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TORREYA
A Monruty JourNnat or Botanicat Nores anp News
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 RI
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
Volume IV.
NEW YORK
1904
peess oF
1m Mew Ena Paintine COMPARY,
LaWcasren, PA
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1904
President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice Presidents,
HENRY Ii. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D.
Recording Secretary,
F. S. EARLE, A.M.* EDWARD W. BERRY,?+
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Passaic, New Jersey
Corresponding Secretary
fo) w ’
JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M.
Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University.
Associate Editors,
NATHANIEL L. BRITTON, Pu.D. DANIE't T. MACDOUGAL, PH.D.
TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PuH.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, 8.D.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL.
Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the
College of Pharmacy and the New York Botanical Garden.
PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per
year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only I-6, 13, and 19-27 can be
‘supplied entire. Partial numbers only of vols. 7-18 are available, but the completion
of sets will be undertaken.
Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab-
lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume.
Torreya. Monthly, established 1901. Price $1.00 per year.
All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed
to Francis E. Lloyd, Treasurer, Columbia University, New York City.
* Resigned May I0, 1904.
+ Elected May 10, 1904.
ERRATA, VOLUME 4
Page 36, 22d line, for Brefelda, read Brefeldia.
Page 64, last line, for augustefolia, read angustifolia.
Page 67, 12th line, for Virburnum, read Viburnum.
Page 89, 3d line of footnote, for Lands., vead Lunds.
Page 99, after line 5, zzser¢ SPERMATOPHYTA.
Page I11, Ist and 2d lines, for New New, read New York.
Page 143, 22d line, for Thistleton, read Thiselton.
DATES OF PUBLICATION
1, for January. Pages 1-16. Issued January 27, 1904.
2; February. 17-32. February 25, 1904.
35 March. 33-48. March 12, £904.
4, April. 49-64. April 28, 1904.
5, May. 65-80. May 13, 1904.
6, June. 81-96. June 8, 1904.
Vs July. 97-112. July 21, 1904.
8, August. 113-128. August 27, 1904.
9, September. 129-144. September 30, 1904.
BLO; October. 145-160. October 29, 1904.
ane November. 161-176. November 21, 1904.
Pie, December. 177-201. December 30, 1g04.
Vol. 4 No. 1
TORREYA
January, 1904
PHYSIOLOGICAL APPLIANCES —I
By GEORGE E. STONE
The appliances described in this series of notes have been im-
provised in the writer’s laboratory during the past few years,
in connection with a physiological practicum, and while they
may not possess much value to the investigator, they have proved
useful in the students’ hands. We realize that physiologists
have their own methods of demonstrating physiological phenom-
ena. Now and then, however, there appear in various journals
helpful suggestions in regard to demonstration methods which
the writer has found interesting and profitable, and it is hoped
those now to be offered may prove the same to others.
APPLIANCES FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE TAKEN UP BY PLANTS
As a means of determining that plants take in carbon dioxide
under the influence of sunlight, the writer’s students in physi-
ology have for some years made use of the following apparatus
with satisfactory results.
Fig. § shows an appliance designed largely for experiments
with leaves. Briefly stated, it is a modification of the Winkler-
Hempel apparatus for gas analysis. The apparatus consists of a
bulb burette provided with a two-way stop-cock, and has an
aperture at the bottom, closed with a rubber stopper, for the in-
sertion of the specimens. The burette is graduated to 5), c.c.
and has a capacity of 85 c.c. The method of using the apparatus
is quite similar to that of the Winkler-Hempel gas burette. The
[Vol. 3, No. 12, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 177-201, was issued December
22, 1903. ]
only practical difference being that when specimens are placed in
the bulb their volume has to be determined ; in other words, the
capacity of the burette has to be reéstimated. This is done by
filling the burette and measuring the contents with another
burette or pipette. The principal feature of the apparatus con-
sists in having the specimens in the burette that is employed in
making the determination. For experimental purposes we gener-
Fic. 1. Apparatus for determining the amount of carbon dioxide taken
up by plant tissues,
ally select Myriophyllum \eaves and have about § or 10 per cent.
of carbon dioxide in the burette. The method of operation is as
follows: The required amount of carbon dioxide is supplied to the
burette containing the plants by first filling with water or mer-
2 ©
—
cury, and allowing all but 5 or 10 per cent. of this to be replaced
by air, and the remaining space by carbon dioxide. After expos-
ing the plants to sunlight for a given length of time, the air in
burette is forced over into the potash bulb, and after a short
period returned. ‘This is accomplished by the pressure of mer-
cury or water, whichever happens to be used. The difference in
volume is then noted and from this is calculated the percentage
of carbon dioxide absorbed. Either water or mercury may be
employed, and when the former is used we usually take the
water from a reservoir suspended five or six feet above the appar-
atus, in which case we regulate the output of water by the stop-
cock shown at Cin Fig. 1. We seldom allow the contents of
the burette to go below the 83 or 84.c.c. mark. In using water,
a small portion of the carbon dioxide is likely to become absorbed.
The absorption of carbon dioxide, however, can be largely
prevented by a drop of oil on the surface of the water. In case
mercury is used, no such precaution is necessary. It has been
our practice to allow students to make a few analyses of the car-
bon dioxide, previous to placing the plants in the bulb, in order
that they may become familiar with the method and test the ac-
curacy of the same. We prefer very small apertures in the two-
way stop-cock ; this makes the apparatus much easier to work,
and there is less opportunity for leakage. The special bulb
burette is made by E. Greiner, of New York.
When it becomes necessary to make experiments with potted
plants, we have used for some years the apparatus represented in
Fig. 2. This consists of a bell glass set in a paraffined wooden
trough filled with mercury. The potted plant to be experi-
mented with is covered tightly with thin rubber sheeting, which
permits only the leaves and upper portions of the stems to be
exposed. There are two wide-mouthed tubes, one inside the
bell glass, #%, and one outside, f, which contain water. These
are connected with a U-shaped tube below, with clamps at a, @,
and c¢.
In supplying the apparatus with carbon dioxide, the generator
is attached to one of the inlet tubes at the top of the bell glass,
and the inner tube, 2, which is completely filled with water, is
4
drawn off. This allows a certain amount of gas to enter, but the
exact percentage contained in the bell glass must be determined
by analysis. This is accomplished by passing a sample of the
gas in the Winkler-Hempel burette, which necessitates allowing
water to pass from / to / in order to counterbalance the air
pressure. After exposure to light for a required length of time,
other samples of air can be taken and analyzed as before. The
Fic. 2, Apparatus for determining the amount of carbon dioxide taken up by
potted plants.
number of samples of air which can be taken depends entirely
upon the capacity of the inner tube, , and also the amount of
gas, or air, which is utilized each time as a sample for analysis.
We have found it better to supply the plants with a considerably
large percentage of carbon dioxide, as this renders the results
5)
more marked. The principal feature to bear in mind, in the use
of this form of apparatus, is to regulate the inflow and outflow so
that the pressure of the air under the bell glass coincides with
‘that outside of it. The amount of carbon dioxide which plants
absorb is sufficiently large so that with the use of either of these
appliances a slight error in the determination does not prevent
their being utilized for demonstration purposes. Such experi-
ments may well precede those with the Pfeffer gas-balloon, in
which case more careful details in regard to pressure and tension
have to be insisted upon.
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMHERST, MAss.
OBSERVATIONS ON PHALLUS RAVENELII
By Howarp J. BANKER
In the fall of 1900, several beds of Phallus Ravenel were found
in piles of sawdust at Williamsport, Pa., with the plants in all
stages of development. ‘‘ Eggs’’ were found in abundance from
the size of a mustard seed to that of a walnut. Ina space less
than three feet square over a hundred and fifty were gathered, all
larger than a pea while hundreds of smaller ones were to be
found. The sawdust was penetrated in every direction by long
strings of cord-like mycelium. Most of the smaller “eggs”
failed to mature, being checked by the frost, but the plants per-
sisted in coming up until the middle of December or until the
ground actually froze hard.
One of the beds was located under a pile of lumber, where it
was more shaded and more moist. The /hadd in this bed were
larger and of more vigorous growth than those in the open.
Tempted by their size, the writer made an effort to crawl under
the lumber pile to them. The sawdust was found to be remark-
ably full of what was taken to be masses of ‘eggs’”’ and un-
usually matted together by the mycelium, but it was too dark to
see clearly of what the material consisted. A quantity was
therefore gathered and on returning to the light proved to be
very different from what was expected. There was a dense mass
6
of mycelium forming a tangled net-work and filled with very
irregular tubercular masses, ranging in size from .5—5 cm. in
diameter.
These tubercles or sclerotia appeared to be enlarged portions
of the mycelial threads and were twisted, lobed and convoluted
in a very irregular manner. On making sections of these it was
found that they consisted of two distinct parts, an outer wall
about 2 mm. thick and an inner cavity which either contained
only air or was filled with a gelatinous substance. This cavity
was observed at this time, in the fall, to be in a state of negative
pressure. Those tubercles which had their cavities filled with
air would float in water while those containing the gelatinous
substance would sink. It was therefore easy to determine, with-
out injury, the character of the different tubercles in this respect.
The wall of the tubercle consisted of a dense weft of mycelium
forming apparently a pseudoparenchyma. This was most com-
pact toward the outer surface and became more open toward the
interior, terminating at the surface of the interior cavity in numer-
ous free ends. These hyphal ends were about 7 » wide and
quite irregular in form. When the cavity contained the gelati-
nous substance, this was found to be everywhere penetrated by
fine branching threads about 3 y wide, of uniform size, and run-
ning in nearly straight lines. These threads, easily distinguished
from the hyphae previously mentioned, seemed to have their
origin in the outer wall of the tubercle but just how could not be
made out.
There was also observed in the jelly-containing tubercles, cer-
tain peculiar bodies which were supposed from their appearance
to be crystals of calcium oxalate. These were not numerous and
were developed chiefly among the free hyphae on the inner sur-
face of the wall. A portion of a hyphal thread would be en-
larged into a globular form about 40 wide and would contain
within it a spherical body about 22 » wide and marked with fine
radiations,
The larger tubercles in many cases had the appearance of
being made up of a fused mass of smaller ones. One such con-
elomerate mass measured over 8 cm. in width.
The place was not again visited until spring. In April, the
lumber pile having been removed, the place was made easy of
access and was again examined more thoroughly. All external
signs of the Pali had disappeared, but the bed of sawdust was
found densely matted together with mycelium which covered
a space of several square feet and penetrated the sawdust toa
depth of 12 to 15 inches. Throughout the mass there was an
abundance of tubercles. They as well as the mycelial cords
were now observed to be white in color where not exposed, but
when uncovered quickly turned bluish-purple. This change of
color was very marked and always occurred first in the finer
threads of the mycelium where it would take place so quickly on
exposure that it was very difficult to catch sight of the natural
white color of the threads before the blue color appeared. For
this reason the mycelial threads of P. Ravenel are usually ob-
served to bebluish-purple in color. Ina few seconds the blue color
would appear on the more exposed prominences of the tubercles,
rapidly deepening in color and spreading over the surface, but not
at first extending into the depressions between the prominences,
owing apparently to the retention of some moisture in these piaces.
The side of a large tubercle which remained in contact with the
moist sawdust also underwent no change. This suggested that
the change of color was due in some manner to a superficial dry-
ing resulting from contact with the air, which appeared to be
confirmed by the fact that if the tubercles of the mycelium were
immersed in water as soon as removed from the sawdust not only
was further change of color checked, but after a few minutes the
color which had already appeared faded out and the material soon
became entirely white as at first.
By very long exposure to the air, that is, for several hours or
days, the color gradually undergoes a further change, becoming
a dark reddish-brown and spreading over the entire surface even
into the deepest depressions, and this is more uniform and com-
plete in the living plant remaining in contact with its substratum
than when removed and dried.
This color change in the tubercles is confined strictly to a very
thin layer of the surface and does not penetrate the inner sub-
8
stance. Even if the tubercle be cut through, the cut surface thus
exposed undergoes no change in color, but remains of the same
uniform white, and this distinction remains even when the tuber-
cles have become very dark brown or have been thoroughly
dried. The brown color is slightly soluble in water.
Specimens of this material have been preserved at the New
York Botanical Garden. I have been hoping to have an oppor-
tunity to investigate further this color change in the mycelium of
P. Ravenelii and determine if it was of the same character as the
blue color that appears in certain Bo/edi when injured and which
Schonbein has shown is due to the action of ozone.* Removal
of residence and failure to find such a remarkable growth of these
plants elsewhere has prevented my carrying the investigations
further.
SOUTHWESTERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL,
CALIFORNIA, PA.
JOSEPH HINSON MELLICHAMP
By WILLIAM M. CANBY
Dr. Mellichamp —an excellent botanist of South Carolina —
died on James Island in that State on the second of October last.
Joseph Hinson Mellichamp, the son of the Rev. Stiles and
Sarah Cromwell Mellichamp, was born in St. Lukes Parish, South
Carolina, on the 9th of May, 1829. His father was for many
years Preceptor of Beaufort College and afterwards was pastor
of St. James Church on James Island. Being a lover of out-
door life and of natural objects, he gave his son a taste for the
same and especially for botany, which continued throughout his
life. In 1849 he graduated from South Carolina College and in
1852 from the Medical College at Charleston. He then spent
some time in Europe, studying in the hospitals of Dublin and
Paris. On his return he established himself as a physician at
Bluffton, South Carolina, and here he remained most of his
ife —the exceptions being the time when he was a surgeon in
* Cf. De Bary, Comp. Morph. and Biol. of the Fungi, 15.
9
the army of the Confederate States and when, during his last
years, much of his time was spent with his daughter and only
child in New Orleans. It was during this period that, to his
great delight, he accomplished a visit to California and its ‘‘ big
trees.”’
Notwithstanding the diligence required to fulfil the responsi-
bilities of a large practice among the planters and their depen- |
dents, he found time for much botanical research and collecting.
In the interesting floral region around him were many of the
rarer species described by Walter, Michaux, and Elliott. Speci-
mens of these were much prized by the botanical fraternity and,
through his correspondents, were largely and freely distributed
and are now valued samples in many of the best herbaria.
His good judgment in making observations and clear state-
ments of the results brought him the correspondence and esteem
of Doctors Gray, Engelmann, and other masters of the science.
For Dr. Engelmann he investigated the flowering and fruiting of
some species of Vacca, the peculiar oaks of his region, and
especially Pinus Elliottii, which he practically discovered and, in
the excellent notes he furnished, adequately described. Very
acute observations on the insectivorous habits of Sarracenia
variolaris were published in the Proceedings of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. In this paper he
recorded his discovery of the lure by which insects are tempted
to the fatal pitcher of the leaf; of the fact that the secretion
therein is more or less of an intoxicant ; and the curious fact that
the larva of a certain insect was able to resist the secretion and
to feed upon the decaying mass. Dr. Sargent, in his Sylva of
North America, acknowledged his services in the studies of the
oaks and other trees. Dr. Gray so esteemed his assistance that
he named a Mexican Asclepiad in his honor JMe/lichampia. De-
sirous of helping others, he was one of those useful men who,
diffident and retiring
g, and not caring to advance their own fame,
always willingly give to others the benefit of the knowledge
they have acquired. It is not too much to say that but for him,
considerable of value would have remained unknown of the flora
of his district; grateful acknowledgments of this have come
from European as well as American botanists.
10
Dr. Mellichamp was an ardent lover of nature, with a poetic
and artistic spirit, and his letters teem with fine descriptions of
the various objects which attracted him in his professional drives
about the country. He was wont, as the spring approached, to
speak of the exceeding beauty of the young flowers of Punus
Ethottii, as they expanded their cones over the trees, crowning
their robes of green with a haze of purple. His letters show the
keenest sense of the loveliness and delicious warmth of a spring
in the pines with flowers opening everywhere, the fragrance of
the woods, of jessamine and of magnolias filling the air made
vocal with the songs of mocking-birds.
But best of all, he was a man to be loved for his qualities of
heart and mind. A magnetic and attractive man, his friends and
correspondents cannot forget his ready kindness and words of
cheer and will cherish his memory. He was beloved by the
poor people of his district who, in a touching way, mourned the
loss of their ‘old doctor’”’ as his body was borne to the grave.
As might have been supposed he was intensely southern in his
feelings and in his love for his native State. He now rests in her
bosom ; and the well-known lines, slightly altered, may well be
applied to him, ‘ Little he'll reck if they let him sleep on in the
grave where a southern has laid him.”’
SHORTER NOTES
PRIMARY VENATION IN CINNAMOMUM.—JIn discussing the
proper generic affinity of Czunamomum affine Lesq., F. H.
Knowlton * makes the assertion that ‘“‘ The joining of the secon-
daries to the midrib at some distance above the base is distinctly
a character of Cinnamomum, and all known species possess it.”
The italics are mine.
In view of the variability of leaves in this respect such sweep-
ing statements should be made with great caution. Both Schim-
per and Lesquereux + in defining the genus particularly mention
* Knowlton. Flora Montana Form, U.S, Geol. Surv. Bull. 163: 43. 1900.
+Schimp. Pal. Veget. 2: 839; and Lesq. Tert, Il. 218.
1]
the triple nerves from the base, and an examination of the pub-
lished figures of fossil leaves referred to this genus shows several
species which have the basal secondaries (lateral primaries) in-
serted at the base of the midrib * and several additional species
in which these secondaries are subbasal in some of the leaves.
An examination of the existing species contained in the her-
barium of the New York Botanical Garden shows many leaves
with basal secondaries in the following species: Cznnamomum
pedatinervium, Javanicum, obtusifolium, pauciflorum, Sieboldi,
nitidum, eucalyptoides, albiflorum, pedunculatum and Zeylanicum.
EDWARD W. Berry.
Passaic, NEW JERSEY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1903
This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden at
3.30 Pp. M.; Professor Underwood in the chair; 18 persons
present.
The appointment of Professor Burgess to fill the vacancy on
the membership committee was announced.
Dr. Britton presented a memorial on the life work of the late
Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt, which by vote of the Club was
ordered spread on the minutes and printed in ToRREYA.+
The principal paper on the scientific program was by Mrs.
Britton, entitled ‘‘ Notes on further botanical Explorations in
Cuba.” The party, consisting of Dr. and Mrs. Britton and Mr.
Percy Wilson, went to Cuba by way of Tampa, Florida, going
direct to Matanzas, which point was reached on August 27, 1903.
Extracts were read from her diary, giving an interesting account
of the daily happenings during the exploration of the region
about Matanzas, Cardenas and Sagua. Many photographs were
shown illustrating the regions visited and specimens of some of
* See Lesq. Cret. Fl., /. 30. f. 7. 1874; Tert. Fl., pf. 76. f. 425 pl. 37.f- 4 5
1878; Fl. Dak. Group, p/. z7.f, ¢. 1892; Newb. Fl. Amboy Clays, f/. 29. /. 6, 7.
1896.
+See TORREYA, 3: 177. ortrait. 22 D 1903.
12
the more conspicuous plants were exhibited. As the herba-
rium material secured’ by the expedition has not yet been
studied, no detailed account of the botanical features of the region
was attempted. All of this part of the island has been devas-
tated by war. There is no primitive forest and comparatively
few large trees are left standing. On the return, a few days were
spent in Havana visiting the botanical institutions of that city.
Dr. Britton exhibited specimens of what seem to be two species
of hackberry. The common Ce/tis occidentalis of the eastern states
is a small tree seldom exceeding 40 feet in height, having smooth,
slightly acuminate leaves and globular orange-colored fruits. On
an excursion of the Torrey Club to the Delaware Water-Gap
some years ago, some much larger trees were observed growing
in moist locations and having long acuminate leaves and oval
fruits. This seems to be the Ce/ts canina of Rafinesque. It is
somewhat widely distributed, its range overlapping to some ex-
tent that of C. occidentalis, but it always occurs on moister,
richer lands and grows to be a much larger tree.
F. S. HARE
Secretary.
TuEsDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1903
The Club met at the College of Pharmacy at the usual hour ;
18 persons present ; Dr. Rusby in the chair.
Dr. C. A. King, Mr. J. A. Shafer and Mr. Frederick H. Blod-
gett were elected members of the Club.
The resignation of Mr. B. D. Gilbert as a member of the Club
was accepted.
A proposition from the Scientific Alliance was submitted by
Dr. Britton, suggesting the weekly publication of notices of
society meetings and other items of scientific interest in place of
the monthly Bulletin now published. After some discussion the
suggestion was unanimously approved.
The scientific program consisted of a paper by Mr. W. T.
Horne on “The Vegetation of Kadiak Island, Alaska.” The
paper was illustrated by a large number of botanical specimens
and by numerous photographs, showing the topography of the
island and the characteristics of the different plant formations.
Kadiak Island is 58° north latitude and 155° west longitude and
is 30 miles from the mainland. It is 90 miles long by 50 wide
and has a very irregular coast line. The surface is much diver-
sified and broken. A fresh-water lake about 20 miles long is
situated in the northwestern part of the island. It is connected
with the sea by the Karluk river and furnishes an ideal breeding-
ground for the red salmon. One of the most important fishing
stations and canning plants in the world is located near the mouth
of this river. The winters are very long, beginning early in Octo-
ber, but they are not intensely cold. The lowest temperature
during the two years of Mr. Horne’s stay was— 10°. There is
much mild weather and frequent thaws. The soil freezes only
to a depth of from one to two feet, and the frost is out of the
ground early in June. The highest summer temperature noted
was 72°. The Chinese laborers in the canning factory make
gardens where they cultivate successfully many of the more hardy
vegetables.
The principal plant formations discussed were those of the
low-lying bogs, the comparatively level grass lands, the higher-
lying peat bogs, and the alpine flora occupying the rocky hills.
Marine plants are not particularly conspicuous though many
brown and red seaweeds occur. Two species of Potamogeton are
found in the river at the point* where the salt and fresh water
meet. Above this point the river is comparatively free from
vegetation. The country is well watered by small streams.
These are often full of various green algae and they are fre-
quently dammed by dense growths of mosses. Some of the
smaller slower brooks are completely blocked by dense growths
of species of Vaucheria which so retard the flow of the water as
to form low wet bogs that are covered with a characteristic vege-
tation. The earliest plant to flower in the spring in these law-
cheria bogs is the small C/aytonia asarifolia. Other conspicuous
spring plants are a species of Rumex, Caltha palustris, and various
species of the Cruciferae. These bogs are the most showy in
midsummer when filled with Polemonium acutifolium, several
14
species of Epi/obium anda handsome Mimulus. LEpilobium luteum
in particular forms showy masses in the bogs and along the
brooks. A large-flowered skunk cabbage (Lysic/iton) also occurs
in wet places frequently marking the course of little brooks along
the hillsides. Carex cryptocarpa forms a dense zone bordering
portions of the river bank.
The drier and comparatively level grass lands are always com-
pletely covered by layers of mosses and lichens so that they ap-
proach the condition of the tundras. The first spring flowers of
the grass lands are the abundant pink blossoms of the little
Rubus stellatus, which also is a conspicuous plant in the fall on
account of the rich coloring of its leaves. The turf consists
mostly of Carex Gmelini. Scattered plants of species of Poa and
Festuca are frequent, but the dominant grass is a species of Cad-
amagrostis, A fragrant grass, a species of erochloa, called lo-
cally ‘‘ vanilla grass,’ occurs, but it is not abundant. Other
conspicuous plants are Zrienxtalis Europea arctica, two species of
violets, Geranium erianthum, also conspicuous in the fall from its
red foliage, a yellow Castilleia, Viburnum pauciflorum, Sanguis-
orba latifolia, Galium boreale, and a large showy Lupinus. The
salmon berry, Rubus spectabilis, is frequent and bears a large,
delicious edible berry. In midsummer great patches of fireweed,
Chamaenerion angustifolium, suddenly burst into bloom, giving
a most striking color effect. Later in the season Solidago lepida
becomes conspicuous. Lathyrus palustris was the only plant
seen having a vine-like habit.
The peat-bogs occur at the foot of the hills. Among their
characteristic plants are etu/a glandulosa, a shrub reaching two
feet in height ; Empetrum nigrwm, with black fruits that are called
‘“‘blackberries’’ and are eaten by the natives ; and Ledum palustre,
the leaves of which are used fora tea. Vaccinium ovalifolium
grows along the upper edge of the grass lands. It furnishes an
important economic fruit.
The Alpine flora on the rocky hills consists of a mat-like
growth of mosses, Cladonias, Ampetruin, dwarf blueberries, etc.
The first to bloom in the spring is Wazrania alpina. The fall
foliage of this plant is very showy, forming intense red patches
15
on the hillsides. Other conspicuous plants are Aragallus arcticus,
A, nigrescens, Chamaecistus procumbens, Diapensia Lapponica,
Lloydia serotina, Campanula lasiocarpa, and various dwarf arctic
willows. Vaccinium uliginosnm and V. Vitis-/daea are abundant
and their fruits are of great economic importance to the natives.
The paper brought out an interesting discussion lasting till the
hour for adjournment.
FS, ARLE.
Secretary.
NEWS ITEMS
Professor L. M. Underwood has been elected chairman of the
Section of Biology of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Professor J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, In-
diana, is spending a month at the New York Botanical Garden,
engaged in some special mycological researches.
Dr. D. T. MacDougal, director of the laboratories of the New
York Botanical Garden, left New York on January 13 to visit
the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at
Tucson, Arizona. He plans also to visit Lower California and
will probably be absent from the Garden for about six weeks.
Dr. Burton E. Livingston, instructor in plant physiology in the
University of Chicago, and Miss Winifred J. Robinson, instructor
in botany in Vassar College, who have been devoting, several
months to studies in the laboratories of the New York Botanical
Garden, returned to their respective institutions about the first of
January.
The seventh meeting of the Society for Plant Morphology and
Physiology was held at the University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, December 29-31, 1903. Fifteen papers were presented
and discussed. No presidential address was given on account of
the absence of the president, Professor Roland Thaxter. The
following officers were elected for the ensuing year: president,
Dr. George T. Moore; vice-president, Professor Clara E. Cum-
mings ; secretary-treasurer, Professor W. F. Ganong. A com-
mittee of three was appointed to confer with committees from
16 :
other botanical societies upon the subject of union of the botanical
societies of the country.
The American Association for the Advancement of Science
held its fifty-third annual meeting at St. Louis, December 28,
190, to January 2, 1904. Papers represented by thirty-seven
titles were read before Section G (Botany), the program occupy-
ing four half days. Mr. F. V. Coville, retiring chairman of Section
G, was absent and his vice-presidential address was accordingly
omitted. A committee consisting of Professor C. E. Bessey,
Dr. B. T. Galloway and Professor Conway MacMillan, was ap-
pointed to consider the movements now under way looking to
the preservation of the Calaveras groves. On Friday morning,
January 1, the Section went as a body to visit the Missouri
Botanical Garden on the invitation of the director, Dr. William
Trelease. Among the officers.for the ensuing year, Professor
W. G. Farlow was elected president of the Association ; Pro-
fessor B. L. Robinson, vice-president of the Association and
chairman of Section G; Professor F. E. Lloyd, secretary of
Section G,
The tenth annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America
was held at St. Louis, December 28 to 30, 1903, under the
presidency of Professor C. R. Barnes. The address of the past-
president, Dr. B. T. Galloway, was entitled ‘‘ What the Twentieth
Century Demands of Botany ’’; this address was published in full
in Science for January 1, 1904. In addition to the address, thir-
teen papers were presented. Officers were elected as follows:
President, Mr. F. V. Coville ; vice-president, Professor C. E.
Bessey ; secretary, Dr. D. T. MacDougal ; treasurer, Dr. Arthur
Hollick ; councilors, Professor B. L. Robinson and Professor J.
M. Coulter. Grants of $150 to Dr. C. J. Chamberlin to aid a
study of the spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and fertilization of
Diom and Ceratozamia ; of $150 to Professor F. E. Lloyd to
aid a study of the comparative anatomy, transpiration and sto-
matal action of spinose and succulent plants, to be carried on at
the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution ; and
of $50 to Professor J. C. Arthur to assist in making drawings of
the Uredineae, were approved.
Vol. 4 No. 2
ORR EY A
February, 1904 LIBRAR’
NEW YORK
:
.
RAY SLOLOGICAL APPLIANCES —IIL*
By GEORGE E. STONE
APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING AND DETERMINING THE AMOUNT
OF OxyGEN GIVEN OFF BY AQUATIC PLANTS
The appliance shown in Fig. 3 has been used in the writer’s
laboratory, to some extent, for collecting and determining the
amount of oxygen given off by aquatic plants. It is based on
the same principles as that shown in Fig. 1,f namely, either water
or mercury is employed to force the collected gas into the ab-
sorbent bulbs and return the same.
In setting up the apparatus the graduated burette and funnel
are filled with water. As the gas is given off from the aquatic
plants it is directed from the funnel to the burette, where it is re-
tained, a corresponding amount of water being displaced through
the tube, a, which should be below the water level in the cylin-
der below. After a required amount of gas has been collected,
the pinch-cocks at 6 and ¢ are closed, the funnel removed and
the gas is forced over into a phosphorus or pyrogallic acid and
potash bulb and then returned. The amount of oxygen absorbed
is then estimated. The remaining gas can also be tested for car-
bon dioxide and other gases if necessary. An appliance made
on this principle, provided with a smaller caliber and more finely
divided burette, has its advantages for closer work.
* Continued from page 5.
+ TORREYA, 4: 2. Ja 1904.
[Vol. 4, No. 1, of ToRREYA, comprising pages I-16, was issued January 27,
1904. ]
iy
TANICA!
18
A much more simple apparatus, which answers the same pur-
pose, is shown in Fig. 4. This method of demonstration we have
Fic. 3. Apparatus for collecting and determining the amount of oxygen given off
by aquatic plants.
required of our physiological students each year. It consists of
a test-tube, either plain or graduated, placed over a glass funne
19
in a cylinder containing aquatic plants. ‘The test-tube is filled with
water and, as the gas collects, the water is displaced. After 15
or more cc. of gas is collected, the
funnel is dropped into the cylinder
and a stick of phosphorus, fastened
toa bent wire, shown at the right, is
inserted into the tube containing the
gas. The phosphorus should be left
in the tube for some hours, and
after removing it the difference in BES
the water levels is noted and the
per cent. of oxygen is roughly de-
termined. In most experiments,
our students find that about 33 per
cent. of the gas is absorbed by the
phosphorus.
