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TORREYA

A B1-MoNTHLY JOURNAL OF BOTANICAL NOTES AND NEws

John Torrey 1796-1873

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

GEORGE T. HASTINGS

VOLUME 30

NEw YORK
1930

Vol. 3 | January-February, 1930 No. 1

TORREYA

A Bi-MonTHLY JouRNAL oF BotanicaL Notes AND NEws
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY

GEORGE T. HASTINGS |

John Torrey, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
Back Yard Botanizine.” H;> R. GLEASON.. Yt. Po Foie ee asc eens 1
My Wild Flower Garden in the Heart of New York. Dorotuy Oak... 7:
Contributions to the Flora of Long Island, Sixth Paper. WitiiAM C.
MARGIN kL Fag Ses SS cero Shao on Osh hole ek Ptiacs ot axon way iteneat el gh aia aa 9
Chemical Simulation of Organisms for Class Use. ILLo HEIN........ 15

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Found in the Catskills. RayMoND H.TorreY.. 19
Book Reviews

Our Wild Orchids. FRANK Morris AND EpwWArRD A. EAMES...... 21
Fungus Flora of Manitoba. G. R. Bissy anp A. H.R. BULLER.... 23
MCACIG REEDS DEAUCMOMED oni ns Sn a,c) ska oS Ab heres CRE pala hws 6 iS ab bie 24
Procecedinns Ob tne Chip 6 oa OAS daa) Rae stew BF Bge wtcleialiocd ie 27
RCM AB DLES A oct xe co silos bie os eivtn. 6 eid. Reo DED chosing oh 9 aie SHS Cees 33

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TORREYA

Vol. 30 January-February, 1930 No. 1

Back Yard Botanizing

H. A. GLEASON

My home in Bronxville does not occupy a large plot of
ground by any means, but it has provided me with an extra-
ordinary amount of botanizing during the past seven years.
Scores of uninvited guests, some of them welcome, many dis-
tinctly unwelcome, have come in and made themselves at home.
Some of them have been weeded out and destroyed, some have
disappeared naturally, others are still there and defy all my
efforts to dislodge them.

Whence do they come? Many from the little vestiges of
original forest vegetation which still are plenty in and around
Bronxville; some merely from my neighbors; some in packing
or earth or seeds from distant sources; many from places not
only unknown but even unconjectured. The point is that they
come, some of them every year, some of them once only. One
never knows in the spring what the coming summer will produce
and every season brings a fresh surprise. Every strange seed-
ling is allowed to grow and is carefully watched until it is large
enough to identify. That often means waiting until they bloom,
and that in turn may lead to a permanent occupant of the garden
where we had wished for a mere temporary one.

In 1928 we were away during the entire growing season and
had no idea of what new visitors we may have received. The
next year was accordingly of exceptional interest, since we had
the immigrants of two years to become acquainted with.

The systematic botanist likes to classify, and I shall arrange
these visitors to my garden in three groups, mentioning many
of them by name and discussing some of the more interesting
ones in more detail.

2

First, we have the ordinary weeds of cultivated grounds.
These plants doubtless migrate into my garden every year from
my neighbors in all directions, or from street-sides and vacant
lots, and for that matter, from my place to my neighbors as well.
We are all very generous with our weeds. If by careful work I
exterminate one species completely, I know it will be back next
year anyway. There is no hope for their permanent banishment.
All we can do is try to keep their numbers down to a minimum.

These common weeds we shall have to classify further into
those of flower-beds, hoed ground, and the bare soil under
shrubbery, and those of the lawn. The two groups are quite
distinct in species.

In the beds and shrubbery the commonest weeds are the
sorrel (Oxalis cymosa), the chickweed, galinsoga, nimble Will
(Muhlenbergia diffusa), and wandering Jew, all of which tend
to spread into the shadier edges of the lawn. Others which are
present every year but do not constitute a serious menace are
shepherd’s-purse, foxtail, carpet weed, and purslane.

Galinsoga is an interesting weed, and I believe it would
repay some careful experimentation. Seeds which have passed
the winter refuse to germinate until the ground is thoroughly
warmed in late spring and then grow to a fair size before bloom-
ing. Seeds produced during the summer germinate immediately,
even until after frost. As the days become shorter in late sum-
mer and early fall, so does the life cycle of the plant, until in
October it may set seed when only an inch high. Is this an effect
of temperature or is it due to the shorter period of daylight?
And if the summer seeds germinate so quickly, why do not all
of the seeds germinate the same year, the later ones taking
advantage of the warm days of Indian summer? Obviously, if
they did, we would not have galinsoga with us much longer. I
commend the plant to my colleagues at the Boyce Thompson
Institute for study.

Numerous other weeds are sporadic in appearance, easily
eradicated, and not always developing in successive years. Such
are the fleabanes (Evrigeron ramosus, annuus, and canadensis),
smartweed, cinquefoil (Potentilla monspeliensis), red sorrel,
Canadian blue grass, pepper grass, and wild carrot. I have seen
single plants only of Spanish needle (Bidens vulgata,) tumble-
weed, ground ivy, and burdock. A single plant of another cin-

3

quefoil (Potentilla recta) was preserved for six years and showed
no tendency to spread. A huge Mexican tea (Chenopodium
ambrosioides) was in full bloom on my return to the place in the
late summer of 1925; it has not reappeared. During the first
year of my occupation lamb’s quarter was so abundant that it
gave us a fine dish of greens, but it has scarcely been seen since
then. Single plants of Deptford pink and winter cress appeared
in 1929, a night-flowering catchfly in 1926, an unnamed Cyperus
in 1927.

While weeds are a nuisance in cultivated grounds, they can
at least be reduced by the hoe, but in a lawn they are a pest.
Excluding white clover, the presence of which is often desired,
I have noted nearly thirty kinds of weeds in my limited expanse
of lawn. A few of these are dangerous and ruin the lawn if
strenuous measures are not used against them. These are the
two species of plantain, Plantago Rugelii and P. major, the dan-
delion, the mouse-ear chickweed, the crab-grass, and the self-
heal. Of these only the last two need any comment.

Our native self-heal is usually an erect plant,sometimes three
feet high, with flower-heads an inch long. The form which grows
in lawns is a prostrate creeper with flower-heads seldom more
than half an inch long. It has often been said that its prostrate
habit is due to the lawn mower which keeps the leaders clipped
off; this is not the case. Young prostrate plants from seed have
been carefully watched and allowed to grow unchecked, but
still retained the creeping form and small heads. In the lawn it
forms small but always increasing patches which kill the grass
completely. The stems are fragile so that the plants have to
be pulled up piecemeal. Fragments of it are scattered by the
mower or rake and take root, and seed reproduction is effective
also. In 1922 my lawn contained one fair-sized patch; now it
has a dozen small ones scattered widely across it.

