a — ieee oa TORREYA A MoNnTHLY JOURNAL ' OF BOTANICAL NoTEsS AND News JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST: Volume VIII. NEW YORK 1908 A PRESS OF ade HE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANS LANCASTER. PA. THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1008 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, PH.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary, C. STUART GAGER, PH.D. Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor, Treasurer, MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PHAr.D Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. New York City. Associate Editors, JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pxu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, A.M. WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, PH.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Meetings the second Tuesday and last Wednesday of each month alternately at the American Museum of Natural History and the New York Botanical Garden. PUBLICATIONS. Bulletin. Monthly, established 1870. Price $3.00 per year; single numbers 30 cents. Of former volumes only 24-33 can be supplied en- tire. Certain numbers of other volumes are available, and the completion of sets will be undertaken. Memoirs. A series of technical papers published at irregular intervals, estab- lished 1889. Price $3.00 per volume. Torreya. Monthly, established 1901, Price $1.00 per year. All business correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to William Mansfield, Treasurer, College of Pharmacy, 115 W. 68th St., New York City. ERRATA, VOLUME 8 Page 25, 2d line from bottom (footnote), for No. 2, read No. 1. Page 54, 10th line, for yellew read yellow. Page 60, Ist line, zzsert a hyphen at the end of the line. Page 102, 3d line, for matricariaefolium read neglectum. Page 125, last line (footnote), complete the brackets. Page 155, last line, for successively read successfully. Page 163, 12th line from bottom, for The problems read The progress. Page 195, 10th line, for others read other. Page 207, 12th line from bottom, for Lause read Lancelot. Page 217, last line, for ew read New. Page 218, 7th line, for OEningen read Oeningen. Page 232, 6th line, for Karston vead Karsten. Page 233, 2d line from bottom (footnote), for Radioactivity and Life vead ‘‘ Radioactivity and Life”’. Page 237, 2d line, for Linnaeus” read Linnaeus. Page 237, 3d line, for Specific read ‘‘ Specific. Page 246, 5th line, omzt comma before are. Page 250, end of the 12th line from bottom, substitute comma for the period. DATES OF PUBLICATION No. 1, for January. Pages I-24. Issued January 27, 1908. No. 2, February. 25-40. February 26, 1908. No. 3, March. 41-64. March 27, 1908. No. 4, April. 65-92. April 29, 1908. No. 5, May. 93-124. May 19, 1908. No. 6, June. 125-152. June 30, 1908. No. 7, July. 153-180. July 29, 1908. No. 8, August. 181-208. September 1, 1908. No. 9, September. 209-232. September 26, 1908. No. 10, October. 233-252. October 22, 1908. Nom ii, November. 253-276. November 25, 1908. No. 12, December. 277-315. ; January 6, 1909. : Vol. 8 January, 1908 No. 1 TORREYA A Monruiy Journat or BoranicaL Notes AND News & EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST JOHN TORREY, 17960-1873 a CONTENTS.” The Pine-Barrens of Babylon and Islip, Long eiands ROLAND M. HARPER... <1 A Trip to Jamaica in Summer: ELIZABETH G. BRITTON. :..cceee000- Sp Mee eagctces See AS The Pine- Barren Bellwort: KreNNETH K. MACKENZIE. Were hat ESA os eaUe tra ey en 13 A Key to the White and Bright-Colored Sessile Polyporeae ok na aa North America —I: yee AY MURRILIN Gee sos SAO ee ana an AON aa Ala 14 Shorter Notes: : Baa toetiene nivea in Southern New Jersey: BAYARD LONG.........2:..... 16 ~ Rynchospora rariflora in Southern New Jersey : Wir MER. STONES sists 16 Reviews: : Kellogg’s Darwinism To-Day: C. STUART Gens BENS ee a Oee exrauiedegroms Ou eUY oot 17 Procseedines'af. the Club-C. “STUART sGAGER. 2h we. cot cs cc aeasuaeng badance sud seveaees San ce 20 INGWS LEIS) a ne ee ee oS eee gaees a pa Wap ae ee ene 23 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB Art 41 NorTH QuEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE New Era Printinc Company [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter | THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1908 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice-Presidents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D: Recording Secretary, C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D. Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. ; Editor, Treasurer, MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, P#.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, PuHAr.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. ; New York « ity. Associate Editors, JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, B.S.) WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Px.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. | CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pa.D. | HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof.. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY Boranicat CLus, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City JAN 23 1908 TORREYA January, 1908 Vol. 8. NG; 2: THE PINE-BARRENS OF BABYLON AND ISLIP, LONG ISEAN® By RoLAND M. HARPER To the botanist who regards a habitat merely as a place where certain species of plants may be found, the pine-barrens to be described below possess few attractions, for their flora is not very rich, and nearly all the species are pretty widely distributed and well known. But to the phytogeographer every habitat that has not been too much disfigured by civilization is of interest, whether its plants are few or many, common or rare; so no apology is necessary for publishing the following notes. The pine-barrens of Long Island are very easy of access, but they seem never to have been adequately described, chiefly for the reason given above. Brief references to them occur in some old historical works, such as B. F. Thompson’s History of Long Island (1839), on page 16 of which is the following statement: “There is another extensive tract lying eastward from the Hempstead plains, and reaching to the head of Peconic Bay, composed so entirely of sand as to seem in a great measure incapable of profitable cultivation by any process at present known.” The first distinct published list of Long Island pine-barren plants seems to be that of Dr. N. L. Britton (Bull. Torrey Club 7: 82. 1880), who selected from Miller & Young’s flora of Suffolk County, N. Y. (published in 1874) 46 species which he had found in New Jersey and on Staten Island to be confined to the coastal plain, or nearly so. Essentially the same list was copied by Dr. Arthur Hollick in 1893 (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. [No. 12, Vol. 7, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 225-258, was issued January 16, 1908. ] fl r IPP NEY 2 12: 102), by Dr. S. E. Jellitfe in 1899 (FIDE, 1) xis) ene by Dr. J. W. Harshberger in 1904 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 56: 605). The pine-barrens of Long Island are almost confined to the southern half of Suffolk County, but extend a few miles west- ward into Nassau, mostly in the shape of isolated patches. Dr. W. C. Braislin (Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y. 17-19 (1904— 1907): 94. O 1907) places ‘the western limit of the scrub pines’ at Central Park, about three miles west of the county line, where there are perhaps three or four hundred acres of pine- barrens; but I have seen other unmistakable patches of the same vegetation two or three miles farther west, namely, between Hicksville and Westbury and also about half way between Merrick and Hicksville. The pine-barren area corresponds approximately with that ot the soil mapped as ‘“‘ Norfolk coarse sandy loam” in the soil survey report on western Long Island by J. A. Bonsteel and others (Field Operations of the U. S. Bureau of Soils for 1903). Like most other unglaciated portions of Long Island, it is almost perfectly flat, with a barely perceptible southward slope of about 15 feet to the mile. A few very shallow valleys containing brooks or creeks traverse it, generally from north to south. It lies entirely south of the newer or Harbor Hill moraine, but partly north of the older or Ronkonkoma moraine. The soil seems to be of the Columbia formation, one of the youngest of coastal plain deposits. Its chief constituents here are silt and coarse sand. Just why pines should predominate on the ‘“ Nor- folk coarse sandy loam’”’ and deciduous trees on some equally sandy soils similarly situated a little farther west is not clear. It cannot be altogether a matter of water-content, for the pines occur also well within the edges of the swamps. In Babylon and Islip, the two westernmost townships on the south side of Suffolk County, pine-barrens are the prevailing type of vegetation, and as there are a good many square miles of them in these townships entirely uninhabited, they are in ex- cellent condition for study. My observations on the flora of 3abylon and Islip have been confined to three trips on foot across the pine-barrens from north to south in the fall of 1907. On October 6 I traversed the pine-barrens of Islip in going from Smithtown to Babylon by way of Brentwood and Edgewood; five days later I went from Hicksville to Babylon (station) by way of Pinelawn, and on November 3 from Cold Spring station to Amityville, the latter half of this journey being also through the township of Babylon. There seem to be only two natural types of vegetation in the region under consideration, namely, dry pine-barrens and swamps. The swamps are confined to narrow belts along the streams, and the only one I have examined is that of Santapogue Creek, two Figure 1. Dry pine barrens about one-half mile south of Edgewood station (town of Islip), Oct. 6, 1907. ‘Trees all Pinus rigdda, the largest about 9 inches in diameter and 30 feet tall. Undergrowth almost entirely Quercus ilictfolia and Q. prinoides in equal proportions, about 4 feet tall. The picture embraces a horizontal angle of about 36°. This scene is typical of thousands of acres in both townships. or three miles west of Babylon station. The dry pine-barrens are fairly uniform over many square miles, the principal natural variation being that toward the northern edge the shrubs are { smaller and the herbs more numerous than elsewhere. South- ward the arborescent species of oaks become larger and more numerous and gradually crowd out the pines. The northern boundary of the pine-barrens seems to be more sharply defined. The average appearance of the dry pine-barrens is illustrated better by the accompanying photographs * than it could be by any description. The pines are the dominant feature of the land- scape, and the underbrush consists chiefly of a dense growth of two shrubby oaks, all the individuals of both reaching approx- imately a uniform height in any one locality. The herbs are more numerous in species, but more scattered and inconspicuous. The dry pine-barrens have probably always been subject to occasional fires, which since the advent of civilized man have become fre- quent enough to kill a good many of the pines but otherwise have perhaps caused little change. The species observed in this habitat in the two towns men- tioned are as follows. They are divided first into trees, shrubs, and herbs, and then arranged approximately in order of abun- dance in each class. TREES HERBS Pinus rigida Pteridium aquilinum Quercus alba Tonactts hinaritfolius Quercus coccinea Cracca virginiana Quercus stellata(Q. minor) Baptisia tinctoria Populus grandidentata Dasystoma pedicularia SHRUBS Solidago bicolor Quercus ticifolia (QO. nana) Andropogon scoparius Quercus prinoides Solidago odora . Complonia peregrina Lespedeza hirta Pieris Mariana Sericocarpus linifolius Gaylussacia resinosa Flelianthemum sp. (and others ?) Sericocarpus asteroides * None of the existing local floras of Jong Island is illustrated, so far as known to the writer, so these may be the first photographs of Long Island pine-barren vege- tation ever published. + These two oaks are remarkably similar in appearance, considering that they be- long to different sections of the genus. See in this connection Rehder, Rhodora g : Os) 19077. 5 Vaccinium spp. Chrysopsis Mariana Smilax glauca Aster concolor Rhus copallina Lpilobium angustifolium Arctostaphylos Uva-urst Gaultheria procumbens. Besides these, Aster spectabilis, Laciniaria scariosa, Lespedeza capitata, and Sarothra gentianoides were seen along some of the roads, and they may perhaps also occur naturally in the pine- barrens. Chrysopsis falcata, which is commonly regarded as a typical northern pine-barren plant, I have found only on a gravelly hill in Smithtown,* and (abundantly) in gravel between the rails FIGURE 2. ‘Two scenes in the pine-barrens of Babylon, Oct. 11, 1907. At left, dry pine-barrens about a mile south of Pinelawn. Pines growing more densely than usual. Oaks mostly Q. z/iczfolra, four or five feet tall. At right, east edge of swamp of Santapogue Creek, looking south, just above the road from Farmingdale to Babylon. Shows principally Pinxus, Acer, and Betula. of an old railroad which runs eastward from Garden City, Nassau County. Hudsonia ericoides, another supposed pine-barren plant, I have seen only on a high gravelly hill in the southwestern part * Most of the stations cited forit in Jelliffe’s Flora of Long Island are on the north side of the island, among the hills. 6 of the town of Huntington, just north of Babylon. Corema Conradit may possibly occur somewhere in this region, for accord- ing to Mr. J. H. Redfield* it is associated, wherever it grows, with a good many of the species listed above. The flora of the swamps is considerably richer than that of an equal area of dry pine-barrens. The single pine-barren swamp examined on October 11 contained the following species, some on its edges, some right in the stream, and some in intermediate positions. TREES Acer rubrum Nyssa sylvatica Pinus rigida Betula populifolia SHRUBS Clethra alnifolia Alnus rugosa Myrica carolinensis Tlex glabra Chamaedaphne calyculata Azalea viscosa Leucothoé racemosa Aolisma ligustrina Rhus Vernix Kalmia angustifolia Azalea viscosa glauca Tlex verticillata Cephalanthus occidentalis Viburnum cassinoides Spiraea salicifolia HERBS Osmunda cinnamomea Dulichium arundinaceum Carex stricta Osmunda spectabilis (O. regalis) Sparganium sp. Lysimachia terrestris Eriophorum virginicum Dryopteris Thelypteris ? Panicularia canadensis Pteridium aquilinum Aster sp. Eupatorium verbenacfolium ? Andropogon corymbosus abbrevi- atus + Viola primulaefolia Solidago arguta ? Flabenaria ciliaris ? Lilium philadelphicum Sphagnum sp. (and a few other mosses) Chamaecyparis thyoides, which grows in some more or less similar swamps in Nassau County, { and Polygala lutea, which is * Bull. Torrey Club 11: 97-101. 1884. + Described in Britton’s Manual 70. 1go1. Formerly referred to the more southern 4. glomeratus ( Walt.) B.S.P. (A. macrourus Michx,). {See Torreya 7: 198-200. O 1907. il said to have been found in or near this particular swamp, I did not see. Magnolia glauca (M. virginiana) might have been expected in such a place, but apparently it is not known from the western half of Long Island. Nearly half the shrubs in both habitats are of the Ericaceae and closely allied families. The Compositae constitute nearly half the herbs noted in the uplands and a considerable proportion of those in the swamps ; but more complete lists, including spring and summer flowers which become unrecognizable in the fall, would doubtless show a smaller proportion of this family. Ever- greens other than pines are very scarce in the dry pine-barrens and not very numerous in the swamps. The most interesting features of this pine-barren vegetation are brought out by a study of the geographical distribution of its components. For the sake of brevity the species of both habi- tats may be combined, since it happens that the geographical affinities of both are much the same. Not one of the species whose identity is certain is confined to the coastal plain, though /ver7s Mariana, Clethra, Myrica, Mex glabra, and Lupatorium verbenaefolium are mainly so.* On the other hand, Arctostaphylos, Betula populifolia, and Panicularia canadensis are chiefly confined to the glaciated region. Azalea viscosa, Leu- cothoé, Dulichium, and Eriophorum are widely distributed both in the glaciated region and coastal plain, and also occur more rarely in bogs in the southern Alleghanies.+ Nearly all the species are common in New England, especially in the southeastern portion. { At least one-third of the dry pine-barren plants are common to * Nearly all the few endemic coastal plain species known from Long Island seem to be bog plants, confined for some reason not fully understood to the eastern half of the island. {See Rhodora 7: 72-76. 1905. At that time I supposed Dulichium to be strictly confined to the glaciated region and coastal plain, but I have since noticed that it has been reported from the mountains of Kentucky by Kearney (Bull. Torrey Club 20: 479. 1893) and from Cullman County, Alabama, by Mohr (Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 396. Ig0I). +See Hollick, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 381-407. 1902; Blankinship, Rho- dora 5: 128, 129, 133.. 1903. I have found most of them also in Worcester Co., Mass., and some of the most abundant species extend at least as far up as northern New Hampshire, according to Chittenden (U. S. Forestry Bull. 55 : 69,99. 1905). ro) the “‘jack-pine plains’’ of Michigan (though those are character- ized by a different species of pine), according to Spalding * and Beal, } and many of the swamp plants or their near relatives are reported from the same general regions. { Several of the characteristic dry pine-barren plants have been reported by Dr. Britton § from the mountains near the boundary between New York and New Jersey. Much the same flora, and essentially the same types of vegetation, are characteristic of at least some parts of the pine-barrens of New Jersey, judging from the excellent illustrations and descriptions by Hollick, Pinchot, and Gifford in the report on forests which accompanied the report of the state geologist of New Jersey for 1899.|| Farther south about half the species, or in some cases closely related forms, follow the coastal plain all the way to Florida, while a good many others are found in the South only in the mountains, where they grow on sunny slopes or in sandy bogs. Of the last- mentioned category are Pinus rigida, Quercus uicifolia, Q. prin- oides, Comptonia, Populus, Gaultheria, Chamaedaphne, Kalmia angustifolia, Spiraea, Carex stricta, Lysimachia, and Lium.| The remainder are mostly of pretty wide distribution in temperate eastern North America. About the time of the Glacial period, when the coastal plain is supposed to have been all under water, all these species must have been confined to the mountains and foothills between Penn- sylvania and Alabama. When the glaciated region and coastal plain were again laid bare by the retreating ice and water these plants and their associates were doubtless among the first to take possession of the new territory. Their present rather disjointed * Am. Nat. 17: 249-259. 1883. + Mich. Flora 16, 17. 1904. $ See Transeau, Bot. Gaz. 36: 403, 404. 1903; 40: 431-446. 1905. 2 Bull. Torrey Club 10: 105. 1883; 11: 126-128. 1884; 14: 187-189. 1887. See also Harshberger, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 56: 606-609. 1904; Rep. 8th Int. Geog. Cong. 604, 605. 1905. || See also Lighthipe, Torreya 3: 79-81. 1903. { For notes on the occurrence of some of these in the southern mountains see Ashe, Bull. N. C. Geol. Surv. 6: 213, etc. 1898; Small, Torreyar: 7, 8. 1901; Ashe & Ayres, Pres. Message So. Appalach. Region 93-109. 1902; Harshberger, Bot. Gaz. 36: 379. 1903. 9 distribution has probably come about chiefly through the subse- quent slow but sure encroachments of climax vegetation, on all the better soils. COLLEGE Pont, L. I. A TRIP TO JAMAICA IN SUMMER By ELizABETH G. BRITTON Starting for Jamaica on the twenty-fourth of August, after ten weeks of hot, dry weather in New York, does not seem to be an ideal way of spending a vacation; but the voyage there and back on the fine large steamships of the Royal Mail and three weeks in the open air collecting were a welcome and beneficial experience. Wakened at dawn by the rockets signalling for a pilot, it was a-beautiful sight to see those glorious Blue Moun- tains loom dark and mysterious with the comet faintly visible above them, and to watch the change of colors on the water and hills as each familiar land-mark came into view. Since our last visit, the earthquake had laid Kingston in ruins ; the cocoanuts at the end of the Port Royal peninsula stood in twenty feet of water and the wrecked steamships of the Hamburg-Amertican line lay on the beach with their tragic history still unfinished. But as we neared our dock, it was but a step “ from the sublime to the ridiculous,” for there were those same negro boys diving for pennies, exactly as if nothing had happened. Kingston never was a picturesque city and it compared unfavorably with the capi- tals of any of the larger West Indian Islands; but it has now the dignity of sorrow and the hope of renovation. Many of the business streets are still a mass of tangled ruins, for the new shops are being built on vacant lots away from the water front. We found the trolleys and railroads running as usual and comfortable accommodations at the Constant Spring Hotel. We spent the day after our arrival at the Hope Botanical Gardens, where the blos- soms of the Poiuciana sprinkled the ground with red and the humming-birds darted in and out of the arbors of Thunbergia grandiflora ; and we left by rail for Williamsfield early the follow- ing morning, reaching there in time to drive to Mandeville and 10 FIGURE I. Sabal umbraculifera near Malvern, Jamaica. do some collecting. Mandeville lies at an elevation of, about 1,800 feet in a hilly region and is much frequented by tourists. There are several good hotels and many fine drives, as well as a 11 cool and comfortable climate. Wooded hills afford good collect- ing, and even the roadsides yield interesting species of orchids, bromeliads, mistletoes, and ferns. But our destination was the Santa Cruz Mountains, where Purdie collected in 1843-44, in order to search for several long-lost species, so we secured a driver and carriage at Mandeville and the following afternoon reached Malvern Hill, where we were joined by Mr. Fawcett and Mr. Harris, whose kind assistance did much to make our trip successful. There is a land-mark on Mal- vern Hill, a palm eighty feet high, Sabal umbraculifera, with swallows darting around its crown of leaves and epiphytes growing onitstrunk. All around are pimento trees, the berries of which were ripe, and the fragrance of allspice, drying on the barbecues, scented the air. We spent ten days here very comfortably, making trips both north and south along the ridge at elevations of 2,100-2,700 feet. At Potsdam there is a large school for boys with a private bit of natural woodland, where was found a very rare tree, Peltostigma ptelioides, and the star-shaped seedlings of one of the mistletoes, probably Pszttacanthus polyceps. At Stan- more Hill was found another rare tree, seventy-two feet high, Spatheha glabrescens, recalling the ‘“‘ Pride of the Valley,” S. simplex, which we had seen last year for the first time near Gordon Town. The stem in both species is slender and unbranched, with a crown of long pinnate leaves and a large panicle of brilliant pink flowers at the summit. One trip was made to the south- eastern end of the ridge at Yardley Chase, where there is a mag- nificent view of the ocean from an elevation of 1,600 feet, at one point known as “‘ Lover’s Leap.”’ The proprietor, Mr. Pan- ton Forbes, offered us the use of his seaside cottage at Great Pedro Bay, where Dr. Britton and Mr. Harris camped out one night in a search for the long-lost cactus, Mamullaria simplex. Plenty of the Turk’s-cap and several tall branching «species of Cereus and Pilocereus as well as Opuntia were found, making a weird growth among the logwoods back of the sand dunes. . Leaving Malvern Hill for Black River, we descended to the sea-coast again and trips were made to the ‘“‘ honey-comb rocks” at Longacre and Luana Points in search of another palm with prickly petioles recorded by Grisebach as Copernicia tectorum. This also was unsuccessful, though plenty of the silver-thatch palm was found at Ackendown. One of the special features of the trip was a drive to Lacovia, where through the courtesy of Mr. H. M. Farquharson fine specimens of a Nelumbium with yellow flowers were obtained. It is supposed to be the same as LV. luteum, our wild yellow lotus of the United States, but its seeds are pointed at both ends, instead of round, and it has been called VV. yamaicense DC. It was formerly more abundant than it is now, having been reported from several other stations on the island. Two trips also were made by boat up Black River, where several interesting trees and vines were found. The lowlands of this part of the island are filled with morasses and one unusual palm was obtainable only by wading in and sending a boy up for the leaves and fruit. The last week of our stay was spent at New Market in the hills of Westmoreland, where the climate is more humid, fogs are frequent at night, and the mosses and ferns, in consequence, are more abundant. The road leading to Montego Bay was traversed twice and yielded an interesting epiphytic cactus of the genus Khipsalis and one of the Gesneriaceae. Another visit during the winter would give a still richer harvest as the rainy season was beginning when we were there, making collecting and drying of plants a difficult matter. The region around Blue- fields, also, where Gosse collected so many of the birds of Jamaica would repay further exploration, We had intended to spend a week at the eastern end of the island, but having read Inspector Thomas’s account of it in ‘‘ Un- trodden Jamaica’”’ and learning from the government engineers that it rains three hundred days of the year and the other sixty- five it pours in the John Crow Mountains, which are known as the ‘‘Watering Pot of Jamaica,” we concluded that it would be better to postpone our trip to them till we were specially pre- pared and await a more favorable season. Altogether about 2,000 specimens were secured for the New York Botanical Garden. New York BoTaNnicAL GARDEN. 13 THE PINE-BARREN BELLWORT By KENNETH K. MACKENZIE One of the least known of the many peculiar plants found in the pine-barrens of New Jersey is the pretty little bellwort de- scribed by Dr. Britton in 1889(Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. g: 13) as Oakesia sessilifolia var. (?) nitida, Since its original collection at Tom’s River and Cedar Bridge, it has also been found at Forked River, Lakewood, and Egg Harbor, all within thirty miles of the type station. In addition to its limited range, one reason for the lack of specimens of this species in collections probably is that at the time of its flowering in May the pine-bar- rens are poor collecting grounds and little explored. Since its first description this plant has been referred by the late Rev. Thomas Morong (Mem. Torrey Club 5: 111), together with other forms of Oakesza, to Uvulariaas Uvularia sessilifolia nitida, and under this name it appears in the Illustrated Flora (1: 409). It is in this last-named work, too, where we first find a hint as to the true relationship of this bellwort, when we are told that it is “perhaps referable to the following species” (Uvularia puberula Michx.); and it is to emphasize the close relationship existing between this mountain bellwort (U. puderula) and our pine-barren plant that the present paper is written. U, sessilifolia U. nitida U. puberula Capsule Noticeably stipitate Sessile, 17 mm. long | Sessile, 24 mm. long Style Slender, much exceed- | Slender, much exceed- | Thick, little exceed- ing the anthers ing the anthers | ing the anthers Leaves Sessile, glaucous be- | Subcordate, very green Subcordate, very green neath, thin, not) on bothsides, thin-| onbothsides, thick, strongly reticulate-| nish, notstrongly re- strongly reticu- veined ; margins en- ticulate-veined;| late-veined; mar- tire or minutely ser- margins minutely gins serrulate | rulate serrulate | Stem angles | Essentially smooth | Essentially smooth | Serrulate and puberu- lent During the last collecting season I had the good fortune to collect the pine-barren bellwort at Tom’s River, not only in flower, but also later on in good fruiting condition. A study of this material and all other available collections has convinced me 14 that in the pine-barren bellwort we have a distinct species, which should be called Uvularia nitida, and which is much more closely related to U. puberula than itis to U. sessdlifolia. _ The preceding table will show the chief differences between the three species. From the above it may be noted that the differences between U. nitida and U. sesstlifolia are very pronounced, while those be- tween U. nitida and U. puberula are much more slight. This last- named species is variable, and incomplete specimens from the South, in the Columbia University herbarium, show a close approach to U. mtida. The species, however, as a rule, seem decidedly distinct, when represented by good specimens. The style character is apparently especially constant, although it may depend to some extent on the age of the flowers. As between U. sessilifolia and U. puberula this distinction is well shown in the Illustrated Flora (jigs. 988, 989). New York CIty. A KEY TO THE WHITE AND BRIGHT COR@RED SESSILE” POLYPOREAE OF TEMPE RAE NORTH AMERICA —I By WILLIAM A, MuRRILL KEY TO THE GENERA Context white. Tubes hexagonal, arranged in radiating rows, context thin. A. HEXAGONA Tubes mostly shallow, marginal and obsolete, hymenium hydnoid or irpiciform at a very early stage. B. IRPICIPORUS Tubes normally poroid, sometimes irpiciform from the rupture of the dissepi- ments at maturity. Hymenium at length separating very smoothly from the context. C. Prrrorporus Hymenium not separating as above. Pileus very soft, spongy and elastic throughout. D. SPONGIPORUS Pileus more or less firm, flexible or rigid. Context duplex, spongy above, firm below, surface sodden and bibulous. E. SPONGIPELLIS Context not duplex as above. Pileus fleshy-tough to woody and rigid. Surface anoderm, rarely zonate. Hymenium more or less smoke-colored at maturity. F. BJERKANDERA 15 Hymenium white or pallid. Context fleshy to fleshy-tough, friable when dry. G. TYROMYCES Context punky to corky, not friable when dry. H. TRAMETES Surface pelliculose, zonate. I. RicimDorporus Pileus thin, leathery and more or less flexible, surface usually zonate. Hymenophore preceded by a cup-shaped body. J. PoronriDULus Hymenophore not as above. Hymenophore normally pileate, tubes small and regular. K. CorioLus Hymenophore semi-resupinate, tubes large and irregular. L. CoRIOLELLUS Context bright-colored ; some shade of yellow or red. Pores red. Context soft and spongy. | M. AURANTIPORELLUS Context firm, Tubes unchanged on drying. Tubes fragile, surface anoderm. WN. PYCNOPORELLUS Tubes firm and regular, surface pelliculose. 0. PycNnoporRus Tubes orange-colored, becoming dark and resinous on drying. P. AURANTIPORUS Pores yellow. Q. LAETIPORUS A. THE SESSILE SPECIES OF HEXAGONA 1. Tubes unequally hexagonal, the radial walls longer. 2 Tubes equally hexagonal. H. cucullata (Mont.} Murrill 2. Tubes large; surface of pileus decorated with imbricated reddish-brown fibrils, which disappear with age. HI, alveolaris (DC.) Murrill Tubes much smaller, the mouths rarely over 1 mm. long and o.5 mm. broad ; surface of pileus glabrous. H.. striatula (E. & E.) Murrill B. THE SPECIES OF JRPICIPORUS 1. Teeth 1 cm. or more long, pileus usually large and thick. I. mollis (B. & C.) Murrill Teeth less than 0.5 cm. long; pileus thin and shortly reflexed. Z. lacteus (Fr.) Murrill C. THE SPECIES OF PIPTOPORUS Pileus compressed-ungulate, surface smooth, context thick, milk-white. P. suberosus (L.) Murrill D, THE SPECIES OF SPONGIPORUS Pileus 6-10 cm, broad, surface tomentose to glabrous, tubes large, lacerate. S. leucospongia (Cooke & Hark.) Murrill 16 E. THE SPECIES OF SPONGIPELLIS 1. Pileus more than 1 cm. thick, usually large. 2 Pileus less than 1 cm. thick, small or medium. S. galactinus (Berk.) Pat. 2. Tubes white or slightly discolored. 3 Tubes becoming very dark-colored and resinous. S. fissilis (B. & C.) Murrill 3. Margin of pileus thick and rounded. 4 Margin of pileus thin, not rounded. 4. Tubes large, I mm. or more across. S. wnicolor (Schw.) Murrill Tubes much smaller. S. occidentalis Murrill 5. Surface conspicuously hairy. S. borealis (Fr.) Pat. Surface nearly glabrous. . S. delectans (Peck) Murrill F, THE SPECIES OF BJERKANDERA I. Hymenium smoke-colored when young, soon becoming black. B. adusta (Willd.) Karst. Hymenium pallid when very young, becoming blackish with age. 2 2. Tubes round, equal and rather thick-walled at maturity ; plant not fragrant. B. fumosa ( Pers.) Karst. Tubes angular, unequal, thin-walled and lacerate at maturity ; plant fragrant. B. puberula (B. & C.) Murrill NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN. SHOR Re NOMEsS GYMNADENIOPSIS NIVEA IN SOUTHERN NEw JrErseEy.— While botanizing near Bennett, Cape May Co., N. J., July 24, 1907, in company with Mr. S. S. Van Pelt, I found a number of orchids growing in a very wet bog. While these were as yet only in early bud, I took them to be Gymunadeniopsis nivea on account of the slenderness of the leaves and the appearance of the old flower stalks, afew of which were still standing. Later trips to the spot by Mr. Van Pelt and others proved the correctness of my identi- fication, so that I am now able to add this interesting species to the flora of New Jersey. On August 13 and September 4, it was in full bloom and was found also in several adjoining bogs. Another plant that occurred with it, unquestionably native, is Loltonia asteroides, heretofore known only as an introduced species in New Jersey. BAYARD LONG. ASHBOURNE, Pa. RYNCHOSPORA RARIFLORA IN SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. — While visiting the station of Gyimnadeniopsis nivea described by Mr. Bayard Long, on August 4, 1907, I discovered a patch of A, Rynchospora which I failed to recognize and which proved to be R. rariflora, a species not previously reported from north of North Carolina, so far as I can ascertain. This adds one more to the list of southern plants that have recently been brought to light in the southwestern portion of the Cape May peninsula. WITMER STONE. ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, Pa. REVIEWS Kellogg’s Darwinism To=Day.* This timely and welcome volume is intended ‘‘ as a means of orientation in evolutionary matters for the general reader and for the unspecialized but interested student of science.” The con- troversies instigated by the publication, in 1859, of Darwin’s Origin of Species, have undoubtedly won complete victory, at least among scientists, for the theory of evolution; but strange as it may seem, these same controversies and the underlying investigations instigated by Darwin’s work, have not resulted in establishing the validity of the particular method of evolution elaborated in the Origin. Quite to the contrary, as Kellogg says, ‘‘The fair truth is that the Darwinian selection theories, considered with regard to their claimed capacity to be an inde- pendently sufficient mechanical explanation of descent, stand to-day seriously discredited in the biological world.’ While several alternative and supplementary theories have been ad- vanced, none of them has met with anything like a general acceptation, and Professor Kellogg well expresses our present statu quo when he says, ‘‘ we are immensely unsettled.” In addition to winning the battle for evolution, by whatever method, the above-mentioned controversy has taught us the fund2.nental lesson that the question of method can never be settled by polemics, nor can the true process, or processes, ever be discovered in library or cloister, nor evolved out of our own inner consciousness. The recognition of this is a great step forward. The true method, or methods, of organic evolution * Kellogg, Vernon L. Darwinism To-Day. Pp. xii + 403. Henry Holt & Co. New York. 1907. 18 can be ascertained only by observation and comparison of facts, the framing of hypotheses .based upon those facts, and the deductive test of the hypotheses. Thus bya selection of hypoth- eses the fittest will survive. If Darwinism stands to-day seri- ously discredited as a sufficient causo-mechanical explanation of the fact of organic evolution, it is not on @ friort grounds, nor because it is, as supposed by some, atheistic or at variance with the book of Genesis, but solely because, during the fifty years of its rigorous testing by application to fact, it has been found inadequate to explain all of the facts observed. Not the least value of Professor Kellogg’s book is its candid and, so far as space has permitted, adequate statement of both sides of the question, and of the other theories now struggling for recognition. Especially has the author rendered a service in putting Plate’s arguments against natural selection into a form readily accessible to those who read German with difficulty, for Plate’s work constitutes one of the strongest assaults against the Darwinian citadel. On page 234, when the author says, ‘If, in a species, a num- ber of individuals show a certain congenital variation, this varia- tion will probably be lost by cross-breeding with individuals not having it, unless the individuals having it are in the majority or unless they become in some way isolated from the others so that they will breed among themselves,’ we are not sure from the context whether he is stating his own belief or merely the argu- ment of the isolationists. In any event, there seems to be here a disregard of Mendelian light ; and a treatment of the bearing of Mendelism on swamping by cross-breeding is not met with else- where in the book. On page 330 the assertion, ‘Species-forming by sports and discontinuous variations is obviously (szc) no theory to presume to offer itself as a species-forming substitute for natural selec- tion,” ment of other theories in the book. Not “obviously,” by any means ; and least so to those who have taken the pains to check up the results of field studies by experiments with pedigreed cul- tures. On page 377 the mutation-theory of de Vries seems to seems strikingly intemperate in comparison with the treat- 19 the reviewer to be entirely misrepresented when it is said to “offer itself as an explanation of adaptation,’ and to be a ‘claimant for recognition as the great cause of descent.’’ Unless I have entirely misunderstood de Vries, mutation was never put forward by him as an explanation of adaptation, nor as a “‘ cause”’ of anything, but as a method only ; the method of variation (by saltation) whose results are held most probably to furnish the material for natural selection (the great “sieve,” as de Vries calls it) to act on. Adaptation, for the de Vriesian mutationist, as well as for the Darwinian, results from the survival of the fittest (because best adapted) in the struggle for existence. It were much nearer the truth to say that mutation offers an explanation for the lack of adaptation, z. ¢., for the origin of characters that are not adaptive. It is on this point that the weakness of natural selection is greatly in evidence. The last chapter is a kind of confession of faith, or scientific creed, of the author, in which he makes it more clear, if possible, than do the above quotations, that he is nota mutationist. ‘“ Dar- winism,” he says, ‘‘as the natural selection of the fit, the final arbiter in descent control, stands unscathed, clear and high above the obscuring cloud of battle. At least, so it seems to me. But Darwinism, as the all-sufficient or even the most important causo- mechanical factor in species-forming and hence as the sufficient explanation of descent, is discredited and cast down.” The author urges us, ‘‘ with Osborn,” to ‘join the believers in the ’” and inclines to a belief that there is ‘an automatic modifying principle which results in purposive change, that is, in the change needed as the indispensable basis for the upbuilding of the great fabric of species diversity and de- Beent, (9.397): The reading of the book is rendered easier and more pleasant by the paragraph headings in heavy type, and less so by numer- ous lengthy quotations in German and French in the appendices to the chapters. The citations to original papers serve to render the book even more helpful and indispensable. All students of evolution-theories and kindred problems will warmly welcome it. C. STUART GAGER. ‘unknown factors in evolution, 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB NOVEMBER 27, 1907 The meeting was called to order at the museum building ot the New York Botanical Garden at 3:45 P.M. by the secretary, and Dr. N. L. Britton was elected chairman. Nineteen persons were present. After the reading and approval of the minutes of the preceding meeting, the name of Mr. Edward N. E. Klein, College Point, L. I., was presented for membership. - The chairman made formal reference to the death of Professor Underwood, vice-president of the Club, and a motion was made and carried that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to draw up suitable resolutions, and arrange for a memorial program of the Club, to be given as soon as the arrangements for it can be perfected. The following were appointed as mem- bers of the committee: Dr. ©: CC. Curtis) De wjonnebendley, Barnhart, and Dr. M. A. Howe. } A communication was read from the secretary of the New York Academy of Sciences, calling attention to the fact that, by the death of Professor Underwood, the Club is now without a representative on the Council of the Academy. Mr. Charles F. Cox was nominated to fill this vacancy, and was unanimously elected. The matter of distribution of pay for clerical assistance for the treasurer came up for discussion, and, by unanimous vote of the Club, the treasurer was authorized to pay fifteen dollars a quarter for such purpose. A request was presented from Mr. Stewardson Brown for a grant of $200 from the Esther Herrman Research Fund of the New York Academy of Sciences for aid in completing an investi- gation of the flora of Bermuda and its origin. This request was approved by the unanimous vote of the Club. The resignation of Miss Mary E. Davidson was read and accepted. On vote of the Club the secretary cast the vote of the members electing Mr. Klein to membership. Mr. G. V. Nash exhibited a flowering specimen of the orchid Masdevalha bella. 21 The Rev. Leander T. Chamberlain read an extract copied from the Province Laws of Massachusetts, 1736-1761, p. 153, entitled “ An Act to Prevent Damage to English Grain, Arising from Barberry Bushes.” All persons in the province having barberry- bushes growing on their land, were ordered to destroy them before a named date. Severe penalties were described for failure to comply with this law. A brief discussion of the subject fol- lowed. The act is here printed in full : An AcT TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO ENGLISH GRAIN, ARISING FROM BARBERRY BUSHES Whereas it has been found, by experience, that the blasting of wheat and other English grain, is often occasioned by Barberry Bushes, to the great loss and damage of the inhabitants of this Province, Be tt therefore enacted by the Governour, Council, and House of Representatives, That whoever, whether community or private person, hath any Barberry Bushes, standing or growing in his or their land within any of the towns in this province, he or they shall cause the same to be extirpated or destroyed on or before the tenth day of June, Anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and sixty. Be it further enacted, That if there shall be any Barberry Bushes standing or growing, in any land within this Province, after the said tenth day of June, it shall be lawful, by virtue of this act, for any person whomsoever, to enter the lands wherein such Barberry Bushes are, first giving three months’ notice of his intention so to do, to the owner or occupant thereof, and to cut them down, or pull them up by the roots, and then to present a fair account of his labour and charge therein to the owner or occupant of the said land; and if such owner or occupant shall neglect or refuse, by the space of two months next after the presenting said account, to make to such person reasonable payment as aforesaid, then the person who cut down or pulled up such bushes, may bring his action against such owner or occupant, owners or occupants, before any Justice of the Peace, if under forty shillings; or otherwise, before the Inferior Court of Common Pleas in the County where such bushes grew ; who, upon proof of the cutting down or pulling up of such bushes, by the person who brings the action, or such as were employed by him, shall and is hereby, respectively, empowered to enter up judgment for him to recover double the value of the reasonable expense and labour in such ser- vice, and award execution accordingly. . Be it further enacted, That if the lands on which such Barberry Bushes grow are common and undivided lands, that then an action may be brought, as aforesaid, against any one of the pro- prietors, in such manner as the laws of this Province provide in such cases where proprietors may be sued. Be it further enacted, That the Surveyors of the Highways, whether publick or private, be and hereby are empowered and required, ex officio, to destroy and extirpate all such Barberry Bushes as are or shall be in the highways in their respective wards or districts ; and if any such shall remain after the aforesaid tenth day of June, Anno Domini one 22 thousand seven hundred and sixty, that then the town or district in which such bushes are, shall pay a fine of two shillings for every bush standing or growing in such high- way, to be recovered by Bill, Plaint, Information, or the Presentment of a Grand Jury, and to be paid, one half to the informer, and the other half to the Treasurer of the County in which such bushes grew, for the use of the County. Be it further enacted, That if any Barberry Bushes stand or grow in any stone wall, or other fence, either fronting the highway, or dividing between one propriety and another, that then an action may be brought, as aforesaid, against the owner of said fence, or the person occupying the land to which such fence belongs ; and if the fence in which such bushes grow is a divisional fence between the lands of one person or community and another, and such fence hath not been divided, by which means the particular share of each person or community is not known, then an action may be brought, as aforesaid, against either of the owners or occupants of said land. Be it further enacted, That where the occupant of any land shall eradicate and destroy any Barberry Bushes growing therein, or in any of the fences belonging to the same (which such occupant is hereby authorized to do, and every action to be brought against him for so doing shall be utterly barred), or shall be obliged, pursuant to this act, to pay for pulling them up or cutting them down, that then the owner or proprietor of such land shall pay the said occupant the full value of his labour and cost in destroying them himself, or what he is obliged to pay to others as aforesaid ; and if the said owner or owners shall refuse so to do, then it shall be lawful for said occupant or occupants to withold so much of the rents or income of said land as shall be sufficient to pay or reimburse his cost and charge arising as aforesaid. _ This act to continue and be in force until the tenth day of June, one thousand seven hundred and sixty-four. [An Early Massachusetts Statute for the Prevention of Wheat-Rust. Anno Regn Regis Georgit Il, Vicesimo Octavo, Chap. X. (published January 13, 1755). ] Dr. Britton exhibited a specimen from Jamaica, W. L., illus- trating an economic use of cat-tails. This was a “bed,” made from the split stems of 7ypha domingensis. The following scientific program was presented: “A new Utricularia from Long Island,” by John Hendley Barnhart. The new species was described and specimens of it exhibited. The paper and description will be published in full in the Badletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, for December, 1907. “Some anomalous Leaf-Forms,” by C. Stuart Gager. Specimens were shown illustrating the formation of ascidia in the white (?) clover and in a leaflet of the licorice (Glycyrrhiza) ; variations in the branching of the leaf-blade of a species of Hrax- znus ; transitions in Avalia racemosa, from a once-compound to a 23 normally twice-compound leaf; branching of the leaflets of Fiicoria ovata and of Aesculus Hippocastanum ; and various stages of transition, in Gleditsia triacanthos, from once-compound leaves to twice- and thrice-compound ones, the transitional forms occurring in some instances on the same branch, and even on the same leaf. Rosette leaves were also shown from several species of Biotian asters, showing gradual transitions from a slight inden- tation of the margin of the blade along its basal half to the de- velopment of petiolate leaflets, so that the leaf appeared to be a pinnately compound one. The possible causes of these variations were briefly discussed. Brief discussion followed the presentation of both papers. The Club adjourned at 5:30 o’clock. C. Stuart GAGER, Secretary. NEWS ITEMS Dr. B. M. Duggar has resigned the professorship of botany in the University of Missouri to accept a professorship in Cornell University. Mr. R. S. Williams, assistant curator of the New York Botan- ical Garden, left New York for Colon on January 25, expecting to devote several months to making botanical collections in the Republic of Panama. Mr. George E. Davenport, well known as a student of the North American ferns, died in Medford, Massachusetts, Novem- ber 29, 1907. He had completed his seventy-fourth year on August 3, preceding. Mr. Harlan H. York is in charge of the botanical work at the University of Texas, pending the appointment of a professor of botany to succeed Dr. William L. Bray, now of Syracuse University. Dr. Burton E. Livingston, of the department of botanical research of the Carnegie Institution, has been granted a year’s leave of absence, which he will devote to study in European laboratories. He sailed from Boston for Naples on January I1. 