METHOD OF DETERMINING HOURLY
TRANSPIRATION Fic. 4. Method of collecting
; and testing the gas given off by
The following method of deter- aquatic plants.
mining the hourly transpiration of
rooted plants has been occasionally employed in our labo-
ratory. The device consists of a calcium chloride jar, to which
is attached a small tube, both of which contain water. See Fig. 5.
A small light float of pith attached to a straw, carrying a wire
on its upper end, registers on a blackened cylinder the variation
of the water level due to transpiration. On the surface of the
column of water inthe small tube there are a few drops of heavy
paraffine oil, o. This oil prevents loss, of water, and serves as a
suitable rider for the float. In our demonstration experiments
we make use of willow cuttings which have developed roots and
leaves. These cuttings are started in water and as soon as gath-
ered they are fitted with a rubber stopper of suitable size to fit
the calcium chloride jar. Rooted willow cuttings are far superior
to fresh cut stems and leaves in this experiment on account of
the ends of the latter becoming clogged with slimy material, thus
preventing absorption and rendering the results of little value.
Fic, 5. Apparatus for determining hourly transpiration.
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
AMHERST, MAss.
21
AN INTERESTING UNPUBLISHED WORK ON
FUNGI *
By J. C. ARTHUR
It is not often that a work in systematic botany remains a hundred
years without being given to the public in some form of the printer's
art, if possessed of genuine merit. Yet this has been the fate of
Hedwig’s ‘“ Descriptio et Adumbratio Microscopico-analytica
Fungorum.” Every student of plant-rusts has noticed that many
species of Uredinales first published in de Candolle’s edition of
the Flore Frangaise, issued in 1805, with a supplementary vol-
ume in 1815, are accredited to ‘‘ Hedw. f.,”’ often with citation
of the work and of the particular plate bearing an illustration of
the species. Even the genus Gymnosporangium was not evolved
by the learned author of the great French flora, but by the ob-
scure ‘“‘ Hedw. f.,” and its type species, G. conicum, is illustrated
in ‘“ Hedw. f. Fung. ined. t. 2... It would seem that this inedited
treatise, from which de Candolle secured such rich gleanings,
must have been a work of superior value. I had often wondered
who the author could have been, and why a work of such evi-
dent merit had never been published, and about two years ago
having an opportunity to call at the Candollean Library in Gen-
eva, Switzerland, I made inquiry about the matter. I found, as
I had correctly surmised, that the manuscript was in the library.
Through the kindness of M. Casimir de Candolle, the present
owner of the library, I was permitted to examine it. It is well
preserved ; and I was enamored with the beauty and skill dis-
played in its preparation. It is a small quarto, with pages of let-
ter-sheet size. There are about fifty pages of text, and thirty-one
pages of plates, the latter most exquisitely drawn and colored by
the author. The work deals largely with the Uredinales, and is
remarkable for the clearness with which the observations are
made, and the discrimination which the author shows in present-
ing the more important characters of the fungi which he de-
scribes. The full title page runs as follows :
* Read before the Torrey Botanical Club, January 27, 1904.
22
Descriptio et adumbratio microscopico-analytica
Fungorum
Aliarumque plantarum cryptogamicarum ad
eorum familiam pertinentium.
Auctore
D. Romano Adolpho Hedwigio
Professori BotaSices in Academia literarum Lipsiensi ; multa-
rumque societatum literarum socio.
‘This remarkable work has never been published,” wrote M.
C. de Candolle recently, in reply to an inquiry sent from London,
“ owing to various circumstances which you will find fully stated
in my grandfather’s ‘ Mémoires et Souvenirs,’ page 143.” From
this source part of the facts now to be presented, were taken, al-
though ,the work is not so explicit as one could wish. Other
published facts have been obtained from scattered sources, and
for additional information I am indebted to M. Aug. de Candolle.
A strong friendship had sprung up between A. P. de Candolle,
the first of that renowned family of botanists, and Adolph Hed-
wig,
fessor of botany at Leipzig, having succeeded his father, the dis-
tinguished bryologist. It was in honor of the elder Hedwig
that the journal /ledwigza was named. Hedwig, the younger,
who was of about the same age, and at the time was pro-
had begun a monograph of the ferns, and in exchange for speci-
mens from the Antilles and elsewhere had sent to de Candolle
an authentic set of mosses from the collection that had belonged
to his father, which proved of great service in the revision of the
Flore Frangaise. An interesting correspondence ensued, carried
on in Latin.
In the meantime Hedwig had prepared a work on the parasitic
fungi, and as de Candolle says, “ with a true talent.” He desired
to have this published in Paris and intrusted the manuscript to
his very warm friend, A. P. de Candolle. It was placed in the
hands of Garnery, who was issuing de Candolle’s sumptuous
work on succulent plants. For some reason Garnery did not
take kindly to the new enterprise and delayed its beginning. De
23
Candolle says in his Mémoires that, not wishing to seem negli-
gent to Hedwig, he asked Garnery to write to the author and
state his reasons for the delay. This was promised, but not done.
De Candolle became impatient, and threatened to give the publi-
cation of the succulent plants to some one else if he did not soon
comply. Garnery was piqued at this, but de Candolle remained
firm, and the publication of the succulent plants came to an end.
Shortly afterward Garnery went into bankruptcy.
With what sanction de Candolle used the most important of
Hedwig’s deductions in his Flore Frangaise, which appeared in
1805, we are not told. But the failure to secure the publication
of this fine piece of work and stripping it of its scientific treasures
did not interrupt the friendship, if we may trust the statement in
the Mémoires. Shortly afterward, in July, 1806, Hedwig died.
The work was subsequently placed in the hands of Guillemin, of
Paris, but was never published.
It is a pity that so admirable a piece of scientific work should
have met such an untoward fate. Even after a hundred years its
publication would be a distinct gain to science.
PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
LAFAYETTE, INDIANA.
SHORTER NOTES
THE JUNCACEAE OF THE West InpD1Es. — Professor Buchenau
contributed to the first volume of Professor Urban’s Symbolae
Antillanae an account of the Juncaceae hitherto known in the
West Indies. He there records three species, /. dichotomus EIl.,
from Jamaica, a widely spread species in the eastern United
States, /. repens Michx. from Cuba, also a species of the eastern
United States, and /. Guadeloupensis Buchen. & Urb., a new spe-
cies from Guadeloupe.
J. arvistulatus Michx., another common species of the south-
eastern: United States, may now be added to this list ; it was col-
lected by me in meadows at Sagua la Grande, Cuba, growing
along the edges of small pools, September 4, 1903 (Britton &
Wilson, No. 286). N. L. Britton.
24
AGDFSTIS CLEMATIDEA Mog. & Sessé.—We found this
beautiful white-flowered vine of Mexico and Central America in
September climbing profusely over bushes on the playa of
Matanzas, Cuba; it has evidently been cultivated in gardens
there, but has made itself perfectly at home in the native tangles
of shrubs and vines as a naturalized plant. The flowers and in-
florescence are wonderfully Clematis-like, greatly resembling those
of Clematis Vitalba of Europe and toa considerable degree those
of our own Clematis Virginiana. But the most striking thing
about the plant is its horrid odor, the flowers being, if anything,
more fetid than those of the carrion-flower or skunk-cabbage, a
fact which does not seem to be recorded in descriptions of the
species. According to Professor Bailey, the vine has been culti-
vated in California. N. L. Britton.
A NEW STATION FOR ARABIS GEORGIANA. — On December 30,
1903, while walking along the Oostanaula River in Gordon
County, Georgia, near Resaca, I came upon a considerable
quantity of an Arabs, which by reason of its long erect pods,
,pubescence, mode of branching, and other characters observable
at this season, can be no other than A. Georgiana, a species de-
scribed in TorreyA last June, and known hitherto only from a
single station on the banks of the Chattahoochee River in the
coastal plain. The new station is in the Palaeozoic region,
about 167 miles from the type-locality and almost due north of
it. Its altitude is about 640 feet. The rock at this point is
what has been called Oostanaula shale, and is of Cambrian age.
The habitats of the Avadis at the two stations are very similar,
and many of the species accompanying it on the Chattahoochee
also occur with or near it on the Oostanaula, among those which
were recognizable being Arundinaria macrosperma Michx., Hy-
drangea arborescens L., H. quercifolia Bartr., Platanus occidentalis
L., Geum Canadense Jacq., Rhus glabra L., Acer saccharinum L.
(A. dasycarpum Ehrh.), and Sassafras Sassafras (L.) Karst.
Some of these have rather a limited distribution in Georgia,
and their occurrence together at two such widely separated
localities is interesting. A visit to the new station in summer
») 5
would doubtless reveal a still larger number of species common
to the two localities.
It would not be at all surprising if Arades Georgiana should
turn out to be more common in the hill country than in the
coastal plain, for the genus Avadis (and in fact the whole family
of Cruciferae) is mainly a northern one, and at the type-locality
the species under consideration is associated with many species
which do not range much farther south.
Rotanp M. HaArpeEr.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA.
Notes ON EPIGEA REPENS L. — The lovely arbutus, as it is
called in this region, is usually much sought after in the early
spring when in flower. Even here, near our larger towns, it may
disappear within a few years, if the wholesale collecting goes on.
It is a well-known fact that many of our. spring flowers may
be found in flower in the autumn, particularly many of our vio-
lets. The finding of Zpzgea repens in flower, October 14, 1895,
was indeed a surprise ; and to others, to whom I have mentioned
the fact. I became so much interested in this patch of plants,
which grows under a white pine tree, in gravelly soil by a wagon
road, that I have made observations yearly when possible or
have had others do so. The plants in this patch never flower
in the spring! Near by are patches which are spring-flowering.
The later dates of finding the arbutus in flower are: Novem-
ber 17, 1896; October 16, 1898 ; November 11, 1899; Novem-
ber 1 and December 3, 1900, September 24, 1903. The flowers
are as well developed as any to be found in April, often tinged
with pink and as deliciously fragrant.
Later in October, 1895, while climbing the Putnam Mountain
range, south of Lake George, I found other patches of arbutus
in flower ; but these hardly could have been located again, if I
should have desired to make observations. Hundreds of patches
in other parts of our area have been searched over in vain ; al-
though well-developed flower buds are almost always present in
the autumn. Why has this particular patch of plants taken to
flowering in the autumn, rather than spring ?
Vaucuns, New York. S. H. Burnuam.
26
A NEW LEMANEA FROM NEWFOUNDLAND.—Lemanea (Sach-
eria) borealis. Sexual shoots evenly tufted, slender, 1-3 cm.
or more long by 0.25-0.33 mm. in diameter: sterile base
0.5—I cm. long, slender, gradually tapering into the fertile por-
tion, the transition very rarely abrupt: antherid zone when
young prominently tuberculate with 2—5 antherid papillae, these
disappearing in age so that the older shoots are plane: procarp
zone usually cylindrical, rarely constricted in the middle, some-
times slightly so near the apex, the result being that in age, with
the disappearance of the antherid papillae, the shoots are nearly
or quite cylindrical, the younger and middle-aged ones appear-
ing slightly nodose: procarps arising in both the antherid zone
and procarp zone, but not quite reaching the middle of the pro-
carp zone: carpospores in tufts throughout the entire length of
the shoot, not collected at the antherid zones as in L. fucina and
_ its varieties, but not extending so closely to the middle of
the procarp zone as in L. fluviatilis: carpospores elliptical to
oblong, 25-45 “x 18-25 4: Chantransia stage represented only
by fragments at season when collected, but threads 18-25 y in
diameter, cells 35-45 » long, often slightly constricted at the
septa: plants of a dull green color on drying, the spores some-
times showing a tinge of blue, and darkening, but not blackening
the shoots : species of a parasitic Chantransia (C. violacea) some-
times present on the old shoots. .
On rocks in a_ waterfall, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland,
August 9, 1901, no. 1108. C. D. Howe and W. F. Lang.
These specimens agree with those collected by J. B. Fowler
in Nepisiguit River, N. B. ; and by J. Macoun in Pirates’ Cove,
Nova Scotia, and listed as small specimens of Lemanea (Sach-
eria) fucina Bory, var. rigida (Sirodot) on page 226 of my
Monograph,* which forms should now be referred to this species.
GEORGE F. ATKINSON.
30 TANICAL DEPARTMENT, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
REVIEWS
The Grass Family as treated in Urban’s Flora of Porto Rico +
The great interest taken of late years in the flora of the West
Indies has made the appearance of the initial parts of the Flora
* Monograph of the Lemaneaceae of the United States. Ann. Bot. 4: 177-229.
pl. 7-9. 1890.
+Urban, I. Flora Portoricensis, Symb. Antill. 4: 76-109. 1903,
Ze
of Porto Rico, by Dr. I. Urban, a matter of considerable moment.
The first instalment comes as fascicle I, Vol. IV, of his Symbolae
Antillanae, and treats of the Pteridophyta, and of the Sperma-
tophyta as far as the Chloranthaceae. The grass family is
naturally the one of especial interest to the reviewer, the more so
as he published a few months ago a preliminary enumeration of
the grasses of the same region, basing his work upon the material
in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden.
The material for the work here reviewed has been determined
in the main by Professor E. Hackel, but some few of the
genera have been revised by other students of this family :
Arundinella, Cenchrus, Aristida, Bouteloua, Leptochloa, Phrag-
mites and Eragrostis by Dr. Pilger ; and Panicum and Paspalum
by Dr. Mez.
That this work will be of great value to students of the grasses
of the West Indies, it is hardly necessary to state. There are
accredited to the island 38 genera and 125 species, with a few
subspecies and varieties. This must represent a large proportion
of the entire grass flora of the island, and the size of this list but
emphasizes a marked deficiency in the work, the entire absence
of keys of any kind, not alone to the species, but also to the
tribes and genera. This want seriously curtails the usefulness of
the work to any but specialists and is to be the more regretted,
as it is but intensified by contrast with other admirable features,
notably the full citation of synonymy, localities, and specimens.
In the matter of nomenclature, the work is for the mest part
up to date, and carried along on consistent lines, but one cannot
but note such exceptions as these, and wonder at their retention :
Setaria and Leersta, homonyms, are maintained, and Chaetoch/oa
and Homalocenchrus, both available, are reduced to synonymy ;
and #riochloa Kth., although published three years later than
Monachne Beauv., is preferred to that genus.
In the matter of generic limitations a conservative course has
been pursued, and as conservatism is often but another name for
tradition, inconsistencies have crept in here and there. This is
especially noticeable in the treatment of the Paniceae. Here C/ae-
_ tochloa Scribn. (Setaria Beauv.,as they persist in calling it, although
28
a homonym) and /sachne are held as distinct from Panicum, while
Syntherisma and Echinochloa, equally as valid genera, are merged
in that polymorphic receptacle Panicum; and again, Paspalum:
the line between which and Panicum is so frail at times as to be all
but lost, is maintained, and is also made to include Axastrophus,
which certainly is as distinct from Paspalum as that genus is from
Panicum.
Most of the species published by the writer in his recent
enumeration of the grasses of this same region * have been main-
tained in this work. In some instances, however, these have
been reduced to synonymy. As in one instance this is due ap-
parently to a misunderstanding of the species involved, I cannot
refrain from entering into it quite in detail. I refer to the reduc-
tion of my Paspalum Underwoodii to the synonymy of Paspalum
lentiginosum Pres]. It is difficult to understand how any one
who has read the original description of P. /entiginosum can come
to the conclusion maintained in the work under consideration, for
P. Underwood is in no way related to that species. _Presl’s species
was described from material collected in Mexico, a country from
which I have not seen a specimen of Paspalum Underwoodii,
which, so far as I know, is confined to the West Indies. In the
tenth annual report of the Missouri Botanical Garden, in an article
by Professor Scribner on the grasses of Haenke in the Bernhardi
Herbarium, will be found a discussion of this species of Presl.
Among these Haenke specimens was one labeled in Presl’s hand-
writing, Paspalum lentiginosum, and from this a drawing was
made, of which Plate 13 in the report referred to above is a re-
production. Professor Scribner states that Palmer’s no. 1556,
collected at Culiacan, Mexico, in 1891, is the same as this, and
certain it is that this specimen agrees closely with Presl’s descrip-
tion and with the plate referred to above. Haenke’s American
specimens were from the Pacific coast, and Culiacan is on the west
coast of Mexico. Paspalum lentiginosum Presl is clearly related
to, if not identical with, /. hemisphacricum Poir., a relationship
fully expressed in Urban’s Flora by placing the two in juxtapo-
* A preliminary Enumeration of the Grasses of Porto Rico. Bull. Torrey Club,
30: 369-389. 10 J] 1903.
29
sition, but unfortunately the specimens cited at that place do
not belong there, but are Paspalum Underwoodii, a quite different
plant, and a relative of P. dexsum Poir., a fact which I distinctly
pointed out when publishing ?. Underwoodit.
Another inaccuracy is in making my Paspalum Helleri synony-
mous with P. glabrum Poir. The writer saw the type of the
latter species at Paris, and it is a much more slender plant with
smaller and glabrous spikelets.
But perhaps the most curious case of reduction is by Dr.
Urban himself when he makes my Jonachne subglabra a variety
of Eriochloa punctata. No reason is given for this unless it be
the words placed in parentheses, ‘‘ non vid.”’
Three new species are described, all by Dr. Pilger: Aristida
Portoricensis, Eragrostis macropoda and Arthrostylidium sarmen-
tosum. One of these, Eragrostis macropoda, must be reduced to
synonymy, for it is the true Poa nitida Ell., Dr. Pilger’s remarks
to the contrary notwithstanding. This is unfortunate, for the
name #acropoda is most appropriate, as the distinguishing feat-
ure is the long peduncle of the spikelets, a character mentioned
by Elliott likewise when describing his foa xitida ; moreover,
there is in the herbarium of Columbia University a specimen
from Elliott, labeled in his own handwriting Poa nitida, which
agrees with his own description of that species, so that the ques-
tion is thereby taken out of the realm of uncertainty. Dr. Pil-
ger remarks in a note that in Eragrostis nitida (oa nitida Ell.)
the spikelets are almost sessile, a statement clearly at variance
with the facts, as pointed out above. There is a species with
almost sessile spikelets, closely related to this, and inhabiting the
same region, and it is probably this which Dr. Pilger has mis-
taken for the true Poa nitida Ell. I refer to the Poa refracta
Muhl. [Zragrostis refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. }.
The work is a welcome addition to the literature bearing upon
the grasses of the West Indies, for it brings together in a con-
cise manner a large proportion of the species found in that
region, and for this a grateful appreciation and congratulations
are extended.
GEORGE V. Nasu.
530
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
TUESDAY, JANUARY 12, 1904
The Club was called to order at the usual hour, Dr. Rusby
occupying the chair. There were sixteen members present.
This being the-annual business meeting, no scientific program
was presented.
Dr. Philip Dowell, 14 Albion Place, Port Richmond, Staten
Island, and Mr. F. W. Kobbe, 142 East 18th street, New York
City, were elected active members.
The next order of business was the report of officers and com-
mittees. The recording secretary read his report, showing 15
regular meetings held during the year, with an average attend-
ance of 20. The number of active members elected was 14, cor-
responding members 2, resignations 12, deaths 2, thus leaving
the active membership unchanged at 238, as shown by previous
secretary's report. The number of papers and communications
presented was 41. The report was accepted, but it was pointed
out that the number of active members indicated was probably
too large.
The treasurer read a preliminary report, which was received
and referred to an auditing committee consisting of J. H. Barn-
hart, M. A. Howe and F. S. Earle. This committee was in-
structed to audit the completed treasurer’s report and to investi-
gate the general financial condition of the Club and to report at
the next meeting.
The editor-in-chief presented a report showing that owing to
lack of funds no volume of the J/emoirs had been published. The
volume of the /x/letin comprises 709 pages and 30 plates, with
numerous text illustrations. The cost has exceeded the estimate
made at the beginning of the year by only about $12. Eight
meetings of the editorial board were reported. The publication
of the issues earlier in the month has been secured. Certain
changes, including a new cover design, have been adopted for
1904. The burden of preparing the index to current literature
has been assumed solely by the editor-in-chief. The report was
accepted.
The finance committee made a verbal report.
The editor of TorRREYA made a verbal report which was accepted.
The committee on local flora made a verbal report outlining
the work done during the year and calling special attention to the
need of much more active and critical work on the local flower-
ing plants, and especially on the cryptogams, many groups of the
latter having been almost entirely neglected.
The next order of business was the election of officers. By a
unanimous vote the secretary was instructed to cast the ballot
of the Club for the reélection of all the present officers, which
was done and their election was declared.
On motion, the editor-in-chief and two other members of the
editorial board to be selected by him were appointed a special
committee to endeavor to place the publications of the Club in
various libraries of public institutions where they are not now to
be found.
A communication was read from the Outdoor Art League of
California in regard to legislation now pending in Congress for
the preservation of the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees, asking the
endorsement of the Club for this measure. On motion the fol-
lowing resolution was adopted :
Resolved: That the Torrey Botanical Club heartily endorses
the action of the Outdoor Art League of California in trying to
secure legislation for the preservation of the Calaveras Grove of
Big Trees, and that it hereby urges the favorable consideration
of such legislation by Congress.
There being no further business, adjournment followed.
F.. 5., EARLE,
Recording Secretary.
NEWS ITEMS
The Botanical Gazette announces, with a regret which must be
generally felt, that the Journal of Applied Microscopy and Labora-
tory Methods will cease publication with the issue for Decem-
ber, 1903.
Mr. Otto E. Jennings, of the Ohio State University, has been
appointed custodian of the botanical collections at the Carnegie
32
Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., succeeding Mr. J. A. Shafer, now of
the New York Botanical Garden.
We note in Sczence that Mr. E. W. D. Holway, of Decorah,
Iowa, the well-known student of the Uredineae, has given his
valuable botanical library and his extensive collections of fungi
to the University of Minnesota.
The ninth annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botanical
Club was held at Burlington, January 21 and 22. Twenty-
four papers were presented. The annual address was given by
Marshall A. Howe, of the New York Botanical Garden, under
the title of ““ The Plant Life of the Sea,’’ with lantern-slide illus-
trations. The attendance at the various sessions of the meeting
ranged from about fifty to two hundred. Under the able leader-
ship of President Ezra Brainerd and Professor L. R. Jones, this
has grown to be one of the most active and enthusiastic botanical
clubs in the United States.
Botanical visitors in New York City since October 20, 1903,
not already mentioned in Torreya, include Professor A, §.
Hitchcock, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C,;
Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; Dr,
J. W. Blankinship, Montana Agricultural College, Bozeman,
Mont. ; John G. Jack, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass,;
Charles Louis Pollard, Springfield, Mass. ; Professor Henry L.
Bolley, Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, North Dakota ;
Dr. Edgar W. Olive, Harvard University ;} Dr. Antonio Vaccari,
Royal Italian Navy; Dr. John L. Sheldon, West Virginia Uni-
versity, Morgantown, W. Va.; Professor William C. Coker, Uni-
versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.; President Ezra
Brainerd, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt.; Mr. H. L,
Everett, Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Professor Alexander W. Evans,
Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Vol. 4 No. 3
TORREYA
March, 1904
A SUMMER IN SALISBURY, CONNECTICUT
By A. VINCENT OSMUN
Occupying the northwest corner of Connecticut, the town of
Salisbury is bordered on the west by New York State and on the
north by Massachusetts. Mountains and valleys, lakes, swamps
and brooks innumerable combine to make this not only a region
of great natural beauty, but to the botanist one of the richest
hunting grounds in southern New England. Here we find Con-
necticut’s highest point of land, Bear Mountain, rising 2,355 feet
above the level of the sea, while Lakes Washining and Washinee,
“the twin lakes of the woods,’ and Lake Wononscopomuc are
among her largest and most beautiful sheets of water. Along
the eastern border of the town flows the Housatonic River.
There are deep, cold, almost inaccessible swamps, and the botanist
who has courage to penetrate their depths surely finds his reward.
In this region it was the writer’s good fortune to spend the
greater part of the summer of 1903. A number of plants
hitherto unreported as growing in Connecticut were collected,
together with many rare or unusual in other parts of the State.
That Salisbury should have a flora so different from other parts.
of the State is probably due to the generally higher altitude, there
being few points in the town below 600 feet, while at least ten,
peaks rise above 1,400 feet.
Our collecting was confined chiefly to a large estate in the
northern part, comprising about one thousand acres of land typi-.
cal of the whole town, though a few of the plants here mentioned!
were not found within this area. The summer's collecting by
no means represents the complete flora of this region, but the
following seem to deserve especial mention at this time :
[Vol. 4, No. 2, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 17-32, was issued February 25,
1904. ]
b+
Botrychium neglectum Wood. This species is abundant in leaf-
mould on the wooded mountain slopes.
Pellaca atropurpurea (L.) Link is commonly met with on lime-
stone ledges by roadsides. Fronds fourteen to sixteen inches long
frequently are found.
Asplenium Ruta-muraria L. A ledge of limestone and gneiss
fully one third of a mile long is literally covered with this dainty
little fern. No other stations were found.
Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw. is mentioned because of its great
abundance. Not only is it found upon limestone and other
ledges, but in many places where one naturally would not look
for it.
Pinus resinosa Ait. One tree found at an altitude of about
1,300 feet. This is several miles from the station reported in
Bishop’s list of Connecticut plants, which, we are informed, was
over the line in New York State.
Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. A large number of trees, vary-
ing in size from seedlings to a foot or more in diameter at the
base, were found at an altitude of about 2,000 feet.
Sparganium minimum Fries. The first known station in Con-
necticut was found in Lake Washinee.
Poa nemoralis L. The finding of this grass in Salisbury ex-
tends the range south from northern New England.
Sagittaria graminea Michx. was found thickly established in
mud on the edge of Lake Washinee, where it is crossed by the
C. N-ERR.
Cypripedium reginae WNalt. grows abundantly in some of the
more inaccessible swamps. This most beautiful of the lady’s-
slippers is gathered in great bunches by residents and is in danger
of extermination.
Achroanthes monophylla (L.) Greene. A few plants found ina
damp hemlock grove. No other station is known in Connecticut,
Corallorhiza multiflora flavida Peck. Three plants were found,
one of which was deposited in the herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden. This variety has been observed only in New
York State, and in 1903 in Maryland.*
* Waters, C, E. Plant World, 6: 264.
.
“
=i
Jt
Arenaria Michauxii (Fenzl.) Hook. f. is very common on
limestone ledges.
Mitella nuda L. was first reported from this state in 1903.*
It is abundant in several wooded swamps.
Lepidium sativum L. was found in a chicken yard and probably
was introduced in grain.
Reseda lutea L. is frequent in fields and waste places.
Gentiana quinguefolia L. Though this cannot be termed a
rarity, the extraordinary numbers of plants found growing in and
about Salisbury, seem to entitle it to special mention. Except
two stations it seems to be confined to Litchfield County, and
so far as the writer has observed is nowhere else so abundant.
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Only one plant was found in a
dry field, diligent search failing to reveal others.
Lobelia Kalmiu L. is another plant generally rare in other parts
of the state, which here is very common in damp places, whole
pastures sometimes being blue with it.
Petasites palmata (Ait.) A. Gray has not before been reported
south of Massachusetts. It was frequently met with in a cold,
wooded swamp, but no flowers were found.
Among the less noteworthy plants collected are the following :
Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Avena striata Michx. Ather-
opogon curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. oa debilis Torr. Poa
alsodes A. Gray. Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze. Strep-
topus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Betula pumila L. Sibbaldiopsis
tridentata (Soland.) Rydb. Comarum palustre L. Oxalis Aceto-
sella L. Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. Moneses uniflora (L.) A.
Gray. Slephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Utricularia minor L. U.
gibba L. U.cornuta Michx. Hieractum Marianum Willd.
Credit is due to Mrs. O. A. Phelps for the discovery of many
of the above-listed specimens.
Most of the plants mentioned are to be found in the herbarium
of Grasslands, belonging to Robert and Herbert Scoville, Salis-
bury (P. O. Chapinville), Connecticut.
AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS.
* Phelps, O. A. ** An Hour in a Connecticut Swamp,’’ Rhodora, 5: 196.
36
THE SLIME-MOULDS OF PENNSYLVANIA
By D. R. SUMSTINE
Of the 200 or more species of slime-moulds recognized in the
United States, 103 or about one half have been reported from
Pennsylvania. No doubt this number will be largely increased
when the state is thoroughly explored.
The following list is necessarily incomplete but it provides a
basis for future investigation of this interesting flora.
Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers.* Craterium leucocephalum (Pers.)
denudata (L.) Sheld.* Ditm.+
digitata (Schw.) Rost. Cribraria argillacea Pers.
encarnata Pers.* aurantiaca Schrad.*
mncarnata nodulosa Macbr.t dictydioides Cke. & Balf.t
magna Rex t elegans B. & C.F
nutans (Bull.) Grev.* intricata (Schrad.) Rost.
Oerstedtit Rost.+ mucrocarpa (Schrad.)
Badhamia decipiens (Curt.) ‘ Pets.aee
Berk.+ minutissima Schw.t
lilacina (Fr.) Rost. purpurea Schrad.}
macrocarpa (Ces.) Rost. tenella Schrad.+
orbiculata Rex ¢ violacea Rex ||
papaveracea B, & R.F Diachea leucopoda (Bull.) Rost.*
Brefelda maxima (Fr.) Rost.* Splendens Peck +
Clastoderma Debaryanum Dictydiacthalium plumbeum
Blytt.+ (Schum.) List.*
Comatricha aequalis Peck + Dictydium cancellatum (Vatsch)
longa Peck + Macbr.*
nigra (Pers.) Schroet.t Diderma cinereum Morg.t
Persooni Rost.t crustaceum Peck*
pulchella (Bab.) Rost.t reticulatum (Rost.)