Crab-grass does not germinate until late summer. Under
ordinary conditions it makes fair-sized plants before blooming,
which can be pulled up easily, although care must be used to take
every bit of them out. A single fragment left in the soil will
bloom as a dwarf and furnish seeds for next year. Last summer
was so dry that crab-grass did not germinate at its usual time,
and when rains finally came the season was so late that it had
to hurry its bloom. Asa result it never was a serious weed, but

2

it appeared by hundreds instead of by tens and bloomed at a
very small size. I noted plants only two centimeters long from.
the base of the stem to the top of the spike. It was impossible
to get them all and I predict an epidemic of crab-grass for 1930.

Wild garlic is unsightly in the spring, when one spares the
lawn mower to give the crocus a chance, but my few plants are
easily kept in check and each year sees less of it. Orchard grass
is another persistent pest and new clumps appear as fast as I
dig the old ones out. Timothy and red-top bother but little.
Knot-grass and spurge (Euphorbia maculata) grow in a few
isolated patches. Bitter Dock appeared in 1928 and tried to
bloom in 1929. The latter year also brought black medick for
the first time. Four species of rosette plants, the buttercup
Ranunculus acris), ox-eye daisy, mullein, and moth mullein
appeared with regularity each year, although two of them are
biennial and none is allowed to seed. Two creeping species of
Veronica were first noted in 1929, and must wait for flowers and
fruits before they can be identified.

My second class is far more interesting than the first. It
includes the native woodland plants of the vicinity, which are
trying to reclaim what they once possessed. Some of them have
to be treated as weeds and ruthlessly exterminated, but most
of them are welcomed and encouraged to grow, provided they
have selected a reasonable place.

Of young trees, I have had black oak, hickory, sugar maple,
silver maple, tulip tree, black cherry, and sassafras,only the
last one being kept. Two kinds of goldenrod (Solidago neglecta
and speciosa), heart-leaved aster, and two or three white asters
appear in numbers every year and a few plants of each are kept
for autumn bloom. Blue violets invade my flower beds by the
hundred and must be hoed out as soon as they have finished
blooming. One plant of groundnut has bloomed for eight season
and its relative, the hog peanut, appeared under some shrubs in
1927. Venus’ looking-glass came up under a fir tree in 1924; it
does not like the dressing of granulated peat but is still trying
to live. Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) bloomed for the first
time in 1925, and every year since then we have had numerous
plants. Certainly some of them must hide away in a corner and
ripen seeds, for I have not been able to exterminate it. Black-
eyed Susan has appeared and bloomed in three places but re-

5

fuses to stay longer. Three-seeded mercury, wild lettuce, clear-
weed, poke, small-flowered crowfoot, five-finger, and loosestrife
have each appeared once, and the last alone was allowed to
remain. It succumbed to the drought of 1929. A dozen or more
plants of honewort came up at the edge of the rhododendrons
in 1929. A tiny plant of bladder fern settled in a crevice in an
oak tree, a foot above the ground, in 1827. It leads a precarious
existence there but came through last summer’s drought alive.
Merchantia probably arrived during the wet summer of 1928.
Last summer several small patches sent up reproductive
branches growing close to the shade of my boundary fence.

All of these are growing, or trying to grow, under shrubs or
trees and in the beds. Out in the lawn conditions are much less
favorable for woodland plants, yet several have shosen to try it.
Festuca octoflora mingles with the bluegrass in several places.
Star grass and avens have each appeared once. A few plants of
blue-eyed grass and spring beauty bloom every spring. The
sensitive fern has burrowed under my fence from a patch at the
side of the street. Carex laxiflora is pretty well established in a
shady corner and does not seem to mind the lawn mower.
Robin’s plantain is almost a weed, so that I dig out some scores
of the basal rosettes every summer. Yarrow has been seen once
or twice. My prize possession in this class, however, is Selaginel-
la apus, of which at least a dozen plants grow on a moist shaded
slope. They probably arrived in 1928, since they were well
established in 1929.

Our third class includes cultivated plants that come up
spontaneously about the place. Seedlings of snowberry, Japan-
ese barberry, and horse chestnut are common, and come from
parent plants on the ground. A blackberry vine appears each
year, though I have been trying to kill it since 1922. Wild
plants of cosmos bloom nearly every year among my iris. Seed-
ling locusts are abundant, coming from a parent tree just over
my line fence. Single plants have been noted of snow on the
mountain, Japanese honeysuckle, raspberry, and apple. A large
gaura came in with some pansies and flowered in my window
box. Two seedlings of trumpet creeper germinated together in
1929 and are now trying to climb up my fence.

Finally, and most remarkable of all:

A certain small bed of lily of the valley offered nothing un-

6

usual in 1922, 1923, or 1924. In 1924 a small plant with linear
leaves came up in the middle of it, and was suspected to be a
lily. In 1926 it was larger and the two beautiful flowers showed
it to be Lilium auratum! Seven flowers were developed in 1927,
five in 1928, and five on two stems in 1929, when the bulbs were
nearly destroyed by beetles and were removed to another place.
How Lilium auratum ever transported itself unassisted into my
garden is a mystery to me. My readers may explain it for them-
selves, if they can.

I have not tried to mention all the plants which grow, or
have grown, naturally on my place; the total is more than a
hundred and fifty species. Nor can I account for the absence
of some other common things. Why has not such a common
weed as the giant ragweed, abundant on a vacant lot a hundred
yards away, not come in? Why doesn’t the jewel weed settle
down by my sensitive fern, since the two so often live together?
And were the dozen seedling jack-in-the-pulpits which came up
under my weigela actual immigrants, or merely the progeny
of my own plant, ten feet away down the hill?

As for the 1agweed and jewel weed, I have every confidence
that I shall get them both in due time. In fact, I expect to add
at least ten species to my list every year. Some of these days I
may even find a bloodroot growing among my violets and a
lady-slipper beneath the pines.

NEw YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

My Wild Flower Garden in the Heart of New York City

DorotHy Oak

Each spring, as soon as the roads are passable, I begin
going off into the country in my car, to collect specimens for
my school work. Therefore, even before the maple buds begin to
swell or the first skunk cabbage appears, I am collecting twigs
and cocoons. My car was bought with an eye to utility for this
purpose and I often bring back more mud inside than out!

In these drives on all the highways and byways around the
city, we have seen the development of many of the suburbs,
and in our opinion it is the clearing of the ground for subsequent
building, which is the greatest factor in the extermination of the
smaller wild flowers.

As a member of the Wild Flower Preservation Society, I
listened with interest to the suggestion concerning the estab-
lishment of wild flower sanctuaries, and decided to try to trans-
plant all the “‘wildings’”’ I could, both to the city yard and the
garden at Woods Hole, Mass. It is the success I had in the city,
that I am concerned with here.

We lived in an ordinary 19-foot wide house in the heart of
Harlem, but our yard has southern exposure and added to that,
we had the advantage of an opening in the houses to the south
of us, right through to the next street, so that we got an unusual
amount of sunlight.