24 Dr. C. B. Robinson, whose appointment as economic botanist of the Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine Islands was noted in Torreya for October, left New York Janu- ary 21 on his westward journey to the Orient. He plans to sail from San Francisco January 30 on the Mongola for Yokohama and Hong Kong. Dr. Marshall A. Howe and Mr. Percy Wilson, of the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, returned on January 5 froma collecting cruise of about six weeks duration among the eastern and southeastern islands of the Bahamian group. Visits were made to Watling Island, Atwood (Samana) Cay, Mariguana, the Caicos Islands, Little Inagua, and Great Ragged Island. The American Association for the Advancement of Science held its fifty-eighth meeting at the University of Chicago, December 30, 1907, to January 4, 1908. The sessions of Section G (bot- any) were presided over by Professor Charles E. Bessey. The subject of the address of the retiring chairman, Dr. D. T. Mac- Dougal, before Section G, was “‘ Heredity and Environic Forces.” Professor Herbert M. Richards was elected chairman of the Sec- tion (and vice-president of the Association) for the next meet- ing, and Dr. Henry C. Cowles was elected secretary of the Sec- tion for a term of five years. The fourteenth annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America was held at the University of Chicago, December 31, 1907, to January 3, 1908, under the presidency of Professor George F. Atkinson. The program included an interesting sym- posium on “Aspects of the Species Question,” the taxonomic aspect being discussed by C. E. Bessey and N. L. Britton, the physiologic by J. C. Arthur and D. T. MacDougal, and the ecologic by F. E. Clements and H. C. Cowles. In addition, twenty-six papers, giving the results of a wide range of botanical research were presented. The retiring president, Professor F. S. Earle was absent, and his announced address on “ Botanical Prob- lems and Opportunities’ was not read. Officers were elected as follows: Professor William F. Ganong, president; Mr. C. L. Shear, vice-president ; Professor D. S. Johnson, secretary ; Dr. Arthur Hollick, treasurer. r by he? y! OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, ene 1870.: Volk: 33. published i in 1906, contained 635 pages of text and 26 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, | 14 shillings, Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are foe for England. 3 Of former volumes, only 24-33 can be supplied entire ; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire Afocle of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars | each; Vols. 28-33, three dollars each. CS ‘Single copies (30 cts.) will be. furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. , (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes 1-11 and 13 are now completed and Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 12 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance, The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. | Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB > Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 8 February, 1908 No. 2 TORREYA A Monruiy Journat or Botranicat Notes anp News EDITED FOR’ THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Some Effects of Frost in the Southwest: J. C. BLUMER .....0...c.0cccecccessecceesesune 25 The White Cedar in Western Long Island: EuGENE P. BICKNELL..........c0.c000. 27 A Key to the White and Bright-Colored Sessile Polyporeae of Temperate North America — II > WILLIAM A. MURRILL.o 2. i. ceeilecceesacecs. acecpeeusesaveese 28 Shorter Notes : ‘hesName © Rara’s:Cy: By sROBINSON 5 vtec changes he bouasea ek vod Fd pean ep ecb ha mee 29 A*RedPriited- Huckleberry s-By Jeers. Fain ove vckoses eo ieveo ened 30 _ Reviews: Curtis’s Nature and Development of Plants: C. Stuart GAGER.............:. 31 Proceedings of the Clubs (C.uSTUART’ GAGER sy iniewin cosine oo sale ck bwe ben Laneie Thowcs 2 Wewsnltemisiay 5. / pond as Ih aS ee igs tena RSPR BUST Sale snr eg Ee a a eT AU 36 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 41 NorrH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa, BY THe New Era PrintTInNG Company [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. ] THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR. 1908 President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vice- Presidents, EDWARD'S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. Recording Secretary, C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D. Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. - Editor, Treasurer, MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, PH.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puar.D Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, ' €ollege of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., : New York City. ~ . New York City. Associate Editors, JOHN H. BARNHART, A.M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. JEAN BROADHURST, B.S, - WM. ALPHONSO.MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu.D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W.. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D, Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. _ Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TorrEY BoranicaL CiLus, 41 North Queen St., Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University New York City TORREYA February, 1908 Vol. 8. No. 2. SOME EPERECIS OF FROST IN THE SOUTHWEST By J. C. BLUMER To what extent a severe spring frost in the southwest may injure forest growth is shown by a series of interesting observa- tions by Mr. Frank J. Phillips.* The fact that a large number of tree species in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona failed to bear fruit in the autumn of 1907, may have been due to the same cold wave that defoliated the young trees in certain parts of the New Mexican mountains. In 1906 many of these species fruited abundantly notwithstanding the fact that this was a drier season than 1907. It is possible that the general backwardness of the latter season also may have had something to dowithit. The pines, however, are known to be intermittent in their seed-bear- ing habits. The following isa list of Chiricahua species with the seed crops of 1906 and 1907 compared. In many cases the same individuals were observed both years : 1906 1907 Walnut ( Juglansrupestris) An abundant crop of nuts Nota single nut found Sycamore (/P/latanus Balls plentiful No balls apparent Wrightit ) Cherry ( Prunus salicifolia) A good crop of wild Nota single cherry seen cherries Box elder (Acer Negundo) A limited cropof samaras No samaras found Ash ( fraxinus sp.) Trees loaded with fruit Crop small or absent Cascara (Rhammnus sp.) Fruiting abundantly No fruit observed Grape ( Vitis sp. ) A large crop A small crop Oaks, seven species ob- Acorns common to abun- Acorns absent or few + served dant Arizona pine (Pizus ari- Good crop, many trees Crop very poor, one might zonica) loaded with cones travel half a day to find one cone * Forestry and Irrigation, September, 1907. + One or two species, however, ranging below 5,000 feet altitude, bore an abundant crop. With exception of these and the ash, none of the species named descends to this level within the region observed. [No. $, Vol. 8, of ToRREYA, comprising pages I-24, was issued January 27, 1908. ] 25 26 Mexican white pine (/. Many trees conspicuously No cones apparent strobiformts ) filled Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Cones very abundant Cones scarce taxifolia) White fir (4dzes concolor) No cones found in either year In the fall of 1906, the first two severe frosts occurred in the aforesaid mountains on the nights of October 22 and 23. Practically all the herbaceous plants were killed to the ground. A few days later the deciduous tree species along Riggs Creek were examined. /uglans rupestris, Fraxinus, and Vitis had all their leaves killed, proving to be the ones most easily injured. Schmaltzia was almost killed in this open canyon, yet in the nar- row Bonita Canyon near by, which has high, perpendicular walls, this genus was collected a week later, remarkably preserved. Certain acacias behaved likewise. Sycamore did not suffer greatly, but the least harm came to the willow and the cherry. The leaves of the latter hang on the tree till very late in autumn, hardly losing their green color before they fall. Of all the deciduous arboreal species of this region, this approaches most nearly the evergreen habit. Thus it is possibly relatively frost- hardy for the same reasons as the very frost-resistant as well as drouth-defiant evergreens, such as the oaks. On the whole it appeared that the species which lived upon the least moisture were also the most frost-hardy. On the other hand, as is well known, the presence of an abundance of water has often a powerfully protective effect. The snowberry (Symphoricarpus), growing at an altitude of 8,000 feet, had its leaves nearly killed where growing in the open, severely bitten where standing under trees, damaged but little where growing without a canopy but on springy soil, and escaped without any harm whatever where it stood under the spreading boughs of the white fir while the water trickled about its roots. Other shrubby genera occurring in this place are Opzlaster, Holodiscus, Rubus, Salix, and Ptelea, but Symphoricarpus appears to be the hardiest of all. DESERT BOTANICAL LABORATORY, Tucson, ARIZONA. 27 THE WHITE CEDAR IN WESTERN LONG ISLAND By EuGENE P. BICKNELL The article by Dr. R. M. Harper in Torreya (7: 198-200. O 1907), entitled ““ A Long Island Cedar Swamp,” makes appro- priate some further reference to the southern white cedar, Chamae- cyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P., in western Long Island. In this region the white cedar is one of the rarer trees and is known to me from only three localities, all on the south side of the island. It occurs near Merrick, in Rockville Center, at a point nearly six miles to the west, and again directly west, eight and a half miles between Jamaica South and Aqueduct, this _ station being within the corporate limits of Greater New York and not ten miles from the Brooklyn Borough Hall. The locality near Merrick is the cedar swamp described by Dr. Harper and earlier mentioned by Mr. J. T. Nichols in Rho- dora(g: 74. Ap1go7). Inthe interest of a clear record it should be said that this cedar swamp is the same one to which an excur- sion of the Torrey Club was conducted by Miss F. A. Mulford on May 30, 1906. Upon that occasion the swamp was explored at a point over half a mile north of the railroad. Dr. Harper traced the cedars several hundred yards south of the railroad. Hence it appears that the growth extends nearly a mile north and south along the stream. Probably no more extensive growth of this tree occurs within a much greater distance from New York. A colony some eight miles further to the east, just west of Amityville, is also reported by Mr. Nichols (oc. c7z.). At Rockville Center two good-sized trees grow near together in the swampy thicket along the brook flowing from Hempstead Pond. The westernmost station, a mile and a quarter east of Aqueduct, is a swampy spot in the woods which, though it now becomes dry in summer, was once evidently a more permanent swamp and formed the source of a small brook. Here is an assemblage of white cedars not more than a few rods in extent, the remnant of an ancient colony as attested by the size of some of the trees. When last visited, May 9, 1906, many of the trees were dead or 28 dying, the most vital appearing green in their upper parts only. The largest trunk measured 7 feet 6 inches in circumference close to the base and 6 feet 9 inches a foot above the ground. Of the localities mentioned by Torrey (1842) that at Hemp- stead is probably now reduced to the two companion trees at Rockville Center on the stream flowing south from Hempstead, which was dammed and excavated over thirty years ago, I] am told, to form the Hempstead reservoir and associated ponds. Wherever Torrey’s Rockaway station may have been, there can be little doubt that it no longer exists. 10. Il. New York, December, 1907. KEY TO THE WHITE AND BRIGHT-—COLORED SESSILE POLYPOREAE OF TEMP Eiewas NORTH AMERICA. —II By Wiiii1aAmM A. MURRILL G. THE SPECIES OF TYROMYCES . Pileus large, 8 cm. or more in diameter. 2 Pileus small, 5 cm. or less in diameter. 6 . Tubes less than 5 mm. long. 3 Tubes more than 5 mm. long. 5 . Surface of pileus marked with circular depressed spots. 7. guttulatus (Peck) Murrill Surface of pileus not guttulate. 4 . Pileus over 1 cm. thick. T. palustris (B. & C.) Murrill Pileus less than 5 mm. thick. T. obductus (Berk. ) Murrill . Pileus very smooth, becoming dark sordid-bay on drying. T. Smallit Murrill Pileus rough, sodden, white, becoming blackish, especially at the margin. T. Spraguet (B. & C.) Murrill Pileus tuberculose, ochraceous, not becoming blackish. 7. tiliophila Murrill . Pileus resinous or cartilaginous in appearance. 7 Pileus neither resinous nor cartilaginous. 8 . Tubes sharply and deeply lacerate. T. cerifluus (B. & C.) Murrill Tubes slightly dentate. 7. semisupinus (B. & C.) Murrill . Tubes large, irregular, lacerate, I-2 to a mm. 7. undosus (Peck) Murrill Tubes much smaller, usually regular and entire. 9 . Surface zonate. 10 Surface azonate. II Pileus 1-3 mm. thick, not effused. 7. crispellus (Peck) Murrill Pileus 5 mm. or more thick, effused-reflexed 7. Lllisianus Murrill Surface conspicuously villose or tomentose, I2 Surface glabrous or nearly so. 13 12. Pileus more or less bluish, not effused. T. caestus (Schrad.) Murrill Pileus not bluish, effused-reflexed. 7. semipileatus (Peck) Murrill 13. Surface pelliculose, more or less tinged with gray. T. chioneus (¥Fr.) Karst. Surface white, without a pellicle. 14 14. Pileus about 2 mm. thick. T. Bartholomaet (Peck) Murrill Pileus much thicker. 15 15. Edges of tubes obtuse, entire. T. anceps (Peck) Murrill Edges of tubes very thin, lacerate. T. lacteus (Fr.) Murrill H. THE SpEcIES OF TRAMETES i. Context punky, soft. Be Context corky, rather firm. T. subnivosa Murrill 2. Tubes small, 4 to a mm.; found on Rodznza. 7: vobiniophila Murrill Tubes large, 2 to a mm.; found on Salix. T. suaveolens (L.) Fr. I. THE SPECIES OF RIGIDOPORUS Pileus thin, rigid, multizonate, reddish; tubes rather slender, edges thin. T. surtnamensts (Miq.) Murrill J. YTHeE SPECIES OF PORONIDULUS Pileus thin, conchate, white, with pale-reddish zones ; found on elm branches. T. conchifer (Schw.) Murrill NEw YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. SHORE Re NOES THe NAME CuHaAra.—The origin of the modern application of the name Chara has been much disputed, and it may not be superfluous to call attention to one opinion, which seems to be the most plausible, and to connect with it the name of the author who appears to have introduced the word into Hterature, although he attained his eminence in other fields. Julius Caesar in the 48th chapter of the 3d book of his “De Bello Civile” says: Est etiam genus radicis inventum ab tis, qui fuerant in vallibus, quod appellatur Chara, quod admixtum lacte multum inopiam levabat. Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant. This may be roughly translated: There is also a kind of root, found by those who had been in the valleys, which is called Chara, and this when mixed with milk greatly lessened the feel- ing of hunger. They make it into the likeness of bread. No person can possibly advance the idea that the Chara of modern botany could be made into bread, with or without the use of milk. This merely proves that the name was in use in 30 Italy nearly 2,000 years ago; and other evidence seems to con- nect it with some umbelliferous plant, similar to Carum Carut, the caraway, a name probably derived from the same source. The rough resemblance of a Chara and an umbellifer is very considerable, and the history of the word would seem to be that it arose as a local name for an Italian flowering plant, was in use in this sense for many centuries, and passed into its present acceptance at the moment when it acquired botanical significance. C. B. RoBINsoNn. New YorkK BOTANICAL GARDEN. A Rep-FrRuiteD HUCKLEBERRY.— When visiting the botanically well-known Bergen Swamp in Genesee County, N. Y., in August, 1907, examples of Gaylussacia resinosa (Ait.) T. & G. with red or wine-colored fruit were found. The berries were more juicy than in the common form, about like those of Vaccinium vactl- 'lans as compared in this quality with the average fruit of G. resinosa. The usual form with black fruit, as well as G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G., was also well represented there. The oval or oblong leaves of these red-fruited shrubs were somewhat smaller than is commonly the case, 2-3 cm. x I-1.5 cm., frequently con- siderably tinged with red, and more inclined to an acute or acutish | apex. The leaves of the black-fruited form from the locality were quite obtuse. The shrubs were in those parts of the swamp called ‘open,’ in which there are clumps or small areas of bushes of various kinds, often with one or more trees of stunted white pine or white cedar growing with them. Here the ground flora was of sphagna and other peat-loving mosses and of such herbaceous plants as frequent habitats of this character. The larger part of the open swamp has a marly soil, loosely covered with grasses and sedges, and usually with a thin sheet of water above the marl even in the dry season. The water is clear, and in places had a slow movement in the direction of its outlet to Black Creek. The spots occupied by bushes were raised a little above the general level, being gradually converted into high- moor. In such an environment was a clump, 2 or 3 meters across, of this red-fruited huckleberry, well exposed to the full light and heat of the sun. White-fruited forms of G. vestnosa are mentioned in our man- uals of botany, and the red may also have been detected before. They are analogous to cases more often occurring in the common blueberries. I have several times come upon Vaccinium vacil- Jans, with white or pinkish fruit, in the dune region’of northern Indiana. Sometimes the bushes will almost or quite exclusively occupy an area of one or two square rods, producing berries of these abnormal colors which can be gathered by the quart. 1B. Ve dalinee, CHICAGO, ILL, REVIEWS Curtis’s Nature and Development of Plants* In this work the author has “had in mind a purpose to make familiar our common plants,” this knowledge being considered fundamental in any botanical work. The volume is not offered as a text, but as a reader to accompany lectures and laboratory work. Pedagogically the object is to ‘quicken the reasoning faculty, and create a desire for a further examination of the subject.” The Introduction discusses, (1) The Nature of the Plant (as made up of cells); (2) The Nature of the Living Substance of the Plant. The four sections of Part I, Nature of Plants, treat, in order, of the leaf, the root, the stem, and the flower, fruit, and seedling. Part II, The Development of Plants, comprises six sections, dealing with, Classification of Plants, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta, Angiospermae (Sper- matophyta concluded). Two hundred and forty-four pages are devoted to Part II, and ninety-four to Part I. In conformity with the aim, familiarity with common plants, physiology is given less prominence than structure and classifica- tion. There are no illustrations of physiological experiments. On reading through the chapters, one’s attention is arrested by the use of pistil and carpel as synonymous (p. 102); of anther- idial cell for the more usual term generative cell (p. 108) ; and * Curtis, Carlton C. Nature and Development of Plants. Pp. vii+ 471. f. 7- 342. Uenry Holt & Co., New York. 1907. 32 of epicotyl and plumule as synonyms (p. 112), though on page 122 the plumule is described as composed of leaves. The volume is one of the best-illustrated books that has appeared for some time, and the omission of half-tones from the illustrations has obvious advantages. Some of the figures will undoubtedly become classical, and supplant the well-worn ones ‘““made in Germany.” We believe that the author’s plan of introducing the student to botany by a study of spermatophytes, with which he is more or less familiar, has much to commend it, both theoretically and practically, over the plan of beginning with unicellular plants. The book will undoubtedly materially assist the pupil in getting the most out of his lectures and laboratory exercises. C. Stuart GAGER. PROCEEDINGS OF Del @evis DECEMBER 10, 1907 The regular meeting of the Club was held at the American Museum of Natural History at 8:30 p. M., with President Rusby in the chair ; fourteen persons were present. In the absence of the secretary, Mr. Charles L. Pollard was appointed acting secre- tary. he chairman stated, on behalf of the committee appointed to arrange a memorial meeting in honor of Professor Underwood, that the committee had the matter in hand and would be prepared to report at an early date. A letter was read from Mr. C. F. Cox, elected at the last meet- ing of the Club to serve as its representative on the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences, in which he stated that owing to the fact of his nomination to the presidency of the Academy it would be advisable for the club to elect another representative in his place. Dr. Marshall A. Howe and Mr. Charles L. Pollard were nominated. The chairman stated that Dr. Howe was absent from the country, and that it was consequently uncertain whether he would be prepared to serve. The nomination of Dr. Howe was then withdrawn and Mr. Pollard was unanimously elected as the representative of the Club on the Council of the Academy. 