Craterium aureum (Schum.) Morg.t
Rost.t stellare (Schrad.) Pers.
* Specimen in the writer’s herbarium,
+ Macbride, North American Slime Moulds.
t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1893.
¢ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1891,
|| Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadelphia, 1889.
" Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1890.
“_
~I]
Didymium Clavus (A. & 3S.) Physarum caespitosum Schw.*
Rabenh.*+ contextum Pers.+
Enerthenema papillata (Pers.) ellipsosporum Rost.*
Rost.+ galbeum Wing.t
Enteridium splendens Morg.* lateritium (B. & Br.)Rost.+
fuligo ovata (Schaeff.) Macbr.* leucophacum Fr.+
violacea Pers.* leucopus Link *
Flemitrichiaclavata(Pers.) Rost.* nefroideum Rost.t
entorta List.* nucleatum Rex ||
serpula (Scop.) Rost.* obrusseum (Berk. & Curt.)
stipitata Mass.* Rost.+
vesparium (Batsch) Macbr.* penetrale Rex ||
Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) psittacinum Ditm.+
Rost.* pulcherrimum B. & R.F
Lamproderma arcyrionema rufipes A. & S.F
Rost. + serpula Morg.t
columbinum (Pers.) Rost. virescens Ditm.+
scintilians (B. & Br.) List. Stemonitis fenestrata Rex §
violaceum (Fr.) Rost. Jusca (Roth) Rost.+
Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) maxima Schw.*
Rost.* Morgani Peck *
Lepidoderma tigrinum (Schrad.) nigrescens Rex ||
Rost.+ pallida Wing.*
Licea minima Fr.+ Smithi Macbr.*
variabilis Schrad.t+ Webberi Rex *
Lycogala conicum Pers.* Tilmadoche compacta Wing.§
epidendrum (Buxb.) Fr.* viridis (Bull.) Sace.
Mucilago spongiosa (Leyss.) Trichia botrytis Pers.
Morg.* decipiens (Pers.) Macbr.*
Oligonema brevifila Peck + Favoginea (Batsch) Pers.*
Ophiotheca Wrightii B. &. C.+ enconspicua Rost.
Orcadella operculata Wing.§ persimilis Karst.t
Perichaena marginata Schw.+ scabra Rost.*
guadrata Macbr.+ varia (Pers.) Rost.*
Physarella oblonga (B. & C.) Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch)
Morg.t Macbr.*
Physarum atrum Schw.t
38
Specimens of the above species can be found in the Rex col-
lection in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in the
Wingate collection now in the possession of Prof. Thomas H.
Macbride, Iowa City, or in the writer's collection.
Dr. George A. Rex and Mr. Harold F. Wingate collected
extensively in southeastern Pennsylvania, especially about Phila-
delphia. The writer has collected in Clarion, Armstrong and
Westmoreland counties.
The nomenclature in Macbride’s North American Slime-
Moulds has been followed. Our thanks are due to Prof. C. H.
Peck for identifying one species, Dictydiaethalium plumbeum.
KITTANNING, Pa.
December 14, 1903.
THE CRATAEGI OF FORT FREDERICK, CROWN
POINT, NEW YORK
By W. W. EGGLESTON
Two miles across Bulwagga Bay from Port Henry are the ruins
of Fort Frederick. Crown Point is a long tongue of clay underlaid
with limestone ; this is a typical place for the growth of Crataegi,
lime appearing to be one of the essentials in the best development
of the plant. The limestone soils of the Champlain and the St.
Lawrence valleys show a wonderful development of the genus
in numbers and variety and they follow so closely the limestone
outcrops that one cannot help feeling that there are lime com-
ponents in the soil wherever he finds Crataegi.
Our first attention was called to the thorns of Fort Frederick
by F. H. Horsford in July, 1899. He had visited the Fort a
few days before and although having but a few minutes to spare
found six forms. ‘This at a time when Vermont was known to
have but five forms, was very surprising to us; now that we
know nearly one hundred forms in Vermont we should not be
so easily moved.
We have more than doubled Horsford’s number and with
more careful search will very likely find more. But the variety
Ov
of forms is not of so much interest to us, for we have several
smaller areas in western Vermont where there are more than
twenty forms ; we are more interested in the large tract practically
given up to thorns. The grounds about the Fort and much of
the rest of the Point are pastured and most of this region is a
great thorn orchard and in many places a dense thorn thicket.
One is surprised to find the dominant species the southern
Crataegus Crus-galli L., known in New England only at a few
stations in Connecticut and along Lake Champlain in Vermont.
The northern Crataegus coccinea rotundifolia Sarg. is also
abundant.
As yet none of the group Zenuzfoliae, the most common in
New England, has been found there. All of the forms in the
following list the writer has seen growing there excepting those
accredited to Professors Brainerd, Peck, and Sargent.
Crataegus Champlainensis Sarg.; C. coccinea L., C. H. Peck ;
C. coccinea rotundifolia Sarg.; C. Crus-galli L.; C. exclusa Sarg.,
C. H. Peck ; C. flabellata, Spach ; C. Holmesiana Ashe, Brainerd
and Sargent; C. lobulata, Sarg.; C. macracantha Koehne (also
a hairy form); C. praecogua Sarg.; C. Pringlet Sarg.; C. pruinosa
Beadle ; C. punctata Jacq.; C. submollis Sarg. (?) C. H. Peck.
SHORTER NOTES
CRATAEGUS PoRTERI Britton. — Abundant flowering specimens
and ripe fruits of this species (described in Bulletin of the New
York Botanical Garden, 1: 448) recently received from Mr.
Wm. M. Canby who has visited the region about Tannersville,
Pa., where the type specimen was collected by me in 1896, en-
able me to supply the following supplementary description of the
plant :
A tree 6.5 m. high or less, with long flexuous straggling
branches and a short trunk 1.5—-2 dm. thick, with light-colored
and smooth bark. Leaves thickish, very smooth, rounded or
abruptly tapering at the base, acute, with two or three sharp
lobes on each side: cymes few-flowered, about 4 cm. broad ;
40
bracts narrow, glandular; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, glabrous ;
stamens about, 20, with white anthers: pome pyriform up to the
time of ripening, when fully ripe obovoid to spherical, but often
drying pyriform, a little more than 1 cm. in diameter and a little
longer than thick, dull red with green blotches.
The tree flowers about the middle of May, and the fruit ripens
in early October.
According to Mr. Canby’s observations, the plant is not un-
common in the vicinity of Tannersville.
N. L. Britton.
REVIEWS
The Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution*
This volume contains the report of the advisory board, con-
sisting of Mr. F. V. Coville and Dr. D. T. MacDougal, which
was appointed to investigate the selection of a site for the Carnegie
Desert Laboratory in the atid regions of the West. The report
will be of unusual interest to botanists, not only because it deals
with one ofthe most important botanical departures in this country
and promises results of the highest biological importance, but
also because the authors have given sufficient knowledge of the
flora and conditions prevailing in these arid belts to reveal the
wealth of material afforded for physiological and geographical
study. The majority of botanists have not had the opportunity
of visiting the areas covered by the report and to such and to
people in general the diversity of climate, topography, mechan-
ical, chemical and physical conditions which obtain in these
desert districts will come with something of surprise. The
information concerning the areas and distribution of these arid
regions in the Chihuahua and the Sonora-Nevada desert belts,
which occupy more than a million square miles of plateaus and
plains east and west of the main Cordilleran ranges together with
data upon the meteorology and other conditions controlling plant-
life in these areas is an important supplement to the meager and
often misleading current information upon this subject.
* Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication, No. 6. Pp. i-vi, 1-58. AZ.
1-39 +f. 1-4. oN 1903.”’ [ Issued J 1904. |
41
The committee in performing its work visited all the more im-
portant arid districts in the west, noting the character of the vege-
tation, and physical and soil conditions. This led them first into
the siliceous sand hills of Chihuahua, Mexico, and thence to the
drifting alkaline sand fields of the Tularosa Desert of New
Mexico, which cover an area of about 10 by 40 square miles.
From the extensive arid country about Tucson, Arizona, with
its rich flora and varied conditions, they proceeded into the prov-
ince of Sonora, Mexico, giving an interesting account of the vege-
tation and the remarkable associations of forms occurring at
Torres and especially at Guaymas. Continuing westward,
detours were made at several points in the Colorado Desert,
revealing the extreme diverse topographical and soil conditions
which vary from mountains and hills to salt and alkali flats and
sand-swept plains. The exploration ended with a journey
through the Mohave Desert, concerning which Mr. Coville has
given a very comprehensive report in the Botany of the Death
Valley Expedition, and a trip to the Grand Canyon of the Colo-
rado. The selection, as a result of this survey of the field, of
Tucson, Arizona, as a site for the laboratory cannot be criticized.
It is situated on one of the great transcontinental lines, rendering
it easily accessible and the city of Tucson will furnish a con-
venient and satisfactory base of supplies. In addition to this the
large arid belt in this region presents a typical desert flora and
with such a diversity of conditions that it is exceptionally rich in
woody and annual species. It is to be hoped that the laboratory
may not only furnish facilities for the investigation of plant life in
the country adjacent to Tucson, but that it may have as one of
its functions the equipment of expeditions to the numerous
promising districts noted in the report.
The value of the report has been greatly enhanced by the in-
troduction of thirty-nine illustrations of desert views. It is safe
to say that these are the most remarkable scenes of desert plant-
life that have ever been published. They bring very vividly before
us the character of the vegetation and the atmosphere of the region.
The Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution
is to be congratulated on having so favorable an introduction to
the public. CaRLTON C. CurTIS.
Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum *
Under this title has recently appeared a work which presents,
in concentrated form, the results of a vast amount of careful and
thorough work. There are here brought together, within the
the compass of 750 octavo pages, an elaborate code of nomen-
clature, a complete enumeration of the genera of flowering plants
proposed from 1737 to 1902 (and a few in 1903), and a syste-
matic arrangement of all those recognized as valid. It was ob-
viously impossible for the authors to include full citations, but
the date of publication is mentioned whenever it is of importance.
According to the title-page, the author is Tom von Post, the
director of the seed-testing station at Upsala, and no doubt much
of the value of the compilation is due to his labors; but there
is the further statement ‘‘opus revisum et auctum ab Otto
Kuntze,” and to a person familiar with Dr. Kuntze’s productions,
his impress is discernible upon every page. His connection with
the work lends to it a certain stamp of reliability which it would
not otherwise possess, yet his unique view-point makes it impos-
sible for any well-informed botanist to accept the results as in
any manner authoritative.
Radical as are his views regarding nomenclatural reform, there
is perhaps no more conservative living botanist than Dr. Kuntze,
when it comes to the recognition of genera. This work admits
only 8,333 genera of living phanerogams, while at Kew, where
the influence of Bentham & Hooker’s masterpiece has led to
what is commonly regarded as extreme conservatism, the num-
ber recognized is not far from 9,000; the number allowed by
the exponents of the Englerian system is nearer 10,000; and
the principles followed by many continental and most American
botanists would result in the recognition of a much larger num-
ber. The reduction in the number of genera is readily under-
stood when we observe that all the genera of Cacteae recognized
by recent monographers are reduced to a single genus, Cactus ;
incidentally it may be remarked that this treatment obviates the
necessity of determining to which of the component genera the
* Post, T. v. & Kuntze, O, Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum, inde ab anno
MDCCXXXVII._ i-xlvili, 1-714. Stuttgart, 1904.
43
Linnaean name Cactus should be applied. The expression
of sucherratic views of classification in a nomenclator intended
for general use is unfortunate, almost as much so as the peculiar
results which spring from the application of the code of nomen-
clature adopted as a basis for the work.
This code, termed by Dr. Kuntze his ‘“‘ Codex brevis maturus,”’
and intended for presentation at the Vienna Congress in 1905,
was published in advance of the Lexicon, with commentaries,
from which extracts have already appeared in TorrEya.* By a
,
happy inspiration, these “inevitably polemic”? commentaries are
here omitted, with the explanation that they “shall not be in-
serted into the Lexicon to make it free from polemic . . . any-
one who likes polemic can easily buy it.” The chief character-
istics of the code which affect the nomenclature of the Lexicon
are the adoption of the year 1737 as the starting-point for gen-
era, and the freedom with which the spelling of generic names
has been revised in accordance with elaborate and more or less
arbitrary rules of orthography.
The Codex is marred by the presence of frequent index fig-
ures, referring to the missing commentaries. It is printed in
German, French and English, in parallel columns, the English
version being expressed in the quaintly picturesque phraseology
for which Dr. Kuntze is famous. For instance, there are pro-
visions ‘‘to insure an uniform orthography and clear coordination
of corrected homonyms instead of distant incorrected-ones, and
to avoid the validity of several homonyms only differing by in-
equal orthography,” and among the provisions for the represen-
tation of botanical societies in international congress, is one to
the effect that ‘‘these votes can only be represented by one or
more orderly members of each society !”’
Typographically, the work is remarkably free from errors.
The accepted genera are brought out clearly by the use of bold-
face type, but the data accompanying these bold-face names run
together with the cross-references in an annoying way that could
easily have been avoided by the judicious use of italic.
This is not the place for an extended discussion of the peculiar
nomenclatural views of Dr. Kuntze, as expressed in his latest
* TORREYA, 3: 154-157. O 1903.
44
code. Suffice it to say that he has few, if any, supporters in
America, and it is doubtful whether he has any in Europe. Pos-
sibly the vituperation poured upon all who disagree with him
has prevented his ideas from receiving as serious consideration
as they deserve. It is certainly unfortunate that he should
regard himself as an infallible referee upon all points in dispute,
and hurl anathemas at all who refuse to acknowledge his author-
ity, characterizing their propositions as ‘“ dishonest,” ‘‘inexecu-
table,” ‘“false’’ and “lawless.” JoHn HENDLEY BARNHART.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY, 27, 1904
This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden
with Professor Underwood in the chair; thirty persons were
present.
The treasurer’s report deferred from the last meeting was read
and also that of the auditing committee.
The report of the auditing committee showed that there were
194 active members at the time of the last meeting, January 12.
The editor-in-chief as chairman of the committee for securing
increased sale of the publications of the Club announced Miss
Vail and Dr. Howe as the other members of the committee.
The following resignations of members of the Club were read
and having been approved by the treasurer were accepted: Miss
Amy Schussler, Mr. Ewen MacIntyre, Mr. Marshall Bright, Dr.
Alexander P. Anderson, Miss E. W. Kornman, Dr. L. Schoeney
and Mr. E. G, Buttrick.
The announcement was made that President Brown had reap-
pointed all the standing committes with the same membership as
last year, viz.,
Committe on Finance: H. H. Rusby, J. I. Kane, C. F. Cox.
Committee on Admissions: EI. S. Burgess, Delia W. Marble,
J. K. Small.
Committee on Local Flora:
Spermatophytes: N. L. Britton, E. P. Bicknell, H. H. Rusby,
Fanny A. Mulford.
43)
Cryptogams: L. M. Underwood, M. A. Howe, Elizabeth G.
Britton,
Committee on Program: N. L. Britton, M. A. Howe, L. M.
Underwood.
Committee on Field Excursions: Eugene Smith, G. V. Nash,
Miss M. L. Sanial, Miss L. K. Lawall, E. W. Berry.
The first paper on the scientific program was by Dr. J. K.
Small on ‘‘Some recent Explorations in southern Florida.”’
Dr. Small was accompanied on his trip by Mr. J. J. Carter of
Pennsylvania and for a part of the time by A. A. Eaton, who
paid. special attention to the orchids and ferns. From Miami as
a base, expeditions were made. in different directions. One trip
was made to the northward in the direction of Ft. Worth. Four
strikingly different plant formations were noted in this region :
(1) sand ridges covered with gnarled and stunted trees and
shrubs mixed with cacti with almost no grass or herbaceous
vegetation ; (2) low-lying moist lands covered with grasses and
sedges but destitute of trees and shrubs ; (3) the pine lands ; and
(4) the hammocks filled with broad-leaved evergreens and decidu-
ous trees. The country south of Miami is just being opened up
to settlement and is still.in a primitive condition. Most of the
excursions were in this direction, explorations being made for a
distance of 45 miles. The region consists of low coral-limestone
ridges with no appreciable soil but still supporting a dense pine
forest. The lower levels are filled with water and constitute arms
of the everglades. The pine lands are interspersed with occa-
sional small hammocks. An exceedingly interesting flora was
found, and over a thousand numbers were collected, which in-
clude an unusual proportion of new and interesting things. So
far as the collections have been studied the plants from the ham-
mocks show a close relationship to the Cuban flora and include
a considerable number of West Indian species not heretofore
known from the mainland. The pineland species on the contrary
are largely endemic and include many undescribed species.
In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper it
was stated that the expedition would probably add at least a
hundred species to the known flora of the United States.
46
The second paper was by Dr. J. C. Arthur on “ An interesting
unpublished Work on the Fungi.’”’ This paper was printed in the
issue of TorreEyA for February.
The third paper was by Dr. N. L. Britton on “ The Birch
Trees of North America.’’ Recent study in arranging the den-
drological exhibit in the Museum, has shown the necessity for a
further investigation of our arborescent flora. In some genera,
notably in Fraxinus, too many species are now recognized and
some reductions will be necessary. In the birches on the con-
trary, it is necessary to recognize at least four new species. One
of these is in the Alleghany region, and the others are north-
western. FE. Sy HARES,
Recording Secretary.
FEBRUARY 9, 1904
The following persons were elected to active membership:
Miss Margaret H. Stone, 254 West 93rd St., N. Y. City; Miss
L. A. C. Howard, University Heights, N. Y. City; Miss Marion
E. Latham, 417 West 148th St., N. Y. City; Miss Aurelia B.
Crane, Scarsdale, Westchester Co., N. Y.
The committee on field excursions presented its annual report
for 1903. It was received and ordered placed on file with the
minutes.
The first paper on the scientific program was by Mr. Homer
D. House on “ The Influence of some Aluminium Salts on Plant
Growth.” The paper was a preliminary report on some experi-
ments with aluminium sulphate, aluminium potassium sulphate,
aluminium nitrate and aluminium chloride to test their effect on
plant growth when used in very weak solutions of varying
strength. The seedlings of Lupinus albus were used in these
tests as being best adapted to the purpose on account of their
rapid vigorous growth and also because they have been pre-
viously used in similar tests with other toxic salts. The results
obtained with all four of these salts were entirely parallel but
those with aluminium sulphate were most marked. All were
very poisonous and entirely inhibited growth till very dilute
solutions were reached. When the point of dilution was reached
47
that permitted growth to take place, it still greatly retarded it.
With further dilution the amount of retardation decreased until a
point was reached when the action became stimulative and the
rate of growth was considerably above the normal. This was to
be expected, as sufficiently dilute solutions of many toxic salts
are known to have a stimulating effect on plant growth. With
still more dilution the stimulative effect became less marked until
the normal rate of growth was again reached. Very unexpectedly,
however, it was found that when dilutions were carried still
further, instead of remaining at the normal, a distinct retardation
of growth was again observed. As the dilution still increased
another point was reached where the effect was stimulative though
less strongly so than in the first case. Some of the series of
dilution cultures showed as many as three distinct succeeding
waves of depression and stimulation following each other with
decreasing strength. Further experiments in this interesting
field are in progress.
The second paper was by Mr. G. V. Nash on “ A Collecting
Trip to Haiti.” It was illustrated by a large number of photo-
graphs and herbarium specimens and gave a graphic account of
the experiences of a botanical collector in this interesting but
little known country. The difficulties of travel are very great.
No one is allowed to travel in the interior at all without thor-
oughly satisfactory letters to the authorities. Even with govern-
ment permission secured, no accommodations for the white
traveler could be found except for the unfailing hospitality of the
priests, who are nearly all educated Frenchmen. They are very
often the only white men in their districts.
The flora of the sea-shore is much the same as in the other
West Indies, but as one goes toward the interior the character
of the vegetation soon changes and a large proportion of inter-
esting endemic species is found. FE. S, EARLE,
Recording Secretary.
NEWS ITEMS
Professor F. S. Earle, of the New York Botanical Garden
sailed on February 25 for a few weeks’ visit to Cuba.
48
Dr. William C. Sturgis, formerly mycologist of the Connecticut:
Agricultural Experiment Station, has been appointed lecturer on
botany in Colorado College, Colorado Springs.
Dr. C. J. Chamberlain of the University of Chicago started for
Mexico late in February to obtain material for use in his study of
the spermatogenesis, odgenesis, and fertilization of the cycads
Dioon and Ceratozamia.
Dr. H. N. Whitford, of the University of Chicago, is expecting
to sail from San Francisco for Manila on March 26, to engage
in botanical work under the direction of the United States Phil-
ippine Commission.
Professor L. R. Jones, of the University of Vermont, is enjoying
~ a half-year’s leave of absence from his collegiate and experiment
station duties. He is now at the University of Michigan, but
will go a little later to Europe.
Dr. D. T. MacDougal returned to New York on March 6
from a botanical expedition to Lower California and Arizona.
He has brought back a large quantity of living and dried plants
from the little-explored regions about the Gulf of California.
Two able and suggestive papers on eastern violets have
recently been published, one by Mr. Witmer Stone under the
title of ‘‘ Racial Variation in Plants and Animals, with special
Reference to the Violets of Philadelphia and Vicinity’ printed in
the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia for October 1903 (issued December 4), and the other by
President Ezra Brainerd under the title of ‘‘ Notes on New Eng-
land Violets” in Rhodora for January. Both are based on much
continuous observation of colonies of living plants representing
various species and forms, Dr. Brainerd emphasizes the diag-
nostic value of the mature capsules.
Vol. 4 No. 4
Terk Ey A
April, 1904
4
THE EARLY WRITERS ON FERNS AND THEIR
COLLECTIONS—II. J. E. Smits, 1759-1828; cw
Swartz, 1760-1818; WILLDENOW, 1765-1812 BOTA
By L. M. UNDERWOOD
Aside from minor changes in the generic arrangement of Lin-
naeus * and occasional additions to the number of species by
various writers, notably Thunberg, Forskal, Forster, Lamarck,
and Cavanilles, the principal generic changes as well as the more
extensive additions to fern species up to the end of the first
decade of the last century were made by Smith, Swartz, and
Willdenow. Sir James Edward Smith is not to be confused with
the less eminent, but so far as fern lore is concerned, more dis-
tinguished John Smith who flourished a half century or more
later. Smith published in 1793 an important paper + which was
one of the first attempts at a natural classification of ferns. He
established the genera Woodwardia, Vittaria, Davallia, Cyathea,
Hymenophyllum, Gleichenia, and Danaea. While some of these,
like Cyathea,{ for example, were highly unnatural groups, the
* Theodor Holm (TORREYA, 3: 187-188) has taken exceptions to my state-
ment regarding the types of Linnaeus. It is well known that Linnaeus’ one-
line descriptions of ferns are worthless, and in many cases he gives only citations.
As I have shown, among the ferns at least, his types are equally so, and Mr. Holm
says even worse things about them. There is therefore nothing left on which to de-
pend for identifying his types but his citations and, on these, rational interpreters of
Linnaeus have hitherto depended for identifications. If now, as Mr. Holm avers,
these are not to be regarded as typical of his species but merely as giving ‘‘ some
idea of their general habit or aspect,’’ Linnaeus becomes from a systematic stand-
point even more useless than we have given him credit for being.
We examined the specimen preserved under Osmunda Lunaria in herb. Linnaeus
last summer and it was labeled as before stated,
+ Tentamen Botanicum de Filicum generibus dorsiferarum. Mem, Acad. Sci.
Turin, 5: 401-422. f/. 9. 1793 (also sep. pp. 22). Smith also published various
articles on ferns in Rees’ Cyclopaedia, which was published between 1802 and 1819.
¢ Cyathea besides containing three genera of tree ferns as now understood included
also two of our delicate bladder ferns ( /7/zx)!
[ Vol. 4, No. 3, of TORREYA, comprising pages 33-48, was issued March 12, 1904. ]
50
generic arrangement was far in advance of anything that pre-
ceded it.
Smith was president of the Linnean Society (London) for
many years and after his death his collection was purchased by
the society, at whose rooms it is now easily accessible for exami-
nation. The plants are well preserved, but, as in many of the
early collections, many ferns are represented by tips of leaves
only and some of these have served as types of new species.
Olof Swartz issued the first formal enumeration of all known
ferns in his Syxopsis Filicum (1806) and presented the next
general conspectus of fern genera. In this and previous works
he described a large number of species and established the
genera Marattia, Grammiutis, Aspidium, Diplazium, Lygodium,
Botrychium, Cheilanthes, Anemia, Mohria, and Psilotum. His
Synopsis recognized thirty-eight genera and his work is usually
regarded as the first real datum-line for the systematic study of
ferns. To show how clearly he outlined the system so long
familiar to fern students in the later Syxopsis Filicum of Hooker
and Baker (1868, 1874) we give an outline of his classification :
I. GYRATAE
Sorts nudis
AcRosTICHUM (46*), MEniscium (3), Hemionitis (8), GRAM-
MITIS (13), TAENITIS (1), PoLypopiuM (102).
Soris indusiatis
AsPIDIUM (93), ASPLENIUM (75), CAENOPTERIS (9), SCOLOPEN-
DRIUM (2), DipLazium (9), Loncuitis (4), PTERIS (79), VITTARIA
(6), ONOCLEA (12), BLEcHNUM (14), Woopwarpia (8), LinpsAEA
(14), ADIANTUM (32), CHEILANTHES (16), DAVALLIA (29), Dick-
SONIA (16), CYATHEA (10), TRICHOMANES (21), HYMENOPHYLLUM
(28).
Il. SPURIE GYRATAE
Capsulis rimatis
ScHIZAEA (6), Lycopium (11), ANEMIA (17), Monria (1),
OsmunpDA (6), TopEA (1), MERTENSIA (7), GLEICHENIA (3),
ANGIOPTERIS (1).
* The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of species of each genus
described in the Synopsis.
51
Il], AGYRATAE
Capsulis multilocularibus
Marartria (4), DANAEA (2).
Capsulis bivalvibus
OpHioGLossuM (9), BorrRycHIUM (7).
Besides the above genera Swartz also treated under the Ly-
copodineae the genera Lycopoprum (65), TMESIPTERIS (1), and
PsILOTUM (2).
Swartz’ work is of special importance to us at this time since
many of his species were based on collections he made in the
West Indies when he visited Jamaica and Haiti in the years
1784-1786. His collection, which we have not yet seen, is pre-
served at the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm and is said
to be in a most excellent state of preservation. Various writers
on West Indian ferns, notably Jenman, have referred to various
types of Swartz as being found in the British Museum. Itis true
that some of the earlier botanists occasionally distributed their
type material during their lifetime, and it is also true that some
specimens of ferns came to the British Museum from Swartz, but
there seems to be no warrant or at least no certainty that any of
his types ever came there ; in fact all the probabilities are against
it, and his types must be sought in his native country. Swartz
also published shorter papers on ferns, the last being published
in 1817, only a year before his death.
The next enumeration of ferns was made by Willdenow in
1810 * in the fifth volume of his edition of Spectes Plantarum,
although his work on ferns had commenced in 1802 with his
publication of the genera Zodea and Hydroglossum (Lygodium)
followed in 1804 by Mertensia, and in 1809 by Struthiopterts and
Lomaria. His enumeration included 43 genera of ferns and
1008 species, enriched by the collections of Humboldt and Bonp-
land in meridional America, as well as by those of Bory and
others mostly described here as new. Willdenow’s collection is
*An enumeration of the known ferns was commenced by Lamarck in the Z7cy-
clopédie Méthodigue in 1783 and was completed by Poiret in 1808. This however
contained only 444 species in contrast with the 716 described by Swartz in 1806,
and 1008 described by Willdenow in r8ro.
52
maintained by itself in the Kgl. Bot. Museum at Berlin. Each
specimen is numbered serially and all is thoroughly indexed so
that the collection is more readily accessible that any other of
the historic collections. The sheets enclosed in covers tied with
tape after the usual continental method, are arranged in volumes
of convenient size and stand side by side in a special case in the
room used until recently by the late Professor Schumann for a
study. The sheets are a trifle larger than foolscap paper and the
plants are mostly in an excellent state of preservation. There is
sometimes a little doubt about his ‘‘ types” being the originals on
which he based his species, as he is said at times to have given
away his originals in those species of which he afterwards secured
better material. Our own Muhlenberg was a correspondent of
Willdenow so that his collection includes many species from the
United States.
WILLIAM MARRIOTT CANBY
By H. H. Ruspy
Mr. William Marriott Canby, one of the foremost citizens of
Wilmington, as indeed of the State of Delaware, died on March
10 at Augusta, Georgia, to which place he had gone to recover
from the effects of a series of colds from which he had been
suffering during the winter. In his death, the botanical fraternity
of America loses one of its most genial associates, as well as one
of its keenest and most judicious discriminators of plant forms.
Mr. Canby was born in Philadelphia, on March 17, 1831. His
early education was obtained in the schools, mostly private, of
Wilmington, whither his parents moved during his early childhood.
He afterward attended a Quaker institution at Chadd’s Ford, on
the Brandywine. After his graduation, the state of his health
apparently demanding an out-of-door life, he engaged in agri-
culture, near Coatesville, Pa. This country life was chiefly
responsible for the development of Mr. Canby’s very great love
of plant-life, although inheritance, and an early association with
students of botany, had already given him a predilection for that
study. He studied and collected the local flora of Coatesville
and vicinity, and in 1858 indulged in the great pleasure of a
-
—
botanical excursion to Florida. Mr. Canby always spoke of this
trip as one of the most delightful of his botanical experiences.
The excursion is of public interest because it was very influential
in extending Mr, Canby’s interest in the North American flora, of
which he afterward accumulated such an excellent representation.