After many experiments and failures, I discovered that the
east side of the yard, near the fence, which received the after-
noon sun, was best for most of the early spring flowers. A shady
corner in the back of the yard, where the ice remained very late,
became the “‘fern corner.’”’ Here we transplanted the ostrich,
cinnamon, sensitive, Christmas and evergreen wood fern. From
Vermont, one year, we brought some ebony spleenwort, which
survived several years, growing weaker with each succeeding
winter, however. In this corner, among the ferns, were Jack-in-
the-pulpit, wild iris, purple and yellow violets, bird foot violets,
and red and white triliums.

On the eastern side of the yard, a large patch of bloodroot
had developed from a few plants, and each year they appeared a
few days or a week before I could find them in the woods.
Hepaticas, with Dutchman’s breeches, brought from near Dan-

7

8

bury, Conn., were near by. A little later came the saxifrage,
bellwort, Solomon’s seal, bluets, columbine, yellow cinquefoil,
and a lovely mass of wild geranium. The wood and rue ane-
mone and wild strawberry were here, too, and I finally succeed-
ed in establishing the spring beauty. Still later in the spring, we
had the star of Bethlehem and in the fall, the tansy and wild
clematis brought from Martha’s Vineyard. I also had several
pussy willows grown from slips cut from wild bushes.

At one time, we had several very handsome, yellow ram’s
head orchids and some fine specimens of the pink moccasin
flower and rattlesnake plaintain. These precious plants, brought
carefully from Vermont, and nursed tenderly, were dug up by
our pet dog!

Each spring I read Whittier’s “Jack-in-the-pulpit’”’ to my
classes and I was usually able to show them living specimens of
most of the flowers mentioned, taken from my own back yard.

One flower I never tried to transplant, because of its very
deep corm was the yellow adder’s tongue, though after my suc-
cess with the spring beauty, I planned to try it.

Considering that every summer, from June to September,
the weeds grew rank and there was no one to fight caterpillars
or water the yard, I think my wild flowers did pretty well. We
fertilized them with tea leaves, coffee grounds, wood and paper
ashes, bone meal and sheep manure, chiefly the three former,
however!

Three of the fences were covered with luxuriant ten year-old
woodbines and near the fern corner stood a maple tree trans-
planted in my childhood as a seedling from Central Park.

With the exception of the clematis, tansy, and lady slippers,
all of the flowers were collected within an afternoon’s drive
from the heart of the city—most of them came from regions of
Westchester County, which are being rapidly developed, or
from the edges of the main roads where they had been overlooked
by motorists whose chief object is to cover mileage and who,
consequently, do not see the smaller wild flowers.

I hope this brief account will prompt others, who are inter-
ested in saving our native wild flowers, to transplant them to
city back yards—if they are fortunate enough to have a yard,
where, at least these flowers will not be left to ‘‘bloom unseen’’
and unappreciated.

New York, N. Y.

Contributions to the Flora of Long Island, New York
Sixth Paper*

WILLIAM C. FERGUSON

All the plants listed in this paper, at every locality cited,
were collected by the writer, mostly in the seasons of 1928-29.
There are a few exceptions to this of plants not before recorded
in these papers, and also some new localities for rare plants listed
in former papers. These records are restricted to plants that in
the writer’s experience are rare on Long Island. Duplicates of
most have been deposited in public herbaria.

Sparganium and Lemna were named by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.
Cuscuia by Dr. T. G. Yuncker.

Gramineae by Mrs. Agnes Chase.

Carex by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.

Juncus Dudleyi, secundus, debilis by Mr. F. V. Coville.
Eleocharis palustris group by Dr. M. L. Fernald, who has just
published a revision of this group in Rhodora, April, 1929.

All doubtful plants by the staff of the New York Botanical
Garden. The writer gratefully acknowledges his appreciation of
this generous aid.

SPARGANIACEAE

SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM Englm. Rare in swamps, South Jamaica.

SPARGANIUM ACAULE (Beeby) Rydbg. Rare in wet borders of streams. Free-
port, Merrick, Seaford, Massapequa, Amityville, Babylon.

SPARGANIUM DIVERSIFOLIUM Graeb. Rare in wet borders of streams and
swamps. Baldwin, Seaford, Amityville.

GRAMINEAE

PASPALUM CIRCULARE Nash. Rare in meadows. Oakdale.

PANICUM LUcIDUM Ashe. Rare or occasional in sphagnum bogs and swamps.
Meadowbrook, Ronkonkoma, Freeport, Seaford, Laurelton, Bellmore,
Brookhaven, Cold Spring Harbor, Babylon, Massapequa.

ZIZANIA PALUSTRIS L. In water. Rare and local; very large colonies at Sayville
and Brookhaven. Small colonies at Flushing, South Jamaica, Bayport.

STIPA AVENACEA L. Rare or occasional in dry woods. Easthampton, North
Sea, Hither Woods, Montauk, Sag Harbor, Oakdale, Wyandanch.

MUHLENBERGIA FOLIOSA Trin. Rare in damp meadows. Fresh Meadow Road,
Flushing.

* Previous papers in this series appeared in Torreya 22: 43-49, 1922.
Bull. Torey Club 51: 177-201, 1924; 52: 133-136, 1925; 53: 303-308, 1926.
Torreya 28: 45-51, 1928.

10

BRACHYELYTRUM ERECTUM (Schreb.) Beauv. Occasional in rich hilly woods
in and north of the morains, locally abundant. Queens, Port Washington,
Smithtown, Millneck, Glen Cove, Plattsdale. Very rare south of the
morain at Oakdale.

TRISETUM PENNSYLVANICUM (L.) Beauv. Rare in swamps and wet thickets.
Yaphank, Cold Spring Harbor, Oakdale, Sagville.

_ Unrota LAxa (L.) B.S.P. Rare in moist, rich woods. Merrick.

PANICULARIA GRANDIS (S. Wats.) Nash. Rare in swamps. Newtown.

PANICULARIA NERVATA (Willd.) Kuntze. var. stricta Scribn. Rare in rich soil
and drier parts of swamps in North western Long Island. Winfield,
Newtown, Woodside. Grows in drier situations, culms more scattered,
not densely tufted like the species. Is much lower and slenderer, with
narrower leaves, the dark brown spikelets having longer scales and
maturing two or three weeks earlier. The writer believes this plant will
eventually be given specific rank.

CYPERACEAE

CYPERUS FLAVESCENS L. Rare, wet sandy shores and swamps. Sayville,
Oakdale, Wantagh, Valley Stream, Cold Spring Harbor.

CyPERUS ENGELMANNI Steud. Rare on wet shores. Baisley Pond, Jamaica.

CyPERUS SPECIOSUS Vahl. Frequent throughout in wet fresh, brackish and
salt shores and swamps. Reported in my former papers as Cyperus ferax
Richard. Dr. N. C. Britton now names our common Long Island plant
—speciosus—and states that ferax is southern, reported as far north as
New Jersey and possible on Long Island.

ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS! (L.) R. & S. var. major Sonder. Rare. Often in water,
Wading River. Seaford.