33 A letter was read from Professor k. O. Hovey, recording sec- retary of the Academy, asking the attention of the club to a reso- lution of the Academy in which the affiliated societies are invited to recommend suitable lectures to be given under the auspices of, and at the expense of the Academy. Dr. Southwick moved that President Rusby be invited, on behalf of the Club, to deliver a lecture under the conditions suggested, and that notice of this be sent to the recording secretary of the Academy. The motion was put by the acting secretary and unanimously adopted. In thank- ing the Club for the honor Dr. Rusby referred to the interest now displayed in the matter of the purity of commercial drugs in con- nection with the Pure Food Law, and stated that the proposed lecture, if given, would be upon this topic. The following scientific program was presented : ‘““ Dictionaries and their Relation to Biology,” by Charles Louis Pollard. The speaker referred to the fact that a large part of the incre- ment in our language in recent years has consisted of scientific terms, including new Latin classificatory names, biological de- scriptive words and phrases, and vernacular names. In spite of this there is a very general lack of interest among working scien- tists in the average dictionary, and it is not the indispensable reference book that it should be. The reasons for this are to be sought in the attitude of the publishers toward the style of definitions, the effort to avoid undue technicality often resulting in Scientific inaccuracy. Obsolete words and meanings are fre- quently given too great prominence and are not properly differ- entiated from those in current usage. There is also a tendency to magnify the importance of so-called popular names, many of which are coined by the writers of manuals and are not used elsewhere. The general discussion which followed brought out the fact that the dictionary, in spite of its defects, contains much information difficult to obtain from other sources, but that it is very generally at variance with usage among botanists in the matter of pro- nunciation. “Notes on the Pine-barrens of Long Island,’ by Roland M. Harper: b4 The flora of the pine-barrens of Long Island has received little attention from botanists, chiefly because it consists of compara- tively few and widely distributed species. A list of 46 Long Island pine-barren plants was published by Dr. Britton in 1880, and copied by at least three subsequent writers, but even yet the aspects of the vegetation have scarcely been described, or any photographs of it published in botanical literature. The pine-barrens are confined chiefly to the southern half of Suffolk County, and are very well developed in the uninhabited portions of the towns of Babylon and Islip. The area covered by them is very flat, with a soil of coarse sandy loam. The vege- tation is of two types, that of the dry pine-barrens and that of the swamps, the former being by far the most extensive. In the dry pine-barrens the trees are nearly all Pinus vigida, and there is a dense undergrowth consisting mostly of Quercus iicifolia and Q. prinoides, two to six feet tall. The commonest herbs are Pteridium aquilinum, Tonactis, Cracca, Baptisia, Dasystoma, etc. The effects of fire are everywhere visible. In the swamps the flora is somewhat richer than in the dry pine-barrens. Acer rubrum, Nyssa, Clethra, Alnus, Myrica, lex, Osmunda, and Dulichium are characteristic. Ericaceae and allied families are well represented. Nearly all the species in these pine-barrens are quite widely distributed in the glaciated region, or on the coastal plain, or both. Many also occur in the mountains, from New Jersey to Georgia. The vegetation is very similar to that of some parts of the pine-barrens of New Jersey, from.all accounts, but the flora is considerably less diversified. The paper was illustrated by photographs, and will be pub- lished in the January (1908) number of Zorreya. The club adjourned at 10 o'clock. CHARLES Louris POLLARD, Secretary pro tent. JANUARY 14, 1908 The first stated meeting for 1908 was held at the American Museum of Natural History at 8:15 Pp. m. Vice-President rat) Edward S. Burgess occupied the chair. The attendance was fourteen. After the reading and approval of the minutes for December, 1907, the following names were presented for membership : Professor William L. Bray, Syracuse University, Syracuse, ING Y.. Mr. Frank Dunn Kern, Agric. Exp. Station, Lafayette, Ind. This being the annual business meeting of the Club, the chair- man called for the reports of officers for 1907. Reports of the secretary, treasurer, editor, and corresponding secretary were read, accepted, and placed on file. The secretary reported that fourteen regular meetings had been held during the year with a total attendance of 306, as against 219 in 1906, and an average attendance of 21.8, as against 16.8 last year. A total of 37 formal papers was pre- sented before the club, distributed according to subject-matter as follows: taxonomy, 5; physiology, 6; morphology, 4; ecology, 7; regional botany, 5; exploration, 2; lantern lectures, 4; mis- cellaneous, 4. In addition to these were numerous informal notes and exhibitions of specimens. The editor reported the publication of one number of the Memoirs, of 47 pages, and the issuance of the Bulletin and of Torreya as usual, The need of an adequate index to the Azdletin from volume one to thirty, inclusive, was strongly emphasized. On behalf of the committee on the local flora, the chairman, Dr. Britton, urged the need of increased activity, and emphasized the desirability of preparing a special work on the flora of New York City and vicinity. At present no such work exists. Resignations from membership from Mr. Percy L. Ricker and Miss Bina Seymour were read and accepted. The secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of the Club electing to active membership the persons proposed as above. Election of officers for the year 1908 resulted in the election of the following ticket : President: Henry Hurd Rusby. Vice-Presidents : Edward Sandford Burgess and John Hendley Barnhart. 36 Secretary > C. Stuart Gager. Treasurer: William Mansfeld. Editor: Marshall Avery Howe. Corresponding secretary: On motion the election of a corre- sponding secretary was indefinitely postponed. Associate editors: John Hendley Barnhart, Jean Broadhurst, Philip Dowell, Alexander William Evans, Tracy Elliot Hazen, William Alphonso Murrill, Charles Louis Pollard, and Herbert Maule Richards. The chairman appointed Dr. Small and Dr. Gager as auditing committee. After an informal discussion of the personnel of the commit- tees to be appointed for the ensuing year, the club, on motion, adjourned at ten o’clock. C. STUART GAGER, Secretary. NEWS ITEMS Dr. Raymond H. Pond, who sailed for Europe early in Novem- ber, is studying in the laboratory of Professor Ludwig Jost in Bonn. Mr. A. P. Morgan, well known as a collector and student of the fungi, died at his home in Preston, Ohio, on October 1a, 1907. Dr. William A. Murrill, for the past two years first assistant of the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, has been ad- vanced to the rank of assistant director of that institution. Professor Edward S. Burgess, vice-president of the Torrey Botanical Club, has been acting president of the Normal College of the City of New York since the death of Acting-President _ Gillet. Dr. Hermann Graf zu Solms-Laubach, editor of the Botanische Zeitung, has retired from the professorship of botany at the Uni- versity of Strassburg. He will be succeeded by Dr. Ludwig Jost of the Royal Agricultural Academy at Bonn. Dr. W. A. Kellerman, professor of botany in the Ohio State University, is now on his fourth winter expedition to Guatemala, o” accompanied by several student assistants. As on previous visits, he will give special attention to collecting parasitic fungi. Dr. Anstruther A. Lawson, recently of the department of botany of the Leland Stanford Junior University, passed through New York in December on his way to the University of Glas- gow, where he has accepted a position as assistant in botany. «A Synopsis of the North American Godetias”’ by Professor Willis Linn Jepson and ‘ Compositae of Southern California” by Mr. Harry Monroe Hall are two important papers of taxo- ’ nomic interest, which appeared in December in the botanical series of the University of California Publications. Through the generosity of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, the herbarium of the late Dr. Otto Kuntze of San Remo, Italy, has been pur- chased for the New York Botanical Garden. This herbarium is estimated to contain over 30,000 specimens, including a consid- erable number of ‘“‘types”’ from South America and other parts of the world visited by Dr. Kuntze during his extensive botanical tours. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Dr. Arthur Hollick of the New York Botanical Garden sailed for Kingston, Jamaica, on February 22. They will be joined at Kingston by Mr. William Harris, superintendent of the Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica, and will then make collections at the western end of the island, with the aid of a Bahamian schooner which has been chartered for the purpose. It is expected that a stop will be made at Guantanamo, Cuba, on the return voyage. No. 6 of the Augustana Library Publications is a Linne Memorial, in which the leading paper is an interesting account of “Scandinavians who have Contributed to the Knowledge of the Flora of North America” by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. Bio- graphical sketches and bibliographies of 104 Scandinavians and Scandinavian-Americans are included. Pehr Kalm, Carl von Linné, Olof Swartz, Martin Vahl, Elias M. Fries, J. G. Agardh, Sm@lindbero! Tha Me Pnes, J. M.€ Lange, Baron Hi. FP. A. Eggers, William Nylander, Nils Gustaf Lagerheim, F. M. Lieb- man, A. S. Orsted, N. C. Kindberg, Theodor Holm, Aven Nelson, and P. A. Rydberg, are among the better-known names in the distinguished list. 38 A notable event in the progress of science and of public educa- tion in New York is the bequest of $1,000,000 to the American Museum of Natural History by Morris K. Jesup, who was its president from 1882 to his death on January 22, 1908. The provision in his will relating to the museum reads, in part, as follows: I give and bequeath to the American Museum of Natural History in the City of New York $1,000,000, to constitute a permanent fund, the principal to be invested and kept invested, and the income to be applied and apportioned to the general purposes of the museum, other than alterations, additions, repairs, or erection of buildings, the purchase of land, or the payment of salaries, or for labor or for services of any kind ordinarily considered under the item of maintenance. * * * I believe it [the museum] to be today one of the most effective agencies which exist in the City of New York for furnishing education, innocent amusement, and instruction to its people. It can be immensely increased in its usefulness by increasing its powers. The following resolution adopted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science at its recent Chicago meeting, on recommendation of Section F (zoology) is of interest to the students of plants as well as of animals : Realizing that the work in the Panama Canal is changing bio- logical conditions in Panama and that the completion of the canal will enable the fresh-water faunae of the two slopes to mingle freely and that many marine animals will succeed in passing the completed canal, the American Association for the Advancement of Science urges upon the President and Congress to make pro- vision for a biological survey of the Panama Canal zone. Since the conditions will be permanently changed as soon as the canal is completed and the work can not be satisfactorily done after the completion of the canal, there is great urgency that pro- visions for the work be made at once. Resolved, That the permanent secretary be instructed to send copies of this resolution to the President, the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Similar resolutions have been adopted by the council of the American Society of Naturalists. 39 The Boston Society of Natural History announces the follow- ing subjects for the Walker Prizes : for 1908. 1. An experimental study of inheritance in animals or plants. 2. A comparative study of the effects of close-breed- ing and cross-breeding in animals or plants. 3. A study of animal reactions in relation to habit formation. 4. A physiologi- cal study of one (or several) species of plants with respect to leaf variation. 5. Fertilization and related phenomena in a phenog- amous plant. 6. What proportion of a plant’s seasonal growth is represented in the winter bud? 7. A physiographic study of the forms and processes discoverable along a varied shore line. 8. A problem in structural geology. 9. A study of one or more geological horizons with a view to determining the different con- ditions obtaining at one time over a large area, as recorded by sediments and fossils. For 1909. 1. A geographic study of a district of varied fea- tures, presented as involving the natural relations of inorganic and organic elements. 2. A petrographic study of a district of crys- talline rocks. 3. A paragenetic study of a mineral locality. 4. The conditions controlling sexual reproduction in plants. 5. Studies in the life history of a thallophyte, with special refer- ence to sporogenesis. 6. Contribution to our knowledge of re- sponses in plants. 7. The factors governing orientation in animal responses. 8. The relation between primary and secondary sex characters in animals. 9. The activities of the animal body in relation to internal secretions. For the best memoir presented a prize of sixty dollars may be awarded ; if, however, the memoir be one of marked merit, the amount may be increased to one hundred dollars, at the discre- tion of the committee. For the next best memoir a prize not exceeding fifty dollars may be awarded. Prizes will not be awarded unless the memoirs presented are of adequate merit. The competition for these prizes is not restricted, but is open to all. Further particulars may be obtained by addressing Glover M. Allen, secretary, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. The thirteenth annual winter meeting of the Vermont Botani- cal Club was held at the University of Vermont, Burlington, January 17 and 18, 1908. Twenty-two titles appeared on the program and all the sessions were well attended. Among the items of more general interest were the following : Miss Phoebe Towle reported upon observations extending through several 40 years as to the period elapsing between blossoming and fruiting of various species of mosses. Dr. Tracy E. Hazen noted the oc- currence of Oxalis Brittoniae in Vermont; G. L. Kirk recorded another station for the rare green dragon (Arisaema Dracontium) ; D. L. Dutton reported the discovery of the rose-root (Sedum Rhodiola), thus adding another to the series of arctic plants found in the Green Mountains. N. J. Giddings described a new bacterial disease of melons. In addition to other papers of local concern, two addresses were delivered by visiting scientists. The annual address was by Professor M. L. Fernald of Harvard, who was the guest of the Club and discussed the flora of the Shick- shock Mountains and the Gaspé Coast. This was illustrated by lantern slides and specimens and brought out especially the rela- tion of plant distribution to rock formation. Mr. John Ritchie, President of the Federation of New England Natural History Societies, gave an illustrated account of Mount Washington. He invited the Vermont Club to join the other federated societies in a joint field meeting there the first of July next and it was de- cided so to do. The same officers were reélected for the ensuing year, viz., president, Ezra Brainerd of Middlebury College; vice- president, C. G. Pringle; secretary, L. R. Jones of the University of Vermont; and treasurer, Mrs. N. F. Flynn of Burlington. Some twenty names were added to the active membership list, which now numbers nearly 200. This is apparently one of the largest organizations of its kind in the country. It publishes an annual u/letin embodying its proceedings and botanical notes of ‘interest to Vermont botanists. » vel Toni Why Wa OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 33, published in 1906, contained 635 pages of text | and 26 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. For Europe, 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. - Of former volumes, only 24-33 can be supplied entire; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols. 24—27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each; Vols. 28-33, three dollars each. , Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes 1-11 and. 13 are now completed and Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 12 have been issued. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should ve addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 8 March, 1908 No. 3 TORREYA A Monruty JourNnat or BoranicaLt Notes anp News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Botamys HPREBRT sMAULE RICHARDS -< 1.0.0 bus. dsccagnouceseetce cashes dn dugeodeadeots sos 41 Collecting and Studying Boleti: WILLIAM A. MURRILL........0. 00.00 ccccceceeeceecee ee 50 Shorter Notes : Jungermannia in New Hampshire: ANNIE LORENZ..2............cccceseeeeneeeeens 55 Reviews : Cole’s Bermuda in Periodical Literature: MARSHALL A, HOWE............... 56 Proceedings of the Club: C. StuArT GAGER, MARSHALL A. HOWE....,............. 57 Ofinteréeseto: Teachers *: JEAN: BROADHURST). (occ) .vsiacasus acdsee cl tuee ue Soode vataaceee 61 UE MESL DESIG Cho tod eh was Palle a GES oe Who Ae ca Poawis'ed Toe Oh od wa aaa RUSS Seed hanes sens oabys ag fe deby 62 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB AT 4x NortTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE New Era PrintiInG CoMPANY [Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter } THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1908. President, HENRY H. RUSBY, M.D. Vite- Prasslents, EDWARD S. BURGESS, Pu.D. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, ALM., M.D. Recording Secretary, tiie €. STUART GAGER, PxH.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Lditor, ao. & Treasurer, - MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Po.D,. — WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Paar. D Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, é; Gellees of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St, , New York City. 5 . New York City. Associate Liters, Le JOHN H. BARNHART, A,M., M.D. TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu. D. JEAN. BROADHURST, B:S. WM. ALPHONSO,, MURRILL, Pu.D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu. D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D. .. HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. ‘Torreya is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. ‘To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. | Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BoTanicaL Cuup, 41 North Queen St.,, Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to | JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia Unive ceivy New York. City R 27 1908 AP TORREYA March, 1908 Vol. 8. No. 3. BOTANY * By HERBERT MAULE RICHARDS What is the content and scope of the science of botany ? Popular opinion will answer somewhat easily: Botany consists in the gathering of plants, and the dismembering of them, in con- nection with the use of a complicated terminology. That is the beginning and end of botany as it is understood by the majority ; there is nothing more to be said. In consequence, the employ- ment of the botanist seems so trivial, so very remote from impor- tant human interests that no second thought is given to it. The conception formed in ignorance is continued in ignorance. Even the zoologist is at an advantage, for the public is finally forced to admit that it does not know what he is about, while it under- stands the botanist very well. He is quite hopeless, for, while flowers may be pretty things to pick, they should not be pulled to pieces, and if he does not happen to be interested in dissecting flowers he is not a botanist but simply a fraud. Far from being remote, the study of plants comes very close to human interests. One has but to stop to think that plants are the great energy source for man himself and the animals upon which his well-being depends, to recognize that a careful study of their manner of life, the conditions which favor or hinder their growth is of the very first importance. Besides this, human curiosity demands that plants be investigated, if for no other reason than that they must be made to yield answers to the per- petual questions that man is asking regarding the world about him. Under botany we have to consider all the questions as to the * A lecture delivered at Columbia University in the Series of Science, Philosophy, and Art, December 4, 1907, copyrighted and published by the Columbia University Press, February, 1908, and here reprinted by permission. [No. 2, Vol. 8, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 25-40, was issued February 26, 1908. | 41 42 form, the functions, the classification and the distribution of those organisms that are called plants. Along what lines this study is prosecuted, how it is related to other fields of intellectual activity, and some specific instances of its problems and the manner in which they may be solved is what I shall attempt to tell you. It would be out of place in a talk like this to devote too much time to a consideration of the historical side of the subject, and therefore only a few of the important movements can be pointed out. Any folk which had so far emerged from the stage of savagery as to stop to notice the world about it would perforce pay some attention to plants. A discrimination of the medicinal uses of plants is often noticeable even in primitive peoples, and with such observation goes also the discrimination of difference in form, the prototype of morphological research. I have seen a Malay coolie who could distinguish seven forms of tropical oaks where the botanist recognizes only four, an evidence that sharp observation is not confined to the highly developed races. In our own civilization, we can trace back the history of botany to Aristotle, who affords us some record of the plant forms known at his time, though the influence which his philosophy wielded, even down to the middle of the last century, was of vastly greater importance than any contribution which he made to botany itself. Theophrastus gave a fuller account of plants, and later came the inquiring and ever curious Pliny. Dioscorides, however, in the first or second century of our era, was one of the first to investi- gate plants with any attempt at thoroughness even from the standpoint of the knowledge of the time. As is shown especially by Dioscorides’ work, the study of plants was largely from their use as drugs, and they were described simply to facilitate their recognition. Any real knowledge of them was naturally meager, and false ideas that clung for a long time, some until compar- atively recently, prevented any proper conception of form and function. As would be expected the contributions become of less and less value as we approach the middle ages, the botanical writings of which time were full of the wildest fantasy and superstition. The efforts of this period need not arrest our attention. 45 In the sixteenth century in northern Europe, particularly Germany, there was a movement towards the real study of plants from the plants themselves as evidenced by the works of the herbalists, but no attempt at classification was made. Here there was an attempt at the enumeration and illustration of plants from living specimens, and confused and empirical as this work was, it was actuated by an honest endeavor to record, as accu- rately as possible, actual forms, and not fanciful abstractions which never did and never could have existed. All the descrip- tions were detached from one another and little or no attempt was made at classification, though by the repeated study of many similar forms the idea of natural relationship began to dawn in a vague way. The actual purpose of all this plant study was the recording of the officinal plants, for special knowledge of plants was still confined to their uses in medicine. While this movement was advancing in northern Europe, a mainly artificial system of classification was developing in Italy and found its culmination in the work of Caesalpino, who strongly influenced the progress of botany, even after his own time and into the middle of the eighteenth century. Great as was the advance he made, it would have been far greater had it been given him to break away from the scholastic philosophy which hampered him. We find a curious mixture of a modern spirit of inductive natural science and Aristotelian methods of thought. The latter triumphed in the main, and the result was a formal classification built on idealistic abstractions that is wholly fallacious from our standpoint of to-day. Emerging from such conditions we find Linnaeus —the bi- centenary of whose birth was celebrated last year — and though he too was much influenced by the earlier writers, to him belongs the credit of the emphasis on the fact that some natural system of the classification of plants must exist even though he could not determine it. Linnaeus is popularly termed the father of botany and of zoology as well, and in many senses there is reason for it. He was a born classifier and brought considerable order out of immense chaos, but still his classification was artificial, and only to a very limited degree recognized the natural relationships 44 of plant forms. Linnaeus, however, was wise enough to recog- nize its artificiality. From Linnaeus the advance was more rapid, and, while most of the study in plants centered on the work of classification, there were unmistakable signs of other interests. The ideas of the classifier were still hampered by the dogma of the constancy of species, which continually clashed with the insistent and un- deniable evidences of the genetic relationships of organic forms. Despite the movement in favor of the idea of the development of species from previously existing forms, despite the views advanced by Lamarck and others at about that time, despite, indeed, the more strictly botanical investigations in the morphological field which were brought forward during the first half of the nine- teenth century: despite all these things, the botanist was unable to break away from the concept of groups of plants as abstract ideas. It was not until 1859 that the publication of Darwin’s “Origin of Species’”’ drove biologists to a different point of view. Then the rational idea of the evolution of organic forms explained in a similar rational fashion the observed genetic relationships of groups of plants. No longer did the classifier hesitatingly admit the possibility of the evolution of species and deny that of genera and higher groups, no longer did he maintain his artificial groups, which had no more relation to each other than successive throws of dice, but he admitted the whole great scheme implied by the evolution of organic forms from preexisting types. Naturally, it is difficult to point out at just what time the modern trend of botanical work found its origin, but one can say, in a general way, that it was about the middle of the nine- teenth century, although of the two criteria of progress to which I shall refer, one dates about a decade before, the other about a decade after that time. The