ 56

Rhexia Virginica. 120, 132

Rhododendron, 82, 88; Catawbiense, 8

Ribes, 8:

Riccia, 128

Richards, H. M., A simple Dynamom-
eter, 8; A modified Form of Respira-
tion Apparatus, 28; ‘‘A simple Dyna-
mometer,’’? 48, 71; MacDougal’s
Practical Text-Book of Plant Physiol-
oly, 99; New Methods of drying
Plants, 145 ; personal, 71

Riley, W. A., Rosellinia ovalis (Ell. )
Sacen22

Robinson, B. L., personal, 72, 112

Rosellinia ovalis

(aul) Se@e,5° 228
pulveracea, 22, 23
Rubus, 81; Canadensis, 75; cunei-

folius, 116 ; nigrobaccus, 132; Tran-
spiration of rust-infested, 34

Rudbeckia, An Alleghanian, 67 ; hirta,
1, 67; monticola, 67

Rudbeckia hirta, Notes on, I

Runner, A Tulip with a, 78

155

Rusby, H. H., personal, 124

Rydberg, P. A., Economy in Nature,
10; The North American Twinflowers,
52; ‘*When in Rome do as the
Romans do,”’ 61; personal, 71

Rynchospora glomerata, 120

Sabbatia, 88 ; stellaris, 147

Salsola Kali, 147

Salvia, 23

Sanguisorba Canadensis, 120

Saprolegnia, 128

Sassafras, 8

Salix, 43

Sap, The Mignonette as Class Illustra-
tion for Ascent of, 56

Saxifraga, 81

Schrenk, H. von, personal, 112

Scirpus robustus Pursh and certain of its
near Allies, 94; campestris, 95; Fer-
naldi, 96; maritimus, 94; paludosus,
94, 95, 96

Scleroderma, 128

Scolopendrium vulgare, 93

Scribner, F. Lamson-, personal, 148

Seedlings of Arisaema, 2

Seedlings of Cucurbitaceae, The ‘‘ Peg ”’
or ‘‘ Heel’’ in, 120

Seeds, Storing of by Squirrels, 108

Selaginella, $1, 128

Senecio from Pennsylvania, A new, 21 ;
Balsamitae, 21; Crawfordii, 21;
Robbinsii, 21

Seymour, A. B., personal, 72

Shaw, C. H., personal, 36

Shaw, W. R., personal, 136

Sida rhombifolia, 116

Silene stellata, 132

Simblum, 128

Slosson, M., personal, 36

Small, J. K., The Summit Flora of King’s
Mountain and Crowder’s Mountain,
North Carolina, 7; A Kentucky Cor-
nel, 54; A weeping Crataegus, 96;
Two Species of Chamaelirium, 107 ; A
Texan Cherry, 146; personal, 148

Smilax laurifolia, 115 ; Walteri, 115

Smith, E. F., personal, 12

Smith, J. G., personal, 59

Society, Botanical, of America, 112

Society for the Protection of Native
Plants, 111, 148

Society for Plant Morphology and Physi-
ology, Annual Meeting of, 148

Solidago speciosa, 141, 142; The Spread-
ing of, in the Vicinity of Yonkers, N.
Y., 141; monticola, 67