ELEOCHARIS SMALL Britton. Frequent in swamps and wet shores. Winfield,
Cold Spring Harbor, Massapequa, Millneck, Ronkonkoma, Sag Harbor,
Meadowbrook, Bridgehampton, Flushing, Amityville.

ELEOCHARIS CALVA! Torr. Rare in swamps. Cutchogue, Woodside, Massa-
pequa.

ELEOCHARIS UNIGLUMIs! (Link). Schultes var. halophila Fernald & Bracket,
Rare, salt and brackish shores and marshes. Easthampton. Montauk.

SCIRPUS MICROCARPUS Presl. Rare in swamps. Flushing, Woodside.

SciRPUS PALUDOsUS Nelson. Frequent throughout in salt marshes. The
validity of this species as distinct from Scirpus robustus Pursh is established
beyond doubt. The writer’s suggestion that it might prove to be a seedling
of robustus is not worth consideration. (Bull. Torrey Club 1925.)

RYNCHOSPORA TORREYANA A. Gray. Very rare in damp soil. Amityville.

SCLERIA TRIGLOMERATA Michx. Rare in moist soil. Oakdale, Amityville,
Seaford.

SCLERIA MINOR (Britton) Stone. Very rare in most meadows. Oakdale,
Babylon.

1 Eleocharis palustris in North America. M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, April
1929.

11

ScCLERIA PAUCIFLORA Muhl. Rare in dry or moist soil. Pine barrens at Oakdale
and Ronkonkoma. Hempstead Plains at Garden City. Mineola, West-
bury, and Hicksville.

CAREX LEPTALEA Wahl. Occasional in wet sphagnum thickets, Millstone,
Flanders, Central Islip, Montauk, Lakeview, Wyandanch, Cold Spring
Harbor, Roosevelt, Smithtown, Oakdale, Bayport.

Carex Ricuir? (Fernald) Mackenzie. Rare in swamps. Fresh Meadow Road.
Flushing.

Carex Buxsaumit Wahl. Very rare. Wet place in hilly rich woods. Queens.

CaREX Barratril (Schw.) Torr. Rare in swamps. Islip, Wyandanch, Lyn-
brook, Oakdale.

CAREX POLYMORPHA Muhl. Rare in damp soil. Oakdale.

CAREX TETANICA Schkr. Rare in damp meadows. Newtown, Winfield.

CAREX TRISPERMA Dewey. Rare in sphagnum in wet bogs and woods. Oakdale,
abundant; the only station the writer has seen the typical species.

CAREX TRISPERMA Dewey var. Billingsii Knight. Rare in wet sphagnum.
Speonk, Flanders, Babylon, Lindenhurst.

CAREX LACusTRIs Willd. Very rare in swamps. Winfield.

CAREX PRAIREA Dewey. Very rare in swamps. Winfield.

CAREX HYSTRICINA Muhl. Rare in swamps. Newtown, Winfield, Locust-
Valley, Oakdale.

LEMNACEAE

LEMNA TRISULCA L. Rare in streams. Oakdale.

LEMNA CycLostasa (Ell.) Chev. Rare in streams and ponds. Oakdale, Queens.

LEMNA PERPUSILLA Torr. Rare in streams, ponds, and ditches. Queens,
Newtown, Oakdale, Babylon.

LEMNA MINOR L. Frequent throughout in ponds, streams and ditches.

SPIRODELLA POLYRHIZA (L.) Schult. Frequent throughout in ponds, streams
and ditches.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus DupLey1 Wiegand. Very rare in damp meadows. Winfield.

JuNcuUs sEcUNDUs Beauv. Very rare in dry soil. Flushing, Wyandanch.

JUNCUS DEBILIS Gray. Very rare in wet-sand. Amityville.

JUNCUS sUBCAUDATUS Coville and Blake. Rare in swamps and wet shores.
Wantagh, Merrick.

Juncus Gerarpi Lois. Very common in salt and brackish marshes. Rare in
fresh water swamps. Winfield. Fresh Pond. West Forest Hills, Middle
Valley. The foregoing are in my herbarium and in addition I have re-
corded it at Woodside, and Newtown.

MELANTHACEAE
OcEANORUS LEIMANTHOIDES (A. Gray) Small. Rare in pine barren wet thickets.
Babylon.
LILIACEAE

LILIUM CANADENSE L. Rare in moist meadows and rich woods. Montauk,
Flushing, Queens.

2 Bull. Torrey Club. Vol. 49 No. 12 December 1922, Mackenzie.

12

ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM Ker. Locally abundant in wet woods. Plattsdale,
Woodside, Flushing, Bayside, North Beach, Millneck, Newtown, Glen-
cove.

HAEMODORACEAE
GYROTHECA TINCTORIA (Walt.) Salisb. Rare. Damp meadow. Oakdale.

ORCHIDACEAE
IBIDIUM PLANTAGINEUM (Raf.) House. Very rare in damp meadows. Winfield.

FAGACEAE

QUERCUS VELUTINA Lam X MARYLANDICA Muench. Rare in dry soil. Central
Park. Determined by Wm. Trelease.

POLYGONACEAE

PERSICARIA FLUITANS (Eaton) Greene. Rare in swamps north of Moraine.
(Polygonum Hartwrightii Gray.) Winfield.

CABOMBACEAE

CABOMBA CAROLINIANA A. Gray.. Rare in ponds in hilly rich woods. Queens,
two widely separated small ponds.

RANUNCULACEAE
BATRACHIUM TRICHOPHYLLUM (Chaix.) F. Schultz. Rare in streams. Valley
Stream, Massapequa, Lindenhurst, Oakdale, Islip.

CRUCIFERAE

ARABIS GLABRA Bernh. Rare along roadsides. Massapequa.

CARDAMINE PARVIFLORA L. Rare in rich damp woods and on sandy wet shores.
Richmond Hill, Queens, South Jamaica, Roslyn, Glen Cove, Wading
River.

ROSACEAE
RuBus oporaAtus L. Rare, roadsides and hilly woods. Cold Spring Harbor

CALLITRICHACEAE

CALLITRICHE PALUSTRIS L. Occasional in ponds and streams. Cold Spring
Harbor, Rosedale, Great River, Bayside, Valley Stream, Flushing, Islip,
Massapequa.

CALLITRICHE HETEROPHYLLA Pursh. Occasional or frequent in ponds and
streams. Massapequa, Freeport, Valley Stream, Montauk, Mill Neck,
Seaford, Wantagh. I have also identified both species at several other

localities.
HYPERICACEAE
ASCYRUM HYPERICOIDES L. Rare. Damp meadow. Merrick. Hilly rich woods
Wyandanch.

HYPERICUM DISSIMULATUM Bicknell. Rare in swamps and on wet shores.
Bridgehampton, Wantagh.

13

VIOLACEAE
VIOLA ERIOCARPA Schwein. Rare in rich hilly woods. Woodside, Locust Valley.

LYTHRACEAE
ROTALA RAMOISIOR (L.) Kuhn. Rare in swamps and on wet shores. Cypress
Hills, Lynbrook, Queens, Kew Gardens.