establishment by the botanist Schlei- den in 1838, and by the zoologist Schwann in 1839, of the real nature of the cell, and the acceptance of what may be termed the cell doctrine, at once made possible the development of the study of form and structure, both as to adult and as to embryonic organs. With improved optical apparatus and with improved technical methods, many able students added a vast number of 45 demonstrated facts to the general store of knowledge ; in fact, for a time the additions to morphological information very much outran the development of the physiological side, though the latter had had a rational beginning at a prior date. The morpho- logical development depended in the first instance upon the understanding that the cell with its living protoplast, and usually with a wall, constituted a not further divisible morphological unit of living organisms ; that every cell must have arisen from a pre- existing one; and finally, that all but the lower organisms are composed of thousands of these cells differentiated into distinct tissues. One of the most important figures in this advance of botany from Schleiden’s time was Naegeli, who brought to bear a powerful intellect on many of the fundamental concepts both of morphology and physiology. Of the many questions dealt with by him, that of the ultimate structure of organized substance was perhaps the most far-reaching ; and to-day, despite its limita- tions, his Micellar Hypothesis is the most stimulating of any of the theories which have been developed regarding this subject. The other milestone of progress was Darwin’s ‘ Origin of Species” already referred to. Entirely aside from the particular question involved in that work, its importance lies in the fact that it fought the battle and won the victory for the inductive method of reasoning as applied to biological science. Previous to the awakening of botany, due to these and related causes, a botanist usually covered the whole field of his science and had the right to consider himself a specialist in all branches of botany. The rapid accumulation of facts soon demanded, however, a segrega- tion of different lines of work. Thus arose the divisions of botanical activity, which, for our purposes, may be classed under three heads. First, the taxonomic, or as more commonly called the systematic side, which has to do with the classification, mainly as established by gross morphology. Second, the morphological field, which concerns itself with the outward and inward form and structure and the development thereof, which may or may not have direct relation with taxonomic work. Third, there is the domain of physiology, which treats of function. As Professor Wilson has pointed out, there are really but two divisions Or 46 biological work, the morphological and the physiological, so that the separation of taxonomy which really belongs in the first divi- sion is rather artificial. The separation however is necessary for many reasons, among which are the fact that the temper of mind and the methods of the workers in the two divisions are quite different. It is perhaps the tendency of the time, at least in many quarters, to underestimate the value of taxonomic research and this is to be regretted since in classification we have the founda- tions of other branches of work. Entirely aside from the philo- sophical value of a well ordered classification, it is an absolute necessity for a starting point of morphology and physiology to have the different species of plants recorded in recognizable form, and, in consequence, to havea classification. It would undoubt- edly be a great advantage could organisms be classified as are chemical compounds or could they be located asthe astronomers locate the stars and in the same definite and precise manner. Such is hardly possible when we reflect that the question of the identity of an organism must, even under favorable conditions, be somewhat a matter of opinion as well as of demonstrated fact. Despite such limitations of taxonomy, in most of the really important questions opinion is fairly universal, so that our classi- fication is not developed simply at the whim of any one investi- gator. Taxonomy, however, as soon as it is considered an end in itself sinks at once to the level of mere cataloguing or, worse still, loses itself in the mazes of nomenclatorial controversy. It must be considered in its relation to the problems of plant dis- tribution, of the evolution of new forms, of its philosophical intent, if it is to retain its vitality. I have spoken of artificial classifications in connection with the work of earlier botanists. How then does the natural classifica- tion as understood to-day differ? Primarily, it differs in the admission of genetic relationship of forms, a thing not conceived of by older writers. A natural classification implies higher and lower forms, connected by intermediate ones in all stages of dif- ferentiation. However, it does not imply that all these forms exist to-day, nor does it imply that they developed in a single 47 continuous series from the lowest to the highest. We have no particular right to suppose that all plants can be traced back to a single ancestor ; indeed, the evidence is against it. There is no reason why several phyla, or lines of ascent, may not have orig- inated, perhaps simultaneously, from the most primitive form of living protoplasm. The story of the lower aquatic forms cer- tainly indicates this possibility. Of these lower phyla some stopped short, some went on, which ones is a matter to be defi- nitely settled. A good instance, though a somewhat special one, to illustrate the fallacy of the assumption of a single line of rela- tionship, is found among the fungi, the chlorophylless lower forms. Many ingenious authors have attempted to unite them in - a single continuous series, when every evidence we now have points to their having originated at several places from the green plants. Who, indeed, would care to deny that new phyla might be originating to-day? Any concept of evolution demands such a possibility ; organisms are more plastic than the average person conceives, even in this age. The object of a natural classification is to consider all the many plant forms, to determine by such marks of genetic rela- tionship as we can discover their place in the series, where they have departed from the main stem and in how far they may have had a line of development of their own. Despite what I have said about the lower phyla, it is not improbable that the higher plants can be traced back to some single source, not that it is to be believed for a moment that this ancestor exists to-day. Liv- ing ferns or mosses are no more to be considered the direct ancestors of the flowering plants than are monkeys to be con- sidered the direct ancestors of man. The establishment of our classification to-day might be com- pared to the putting together of a puzzle map some parts of which are lost; we can determine how many of the parts fit together, and, by analogy, can tell something of the missing ones. The whole method depends on the admission of genetic relationship, a concept that is built up partly by the study of adult structure, partly by the story of the developmental stages, partly, though in botany less than in zoology, by the evidence 48 of paleontology, but more vividly than in any other way by the actual behavior of certain plants in the matter of giving rise to new forms. This last consideration is of such great importance that we shall come back to it later. One type of morphological investigation has to do with the study of life histories of plants —the whole life story from egg to egg again—and here we find the morphologist in close relation with the systematist, for upon the results of such researches must largely depend the understanding of the rela- tionships of the great groups. The morphologist who devotes his time to the study of life histories is engaged in the work of tracing the race history of plants from the comparison of the individual development of more or less nearly related forms. Thus the homologies which have been traced among the flower- ing plants and their nearest allies among the ferns and other forms indicate to us the probable race history of these groups. It is true that the beginning of this work dates back some decades, but it is still, to a large extent, an open field, and numer- ous investigators are actively prosecuting research along these lines. For example, the alternation of a sexual and non-sexual generation of plants which has long been known as characteristic of the life histories of higher forms has recently been established among the lower groups, and thus a much clearer view of the whole series of the plant kingdom is being obtained. Somewhat separated, and to a large extent needlessly so, is the work of the plant anatomist and histologist. Formerly pur- sued from the standpoint of the mere topographical relation of the parts, the conception of the-plant as an organism with inter- related and interdependent tissues began to fall into abeyance, until a new point of view has within recent times revivified a somewhat barren field. This point of view is the physiological one, the correlation of structure and function. Here the student of gross morphology and the anatomist unite in a physiological interpretation of the form and structure of plant organs, from which has grown the study of experimental morphology. Advance in this direction has been considerable, and we have now a much clearer idea of the nature and development of plant 49 organs; or at least, we have a much better attitude in the inter- pretation of the facts that have been established regarding these matters. The danger which lies in this attitude is the well known one of teleological reasoning, and consequently it behooves us to have some caution in accepting, without thorough evidence, the interpretations which may be made of the relation of form and function and of special adaptations for special purposes. As some one has written, “so many things may be true and so few things really are in the matter of use of special organs,” that we must demand above all things experimental evidence before we can accept as conclusively proved any statement as to function. It is permissible to say without such proof that such and such an explanation is plausible, but beyond that is uncertain ground and mere assertion shows a temerity at once magnificent and pitiable. On the other hand, it is questionable if the extreme attitude of iconoclasm as to long established interpretations is necessarily a wholly reasonable one. Destructive criticism is not difficult, and unless some new and better interpretation is suggested the advance in a scientific sense is not considerable. A further development from this physiological attitude is a branch of biological work known as ecology, a study of the relation and adaptation of single plants or whole communities of plants to their environment and to each other. It is the applica- tion in a broad and more philosophical way of the methods of the physiological anatomist coupled with those of the taxonomist ; but, in addition, the work of the botanist touches the field of the physiographer and geologist. Ecology is the endeavor to un- cover the plan of nature as it governs the relations of the differ- ent plant forms in a given area, to understand the why and the wherefore of the association of very different forms in one locality. The keynote of the philosophical development of this topic rests on the conception of the constant struggle of individ- uals or groups of individuals to maintain themselves against other forms, which leads to a balanced relation of the different species in a given flora. Understanding this, we can see why, if this balance is disturbed, the whole fabric of a plant community may be destroyed and a flora swept away. We are also able to 50 understand how relatively slight climatic changes may alter completely the character of a vegetation in a given region, and thus to comprehend more readily the changes which must have taken place in past ages. It also shows us the effect of present changes, particularly in regard to the destruction by man of the essential elements of natural plant communities, notably one of the most important of these, the forests. Its use lies in these directions and the danger of its misuse lies in the direction of drawing too positive conclusions from data which are insufficient, and of accepting the results obtained as necessarily final, acommon error it is true in any line of thought, but one to which the ecologist has especial temptation. ( Zo be continued.) COLLECTING AND SDUDYINGEEOEEi By WI.LiiAmM A. MuRRILL The Boleti are fleshy, tube-bearing fungi, the tubes separating quite easily from the flesh of the pileus and from each other. They usually occur on the ground in woods, not more than five of our species being found on decaying wood, and one being parasitic on a puff-ball. The group always attracts attention on account of the brilliant colors and ephemeral character of its species, and is of special interest because of the large number of edible fungi found in it. One section, with red tube-mouths is considered distinctly dan- gerous, and some species are too bitter to eat; but with caution one might perhaps use for food over ninety per cent. of the Lolet he finds. Boleti may be collected at any time from June to October, especially if there are frequent rains. In this latitude, July and August usually furnish the largest number of species. To make good specimens of 4o/eti for scientific purposes is probably the most difficult task that presents itself to the field mycologist, and one that he often shirks ; which accounts for the scarcity of good specimens of these plants in most herbaria. With some care 51 and attention to details, however, it is possible for almost any one to do creditable work in this group, and greatly to aid the cause of science in the correct description of species and their proper relations to each other. Notes made from the fresh specimens are exceedingly impor- tant in the case of the Lolett because the species are often sepa- rated by anumber of minor characters which are apt to disappear on drying, and, moreover, because the changes on drying are usually very considerable owing to the large percentage of water. The accompanying blank form will be found useful for these notes, together with small outline sketches of a specimen entire and in section to show its general shape and the relation of its principal parts. It is highly desirable to make also a photograph of the plant or a colored drawing, or both, if time permits ; if not, color notes from a color chart, with an accompanying sketch, will be found exceedingly helpful. If one’s time is very limited, the following characters should be given preference: the color and color changes of all parts, surface characters of pileus and stipe, form of the veil, taste of the flesh, and color of the spores as shown in a spore-print. Dried specimens are absolutely necessary for scientific study. Drawings and field notes, no matter how artistic and complete, can never take the place of the plants themselves in the herbarium. Various devices have been used for drying fleshy fungi, the prin- ciple being to keep the specimens continuously in a current of hot air until thoroughly dry. A piece of wire netting suspended above a lamp or a stove forms a simple and efficient drying outfit, which may be enlarged as circumstances require. The dried specimens should be kept in tight boxes with camphor or naph- thalene to keep out insect pests. The determination of specimens is easier while they are fresh, but the collector is often compelled to defer the study of his col- lections until the winter season brings him more leisure. There are certain advantages in this delay, however, because of the array of specimens at hand at the same time for comparison and the combined experience of the entire season in becoming ac- quainted with variations and distinguishing characters. If one is Locality, Date Habitat Habit Size Soh 9 3 fare ee ee eee eM PAG Et sha attandeniceactniconcee sncerorertte Shape Color Changes Surface Margin Veil Annulus COIN TEI ina ce ge acs et ne sane gen tcnae obese oe Consistency Color Changes Odor, taste Attachment Color Changes Mouths. Attachment Shape Color Changes Surface Substance Changes Remarks 3 or near a botanical institution, he can also, perhaps, make use of a named collection and the literature bearing on the group. The best single publication on the Goleti for field work and general use is Peck’s “‘ Boleti of the United States’ (Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 2: 73-166, 1889), in which most of our common species are described and classified. Underwood’s “‘ Suggestions for the Study of the North American Boletaceae’’ (Contrib. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. No. 176, 1901), is a valuable sup- plement to Professor Peck’s work, giving citations to literature and illustrations, a list of species known to date, and revised keys with species recently described incorporated. There are no descriptions, however, and the work can be used only in a sup- plementary way. Atkinson’s ‘Studies of American Fungi” includes full descriptions of a limited number of Boleti common in the state of New York. Mcllvaine’s ‘‘One Thousand Amer- ican Fungi” covers the group most fully, eighty pages being devoted to descriptions and illustrations of ole, mostly upon the authority of Professor Peck. The majority of the illustrations are, unfortunately, poorly executed and often misleading. The beginner is also warned against adopting too readily the author’s ideas regarding certain species considered poisonous by most mycologists, as it is possible that the specimens experimented upon were not in all cases accurately determined. This is espe- cially liable to be true in the case of European species said to occur in this country. No attempt is here made to discredit Captain Mcllvaine’s valuable work, but the suggestion is that the relation between European and American forms has not yet been satisfactorily determined, even by our best mycologists. A correct and useful system of classification of the one hundred and fifty or more native species of 4o/et is rather difficult to con- struct, with our present limited knowledge of many of the species. For the time being, it is probably best to divide the family into groups that are easily distinguishable, even though arbitrary in some cases, and let the collector record the group to which a plant belongs while it is still fresh. This will greatly facilitate the classification of specimens after they are dried, and will often take the place of valuable data omitted by the collector. 54 The chief characters used in this temporary grouping are the position of the stem, the habitat of the plant, the coherency, size, and arrangement of the tubes, the presence of a veil, viscid dots on tubes and stem, red mouths to the tubes, a lacerated and deeply-grooved stem, adnate or free tubes, a yellow powder covering the entire plant, and flesh-colored or blackish-brown spores. The spores vary but little, considering the number of species, most of them being fusiform in shape and ochraceous-brown to ferruginousin color. Flesh-colored, pale-yellew, purplish-brown and blackish-brown spores occur, but they are exceptional. A greenish tint is noticed in the fresh spores of many species, but it usually disappears on drying. Certain other characters, such as reticulations on the stem, viscidity, changes in color of flesh or tubes, and inconspicuous surface coverings, often vary with age, locality or the weather in some species, and may or may not be reliable, but may be con- veniently used at times in connection with more important charac- ters to distinguish certain groups. | A key to these provisional groups is given below, each group being designated by a letter. Well-known species have been used in the key as examples of various groups, as a means of ready identification and comparison. Groups OF NorRTH AMERICAN BOLETI Tubes separated from each other; stem lateral; plants found on decaying stumps, trunks or roots. (/%stulina hepatica. ) , A Tubes attached to each other; stem central, rarely eccentric; plants terrestrial, except in very rare instances. Tubes arranged in radiating rows. (oletinus porosus.) B Tubes usually small, not arranged in radiating rows. Pileus conspicuously floccose. Spores blackish-brown. (.Strobilomyces strobilaceus. ) Cc Spores ferruginous. (Boletus Ananas.) D Pileus glabrous or subtomentose. Stem annulate. (Boletus luteus, ) E Stem exannulate. Stem and tubes glandular-dotted with a gummy secretion that hardens and turns black soon after exudation. (o/etus granulatus. ) F Stem shaggy and lacerate, with deep reticulated furrows; spores olive-brown. (Boletus Russell. ) G 5d Stem hollow at maturity; spores pale-yellow, elliptical. ( Boletus castaneus. ) H Stem and pileus covered with a conspicuous sulphur-yellow powder. (Boietus Ravenelit.) I Not as above. Spores flesh-colored; tubes adnate, whitish, tinted by the spores at maturity. (Boletus felleus. ) J Spores not flesh-colored, usually yellowish-brown. Tubes with red or reddish-brown mouths, yellowish within. (Boletus purpureus. ) K Tubes not as above. Tubes free, white, not stuffed when young ; stem not reticulated, often scabrous. (Boletus scaber.) L Tubes adnate, white or yellow, not stuffed when young. Stem reticulated. (Boletus ornatipes. ) M Stem notreticulated. ( Boletus chrysenteron.) N Not as above. (Boletus edulis.) 0 New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. SHORTER NOES JUNGERMANNIA IN New Hampsuire. — All four species of the genus /ungermannia hitherto reported from New England have been collected by the writer at Waterville, New Hampshire, during 1906 and 1907. This, while a non-calcareous region, is well supplied with all the bryophytes to be expected there. The commonest is /. lanceolata L., reported from all the New England States. By living on rocks or humus, it is independent of the underlying geological formations ; but the other three are rock- and talus-growing plants, and avoid limestone at that. As J. lanceolata is unmistakable when fertile, it is herewith dismissed. New Hampshire is the only state from which the subalpine /. sphaerocarpa Hook. is reported. It is found at Waterville on wet granite ledges, facing north, at 2,500 feet altitude, and with abundant perianths. It is a delicate plant, of a clear light-green, without much trace of purple; and it grew mixed with MJarsu- pella emarginata (Ehrh.) Dum., Lophosia alpestris (Schleich.) Evans, etc. The other two species were on granite rocks in Mad River, at 56 Tyler’s Spring (45°) at 1,500 feet altitude. This large spring cools the whole neighborhood, but whether that has any bearing upon the occurrence of these particular species here is not known to the writer. Jungermannia pumila With. grew on the large stones in the river just above the water-line, and bore plenty of perianths. It was in neat dark-green tufts, which were very noticeable among the Scapaniae, Grimmiae, Rhacomitrium aciculare, etc., occupy- ing the same rocks. Reported from Vermont, New Hampshire and Connecticut. Jungermannia cordifolia Hook. was also on the river rocks in front of the spring, just at the water-line, some of it, in fact, being submerged, although the river was low this year. This is the second station for New England, the other being at Rainbow, Conn. (See Evans, Rhodora 6: Jl 1904). These plants were sterile, and small, as they grew on the rocks with only a little sand about their rhizoids, but were otherwise characteristic. They are purplish-black, in contrast to the last-named species, and are most distinct, with their heart-shaped leaves, thin cell- walls without trigones, and flagella. It should be sought in the remaining New England states. The allied /. riparia Tayl. is a limestone plant. Without doubt there are other species of this genus still unde- tected among the White Mountains, especially in the vicinity of Mt. Carrigain, which is as yet practically unexplored. ANNIE LORENZ, HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT. REVIEWS Cole’s Bermuda in Periodical Literature * The author of the handsome and scholarly book that has recently appeared under the title of ‘‘ Bermuda in Periodical Literature” has given especial attention to the botany, zoology * Cole, George Watson. Bermuda in Periodical Literature, with occasional references to other works: A Bibliography. Pp. ix + 275. With portrait of the author and eight facsimiles of title-pages of ancient books on Bermuda. 1907. The Boston Book Company. 3.00. 