So Se ca en a age ee ae an + argent —_ * EO se ee Pee int hE ee wan as " 7 = ~s = Tether ne ae ese nn ee ee aa Pa Ry eS et — eee So eae Oe new me ay ee mae eae ee te. sa, noe ~ re = ne + ee SS en at i en nee tye oe Vol ° 2h -25 192-25 ¢° TORREYA A Bi-MontHLy JOURNAL of BoraNnicaL Notgs AND NEws John Torrey, 1796-1873 EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE T. HASTINGS LIBRARY EW YORK TS a] GARDENS VOLUME 24 New YORK 1924 s Vol. 24 January-February, 1924 No. 1 ~ TORREYA A’ Bti-MontuLy JouRNAL oF, BOTANICAL NOTES AND News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE’ T.. HASTINGS John Torrey, 1706-1873 CONTENTS Spring Flowers in Winter: GrorGs T. HASTINGs.,.00...00050.-..0202..... 1 ‘A Cucurbitaceous Fruit from the Tertiary of Texas: EDWARD W. Berry... 5 Shorter Notes: . Bulbous Bluegrass (Poa bulbosa): CHARLES V. PIPER........-........ 7 Notes on Some Honea Crab-grasses: Parry THUM NEWBOLD... _.. 8 A Genuine Fossil Ophioglossum: T. D. A. COCKERELL.........2.2..... 10 Book Review: ; Torrey, Place and Dickinson, New York Walk Book: G. T. HAstinGs.. 11 Proceedings Of thes Oli seis eS ek nee eae kee ok ae Nis s gle cee ame 8 12 INES MOLES Moc Oe NOLAN io. ope Re age See gee A ELAS 16 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 8 WEsT KING STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Entered atthe Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1924 Presideut H. M. RICHARDS, Se:D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., \IP. C. STUART GAGER, Pa.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR. AL GRAVES, Pa.D:; BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN, NEw Yorn Ciry Treasurer MARY .LEE’ MANN, A.M, 171 Union St., Flushing, N.Y. Editor H. M. DENSLOW, Pp.D. “\'ssociate Editors A. F. BLAKESLEE) Pu... GEORGE T. HASTINGS, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D.,; Pa.D.. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D:; Sc.D. H. A..GLEASON, Pu.D. M, LEVINE, Pu.D. ALFRED GUNDERSON, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, PH.D. Bibliourapher FRED. J. SEAVER, /Pu.D. Delegate lo the Council of the New York Acadenvy of Sciences MARSHALL. A. HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are two classes of me.nbership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a year, and An- nual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to re- ceive all its publications. TORREYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Witp FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA TORREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, twenty-five cents extra, or the. equivalent thereof. Pos- tal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received only for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUuB, 8 West King St., Lan- caster, Pa., or Miss Mary Lee Mann, 171 Union St.; Flushing, NOY. Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed to GEORGE T. HASTINGS 2567 Sedgwick Ave. : New York City. * ’ > we. i ‘ MAR I LIBRARY MEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN TORREYA Vol. 24 No. 1 January-February, 1924 SPRING FLOWERS IN THE WINTER GEORGE T. HASTINGS Next spring’s flowers are all in the woods this winter. To find them one must hunt below the soil, or beneath the scales covering the buds of the flowering shrubs and trees. When it becomes too cold for growth to continue there are three ways in which plants may spend the winter. All annual plants die, leaving the host of seeds to produce the next season’s plants; shrubs and trees become dormant, the tender growing points wrapped around with layers of dry scales coated with waterproof varnish or wax; with other plants the parts above ground may die, an underground stem remaining. In none of these ways is the plant protected against cold or freezing. Even when under ground the stems and buds are usually so near the surface that they with the soil around them will be solidly frozen. The protection given is chiefly against drying; the seeds with the nearly waterproof.seed coat, the bud with the varnished scales, the underground parts packed around with soil beneath a carpet of dead leaves. The bud, whether on the tree or below ground, is more than a growing point with the inherent power of de- veloping stem, leaves and flowers, for the early spring flowers at least, it contains in miniature all the flowers and leaves of next season, ready to expand when wakened by the warmth of April or May. In the winter, or before growth begins in the spring, we may hunt the early flowers by digging down for a few inches in the soil of the woods. After finding the bulbs or rootstocks with their pale buds it is fascinating to open one of the latter, carefully removing the protecting scales, to find the tiny per- fectly formed leaves and flowers. One of the most easily found of these plants is the hepatica (Hepatica triloba, or H. acutiloba), easily recognized by the old leaves which remain. Usually within an inch or less of the I NO surface are the pointed buds about half an inch long, white with a reddish or violet tip, at the top of short, erect rootstocks. Under the second or third scale is the first flower bud, densely covered with silky hairs on the peduncle and the three bracts, the sepals just showing at the tip. The next scale, thinner and almost transparent, covers the second bud, slightly smaller than the first. Under other scales come the succeeding flowers and at the center a tiny, pointed mass of relatively longhairs indicates the closely folded, three-lobed leaves. Just above the ground in the woods one may find slender green leaves from a quarter to a half inch long. These grow from a solid brown corm about quarter of an inch across, buried an inch or two below the surface. From the corm grow several smaller leaves, the narrow blades pale yellow and folded back on the petiole. Usually one or two flower shoots may also be found with several flower buds of assorted sizes between two tiny bracts. Each is covered by two sepals, the tiny petals within showing no hint of the pink lines that make the spring beauty so attractive. As last year’s leaves had withered shortly after the seeds matured in the spring these young flowers must have been formed months ago. Well buried, two to six inches deep, one may find the hori- zontal rootstocks of the False Solomon’s Seal or Wild Spikenard, (Smilacina racemosa) ; these run for a foot or more with occasional branches. An inch or more apart in the rootstock are the scars of flowering stems, often a dozen or more showing that a leafy branch has been sent up into the air each spring for that number of years. At the end of each branch of the rootstock conical buds turn up, the smaller of these contain only leaves, the larger contain leaves and flowers. After removing three or four white scales, the inner ones covering the entire bud, one finds ten or twelve pale yellow leaves each wrapped around the ones nearer the tip of the stem. Inside the last of these is the white flower cluster,a tiny stalk an eighth of an inch long, closely covered with flowers. The latter under the hand lens are seen to be complete with a ring of six stamens and a perianth that can be found only when a flower is dissected out of the cluster and examined from the side. One cannot help but marvel at the beautiful way in which the parts are packed together and prepared so far in advance of the time of opening. This is not all, though, for below the bud on the rootstock is a much smaller bud, that now shows only a pair of protecting scales about a solid mass of tissue. This bud will carry the underground stem on an inch or two next year and develop the bud for year after next. In situations similar to that where the False Solomon’s Seal was found one may find an irregular mass of dark brown root- stocks with a yellowish white bud pointing up at the end of each of the many branches, the winter condition of the wild geranium (Geranium maculatum). Here the scales that protect the bud are two-lobed. The outer one may show three or five tiny brown points in the notch, the next a rudimentary five- lobed leaf. These first leaves were not meant to develop, the petiole united with the stipules, being used only for protection. Under three or four of these scales are the leaves, the five or seven divisions folded.on each other and bent forward to touch the stipules folded around the next leaf, which shows pale orange red through their waxy white sides. Within the last pair of stipules is the flower cluster. The leaflets on the flower stalk and a series of delicate bracts surround the tiny buds. The tips of the sepals, mere points when the flower opens, are now _ like gnomes’ caps covering the petals and stamens. In similar ways the anemones, buttercups, early meadow rue, Solomon’s seal, dog-tooth violet and other spring flowers may be found at any time the ground can be dug from September on. It should add to the interest of winter hikes to know that these flowers are already waiting below ground for the coming of spring; it will certainly be a fascinating experience to open one of these buds and examine the leaves and flowers with a pocket lens. Explanation of plate I Fic. 1. Hepatica, (Hepatica acutiloba). Piant, X 2; bud opened to show flower buds and leaf cluster at center, X 2; section of flower bud, X 5. Fic. 2. Wild Geranium, (Geranium maculatum). Rootstock, X 1; terminal bud with outer scales removed, same witn leaves removed to show flower bud, one of outer scales with leaf rudiment, leaf with stipules spread out, all X 4; flower bud in section, X 25. Fic. 3. Spring Beauty, (Claytonia virginica). Plant, X 2; flower cluster, X 8. Fic. 4. False Solomon’s Seal, (Smilacina racemosa). Rootstocks, X 1; bud in section, X 3; flower from bud, X 25. New YorK CIty. VOL. 24, PLATE I ToORREYA 5 A CUCURBITACEOUS FRUIT FROM THE TERTIARY OF TEXAS The large fruit which is the subject of the present contribution was sent to me in 1921 by Professor O. M. Ball of the Agricultural] and Mechanical College of Texas, who obtained it from a student who had picked it up on the surface in Foard County, in that state. According to the geological map of Texas published by the Uni- versity of Texas in 1919, the whole of Foard County is underlain CALCOPHYSOIDES BALLI gen. et sp. nov. Nat. size 1. From side 2. From end by undifferentiated Permian. About fifty miles to the west of the County the eastern boundary of the Cenozoic deposits of the Great Plains province is placed. These last comprise the Panhandle and Clarendon Miotene, the Blanco Pliocene, the Tule or Rock Creek Pleistocene, and other unnamed deposits. Some of these undoubtedly extend farther to the eastward than they have been mapped, and it was from some such outcrop of un- consolidated Tertiary, possibly of very limited extent, that the present fossil was obtained. 6 I was impressed with its resemblance to the capsular fruits of various members of the order Malvales and entertained no doubt but that its determination would prove to be a simple matter. Such was not the case, for a diligent search of collections and of the literature, and consultation with a number of systematic botanists proved to be without results of any value. Exteriorly the specimen appeared to represent a coriaceous or ligneous, four-valved, indehiscent capsule with parietal placentae, suggesting comparisons with various existing Sterculiaceae and Bombacaceae such as the genera Pachira, Bombax, Bombacopsis, Tribroma, etc. All these are, however, normally five-celled. The African genus Bersama of the family Meliaceae is the only one that came to my notice that has somewhat similar, large, four-celled capsules. Among fossil forms there was a great superficial resemblance to the Wilcox Eocene genus Sterculio- carpus, also five-celled. Sections of the fossil fruit at once revealed the fact that, despite its appearance, it was not capsular in nature, since there are no traces of partitions in the transverse section, and it became evident that the specimen represented an interior cast of a hard shelled, gourd-like fruit, and I have no doubt but that it should be referred to the family Cucurbitaceae. A new genus is here proposed for its reception, and, because of its resemblance to the tropical American genus Calycophysum of Triana, this new genus is called Calycophysoides, and the species is named in honor of Professor Ball. It may be described as follows: Calycophysoides balli gen. et sp. nov. Fruit a gourd, prolate spheroidal in shape, the interior cast 8.3 centimeters in length and 5.1 centimeters in maximum diameter, with four parietal placentae not equally spaced nor equally developed, in life filled with pulpy material and contain- ing numerous small seeds. What appear to be the outlines of seeds are preserved around the periphery of thecast where they have been eroded out or rotted away subsequent to calcification. These appear to have been relatively small, 3 to 4 millimeters in length, broader and more rounded at one end, bluntly pointed at the other, and with one diameter greater than the other, that is, they were slightly compressed. Allowing for the hardened pericarp which permitted the formation of the cast, the specimen. 7 in life would have been at least to centimeters long and 6 centi- meters in maximum diameter. I have naturally not seen as much recent comparative material as I should like, but I have been impressed with the resemblance between the fossil and the fruits of the modern genus Calyco- physum, which, according to Pittier, embraces at least five species of vines of valleys below about 4000 feet in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia. It may be, of course, that some related genus whose fruits I have not seen, as for example, in the genus Sicana, may be more similar to the fossil, and there may still exist, in the Mexican region, a less decidedly tropical member of the Cucurbitaceae which the fossil represents. Those who will take the trouble to compare the accompanying illus- trations with Pittier’s figures of Calycophysum brevipes,* and especially with the section shown on his plate 30, will, I think, be forced to admit the great similarity between the fossil and this modern fruit, and will at least concede that its reference to- the Cucurbitaceae is correct. It is regrettable that the exact age of the fossil can not be: determined. It is obviously Tertiary. If it be considered to. represent a modern tropical genus it can scarcely be younger than late Eocene or Oligocene. If, on the other hand, it re- presents a modern genus of the Mexican plateau region, which is suggested by its geographical location, it might very well re- present an element in the flora of the Panhandle and Clarendon Miocene, or even the Blanco Pliocene. I am inclined to think that one or the other of the latter alternatives is correct. EDWARD W. BERRY. SHORTER NOTES BULBOUS BLUEGRASS (POA BULBOSA L.) This grass has been established many years in the lawns of Capitol Square, Richmond, Virginia. It is there regarded with disfavor because while making a beautiful green turf in late fall, winter and early spring, it turns black and apparently dies in June and then makes very unsightly patches. The grass was first brought to our attention in June, 1915, by Mr. John W. * Pittier, H., Cont. U.S. Natl. Herb., vol. 20, p. 487, pls. 27-30, 1922. 8 Richardson, of Richmond, but no positive identification was hazarded until February, 1916. At Arlington Farm, Virginia, the grass flowers in April and May, some of the panicles normal but in many the spikelets are proliferous. At Middletown, Connecticut, most of the panicles are normal. The underground stem of Poa bulbosa is a true bulb, about the size of awheat grain. These lie dormant at Arlington from about June 1 to October 15, but during the rest of the year the grass makes exquisite turf. Planted in Bermuda turf, the two provide a perennial green sward, the Poa bulbosa beginning to grow about the time the frost turns the Bermuda brown. In late spring the Bermuda greens up about the time the Poa is waning. For this use the grass promises to be of value particularly on golf courses in the South. It is esteemed for this purpose in southern France. Poa bulbosa also occurs at Ashland, Virginia, and specimens with proliferating heads have been collected in Washington State at Bingen and Walla Walla. According to Prof. F. H. Hillman the bulblets of Poa bulbosa occur not uncommonly in alfalfa seed from Turkestan and have been found in alfalfa seed from France and red clover seed from Italy. CHARLES V. PIPER. NoTES ON SOME FOREIGN CRAB-GRASSES A number of foreign crab-grasses have recently been introduced for experiments in foreign crop investigations by the United States Department of Agriculture. As it is desired to refer to these under their correct names, in another connection, eleven species heretofore known under various other generic names are here referred to Syntherisma, the oldest valid name* for the crab-grasses. Syntherisma abyssinica (Hochst.) Newbold. Panicum abyssinicum Hochst.; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 360. 1851. According to Dr. H. L. Shantz this grass is closely grazed by stock in Ukambe Province, Kenia, Africa. Syntherisma eriantha (Steud.) Newbold. Digitaria eriantha Steud., in Flora 12: 468. 1829. * Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 215. 1920. 9 This grass is said to be one of the best tropical African sweet grasses for use as a cattle fodder. Syntherisma exilis (Kippist) Newbold. Paspalum exile Kippist, in Proc. Linn. Soc. 1: 157. 1842. The seeds are known in Sierra Leone, Africa, as fundi and are prized as a cereal; Prof. Piper considers this a remarkably promising forage for the southern states. Syntherisma henryi (Rendle) Newbold. Digitaria henryi Rendle, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 323. 1904. Introduced from China as a possible forage crop. Syntherisma iburua (Stapf) Newbold. Digitaria iburua Stapf, in Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 8: 382. 1915. Iburu is grown as a cereal by the natives of northern Nigeria. It is being tested in this country as a forage crop. Syntherisma nodosa (Parl.) Newbold. Digitaria nodosa Parl. Pl. Nov. 39. 1842. This species is reported by Stapf to be a good fodder in tropical Africa. Syntherisma parviflora (R. Br.) Newbold. Panicum parviflorum R. Br. Prodr. 192. 1810. Reported by B. Harrison, Burringbar, New South Wales, to be a heavy yielder of nutritious fodder and to grow well in sandy soil. Syntherisma puberula (Link) Newbold. Digitaria puberula Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 223. 1827. A slender annual, native to India, introduced for trial as a possible forage plant. Syntherisma royleana (Nees) Newbold. Panicum royleanum Nees; Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 47. 1854. Considered by Prof. Piper to furnish excellent pasturage. Syntherisma ternata (A. Rich.) Newbold. Cynodon ternatus A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 405. 1851. Cultivated for forage in the central provinces of Nigeria. Syntherisma uniglumis (A. Rich.) Newbold. Panicum uniglume A. Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 370. 1851. Reported by Dr. H. L. Shantz to be an important river- bottom grass in the Belgian Kongo. Patty THuM NEWBOLD. 10 A GENUINE FossIL OPHIOGLOSSUM Dr. -Hollick’s recent paper* on ‘‘The taxonomic and mor- phologic status of Ophicglossum Allent Lesquereaux”’ is especially noteworthy for the admirable new figures he presents. We are agreed, at least, that the fossil has nothing to do with Ophio- glossum. One objection to the idea that it is a pod is the fact that I could never see two valves in any of the specimens. Were they present they would be indicated by the overlapping OPHIOGLOSSUM HASTATIFORME, twice natural size. of the very open reticulation. Dobinea, on the other hand, is quite a new suggestion, but the marginal venation of that plant (not well shown in Dr. Hollick’s figure) is quite unlike that of the fossil. It is very interesting to now discover a perfectly genuine Ophioglossum in our Tertiary rocks. It was discovered by Mr. H. N. Brown of Lander, Wyoming, who transmitted it to Professor I. A. Keyte of Colorado College. It was finally referred to the Museum of the University of Colorado, to which it has been kindly presented. Two specimens were found. Ophioglossum hastatiforme new species Lamina elongate, enlarged apically with the outline of a spear- head, the apex broad but acute; spike elongate, formed as usual ° in the genus, the gradually attenuate end not quite reaching the end of the lamina. Sporangia in about 28 pairs, the series. *Bulletin, Torrey Botanical Club, 50: 207-213. 1923. II about 16 mm. long; expanded portion of the lamina about 8 mm. long and 3.2 wide. The sporophyll not apiculate. Wind River or Bridger formation, Eocene Tertiary; Tipperary, Wyoming. The plants were possibly immature, but the long lamina accords with the mature condition of such species as the Asiatic O. pendulum, although that does not present the outline of a spear-head. The generic reference is, at any rate, quite satisfactory. TD SAV COCRERELE: BOOK REVIEW The New York Walk Book* while meant for hikers should be of interest to all botanists in the neighborhood of New York. In the introduction the author states that “if this book seems to imply that scenery and climbing and rocks and mileage are the main goal for walkers, it is not for any lack of appreciation of the lure and variety of rewards offered by hunts for trees and all growing things, birds and all moving things, snow tracks or winter buds.’’ The book divides the region within some fifty miles of the city into fifteen districts, briefly describes each as to the general topography and other features, and outlines the best walks that can be taken. These walks are described in detail, beginning with the best ways of reaching the starting points, with the time and cost by trolley or train, the character of the walk—level or hilly, rough or smooth, dry or swampy, the trails and paths to follow, special features of interest, the location of springs, etc. The directions are so detailed and clear that it is hard to see how anyone at all used to the outdoors can lose the trail. Moreover, the directions have such suggestion of wild places, fine views, the possibilities of finding rare plants and the joy of the great outdoors that to read them is to be filled with a great desire to take the trail, ‘‘to keep to the ridge to a fine spring under an ash tree, to follow along the ridge through the briar patch and the wild apple orchard, up the nose of the hill past a fine boulder.’’ The botanist certainly will find much of interest * New York Walk Book, Raymond Torrey, Frank Place and Robert L. Dickinson, The American Geographical Society, Broadway at 156th Street, New York. Pocket Edition, thin paper and flexible covers, $2.00; Special Library Edition, heavier paper and fifteen half tones, $4.00. 12 ona walk that offers patches of prickly pear on a wood road “that runs through an abandoned farm and then through primeval forest. After three quarters of a mile of this one comes to a lane to the left lined with cedars. Following this down to the edge of Franklin Lake—by leaving the birches and keeping straight ahead one comes to a brook trickling down a cascade.” But all of the one hundred and more walks, varying from two to sixteen miles for one-day hikes with a few longer ones for week- end trips, are full of such suggestive notes. Following the descriptions is an appendix with a list of outing clubs (the Torrey Botanical Club and the Wild Flower Preservation Society are listed), of stopping places for overnight hikes, of equipment for the trail, of fire laws and regulations in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, of geology and _ physical geography of the district and of the plant life. The book contains nine maps, modified from the U. S. Geological Survey, and eighty pen and ink sketches. G. T. HAsTINGs. PROCEEDINGS OF LEE CLUS MEETING OF OCTOBER 9, 1923 The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History. Mr. E. P. Larkin, Flushing, N. Y., and Miss Zaida Nicholson, New York City, were elected to membership. The Secretary announced, with regret, the death of two members, that of Mr. William S. Opdyke on Oct. 20, 1922, and that of Prof. W. W. Rowlee on August 8, 1923. The program of the evening consisted of informal reports on summer work and excursions. Dr. Denslow stated that he had spent ten weeks in Fairlee, Vermont, and that in nine previous summers he had found in that town a total of 33 species of orchids within a radius of about 21% miles. This year one species, Calopogon pulchellus, was added to the previous number. On the 7th of July, about 500 plants of Cypripedium hirsutum, the showy lady’s slipper, were found in one swampy locality.. One of the flowers, showing a double lip, was sent to the herbarium of the N. Y. Botanical Garden. At Hewitt, New Jersey, later in the season, the fringed 13 gentian was seen to be abundant on the sides of a rocky railway cut. Dr. W. A. Murrill, through notes read by the Secretary, re- ferred to various expeditions for the collection of fungi, one to Florida in March, reported in full in the Journal of The N. Y. Botanical Garden for July and also in the N. Y. 7imes; one to Mountain Lake and Blacksburg, Virginia, on account of which is forthcoming in the Journal, and fungus notes which appeared in Mycologia for September; and a visit to Woodstock and Yama Farms in the Catskills, a report of which will appear in Torreya. Dr. Murrill was also at the Interstate Park several times to assist Girl Scouts in their nature-stud'y work. Dr. Tracy E. Hazen reported that he spent his summer at Woods Hole, Mass., with a vacation later on Grand Manan, New Brunswick. Much of the time at Woods Hole was devoted to the identification of fresh water algae collected on Penikese Island as a part of an attempt to make a list of the plants on that island for comparison with a list published by Dr. David Starr Jordan fifty years earlier. An apparently new species of Chlamydomonas discovered on Penikese was found later on Grand Manan. Mr. A. T. Beals reported on week-end trips to various points in the local flora area. All swamps were found tébe unusually dry. In Bushkill, Pa., and Closter, N. J., Ranunculus delphini- folius was collected. Special attention was given to slime- moulds, several species of which were exhibited. Mr. Robert Hagelstein had reported to him the collection of eighteen species of slime-moulds from one log during the season. The different species appear to have different times for maturing, September being the culminating month for many of them. Dr. M. A. Howe reported an abundance of the fringed gentian at Pleasantville, N. Y., in meadows where fresh seeds were sown several years previously by Dr. George F. Norton. He men- tioned also the occurrence of Gentiana linearis Froel. at Newfane, Vermont. Miss Pauline Kaufman mentioned visits to Arcadia, Sound Beach, Conn., and to Monachie, New Jersey. MarsHALL A. HOWE, Secretary. 14 MEETING OF OCTOBER 31, 1923 The meeting was held at the Museum of The New York Botanical Garden. In the matter of an invitation to send a delegate to the Joseph Leidy Commemorative Meeting to be held in Philadel- phia on December 6, it was agreed to leave the selection of 1 delegate to the Secretary. Letters from various European institutions asking for dona- tions of the Club’s publications or proposing exchanges therefor were read and it was voted to refer the matter to a special com- mittee to be appointed by the Chairman. Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, New Rochelle, N. Y., was elected to membership. The scientific program consisted of a discussion by Dr. N. L. Britton and Mr. William Beebe of ‘‘Plants of the Galapagos Islands,’ collected on the Williams Expedition of the N. Y. Zoological Society. Dr. Britton, introducing the subject, alluded to the isolation of Galapagos Islands, lying in the Pacific Ocean near the Equa- tor, about 650 miles west of Ecuador and 900 miles southwest of Panama. He referred to Charles Darwin’s visit in 1835 as naturalist of the voyage of The Beagle, and to the impetus given to the evolutionary theory by Darwin’s observation that tortoises from the different islands showed characteristic differences. There is considerable literature on the flora of these islands, the most comprehensive paper being Dr. Alban Stewart’s ‘A Botan- ical Survey of the Galapagos Islands,” published in 1911, and listing 615 species and varieties of spermatophytes and pterido- phytes. Dr. Stewart spent more than ayear in the archipelago in 1905-06. Darwin thought that 50% of the plants and animals were endemic. Increasing knowledge has reduced the pro- portion of endemic species to about 40%. There have been two theories as to the origin of the fauna and flora of the Gala- pagos. One assumes the existence of an ancient bridge of land connecting the islands with the continent; the other assumes that the islands were always islands and that seeds and plants have been brought there by birds, winds and waves, etc. Some of the endemic species of plants show many races or varieties. One of the most common grasses in the collection is Eragrostis 15 cilianensis, a weed. There are three or four species of sedges among the plants collected by the Williams Expedition. There are many amaranths, mostly endemic. A Portulaca or an allied plant has been revived from a supposedly dried specimen and is now thriving in the greenhouses of The N. Y. Botanical Garden. A heavily armed Parkinsonia is sometimes called the Jerusalem Thorn. There are numerous species of Croton, Euphorbia, and allied genera. Cvoton Scoulert has eight or nine varieties. An endemic species of Waltheria and two kinds of cotton, Gossypium Klotzchianum and G. Darwiniit are found. There is an endemic Lantana, closely related to a South American species, and also a yellow-flowered Cordia, related to one of the mainland. Also an endemic species of Coldenia. Lichens are abundant on rocks. Mr. Beebe emphasized the thorny character of the vegetation, this peculiarity interfering seriously with travel. He and his companion, Prof. W. M. Wheeler, had been able, however, to penetrate to a distance of five miles from the coast, while their predecessors, he believed, had gone only three miles. Small meadows with rich red soil covered with Cenchrus seemed to offer easy traveling but proved quite otherwise. There was frequent or nearly constant rainfall in the interior but it was very arid along the coast. The rock is porous tufa and lava, and the only stream is a small one on Chatham Island. The highest mountain has an elevation of about 5,000 feet and is clothed with a rather dense vegetation. Elaphrium graveolens appears to be the principal tree. Four-fifths of the flowers are yellow. In its general appearance the vegetation suggests that of the South African veldts. The members of the Williams Expedition gave more special attention to the animal life. Certain lizards were observed to eat cacti, spines and all. They also climbed trees and ate the leaves. The big tortoises are now nearly extinct. The birds, sea-lions, and animals in general showed no fear of man. Mr. Beebe found nothing to indicate original isolation of the Galapagos Islands group. The Humboldt Current and the prevailing winds are from the southeast. The nearest relatives of the animals, with the exception of sea-lions and penguins, are found in Central America and Mexico—to the northwest. Mr. R. S. Williams made a brief report on the mosses of the 16 Galapagos Islands, stating that about one-third of the species are endemic, and that the others occur in Central America and northern South America. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Secretary. NEWS NOTES The Wild Flower Preservation Society of America distributed during the holiday season leaflets on the preservation of the plants used as Christmas greens. The balsam tree is recom- mended for Christmas trees. The statement is made that six hundred years of Holly life is extinguished in one puny “3 x 2x2 ft. florist’s box.’’ The society also prepared stickers in red and green for envelopes with the message HOLLY AND LAUREL are fast disappearing, use substitutes. Dr. J. Arthur Harris, who for a number of years has been a member of the staff of the Station for Experimental Evolution of the Carnegie Institution at Cold Spring Harbor, and a member of the editorial board of the Torrey Botanical Club, has been elected Professor of Botany and Head of the Department of Botany of the University of Minnesota. He expects to take up his new duties in September of the present year. Dr. William Crocker, Director of the Boyce Thompson Institute of Plant Research of Yonkers, N. Y., has been elected President of the Botanical Society of America. Dr. A. F. Blakeslee of the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., is the new Vice-president of the Society. Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton left New York on January 26th for a two months’ visit to Porto Rico, where they will continue their investigations of the Flora of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. ‘The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous Copies ./ of the number of Torreya in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. ) Reprints should be ordered, when ran sbi roof is returned to the editor. The Intelligencer Printing Co., Lancaster, , have furnished the following rates: aa APP: S8pp-{12pp. 16pp: 20pp. 24pD. | 28pp.) 32pP. | 48pp. 64pp i aR -—— a id et ‘copies sor 4.0|$2.4.5|$3.65 g 4.4018 5.65 $6.5018 8.dol$ 8.45'$12.55| $15.90 i 1.65} 2.90) 4.25] 5.10] 6.65) 7:75] 9.40) 9.85] 14.15) 17.35 / 5 1.95] 3-35} 4.85] 5.65] 7.60) 8.75} 10.45) 11.25) 15-65) 19.95 Hane ¢o\0 Gage 2.25 3-80; 5.35], 6.35) 8.25] 9.80] 11.55] 12.45) 17:55] 22.05 )150 at, 2.70 4.60) 6.50} 7.60} 10.20] 12.10} 14.20] 15,20} 21.35) 26.80 | 200 i 3.00] 5.05]. 7.15] 8.35] 11.40] 13.50] 15.80) 16.85] 23.55) 29.60 300 Set 3485 6.20, 9.20} 10.70} 14.85} 17.55] 20.50} 21.05] 30.20) 37.40 Enea Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 114c. each. Plates: 100 for $1.00 Committees for 1924. Field’ Committeé A.T. BeALs, Chairman. Miss JEAN BROADHURST H. M. DensLow / Finance Committee R. A. HARPER, Chairman. Wig ean a BARNHART 0 EB. Py BICKNELL ra Miss C. C. HAYNES G. C, FISHER ’ SERENO STETSON LupLow GrRISscom ©! mH a Ses aoe Miss EM: Kuprer “lll Shen Say tah Oa R MicHAEL LEVINE f eu: Miss Darsy Levy Ha PENS oN RAYMOND H. Torrey unt ii Percy WILSON diet Ganitdiitees Membership Committee J. H. Barnuart, Chamman.’, J. K. SMALL, Chairman. R. A, HARPER T. E. Hazen N, L. Britton NORMAN TAYLOR _~H. M. DENsLow’ ~-C..S.GAGER | Local Flora Committee _ M.A. Howe N. L. Britton, Chairman. He A, Rusby Phanerogams: E. P. BICKNELL N. L. Britton H. M. DENsLow W.-C. FerGuson LuDLOW GRISCOM BAYARD LONG Kk. K. MACKENZIE G. E. NtcHous NORMAN TAYLOR Cryptogams: Mrs. E. G. Brrrtox A. W, Evans TE. HAZEN M.A, Howe MicHAkt LEVINE W.2A. MuRRILL F. J. SEAVER -. Program Committee (AVAL GRAVES, Chairman. Mr. E.G. Brirron » > ALFRED GUNDERSEN VOR WB AZEN. M.A. Howr .Chairmen on Special Committees on Local Flora Marine Algae: betcha antl Fern Allies: R.C. Benedict wt Lichens: yess ‘Mosses: Mrs. E.G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. Liverworts. A. W. Evans Richards Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen M. A. Howe Gasteromycetes:, G. C. Fisher . Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill _ Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. .- §. Burlingham: - Cortinarius: R. A. Harper _Polyporeae: M, Levine ts Rusts and Smuts: P. a alison _. Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu- berineae: F. J. Seaver Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed Sclerotium-forming Fungi: A.B. Stout Imperfecti:. F. J. Seaver. Mel. T-. Cook Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Myxomycetes: Yeast and Bacteri:: Miss. J. Broad- hurst Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, establiched 1870. Vol. 49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For: Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho Sane London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, 24-47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Single copies (40 cents) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS ‘The Memorrs, established 1889, are published at irregu- lar intervals. Volumes-1-17 are now completed. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing. Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will, be furnished on application. (3) Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of | New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to: MISS MARY LEE MANN 59 East 86th St. New York: City ‘ Vol. 24 March-April, 1924 No. 2 A Bi-MonTHLY JOURNAL oF BoTANICAL Notes AND News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE T. HASTINGS John Torrey, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Cup-fungi of Common Occurrence, FRED J. SEAVER......-.....-..-.55--5. 17 The Flora of the Town of Southold, Fourth Supplementary List, Stewart H. PRE OM eAND -ROVN ACT ATEAM SO Boel) AN vont ia hay tages one aetna Se 22 Book Review: Linnaeus, BENJAMIN Dayton JAckson, G. T. HASTINGS............... 33 ; Praeccgmes of the Club cet eu Se Ne ae as De Ce ee ee eee 34 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1924 President H.M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents . JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. C. STUART GAGER, PuH:D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR A: GRAVES, PH.D. BrookLyn Botanic GARDEN, NEw York City Treasurer MARY LEE: MANN, ‘AVM: ¥71: Union St., Flushing, N. Y. Editor H. M, DENSLOW, Pp.D, Associate Editors A. FE. BLAKESLEE, PxH.D. GEORGE T. HASTINGS, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D.,; Pa#.D.. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D., Sc.D. H. A, GLEASON,: Pa.D. M. LEVINE, Px.D. ALFRED GUNDERSON, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pa D. Bibliographer FRED. J. SEAVER, Pu.D. Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a vear, and Annmal, at $5.00.a,year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings, of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its publications. -TORREVYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WILD FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA TorRREYA is furnished to subscribers i in. the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, {wenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent thereof. Postai or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks ate accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other !ocal checks that may be ’ sent. Subscriptions are received onty for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL GLuB, 8 West King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Miss Mary Lee Mann, 171 Union St., Flushing, 4 NEWS Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed to GEORGE T. HASTINGS | 2567 Sedgwick Ave. New York City. POWAY 3° 1924 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN TORREYA Vol. 24 No. 2 March-April, 1924 CUP-FUNGI* OF COMMON OCCURRENCE FrED J. SEAVER As spring opens the nature lover is glad to welcome the return of the flowers which occur with such surprising regularity in the same region year after year. He will not hesitate to predict what species will be found at any given time and place barring unusual climatic conditions. Few realize that many of the fungi cccur with the same regu- larity and that, indeed, what we call the fungus merely corre- sponds to the flowering and fruiting stage of the higher plants, and that their growing stage persists, unseen, in the soil or other substratum throughout the year and often for many years or until the substratum itself becomes so changed chemically that it can no longer support this kind of life. So if sufficiently ob- servant one can also predict the fungus flora of any given region for any particular period with about as much certainty as that of the flowering plants, provided the rainfall is normal. Taking as an illustration the cup-fungi, including the most con- spicuous and attractive forms of the higher fungi belonging to the group known as the ascomycetes, we find the group made up of early spring, summer, and autumn species while others like many of the flowering plants continue to fruit throughout the warm or growing season. The fruiting time of some species is limited to a single month in a given region which in warmer or colder parts may be shifted a month forward or backward as the case may be. For the benefit of local workers who are interested in out-of- door excursions, we will enumerate a few of the cup-fungi which * An illustrated volume on the Cup-Fungi of North America is in course of preparation by the writer and to this end, specimens, photographs or data bearing on the occurrence and distribution of any of the species will be gladly received, as well as the names of any who might be interested in securing such a volume when completed. Fy 18 may be expected during the different periods of the year. These usually occur in shaded places in woods, in the borders of woods, or more rarely in open places. EARLY SPRING SPECIES The scarlet cup (Sarcoscypha coccinea) is one of the first to appear in the spring as soon as the frost is out of the ground. The cups grow from sticks in the woods and are externally whitish with the interior scarlet-red and reach a diameter of one or two inches. Like some of the early spring flowers if the season is sufficiently open the scarlet cup may rarely be found in the late autumn apparently in anticipation of the springtime. The black urn (Urnula Craterium) like the preceding occurs early in the spring from March to May or rarely extending over to June. It first appears in the form of a row of black fingers growing from partially buried sticks. Later these club-shaped bodies open and expand into the form of an urn suggesting the above name. The fruiting bodies when mature are two or three inches across and supported by a stout stem. The tuberous cup-fungi (Sclerotinia tuberosa and Sclerotinia Geranit) have been collected together in the same restricted region for a number of years, their fruiting season being limited to April and May. The appearance of the two named species can be predicted in that place next spring with as much certainty as the appearance of any of the flowering plants which persist in the ground from year to year. The spring mushroom (Morchella esculenta) or “Honey earnie mushroom as it is sometimes called makes its appearance in this section almost exclusively in the month of May, although it may come in April a little further south. All of the specimens seen from New York State were collected in May. This species may also be found year after year in the same place and is one of the most important edible species of cup-fungi. LATE SPRING OR SUMMER SPECIES Closely related to the large scarlet cup which appears so early in the spring are the hairy cup and the smaller western form of the scarlet cup (Sarcoscypha floccosa and Sarcoscypha occidentalis). In sharp contrast to the scarlet cup these forms occur from May 19 to July or August and like their larger relative attract much attention because of their brilliant color. Occurring about the same time are the species of Aceftabula so called because of their resemblance to the ancient vinegar-cup whatever that may have been. The two forms shown in the accompanying plate (Acetabula sulcata and Acetabula vulgaris) are frequently collected but can scarcely be said to be common. The former is characterized by its fluted stem and the latter by the veins which adorn the exterior of the cups. The saddle fungi occur in the late spring and extend through until autumn. In these types the fruiting body consists of a stem with a cap which is inclined to assume the form of a saddle suggesting the name. The white saddle-fungus (Helvella crispa), shown on plate, is often encountered. The brain fungus (Gyromitra esculenia) also shown on the accompanying plate is closely related to the former and is often treated in the same genus. The cap in this form is convoluted into brain-like folds. As the name implies the species is edible, as are most of the cup-fungi. The orange cup (Aleuria aurantia) although often seen in the spring is far more abundant in September and October. This species may be easily recognized by the decidedly orange colored cups reaching a diameter of one to two inches. The revolute cup (Peziza repanda), shown on the plate, may be found during the summer and autumn on rotten logs and stumps. The cups become very large often several inches in diameter and flatten out, often with the margin turned back. AUTUMN SPECIES While many species extend through to the autumn a number are distinctly fall species. Among these is the shield-shaped species (Peziza clypeaia) which may be found on rotten logs from September until November or until freezing weather interferes with its growth. This species has been collected by the writer on the same log for a number of years in succession, always oc- curring at about the same time in the autumn. 