ARALIACEAE
PANAX TRIFOLIUM L. Rare in wet woods. Cold Spring Harbor, Millneck,
North Beach, Glen Cove, Bayside.

® AMMIACEAE

WASHINGTONIA CLAYTONI (Michx.) Britton.

WASHINGTONIA LONGISTYLIs (Torrey) Britton. Both species are frequent or
common, in rich woods on and north of the moraine. The former less
frequent and averaging smaller than the latter. Very rare south of the
moraine. Both species growing together south of Baisley Pond, South
Jamaica.

PYROLACEAE

PYROLA CHLORANTHA Sweet. Rare in dry pine woods. Oakdale, (2 colonies),

Sayville, Ronkonkoma.
PRIMULACEAE
NAUMBERGIA THYRSIFLORA (L.) Duly. Very rare in swamps. Newtown.

GENTIANACEAE
DASYSTEPHANA ANDREWsII (Griseb.) Small. Very rare. Swamp north of
moraine. Winfield.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
ASCLEPIAS RUBRA L. Rare in moist soil. Babylon.

CUSCUTACEAE

Including all reported in former papers. The two common species on
Long Island are,

CuscUTA COMPACTA Jussand cUsTUCA GRONoviII Willd.,- both varieties. The
others are rare.

CUSCUTA PENTAGONA Englm. Rare in dry or wet places. Lynbrook, Newtown
(Cuscuta arvensis Beyrich.)

CUSCUTA POLYGONORUM Englm. Rare in open swamps and wet woods and
thickets. Queens, Plattsdale (Three widely separated colonies.)

Cuscuta Coryii Englm. Rare in wet thickets and swamps. Middle Island,
Sag Harbor, Easthampton, Coram, Sea Cliff, East Islip, Oakdale.

Cuscuta Gronovi Willd. var. vulgivaga Englm. Frequent, mostly in wet
places. North Branch, Westhampton, Bellmore, South Jamaica, Merrick,
Millneck, Massapequa, Hempstead, Cold Spring Harbor, Valley Stream,
Queens, Easthampton, Glen Cove, East Islip, Plattsdale, Wantagh.

Cuscuta Gronovul Willd. var. latiflora Englm. Frequent, mostly in wet
places. Bayside, Oyster Bay, South Jamaica, Babylon, Southold, Flushing
Montauk, Water Mill, Mill Neck, Roosevelt, Valley Stream, Sag Harbor,
Woodside, Oakdale, Amityville, Wantagh.

14

CuscuTA COMPACTA Juss. Frequent in wet places. Wantagh, Laurelton,
Speonk, Babylon, Lindenhurst, Massapequa, Mill Neck, Merrick, Roslyn
Flushing, Smithtown, Wyandanch, Central Islip, Roosevelt, Valley
Stream, Queens, Sag Harbor, Easthampton.

The writer has seen and recorded the three last in many other localities.

LABIATAE
KOELLIA INCANA (Michx.) Kuntze. Rare in dry soil. Southold, Baldwin.

SCROPHULARIACEAE
SCROPHULARIA MARYLANDICA L. Rare in hilly rich woods. Bayside.

LENTIBULARIACEAE
STOMOISIA JUNCEA (Vahl.) Barnhart. Rare in swamps and sandy shores.
Flanders, North Bellmore.
STOMOISIA VIRGATULA Barnhart. Very rare on wet sandy shores. Oakdale.

RUBIACEAE
GALIUM VAILLANTII D. C. Rare in field and thickets. Massapequa.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE
TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM L. Rare in hilly rich woods of moraine. Glenhead.

COMPOSITAE

SOLIDAGO FLEXICAULIS L. Very rare in hilly rich woods of moraine. Glen
Head.

LEPTILON PUSILLUM (Nutt.) Britton. Rare in dry or moist sandy soil. Ron-
konkoma, Central Islip, Coram, Oakdale, all four stations in pine barrens.
Point of Woods, growing extensively back of sea beach.

HELIOPSIS SCABRA Dunal. Rare in dry woods or their borders. Babylon.

SENECIO AUREUS L. Rare in wet meadows, swamps and wet woods. Bayside,
Mill Neck, Winfield, Newtown, Flushing, Smithtown.

SENECIO GRACILLIS Pursh. Very rare in damp meadow, Oakdale. Determined
by J. K. Small.

HEMPSTEAD, N. Y.

Chemical Simulation of Organisms for Class Use

ILLo HEIN

To enliven the student’s interest and arouse his curiosity in
plant and animal form development excellent opportunities are
given the teacher in the hitherto neglected chemical imitations
of organisms. Many beautiful and suggestively similar imita-
tions of leaves, roots, stems, fern fronds, fungi, wing patterns of
butterflies, bird feathers, a variety of sea life, algae, shells, corals
“fairy rings,’’ cell shapes, division figures, and countless other
organic forms and patterns can be easily made with a little ex-
perience in the appropriate mixing of certain chemicals. Such
‘imitations as have been made by Liesegang (1911), Kiister
(1913), Leduc (1912), and Gebhardt (1912) are stimulating and
suggestive not only to the investigator but also to the students
in elementary biology for whom they should be as instructive as
entertaining.

The student can with simple apparatus and a few chemicals
perform the experiments himself or they may be made by the
teacher as demonstrations. The student can see before his eyes
the production of forms and patterns in inert substances by
some of the same processes which take place in and control the
growth of organisms.

Just a few of the possible demonstrations are given below as
suggestive of what can be done. Many other striking imitations
can be devised by an imaginative teacher either by modifying
or elaborating the directions given or by using other chemical
combinations many of which may be found in the appended
literature list. The materials and apparatus are inexpensive and
can be employed with little expenditure of time.

Very beautiful imitations of fern fronds which are striking in
their similarity may be made with certain crystalline precipi-
tates in colloid solutions. A small plate of window glass, cleaned
photographic plates, or lantern slide covers are very satisfac-
tory. The plate is coated with a thin ten percent solution of
gelatine containing five cc. each of saturated solutions of am-
monium chloride and sodium chloride. The salts will crystallize
out over night in various patterns many of which are similar in
appearance to the outline of the fronds of selaginallas and ferns.
(Figs. 3 and 5). |

15

16

For the preparation of imitations of striped patterns, pig-
mentation of butterfly and bird wings, banded structure of ice,
agate, onyx, quartz, etc., zonation in the molluscan shell, fish
scales, mammalian bone, zebra and other hair patterns and
banded leaves, concentric zonation in bacterial and fungous
cultures, the chemically produced Liesegang rings may be used.
Small glass plates similar to those described above are covered
with a thin coating of ten percent gelatin solution containing one
percent or less of Potassium bichromate or Sodium arsenite and
then a drop of concentrated silver nitrate solution or a small
crystal is placed where the center of the concentric rings is
desired. With a little ingenuity the position of the silver may
be varied by making lines and other combinations so that the
various patterns enumerated above may be made.

Exhibition case constructed of lantern slide covers. Appearances such as
are shown in figure 4 may be represented in such a glass box.