Spartina polystachya, 147; Adaptations
of, to Environment, 129

Species of Chamaelirium, Two, 107

Sphaeria ovalis, 22

Spiraea salicifolia latifolia, 120

Spirogyra, 128

Sporobolus Indicus, 115

Sporodinia, 128

Spreading of Solidago speciosa in the
Vicinity of Yonkers, N. Y., 141

Spring Foliage in October, 119

Stephanomeria, 70

Stereum, 128

Stipa, 17

Stokes, C. Phelps, personal, 110

Stokes, O. E. Phelps, personal, 110

Storing of Seeds by Squirrels, The, 108

Strobilomyces, 128

Summit Flora of King’s Mountain and
Crowder’s Mountain, North Carolina,
The, 7

Synonymy of Burmannia and Gyrotheca,

33

Taphrina, 128
Taylor, M. H.,
Flowers,’’ 122

Tecoma radicans, 117

Tendrils, Duplication of Contributions on
Physiology of, 125

Tephrosia, 83

Teucrium Canadense, 147; littorale, 147

Texan Cherry, A, 146

Texas, A rare Plant from Western, 56

Thriving under Difficulties, 30

Tillandsia, 146

Tissa, 69

‘‘ Vanishing Wild

' Tomatoes, Weeping, 130

Torreya, 69

Torrey Botanical Club, Field Days of,
119, 132, 147

Toumey,. J. W., personal, 35

Transpiration of rust-infested Rubus, 34

Trelease, W., personal, 112

Trichostomum tenuirostre, 84

Trifolium heterodon, 84; Fendleri, 84;
involucratum, 84; pratense, 75

Trilisa odoratissima, 117

Triosteum, 25; aurantiacum, 26, 27,
28; perfoliatum, 25, 26, 27, 28

Tripterella capitata, 33, 34

| True, R. H., personal, 36

Tsuga Canadensis, 131

Tulipa, 79

Tulipa sylvestris in the Flora of the
United States, 82

Tulip with a Runner, A., 78

Twinflowers, The North American, 52

Underwood, L. M., Mycophagy and its
Literature, 43; Lycopodium trista-
chyum, 58 (footnote); A popular
work on Ferns, 1343; personal, 36, 72,

73, 110, 124

156

Uredo, 128
Ustilago, 128

Vaccinium arboreum, £17 ; Canadense,
77; pallidum, 67; Pennsylvanicum,
77; stamineum, 117; vacillans,

Vail, A. M., An alpine botanical Gar-
den, 81

Valeriana Celtica, 82

Vanishing Wild Flowers, 85, 122

Varietal and specific Names, 79

Vaucheria, 128

Vicia Faba, 9

Viola Cenisia, 81

Vitis, 141

Vogelia capitata, 33, 34

Volvox, 128

Vroom, J., personal, IIo

Washington, A new Crataegus from, 55
Weeping Tomatoes, 130

Wercklé, C., Bromeliaceae in Costa
Rica, 146

West Virginia, Notes on the Boleti of, 37

“¢ When in Rome do as the Romans do,”
61

White, T. G., death of, 111

Williams, R. S., personal, 1to

Wilson, P., personal, 35, I11

Woodwardia areolata, 147

Xylothermia, 69

Yonkers, N. Y., The Spreading of
Solidago speciosa in the Vicinity of,
I4I

Zamia, 131
Zizania aquatica, 147
Zygodon viridissimus, 84

Velo 1. January, Igor No. 1

A MonTHLY JOURNAL OF BoTraNIcAL Notes anp News

EDITED FOR

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 94796-1873

CONTENTS

Notes on Rudbeckia hirta Lb N. L, Brirpom. 200 ee I
Seedlings of Arisaema: D. T. MACDOUGAL. voce... ccteecceecccceeeees eae a eee 2
‘Notes on the Genus Lycopodium : Reais TUONO seen com. MeN Me AACS Aes 5

The Summit Flora of King’s Mountain and Crowder’s Mountain, North
Carolina: J. K. SMALL 2...ccc. ec eeteee cp eenecennene FLEE, OU GLE Ae RCE Pe sare aI eID 7.
A Simple Dynamometer: H. MERICHARDS ui oa ee a ise a 8
The Rare Mosses of Bashbish Falls: E. G. BRITTON....0....00.000cccececeseceees ipo 9
Economy in Nature: P. A. RYDBERG. ...05..0.2c.. ve sececeguocseges cusecsenecenscsevencet stices 10
Na Sa oath are eae ge a aL NS OSE Bel Nc Os OR Da ce ce 10
Mews Items soe ons enh an Gina tin we tven aay sak auiaaeaahuiiet Thay catnake acmep eepen ta On o 12

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
Ar 4t NortTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
bY THE New Era Prixntinec CoMPpANY

THE. TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB 4

OFFICERS. FOR 1900

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,

T. F. ALLEN, M.D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, ‘ Corresponding Secretary,
Pror. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Dr. JOHN K. SMALL,
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., H. B. FERGUSON, M_D.,
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, rr5 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M.