20 A cluster of cup-fungi (Sclerotinia) puffing their spores. SPORE DISPERSAL One of the most interesting phenomena in connection with this group of fungi is that of the puffing of their spores. The spores in this type of fungus are borne in sacs, for the most part cylin- drical, and usually eight in each sac or ascus. These are held: under tension. At the slightest atmospheric disturbance, thousands or perhaps millions of these sacs discharge their contents into the air where the minute spores appear like a cloud: of dust and are borne away by the slightest breeze. Through the courtesy of Cornell University, I am permitted to reproduce the rather remarkable photograph made by Mr. Fisher, photographer for the Department of Plant Pathology of that institution. Anyone collecting cup-fungi will be able to observe the smoking or puffing of their spores. EXPLANATION OF PLATE . Spring or honeycomb mushroom, Morchella esculenta. . Fluted Acetabula, Acetabula sulcata. . White saddle-fungus, Helvella crispa. . Common Acetabula, Acetabula vulgaris. . Brain-fungus, Gyromutra esculenta. . Revolute cup, Peziza repanda AunfPwWN TORREYA VoL. 24, PLATE 2 22 THE FLORA OF THE TOWN OF SOUTH@ED; LONG ISLAND AND GARDINER’S ISLAND, : | NEW YORK STEWART H. BURNHAM AND Roy A. LATHAM Fourth Supplementary List* INSECT GALLS Neuroterus noxiosus Bass.—Leaves of Quercus Prinus at Greenport; determined by Dr. M. D. Leonard. Phyllocoptes quadripes Shim.—Leaves of Acer rubrum at Greenport; determined by Dr. Leonard. MY XOMYCETES Badhamia rubiginosa (Chev.) Rost.—Old leaves; determined by Prof. John Dearness. Clathroptychium rugulosum (Wallr.) Rost.—Orient on bark of Juniperus vir- giniana; determined by Prof. Dearness. Cribraria rufa (Roth) Rost.—Old wood at Southold; determined by Prof. Dearness. Hemitrichia vesparium (Batsch) Macbr.—Greenport; determined by Prof. Dearness. Stemonitis splendens Rost.—Rich woods on rotten wood at Greenport; deter- mined by Prof. Dearness. BURT MEE AE Lithothamnion polymorphum (L.) Aresch.—On stones in the Sound at Orient; determined by Dr. R. W. Miner. PHYCOMYCETES Aspergillus candidus Link—Orient on dead plants; determined by Prof. Dearness. Peronospora Arthurii Farl—On Oenothera, Southold; determined by Prof. Dearness. ASCOMYCETES (excluding PYRENOMYCETES) Aleuria repanda (Pers.) Gill—Inside woodpecker’s hole of an apple tree at Greenport; determined by Prof. Dearness. Ascobolus Crouant Boud.—Old stems of Brussels Sprouts, Brassica oleracea gemmtifera at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. * The Preliminary flora was published in Torreya 14: 201-225, Nov. 1914 and 229-254, Dec. 1914. The First Supplementary list was published in Torreya 17: 111-122, July 1917. The Second Supplementary list was published in Torreya 21: 1-11, Jan.—Feb. 1921 and 28-33, March-April 1921. The Third Supplementary list was published in Torreya 23: 3-9, Jan.—Feb. 1923 and 25-31, March-April 1923. 23 Cudoniella marcida (Miill.) Sace.—The note in the Third Supplementary list was published in Dr. C. G. Lloyd’s Mycol. Notes 68: 1182, fig. 2387. Jan. 1923. Helvella elastica Bull.—Earth in dry woods at Mattituck; determined by Dr. C. G. Lloyd. Leotia chlorocephala Schw.—Earth in dry woods at Laurel; determined by Dr. Lloyd and reported in Mycol. Notes 69: 1188. July 1923. Orbilia vinosa (A. & S.) Karst. Dead twigs ina swamp at Laurel; determined by Dr. Chas. E. Fairman. Phialea Aspegrenii (Fr.) Gill.—Old twigs in rich woods at Mattituck; deter- mined by Prof. Dearness. Pyrenopeziza subatra (C. & P.) Sace.—On Solidago at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. PYRENOMYCETES Caryospora Putamium (Schw.) DeNot.—On peach, Prunus Persica pits at Orient; determined by Dr. Fairman. Chaetomium elatum Wuntze—On Quercus velutina at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Diaporthe Baccharidis (Cke.) Sacc.—On Baccharis halimifolia; determined by Prof. Dearness. Diaporthe oncostoma (Duby) Fckl.—On Aimelanchier canadensis at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Diatrype asterostoma B. & C.—On Amelanchier at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Diatrype bullata (Hoffm.) Fr.—On Acer platanoides at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Diatrype fibritecta C. & E.—Orient on dead branches of Juniperus virginiana lying on the ground; determined by Prof. Dearness, who says, “‘a fine thing.”’ Diairype Maclurae E. & E.—On Rhus Toxicodendron, var. radicans at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Erysiphe graminis DC.—On wheat, Triticum aestivum at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Eutypa ludibunda Sacc.—On Gleditsia triacanthos at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Eutypella constellata (B. & C.) E. & E..—Greenport on Carya glabra; determined by Prof. Dearness. Eutypella glandulosa (Cke.) E. & E.—On Ailanthus glandulosa at Mattituck; determined by Prof. Dearness. Hypomyces chrysospermus Tul.—The conidial form Sepedonium on Boletus; determined by Dr. Lloyd and reported in Mycol. Notes 69: 1188. July 1923. Hystertum angustatum A. & S.—Orient on twigs of Crataegus Crus-galli; de- termined by Prof. Dearness. Hysterographium Mori (Schw.) Rehm, var. Gerardi C. & P.—On Prunus serotina at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. 24 Hysterographium Putamium (Cke.) Sacc.—On pits of Prunus maritima at Southold; determined by Dr. Fairman, who says, “a rare species.” Lophodermium arundinaceum Chev., var. culmigenum (Fr.) Fckl.—Mostly Leptostromella hysterioides Sacc. On Triticum aestivum at Mattituck; determined by Prof. Dearness. Melanconiella Decoraensis (Ellis) Sacc.—‘“‘ Dead branches of Betula populifolia Marsh., Orient, Long Island, Roy Latham, March 1919. De- termined by Dearness.’”’ N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 85. Issued May 15, 1923. Metasphaeria defodiens (Ellis) Sacc.—Stems of Juncus dichotomus, Southold; determined by Prof. Dearness, who says, “‘near this’ species. “The only record I know for this is Iona, N. J.” Phyllachora Agrostidis Orton—‘‘On leaves of Agrostis alba. Orient, Long Island, Roy Latham, no. 610, October 18, 1914. Determined by Dr. C. R. Orton.” N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: g1. Issued May 15, 1923. Phyllachora puncta (Schw.) Orton—“Leaves of Panicum Wrightianum, Southold, Latham, no. 611, November 4, 1914. Determined by Dr. C. R. Orton.’’ N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 92. Issued May 15, 1923. Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst.—Leaves of Betula populifolia at Greenport; determined by Prof. Dearness. Physalospora thyoides (C. & E.) Sacc.—On Juniperus virginiana at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Rosellina albolanata E. & E.—On Quercus velutina; determined by Dr. Fairman. Trematosphaeria pertusa (Pers.) Fckl.—Pits of Burbank plum, Prunus trifolia x; determined by Dr. Fairman. Valsa Hoffmanni Nke.—Greenport on Crataegus Crus-galli; determined by Dr. Fairman. Valsa leucostoma (Pers.) Fr.—Orient on Malus; determined by Prof. Dear- ness. Valsa obtecta C. & E.—On Clethra alnifolia at Laurel; determined by Prof. Dearness. Xylaria apiculata Cke.—Bark of living oak at Greenport; determined by Dr. Fairman, who says, ‘‘According to Lloyd. In Rehm Asco- mycetes, No. 1912, a similar thing is called X. arbuscula Sacc., var. biceps Speg.”’ Xylaria brasiliensis (Theiszen)—The note in the Third Supplementary list was published in Dr. Lloyd’s Mycol. Notes 68: 1175, fig. 2338. Jan. 1923. HYPOMYCETES Alternaria Solani (E. & M.) Jones & Grout—On Solanum tuberosum, common; determined by Prof. Dearness. Cercospora Symplocarpi Pk.—On Symplocarpus foetidus at Greenport; deter- mined by Prof. Dearness. Cercospora varia Pk.—On Viburnum dentatum at Greenport; determined by Prof. Dearness. - 25 Cladosporium epimyces Cke.—On Pleurotus ostreatus at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Helminthosporium obclavatum Sacc.—Orient on Juniperus virginiana; deter- mined by Prof. Dearness. Heterosporium gracile (Wallr.) Sace.—Orient on Jris; determined by Prof. Dearness. Isaria farinosa (Dicks.) Fr.—On pupa in rich woods at Mattituck. Deter- mined by Dr. Fairman, who says, “It is probably the var. prolifero-ramosa of Saccardo, though I have not seen this and have no record of its finding in this country.” Ramularia Plantaginis Ell. & Mart.—Orient on Plantago Rugeili; determined by Prof. Dearness. Septocylindrium aromaticum Sacc.—Southold on Acorus Calamus; determined by Prof. Dearness. Stilbum erythrocephalum Ditm.—Orient on droppings of chickens; determined by Dr. Fairman. Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link—On stems of Akebia quinata at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Tubercularia rosea Schreb.—Illosporiwm roseum (Schreb.) Mart. Orient on pine wood. Determined by Dr. Lloyd, who says, ‘ Tuber- culavia rosea from Roy Latham, New York. We name this only as a guess or rather two guesses. First, that it answers the ‘description,’ habits, etc., of Dacryomyces roseus as named by Fries, and second, that Dacryomyces roseus is really a Tuber- cularia. All these little gelatinous plants were called Dacry- emyces or Tremella by the old namers who did not examine them with the microscope. It is a very small rose-colored tremellaceous cushion growing on a mossy substratum which fits ‘Dacryomyces roseus.’ That is about all I think anyone knows about it.”” Reported in Mycol. Notes 69: 1211. July 1923 as “ Note 1180.” MELANCONIALES Gloeosporium fructtgenum Berk.—Old fruit of Pyrus communis at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. A stage of Glomerella cingulata (Atks.) S. & S. Myxosporitum subviride E. & E.—Greenport on Betula; determined by Prof. Dearness. SPHAEROPSIDEAE A posphaeria nucicola E. & E.—Orient on nuts of Carya glabra; determined by Dr. Fairman. A posphaeria Putamium (Speg.) Sace.—Pits of German prune, Prunus domes- tica at Orient; determined by Dr. Fairman. Ascochyta Diantht (A. & S.) Berk.—Orient on Dianthus Armeria; determined by Prof. Dearness. Ascochyta Philadelphi Sacc. & Speg.—On Philadelphus coronarius, Laurel, no. 1137; determined by Dr. Fairman, who requested that the 26 following notes be published. ‘‘Ascochyta Philadelpht Sacc. & & Speg.? Pycnidia scattered, subepidermal becoming erump- ent, globose depressed, centrally ostiolate, of delicate pseudo pycnidial structure, brown or black, about 200y in diam.; spores numerous, ellipsoid, rounded at the ends, at first con- tinuous and unconstricted, becoming with age uniseptate and slightly constricted at the middle, greenish hyaline, 7.5 X 3-5u. On living or languishing stems of Philadelphus sp. Laurel, N. Y. This is probably the stem form of the above species. The specimens are in a young condition and show mostly Phoma-like spores.” Ascochyta Pisi Lib.—Mattituck on Vicia; determined by Prof. Dearness. Camarosporium Berkleyanum (Lev.) Sacc.—On Ailanthus glandulosa, Mat- tituck; determined by Prof. Dearness. Camarosporium sub- Jenestratum (B. & C.) Sacc. of some botanists. Dinemasporium hispidulum (Schrad.) Sacc., var. herbarum Cke.—Stems of Thalictrum revolutum at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Discosia Artocreas (Tode) Fr. (Discosia faginea Lib.)—Greenport on leaves of Fagus grandifolia; determined by Prof. Dearness. Discula Platani (Pk.) Sacc.—Orient on branches of Platanus occidentalis; determined by Prof. Dearness. Haplosporella Bignoniae (Schw.) Starb.—On Tecoma radicans at Orient; de- termined by Dr. Fairman. Haplosforella Dulcamara Dearn. & House—‘‘On dead stems of Solanum Dulcamara \.., Sandlake, Rensselaer County, Dr. C. H. Peck (Type), year not indicated. Orient, Long Island, Roy Latham, 1916. ...” N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 75. Issued May 15, 1923. Hendersonia Desmaziert Mont.—Orient on Platanus occidentalis; determined by Prof. Dearness. Leptostroma herbarum (Fr.) Link—Laurel on Dioscorea villosa; determined by Prof. Dearness. Leptostroma Pinastri Desm.—Needles of Pinus rigida and P. Strobus, through- out the region; determined by Prof. Dearness. Phoma glandicola (Desm.) Lev.—On insect galls on Quercus alba at Greenport; determined by Dr. Fairman. Phoma Mariae Clinton—Orient on Lonicera japonica; determined by Prof. Dearness. Phoma subcircinata E. & E.—Pods of Phaseolus lunatus at Cutchogue; deter- mined by Dr. Fairman. Phema Syringae B. & C.—Orient on Syringa vulgaris; determined by Prof. Dearness. ; Phomopsis depressa (Lev.) Trav.—Orient on Syringa vulgaris; determined by Dr. Fairman. Phomopsis epicarpa Sacc.—Pods of Robinia Pseudo-Acacia at Orient; deter- mined by Dr. Fairman. Phyllosticta Amaranthi Ell. & Kell.—Laurel on Acnida tubcrculata; determined by Prof. Dearness, who says that he is ‘“‘not aware that this has been collected on Acnida before.” 27 Phyllosticta Lappae Sacc.—Orient on Arctium minus; determined by Prof. Dearness. Phyllosticta latifoliae E. & FE, —Greenport on Kalmia latifolia; determined by Prof. Dearness. Phyllosticta Nyssac Cke.—Greenport on Nyssa sylvatica; determined by Prof. Dearness. Phyllosticta smilacina (Pk.) Dearn.—(Sphaeropsis smilacina Pk.)—On leaves of Smilax at Southold and Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Septoria carpogena E. & E.—Old fruit of Celtis occidentalis at Mattituck; de- termined by Dr. Fairman. Septoria Celtis-gallae Gerard—Old galls on Celtis occidentalis at Mattituck; determined by Dr. Fairman. Septoria lepidiicola Ell. & Mart.—On Lepidium at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Sphaeronema clethrincolum Ell.—Greenport on Clethra alnifolia; determined by Prof. Dearness. Sphaeropsis Betulae Cke., var. lutea Dearn. & House—On Betula populifolia at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. The variety on dead branches of Betula lutea is described in N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 79. Issued May 15, 1923. Sphaeropsis Cydoniae C. & E.—Orient on Cydonia japonica; determined by Prof. Dearness. Sphaeropsis pericarpit Pk.—On nut of Carya glabra at Orient; determined by Dr. Fairman. Sphaeropsis Sassafras C. & E.—Orient on Sassafras; determined by Prof. Dearness. Sphaeropsis simillima Pk.—On Acer rubrum and Acer platanoides at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. USTILAGINACEAE Ustilago sphaerogena Burr.—Orient on Echinochloa Walteri; determined by Dr. H. S. Jackson. PUCCINIACEAE Aecidium A pocynit Schw.—On A pocynum androsaemifolium at Mattituck; de- termined by Dr. Jackson. Cronartium cerebrum (Pk.) Hedge. & Long—Peconic on Pinus rigida; deter- mined by Prof. Dearness. Cronartium comptoniae Arth.—Southold on Pinus rigida; determined by Dr. Jackson. Earlia speciosa (Fr.) Arth.—Cutchogue on Rosa blanda; determined by Dr. Jackson. (Phragmidium speciosum (Fr.) Cke.) Puccinia Andropogonis Schw.—On Chelone glabra at Greenport; determined by Dr. Jackson. Puccinia angustata Pk.—On Lycopus virginicus at Greenport; determined by Dr. Jackson. Puccinia asperifolii (Pers.) Wettst.—On Secale cereale, common; determined by Dr. Jackson. 28 Puccinia Asterum (Schw.) Kern—Orient on Dulichium arundinaceum; deter- ’ mined by Prof. Dearness. Puccinia Fraxinata (Link) Arth.—On Fraxinus americana at Greenport and Southold; determined by Dr. Jackson. Puccinia Hibisciatum (Schw.) Kell.—Orient on Muhlenbergia sylvatica; deter- mined by Dr. Arthur. Puccinia Iridis (DC.) Wallr.—Common on Iris versicolor at Orient and Green- port; determined by Dr. Arthur. Puccinia pustulatum (Curtis) Arth.—Orient on Andropogon scoparius; deter- mined by Prof. Dearness. Uredinopsis nitrabilis (Pk.) Magnus—“‘11, 111, on fronds of Onoclea sensibilis L., Gardiner’s Island, Roy Latham, August 1919. On fronds of Lorinseria areolata (L.) Presl., [Woodwardia areolata| at Green- port, Latham, August 1920. The aecial stage (Peridermium balsameum Peck) occurs on Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.; a host tree, not known to occur on Long Island. It has been collected by Peck on Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl., |[Woodwardia virginica] at Manor, Long Island.” N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 85. Issued May 15, 1923. Uromyces Hedysari-paniculati (Schw.) Farl.—‘‘On leaves of Mezbomia Duil- lenit (Darl.) Ktze., [Desmodium Dillenii| at Bay View, town of Southold, Long Island, Roy Latham, August 21.’ (Nzgredo Hedysari-paniculatt (Schw.) Arth.). N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 85. Issued May 15, 1923. Uromyces seditiosus ern—Laurel on Aristida tuberculosa; determined by Dr. Jackson who says, “‘new to New York state.’’ Also determined by Prof. Dearness. TREMELLACEAE Tremella lutescens Pers.—Old wood at Orient; determined by Dr. Lloyd. DACRYOM YCETACEAE Dacryomyces deliquescens (Bull.) Duby—On Juniperus virginiana at Orient; determined by Dr. Lloyd. “Note 1181—Dacryomyces deli- quescens from Roy Latham, New York. This soaks out pale yellow and is Dacryomyces deliquescens of American mycology. This collection is the conidial condition and has abundant small globose, hyaline spores about 4 mic. in diameter and borne in chains. It has developed since I have been in Europe and Buller’s second volume has appeared that this is not Dacryomyces deliquescens of English tradition and of Buller’s book. The curious oidium spores of the English plant which are first shown in Buller’s book to be on separate bodies from the basidia bearing spore bodies are entirely different from these spores. I do not believe we have the English plant with us, though both countries apply the name Dacryomyces deliquescens to their respective plants. In English tradition (started by Berkeley) this oidium form which is deep orange is called Dacryomyces 29 stellatus ‘Nees.’ That is a taxonomic mistake, for the Neesian plant was shown with furcate basidia and it is the common species of Sweden better called Dacryomyces alietinus"’ Mycol. Notes 69: 1211. July 1923. Dacryomyces minor Pk.—The note in the Third Supplementary list was pub- lished in Mycol. Notes 67: 1161. July 1922, as “ Note 1130.” Dacryomyces sp.—‘A minute Dacryomyces from Roy Latham, New York. Mr. Latham sends us decorticate wood, ‘a very minute Tremella- like plant.’ Mr. Latham has good eyes, for I cannot see it even with a hand lens, neither dried nor soaked. But a scrap- ing under the microscope shows a definite little species of Dacryomyces, typical as to basidia and appearance, but no spores found. Its color is pale yellow. Iam afraid it is too small to name, though formidable Latin names are applied to more minute plants.’’ Reported by Dr. Lloyd in Mycol. Notes 69: 1218. July 1923. THELEPHORACEAE Stereum lobatum (Kuntze) Fr.—Stereum versicolor Fr. of the Preliminary list and Stereum fasciatum Schw. of the First Supplementary list should be referred to this species. POLY PORACEAE Fomes lucidus (Leyss.) Fr.—On Acer rubrum at Greenport; determined by Dr. Lloyd, and listed in Mycol. Notes 69: 1188. July 1923. Polyporus circinatus Fr.—Earth in dry woods at Mattituck; listed in Lloyd’s Mycol. Notes 69: 1188. July 1923. Polyporus cristatus (Pers.) Fr.—Greenport on Quercus alba; listed in Lloyd’s Mycol. Notes 67: 1161. July 1922. Polyporus Spraguet B. & C.—“‘Note 1109. Polyporus Spraguei from Roy Latham, New York. My first impression was that this was not Spraguei for I associate a hard, rigid context with the species and this is rather soft and crumbly. I do not find any other difference, however, and to eye it is exactly Spraguet.’’ Lloyd's Mycol. Notes 67: 1161. July 1922. Polystictus focicola B. & C.—The note in the Third Supplementary list was published in Mycol. Notes 67: 1164. July 1922, as “Note ital Polystictus perennis (L.) Fr.—Greenport. Listed in Lloyd’s Mycol. Notes 69: 1188. July 1923. Poria flavescens (Schw.) Cke.—Orient on Juniperus virginiana; determined by Dr. E. A. Burt. Poria viticola (Schw.) Cke.—Orient on Platanus occidentalis and Greenport on Lyonia ligustrina; determined by Prof. Dearness. Trametes protracta Fr.—Gardiner’s Island on log of Pinus rigida; listed in Lioyd’s Mycol. Notes 69: 1188. July 1923. Trametes pusilla L.loyd.—The note in the Third Supplementary list was pub- lished in Mycol. Notes 69: 1207. July 1923, as ‘Note 1148.” 30 AGARICACEAE Lenzites. betulina (L.) Fr.—Greenport on Quercus stellata; determined by Dr. Lloyd who says, “Your specimen is what is called [Lenzites] flaccida (Bull.) Fr.” Mycena haematopa Berk.—Coniferous wood at Orient; determined by Prof. Dearness. Pleurotus approximans Pk.—Orient on Baccharis halimifolia; determined by Prof. Dearness. Pleurotus niger Schw.—“‘ Note 1179. Pleurctus niger from Roy Latham, New York. This would have been of much interest to me years ago, when I was working on agarics. I could never understand why I never found Pleurotus niger while the similar little Pleurotus striatulus was so frequent. Pleurotus niger is truly a black plant with black gills and globose, hyaline 4 mic. spores. The gill margins have large white cystidia (or crystals perhaps).”’ Lloyd’s Mycol. Notes 69: 1211. July 1923. Psilocybe uda (Pers.) Fr.—Sphagnum at Greenport; determined. by Prof. Dearness. LICHENES Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) Arn., var. discolor (Willey), n. comh.—Orient on Juniperus virginiana, April 25, I910 and January 9, I9I1; determined by Dr. Bruce Fink. Reported in the Preliminary list as Lecanora (§ Callopisma) ferrugineum discolor (Willey). (Placodium ferrugineum discolor Willey). Ramalina Willeyi Howe—Orient on Juniperus virginiana, October I, 1914; determined by Dr. R. Heber Howe, Jr. HEPATICAE Cephaloziella byssacea (Roth) Warnst.—Laurel; determined by Dr. Geo. H. Conklin. MUSCI Dicranum montanum Hedw.—Base of trees in swamp at Greenport; deter- mined by Mr. Geo. B. Kaiser. Eurhynchium rusciforme (Neck.) Milde—Gardiner’s Island, rocks in a wood- land stream; determined by Mr. Kaiser. Orthotrichum Schimpert Hamm.—Orient on Robinia Pseudo-Acacia. Orthotrichum strangulatum Sull., var.—Rock in woods at Gardiner’s Island. Platygyrium repens (Brid.) B. & S.—Base of trees at Greenport; determined by Mr. Kaiser. PTERIDOPHYTA Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh—Orient Point, September 2, 1910. SPERMATOPHYTA Potamogeton foliosus Raf.—In a pond at Mattituck; determined at Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington. 31 Potamogeton hybridus Sheld.—In a pond at Southold; determined at Bureau of Plant Industry. Festuca Shortii Kunth—The specimen reported in the Third Supplementary list from wet woods at Mattituck; should be referred to Festuca nutans Spreng. Glyceria canadensis (Mx.) Trin.—Swamp at Mattituck; determined by Mrs. Agnes Chase. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe—Laurel; determined by Mrs. Chase. Panicum Wrightianum Scribn.—Southold, the host of Phyllachora puncta. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 92. Issued May 15, 1923. Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard—Sandy field at Laurel; determined by Mrs. Chase. Carex Howet Mackenzie—Greenport in low wet woods; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. Carex retroflexa Muhl.—Gardiner’s Island in dry woods; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. Xyris caroliniana Walt.—Sandy swamp at Laurel, August 17, 1923. Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & Gray—Peconic in low grassy fields; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. Juglans nigra L.—One large tree in woods at Mattituck. Chenepodium murale L.—Orient in waste ground; determined at N. Y. Botan- ical Garden. Amaranthus caudatus L..—Occasional as a weed in cultivated and waste grounds at Orient; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. Spergularia canadensis (Pers.) Don—‘ Alsine canadensis (Pers.) House; (Are- naria canadensis Pers.; Spergularia borealis Robinson)—A species : of the northern shores of eastern America, which appears to reach its southern limit of distribution on Shelter Island, op- posite Greenport, where collected by Dr. C. H. Peck in 1871 (State Herbarium).’”’ N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 57. Issued May 15, 1923. Nymphozanthus advena (Ait.) Fernald—Swamp at Laurel, August 16, 1923. Ranunculus laxicaulis (T. & G.) Darby—Mattituck in a swamp, September I, 1923. Arabis lyrata L.—Cultivated fields at Orient; determined at Bureau of Plant Industry. Potentilla recta L.—Sandy fields at Laurel, July 16, 1923: and Orient, June 20, 1923. Linum medium (Planch.) Britton—Dry woods at Southold; determined at Bureau of Plant Industry. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel.—Sandy shore of a large pond at Southold, August 20, 1923. Cornus Amomum L.—‘‘Border of swamp near Orient. Roy Latham, Sep- tember 2.’ N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 57. Issued May 15, 1923. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Fernald—In a pond at Southold, August 20, 1923. Echium vugare L.—Laurel in old pastures; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. 32 Mentha citrina Ehrh.—Greenport in waste places; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. ; Limosella aquatica L., var. tenuifolia (Wolf.) Pers.—Fishers Island, no. 743. September 15, 1891. Rev. J. L. Zabriskie. Jasione montana L..—Sandy fields and roadsides at Laurel, August 17, 1923; determined at Bureau of Plant Industry. Artemisia Absinthium L.—Roadsides and waste plates at Greenport; deter- mined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. Coreopsis rosea Nutt.—Sandy swamp at Laurel, August 16, 1923. Eupatorium album L.—Sandy fields at Laurel; determined at Bureau of Plant Industry. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet—Rich open woods at Mattituck, July 3, 1923. The plants not quite typical, some of the plants having leaves little rougher than usual. Lactuca canadensis L., var. montana Britton—Cutchogue and Orient. Re- ported in the Secona Supplementary list as Lactuca canadensis, var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray; which included Lactuca canaden- sis, var. montana Britton and Lactuca sagittifolia Ell. of the Preliminary list. A revised description of this variety is given by Dr. H. D. House, in N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 243-244: 58. Issued May 15, 1923. ‘‘Leaves thin, acuminate, pale beneath, tapering to a sessile sagittate-clasping base, the lower ones sparingly sinuate-toothed toward the base, the upper ones all entire; stem glabrous and glaucous; achenes black, oval, flat- tened, one-nerved on each face, finely pitted and transversely wrinkled, the beak about equal to the body of the achene in length; pappus white; flowers apparently yellow. “This is doubtless the plant reported by Burnham and Latham (Torreya 14: 252. 1914) as L. sagititfolia Ell., which is not uncommon in southern New York. The plants here de- scribed were collected by Roy Latham, at Cutchogue, town of Southold, and presented to the state herbarium.” Xanthium italicum Mor.—Locally common in cultivated and waste grounds at Greenport; determined at N. Y. Botanical Garden. This supplementary list brings the total number of species reported by the authors from the town of Southold to:—Insect Galls, 95; Slime-molds, 20; Algae, 102; Fungi, 928; Lichens, 127; Hepatics, 32; Mosses, 111; Ferns, 37; Flowering Plants, 1160. 33 BOOK REVIEW LINNAEUS* The present volume, the most complete life of the ‘‘ Father of Modern Botany” in English, represents the efforts of two men admirably fitted for the work. The late Professor Fries was professor of botany at Upsala, had control of the old botanic garden with Linnaeus’ house, and was the first administrator of the home at Hammerby after it became the property of the state. He had access to all the university records of the years when Linnaeus was a student and professor as well as to all the correspondence and coliections. In addition he had been an admirer of his great predecessor since childhood. Dr. Jackson who has adapted and translated the life is the general secretary of the Linnean Society of London and has written numerous articles on Linneaus and his herbarium. The reader follows the life of the child who was quieted with a flower when fretful, through the boyhood days and away to college, travels with him through Lapland and goes down to Holland to share in the recognition and honor given the young botanist. Later he returns with him to Sweden and watches him in his university and home life. The descriptions are complete and make the reader feel the charm of the man. Fol- lowing the story of the life of Linnaeus come chapters on his authorship and correspondence, the benefactors and friends, his family relations, his scientific importance. The book is con- siderably condensed from the two volumes by Fries and some new material has been added. Some stories long current, such as the quarrel with Rosen, have been investigated and shown to be largely fables with a slight basis of fact. Regarding the statement that Linnaeus named stately and beautiful plants after his friends, insignificant and ugly ones after his enemies, it is remarked that Linnaeus considered no plants insignificant or ugly. It is interesting after reading of how many men, professors in the University, eminent botanists of the time, or great merchants with a love of plants helped the young student and gave him opportunity for study and for collecting to see * Benjamin Dayton Jackson, Linnaeus, The Story of his Life, Adapted from the Swedish of Theodore Magnus Fries, pp. I-xv, 1-416. H.F.&G. Wetherby, London, 1923. Price 25s. 34 how he in turn helped the young men who came to him when he became a teacher. How he took them into his home, raised funds for their support or to enable them to travel, how above all else he inspired them with a love of all phases of nature. From first to last the impression is made of the vigor of the man and the amount of detailed work he accomplished. While the book is in general well written it is marred in places by crudity of expression, apparently literal translations from the Swedish. It would have helped in following the travels on the map if the names in the text and on the map had been spelled alike. There are reproductions of paintings of Linnaeus at different periods and of the homes he occupied. The book gives many facts never before published in English, is as complete as a biography can well be, but is especially valuable because of the way in which Linnaeus is made to live for the reader. G. T. HASTINGS PROCEEDINGS OF FHE CLUB MEETING OF NOVEMBER 14, 1923 This meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History. The program of the evening consisted of a lecture by Mr. Carl Bannwart on “Great Men and their Attitude toward Trees,’ which was copiously illustrated by beautiful lantern- slides and was accompanied by many quotations from ancient and modern literature. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Secretary MEETING OF NOVEMBER 28, 1923 The meeting of November 28 was held at the Museum of The N. Y. Botanical Garden. Miss Helen M. Carr, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., was elected to membership. The first paper on the scientific program was on “ Viability of Date Pollen” by Dr. A. B. Stout. The date palm is dioecious and the practice of growing only a few of the staminate trees and making artificial pollinations has been in vogue for many centuries. For use in pollination the Arabs often keep the pollen for one or more years, sometimes it is alleged, for as much as 39 fifteen years, and the practice of thus keeping the pollen from one year to another has been adopted by some of the date-growers in southern California and Arizona. During a recent residence in California, Dr. Stout found that in nutrient media freshly gathered pollen germinated very freely but could secure no germinations with samples of one-year-old pollen. Pollen col- lected in February showed some germinations as late as April 28. Dr. Stout’s paper will be published in the Journal of The New York Botanical Garden. The second paper of the program was by Dr. H. A. Gleason on “A Virgin Hardwood Forest in Northern Michigan.’ Dr. Gleason gave a general account of the composition of the beech- maple forest of that region. Besides beech and sugar maple, the forest also has a small proportion of hemlock, yellow birch, basswood, and elm. The ground vegetation, which must be adapted to life in the dim light prevailing beneath the dense forest canopy, consists chiefly of seedlings of these trees, with a hundred. or more herbaceous plants and shrubs. A detailed account of the structure of this forest association will be pub- lished elsewhere. Mrs. N. L. Britton exhibited a remarkable fasciated stem of Ailanthus and some leaves of the laurel, Kalmia latifolia, brought in by Mrs. George C. Wheeler from a northwestern part of Manhattan Island, where the shrub apparently still persists in a natural state. Dr. A. L. Gundersen spoke of noting on young Phellodendron trees in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden leaves in alternate whorls of three instead of the usual opposite arrangement. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Secretary MEETING OF DECEMBER II, 1923 The meeting of the above date was held at the American Museum of Natural History. The program consisted of an address by Mr. Norman Taylor on “The Vegetation of Montauk,” with lantern slide illustrations. An abstract furnished by the speaker follows: The lecture dealt, in not much more than outline, with the region covered by the lecturer’s paper which has been published 36 as the first part of volume two of the Memoirs of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. After an account of the early condition of the vegetation, as revealed by the agreements between the Indians and the first English settlers at Easthampton, considerable mention was made of the treeless condition of the peninsula, its grasslands, soils, and peculiar kettlehole topography. The wind which blows at greater velocities and with greater annual movement at Montauk than at any other point on the Atlantic coast, was considered as the chief limiting factor, and some account of atmometer readings on exposed and sheltered parts of the area was given. It was shown that where trees do persist they do not capture grassland to windward, but nearly always do to leeward, where their growth in diameter is nearly twice as rapid as in exposed situations. Actual transpiration figures are lacking, but it was suggested that further work on this point will be undertaken, with a view to the growing of selected plants in sealed containers, and getting hourly figures of water loss, together with instrumental records of the atmosphere, in all stages of the wind’s velocity. - This chiefly for the reason that such data are lacking, except for the experiments of Briggs and Shantz whose work was carried out under comparatively easy wind conditions, and for those of Leonard Hill on seedlings in England, where artificially induced wind of low velocity was tried. With winds of forty, fifty, and even sixty miles per hour, coupled with the usual midsummer drought, the effect on transpiration is profound. There are evidences everywhere at Montauk of this wind action, but in- strumental proof of it is thus far lacking. MarsHaLt A. HOWE, Secretary MEETING OF JANUARY 8, 1924 The meeting of the above date was held at the American Museum of Natural History. The following were elected to membership: Miss Anna G. Eggerdink, New York. Mr. Fred C. Metcalfe, Asbury Park, New Jersey. Two resignations were accepted, those of Mr. H. Nordheim and Prof. W. C. Twiss, both now removed to California. 37 The program of the evening was the usual one of the annual business meeting, consisting chiefly of reports of officers for the past year and election of officers for the ensuing year. The Secretary, Dr. M. A. Howe, reported that fifteen regular meetings of the Club had been held during the year with a total attendance of 338, an average of about 22.5 persons per meeting. 19 new members were elected in 1923; 8 members were lost, six by resignation and two by death. The present membership appears to be 293. The Treasurer, Miss Mary L. Mann, reported gross receipts of $4301.91, including a balance of $379.45 brought over from 1922. Disbursements amounted to $3359.38, leaving a cash balance of $942.53, to which may be added undrawn interest amounting to $154.36. The endowment funds total $3536.58, as at the end of the preceding vear. The Editor, Prof. A. W. Evans, reported that vol. 50 of the Bulletin contains 406 pages, exclusive of volume index, and 20 plates. The Editor of Torreya, Mr. George T. Hastings, reported the publication of six bimonthly numbers, aggregating 114 pages. The Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow, Honorary Custodian of the Local Herbarium of The N. Y. Botanical Garden, stated that accessions aggregating about 2,000 sheets of specimens had been received during the year. These and others are being arranged geographically by counties and alphabetically. The chairman of the Field Committee, Mr. A. T. Beals, re- ported that 35 field meetings were held, with attendances ranging from 57 to 2, and averaging 12. Among the plants of unusual interest collected on these expeditions were two orchids, Malaxis unifolia in the Catskills near Meads and Ophrys cordata at Bushkill, Pa. The officers elected for the ensuing year are given on the inside front cover of this issue. Votes of thanks for services rendered were extended to the retiring Editor, Dr. Evans, and to the retiring Secretary, Dr. Howe. MARSHALL A. Howe, Secretary Fg ne J , ' > A hr ys oe te Ms BA iGeeio ws PL) oi De Vataeot eet Li sl ‘3 cal P ai y - eae Bul , / ‘ 4)) me ee é sj f - ied a ot i oS ar P : J } £ - 5 ' “, | 1 s ‘s a bax | } { pes ‘ ' i Beet , ‘he ti 2 ee ‘ “i6 ix. & 7: hl y* e - LA5 a - = Tests Pi ' ; ‘ie wee a a (iGR.* ‘er va a s Othe Torrey Botanical Club Pgangetb tors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the nutnber of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. Reprints should be ordered, when galley stig is returiied to the editor. Re rates: ‘The Intelligencer Printing Co., Lancaster, , have furnished the following PNT ha | 4p. Spp: 12pp.| T6pp: 20pp.. 24pp.| ‘abpp. 32pp. 48pp. ean: Zid SER OUE G aa a ae ee Sa a ite copies $r. 40 $2.45(93.6518 4.42/98. 5.65] $6. 508 8,00/$ 8.45/$12.55/$15.90 50°" 1 1.65] .2.90), 4.25]. 5-10] 6.65}, 7.75) 9-40, 9.85] 14.15] 17-35 POY hc} th | 1.95] 3.35).4.85| 5.65} 7.60] | 8.75}. 10.45] 11.25} 15:65} 19.95 ‘100 2.25). 3.80) 5.35]. 6.35}, 8.25) 9.80}> 11.55) 12.45) 17.55) 22.05 AAG ot 2.70] 4.60) 6.50] 7:60] 10.20| 12.10] 14.20) 15.20] 21.35] 26.80 200,, °* 3.00} 5.05) 7.15] 8-35] 11.40) 13.50] 15.80, 16.85) 23.55| 29.60 R00)". "" 3.85 6.20, 9:20) 10.70) T4. 85] 17.55), 20.50) 21.05} 30.20) 37.40 Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 144c. each.’ Plates: 100 for $1.00 ° a a _ Finance Committee i - Committees for 1924, Field Committee RAIA, HARPER, Chairman. A.T. BEALS, Chairman. | Andy H. BARNHART E. P. BICKNELL. , \ Mies C. C. Haynes -SERENO STETSON | Budget Committee J. A. BARnwart, Chairman. Miss JEAN BROADHURST H. M. DENSLOW G. C. FISHER _. LUDLOW Griscom - Miss'E. M. 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Burlingham ‘ Cortinarius: R, A. Harper ~ Polyporeae: M. Levine “Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson \ Nieto eee F. J. Seaver Lichens: Sphaeriaceae; Dothideaceae: H.M. Richards Alypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu- berineae: F. J: Seaver Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed Sclerotium-forming Fungi: A.B.Stout Imperfecti; F. J. Seaver. Mel. T. Cook Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Myxomycetes: Yeast and Bacteria: Miss. J]. Broad- hurst Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol..49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, 24-47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. 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CONTENTS The Man-of-the-Earth or Wild Potato Vine: O. P: MEDSGER..........-. 39 Alpine Plants of Kashmir: Rap R. STEWART. 2). 23) 0 eee ee 41 : A Fossil Celtis from Colombia: EpwArp W. BERRY... ....-0..6.-0-05-. 44 Pune! at Woodstock: WA MurRIDL i. 300 77 i kt oe fens cee 47 ‘ Shorter Articles: Onobrychis onobrychis in the Eastern United States: JoHN K. Smate.. 48 ‘Ophioglossum hastatiforme not an Ophioglossum: E. W. Berry...... 49 » Mriicacen. tne Markets Web MCATER EO Oe ere ae Ne es 50 A Yellow Variation of Eustoma: T. D. A. CocKERELL...2.00.....23 50 Myrica carolinensis, new to Chester County, Pa.: ARTHUR P. KeLLEy.. S51 ware wwew, Combinations: [-C:ARTHURD.. 0. 2s Joe ee ee pe ~ Book Review: | Illick’s Pennsylvania Trees: O: E. JENNINGS... 200 0202-.2-4.-.20-5. 52 MONIEOUMING LES. N Aey ose Ba Saeco ay Setek anen eae PAE EO a 54 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB AT 8 WeEsT KING STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY » — Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1924 President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D, C. STUART GAGER, Pu#.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Pa.D. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Treasurer MARY LEE MANN, A.M. 171 Union St., Flushing, N: Y. Editor H. M. DENSLOW, Pp.D. Associate Editors A. Ff. BLAKESLEE, Pa.D. GEORGE T. HASTINGS, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pa.D. |. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu,D., Sc:D. H. A. GLEASON, Pu.D. M. LEVINE, Pu.D. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Pa:D.. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pa.D. Bibliographer FRED, J. SEAVER, Px.D. Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a vear, and Annual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its publications. TORREYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WiLb FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA ToORREYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, : twenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent thereof. Postai or express money orders and drafts or personal checks onNew York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received oniy for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. _Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 8 West King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Miss Mary Lee Mann, 171 Union St., Flushing, N.Y. ) Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed to GEORGE T. HASTINGS 2567 Sedgwick Ave. _ New York City. TORREYA Vol. 24 No. 3 May-June, 1924 THE MAN-OF-THE-EARTH OR WILD POTATO VINE OLIVER PERRY MEDSGER I wonder how many botanists have dug out a root or tried to dig out a plant of the Man-of-the-Earth or Wild Potato Vine, Ipomoea pandurata. ‘This vine belongs to the same genus as the Morning-glory and Sweet Potato, and is often quite common in old fields and along roadsides. It prefers a light, sandy, or gravelly soil, and ranges from Connecticut to Ontario and Michigan, on South to Florida and Texas. This vine is rather stout and smooth, from four to ten feet long, with heart-shaped or sometimes halbert or fiddle-shaped leaves, and large, white funnel-formed flowers with a deep purple eye. A few years ago, I undertook to dig out a root of this plant. A fine large vine was selected, but the root went so deep and the ground was so hard and dry that after an hour’s work, the task was given up. A year or two later, after a season of rainy weather, I again attempted to satisfy my curiosity and this time with better success. A good healthy plant was selected, with vines not more than six or seven feet long and in a situation where digging would be easy. From the surface of the earth, two root-like stems extended almost vertically into the ground for about a foot and then suddenly enlarged into a great fleshy root. The herbaceous vine dies each autumn, but the root remains in the ground year after year, the greater part of it being below the frost-line. Inthe early summer when the effect of the warm rays of the sun reaches this reservoir of food, a stem is quickly pushed up through the soil and the plant spreads its leaves and flowers to the light. After digging for two hours or longer, I had a conical hole five - feet in diameter and at least three feet deep, but the end of the 39 40 root was not yet reached. I took hold of it to see if 1t would loosen from the ground and the end broke off, as the illustration shows, leaving a small part of the root in the ground. The part shown in the photograph was about two and one-half feet long and weighed fifteen pounds. The Bush Morning-glory, /pomoea leptophylla, which grows on the plains just east of the Rocky Mountains from Nebraska to Texas, is said to have even a larger root, and that of Ipomoea Jalapa, a species of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast, is re- ported to frequently reach a weight of from forty to fifty pounds. Like the Sweet Potato, the roots of the Man-of-the-Earth are brittle and slightly milky when fresh, but unlike the former plant, there is only one root to the vine. I once saw an old orchard where the plants were numerous. The hogs running in the orchard learned that the great fleshy roots were sweet and edible. In order to get them, the hogs rooted large funnel- shaped holes often three feet deep. They fairly stood on their heads to get at the bottom of the roots. The Indians named this plant the Mecha-meck and without doubt it was a favorite food among them. They could easily roast the fleshy roots in the ashes of their camp-fires. Last September, I found many plants of this species in a vacant lot at Arlington, New Jersey. They grew among bushes, which they used as supports and became rather vigorous climbers, sometimes nearly covering shrubs five or six feet high. I dug out one of the roots. It weighed only a few pounds, but went more than three feet deep. Next season I want to try the edible qualities of the roots. The large white blossoms of this plant remain open through most of the forenoon and in cloudy weather, they often do not wilt until late in the day. The large hawk moths come to the blossoms in the evening and at night, but during the day they are visited by several species of bees. Prof. Robertson says it depends chiefly upon two species of bees for pollination—Eutech- nia taurea and Xenoglossa tpomoeae. I have also found bumble bees visiting the blossoms and a long-tongued burrowing bee known to insect men as Emphor bombiformis. The geographical range of this plant is probably much wider than that of most of the insects that visit the blossoms, therefore the insects that seek the flowers in Texas would probably not be the same species as those that come to it in Southern New England. 41 I am convinced that plants of the Man-of-the-Earth get very old. On my father’s farm in Southwestern Pennsylvania, a few plants grew in a field (the root shown above was from that group). For eighty years, the land was cultivated, alternating in corn, oats, wheat, and grass. When in sod, which was for only two or three years at a time, the plants would grow and bloom, but were not often seen when the cultivated crops were growing. The number of plants did not seem to increase or decrease as the years went by. Another plant grew on a bank by the roadside where year after year it came up and bloomed. It was there when I was a boy, and apparently the same plant, for there was but one, decorated the roadside the last time I went by the place. I would not be surprised if plants of this species sometimes live and bloom for half a century. Explanation of plate III Blossoms of Wild Potato Vine, Ipomoea pandurata. Photograph by O. P. Medsger. Root of Wild Potato Vine (resembles a petrified dog). Photograph by O. P. Medsger. LincoLn HiGH SCHOOL, JeRsEY City, NEw JERSEY. NEPINE sPEANTS: OF KASH MIR®= RateH R. STEWART Kashmir ts an Indian State in the North West Himalayas. It is all mountainous with the exception of the famous Vale of Kashmir, at an elevation of 5,500 feet, which may now be reached by a good motor road from Rawalpindi in the Punjab. During the past twelve years I have spent parts of seven summers collecting in Kashmir and am now working over the material in The New York Botanical Garden. The same four main zones that Rydberg found in the Rocky Mountains are to be found in Kashmir. The foothill zone is arid and the commonest tree is Pinus longifolia. In the lowest foothills there is a thorny scrub jungle with such trees as Acacia, Bauhinia and Pistachia and at the upper limit of the zone oaks are very common. * Abstract of a talk before the Torrey Botanical Club, January 30, 1924. TORREYA VOL. 24, PLATE 3 43 In the second or montane zone, Pinus excelsa is most common and in this region, especially in the deeper and better soils there are many deciduous hard woods such as Acer, Fraxinus, Rhus, Juglans, Pyrus Prunus, Celtis, Ulmus and Salix. This zone extends roughly from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. The most valuable tree is Cedrus deodara, closely related to the Cedar of Lebanon. The sub-alpine zone extends to about 12,000 feet and the most abundant tree is the Himalayan fir, Abies Pindrow. Asso- ciated with the fir and replacing it toward the tree line is the white birch, Betula utilis. The three Kashmir rhododendrons, the alpine junipers and willows are found near and above the birches. It is hard to give figures for the altitude of the alpine zone. In sheltered places the snow lies longer at 9,000 than it does at 12,000 feet elsewhere and so alpine plants are commonly found from 9,000 feet to the line of permanent snow which is between 14,000 and 15,000 feet on the Indian side of the Himalayas, and much higher on the Tibetan side. I have keen specially interested in the alpine and sub-alpine zones about the camping ground of Sonamarg in the Scinde Valley. The camping site is at 9,000 feet and the mountains are from 14,000 to 15,000 feet. There are a number of small glaciers and there is a good deal of permanent snow. Within five or six miles of camp I have gathered over 550 plants including ferns and flowering plants. The commonest orders and genera are familiar to botanists in the north temperate zone. The following have the most species: Ferns 28 Grasses 36 Sedges and Juncus 23 Buttercups 28 Crucifers 18 Caryophyllaceae 22 Peas 22 Rosaceae 35 Sedums, Saxifrages 17 Umbelliferae 19 Compositae 63 Primulas 5. Gentians 03 Borages 10 Scrophulariaceae 20 Labiatae 23 Polygonaceae 16 Conifers 7 Orchids 9 Liliaceae a The following genera are the commonest and have ten or more species in the area under review: Carex, Potentilla and Poly- 44 gonum. The following have five or more species: Asplenium, Poa, Juncus, Anemone, Corydalis, Viola, Stellaria, Astragalus, Cotoneaster, Saxifraga, Sedum, Lonicera, Valeriana, Artemisia, Senecio, Saussurea, Primula, Androsace, Gentiana, Veronica, Pedicularis, Nepeta, Salix and Allium. One of the most interesting plants is Arceuthobium minutis- simum, a tiny parasite belonging to the Loranthaceae which is able to kill pine trees. The most striking flower is the blue poppy, a Meconopsis. Megacarpea polyandra is a curious cru- cifer with many stamens. The edelweiss, Leontopodium al- pinum, is abundant. Primula reptans is so small that the flower is taller than the whole plant and is much larger than the leaves. A number of our common introduced American weeds are apparently indigenous, including mullein, yarrow, Capsella, Poa sp., Dactylis glomerata, fireweed, Galium aparine, Galinsoga, Plantago sp., Brunella and Leonurus. NEW YorRK CIty. A FOSSIL CELTIS FROM COLOMBIA EDWARD W. BERRY I am indebted to Dr. W. P. Woodring for the characteristic fossil fruit of an Eocene species of Celtis which is described in the following note. The specimen is of especial interest, not only because it represents the first fossil species of this genus, which is so abundant in the existing flora of South America, that has been found on that continent, but also because, unlike so many similar plant fossils that have come into my hands from South America, the geological age of the material is definitely known. I owe the specimen to the courtesy of the Tropical Oil Company. The specimen upon which the present species is based was collected by A. Iddings and R. L. Beckelhymer on the east side of a hill one mile west of Pijaquay, on the trail passing directly over the hill to Don Gabriel, in the Department of Bolivar, Colombia. It came from marine fossiliferous deposits deter- mined by Dr. Woodring, to be of middle Eocene age, that is, about the same age as the Claiborne group of our Gulf Coastal Plain, the Green River formation of the western Interior (Wy- 45 oming), and the Lutetian or Auversian stages of the standard European Eocene section. The present species can be exactly matched by the fruits of several existing species of this large genus, but its great age is undoubted proof that it represents a distinct and extinct botan- ical species, and it is therefore described as such. It may be called Celtis bolivarensis in allusion to the Department of Colombia where these Eocene deposits occur, which name in turn commemorates the great South American liberator. CELTIS BOLIVARENSIS Berry, n. sp. FIGs. I, 2 The species may be somewhat incompletely characterized as follows: Stone of a drupaceous fruit, of relatively small size, nearly spherical in form, shortly acuminate tipped distad. Polar diameter slightly longer than the equatorial diameter. Di- mensions: Length 5.5 mm., equatorial diameter 4 mm. in one direction and 5 mm. at right angles to the minimum diameter, the difference being probably due to a slight amount of deforma- tion during or subsequent to fossilization. There are four equally spaced smooth and slightly angular longitudinal areas dividing the stone into quadrants, and uniting to form the acuminate tip and the slight prominence at the chalazal pole. The surface of each quadrant is conspicuously pitted, though scarcely meriting the term rugose, by about twenty well distributed rounded de- pressions or pits. These vary somewhat in size and outline, and are separated by rounded ridges, which, however, do not pro- ject above the general surface of the stone. we 1 2 Celtis Lolivarensis Berry, n. sp. X 2 from the middle Eocene of Colombia. 46 -It may well be doubted if, in most cases, species of Celtis can be distinguished by means of the characters of the stones. This can be done in the case of some of the existing species, but is impossible in the case of others. The present species of Celtis is associated with a leguminous seed which it has not yet been possible to identify. The genus Celtis is a most interesting member of the family Ulmaceae, in fact the whole family bristles with problems of distribution and geologic history, and none of the genera surpass Celtis in this respect. As currently understood Celtis includes about eighteen fossil species ranging in age from Eocene to Pleistocene. The Eocene species are four in number and all are American. The Oligocene species are also four in number and are North American and south European. The rather numerous Miocene species are found in Europe and in North and South America. The Pliocene species are European and Asiatic. The Pleistocene species known to date are all North American and represent the section Euceltis of Planchon. The living species of Celtis number about 90 and are widely distributed and usually divided into four sections or sub-genera, namely: Euceltis, Sponioceltis, Solenostigma, and Momisia, which are sometimes considered and are probably entitled to genericrank. The present fossil species belongs to the sub-genus Momisia of Dumortier, which has about 25 existing species ranging from Texas to the Argentine, and with the genera Am- pelocera, Trema, being especially characteristic of the warmer parts of South America. Momisia appears to have invaded the southern United States from equatorial America along with the fossil flora that characterizes the middle and upper Eocene in that region. | In view of the impossibility of making fine discriminations from the fruits alone, the present fossil species is referred to Celtis, using that term in the wider sense. The majority of the existing species are mesophvtic types of humid regions, but several of the forms, notably Celtis occidentalis Linn., in our western states, and Celtis tala in the northern Argentine, survive very adverse conditions and aridity. JoHNns Hopkins UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE, Mb. 47 FUNGI AT WOODSTOCK, NEW YORK W. A. MurriLyu Dr. John A. Kingsbury, formerly Commissioner of Charities of New York, invited me to spend Labor Day with him and his family at their summer home in Woodstock, where so many artists live and where the woods are just now beginning to show their annual crop of mushrooms. Leaving the train at Rhinecliff and crossing by ferry to Kingston, I found Dr. Kingsbury waiting for me with his car shortly after ten o’clock Sunday night, and we drove to Wood- stock in about forty minutes. Monday was a very full day for mushroom enthusiasts and other nature-lovers. A number of us explored the woods in a body and found over a hundred species, most of them fleshy and harmless. The Kingsbury children are exceedingly expert and it was delightful to hear their innocent tongues twisting so sweetly and confidently about such jaw- breaking names as “Polyporus sulphureus,”’ ‘‘ Hydnum repan- dum,” ‘‘Hypholoma perplexum,” ‘Amanita phalloides,” ‘ Clito- cybe illudens,” “ Fistulina hepatica,’ and many others with which they were perfectly familiar. The display of these specimens on tables in a huge room, set off with backgrounds of mosses and ferns was left to the artists, who did their part remarkably well. Dinner was served to about forty people in this same room, and was followed by an address by me on edible and poisonous mushrooms, illustrated with the freshly gathered specimens. A few general remarks were first made on the subject of fungi and references made to the chestnut canker, apple rust, black knot of plum, blister rust of white pine, wheat rust, oat smut, etc. The principal edikle and poisonous groups of fungi were then discussed and suggestions made as to how to distinguish them. Attention was called particularly to the two most deadly species, Amanita phalloides, or the “destroying angel,’ and Amanita muscaria, the ‘‘fly agaric,’’ which are accountable for most of the fatalities connected with mushroom eating. The puffballs, coral-fungi, and certain other groups were shown to be entirely harmless, easily recognizable,and valuable additions to our menu. It happened that four giant puffballs were growing at the time in Dr. Kingsburys’ yard, a few feet from where we were gathered. 48 These were examined with great care and interest and their history detailed to us by Dr. Kingsbury, who had cut off sundry slices from their expansive tops. At the close of the address, Dr. Kingsbury also staged a very effective dénouement by turning out all the artificial lights and allowing several clusters of Cuitocybe illudens suspended above us to shine forth in their weird, ghost-like glory. This brilliant orange fungus has the power of phosphorescence and I have succeeded in reading a newspaper with the help of its light. On Tuesday, I drove with Dr. Kingsbury and his family about fifty miles westward to Yama Farms, where we had luncheon and spent some time hunting for fungi about Jenny Brook, where the trout are bred. Here we found a number of additional interesting forms to add to those already secured at Woodstock, among them a beautiful yellow Amanita named in honor of Charles Frost, the shoemaker botanist. We also found a “fairy ring”’ thirty feet in diameter containing scores of gemmed puff- balls of unusual size. In the Middle West, the giant puffball sometimes grows in giant “fairy rings’’! NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN, NEw York CIty. SHORTER “ARTICLES ONOBRYCHIS ONOBRYCHIS (L.) RYDB. IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.—This Eurasian plant was collected at Fort Howard, Wisconsin, as early as June 15, 1882. How it was introduced there seems not to have been recorded. In the meantime it became an important fodder-plant in the Rocky Mountain region. Its widespread use as a fodder plant resulted in its prompt naturalization in the vicinity where it was cultivated. Thus it was scattered through the Rocky Mountain States, and it has been found in British Columbia. Within the past decade- it has been found along railroads in Missouri. More recently wild plants have been collected in New York. Specimens came: to The New York Botanical Garden last year from Dr. Anna E.. Perkins with a note to the effect that they were gathered in Gowanda, New York, June Ist, 1922. The colony was first. discovered by Dorothy Raymond, a school girl of Gowanda in 1919. The plants originated from the seeds brought to Gowanda. in imported hides. 49 Its popular names are Sanfoin, cock’s-head, hen’s-bill. Other botanical names by which this plant is sometimes known are Onobrychis viciaefolia and O. sativa Lam. Joun K. SMALL. OPHIOGLOSSUM HASTATIFORME CKL., NOT AN OPHIOGLOSSUM It is with sincere regret that I am constrained to call attention to a note in the January-February number of Torreya by my friend Professor Cockerell entitled ‘‘A Genuine Fossil Ophio- glossum,’’* and to point out that the fossil in question is not only not an Ophioglossum but not even a new species of fern. My especial interest in the question comes about in the fol- lowing manner: Mr. N. H. Brown of Landor, Wyoming, has been coéperating with me for the past two years in collecting fossil plants from the Wind River Basin in that state. Last summer he discovered two specimens of this alleged Ophioglossum, and, under the impression that they were insect remains he forwarded them to a friend in Colorado, from whom they reached the hands of Professor Cockerell, and the cited paper in Torreya was the result. When Mr. Brown learned this he was stimulated to renewed search at the Tipperary locality, and a few weeks ago he sent me about a dozen specimens of this plant, some of which are in an excellent state of preservation. The supposed Ophioglossum is none other than Danaea coloradensis Knowlton,{} the type of which came from the Green River oil shale, about 40 miles south- west of Meeker, Colorado. The described spike is not a spike, nor is it hastate in form, ‘and the sporangia are clearly synangia, as their form should have suggested. I have compared the Wind River specimens with Knowlton’s type from the Green River, and both he and I agree that the two occurrences represent the same species, and that it is not an Ophioglossum, and this is corroborated by Mr. W. R. Maxon, our well-known authority on ferns, who most emphatic- ally supports its reference to the genus Danaea. * Cockerell, T. D. A., Torreya, 24: 10-11. 1924. + Knowlton, F. H., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 131: 150, pl. 36, fig. 4, 1923. 50 The Wind River specimens of Danaea coloradensis in my hands are more numerous and better preserved than either Knowlton’s type, or the material in the Museum of the University of Colo- rado, and will be fully described in an account of the associated flora of about 35 species upon which I have been working for some time. The beds are stratigraphically above the true Wind River formation and are middle Eocene in age, being obviously the same age as the Green River flora. Whether, with their dif- fering lithology they should be called Green River or referred to the Bridger has not yet been decided. EDWARD W. BERRY. TRILISA ON THE MARKET I am sure it will be of interest to most botanists as it was to the writer to learn that rather large quantities of the basal !eaves of Trilisa are gathered, dried, and sold for incorporation into smoking tobaccos. In the section of Georgia where I learned about the matter the plant is called deer-tongue, and I am in- formed by Mr. R. K. Hopkins, general merchant of Meridian, who certainly knows whereof he speaks, that while in some years the quantity would not exceed five or ten tons, in others very much more, possibly one hundred tons are gathered and shipped from Liberty, McIntosh, and Glynn Counties, Georgia. Whether both of the species, paniculata and odoratissima are collected, I am unable to say, but probably they are. Samples of the dried leaves obtained seemed to be the latter species. They retained their strong coumarin (vanilla) odor undiminished for the three months they were in my possession. W.. L. McAger A YELLOW VARIATION OF EUSTOMA (GENTIANACEAE) ] am much indebted to Mr. E. Bethel for the loan of a sheet of Eustoma russellianum (Hook) Griseb., belonging to the State Museum, including specimens of a remarkable new form (f, flaviflorum nov.) with clear yellow flowers. This variety was found by Mrs. S. B. Walker along with ordinary blue forms from 51 near Denver, Colorado, in 1914. It is of more than usual in- terest, because the type of Gentiana (Gentiana lutea L.) has yellow flowers, and the same is true of the Asiatic G. oihophora French, and of certain species of Centaureum. The yellow is evidently due to a soluble flavone. I examined a fragment of one of the petals under the microscope and it gave the char- acteristic light yellow reaction with potassium hydroxide. The variety or form of FE. russelianum with white flowers (f, albi- florum) has long been known. The Denver plant belongs to the segregate called E. andrewsit A. Nels., but it seems to be the same as EL. russellianum, as Rydberg indicates, although he wrongly credits the latter name to Linnaeus. Ty D. A... COCKERELL, MyricA CAROLINENSIS, NEW TO CHESTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA While studying the flora of a portion of Chester County, Pennsylvania, in an ecological investigation reported elsewhere, the writer discovered a fine specimen of bayberry (Myrica carolinensis Mill) growing on the South Valley Hill near Paoli. The plant is staminate, almost two meters in height, and of healthy growth. No other bush of the same kind is near. The plant is growing at the edge of woods on the cleared brow of a shoulder of the hill, somewhat protected from the full sweep of winds by part of the shoulder. The soil is dry and sterile (Manor stony loam) of mediacid reaction (pH 6.2 to 6.4). Myrica is not recorded by Darlington* in Flora Cestrica; Porter} records the species M. carolinensis from the adjoining county of Lancaster. A branch from the plant has been placed in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. ARTHUR P. KELLEY. * Darlington, W., 1837, Flora Cestrica. + Porter, T. C., 1903, Flora of Pennsylvania. 52 New COMBINATIONS In order to make the treatment of hosts uniform in the seventh volume of the North American Flora it is necessary to propose a new combination for Euphorbia macropodoides Rob. & Greenm. (Amer. Jour. Sci. III. 50: 164. 1895). It isa Mexican plant, and on a collection of it made by Pringle in the mountains above Cuernavaca, August 4, 1896, has been found Nigredo proéminens. Collections of this Euphorbiaceous rust have previously been _ reported on three other species of Euphorbia under the segregate name of Zygophyllidium. For the sake of uniformity the present species of host is here transferred to that genus as Zygophyl- lidium macropodoides (Rob. & Greenm.) comb. nov. In establishing the genus Commelinantia in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (49: 269-275. 1922) Professor B. C. Tharp suggested that in addition to the type species a Mexican plant should be included. A year ago he made a trip to Monterey, Mexico, and secured herbarium material and also living plants, which have since been under observation at Austin, Texas. Ina recent letter he writes: “I think there can be no doubt as to its being a valid species, which may ke properly included in the genus Commelinantia.”’ As he has sent me a rust obtained at Monterey labelled with the suggested combination, I take this opportunity to place the name on record, as follows: Comme- linantia Pringlei (S. Wats.) Tharp comb. nov. (Tradescantia Pringle: S. Wats. Trans. Am. Acad. 26: 157. 1891). Jj. C. Aria: PURDUE UNIVERSITY, LAFAYETTE, IND. BOOK REVIEW PENNSYLVANIA TREES—ILLICK* The fourth edition of Illick’s “Trees of Pennsylvania’ ap- peared from the press in March, 1924,* the third edition (1919) having been out of print for some time. The present edition is a book of 237 pages including 119 full-page line-drawing plates illustrative of the trees described on the pages facing them. The *[llick, Joseph S., Pennsylvania Trees, Penn. Dept. Forestry Bull. 11, 4th edition, 1924, May, 1923, Harrisburg. 29 frontispiece plate shows ‘‘ The Father of Pennsylvania Forestry ,”’ the late J. T. Rothrock standing beside another veteran, a mag- nificent old tree. Nine other plates give details of structure and form of leaves, buds, flowers, fruits, etc., while 126 half-tone figures illustrate forestry, conservation, fire destruction and fire- protection, trees, and tree-trunks. In general the typography is good and the proof-reading well done. It is unfortunate tha, better paper was not used for the half-tone figures; in this respect the third edition was far superior. However, as a whole, this book is without a peer as a convenient comprehensive handbook of the trees of a limited region, such as the State of Pennsylvania. In Part I, pp. 1-57, the author has presented for the layman, the student of trees, and the beginner in forestry, an excellent little text on the general subject of trees and forestry in Penn- sylvania. In this part of the book considerable improvemeut has been effected over the third edition. There has been added, pp. 17-20, a discussion of ‘‘Forest Types in Pennsylvania,” in which it is stated that the following nine major forest types itay be found in the State: Spruce-Fir (Northern Swamp type); Beech—Birch—Maple (Mixed Northern Hardwood) ; White Pine— Hemlock; Aspen—Fire Cherry; Chestnut—Rock Oak—Pitch Pine; Scrub Oak; Oak—-Hickory; River Birch-Swamp Maple (River and Swamp Hardwood); Sweet Gum—Willow Oak. The re- viewer prefers to separate the Pitch Pine type from the Chestnut— Rock Oak type. The Pitch Pine type seems to be more of a pioneer type succeeded under slightly more favorable conditions by the Chestnut—Rock Oak type. Under “‘ Historic Trees of Pennsylvania” an interesting account is given of the descendants of the famous Penn Treaty Elm. Other historic trees are the White Oak Witness Tree and the Lafayette Sycamore. The discussions of ‘‘When Trees Grow” and ‘‘Do Trees Grow at Night?’’ present the results of some of the author’s original work showing that about 90% of the height srowth of Pennsylvania's trees is made in less than forty days of spring and early summer and that most of this growth occurs late at night. Part II is a Manual of Pennsylvania Trees, with keys, de- scriptions, and illustrations. Most of the trees treated are native, but some, such as the Scotch Pine and the Norway o4 Spruce, are included because of their rather extensive occurrence in forest or other plantations. Illick tabulates 186 as the number of native trees in the State, with 29 other species introduced. A number of the less common or less important species are passed over with but brief mention. Only two hawthorns (Crataegus Crus-galli and C. coccinea) are described, admittedly no attempt being made to include the various other 30 hawthorns which some botanists would claim as arborescent species in the western half of the State. | For general purposes, such as IIlick’s “‘ Trees of Pennsylvania”’ is meant to serve, it is probably best not to include more until the status of these forms of Crataegus is better known. The reviewer has evidence of Pinus rigida northwesterly up to a line from Beaver to Warren counties, approximately the line of the terminal moraine, and this is probably the north- western range of the species in Pennsylvania. The Ohio records also seem to bear out this relation of range to the terminal glacial moraine. Approximately the same thing holds also for Pinus virginiana. O. E. JENNINGS. NEWS NOTES FROM THE FOREST SERViG@S Colorado Springs Maintaining a Tree Nursery for Highway Planting The advantages of beautiful as well as well-paved highways is keenly felt by citizens of many localities, and in Colorado Springs, Colo., the local automobile club is taking a practical step toward attaining these advantages by a definite program of tree planting along the highways leading into the city. Ac- cording to present plans the club will maintain a nursery of its own, buying seedling stock or tree seed, and raising the stock until it is of sufficient size to put out along the roads. ~ | The Torrey Botanical Club H.: Peneye ibutors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies tis E the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. “Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The ‘anaes Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the following rates: App. Sppi|I2pp.| T6pp-| 20pp-) 24pp.) 28pps) 32pp- ‘48pp. app 25, copies|fr.40 40,$2.45|$3. 53.6518 4.40lf 5:5 $6.50/$ 8,001$ 8.45/$12.55|$15.90 a DD Hite 1,65] 2.90] 4.25] 5-10 65! 7-75| 9-40) 9.85) 14.15] 17.35 Why Lay) ‘| 1.95] 3-35} 4.85} 5.65 79 8.75] 10.45) 11.25} 15.65) 19.95 100, "| | 2.25) 3.80)'5.35| 6.35) 8.25| 9-80] I1.55| 12.45] 17-55] 22.05 st MO At 2.70| 4.60] 6.50] 7.60] 10.20} 12,10] 14.20] 15.20} 21.35] 26.80 » 200 "> 13,00] 5.05} 7.15] 8.35} 11.40] 13.50] 15.80] 16.85) 23.55) 29.60 Hehe \° oR 3.85] 6.20) 9.20] 10.70) 14,85] 17.55] 20.50] 21.05) 30.20) 37.40 i Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 1%4c. each, Plates: 100 for $1.00 i I A RF Committees for 1924, ‘Finance Committee Field Committee R. A. Harper, Chairman, A.T. BEAts, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART Miss JEAN BROADHURST ' E. P, BicKNELL H. M. DENsLow - Miss C. C. HAYNES G. C, FISHER ' SERENO STETSON | Miss E. M, Kuprer | MiIcHAEL LEVINE sb Miss. Daisy LEvy Ie Raymonp H, Torrey { PERcY WILSON Budget Committee Membership Committee J. H. BARnwart, Chairman. - J. K. SMALL, Chairman. _ R.A. HARPER T. E. Hazen ’N, L. Brirron NORMAN TAYLOR H. M. DENsLow .C. S, GAGER Local Flora Committee | M. ie Ais ABN OF BRITTON, Chairman. x Phanerogams: Cryptogams: INS ted, E. P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. Britton plot mt SES HR N. L. BrirTon A. W. Evans Program Committee H.M.Denstow 1. E: Hazen A. HH, \GRrAvEs, Chairman. W. C. Ferguson M.A: Howe \ Mrs. E. G. Britton LupLow Griscom MiIcHAEL LEVINE » ALFRED GUNDERSEN - Bayarp Lone W. A. MurRILL TE. Hazen ay K. K. Mackenzie. F. J. SEAVER M.A: Howe G. E, NICHOLS , NORMAN TAYLOR ‘Ghairmen on Special Committees on Local Flora Pe erns and Fern Allies: R.C. Benedict — Lichens: Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. Liverworts: A. W. Evans? Richards Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu- Marine Algae: M. A. Howe berineae: F. J. Seaver -Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed Hymenomycetes: W,. A. Murrill Sclerotium-forming Fungi: A.B. Stout Except Russula and Lactarius: Miss G: Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver. Mel. T. -$.Burlingham Cook Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Polyporeae: M. Levine Myxomycetes: Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson: Yeast and Bacteria: Miss. J. Broad- ’ Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver hurst : Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol..49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of - text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho ss iste London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, 24-47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets.. Single copies (40 — cents) will be furnished only when not breaking compile ' volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregu- _ lar intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed: The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490 pages, was issued in 1918, © price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to - MISS MARY LEE MANN 171 Union Street, ts Flushing, N. Y. “Vol. 24 — July-August, 1924 No. 4 ~ TORREYA _ A Bi-MontHty JournaL or BoranicaL Nores AND News EDITED FOR aah THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY ‘GEORGE T. HASTINGS John Torrey, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Swamp and Bog Plants: Iris versicolor, FRANK C. GATES AND ELsIE ERICKSON 55 Johann David Schopff, A Pioneer of American Botanical Exploration, ADOLPH . POR PIR GA A IEA Gt aL Sake! Mel cfc Baal c SAT SUNY eure SOE Salt yahe tle dear 57 Book Review: Kellogg’s ‘“Lumber and Its Uses,” G. T. HASTINGS............... 58 mutengceedinrs ror the Chibi ie Sorts fi Se URN ole REO Se ibe gw We RPE ed aie 59 EEE DTNER GSC Pe ON sea eb eas a CER ON WAT PA Sis 69 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLuB At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. OFFICERS FOR 1924 President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. C. STUART GAGER, Pa.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR H.-GRAVES, Ps.D. BROOKLYN BOTANIC. GARDEN Treasurer MARY LEE MANN, A:M. 171 Union St., Flushing, N. Y. Editor H. M. DENSLOW, Pp.D. Associate Editors Ao Py BEAIKESLEE, Pa. D. GEORGE T..HASTINGS, A.M. ALEX.-W. EVANS, M.D., Pa.D: MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pa.D., Sce-B. H. A. GLEASON, PH.D: M.- LEVINE, 'Pu.D. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Psa.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu.D. Bibliographer. PRED.) SHOANV POR. PHT). Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Scleitees / MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club, There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a year, and Annual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its siey Haigh TORREYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WiLbD FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA TorreEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada fot one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, twenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent.thereof. Postai or express money orders and drafts or personal checks onNew York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local.checks that may be ~ sent. Subscriptions are received onty for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLuB, 8 West. King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Miss Mary Lee Mann, 171 Union St., Flushing, N.Y. Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed GEORGE T. HASTINGS 2567 Sedgwick Ave. New York City. to 6 1924 ™N cS oe | el i olss)) | On Cini. Depth of rhizome below surface, 103 swamp plants.... 24.9 (10.7) 2.4 cm. ne Ree ue ff ae 62 bog plants...... ZOLA (NZ.0) Seytells Thickness of outer wall of epidermis of 7oswamp plants. 11. (9. ) 8 u. oo aa us (ae bog plante,..s 20. 0(19).) 17.) JOHANN DAVID SCHOPFF A PIONEER OF AMERICAN BOTANICAL EXPLORATION ApDOLPH TOEPFFER Johann David Schépff was born on March 8, 1752, in Wun- siedel, Bavaria. After graduating from the gymnasium at Hof, he studied medicine at the University of Erlangen, specializing in botany and zoology. Early in 1777 he accompanied a regiment of Bavarian soldiers to America as an army physician. While connected with an army hospital in New York he was able to make some studies on the plants of the vicinity, and conceived the plan of writing a Flora of the State of New York. Recently there has come to light the incomplete manuscript, entitled “Index Plantarum Noveboracensium, quarum virtutes medicamentosa partim jamjam exploratae, partim adhuc explorandae,’’ which describes some 790 species of phanerogams, identifying them with Linnean species and with the plants described by Cadwallader Colden in 1744. He also describes briefly various cryptogams lent him by an- other Hessian surgeon, Dr. von Wangenheim. Among these were 18 ferns, 28 mosses, 4 hepatics, 37 algae, and 18 fungi. The plants are all arranged according to the Linnean system, the descriptions being in Latin. Among the localities where plants were collected are the fol- lowing:—Mr. Bayard’s House, Bloomendale, Bokram Mill, Bowery, Brooklyn, Bunkers Hill, Bushwick, Coldspring, Coler Ferry, Cuylers Hook, Derkers Ferry, Dennys Ferry, Elliot's House, Flatbush, Flatlands, Flushing, Flushing Fly, Fort George, Fort Kuyphausen, Gravesend, Greenwich, Huntington, Jamaica, Jerico, Jerusalem, Kingsbridge, Laurel Hill, Morris 58 Hill, Morrisiana, New Utrecht, Philips Manor, Red Hook, Sandy Hook, Staaten Island, Mr. Stuyvesant’s Lands, Turtle Bay, Valentine’s Hill, West Chester, Wolferts Hollow, Yellow Hook, and York Island. When the truce was signed in 1783 he was discharged from the army and travelled through Pennsylvania, Maryland and the Carolinas. After a two month’s rest in Charleston, he continued his travels to St. Johns and St. Augustine in East Carolina and thence to the Bahamas, studying the plants and animals of these regions. In the fall of 1784 he returned to Europe in a small ship. In Bayreuth he secured an appointment as court and military surgeon. In 1787 he published his only botanical work, the Materia Medica Americana. The following year he published in two volumes a description of his travels; there were included many references to the climate, geology, plants and animals and to social and political conditions in the North American Republic. In succeeding years he published several small monographs on zoological topics, the most important being the Natural History of the Turtles. It is to be regretted that the Index Plantarum was never fin- ished. Numerous notes in ink and pencil on the manuscript show that Schépff worked over it during later years, probably intending to publish it. Municu, BAVARIA. BOOK REVIEW LUMBER AND ITs UsEs* The book describes briefly the structure of woods, illustrating the main types with photographs of microscopic sections. The physical properties of woods are given, with tables of the specific gravities, strength, elasticity, hardness, etc., of the important woods. Other chapters are devoted to lumber grades, standards of size, structural timbers, shipping, seasoning, and preserving woods. The chapter on paints and wood finishes are complete enough to enable the home builder to know what should be speci- * Lumber and Its Uses, R. S. Kellogg, Revised by Franklin H. Smith, pp. 1-370, fig. 98, U. P. C. Book Co., New York, 1924. Price $4.00. 59 fied in contracts for work and to give the fundamentals of the work, but is scarcely full enough to be used as a guide by the amateur wood finisher. In the chapter on the uses of lumber, fifty-one uses, each taking over a million board feet per year are described. For each of these a table showing the percentages of the different woods used is given. For example, of the 56 million feet used in making boot and shoe findings—lasts, trees, pegs and wooden heels—maple furnishes 82%, birch, basswood and beech 17% and other woods 1%. In another chapter forty-six com- mercial woods are listed with the characteristics of each and the commonuses. In this list the names are usually generic with the differences between species briefly given, so that the number of commercial woods is actually many more than appears at first. The botanist will find the chapters on the characters of wood, the commercial woods and the forest regions of interest, scout leaders will also find much of interest, but the real use of the book will be to those who use wood in construction, building or some form of manufacturing. The general appearance of the book, the paper used and the printing is all good. The many tables make it of value for reference. A key for the determination of the com- moner commercial woods would have added to its value. G. T. HASTINGS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB MEETING OF JANUARY 30, 1924 The meeting was held at The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. R. H. Cheney of New York was elected to membership. The resignation of Mrs. J.S. Ehrich was accepted. Dr. Barnhart reported for the auditing committee that the treasurer's books had been examined and approved. The program of the afternoon consisted of two interesting talks by Dr. J. K. Small and Dr. R. R. Stewart. Dr. Small outlined a recent (December, 1923) excursion of exploration in Florida. About four thousand miles were covered in northern Florida and the peninsula. The itinerary extended from Jacksonville to the mouth of the Appalachicola River, then through the peninsula by several crossings to Cape Sable. Specimens and photographs were shown to illustrate (a) recently 60 naturalized species, (b) extension of geographic ranges, (c) very rare plants, such as a Torreya or Stinking Cedar (Tumion taxi- folium), Florida-Yew (Taxus floridana), and Chapman-Honey- suckle (Rhcdodendron Chapmanit), (d) new species, and (e) new genera. Paintings of several species of iris were shown, the main object of the excursion having been the collection of ma- terial of this genus. Dr. Stewart described the vegetation seen in his travels in Kashmir. An abstract of his talk was printed in the May—June issue. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. MEETING OF FEBRUARY I2, 1924 The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History and in spite of the unfavorable weather was well at- tended. Dr. O. E. White, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, who was a member of the Mulford expedition for the Biological Exploration of the Amazon Basin, addressed the club on the forests of the Amazon, his title being “‘ The Amazonian Wilderness.” Although the Amazon was first discovered as far back as 1541, Dr. White stated that the territory through which it flows is even now mainly the domain of rubber collectors, Brazil nut gatherers, and Indians. Notwithstanding the fact that it has two large cities— Para, located near one of its many mouths, with a population of 200,000 and Manaos with about 50,000 people, located about 800 miles further up the river, near the junction of two large tributaries, the Madeira and the Negro, the population of the whole Amazon basin is only about 600,000 and most of these are concentrated in the lower reaches of the river between Manaos and Para as well as in these two cities. These figures take on added significance when we realize that this whole Amazon basin is 45 times the area of New York State and 24 the size of the United States. It was estimated in 1910 that only 25 square miles of this vast area were under cultivation. Dr. White found that the real wilderness of the Amazon basin—the wildest part—lay in the triangle formed by the Andes Mountains as a base and the Negro and Madeira Rivers, 61 north and south branches, respectively, of the Amazon, as sides, meeting at a point near Manaos. As to the forests of the Amazon, he explained that they “are not dark and gloomy in the sense of our conifer forests—no mass effects of one type of tree or plant, but many diverse kinds in a small area, making foresting problems difficult. The trees were mostly of the hardwood type, their woods often rare and beautiful in coloring. The forests are full of ‘perching,’ i. e., epiphytic cacti, peppers, orchids, members of the pineapple family, and ferns, fastened to the trunks and branches and in the crotches of large trees. Floral displays in these forests are rare—only occasionally a bright daub of color from a single blooming tree or vine;—usually yellows, purples, reds and bright oranges—but the monotonous green as one drifts down the rivers on rafts or on steamers becomes very tiresome—one becomes ‘green-tired.’”’ ‘Many strange wild fruits and drugs-are found in this region; in the upper Amazon basin chocolate or cacao grows wild with its pumpkin-colored pods and purple seeds. The orchid, vanilla, with yellow flowers and scented pods, clambers over and up the trees in many places. The common vanilla substitute is also there— the tonka bean tree. Besides the harvesting of Brazil nuts, another industry is the collection of wild rubber; and although this now represents only a small per cent of the world’s supply— the great bulk at present coming from the plantations of the Dutch East Indies and the Federated Malay States—yet it still holds the highest rank for quality. Two kinds of rubber are common: the Hevea or Para rubber, known as ‘goma’ and Castilloa or ‘caucho’—the latter only half as valuable as the former. The Hevea tree is tapped from year to year, but in the case of Castilloa, the whole tree is cut down.” Among other interesting plants described by Dr. White were the Balsa tree, famous for its light wood, the Annotto tree, whose fruit yields the dye used commonly to color our butter, and the Brazil nut tree, whose nuts form such an important article of commerce. Dr. White found that the main feature of the climate was its everlasting sameness—during the rainy season, continual rains day after day—and during the dry season, perpetual sunshine; 62 and this monotony becomes tiresome, productive of ennui and loss of. energy. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. MEETING OF FEBRUARY 27, 1924 The meeting was held in the lecture room of the Museum of © the New York Botanical Garden. The following were elected to membership: Mrs. Frances L. Muller, New York City; Miss M. Georgina Biddle, New York City; Professor M. A. Chrysler, Rutgers College, New Bruns- wick, N. J.; Miss Mary A. Clark, Brooklyn. The following resignations were accepted: Mrs. and Miss Langmuir, Mr. George T. Harrington, Mrs. Arthur L. Sproul, Professor H. F. A. Meier, Dr. Carl A. Schwarze, and Mr. W. T. Arnold. Dr. C. E. Allen, of the University of Wisconsin, who is taking Dr. Harper’s place at Columbia during the latter’s absence in Washington, D. C., gave a talk illustrated with lantern slides on ‘Some variant characters of a liverwort (Sphaerocarpus) and their inheritance.” Dr. Allen said that Sphaerocarpus Don- nellit, like other species of the genus, so far as known, is strictly dioecious. The four spores formed by the division of a single spore mother cell remain adherent at maturity, at least under greenhouse conditions, with the exception of those produced by one clone. When the four adherent spores germinate, two de- velop into male gametophytes, two into female. Male and female gametophytes are characterized by the possession of different chromosome groups; one of the chromosomes of the female (the X-chromosome) is very large; the corresponding one in the male (the Y-chromosome) is very small. Both are present in the sporophyte and separated in the reduction divisions, so that, of the four spores formed from a spore mother cell, two receive the X-chromosome and can develop only into female plants; the other two receive the Y-chromosome and can develop only into male plants. Races have been isolated which differ in several vegetative characters. The ‘‘tufted’’ character shows itself especially in the very variable form of the involucres. If a tufted female is 63 mated with a typical male, four classes appear among the gameto- phytic offspring; tufted females, typical females, tufted males, and typical males. Apparently the tufted offspring are more numerous than the typical offspring. The ‘‘polycladous”’ character, first found in a male race, is marked by a profuse and irregular branching, the reduction or absence of involucres, and the presence of few antherids. The mating of a polycladous male with a typical female results in four approximately equal classes of gametophytic offspring. The polycladous females have thus far proved entirely sterile. The sporophytes borne by the female plants of one clone pro- duce spores that are separate at maturity instead of adherent in tetrads. The spore-separation character is inherited only through the female offspring of this clone, the transmission of this character following, therefore, the same course as that of the X-chromosome. A semi-sterile male race has been isolated, resembling typical races except in the small proportion of antherids and involucres produced. Races of both sexes have also been found which differ in the proportion of appendages borne upon their involucres. The inheritance of these latter characters has not yet been studied. ARTHUR H. GRAVEs, Secretary. MEETING OF MARCH II, 1924 This meeting was held at the Museum of Natural History. Professor Jean Massart of the University of Brussels gave an interesting address, illustrated with lantern slides, on the “Internal Sensations of the Norfolk Island Pine (Arazcaria excelsa).’’ Professor Massart pointed out that as regards the position and potentialities there are 6 kinds of buds on the stems of Araucaria excelsa: the active terminal bud of the main stem; the dormant lateral buds of the main stem; the active terminal bud of the primary branch; the dormant lateral buds of the primary branch; the active terminal bud of the secondary branch, and the dormant lateral buds of the secondary branch. That there is an internal correlation of some sort existing between these different classes of buds is shown by experi- 64 mental work. For example, if the top of the main stem is removed, the dormant lateral buds immediately below the cut develop to replace the normal head, and of the new shoots from these, one develops more rapidly than the others, inhibiting their growth. Girdling experiments bring similar results, and grafting a secondary branch in the place of the main shoot reveals the fact that its nature cannot be thus changed to that of a main shoot. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. MEETING OF MARCH 26, 1924 The meeting of this date was held at the New York Botanical Garden. The following were elected to membership: Mr. B. R. Abbott, New York City; Dr. William Crocker, Boyce-Thompson In- stitute for Plant Research, Yonkers, N. Y.; Miss Eunice Rogers, New York-City, Mr. S. Fred Wright, Orange, N. J. Three resignations were accepted: Mr. C. M. Shipman, Wil- loughby, Ohio; Mr. James A. Crawford; Miss Margaret Chapin, Brooklyn. The Secretary read a communication addressed to the Club from Mr. W. G. Waterman, Chairman for Local Organizations of the Committee of the Ecological Society of America on the Preservation of Natural Conditions. The letter urged the co- operation of the Club in a movement looking toward the with- drawal of the region surrounding Glacier Bay from entry, and the making of a national monument of the same for the purpose of preserving intact for science the glaciers and the surrounding region. It was suggested in this letter that the Secretary of the Club be authorized to write letters to Hon. Hubert C. Work, Secretary of the Interior, Washington, D. C., and to Mr. Stephen Mather, Director of the National Park Service, Wash- ington, in furtherance of this movement. Ona motion of Dr. Howe, which was seconded by Dr. Rydberg, with the approval of the Club, the Secretary was so empowered. The scientific program of the meeting consisted of two talks. The subject of the first, by Margaret A. Graham of Hunter College, was ‘‘Fertilization in the Liverworts with Special 65 Reference to Preissia quadrata.”’ For both this and the follow- ing paper microscopic slides demonstrating the various stages were placed on view. Miss Graham reviewed the work on fertilization in the liver- worts, as follows: In 1891, Kruch observed that the antherozoids of Riella Clausomia enlarge at once upon entering the cytoplasm of the egg and that the body of the male pronucleus divides into eight chromosomes. The two pronuclei become almost equal in size when in contact. Rickett (1923) observed that both the male and female pronuclei in Sphaerocarpus form chromosomes and that the nuclear membrane of each breaks down. Humphrey (1906) observed the antherozoid wher still a curved rod, lying in contact with the egg nucleus of Fossombronia longiseta. In Ricciacarpus natans, Garber (1904) observed that the male pronucleus was half the size of the female pronucleus and that they were in contact. In Riccia Frostit, Miss Black (1913) observed the aoe pro- nucleus in the egg cytoplasm near the female pronucleus. Woodburn (1914) observed the two pronuclei in the cytoplasm of Reboulia hemispherica, Sharpe (1921) made a similar observa- tion for Anthoceros and Mayer (1911) for Corsinia Marchan- toides. In Preissia quadrata, Miss erin observed that the anthero- zoid enlarges at once upon entering the cytoplasm of the egg and moves near to but not in contact with the female pronucleus. At this time a centrosphere may be observed in the egg cytoplasm near the antherozoid. While the antherozoid is in this position, differentiation takes place, resulting in a typical nucleus in prophase. The contents of the female pronucleus before fer- tilization is massed around the nucleolus; after fertilization, however, the nucleus enlarges and its chromatin appears in masses, thin threads running between them. At opposite poles of the female pronucleus centrospheres.may be seen. The second paper was by Dr. Mabel L. Merriman, also of Hunter College, the subject being ‘‘Some Changes in the Cell Contents of Spirogyra during Conjugation.”’ Dr. Merriman said that after the union of the gametangia 66 there is a decided difference in the staining reactions of the con- jugating cells and those which are not conjugating. The con- jugating cells are clearer, not taking the stain so readily. This ““clarification’’ seems general in the conjugating cells and may possibly be connected with the fact that their cell walls are thinner. The substances in suspension may have gone into solution. In the conjugating cells also, the nuclei at first seem to draw apart a little as if repelled. Sometimes two male cells conjugate with one female cell. In general, previous to con- jugation, the pyrenoids are much larger. A short discussion followed on the cause of conjugation, with the conclusion that it was probably essentially chemotactic. An interesting specimen of a woody plant (Bachira alba) from the island of St. Thomas was shown by Dr. Britton. The bark was of a very corky nature and showed in places on the surface a peculiar green color. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. MEETING OF APRIL 8, 1924 This meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History. Professor Richards occupied the chair. The Secretary of the Club gave an illustrated talk on the Civic Value of Trees, describing the life and growth of trees and the unfavor- able conditions to which city trees are subjected, the diseases to which they are liable and correct methods of planting and treatment. The value of trees to a city was summed up as follows: 1. Beautify the city, making it a more desirable dwelling place. . Source of interest and pleasure at all times of the year. . Afford cooling shade throughout the hot summer period. . Enhance the value of real estate. . Improve the general morale of the community. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. ob WwW N MEETING OF APRIL 30, 1924 The meeting of this date was held in the Laboratory Building of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 67 Mr. Charles W. Deusner of the Boyce-Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, New York, was elected to membership. The communication from the Club to the Secretary of the Interior advocating withdrawal from entry of the region sur- rounding Glacier Bay, Alaska, with a view to the establishment of a national park there; and the reply of Mr. Arno B. Kammerer, Acting Director of the National Park Service, stating that a study of the ground is being made, were read by the Secretary, and by motion of Dr. Seaver were placed on file. The proposition of Dr. R. C. Benedict, Chairman of the Special Committee to secure legislation for the protection of the native plants in the State of New York, that the Club appropriate $25 for the reprinting of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflet “Conservation of Beauty,’ and distribution of same to the school teachers of New York was put before the Club. On motion of Dr. Murrill, the proposition was referred to the finance committee of the Club with power. Dr. James A. Faris, Research Fellow at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, addressed the Club on ‘Factors Influencing Infection in the Covered Smut of Barley.” Dr. Faris reported that owing to a failure to receive adequate and consistent infections in attempts to determine the varietal resistance to the covered barley smut, an extensive study of the factors influencing infection was undertaken. As the tabulated data and the photographs shown by lantern slides demonstrated, high infections were secured over a wide range of soil moisture, acidity and temperature. In fact very high infections were secured over much wider ranges of soil factors than are met with under field conditions. In attempting to correlate these data with previous failures, it was discovered that collections of smut from different localities and upon dif- ferent varieties of barley varied in their ability to infect certain varieties. Further studies have demonstrated that this single morphological species of smut is made up of several biologic forms, some of which were shown in a trip through the experi- mental greenhouses. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. 68 NEWS NOTES The British Association for the Advancement of Science met in Toronto from the 6th to the 15th of August for its 92nd Annual Meeting. The Association is organized in thirteen sections which met separately. There were also joint meetings of two or three sections and general meetings of a popular nature. Among the papers read before the Botanical Section were the following :— The Black Dot Disease of Potato, by Dr. B. T. Dickson. The Growth of British Columbia Trees as Indicated by Annual Rings, by Dr. A. H. Hutchinson. . Certain Fluorescence Pigments and their Structural Relations, by Professor F. E. Lloyd. On the Changes in Chloroplasts at Low Temperatures, by Professor F. J. Lewis. On the Distribution of Potassium in Living Plant Tissues, by Mr. Dowding. Parasitism in the Genus Comandra, by Mr. Moss. The Botanical Situation in China, by Dr. J. M. Coulter. The Effect of Noxious Gases on Plants, by Dr. William Crocker. The Fresent Status of the Doctrine of Recapitulation, by Dr. E. C. Jeffrey. Discussion on “The Ascent of Sap and the Transport of Food Materials in Trees,’’ by Professors H. H. Dixon, D. F. Curtis, D. T. Macdougal, V. H. Blackman and J. H. Priestley. Joint Discussion with Section D, Zoology on ‘Species Con- cept’’ and on “Chromosomes and Species,’ by Dr. Hyslop Harrison, Mr. J. S. Huxley, A. D. Peacock and others. Excursions were also arranged for the visiting scientists to points of interest. THE CALIFORNIA BIGTREE DATES BACK BEFORE ADAM - The history of the tree known as the Bigtree, or technically the Sequoia Washingtoniana, now found in isolated and sheltered spots in the Sierra Mountains of California, reaches back into the very beginnings of history, to a period when this tree prob- ably covered the slopes of western coast mountains twice the height of the present ranges, and extended from some point well 69 north of 49° down into the Lower California peninsula. A factor in its present limited range, says the United States Forest Service, is the strange geological transformation that some hundreds of centuries ago came over what is now California. The Biblical prophecy that the valleys shall be exalted and the mountains made low was very literally fulfilled in California some aeons before it was uttered by Isaiah. In the high moun- tain ranges of those days, running up to 20,000 feet or more in height, came a volcanic disturbance, so that molten lava poured through the valleys and stream channels, filling them up and blocking the streams. After the lava had cooled, it was so much harder than the granite of the original mountains that it resisted erosion as the granite could not. As a consequence, the granite peaks wore away, and the lava beds remained, until finally lava-covered ridges towered above deep canyons worn in the native stone, and streams flowed and still flow many thousand feet below the level of the streams once shaded by the Bigtree’s grandsires. Not long ago miners in the Tahoe National Forest working a gold mine 2,500 or 3,000 feet below the lava cap of one of the Sierra peaks, in one of the former streambeds, came across an old flood deposit in which were the tangled logs of a group of the Sequoias that once grew on the mountain slopes. Though buried for unknown thousands of years, the logs were in ex- cellent preservation. They were changed somewhat in struc- ture, but the annual rings in a cross-section of the wood stood out as plainly as though the trees had been felled only a few days before. During the last thousand years the Bigtree of to-day has not reproduced appreciably, and at one time foresters felt that it was a dying species. Recently, however, efforts have been made, and with considerable success, to start plantations of the tree throughout California, outside of its present range. Small plantations have been made in the Klamath National Forest in the northwest corner of the State, near Lake Tahoe in the central part, and in the Sequoia National Forest in the southern Sierras. In each of these localities the tree has far outstripped the native conifers. Even in competition with brush, which suppresses young pines and firs severely, the Big- tree has been able to develop successfully. In the 12-year 7G period since the earlier of these plantings some of the young trees have made a growth of 8 feet, against 4 or 5 feet as the best that local saplings have attained in the same time. Foresters are beginning to wonder whether the Bigtree may not some day reforest large areas of California by means of plantations similar to the experimental ones already established. The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The Intelligencer Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the following rates: ‘4pp. 8pp. 12pp.| 16pp.| 20pp, 24PP.| 28pp. 32pp. ‘48pp. Ape 25 copies|$r.4a 40 $2.45 45|83- 53.6518 4.49|$ 5.65] $6.5018 8.0016 B45 et2e 55|$15. 90 BOs 1.65} 2.90] 4.25] 5.10} 6.65! 7.75} ‘9.40| 9.85} 14.15} 17.35 POS, 1.95) 3:35] 4-85] 5.65} 7-60} 8.75] 10.45] 11.25] 15.65] 19.95 TOO 1s); 2.25) 3.80) 5.35] 6.35] 8:25] 9.80] 11.55] 12.45] 17.55] 22.05 150 , 2,70] 4,60) 6,50] 7.60] 10.20} 12.10] 14.20] 15.20] 21.35] 26.80 200.) 3.00] 5.05] 7.15} 8.35] 11.40) 13.50} 15.80) 16.85} 23.55| 29.60 gO. TY 3.85 6.20 9.20] 10.70] 14.85] 17.55] 20.50] 21,05} 30.20] 37.40 “Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 14c. each. Plates: 100 for $1.00 Committees for 1924. _ Finance Committee _ Field Committee R, A. Harper, Chairman. A.T. BEALS, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART Miss JEAN BROADHURST E. P, BICKNELL H. M. DENsLow Miss C. C. HAYNES G. C, FISHER ’ SERENO 'STETSON Miss FE. M. Kuerer Pe SN MicHAEL LEVINE Miss Daisy Levy RaymMonp H,. Torrey PERCY WILSON Budget Committee » Membership Committee _ J. H.Barnuart, Chairman. J. K. SMALL, Charman. ~ R.A. HARPER T. E. Hazen N..L. BRITTON NORMAN TAYLOR H. M. DENsLow C.S. GAGER~ ; Local Flora Committee M.A. Howe aH Rois N.L. Britron, Chairman. \ Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E: P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. BRITTON N. L. Britton A. W. Evans Program Committee H. M.Denstow — T. E. Hazen A. H. Graves, Chairman, . W.C.FERGuson ~M. A. Howe Mrs. E. G. Britton LupLow Griscom © MiIcHAEL LEVINE ~ALFRED GUNDERSEN - BAYARD LONG W. A. MurRRILL T. E. Hazen K. K. MACKENZIE. F. J. SEAVER M. A. Howe : G. E. NicHOoLs RM NorMAN TAYLOR ~ Chairmen on Special Committees on Local Flora ~ Ferns and Fern Allies: R.C. Benedict — Lichens: Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. Liverworts: A. W. Evans Richards Fresh Water Algae: T, E. Hazen Hypocreaceae,. Plectascineae, Tu- Marine Algae: M.A. Howe . berineae: F. J. Seaver Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher ~ Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill Selerotium-forming Fungi: A.B. Stout Exce t_Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver. Mel. T. . Burlingham Cook Soctinarins: R. A, Harper Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Polyporeae: M.Levine — - Myxomycetes: Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson Yeast and Bacteria: Miss. J. Broad- - Discomycetes: F.J.Seaver hurst she Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho Squate, ! London, are agents for England. ip Of former volumes, 24-47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Single copies (40° cents) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. 3 (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregu- lar intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; f Vol. 17, containing Proceedings of the Semi- Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490. pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application: (3) Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred, miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. | Correspondence relating to the above publications should m « be addressed to MISS MARY LEE MANN 171 Union Street, Flushing, N. Y. ‘Vol: 24 September-October, 1924 No. 5 TORREYA ‘A Bi-MontuLty JourNAL or BoTrANicaAL Notes AND NrEws d EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE’ T) HASTINGS John Torrey, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Uareppried Plants from Long Island, N. M. GRIER... 2.0... 000.205 bee ee, 71 A New Heart-leaf and other Interesting Plants from Autauga County, Ala- DATTA NOLAND. CNG EDA RETRO SO Cris MUA Ns (ea nena ayaa ty 5) sug ate. 77 A Trip to El Yunque, Porto Rico, ELizABeTH G. BRITTON.............:... 83 Shorter Articles: A New Bog-asphodel from the Mountains, JOHN K. SMALL............ 86 » Crowberry at Montauk, Long Island, NorMAN TAYLOR...........-..-. 87 Addenda to Contributions to the Flora of Long Island, Ry WiLiiAM C. FERGUSON 88 Protea as OF tHE: Chul ce CIO Soret Akos DR ess de aes 88 Be ote eke Se BG at ANS tk 90 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB AT 8 West KiNG STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1924 President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. C. STUART GAGER, Pu#.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Pu.D. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Treasurer MARY LEE MANN, A:M. 171 Union St., Flushing, N. Y. Editor TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN Associate Editors A, F. BLAKESLEE, Pu.D. GEORGE T. HASTINGS, A.M. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., PH.D. .MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pa.D., Sc.D. H. A. GLEASON, Px.D. M. LEVINE, Pu.D. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Px#.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Px.D. Bibliographer FRED. J. SEAVER, Pu.D. Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a vear, and Annual, at | $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its publications. TORREYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE Witp FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA TorreEyA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, twenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent thereof. Postai or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received oniy for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 8 West King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Miss Mary Lee Mann, 171 Union St., Flushing, N.Y. Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed to GEORGE T. HASTINGS _2567 Sedgwick Ave. New York City. LIBRA RY ae Ww YORE BOTANICAL GAR VEN TORREYA Vol. 24 No. 5 September—October, 1924 UNREPORTED PLANTS FROM LONG ISLAND* ie PTERIDOPHYTA AND SPERMATOPHYTA N. M. Grier Since assuming charge of the course in Field and Systematic Botany at the Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., the writer and his assistants have been engaged in making a card catalogue of the native and cultivated plants in the vicinity of the Laboratory, as these were collected by members of the staff and students. He has also examined and assembled records left by former workers at the Laboratory, and from these has prepared the following list of plants previously un- known, or at most, indefinitely reported from Long Island. In checking this list, not only were the earlier lists of Jelliffe, (3), and Grout, (4), consulted, but the more recent studies of Harper on Long Island vegetation, (6, 14, 15, 16), together with those of Johnson and York, (10), Harshberger, (12), Conard, (8), completing the final checking with Taylor’s studies, (11, 20), those of Burnham and Latham, (9, 13, 17, 19), and Ferguson’s two recent papers, (18, 21). ‘The workers whose data, besides that of the writer, is presented in the following list are:— Professor J. Arthur Harris, University of Minnesota, Min- neapolis, Minn. Miss Gail H. Holliday, Wheeling High School, Wheeling, W. Va. The taxonomy and nomenclature used are essentially that of the Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada, second edition. Our records confirm the presence on Long Island of the fol- lowing species listed by Burnham and Latham, (1914) :— Bromus hordeaceus, Carex canescens disjuncia, Carex flexuosa, Scirpus paludosus, Salix purpurea, Lychnis dioica, Rubus phoeniculasius, Viola papilianacea domestica, A pocynum medium, * Contribution No. 6 from the Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, aN SY. 71 72 Lycopus membranaceus, Nabalus trifoliolatus, Xanthium commune, Arctium minus, Solidago jiuncea: (1921), Lathyrus latifolia, Galium mollugo. Additionally we have found on Long Island the following species listed by Ferguson, (1922):—Filix Fragilis, Sagittaria Engelmanniana; (1924):—Aristida tuberculosa, Panicum micro- carpon, Carex abscondiia, Carex hystricina, Carex straminea, Cyperus erythrorhizus, Scirpus cyperinus, Juncus Greenet, Lilium philadelphicum, Trillium cernuum, Ulmus americana, Persicaria caryi, Persicaria pennsylvanica, Dondia maritima, Anemone virginiana, Aquilegia canadensis, Sarracenia purpurea, Lespedeza capitata, Rhus hirta, Acer platanoides, Acer saccharum, Uiricularia gibba, Galium verum, Lonicera sempervirens, Hieracium canadense. The localities of our species are mostly at Cold Spring Harbor. POLY PODIACEAE Dryopleris cristatum var. Clintoniana (D.C. Eaton). Woods, C. 5S. H. N. M.G. PINACEAE Picea excelsa Link. In cultivation, C. S. H. G. H. H. Taxodium distichum L. In cultivation, Westbury, L. I. N. M. G. POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton alpinus Bubs. Fish Hatchery, C. S. H. G. H. H. GRAMINEAE Diplachne fasciculus Beauv. Salt Marsh, C. S. H. N. M. G. CYPERACEAE Carex Asa-Grayt Bailey. C. S. H. vicinity. Ilo Ne Jal. Carex scoparia canadensis Fern. C. 5S. H. vicinity. J. A. H. Carex tenuiflora Wahl. C. S. H. vicinity. Wo Ae Tele Scleria pauciflora carcliniana (Willd.) Wood. Hempstead Plain, Hicksville. Cala als Scleria triglomerata Michx. Hempstead Plain, Hicksville, L. I. N. M. G. Scirpus sylvaticus L. C. S. H. vicinity. G. H. H. SALICACEAE Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. CC. S. H. vicinity. lle ANG Tal. 73 FAGACEAE Quercus ellipsoidalis Hill. Near dunes, Bayville, L. I. G. H. HH, Quercus imbricaria Michx. Hodenpyl Estate, Locust Valley, L. I. N, M. G, ULMACEAE Ulmus alata Michx. Hodenpyl Estate, Locust Valley, L. I. N. M. G. Ulmus campestris L. C. S. H. vicinity. N. M. G. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia macrophylla Lam. C. S. H. vicinity. No MEG, POLYGONACEAE Persicaria punctata leptostachyum Meissn. C. S. H. Lake region. N. M. G. NYCTAGINACEAE Mirabilis Jalapa L. Cultivated, C. S. H. vicinity. N. M. G. PORTULACACEAE Portulaca pilosa L. Gilgo Beach, L. I. G. H. H. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Stellaria borealis Bigel. Shaded and wet places, C. S. H. G. EE Be PAPAVERACEAE Macleya cordata Willd. Escaped, Lloyd’s Point, L. I. C.S. H. N. M. G. CRUCIFERAE Brassica Rapa L. Gardens and escaped, C. S. H. N. M. G. Diplotaxis muralis (L) DC. Roadsides, C. S. H. G2 Hebe SARRACENIACEAE Sarracenia flava L. Hodenpy! Estate, Locust Valley, L. I. N. M. G. GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes nigrum L. Escaped, C. S. H. ji AH. ROSACEAE Potentilla montspeliensis norvegica Rydb. Vicinity C. Rubus baileyanus Britton. C. S. H. vicinity. J 74 Rubus canadensis L. Jones Woods, C. S. H. J. Ase Rubus neglectus Peck. Huntington Hill Road, C. S. H. N. M. G. Schizonotus sorbifolia L. Road to Sandspit, C. S. H. N. M. G. Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson. Escaped, Lloyd’s Point, L. I. N. M. G. MALACEAE Sorbus aucuparia L. C. S. H. vicinity. N. M. G. LINACEAE Millegrana Radiola L. C.S. H. vicinity. N. M. G. EUPHORBIACEAE Pachysandra procumbens Michx. De Forest Estate, C. S. H. Neaiee: CELASTRACEAE Evonymus atropurpurea Jacq. Cultivated and escaping,C.S.H. G.H.H. BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens noli-tangere 1. Jones Marsh, C. S. H. N. M. G. MALVACEAE Callirhoe involucrata (T. & G.) A. Gray. Sanderson Estate, Locust Valley, i oe GA VIOLACEAE Viola arvensis Murr. Near Laboratory, C. S. H. G. H. H. Viola sororia Willd. C.S.H. vicinity. Ge lsle isle ELAEAGNACEAE Elaeagnus argentea Pursh. Jones Farm, C. S. H. N. M. G. UMBELLIFERAE Aegopodium Podograria variegatum Bailey. Fish Hatchery, C.S.H. GH. H. ERICACEAE Ledum groenlandicum Oeder. Havemeyer Estate, Locust Valley, L. I. N. M. G. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Near R. R. Depot, C. S. H., cultivated. NM. G. Vitis-Idea Vitis-Idea (L.) Britton. Bayville, L. I. © N. M. G. 75 STYRACACEAE Halesia carolina L. Escaping, C. S. H. vicinity. he: a: OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana (L.) var. aecidiosa Shull. Huntington Hill Road, C. S. H. N. M. G. LABIATAE Mentha citrata Ehr. C. S. H. vicinity. N. M. G. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Waste fields, vicinity, C.S. H. } N. M.G. Salvia Lyrata L. Matheson’s Estate, Lloyd’s Neck, L. I. GiiHe H. SOLANACEAE Physalis viscosa L. Vicinity of Laboratory,C.S.H. G.H.H. RUBIACEAE Galium trifidum pusillum (L.).. Pine Barrens, St. James, L. I. N. M.G. CICHORIACEAE Hicracium praealtum decipiens Koch. Pine Barrens, St. James, L. I. N. M. G. AMBROSIACEAE Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wally. C. S. H. vicinity. G. HH: COMPOSITAE Anténnaria neodoica Greene. C. 5S. H. vicinity. N. M. G. Aster Herveyi Gray. C.S. H. vicinity. JASE Aster paniculata acutidens Burgess. C. S. H. vicinity. Jw Av EE Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Pine Barrens, St. James, L. I., escaped. N. M. G. Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchanan. Hempstead Plain, Hicksville, L. I. N. M. G. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.—1873, MILLER, E. S., Contributions to the Flora of Long Island. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 6. 2.—1888, POGGENBERG, J. F., Britton, N. L., STERNS, E. E., “ Preliminary Catalogue of the Anthophyta and Pteridophyta reported as growing spontaneously within one hundred miles of New York City,’’ Published by Torrey Botanical Club. 3.—1899, JELLIFFE, S. E., ‘‘The Flora of Long Island,’’ Published by the author, 64 W. 56th St., New York City. 76 4.—1902, Grout, A. J., “Additions to the Recorded Flora of Long Island,” Torreya 2. 5.—1904, JELLIFFE, S. E., ‘‘ Additions to the Flora of Long Island,” Torreya 4. 6.—1908, HARPER, R. M., ‘‘The Pine Barrens of Babylon and Islip, Long Island,”’ Torreya 8. 7.—1908, BICKNELL, E. P., ‘‘Ferns and Flowering Plants of Nantucket,” Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 35. 8.—I913, CoNARD, H. S., ‘Revegetation of a Denuded Area,’’ Botanical Gazette 55, 1913. 9.—1914, BuRNHAM, S. H., and Latuaw, R. A., “The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner’s Island,”’ Torreya 14. 10.—I915, JOHNSON, D. S., and York, H. H., “‘Relation of Plants to Tide Levels,’’ Carnegie Institution Publication No. 206. II.—1915, TAyLor, N., “Flora of the Vicinity of New York,’”’ Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5. 12.—1916, HARSHBERGER, J. W., “Origin and Vegetation of Salt Marsh Pools,’’ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1916. 13.—1917, BURNHAM, S. H., and Latuam, R. A., ‘‘The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner’s Island.”” First supplementary list, Torreya 17. 14.—1917, HARPER, R. M., ‘‘The Natural Vegetation of Western Long Island South of the Terminal Moraine,’”’ Torrey 17. 15.—1917, Ibid., ““The Native Plant Population of Northern Queens County, Long Island,”’ Torreya 17. 16.—1918, Ibid., “‘The Vegetation of the Hempstead Plains,’’ Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 17. 17.—1921, BURNHAM, S. H., and Latuaw, R. A., ‘‘The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner’s Island.”” Second supplementary list, Torreya 21. 18.—1922, FERGUSON, W. C., “Some Interesting Plants from Long Island, N. Y.,”’ Torreya 22. 19.—1923, BURNHAM, S. H., and LAtuam, R. A., “The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner’s Island.”” Third supple- mentary list, Torreya 23. 20.—1923, TAYLOR, N., “‘ Vegetation of Long Island.’’ Part 1. Vegetation of Montauk. Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Garden, Vol. 2. 21.—1924, FERGUSON, W. C., ‘‘Contributions to the Flora of Long Island, N. Y.’ Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 51. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, HANOVER, N. H. 77 A NEW HEART-LEAF AND OTHER INTERESTING PLANTS FROM AUTAUGA COUNTY, ALABAMA ROLAND M. HARPER In May, 1924, on my way to my principal southern head- quarters in Alabama after a few months’ work in Florida, I spent a week-end (17th to 19th) with an ornithologist friend, Ernest G. Holt, at the home of his uncle, Lewis S. Golsan—a farmer and naturalist—near Booth in Autauga County. Booth is a railroad junction about six miles west-northwest of Prattville, the county-seat, and Mr. Golsan’s farm is about two miles east of Booth and five miles from Prattville by road, and about one- half mile west of Bridge Creek, which flows in a general southerly direction toward the Alabama River. The locality under consideration is just about at the southern edge of what I have described as the long-leaf pine hills division of the central pine belt of Alabama.* Its underlying strata are pinkish and yellowish sands and sandy clays, near the top of the Tuscaloosa formation (fresh-water Cretaceous), and the soils are rather sandy. A mile or so to the southward, across the Mobile & Ohio R. R. and the valley of Autauga Creek, is a steep wooded escarpment perhaps 200 feet high (which at ‘Prattville looks like a small mountain), of the Eutaw formation, which overlies the Tuscaloosa and is at least partly of marine origin, and gives rise to somewhat richer soils. The northern part of Mr. Golsan’s farm is higher than the house, and two or three small streams (branches), originating in. seepage springs, flow down the slope toward the house, and soon unite into a larger one flowing into Bridge Creek. Around the heads of some of the branches are small areas of sandy bog similar to those described from the same region by the writer a few years ago,} and a little farther down the streams flow through small swamps with the neighboring slopes more “‘meso- phytic,”’ having a small accumulation of humus. The uplands between the branches are in some places dry and sandy, with pine-barren vegetation, and elsewhere more fertile, with more deciduous trees and shrubs. On the east side of Bridge Creek, about half a mile from Mr. * Geol. Surv. Ala., Monog. 8, pp. 78-81. 1913. { Torreya 22: 57-60. 1922. 78 Golsan’s, are bluffs with more loamy and moderately fertile soil, sometimes precipitous and sometimes gently sloping, rising to a height of 100 feet or more, and pretty well wooded. The vegetation on the more gentle slopes varies in density and luxuri- ance with the distance from the water, exposure to sun, etc., that near the base being fairly typical climax forest or rich woods, passing into dry woods higher up. On the most precipi- tous bluffs, where there is more exposure to sun and wind, but also better protection from fire, are a few plants that seem to be sensitive to fire (pyrophobic), such as Jllictwm, Kalmia lati- folia, Oxydendrum, and Symbplocos. About half a mile farther south, after passing under the rail- road, Bridge Creek flows into Autauga Creek, in a swampy bottom about one-half mile wide. Near this point, where the swamp is presumably sandier than usual, is one of the few known Alabama localities for Pinus serotina.* The large tree which I had seen several times from trains (and photographed in 1906) is still standing, and accompanied by a few smaller ones. About four miles south of Booth, among the hills of the Eutaw formation, is a large creek swamp known as Bear Swamp, a tributary of the Alabama River. On the 19th I went into this swamp near its upper end with Mr. Golsan and Mr. Holt, who had hunted birds and other animals in it for many years.’ In recent years there has been some agitation for draining this swamp, on account of the widespread prejudice against swamps of all kinds; but if the part I saw is typical, draining it would do very little good from the standpoint of either agriculture or health. For it is a non-alluvial swamp, with the deepest peat I have ever noticed in Alabama. We had no way of measuring the total depth of the peat, but it is evidently several feet. A curious feature of the swamp is the presence of several deep pools of clear water with precipitous edges, not visibly connected with any channel. The only way I can account for them is that they may represent holes burned in the peat by fire during some extremely dry season, perhaps a generation ago. The vegetation of the part I saw has much in common with that of the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, and a bay and gum swamp near Tallahassee, Fla.,f the commonest trees being Magnolia *See Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 524. 1906. ft See 3d Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv. pp. 254-255. I9I11. 79 glauca, Pinus Taeda, Nyssa biflora, and Acer rubrum. A few other plants seen there will be mentioned farther on. So much for the general environment of the plants to be noted below. About an hour after our arrival at the farm (May 17) I was walking with Mr. Holt down alongside of one of the spring branches about 200 yards north of the house, and about at the point where the sandy bogs ended and the richer woods began I noticed a few specimens of a heart-leaf (Hexastylis*), and was about to pass them by as being the common /. arifolia, when Mr. Holt stooped down and pulled up a plant, with the remark, “What's this?’”’ I then saw at once that it had flowers very different from those of H. arifolia, or any other species known to me, and I made a note of the time (5:45 p. m., Central Time), as I often do when I think a new species has been discovered. = To the eye the leaves of the new plant are scarcely distinguish- able from those of H. arifolia, being hastate-cordate, faintly mottled above with different shades of green, a few inches long, with terete purplish petioles a little longer than the blades. But they lack the characteristic ‘“‘medicinal’’ odor of H. ari- folia, and we found the next day that we could distinguish the two species by their odor even when no flowers were present, as is often the case. (Like several other perennial herbs, every plant does not bloom every year, but whether the flowerless ones are simply too young, or they bloom only in alternate years or something like that, has not yet been determined.) The plant resembles its congeners in growing in small tufts, with branching and slender but fleshy rootstocks. The calyx or perianth (called hypanthium by Small) is about an inch long, greenish purple outside (like the petioles and peduncles), and instead of being pitcher-shaped as in H. ari- folia, is abruptly expanded near the middle, in a manner dif- ficult to describe but well shown by the accompanying illustra- tion. The three calyx-lobes, which sometimes spread more * This genus of Rafinesque’s has been united with Asarum by most taxono- mists who have dealt with it, except Small, but it seems abundantly distinct by its superior ovary and several other characters. (Some I9gth century authors made it a section Heterotropa, under Asarum.) ‘“ Heart-leaf’’ seems to be the universal common name for any species of Hexastylis in Georgia and Alabama, if not throughout the South, but like many other southern plant names, it does not seem to have found its way into books written by northern botanists. 