Very beautiful and fantastic tri-dimensional structures of
calcium phosphate and carbonate imitative of ornamental di-
minutive gardens, suggestive of sea bottoms containing, shells,
algae, and corals; the well known coral fungus, roots, rhizoids,
stems and branches, carpophores, etc. will form in the solution
described below. Tests tubes, beakers, vials, aquarium jars or
any glass receptacles are satisfactory. I have found that a very
entertaining little narrow glass box can be made of two lantern
slide cover glasses between which strips of plate glass are cemen-
ted around the margins with a water proof glass, cement or

17

bee’s-wax. The exhibition jar is filled with a mixture made up
of 50 cc. saturated solution of sodium carbonate, 25 cc. satu-
rated solution of dibasic sodium phosphate, and 50 grams of
calcium silicate. When the liquid is fairly clear small pieces of
calcium chloride are dropped to the bottom of the jar. In from
one to several hours the forms will arise from the chloride
particle (Figs. 1, 2, and 4). The structures may attain a height
of from a few to thirty or more centimeters. Their growth can
be checked and varied by carefully adding distilled water. By
very slowly moving the solution, branching and other variations
may be induced. When the desired structures are completed
the liquid may be slowly siphoned off, they are sufficiently hard
and rigid to stand by themselves in the air but are very brittle
and must be handled with care. Some of the aqueous cytologi-
cal stains if carefully poured over the bottom will add to the
attractiveness of the preparations. Carmine or light green will
diffuse to the tops of the structures without altering their form.

If in the above preparations a very dilute solution of the
same mixture is added after the mimic organisms are formed
bladder-like enlargements will “‘grow”’ at the tips and increased
resemblance to plant forms may thus be obtained (Figs.
1 and 4).

Other three dimensional imitations can be made by drop-
ping a mixture of equal parts of sugar and copper sulphate crys-
tals into a warm solution made up of 100 cc. distilled water, 10
grams gelatine, 10 cc. saturated solution potassium ferrocyanide
(yellow) and 10 cc. saturated solution of sodium chloride. Tree-
like trunks and branches, roots, leaves, and bud imitations are
formed. When the gelatine solidifies the preparation is perman-
ent and may be preserved and transported without injury.

Attention should be drawn to the possibilities in soap bub-
bles for a study of contact and pressure relations in cell form.
Soap bubbles as is well known exhibit identical forms to those
of massed cells in a parenchyma. A square glass jar, about
quart size or larger, can be filled with soap bubbles by pouring
into it a little soapy water and then blowing into this with a
glass tube. The importance of surface tension and the principle
of minimal areas, mutual contact and pressure in the control
of cell form can here be pointed out. It can be shown to the
student that in a froth as well as in massed cells the walls meet

18

in groups of three at 120 degree angles, that the cells average
six sides in section and fourteen altogether in response to the
principle of minimal areas.

Drops of dilute india ink on gelatine covered plates diffuse
in all directions giving a variety of patterns which also simulate
organic forms. By placing two drops side by side and a more
concentrated one between them imitations of nuclear divisions
in various stages, showing asters, spindles, centrosomes, and
chromosomes may be obtained.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE
STATE COLLEGE PENNSYLVANIA

LITERATURE CITED

GEBHARDT, W. 1912. Die Hauptziige der Pigmentverteilung im Schmetter-
lingsfliigel in Lichte der Liesegangschen Niederschlaige in Kolloidalen.
Ver. d. Deutsch. Zool. Ges. 179.

Kuster, E. 1913. Uber Zonenbildung in Kolloidalen medien. Jena. 111 p.

Lepuc, S. 1912. Das Leben in seinem physikalish chemischen zusammenhang.
Halle. 232 p.

LIESEGANG, R. E. 1911. Nachahmung von Lebensvorgingen. I, II. Arch. f.
Entwicklungsmechanic. 32, 636.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE

Fig. 1. Imitations of fleshy fungi produced in crystalline solutions. The
enlargements at the tips appeared when the mixture was diluted.

Fig. 2. Test tube preparation. The same substances were used but in more
concentrated mixtures.

Fig. 3 and 5. Imitations of fern like growths crystallized from solutions
of Ammonium and Sodium chlorides.

Fig. 4. Preparation made in the exhibition jar shown in the text figure.

PLATE 1

ToRREYA, VOL. 30, No. 1

Hein-Chemical Simulation of Organisms

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Found in the Catskills

RaymMonpD H. TorREY

In a previous note regarding the scattered distribution of
Sibbaldiopsis (P otentilla) tridentata,on mountain tops from Maine
to North Carolina, andits absence, so far as I then knew, from any
of the Catskill summits, and the Great Smokies in Tennessee,
which were included in my personal observations, I speculated
whether the plant didnot prefer exclusively open, bleak situations.

I have recently received two interesting communications on
this subject: one from Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, Chief of the
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, explaining the occurrences of Sibbaldiopsis
on the basis of its probable intolerance of shade, and the other,
from Mr. William Gavin Taylor, of Arlington, N. J., reporting
that he found the plant in the Catskills, on Overlook Mountain,
a summit which I had not examined. Mr. Taylor’s location, on
an open ledge, at the brink of a cliff, overlooking the Hud-
son Valley, with a sweep of northern winds for a hundred miles, is
possibly the only stand of the plant in the Catskills. I am sure
it is not found on more than twenty other high summits on which
I have looked for it, in this region.

Dr. Wherry wrote, regarding my inquiry as to the distribu-
tion of Sibbaldiopsis: “I have been trying to work out some
explanation of this based on the chemical character of its soils,
but without success. It seems to grow on gravelly soils irrespec-
tive of their derivation, although always acid in reaction. So my
conclusion would be that this plant is absent on some mountains
where one might expect it because it is so intolerant of shade and
competition. It evidently survived the glacial period on the peaks
of the Blue Ridge in Virginia and North Carolina—by the way,
these are largely of Archaean rocks—and then gradually mi-
grated northward when the ice retreated. Carrying of seeds by
the wind seems out of the question, so birds are the only likely
means of transportation. I suppose that once in a thousand
years a seed of it might stick to a bird’s feet or feathers, and
when this bird alighted on another similar peak for food the
seed dropped off and started acolony there. Under such circum-
stances chance evidently plays a large role, and the absence of the
plant on a particular mountain might merely mean that this ‘ac-

19

20

cident’ did not happen to occur on that one. On the other hand,
when there is a series of peaks like the Catskills, the plant surely
got onto some of them shortly after theglacial period, and thrived
there for a time until the forest invaded the mountain when it
died out. Its absence on Mt. LeConte can be similarly explained,
namely it was there once, but was subsequently killed out by the
advance of the forest. Of course even on forested mountains there
are some bare ledges, but if the plant did not happen to reach these
particular ledges in time, it would not be preserved there.”