Two years later, he made extensive collections in the north-
eastern United States and in Canada, afterward using this mate-
rial for exchange purposes, in building up his herbarium. In the
succeeding years he made a number of similar more or less ex-
tended collecting tours in different portions of the country, and
accumulated a large amount of exchange material. Among his
exchange correspondents were Doctors Gray and Engelmann,
through whom his exotic herbarium was largely acquired,
although he arranged a number of similar exchanges during a
brief trip to Europe in 1859(?).
In 1866, Mr. Canby abandoned farming, and took up his resi-
dence in Wilmington, where he quickly laid the foundation for a
broad and highly successful business career ; fairly successful in
his own interest, more so in the sterling honesty and punctilious
honor with which he guarded the interests which others confided
to his keeping. He was for a time President of the Delaware
and Western Railroad and, upon its absorption by the Baltimore
and Ohio, he became a Director of the latter company, a position
which he held up to the time of his death. In 1880, he became
President of the Wilmington Savings Fund Society, which posi-
tion, also, he held at the time of his death. He was connected
with various other financial enterprises and was especially active
in conducting or advising in the finances of various benevolent
organizations, especially the Home for Friendless and Destitute
Children. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church and
was active in church and Sabbath-school work. Probably no
other of the numerous public enterprises with which he was con-
nected interested him more, or yielded greater or more permanent
results, than the admirable public park system of his city, of
which he was one of the designers. He continued active in the
administration of these parks as long as he was able to work,
and the preservation of their features of natural beauty, the liber-
ality of their treatment, and the development of their scientific
54
value, were largely due to his influence. Mr. Canby was an
earnest member of the Republican party, though never narrow
or partisan in these relations.
It is not a very rare occurrence for active business men also to
pursue some scientific avocation with activity and success ; but
it must always be regarded as remarkable that one with such
numerous and varied interests in financial, religious, charitable
and social life, and in city government, and who devoted to them
all sufficient time and energy to have left a strong impress upon
them, should have also found time to perform the vast amount
of herbarium work for which Mr. Canby was noted.
As a botanist, Mr. Canby was a contemporary, and an honored
correspondent and beloved associate, of Torrey, Gray, Watson,
Engelmann, Thurber, Sullivant, Porter, Traill Green, Vasey,
Hall, Bebb and many others of their day, and he was a typical
representative of their school. For most of these men, Botany,
so far as their active interest in it extended, meant the accumula-
tion of a herbarium and the study of generic and specific relation-
ships. The amazing activity of the last quarter of a century in
the investigation of plant anatomy, morphology, physiology and
chemistry, could scarcely have been conceived of by them, and
those who, like Mr. Canby, lived to witness it, were not qualified,
either by taste or training, to participate in it. To these men,
moreover, Gray’s Manual represented about the exact facts of
their science, so far as the local flora was concerned. That the
systematic botany of that day was radically wrong in its concep-
tion of specific limits; that every township abounded in valid
species which had been loosely aggregated with others; that
Gray’s Manual required expanding by about twenty per cent.,
and Chapman’s by fifty: are ideas which would have been
scouted by most of them, were, indeed, almost bitterly resented
by some, upon the merest suggestion. Yet the general correct-
ness of this modern view is now recognized by nearly all, and
Mr. Canby had been able, before his death, largely to accept it.
It is upon the basis of the then prevailing views that his herbar-
ium-work must be judged ; and it can be said that he was accus-
tomed to notice and to note the forms, though he did not fly in
the face of prevailing custom in their interpretation.
or
or
Besides the above-mentioned exchange resources employed
by Mr. Canby in enlarging his herbarium, he was a liberal pur-
chaser of collectors’ sets, especially of American plants. In 1892
his herbarium comprised 30,000 species and not less than five
times that number of specimens. An outline of its composition
has been published by the writer (Bull. Torrey Club, 19: 336).
Its cases had increased in number until they entirely outgrew the
accommodations of Mr. Canby’s home. Room after room, and
finally the halls, had been invaded; alterations had even been
made for it, and again its quarters had become crowded, until at
length Mr. Canby decided to dispose of it, and it was purchased
by the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York in the year
named. Here it has been carefully preserved but, unfortunately,
the conditions have not been favorable for its continued growth.
With his own herbarium off his hands, Mr. Canby at once
applied himself to developing that of the Society of Natural His-
tory of Delaware, which before the time of his death, had come
to number more than 13,000 species.
All Mr. Canby’s herbarium work was performed with the most
scrupulous care, as to both mechanical and scientific details.
All specimens were mounted with his own hands, on the best of
paper and with such a display as to admit most perfectly of their
study in this position. At frequent intervals thereafter they were
brushed over, to remove dirt and exclude vermin. All inscriptions
were made in a clear and beautiful hand, and are remarkably full,
both as to records and opinions. The genus-covers are equally
well inscribed, bearing the number of the family, according to
the Benthamian arrangement, the number, name and author of
the genus, and the page reference to Bentham and Hooker’s
Genera Plantarum.
Like most of the botanists of his day, Mr. Canby studied botany
because he loved plants. To him plants were living individuals,
and herbarium specimens derived their interest from the fact that
they were the best obtainable representatives thereof. While the
botanical studies of that time lacked the scientific value, and ulti-
mately, the economic value of those of the present, they embodied
a grace and conferred a delight as unknown to a host of unfor-
tunate laboratory slaves of the present generation as is the scent
56
of fresh clover to a city car horse. That good-fellowship which
was promoted by the botanical ‘‘clubs”’ of Mr. Canby’s genera-
tion is now of historical interest, and the new regime has not
yet supplied anything that can be compared with it. The death
of Mr. Canby reminds us of how few of his former associates still
remain with us.
NOTES ON EVENING PRIMROSES
By KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
One of the most noticeable and common plants along the line
of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad on both sides of the boundary
line between Virginia and West Virginia is an evening primrose
with unusually large yellow flowers. Growing on open sunny
clay banks, and along the rivers in loose, rocky soil, it forms one
of the characteristic plants of the country, and almost entirely
replaces the common Oenothera biennis L. It may be described
as follows:
Oenothera argillicola sp. nov. Biennial, withnumerous stems
ascending from the same root, 5-15 dm. high. Stems puberu-
lent, but otherwise without pubescence: leaves of the stemless
plant of the first year rosulate, 6-15 cm. long, the blades oblan-
ceolate, 15 mm. or less wide, sinuate, acute, puberulent on both
sides, the mid-nerve strongly developed, tapering at the base
to a long, rather narrowly winged petiole ; cauline leaves of the
flowering plants of the second year with narrowly linear-lanceo-
late blades, the well-developed ones 6-8 cm. long, 7 mm. or less
wide, remotely sinuate-dentate, acute, glabrous or slightly puber-
ulent, tapering to a petiole-like base and often strongly decurrent
on the stem, forming well-developed ridges : calyx-tube 3—4 cm.
long and longer than the sepals, perfectly glabrous, as also are
the sepals, the tips of the latter free, spreading, often 3-4 mm.
long: petals bright yellow, obcordate, crenulate, 3-4 cm. long,
so that the open flower is often 6-8 cm. across: capsules per-
fectly glabrous, 2—3 cm. long, sessile, gradually tapering upward
from the broad base and often strongly curved, somewhat quad-
rangular, strongly ribbed: seeds angled, 1-1.5 mm. long.
This plant with its ascending, non-hirsute stems, narrow leaves,
large flowers, glabrous calyx and glabrous, long-tapering cap-
sule is one of the most distinct species of this section of the
genus, and is well worthy of cultivation.
Type collected by myself near White Sulphur Springs, West
DT
Virginia, August 27, 1903, No. 373. There are no specimens
referable to this species in the collections at the New York Bo-
tanical Gardens. Botanists believing in the validity of the genus
Onagra would call this plant Onagra argillicola.
In view of the abundant literature which has appeared within
the last few years on variations produced in Oenothera biennis
under cultivation, the inquiry naturally suggests itself whether
the species above described may not be such a variation only.
Of course, it is now impossible to determine how or when it
arose, but as it exists now it is as true a species as could be
desired. Locally it is a plant of great abundance, and technically
it has numerous distinguishing features, as shown above.
Field botanists naturally get well acquainted with variations
in Oenothera biennis, and know within general lines what may be
looked for, but in addition to the above plant (of whose specific
rank, I feel sure) I have collected another form of Oenxothera,
which for the present must be referred to O. dzennis, although
often very distinct. This plant, which grows in sunny situations
in low grounds along the Missouri River around Kansas City,
Missouri, in many respects bears a strong resemblance to Oevo-
thera cructata Nutt. of the east, and I have often been tempted
to refer it to that species. It differs, however, in having (1) an
abruptly narrowed capsule, (2) short buds, (3) shorter, less acu-
minate sepals, (4) inconspicuous sepal tips, (5) less pubescent
capsules, and (6) broader, more obcordate petals. I cannot
resist the belief that this form may be a mutant produced natur-
ally in much the same manner as Prof. de Vries secured mutants
in cultivated plants. This belief is based upon its distinct and
largely constant characters, while at the same time it seems
always to occur in the vicinity of more typical plants. If this
belief is well founded, it answers an inquiry propounded by
authors as to the occurrence of these mutants in nature, and in
this light points to an interesting field for observation.
Less noticeable variations in O. diennis are of common occur-
rence around Kansas City. Indeed, as a whole the species
seems to be in a very variable state in that neighborhood, and
certainly a long-continued series of observations on plants pro-
duced from seeds collected there would yield interesting results.
=
58
SHORTER NOTES
MutTAaTIONS AND Forms. — For nomenclatural purposes, I have
found occasion to divide variations (not subspecies) into two
groups, designated mutations and forms. There is nothing new
in this idea, but as it has not always been understood, some ex-
planation may be desirable.
Mutations are variations in kind, probably always congenital,
and frequently (at least) atavistic.
Examples are :
Viorna Douglasu (Hook.) * mut. rosea (Clematis Douglasit rosea
Ckll. West Amer. Scientist, 5:5. 1888), in which the
__ flowers are pink instead of blue.
Sambucus microbotrys Rydb. mut. xanthocarpa and mut. oino-
carpa (S. racemosa xanthocarpa and otnocarpa Ck\l. Bull.
Torrey Club, 18: 170. 1891), in which the fruit is of colors
different from that ordinarily found.
Lilium montanum Nels. mut. pulchrum (L. Philadelphicum
pulchrum, Aldrich, Science Gossip, Au 1889), in which the
usual spots on the flowers are absent.
Forms are variations in degree, frequently induced by external
conditions, and not usually atavistic. Examples are found in the
polymorphic species of Batrachium, the Polygonum-group, etc.
Mutations, as here understood, are not adaptive, unless acci-
dentally. Forms usually are adaptive. Just how far the charac-
ters of any given form are congenital cannot easily be ascertained ;
in one sense they always are, that is to say, the plant has the in-
herited power of responding in a given way to certain stimuli, if
it does not inherit what may be termed obligatory characters.
Subspecies differ from the above in that they occupy different
environments (geographically or ecologically) and only connect
with the species in certain places, and then by intermediates.
The existence of numerous subspecies as here defined (e. g., in
mammals) seems to constitute a strong argument against the
mutation theory of species. On the other hand, polymorphism
shows how characters which in themselves are good enough to
base species (or even genera) upon may arise within specific limits,
* Viorna Douglasii = Clematis Douglasii Hook. F\. Bor,-Am. 1:1. fl. 7. 1830.
59
and if one phase should finally separate from the other (¢. g., by
the disappearance of one phase in one locality, and of the other
in another, or by some Mendelian process), species would arise
without any subspecies, as defined above, being developed.
Changes in the colors of flowers might become specific in this
way (cf. the white-flowered C/eome, forming a race in Arizona),
and albinism in snails, which certainly begins as a mutation, has
in some instances become a valid specific character.
Race might be used to designate local varieties originating as
last indicated, and not connected by intermediates.
Variety is a general term to use only when the classification
of the plant or animal under one of the above categories cannot
be determined.
TDA. COccERELE,
A new Hypxnum.— Hydnum Earleanum. Resupinate: sub-
iculum closely adnate, scarcely separable, broadly effused, thin,
1-2 mm. thick, golden yellow: spines 3-6 mm. long, crowded,
awl-shaped, slender, golden yellow : spores subglobose, colorless,
smooth, about 4 x 3. Growing on under side of decorticated
log (Ostrya Virginiana ?).
The beautiful golden yellow color will easily distinguish this
plant. A small tree about six inches in diameter had been cut
down but not entirely severed from the stump. The bark had
been stripped off and on this smooth surface the Hydnum was
growing. It covered a space two feet long and three inches wide
It could easily be seen at a distance of 75 feet. I have never seen
any other fungus with such a beautiful yellow color. This color
however disappears in drying, fading to a pale flesh-brown.
Type locality: Mud Lick Hollow, Armstrong County, Pa.
Type specimen in writer’s collection, Carnegie Museum, Pitts-
burg, Pa. ;
This plant has been named in honor of Professor F. S. Earle
of the New York Botanical Garden. D. R. SuMSTINE.
KITTANNING, PA.
60
REVIEWS
How and Why the Sugar Maple Bleeds
For several years the botanists and chemists of the Vermont
Experiment Station, assisted by sundry students of the Univer-
sity of Vermont, have been studying certain phenomena associated
with maple sap flow. The details of this work are available in a
bulletin recently issued.* Some of the more interesting facts
and conclusions follow, but only a small portion of these can
here be mentioned.
Maple sap is practically a solution of sugar in water with traces
of mineral and flavoring matters. The sugar content averages
nearly 3 per cent., but this varies with tree and season. Seasonal
variations are related to foliage development and climatic condi-
tions. Foliage variations may be considerable. Thus the same
tree which carried 8,846 square feet of leaf surface in 1899
developed 14,930 feet in 1900. The variations in sap composi-
tion between individual trees is even more noteworthy, extremes
varying from 1.33 per cent. to 8.20 per cent. being recorded.
The trees having larger tops and fuller exposure to light yield
richer sap asa rule. There are however large differences where
conditions and vigor of the trees appear identical and one must
believe that there is individuality in the productiveness of maple
trees much as there is in that of milch cows. The average yield
per tree in a good season is about three pounds of sugar, which
probably represents less than 4 per cent., of the entire sugar
content of the tree.
The time and rate of sap-flow are directly related to seasonal
conditions and temperature variations. Whenever during late
winter and early spring sudden fluctuations occur in temperature
in the vicinity of 0° C., sap flow begins. Flow develops with
rise of temperature above this and ceases with its fall. These
interrelations between sap movements and temperature variations
were closely followed by attaching pressure gages, such as are
commonly used on steam boilers, to gas pipes screwed into
maple trunks. The flow of sap into such pipes develops pres-
* Jones, C. H., Edson, A. W. and Morse, W. J. The Maple Sap Flow. Vt.
Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 103. December, 1903. Obtainable from the Experiment Station,
surlington, Vt.
61
sure which corresponds to the rate of flow in tapped trees. By
employing self-recording gages and thermometers complete
seasonal records have been obtained which reveal a striking
parallelism in the fluctuations of pressure and of temperature.
This has led some to explain the phenomenon of sap pressure
and flow as due simply to the expansion with rise of temperature
of the gas imprisoned within the woody tissues ; but the fluctu-
ations observed in pressure and suction are far greater and more
sudden than this physical explanation can account for. Thus
variations are frequent in these gage records of ten or fifteen
pounds pressure with a change of but a few degrees in tempera-
ture. Extreme fluctuations are recorded of nearly thirty pounds
to the square inch, within twenty-four hours, viz., from 5 pounds
suction to 22 pounds pressure. A rise of over twenty pounds
in pressure was observed with a rise in air temperature of only
two degrees, which would mean even less increase in tree tem-
perature. The conclusion is that sap-flow in the sugar maple is
a true bleeding phenomenon, attributable to the vital activities of
living cells. The pressure shown by the gage is simply a partial
expression of the energy of the countless living, working proto-
plasts of the maple stem.
There is little evidence of ‘ root-pressure’”’; in fact on good
“sap days”’ the flow into the tap hole comes chiefly from above
downwards. We must regard the stem tissues as chiefly active,
the cells in the vicinity of the tap hole operating alternately as
suction and force pumps, so to speak, sucking the sap from root
and remoter stem tissues and forcing it out through the tap hole.
It is not difficult to conceive how a rise of temperature past a
critical point for their vital activities should arouse or stimulate
the bleeding activities of the cells and how a fall below this point
should check them. The suction thereupon developed would
seem to be due to osmotic reabsorption of the exuded sap by the
same cells. L. R. Jones.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 24, I904
This meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden ;
Professor Underwood in the chair ; sixteen persons present.
62
The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
Dr. Britton referred to the opportunity of members to become
applicants for a grant of fifty dollars from the John Strong New-
berry Fund, which this year is available for botanical or zoologi-
cal research.
The announced paper of the scientific progam was by Mr.
Percy Wilson under the title of ‘Remarks on some Economic
Plants of the East Indies.”’
In the spring of 1901, Mr. Wilson was commissioned by the
New York Botanical Garden to accompany the Solar Eclipse
Expedition to the East Indies, organized by Professor Todd of
Amherst College, the chief purpose of Mr. Wilson’s visit being
to obtain collections of native plants and plant-products for ex-
hibition in the museum of the Garden. Most of his collections
were made on the island of Singkep, which is a two days voy-
age southward from Singapore. This island is about 25 miles in
length and 16 in greatest width. Two-thirds of it is covered
with a dense tropical jungle, the remainder having small scat-
tered native villages. Various fiber-products, starches and
sugars, manufactured and used by the inhabitants of these vil-
lages, were shown. In discussing fiber-products, examples were
first exhibited in which a whole leaf or a considerable part of it
is made use of. Of these leaf-fibers, one of the most extensively
utilized is from the leaves of the screw-pines, whose generic
name, Pandanus, is a Latinized form of the Malay word ‘“ pan-
dan,” a named applied to many species of the genus. In many
of the East Indian islands, large tracts are covered by these
Pandanus trees or shrubs, growing in such profusion as to form
impenetrable masses of vegetation ; while species growing singly
or a few together abound principally in the vicinity of the sea.
The latter bear many thick aerial roots, which at a distance have
the appearance of supporting the plant in the air. The leaves
and roots are the parts of the chief economic importance. The
leaves are gathered in large numbers, tied into bundles, are car-
ried by the men to the villages, where the women remove with
a large knife all spines from the margins of the leaf and the
under surface of the midrib. Each leaf is then exposed to fire,
after which it is cut with a sharp four-bladed knife into strips
63
of uniform width. After several days of soaking in water and
bleaching in the sun, each strip is separately drawn between
the thumb and a thin bamboo stick. By this treatment they
become flexible and can be wrought into any desirable shape
without injury to the fiber. Two plants in particular, ‘ pandan
tikar’’ (Pandanus Samak) the mat screw-pine and “ pandan
laut” (Pandanus fascicularis), the sea-shore screw-pine are con-
sidered as yielding the best grade of leaves for mat- and basket-
weaving. Other species bearing larger and coarser leaves are
regarded as inferior. Of these, the ‘‘mengkuang” (P. atro-
carpus), an arboreal form, is commonly found in swampy places.
The leaves of this are made into hats, and into large mats which
often serve for the entire sides of houses or for the covering of
carts. Styles and designs in weaving differ in the different
islands. In some places highly colored mats with red, green,
brown, and purple strips interwoven are to be found. The
dyes used are said to be chiefly of vegetable origin. A red dye
is extracted from the leaves of the teak, a green from the shoots
of the banana, while brown or chocolate color is obtained by
burying the strips in mud and water for several weeks. In some
regions where species of Pandanus abound these thick aerial
roots are used for corks; sections of these roots several inches
in length are beaten out at one end and thus made to serve as
brushes. Leaf-fibers from the leaflets of the ‘“‘nipah’”’ (ipa
fruticans), a low stemless palm, are woven into large shingles
known as “ attaps.”’
Fibers derived from the vascular bundles alone are obtained
from the leaf-stalks of a common fern, Déicranopteris linearis.
After the long bundles are split out from the stalks, they are
drawn separately through a series of holes of gradually dim-
inishing sizes punctured in a piece of tin. With the strong fiber
thus obtained fine hats are made which are worn by the Malay
men at their various festivals. The stems of the bamboo, or
strips and fibers obtained from them, are put to a great variety of
uses by the natives.
Various food-products of vegetable origin were then discussed.
An important starch is sago, under which name are understood
starches derived from several kinds of palms and cycads. Most
64
of it, probably, comes from the trunk of J/etroxylon Sagu, the
true sago palm, which inhabits many of the islands of the Malay
Archipelago. This palm grows to a height of forty feet or more
and has a large comparatively smooth trunk, from the interior
of which the starch is derived. In the preparation of the sago a
full-grown tree is selected just before the expansion of the in-
florescence, the trunk is felled and cut into sections three or four
feetin length, which are thrown into water and soaked for several
days. Afterward, the outer fibrous portion is removed and the
interior is reduced to a coarse sawdust by means of a crude
grating apparatus. This sawdust-like powder is then put into a
large vessel where the starch is crushed out with the aid of water
and the feet of a native. It is then drawn off suspended in the
water and is finally dried and shipped away for refinement.
Palm sugar is derived chiefly from the sugar palm (dArenga
saccharifera) and the cocoanut palm (Cocos nucifera). The sugar
is obtained from the Avexga by binding the numerous branches
of the pendulous inflorescence into a compact cylinder, without
removing them from the tree, and then chopping off the ends and
making several incisions along the sides of the branches. The
sweet sap is caught in a vessel made from a bamboo-stem ; it
continues to flow for several days, is collected every twenty-four
hours, and is boiled down over a crude oven.
The paper was brought to a close with remarks on mastica-
tories such as the betel-nut —the fruit of the Areca palm (Areca
Catechu) — and on some of the edible fruits, such as the durian
and mangosteen.
Mr. G. V. Nash showed flowering species of Melastomaceae
from the conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden,
including one of Heterocentron elegans from Mexico and one of
Medinilla magnifica from the Philippines.
Dr. N. L. Britton exhibited specimens of two apparently
undescribed species of poplar from Wyoming, one allied to .
Populus tremuloides the other to P. augustifolia.
MARSHALL A. Howe,
Secretary pro tem.
Vol. 4 No. 5
Torre h tT ¥ A
May, 1904
Peon DRIP ON “HE Sl. FRANCIS) RIVER.
NORTHERN MAINE
y ?
~
, By W. W. EGGLESTON
iter week in August, 1902, found a small gathering of
New England botanists at Rivicre du Loup, Quebec, although
the meeting was all unplanned on their part.
When I left the St. Lawrence steamer the hotel porter said
“two men have just taken the steamer with packs like yours ;
they are coming back in a couple of days.’’ The register
showed M. L. Fernald and E. F. Williams. The next steamer
brought Judge J. R. Churchill, who was easily persuaded to stay
over a day when he found that Dryopteris fragraus Schott
could be seen at Riviere du Loup Falls.
The next night I was routed out about eleven o'clock, but
one could easily forgive Merritt Fernald when he proposed a
trip on the St. Francis. This stream was first explored by C. G.
Pringle in the 70’s. In Pringle’s time the only railroad in the
country was the Intercolonial on the St. Lawrence; now the
Temiscouata railroad runs from Riviere du Loup to Edmunston
on the St. John River and then up the St. John to the mouth of
the St. Francis.
This was the route Fernald and I took. At St. Francis we
secured canoes and guides and were carried ten miles to the foot
of Glazier Lake, the end of wagon roads.
The expedition started very favorably, for what New England
botanist would not have good luck with William Oakes as
principal guide. Such was the fact, and a good guide, canoe-
man and cook was W. Oakes.
Our trip from the foot of Glazier Lake up the St. Francis
was to include about fifteen miles of lakes and twenty-five miles -
of ‘‘ strong water,’’ as the guides called it, to Boundary Lake,
[ Vol. 4, No. 4, of TORREYA, comprising pages 49-64, was issued April 28, 1904. ]
66
Quebec. We were now entering a great wilderness. The St.
John river valley is cleared up to St. Francis and there is one
village, Allegash Plantation, fifteen miles above St. Francis; out-
side of the St. John valley proper one may go from twenty-five
to two hundred miles to the nearest house.
On the St. Francis, at the foot of Glazier Lake, there are two
or three farms, at the head of the lake two more ; ten miles up the
river, at the head of Beau Lac, are three more settlers; and
thence twenty-five miles to Boundary Lake are no settlers. Most
of the settlers, both on the St. Francis and the St. John, have
come in since Pringle’s time.
By our landing at Glazier Lake was plenty of Salix lucida
entonsa Fernald. This salix would be easily mistaken for a
very large Salix candida Willd. On the Maine side is the type
station for Carex intumescens Fernald: Bailey ; here also we saw
Carex atratiformis Britton, four feet high.
We left Glazier Lake at noon, making Glazier Lake, Cross
Lake and Cross Lake Rapids before supper, paddling up the six
miles of Beau Lac and reaching the head of the lake after dark.
We pitched our tent on the sands, rolled up in our blankets,
and most of us went to sleep, but the greenhorn, wedged in be-
tween friend and guide, found a hole and hummock that would
not let him sleep. The next day at noon we were at the foot of
the Kelly Rapids, which are three miles long and full of boulders.
The guide gave us an invitation to walk ; we accepted and bota-
nized the Maine shore to the head of the rapids, finding great
quantities of Peramium ophioides (Fernald) Rydb., P. tessellatum
(Lodd.) Rydb., Lysied/a obtusata (Pursh) Rydb., Lystas orbiculata
(Pursh) Rydb., ypopitys Hy popitys (L.) Small, Petasites palmata
(Ait.) A. Gray and my first Lestera auriculata Wiegand.
We camped early this night, pitching our tent on the Quebec
shore in a thicket of evergreens.
The next morning all about our camp we found Pyro/a asari-
folia Michx. and P. minor L. and ina spring bog Listera auricu-
lata Wiegand (in flower).
On a Maine blueberry barren we found Pyrola rotundifolia
L., Aster junceus Ait., and great quantities of Vaccinium Cana-
67
dense, blackflies, and midgets ; we soon decided that the latter
had preempted the region and made a hasty change of base.
By noon we were at the foot of Boundary Lake and the iron
boundary post, the most northern point of Maine.
Here we found Eatonia Pennsylvanica (DC.) A. Gray, Panicu-
laria laxa Scribn., Graphephorum melicoideum (Michx.) Beauv.,
Chaetochloa viridis (.) Scribn., Carex atratiformis Britton, Strep-
topus amplexifolius (L.) DC., Sangutsorba Canadensis L., Cap-
noides sempervirens (L.) Borck., Mentha Canadensis glabrata
Benth., Viola septentrionalis Greene, Tetragonanthus deflexus (J.
E. Smith) Kuntze, 7. deflerus heteranthus (Griseb.) Britton (one
plant), Virburnum pauciflorum Pylaie, Erigeron acris L., Solidago
luspida Muhl., Euphrasta Canadensis Townsend, and 7Zanacetum
FHluronense Nutt.
We hoped to find /soetes hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton, Selaginella
selaginoides (L.) Link, and a red-flowered Castalia. , The wind
was so high that afternoon and the next day that botanizing on
the lake was out of the question.
Boundary Lake extends north and south about nine miles. In
Pringle’s day from the foot of the lake five miles up the west
shore was an unbroken forest ; now it is all cultivated land, and
the ‘“‘mossy shore under cedars”? where Pringle found Se/agz-
nella selaginoides is now the location of a thriving saw mill, saw-
ing the cedars. Incidentally, all of the logs driven in the St.
Francis and the upper St. John and most of the timber used in
houses is the white cedar, Thuja occidentalis L. The next morn-
ing, turning our backs on the wind-swept shores of Boundary
Lake and red pond lilies, we started down the river. This was
the most delightful part of the trip. Running along noiselessly
and using the paddle but for steering, we saw several deer but
no moose, although we had seen many of their tracks.
Down the river a few miles on the Maine shore were some
quite large lagoons anda great marsh; here were Carex arcta
Boott, Mymphaca advena variegata, Nymphaca hybrida Peck,
Nymphaea Kalmiana (Michx.) Sims, Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her.,
Hippurus vulgaris L., Myriophyllum alternifiorum DC., etc. Thus
far, trout-fishing had been very poor but this morning we had
some fine sport.
68
At night we were at our old camp at the head of Beau Lac.
In the alluvial woods Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. was abundant.
The lake in lower water would have been fine botanizing, but
Lsuetes that ought to have been near the surface was in three or
four feet of water. I spent over an hour wading up to my neck
in the cold water, supposing I was getting /soetes hieroglyphica
A. A. Eaton, but Eaton tells me that out of some three hundred
specimens all but about a dozen are /svetes echinospora Braunit
Engelm.
The marshy shores gave us Listera convallarioides Nutt. and
Carex intumescens Fernaldi Bailey, and near Cross Lake Rapids
was Asarum Canadense L. Our guide thought he could show
us the red water lily in Glazier Lake. It proved to be Polygonum
amphibium L. growing with Sparganinm simplex angustifolium
(Michx.) Engelm. and JZyriophyllum verticillatum L. The little
rocky islet in the St. John at the mouth of the St. Francis had Poa
glauca Vahl., Juncus Dudleyt Wiegand, /. Vaseyi Engelm., Adfiam
Sibiricum L., Astragalus alpinus L., Lathyrus palustris L., Ara-
gallus Johannensis Rydb., Vaccinium caespitosum Michx., Gen-
tana acuta Michx., G. linearis Froel., Castilleja acuminata (Pursh.)
Spreng., Aster longifolius Lam., A. longifolius villicaulis A. Gray,
A. radula Ait., Solidago squarrosa Muhl., Tanacctum Huronense
Nutt., etc. This proved the best botanizing ground of the trip.
RUTLAND, VERMONT.
SHORTER NOTES
Notes ON THE LocaL FLora.—Specimens of Dyryopteris
sunulata and of Woodwardia angustifolia were found in abundance
near Quogue, L.I.,last summer. This is the fifth station in New
York for the first and the sixth for the second. Very near these
stations were found plants of Ca/tha radicaus. This may be the
West Hampton station of Britton’s Flora for the division be-
tween the towns was not more than a third of a mile away.