CARLTON C. CURTIS, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D-
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for One Dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, Five Shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in

payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the

request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks

that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,

beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City. CO

Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general Botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

As the supply of several of the volumes is limited, libraries
desiring to complete their files should apply at once. Yearly
volumes 1—5 (1870-1874), One Dollar each. Vol. 6 (1875—
1879), extending over five years, is furnished at the subscription
price of Five Dollars. Vols. 7-16 (1880-1889), can be had
. complete only in orders for full sets. Vols. 17-25 (1880-1898)
are furnished at the published price of Two Dollars each, except
Vols. 18 and 21, which can be had only in orders for full sets.

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
1—7 and g are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
L. M. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. Ls February, Igo1 No. 2

TORREYA |

A Monruty Journat or BoranicaLt Nores anp News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY. HOWE”

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
The Value of Forestry in a Course of Nature Study: ELizABErH Carss............ 13
A new Hygrometer suitable for testing Action of Stomata: DT. MacDoucar 16
The Lygodium at Home: FREDERICK H. BLODGETT............s00cseceeeesceeerneee vets 19
A new Senecio from Pennsylvania: N. L. BRITTON (22... .0.4..605 MaRMBE Ore PONTOON EST Oe 21
Rosellinia ovalis (Ell.) Sacc.: WILLIAM A, RILEY....ccccceccsesece seccseeeesserse cerees 22

News Items

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

Ar 4x NorrH Queen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
By TFHE New Era Printinc CoMPANY

THE TORREY BOTANICAL: CLUB

OFFICERS FOR’ 1001

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice- Presidents,

T. F. ALLEN, M.D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., H. B. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, rr5 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANEIS E, LLOYD, A.M.

CARLTON C. CURTIS, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

TorreyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS |

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied

entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be

undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar

each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-—

nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each. :

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

~The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I—7 and 9 are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and

Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of

New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
L. M. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

<2 \
ae he al

Vol. 1 March, Igo1 No. 3

TORREYA

A Monrury Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News

EDITED FOR
-THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY '

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS

A new Horse Gentian (Triosteum) common in the Eastern States:

EUGENE P. BICKNELL...... Sonia. Og Bed sasha Re ee donee aera Ba eu Mae Ue aaa cigaeanenere jac 25
A modified Form of Respiration Apparatus: H. M. RICHARDS ........2.0.......404. 28
Thriving under Difficulties: DAVID GRIFFITHS .0.0....5...c0cccecceeee een ec teteeneeseeeene . 30
Synonymy of Burmannia and Gyrotheca: RoLAND M. HARPER ..............5...... 33
Transpiration of rust-infested Rubus: FREDERICK H. BLODGETT .................: . 34
News Items.............. waatisepunen gain ce fans BP etna ar CIN AON Nae RAC IN rarc ral oad gre lect ca 35

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

Ar 41 NortH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
BY THE New ERA Pristine Company

THE TORREY: BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR 101

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,

T. Fo ALLEN, M.D: HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN -K. SMALL, PxH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., H. B. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANCIS .E. LLOYD, A.M.

CARLTON C. CURTIS, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City. ;

Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (£875—1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only. when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS
The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals: Volumes
I—7 and g are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list —
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. .

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
L. M. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. 1 April, 1901 No. 4

TORREYA

A MonTuty JourNAL oF BoranicaL Notes anp News

EDITED FOR

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALE AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
Notes on the Boleti of West Virginia: HENRY C, BEARDSLEE...,..........c0ce0e sys 37
Remarks on the Use of Funaria hygrometrica in botanical Teaching: Mar.
SEPA Ue As ET OWI ssa dite oto o Bsc Sn Seles weet ee ate ares asian os cei Uae caer os PSNI OS Te HER IEA SRS 30
Shorter Notes ~
A new Hawkweed from Florida: N. L. BRITTON. ....0....0.cccbceceesee eee ee eee ee ee 4
Anew. Arnica from, /Oreron : E17 GREENE 9226 eas cowenaec gene vnseniee eens 42
Asnew. Paniculania®) Ww. s)is, BEAMS. arn. da sec vena hsonk Hen lea bac wep Pape cet caw th ne elas 43
Naturalized or adventive Narcissi: C. Ts AGERUBER te anh Sa aceaas “43
Reviews :
Mycophagy and its Literature: Lucien M. UNDERWOOD........00:.00.te ccc eee 43
Correspondence
‘cAX simple Dynamometer 2s. Ris BARNES {0o42- fl Maal. oie ctpe Sie 47:
“A simple Dynamometer”’: HERBERT M. RICHARDS.............0:.seeceee econ ees 48

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

Ar 41 NorTH QUEEN STREET, Lancaster, Pa.
BY THE New Era Printinc ComMPANy

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR Igo!