57 and geology of the Bermudas, in so far as these sciences have been represented in periodicals and in the transactions of learned societies. Of the 1,382 entries, 45 of botanical interest are found indexed under “ Flora,’ and a considerable number of additional titles occur under ‘“‘ Algae,” “‘ Fungi,” ‘“ Diatomaceae,’”’ ‘‘ Cedar- tree,’ etc. Nearly all of the articles cited have passed under the eye of Mr. Cole, and notes giving brief summaries of their substance add greatly to the value and interest of the book. Only three hundred and fifty copies of the work were printed, of which two hundred were for the author. ‘‘ Bermuda in Periodical Litera- ture’’ will be of much service not only to those interested in Bermuda from the historical and scientific standpoints but also to any prospective visitor who wishes an intelligent outlook upon what has been written of these islands. MarsHALL A. Howe. PROCEEDINGS OM iit (Ck ws JANUARY 29, 1G08 The meeting for January 29, 1908, was held in the museum building of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:30 Pp. M. Vice-President Barnhart occupied the chair and there was an attendance of thirty-four. The secretary presented the report of Mr. Percy Wilson, chairman of the field committee, for 1907. Twenty-five field meetings were reported scheduled through the months of May to October inclusive, though a few of these meetings were not held on account of inclement weather. Mr. Edwin B. Bartram, Wayne, Pa., was nominated for mem- bership, and resignations from Mr. W. W. Eggleston and Mr. Eugene Smith were read and accepted. On motion, the secre- tary cast the vote of the Club electing Mr. Edwin B. Bartram to active membership. A motion was made and passed that the officers of the Club be authorized to incur necessary expenditures pending the adop- tion of a budget for the current year. On motion the secretary, 58 xg treasurer, and editor were elected as a committee on the annual budget for 1908. Biographical résumés and appreciations of Professor Under- wood’s life and work were read as follows : “A Biographical Sketch of Lucien Marcus Underwood,” by Carlton C. Curtis. “Lucien Marcus Underwood: A Memorial Tribute,” by Marshall A. Howe. “The Published Work of Lucien Marcus Underwood,” by John Hendley Barnhart. ‘Professor Underwood’s Relation to the Work of the New York Botanical Garden,” by N. L. Britton. The above papers will be published in full in the January, 1908, number of the ‘‘ Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.’ The following resolutions, presented by a committee of the Club were read and unanimously adopted : In the death of Lucien Marcus Underwood, American botany has lost one of its foremost representatives, one who was excep- tionally free from prejudice and selfishness and who abhorred all superficiality and obsequiousness. The Torrey Botanical Club has lost a faithful officer and a zealous and enthusiastic supporter of all its activities and interests. We desire to pay tribute to his superior qualifications and at- tainments as a man of science, and to express our profound sorrow as we attempt to realize that we shall no more feel the warm clasp of his hand, meet the glance of his sympathetic eye, or hear his cheering words of counsel and encouragement. The Torrey Botanical Club hereby directs that this minute be entered in its proceedings and duly published with them. Adjournment was at 4:45 o'clock. C. StuarT GAGER, Secretary. FEBRUARY II, 1908. The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History and was called to order by President Rusby at 8:10 P. M. Sixty-five persons were present. The chairman appointed the following committees of the Club for the current year. 59 Finance. — Judge Addison Brown, Prof. H. M. Richards. Admissions. — Dr. J. K. Small, Mr. G. V. Nash, Dr. C. C. Curtis. Local Flora. —(Phanerogams) Dr. R. M. Harper, Dr. N. L. Britton, Miss Fanny A. Mulford, Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, Mr. Richard Schneider ; (Cryptogams) Mrs. E. G. Britton, Dr. M. A. Howe, Mr. R. S. Williams, Dr. W. A. Murrill, Dr. Philip Dowell. Program.— Dr. Tracy E. Hazen, Dr. E. B. Southwick, Mr. Charles L. Pollard, Mrs. E. G. Britton, Miss Jean Broadhurst. Field Meetings. — Mr. Charles L. Pollard, Mr. G. V. Nash, Mr. F. K. Vreeland. The special committee on the ‘‘budget”’ for 1908 made a report on the estimated income and expenditures of the Club for the current year. Dr. E. B. Southwick moved the appointment of a special com- mittee to draft resolutions on the death of Morris K. Jesup, late president of the American Museum of Natural History. The chairman appointed as such committee Dr. E. B. Southwick, Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, and Dr. N. L. Britton. The scientific program of the evening consisted of an illus- trated lecture by Dr. A. J. Grout under the title ‘‘ A Botanist’s Vacation in North Carolina.’”’ The lecture was of a semi-pop- ular character and the numerous lantern-slides from photographs taken by the speaker illustrated the scenery and fauna as well as the flora of the mountains of western North Carolina. The speaker’s abstract follows : Seven weeks of last summer’s vacation were passed in the “Pink Beds” on the estate of Geo. W. Vanderbilt about forty miles west of Asheville and twelve miles from Brevard. Our visit was made possible and profitable through the assistant director of the Biltmore Forest School, Dr. Clifton D. Howe. The ‘Pink Beds” is a mountain valley over 3,000 feet above sea-level and derives its name from the color given to the whole valley in spring by the innumerable blossoms of Azalea, Rhodo- dendron, and Kalmia. The climate is cool, like that of Vermont and New Hampshire, but the almost daily thunderstorms, often 60 almost torrential in character, are an inconvenience to the botan ist. The fauna as well as the flora is an interesting mixture of northern and southern forms. Many of the forms which at first seem identical with northern species on closer examination are found to have good varietal or even specific differences. The chipmunk, for instance, is undoubtedly a chipmunk but so dark in color as to be scarcely recognizable when first seen. Of our familiar northern flowers, the daisy, evening-primrose, trailing arbutus, Indian pipe, C/ntonia borealis, two species of Trillium, bluets, Indian turnip, and many others are common; of the shrubs, witch-hazel, Kalmia, Rhododendron maximum, the pink and the white azalea are noticeable; of the trees, the chestnut, several species of oak, hickory, a few sugar maples, a few white and pitch pines, some ash, and the sassafras, all seem to give the country a familiar look. But on the other hand two additional species of Rhododendron, the flame-colored Azalea, the chinquapin, the great number of tulip-trees and magnolias, the Vyssa, Oxyden- dron, Carolina hemlock, and other unfamiliar trees, the open forest filled with innumerable unfamiliar flowers or unfamiliar species of familiar genera, such as Phlox, Lilium, Listera, Habe- naria, etc., emphasize the difference in one’s latitude and keep one’s interest awake. Miss Gertrude S. Burlingham found about the same number of species of Lactaria in Vermont and in North Carolina, z. ¢., 30-35, and about half of this number were common to both. About 130 species of mosses were collected; of these about 100 are found in Vermont, but many of these 100 differ appre- ciably from northern forms. FHlookeria Sullivantu, Entodon Sullivantiu, Raphidostegium Novae- Cesareae, Pylaisia subdenticulata, Campylopus introflexus, Campy- lostehum saxicola, and three species of Zygodon were some of the interesting species collected. The moss flora was found to be essentially like that recorded by Mrs. Britton from southwest Virginia, but 15-20 species that she did not find were collected and several common northern forms which she recorded were not met with. The absence of Polytrichum commune and Harpidium and the abundance of Extodon, Thuidium, and Fissidens subbasilaris were very notable. 61 The open pasture-like mountain summits, covered with herbs and some low trees, contrasted strongly with the rocky barren ridges of the northern Appalachians, and spruces and firs (Adzes Frasert) hardly appear under 5,000 feet altitude. MarsHALt A. Howe, Secretary pro tem. OE INTERRS! lOO ACHERS HicH ScHoot Borany. —It has been suggested that a page of special interest to high school teachers be added to TorREYA. Many of the members are teachers, and there is now no recog- nized botanical journal interested in high school botany. Few teachers are satisfied with the work they are now doing, and the discussion that such a page should provoke would enable us to come nearer the answers to the following questions : I. Why can so few teachers defend the high school courses they are now giving? 2. Does the present dissatisfaction felt by the teachers indicate that the work is poor ? 3. Is the statement that pupils dislike botany (and zoology) true? If so, how do you account for it in the case of botany? 4. Why do so few pupils offer botany for college entrance ? 5. Should botany be more closely related to the other science subjects, making a continuous four year course in science (as in Latin, English, and Mathematics in our best high schools) ? 6. Why does not the study of botany more often create a last- ing interest? Would this be secured by more emphasis on morphology (including classification) ? 7. Should the physiological work be more or less quantitative ? If qualitative only, how can correct ideas as to time, amount, etc., be assured ? Botany, both as a pure science and as a practical science, has never held a higher place. If we, as teachers, cannot success- fully deal with it in our high school classes, there must be some- thing fundamentally wrong. What is it? Is the aim unformu- 62 lated? Are our methods at fault? Is botany placed too early in the high school curriculum? Do the botanists know where the difficulty lies? Can we teachers find out? Send in your criticisms — favorable and unfavorable. Give us any suggestions as to subject-matter and its arrangement, methods, and that dé¢e noir, note-books. The sixth and seventh questions will be discussed in the April number. Other questions will be taken up in the following numbers if sufficient interest is manifested in this new departure of ToRREYA. JEAN BROADHURST. TEACHERS COLLEGE. NEWS ITEMS Dr. Carlton C. Curtis has been promoted from instructor in botany to adjunct professor of botany in Columbia University. Dr. H. L. Shantz of the University of Missouri has been appointed professor of botany in the State University of Louisiana. A Transvaal Biological Society has been formed at Pretoria to promote the discussion and investigation of biological problems. Mr. H. R. Fulton of the Louisiana Experiment Station has accepted a position in the department of botany at the Penn- sylvania State College. Mr. W. W. Eggleston, who is working upon the North American thorns, has been assigned a research scholarship for two months in the New York Botanical Garden. It is reported that Dr. Forrest Shreve, associate professor of botany in the Woman’s College of Baltimore, has accepted an appointment on the staff of the Desert Botanical [Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, Arizona. The January number of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club was made a memorial of Professor Lucien Marcus Under- wood. The longer contributions are by Dr. C. C. Curtis, Dr. M. A. Howe, Dr. J. H. Barnhart and Prof. N. L. Britton. ‘“The Guide to Nature and to Nature Literature ”’ is the title of a new magazine which is announced to begin publication this 65 spring. It is to be the official organ of the ‘‘ Agassiz Associa- tion’’ and will be edited by Edward F. Bigelow, who for many years has had charge of the “‘ Nature and Science” department of “ The St. Nicholas Magazine.” Mr. William Kent, of Chicago, IIll., and Kentfield, Cal., has presented a tract of 295 acres of magnificent sequoias in Red- wood Canyon, near San Francisco, to the government. The tract lies on the southern slope of Mount Tamalpais, six miles from San Francisco, and is one of the few tracts of redwood forest in its natural state in all California. The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, has received through the University of Chicago, the complete herbarium of that institution, which was inaugurated and augmented by Pro- fessor J. M. Coulter during the past twenty-five or more years of his active botanical researches. The herbarium contains about 50,000 sheets, among which are a large number of types, co-types and specially studied species. . At a meeting of the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences held on March 2, the president was authorized to appoint a committee of arrangements for the Academy’s celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of his ‘“ Origin of Species.” This committee has been constituted as follows: Messrs. Hovey (chairman), Beebe, Bristol, Britton, Bumpus, Cattell, Chapman, Crampton, Dean, Howe, Kemp, Osborn, Rusby, Stevenson, Wheeler, and President Cox, ex officio. Austin Craig Apgar, of the N. J. State Normal School, died March 3 of apoplexy. Professor Apgar was born in 1838 and in 1862 was graduated from the N. J. State Normal School, where he afterward taught for more than forty years. He studied in the summer schools of Louis and Alexander Agassiz and was himself widely known as a summer school and institute instructor. His best known books are “Birds of the United States’ and ‘‘Trees of the Northern United States” ; he left unfinished a large and valuable book on American trees. Pro- fessor Apgar was one of the earliest advocates of field and labo- ratory work and never lost the naturalist’s enthusiasm. 64 Press dispatches bring the sad news of the death in Guatemala on March 8 of Professor William A. Kellerman, head of the department of botany of the Ohio State University. In company with several student assistants he was on his fourth winter expe- dition to Guatemala, as was briefly noted in the February Tor- REYA. Professor Kellerman was born in Ashville, Ohio, May 1, 1850, was graduated from Cornell University in 1874; and received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Zurich in 1881. He was professor of botany in the Kansas State Agri- cultural College from 1883 to 1891, since which time he had been professor of botany in the Ohio State University. In 1885, in association with J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart, he established The Journal of Mycology, which, in 1889, on the completion of the fourth volume, was continued by the U. S. Department of Agri- culture as a bulletin of the Section of Vegetable Pathology until 1894, when its publication ceased, only to be resumed in 1902 as an independent organ under the editorship of Professor Kel- lerman. In addition to numerous papers on the fungi, Professor Kellerman was the author of a text-book under the title of “ Ele- ments of Botany,” an ‘“ Analytical Flora of Kansas”’ (with Mrs. Kellerman), a ‘“‘ Catalogue of Ohio Plants” (with W. C. Werner), and a large number of short articles involving a wide range of botanical activity. Professor Kellerman was a member of the Torrey Botanical Club. OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 34 published in 1907, contained 630 pages of text and 34 full-page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. . For Europe, 14 shillings. Dulau & Co., 37 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, only 24-34 can be supplied entire; cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of two dollars each ; Vols. 28-34 three dollars each. Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only ‘when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Meworrs, established 1889, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes 1-11 and 13 are now completed and Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 12 have been issued. ‘The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) The Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Columbia University NEW YORK CITY Vol. 8 i April, 1908 No. 4 ~TORREYA A MontTH1y Journat or Boranicat NoTes anp News EDITED. FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY JEAN BROADHURST JOHN TORREY, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Patotanye WERDER T MAULE, RICHARDS. 0i¢5.0. Sos qsehtivs. caucanss.tostsheoe sab raetee soPe cea 65 - Studies in the Ophioglossaceae: RALPH CURTISS BENEDICT. 0.....0y.sccceeessenecanes 74 “The Story of the Mangrove : Grorce V. NASH...0...c.0ceeeecee recesses Set eee se 9g Reviews: ns Sturgis’s The Myxomycetes and Fungi of Colorado: C. STUART GAGER... _ 79 Hanausek’s Microscopy of Technical Products: CARLTON C. CURTIS........ “79 Proceedings of the Club: C. STuaART: GAGER, TRACY E, HAZEN... 000. ohee cee 80 4! Of Interest to ALEAGHELS ay cians hoa sete jax sage SED | PRR ALOR carne: ahaa tans dake ogc 83 iN€ws Items ....... ieee eens teenth: BA. Gea tas Seeeie seein UE a Mla e Me Caen pee Raed aA ones wake QI PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB AT 41 NortTH Queen STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. By THe New Era Printine Company {Entered.at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. } THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Vice- Oritione? EDWARD S, BURGESS, Pu.D. aie ce HENDLEY BARNHART, A. a) M.D. Dy Recording Secretary, C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. Editor,» We ‘ Treasurer, MARSHALL AVERY HOWE, Pu.D. WILLIAM MANSFIELD, Puan. D Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, { > College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New, York City.’ | ae ent Pal York City. x | Associate Editors, ‘ - JOHN H. BARNHART, AM. M.D. . TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu. De | JEAN. BROADHURST, B.S. i WM. ALPHONSO MURRILL, Pu. D. PHILIP DOWELL, Pu/D. CHARLES LOUIS POLLARD, A.M. ALEX. W, EVANS, M,D., PH.D, HERBERT M. RICHARDS, S.D. Torreyva is furnished to subscribers in ‘the United States and eet Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, fifteen cents. To subscribers elsewhere, five shillings, or the equivalent thereof. - Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing» House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of.any — , other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only: for full yolumes, beginning with the January issue, Reprints will be furnished at cost prices... Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BoranicaL Cuius, 41 North Queen AS Lan- caster, Pa., or College of Pharmacy, 115 West 68th St., New York City. Matter for publication should be addressed to | | JEAN BROADHURST Teachers College, Columbia University _ New York City GnR 1 MAY 9- HOR RE YA April, 1908 Vol. 8. No. 4. BOTANY * By HERBERT MAULE RICHARDS It is in the field of physiology more than anywhere else, perhaps, that the worker must humble himself before the immensity of the problems before him; that he must realize how fragmentary is the most advanced knowledge of this subject. The foundation stone of physiology is chemistry, and conse- quently its advance must go hand in hand with the advance of that science ; but there is also, it must be admitted, the element of empiricism, which is an unfortunate necessity in any branch of learning where any considerable mass of facts are not yet cor- related. The greatest advances are made in the direction of resolving this empirical information into more compact and definite form, a task only possible by the accumulation and cor- relation of great masses of data in connection with the more definite information afforded by chemistry or physics and more particularly modern physical chemistry. It is plain, then, that we can never go ahead of the data afforded by these sciences, but must always follow somewhat behind them. It must not be supposed, however, that physiology is in a nebulous condition, despite the fact that we are but on the margin of the unknown. Distinct and creditable advances have been made since the days when the knowledge of plant morphology and the chemistry of Lavoisier made possible any reasonably satisfactory explanation of the functions of plant organs. The establishment of a proper understanding of how the plant obtains its food has been a matter of the utmost importance, both from the development of theor- etical physiology, and from the standpoint of practical use. We * A lecture delivered at Columbia University in the Series of Science, Philosophy, and Art, December 4, 1907, copyrighted and published by the Columbia University Press, February, 1908, and reprinted by permission in TORREYA, beginning with the March number. [No. 3, Vol. 8, of ToRREYA, comprising pages 41-64, was issued March 27, 1908. ] 65 66 know not only the definite chemical elements which are essential for plant life, but we know also the quantity and form in which they are most favorable for plant growth. Having established this, it is possible to understand the role of plants in the general economy of the world, and how their manner of life, in a broad sense, supplements that of animals. There is also pretty definite information as to the physical phenomena connected with the absorption of the raw food materials which the plant after- wards elaborates, information which is largely due to the classic researches of Pfeffer, whose work, it may be remarked, also afforded van’t Hoff valuable data for his contributions to the establishment of the modern physical chemistry. Application of the laws of diffusion and of osmosis, as shown by Pfeffer, enables us to understand why a plant may absorb more of one mineral salt than of another, though both be presented to it in solutions of equal concentration; why it cannot absorb some substances at all, while on the other hand it cannot avoid absorbing certain substances, even though they be violent poison and kill the protoplasm of the absorbing cell at once. We understand also a good deal of the mechanism of the production from simple inorganic substances of the first organic food by the green plant, the first organic food of the whole organic world. While, as will be shown later, the precise details of this process are not fully understood, the general facts are a matter of almost common information, so well known that I hesitate to speak of it here, though to sum up the matter in a few words it may be said that this process of photosynthetic activity of green plants is carried on by the living cells in the presence of sunlight, through the agency of the green coloring matter — chlorophyll — which is present in the leaves, and that the chemical reaction involved results in the union of the carbon dioxide absorbed from the air, with water absorbed from the soil, to form the first simple carbo- hydrate that is to be detected in easily recognizable form as starch. The fact that this process takes place does not interfere with the operation of another one, namely, the absorption of oxygen with the giving forth of carbon dioxide, that is concerned in the mechanism of respiration. Respiration as a means of 67 releasing the stored energy in available form for the constructive work of the organism is as necessary in plants as it is in animals. These four fundamental questions, namely, the inorganic sub- stances required by plants, the manner of their absorption, the manufacture of the first organic food, and the nature of respira- tion are perhaps the most important physiological facts, in the field of nutrition at least, which have been definitly established, and from any point of view their importance is a far reaching one. In the other great field of physiological research, the study of the mechanism of growth and change of form, much informa- tion, made possible by the proper understanding of the cellular character of all living organisms, has established many facts as to the relation of plants to the great physical forces which govern the conditions, the rate and the direction of their growth. This is the study of the dynamics of plants, of when and how the energy released by the nutritive functions is applied to the up- building of new tissue and the movement of plant organs. Be- sides the questions concerned in the influence of diffusely exerted external factors, there are also the effects produced by these same forces when the stimulus is unequal or one-sided. The latter conditions result in characteristic growth curvatures or tropisms, which continue until the plant organ by its own action is brought once more into a state of equilibrium with the external forces. In short, the various plant organs are attuned to the normal conditions of equilibrium under which they grow, and have the ability to perceive and, to a limited extent, to transmit the impulses resulting from a disturbance of that equilibrium. This brings us to the question of the sense perception of plants, manifested in a somewhat bizarre fashion in the sensitive plant, but we should go very slowly in the direction of interpreting this perception in the same terms that we do that of higher animals. It is not for an instant to be supposed that plants have any nerv- ous system such as is characteristic of the higher animal forms. While plants can and do respond to differences in light intensity less than that which the human eye can perceive, it is gratuitous to suppose that there is anything analogous in the two processes, The possibility of any reasoning action or instinct on the part 68 of plants is a question that the plant physiologist does not