80 Hexastylis speciosa. About one-third natural size. widely than those shown, making the perianth almost salver- shaped, are longitudinally striped within with dark purple bands, thus suggesting an affinity to Aristolochia more strongly than any other Hexastylis does. The peduncles, about the same length as the flowers, are curved above in such a way that the flowers rest on the ground with their axes approximately horizontal, instead of being erect as in other species of the genus. Although the essential organs of the flower were not examined closely, they do not seem to differ materially from those of H. arifolia. (No insect visitors were observed, but it is a reasonable supposition that pollination is effected by some small insects that crawl on the ground.) For the species here described I propose the name Hexastylis speciosa, in allusion to its showy flowers. (Any one who does not believe that Hexastylis is sufficiently distinct from Asarum can call it Asarum speciosum.) A few minutes after Mr. Holt’s discovery we noticed a fine clump of the same thing in richer woods farther down the same branch, and decided to leave it until the next day, and then bring it to the house and photograph it while it was fresh. In 8I the meanwhile Mr. Holt made a pencil sketch of one of the flowers, from the specimen he first gathered, and that has helped me to describe it after the flowers of the plants taken for her- barium specimens had lost their shape by pressing. On Sunday his sister, Miss Olivia Holt, who came out to the farm for a few hours with an automobile party, took a specimen back to Mont- gomery with her, and the next day, without any suggestion from me, had a professional photographer make the photograph which is used herewith. This shows the appearance of the plant better than words can, and makes a description almost unnecessary, except for size and colors. On Mr. Golsan’s farm the new species seemed to be the only Hexastylis present, but on Sunday we found both it and H. arifolia fairly common in rich woods along the Bridge Creek bluffs, and there we soon learned to distinguish the two species by their odor. On Monday, the 19th, I went with Mr. Golsan and Mr. Holt south from Booth several miles across the hills of the Eutaw formation, and there we found only H. arifolia. Again a few weeks later, when I was walking part of the way from Montgomery to Tuscaloosa on June 10 and 11, I found only HA. arifolia in rich woods near the southeastern corner of Autauga County, and in similar situations in southeastern Bibb County. Although H. speciosa may turn up later in other counties, for it can easily be mistaken for H. arifolia at other seasons than spring, or even in spring if one does not look closely—for its flowers do not differ much in color from the decaying tree leaves among which they rest—it seems likely that we have one more to add to the rather long list of very distinct and handsome plants which are more abundant in Alabama than anywhere else, if not confined to the state. (Examples are Magnolia macrophylla, Iillicium Floridanum, Neviusia Alabamensis, Hydrangea querci- folia, Polygala Boykinit, Croton Alabamensis, Aesculus Pavia, A. parviflora, and Laciniaria polyphylia.) A few other plants found in the same neighborhood deserve special mention. The references to Dr. Mohr of course mean Charles Mohr’s Plant Life of Alabama (1901). Rhynchospora Grayit Kunth. On dry sandy uplands near Bridge Creek. Known to Dr. Mohr only from Baldwin and Mobile Counties, near the coast. Lachnocaulon anceps (Walt.) Morong. Sandy bogs near heads 82 of branches on Mr. Golsan’s place. Known to Dr. Mohr only from the “coast pine belt,’’ but it grows also on Lookout Moun- tain, with several other coastal plain plants. Uvularia sessilifolia L. Shady edge of branch-swamp on Golsan’s place. Ranges chiefly northward. Smilax Waltert Pursh. In Bridge Creek Swamp. Known to Dr. Mohr only from Clarke County and southward. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sarg. In Bear Swamp. Known to Dr. Mohr only from the ‘“‘lower pine belt”’ and ‘coast plain;”’ but I had found it some years ago among the mountains of Clay County.* Calycanthus sp. Common on moderately fertile uplands on Mr. Golsan’s place, and in bloom at the time of my visit. Dr. Mohr lists two species, one from the highlands and one from near the coast, but I have never learned to distinguish them. I had no record of any member of this genus from the central pine belt before, though. Tlex coriacea (Pursh) Chapman. The most abundant shrub in the part of Bear Swamp that I visited. This is near its inland limit. Stewartia Malacodendron L. A single specimen, in bloom, in rich woods near Bridge Creek. This handsome-shrub seems to be much rarer than one might suppose from the books. Dr. Mohr found it in Cullman County (locality and abundance not specified), and at one place in Mobile County (in 1879 only), and cited a specimen collected by Dr. E. A. Smith in Tuscaloosa County. Dr. Smith’s plant was found about five miles east of Tuscaloosa, in the 70’s, but he has never been able to locate it again, although a special search for it was made in 1923. I found it near Greenville, in Butler County, in June, 1906. Azalea. At least two species or varieties, apparently near A. viscosa, were in bloom on Mr. Golsan’s farm at the middle of May, but the splitters have been at work on this genus lately, and I could not identify them without taking specimens along for study, which I was hardly prepared to do. There are also a few Vacciniums there that might be worth investigating. Pieris nitida (Bartr.) B. & H. In Bear Swamp and one or two other non-alluvial swamps in the neighborhood. Known to Dr. Mohr only from the “lower pine region” and “coast plain.”’ *See Torreya 10: 220-221. IgI0. 83 Lysimachia quadrifolia L. In dry woods near Bridge Creek, not common. This may be the southernmost known station for it. Dr. Mohr knew it only from Sand and Lookout Mountains. Pinguicula pumila Mx. Sandy bogs near springs on Golsan’s farm. Known to Dr. Mohr only from Baldwin and Mobile Counties, but I found it in similar places in Chilton County a few years ago.* In the central pine belt it grows larger than it does farther south, and might be mistaken for P. elatior in dried specimens, but the color of the corolla is more like that of P. pumila than P. elatior. Utricularia subulata L. With or near the preceding. Com- moner southward, but grows also on Lookout Mountain. UNIVERSITY, ALA. A TRIP TO EL YUNQUE, PORTO RICO ELIZABETH G. BRITTON From the windows of our rooms at the Condado, the Luquillo Range of mountains—filling the northeastern end of the Island— loomed up, misty and blue in the early morning, or cloud- capped in the afternoon, and continually tempted us to come and see its wonders! One of the keenest disappointments of all our West Indian journeys had been that I was unable to join my husband and a party of botanists in a camping trip from Naguabo in 1913 to El Duque at the other end of the range. Having helped to take care of the plants and studied the mosses from that trip, I could faintly imagine what treasures awaited us on El Yunque. It is called the “Anvil’’ from the flat top so characteristic of the northeastern end of the range, and is 3,700 feet high. Through the courtesy of the Forestry Department of the Federal Government of Porto Rico, and the kindness of Mr. Murray Bruner—Chief Forester—all arrangements were made for us to start from Mameyes on horse-back by the Catalina trail, for a ‘““week-end”’ visit to the forest-ranger’s huts of the Luquillo Forest Reserve. So we motored down to the Mameyes River, bag and baggage, ready to ‘rough it’’ and get wet. *See Torreya 22: 59. 1922. 84 The cabins were comfortable and water-proof and we spent three nights there, a party of five botanists, and several of the native foresters came to help in the day-time. The trail up is through sugar and coffee plantations and yielded little of much interest until we reached the station at about 1500 feet. We arrived there in time to take a short walk along the newly stoned trail, toward the summit, and become a little familiar with the more common plants at the lower altitudes. Here we found Hillia parasitica with its starry white waxy blossoms, and Magnolia splendens with showy cream-colored flowers; passion- flowers and Anthuriums climbed the trees, mistletoes and ferns perched upon them, tree-ferns mingled with them and ferns and mosses covered the ground. Selaginellas and Lycopodiums were abundant, and hepatics and lichens helped to make a bewilder- ing luxuriance of plant growth. The ferns were particularly abundant and represented by many genera—Asplenium and Adiantum, Polypodium and Rhipidopteris, Trichomanes, and Hymencphyllum, Vitiaria and Elaphoglossum in abundance and beauty. We were particularly pleased with Oleandra articulata—its simple glossy fronds pendent in large masses on the trunks of trees—and a few ground orchids, and an interesting Apzeria were also found. The first good moss collected was on the shady side of a big boulder in the bed of a stream, crossing the path—Homalha glabella and with it Fissidens polypodioides. Masses of Macro- mitrium mucronifolium and Leucoloma serrulatum made cushions on trees and stumps. Leucobryum crisbum and L. Martianum were abundant and mixed with species of Campylopus, which in the tropics takes the place of the Dicranums which are usually so abundant on our northern mountains. The old logs were fascinating places to linger over, searching for filmy ferns, hepatics, and mosses. : A comfortable night on clean new cots with plenty of blankets and good camp fare, with delicious Porto Rican coffee, started us off next day rested and keen for our trip to the summit. The horses took us part of the way up—as far as the trail was possible for them to go; the rest of the way was too steep and muddy, so we left them with a care-taker and started off—each of us with a “practico’’ or forest-ranger to help us, and began collecting. Mr. Bruner and Dr. Britton watched for new or interesting 85 trees and kept the men with the machetes busy. My big basket soon was overflowing and particularly fine clumps of ferns and lycopodiums were left to be picked up on the way down. So many stops were made and such interesting specimens found, that we were neither tired nor out of breath when we reached the wonderful rain-forest of the flat ridge below the summit of El Yunque. Of all tropical mountains that we have ever climbed, this has the densest vegetation and is most un- spoiled by the ravages of man. The trees were so covered with mosses and hepatics, that the trunks were invisible, and ferns and orchids grew upon them in masses. The rare fern Hymencd- qum crinitum was exceedingly abundant and of large size. Olfer- sta cernua, Trichomanes crispum and Hymenophyllum polyanthes were also abundant,—Elaphoglossums and Gesnerias hung from the trees, and a beautiful white epiphytic orchid Octadesmia montana grew on the bushes along the path. Dense cushions of a rare moss—only found on high mountains—Hemiragis aurea were everywhere and mixed with it were pillows of Macro- miutriums. The Hookeriaceae also were abundant, and Hook- ertopsis acicularis covered the stones in the path. Another beautiful moss of this family found hanging at the end of twigs— Isodrepanium lentulum with its symmetric branching and glossy leaves made it particularly lovely and tempting. Mixed with it were our old friends of the Blue Mountains of Jamaica— Meteoropsis remotifolia, Pilotrichella flexilis, Phyllogonium fulgens, and Thusdium acuminatum. Also quite familiar and abundant were Porotrichum insularum and Clastobryum trichophyllus. On the last muddy scramble a few plants of Hookeria acutifolia were found. In the crevices of the rocks on the bare summit were dense black masses of Thysanomitriuwm Richardi and in these wet cushions grew a tiny pale Utricularia, now called Setis- capella pusilla. Two rare ferns also grew in the crevices of the rock in wet cushions of mosses—Psilogramme Portoricensis and Pleurcgramme minor but were not abundant. As we sat down to lunch, it began to rain and drove us away from the exposed and windy ledges to the shelter of the forest— but even here there was little comfort, and we turned home- ward—realizing that our baskets and packs were full and ab- sorbing water all the time. So it was a wet and tired party that dragged into camp a few hours later, soaked through and through. 86 Part of the next day it rained and we stayed indoors and were kept busy sorting and pressing the most perishable parts of the collections. Fortunately, mosses, hepatics, and lichens can wait for light and comfort, so they were bundled up and carried down to the Condado, where with plenty of running water, cloths and trash baskets, it took four days more to clean and arrange and number my collection, and the subsequent study has shown it to be one of the largest and most interesting of all our red-letter day gatherings. New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. SHORTER ARTICLES A NEw BoG-ASPHODEL FROM THE Mountains.—Four known species have heretofore comprised the genus Abama. Two American, one on the eastern coast and one of the western coastal region. The other two are European and Japanese respectively. The following or fifth species may be described as: Abama montana Small, sp. nov. Perennial with a fibrous- coated rootstock, sometimes tufted: basal leaves erect, mostly I-2.5 dm. long, narrowly linear, about 8-veined, acuminate: flowering stem 3-5 dm. tall, slender, glabrous, with several remote narrow leaves which clasp the stem: raceme 5-8 cm. long, rather loosely flowered: bracts setaceous, mostly 3-8 mm. long: pedicels about twice as long as the bracts, slender: perianth yellow: sepals aimost linear, 6 mm. long, 3-veined: petals narrowly linear-lanceolate, 3-veined: stamens about 4 mm. long; anthers fully 1.5 mm. long: capsule narrowly conic, shorter than the persistent perianth—Swamp near Flat Rock, North Carolina. It is not surprising that a bog-asphodel should come to light in the mountains of North Carolina, as several kinds of plants otherwise known only in the pine-barrens of the middle Atlantic Coastal Plain also grow in the Appalachians. However, it is interesting that the plant in question is a different species from that of the lowlands. It is scarce, evidently rare, and may be on the verge of extinction. It may be that in this species we have one of the progenitors of the Abama of the Coastal Plain, for the high mountain region was the reservoir whence many of our Coastal Plain plants were derived. 87 The habit and the foliage of the two species in question are much the same, but in the inflorescence of Abama montana we find long slender pedicels, and in the flower itself larger sepals and petals, larger stamens and smaller capsules than in Abama _ americanum. The type specimens were collected near Flat Rock, North Carolina by F. M. Crayton, July, 1919, in flower, and at the same place by C. D. Beadle and F. M. Crayton, later in the same month, in fruit. Type specimens are in the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. = Joun K. SMALL CROWBERRY AT MONTAUK, LONG ISLAND NorMAN TAYLOR AND HELEN SmitH HILL The discovery of Empetrum nigrum within a couple of hundred feet of the temporary laboratory of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden at Montauk, Long Island, brings an interesting species into the local flora range, and, of course, into the flora of Long Island. The plant was found on the open exposed Downs about 1500 feet west of the Ditch Plain Coast Guard Station, within 100 feet of the bluff that at this point overlooks the ocean beach, which is here about forty feet below the Downs. While the plant is known at sea level along the cool shores of the coast of Maine, and from mountain summits above timber- line in the Adirondacks, and some of the higher mountains of New England, it has never before been recorded from anywhere on the coastal plain of the local flora area. As in the case of the cloudberry (Rubus Chamaemorus) found in 1908, the discovery of this Arctic-alpine species at Montauk opens up interesting possibilities of glacial relics or bird migrations, which is also true of the red spruce station at Orient, Long Island. Specimens of this plant will be deposited in the herbaria of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and The New York Botanical Garden. Montauk, LONG ISLAND, JULY 31, 1924. 88 ADDENDA TO ‘“‘ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF LONG ISLAND”’ by William C. Ferguson published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, May, 1924. Isotria affinis (Austin) Rydbg. Tsotria verticillata (Willd) Rap. In the article referred to above the writer stated that he had found no Isotria verticillata in the woods where he found at widely separated points two plants of J. affinis in 1923, This season he has found two very large and scattered colonies of I. verticillata, but not near where J. affinis was found in these these same woods. HEMPSTEAD, N. Y., JULY, 1924. FROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB MEETING OF May 13, 1924 The meeting of this date was held at the American Museum of Natural History. Mr. Beals read a communication from Mr. Walter M. Weaver, Chairman of the Committee for Club Cooperation at the National Outdoor Sports Exhibition at the Grand Central Palace, N. Y., May 26-31, 1924. The letter asked for the cooperation of the Torrey Botanical Club in the way of exhibits and representatives—the main idea being to spread propaganda for preserving the natural beauties of the country. Dr. Hazen moved that the Club be represented and that the expenditure be limited to $20. The motion, seconded by Dr. Rydberg, was approved by the Club. The formal program of the evening consisted of an illustrated lecture by Dr. Ralph R. Stewart of Gordon College, Rawalpindi, India, on “Plant Collecting in Western Tibet.’’ Dr. Stewart has been a professor in a missionary college in Northern India since 1911 and has at times visited the arid mountainous region behind the Great Range of the Himalaya Mountains. Western or Little Tibet is a part politically of the Native State of Kashmir, but the people and the country are Tibetan. The whole country lies above 9,000 feet and is drained by the Indus River and its tributaries. There is little cultivation because of the lack of rain and the ruggedness of the country. There is no 89 forest and every village has a small plantation of willow and poplar trees to secure a supply of poles for their flat-roofed, adobe houses. The chief fruit trees are the apricot, mulberry, walnut and apple. The chief food grains are barley, buckwheat, wheat, millet, Chenopodium, and Amaranthus. The wealth of the people consists in their flocks of sheep, goats, and yaks. Many of the shepherds are nomads and live a great deal of the time at altitudes of 12,000 to 15,000 feet. About 825 kinds of flowering plants have been reported from this country. Many of them are alpine plants which are also to be found in Kashmir. These are only found near melting snow or the streams and are not typical of the flora as a whole, which is more related to the flora of Tibet and Siberia. A great many mesophytic weeds are common in the villages. The commonest plants to be found near water and on the high passes are polygonums, pinks, buttercups, corydalis, sedums, saxifrages, potentillas, astragali, primulas, androsaces, gentians, mints, Gallardias, and saussureas. In the deserts the chief orders are Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Leguminoseae, Boragi- naceae, and Compositae. Artemisia is probably the commonest genus in the compositae. Typical plants of the desert areas are Ephedra Gerardiana, Eurotia ceratioides, Lepidium latifoliwm, Christolea crassifolia, Rosa Webiana, Astragalus sp., Heracleum sp., Acantholimon, Nepeta sp., Stachys tibetica, and Echinops cornigerus. About eighty plants were found at altitudes of 15,000 feet or over. They were naturally very small as it may freeze any night of the year at these heights. A rhubarb and Delphinium Brunonianum were the largest of these alpines. They were chiefly grasses, Caryophyllaceae. Cruciferae, Potentilla, Oxy- tropis, Nepeta, and Composites. The edelweiss, Leontopodium alpinum, the common dandelion, thyme, Chenopodium album, Poa pratensis and Triglochin maritima are probably the plants among these eighty that are familiar to botanists in this country. ARTHUR A. GRAVES, Secretary. 90 NEWS NOTES On September 24th the Boyce-Thompson Institute of Plant Research was dedicated in Yonkers. The Institute, besides offices and well-equipped laboratories, has a variety of conserva- tories and propagating rooms where not only the amount of light, heat and moisture may be accurately regulated but also the chemical composition of the air. A popular account of the Institute is given in the Outlook of October 8th. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy celebrated its one hundredth anniversary on October third and fourth. While the Institute is now a technical and engineering one, it was in its early years the most important college of natural sciences in the country. Stephen Van Rensselaer, who founded the Insti- tute, selected Amos Eaton to organize it, and appointed him senior professor. Eaton was the first to introduce field work and laboratory methods into American colleges. He attracted men interested in natural sciences from all parts of the country and enthused them in their work. Men trained by him founded the departments of science in many colleges. Many of the most eminent scientists of that time began their work under Eaton— among them Asa Gray and John Torrey. His influence on the education of women was very great. Women were not admitted to Rensselaer but they attended Eaton’s public lectures and some special courses and were taken on field trips. Among these Jane Welsh, Almira Lincoln and Laura Johnson were among the first women teachers and writers on botany. Eaton also estab- lished the first popular museum of natural history in America at Troy. Rensselaer, through its courses and through its methods, exerted a profound influence on the sciences of botany, geology, entomology and agriculture and on scientific education in America America. The National Park Service have been issuing a weekly bulletin or leaflet with short, interesting notes on the plants and animals of the Yosemite National Park. They have a Natural History Museum and all visitors are requested to aid the Park Naturalist, Ansel F. Hall, in protecting the fauna and flora from vandalism. “Mr. Hall says that ‘each year they find it easier to protect the flowers, and the cooperation of the Public is now becoming very wholesome.” Of the twelve hundred species in the Park, many of which are indigenous, perhaps the most important candidate for extinction is the snow plant. It is rigidly protected, and many unknown details of its reproduction are still awaiting discovery. The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the number of Torreya in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. f Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The ntelligencer Printing Co, Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the following rates: 4pp. Spp. I2pp./ 16pp. 20pp,| | 24pp. | 28pp. 3? 2pp. | 48pp 64pp aaa de) capes 40 $2.45|83.65|$ 4.4019 5.65 $6.50\$ 8.00) 8.45/$12. 55/$15.90 50 1.65] 2.90] 4.25] 5.10] -6.65| 7.75) 9.40) 9.85) 14.15] 17.35 75 | 1.95] 3-35] 4.85} 5.65} 7.60) 8.75] 10.45] 11.25) 15.65) 19.95 1Q0!" 2.25 3.80, 5.35| 6.35} 8.25] 9.80] 11.55] 12.45] 17.55) 22.05 150 2.70| 4.60, 6.50]. 7.60} 10.20] 12.10] 14.20] 15.20) 21.35] 26.80 200 “ 3.00] 5.05] 7.15] 8.35] 11.40] 13.50] 15.80] 16.85] 23.55] 29.60 BOO) « 3.85 G20, 9.20] 10.70] 14.85] 17.55] 20.50] 21.05| 30.20) 37.40 ‘Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 114c. each. Plates: 100 for $1.00 Committees for 1924. Finance Committee Field Committee R. A. HARPER, Chairman. A.T. BEALS, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART Miss JEAN BROADHURST E. P. BICKNELL H. M. DENsSLow Miss C. C. HAYNES G. C. FISHER . SERENO STETSON Miss E. M. Kuprer MiIcHAEL LEVINE Miss Daisy LEvy RAymMonpD H. Torrey PERcY WILSON Budget Committee Membership Committee ‘J. He BARNHART, Chairman. J. K. SMALL, Chairman. R. A. HARPER T. E. HAZEN N. L, Britton \ NoRMAN TAYLOR H. M. DENSLOW C. S. GAGER Local Flora Committee M.A. Howe N. L. Britron, Chairman. H. H. Russy Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E. P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. BRITTON N. L. Britton A. W. Evans Program Committee H.M.Denstow — T.E. Hazen A. H. GRAVES, Chairman. W.C. Fercuson M.A. Howe Mrs. E.G: Britton LupLow Griscom - MIcHAEL LEVINE ALFRED GUNDERSEN BAYARD LONG W. A. Murrityt T. E. Hazen K. K. MAcKENzIE — F. J. SEAVER M. A. Howe G. E. NICHOLS NorMAN TAYLOR Chairmen.on Special Committees on Local Flora Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict — Lichens: Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. Liverworts: A, W. Evans Richards Fresh Water Algae: T, E. Hazen Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu- Marine Algae: M. A. Howe berineae: F. J. Seaver Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill Sclerotium-forming Fungi: A.B. Stout Except Russula and Lactarius: MissG. Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver. Mel. T. . Burlingham Cook Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Polyporeae: M. Levine Myxomycetes: Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson Yeast and Bacteria: Miss. J. Broad- Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver hurst a Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of — text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. — For Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, 24~47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Single copies (40 cents) will be furnished only when not: breaking pon Be volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memorrs, established 1880, are published at irregu-_ lar intervals. Volumes I-17 are now completed. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. (3) Preliminary Catalogue of Annee and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to MISS MARY LEE MANN 171 Union Street, Flushing, N. Y. Vol. 24 November-December, 1924 No. 6 ~TORREYA — A Bi-MoNnTHLY JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL Notes AND News EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE T. HASTINGS John Torrey, 1796-1873 CONTENTS * Sketches of Travel in South America, WitLtiamM A. MurRILL ........... 91 Water Plants of the Kanawauke Lakes, Grorce T. HAsTINGS............. 93 Some Extinct or Lost and Rediscovered Plants, Part 1, P. A. RyDBERG.... 98 Shorter Articles: The Fringed Gentian, EnizABETH G. BRITTON...............5--..-: 102 _Some Observations on Lonicera japonica, EMMA L. Kemr........-.. 103 mrmcennines Of the ;Chuba a vere Ne es yee oles ot Rie oe se ae wie 104 Index “COATS UTA: CRON 6: cae Sv IRR AC AA a Ea Tonk Re a oer ee 108 PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 8 West KinG STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the Post Office at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1924 President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Pu.D. BROOKLYN BOTANIC. GARDEN Treasurer. - MARY LEE MANN, A.M. 171 Union St., Flushing, N, Y. Editor TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN Associate Editors A. F. BLAKESLEE, Pu.D. GEORGE T. HASTINGS, AM. ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Pu.D.. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D., Sc.D. H. A. GLEASON, Px.D.. © M. LEVINE, Px.D. . ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Ps.D.. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu.D. Bibliographer FRED. J. SEAVER, Pu.D. Mit Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences - MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph. D.; Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. , There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a vear, and Annual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its publications. ‘TORREYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WILD FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA. TorrEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents.. To subscribers elsewhere, twenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent thereof. Postal or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received oniy for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 8 West King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Miss Mary Lee Mann, 171 Union St., Flushing, N.Y, pases Matter for publication, and books. and papers for review, should be addressed GEORGE T. HASTINGS 2567 Sedgwick Ave. : New York City. to JAN FU 1925 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARNER TORREYA Vol. 24 No. 6 November—December, 1924 SKETCHES OF TRAVEL IN SOUTH AMERICA Wiut1amM A. MurriLyi THE BOTANICAL GARDEN IN RIO The “Van Dyck” arrived at Rio on Sunday afternoon, January 27, and remained there until Tuesday morning, giving the passengers time to stretch their limbs a bit and look about the city. The place of greatest interest to me was the “Jardim Botanico,”’ so I spent Monday morning there. Leaving the boat at seven, after a light breakfast, I walked up the Avenida to the Avenida Hotel and boarded a trolley which took me to the garden without transfer in less than an hour. I gave the conductor a 5 mil reis note, from which he extracted 400 reis for the fare one way, or about 4cents. The route lay through a beautiful section of this most beautiful city, passing along or near the Avenida, the site of the recent Exposition, the harbor with its beaches, and the base of Corcovado where so many splendid homes are located, embowered in all the beauty of vegetation which the Tropics afford. Finally, the car was stopped on the Rua Jardim Botanico and I was put off at the entrance to the garden. At this early hour, I was the only visitor, and I enjoyed the freshness and quiet and the singing of the birds all by myself, while wandering around under the fine old trees and watching the brilliant Heliconia butterflies flitting about in the sunny spaces. Everywhere there was cool shade, and restful benches, and pavilions, and the sound of water gurgling in brooks or leaping in cascades from the steep sides of Corcovado. Ferns and orchids and great climbing vines covered the ancient tree- trunks while water-lilies and other aquatic plants adorned the streams and ponds. Even the lowly fungi forced themselves upon my attention in the shape of a splendid display of the green- gilled Lepiota growing on the bank of a brook beneath a large breadfruit tree. There were 13 fine plants in the group and oI 92 some were shedding their spores in bluish-green clouds. This species, has been named several times from South America, where it grows best and is sometimes eaten by the natives. Its northern limit is Ohio, where it goes under the name of Lepiota Morgani and is considered somewhat poisonous. The green spores are very characteristic. Beyond a little glass house filled with delicate ferns I saw a laborer mowing the rough grass and stopped for a moment to watch him work. His scythe was short and very broad, and fixed to a long upright handle, which allowed him to stand upright while mowing. I noticed that he stopped to whet as often as laborers usually do, but we must remember the climate and the peculiar toughness of this particular grass. A large, well-filled water-jar reposed under a tree nearby. The tamancos he wore protected only his toes, and every few minutes a pebble or a thorn would have to be removed from some sensitive place between the flapping soles and the moving heels. A little plant which served for grass and did not require mowing was planted very generously throughout the grounds, especially in deeply shaded places. It is a very dark green, densely tufted, and has narrow, ribbon-like leaves resembling those of Crocus or Nar- cissus. I must get some of it for our greenhouses, because I am sure it would make an excellent bedding plant for the bases of palms and for spaces between trees that are planted out, being larger and darker than any we now have for this purpose. But the trees in this famous old garden—who shall describe them! I am fond of trees and have watched them all my life, but I can not do these justice. The whole garden is really a grove of wonderful trees. The royal palms alone would make a story. There are many of them,—some planted in long avenues and others scattered,—and most of them over 100 feet high. The parent of them all, now 130 feet in height, was planted by King John VI, founder of the garden, on June 13, 1808. Mango and breadfruit trees are likewise abundant, the latter loaded with immense, rough fruits which keep falling and decaying, leaving behind masses of whitish seeds. Then there are great clumps of bamboos, rows of traveler’s trees, royal poincianas, acacias, and trees that furnish rubber, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, cam- phor, and other products too numerous to mention. I shall visit the garden again on my return here in March, when I shall 93 live in one of the little chalets up on the side of Corcovado, surrounded by the virgin forest. Tue New York BoTANICcAL GARDEN, Bronx Park, N. Y. C. WATER PLANTS OF THE KANAWAUKE LAKES GEORGE T. HASTINGS The Kanawauke Lakes are a group of three small lakes between Rockland and Orange Counties, New York, in the Bear Moun- tain-Harriman section of the Palisades Interstate Park. Only one of these, the First Lake, is natural. This was formerly known as Little Long Pond. When the other lakes were formed by damming the outlet stream in 1914 the level of the First Lake was raised about three feet. The lakes are connected by short channels some eight feet wide in the narrowest places. First Lake is about half a mile long, Second and Third Lakes a little less than one mile each. All of them are narrow and com- paratively shallow. The current from First Lake through the others is slight, even in spring and early summer when the water is high, later in the season there is practically no current except that caused by the wind. On the shores of the lakes are located a group of some twenty camps where about ten thousand boy scouts spend from two to eight weeks during the summer. There is, consequently, a good deal of rowing on the lakes, while a number of motor boats make daily trips from the headquarters building at the junction of the Second and Third Lakes to each of the camps. It would seem as if the current, supplemented by the move- ments of the boats, would have resulted during the ten years since the dam was built in a fairly uniform distribution of the water plants of the lakes. This is very far from being the case. The original lake has an abundant flora, the shallower water everywhere, including the areas submerged when the level was raised, being crowded with plants and the new shore line bordered uniformly by water or marsh plants. The Second Lake is almost as well supplied with plants at the end nearest First Lake, but further down the number both of species and individuals de- creases. In Third Lake there are few plants, the greatest 94 abundance being in a bay that was a spring-fed swamp before the lake was formed. This difference is in the number of species and in abundance as well, only a few, such as Eleocharis acicularis and the Mermaid-weed, Proserpinaca palustris, being abundant in all the lakes. Thirty-seven species are found in First Lake, twenty-four in Second Lake and sixteen in Third Lake. All of the plants found in Second Lake are also found in First and all those in Third are also in both Second and First Lakes. An exception may be made in the case of Elodea,—formerly abundant in First Lake, it seems to have entirely disappeared from there, but has become common in Second and Third Lakes. Fifteen of the plants found are typical shore plants, growing in the water with the plant mostly above water, such as cattails, burweed, pipewort, water plantain, etc. Nine of the plants are rooted with the leaves floating or slightly raised above the surface, as water lilies, water shield, floating heart, etc. Seven of the plants are rooted and entirely submerged, as Elodea, most of the pondweeds and water milfoil. Six are usually free floating plants, as the purple and large yellow bladderworts, and duck weed. In First Lake the new area added by the raising of the level of the water has been occupied chiefly by the moving in of plants formerly growing in the shallow water, so that the plants are now growing under conditions similar to their original ones. A few plants have seemed unable to move and are growing under abnormal conditions. Eleocharis Robbinsi is found only at one point along the shore, and there in water about four feet deep, evidently where it had been growing before the level of the water was raised. Now the flowering stems reach only one or two inches above the surface, the submerged leaves, about eighteen inches long, are far below. JPeltandra virginica, though growing commonly in shallow water along shore, is also found in places in water over three feet deep where there was originally only aswampy margin. Water milfoil, commonly float- ing free in great masses or rooted and the stems floating near the surface, also grows rooted in six feet of water, with the stems never reaching the surface. The floating plants, or such as may break free and float, as the purple and yellow bladderworts, Elodea and naiad are the most abundant plants in Second and Third Lakes. The white water lily which is abundant in First Lake was repre- 95 sented in Second Lake by six scattered plants (one of these was a floating rootstalk with four leaves) and in Third Lake by two young plants. None of these in the two lower lakes had blos- somed in 1924 as far as could be ascertained. In this case at least, there seems to be something either in the water or the soil of the bottom that has prevented the plant from getting a foot- hold, as several attempts have been made to transplant mature plants from First Lake to the others. The yellow water lily has succeeded better, as there were nearly a score of plants in Second Lake and eight in Third and in each lake several of the plants were in blossom this year. Other plants that seem es- pecially well fitted for dispersal under the conditions, such as the floating heart with its slender stems with clusters of roots developed a short distance below the leaves, have not been found in either of the lower lakes. When the level of Little Long Pond was raised, in two places masses of boggy soil broke loose and floated. These floating islands, anchored by the roots of shrubs, are the only places around the lakes where such bog plants ascranberry, round-leaved and intermediate sundew and pitcher plants grow. Their margins are bordered by the water loosestrife, Decodon verticillata, the long slender stems dipping into the water where they form a thick growth of spongy, air-holding bark, develop a few floating roots, then rise again into the air. Occasionally this process is re- peated a second and even a third time, the plant then con- sisting of a series of two or three leafy loops separated by sub- merged portions. This plant also should be easily transported to other parts of the lakes as portions of the root bearing stems are easily broken off and may start new clumps of the plant, but no plants have been found anywhere around the lakes except on the margins of these islands. Dr. Gilbert Morgan Smith* in discussing the plankton algae of these lakes refers to the much greater algal flora in the Second and Third Lakes. At the time of his investigations these two lakes “bloomed” profusely in August. Dr. Smith suggested that as the vegetable matter submerged when the lakes were formed gradually disappeared by decay and the water assumed a more stable chemical condition and approached the conditions * Gilbert Morgan Smith, Ecology of the Plankton Algae in the Palisades Interstate Park, Roosevelt Wild Life Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 4, Feb. 1924. 96 of Little Long Pond the great number of Blue Green Algae would tend to disappear. This seems to have been already accomplished. The two lakes ‘‘bloomed”’ freely in 1921, slightly in 1922 and not at all in 1923 or 1924. Of course there were floating algae of various kinds in the lakes but nothing ap- proaching the conditions of a “bloom.” In the two lower lakes there are a few areas where considerable amounts of Oscillatoria are found on the bottom in August but none of this was noticeable in First Lake. If this indicates a decrease in the amount of organic matter in the lake water and an approach to what may be considered the normal composition, it suggests that some plants which have not secured a foothold in these lakes may find suitable conditions in the next few years and become established there. That the nature of the bottom can not be the chief restricting factor is evidenced by the abundant growth on the submerged shores of Little Long Pond. The plants collected during the past three years are the fol- lowing: PLANTS FOUND IN ALL THREE LAKES Typha latifolia L., not abundant on any of the shores. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm., common on all the lakes. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Forma graminifolius (Fries) Morong, common in First and Second Lakes, a few widely scattered plants in Third Lake. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Very common in shallow water. Elodea canadensis Michx. Common in Second and Third Lakes, formerly common in First Lake. Vallisneria spiralis L. A few plants in water from two to four feet deep in all lakes. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. &S. Common about the shores and in water up to a foot in depth. Pontederia cordata L. Common about First Lake, only four plants found on Second and one on Third Lake. Nymphaea advena Ait. Not uncommon in First Lake, few in the others. Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. Common in First, few in Second and only two plants in Third Lake. Brasenia Schreberi Gmel. Common in First Lake, a few in most parts of Second, common near inlet of Third. 97 Hypericum virginicum L. Common about the shores of First and Second, uncommon on Third Lake. Myriophyllum scabratum Michx. Abundant in First Lake, “common in the others. Proserpinaca palustris L. Common about all the lakes. Utricularia purpurea Walt. Abundant in First Lake, common in Second, a few plants in Third Lake. U. vulgaris L. Uncommon about all the lakes. PLANTS FOUND IN FIRST AND SECOND LAKES Typha angustifolia L. A few plants near shore in both lakes. Potamogeton natans L. Few plants in First, one only found in Second Lake. P. zosterifolius Schumacher. Few in First Lake, one plant found near the inlet in Second Lake. Sagittaria longirostra (M. Michell) J. G. Sm. Not common. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. Not common about First Lake, one plant found on Second. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton. Few plants. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Common about both lakes. Utricularia subulata L. Uncommon. PLANTS FOUND ONLY IN First LAKE Equisetum fluviatile L. In marsh bay at end of lake. Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Few plants with submerged fruit only. P. filiformis Pers. Few plants. P. interruptus L. Not uncommon. Sagitiaria graminea Michx. Few plants, none in flower. Eleocharis Robbinsi1 Oakes. In four feet of water near one shore. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Common in quiet bays. Eriocaulon articulatum (Huds.) Morong. Not common in shallow water, sometimes in water eighteen inches deep. Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. On margins of floating islands. Proserpinaca pectinatus Lam. Few submerged plants. Nymphoides lacunosum (Vent.) Fernald. Not uncommon in water from six inches to six feet deep. Myosotis laxa Lehm. In shallows, at end of lake. Utricularia intermedia Hayne. Floating in company. with myriophyllum and U. purpurea, no flowers found. New York City. 98 -SOME EXTINCT OR LOST AND REDISCOVERED ; PLA rS al While engaged in his taxonomic work on the Pea Family, the writer came across two species, which evidently have become extinct during the last century and a few which were lost but have been rediscovered. The thought struck him that other botanists might be interested in extinct and lost species, and he has therefore planned to present some notes that might call attention to such species and lead to the rediscovery of some of these so-called lost species or the establishment of the fact that they actually have become extinct within historic times. ASTRAGALUS RosBINsII (Oakes) A. Gray This species was described as Phaca Robbinsi in Magazine of Horticulture edited by Hovey (7: 181, 1841). It had been discovered in 1829 by Dr. Robbins, after whom it was named. Oakes gives the type locality as follows: ‘‘On rocky ledges, overflowing in the spring, on the banks of the Onion River, Burlington, Vermont.’”’ In Zadock Thompson’s History of Vermont there is given a list of plants of Vermont (p. 183, 1842, and reprinted in 1853), also prepared by Oakes, in which the type locality is given more definitely: ‘‘On a limestone ledge in Burlington, on the banks of Winooski River, a quarter of a mile below High Bridge, Robbins.’’ As far as the writer can find this is the only locality in which the species has been found and as far as can be ascertained the type station is now des- troyed. It may be of interest to trace out its history. In the first edition of his manual (p. 103, 1848), Dr. Gray gave the distribution of the species as: ‘Rocky ledges of the Onion River, near Burlington, Vermont.’’ In the second edition (p. 98, 1856), the plant appears as Astragalus Robbinsu A. Gray, but the distribution remained unchanged, with the addition: ‘‘Willoughby Mountain, Mr. Blake.” This specimen of Mr. Blake, however, belongs to a closely related species, Astragalus Blaket Eggleston. In the third edition (p. 98, 1862), the Willoughby locality is omitted, and in the Addenda (p. xci), Blake’s specimens are referred to as a form of Astragalus alpinus. This treatment remained unchanged in the fourth edition (1863 and 1864). 99 In the fifth edition (p. 133, 1867-1880) the distribution is givenas: ‘‘Rocky ledges of Onion River, at Colchester, Vermont. Dr. Robbins (1829): the station now obliterated.’’ The type locality is, as far as the writer has been able to ascertain, near Burlington, but within the town of Colchester, several miles, however, from the railroad station of the latter name. The statement “‘now obliterated,’’ however, was apparently then premature, for the plant has been collected later than 1867 and 1880. In the sixth edition, the distribution given (p. 136, 1890) is modified and reads simply: ‘Rocky ledges, Vt.”’ This would indicate that other localities might have been found in the meantime, but I can find no evidence to that effect. In the new Gray’s Manual (p. 516, 1908) edited by Robinson and Fernald, the distribution is again thus restricted: ‘“‘ Rocky Ledges of the Winooski R., Vt. (station now extinct).’’ As Onion River and the Winooski are the same, the distribution given is identical with that in the fifth edition of Gray’s Manual, and was at this time evidently according to facts. This is in short the history of the plant as given in the several editions of our oldest manual of the Northeastern United States. Let us, however, see what light other publications show on the subject. In Wood’s Classbook (p. 229) at least between 1851 and 1856, the distribution is copied from the first edition of Gray’s Manual. In the later editions (p. 318) from 1863-1881, it was given as: ‘“‘Ledges by rivers and lakes, northern Vt., rare,’”’ and in the Botanist and Florist (p. 94, 1889) as “‘ Rocky shores, Vip! In all cases very indefinite. In Archives of Science for Jan—Apr., 1873, Perkins also adds to the distribution: “It has also been found by Mr. C. C. Frost on the Willoughby Mountain, &c.’”’ These specimens belong to A. Blaket. In Perkins’ Catalogue of the Flora of Vermont (p. 19, 1888) I find: ‘‘Near Burlington; also Hartland, and near Hanover, N.H.” The last two localities refer to A. Jesupzi. In Britton & Brown’s Illustrated Flora, first edition (2: 304, 1897), the authors gave the distribution as Vermont and New Hampshire, but they included in it also A. Jesupi and probably A. Blakei. Dr. Britton in his Manual, in both editions 100 (p. 553, 1901 and 1907), gives the same distribution, though in the appendix of the second edition, he admits A. Jesupi as a species. In the second edition of the Illustrated Flora (2: 381, 1913), the distribution is corrected, reading: ‘Known only from rocky ledges of the Winooski River, Vermont, station now obliterated and the species extinct, unless inhabiting some undiscovered locality.”’ In the Flora of Vermont by Brainerd, Jones and Egslesren (p. 54, 1900), the following remarks are found: ‘On limestone rocks, near High Bridge, Winooski River, Burlington. This, the only station in Vermont,! was destroyed in 1894 by the set back of the dam of the Vermont Electric Power Company.” This was repeated verbatim in Eggleston, Kirk and Underwood’s Flora of Vermont (Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 187: 217, IQI5). In her Flora of Burlington and Vicinity, Nellie F. Flynn (p. 53, 1911) made a similar statement: ‘‘On limestone rocks, Winooski Gorge (Robbins). This, the only known station in Vermont, was destroyed in 1894 when the new dam flooded the rocks, The writer takes the liberty to cite the following from a letter received from Mr. Eggleston. ‘‘The statement in the two editions of the Vermont Flora and Mrs. Flynn’s Flora covers the situation of Astragalus Robbinsit.”’ ‘‘L. R. Jones with his students searched carefully for other localities and found none.”’ ““C. G. Pringle rediscovered the station some time in the seventies and he knew only the locality in the base of Colchester Gorge, where Jones and I collected it later. Wrong interpretations of the labels of earlier collections are to blame for the idea that Astragalus Robbinsit was found outside the gorge.”’ The history of the plant may also be traced from specimens in herbaria. My research in this line has been limited to the herbaria of The New York Botanical Garden, Columbia Uni- versity, Harvard University, and the New England Botanical Club. I have written to the University of Vermont at Burlington during the summer vacation but have not yet received any answer. All specimens of the true Phaca or Astragalus Robbinsi1 | seen are labelled, ‘‘Near Burlington,” ‘Colchester,’ ‘‘High 1 They could just as well have left out the words “in Vermont,”’ for it has never been found elsewhere. 101 Bridge,’”’ or ‘‘on Winooski River,’’ which all practically mean the type locality or very near to it, and probably were included in the flooded area. The collections contained specimens gathered by the following botanists: Robbins, in 1829; Oakes and Cary in 1841; Pringle in 1875, 1877, and 1878; Brainerd in 1878; Grout in 1891, and Jones & Eggleston in 1893. I have seen no speci- mens collected after 1894. As stated before, the original record of specimens collected on Willoughby Mountain by Blake was erroneous, for the specimens do not belong to A. Robbinsti.. Gray noticed the error but made another error in referring it to A. alpinus. Eggleston in 1895 described a new species A. Blaket, including among others Blake’s specimens and naming it after that collector. Even since this species was described, many have mistaken the two. While visiting the Gray Herbarium last year the visitor forgot to consult the collection of the New England Botanical Club, and therefore sent in an inquiry. Miss Sanderson, librarian of the Gray Herbarium, kindly informed me that there were two sheets in the New England Botanical Club herbarium, labelled A. Robbinsi, collected by Churchill in 1897. She also sent these to the writer. They turned out to be, as was suspected, A. Blakei. The latter has been collected by quite a number of persons at different stations in the Willoughby Mountain region, and also on St. John’s River in Maine by Miss Furbish and in Labrador by S. R. Butler. As to the Hartland, Vt., and Hanover, N. H., stations, men- tioned in Perkins’ Catalogue, they refer to Jesup’s specimens, which, together with Egeleston’s own, became the basis for A. Jesupi (Eggleston & Sheldon) Britton. The latter is a closely related and very local species. To the two localities mentioned above should be added, Summers Falls, Plainfield, N. H., all three in the Connecticut River Valley. From the preceding may be concluded that as far as we know Astragalus Robbinsii has become extinct and by the action of man. If any botanist should find the plant or has any record of having found it outside of the destroyed area, or since 1894, it would be of general interest if made known. P. A. RYDBERG 102 SHORTER ARTICLES THE FRINGED GENTIAN.—Gentiana crinita Froel.—Much has been written about this beautiful but elusive American wild flower, and information about its life history and peculiar habits and habitats is being acquired, so that it will be possible to cultivate it and bring it back to the places where it used to be native and abundant. It has been well-established that it is a biennial and there seems to be some ground for the statement that it thrives best where there is lime in the soil, and sufficient moisture so that the seedlings do not become too dry. It has also been definitely shown that early frosts often kill the plants before they can scatter seeds, so that it disappears or becomes scarce for several seasons, but if a few plants remain to form seed, it will reappear in the same locality after a year or two of absence. It ranges from Quebec to Georgia along the Atlantic coastal plain and westward to Minnesota and Iowa in the Mississippi Valley, and grows in wet meadows on the borders of streams and lakes where the soil is moist but not too wet or swampy. Perhaps the most successful replanting has been done by Dr. George F. Norton of Pleasantville, N. Y. In October, 1906, he collected seeds near Stanwich, Conn. and sowed them at once near his home in Westchester County. Some of the seed he kept over the winter but has reason to believe that the fresh seed germinates more readily. Having established the plant near his home, he has continued to plant it in different places from Bedford Hills to Valhalla and from Danbury, Conn. to the Hudson and distributed seeds to many other places. Mrs. Caspar T. Sharpless of Camden, N. J. has established it at her summer home near Mt. Pocono, Penn. and grown plants three feet high with over 100 blossoms. Miss E. R. Kennaday of Mendham, N. J. has sown seed in Bergen Co., N. J. and Dutchess Co., N. Y. The former director of the Buffalo Bot- anic Garden—John F. Cowell—had grown fringed gentian successfully for six years and sent some to the N. Y. Botanical Garden. We have tried growing it in pots and sowing it braodcast in favorable localities. The plants sown in pots quickly become pot-bound, and when transplanted, the roots are injured so that the plants are stunted and rarely grow 103 more than a rosette of leaves. So it seems definitely proven that the only way to have fringed gentians is to sow them in favorable spots where they will not be trampled, cut off or carried away. And it is particularly to be desired that the earliest blossoms be left to form seed, as the later ones may be nipped by frost and fail to do so. ELIZABETH G. BRITTON New York BOTANICAL GARDEN. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON LONICERA JAPONICA THUNB. (JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE) The great variety of color and the fragrance of blossoms are, doubtless, responsible for most people’s interest in plants. But in spite of the variety, the color of a given blossom usually remains the same throughout its life and those most highly colored often lack fragrance. So a fragrant blossom which turns from white to pale yellow and then to deeper shades is of special interest. How long does this color change in Lonicera japonica take? Does the time vary and if so, what makes it vary? To try to answer these questions, observations were made on 42 blossoms in 13 groups of 2, 3, or 4 blossoms each. The plant on which they grew was about fifteen feet high, growing against a dead tree. For the lower five feet it spread to a width of about 10 feet. Observations extended over a period of six days and were made at first approximately at 7:45 A.M.,1:45 and 7:45 P.M. There was practically no rainfall during this period and the temperature varied from 67 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit indoors. No changes occurred from 7:45 P.M. to 7:45 A.M., few changes occurred from 7:45 A.M. to 1:45 P.M., most changes occurred from 1:45 to 7:45 P.M. Blossoms that opened one afternoon turned pale yellow the next. In only one case was there a change from white to yellow in the morning, but once having turned yellow they often turned to darker shades of yellow in the morning. It was found that the time in which the blossoms change from white to deepest yellow varies, being shorter when the temperature is higher. 104 Time required for Highest Lowest Average No. of blossoms change temperature temperature temperature 4 48 hours 82 73 75 8 CON 82 71 75 2 66 * a 67 73 28 (eas 76 67 73 All temperature readings were made indoors. Observations were made at Cold Spring Harbor from July 25 to 30, 1924. Emma L. KEMP LINCOLN HiGH SCHOOL, Jersey City, N. J. PROCEEDINGS OF DHE CLUB MEETING OF MAy 28, 1924 On this date a joint all-day meeting of the Club and several other societies and individuals interested in the conservation of our native wild plants was held at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The following were elected to membership in the Club at this TeCHMg |e Mr. Edward J. Alexander, 664 West 179th Street, N. Y. City. Mr. John E. F. Hellawell, 362 Dean Street, Brooklyn. Mr. Roland Jackson Hunter, 636 High St., Newark, N. J. Mr. William H. Zaun, Jersey City, N. J. In the morning Miss Ellen Eddy Shaw spoke on the work of her department in the Children’s Gardens. After her lecture in the Laboratory Building, the visitors were conducted to the Children’s Gardens in the southern part of the Garden, where Miss Shaw explained the methods of instruction. In the afternoon the report was received of the Committee on Conservation of Native Plants appointed last May at a similar meeting at the Garden. The committee appointed at that time was as follows: Dr. R. C. Benedict, of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Chairman, representing the American Fern Society; Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, of the American Museum of Natural History, from the New York Bird and Tree Club; Dr. Homer D. House, of the New York State Museum, from the Wild Flower Preservation Society of America; and Dr. M. A. Howe, of the New York Botanical Garden, from the Torrey Botanical Club, and also Attorney Augustus O. Bourne, Jr. 105 In his report, Dr. Benedict stated that for the present the most practicable way to gain legal protection seemed to be the insertion of the word ‘Plants’’ in the Private Parks section of the State Conservation law. This amendment has been passed by the New York State Senate, but not by the Assembly. Dr. Homer D. House, New York State Botanist, also spoke in favor of legislation and showed lantern slides of some of the species needing protection. In the general discussion which followed the consensus of opinion was that the most effective way to create popular senti- ment in favor of plant conservation is through education, particularly by instruction of the children in the elementary and secondary schools. Mrs. Francke, of the North Country Garden Club, Long Island, reported that placards placed along the roads in the north shore region of Long Island asking passersby to spare the dogwood, had evidently been respected and had produced a very favorable result. Dr. Benedict stated that the most practicable present method by which our native wild plants can be saved is through initiative of private individuals who will take steps to establish small sanctuaries or private parks where the chief emphasis is on the protection of wild flowers and their propagation with a view to reestablishing them in wider areas. The question of wild plant propagation should make a fascinating hobby, and many species are not difficult of reproduction, as has already been demonstrated. For example, it has been proved to be per- fectly feasible to reestablish the fringed gentian merely by scattering carefully collected seeds. The committee was reelected for the ensuing year and increased by the following members: Mrs. E. G. Britton, Honorary Curator, New York Botanical Garden; Mrs. Francke, repre- senting the Long Island zone of the Garden Clubs of America; and Dr. Arthur H. Graves, Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. On the resignation of Dr. Benedict from the chairmanship, Dr. G. Clyde Fisher was appointed chairman for the ensuing year. The following organizations were invited to send official dele- gates to this meeting: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York Botanical Garden, Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, 106 Nationa! Plant, Flower and Fruit Guild, American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, Horticultural Society of New York.. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. MEETING OF OCTOBER 14, 1924 The meeting was held at the American Museum of Natural History. The resignation of Dr. W. A. Murrill was accepted with regret. The following were elected to membership: Mr. S. T. Marcus, 260 West 36th St., New York. Miss Norine W. Boetsch, 29 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, N. Y. Mr. Walter J. Himmell, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Ia. Miss Gertrude M. Felke, 1761 Topping Ave., New York. Miss Johanna Oppenheimer, 191 Claremont Ave., New York. Miss Caroline Halsted, 400 West 151st St., New York. Professor Richards announced the resignation of Dr. Denslow as Editor of the Torrey Bulletin and the appointment by the chair of Dr. T. E. Hazen as Editor. On the motion of Professor Harper this appointment was duly ratified by the Club. Dr. Harper spoke briefly on the August meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Toronto. He reported the finding of an albino form of Verbena hastata of which he brought back seed. One of the most enthusiastic discussions at the British meeting centered about the nature of sap flow. Dr. Dixon believed that both the upward and down- ward flow occurs in the xylem and is.a staunch advocate of the cohesion theory. Dr. Curtis concluded that both upward and downward flow of the sap occur in the phloem. Dr. Harper also reported finding Ustilago violacea, the anther smut, on Silene caroliniana, a southern form of the species about here (S. pennsylvanica) and growing near Washington, D. C. This fungus is particularly interesting in view of re- searches of Dr. B. O. Dodge, soon to be published. Dr. Gager reported the finding, on a small island in Belgrade Lake, Maine, of a vigorous colony of Marchantia polymorpha three yards wide by four yards long, covered plentifully with the tiny umbrella-like structures, both male and female. Dr. Levine stated that formerly great patches of this hepatic existed in the Bear Mountain region. 107 Dr. Howe reported the collection, by Dr. W. R. Taylor, of about 230 species of algae from the vicinity of the Dry Tortugas near Key West. Dr. Swingle also sent in some interesting species of fossil calcareous algae from the Salton Sea region during the summer. Dr. Graves reported the finding by Mr. Norman Taylor, during the summer, of Empetrum nigrum at Montauk, Long Island. The abundance of the Post Oak, Quercus stellata, and occurrence of the Chestnut Oak, Q. prinus, on Hunter’s Island were also noted. The secretary also spoke of an interesting region for botanizing, located at the base of the Palisades about opposite 150th St. on an area of flat land jutting out into the Hudson where ballast plants are plentiful. Dr. Gager reported a large tree Lilac (Syringa japonica ?) at Kiseena Park, Flushing, also Cornus Kousa with an abundance of fruit, and recommended the region for a future field trip of the Club. Dr. Levine stated that he had obtained good material of Russula near Ithaca during the summer, suitable for sectioning for further work in the development of the Hymenomycetes. Mr. Hastings showed interesting sheets of plants collected near Grassy Sprain Reservoir, Yonkers. Variation in size, shown on each sheet, was caused by the submergence of some of the seeds for shorter or longer periods, delaying their germination, and thus shortening the period to flowering. Dr. Hazen spent most of the summer at Woods Hole and reported the successful cultivation of unicellular algae. He also noted the sporadic occurrence of Polystichum Braunii along the Monroe Sky-line Trail in the Green Mountains. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. DATES OF (PUBLICATION “OF TORREYA No. 1. Jan.—Feb. Pages 1-16 Issued 25 Feb. 1924 No. 2. Mar.—Apr. ‘17-38 Teor. LOLA No. 3. May—~June ~ 39-54. ‘25 June 1924 No. 4. July—Aug. “55-70 “< 91 Aug. 1924 No. 5. Sept.—Oct. “71-90 iin OG ay TO2K. No. 6. Nov.—Dec. Sor rr Pi eTee. “POZA 108 INDEX TO VOLUME TWENTY-FOUR (The names of species and varieties described as new are in bold faced type.) Abama montana, 86; americana, 87 Abies balsamea, 28; Pindrow, 43 Acantholimon, 89 Accidium Apocyni, 27 Acer platanoides, 23, 26, 72; rubrum, 22, 26, 29, 79; saccharum, 72 Acetabula sulcata vulgaris, 19 Acnida tuberculata, 26 Acorus Calamus, 25 Addenda to Contributions to the Flora of Long Island, 88 Adiantum, 84 Aegopodium Podograria variegatum, Aesculus parviflora, 81; Pavia, 81 Agrostis alba, 24 Ailanthus glandulosa, 23, 26, 35 Akebia quinata, 25 Aleuria aurantia, 19; repanda, 22 Alisma Plantago-aquatica, 97 Allen, C. E., 62 Allium, 64. Alpine Plants of Kashmir, 41 Alsine canadensis, 31 Alternaria Solani, 24 Amanita muscaria, 47; phalloides, 47 Amaranthus caudatus, 31 Amelanchier canadensis, 23 Anchistea virginica, 28 Andropogon scoparius, 28 Anemone, 44; virginiana, 72 Antennaria neodoica, 75 Anthoceros, 65 Anthurium, 84 Apocynum androsaemifolium, 27; medium, 71 Aposphaeria nucicola, 25; Putamium, 25 Apteria, 84 Aquelegia canadensis, 72 Arabis lyrata, 31 Araucaria excelsa, 63 Arctium minus, 26, 72 Arenaria canadensis, 31 Aristida tuberculosa, 28, 72 Arceuthobium minutissimum, 44 Aristolochia macrophylla, 73 Artemisia, 44; Absinthium, 32 Arthur, J. C., New Combinations, 52 Asarum, 79 Ascobolus Crouani, 22 Ascochyta Dianthi, 25; Philadelphia, 25; Pisi, 26 Aspergillus candidus, 22 Asplenium, 44, 84 Aster Herveyi, 75; paniculata acu- tidens, 75 Astragalus, 44, 89; alpinus, 98; Blakei, 99; Jesupi, 99; Robbinsii, 8 9 Azalea, 82; viscosa, 8 Baccharis halimifolia, 23, 30 Bachira alba, 66 Ball, O. M., 5 Bannwart, Carl, 34 Beals, A. T., 13, 37 Beebe, William, 14 Benedict, R. C., 67, 104 Berry, Edward W., A Cucurbitaceous Fruit from the Tertiary of Texas, 5; A Fossil Celtis from Colombia, 44; Ophioglossum hastatiforme not an Ophioglossum, 49 Betula lutea, 27; populifolia, 24, 27; utilis, 43 Blackman, V. H., 68 Blakeslee, A. F., 16 . Blastenia ferruginea discolor, 30 Bog-asphodel from the Mountains, A New, 86 Book reviews, IT, 33, 52, 58 Botanical Garden in Rio, The, 91 Boyce-Thompson Institute of Plant Research, 90 Bourne, Augustus O., 104 Brasenia Schreberi, 96 Brassica oleracea gemmifera, 22; Rapa, 73 Britton, Mrs. Elizabeth G., 35, 105; A Trip to El Yunque, Porto Rico, 83; The Fringed Gentian, 102 Britton, N. L., 14, 16, 66 Bromus hordeaceus, 71 Brown, H. N., 10 Brunella, 44 Brunonianum, 89 Budhamia rubiginosa, 22 Bulbous Bluegrass, 7 Burnham, Stewart H., and Roy A. Latham, The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gar- diner’s Island, New York, 22 Calcophysoides balli, 5; brevipes, 7 California Bigtree, 68 109 Callirhoe involucrata, 74. Calopogon pulchellus, 12 Calycanthus, 82 Camarosporium Berkleyanum, 26; subfenestratum, 26 Campylopus, 84 Capsella, 44 Carex abscondita, 72; Asa-Grayi, 72; canescens disjuncta, 71; flexuosa, 71; Howei, 31; hystricina, 72; retroflexa, 31; scoparia canadensis, 72; stamineum, 72; tenuiflora, 72 Carya glabra, 23, 25, 27 Caryospora Putamium, 2 Castalia odorata, 96 Cedrus deodara, 43 Celtis Bolivarensis, 45; occidentalis, 27, 46; tala, 46 Celtis from Colombia, A Fossil, 44 Cenchrus, 45 Centaureum, 51 Cercospora Symplocarpi, 24; varia, 24 Chaetomium elatum, 23 Chelone glabra, 27 Chenopodium album, 89; murale, 31 Chlamydomonas, 13 Christolea crassifolia, 89 Cladosporium epimyces, 25 Clastobryum trichophyllus, 85 Clathroptychium rugulosum, 22 Claytonia virginica, 3 Clethra alnifolia, 24, 27 Clitocybe illudens, 47 Cockerell, T. D. A., A Genuine Fossil Ophioglossum, 10; A Yellow Va- riety of Eustoma, 50 Coldenia, 15 Colorado Springs Maintaining a Tree Nursery for Highway Planting, 54 Commelinantia Pringlei, 52 Cordia, 15 Coreopsis rosea, 32; tinctoria, 75 Cornus Amomum, 31; Kousa, 107 Corydalis, 44 Corsinia Marchantoides, 65 Cotoneaster, 44 Coulter, J. M., 68 Cowell, John F., 102 Crataegus coccinea, 54; Crus-galli, 23, 24, 54 Cribraria rufa, 22 Crocker, William, 16, 68 Cronartium cerebrum, 27; toniae, 27 Croton Alabamensis, 81; Scouleri, 15 Crowberry at Montauk, Long Island, 87 Cucurbitaceous Fruit from the Ter- tiary of Texas, A, 5 Cudoniella marcida, 23 comp- Cup Fungiof Common Occurrence, 17 Curtis, D. F., 68 Cydonia japonica, 27 Cyperus erythrorhizus, 72 Cypripedium hirsutum, 12 Dacryomyces abietinus, 29; de- liquescens, 28; minor, 29; roseus, 25; stellatus, 29; sp. 29 Dactylis glomerata, 44 Danaea coloradensis, 49 Date Pollen, Viability of, 34 Decodon verticillata, 95 Delphinium Brunonianum, 89 Denslow, H. M., 12, 37, 106 Desmodium, 28 Dianthus Armeria, 25 Diaporthe Baccharidis, 23; oncos- toma, 23 Diatrype asterostoma, 23; bullata, 23; fibritecta, 23; Maclurae, 2 Dickson, B. T., 68 Dicranum montanum, 30 Digitaria eriantha, 8; henryi, 9; iburua, 9; nodosa, 9; puberula, 9 Dinemosporium hispidulum herba- rum, 26 Dioscorea villosa, 26 Diplachne fasicularis, 72 Diplotaxis muralis, 73 Discosia Artocreas, 26; faginea, 26; Platani, 26 Dixon, H. H., 68 Dondia maritima, 72 Dowding, 68 Dryopteris cristatum (lintoniana, 72 Dulichium arundinaceum, 28, 97 Earlia speciosa, 27 Echinochloa Walteri, 27 Echinops cornigerus, 89 Echium vulgare, 31 Elaphoglossum, 84 Elaphrium graveolens, 15 Eleagnus argentea, 74 Eleocharis acicularis, 96; Robbinsii, 97 Elodea, 96 Empetrum nigrum, 87, 107 Ephedra Gerardiana, 89 Eragrostis cilianensis, 15 Erickson, Elsie E., and Frank C. Gates, Swamp and Bog Plants, Iris versicolor, 55 Erysiphe graminis, 23 Eurhynchium rusciforme, 30 Eupatorium album, 32 Eurotia ceratioides, 89 Eustoma andrewsii, 51; anum, f. flaviflorum. 50 russelli- IIo Eustoma, A Yellow Variety of, 50 Eutypa ludibunda, 23 Eutypella constellata, 23; glandulosa, 23 Evans, A. W., 57 Evonymus atropurpurea, 74 Extinct or Lost and Rediscovered Plants, Some, 98 Fagus grandifolia, 26 Faris, James A., 67 Ferguson, William C, Addenda to Contributions to the Flora of Long Island, 88 Festuca Shortii, 31 Filipendula rubra, 74 Filix Fragilis, 72 Fisher, G. Clyde, 104 Fissidens polypodioides, 84 Fistulina hepatica, 47 Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner’s Island, New York, 22 Fomes lucidus, 29 Fossombronia longiseta, 65 Fraxinus americana, 28; var. aeci- diosa, 75 Fringed Gentian, The, 102 Francke, Mrs., 105 Fungi at Woodstock, New York, 47 Gager, C. Stewart, 106 Galinsoga, 44 Galium aparine, 44; mollugo, 72; verum, 72; trifidum pusillum, 75 Gates, Frank C.,and Elsie E. Erick- son, Swamp and Bog Plants, Iris versicolor, 55 Gentiana, 44; linearis, 13; lutea, 51 Genuine Fossil Ophioglossum, A, 10 Geranium maculatum, 3 Gesneria, 85 Gleason, H. A., 35 Gleditsia triacanthos, 23 Gloeosporium fructigenum, 25 Glomerella cingulata, 25 Glyceria canadensis, 31 Gossypium Darwinii, 15; Klotzchi- anum, I5 Graham, Margaret A., 64 Graves, Arthur H., 66, 105 Grier, N. M., Unreported Plants from Long Island, 71 Gunderson, A. L., 35 Gyromitra esculenta, 19 Halesia carolina, 75 Haplosporella Bignonea, 26; Dulca- mara, 26 Harper, R. A., 106 Harper, Roland M., A New Heart- leaf from Alabama, 77 Harris, J. Arthur, 16, 71 Harrison, Hyslop, 68 Hastings, George T., 37 Spring Flowers in Winter, 1; New York Walk Book, Review, 11; Linnaeus, The Story of His Life, Review, 33; Pennsylvania Trees, Review, 52; Lumber and its Uses, Review, 58; Water Plants of the Kana- wauke Lakes, 93 Hazen, Tracy E., 13, 106, 107 Heart-leaf and Other Interesting Plants from Alabama, A New, 77 Heliopsis helianthoides, 32 Helminthosporium obclavatum, 25 Helvella crispa, 19; elastica, 23 Hemiragis aurea, 85 Hemitrichia vesparium, 22 Hendersonia Desmazieri, 26 Hepatica triloba, I Heracleum, 89 Heterosporium gracile, 25 Hexastylis speciosa, 80; arifolia, 79 Hieracium canadense, 72 Hill, Helen Smith, and Norman Taylor, Crowberry from Montauk, Long Island, 87 Hillia parasitica, 84 Holliday, Gail H., 71 Homalia glabella, 84 Hollick, Arthur, 10 Hookeria acutifolia, 85 Hookeriopsis acicularis, 85 House, Homer D., 104 Howe, M. A., 13, 37, 104, 107 Hutchinson, A. H., 68 Huxley, J. S., 68 Hypnum repandum, 47 Hydrangea quercifolia, 81 Hymenodium crinitum, 85 Hymenophyllum, 84; polyanthos, 85 Hypericum virginicum, 96 Hypholoma perplexum, 47 Hypomyces chrysospermus, 23 Hysterium angustatum, 23 Hysterographium Mori, 23; Putami- um, 24 Iburru, 9 Ilex coriacea, 82 Illicium, 78; Floridanum, 81 Illick, Pennsylvania Trees, Review, 52 Illosporium roseum, 25 Impatiens noli-tangere, 74 Ipomea Jalapa, 40; leptophylla, 40; pandurata, 39 Iris versicolor, 28, 55 Isaria farinosa, 25 Isodrepanium lentulum, 85 Isotria affinis, 88; verticillata, 88 Jackson, Benjamin Dayton, Lin- naeus, The Story of His Life, Review, 33 Jasione montana, 32 Jeffrey, E. C., 6 Juglans nigra, 31 Juncus, 44; dichotomus, 24; Greenei, 72 Juniperus virginiana, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 30 Kalmia latifolia, 27, 35, 78 Kaufman, Miss Pauline, 13 Kelley, Arthur P., Myrica Caro- linensis, New to Chester County, Pa,, 51 Kellogg, R. S., Lumber and Its Uses, Review, 58 Kemp, Miss Emma L.. Some Obser- vations on Lonicera japonica, 103 Kennaday, Miss E. R., 102 Keyte, J. A., 10 Kingsbury, John A., 47 Lechnocaulon anceps, 81 Laciniaria polyphylla, 81 Lactuca canadensis montana, 32; sagittifolia, 32 Lantana, I5 Latham, Roy A., and Stewart H. Burnham, The Flora of the Town of Southold, Long Island and Gardiner’s Island, New York, 22 Lathyrus latifolia, 72 Lecanora ferrugineum discolor, 30 Ledum groenlandicum, 74 Lenzites betulina, 30 Leontopodium alpinum, 44, 89 Leonurus, 44 Leotia chlorocephala, 23 Lepidium, 27; latifolium, 89 Lepiota Morgani, 92 Leptostroma herbarum, 26; Pinastri, 26 Leptostromella hysterioides, 24 Leucobryum crispum, 84; Marti- anum, 84 Leucoloma serrulatum, 84 Levine, Michael, 107 Lewis, F. J., 68 Lilium philadelphicum, 72 Limosella aquatica tenuifolia, 72 Linnaeus, The Story of His Life, Review, 33 Linum medium, 31 Lithothamnion polymorphum, 22 Lloyd, F. E., 68 Lonicera japonica, 26; sempervirens, 72 Lonicera japonica, Some Observa- tions on, 103 Lophodermium migenum, 24 Lumber and Its Uses, R. S. Kellogg, Review, 58 Lychnis dioica, 71 Lycopodium, 84; tristachyum, 30 Lycopus membranaceus, 72; vir- ginicus, 27 Lyonia ligustrina, 29 Lysimachia quadrifolia, 83 arundinaceum cul- McAtee, Trilisa on the Market, 50 Macdougal, D. T., 68 Macromitrium mucronifolium, 84 Magnolia glauca, 77; macrophylla, 81; splendens, 84 Malaxis unifolia, 37 Man-of-the-Earth or Wild Potato Vine, 39 Mann, Miss Mary Lee, 37 Marchantia polymorpha, 106 Matricaria suaveolens, 75 Massart, Jean, 63 Medsger, Oliver Perry, The Man of the Earth or Wild Potato Vine, 39 Megacarpea polyandra, 44 Meibomia Dillenii, 28 Melanconiella Decoraensis, 24 Mentha citrata, 32, 75 Merriman, Mabel L., 65 Metasphaeria defodiens, 24 Meteoropsis remotifolia, 85 Millegrana Radiola, 74 Mirabilis Jalapa, 73 Montauk, The Vegetation of, 35 Morchella esculenta, 18 Moss, Mr., 68 Muhlenbergia sylvatica, 28 Murrill, W. A., 13; Fungi at Wood- stock, 47; Sketches of Travel in South America, 91 Mycena haematopa, 30 Myosotis laxa, 97 Myrica Carolinensis, New to Chester County, Pa., 51 Myriophyllum scabratum, 197; tenel- lum, 31 Myxosporium subviridi, 25 Nabalus trifoliatus, 72 Najas flexilis, 96 Nepeta, 44 Neuroterus noxiosus, 22 Neviusia Alabamensis, 81 New Combinations, 52 II2 Newbold, Patty Thum, Notes on Some Foreign Crab Grasses, 8 New Members— Abbott, B. R., 64 Alexander, Edward J., 104 Biddle, Miss M. Georgina, 62 Boetsch, Miss Norine W.,106 Carr, Miss Helen, 34 Cheney, R. H., 59 Chrysler, M. A., 62 Clark, Miss Mary A., 62 Crocker, Dr. William, 64 Deusner, Charles W., 67 Eggerdink, Miss Anna G., 36 Felke, Miss Gertrude M., 106 Halsted, Miss Caroline, 106 Hellawell, John E. F., 104 Himmel, Walter J., 106 Hunter, Roland Jackson, 104 Larkin, E. P., 12 Marcus, S. T., 106 Metcalfe, Fred C., 36 Muller, Mrs. Frances L., 62 Nicholson, Miss Zaida, 12 Oppenheimer, Miss Johanna, 106 Peckham, Mrs. Wheeler, 14 Rogers, Miss Eunice, 64 Wright, S. Fred, 64 Zaun, William H., 104. News Notes, 16, 54, 68, 90 New York Walk Book, Torrey, Place and Dickenson, Review, II Nigredo Hedysari-paniculati, 28; pro- eminens, 52 Nordheim, H., 36 Norton, George, 102 Notes on Some Foreign Crab Grasses, Nymphaea advena, 96 Nymphoides lacunosum, 31, 97 Nymphozanthus advena, 31 Nyssa biflora, 79; sylvatica, 27 Octadesmia montana, 85 Oenothera, 22 Oleander articulata, 84 Olfersia cernua, 85 Onobrychis onobrychis, 48; sativa, 49; viciaefolia, 49 noclea sensibilis, 28 Opdyke, William S., 12 Ophioglossum hastatiforme, 10; pendulum, 11; A Genuine Fossil Ophioglossum, 10; Ophioglossum hastatiforme not an Ophioglossum, 49 Ophrys cordata, Ba rbilia vinosa, 23 Orthotrichum Schimperi, 30; stran- gulatum, 30 Oscillatoria, 96 Oxydendrum arboreum, 74, 78 Pachysandra procumbens, 74 Panicum abysinicum, 8; matta- muskeetinse, 31; microcarpon, 72; parviflorum, 9; royleanum, 9; uniglume, 9; Wrightianum, 24, 31 Parkinsonia, 15 Paspalum exile, 9 Peacock, A. A., 68 Pedicularis, 44 Peltandra virginica, 94, 97 Pennsylvania Trees, Review, 52 Perilla frutescens, 75 Peronospora Arthurii, 22 Persea Pieris nitida, 82; pubescens, 82 Persicaria caryi, 72; pennsylvanica, 2; punctata leptostachyum, 73 Peziza repanda, 19 Phaca Robbinsii, 98 Phaseolus lunatus, 26 Phellodendron, 35 Phialea Aspegrrenii, 23 Philadelphus coronarius, 25 Phoma glandicola, 26; Mariae, 26; subcircinata, 26; Syringae, 26 Phomopsis depressa, 26; epicarpa, 26 Phragmidium speciosum, 27 Phyllachora Agrostidis, 24; puncta, 24 Phyllactinia corylea, 24 Phyllocoptes quadripes, 22 Phyllogonium fulgens, 85 Phyllosticta Amaranthi, 26; Lappae, 27; latifoliae, 27; Nyssae, 27; Smilacina, 27 Physalis viscosa, 75 Physalospora thyoides, 24 Picea excelsa, 72 Pilotrichella flexilis, 85 Pinguicula elatior, 83; pumila, 83 Pinus excelsa, 43; longifolia, 41; rigida, 26, 27, 29, 54; serotina, 78; Strobus, 26; Taeda, 79 Piper, Chas. V., Bulbous Bluegrass, 7 Plantago, 44; Rugelii, 25 Platanus occidentalis, 26, 29 Platygyrium repens, 30 Pleurogramme minor, 85 Pleurotus approximans, 30; niger, 30; ostreatus, 25; striatulus, 30 Poa, 44; bulbosa, 7; pratensis, 89 Polygala Boykinii, 81 Polypodium, 84 Polyporus circinatus, 29; cristatus, 29; Spraguei, 29; sulphureus, 47 Polystichum Braunii, 107 Polystictus focicola, 29; perennis, 29 Pontedria cordata, 96 7 * II3 Poria flavescens, 29; viticola, 29 Porotrichum insularum, 85 Portulaca, 15; pilosa, 73 Potamogeton alpinus, 72; dimorphus, 97; filiformis, 97; foliosus, 30; heterophyllum graminifolius, 96; hybridus, 31; interruptus, 97; natans, 97; zosterifolius, 97 Potentilla monspeliensis norvegica, 73; recta, 31 Preissia quadrata, 65 Priestly, J. H., 68 Primula, 44; reptans, 44 Proceedings of the Club, 12, 34, 59, 88, 104 Proserpinaca palustris, 97; pectin- atus, 97 F Prunus domestica, 25; maritima, 24; Persica, 23; serotina, 23; trifolia, 24 Psilocybe uda, 30 Psilogramme Portoricensis, 85 Pteridermium balsameum, 28 Puccinea Andropogonea, 27; an- gustata, 27; asperifolia, 27; As- terum, 28; Fraxinata, 28; Hibisci- atum, 28; Iridis, 28; pustilatum, 28 Pyrenopeziza subata, 23 Pyrus communis, 25 Quercus alba, 29; ellipsoidalis, 73; imbricaria, 73; Prinus, 22, 107; stellata, 30, 107; velutina, 23, 24 Ramalina Willeyi, 30 Ramularia Plantaginis, 25 Ranunculus delphinifolius, 13; laxi- caulis, 31 Reboulia hemispherica, 65 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 90 Rhiphidopteris, 84 Rhododendron Chapmanii, 60 Rhus hirta, 72; Toxicodendron radi- cans, 23 ~ Ribes nigrum, 73 Riccia Frostei, 65 Ricciacarpus natans, 65 Richards, H. M.,106 Richardson, John W., 7 Riella Clausonia, 65 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, 26, 30 Rosa blanda, 23; Webiana, 89 Rosellina albolanata, 24 Rowlee, W. W., 12 Rubus baileyanus, 73; canadensis, 74; Chamaemorus, 87; neglectus, 74; phoeniculasius, 71 Rydberg, P. A., 98 Rynchospora Grayii, 81 Sagittaria Engelmanniana, 72; longi- rostra, 97 Salix, 44; purpurea, 71; petiolaris, 72 Salvia Lyrata, 75 Sassafras, 2 Sarracenia flava, 73; purpurea, 72 Sarcoscypha coccinea, 18; floccosa, 18; occidentalis, 18 Saussurea, 44 Schizonotus sorbifolia, 74 Schépff, Johann David, A Pioneer of American Botanical Exploration, i Scirpus cyperinus, 72; paludosus, 71; sylvaticus, 72 Scleria pauciflora caroliniana, 72: triglomerata, 72 Sclerotinia tuberosa, 18; Geranii, 18 Seaver, Fred J., Cup-Fungi of Com- mon Occurrence, 17 Selaginella, 84 Senecio, 44 Septocylindrium aromaticum, 25 Septoria carpogena, 27; Celtis gallae, 27; lepidiicola, 27 Setaria lutescens, 31 Setiscapella pusilla, 85 Sharpless, Mrs. Caspar, 107 Shorter Notes, 7, 48, 86, 102 Shaw, Miss Ellen Eddy, 104 Silenecaroliniana, 106; pennsylvanica, 106 Sketches of Travel in South America, The Botanical Garden in Rio, 91 Small, John K., 59; Onobrychis onobrychis in the Eastern United States, 48; A New Bog-asphodel from the Mountains, 86 Smilacina racemosa, 2 Smilax Walteri, 82 Solanum Dulcamara, 26 Solidago, 23; juncea, 72 Some Observations on japonica, 103 Sorbus aucuparia, 74 Sparganium eurycarpum, 96 Spergularia borealis, 31; canadensis, 31 Sphaerocarpus Donnellii, 62, 65 Sphaeronema clethrincolum, 27 Sphaeropsis Betulae, 27; Cydoniae, 27; pericarpii, 27; Sassafras, 27; simillima, 2 Spiranthus vernalis, 31 Spirodela polyrhyza, 97 Spirogyra, 65 Spring Flowers in Winter, I Stachys tibetica, 89 Stellaria, 44; borealis, 7 Stemonitis splendens, 2 Lonicera WO Gos 114 Stereum fasciatum, 29; lobatum, 29; versicolor, 2 Stewart, Ralph R., 59, 88; Alpine Plants of Kashmir, 41 Stewartia Malecodendron, 82 Stilbum erythrocephalum, 25 Stout, A. B., 34 Swamp and Bog Plants, Iris versi- color, 55 Symplocarpus foetidus, 24 Symplocos, 78 Syntherisma abyssinica, 8; eriantha, 8; exilis, 9; henryi, 9; iburua, 9; nodosa, 9; parviflora, 9; puberula, 9; royleana, 9; ternata, 9; uniglu- mis, 9 Syringa japonica, 107; vulgaris, 26 35; and Helen Mon- Taylor, Norman, Smith Hill, Crowberry at tauk, Long Island, 87 Taxodium distichum, 72 Taxus floridana, 60 Tecoma radicans, 26 Thalictrum revolutum, 26 Thuidium acuminatum, 85 Thysanomitrium Richardi, 85 Toepffer, Johann David Schépff, A Pioneer of American Botanical Ex- ploration, 57 Torrey, Raymond, New York Walk Book, Review, II Tradescantia Pringlei, 52 Tramella lutescens, 28 Trametes protracta, 29; pusilla, 29 Trematosphaeria pertusa, 24 Trichomanes, 84; crispum, 85 Trichothecium roseum, 25 Triglochin maritima, 89 Trilisa on the Market, 50 Trillium cernuum, 72 Trip to El Yunque, Porto Rico, A, 83 Triticum aestivum, 23 Tubercularia rosea, 25 Tumion taxifolia, 60 Twiss, W. C., 36 Typha angustifolia, 97; latifolia, 96 Ulmus alata, 73; americana, 72; cam- pestris, 73 Unreported Plants from Long Island, 71 Uredinopsis mirabilis, 28 Urnula Craterium, 18 Uromyces Hedysari-paniculati, 28 seditiosus, 28 Ustilago violacea, 106 Utricularia gibba, 72; intermedia, 97; purpurea, 97; subulata, 83, 85, 97; vulgaris, 97 Uvularia sessilifolia, 82 Valeriana, 44 Vallisneria spiralis, 97 Valsa leucostoma, 24; obtecta, 24 Verbena hastata, 106 Veronica, 44 Viburnum dentatum, 24 Viola, 44; arvensis, 74; papilianacea domestica, 71; sororia, 74 Vitis-Idea Vitis-Idea, 74 Vittaria, 84 Waltheria, 15 Waterman, W. G., 64 Water Plants of the Lakes, 93 White, O. E., 60 Williams, R. S., 15 Woodwardia areolata, 28; virginica, 28 : Kanawauke Xanthium commune, 72; italiacum, 32; pennsylvanicum, 75 Xylaria apiculata, 24; arbuscula, 24; brasiliensis, 24 Xyris caroliniana, 31 Zygophyllidium macropodoides, 52 vh The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the number of TorrEYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof. Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The Intelligencer Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the following rates: 4pp.| 8pp.|12pp.| L6pp.| 20pp.| 24pp.| 28pp.| 32pp. 48pp. App —— ef | ef a a, a , a, es 25 copies $1.40 $2.45|$3.651% 4.40|$ 5.65] $6.50) 8.00/$ 8.45!$12.55/$15.90 BO)" 1.65} 2.90] 4.25] 5.10} 6.65} 7.75} 9.40] 9.85) 14.15| 17.35 Cie ain 1.95] 3-35] 4.85] 5,65} 7.60) 8.75} 10.45] 11.25) 15.65| 19.95 100 - | | 2.25) 3.80] 5.35] 6.35] 8.25] 9.80] 11.55] 12.45] 17.55] 22.05 150.“ 2.70| 4.60] 6.50] 7.60] 10.20] 12.10} 14.20] 15.20] 21.35| 26,80 200 y 3.00] 5.05] 7.15] 8.35] 11.40] 13.50] 15.80] 16.85] 23.55] 29.60 300 3.85 au; 9.20] 10.70] 14.85] 17.55] 20.50] 21.05} 30.20] 37.40 Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 1!4c. each. Plates: 100 for $1.00 Committees for 1924, Finance Committee Field Committee R. A. HARPER, Chairman. A.T, BEALS, Chairman. J. H. BARNHART Miss. JEAN BROADHURST E. P. BIcKNELL H. M. DENsLow Miss C. C. HayNEs G. C. FISHER SERENO STETSON Miss E. M. Kuprer t MicHAEL LEVINE Miss Daisy LEvy RayMonpD H, Torrey PERCY WILSON Budget Committee Membership Committee J. H. Barnwart, Chairman. J. K. SMALL, Chairman. R. A. HARPER T. E. HAZEN N. L. BRITTON NORMAN TAYLOR . DENSLOW Cc S. GAGER Local Flora Committee M.A.Howre _ . N. L. Britton, Chairman. H. H. Rusey Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E. P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. BRITTON Bo _N.L. Britton A. W. Evans Program Committee H. M. DENSLOW T. E. Hazen A. H. Graves, Chairman. W.C. FEercuson M.A. Howe Mrs. BE. G. Britton LupLow Griscom MICHAEL LEVINE ALFRED GUNDERSEN BAYARD LONG W. A. MurRILL T. E. Hazen K. K. MAcKENZIE F. J. SEAVER M. A. Howr » G, E. NICHOLS NORMAN TAYLOR Chairmen on Special Committees on Local Flora Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict —Lichens: Mosses; Mrs. E. G, Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. Liverworts: A. W. Evans . Richards Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu- Marine Algae: M. A. Howe berineae: F. J. Seaver Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed eon oster: W. A. Murrill Sclerotium-forming Fungi: A.B.Stout ‘Except Russula and Lactarius: MissG. Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver. Mel. T. g's Burlingham Cook - Cortinarius: R.A. Harper Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee Polyporeae: M, Levine Myxomycetes: Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson Yeast and Bacteria: Miss. J. Broad- Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver hurst Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., a Soho Square, London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, 24-47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion. of sets. Single copies (40 cents) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregu- lar intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application: (3) Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred miles of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to MISS MARY LEE MANN 171 Union Street, Flushing, N. Y. f TORREYA A Bi-MontTHLY JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEWS John Torrey, 1796-1873 EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE T. HASTINGS VOLUME 25 NEw YorK 1925 . Sh ie Vol. 25 January-February, 1925 No. 1 TORREYA A Bi-MonTHLY JOURNAL oF BOTANICAL Notes AND NEWS EDITED FOR THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE T. HASTINGS John Torrey, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Rome bree: Buds,~ GEORGE? 1) HASTINGS. 2. INE gi ted Sl wees ote eg doen Unreported Plants from Long Island, N. M. Grier.................-.4-. Further Notes on Woody Plants, W. W. AsHE A New Whitlow-wort from Florida, JoHN K. SMALL The English Sparrow, W. A. Murrity a eb ec Sigkes © be fet hve whey e-» ya el 0) «hut wipe ole © Book Reviews: House’s List of New York State Plants, NorMAN TAYLOR..........-.- Deam’s Shrubs of Indiana, G. T. HAsTINGS....... AS ote Illick’s Tree Habits, How to Know the Hunlwebdss BM. GReESS «3. b. Proceedings of the Club ee a ee ee i er ee I oe BVCNUSENOLES. Cage Sat rt oT LL CEE SRN Rte aR es 2s Fae SERS PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 8 West KinG STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. ~ BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the Post Omice at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1925 President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Pu.D. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Treasurer RALPH C, BENEDICT, Pu.D. BrooKLyNn Boranic GARDEN -Brooklyn, N. Y. Editor TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. Associate Editors A. F. BLAKESLEE, Pu.D. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Pu.D. CORNELIA L, CAREY,'Pas.D. GEORGE T: HASTINGS, A.M. ; ALEX. W..EVANS, M.D., Pao.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu:D., aE D. H. A.’GLEASON, Px.D. M.-LEVINE, Pu.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pu D. Bibliographer FRED. J. SEAVER, Pua.D. Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences MARSHALL A, HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP ‘All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a year, and Annual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its publications. TORREYA-IS THE Gentes Win OF THE Witp FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA TorreEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, twenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent thereof. Postat or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in ‘payment, but.the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received oniy for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 8 West King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, Brooklyn, N.Y. : Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed to GEORGE T. HASTINGS | 2567 Sedgwick Ave. New York City. FEB 28 1925 ate YORK BLT 4 ie TORREYA $ 44&08~ Vol. 25 No. 1 January-February, 1925 SOME TREE BUDS GEORGE T. HASTINGS For winter field study the botanist finds nothing to equal in interest the buds of trees and shrubs. To aid in such study there are numerous keys to the trees in winter, based on the buds, leaf scars and twig characters, those found in Brown’s Trees of New York State and Jarvis and Blakeslee’s New Eng- land Trees in Winter being among the most accessible. Some difficulty may be found in using these keys if twigs are taken from lower limbs where growth has been slow. Such twigs are more slender, the buds are small, usually with fewer scales than those on more vigorously growing twigs. Of trees with opposite leaves and hence opposite buds the maples, horse-chestnut, ashes and flowering dogwood are the only ones native in our region. In all of these the buds are pro- tected by scales formed of modified leaves. The short pointed buds of the ashes with two pairs of dark scales are very distinct from the oval buds with four or more pairs of gray, red or brown scales of the maples. The striped maple and the ash-leaved maple or box elder have but a single pair of bud scales. In the latter case the rounded, short-stalked buds are unlike those of any other tree. In the lateral buds of the ashes the single pair of scales join so closely on the edges that it is often difficult to see that there are any scales at all. In the red and silver maples the rounded flower buds at the sides of the narrow leaf buds are a reminder that these will be among the first flowers of spring. Often these flower buds, especially in the silver maple, are densely crowded, eight at a node with the two leaf buds making a complete ring of buds around the stem. But lower branches and young trees will usually have no flower buds. The buds of the flowering dogwood are of special interest. Many branches bear the broad flower buds at their tips. These buds have two pairs of bud scales which in the spring will grow out from their bases into the four large petal-like bracts that I 2 make the conspicuous part of the dogwood ‘‘flower,”’ the dry reddish winter scale forming an irregular tip to the white *petals.’’ Below the flower bud are four leaf buds pressed against the stem, each covered by a single scale. As the flower bud develops, these grow out at right angles to each other (often only two of the buds develop). The leaf buds of the dogwood are to be found only at the tips of the stems, the pair of leaf scars in the middle of each year’s growth bearing no buds above them. The terminal buds are partly surrounded by the bases of the petioles of last year’s leaves. Between each of these petioles and the bud a tiny leaf bud is hidden. The two bud scales en- close three small buds, two lateral and one terminal, each consist- ing of a single pair of leaves with a growing point between. The tips of the twigs thus have five leaf buds, though only one is apparent. Sometimes all four of the lateral buds develop, sometimes only part of them, but they usually grow longer than the terminal one, making the branching irregular and spread- ing. Of trees with alternate buds a few have no protecting scales. In the black locust the buds are submerged in the stem below the leaf scars. On young or vigorous shoots there is a pair of stout spines at each side of the leaf scar, these remaining on the stem for several years, but on older trees, especially on the lower branches, the spines are too small to be seen or may be entirely lacking. The leaf scar is three-lobed with three bundle scars. After the leaf falls the scar cracks between the bundles, exposing a cavity lined with silky brown hairs. These hairs grow downward from the scar that forms the roof of the chamber, as well as up from the bottom. On the median line among these hairs are from two to four almost microscopic buds, mere pro- jections without evidence of leaves as seen with a hand lens. Often another bud is formed beneath the bark just above the leaf scar, showing as a slight ridge. This bud sometimes develops into a short shoot the first year, but in such cases nearly always dies and drops off before winter. No terminal bud is found in. the locust, but as the tip of the twig dies and breaks off im- mediately above the last lateral bud, this usually appears ter- minal. Bud scales when present may represent leaves as in the oaks, hickories and others, or they may be stipules. In the oaks 3 several buds are clustered at the end of the twigs, the overlapping scales are in five rows and very numerous, three or four times as many leaves being used as scales to protect the bud as will develop as foliage leaves from the bud. In the tulip-tree the bud is covered by the stipules belonging to the last leaf of the preceding season. Inside these is a small leaf folded down the midrib, then doubled over against the stem, its stipules much larger than the leaf; these cover the next leaf whose stipules, in turn cover the succeeding leaf. The first leaf, sometimes the second also, is dead, the others will all open in the spring when the stipules spread apart. The long slender buds of the beech covered by twenty or more shining chestnut scales, each larger than the preceding, will keep the scales for some time as the bud opens in the spring, the inner ones covering the young leaves after the bud has grown to three inches in leegth. In the case of the walnut, butternut and bitternut, no scales are formed, but the young leaves, thick and covered with down in the walnut and butternut, thinner and dotted with yellow resin in the bitternut, are crowded together in an unprotected bud. The petioles are larger than the closely folded leaflets, the outer leaves showing eight or nine pairs of leaflets, the inner and smaller ones more. Most trees with definite growth have all the leaves of the next season already formed in the bud. This can be readily seen in the tulip-tree and maples by counting the number of leaf scars on the year’s growth, then dissecting the bud and counting the young leaves hidden there. Explanation of plate Fic. 1. A and B. Leaf buds of Flowering Dogwood. C. Long. sect. of same, slightly diagrammatic. Fic. 2. Flower buds of Dogwood. Fic. 3. A. Butternut twig and bud. B. One outer and one inner leaf from the bud. Fic. 4. A. Twig of Black Locust with almost invisible thorns. B. Twig of Locust with thorns, remains of small branchlets above leaf scars. C. Long. sect. through twig showing buds under leaf scar. Fic. 5. Bud of Beech. NEw YorK. VOL. 25, PLATE I TORREYA UNREPORTED PLANTS FROM LONG ISLAND, N. Y. II. CryPTOGAMS EXCLUSIVE OF PTERIDOPHYTA* N. M. GRIER An earlier paper, (Torreya 24, No. 5) dealt with the vascular plants which appear to have been unreported from Long Island. The present list is concerned with those native plant groups which have by no means received an equivalent amount of systematic study. In addition to papers by Jelliffe (1893-1904), Grout, (1902), Gurnham and Latham (1914-24), and the more occasional mention of these forms by authors cited in connec- tion with the previous list, the species now given have been checked with the lists of Farlow (1882-1893), Britton (1884), Reichling (1905), Wood (1905-14), Howe (i914) and Evans (1923), for Long Island and adjacent regions. The nomen- clature used is that of the authorities mentioned in connection with each group, although the background of the classification is essentially that of the recent edition of the Engler and Prantl “Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien.’’ The workers whose data besides those of the writer are presented in the following list are: Professor L. N. Johnson, formerly of the University of Michi- Gone kN: J. Professor D. S. Johnson, Johns Hopkins University. D.S. J. Dr. H. H. York, New York State Conservation Commission, Albany, N.Y. H. H. Y. Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Wola sprue Harbor, N. Y.. A: F.B: Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, American Museum of Natural History. CoC. Ff. Miss Miriam A. Bomhard, University of Pittsburgh. M.A. B. Professor E. N. Transeau, Ohio State University. E. N. T. Professor Susan Green, Maryville College. S. A. G. Professor O. E. Jennings, University of Pittsburgh. O. E. J. Miss Gail H. Holliday, Wheeling High School. G. H. H. * Contribution No. 7 from the Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Nery 6 SCHIZOPHY TA; CHAMAESIPHONACEAE Chamaesiphon sp. Epiphytic on Cladophora sp., C. 5S. H. D.S. J. CHROOCOCCACEAE Calothrix confervicola Ag. On Cladophora in tide pools, Lloyd’s Point, L. I. N. M. G. Calothrix crustacea (Schousb.) Born. & Thuret. On grasses and algae at Eatons Point, L. I. Calothrix parasitica (Chauv.) Thuret. Common on Nemalion sp., C. S. H. DSa ye Calothrix pulvinata Ag. Growing on tufts of Spartina patens. D. S. J. Calothrix scopulorum (Web. & Mohr) Ag. On posts under old mill, C. S. H. ID Se" IIs Chroococcus turgidus (Kuetz) Naeg. On Spartina, stubble, inner harbor, C. Speke UDA iselia JR TRON Dactylococopsis rhaphidioides Hansg. Common in Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. N. M. G. NOSTOCACEAE Anabaena torulosa (Carm.) Lagerh. Estuary north of cement bridge, C. S. Hee Na vieG: Anabaena variabilis Kuetz. West side, inner harbor, C. S. H. D. S. J. Cylindrospermum majus Kuetz. Bottom of Jarvis Pond, C.S. H. N. M. G. OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya confervoides Ag. On mud in outlet from Fishery Ponds, C. S. H. DiySaa}- Lyngbya semiplena (Ag.) J. Ag. Mud and tangles about Spartina. D.S. J. aya! Tel, ial, Ve Microcoleus tenerrumus Gomont. Algal mats on marsh. D.S. J. and H.H. Y. Oscillatoria gracilima Vauch. Common. Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. N. M. G. Oscillatoria formosa Bory. Floating in Fish Hatchery Pool, C. S. H. N. M. G. Oscillatovia ornata Kuetz. Forming bright green mats in 1st lake, C. S. H. DS: ar Phormidium laminosum (Ag.) Gom. Jarvis Pond, C.S. H. N. M. G. Oscillatoria animalis Ag. Forming mats, Ist lake. N. M. G. RIVULARIACEAE Rwularia mtida Ag. N. and E. shore, C.S. H. D.S. J. { Schizophyceae revised following the terminology of ‘‘The Myxophyceae of N. America and Adjacent Regions’’ Minnesota Algae. Vol. I. Josephine Tilden. Report of Survey, Botanical Series VIII. V. of Minnesota, 1910. ii MYXOMYCETESt CERATOMYXACEAE Ceratiomyxa poriodes (Alb. & Schw.) Schroeter. On stump near falls, Ist Ipnemea. rl. IN. MM. G. CLATHROPTYCHIACEAE Dictydium cancellatum (Batsch) Macb. Abundant on dead wood, C. S. H. Ne MG. DICTYOSTELIACEAE Dictyostelium mucoroides Brefeld. On muskrat dung, C. S. H. D.S. J. DIDYMIACEAE Diderma testaceum (Schrad.) Rost On dead leaves near Ist lake, C. S. H. DRS le LICEACEAE Tubulina ferruginosa (Batsch) Macb. Abundant on dead wood, C. S. H. 1D Beale PHYSARACEAE Badhamia decipiens (Curt.) Berk. On dead oak leaves west of 2nd lake, Cronies N. MM. 'G. Leocarpus fragilis (Dicks.) Rost. Occasional on mosses and dead leaves in vicinity of school house, C. S. H. N. M. G. Physarum compressum Alb. & Schw. On dead twigs, C. S. H. N. M. G. PLASMODIOPHORACEAE YN cot Hemitrichia clavata (Pers.) Rost. Frequent on wood, C. S. H. D. RETICULARIACEAE Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Macb. On old stumps, C. S. H. M. A. B. STEMONITACEAE Comatricha typhoides (Bull.) Rost. On old logs, vicinity of lakes. M. A. B. TRICHIACEAE Lachnobolus globosus (Schw.) Rost. Frequent on rotten wood, C. S. H. DOS! J. Arcyria incarnata Pers. On rotten wood, C. S. H. D. S. J. + Revised following the terminology given in North American Slime Molds, New and Revised Edition. T. H. Macbride, Macmillan and Company, 1922. 8 s BACILLARIOPHYTA (Diatoms)* FRAGILAROIDEAE Diatoma vulgare Bory. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. N. M. G. Fragilaria virescens Ralfs. Common, Jarvis Pond, C.S. H. N. M. G. Synedra radians Kuetz. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. N. M.G. NAVICULOIDEAE Amphipleura sp. N. M. G. Navicula Grevillei Ag. On Zostera, C.S. H. N. M. G. Neidium affine (Ehrenb.) Pfitzer. Common, Jarvis Pond, C.S.H. N. M.G. Pleurosigma distortum W. Sm. On mud and pebbles, C. S. H. D.S. J. CONJUGATAE** MESOTAENIACEAE Bambusina Brebissoni Kuetz. 2nd lake, C. S. Closterium didymotocum Corda. 2nd lake, C. S. mo DESMIDIACEAE Arthrodesmus convergens Ehrenb. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. Arthrodesmus fragilis Wolle. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. Cosmarium everettense Wolle. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. Cosmarium ornatum Ralfs. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. Cosmarium ovale Ralfs. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L. N. l. Cosmarium tetraophthalmum (Kuetz.) Bréb. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. ID INS Us Euastrum verrucosum (Ehrenb.) Ralfs. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H IL ANG Ae Micrasterias radiata Hass. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L. N. J Micrasterias laticeps Nordst. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. N. M. Micrasterias muricata Bailey. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L. N Netrium Digitus (Ehrenb.) Itzig. & Rothe. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. INES INE, (Ge Spondylosium tetragonum West. Common, Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L.N. J. Staurastrum gracile Ralfs. Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L.N. J. Staurasirum pentacladium Wolle. Jarvis Pond, C.S. H. L. N. J. Staurastrum tohopekaligense Wolle. Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L.N. J. Staurastrum vestitum Ralfs. Jarvis Pond, C. S. H. L.N. J. O 5 G. ois H * Revised according to Van Huerck’s Treatise on the Diatomaceae with some reference to The Diatomaceae of Philadelphia and Vicinity. C. S. Boyer, Philadelphia, 1916. J. B. Lippincott Company. ** Revised following principally the nomenclature given in British Des- midiaceae Vol. I-IV. W. West and G. S. West, Vol. V. Nellie Carter, Lon- don, 1904, 1905, 1908, 1912, and 1923. Published by the Ray Society. 9 ZYGNEMATACEAE Spirogyra majuscula Kuetz., 2nd lake, C. S. H. L. N. J. Spirogyra mirabilis (Hass.) Kuetz. 2nd lake, C. S. H. L. N. J. Zygnema stellinum (Vauch.) Ag. 2nd lake, C.S. H. L.N. J. CHLOROPHYCEAE* CLADOPHORACEAE Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey. On stones, algal mats; on Spartina, Cmowin, ELH. Y. Cladophora fracta (Dillw.) Kuetz. Shoals at inner end, Center Island. E. C.F. CHAETOPHORACEAE Draparnaldia plumosa (Vauch.) Ag. Fish Hatchery Pond. E. N. T. COELASTRACEAE Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kuetz. 2nd lake, C. S. H. N. M. G. Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. 2nd lake, C. S. H. N. M. G. OEDOGONIACEAE Oedogonium crassiusculum var. idioandrosporum Wittr. & Nordst. Dying ROnGwmGncontd. Hb. IN. ot: Oedogonium grande Kuetz. Fish Hatchery Pond. E. N. T. Oedogonium Pringsheimii Cram. On Ceratophyllum, ist lake, C. S. H. IDS aSeeae Oedogonium rufescens var. exiguum Wittr. Dying Pond, C.S. H. E. N. T. PROTOCOCCACEAE Palmellococcus miniatus (Leib.) Chodat. C.S. H. N. M. G. Zoochlorella parasitica Brandt. On fresh water sponge in Dying Pond. Bee Ne rT. ULVACEAE Enteromorpha prolifera (Fl. Dan.) J. Ag. Estuary, C.S.H. D.S. J. Ilea fulvescens (Ag.) J. Ag. Estuary, C.S. H. N. M. G. Monostroma crepidinum Farl. Estuary, C.S. H. D.S. J. VALONIACEAE Dictyocystis Hitchcockii (Wolle) Lag. Common, bottom 2nd lake, C. S. H. N. M. G. VOLVOCACEAE Volvox aureus Ehr. Ponds, C. S. H. E. N. T. * Revised according to ‘‘The Green Algae of N. America’ S. Collins. eA ges Tufts College Studies (Scientific Series) Vol. 2, No. 3. Vol. 3, No. 2; Vol. 4, No. 7. Tufts College, Mass. IO PHAEOPHYCEAE* FUCACEAE Fucus platycarpus Thuret. On stones, piles, docks, C. S. H. D. S. J. RALFSIACEAE Ralfsia clavata (Carm.) Farlow. Piles, wharves, inner harbor. D. S. J. and ple Asie NAS RHODOPHYCEAE CERAMIACEAE Ceramium rubrum var. proliferum Harvey. Eatons Point, L. J. N. M. G. SQUAMARIACEAE Petrocelis cruenta J. Ag. Inner harbor. Tidal Inlet. D.S. J. and H. H. Y. (To be continued) DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. FURTHER NOTES ON WOODY PLANTS W. W. ASHE Vaccinium vacillans Missouriense, var. nov.—The size and habit of the type; twigs and stems green, red or reddish-brown, terete; branchlets soft pubescent, the pubescence persistent until the second year. Leaves dark green, thick, with entire, revolute or thickened margins; oblong or oblanceolate, 3-5.cm. long, I-I.7 cm. wide, acute at both ends; soon glabrous above ~ except on the veins, permanently soft pubescent beneath, the midrib often arcuate and the leaf oblique. Flowers unknown. Fruit often merely glaucescent or sometimes black, but usually like that of the type. The most distinct variety of this variable species and possibly if the flowers should show differences en- titled to be regarded as a species—Monteer, Mo. W. W. A. Vaccinium virgatum Ozarkense, var. nov.—Branchlets green or reddish, angled, the first season finely pubescent. Leaves oblong 2.5-4.2 cm. long, 9-1.6 cm. wide, acute or acuminate at apex, acute at base; margin entire, sometimes finely ciliate, puberulent above on midrib, bright green on both sides, thin, reticulate-veined below, and more or less pubescent. Flowers small, 5-6 mm. long, short cylindrous, pink and red or usually * This group and the Rhedophyceae were revised by Professor Ivy Lewis of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., and the University of Virginia. The thanks of the writer are due Dr. Lewis for valuable com- ments in connection. ra bright red; calyx lobes short and obtuse; fruit black, shining, 6-8 mm. thick, ripening early in June. This form differs from the type essentially in its uniformly small and bright colored corolla.—Mountain slopes at head of Polk Creek, Montgomery County, Arkansas, where quite common in mixed oak and pine wood. W. W. A. May 2, 1924. Vaccinium viride, sp. nov.—A shrub 2-3 dm. high, with green or reddish-tinged ascending branches and slender green pubes- cent twigs, or often merely pubescent on lines. Leaves thin but firm, bright yellowish green on both sides, glabrous above except for the puberulent midrib; glabrous below except for the pubescent midrib and sometimes scattered spreading hairs near the base, ovate, oblong, or oblong-ovate, 2.5 to 5.2 cm. long, I.I-2.6 cm. wide, taper-pointed and mucronate, narrowed at the often broad base, finely ciliate-serrulate; petiole about I mm. long, pubescent. Flowers, appearing about the middle of April when the leaves are about half grown in clusters of 4 to 8, are urceolate or short cylindrical, 5 to 7 mm. long, cream colored, striped with red or reddish. Fruit, 7-9 mm. thick, glossy black, ripens the middle of June. Prevailingly on dry sites in sunny oak wood, Montgomery County, Ark. Type from mountains near head of Polk Creek. W.W.A. May 2, 1924. It is possible that this is the plant which has been referred to V. stmulatum Small. But V. simula- tum differs in having much larger leaves which are pale and glaucescent below, in its larger flowers, glaucous fruit and dif- ferent habit, being a tree-like shrub 2 to 4 m. high. WASHINGTON, D. C. A NEW WHITLOW-WORT FROM FLORIDA Joun K. SMALL The two plant regions in Florida superficially most un- promising-looking are the Everglade Keys, composed of solid odlitic limestone, and the ancient dunes of the lake-region, com- posed of seemingly barren loose white siliceous sand. Yet, the floristics of these wholly unrelated areas are extremely inter- esting, and endemic genera and species are included in the plant-associations. The following is an additional herb to the flora of the lake-region. NyacHiA Small, gen. nov. Annual wirey-branched herb. Leaves opposite, chartaceous: blades broad but revolute, entire. Stipules minute, fimbriate. Flowers very small, poly- I2 gamous or dioecious, borne in cluster-like cymules all along the branches, or solitary in the axils, the bracts resembling the leaves but smaller. Calyx campanulate or urcolate, nearly sessile in the bractlets: sepals 5, with very broad wing-margins and a thick mucro, hooded. Stamens 5, included: filaments short-filiform: anthers didymous. Ovary I-celled, by abortion: styles 2, short, distinct: stigmas minute. Utricle lenticular, included. (Gen- eric name an anagram of Anychia, a related genus.) 1. NV. pulvinata Small. Stem branched at the base, the branches radially spreading and repeatedly dichotomous, 5-20 cm. long, wiry, minutely puberulent or pubescent: leaf-blades ovate to triangular-ovate, I-5.3 mm. long, strongly revolute, obtuse, rounded or truncate at the base, sessile: stipules torn into capillary segments: bracts and bractlets in pairs: calyx 0.5 mm. long and slightly elongating in anthesis or in fruit, the sepal-hoods blunt-tipped, the winged margins broad, often suborbicular: anthers about 0.3 mm. long or less: utricle oval or ellipsoid, about 0.4 mm. long.—Ancient dunes, southern end of the lake region, Florida. The southern part of the Florida lake-region is rich in endemic plants. The present genus is one of the less conspicuous plants, except as it forms in green spots on the snow-white sand. It is related to Anychia, but differs from it in the distinct styles and included fruits, the fleshy bractlets, and in the habit of growth. It is one of the smaller plants forming the association of the “scrub,”’ but it is conspicuous by its bright green color and cushion-like growth, the plants appearing as mere tufts which often develop into cushions one to two feet in diameter. The type specimens, collected by the writer, in the “scrub”’ between Avon Park and Sebring, Florida, December 13, 1920, number 9782, are in the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN. THE ENGLISH SPARROW I live in a large brick house, one wall of which is covered with Boston ivy and in the shelter of this handsome vine the English sparrows roost by the hundreds, old and young together. Nearby there is a very old English walnut tree in the corner of the vegetable garden, with a rose garden adjoining and a few peach trees scattered about. The sparrows are very tame, 13 drinking at the bird fountain and helping themselves to any- thing they wish in the garden or chicken coop. But with all this, I have been much interested in watching them catch insects like good, honest, hard-working native birds. They chase moths, work over a rosebush until every saw-fly is found, and assume the attitude and industry of warblers in their patience and thoroughness. Black-locust trees shade the front porch of the house and these are badly infested with leaf-miners. I can not be positive, but what are the sparrows hunting when they go quietly from twig to twig through these trees unless it is the miners? And do they break through the epidermis of the leaf to get at them? The only insects the sparrows seem to avoid are the hard, green ‘‘June-bugs’’ with very scratchy legs, which are so abund- ant just now that when I approach a peach tree on the fruit of which the beetles are feeding, it seems that I have disturbed a nest of big bumblebees. Robins and redbirds live in the back of the garden, but they also seem to avoid the ‘“ June-bugs.”’ It is only fair that I make this somewhat tardy and forced admission regarding the value of English sparrows in the great battle between insects and man. I watched a most interesting contest between a female English sparrow and a bird-wing grasshopper,—the one with the pretty vellow and black wings that ‘‘dances’’ in the summer sunshine. For fully five minutes the sparrow chased the insect up and down the street, being foiled at every turn by the quickness of the grasshopper, which rose higher in the air or dropped to a lower level as an aeroplane would do to escape a Zeppelin. I never saw a bird seem so heavy and so helpless as this one in its continued vain efforts to make a captive, and it finally abandoned the chase, allowing the insect to fly away on triumphant wing. W. A. MurRRILL. LYNCHBURG, VA., Aug. II, 1924. BOOK REVIEWS House’s List or NEW YORK STATE PLANTS* No recent systematic paper better illustrates the intolerable conditions existing in nomenclature than this list of New York *House, H. D. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York State. Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 254: 1-757. September, 1924. 14 plants by the State botanist. As this review is being written (December 11) there are already ominous rumblings in that periodic, but almost continuous, warfare between the rival nomenclatorial camps,—a warfare as fratricidal and silly as any ever known in botany. The reviewer once wrote in another connection “species and varieties are concepts of convenience, nay, of absolute necessity, in talking or writing about plants, but hardly expressions of exact truth.’’ But are species and varieties even concepts of convenience when their names may be changed over night? The ecologist, or physiologist, or cytologist, or what not, cares not a straw whether systematic botanists bow down to the Gods of Priority in New York or of Precedence in Boston, but they are fast reaching the conclusion that unless systematic botanists agree to bow down to the God of Convenience, and make that adulation abject, they will pray for a quick finish fight,—and dance rather indecently upon the grave of the loser. What all non-systematists pray for is that the gentlemen in whose hands rest the destiny of plant names substitute for their darling codes that kind of morality which understands that nomenclature is first and last an absolutely necessary convenience. What caters to that end is good,—all else is out- side the pale. Dr. House appears to suffer, like so many of his colleagues, from the uncertainty which this intolerable situation necessarily entails. On one page we read of the common sense retention of certain species names, hallowed by ages of use, while on another, and there are a distressing number of these, he is abject in his worship of priority, with disastrous consequences to equally well-known names. Scores could be mentioned, let one suffice. In 1923 the author felt moved to describe the white-flowered form of the common. marshmallow as Hibiscus Moscheutos forma Peckii. That was unimpeachable, if one cares to designate mere color forms by names. In the present volume he abandons that recently christened infant because he takes up the Lin- naean name H. palustris, and is, of course, forced to coin the new combination Hibiscus palustris forma Pecku. There are also many new names due to questions of interpretation of specific limits. With such honest differences of opinion all botanists will agree. Progress can only come from those able and willing 15 to study these propositions and report upon them. Such interpretations of fact whether they lead to new names or not are in a very different category from mere name changing. Upon this score Dr. House’s new book will receive the respectful attention which its evident care and scholarship entitle it. There can, of course, be nothing but praise for the under- taking—which has lain dormant since the flora of John Torrey in 1843. It is a tremendous piece of work to even list all the plants found in such a large and ecologically diversified state as New York. The author has, in addition to the State Herb- arium, relied on printed lists or local floras, among them the reviewer's “‘Flora of the Vicinity of New York.’’ In such a large book it would be incredible if some errors had not crept in. Of Teucriwm canadense he says: “‘Recorded by Taylor as occa- sional on Long Island.”’ I recorded it from Staten Island. And there are others. But to cite such here would be both useless and tend to create the impression that I am harping upon very thin strings. Actually the new work inspires admiration for its scope and intent, if a considerable amount of misgiving over some of its details. Its defects are mostly attributable to the causes outlined above, and from these Dr. House is no more immune than any of us. NORMAN TAYLOR. BROOKLYN, N. Y. SHRUBS OF INDIANA CHARLES C. DEAN* This book is a sequel to the author’s Trees of Indiana, which it resembles in size and binding as well as in plan and arrange- ment. It is well bound in cloth, printed on good paper and the typography is excellent. In these respects it is superior to the majority of state reports. 143 species are described as native to the state and two others,—Rosa Eglanteria and Lonicera japon- ica,—as naturalized. Some fifty other species are mentioned as having been reported from the state but are excluded because the author has been unable to verify their occurrence or because * Publication No. 44 of the Department of Conservation of the State of Indiana, Dec. 1924; 351 pages, 148 plates. 16 they are regarded as escapes that have not become naturalized. One of these, Berberis vulgaris, is referred to as having frequently escaped, but due to the effort being made to exterminate it “this shrub will not become a member of our state.”’ The treatment of species is conservative, forms that inter- grade are considered as one, the many opportunities to sub- divide species being ignored. For example a special study was made of the poison ivy,—“‘ the study suggests that the low erect forms are branches of underground stems; that the thick-leaved forms are always found in places exposed to heavy winds and direct sunlight; and the hairy-fruited forms are rare and are distributed throughout our area, and have no other character to distinguish them.’’ The sand cherry, Prunus pumila, referred to as not well understood, is taken to include Prunus cuneata P. susquehanae, which have been described from the state. The nomenclature followed is that of the International or Vienna Code. Where the name used differs from that in either the 7th edition of Gray’s Manual or the 2nd edition of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora, the other names are given, other- wise synonyms are omitted. In most cases the only common name used is that found in Standardized Plant Names, where plants are not listed in this, the name that seems most commonly used is given, with the idea that each plant should be known by but one common name. The descriptions are clear and complete for each species, the distribution throughout the state is given in detail, while under the head of remarks are such items as the uses of the shrub in ornamental planting, its real or reputed medicinal value, questions of variation or habitat and the need of conservation. There is a key to all the genera, under each of these is a key to the species. The keys are based chiefly on the leaf and twig characters. The book is illustrated with full page plates of each species made from photographs of herbarium specimens. The specimens have been so carefully prepared that in most cases the use of fresh material would have added nothing in value. Plant lovers and users of Indiana are to be congratulated on. having a book of this nature so well done in every respect. G. T. HASTINGS. NEw York. 17 TREE HABITS How to Know THE HARDWoops* The purpose of this interesting and inspiring book is, as the author states in his foreword, ‘‘to open the gateway to the delightful study of trees.’’ Mr. Illick not only opens the gate- way but he leads the reader through to the most interesting accounts of the habits, peculiarities, behaviors and traits of our tree friends. The book contains seventeen chapters. Chapter 1, entitled ““Trees’’ discusses trees in their relation to human beings and shows how they are in many ways like human beings, doing many things that man does, and in the same way that he does them. Each of the next fifteen chapters deals with a certain family of trees. For example, Chapter 2 is entitled ‘The Willow Family’’; Chapter 3, ‘‘The Walnut Family’’; Chapter 4, ‘The Birch Family.” Each chapter is written in a very popular, though scientific, style so that the reader need not be a trained botanist or forester to understand and appreciate it. Simplified keys and tables, in which marked characteristics are used, make the separation of groups and the identification of species very easy. For in- stance in Chapter 3, ‘‘The Walnut Family,”’ the six chief charac- teristics of walnuts and the six chief characteristics of hickorieS are given in two parallel columns. In like manner, the black walnut and the butternut are differentiated by enumerating in parallel columns seven contrasting characteristics of each. This visualized method of identification is used wherever pos- sible throughout the entire book. In addition to these keys and tables, much interesting, useful, and in many cases, historical infomation about each of the important species is given. The illustrations, consisting of numerous plates and text figures, are chosen with great care. These are very clear and inspiring and will be very useful in becoming acquainted with our North American tree friends. *Tree Habits. Joseph S. Illick of the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forestry and Waters. Published by American Nature Association, Washington, D.C., 1924, 337 pages, illustrated. 18 Chapter 17, entitled ‘‘Guide to American Hardwood Trees’”’ is original and unique and will be of great assistance in identifi- cation. In this chapter the trees are grouped under such headings as “Trees That Bear Pods,” “‘Trees That Bear’Spines or Thorns,’’ ‘‘Trees Whose Leaves Turn Yellow in Autumn,”’ “Trees That Bear Berries,’’ and many other similar headings. Mr. Illick, the author of ‘‘Pennsylvania Trees,”’ ‘“‘Trees Every Boy Should Know,” “Fifty Common American Trees,”’ “The Scout’s First Book of Forestry,’’ “Guide to Forestry,” and many other articles on forestry, has made a life-long study of trees and has spent fifteen years in teaching boys and girls and grown-up folks how to know our trees, and how to under- stand their habits and to interpret their peculiar behaviors. This long study and experience in writing and teaching has fittingly prepared him to present to humanity “Tree Habits” in the popular humanizing, though scientific, style in which no other book on trees and forestry has before been written. The book will be read and enjoyed not only by botanists and foresters but also by the layman and the student. It will prove very useful as a supplementary book in High School, College and University courses in Botany and, without doubt, will be adopted as a textbook by many Schools of Forestry. E. M. Gress, State Botanist. HARRISBURG, Pa. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CEUs MEETING OF OCTOBER 29, 1924 The meeting of this date was held at the New York Botanical Garden. Three new candidates were elected to membership as follows: Dr. Charles McCoy, Presbyterian Hospital, 41 E. 7oth St., New York, N. Y. Dr. Arthur P. Kelley, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Nay: Mr. Otto Degener, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. The first part of the scientific program was by Mr. Otto Degener on “ Plant Collecting in Hawaii.’’ Basing his computa- 19 tions upon Hillebrand’s flora, the only comprehensive book in existence on Hawaiian plants, he stated that of the 850 species of vascular plants in Hawaii, 75% are endemic. And of this number 250 belong to about 40 endemic genera. This high percentage of endemism is due partly to the isolation of the entire group of islands, and partly to the isolation of each island from the other by stretches of ocean 10 to 75 miles in extent. Another factor is the range in temperature from that of the tropics at sea level to that of regions of everlasting snow on the mountain peaks. A third is the range in rainfall from almost nothing in the desert to over 400 inches on the highlands of Kauai. The floral affinity curiously enough is not with America, the nearest continent, but rather with Indo-Malaysia. The variable Mesquite, early introduced by a priest and now spread throughout the arid lowlands, has become of great value. Endemic species of Lobeliaceae are numerous, Rollandia and Clermontia being two of the endemic genera. In areas where the mountains are deeply eroded, the Candlenut tree, Alewrites moluccana, is conspicuous by its glaucous foliage, while near the rain-forest grow different Eugenias and Metrosideros. In the rain-forest itself the tree trunks are plastered over with filmy ferns, Ophioderma pendulum, and the epiphytic Lycopodium phyllanthum. In such places also grow remarkable tree violets. Treeferns, such as Cibotium Menziesii, are plentiful. Their soft, downy ramentum or pulu was formerly used for stuffing mattresses. Near Kilauea Volcano a different type of vegetation occurs. Both Psilotums are found here as well as two of the three endemic orchids. Very few Rosaceae appear, the commonest being Fragaria chiloensis and Rubus rosaefolius. Other common plants in the ashfields are Lycopodium cernuum and L. venustulum, Gleichenia, Cyathodes Tameiameiae, and Vaccinium reticulatum or Ohelo berry, which is eaten by the Hawaiian goose. A typical composite of this region is Raillardia scabra, noteworthy for its relationship to a Californian genus. Strange areas in the vicinity are the kipukas or ‘‘oases,”’ i. e., regions that have es- caped the numerous lava flows. Here many of the rarest plants may be found. In the discussion which followed, Mrs. Britton remarked that it was most interesting to find plants here identical with those in the West Indies, e. g., Psilotum nudum. 20 _Dr. Michael Levine next gave a short talk entitled ‘Studies in Plant Cancers.” Crown gall was produced in Bryophyllum leaves by inocula- tions of the buds in the notches of the leaves with Bacterium tumefaciens. On 48 leaves thus inoculated, 199 globular crown galls were formed and only 31 crown galls showed leafy shoots; that is, one crown gall with leafy shoots developed to every eight crown galls of the globular type. Twelve uninoculated leaves growing under conditions which favored the development of the marginal buds, produced 106 shoots on these leaves. A short report on this subject appears in the November number of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. A report on the development of secondary tumors was also given. So-called secondary tumors have been found at points distant from the original place of inoculation. This is due to the fact that the original inoculation is made in the region of a growing zone. The growth of the infected tissue keeps pace with the growth of the organ. Unlike animal cancer, crown gall tissues do not produce infiltrating strands or secondary tumors. Efforts to produce secondary tumors by means of such devices as water soaking, slitting the growing points, and making long perforations in the growing zone, yield no secondary tumors or strands. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. MEETING OF NOVEMBER II, 1924 The meeting of this date was held at the American Museum of Natural History. The resignation of Mr. Claude E. O’Neal was accepted. The following candidates were elected to membership: Mr. Edwin E. Matzke, 3075 Hull Avenue, New York, N. Y. Mrs. Paula Milton, Wildwood, Katonah, New York. Miss Helen E. Saunders, 454 Seventh Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. M. A. Chrysler, Professor of Botany at Rutgers Univer- sity, gave an illustrated lecture on “‘ Collecting Cycads In Cuba,”’ a trip which was made possible by assistance kindly furnished by the New York Academy of Sciences. The speaker stated that the trip occupied part of August and September of the 21 present year, and was restricted to the cycad fields of western Cuba, the Isle of Pines, and Florida. The chief object was the collection of material of Microcycas, the range of which is a very restricted one, although on the present occasion the plant was located at a much lower altitude than had been previously reported. A short description was furnished of the vegetation of a ‘“mogote’’ or limestone butte, illustrated by those which occur in the vicinity of Vifiales. Among the distinctive plants of these cliffs is Zamia latifoliata, while the common Zamza of of the siliceous hills is Z. Kicksti. Lantern slides were used to illustrate the characteristic vegetation of the regions which were visited. ARTHUR H. GRAVES, Secretary. NEWS NOTES Dr. James A. Faris, a member of the Club and for the past three years Research Fellow at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, has been chosen by the trustees of the new Tropical Plant Re- search to have general supervision of all field work on tropical plant diseases, with particular reference, at present, to root rots of the sugar cane. In his investigations at the Brooklyn Bo- tanic Garden along the line of smut disease of cereals, Dr. Faris made some valuable contributions of scientific and practical significance—in particular his discovery of physiological spe- cialization of cereal smuts. He was appointed last June a Na- tional Research Fellow by the National Research Council to continue these investigations at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. This position he has now resigned to take up again the work of tropical diseases for which his former experience as plant path- ologist at the Estacion Agronomica of the College of Agriculture, Santo Domingo, renders him peculiarly well fitted. He is tem- porarily located at the Harvard Laboratory, Central Soledad, Cienfuegos, Cuba. The permanent location for the new trop- ical field research laboratory has not yet been fixed upon. The Tropical Plant Research Foundation was incorporated on June 6, 1924. As stated in a recent announcement, its par- ticular objects and business are “‘to promote research for the 22 advancement of knowledge of the plants and crops of the tropics; to conduct investigations in plant pathology, entomology, plant breeding, botany and forestry, horticulture, and agronomy, and to publish the results thereof; and to establish and maintain such temporary or permanent stations and laboratories as may be necessary for the accomplishment of these objects, under the restrictions and regulations established in its by-laws.”’ The central office of the Foundation is in Washington. The laboratory headquarters in the United States will be at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, New York, where the facilities for this type of work are unexcelled. Ezra Brainerd, President Emeritus of Middlebury College, a recognized authority on the violets of North America, died at his home in Middlebury, Vt. on December 8th, at the age of eighty. President Brainerd was the author of the Flora of Vermont, of The Violets of North America and of many other botanical articles. His last publication, Violet Hybrids, ap- peared only a few months before his death. He contributed various papers to the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club as well as to other botanical magazines. At the Washington meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dr. M. I. Pupin, Professor of Electro-mechanics at Columbia University, was elected president for the coming year. Professor R. B. Wylie of the State Univer- sity of Iowa was elected vice-president to represent the Botan- ical Section, and S. F. Trelease, Professor of Plant Physiology at the University of Louisville, was elected secretary of the Bot- tanical Section. The Bennington National Forest, near Columbus, Ga. has been created by proclamation of the President. The area was turned over by the War Department, having been included in the military reservation there. The forest service expects to develop the excellent stand of Southern pine on the area and to derive an income from it at the same time. Other army reser- vations created during the war may also be turned over for national forests. Dr. William A. Murrill, after twenty years on the staff of the New York Botanical Garden, has resigned and is nowat Gaines- ville, Fla. At the time of his resignation Dr. Murrill was Super- visor of Public Instruction at the Garden. 23 _ Dr. Frederick S. Lee, Research Professor of Biology at Colum- bia. University, has been reelected president of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden. The Rockefeller Foundation has appropriated $350,000 to help finance the new abstract journal, International Biological Abstracts, which will begin publication the first of 1926. The journal will give monthly abstracts of all publications of botany, zoology, bacteriology and related sciences. Dr. W. A. Orton has resigned as Pathologist in charge of the Office of Cotton, Truck and Forage Crop Diseases in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington to become Scientific Director and General Manager of the Tropical Plant Research Founda- tion. The Torrey Botanical Club Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous copies of the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly notify the editor when returning proof, ‘Reprints, should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor. The Intelligencer Printing Co, Lancaster, Pa., have furnished the following rates: 4pp.| 8pp.|t2pp.| 16pp.| 20pp.| 24pP- [ 28pp. spP| 3200,| 4870, 64pP | 25 copies|$r. 40 $2.45|$3.65/8 4.40/¢ 5.65 $6.50/$ 8.00]$ 8. 45/812. 55|$15.90 Ce aaa 1.65] 2.90] 4.25] 5.10] 6.65} 7-75) 9.40] 9.85) 14.15} 17.35 (fae 1.95] 3-35] 4:85] 5-65} 7-60) 8.75} 10.45] 11.25] 15.65] 19.95 100 2.25! 3.80] 5.35] 6.35] 8.25} 9.80] 11.55] 12.45] 17.55) 22.05 150 “| | 2,70] 4.60] 6.50] 7.60] 10.20] 12.10} 14.20] 15.20] 21.35] 26.80 200 * 3.00] 5.05] 7.15] .8.35] 11.40} 13.50] 15.80} 16.85] 23.55] 29.60 300. * 3.85 6:20) 9.20] 10.70] 14.85] 17.55} 20.50] 21.05] 30.20) 37.40 / Covers: 25 for $1.75. Additional covers, 14c. each. Plates: 100 for $1.00 Committees for 1925. Finance Committee Field Committee _~. R. A. Harpsr, Chairman. A. L. GUNDERSEN, Chairman. jy Hi BARNHART Miss JEAN BROADHURST E. P. BIcKNELL H. M. DENsLow Miss C. C. Haynes G. C, FISHER SERENO STETSON Miss E. M. Kurrer MICHAEL LEVINE Miss Daisy Levy RaAyMOND H, Torrey PERCY WILSON Budget Committee Membership Committee J. H. BARNHART, Chairman. J. K. SMALt, Chairman. R. A. HarPER T. E. HAZEN _N.L. Britton NorMAN TAYLOR H. M. DENSLow C. S. GAGER Local Flora Committee . M, A. Hows N. L. Britton, Chairman. H.H. Russy Phanerogams: Cryptogams: E. P. BICKNELL Mrs. E. G. BRITTON cs ‘ \ N. L. Britton A, W. EVANS _ Program Committee H.M.Denstow — T. E. Hazen » A. H. GRAVEs, Chairman. W.C. Fercuson M.A. Howe Mrs. E. G. Britton LupLow Griscom MICHAEL LEVINE ALFRED GUNDERSEN BAYARD LONG W. A. MurrILL T. E. Hazen K. K. MACKENZIE F. J. SEAVER M. A. Howe G. E. NICHOLS NORMAN TAYLOR Chairmen on Special Committees on Local Flora Ferns and Fern Allies: R.C. Benedict | Lichens: Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Sphaeriaceae, Dothideaceae: H. M. ' Liverworts: A. W. Evans Richards Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu- Marine Algae: M. A. Howe berineae: F. J. Seaver : Gasteromycetes: G. C, Fisher Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed Hymenomycetes: W. A. Murrill Sclerotium-forming Fungi: A.B.Stout Except Russula and Lactarius: MissG. Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver. Mel. T. ~ .S. Burlingham Cook Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee - Polyporeae: M. Levine Myxomycetes: Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson Yeastand Bacteria: Miss. J. Broad- Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver hurst Insect galls: Mel T. Cook OTHER PUBLICATIONS OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB (1) BULLETIN A monthly journal devoted to general botany, established 1870. Vol. 49, published in 1922, contained 408 pages of text and 17 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For Europe, $4.25. Dulau & Co., 47 Soho Peo London, are agents for England. Of former volumes, 24-47 can be supplied separately at $4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the completion of sets. Single copies (40 cents) will be furnished only when not breaking complete volumes. (2) MEMOIRS The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregu- lar intervals, Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club, 490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers and of prices will be furnished on application. i (3) Preliminary Catalogue of Anthophyta and Pteri- dophyta reported as growing within one hundred. mee of New York, 1888. Price, $1.00. : Correspondence relating to the above publications should be addressed to RALPH C. BENEDICT Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. ' Vol, 25, March-April, 1925 No. 2 ~ TORREYA A Bi-MonTHLY JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL Notes AND News EDITED FOR THE, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB BY GEORGE T. HASTINGS John Torrey, 1796-1873 CONTENTS Climbing a’ Mogote, M. A. CHRYSLER... .......0....05.--4- ~ Unreported Plants from Long Island, Part 2, N. M. Griger.... The Lilies of the Field, EpHrAiImM HA RUBENI A New Varnish-leaf Tree from Florida, JouN K. SMALL...... ‘Illustrative Material of Gaps and Traces, C. L. Witson..... PPrgeer ump Ss Oh The CIB. eos ee Pe Ee SLY aoe ce poe eS INES HINA LESY Cine Ce AGA F, SONU SS CGH ChUaRe ead Ae tT oy kick REN ln PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, PA. BY THE INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Bots RON oe pa 39 Entered at the Post Ofice at Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1925 President H. M. RICHARDS, Sc.D. Vice-Presidents JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A.M., M.D. C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D., Sc.D. Secretary ARTHUR H. GRAVES, PH.D. BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN Treasurer RALPH C. BENEDICT, Pa.D. BrookLyN BoTANic GARDEN Brooklyn, N. Y. Editor TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D. Associate Editors CORNELIA L: CAREY, Pa.D. GEORGE T. HASTINGS, A.M. | ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Po.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu-D., Se:D. H. A. GLEASON, Pu.D. M. LEVINE, Pa.D. ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Px.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Pa D. Bibliographer FRED. J. SEAVER, Pu.D. Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences MARSHALL A. HOWE, Ph. D., Sc. D. MEMBERSHIP All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are two classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00a year, and Annual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend all meetings of the Club and to take part in its business, and (b) to receive all its publications. TORREYA IS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE WILD FLOWER PRESERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA TorrEYA is furnished to subscribers in the United States and Canada for one dollar per annum; single copies, thirty cents. To subscribers elsewhere, twenty-five cents extra, or the equivalent thereof. Postai or express money orders and drafts or personal checks on New York City banks are accepted in payment, but the rules of the New York Clearing House compel the request that ten cents be added to the amount of any other local checks that may be sent. Subscriptions are received oniy for full volumes, beginning with the January issue. Reprints will be furnished at cost prices. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to TREASURER, TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, 8 West King St., Lancaster, Pa., or Dr. Ralph C. Benedict, Brooklyn Botanic Gar- den, Brooklyn, N.Y. Matter for publication, and books and papers for review, should be addressed to GEORGE T. HASTINGS — 2567 Sedgwick Ave. New York City. Pui ik & ww ive’ LIBRARY NEW VORK TORREYA “0 Xi + Vol. 25 F No. 2 March-April, 1925 CLIMBING A MOGOTE. M. A. CHRYSLER Ever since reading Henderson’s “ Cruise of the Tomas Barrera”’ I had wished for an opportunity to visit those remarkable mo- gotes, or limestone buttes of western Cuba. Although Hender- son’s visit to Cuba was primarily for the purpose of collecting land mollusks, the vegetation of the mogotes near Vifiales proved so interesting that some of the conspicuous plants are described in the book. Through the much appreciated support of the New York Academy of Sciences I was able in August 1924 to undertake a trip to western Cuba for the purpose of collecting cycads especially the endemic Microcycas calocoma Miq., material of which was needed for morphological work. This trip afforded the desired opportunity of exploring a mogote, for Vifiales is not far from the Microcycas country. After making San Diego de los Bafios my base for some days I had the good fortune to be joined by Dr. Juan T. Roig, botan- ist of the Cuba Experiment Station, and the success of the trip here described was largely due to Dr. Roig’s efficient guidance. After settling in Pinar del Rio as our base we determined to make an early attempt to ascend one of the large mogotes, and so on the morning of the twenty-fourth of August we gathered our portfolios and trowels, hired a fotungo,* and rattled off toward Vifiales. I got the impression on this and other occa- sions that whenever the driver of a fotingo realized that he had an American on board he considered it his duty to drive faster than any other auto on the road. At any rate we soon left Pinar far behind on the level country to the south, and began to cross the first of the irregular ridges, which in contrast to the mountains near Vifiales are siliceous in composition and have an undulating contour—the so-called Jomas. As the ascent be- came steeper and the road twisted right and left we gained fine views of the south side-of the island. The vegetation of the rounded slopes of the lJomas is rather monotonous, consisting chiefly of Pinus caribaea Morelet, with occasional patches of * Cuban name for a Ford car. 25 26 Quercus virginiana Mill. The soil is poor and quite resembles that on which I had found specimens of Zamia Kickxu Mig. at San Diego de los Bafios. After spending a half-hour in cross- ing the ridges one comes suddenly to the rim of an extensive flat valley, and a beautiful panorama lies spread out before him. In this valley lies the village of Vifiales, and from the surround- ing tobacco fields arise the mogotes, large and small, which are readily distinguished from the lomas by their steep sides, light color and irregular contours. Some of the mogotes such as the one pierced by the road at “‘Km 14”’ are not larger than a good-sized church, but these are mere outliers to the chain called Sierra de los Organos, or Organ Mountains, which form the re- mains of a limestone ridge extending for many miles at a short distance north of the last siliceous ridge. After descending into the village of Vifiales we were courteously entertained at the home of Sefior Francisco Azcuy, who had previously acted as guide for Dr. Roig, and who intimately knows the intricate trails up the mogotes, through long experience in climbing them in search of Bombax emarginata, a tree used as a source of fibre. After ‘‘breakfast’’ we secured the services of a second guide, and the four of us walked across about a mile of the plain country which is regarded as choice tobacco land and also produces a fine quality of taro. Unexpected and interesting plants were met at every turn, including the big Euphorbia lactea used for hedges, the showy orange Crotalaria retusa L., and a clump of Opuntia stricta Haw. A nearly ripe fruit of this plant was cut open by one of the guides, displaying the magenta flesh in which the seeds are imbedded. Presently we came to the foot of Mogote de la Bandera (‘‘flag-hill’’), so called because in the great nat- ional days there was a man who used to post a flag on top of it. As soon as one glances across the face of a mogote ne realizes that here is represented a flora of great richness and variety. With our expectations at high pitch and with our fingers itching to get hold of one of the big Pitcatrnias which we saw reposing in a crevice safely out of 1each, we began to examine an acces- sible part of the cliff base. Dr. Roig was soon rewarded by lo- cating a flowering specimen of the Peperomia which had been named after him when only the leaves were known—a peculiar little trailing plant with leaves a centimeter wide and shaped like those chocolate covered tablets which I took along for sea- 27 sickness. More striking objects attracted the attention of the visitor, and he began to fill up the canvas sack with specimens of Agave spicata and Anthurium venosum Griseb., hoping to grow them in Rutgers’ greenhouse. Both of these species are said by Dr. Roig to be peculiar to these mogotes. Conspicuous among the plants hanging from the cliff was the lovely Sizemensia pendula (C. Wr.) Urb. with its trumpet-shaped white flowers in large clusters, while several kinds of palms found lodgment in crevices, such as the feather-leaved Gaussia princeps and the fan-leaved Thrinax microcarpa, both of these being species re- stricted to the limestone rocks. Among the ferns growing as crevice plants near the base were Adiantum fragile Sw., A. len- erum Sw., A. lrapeziforme L., A. villosum L., a dwarf form of Aneimia (Ormithe pteris) adiantifolia and Asplenium dentatum L., here reaching a size not observed in other stations. So far we were collecting in a sort of bay between two parts of the ridge, and the flora was so rich that Roig had to remind the visitor that time was passing, and there was stiff climbing ahead. So we asked the guides to lead on and show us the way to ascend what looked as impregnable as Gibraltar. We soon found that although roots were treacherous and loose rocks worse than useless, the projections left during erosion of the rock often made excellent footholds. Dr. Roig had warned me not to attempt to carry a camera, for I would need to have both hands free; I presently came to places where it seemed neces- sary to hang on with both hands and also with one’s teeth. After climbing for half an hour, with such collecting as we could de during the scramble, we came to what might be des- cribed as a steep gorge, and here we paused to put into our port- folios the specimens we had snatched on the way, while the guides succeeded in locating for me several specimens of Zamia latifoliata Frenelaus, found growing in humus contained in pock- ets of the limestone. This species well merits its name, and shows a remarkable venation, with its nearly parrallel veins ending at the irregularly jagged apex of each leaflet. A small terres- trial orchid, Physurus sagraeanus Rich. was collected here, also fine specimens of Selaginella stolonifera (Sw.) Spring.,* a species * This identification is in doubt. Dr. W. R. Maxon, who has been kind enough to look over my Cuban Pteridophytes, is of the opinion that the col- lections include two species of Selaginella, and has promised to furnish names at a later date. 28 growing flat upon the surface of the rock. At one side of what I have called a gorge appeared a sort of shady grotto, into which I went, and where I received one of the surprises of my life. Clambering down into the grotto I had collected several strange ferns, one of them being Asplenium myriophyllum Pr., and had turned preparatory to climbing out, when there yawned before me a great black shaft stretching downward to an unknown depth. Fortunately my nerves were steady, and I managed to emerge from the uncanny spot carrying my precious specimens to a place of safety. There I found Dr. Roig industriously sort- ing his specimens, and he informed me that the sierra is full of caves and chasms. Although we seemed to be near the top of the mountain, Dr. Roig assured me that we were not more than half way up, and had come only 100-150 metres. Lest we should be caught by darkness we reluctantly prepared to descend, and were succes- ful in reaching level ground without mishap. A canvass of our collections showed the following species in addition to those already mentioned: Asplenium abscissum Willd., Cheilanthes microphylla Sw., Polypodium eqiguum Hew. (growing on a tree-trunk), Peperomia commulata Trelease, Pilea microphylla Liebm., Rajania Wright Olive, Samyda grandzflora Griseb., Chiococca racemosa L. and an unnamed species of Clusia. A few days later I was able to visit the Puerta del Ancon, a pass in the sierra on the road from Vifiales to Esperanza. This gave an opportunity to observe the vegetation on the north face of a ridge, and resulted in the collection of a great clump of a fern with grass-like leaves (Campyloneuron angusufolum Sw. Fee), a Rhipsalis with white berries (R. cassytha L.) while on small mogotes it was easy to collect Pitcairnia penduliflora Mez., Pelypodium aureum L. and several epiphytic orchids. A threat- ening thunder cloud cut short this trip, much to my regret. The most impressive feature of the flora of the mogotes is its individuality. Concerning one after another of the plants Dr. Roig informed me that the species occurs nowhere except on the mogotes—the Thrinax, Anthurium, Agave, etc., found here are different species from those found in other parts of western Cuba. To ascribe these differences to the lime found in the pockets of soil on the mogotes would be to open up an ancient controversy, but it is difficult to persuade oneself that the chemical peculiar- 29 ities of the soil do not have something to do with the individual- ity of the flora. As I told my conductor, I was already familiar with a peat bog, a sand dune, a salt marsh; I have now added to the list another ecological community—the mogote. So let us prepare to jump into our fotingo and be rushed back to the Poincianas and Crotons of Pinar del Rio. RuTGERS UNIVERSITY, New Brunswick, N. J. UNREPORTED PLANTS FROM LONG ISLAND, N. Y. II CRypTOGAMS—PART 2.* N. M. Grier BUNMYCE TES}: PHY COM YCETES ALBUGINACEAE Albugo portulacae (DC) O. Kuntze. On Brassica oleracea in gardens. CasHhinee AP. B: ANCYSTILACEAE Ancylistes closteru Pfitzer. Parasitic on Closterium.sp. C.S. H. N. M. G. MUCORACEAE Phycomyces nitens (Agard.) Kunze. Growing on dung in woods. CrSars co en elegans. Link. On rat dung culture. C.S.H. M. A. B. PERONOSPORORACEAE Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) Fr. On Lepidium virginicum. C.S.H. A.F.B. SYNCHITRIDACEAE Synchytrium decipiens Farlow. Common or Amphicarpa monoica. C.S. H. Eve be ASCOMYCETES ASCOBOLACEAE Ascophanus carneus (Pers.) Boud. On dung. Lloyds Neck. N. M. G. Ascobolus stercorarius (Bull.) Schr. On cow dung at first lake. A. F. B * Part I appeared in the January-February number of Torreya. tRevised by Dr. A. H. Graves, Brooklyn Botanic Garden with regard to most convenient usage, following Saccardo’s ““Sylloge Fungorum”’ and Oude- mann’s ‘‘Enumeratio Systematica Fungorum,”’ and Engler and Prantl. 30 GEOGLOSSACEAE Geoglossum americanum (Cooke) Sacc. On moss. C.S. H. D.S. J Geoglossum glutinosum Pers. On moss near 3d lake. C.S.H. M. A. B. Geoglossum ophioglossoides (L.) Sacc. Mossy banks. C.S.H. D.S. J. Leotia viscosa (Fr.) Schr. Occasional in woods. C.S.H. D.S. J. HELOTIACEAE Monilia cinerea Bon. On plum trees. C.S.H. A. F. B. HELVELULACEAE Helvella crispa (Scop) Fries. Marsh near 2nd lake. C.S.H. A. F. B. Helvella lacunosa Fr. On ground in woods. C.S.H. D.S. J. HY POGREACEAE Chromochrea gelatinosa (Tode) Seaver. On rotten logs near Ist lake. C.5. H. ACE. B: Hypomyces hyalinus (Schw.) Tul. Common in woods. C.S. H. A. F. B. Hypomyces chrysospermus (Bull.) Tul. Common in woods. C.S.H. A. F.B. Nectria peziza (Tode.) Fr. West of lakes on dead limbs. C.S.H. A. F. B. PYRONEMATACEAE Pyronema confluens Tul. ist lake. C.S.H. A. F. B. RHIZINIACEAE Psilopeziza Babingtonii Berk. Rotten logs near Ist lake. C.5.H. D.S. J. XYLARIACEAE Daldinia concentrica De Not. On birch log in lake region. C.S.H. M.A. B BAST DIONIVEERES AGARICACEAE Agaricus diminutivus PN. In woods near De Forest Estate. C.S.H. M. A.B: Amanita phalloides var. wridis Pers. Huntington Road. C.S.H. M.A.B. Amanita strobiluformis Fr. C.S.H. M. A. B. The three varieties sometimes listed as alba, fulva, and livida are also reported. Amanitopsis voluata PK. On ground between Ist and 2nd lakes. C. S. H. (FC, Ps Boletinus cavipes. (Opat.) Kalckb. On ground near 2nd lake. C.S.H. D.S. J. Boletinus porosus (Berk.) PK. On moss, on ground old railway survey west side 2nd lake. C.S. H. D.S. J. Boletinus porosus var. opacus PK. On ground west of tower lake. C.S. H. iD: S. Js Clitocybe candida Bres. On ground. C.S.H. M.A. B. Clitocybe gigantea (Quél.) Cham. Sandy soil. C.S.H. M. A. B. 31 Clitocybe infundibuliformis Bull. Ground in woods C.5. H. M. A. B. Clitocybe media PK. Vicinity of lakes. C.S.H. M.A. B. Collybia butyracea (Bull.) Quél. On decayed leaves, lake region. C. 5. H. GACr i, Cortinarius sp. On dead and decaying leaves west of Ist and 2nd lakes. Crombie Gy Gik, Hygrophorus cantharellus. Schw. Fresh water marsh near fish hatchery. Crs, iA. B. Hygrophorus conicus (Scop) Fr. On ground, woods. C.S. H. M. A. B. Hygrophorus fuligineus Frost. C.S. H. M. A. B. Inocybe cincinnata (Fr.) Gillet. On ground beneatn pine trees. C. S. H. M. A. B. Lactaria lignyotus. Fr. Near research laboratory in sandy soil. C. S. H. M. A. B. Lepiota naucona. Fr. Sandy soil. C.S.H. G.C. F. Marasmius nigripes Schw. On oak leaves at De Forest Estate. C. S. H. M. A. B. Marasmius sarmentosus Berk. On fallen oak leaves and twigs. Huntington Rodd Gao. bi. M. A. B: Omphalia caespitosa Bot. Old tree stumps near DeForest Estate. C. S. H. M.A. B. Panaeolus campanulatus L. On horse dung west of 2nd lake. C.S.H. G.C.F. Panus albido-tomentosus. Cke. On moss twigs. C.S.H. M.A. B. Panus torulosus var. conchatus Fr. DeForest Estate. C.S.H. M.A. B. Russula crustosa. PK. Roadsides, DeForest Estate. C.S.H. M.A. B. Russula cyanoxantha. Schaeff. Ground, woods near lakes. C.S.H. M.A. B. Russula roseipes (Secr.) Bres. Back of DeForest Estate. C.S.H. M.A. B. Hyponeuris alneus (L.) Earle. On black cherry bark. C.S.H. M. A. B. AURICULARIACEAE Calocera cornea (Batsch) Fries. C.S.H. A. F. B. Dacromyces chrysocemus (Bull.) Tul. Rotten branches on ground near school house. G. C.F. CALOSTOMATACEAE Calostoma cinnabarinum Corda. Woods, west of lakes. C.S.H. A. F. B. CLAVARIACEAE Clavaria circinans. PK. Woods near lakes. C.S. H. M. A. B. Clavaria coronata. Schw. On birch woods near lakes. C.S.H. M.A. B Clavaria fusiformis Sow. Between 2nd and ard lakes C.S.H. G.C. F. Clavaria pistillaris L. Ground between Ist and 2nd lakes. C.S.H. G.C.F. Clavaria stricta, var fumida Pers. On ground. C.S.H. M.A. B. Lachnocladium Michineri B.and C. On wet ground, Center Island. M.A. B Sparassis tremelloides Berk. Oak stump on hill near laboratory. C. S. H. GaGa. 32 CORTICIACEAE Corticium comedens (Nees) Fr. On cherry birch. C.S.H. M.A. B. Stereum compactum Pers. Road to Huntington. C.S.H. M.A. B. Sterigmatocystis sp. On horse chestnut bur. C.S. H. M. A. B. EXOBASIDIACEAE Hirneola auricola-Judae (L.) Berk. C.S.H. M.A. B. HY DNACEAE Hydnum repandum L. C.S. H. A. F. B. Irpex deformis. Fr. Woods near lakes. C.S.H. M.A. B. Irpex fusco-violaceus (Schr.) Fr. Near lakes, on birch bark. C. S. H. M. A. B. LYCOPERDACEAE Bovistella chiensis E. and M. Goat pasture. C.S.H. G. C.F. PHALLACEAE Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr. Frequent on soil near laboratory, and in woods. C5 Sula, 1D, 8, JJ. Mutinus elegans. Mont. Under old leaves in chestnut woods, Huntington Road. (@5S.-o Mi AGB: POLY PORACEAE Boletus auripes PN. Huntington Road. C.S.H. M.A. B. Boletus bicolor PK. Ground. C.S.H. M.A. B. Boletus griseus Frost. Ground, west of 2nd lake. C.S.H. M.A. B. Boletus indecisus PK. Woods, west of 2nd lake. C.S.H. N. M.G. Boletus crnatipes PK. Open woods, Huntington Road. C.S.H. D.S. J Boletus Russelli Frost. Open woods, Huntington Road. C.S.H. D.S. J. Daedalea confragosa (Bolt.) Pers. Old stump. Sagamore Hill. Oyster Bay. M. A. B. Fistulina pallida B. and R. Frequent on chestnut. C.S.H. M.A. B. Polyporus lucidus Fr, On stumps, Hempstead Plain, Hicksville. M. A. B. Polyporus obliquus Pers. Old log to left of Sandpit. C.S.H. M.A. B. Polyporus robiniophilus Fr. Old locust trees near village. C.S.H. M.A. B. Polystictus abietinus (Dick.) Fr. Old limb. C.S. H.:- M.A. B. Polystictus cinnabarinus Klotz. On chestnut posts near rectory. C. S. H. DeSaale Pelystictus connatus Schw. Woods, west of lakes. C.S.H. A. F.B. Simblum sphaerocephalum Schlacht. Near Jones residence. C.S.H. N.M.G. PUCGINIACEAE Uremyces fragarioides. On Duchesnea indica near laboratory. C. S. H. M. A. B. Uromyces statices B. and C. On Statice limonium at Lloyd’s Neck, L. I. JN Piel Bp rf) SPHAEROBOLACEAE Sphaerobolus carpobolus. L. Rotten logs near tst lake. C.S. H. D.S. J. THELOPHORACEAE Craterellus sinuosus var. crispus Fr. On yround in woods at Tiffanys. M. A. B. Michinera Artocreas B. and C. C.S. H. N. M. G. Solenia villosa Hoffm. On decaying branches of Rubus near schoolhouse. G.S.H. M.A. B. TILLETIACEAE Entyloma rhodopalium (Fr.) Quél. DeForest Estate. C.S. H. M. A. B. TREMELLACEAE Tremella vesicaria Eng. Bot. On rotten branches and ground near schoolhouse. Crowne GC. FE: FUNGI IMPERFECTI MUCEDINACEAE Botrytis cinerea Pers. On leaves of Symplocarpus foetidus. C.S.H. A.F.B. Mycogone incarnata Pers. On decaying Agarzcus. C.S.H. A. F. B. Sepedonium chrysospermum (Bull.) Fr. Parasitic on Boletus near fish hatchery. Cope SAJE. B. Conidial stage of Hypomyces chrysospermus. Stachybotrys lobulata Cords. On goat dung. Lloyd’s Neck. C.S.H. A.F.B. SPHAERIOIDACEAE Phyllosticta minima (B. and C.) E. and E. On Acer rubrum. DeForest Es- tatermnGo. tdi N.) MG: Phyllosticta Catalbae E. and M. On Catalpa sp. Havemeyers Estate. oh MLO A..B. Phyllosticta terminalis E. and M. On Leucanthée sp. C.S.H. M. A. B. Phyllosticta smilacis E.and E. On Smilax glauca. C.S.H. M.A. B. Phyllosticta Halstedit E. and E. On Syringa vulgaris. C.S.H. M. A. B. Our records confirm the presence on Long Island of the following species of Fungi listed by Burnham and Latham (1914-23) Cystopus candidus, Taphrin alnitorqua, Chlorosplenium @ruginosum, Sclerotinia fructigena, Lach- nea scutellata, Rosellinia subulata, Amanita Frostit, Amanitopsis vaginata, Paneolus retirugis, Pleurotos satidus, Russula emetica, Hydnum zonatum, Phaeodon imbricatum, Lycoperdon Cyathifcrme, Dictyophora duplicaia. Fomes applanatus, Polystictus cinnamoneus, Uromyces polygoni, Ulocalla foliacea, Polystictus hirsutus, Boletus auriporus, Peclystictus versicolor, Omphalis cam- panella. 34 LVCHENES* : CLADONIACEAE Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. On ground. C.S.H. S.A.G. ' Stereocaulon condensatum Hofftm. On ground. C.S.H. S. A.G. HEPATICAE JUNGERMANNIACEAE Bazzania trilobata (L.) S.F. Gray. At foot of tree, 2ndlake. C.S.H. D.S. J. MUSCIt DICRANACEAE Dicranum longifclium (Ehr.) Hedw. C.S.H. G.H H. LESKEACEAE Thetwa asprella (Schimp.) Sull. Ontree. C.S.H. D.S. J. Ptilium Crista-castrensis (L.) De Notaris. N. M. G. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1884 -Britton, N. L. List of Algae collected near Glen Cove, L. I. Ann. Rep. State Board Health, N. Y. IV, 379-384. 1904—Britton, N. L., Murrill, W. A., Barnhart, J H., and specialists. North American Flora. N. Y. Botanical Garden. Vol. 1-34. Pub- lished or in preparation. 1914—Burnham, S. H. and Latham, R.A. The Flora of the Town of South- old, L. I. and Gardiners Island. Torreya 14. 1917—Ibid. The Flora of the town of Southold, L. I. and Gardiners Island. First supplementary list. Torreya 17. 1917—Ibid. Corrections of the Flora of Southold, L. I. and Gardiners Island. Torreya 17. 1921—Ibid. The Flora of the town of Southold, L. I. and Gardiners Island. Second supplementary list, Torreya 21. 1923—Ibid. The Flora of the town of Southold, L. I. and Gardiners Island. Third supplementary list. Torreya 23. 1924—Ibid. The Flora of the town of Southold, L. I. and Gardiners Island. Fourth supplementary list. Torreya 24. 1914—Cushman, J. A. ‘‘Desmids from Bronx Park, N. Y. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 30, 1914. *Revised following the nomenclature of “British Lichens.’’ A Lorraine Smith. British Museum of Natural History, 1912. {Revised following the nomenclature of ‘“‘Second Revised List of New Eng- land Hepaticae.” A. W. Evans. Rhodora 25. {Revised by O. E. Jennings following nomenclature given in ‘‘Mosses of W. Pennsylvania.’”’ O.E. Jennings Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1913). Sr) 1898—Davenport, C. B. The Flora about Cold Spring Harbor. Science II- VIII, 607-688. 1923—Evans, A. W. Second Revised List of New England Hepatical Rho- dora 25. 1882—Farlow, W. G. The Marine Algae of New England. Appendix A. Report U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1879, p. 1-210. Washington. 1893—Ibid. Notes on the Algae of Long Island. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. Vol. 20. 1902—Grout, A. J. Additions to the Recorded Flora of Long Island, Torreya 2. 1914—Howe, M. A. Some Mid-winter Algae of Long Island Sound. Torreya 14. 1893—Jelliffe, S. E. A preliminary list of the plants found in the Ridgewood water supply of the city of Brooklyn. King’s County, N. Y. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 20. 1893—Jelliffe, S. E. Notes on the Flora of Long Island. Science 22. 1894—Jelliffe, S. E. Cryptogamic notes from Long Island. Bull. Torrey Bot, Club. 21,22: 1899—Jelliffe, S. E. Flora of Long Island. Published by the author, N. Y. City. 1904—Jelliffe, S. E. Additions to the Recorded Flora of Long Island. Torreya 2. 1886—Pike, Nicholas. Check list of Marine Algae, based on specimens col- lected on the shores of Long Island, from 1839-1885. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 1886. 1905—Reichling, G. A. Contribution to Recorded Fungus and Slime Mold Flora of Long Island. Torreya 5. 1913—Sumner, F. B., Osburn, A. C., Cole, L. J., Davis, B. M. A Biologi- cal Survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Bull. U.S. Bureau of Fisheries for 1911, Vol. 31, 2 parts, Washington. 1905—Wood, G. C. Additions to Lichen Flora of Long Island. Bryolo- gist 8. 1914—Wood, G. C. A preliminary list of the Lichens found within a radius of 100 miles of N. Y. City. Torreya 4. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, HANOVER, N. H. HE LILiESsORy DHE FIELD (Extract from the lecture by Dr. Ephraim Ha Reubeni on “ New Light on the Flora of the Old and New Testaments,” given before the Club De- cember 9, 1924. Translated from the Hebrew by David de Sola Pool.) It may be interesting to turn our attention for a moment to the most famous of the plants of the New Testament, the lilies of the field, Krinon Agrion, mentioned in Matthew VI, 28, and Luke XII, 27. In the parable, Jesus says that ‘Even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. But if God doth so clothe the grass in the field, which today is, and tomorrow yeast into the ovem..........." 36 What actually is the plant referred to? Many varying answers have been given to this question. L. Fonck,* in his “‘Streifziige durch die Biblische Flora” thinks that it is the Lilium candidum. But this is not found at all in Palestine and one would have to go to the Lebanon to find it. Furthermore, the Lilium candidum is not the Greek krinen but the Jeuivon. Tristramf in his ‘Natural History of the Bible’’ is of the opinion that it is the Anemone coronaria. But this plant is not thrown into the oven. Others think it to be Ranunculus asiaticus. Post} proposes the Gladiolus. Kitto§ suggests the Lotus, while others propose the Crocus, the Colchicum, the Tulipa praecox, the Iris, the Lil- tum Martagon and the Lilium cephalodonium. P. Souciet{ in his ‘‘ Recueil de dissertations critiques sur les endroits difficiles dans |’Ecriture sainte”’ is of opinion that it is the Fritillaria im- perialis. But this also is not in keeping with the phrase ‘‘and tomorrow it is cast into the oven.” In view of all these doubts and uncertainties some, therefore, feel that in these words Jesus was not referring to any specific plant but to the plants of the field in general. But anyone read- ing this in its plain sense must realize that here the reference is to some specific plant which grows abundantly, to which Jesus could point and which his hearers would recognize for its out- standing beauty. In my opinion, scholars have strayed very far afield from a correct solution to this problem. They have not proceeded from a correct conception of the question involved. They have looked for a plant outstanding in size and color.]| Many of them have demanded that it be a plant with red or purple coloring, because, in their opinion, King Solomon was robed in regal purple. But it seems to me that a more refined taste gets more aesthetic *Fonck, LEOPOLD. Streifziige durch die Biblische Flora. Fribourg, 1900. PP. 53-77- {TristRAM, HENRY B. The natural history of the Bible. London. 1889. p. 464. tPost, GeorGE, E. Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. Beirut.” p. 773. § Kitto, J. A cyclopedia of biblical literature. 3rd Ed. London. 1886. Vol. 3. p. 845. § SoucteT, P. Recueil de dissertations difficiles de l’Ecriture Sainte. Paris. 1715. pp. 158, 9. || LEvEsquE, E. Dictionnaire de la Bible de F. Vigourant. Vol. 55. p. 283. 37 satisfaction in the beauty of less violent colors, and in a plant which is not necessarily strongly assertive and springing to the eyes of every beholder. I am of opinion that this was the taste of the Jews of old and that this was the taste of Jesus. Jesus’ own words ‘‘And I say unto you”’ which occur so frequently in Matthew and Luke, would seem to bear this out. These words “And I say unto you”’ spoken of the Krinon Agrion would in- dicate that this plant had a special beauty all its own which was not so readily obvious to the masses, and that Jesus was calling attention to it as would a poet revealing an unexpected beauty. On the background of this conception of the verse I believe we can find the correct interpretation of the “Lilies of the Field.” Let us remember the words of the following verse, “If God so clothe the grass in the field,’’ to which insufficient attention has been paid. The Krinon Agrion, whatever it is, has to be of the general character of grass. We cannot assume that thé phrase “‘srass in the field’’ is only a figurative expression, for this is not in keeping with Hebrew style. What then is the solution of the problem? Among the most ancient translations of Krinon Agrion is that of Dioscorides who translates it ABIB-LABON. This is an ancient Hebrew name which has been forgotten for two thousand years. From the linguistic point of view on the one side as well as from the point of view of nature, from the aesthetic conception involved, from the term grass, the phrase about throwing into the oven—from all these considerations we suggest with considerable confidence that the “‘lily of the field”’ is the Anthemis Palestina. In ancient Hebrew, Abib-Labon, which is Dioscorides’ trans- lation of Krinon Agrion, means white flower. I have learned from the mouth of the Bedouin in the district south of Gaza that they call the Anthemis, HANUN ABIAD, which is the Arabic for white flower. These Bedouin have lived far from foreign influences, and have preserved the ancient name of this plant. The Krinon Agrion is therefore, for all these reasons, not the Lily of the Field nor any other of the flowers with which it has been indentified, but is the simple Anthems or daisy. The daisy suits all the conditions demanded by the parable. It is neither red nor purple but is beautiful with a modest and delicate beauty of itsown. It is beautiful at all hours of the day. It is beautiful 38 at every period of its growth, even when it is old and even when it is drying. When it has dried up it is gathered together with the dried grass and cast into the furnace. Its delicate beauty, and this, its ultimate fate, suggested to Jesus the thought of his parable, and he points out as something which the ordinary observer would not readily see, “‘yet I say unto you that even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these......which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven. 64". Let us remember also that the daisy has a crown, which gives special aptitude to the comparison with Solomon, the crowned king. The words ‘‘the grass in the field”’ are surely and natur- ally applicable to the Anthemis which grows like grass in Pales- tine. The beauty of the Anthemis and its crown are particularly noticeable in the morning’s early dawn. Can we not imagine that the thoughts and emotions which surged in Jesus did not always allow him easy sleep, that they awakened him at the dawn, that he went out in the fields among the hills walking in the early morning light over these fields of the delicate Anthemis with its simple crowned beauty, and that on some such morning there was born in the heart of Jesus this beautiful parable? A NEW VARNISH-LEAF TREE FROM THE FLORIDA KEYS JoHN K. SMALL. Two species of Dodonaea have heretofore been known to grow in Florida. However, these were generally misinterpreted until well within this century. A large-leaved kind—Dodonaea vw1s- cosa—is rather rare on the coasts of the peninsula, while a smaller-leaved shrub—D. jamaicensis—grows both in the coast- al regions and in the interior. Several years ago a third species was discovered on Big Pine Key. It was provisionally referred to the West Indian D. Ehrenbergi*. Recent studies show that it is not referrable to any tropical American species and indicate that the Florida Key plant has not yet been des- cribed. It may be named and described as: * Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 22: 50. 1921. 39 Dodonaea microcarya Small, sp. nov. A shrub or a small tree 6 m. tall, with a trunk diameter up to 15 cm., the bark rough, the twigs reddish, glabrous: leaves numerous; blades cuneate to obovate-cuneate or broadly spatulate, 1-5 cm. long, usually less than 4 cm., thick, entire, rounded or emarginate at the apex, glabrous, short-petioled: flowers not seen; fruit suborbicular in outline, often somewhat depressed, less than 1 cm. wide, usually 5-7 mm. across the wings, emarginate at the apex and tipped with the blunt style base, short-stipitate, the pedicel as long as the fruit or shorter; seeds subglobose, nearly 2 mm. in diameter, smooth but scarcely shining—Hammocks, Big Pine Key, Florida. This plant has no close relative among the Dodonaea of the American tropics. Its foliage somewhat resembles that of the Hawaiian Dodcnaea spatulata, but the leaf-blades are more de- cidedly cuneate and the fruits are much smaller. The type specimens collected on the northern part of Big Pine Key, Florida, May 8, 1919, by John K. Small, Alfred Cuthbert, and Paul Matthaus, number 9105, are in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL OF GAPS AND TRACES IN TEACHING PLANT ANATOMY. C. L. Witson. As every teacher of plant anatomy knows, it is easy to demon- strate leaf and branch gaps as seen in a cross section of the stem. This is usually accomplished by free-hand sections through the stem, the sections being laid out in series until the whole of the gap is seen, from the passing out of the trace to the closing of the gap. Most herbaceous stems will serve for this purpose, as well as some woody stems in which little secondary growth has occurred. Fern rhizomes, particularly those of Dennstaedtia and Adiantum, are especially effective, since there are no branch traces to confuse the beginning student. It is not so easy, however, for the beginner to visualize the nodal region of a stem as it would appear in face view with the cortex removed. Such a stem may be found in mullein (Ver- bascum Thapsus L.). In old stems which have been exposed to the action of the weather for a year or longer, it will be found 40 that the cortex has entirely disappeared. The leaf gaps in such a stem are conspicuous by their size. In the upper regions of the stem in which the gap has not been buried in secondary wood, they may measure from five to ten mm. in height and three to five mm. in width at the base. The best material which the writer has seen is the’ decorti- cated stems of Decodon verticillaius (L.) Elliott, an aquatic perennial rather widely distributed in the eastern United States. In this form, which is found on the borders of ponds, the aerial stems die down every year, and commonly lie in the water all winter. The action of the bacteria in the water in removing the pith and cortex may be completed by boiling the stem a short Nodal anatomy in Decodon. bg, branch gap; bt. branch trace; lg, leaf gap; It, leaf trace. time in caustic potash. A face view of traces and gaps in this form is seen in the accompanying figure. Although the gaps are small, they may be easily studied with the naked eye. Except toward the base of the slender stems, secondary growth is small in amount, and the branch gap, which is commonly obscured first by cambial activity, is readily distinguished. The leaf trace is single, and the leaf gap extends upward until it merges with the branch gap. The branch trace arises from the sides of this common gap, and unites shortly after passing off from the stele. The condition here illustrated is probably a common one in woody plants. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE 41 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB. MEETING OF NOVEMBER 26, 1924. The meeting of this date was held at the New York Botanical Garden. The following were elected to membership in the Club: Miss Olive Baron, 237 141st Street, Belle Harbor, L. I. Miss Dorothy Buob, 341 West 50th St., New York, N. Y. Miss Ella Chessler, 2127 81st St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Mrs. Lewis B. Fairbanks, Bainbridge, Chenango Co., N. Y. Mr. Charles Just, 164 Grove St., Passaic, N. J. Miss Mary E. Reid, Boyce Thompson Inst., Yonkers, N. Y. Mr. Benjamin O. Towne, 351 East 19th St., New York, N. Y. Mr. Edward DuVivier, 7 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y. The resignation of Dr. Isaac Levin was accepted. Dr. N. L. Britton spoke briefly of the new New York State Museum Bulletin, No. 254, entitled ‘‘An annotated list of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State’’, by Dr. Homer D. House. This work includes records of stations, and biblio- graphical references to date, making use also of the large amount of material available at the Museum herbarium at Albany. Dr. Britton stated that Teesdalia nudicaulis found by Bicknell on Long Island was not recorded.