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,

TF SAGLEN, MeDoe HENRY H: RUSBY, M.D.
- Recording Secretary, : Gojoe Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN-K-SMAELL, Pu.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, State Treasurer, —
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., EE=B: FERGUSON, Phar.D.,

Columbia University. ~ College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, AM:

CARLTON-C. CURTIS, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
- or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules cf the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should ‘be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to
-MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

Nie led
y hes, Ws Si anes dire

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. |

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one. dollar
each. Vol. .6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
1—7 and 9 are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
-on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
L. M. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

‘Vol. 1 May, Igor No. 5

TORREYA

A MonTuiy Journat or BotranicaL Notes anp News

EDITED FOR

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL “AVERY. HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
A Note on the Bladder Kelp, Nereocystis Ltitkeana: W. A. CANNON.........0:..-- 49
The North American Twinflowers: P. A. RYDBERG ....eesesseeseeee H stele SS aiou Monsees 52
Shorter Notes
A Kentucky ‘Cornel: JoHN K. SMALL...... Eine suhiseseee reece Pavan conan naannn aoe neaumenee 54
A new Crataegus from Washington: N. L. BRITTON... i... eee cee see eee 55
Circaea Fruit devoid of hooked Bristles: F. H. BURGLEHAUS............... ..--- 55
The Mignonette as Class Illustration for Ascent of Sap:
BYRON Di AELALST EDs f, ctircsrnscdeccetemont¥ancneenes Cf Bee te pipet Pus Some toe here Mara 56
- A rare Plant from western Texas: HENRY EGGERT.......... oi sEC an thos Coe webwiekaaat 56
Reviews _
The Genus Lycopodium—A Criticism: FRANCIS E. L&OYD.:.............5....05.. 56

News Items

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

Ar 41 NortH QuEEN Srreet, LNCSTER, P
BY THe New Er P rintinc Compny

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR Igo!

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,

T. -F. ALLEN, M-D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.

Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary, —
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.

£ditor, j Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., : H. B- FERGUSON, Phar.D.,
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associdte Editors,
NATHANIEL L:BRITTON, Ph.D: FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M.
CARLTON C--GURTTS; Ph.D: ~ DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D. ~
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL. ee

TorrevA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing- House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to

MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City ~

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
~ 1-7 and g are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of -
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should ,
be addressed to

L. M. UNDERWOOD

Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. 1 Z | June, 1901 No. 6

ORREYA

A MontTuiy JourNnatL or BotanicaLt Notes anp News

EDITED FOR

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL: AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1790-1873

CONTENTS
“When in Rome do as the Romans do”: P. A. RYDBERG .o....ceecseees ccevsveseeeees 61
Heterophylly in Hepatica acuta: S. HH. BURNHAM ~.. 0.005. 22...cctececceseceseececsseccnees 65
An Alleghanian Rudbeckia : JOHN K. SMALL... iii liecsecssseecocetecteccencceseeceurerees 67
Diembryony inv Cores BYRON- DIE AUSTED: oc Seren soso uck coats. cesedee seu stocusndee scp oe 68
Reviews 5;
Flora of Western’ Middle California... oi... 0.01. c.cci. cecegceeeesces sececnceecceces weene 69
_Correspondence
tCAcSimples Dy naimniom etensc rs cu: bx. pete tins carte ae os ae csteag ne ewe Bakes mete Loa 70
WWiewS TL temise Si san scseeuesnaiteniare dwar sgt amas dened eanieae cee an ws oe Ngee ae ee 7k

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

At NortH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
BY THe New Era Printinc Company

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR Igor

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice- Presidents,

T. PF SAGLEN, -M-D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City:
Editor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph:D., H. B. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,
s Columbia University. - College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. -

Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A-M.
~CARELTON=C. CURTIS, Ph.D. DANIEL T.-MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

TorREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue.. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,_
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City. : :

Matter for publication should be addressed to

MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN.