seri- - ously entertain. In selecting for discussion present-day problems which may be considered fundamental, one is embarrassed by the wealth of material and therefore but one more or less connected series of topics which leads up to the modern mechanistic conception of life processes has been chosen. In doing so it has been nec- essary to ignore equally important questions which, though de- veloped from no less a mechanistic standpoint, are more scattered. In referring to the assimilation of carbon dioxide by green plants and the production of organic food thereby, it was neces- sary to admit that the details of the process are not satisfactorily known. It is evident, however, that the starch, which is the first substance that we readily recognize, is not the first substance which is formed. Modern research points more and more to the conclusion that it is the simplest of carbohydrates that is pro- duced, —a substance known as formaldehyde. But what is especially interesting is that it seems not impossible that this primal reaction may not after all be a function of the living pro- toplasm, but a chemical reaction that can be carried on outside the cell through the agency of chlorophyll. It is in the further elaboration of this first substance formed that the living proto- plasm is apparently necessary. At any rate we know that the energy demanded for the process must be afforded by the par- ticular rays of sunlight which the chlorophyll absorbs. In this photosynthetic activity of the green plant the carbohy- drate supply of the world has been accounted for, but there is an equally important question not concerned in this process, namely, the source of nitrogen. Nitrogen is of course an essen- tial element for the construction of protoplasm. As is well known most plants can utilize it in simple combination with oxy- gen in the form of a nitrate, a sharp contrast, by the way, to the typical animal which requires it offered as an organic compound. It is also known that the same plants cannot assimilate the free nitrogen of the atmosphere, and further, in the processes of decay, free nitrogen is liberated by the breaking down of the nitrogen compounds in dead organic matter. The logical conclusion of 69 these momentous facts is that soon all the world’s supply of com- bined nitrogen would be exhausted — neglecting the relatively small replenishment induced by cosmic forces—so that green plants and consequently animals, would not have the wherewithal to live, unless there were some organisms which could avail themselves directly of this inert gas. Now there are plant or- ganisms which have the ability to assimilate the uncombined nitrogen of the air: certain bacterial forms, and it also appears some somewhat higher plants. But the operations that lead to this result are by no means satisfactorily explained, and the whole topic is one of live interest both from a theoretical as well asa practical standpoint. It should be added that from the latter point of view, a process by which a combination of nitro- gen with other elements in a form that is acceptable to green plants has been devised, and bids fair to become of great impor- tance, for combined nitrogen is the great need of the organic world. The processes of nitrification naturally lead us to the question of the elaboration of nitrogen compounds within the cell, of the final construction of proteid material that is the actual food of the protoplasm ; but here we are much in the dark, partly because we have so little real information as to the chemical structure of the more complicated nitrogenous substances. The explanations now given as to how this elaboration takes place are largely hypothetical and must be regarded as quite unsatisfactory. A step further from the proteid food is the question of living protoplasm itself, and one of the most interesting problems con- nected with this is the nature and functions of the enzymes, — the ferments and digestive secretions of living cells. Many of the newer theories as to the nature of living protoplasm hark back to investigations regarding enzymes, indeed some extremists ad- vance the opinion that the activities of the live protoplast are in themselves but the result of the interaction of substances enzy- matic in their nature. There is no doubt of the power of the appropriate enzymes when present even in infinitesimal amount to cause enormous molecular changes in the substances on which they act, but it is necessary to exercise extreme caution before 70 accepting generalizations along this line, no matter how brilliant. The amount of empirical information in this field is already be- coming unwieldy, and nowhere else is the necessity of unifying principles so plainly shown. Here it is that more definite chemi- cal knowledge may in one stroke clear up the whole situation. If it is not possible to ascertain the chemical structure of a single enzyme, how much more difficult then must it be to deter- mine that of the living protoplasm? It goes without saying, that if we try to analyze the living protoplasm, in the ordinary chemical sense, we kill it. This being the case, the student who is trying to penetrate these difficult problems must have recourse to other modes of attack. Therefore does he experiment with the effect of agents which do not kill but merely stimulate the organism or partially inhibit its functions and, by studying the nature and products of the reactions produced, obtain in an indirect manner clues to the real nature of life processes. The fascination of these plunges into the unknown is perhaps hardly comprehensible to those who are not engaged in the work, but all must admit the importance of the end they have in view, namely to penetrate a little further into the mystery of life. The advance in all these fields is of necessity along the line of the mechanistic conception of vital manifestations, that is, the reference of them to chemical and physical laws. To appeal to a “ Vital Force” predecessors in these lectures have said, to appeal to an empty is, as my name, a mere “ question-begging epithet.’ It is obvious that if we are to make any progress at all, we must admit of the possi- bility of some solution that our senses can perceive, even though we are perfectly willing to admit that the final answer may never be reached. The reference of vital phenonema toa vague “ Vital Force’’ would mean the extinction of inquiry by robbing the in- vestigator of any sense of responsibility for adequate explanations of the results of his researches. ( Zo be continued. ) SIUDIES IN THE OPHIOGLOSSACGEAE— I A DEscriptIVE KEY TO OPHIOGLOSSUM IN THE UNITED STATES By RALPH CuRTISS BENEDICT The following synopsis is designed to serve two purposes: to express some of the relationships existing between the various described taxonomic units of the genus, and to further the identi- fication of these units. The terminology used is explained in the following generic description. Plants small, terrestrial ; the rhizomes small, erect, more or less tuberous; the fronds one to four, herbaceous, consisting of a usually short, cylindric commonstalk, bearing at its summit an entire, oblique or horizontal, linear-lanceolate to reniform, sessile or short-stalked lamina, and a single, usually long-stalked spike, the sporophy]. The terminology in the Ophioglossaceae is in a rather unsatis- factory state. Prantl, who has given the genus Op/uoglossum a very thorough systematic treatment, used the Latin equivalents for ‘‘leaf’”’ and ‘petiole,’ and spoke of the sporophyl as “ aris- ing from the petiole or base of the lamina.” But the lamina and sporophyl seem to be morphologically codrdinate, so that this expression is inaccurate. Professor Underwood has used instead of “petiole”? the term ‘‘common stalk,” which, although not altogether satisfying, is at least not misleading, and this expres- sion is adopted here, being used, however, as a single word. Morphological studies of the group seem to demonstrate that the structure here called a “frond” is undoubtedly foliar in origin. On this account, the ‘‘common stalk” might as well be called a common petiole, but here the analogy ceases, for the vegetative and reproductive structures above certainly do not correspond to the blade or lamina in ordinary fern or flowering plants. Perhaps the best way out of the difficulty would be to coin one or more new terms for the anomalous structures in the family, but this can best be left to the morphologists at whose hands the group needs further study. 72 The genus may be subdivided as follows: Lamina deltoid-ovate or cordate, base auriculate or truncate; rhizome globose, 5-10 mm. thick; commonstalk short, hypogean; fronds two to four, rarely soli- tary ; spike short and stout. (Southern States, Mexico and South America. ) 1. O. crotalophoroides Walt.* Lamina lanceolate or spatulate to ovate, rarely broader, base acute, obtuse or rounded. Plants normally small, usually less than 9 cm. high (1.5-11.5) ; fronds two or three, rarely solitary; commonstalk hypogean, usually less than 4 the height of the plant. Rhizome very small, short-cylindric to globose, 2-5 mm. long, 1.8—5 mm. thick, ]amina usually plane and horizontal, 1-1 the height of the plant ; median vein emitting one or two branches, areolae mostly small and divergent ; spores 0.030-0.040 mm. thick. (Southern States and Cuba. ) 2. O. tenerum Mett. Rhizome larger, long-cylindric, 2-17 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, lamina usually folded and upwardly inclined, 1-3 the height of the plant; median vein simple except for secondary connecting veinlets, areolae mostly larger and parallel; spores 0.040-0.050 mm. thick. (California and Mexico. ) 3. O.californicum Prantl. Plants larger, usually more than 12 cm. high (6-40) ; fronds usually solitary ; commonstalk 4 or more epigean, 1—2 the height of the plant. Lamina lanceolate, spatulate, elliptic, oblong or ovate, apex rounded or sometimes acute, not apiculate ; spores reticulately marked with thin ridges, more or less verrucose. Plants usually more than 15 cm. high; lamina variable in shape; commonstalk usually } the height of the plant or more, mostly epigean. (Usually in wet boggy ground, Northeastern North America, Europe and Asia ; also in Mexico ?) 4. O. vulgatum L. Plants mostly less than 15 cm. high; lamina lanceolate or elliptic ; commonstalk about | the height of the plant, about } hypogean. (In sand, New Jersey, New York and New Hampshire. ) 5. O. arenarium E. G. Britt. Lamina elliptic or rarely ovate. usually acute, apiculate; spores merely finely pitted, faintly verrucose. (Virginia and Indiana to Mexico.) 6. O. Engelmanni Prantl. Prantl, in his monograph, in which he treats the genus from a world-wide point of view, divides what he considers to be Euephio- glossum into two groups of species according to the branching or non-branching of the mid-vein of the lamina, one of the charac- ters used here to distinguish O. ¢enerum from O. californicum. In a general treatment, it may be necessary to make use of this * O. reticulatum L. of tropical regions in general, is like O. crotalophoroides in the shape of the lamina, but differs in its greater size, usually solitary fronds, and in having a long, mostly epigean commonstalk, and a cylindric rhizome. 73 character, but it is hardly satisfactory even when most distinctive, and is often obscure and hard to ascertain, and, in a considera- tion of the species of a relatively limited area, its use may well be avoided. In his treatment of the American species, Prantl’s work is in some respects deficient, owing to the fact that his mate- rial of these plants was for the most part scanty. For example, his description of O. crotalophoroides, a species originally from South Carolina, was with two exceptions based on South Ameri- can collections. Of O. californicum he saw only part of one col- lection, of O. tenerum, one specimen, and similarly of others from South America. The result has been that some of his descrip- tions are rather incomplete, but in view of his insufficient material it is to be wondered that he was able to define the species as accurately as he did, and it is a tribute to his ability that his con- ception of specific limits has, after study of ample material, been generally affirmed. New York BOTANICAL GARDEN, THE STORY OF THE MANGROVE By GEORGE V. NASH Those who have been to the southern parts of our own state of Florida, or have visited the shores of tropical America, have perhaps noticed, fringing the shores in many places, a shrub or small tree, from the horizontal branches of which descend long gaunt roots, and bearing, usually in great profusion, long club- shaped pendulous bodies which sway and dangle in every breeze. But have you realized the vast importance of this plant and the tremendous work it is accomplishing, and have you really under- stood what those peculiar long bodies are and what an impor- tant part they play in the dispersal of this plant, and hence in the increase of tillable land in the trapics, for this unassuming plant is a great land builder — how I will attempt to show later. To fully understand what the plant is doing, we must first un- derstand the plant itself. A native of the lowlands of its home, where it is always warm, this plant seems to have no seasonal 74 activity, but to be always growing, so that flowers and fruit may be found upon it at almost any time. If you will examine the flowers you will find that they have four sepals and petals, and present an appearance not unlike many other flowers with which you are acquainted. But look further, and you will find hanging to the tree numbers of club-shaped bodies six to eight inches long, or even longer, in the manner shown in the fourth illustra- tion of this article, where in the higher branches these may be Fic. 1. Showing hypocotyls and mangroves in various stages of development. clearly seen. It is these odd bodies which are peculiar to the mangrove, and which lend to it its great interest, but what are they? They are really young plants, for the seeds of the man- grove germinate while still in the ovary, the developing embryo finally bursting through the apex of the ovary and producing these long club-shaped bodies, known to botanists as hypocotyls. It is not the hypocotyl which is peculiar to the mangrove, for this is found in all young plants, but it is the great and unusual 75 development of this organ, while still attached to the tree, which is peculiar. At the small end of these peculiar bodies is the plumule, where are concealed the first leaves of the plant, while the other end of the hypocotyl is much enlarged. _Now what happens when the young plant has reached that stage in its development when it separates from the parent tree ? The mangrove, as has been said, grows along the shore, and the pendant hypocotyl, when it breaks from the tree, falls, as would Fic. 2. A well-developed colony extending itself into the water. a plummet, the big end down. If the water under the tree be shallow, and even eighteen inches would not thwart its object, these bodies penetrate the mud in an upright position and soon take root, sending forth their leaves and in a short time develop- ing into vigorous plants. If, on the contrary, the water be too deep, they rise to the surface after their plunge and float about, for they are lighter than the water, at the capricious whim of tides and winds. In time some of them find a resting place on ’ 76 a congenial shore, perhaps after tortuous and devious journey- ings, and form the basis of anew colony. This is well shown in the first illustration, where a number of these plants may be seen in the hypocotyl stage. To the leftis a young one firmly attached to the soil and beginning to grow, while in other parts of the picture will be found other plants in various stages of develop- ment. This colony increases until a condition represented in the second picture is reached. Here we see the network of roots, Fic. 3. Interior of a mangrove swamp, showing interlacing roots. to which reference will again be made, and also the long gaunt roots descending from the spreading branches. It is these descending roots which extend the zone of the mangrove further and further into the water. Imagine this process to have con- tinued for a number of years, then let us enter one of these mangrove swamps, and we would see before us a vast tangle of arching and interlacing roots, as represented in the third illus- tration, the surface of this entangled mass being two to three or (ot four feet above the slimy ooze below. And what purpose does this vast sieve-like mass effect? As the tide rushes in it bears with it masses of decaying vegetable matter and detritus of various kinds, which, when the tide runs out, is in large part left behind. These, added tothe decaying leaves which are constantly dropping from the trees above, at length build up a slimy bottom, which, eventually rising above the water, in time becomes solid ground and fit for agricultural purposes. The continuation of Fic. 4. Rear of a mangrove swamp, showing its recession from the dry land. this process at last leads to the undoing of the mangrove itself, for, being a lover of the water or of wet places, it finds the new conditions uncongenial and begins to recede, thus vacating the land which it has itself built up, and adding largely, year after year, to the soil available forthe purposes of man. Inthe fourth illustration this stage of the development is depicted. Here may be plainly seen the receding mangrove and the intervening strip of barren land between it and the distant hillside, where the 78 colony first found a congenial foothold, and from which it has been forced by conditions of its own creating. This barren strip will soon be utilized by man for the growing of crops, and, indeed, the process has already begun, for at the very base of the hill may be seen a small plantation of bananas. The illustrations accompanying this article were made from photographs taken by the writer on his last journey to Haiti in 1905, and were secured about eighteen miles to the westward of Cap Haitien. Here then we have the story of the mangrove. One hardly realizes as he stands looking at the fringe of one of these swamps that a great work is being slowly but irresistibly carried on year after year. Nor does he fully comprehend how well adapted this plant is to its work, until he studies carefully the structure of its fruit, and its method of forcing itself into the domain of the waters, thus transforming them to the uses of mankind. This work is going on in many parts of tropical America through the agency of the plant known to botanists as Rizzophora Mangle, a name given to it by Linnaeus in 1753. In other parts of the world are other species of the same genus carrying on the iden- tical work, so perhaps the magnitude of the result may be realized. Not only is the mainland extended by this plant, but islands are formed by it. Some of the floating hypocotyls become stranded on reefs or in other shallow places. At first we have perhaps but a single plant, such an one as is represented to the left of the first illustration. This in time forms its network of roots, catch- ing and retaining detritus, and finally is formed a small island, which continues to grow as long as the mangrove can find con- genial surroundings. In the shallow waters surrounding the keys of south Florida many islands have been built up in this way, and these in all stages of development may be seen there now. There are other land-builders in the tropics, such as the minute coral animals, but perhaps none can excel the mangrove in this work, and certainly in none is the process more apparent. 79 REVIEWS Sturgis’s The Myxomycetes and Fungi of Colorado* This paper is No. 1 of a series by Ellsworth Bethel and William C. Sturgis, entitled ‘“‘ The Myxomycetes and Fungi of Colorado.”’ In the series it is intended to cover the mycological flora of Colorado, including the Rocky Mountain region, which hitherto has been largely neglected by mycologists. In the present paper nearly one hundred species and varieties of Myx- omycetes are described. Preceding the descriptions are brief notes on life history, collecting and preservation, microscopic examination, and literature. It is intended that the paper may serve aS a beginner's guide, and the key is based upon the synopsis of the orders and genera in Lister’s Monograph of the Mycetozoa. C. STUART GAGER. Hanausek’s Microscopy of Technical Products ; This work is the result of the many years of labor of the dis- tinguished expert, investigator and teacher, Dr. Hanausek, ana- lyst of the Governmental Food Laboratory at Vienna. After a brief introduction on the use of the microscope and microchemical reagents, the authors discuss in nine chapters the following com- mercial products: (1) starch and inulin; (2) vegetable fibers, under which heading attention is also given to the examination of paper; (3) animal and mineral fibers and textile fabrics ; (4) stems and roots; (5) leaves; (6) flowers; (7) fruits and seeds ; (8) teeth, bone and horn; (g) microchemical analysis for various acids and minerals. The book is designed as a guide to the student entering the field of technical microscopy and aims to familiarize him with the methods of investigation and to prepare him for independent work. It teaches the technical worker how to investigate micro- scopically commercial raw materials with reference to their com- * Sturgis, William C. The Myxomycetes of Colorado. Colorado Coll. Publi- cation. Gen. Ser. No. 30. Sci. Ser. 12: 1-43. Colorado Springs, Colo., 1907. + Hanausek, T. F. The Microscopy of Technical Products. Revised and trans- lated by Andrew L. Winton, with the collaboration of KateG. Barber. Pp. xii-+ 471. jf. 7-276. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1907. $5.00. 