Mr. Taylor, reporting on Sibbaldiopsis on Overlook Moun-
tain, says: ‘Mrs. Taylor and I did not appreciate that this
plant was a special rarity in the Catskills. In September we
found the plant (not in bloom) on the easterly top rocky cliff
on Overlook. We followed the trial from the old burned hotel,
up along the edge of the easterly rampart where we found the
plant growing strongly on the exposed ledges. We checked
the plant, upon our return home, against Britton & Brown. The
plant was a new find for us and we were quite pleased with
our discovery. The elevation was about 3100 feet.”

Mr. Taylor’s location is one of the most exposed spots in the
Catskills, with the full sweep of the winds down the Hudson
Valley, and is probably the only place in the region left that is
bleak enough to please Sibbaldiopsis.

My report that this plant was threatened with extermi-
nation on High Point, on Kittatiny Mountain, the only stand
in New Jersey, owing to the construction of a huge monument
to the war veterans of the state, interested two persons who pro-
pose to try to save or restore it. Mr. J. A. Allis, of Upper Mont-
clair, N.J.,said that if it proves after the construction of the
monument is finished and the ground cleared up, that none of the
species is left, he will bring some from the northern mountains
and replant it there, in some place where visitors will not dis-
turb it. Major W. A. Welch, General Manager of the Palisades
Interstate Park, has urged John J. Stanton, secretary of the
High Point State Park Commission, to preserve and restore
the natural mountain top turf after the debris of construction
and laying out of the automobile road and parking place is
cleared, and Mr. Stanton has promised to do it. So we shall
see if any of the plant is left, and report accordingly, and if not
Mr. Allis will restore it.

Ho.uis, LonG IsLanp

BOOK REVIEWS

Our Wild Orchids*

AN APPRECIATION

In this satisfying volume we have a record and a revelation;
a record of careful investigations, a revelation of what may be
accomplished by persistent and loving study. The area repre-
sented by the seventy-two species, figured and described, is that
of Gray’s Manual, the nomenclature that of Ames’ Enumera-
tion. One European species, Habenaria albida is added to our
previous listing, as are Malaxis spicata brought from Florida
and Listera borealis from far north into our limits; and Malaxis
paludosa, recorded in Gray from one station, is now reported
from two others and said to be well established in Ontario.
It is demonstrated conclusively that Isotria affinis is a good
species. Four notable species are chosen for the colored plates.

The foreward by Professor Ames is sympathetic; the authors
introduction, the keys, the use of popular names and the
“special features’’ designed to facilitate amateur study, have
distinct values.

This long-desired book fulfills the hopes with which it has
been awaited. The result of years of patient study, tireless
pursuit and very intelligent scrutiny, it brings equally to the
professional and the amateur botanist, a wealth of information
and of incentive toward wider, more discerning, more satisfying
acquaintance with members of the Royal Family of plants. This
reviewer, who has studied in their homes many of the species
figured and described, can appreciate the indefatigable dili-
gence, the refusal to be baffled, that made possible these
unparalleled records. Opportunities for travel denied to most

* Our Wild Orchids. Trials and Portraits.
By Frank Morris and Edward A. Eames
With a foreword by Oakes Ames
Professor of Botany in Harvard University
Large octavo. 450 pages, including a complete glossary. With 130 full-
page illustrations, four in color. $7.50.
Charles Scribner’s Sons

Zi

22

amateurs and technical equipment possessed by few have been
invaluable auxiliaries in the quests through field and forest,
over ‘‘moor and fen’’; but these material helps would have pro-
duced scant results without the drive of that dominant interest
which, again and again, has transformed ‘“‘trials’’ into “‘trails!”’

A short treatise might easily be written in detailed comment
on the stories told by these enthusiasts, twice-told, by camera
and pen, incomparably told by each partner in this pioneer
enterprise. It must suffice to name here a few of the more
striking touches: as the detecting of the bluish tinge in the
leaves of the Ram’s Head; the vertically-folded overlap in the lip
of Cypripedium passerinum; the unique nipple of Habenaria
flava; the aspect of the spur in Habenaria clavellata, “like the
slender abdomen of a stinging insect’’; the apt characterization
of the flowers of Habenaria hyperborea, ‘‘snuggling right up to
the main stem’’; the ‘‘blending of syringa with cloves” in the
fragrance of the flowers of Habenaria dilatata ; ‘‘Hooker’s hooks”’,
a delicious pen-picturing; the perianth of Malaxis monophylla
‘not so much white as colorless or faded like withered tissue.”’
The keen scrutiny and trained judgement shown in such illum-
inating phrases is evidenced also in many sane conclusions
reached by comparing varied experiences, such as: the “‘smoth-
ering’’ of Cypripedium acaule by ericaceous growth that was at
first protective (this fate befalls Arethusa, too, and other
species); the recognition of the power of adaptation of many
species under different, even contrasted conditions, (hence the
inaccuracy of some book-descriptions); the periodicity of
many, notably the ‘‘rarer’’ kinds; the necessity, if we would
search thoroughly, of standing still and gazing long.

The reader of these glowing pages is enthralled as much by
the fascinating stories and the exquisite pictures as by the mar-
velous results obtained. There is a certain aggravation, to one
accustomed to finding the less common species in small groups,
it at all, in reading of such thrilling experiences as seeing hun-
dreds at one time, or of embracing in one sweeping glance three
Habenarias, besides H. albida, a rare form of Cypripedium and
Listera cordata; though such rich variety can be duplicated in
more than one bog in northeastern Vermont. To one whose bota-
nizing has been done to the south of ‘‘the unguarded boundary,”
it seems odd to have the White Malaxis reported as more com-

23

mon than the Green, and Corallorrhiza trifida as one of the
commonest of the genus. These records indicate, of course,
local observations; but it is inaccurate to allude to Tipularia
as probably not self-propagating so far north as New York, or
to Calypso as having been found formerly in the neighborhood
of nearly every city in New York State—whatever may have
been true in Ontario.

The makers of this great book, creators, in truth, of the idea
as well as of the beautiful structure, are alive to all aspects of
Nature; as may readily be inferred from their discriminating
comments on less-noticed details and their sane conclusions
about distribution and associations. Allusions are frequent to
scenes of landscape beauty and to incidents of animal life.
There is a “‘bedtime story”’ of fox cubs that would gladden
every youngster and a tale of an enterprising mink that thrills.
When this book is in every public library, as it may be expected
to be, the perusal of its attractive pages will rouse in many a
boy and girl a true enthusiasm for the wonders of the out-of
doors. At last “our wild orchids” are introduced persuasively
to a widening constituency. A grateful reader records here his
sense of obligation.