In a swamp at West Hampton were found specimens of Lyco-
podium alopecuroides. This is the third station for Long Island.
A few plants of Asplenium pinnatifidum were found by a
friend, Mr. Huntington, a few summers ago at Sharon, Conn.
61)
This may be of interest in connection with the article, ‘A Sum-
mer in Salisbury, Connecticut’ (Torreya, March, 1904), Sharon
being not very far distant. This station was noted some time ago
in The Fern Bulletin.
I am sure all these plants are correctly identified. Dryopteris
stmulata has been seen by Mr. Clute and Asfplentum pinnatifidum
by Mr. Bissell.
FREDERICK Wm. Kospse.
142 East 18TH STREET,
New York Ciry.
ViBURNUM MOLLE Michx.— Mr. Rehder's recent remarks on
this species (Rhodora, 6: 58. Mr 1904) finally clear up the
interesting question of the application of the name, and solve it
in the way Dr. Small and I have both suspected to be correct,
but without a definite knowledge of Michaux’s type specimen, we
had been unable to improve upon the conclusions of Dr. Gray.
Mr. Fernald’s photograph of the type sheet in the Paris herbarium
has supplied Mr. Rehder withthe desired information. In addi-
tion to the synonym V. Demetrionts Deane and Robinson, cited
by Mr. Rehder, should be added IV’. pubescens petiolatum Fitz-
patrick (Man. Flow. Pl. Iowa, 140. 1899), and the range extended
northward to Johnson and Jefferson counties, Iowa, where the
shrub grows in rocky woods.
Michaux’s subspecies semtomentosum is taken up by Mr.
Rehder for the . mol/e of Gray and more recent authors, the
citation being l semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehder, and_ the
range given as from Kentucky to Florida and Texas. Mr.
Harper's collections show that the plant occurs in Georgia. In
Manual, p. 871, I indicated that it might extend northward to
southern Pennsylvania ; this suggestion was based on specimens
with leaves but without flowers and fruit, collected by Dr. Small
at Smithville, Lancaster County, in September, 1897 ; these, in
their stellate pubescence and blunt teeth seem almost identical
with those of specimens from the south,
N. L. Britton.
70
REVIEWS
Howell’s Flora of Northwest America*
The seventh fascicle of Howell’s Flora of Northwest America
has now appeared. This finishes the first part, ‘‘ Phanerogamae.”’
The title is perhaps a little misleading, as the flora does not cover
the western part of the British possessions, or Alaska. It would
have been more appropriate if the title had been a “‘ Flora of the
Northwestern United States,’ as it is a manual of the botany of
Washington, Oregon and western Idaho. Only those who have
been actively engaged in writing manuals of systematic botany
can imagine what such an undertaking means, what difficulties are
met with and what an amount of work is needed. If the fact is
taken into consideration that Mr. Howell had to work far away
from our large collections and botanical libraries with scarcely any
other facilities than those afforded by his private library and col-
lections the excellence of the work is really surprising. The pre-
liminary work on the flora was begun as early as 1882 and in 1896
the manuscript of the first fascicle was ready. A new difficulty
now presented itself. He could not find in Portland a type-setter
who could set the type for such a book, and Mr. Howell learned
the trade and set the type himself. The first fascicle was issued
in 1897 and the others at intervals of a yearor two. The book
contains 792 pages of compact descriptions and an index of 24
pages.
It is evident that Mr. Howell began the work with the inten-
tion of giving descriptions drawn by him from actual specimens,
where it was posssible. When such were not found in his her-
barium he tried to borrow from fellow botanists. In this he did
not always succeed and had to reprint the original description.
This method of course meant an enormous amount of corre-
spondence and was delaying the work. It appears as if the
method was partly discarded towards the end of the work, as it
there seems to be more of a compilation. This may be said
* Howell, T. A Flora of Northwest America. Vol. 1. Phanerogamae, 8vo.
Pp. 1-792 +-Index. Portland, Oregon. 10 Au 1903. [Issued in seven fascicles,
1597-1903. |
71
especially of the difficult family Gramineae, where the last mono-
graph is more or less closely followed. In many cases this was
a very commendable way, but in others not, as, for example, in
the treatment of oa, where he follows Professor Beal. One
improvement he has made on the latter’s work, viz., in retaining
Poa Buckleyana and P. Fendleriana and their allies in Poa. He
places them under a subgenus A/vopfis, copying Beal’s characters
of the genus Advofis (which name however does not belong there
but to Puccinellia), but not noticing that scarcely one half of the
species referred there by Beal agree with the definition ; nor did
he know that Azropis Lettermannt Beal (Poa Lettermanni Vasey)
and /oa Lrandegei described in Beal’s work are the same species
and that the types of both were collected at the same station.
As no work has been published before on the flora of the
region, Mr. Howell had to draw his information from a thousand
and one scattered publications. We know that many times the
same species has been described under different names by differ-
ent authors (one Aster from Idaho, A. /essicae, has received not
less than four names). A good deal of sifting had therefore to
be done and it is remarkable how well Mr. Howell has succeeded
without having access to the types. It would be surprising,
however, if he had not gone amiss sometimes. One such case
we have noticed: Sporobolus graciliimus and S. filiformis were
both based on l/fa depauperata v. filiformis Thurber, and hence
the same.
The numerous publications and segregations of recent date have
of course caused considerable trouble. Some of our contempo-
rary phytographers have a custom of describing species without
indicating the relationships. The author of a monograph or
manual, if he does not have the chance of seeing the types, must
be a very good guesser if he happens to place the species in the
right section of the genus. Mr. Howell guessed well as a rule,
but missed occasionally, as, for example, when he placed Gev-
tiana anisosepala Greene, next to G. affinis. It should have been
placed with G. tenella and G. acuta.
Another kind of difficulty arises when one of the modern
splitters breaks up a species, supposed to be transcontinental,
(2
into several geographical species and does not give exact limits
of their ranges. How cana botanist without access to all or
most of the larger herbaria know if he is to include or exclude
the original species, if he has not authentic material himself?
The “ Flora of Northwest America”’ therefore happens to con-
tain several species not growing within a thousand miles of the
region covered, z. ¢., as far as can be judged from specimens
in the collections of the New York Botanical Garden and Colum-
bia University. Such species are, for instance Scrophularia Mar-
wandica and Polygonum erectum, not found west of Nebraska ;
Eriogonum corymbosum and Graphephorum Wolfii, not north of
Colorado ; Salix saximontana and Geranium Fremonti, not north
or west of Wyoming ; Jofieldia glutinosa, Poa glauca and P.
/axa, only found in the northeastern part of the continent.
With regard to nomenclature, Mr. Howell has been progres-
sive, following the Rochester Code with slight modification and
using in most cases the generic names adopted in the second edi-
tion of Heller’s Catalogue. As to the limitation of genera he has
been somewhat radical, adopting most of the segregations made
in later years. As to the limitation of species he has on the
contrary been rather conservative, ignoring many of the newer
finer splits and proposing very few new ones himself. Thase
that he has proposed are well founded. He has admitted very
few varieties. Those that he has admitted were probably not
well known to him. In most cases he has raised the varieties to
species if they could be well recognized; if not they have been
ignored.
Whatever smaller defects the work may have, it will be of
great value to the student of the botany of the Columbia Valley
region. It will be for that region what Chapman’s Flora has
been for the South, Coulter’s Manual for the Rockies and the
Botany of California for the southern portion of the Pacific Slope.
We need now a flora of the southwestern United States and the
Great Basin.
P. A. RYDBERG.
~!
‘.
—_
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
Marcu 8, 1904
This meeting was held at the College of Pharmacy, with Vice-
president Rusby in the chair; there were seventeen persons
present. The minutes of the preceding meeting were read and
approved.
The first paper on the scientific program was by Professor
Francis E. Lloyd on ‘‘ Recent Investigations on the Pollen-tube,”
and was an interesting exposition of the parallel results of Longo’s
investigations on the behavior of the pollen-tube in Cucurbitaceae
and Professor Lloyd’s work on Rubiaceae.
Longo finds that in Cucurbita Pepo L., the ovary is provided
with a special conductive tissue reaching to the neck of the
flask-shaped nucellus by means of which the pollen-tube follows
a completely intercellular course from stigma to embryo-sac. In
other species of Cucurbita and in Citrullus vulgaris, the neck of
the nucellus is not long enough to reach to the conductive tissue,
so that for a short distance the tube must .move through a
cavity. On reaching the neck of the nucellus, the pollen-tube
forms a bulla that produces lateral outgrowths which Longo
believes are for the purpose of reaching out’after food materials,
as their size seems to depend on the amount of starch present.
This view is rendered somewhat questionable by the phenomena
observed by Wylie in 4/odea, where pollen-tubes may produce
similar ‘‘cystoids’’ in the free space of the locule but never
produce them in the tissues where food substances must be more
abundant.
Longo supports his conclusion that the intercellular course of
the pollen-tube is followed not because of inability to grow in
open space, by showing that pollen-tubes may be produced in
moist air from such normally endotropic forms as Azszdus
Lupulus L., Picea excelsa, etc. He interprets chalazogamy as a
physiological fact having no bearing on phylogeny. In plants
having endotropic pollen-tubes, he considers the direction of
their growth to be determined chemotactically.
74
The main points in Professor Lloyd’s independent conclusions
from work on Rubiaceae are: (1) The form of cells in the con-
ductive tissue does not determine the course of the pollen-tube,
for in Richardsonia and Diodia teres the cells are elongated at
right angles to the path of the tube. He believes the chemo-
tactic stimulus which determines the direction to be differentially
distributed from the egg cell. (2) The ectotropic or endotropic
behavior of the pollen-tube is a physiological character.
The second paper of the evening, by Mr. Edward W. Berry
was entitled ‘‘Some Monotypic Genera of the Eastern United
States and their Ancestors.’ The phylogeny of Lztodendron,
was briefly sketched, from its first appearance as a narrow simple-
leaved form in the mid-cretaceous of the Atlantic coastal plain,
its spread to Europe and Asia, its development into large lobate-
Jeaved forms, and its final extinction except for the existing
species of eastern North America and a waning variety in east-
ern Asia. Drawings of all the fossil species were shown, and
numerous blue-prints of the leaves of the existing species, show-
ing their parallelism and range of variation.
Sassafras was the second genus considered. It was pointed
out that while the described fossil species were numerous, many
of them are not allied to Sassafras. The species which were
considered as positively identified were discussed, as well as the
peculiar characters of the leaves of the existing species, both
ancient and modern forms being abundantly illustrated.
The third genus discussed was Comptonia. Its former range
and development were described and drawings of a number of
the species were shown.
All three genera were considered to have taken their origin
from simple-leaved ancestors which flourished during the closing
days of the lower cretaceous, and to have originated in America,
becoming dominant and widespread in pre-glacial times, finally
becoming restricted to their present habitats chiefly through the
agency of the glacial conditions of the Pleistocene period.
The paper was discussed by Professors Rusby, Underwood,
and Lloyd and Dr. Howe. Adjournment followed.
Tracy E. HAZEN,
Secretary pro tem.
=~I
or
MARCH 30, 1904
The Torrey Botanical Club met in the morphological labora-
tory at the New York Botanical Garden with about 20 persons
present. Dr. D. T. MacDougal called the meeting to order; Dr.
C. C. Curtis was elected chairman and Mr. W. T. Horne
secretary.
The first paper on the scientific program was ‘ Notes on the
Cytology of the Aquatic Fungi’? by Dr. Cyrus A. King.
Schroeter’s classification of the Phycomycetes was reviewed and
attention called to the fact that the conidia of the Peronosporineae
resemble sporangia since they germinate by forming internal
zoospores. In the Saprolegniaceae, according to Trow, the eggs
are at first multinucleate, all except the sexual nucleus in each
egg being disposed of by digestion. Dr. King's researches have
shown that in the Leptomitaceae, as far as known, the odgonia
are at first multinucleate and the supernumerary nuclei are dis-
posed of by migrating to the periphery of the cell where they
are cut off in a distinct periplasm. In Arazospora the peripheral
nuclei surround themselves with cell walls in such a way that
the ooplasm is surrounded by a layer of periplasmic cells. In
Sapromyces there is also a periplasm in which the nonsexual
nuclei are cut off; it is however reduced to a very thin layer.
The formation of a body in the center of the egg of Avaiospora
by the coalescence of several small cytoplasmic patches from
various parts of the odplasm was described. The body probably
is an attraction center for the sexual nuclei. A similar structure
was not found in Sapromyces. Rhipidium was also briefly
described. The presence of a periplasm and the migration of
the nuclei from the developing egg indicates that the Leptomi-
taceae are more closely allied to the Peronosporineae than to the
Saprolegnineae. Photomicrographs were shown from Dr. King’s
preparations showing the facts brought out and showing also
indirect nuclear division in the odgonium and zodsporangium of
Sapromyces.
An interesting discussion followed.
The second paper was by Mr. B. C. Gruenberg and was en-
titled ‘‘ Chemical Investigations on Haematoxylon.’’ Haema-
76
toxylin is one of the most valuable of commercial dyes and the
business of supplying the wood from which it is made forms an
important industry in some of the West Indies. Considerable
annoyance has been caused by the fact that some of the logwood
or Haematoxylon trees contain little or no dye, whole shipments
even having been condemned on this account. The so-called
‘bastard logwood ”’ is not always to be distinguished at the time
of cutting. It is either lighter in color or if dark at first it can
be recognized by not becoming still darker on seasoning for
some months as does the good wood.
Professor Earle investigated the disease in the field and con-
cluded that the lack of pigment was not due to external condi-
tions, or to disease, or to immaturity, but that the logwood is a
variable plant and the bastard form is a variety or subspecies.
The percentage of carbon in the ash-free material was deter-
mined for different samples with somewhat varying results but
showing that the good wood contains a slightly higher percen-
tage, due probably to the carbon in the pigment.
Analysis of leaves, stems and roots of one-year-old plants
showed that the bastard plants contained slightly more ash and
water, but the difference was very slight.
Extracts of the pigment were made with a number of different
solvents from varying samples of wood. The extracts with dif-
ferent solvents did not give parallel results as indicating the
amount of pigment. In diluting the extracts chemical changes
occurred, Alkalies increase the color of extracts of the good wood
but not extracts of the bastard wood. Acids havea parallel effect.
Results on the soluble substances in the wood were not satis-
factory on account of decomposition on drying. There are prob-
ably several pigments.
After a discussion of the paper the meeting adjourned.
WitiiAM T. Horne,
Secretary pro tem.
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. H. C. Cowles, of the University of Chicago, devoted a
large part of the month of April to field studies in plant ecology
in the vicinity of Miami, Florida.
=~]
=~]
Miss Mary Perle Anderson, supervisor of nature study, Uni-
versity School, Chicago, has been appointed instructor in botany
in Mt. Holyoke College for the coming year.
Dr. John K. Small and Mr. Percy Wilson, of the New York
Botanical Garden, are spending a few weeks in making collections
in the extreme southern end of the peninsula of Florida,
Mr. Homer D. House, recently assistant in botany in the
Columbia University, has been acting instructor in botany in
Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, since April 1.
Mr. C. W. Hope, who had published extensively on the ferns
of northern India, and many of whose specimens are in the her-
barium of the New York Botanical Garden, died on February
16, at Kew, England.
Prof. Dr. Karl Schumann, of Berlin, died early in April. He
was best known for his extensive studies upon the Cactaceae,
and the fact that this family is almost wholly American makes
his work of particular interest to American botanists.
Mr. Le Roy Abrams, author of the recently published ‘ Flora
of Los Angeles and Vicinity,’ has been appointed fellow in
botany in Columbia University. Mr. Abrams received the degree
of A. B. from Stanford University in 1899 and that of A. M. in 1902.
Dr. José Ramirez, chief of the section of natural history of
the Instituto Medico Nacional, died in the City of Mexico, April
11, 1904. He was the author of “‘ La Vegetacion de Mexico”’
and of various other works on the flora and materia medica of
Mexico,
Dr. Hans Hermann Behr, for many years professor of botany
in the California College of Pharmacy, died in San Francisco on
March 6, in his eighty-sixth year. Dr. Behr was the author of
the “ Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco,” published in 1888,
and of several shorter papers on the Californian and Australian
floras. He was also an entomologist, a linguist, and a man of
very marked general ability.
In the prize essay competion of 1904, conducted by the New
York Botanical Garden, from a portion of the income of the
Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes Fund for the Preservation of
Native Plants, the first prize, of twenty-five dollars, has been
78
awarded to Miss Mary Perle Anderson, of Chicago ; the second,
of fifteen dollars, to Miss Jean Broadhurst, of Trenton, N. J.;
and the third, of ten dollars, to Mr. George Gordon Copp, of
New York City.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Marshall A. Howe spent
three or four weeks in March and April in making botanical col-
lections in southeastern Florida, with Miami as a base, and on
New Providence, Bahamas. Afterwards, Dr. Howe, in company
with Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Columbian Museum,
Chicago, made the return trip from Nassau to Miami in a sail
boat, taking ten days for the voyage and making collections on
the Joulter Cays, Gun Cay, the Cat Cays and the Bemini Cays.
Fascicle I of Dr. Janet Perkins’ ‘‘ Framenta Florae Philippinae ”’
has recently been published by the Gebrider Borntraeger. This
first fascicle is devoted chiefly to an ‘‘ Enumeration of some of
the recently collected plants of Ahern, Jagor, Lohor, Merrill,
Warburg, and others.” The author, whose work is being car-
ried on at the Botanical Museum of Berlin, has the collaboration
of Doctors Brand, Lindau, von Seemen, Graebner, Schlechter,
Beccari, Warburg and Radlkofer in the treatment of certain
families.
Professor Hugo de Vries, of Amsterdam, has engaged to de-
liver a course of lectures on ‘‘ Mutation”’ at the summer session
of the University of California in June and July. He is also to
ive a series of five lectures at the University of Chicago, August
2-26. Professor de Vries expects to reach New York on June
6. He will spend a few days at the New York Botanical Gar-
den, and on June 11 will deliver the address at the dedicatory
ceremonies of the Station for Experimental Evolution of the Car-
oe
>
2
negie Institution at Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
The course of popular lectures offered by the New York Bo-
tanical Garden for the spring of 1904 is as follows: April 30,
‘Japan, the Land of Lacquer and Bamboo,” by Dr. C. F.
Millspaugh; May 7, ‘‘ The Form, Habits and Relationships of
the Cactuses,’”’ by Dr. N. L. Britton ; May 14, ‘‘ The Vegetation
of the Delta of the Colorado River, and of Baja California,” by
Dr. D. T. MacDougal; May 21, ‘‘ Explorations on the Yukon
79
River, Alaska,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick ; May 28, ‘ Arctic and
Alpine Plants,”’ by Professor F. E. Lloyd ; June 4, ‘‘ Carnivorous
Plants,”’ by Professor H. M. Richards.
Dr. James Hyatt, the last of the original members of the
Torrey Botanical Club, died at Bangall, Dutchess Co., N. Y.,
on February 27, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. Dr.
Hyatt’s special work as a lecturer and writer was in the field of
chemistry, but like many others of his generation he enjoyed a
wide interest in the natural sciences as a whole. Members of
the Club will remember the ‘‘ Reminiscences of John Torrey,”
contributed by him to the exercises of Torrey Day, celebrated
in New York June 27, 1900, in connection with the proceedings
of the Botanical Section of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science.
The Fifteenth Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden
contains in addition to reports for the year 1903 and library con-
tributions the following scientific papers: “An ecological Com-
* by Samuel Monds
Coulter (24 plates); ‘‘Two Fungi growing in Holes made by
wood-boring Insects,” by Perley Spaulding (3 plates); ‘An
ecologically aberrent Begonia,” by William Trelease (2 plates) ;
‘Aberrant Veil Remnants in some edible Agarics,’’ by William °
Trelease (10 plates). The number of species and varieties in
parison of some typical Swamp Areas,’
actual cultivation at the Garden as shown by an inventory taken
at the end of 1903 is given as 11,357; the number of books and
pamphlets in the library, 42,262; the number of mounted specimens
in the herbarium, 465,205 ; the number of visitors to the Garden
in 1903, 79,039.
Professor F. S. Earle, who has been assistant curator of the
New York Botanical Garden since the autumn of Igo!, has
resigned his position to accept the directorship of the newly
organized Estacion Agronomica Central de Cuba. Professor
Earle spent the month of March and the early part of April in
Cuba, engaged inthe preliminary work of locating and organizing
the Estacion, which is to be at Santiago de las Vegas, about
twelve miles from Havana. The staff is to include Mr. C. F.
Baker, for the past year assistant professor of biology in Pomona
SO
College, Claremont, California, as botanist; Mr. Percy Wilson,
of the New York Botanical Garden, as assistant botanist, and
Mr. William T. Horne, now fellow in botany in Columbia Uni-
versity, as assistant pathologist. Professor Earle sailed from
New York for Cuba with his family on April 30.
«Alaska, Volume V. Cryptogamic Botany”’ is the title of a
handsome octavo volume of 424 pages and 44 plates lately pub-
lished by Doubleday, Page & Company, of New York. The
subject matter is concerned with the results of the Harriman
Alaska Expedition and comprises the following papers : “ Intro-
duction,” by William Trelease ; ‘‘ The Fungi of Alaska,” by P.
A. Saccardo, C. H. Peck and William Trelease; ‘‘ The Lichens
of Alaska,’ by Clara E. Cummings ; “ The Algae of the Expe-
dition,’ by De Alton Saunders ; ‘‘ The Mosses of Alaska,” by
J. Cardot and I. Thériot ; ‘‘ Alaskan Species of Sphagnum,” by
William Trelease (determinations, by Warnstorf) ; ‘‘ Hepaticae of
Alaska,’ by Alexander W. Evans; ‘‘ The Ferns and Fern Allies
of Alaska,’ by William Trelease. The papers on the Algae,
Hepaticae and mosses were originally published in the Proceed-
ings of the Washington Academy of Sciences and are here
reprinted from the same electrotype plates, bracketed figures
indicating the original pagination.
Vol. 4 No. 6
TORREY A
June, 1904
RESISTANCE OF DROUGHT BY LIVERWORTS
By DouGLas HOUGHTON CAMPBELL
We are accustomed to consider the archegoniates in general
as moisture-loving plants, and this is, to a certain extent, true.
But it readily may be shown that there are many exceptions to
the rule, even in regions of abundant moisture ; while in more
arid districts it is becoming clear that many species have developed
special contrivances for surviving long periods of drought.
In moister regions, like the eastern United States, many species
of rock-haunting or epiphytic mosses occur which can survive a
certain amount of desiccation ; and among the Hepaticae may be
mentioned various foliose Jungermanniaceae which share this
peculiarity with the mosses. How far this power of resisting
drought is found among the eastern thallose Jungermanniaceae
and Marchantiaceae, so far as the writer is aware, has not been
investigated.
For a number of years the writer has been interested in the
archegoniates of California, especially the hepatics, and his
attention has been directed repeatedly to the power shown by
nearly all the species of resisting the long dry season which
regularly prevails each year. In the region around San Fran-
cisco Bay, the dry season generally lasts from about the middle
of May until late September or early October. Sometimes for
fully six months no rain at all falls. This was the case in 1903,
when from mid-April until October there was no rain at all, and
not until November was the rainfall enough to start vegetation.
Nevertheless, the growth of Hepaticae during the present season
has been very luxuriant, and there is no evidence of any harm
having resulted from the unusually protracted drought. In the
bay region, however, there is seldom the excessive summer heat
[ Vol. 4, No. 5, of TORREYA, comprising pages 65-So, was issued May 13, 1904. }
81
89
of the great central valley of California, and the heavy ocean
fogs which prevail during the whole summer undoubtedly miti-
gate to a very considerable degree the complete lack of rain.
Nevertheless, during the dry season the liverworts remain abso-
lutely dormant and apparently quite dried up.
The hepatic flora in the neighborhood of Stanford University is
a very interesting one. There are types of most of the more
important groups, and almost without exception the common
species develop their reproductive organs in great numbers —
indeed in most of our common species one almost never meets
with sterile individuals. Besides the liverworts proper, several
species of Anthoceros occur, two of which are extremely abun-
dant. With the exception of the genus Sfhaerocarpus, which
seems to be annual, all of the species in this neighborhood that
have been examined remain alive during the summer, and resume
growth promptly with the advent of the autumn rains.
Among the most abundant liverworts of this region are several
species of Ricca, some of which, like R. trichocarpa,* grow in
very exposed places, subject tothe full force of the sun. Of the
higher Marchantiaceae, the commonest species are /imériaria Calt-
fornica (Asterella Californica) and Targiona hypophylla. Less
common are /imbriaria Bolanderi (Asterella Lolanderi) and
Cryptomitrium tencrune.
In the moist forests of the outer coast ranges, and sometimes
straying down the banks of the streams, occur the cosmopolitan
Marchantia polymorpha and Fegatella conica (Conocephalum con-
icum). Itis doubtful, however, whether either of these species can
survive such complete drying up as that which the characteristic
species of the valley regularly undergo.
The number of leafy liverworts is relatively small. The com-
monest species are Porella Lolanderi and Frullania Bolanderi,
both of which are abundant.
Two species of Sphacrocarpus and one of Fossombronia — F.
longiseta — represent the thallose Jungermanniaceae.
The Anthocerotaceae comprise two common species of Azitho-
ceros, A. fusiformis and A. Pearsoni.t Both of these species,
* This is 2. Airta of the writer's ‘* Mosses and Ferns.”’
+ A. laevis of ** Mosses and Ferns.”’
85
like the other liverworts, regularly survive the summer in a dor-
mantstate. A former erroneous statement (‘‘ Mosses and Ferns,”’
p. 117) that they are annuals, was due to a failure to examine
the plants early enough in the season,
Having observed how soon after the first rains mature repro-
ductive organs were present, it was thought advisable to investi-
gate the condition in which the plants pass the dry season. The
matter was intrusted to one of our students, Mr. H. B. Hum-
phrey, who has made a careful examination of /ossombronia lon-
giseta and fimbriaria Californica (Asterella Californica), as well
as a less complete examination of a number of other species.
It was found that a surprisingly large amount of the thallus
remains alive, and within a few hours after the dried plants are
supplied with water, the forward part of the thallus has assumed
its active condition and begins to grow. In both Fossombronia
and fimbriaria (Asterella) the first antheridia were mature in
about two weeks. This early development of the reproductive
organs at once raised the question whether they might not begin
their development before the close of the growing period in the
spring. To determine this point, dried plants were collected and
placed in water and were examined as soon as they had revived.
In Fossombronia both archegonia and antheridia were found in
advanced stages of development, while in the dioecious Fzmdriaria
(Asterella) the male plants showed large antheridia, but the female
plants had not yet formed archegonia. It is highly probable that
the reproductive organs are present also in all the species of Aeccza,
and not unlikely in some of the other genera, but as yet none of
these have been critically examined for this point.
That the liverworts can endure much greater desiccation than
that to which they are normally subjected was shown by remov-
ing by artificial means a large part of the water held in the dried
thallus. The plants so treated showed no apparent loss of
vitality, and promptly revived when supplied with water.
In all the forms examined, more or less perfect devices for pre-
venting excessive loss of water have been noted. The growing
point is protected by hairs or scales, sometimes secreting mucil-
age, and the mucilage cells within the thallus of certain species
84
are probably concerned with water storage. How far the absorp-
tion of atmospheric moisture from fog takes place during the dry
season has not been tested, but to judge from the behavior of
the lichens of this region, shown by Professor Peirce’s experi-
ments, it may well be considerable.
The development of tubers has been observed by various stu-
dents of liverworts.* A very perfect case is that of the re-
markable liverwort, Geothal/us, discovered some years ago by the
writer. This liverwort comes from southern California, where
the rainfall is much less than in middle California. In this spe-
cies the inner tissue of the thallus becomes filled with reserve
food, and the surrounding cells become dark and thick-walled,
forming a sort of rind protecting the central tissue. These tubers
are more or less completely buried in the earth, where they re-
main during the long dry season. Only a very small amount of
tissue about the growing point remains alive, and no signs of
the young reproductive organs are visible when the tubers begin
to germinate. esee g eal PEER) Pe) aoe ek aes 1850
i of &
yl Fl °
a] §| 3
> 5
LEGO cpciec cca vuvevccduccccdccvdveeedccovepvecsdoeceesecvon|conactll) chbees scccsecssussll| bseses] Gekpakl RERRen] Ltewt tnt ny amma tera 1860
TBIO.crevscssesnacvonstacasecsneuisncestervceteusdssnctoss cosvessascevsvonnguosssseuo | vovxntl sssunes¥asenvecnsentesentnul Veaxinl RiSRE 1870
mS
E ~
mm 5] S
s
COBO k crccin csc chactetinine (ue cisbuactaahr reseed ineVevernccetsouecscdtuscvisvenccevait hese t tn) rane nn nian Be [ecssee[esreee[ereeee 1880
ral ;
ah
o
=f
x
TEGO sesececccccssesccsrscccccuscsrueesenvevaveuveesescarosesesesacconsctsossunsbacccsasbequssnsensustsescauessse] Peodanal Susesb ieee 1890
XQOOsnceasiosnssronessoeveaghvvcvnseccessvasseseessvvensecversuscsovensdavesvnvecvvssnyesrevaccssp¥. osssss0Nhis0sA sis CRNMMsSAETTTAENES 1900
(In the above table the entire line shows the life period, the
solid line the period of publication on ferns.)
147
It is to England, however, that we must look for the greatest
advance in the systematic study of ferns during the second quarter
of the past century. W. J. Hooker, afterwards Sir William,
the first director of Kew Gardens after Queen Victoria had
opened them to the public, and father of the present Sir Joseph,
who followed his father in that important post in 1865, was born
in 1785 and thus was a correspondent in touch with all the
earlier writers on ferns of the first years of the century.
In his earlier years of study, Hooker was associated with R.