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each. 2 ; :

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Mewmorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I~7 and 9 are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list -
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
~ New York, 1888: ~ Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to : .

L. M. UNDERWOOD

Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Mola os July, I901 No. 7

TORREYA

A Monruiy Journat or BoranicaLt Notes anp News

aa EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL. CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 17960-1873

CONTENTS

Juncoides in the Southeastern States: JOHN K. SMALL.......cce eee eee igeencebe 73,
Amsonia Amsonia in New Jersey: B. S. MILLER. 20.0... 0.0.00 ee Noumea a dames eens 75
Lycopodium tristachyum: ME eek TNE ee a os Po ee dade (ese rates owen gO
A Tulip with a Runner: Freperick H. BLODGETT............6... Bie ates eres 73°,
Varietal and Specific Names: T: D. A. COCKERELI (2.02... ...0c cee eceees eevepcnsrceteenene 1G id
An Alpine Botanical Garden....... Peas ows ieead he Ske Fale EA a as SI
Shorter Notes ro

Tulipa sylvestris in the Flora of the United Beaten: CDSs RINT ZR weeny Oar

Nocca and Cracca:-N? Lb: BRITTON ..f...)0..cc55 Mey vt chop fede sence pide geseroseemersedmeacss 682

Nomenclatural Note:2. D7 Ay COCKER ELE ee. 0. io) Meo cwe at cece vce ce ete pee 835

Mosses of the Catskill Mountains: ~E. Gy BRITTON. .....cteceocecssensceeteedeeeevtee 84
News Items....:.. cones Babe nee Ie IRC gee EN eae Cas LSA tE ae, Udit fake Situ ne esos a Mose 84

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

Ar North QuEen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
py THE New Era Printinc Company

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

~ OFFICERS FOR 1001

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,

T. F.-ALLEN,. M.D. : _» HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D:
Recording Secrdary, Corresponding. Secrétary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Px.D. JOHN K. SMALL, Px.D.
Normal College, New York City. — Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, TT€QSUTET,;
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D.,- H. B. FERGUSON, Phar_D.,
Columbia University. Coliege of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate FE-ditors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph-D: FRANCIS -£.-LLOYD, A-M.

CARLTON C.-CURTIS, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

MARSHALE A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. - Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St.,- New ~
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to

MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden —
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27 —
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
_ breaking complete volumes.

| (2) MEMOIRS
The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I~7 and 9 are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers-can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application. :

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New. York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to :
L. M. UNDERWOOD

Columbia University
“NEW YORK CITY

Mone x August, Igor No. 8

A ORREYA

A MontTuiy Journat or BoranicaL Nores AND News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS

Vanishing Wild Flowers: ELIZABETH G, BRITTON. ...........cc0ccccesececseuecessnseveves 85
On Scirpus robustus Pursh and certain of its near Allies: EUGENE P. BICKNELL 94
A -Woeeping Ctatapus :\ ORNS Kar SMALE, 0, 20052. Sees. sadyon cbs vedeone beste ainsa dine dicsles 96
Reviews,
Seed Plamts wets, qucscewarie a aah aac gye wee een wie hea pe oc pak aoe rae ees aaanueey PAB Sc uae 98
Practical Text-Book of Plant Physiology...........c..cccecccescenecerecetecsesensuss 99

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

At NortH QuEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
BY THE New ERA Prinrinc Company

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CL

OFFICERS FOR ioo1

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice- Presidents,

TF: ALLEN, M.D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D. |
Normal College, New York City. ; Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, | Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D.; H. B. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,

Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D, © FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M.

CARLTON C.. CURTIS, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

ToORREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and I9-27 can _be supplied —
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years; is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 1g—27-
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

Single copies & cts.) will be furnished only. when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I—7 and g are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles_ of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. .