80 position and suitability for technical purposes, thus enabling him to reach practical conclusions. The origin, harvesting, prepara- tion and utilization of material are also briefly considered when- ever the methods of preparation have an influence on the struc- ture of the raw material. The English edition has been improved by the introduction of over forty new cuts. The drawings by Winton and Barber are a decided improvement over many in the original work which are occasionally so diagrammatic as to be almost misleading. Note should also be made of the very considerable additions to the chapter on textile fibers and of the discussion of commercial timbers which has been revised and extended so as to include the most important North American species. Noteworthy features of the book are the citations of the liter- ature dealing with the various topics treated and the attention that is given to the solution of purely practical problems. Men- tion should also be made of the discussions of the more impor- tant morphological and biological features of the various organs and structures studied so that the student begins his examination of the commercial products with an understanding of the nature and origin of the various cells and tissues with which he is deal- ing. While in some minor respects this treatment is not in accord with present day botanical teaching, it will be conceded that the presentation has been made with a clearness and conciseness of statement and with a simplicity and consistency of terminology that may well serve as models for. future authors. Considering the range of the work, the authors have been remarkably successful in handling the various topics and have furnished to technical microscopists a timely and valuable text- book. CaRLTON C, CurTIS. PROCEEDINGS OF THEVCEUS FEBRUARY 26, 1908 The Club was called to order at the Museum of the New York Botanical Garden at 3:45 p.M. Ten persons were present. After the reading and approval of the minutes of the preceding 81 meeting, resignations were read and accepted from Mr. W. H. Liebelsperger, Mr. J. Charles Roper, Mr. James Walker, Mr. George Wirsing, and Dr. H. E. Hasse. These resignations were accepted by the Club. The scientific program consisted of two papers, of which the authors have submitted the following abstracts : Remarks on the Genus Boletus. By Dr: William A. Murrill. This paper will be published in the March (1908) number of TORREYA. Some Fern Hybrids. By Mr. Ralph C. Benedict. The object of this paper was to present general facts regarding fern hybrids, to indicate the apparent significance of the facts, and to show examples of some native hybrids. The literature on the subject seems to be very scanty, and consists principally of scattered descriptions of natural and horti- cultural hybrids. Lowe (Fern Growing) has given a general dis- cussién of the subject but his work is of a horticultural, rather than of a scientific, value. The most conclusive experiments are those carried on by Miss Margaret Slosson, in which she repro- duced culturally Asplenium ebenoides (A. platyneuron x Campto- sorus rhizophyllus), and Dryopteris cristata x marginalis Daven- port, two suspected hybrids, which occur in nature. Recently at least one more cross has been artificially produced by Mr. Amedee Hans, of Stamford, Ct., between Dryopteris Filix-mas and D. marginals. This, however, has not yet been found wild. Study of these three authenticated hybrids shows that they agree in general with the hybrids of some flowering plants. They are sterile, usually larger than the parents, sometimes abnormal, and in many characters intermediate to a greater or less degree between the parent species. In view of these facts, it seems reasonable to interpret as hybrids other forms (principally in Dryopteris) which are sterile and similarly intermediate between two species. Some of these are very characteristic and might be considered separate species. At least two have been so described. This view, however, is untenable because of their sterility, and their distribution, rare or occasional with the parent species, or at least 82 in a locality where these grow or have grown. That they are mutations seems very doubtful, because the actual differences are so great, and especially since in these differences they resemble the other reputed parent. For example, sterile intermediates are known between Dryopterts marginalis and six other species. Some resemble sarginalis most, some the other species, but all agree in possessing distinctive characters of each of two species. For similar reasons, these forms cannot be satisfactorily explained on ecological grounds. If it is objected that fern hybrids must, because of the condi- tions required for the transference of spermatozoids, be too rare to account for these plants, which are rather common, it may be said that Dryopteris cristata x marginalis, one of the authenticated crosses, is perhaps the commonest of them all. It may be ex- pected in any swampy woodland where the parent species occur. This being the case, we are bound to expect the other forms to be found at least occasionally, and it seems only logical to con- clude that such intermediate sterile forms as are analogous in general characters to D. cristata x marginals belong in the same category and are likewise hybrids. In the region in which the writer has studied these plants, Dryopteris is represented by six specific units which seem to hybridize more or less readily, representing a total of fifteen pos- sible combinations of two species. Of these fifteen, two are already described. Of the remaining, probably eleven have been found, and descriptions for most of these are in preparation, some by Miss Slosson, some by Dr. Philip Dowell, and some by the writer. Both papers were discussed at length, and the Club adjourned at 5:45 o'clock. C. STUART GAGER, Secretary. MARCH 10, 1908 The meeting was called to order at the American Museum of Natural History at 8:30 p. M. by the Chairman of the program committee. There were twenty-five persons present. In the absence of all officers of the Club, no business was transacted. The scientific program consisted of an illustrated lecture entitled 83 “On horseback through Hayti,’”’ by Mr. George V. Nash,* and was listened to with great interest by all present. Adjournment was at 9:45. Tracy E. Hazen, Secretary pro tem. OH INTEREST TO) meACrHEkS The sixth question suggested in the March number has en- listed many interesting letters. This issue contains but part of them ; other letters referring to this and to the remaining ques- tions will be printed later in TorrEyA. The wide range in the letters is in itself suggestive. The question here discussed is : Why does not the study of botany more often create a lasting interest? Would this be secured by more emphasis on mor- phology, including classification ? Perhaps one reason more lasting interest is not secured is be- cause there is so little that even the interested high school pupil can do by himself after completing his half year or whole year course in botany. Reading alone will not serve as in history, literature and foreign languages. The second part of the ques- tion was added with this difficulty in mind. I The following is a qualified answer for I do not feel that I can answer the question for more than the students under my own observation. For boys of the age when they come to the De Witt Clinton High School (13 to 15), I believe the more laboratory physiology or perhaps I should say the more simple experimental work and demonstration we give in elementary, physical, chemical, and biological science, the greater the interest. Things morphologic or taxonomic seem to gain and hold interest with but few ; modi- fications and adaptations in structure interest more students ; simple experiments with a definite problem put before the student * Instead of the usual abstract Mr. Nash has written a short article on the man- grove which appears upon another page; other interesting accounts of the same trip are to be published later in TORREYA, 84 to be worked out at home or in the laboratory almost never fail to gain interest and cooperation from our students. GEORGE W. HUNTER. DeE Witt CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL, New YorkK CITY. II One reason that the interest aroused by the average high school course in botany is not deeper and more lasting is that we try to cover too much ground and touch upon too many topics. ~ If a young person is to follow a subject for his own pleasure he must feel to a certain extent that he has command of it. The mountain view is certainly broader and contains more that is interesting, but one feels no sense of possession and there is no starting point for activity. One teacher when questioned looked up in surprise and said, “We teach only the fundamental principles as it is!’’ Where do “ fundamental principles’’ end and can they all be taught in a course covering half a year to pupils who are strangers to science and who are only children? Botany itself is divided into half a dozen sciences ; why not divide the ‘fundamental princi- ples” similarly and try to teach only oze branch. Any attempt at condensing a subject usually results in cutting out the most interesting part and leaving the dry bones. It would seem that the question as to whether this narrower, more intensive course shall be mainly physiology, morphology, or classification, must depend upon the teacher, the pupils and the environment. As to classification, I would add that it is the department of botany which can most easily and most naturally be followed in an irregular way by a person with little preparation, a small outfit and odd minutes. But whether in any given school a course of that kind can be given with advantage, each must decide for himself. STELLA G, STREETER. Jersey Ciry HicH ScHooL. Ill To the first question I should be inclined to say that all our botanical courses and text-books intended for high schools are too technical, philosophically morphological and scholastic for high 85 school use. They are all written by technical botanists who have forgotten that they were ever young themselves. They are all much more ‘complete,’ difficult, and fatty-degenerated with un- essential detail than their authors ever tackled in their own college courses. All this is apart from any vital human interest, and, naturally enough, the pupils, when they pass their examinations, lay it aside with a feeling of relief. The old classification-key-analysis botany of two generations ago has died a natural death, as the little knots of grandmothers, who used to gather of summer afternoons to “analyze flowers ”’ — the same ones over and over again — have been laid to rest ; _and there is neither hope, nor occasion to resurrect it. If I add that I have never been able to discover anything in ecology which could serve any purpose in high school botany other than to make life a burden to the students, we may consider the fringes of the first question sufficiently treated. The main problem: Why not a more lasting interest ? would require more time than I, and more space than you, have to spare. But, in a single word, if we hope to awaken interests that shall live and grow with the mental life and growth of the pupil, we must select the matter which has the most vital human interest. In other words, it is absurd to expect everyone to become an enthusiastic technical botanist, but there are certain vital, fundamental, and universal interests in plants out of which technical botany has developed, in which all may reason- ably have some share. Acquaintance with common wild flowers and common weeds, coupled with the idea of preserving species in danger of extinction or of exterminating undesirable species, appeals to me as one line of such common human interest. Knowledge of the esthetic possibilities of all sorts of wild and cultivated flowers, vines, shrubs, etc., is another line of perennial and wholesome interest. For this acquaintance work by all means let us have simpler keys, if possible, and let them include cultivated plants. Principles and possibilities of plant breeding is another line of interest well calculated to open up into wonder- ful botanical pastimes later on in life. Acquaintance work should extend to the algae and especially to the fungi — mushrooms, poisonous and edible, important parasitic forms of forest, orchard, 86 garden, and field, and the life histories of common household moulds and bacteria. Much of this should coordinate with hygiene, home, and community sanitation, and the great move- ment for national health ; and, if this is done, there will be no danger of interest flagging after once being kindled. Local and national forestry problems, timber resources and, water conservation and the knowledge of trees in relation to landscape improvement and roadside planting are other blocks of general human interest which the high school course in biology on the plant side should utilize to the full. All the above suggests making high school botany strongly biological, and this seems to me to be the tendency both abroad and in this country. Physiological botany, excepting a very few fundamentals related to cultivation and plant breeding, I should think ought to await the college and university courses. CE Blower: CLARK UNIVERSITY, WORCESTER, MASS. IV It is not easy to answer this question in a few words. There may be several different reasons why the subject of botany does not ‘‘more often create a lasting interest,” some of which may apply with greater force to one school system than to another. It makes a difference, too, in which year of the high school the subject is taught. In what is said below, it is assumed that the course is given in ‘either the first or second year of the high school. It seems to me that one reason why botany does not arouse a more lasting interest in the pupils lies in the general lack of knowledge on the part of teachers of the nature of the pupils they are aiming to instruct. It is not that the teachers do not know their subject, but that they do not know their pupils. The high school teacher of science fresh from his college training has had no practice in the art of teaching, but this defect time will remedy. He has no adequate knowledge, usually, of psychology, espe- cially child psychology, and without this he is unable to understand the adolescent in his true perspective, as related to the child that was, on the one hand, and to the man or woman 87 that is to be, on the other. Of course, a teacher soon learns to make many adjustments to the needs and capabilities of his pupils, and, indeed, is forced to do so, but in general the teacher’s own college science course is only slightly modified to fit the high school pupil, and the result is a misfit. The high school needs the help of broadly-trained men and women to make its work serve better the needs of its pupils; not only is this true in the science work, but in other lines as well. Looked at from this point of view the remedy for the lack of real and lasting interest in the botany work would certainly not be to add more morphology. That is quite the worst thing that we could do. Nor would it help to provide more artificial keys for the identification of plants, in the hope of stimulating interest through plant analysis. Neither should I advocate more ecology or more plant physiology, considering these merely as subdivi- sions of the science of botany. The remedy lies, it seems to me, more in relating botany to the other life-sciences — zodlogy, including human physiology, par- ticularly hygiene, thus making it a body of organized knowledge of the greatest value and interest to the adolescent. If given in the second year of the high school, it should follow a course in general science, given from an evolutionary and synthetic point of view. There are many problems in connection with such a course. Of these, I may mention three: first, how to bring the work in close touch with the life of the pupil and make it an in- fluence for good, for example, in inculcating the love of out-of- doors, or in affecting personal and social sanitation; second, how to select for emphasis the evolutionary factors or elements which serve to bind the whole into a consistent body of knowledge, eliminating the useless details; and third, how to present this body of knowledge historically, as itself an organic growth now only in its infancy. Were these problems in teaching solved I believe there would be no question as to the practical value of botany, nor as to the interest aroused at high school age, nor as to the permanancy of this interest in a relatively greater number of pupils than at present. Henry A. KE Ly. ETHICAL CULTURE SCHOOL, New York City. 88 V The ordinary student in our secondary schools usually receives but one half year instruction in botany. A large part of that half year is generally consumed in learning terms, an un- interesting task in any subject. By the time a working botan- ical vocabulary is obtained, little of the five months remains in which to find the real meaning of the subject. At the end of the half year, some other branch is substituted for this one and the little that is learned of botany is soon forgotten, while a con- tinuation of the study for another half year might have led a number of students into more lasting sympathy with the subject. The teacher as well as the pupil finds the results of this short period unsatisfactory, and only the occasional student has obtained sufficient interest to lead to a pursuance of the study beyond the classroom. The entrance to the high school opens up to the student at this formative period in his career a variety of attractive lines of study and possibilities for life work. The boy’s leading is usually toward the “ practical” studies, as mathematics and the physical sciences, the girl’s toward literature and languages, and the assistance of these subjects in earning a livelihood has its effect upon the student’s likes and dislikes, as well as upon his choice of subjects in the elective course. The half year botany is frequently given in the first year when everything is comparatively new. In this crowded period of mental confusion and adjustment, when the student is adapting himself to new methods of study and instruction, its importance to him is lost. Even if given later in the course, it is seldom allowed the importance in the curriculum that other subjects, such as algebra, latin, geometry or literature, have. It is hence considered a minor subject, a study for ‘ girls,” as one high school boy expressed it. If required, the student in many cases takes the subject to “pass” it; if elective, because it ‘‘sounds easier’ than some alternative. To sum up: The study of botany does not more often create a lasting interest because of — 1. The unfortunately crowded period in the pupil’s life when it is introduced. 89 2. The short amount of time devoted to it when the subject is given ; hence — 3. The superficial or technical manner in which the subject is taught. 4. The lack of immediate or close relation to the pupil’s life, thought and needs at the time when it is introduced; hence not sufficient interest is created for that interest to be lasting. Although these conditions exist in many localities, in others they are being partially met by the introduction of plant study into the elementary schools. When the child, unaccustomed to some plant study earlier in his school life, begins his half year of botany in the high school, he must spend time in learning what to see and how to see it, as well as the application of the terms required. The child, accustomed to the observation of a plant in the elementary school, has already learned to see, at least in an elementary way; he has learned a few necessary terms; he has gained a foundation upon which to build his half year botany. He takes up the subject, now to be treated more technically, with an interest already created, and is ready to add to this founda- tion built in a natural way. The introduction of the microscope before the student has learned to use his powers of observation with the unaided eye, the use of alcoholic and dried specimens with the beginner, and the study of plant parts without first considering the plant as a whole, all tend to deaden an interest that should continue beyond the botanical classroom. An intimate acquaintance with a few plants made in a proper manner and an introduction by name to as many plants as possible will place at the student’s disposal a basis for continued interest. For a few years past, I fear we have swung the pendulum too far from the value of the name of an object. The child, or ordi- nary grown person for that matter, wants a name for the thing at hand. He will recognize no other introduction. Further acquaintance may prove desirable, but he must first have the name. Therefore, I make a plea for means of simple classifica- tion leading to common names for common things. What's ina name? It may be the entire interest in a subject ; at least, the 90 lack of a name may cause a plant to go unnoted a long time, while the name alone may lead to further acquaintance never otherwise obtained. Simple keys for tracing trees, flowers, etc., including the com- mon cultivated plants, will take away one of the greatest draw- backs to finding the name of a plant, that is, the knowledge of difficult technical terms and the dependence of a determination upon some seasonable condition distinguished with difficulty. Therefore, to create a more lasting interest in botany : 1. Introduce the subject earlier in the pupil’s life. 2. Let the required amount of time given to introductory work be increased. 3, Have the basis for study comprehend a few types, includ- ing some closely related to student’s life. 4. Learn by name as large a number of plants as possible. LaurRA WoopDwarD. Hewitt TRAINING SCHOOL, TRENTON, N. J. Symons’ s Monthly Meteorological Magazine for November, 1907, describes a unique hygroscope designed by John Aitken. The petal of one of the so-called everlasting flowers is attached to a stiff hair, which serves asa pointer, and the petal and hair together are fastened ona dial, set ina metal case. The instrument is about as sensitive as a hair hygroscope, but more compact and - cheaper. The Committee on the Coliege Entrance Option, Professor W. F. Ganong and F. E. Lloyd, presented a report at the second annual meeting of the federated societies (the fourteenth of the Botanical Society of America), held in Hull Botanical Labora- tory, at the University of Chicago, December 31, 1907. The committee recommeded that a somewhat revised fourth edition of the high school course now used as a basis for the college entrance examinations in botany be printed, and that the com- mittee confer with the American Society of Zoologists in for- mulating a high school course in biology. The ‘‘birds-eye maple” is discussed in Sczence, March 27, 1908. The solution of Dr. A. W. Borthwick, of Edinburgh, is 91 given, and another theory * as to the origin of these peculiar markings is added to those already known. Dr. Borthwick thinks that this peculiarity is due to the formation of adventitious roots upon the stem, and that these arise from abnormal medul- lary rays. In none of the cases examined (with possibly one exception) were such roots due to mechanical injury, or the attacks of fungi or insects. While the conditions which govern the production of adventitious roots are not certainly determined, he is sure that moisture is an important factor, as it is “only in the moistest situation that they persist for any time after they pierce the periderm.” NEWS ITEMS Mr. Norman Taylor, who has been an aid in the New York Botanical Garden for several years, has been appointed custodian of the garden plantations. Ira D. Cardiff (Ph.D., Columbia, 1906), professor of botany in the University of Utah, has been elected president of the recently organized Utah Academy of Sciences. Mr. A. K. Chittenden has been appointed assistant in the U. S. Forest Service to investigate the White Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains in regard to the proposed national park. * Ackerman’s Repository, an old English journal of ‘‘ Arts, Literature and Fashions,’’ published in 1825 an article on ‘‘ Botanical Theory ’’ which is interesting in this connection. ‘The italics are ours, ‘‘ This marking is an excellence not pecul- iar to any one tree, but is occasionally met with in the maple, citron, yew, ash, beech, lime and other trees. A knowledge of the particular time when trees may be expected to exhibit such figured appearances, seems to have been a secret confined to very few, who, by thus having the command of the market, contrived to keep up the prices. ‘To the discovery of this secret, the fair botanist [Mrs. Ibbetson] has been led by her researches in support of a theory which she has the honor of originating - namely, that the buds of trees ascend from the root. Willdenow thought that they were formed in the bark; Mr. Knight says that they originated in the alburnum next thebark. ‘ Pliny’s description of the 4rzscum, so prized by Romans in their tables,’ says Mrs. Ibbetson, ‘immediately brought to my mind the different figures of the roots of various trees, when cut down at the proper season, for this does not last above a fortnight or three weeks at most in any tree; but if taken within that time, most roots form a very beautiful picture.’ This she contends may be attributed to the various grouping of the buds, as they are about to start, or have started, from the root on their progress up the different layers of the wood to the exterior.’’ 92 The University of Iowa has received from Mrs. L. V. Morgan the botanical collections of her husband, the late Professor A. P. Morgan. The mycological specimens in the herbarium are very valuable, because of Professor Morgan’s own work in that line. Mr. M. Rothkugel, of the U.S. Forest Service, has gone to Porto Rico for three months, to study the conditions there, and to out- line a course of management for the Luquillo National Forest, the only insular national forest belonging tothe United States. The new Pacific Scientific Institution which has its headquarters at Honolulu is planning extensive explorations of the Pacific Ocean for the next fifteen years. The work in botany will include the establishment of an acclimatization botanical garden in Hawaii. The fifth annual field “symposium,” in which the Philadelphia Botanical Club, the Washington Botanical Club, and the Torrey Botanical Club will codperate, will be held at Georgetown, Dela- ware, July 6 to 12. Particulars as to headquarters, etc., will be announced later. Professor Herbert F. Roberts, of the Kansas State Agricultural College and Experiment Station, has been commissioned by his home station to spend the summer inspecting the wheat regions of central and southern Europe in search of superior sorts of hard wheats for introduction into Kansas. The centenary of Darwin’s birth is to be celebrated at Cam- bridge, England, in tg09. A chair of biology is to be estab- lished, partly through the anonymous gift of £300 a year, which is contributed upon the condition that the professor shall either teach or make researches in heredity. Mr. C. G. Pringle, keeper of the herbarium of the University of Vermont and the veteran botanical explorer of Mexico, is planning to make an expedition to South America in the near future. He intends to go by way of Mexico and Panama and expects eventually to reach the Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador. OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to’general botany, established 1870, Vol. 34 published in 1907, contained 630 pages of text and 34 full- “page plates. Price $3.00 per annum. . For Europe, 14 shillings, Dulau & Co., Sh Sony Square, London, are agents for England.’ Of ippace volumes, only 24- 34 can be supplied entire: cer- tain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. ~ Vols. 24-27 are furnished at the published price of. two. dollars . each ; Vols. 28-34 three dollars each. — ; aes Single copies (30 cts.) will be furnished only when not | breaking Beas Sees: (2) MEMOIRS : The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular intervals. Volumes I-11 and 13 are now completed and Nos. 1 and 2 of Vol. 12 have been issued, The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance. The numbers can also be purchased singly.