K. Greville, the distinguished cryptogamic botanist of Scotland,
and with him published the elaborate folio in two volumes, /cones
filicum (1831), besides one or two preliminary papers on ferns
and fern allies.* Greville’s influence was most salutary in giving
to their combined studies what would now be considered a more
rational view of the limitation and distribution of species, and thus
contrasts most strongly with the narrowly conservative ideas that
dominated all the later writings of Sir William and his successors
in fern study at Kew. A comparison of a few genera will
strongly emphasize this statement.
Species recognized by | Species included in the | Species of the Synopsis
Genera Hooker & Greville first edition of Syop- published subse-
in 1833 sis Filicum, 1868 quently to 1833
OPHIOGLOSSUM. 18 Io 2
BoTRYCHIUM. 14 6 —
MARATTIA. 10 7 3
DANA. 5 Il 6
ANGIOPTERIS. 2 I —
OSMUNDA. 12 6 —
TODEA. 3 4 2
The appointment of Hooker to Kew made possible several
opportunities which served to advance our knowledge of ferns
and to lay the foundations at that herbarium of its present mag-
nificent collection of ferns :
1. The increased exploration of distant lands made possible
by the relation Kew has increasingly maintained towards com-
mercial importation of ornamental plants and more especially by
* Greville & Hooker. Enumeratio Filicum (I. Lycopodineae). Bot. Miscellany,
2: 360-403. 1831; (II. Ophioglosseae, Marattiaceae, Osmundaceae). Bot. Mis-
cellany, 3: 216-232. 1833. This work was unfortunately discontinued.
148
the intimate relations early established with the extensive system
of colonial gardens and plantations which have ended in these
adjuncts being almost wholly manned by men who were trained
at Kew.
2. The increased facilities for the publication of extensive
series of excellent illustrations of ferns. In this Hooker was
greatly aided by the painter, Francis Bauer, to whom we are in-
debted for the admirable illustrations in Genera Filicum, and
later by Mr. W. Fitch, for many years the artist of Kew Gardens.
3. By the selection of John Smith in 1841 as the curator of
Kew Gardens, whose interest in fern cultivation resulted not only
in bringing together the splendid collection of living ferns now in
cultivation at that garden, but early laid the foundation of an
elaborate generic system of ferns far more philosophical and
rational than that followed by Hooker and his successors,
Whatever may be said in criticism of the conservative treat-
ment of fern species or fern genera at Kew, no words can suffi-
ciently convey the appreciation of fern students of every subse-
quent age for the elaborate and accurate illustrations, the magni-
ficent fern herbarium, and the splendid collection of living ferns
which have ever been available for study with a characteristic
and open-hearted generosity that could not be exceeded.
Hooker's illustrated publications on ferns were as follows :
1. Leones Filicum (conjointly with Greville) 2 vols. 1831.
240 plates (hand-colored in some copies, not in others).
2. Genera Filicum (conjointly with Bauer). 1842. 120 col-
ored plates.
3. Species Filicum. 1844-1864. 5 volumes of text and 304
plates (uncolored).
4. Garden Ferns. 1852. 64 colored plates.
5. A Century of Ferns. 1854. 100 colored plates. (This
was a reissue of volume ten of /cones Plantarum, in which the
plates were differently numbered and were uncolored).
6, Filices Exoticae. 1859. 100 colored plates.
7. A Second Century of Ferns. 1861. 100 colored plates.
8. British Ferns. 1861. 66 colored plates.
Besides the above there were numerous plates of ferns scat-
149
tered through various volumes of /cones Plantarum,* which brings
the above total of 1074 plates up to over 12c0. As the plates
of Genera Filicum and Species /ilicum often contain two or more
species, the total number of ferns illustrated from Kew reaches
nearly sixteen hundred species.
The Kew herbarium of ferns is by far the largest collection in
the world and it is no disparagement to the other great collec-
tions to say that no extensive critical systematic work, whether
dealing with the ferns of any genus or of any country, can be
reasonably complete without consultation of this famous collec-
tion. Some of our distinguished German friends are respectfully
urged to take the full import of this statement to heart. There
is no excuse for continental botanists longer to neglect this
obvious duty.
The same criticism here made on continental botanists of the
present generation could have applied with equal force to Hooker
himself. Notwithstanding his wide correspondence with bota-
nists of his time, there was obvious failure to examine the types
of his predecessors in fern study, and justice forces us to add an
equal failure to recognize as valid too much of the work of many
of his contemporaries. Cases are not wanting, even, where errors
could have been easily avoided by taking the trouble to consult
types no farther removed from Kew than the rooms of the Lin-
naean Society in London, and many of the species of Hooker’s
contemporaries were either discredited without being seen, or
entirely passed over in silence. In the cases of Fée, Presl, and
Kunze, this was specially pronounced.
Hooker’s work ended in 1865 while he was bringing through
the press the hand manual of ‘‘all known ferns’”’ under the name
of Synopsis Filicum, which was completed and brought through
a second edition by his successor in the fern herbarium. In this
work the extreme of conservatism is reached and its nearly three
thousand species will expand to over four thousand before even
the ferns of the great Kew herbarium of that date are fully
enumerated, to say nothing of the two thousand that have been
* Volume 17 of /cones Plantarum, published however subsequently to Hooker's
death, was devoted entirely to ferns.
150
since described and the many that were overlooked by the
authors of Synopsis Filicum.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, October 5, 1904.
A NEW SPECIES OF POLYPORUS Eon
TENNESSEE
By WILLIAM A. MuRRILL.
Among the many interesting things found in the partially ex-
plored regions of Virginia and Tennessee during the past summer
was a little undescribed species of true Polyporus, as the genus is
at present limited. Considering the work already done in this
group and the ease with which these plants as a group may be
recognized, I was quite surprised at the find. It indicates the
unfinished work at our very doors even in comparatively well-
known genera of fungi and shows how much there is yet to be
done by earnest collectors in almost any locality.
The genus Polyporus as at present limited comprises for the
most part, small, central-stemmed plants found in the woods
on fallen sticks and logs. Of the twenty-three North Ameri-
can species (Bulletin Torrey Club, 31: 29. 1904), eight are
known from Cuba only, one from Porto Rico, one from St.
Kitts, two from Central America and one from various parts of
Tropical America. This leaves only ten species to be met with
-in the United States ; and only half of these, z. ¢., P. Polyporus,
P. arcularius, P. elegans, P. fissus and P. caudicinus, are to any
extent common, the remaining five being extremely rare and
local. Of these local species, Louisiana has one, Alabama one,
Ohio one, South Carolina one and North Carolina one ; and one
is now known from Tennessee.
When I first saw this new plant in the rocky woods at Unaka
Springs in East Tennessee, the resemblance to a little gray Clitocybe
common inthe same mountains was so striking that I came near
passing it by; but upon closer examination it revealed the large
pores, umbilicate pileus and hairy margin characteristic of the
L51
section to which our common and widely distributed species P.
arcularius belongs. It may be distinguished from that species,
however, by its smaller size, thinner substance, gray color and
slender, equal, less hairy stem. From the rare P. arculariellus,
it differs decidedly in color and in being opaque instead of pellucid.
A full description of the species follows :
Polyporus arculariformis sp. nov.
Pileus circular, umbilicate, 0.6—0.8 cm. x 0.05—0.1 cm., surface
regularly concentrically rugose about the white, depressed center,
isabelline to avellaneous, slightly imbricate-fibrillose ; margin
thin, acute, soon deflexed, nearly white, changing to isabelline,
beset with numerous long, white, pointed cilia: context mem-
branous, white, perfectly opaque: tubes 0.2-0.4 mm. long, 2-3
to a mm., radially elongated, decurrent, pallid, edges thin,
irregularly toothed and fimbriate: spores hyaline, smooth, thin-
walled, 2.3-2.5 4 x 7-8 y: stipe central, stuffed, equal, concolor-
ous, beset with sharp bristles which partially disappear with age,
densely tomentose at the base, 1.5—2 cm. long, 0.5—1 mm. thick.
Polyporus arculariformis. Fic. 1. Entire plant, showing upper surface of pileus,
244%. Fic. 2. Entire plant, showing lower surface of pileus, 224. Fic. 3.
Portion of upper surface, < 8. Fic. 4. Portion of lower surface, x 8.
Unaka Springs, East Tennessee, 1,700 ft., on dead oak and
chestnut sticks in deciduous woods, MZurri//, August 20, 1904,
nos. 702 (type) and 821. Near P. arcularius (Batsch) Fr.
New YorkK BoTaNnicAL GARDEN.
152
SHORTER NOTES
THE FrioripA RoyaL Parm.—As previously recorded in
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, 5: 131, I visited, in
company with Professor P. H. Rolfs, in March of this year, the
colony of royal palms on Paradise Key in extreme southern
Florida. I also visited with him another colony of these trees
near Lemon City, a few miles north of Miami. Having in mind
the proposition of Mr. O. F. Cook, that the Florida royal palm
is a distinct species from the tree of Cuba, I carefully examined
these trees and collected material from them, in order to satisfy
myself as to the value of Mr. Cook’s suggestion. The previous
spring and autumn I had spent in Cuba and had become inti-
mately acquainted with the tree there, obtaining abundant speci-
mens for study. I wish to record that my observations are con-
clusive, I think, to show that the species are absolutely identical
in foliage, inflorescence, and fruit, and that the greater size
claimed by Mr. Cook for the Florida tree, does not hold for those
that I examined at either point in Florida. As to the bulging
trunk which Mr. Cook apparently thinks so characteristic, I
would say that that occurs also in the Florida tree. There is a
difference in habitat, however, between the greater number of
royal palms of Cuba, which grow most abundantly on the up-
land, though I have repeatedly seen them growing on the borders
of marshes, and the Florida trees, which stand just above the
general level of the Everglades, on a low rocky ledge, amid a
dense undergrowth of shrubs.
It should be said that I have not seen the colony of trees from
which the specimen came on which Mr. Cook bases his Roystonea
Horidana (Curtiss, no. 2676), which grow on the western border
of the Everglades, some miles from the trees visited by us, so it
is within the limits of possibility that the tree of the southeastern
Everglades and that of the western Everglades are different, but
an examination of a cotype of Mr. Cook’s species does not give
much chance for that view to be correct. I am therefore inclined
to regard Roystonea Horidana as a straight synonym of Roystonea
regia. N. L. Britton.
158
Otro Kuntze oN SEQuoia. — One of Kuntze’s innovations is
the reference of the two living species of Seguota to the genus
Steinhauera.* The latter was established by Presl in 18387 to
include certain strobili of unknown affinity, so-called in honor of
Henry Steinhauer. Three species were described, 7. ¢., sud-
globosa, oblonga and minuta, all from the Cretaceous at Perutz,
Bohemia. A variety of remains of a more or less doubtful
character have since been referred to this genus by various
authors, which it would be unprofitable for me to discuss here.
For a long time Presl’s swbglobosa has been assumed to represent
cones of Sequoia Sternbergi Heer, and minuta the cones of
Sequoia Langsdorfii (Brongn.) Heer, while od/onga has included
a variety of objects, ¢. ¢., fruits of Liguzdambar europaeum A. Br.
Endlicher in 1847 established Segzoa for the California red-
wood. Nowsupposing that some day itis conclusively proven that
Sequoia sempervirens is identical with Sequoia Langsdorfit which
it resembles very much and which ranges in considerable abund-
ance from the upper Cretaceous through the Tertiary. Should
we then name the redwood Sveinhauera minuta under which
name Presl described certain fossil cones whose identification with
those of Sequoia Langsdorfit is not altogether beyond question ?
I hold not. Priority may demand it but common sense makes it
ridiculous, and so long as there are more students of the living
than of the extinct floras of the globe, just so long would it be
unwise to resurrect a name which was nothing but the name of
a form-genus. It may be strictly canonical, but it would display
a reverence for canon unsurpassed by some of the early fathers
of ‘“‘the true church.” The strict interpretation of priority dis-
closes many weird names, especially in the domain of fossil
plants, such as Palaeoxyris, which may be vegetable or may be
' Paleozoic Selachian egg-cases; in either case it is in no wise
related to the living genus AXyris, or Prototaxites, which in all
probability is a Devonian fucoid in no wise related to Zazvées.
The case presented by Seguota is however an anomalous one
that is not likely to present itself very often, and one that it
* Post & Kuntze, Lexicon Generum Phanerogamarum, 533 Stuttgart, 1904.
+ Sternberg, Fl. d. Vorwelt, 2: 202.
: 154
seems to me should be settled once for all, by special dispensation,
if no other way is available. While generic names are intended,
I suppose, to be merely appellative and not descriptive, I cannot
believe that it is for the best interests of science to perpetuate
Kuntze’s suggestion. EpwarpD W. Berry.
Passalc. N, J.
REVIEWS
A New Handbook of the Genera of Freshwater Algae *
Students and collectors often ask for a convenient work by
which to identify the common algae of pond and brook which
arouse the interest of every user of a microscope. There has
been no good manual to recommend, for the works of Wolle and
Cooke, never satisfactory, are quite out of date, and much the
same may be said of the more elaborate works of the continental
algologists. Professor West has produced a book which will be
exceedingly useful, not only to amateur and more advanced
students, but to teachers particularly ; for within a surprisingly
small compass he has given a good summary of recent work on
the phylogeny of the algae, and brief but sufficiently clear de-
scriptions to enable one without great difficulty to identify most
of the genera of the United States. If disappointment is felt that
specific diagnoses are not furnished, it is to be remembered that
for a single author to include such in so extensive and diversified
a group, would be to produce a work hardly more accurate than
those we have found so unusable, as well as unwieldy in size.
The author divides the algae into the six classes, Rhodophy-
ceae, Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Heterokontae, Bacillarieae
and Myxophyceae (Cyanophyceae). Many will doubt the wisdom
of including the last two gronps with the higher algae but it
will be at least a convenience to have this outline of their genera.
The Peridinieae have been excluded for lack of space and because
of doubt as to their affinities with algae. Similarly, the Characeae
are omitted as being of higher organization than algae. It is
certainly however, open to question whether the Characeae show
* West, G. S.A Treatise on the British Freshwater Algae. 8vo. Pp. xvi 4- 372.
jf. 1-166, Cambridge, at the University Press, 1904. Price, tos. 6d., met.
155
greater affinities with the Archegoniatae, or less affinities with the
main groups of algae, than the latter do among themselves. In
the arrangement of the classes, and more particularly of the
genera and families within the orders, it would be much more
convenient for most teachers if the author had proceeded from
lower to higher instead of in reverse order.
It is among the green algae that the greatest advance has
been made recently and the chief value of this book is in the re-
classification of these groups, for the old class Chlorophyceae
cannot longer be maintained asa single group. Professor West’s
scheme is admittedly not original. He has followed the main
lines marked out by Bohlin (1901) and Blackman and Tansley
(1902); but he has taken only the best features of their rather
brilliant and suggestive systems, and fallen back on the more
conservative lines suggested by his own wide experience in
various groups. ‘The central idea in the recent systems is to go
back to different flagellate ancestors for each of the classes of
algae. The order Confervales (which might better be called
Tribonematales) proposed by Borzi in 1889, and enlarged by
Luther to the class Heterokontae, based upon a ciliated unicel-
lular form having yellow-green chromatophores and producing
oil rather than starch, on the whole, appears to be a very natural
group ; but we agree with Professor West that Vaucheria is too
divergent a form to be included here. The author is wise also
(and here he follows Bohlin) in retaining the Conjugatae and
Oedogoniales as orders under the Chlorophyceae. The phy-
logeny of these groups is indeed puzzling, and the proposition
of Blackman and Tansley to regard them respectively as classes
Akontae and Stephanokontae, coordinate with the Chlorophy-
ceae (Isokontae), furnishes an attractive and well-rounded scheme,
but we have no evidence that they have had a similar origin in
ciliated unicellular forms. On the contrary, West has argued
well for the derivation of the Conjugatae from other filamentous
forms. The orders Schizogoniales and Microsporales are here
separated from Ulvales and Chaetophorales, and Cladophorales
from Siphoneae. The creation of the new family Microtham-
niaceae appears to be superfluous, for my work has shown that
156
the zodspore-formation in Jcrothamnion is most like that of
Myxonema (Stigeoclonium), and Gongrosira and Leptosira may
well be placed (as by Blackman and Tansley) in the Trente-
pohliaceae.
In the matter of nomenclature, the author has shown an open-
minded regard for priority, though one may wonder why, while
taking up Choaspis S. F. Gray for Strogonium Kiitz., he does
not also revive Agardhia of the same work in place of Mougeotia.
An unusual degree of familiarity with recent American work is
evident, and the numerous references to such literature are
among many good features which will commend this book to
American students and teachers. Tracy E. Hazen.
The Teaching of Biology in the Secondary School *
The volume recently issued under the above title is one of the
American Teachers Series, edited by Professor James E. Russell,
Dean of the Teachers College, Columbia University The two
authors have charge, respectively, of the botanical and zoological
work in the Teachers College and the present volume consists of
two parts, the first on ‘‘ The Teaching of Botany and of Nature
Study,” written by Professor Lloyd, and the second on ‘“ The
Teaching of Zodlogy, including Human Physiology, in the Sec-
ondary School,’ written by Professor Bigelow. As is sufficiently
indicated in the titles, the work is not a laboratory manual for
the student, but aims to cover the much less occupied field of a
manual for teachers. In fact, on the botanical side, ‘‘ The Teach-
ing Botanist,” of Professor Ganong, is the only book known to
the reviewer which may fairly be compared with it, a comparison
which is invited, not only by the general similarity in the scope
of the two works, but also by Professor Lloyd’s frequent citation
of ‘‘ The Teaching Botanist ”’ and by the association of Professors
Ganong and Lloyd on the committee appointed by the Society
for Plant Morphology and Physiology to consider the formula-
tion of a standard college entrance option in botany. Whatever
* Lloyd, F. E., & Bigelow, M. A. The Teaching of Biology in the Secondary
School. 8 vo. Pp. i-viii+ 1-491. New York, Longmans, Greer and Co. 1904.
Price, $1.50.
may be the points of agreement in the general spirit of these two
manuals for botanical teachers, there is in this newer effort by
another vigorous, independent and resourceful teacher, enough
of difference in the points of attack and in the development of the
various themes to make it a very welcome and helpful addition
to the working library of any one engaged in botanical instruction,
whether in secondary school or in college. Professor Lloyd’s part
of the volume, which we assume to be the part that will be of
especial interest to readers of TorREyA, is a philosophical essay on
the value and objects of botanical teaching and on the principles de-
termining the content of a botanical course, followed by a detailed
discussion of the course in botany for the high school and by
suggestions as to the laboratory, its equipment, and materials for
study and for demonstration. References to the literature of the
subject are numerous throughout, and a final chapter is devoted
to a summary of the literature most important and useful to
teachers and students.
The animus of Professor Lloyd's essays is well summed up in
the following passage from the prefatory note: “It is to bring
the student face to face with these problems [in connection with
the teaching of botany] and te prepare him for their intelligent
consideration, that this book has been written. Whether the
solutions offered for such problems as have been discussed merit
acceptance is of secondary moment, if in the use of these pages
the student is stimulated to study carefully the subject of botany,
not alone from the point of view of the scientist, but also from
that of the educator. If the essay excites to ‘ self-activity, which
is the best effect of any book’ its chief use will be accomplished.”
The author writes as one who is fully confident of the essential
dignity and of the educational and economic value of botanical
studies and as one who would help to rescue the subject from
certain popular misconceptions and to place it on its proper foot-
ing in the public esteem. Botanical science, he says, ‘“ touches
upon human interests fundamentally at every point, and these
are of sucha kind that to be ignorant of their relations to botany
is to be robbed of that knowledge which throws light upon
literature, the arts and manufactures, and upon conditions under
158
which alone the human race may prosper. * * * A plan of
general education, therefore, which neglects botany neglects one
of the subjects which Herbert Spencer describes as having
‘transcendent value.’ ’’ *
Professor Lloyd’s suggestive chapter on ‘‘ Nature Study” is
especially pertinent at this time when Professor Armstrong of the
Mosely Educational Commission, sent from Great Britain to
study the American school system, has remarked, perhaps with
more justification than he has said some other things, that ‘‘ The
nature study lessons I witnessed, when not specifically botanical or
zoological and scientific in character, were eminently superficial
and worthless.” + The authors of ‘‘ The Teaching of Biology”’
would doubtless reply that any nature study lessons that are not
“scientific in character’”’ are of necessity ‘‘ worthless’”’ and that
all nature study lessons that deserve the name, however simple
and elementary, should, of equal necessity, be eminently
“scientific in character.” The “apparent failure of nature study
in some quarters’’ would be referred by them to the inefficiency
of the teachers and not to any lack of adaptability in the char-
acter of the subject matter. And it is to incite thought, dis-
crimination and “ self-activity’”? on the part of those who are
charged with developing a scientific attitude of mind in the youth
of our schools that ‘The Teaching of Biology”? has been
written. We predict that the book is destined to have an im-
portant influence in the direction desired by its authors.
MarsHaLt A. Howe.
”
NEWS ITEMS
Mr. Stewart H. Burnham is now a graduate assistant in botany
in Cornell University.
Mr. E. W. D. Holway has been appointed assistant professor
of botany in the University of Minnesota.
Mr. B. M. Everhart, well known by his association with Mr.
J. B. Ellis in studies of the American fungi died at West Chester,
Pennsylvania, on September 22, at the age of eighty-seven years.
*P. 73.
ft Science II, 20: 132. 29 Jl. 1904.
159
An interesting account of the organization of the botanical
work of the new Cuban agricultural experiment station is con-
tributed to Sczence of September 30 by the director, Professor F.
S. Earle.
Mr. Ira D. Cardiff, a graduate of Knox College, Galesburg,
Illinois, and recently a graduate student at the Chicago Univer-
sity, has been appointed an assistant in botany in Columbia
University.
Professor Francis E. Lloyd spent two months during the past
summer at the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie
Institution at Tucson, Arizona, engaged in anatomical and phys-
iological studies on the xerophytes of that region.
Mr. George V. Nash and Mr. Norman Taylor, of the New
York Botanical Garden, sailed on October 5 for Great Inagua,
Bahama Islands, with the purpose of making collections of living
plants and of herbarium material.
Le Roy Abrams, A.M., recently assistant in botany in the
Leland Stanford Junior University, is now in residence in New
York as fellow in botany in Columbia University. Mr. Abrams
will continue his studies on the flora of southern California.
The Department of Botany of Columbia University has been
awarded a gold medal by the jury of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition for its exhibit of specimens in swinging frames. The
exhibit was prepared under the direction of Dr. C. C. Curtis.
An informal reception was held in the rooms of the Depart-
ment of Botany of Columbia University on the evening of October
4, in honor of Dr. Karl Goebel, professor of botany in the Uni-
versity of Munich and Dr. Hugo de Vries, professor of botany
in the University of Amsterdam.
The lectures given by Professor de Vries at the University of
California during the past summer, are being edited by Dr. D.
T. MacDougal and will appear in a volume entitled, ‘‘ Species
and Varieties; Their Origin by Mutation,” to be brought out by
the Open Court Publishing Company of Chicago.
160
M. Auguste Le Jolis died at Cherbourg on August 20 in his
eighty-first year. He was best known from his writings on the
marine algae and in later years for his interest in nomenclatural
questions. M. Le Jolis was the founder and for a half-century
director of the Soczété des Sciences naturelles de Cherbourg.
C. Stuart Gager, Ph.D. (Cornell, 1902), for several years pro-
fessor of biological science in the State Normal College, Albany,
New York, has been appointed an assistant in the laboratories of
the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Gager will devote a con-
siderable part of his time to a study of the histological and
embryological characters of certain plant hybrids.
Frederick Orpen Bower, regius professor of botany in the
University of Glasgow, who, with Professor Goebel, of Munich,
was a speaker before the Section of Plant Physiology of the
International Congress of Arts and Science at St. Louis, made
two visits to New York during the month of September.
Professor L. R. Jones, of the University of Vermont, spent
the summer in Europe as a special agent of the Bureau of Plant
Industry, being commissioned to study diseases of the potato,
with special reference to introducing disease-resisting strains.
Professor Jones received the degree of doctor of philosophy at
the last commencement of the University of Michigan.
The editor of Torreya returned to New York on October 3,
after an absence of four months in Europe, where he was occu-
pied chiefly in studying the historical types of American marine
algae. ‘The principal collections examined were those of Harvey
at Trinity College, Dublin ; of Lamouroux at Caen ; of Montagne,
Decaisne, and De la Pylaie at Paris; of Kiitzing at Eerbeek,
Holland ; and of the Agardhs at Lund, Sweden.
Vol. 4 No. 11
TORREYA
November, 1904
TWO HITHERTO CONFUSED SPECIES OF
LUDWIGIA
By RoLAND M, HARPER
In August, 1902, I collected on Cumberland Island, Georgia,
specimens of a Ludwigia which appeared quite different from any-
thing I had met with previously. From the available descriptions
it seemed to fit readily enough into ZL. wrgata Mx., but it differed
in several characters, not mentioned in the descriptions, from the
plant of the pine-barrens which I had been accustomed to call
L. virgata, Water in the same season, and again in 1903, I met
with the same unfamiliar plant quite frequently in the lower
parts of the coastal plain, where it was often accompanied by the
plant which I had previously taken for L. virgata.
Subsequent investigations in library and herbarium have con-
vinced me that my Cumberland Island plant represents an unde-
scribed species. Michaux’s description of Ludwigia virgata,
though longer than his average descriptions, leaves a good deal
to be desired, as it fails to mention some characters (particularly
the reflexed calyx-lobes) now regarded as essential for this
species, but all the evidence obtainable from the works of
Michaux and his contemporaries tends to confirm my original
interpretation of his ZL. virgata.
The other species turns out to have been often collected,
being perhaps the commoner of the two, but it does not seem to
have ever received a valid name, having always been confounded
with Michaux’s plant; so I venture to describe it below as new.
[Vol. 4, No. 10, of TORREYA, comprising pages 145-160, was issued October
29, 1904. ] ee
a)
162
In so doing I run a slight risk of creating a synonym, but this
risk will doubtless be more than offset by the advantage of hav-
ing these two distinct species brought out of the confusion in which
they have been involved.
Omitting characters common to the whole genus Ludwigia and
to the group with conspicuous petals, to which these species
belong, they may be distinguished as follows :
LUDWIGIA VIRGATA Mx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 89. 1803
Type locality, “in aridis sylvis * Carolinae inferioris. Maio
florens.”’
?L. alternifolia Walt. Fl. Car. 89. 1788.
?L. juncea Raf. Aut. Bot. 38. 1840. Type-locality, ‘‘ Ala-
bama.”’
Plant nearly glabrous throughout: branches few, mostly aris-
ing from near the base, fastigiate, terete : leaves linear to lance-
olate, the upper successively smaller and passing into bracts which
usually do not exceed the pedicels: sepals (or calyx-lobes they
could just as well be called) 3 or 4 times as long as the ovary,
permanently reflexed at anthesis : style twice as long as the sta-
mens and a little longer than the sepals, slender at base, dilated
above : stigma depressed, 3 or 4 times as broad as the style : cap-
sule very slightly winged on the angles.t
Range and habitat: Normally in rather dry pine-barrens,
North Carolina to Florida and Alabama (?), in the coastal plain.
The following specimens in the collections at the New York
Botanical Garden are referable to this species : .
Nortu CaroiinaA: Savannahs near Wilmington, July 2, 1897,
collector anonymous (Biltmore Herbarium, no. 4168).
SoutH CAROLINA: g miles west of Charleston, Aug. 19, 1859,
L. R. Gibbes.
GeorGiA: Sand-hills of the Altamaha, Dr. Jones. About
Darien Junction, McIntosh Co., June, 1895, S7a//. Moist pine-
barrens near Collins, Tattnall Co., July 4, 1901, Hlarper (no.
999).
* Probably meaning dry pine-barrens,
+ This description is drawn principally from field-notes made in Chatham County,
Georgia, June 13, 1903. ‘The other species, which happened to be growing in the
immediate vicinity, was carefully compared with it at the same time, and the differ-
ences noted on the spot.
163
FioripA: “In campis graminosis prope St. Mark’s,” July,
1843, Kugel. ‘ Low pine-barrens, sometimes in rather dry places,
July and August,” Chapman (Biltmore Herbarium, no, 4168c).
v Ludwigia maritima sp. nov.
Peavuecata Vix.” El. Bot. S.C..& Ga, B: 216, 1817:
Plant cinereous-puberulent, 3-6 dm. tall: branches mostly on
the upper half of the plant, less distinctly virgate, slightly angled
by the decurrent margins of the leaves: leaves lanceolate to ob-
long, sessile, the upper ones more conspicuous than in ZL. virgata:
bracts usually equaling or exceeding the flowers: sepals about
twice as long as the ovary, reflexed at anthesis, soon afterward
ascending, finally deciduous: style shorter than the sepals and
about the same length as the stamens, cylindrical : stigma hemi-
spherical, twice as broad as the style: capsule distinctly winged
on the angles.
In rather dry pine-barrens or meadow-like areas, South Caro-
lina (?), Georgia and Florida to Mississippi, mostly near the coast.
Specimens examined :
GeEorGIA : Meadow between dunes and beach, east of the hotel,
Cumberland Island, Camden Co., Aug. 19, 1902, Harper (no.
1542) (type).
Fioripa: Locality not specified, Chapman (no. 44) ; Szmpson,
1889 (no. 4906). Low fields and roadsides, Duval Co., June,
A. H. Curtiss (no. 918). Pablo, Duval Co., June 12, 1896, Z.
Hf. Lighthipe (no. 271). Low pine land near Eustis, May, 1894,
G. V. Nash (no. 750). Flatwoods, Myers, July or August, 1900,
A. S. Hitchcock (no. 120). Braidentown, June 29, 1900, S. J.
Tracy (no. 7087). Tampa, Aug. 25, 1903, Britton & Wilson
(no. 22). ‘‘In pinelands, Ft. Lauderdale,’”’ Nov. 19 or 25, 1903,
Small & Carter (no. 1014).
ALABAMA: Locality not specified, Gates.
Mississippi: Point St. Martin, June 20, 1898, S. AZ. Tracy
(no. 5067). Biloxi, Sept. 10, 1900, Lloyd & Tracy (no. 219).