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to -
L. M. UNDERWOOD

Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. 1 | september, Igor No. 9

-TORREYA

A Montruiy JourNAL or Boranicat Notes anp News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS

Distribution of Pterospora: D. T. MacDoucaL

@\Sineievvlcleie sees tujcev erence teeter caine vt tne IOI
Two new Bush Clovers (Lespedeza); EuGENE P. BICKNELL,..............¢.000005- 102
Notes on Liriodendron Leaves: EDWARD W. BERRY.........0000cccceecseeveeeeeeeess 105
Two Species of Chamaelirium; JOHN K: GMaTies EADS MAREE 50s Sane eR Ae 107-
Shorter Notes: :

The Storing of Seeds by Squirrels: E. G, BRITTON..........0....0.0c:0sste eee 108

AVotes on Astragalus: 7) 27M. CBAT ES: gece ooaus Sadun suai Sine epee ee on seek aoe ienbailes 109
News: Item's. sio ee Peer tec ee gui ep ee IIo

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

At NortH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA:
BY [THe New Era Printing Company

THE: TORREY —BOFANH AE Chua:

OFFICERS FOR 1901

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice- Presidents,

T. Fo ALLEN, M.D. HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, — Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Normal College, New York City. - Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, : Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph-D., H. B. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M. —

CARLTON C. CURTIS, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL. 2

TORREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to

MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany.- Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe- 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each. ; aie

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals.. Volumes
I~7 and 9 are now completed and No. 1, Part i, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
L. M. UNDERWOOD

Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. 1 : October, Igor No. 10

TORREYA

A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY. HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 -

CONTENTS
A fossil Nut Pine from Idaho: F. H. KNOWLTON..........c2..cc2c0 cebeteess a eeD 113
Some popular Plant-names used in Georgia: RoLtanp M. HARPER............ 115
Notes on Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh (L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br.) :
Buss GROBER TSS ssacte yess coetaes secant We IES Stay ae al ees ere ad ek cay Peon 117

Shorter Notes ;

Spring Foliage in October: E. G. BRITTON................005. Season Nt eee earths 119

Field Days of the Torrey Botanical Cha es ee ae aos So 119
Reviews

The “Peg” or “Heel” in Seedlings of the Cucurbitaceae: FRANCIS

EPS TON Di gkepan dessa och leona ne aah Canis Dees aneneten Saimtaen acmere nmin’ Secu eeecwatentere 120
Correspondence

“Vanishing Wild Flowers”: MABEL H. TAYLOR(..... 0. eee tse eee eeeeee 122

Newsvltems icici cca caine eS eer og Me ee ae 124

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

At NortH QuEeEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
BY THE New Era Printinc Company

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR too!

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,”

Tf ALLEN; M; D: HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, ~~ Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN. K. SMALL, PH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer, —
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., H. B: FERGUSON, Phar.D.,
Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate. Editors,

NATHANIEL ‘L. BRITTON, Ph:D: FRANEIS: E.-LLOYD, A.M.

CARLTON GC. CURTIS; Ph.D. DANIEL T.. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

ToRREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent. thereof. Postal.
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to

MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only.1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be -
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

- Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes. ~

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I—7 and 9 are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol: 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual ae and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications oud
be addressed to
L. M.. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. 1 ‘November, 1901 | CANO TE

“TORREYA

A MonTuiy JourNnAL or Boranicat Notes anp News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

‘JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS

Duplication of Contributions on Physiology of Tendrils: D. T. MacDoueat. 125
Cryptogamic and physiological Botany at Cold Spring Harbor in rgor :

EDWIN DINGHAM=s © OR EWAN Distag. co soak cock ae be aise e ocRtorna gods bean ae toe ae how eau 127

Shorter Notes

Weeping Tomatoes: Byron D. HATSTED oct eee eee Ne 130

The generative Divisions in Gymnosperms: WA MURRILE Se ieee se 131

Cupania on Pine Key, Florida: N. L. BRITTON.............0..ccccc cesses: ences eee 132

Field Days of the Torrey Botanical Club: S. H. BURNHAM.... ............ 132
Reviews

Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada:

LOS SHREDDER ICK. Vir g OMEELE i icons oh arvana he sndaneeeectaes Sls mais twos A tertoa a ee ean 133

A popular Work on Ferns: L. M. UNDERWOOD...............0.c.cccceeneeeseeees 134
News Items.............5 Heo tecr cen aN BEV (co Velen glac na tr aencee eer Senta omnes ee Came cecaeeee 136

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

AT NortH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA.
By THE New Era Printing Company

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR 1go1

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN.