Of Elliott’s description above cited, which I have little doubt
applies to this plant, Torrey and Gray say: * ‘‘ The description
of Elliott’s Z. virgata appears to be taken in part from ZL. /irted/a,”’
SPGING ax 2 529) X40;
164
which was a pretty good guess under the circumstances. Elliott
says of its habitat and time of flowering: ‘“ Grows in close soils.
Very common. Less of an aquatic plant than any other species.
Flowers May—September.”’
These two plants seem to show no tendency to intergrade,
and when in flower can be distinguished without a moment’s hesi-
tation. The accompanying figures (drawn from memory of living
cs;
1. Ludwigia virgata. 2. Ludwigia maritima. a. Flower-bud just before an-
thesis. 4. Flower just after anthesis. All twice natural size.
plants and checked up by comparison with dried specimens) show
the principal diagnostic characters.
Both species have a marked tendency, more so than most pine-
barren plants (in Georgia at least), to become weeds, particularly
along railroad embankments and ditches.
L. maritima I have not seen more than 50 miles from the coast
(except once in the vicinity of Valdosta), while Z. virgata extends
inland in Georgia to Sumter County, if not farther. And if the
specimens cited fairly represent the ranges of these plants, Z. vir-
gata ranges farther east, and L. maritima farther west, with their
ranges overlapping in Georgia and Florida.
COLLEGE Point, NEw York.
165
Dooce y LO THE PERENNIAL. POLYPORACEAE OF
TEMPERATE NORTH AMERICA
By WILLIAM A. MurRRILL
KEY TO THE GENERA
Hymenium at first concealed by a volva. A. CRYPTOPORUS
Hymenium free from the first.
Surface covered with reddish varnish, context corky. B. GANODERMA
Surface not covered with reddish varnish, or, if so, context woody,
Context and tubes white or pallid. C. FoMEs
Context and tubes brown or dark red.
Hymenophore subsessile, caespitose, arising from a common trunk or
tubercle. D. GLOBIFOMES
Hymenophore truly sessile, dimidiate or ungulate, simple or imbricate.
Pileus covered with a horny crust, context punky.
E. ELFVINGIA
Pileus not covered with a horny crust or, if encrusted, context
woody, ferruginous. F. PyROpOLYPORUS
Context dark purple or black. G. NIGROFOMES
A. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRYPTOPORUS
1, Pileus rounded, sessile, the volva at length perforated at one or more points ;
found on dead trunks of conifers. C. volvatus (Peck) Shear
B KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GANODERMA)
1, Context pallid to tawny. 2
Context umbrinous-chestnut.
2. Context pallid; plants annual, usually stipitate, growing on hemlock.
G. Tsugae Murrill
Context ochraceous to fulvous; plants sessile or stipitate, growing on deciduous
trees. 3
3. Plants stipitate, rarely sessile, perennial ; margin of pileus truncate at maturity.
G. flabelliforme (Scop.) Murrill
Plants sessile, annual ; margin of pileus acute. G. sessile Murrill
4. Pileus zonate, even; tubes not stratified. G. sonatum Murrill
Pileus sulcate, azonate ; tubes stratified. G. sulcatum Murrill
C. KryY TO THE SPECIES OF FOMEs.
1. Context white or yellowish. 2
Context flesh-colored, pileus flesh-colored, soon blackening.
F. roseus (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke
2. Pileus more than 3 cm. broad. 3
Pileus less than 3 cm. broad. 7
166
. Pileus encrusted, surface darker than the context. 4
Pileus rarely encrusted, surface concolorous with the context. 8
. Pileus thick, sulcate, ungulate, rarely applanate. 5
Pileus thin, distinctly zonate, irregular or applanate, crust brown to black ; spores
hyaline, 6 44. fF. annosus (Fr. ) Cooke
. Surface soon becoming rimose, deeply sulcate, older pores visible in the upper
projecting annual layers; pileus exactly ungulate, fF. Eltisianus Anders.
Surface not soon rimose, older pores not visible. 6
. Pores 2~3 to amm. ; pileus subtriangular, gray to black, context white to pale
cinnamon ; spores 7-8 « < 6-7 4; abundant on Fraxinus,
F. fraxinophilus (Peck) Sacc.
Pores 4-5 to a mm. ; pileus ungulate, applanate when very large, deeply annually
sulcate, surface often resinous, bay or black in color ; abundant on conifers.
F. ungulatus (Schaeff.) Sacc.
. Pileus ungulate, becoming black only at the base, zonate and concentrically sulcate
in age, tubes over 0.2 cm. long. F. Ohiensis ( Berk.) Murrill
Pileus scutellate, uniformly black even when quite young, tubes less than 0.2 cm.
long, context thinner than tube layer. F. scutellatus (Schw.) Cooke
. Pileus cylindrical, tubes long, visible at edges of older strata, context friable, be-
coming bitter; growing on conifers. fF. Laricis (Jacq. ) Murrill
. Tubes less than 2 mm. long each year, context punky, hymenium glistening, not
becoming dark in color. &, populinus (Schum. ) Cooke
Tubes more than 2 mm. long each year, context hard and rather friable, hyme-
nium becoming smoky or brownish, cracking in age.
F. Mehae (Underw.) Murrill
D. Key TO THE SPECIES OF GLOBIFOMES.
. Plant sweet-scented, growing on trunks of oak and beech.
G. graveolens (Schw.) Murrill
E. KrEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELFVINGIA.
. Context ferruginous, spores hyaline, pileus usually ungulate. 2
Context fulvous to chocolate-brown, spores yellowish brown, pileus usually ap-
planate. 3
. Pileus exactly ungulate, pores 3 toa mm., growing in temperate regions south to
Carolina. £. fomentaria (L.) Murrill
Pileus compressed-ungulate, pores 5 to a mm., growing in the Gulf States.
LE. fasciata (Sw.) Murrill
. Hymenophore annual, persisting above later growths, spores roughly echinulate
8-9 uw X~ 7 M. £. reniformis (Morg.) Murrill
HWymenophore truly perennial, tubes stratified, spores smooth, 8-9 “> 5 1.
EL. megaloma (Lév.) Murrill
F. Key TO THE SPECIES OF PYROPOLYPORUS,
Pileus thick, ungulate, woody, margin obtuse. 2
Pileus thin, conchate or applanate, margin acute. 9
Io,
L.
. Context yellowish brown.
. Spores hyaline.
. Pileus becoming more or less rimose with age.
167
Context reddish orange; plants growing on trunks of /uniperus.
Spores yellowish brown.
mam A> COW
—
Pileus covered even in age with a smooth horny crust. P. Calkinsti Murril
. Pileus simple, sulcate, sometimes polished, margin usually narrow and rounded ;
not found on species of Prunus. P. igniarius (1...) Murrill
Pileus terraced, imbricate or semi-resupinate, rarely sulcate, never polished,
margin broad, making an obtuse angle; found on species of Prasus.
P. fulvus (Scop.) Murrill
. Pileus soon becoming rimose. 7
Pileus not rimose, broadly sulcate, zonate, tubes thin-walled, spores 3 in diam-
eter, spines large and abundant; growing on oak.
P. Everhartit (EM. & Gall.) Murrill
. Tubes long, over 0.5 cm, each year, walls thin, pores large, 3 to a mm., spores
3-4 4, cystidia present ; rare on oak. P. praerimosus Murrill
Tubes very short, 0.1-0.5 cm. long each year, walls equaling pores in thickness,
mouths small, 5 toa mm., spores 4-5 4, cystidia none ; abundant on Xodinia.
P. Robiniae Murrill
. Older pores visible in projecting annual layers, tubes 3-4 to a mm., thin-walled ;
pileus deeply furrowed, not rimose. P. juniperinus (Schrenk) Murrill
Older pores not externally visible, tubes I-2 to a mm., thicker-walled ; surface
very rimose. P. Earlet Murrill
. Cystidia abundant, pointed, dark brown; pileus thin, rigid, tubes short, 5 to
a mm. P. conchatus (Pers. ) Murrill
Cystidia none. Io
Pileus 10-25 cm. broad, marked with narrow shallow furrows, margin undulate
or lobed, pores minute, 8—9 to a mm. P. Langloisit Murrill
Pileus smaller, deeply sulcate, pores larger, 6 toa mm. ; growing on species of
Ribes, very rarely on other shrubs, P. Ribis (Schum. ) Murrill
G. KEy TO THE SPECIES OF NIGROFOMES
Pileus large, sessile, context purple, tubes black, spores hyaline; found on trunks
in Florida. NV. melanoporus (Mont.) Murrill
New York BOTANICAL GARDEN.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
PLANTS
By H. A. GLEASON
Pinus echinata Mill. Since the occurrence of this species in
the Pine Hills of Union County was mentioned in this journal,*
* TORREYA, 3: I.
168
two other stations have been found, at Mill Creek, in the same
county, and at Elco, Alexander County, located respectively
twenty and twenty-five miles south of the Pine Hills. The three
places are geologically similar, the underlying rock is the Clear
Creek limestone, and the soil is residual, without a deposit of
loess, which covers most of the southern Illinois hills. Since
the same geological formation extends over most of the area
between Elco and the Pine Hills it is very probable that other
scattered groves of the pine occur upon it.
Lilium Catesbaet Walt. is reported from Jackson County by
Professor G. H. French.
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. There is no published
record, in Patterson’s Flora of Illinois or elsewhere, of the
growth of this species in the state. It is, however, undoubtedly
native in Pulaski County in the extreme southern part of the
state on the Ohio River. It appears to grow only in the heavy
clay soils of the Lafayette formation, and may occur in the ad-
jacent counties where the same formation is found. A photo-
graph sent by Mr. B. F. Gault represents a tree at least four, or
possibly five feet in diameter.
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. This Asiatic mint, first re-
_ ported from Illinois by Dr. Schneck,* is widely distributed over
the southern part of the state and extends north as far as Cen-
tralia. In some places it is one of the commonest roadside
weeds, growing in patches with Amaranthus spinosus and Eleu-
sine [ndica.
FTedeoma /ispida Pursh. On thin dry soil overlying limestone
ledges in Jackson County.
Pentstemon canescens Britton, Steep dry rocky hillsides in
the Pine Hills, Union County. It also grows abundantly in
similar situations across the Mississippi in Perry County, Missouri.
Floustonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton. This species is reported
from several stations in central and southern Illinois, and extends
northward to Champaign County, in the east-central part of the
state. It grows in a variety of conditions. In Champaign
County it is found on the steep sides of clay bluffs with /e/ian-
* Cf. Pollard, Bot. Gaz. 21: 233.
169
thus strumosus and Taenidia integerrima. On the prairies of
central Illinois it forms circular patches of considerable extent,
and in the Ozark region it is one of the commonest species in the
semi-mesophytic upland woods, growing as scattered individuals.
Viburnum rufotomentosum Small. On dry ledges and in fis-
sures of limestone cliffs, Jackson County.
Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Kuntz is abundant in Perry County,
Missouri, growing in sandy soil along the Mississippi River, and
also farther inland in dry upland woods. It has lately been col-
lected by Mr. E. S. G. Titus near Eldorado, Illinois, where it
grows in dry soil along a railroad, but in such surroundings that
it appears indigenous.
Sititlas Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. In wet, open places, Massac
County.
Those areas in Virginia, Illinois and Missouri where the coastal
plain, with its austro-riparian flora reaches into the so-called
“Manual range’’ have always been a fertile field for collectors,
and from them many additional species have been added to the
“Manual flora.” The work of B. F. Bush in the swamps of
southeastern Missouri has been of particular importance because
of the number of interesting species which he found there. _ Three
of these species, not previously reported from Illinois, were col-
lected in 1902 in the cypress swamps of Johnson and Massac
counties: /Fraxinus profunda Bush, Styrax Americana Lam.,
and /tea Virginica L.
Koellia incana (L.) Kuntze. The distribution of this species as
stated in the Illustrated Flora (3: 114) or Britton’s Manual
(802) does not include Illinois, the range given being Maine to
Ontario, Ohio and Florida. In southern Illinois it is abundant
in upland woods and abandoned clearings, where the white
canescent bracts make it very conspicuous. It has been col-
lected in every county including and south of the Ozark uplift,
but its northern limit in the state is as yet undetermined.
There are a number of other species in Illinois, whose range,
as given in the two works mentioned, does not include this state,
Among these may be mentioned the following: Cuwzla origanoides
(L.) Britton is common in the upland woods of the extreme south-
170
ern part, and extends north as far as the mouth of the Illinois
River, where it has been collected by Professor W. E. Andrews.
Spermacoce glabra Michx. extends northward along the rivers
well into central Illinois. Zzadenum petiolatum (Walt.) Britton is
common in the cypress swamps of Johnson and Massac counties,
and Agrimonia pumila Muhl. in the upland woods of the Ozark
region.
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS.
SHORTER NOTES
Hymenoxys insignis — (Actinella insignis, A. Gray ; S. Wat-
son, Pr. Am, Acad., 18: 109). In my recent paper on Aymen-
oxys (Bull. Torrey Club, 31: 461. S 1904), I omitted this
species, as I had seen only some fragments of a head, and was
uncertain whether it was really of this genus. I have now
examined the type sheet (from Lerios, 15 leagues E. of Saltillo,
Mexico, 10,000 ft., Palmer) in the Gray Herbarium, and am satis-
fied that the plant is a Hymenoxys, most nearly allied to 4.
chrvsanthemoides, but quite distinct.
T.. D. As, Cotmmrarn,
RyNCHOSPORA PRINGLEI Greenman. — This species, published
in Proc. Am. Acad. 39: 69. 25 S.1903, is the samienas t.
Indianolensis Small, Fl. S. E. U.S, 193. 22 Jl aco eenin
Greenman’s specimens came from Zamora, Michoacan (Pringle,
8642) and Dr. Small’s from Indianola, Texas (Ravenel). The
species is next to RX. scutellata Griseb. Pl. Cub. 246. 1866, to
which it has been referred by Mr. C. B. Clarke, but it differs
from that by its congested inflorescence with several or many
spikelets in the clusters, and seems to me to be distinct.
N. L. Britton.
Notes ON CuBaAn PLAnts. — Dichrostachys nutans (Pers.)
Benth., an African tree, naturalized in Cuba, though apparently
not heretofore reported from the West Indies, was observed in
March, 1903, by Dr. Britton and the writer, forming dense
thickets, covering several acres, almost to the exclusion of all
other plants, on the grounds surrounding an old Spanish fort near
the mouth of the Bueyvaca, on the Bay of Matanzas and several
171
miles east of the old town of the same name. Later, the writer
again found it, abundantly forming thickets in the brickyard dis-
rict just south of Havana. These thickets were strongly sug-
trict just th of H rl thicket trongly sug
gestive of the Crataegus “ formations ’”’ so abundant in similar
places about Pittsburg, Pa. It was also collected in flower by
Dr. Britton and Percy Wilson, the following September at Buey-
vaca and still further east, at Saguna.
Although it seems not to have been reported from the West
ies and was not observed by us as cultivated in Cuba, it has
Indies and 10t observed by cultivated in Cuba, it has
been in cultivation, according to Duss (no. 2040), on Guadeloupe
yy
Island under the name of “‘ Acacia Lundea Roxb
J. A. SHAFER.
NEw YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN.
A PecuLiar PEA SEEDLING. —In handling the thousands of
seedlings used by classes in our large city schools one comes
across some queer freaks. The pea seedling shown at the right
of the accompanying illustration was brought in by a boy in one
of my classes. At the left is a normal seedling. The pecu-
liarity consists in the fact that both root and stem were negatively
geotropic and both grew in the same direction.
When the plant reached me it was in excellent condition and
there is no possibility of an artificial twist.
A. J, Grou
30YS’ HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN.
172
A New Bauaman EvpuorsiaA.— While ona trip from New
Providence to the Bimini Islands, anchor was cast for the night
in the creek separating the Joulter Cays lying north of the
island of Andros. The opportunity to examine into the flora
of these xerophytic cays was an excellent one and the results
proved highly interesting. One of the first patches of vegetation
to attract the attention was what appeared to be a growth of
Euphorbia buxifoia Lam. in a new environment, namely the
interior, separated from the sands of the beach by a high bluff
of coralline rock. Closer examination of the plants removed
their likeness to the species mentioned, and later study proved
the species to be heretofore unknown. The characters:
Euphorbia Cayensis sp. nov.
§ Chamaesyce. Annual, densely white-canescent. Stems
stout, ligneous, multinodal, branching from below, 2-3 dm.
high, spreading above: leaves thick, oval, obliquely cordate at
the base, entire, canescent alike on both surfaces, 4-6 mm. x 3-
4 mm., short-petioled ; petioles i-1.5 mm.: involucres campan-
ulate, short-peduncled, 1.5 mm., canescent, bearded in the
throat ; appendages lineal, hardly distinguishable ; glands green,
transversely oblong, thick, tumid, 0.7 mm. broad ; false gland a
large deltoid tooth of the involucre: capsule canescent, 2 mm.,
the carpels bluntly keeled : seeds pinkish-ashen, somewhat quad-
rilaterally ovoid, strongly keeled on the dorsum, the facets
slightly anastomose-ridged.
Habitat : Joulter’s Cays, Bahamas, April 11, 1904; J%l/s-
paugh 2295. Only a few fruits matured. Type in herb. Field
Columbian Museum, sheet no. 156261. Cotypes in herb. New
York Botanical Garden and herb. Krug & Urban, Berlin.
C. F. MILLspauGH.
FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, CHICAGO.
Tue Errect or ILLuminatinG Gas ON TREES AND SHRUBS.
— Early in the spring of this year about three dozen bushes of
Rosa rugosa were planted on both sides of the road near the
stone piers at the entrance to the New York Botanical Garden,
between the railroad bridge at 200th Street and the driving roads.
Those in the southern half promptly died, while those on the
north side have lived and are doing well. This fact coupled with
the death of the maple immediately beyond the southern pier has
shown conclusively that it is due to soil saturation by illumina-
ting gas, and not to the disturbance caused by the making of the
road. The main that supplies the museum building crosses the
bridge between the southern roadway and the foot-path and
View at the 2ooth Street Entrance of the N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park,
October, 1904.
makes an angle a short distance beyond the dead maple shown
in the accompanying photograph. Several times leaks have oc-
curred at this point and been repaired, but the damage has been
done and one of the four symmetrical and beautiful sugar maples
has suffered in consequence.
ELIzABETH G. BRITTON.
Nev BOTANICAL GARDEN, October, 1904.
A Name ExpLainep, — The ericaceous genus ‘ .Yolisma,’’ as
it is rather erroneously written, obtains a conspicuous place under
its rightful name, in the second volume of Britton and Brown’s
Illustrated Flora, where, on page 569 the name is noted as ‘“ un-
explained.”’ The term is Greek, with the meaning of lameness,
or defectiveness ; and the character of the genus, as to certain
particulars as they are mentioned by Nuttall, whose work Rafin-
174
esque was reviewing when he proposed ‘‘ Xolzsma,” suggests a
name of such import. The corollas in the genus are both so
diminutive and so colorless compared with those of allied genera,
that the inflorescence looks more like a cluster of small unde-
veloped flower buds than a cluster of developed flowers. The
pedicels in kindred genera are bracted ; in this, bractless. Again,
one member of each floral circle is commonly suppressed, so
that the flower is often tetramerous rather than pentamerous as in
related groups. The awns of the anther, otherwise almost uni-
versally characteristic of those of ericaceous shrubs, are wanting
in this genus; and lastly the stigma, usually prominent enough
in such plants, is almost obsolete here. Without any doubt,
some or all of these six characteristic deficiencies that mark the
inflorescence and flowers of Nuttall’s Lyonza, indicated to the
keen intellect of Rafinesque the name he gave as a substitute for
the Nuttallian homonym.
My investigations leading to this apparent explanation began in
my knowledge of some of Rafinesque’s own deficiencies as a writer.
I knew, for example, that his X’s are ambiguous. He seems
never to have distinguished between the English X and the
Greek X, which latter is Ch, pronounced like K. I do not
know how the readers of the new books, in which I am always
glad to see the name, pronounce it. But I know that Rafinesque
must have pronounced it Kolisma, and also that he ought to have
written it not Xolzsma but Cholisma; and the latter is the way
that I should both write it and have it printed, if occasion came.
Possibly there may be other ‘‘ X ”’ names by the same author,
in which that letter ought to have been represented by the Ch.
However, I do not recall any such at this moment, nor have I
time to examine indexes. But in scanning the pages of a theo-
logical brochure in which this same author displays more or less
learning, I lately encountered the words “ Xrist’’ ‘ Xristians ’’;
these illustrating the ambiguity of his X’s elsewhere than in
names of genera.
Epw. L. GREENE.
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, WASHINGTON, D. C.
EXOGENOUS ORIGIN OF ANTHERIDIA IN ANTHOCEROS. — On
pages 436-438 of volume 53 (1903) of the Oesterreichische
Botanische Zeitschrift, Emma Lampa describes and figures or-
gans which she calls antheridia of exogenous origin in Axtho-
ceros, On first seeing this paper nearly a year ago, I was strongly
impressed with doubts as to the antheridial nature of the organs
described, and now that an American morphologist has quoted *
without criticism this rather heterodox observation of Frau
Lampa’s, it may be worth while, even at the risk of being wholly
in error, to record some of the grounds for these doubts. In the
first place, the species in which the exogenous antheridia are said
to occur is Axthoceros dichotomus, a South-European species
which, like the Australian Axthoceros tuberosus +-and the Cali-
fornian Anthoceros phymatodes,{ produces tubers,§ somewhat simi-
lar in form and structure to the alleged antheridia figured by
Frau Lampa. These tubers arise near the apices of the branches
of the thallus, but later become ventral by the continued growth
of the branch. Frau Lampa makes no mention of having ob-
served ¢ubers, but remarks that ‘“‘ Die Antheridien sassen gewohn-
lich am Thallusende.’’ Furthermore, the pedicels of the ‘‘anthe-
ridia’’ as figured by Frau Lampa are very broad and stout, one
of them showing a width of ten cells, whereas the pedicels of the
antheridia in the genus Azthoceros, as figured and described by
other observers || consist of no more than four rows of cells,
showing a maximum width of only two or three in surface view
* Davis, B. M. The Relationships of Sexual Organs in Plants. Botanical
Gazette, 38: 253. O. 1904.
+ See Ashworth, J. H. On the Structure and Contents of the Tubers of Aztho-
ceros tuberosus Taylor. Pp. 1-6, f/. 2. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and
Philosoph. Soc. 41: part I, no. 2. 1896. :
t Howe, M. A. Bull. Torrey Club, 25: 12-14. p/. 324, 3725. 1898. Mem.
Torrey Club, 7: 179-183. p/. 777, 278. 1899.
2 A figure of the tubers of Anthoceros dichotomus in their fully developed condition
is given by Goebel on p. 293 of his Organographie der Pflanzen.
|| Waldner, M. Die Entwickelung des Antheridiums von Anthoceros. Sitzungsber.
math.-naturwiss. Classe d. kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 75: 87, 91, etc., f 6a, 7a, 8.
1877.
Campbell, D, H. The Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns, 124.
1895.
Schiffer; Eng. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 13: 137. 1895.
176
and ordinarily but two in longitudinal section. Frau Lampa
remarks that the ripe antheridia showed no essential differences
whether they were exogenous or endogenous in origin, but an
Anthoceros antheridium, whether exogenous or endogenous, with
a stalk ten cells broad is a heresy that will naturally excite sus-
picion among students of the archegoniates.
MarsHatt A. Howe.
NEWS ITEMS
Dr. John K. Small, curator of the museums of the New York
Botanical Garden, is again devoting several weeks to explorations
in southern Florida.
Mr. Clifton D. Howe, assistant in botany in the University of
Chicago, has been appointed instructor in botany in the Biltmore
Forest School, Biltmore, North Carolina. He begins his new
duties on January I.
Annual meetings of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, of the Botanical Society of America, the
Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology, and the American
Mycological Society, will be held at Philadelphia, December
27-30, 1904.
Professor Nathaniel Lord Britton received the honorary degree
of Doctor of Science from Columbia University October 31, at
the Convocation held in connection with the 150th anniversary
of the foundation of King’s College. On the same occasion, the
name of the chair now held by Professor L. M. Underwood was
made the Torrey professorship of botany in honor of John Torrey,
emeritus professor of botany in Columbia College from 1860 to
1873. The College of Physicians and Surgeons, in which Torrey
was professor of chemistry and botany from 1827 to 1855, was
made a part of Columbia University in 1891.
Vol. 4 No. 12
TORREYA
December, 1904
THE AMERICAN SENNAS
3y J. A. SHAFER
Several years ago, while bringing together material for the for-
mation of a seed collection at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,
Pa., a sample of a seed purporting to be that of Cassta Mari-
landica LL. was received from Professor O. P. Medsger, of Jacobs
Creek, Pa., which differed markedly, by its obovoid form, from any
seed of the species that I had ever seen. Mr. Medsger, in as-
suring me of the authenticity of this seed, stated that he had col-
lected the flat- as well as the obovoid-seeded form, in Westmore-
land Co., Pa. With this explanation the matter rested until I
myself collected, on the Ohio River just below Pittsburgh, fruit-
ing specimens yielding the obovoid seed. About the same time,
also, similar specimens were sent to me from Cumberland, Md.,
by Rev. G. Eifrig.
Careful search the following season was unrewarded with flower-
ing specimens of the obovoid-seeded form, although many indi-
vidual plants of the flat-seeded form were observed through the
flowering to the fruiting stage both in their nativity and under
cultivation, among the latter being a white-flowered sort. This
failure to find the obovoid-seeded form, together with other cir-
cumstances, led me to surmise thatthe plant is a biennial; this,
however, I have not as yet been able to verify.
In some thirty descriptions of Cassia Marilandica by about
twenty-five authors, the form of the seed is mentioned but four
times. Darlington* has them “compressed, ovate-oblong”’ ;
later} he omits ‘‘compressed”’ and they become ‘ ovate-ob-
* Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 432. 1837. [Ed. 1.]
ft Darlington, Flora Cestrica, 68. 1853. [Ed. 3.]
[Vol. 4, No. 11, of TORREYA, comprising pages 161-176, was issued November
21, 1904. ]
Led
178
long.’’ Torrey * makes them “large, compressed.’”” Chapman,}
while making no statement for the species, has his ‘var. ? Flori-
‘‘orbicular.’”’ The more recent authors { are all broad
”
dana
enough in their descriptions to cover both forms.
The few illustrations are quite as unsatisfactory, many of them
being meaningless ; Dillenius,§ Barton,|| and Bigelow, 4 the best
of them, however, represent the flat-seeded form.
Just what Linnaeus** had is not clearly defined by his descrip-
tion or by most of his citations ; Dillenius’ ‘‘foliis mimosae siliqua
hirsuta’’ and plate, however, is clearly the flat-seeded form and
may be considered as establishing this as the true Cassza Mari-
landica L.. Martyn’s tf plate, also cited by Linnaeus, is charac-
terless.
As the several namestt that have been considered synonymous
with C. Warilandica L. are all referable to the flat-seeded form,
or at least have no reference to the obovoid-seeded one, I pro-
pose to name the latter for Professor O. P. Medsger, through
whose material my attention was first called to it, and would
characterize the two species as follows :
CassiA MARILANDICA L.
Plant erect, perennial, herbaceous, 1-2 m. high, little-branched:
stem pubescent, slightly if at all furrowed, yellowish green : leaves
with a club-shaped gland near base of the petiole; stipules sub-
ulate-filiform, ciliate on their margins, caducous; leaflets 12—
20, elliptical, unequally rounded at base, mucronate, with reflexed
ciliate margins, yellowish green, glaucous beneath, 3—5 cm. long,
one third as wide : inflorescence racemose, pubescent, axillary and
terminal, flowers many: calyx-lobes ovate, somewhat petaloid :
petals broadly spatulate to obovate, obtuse, bright yellow: sta-
* Torrey, Flora of the North and Middle Sections of the U. S. 1: 439. 1824.
{ Chapman, Flora of the Southern United States, 124. 1897. [Ed. 3.]
t Wood, Gray, Britton, Small.
Z Dillenius, Ilortus Elthamensis, 351, p/. 260. f. 379. 1732.
|| Barton, Vegetable Materia Medica of the U. S. 1: 137, f/. 72. 1817.
¢ Pp
sigelow, American Medical Botany, 2: 166, A/. 39. 1818.
** Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, 378. 1753.
tt Martyn, Historia Plantarum Rariorum, 23. f/. 27. 1728.
ft C. acuminata Moench, Meth. 273. 1794; C. reflexa Salisb. Prod. 326. 1796;
C. succedanea ‘* Bell, ex herb. Balb.,’’ DC. Prod., 2: 498. 1825.
179
mens 10, unequal, upper 3 imperfect ; anthers brown: ovary cov-
ered by long, outward-spreading hairs: pod falcate or nearly
straight, linear, much compressed, 7-11 cm. long, 6 mm. wide and
about 1.5 mm. thick, freely dehiscent along both sutures, brown,
hirsute, the hairs pointing outward, apex acuminate, margins some-
times undulate, septa oblique, externally indicated by sharply
defined narrow depressions: seeds 10-15, transverse, orbicular-
quadrate, very flat, 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, 1 mm. thick, funiculus
' bent. .
Specimens examined ; * Massacuusetts: Shirley, 1882, W
Hl. Manning ; Roxbury, 1899, L. 7. Chamberlain. New York:
Peekskill, no date, Dr. Torrey ; West Point, 1882, £. A. Mearns ;
Madison Co., 1893, and Herkimer Co., 1901, 7. D. House. NEw
JeRSEY : Connecticut Farm, 1820, Torrey Herbarium ; Atlantic
Co., 1883 (708), C. A. Gross. PENNSYLVANIA: Bethlehem, 1832,
C. J. Moser; Mercer Co., no date, & 7. Aschmann ; Fayette
Co., 1890, C. C. Mellor ; Lancaster Co., 1883 (708), Jas. Galen ;
McCalls Ferry, 1893, /. A. Small; Beaver Co., 1900, Alle-
gheny Co., several stations, /. d. Shafer, Westmoreland Co.,
1900 and 1902, Katherine R. Holmes, and 1904, /. A. Medsger.