Vice-Presidents,

T: FE. ALLEN, M.D: HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., H. B.. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,

Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,

NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, AM.

CARLTON C. CURTIS, Ph.D. DANIEL T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.

MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

TorreEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received-only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City.

Matter for publication should be addressed to

MARSHALL A. HOWE

New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co,, 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only.1-6 and 19~27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each.

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I—7 and g are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers aud of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
52 addressed to :
L. M. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

Vol. I | December, Igor | No. 12

ORREYA

A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Notes anp News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

MARSHALL AVERY HOWE

JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873

CONTENTS

On the Relation of Redwoods and Fog to the general Precipitation in the
Redwood Belt of California :~ W. A. CANNON (.eccee..cbeccsnecceeee ses Soo 137

Are the Leaves of ‘‘Simple-leaved Ampelopsis”’ simple? Byron D. HaLsTED 139

The Spreading of Solidago specio-a in the Vicinity of Yonkers, N. Y.: Mks.
PORN SI NOR MHIR © Be ontia Scaiace * sincie wee Sommerer ee aos an oeeteies Moe ccm ee ate Po oenesns 141

Hesperaster, a Genus of Loasaceae: JT. D. A. COCKERELL .,..0.5. 0c. ceees ees 142
Shorter Notes <
Explosive Fruits: Byron D. HALSTED 22.0... ciel ecccec ese ee ee ee es Erol Fate is 143
New: Methods: of drying-blants:) .H. Mi RICHARDS 2) 2.00080 eset cesaneos 145
Bromeliaceae in:Costa Rica: —C;. WERCKLE |. foie ac eae 146
A SPexaniCherhygic clo Ke SOMALI fan es oe darcen site ahah bowed BOA ase ul ca ce! 146
Field Days of the Torrey Botanical Club: S, H. BURNHAM.... .........4. 147
A new common Name; EDWARD W. BERRY ¢...c.......ccc ccc ececeeeeereeceecees 147
Nie Wem scik cach acide tales cae tiger ctes se ecg ebm ae cite > SSSeaisees BERS sich Sean annie is ¢/ sae ee Ses 147
Index to“Volume: Tec. Ceci te eee SSBED DE GEASS EUL DAC OAR COCERI Pte, SSC BoE OE 149

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB

AT NorrH QuEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
BY THe New Era Printinc Company

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

OFFICERS FOR Igor

President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN,

: Vice-Presidents,
De ALLENS Mee = HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D.

Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN K. SMALL, PH.D.
Normal College, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Lditor, Treasurer,
L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ph.D., H. B. FERGUSON, Phar.D.,

Columbia University. College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City.

Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Ph.D. ~FRANCIS E. LLOYD, AM.
CARLTON C. CURTIS, PhD. DANIEL. T. MACDOUGAL, Ph.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph.D. HERBERT-M. RICHARDS, S.D,
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.

TorREYA is furnished to subscribers-in the United States and
Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To
subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal
or express money orders or drafts on New York City are accepted in
payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the
request that ten cents be added to the amount of any local checks
that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes,
beginning with the January issue.. Reprints will be furnished at cost
prices.. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to Dr. H. B.
Ferguson, Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St.,
Lancaster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New
York City. ;

Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE

New. York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 27,
published in 1900, contained 678 pages of text and 33 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.

Of former volumes, only 1-6 and 19-27 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vol. 6 (1875-1879), extending over five years, is fur-
nished at the subscription price of five dollars. Vols. 19-27
(1882-1900) are furnished at the published price of two dollars
each. - ;

Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
breaking complete volumes. 3

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
i—7 and g are now completed and No. 1, Part 1, of Vol. 8, has
been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume
in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list
of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished
on application.

(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
L. M. UNDERWOOD
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY

W

h
i

vay
HY

es ae ye Teeny See Oe ee ee J ‘ 1
"es OG ee A. WL ei ahi A ego Oh rg Pane)
Rite, 9 Nat “ails | i vie . 4

ee
aS

et

|

Senge bine stl

lee Ble Saale ds Be A MN ANE Ms See ata aR Be Toure Bde ole a rns om

I 7 oe
a Me = a
. eS F