West VirGiniA: Harper’s Ferry, 1878, G. Guttenberg ; Hutton-
ville, 1890, and Minton, 1891, C. & Millspaugh. VirGinia:
Wythe Co., 1892, /. K. Small. NortH CAro.ina: Biltmore
Herbarium, 1896-7 (307 and 3976), and 1890, Mary E. Reynolds.
TENNESSEE: Knox Co., 1894, 7. Hf. Kearney, Jr.; 1896, A.
Ruth. Kentucky: Fairbank, 1840, C. W. Short. Also many
specimens in the local herbarium of the Torrey Botanical Club.
Cassia Medsgeri sp. nov.
Plant erect, 0.75-1.5 m. high, scarcely branched: stem longi-
tudinally furrowed, smooth or nearly so, often purplish : leaves
with petiolar gland near the base, cylindrical or abruptly con-
stricted at its base; stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ca-
ducous ; leaflets 8-16, elliptical, unequally rounded at the base,
mucronate, with reflexed, entire margins, green, slightly glaucous
beneath, 3-5 cm. long, about one-third as wide: inflorescence
corymbose, glabrous or nearly so, axillary and terminal, flowers
rather few: calyx-lobes somewhat petaloid: petals broadly
* Contained in the herbaria of Columbia University, the New York Botanical
Garden, and the Carnegie Museum.
180
spatulate, sometimes acutish: ovary scarcely covered by short,
appressed hairs pointing towards apex: pod black, arcuate,
1. Cassia Marilandica \.. 2. Cassia Medsgeri Shafer. a. Pods, natural size.
4. Pistils, & 3. cc. Seeds, * 8. d. Transverse sections of seeds, >< 8.
181
broadly linear, scarcely compressed, 8-10 cm. long, 8-g mm.
wide, 3 mm. thick, dehiscent with difficulty if at all, apex blunt,
rounded, mucronate, margins subentire, septa transverse, not
well defined externally, hairs, if any, at the septal depressions,
few and coarse and pointing toward apex: seeds 13-20, trans-
verse, obovoid, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. in greatest diameter, funiculus
straight.
Specimens examined; PennsyLtvaniA: Allegheny Co., 1goo,
J. A. Shafer; 1901, J. M. Milligan. Westmoreland Co., 1904,
O. P. Medsger (type). Marytanpn: Cumberland, 1896, Howard
Shriver; 1901, Rev. G. Eifrig. West VirciniA: Wheeling,
1879, G. Guttenberg ; Sweet Springs, 1903 (322), C. S. & Mrs.
Steele. VirGiniA: Bedford Co., 1872, A. H. Curtiss. GEORGIA:
Dalton, 1900 (102), Percy Wilson. Atasama: Clay Co., F. S.
Earle. Towa: Ringold Co., 1898, Fitzpatrick Bros. Missouri:
Jackson Co., 1893 (¢Z), and Campbell, 1895 (795), B. /. Bush ;
Riley Co., 1896, /. B. Norton. Kansas: Johnson Co., 1892,
M. A. Carleton ; Ft. Riley, 1892 (547), EZ. E. Gayle. ARKANSAS:
Lafayette Co., 1898, A. A. & &. G. Heller ; Benton Co., 1899,
E. N. Plank.
Cassia Medsgeri grows in dry gravelly situations, is less tall,
less branched, of a darker color and is from ten days to two
weeks later in flowering than C. Marilandica, from which it is
easily distinguished by the differently shaped petiolar gland and
stipules, less and differently pubescent ovary, darker, broader,
and more curved pod, which is less clearly but more closely
marked by the septa and almost indehiscent, also by the very
differently shaped seeds.
New YorK BovraNnicaAL GARDEN.
A CASE OF IRREGULAR SECONDARY
THICKENING
By HERBERT MAULE RICHARDS
During last summer, while collecting in the woods in the
neighborhood of Lake Placid, New York, the writer noticed that
the lateral roots of the ‘ yellow birch”? — Betula lutca — often
182
presented a somewhat unusual appearance where they were
growing over and around large rocks. The cross-section, in-
stead of having the usual circular form, was more or less roughly
elliptical, the roots being compressed laterally and expanded ver-
tically. Such an appearance at once suggested unequal growth
of the secondary layers of the wood and examination proved that
this was the case.
In the specimen brought home and sectioned the greatest
horizontal diameter of the root was 24 mm., while the vertical
diameter measured 61 mm., exclusive of the rind, which was uni-
formly 1 mm. thick. Asa result, the organ presented an almost
plate-like form, suggestive of the supporting roots of some trop-
ical trees. A section was obtained, thin enough to count the
annual rings, and it could be seen that up to about its twenty-
fifth year the development of the wood-layers was almost normal,
with a slight tendency to epinastic growth (see figures). At this
time the root had attained the diameter of about 16.5 mm., so
that in breadth its subsequent growth was not more than 8 mm.,
while vertically it extended five and a half times as much. After
the twenty-fifth year the annual rings were to be traced only with
great difficulty on the sides, while above and below they were
often 2 mm. and sometimes 4 mm. wide. There was not a great
deal of difference in the rate of thickening on the upper and lower
sides, though the hyponastic growth had a tendency to exceed
the epinastic, especially from the thirty-third to forty-second
years. The organic center of the root was then not greatly dis-
placed from the actual axis of the organ. Such a condition has
been described by C. Schimper as diplonasty. About 25 or 30
cm. further back, on the root, the hyponastic growth was more
pronounced and more irregular. A hasty examination showed
that the wood elements were smallest where the rings were com-
pressed, but there seems also to be some difference in the number
of wood-cells present in the different regions, being more, of
course, where the ring was widest. This is worthy of notice be-
cause, in at least some cases of irregular thickening, it has been
stated that the difference in the thickness of the rings was due
alone to difference in the size of the wood elements,
183
Instances of irregular secondary thickening have been not in-
frequently cited. The classic examples of the plate roots in cer-
tain species of /zcus, or notably in the roots of Parkia Africana,
may be mentioned, but there the excessive thickening is practi-
cally wholly epinastic. Epinastic or hyponastic thickening is
mentioned by Haberlandt as occurring in the main branches of
certain trees in the temperate region. Cases of diplonasty seem
Fic. 1. Section of whole root showing Fic. 2. Enlarged view or transverse
rings of annual thickening. The numer- _ section of the first thirty years of growth.
als refer to the age. The twenty-fifth year The annual rings are represented alter-
is marked by a slightly heavier line. The nately black and white. Magnified
rind is black. Nearly natural size. about 3 diameters.
to be rarer. Specific instances do not seem to be generally
cited in the ordinary literature ; at least the writer was unable to
find mention of any so well-marked case as that described above.
Such irregularities are no doubt more common than one is led to
believe from the references to them, and the writer would be glad
to see specimens of this kind.
One naturally hesitates to make any too definite statement as
to the causes of such thickenings, but Haberlandt’s suggestion
184
that the abnormal growth is produced in response to mechanical
exigencies is not unreasonable. Resting as these roots do ona
hard, unyielding substratum, the compression strain brought to
bear on them when the tree bends in the wind would be much
greater than if they rested in soft soil, From a mechanical
standpoint the vertical thickening of the wood would strengthen
the root against such a strain. Such an explanation is certainly
in accord with the general idea of the most economical expendi-
ture of growth-energy and of material, which, as Haberlandt has
pointed out, is as general in the development of trees as in any
organisms.
BARNARD COLLEGE, NEW YorRK.
THE BOLETACEAE OF PENNSYLVANIA
By D. R. SUMSTINE
Our state is well represented in the number of species belonging
to this family. Nearly two thirds of all the species known in the
United States have been reported from Pennsylvania. The fol-
lowing is a preliminary list of the genera and species.
Boletus affinis Peck §
albellus Peck §
alboater Schw.t
alutaceus Morg.§
alveolatus B. & C.t
Americanus Peck *
auripes Peck §
auriporus Peck *
badiceps Peck §
betula Schw.t
bicolor Peck *
bovinus L.+
calopus Pay
castaneus Bull.*
chrysenteron Fr.*
chromapes Frost }
crassipe (AY ] eC k S
decorus Frost §
dichrous Ellis t
edulis Bull.t
elegans Schum. §
eximius Peck ¢
felleus Bull.*
flavidus Fr.+
fragrans Vitt.§
Frostit Russell *
Jrustulosus Peck §
fulvus Peck §
glabellus Peck *
gracilis Peck ¢
granulatus L.*
griseus Frost *
wludens Peck §
wmpolitus Fr.§
tndecisus Peck §
wnflexus Peck ft
mnixus Peck *
luridus Schaeff.*
/uteus L.t
miniato-olivaceus Frost *
mutabilis Morg.*
Morgani Peck *
nebulosus Peck §
migrellus Peck *
ornatipes Peck *
pallidus Frost t
parasiticus Bull.*
piperatus Bull.*
Pocono Schw.t
purpureus Fr.§
radicans Pers.§
retipes Bice, §
Russelli Frost *
rubropunctus Peck §
satanus Lenz §
scaber Fr.*
185
separans Peck *
sordidus Frost *
spectosus Frost §
spectabilis Peck §
subaureus Peck §
sublutens Peck f
subsanguincus Peck §
subtomentosus Lt
subvelutipes Peck §
variegatus Swartz §
varupes Peck §
versipellis Fr.}
Loletinus cavipes (Opat.) Kalch.§
paluster (Peck) Peck §
pictus (Peck) Peck §
porosus (Berk.) Peck *
Fistulina hepatica (Huds.) Fr.*
jirma Peck *
Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop. )
Betiag
floccopus (Vahl) Sacc.*
B. inflexus has thus far been reported only from Pennsylvania.
IXITTANNING, PA.
October 3, 1904.
The species reported by Schweinitz in his Synopsis are included
in Peck’s Boleti of the United States.
RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE
OF PALEOZOIC SEED-PLANTS |
By Epwarp W. BERRY
Undoubted seeds of a gymnospermous character have long
been known in considerable abundance as low down in the geo-
*In writer’s collection, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
+ Peck, Boleti of the United States.
{ Herbst, Fungal Flora of the Lehigh Valley.
§ McIlvaine, One Thousand American Fungi.
|| Read before the Torrey Botanical Club, November 30, 1904.
186
logical scale as the Devonian, and by the Carboniferous they are
very numerous in some localities, the coal-measures of both hemi-
spheres furnishing them in considerable variety.
Little beyond descriptions based on external form are known
of the seeds from American localities, where their preservation is
poor as compared with the beautifully silicified and calcified re-
mains from some of the European localities.
Brongniart as recently as 1881 * may be said to have laid the
foundation for their scientific study.
In the light of the recent work, principally of Professors
Oliver and Scott, the further study of these and similar remains
assumes a special importance, and my excuse for this notice is
the arrival in this country of the completed memoir of the above
authors on the seed Lagenostoma Lomaxi,t which is thus far the
most interesting as well as the best known fossil seed.
The fact of its definite reference to the plant which bore it is no
little credit to the sagacity of the authors and to the methods of
study inaugurated by the late Professor Williamson. The pres-
ent memoir, which is well illustrated by seven plates and two text
figures, sets forth in detail the structure of the seed and its
cupule. The authors have handled all the extant material
known, and their conclusions are admirable and convincing.
They propose for this and similar fern-like spermatophytes a new
class, the Pteridospermeae, for which Ward { would establish the
sub-kingdom Pteridospermaphyta in the anticipation, already
partially verified, that the three great phyla of Paleozoic cryp-
togams independently acquired the seed habit.
The preliminary contribution of Oliver and Scott was read be-
fore the Royal Society in May, 1903, and in the short interval
since we are able to record numerous contributions along the
same lines. Since Potonié in 1897 established the order Cycad-
ofilicales it has seemed probable that numerous forms of Adethop-
teris, Pecopteris, Odontopteris, Neuropteris, Sphenopterts, etc., were
* Brongniart, Adolphe. Recherches sur les graines fossiles silicifiées.
+ Oliver, F. W., and Scott, D. H. On the Structure of the Palaeozoic Seed
Lagenostoma Lomaxi. Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 197: 193-247. pl. 4-so.
17 Au 1904.
t Ward, L. F. Science, II. 20: 25, 279. 1904.
187
referable to this group rather than to the Filicales, the direct evi-
dence for which has been slow in coming to light.
Before the publication of the final results of Messrs. Oliver and
Scott, however, Kidston * announced the discovery of rhabdo-
carpous seeds on the rachis of Weuropteris heterophylla, a mem-
ber of the Medulloseae, adding confirmation to the suspicion that
the seeds known as Trigonocarpons were referable to this family
of the Cycadofilicales.t
Following Kidston’s discovery we find Grand’ Eury { in March
of this year and again in July, arguing before the French
Academy the probability of the reference of certain of the silici-
fied seeds from St. Etienne to various Filicean species.
In March we have further comments by Zeiller § ; and Renault ||
in May reports his conviction that the seed Stephanospermum
from Autun belongs to Calamodendron or Arthropitys. We
learn further from Oliver and Scott’s memoir that Arber is about
to describe a fossil in which numerous Lagenostoma-like seeds
are supposed to belong to a Sphenopteris frond.
With regard to the microsporangial apparatus of these various
plants we know little beyond the suggestive work of Miss Ben-
son § on Zelangium, which she regards as the microsporangial
synangium of Lyginodendron. We are on safe ground in the
assumption that in each of the three great cryptogamic phyla
of the Paleozoic the seed habit was at least approximated, ¢. ¢.,
among the fern-like plants we have positive proof in the case of
* Kidston, R. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 72: 487. D 1903.
Oliver, F. W. New Phytologist, 4: 32. 1904.
Kidston, R. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 197: 1-5. 1904. [lllust.]
+ Wild. On Zrigonocarpon olivaeforme, Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. 16. 1900.
Scott, D. H. On the Origin of Seed-bearing Plants. Roy. Inst. May 15, 1903.
Oliver, F. W. Notes on Zrigonocarpus, etc. New Phytologist, 3: 96-104. f/.
2. 1904. ‘
{Grand ’Eury. Sur les rhizomes et les racines des Fougéres fossiles et des Cyca-
dofilices. Compt. rend. 138: 607-610. 1904.
Grand ’Eury. Sur les graines des Néuroptéridées. Ibid. 139: 23-27. 1904.
7 Zeiller, R. Observations au sujet du mode de fructification des Cycadofilicinées.
Ibid. 138: 663-665. 1904.
|| Renault, B. Quelques remarques sur les cryptogames anciennes et les sols fos-
siles de végétation. Ibid. 138: 1237-1239. 1904.
| Benson, M. Ann. Bot. 18: 161-177. p/. 77. 1904.
188
Lagenostoma and Neuropteris; among the Calamites we have
Stephanospermum ,; and among the Lepidodendraceae we have
the seed-like fructifications named Lefzdocarpon by Professor
Scott. Sufficient proof, it seems to me, that we had in the Paleo-
zoic a great plexus of plants of a type transitional between the
Pteridophyta and the Spermatophyta, from some of which the
gymnosperms took their origin.
SHORTER NOTES
SomE INTRODUCED PLants In Cusa.—lIt is well known that
one of the most common methods for the distribution of weeds
and various other plants from one locality to another is by means
of seeds carried in food stuffs, bedding for animals, etc.
Recently while I was passing through the stable-yard of the
Cuban Experiment Station, I discovered several plants of the
common dandelion (Taraxvacum Taraxacum). Following this
discovery, in an investigation of the immediate vicinity, several
other plants common to New York and other parts of the United
States were found. Of the plants examined, numbering forty or
fifty, some species were well represented, and with the exception
of those growing in the coral-rock driveway, all were of recent
growth, though normal in size. Inquiring at the stable as to the
kinds of fodder used, I was shown several large sacks of oats, in
which after a brief examination, many varieties of seeds, achenes
and some dried fruits of common weeds were obtained. In for-
mer times large quantities of baled hay were used and this was
scattered on the ground among the horses during the noon hour,
The following identified plants undoubtedly owe their occur-
ence to seeds that have either fallen directly from the hay to the
ground, or perhaps more frequently have germinated from the
excrement of the stock.
Lepidium Virginicum LL. Plantago major L.
Trifolium repens L. Plantago Rugelii Decne.
Trifolium pratense L. Plantago lanceolata 1.
Trifolium hybridum L. Taraxacum Taraxacum (L.) Karst.
Sonchus olervaceus LL.
Percy WILSON.
189
REVIEWS
A Laboratory Guide in Elementary Bacteriology *
The third revised edition of W. D. Frost’s ‘‘ Laboratory Bac-
” a handy volume of four hundred pages and forty or
more illustrations, has just been published by the Macmillan Co.
Previous editions of this work have been used with great success
by Professor Frost at the University of Wisconsin, and in the
present edition only such changes have been made as are neces-
sitated by the rapid progress of this science and improvements
in methods employed in its study and application.
The plan of the work remains the same. In the first part,
requiring a half year for its completion, the general subject of
bacteriology is taken up in the following order : technique, phys-
iology, taxonomy, representative nonpathogenic forms and _ bac-
teriological analysis. The second part, dealing with medical
bacteriology, is an application of the knowledge and skill gained
in the first to a rather serious study of pathogenic bacteria, more
recent and more technical methods being used in connection with
many of the forms treated.
The author regards directions for laboratory exercises as fun-
damental. These directions have a constant and a variable part,
the latter subject to modification as changes become necessary in
the kind of organism, the kind of medium, the temperature, etc.
An attempt is made to observe a logical order in the experi-
ments, though the time required for individual experiments may
vary widely. Cultural observations are conveniently recorded by
means of charts, with which the book abounds.
The system of classification adopted is that of Migula, which
is quite generally used. Many of the older names are to be
looked for in the list of synonyms. Like all other good labora-
tory guides, Professor Frost’s book is well supplied with lists of
apparatus, texts, appendices, etc., and with helpful suggestions.
relative to their use. Appendix A is a key to the most common
forms of bacteria usually encountered by the student.
Wiritram A. Mourrict.
* Frost, William Dodge. A Laboratory Guide in Elementary Bacteriology. 8 vo..
Pp. i-vi + 1-395. New York, The Macmillan Co. 1904.
teriology,
190
PROCEEDINGS OF THE €EGE
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1904
The meeting was held at the New York Botanical Garden
at the usual hour, Dr. D. T. MacDougal occupying the chair.
There were 19 members present.
A letter was read from the secretary of the Council of the
Scientific Alliance notifying the Club that the Alliance had
appropriated $50 from the Newberry Fund for grants in aid of
research in botany or geology, and $400 from the Herrman Fund
for grants in aid of any scientific investigations.
The first paper was by Dr. N. L. Britton under the title: of
‘“ Notes on the Flora of the Bahamas.” The speaker, in contin-
uation of previous explorations, which were reported in TORREYA
for July, recently spent five wceks in the Bahamas, principally
on the Island of New Providence. |
About 950 native and naturalized species have been reported
from the Bahama Islands, an unexpectedly small number, in part
accounted for by the fact that most of the land does not reach an
elevation of more than 25 feet although on one of the outer
islands a height of 400 feet is recorded.
The flora is remarkable in the very unequal distribution of
species, some being recorded from only one key. It is related
to that of northern Cuba, extreme southern Florida, and in a
lesser degree to that of Haiti. While the collections have as yet
received only preliminary study, it is probable that ten or twelve
new species will be founded on forms formerly thought to be
identical with Cuban or other West Indian species.
The speaker gave a brief review of the flora, noting among
other facts the presence of but five gymnosperms —a Pinus, three
Zamias and a Juniperus. The lower monocotyledons are but
poorly represented.
Of the grasses about fifty species were collected. These have
not been studied, but it was noted that they show characteristic
forms in each of the plant associations of the islands. One of the
most interesting is the climbing bamboo, Arthrostylidium capulli-
Jom Griseb., whose light green color gives a characteristic tinge
191
to the coppices. Seventeen species of sedges, none new, are to
be added to the published flora of the islands. The palms are
abundant and interesting, five species being reported. Eight or
ten species of bromeliads, about twenty-five orchids, and four or
five figs were reported. Among the Nyctaginaceae there are two
trees heretofore referred to /%sonta but evidently not properly
referable to that genus.
It was noted that most of the trees of the islands do not reach
as great a height as they do in the Florida ‘‘ hammocks.”
ate
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OFFICERS FOR 1904
President,
HON. ADDISON BROWN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents,
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Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
F, S. EARLE, A.M. JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
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TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D.
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Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
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Vol. 4 May, 1904 No. 5
TORREY A
A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY: HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
A Canoe Trip on the St. Francis River, Northern Maine: W. W. EGGLEsTon’....65
Shorter Notes:
Notes onthe Local Flora: FREDERICK WM, KOBBES 2c. isi. e.c ck eeacdenccbens sevens’ 68
MiIpurnum wollte: Miche <> Ni IS, sBRITCON Map eiss havea ae tengicen sodedcee MiowspsacnS asta 69
Reviews :
Howell’s Flora of Northwest America: P..A. RYDBERG.............0002 ceeeeseueees 70
Proceedings of the Club: TRacy E. HAZEN, WILLIAM T. HORNE.................0..00006 73
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Vol. 4 June, 1904 No. 6
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or Botanicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS :
Resistance of Drought by Liverworts: DouGLAs HouGHTON CAMPBELL.............. SI
The Pollen Tube in the Cucurbitaceae and Rubiaceae: FrAncis BE. LLoyD........ 86
Shorter Notes:
MUG? “PrIMFOSES Us Ly WLACDIOUGAD Sc Mierke th fered seonscpeidyetineSwretasteres or
Teratology of Seedling Bean: EDWARD W. BERRY. w.......ccecece eee ee eee teense eesees g2
Scirpus Coloradoensis, sp. nov,: N. L. Brirron..... Yaa; NokGere Woe vkss obeedava Be yee 93
Proceedings of the Club: Tracy IE. HAZEN, WILLIAM T. HORNE,,............0000000003 93
INO WSa RESINS es cceadauchohunes eostive ds Vakenadeeney Bs eee Sain Coty oR OU tte crc by 0 o's Shatin toh 95
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EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Passaic, N. J. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City’
Editor, Treasurer,
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D, FRANCIS E, LLOYD, A.M.
Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University.
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Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City
Vol. 4 July, 1904 No. 7
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Additions to “ The Flora of Long Island’’: Smirn ELY JELUIFFE.................. a7
A Collecting Trip to Haiti: GrorceE V. NASER cited) Maha sie oka 100
Shorter Notes:
Two-bracted Dogwood: EDWARD.W. BERRY. ij... .eccceceetceenesceeceneeeencneeeeees 104
SAavian Bahamensis Sp, NOV ss) Ne UABRITIONA. hs wos pewetes ye yeoceccasc heen coun teeny 104
Notes on Cuban Plants: J. A. SHAFER........ Pusiarh Wwe rhalesesing. » towed 5 (maiat up ause2 105
Proceedings of the Club: WILLIAM T. PROM Ne Acre. Soda stim iedntel eas 106
Reviews:
Bailey’s Plant: Breeding 7 F.vBp LLOYD ic. Siccd, acesesucapbeans des ccaecves vive sceacdene 109
IN CM SRNLR PNA Sa Tey ais 4 ata Noy asad Aeon OMESE Web ate hig aU eludes 02a vhok nose huck-katdass Aiaivd> tarAecs «ae III
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EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Passaic, N, J. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York Citys
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House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any
other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only
for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be
furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent
to Treasurer, Torrey Botanical Club, 41 North Queen St., Lancaster,
Pa., or Columbia University, New York City,
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City
Fe
=
A
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eee
¥
baw ie bac
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30,
published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
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NEW YORK CITY
Poy Ana
Pal hit pene
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- eg
Need dod
OTHER PUBLICATIONS °
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30,
published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published
price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
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(2) MEMOIRS
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(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
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Correspondence relating to the above publications should
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' NEW YORK CITY
WOM is
OA tHE a
ye } aN:
j aie a
Oe
eae
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30,
published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published
price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
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(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I-11 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued.
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(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should .
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NEW YORK CITY
4 be Bd
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aa
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‘
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(x) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30,
published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
each. Vols. 19-27 (1892-1900) are furnished at the published
price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-30, three dollars each.
Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
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(2) MEMOIRS
The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
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The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance.
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individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
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New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should
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THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY
Vol. 4 August, 1904 No. 8
TORREYA
A Monruiy Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY. HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Notes on the Variability of Hypothele repanda: Howarp J. BANKER..\.........4. 113
The Botanical Meeting at McCall’s Ferry, Pennsylvania: GrorGE V. NAsH.N. I17
- The Nomenclature of Hexalectris and Aplectrum: JoHN HENDLEY BARNHART TI9
Shorter Notes:
The Validity of the Genus Paratheria Griseb. : GEORGE V. NASH............ 122
Sarracenia flava in Virginia: ROLAND M. HARPER \.j....eccccceseeeeten eet eeees 123
An Undescribed Species of Alnus: N. L. BRITTON. .Y........cccsceeceeteeeereeees 124
Proceedings of the Club: WILLIAM T. Horne..... Vnricd She ck sg Seen tanks Gee Staats 124
BONA MEME TO SS 7p hot ct ts Rosh a sha at as Moceelrnawr es weety ceas pel peda nob sth ldwscsobhepacaavenesuboceboes 127
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Vice-Presidents,
HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D.
Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretary,
EDWARD W. BERRY, JOHN K. SMALL, Pu.D.
Passaic, N. J. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.
Editor, Treasurer,
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D, FRANCIS E. LLOYD, A.M,
Tarrytown, N. Y. Columbia University.
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TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PH.D.
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Pa., or Columbia University, New York City. |
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A, HOWE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City
Vol. 4 September, 1904 No. 9
PLORKEY A
A Monruty Journat or Boranicat Nores anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Three New Violets from Long Island: EUGENE P. BICKNELL.............45-5- MES Ad 129
The Date of Pursh’s Flora: JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART. ..........cccceeceeceeeeseeeees 132
The Ferns of Northern Cape Breton: C. Bi ROBINSON......2....5...¢cccedeesauececvess 136
The Type-locality of Arenaria brevifolia: ROLAND M. HARPER........ 00. cece 138
Shorter Notes:
A New Polyporoid Genus from South America: WILLIAM ALPHONSO MuR-
ROLLA Css ccanot seb wwn cas shia tga ecddlta enc hdbme nich wea etuvcdie st dns Pi Pes aapreunaate apeirencpehu esa’ 14!
A New Species of Bradburya: N. L. BRITTON, J. 20.5... ccc ekiedeceantensep tecens 142
Rings in Bark Formed by Branches: EDWARD W. BERRYN.......cc:ccses-ee ees 142
INC OUS MALONE Sore RTE MEN bole Cunha Oo MPL SE um OR comets Scop hgehs cobd et xie we gelly adimneldn el 143
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Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and
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Pa., or Columbia University, New York City.
Matter for publication should be addressed to
MARSHALL A. HOWE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx Park, New York City
Vol. 4 October, 1904 No. 10
TORREYA
A Monruty Journat or BoranicaL Notes AnD News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
The early Writers on Ferns and their Collections—III. W. J. Hooker,
1785-1865: L. M. UNDERWOOD..W........... PR Mo Pee oa a sae soos oy Sheen dog's Bee eae 145
A New Species of Polyporus from Tennessee: Wit LIAM A, MURRILL:.Y...<..... 150
Shorter Notes:
‘The Plonda-Royal Palias Nee y BRATION 1s ois oo pio eave so vcwead eeohss SRavny aApeares 152
Otto Kuntze on Sequoia: EDWARD W. KERRY)............... se ied gee tie itak sab oe 153
Reviews :
A new Handbook of the Genera of Freshwater Algae: TRAcy E, HAZEN.Y 154
Lloyd and Bigelow’s ‘‘ The Teaching of Biology in the Secondary School”’:
RERRSHALE. A PEROW eit sir issrchcahagsos Vasaet ooeeersnnaraPiesdets Roar here A 156
News Items
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OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
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A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30,
published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 29 full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England,
Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19—30 can be supplied
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The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals, Volumes
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(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
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New York, 1888. Price, $1.00,
Correspondence relating to the above publications shoul
be addressed to ;
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY
Sige
i lig 4
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ore
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re AY
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Dulau & Co., 37-Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied
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Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not
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The Memoirs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
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(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
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Correspondence relating to the above publications should
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NEW YORK CITY
Cy
Rted
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Oy:
ist
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
(1) BULLETIN
A monthly journal devoted to general botany. Vol. 30,
published in 1903, contained 709 pages of text and 2g full page
plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe 14 shillings.
Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England.
Of former volumes, only 1-5 and 19-30 can be supplied
entire from the stock in hand, but the completion of sets will be
undertaken. Yearly volumes 1-5 (1870-1874), one dollar
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(2) MEMOIRS
The Memorrs are published at irregular intervals. Volumes
I-I1 are now completed and No. 1 of Vol. 12 has been issued.
The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance.
The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the
individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application.
(3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and
Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of
New York, 1888. Price, $1.00.
Correspondence relating to the above publications should
be addressed to
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
Columbia University
NEW YORK CITY
Vol. 4 November, 1904 No. 11
TORREYA
A Monruty Journar or Boranicat Notes anp News
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
Two hitherto confused Species of Ludwigia: RoLanp M. HARPER .............. 161
A Key to the perennial Polyporaceae of temperate North America: WI! LIAM
Dee NLR RT Dele sare tare ea Robe Tal sale youre comeoh: Pushed ab veNeh has apeactvaby Mucbws Were kolaee ae 165
Additional Notes on southern Illinois Plants: H. A. GLEASON................5.. 167
Shorter Notes:
Eiymenoxys insienis)s i DA y COCKER EDLs dct cbsccsdupatsenncs pweearetetuklecadeeeg 170
Rynchospora Pringlei Greenman: N. L, BRITTON .)........ ..c.ceceee ipeeWee