H. M. DENsSLOW
CHELSEA SQUARE, N. Y.

A Fungous Flora of Manitoba made its appearance last Octo-
ber from the press of Longmans, Green & Co. The text is by
the distinguished Canadian mycologist, Dr. G. R. Bisby and
A. H. R. Buller, both of Manitoba, and Dr. John Dearness of
western Ontario, with a preface by Mr. E. J. Butler of the Im-
perial Bureau of Mycology at Kew, England. The work is
unusually comprehensive, complete and accurate, and is much
more than a list of species. The topographic and climatic con-
ditions of the several areas are described, the relationship of the
phanerogamic flora, observations on carpophilous fungi, para-
sites of man, geographic distribution, historical account, rare
species, and many other topics are treated with considerable
fulness. The compact list of species, which includes myxomy-
cetes, bacteria and lichens, occupies somewhat over half of the
volume. Hosts, substrata, localities and many interesting
observations are recorded. There are 45 new species and 2 new

24

varieties included in the list, belonging to nearly as many
separate genera, all but eleven being described here for the first
time. Ample indexes and a map complete the volume, a well
bound, duodecimo of 194 pages.

J. C. ARTHUR

MUBIEID BRUNE) (Oke IMU "CILIUL:
CoLUMBUS Day WEEK-END IN THE CATSKILLS

Ten members of the Torrey Botanical Club enjoyed the
Columbus Day week end in the northeastern Catskills, with
headquarters at the Hotel Bellevue, at Haines Falls. Trans-
portation was wholly by automobile, in cars provided by Mr.
Anderson, Miss Griffin, Mr. Highton and the leader. This gave
the party great flexibility of range, and if motor travel could
more generally be organized through the cooperation of mem-
bers who could provide cars, it would give the club excursions
a much wider variety of regions for field study, and reduce
transportation costs materially. This idea has occurred tome
as a result of experience and reports on several excursions of the
1929 season, notably those at Branchville, N.J., at Spotswood,
led by Prof. Chrysler; and to Spruce Pond, where Mr. Anderson
transported most of the party in his car.

Most of the party left New York City and Newark, N. J.,
late Friday afternoon, and took the back route, via Suffern,
Central Valley, Newburgh (the west end of the city), Modena,
New Paltz, Kingston, Saugerties and the Rip Van Winkle
Trail, to Haines Falls, arriving about 10 P. M., in time for a good
night’s sleep. This route from Newburgh to Kingston was cho-
sen because the main river route, 9-W, is badly obstructed by
new work,

On Saturday morning, the cars took the party quickly
around into Plaat Clove where the Devil’s Kitchen, the two
gorges through which Plattekill Creek drops off the mountain
front, was explored, and where Dr. A. J. Grout, our moss expert
found much to interest him. After luncheon, most of the party
climbed over High Peak, 3650 feet high, and descended past
Round Top and out over Clum Hill to Tannersville, thence
back to Haines Falls. The climb up the south side of High
Peak over a new trail recently marked by members of the

25

Touristen Verein die Naturfreunde, (the Nature Friends), who
have a camp on the slope; proved to be steep and “‘sporty”’ in
places, with steeply slanting ledges, narrow crevices and over-
hanging cliffs. The summit is clothed with dense fir and spruce.
A log observatory raises one above the trees and gives a full
circle view of the entire Catskills and the Hudson Valley. The
descent to Tannersville was easy, through changing zones of
fir and spruce, yellow birch and mountain maple, beech and
finally open pastures with sugar maple and hay-scented fern.

In trees and shrubs and herbaceous flowering plants, one
rarely finds anything uncommon in the Catskills. There is not
so much variety of species as in the Highlands of the Hudson.
A limited number of phanerogamous species appears to have
adjusted itself to the altitude, soil and moisture conditions and
the association seems rather exclusive. One finds, above 3000
feet, northern species such as Goldthread, Twisted Stalk, Twin-
flower and Bunchberry, but there are no alpine plants such as
Sibbaldiopsis and Arenaria which might be looked for at 3500
feet, and are found at lower altitudes in the Taconics, 40 miles
east. The dense forest cover on the Catskill sandstone had
evidently killed off any alpine species, which are found on the
bare Taconics, of more ancient schists. Several species of Lyco-
podium were found, including annotinum, lucidulum, clavatum,
obscurum and complanatum.

On Sunday morning the party, now numbering a dozen, and
with another car, that of Miss Griffin, who had been calling on
Dr. Gunderson, at Maplecrest, motored leisurely homeward. A
stop was made in Stony Clove, where Dr. Grout collected sev-
eral mosses; and another at the Olive Bridge Dam, on Ashokan
Reservoir, to view the aerator and the mountain panorama.
The rest of the route was via New Paltz, Newburgh and Bear
Mountain.

RAYMOND H. TORREY

FIELD TRIP OF NOVEMBER 9

Seven members of the club met at White Plains for a trip
through the woods near Silver Lake. A search was made for
wild flowers of which twenty three species were found, all of
them occasional blossoms that had persisted far beyond the

26

usual flowering time. The flowers found were five species of
Aster (cordifolius, ericoides, longifolius villicaulis, multiflorus and
tardiflorus), five golden-rods (Solidago bicolor, caesia, juncea,
latifolia and rugosa), common daisy, dandelion, fleabane (Erig-
eron annuus), yarrow, pepper grass (Lepidium virginicum), red
and alsike clovers, Queen Ann’s lace, buttercup, Deptford pink,
self heal, rocket (Hesperis Matronalis), and witch hazel. Most
of the witch hazels had finished blossoming but a few of the
shrubs were well covered with flowers. On all of them the seeds
had been discharged from the fruits. Many other wild seeds
and fruits were noted, one new to several of the party was the
blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) which was abundant
on one hillside.
GEORGE T. HASTINGS

DOUGLASTON TO HOLLIs, NOVEMBER 16

Twenty-three members of the Torrey Botanical Club, New
York Microscopical Club and guests enjoyed a brilliant fall
afternoon, in a ramble across the hills and hollows and among
the kettle hole depressions and ponds of the terminal moraine
of the Glacial Period, in Queens Borough, Between Douglaston
and Hollis, on Saturday, Nov. 16. The route was via Alley
Pond, across the moraine to its front north of Creedmoor, then
westward along the front to Hollis.

The water in many of the kettle hole ponds had evaporated
in the summer’s drought, and much of the water vegetation
which is so interesting in spring and early summer was stranded
on the dry bottoms, but still persistent in exsiccated forms. In
the well known Potamogeton Pond, north of Queens Village,
Potamogeton natans was prostrate on the wet turf and hard to
find, but Riccia natans, notable in its floating state when the
kettle hole is watered, was still plentiful on the soil. Peliandra
virginica and Isnardia palustris were also stranded, but evidently
ly not worried at all, sure that the water would be back again
in the spring.

In the examination of a dozen or more of the kettle hole
ponds, along the eastern edge of the Queens woods close to the
Nassau County line, from Alley Pond toward Creedmoor, and
westward just back of the outer slope of the moraine past

Ad |

Bellaire and Queens, it was interesting to see that certain plants
seem to have established themselves in one or another of the
ponds, almost to the exclusion of others.

In a pond three fourths of a mile south of Nassau Boulevard,
the Water Loosestrife, Decodon verticillatus, held almost com-
plete possission. In another the Buttonball Bush, Cephalanthus
occidentalis was supreme. In the well watered pond a little east
of the Rocky Hill Road, Brasenza peltata, the Water Shield, was
the exclusive occupant, or at least the conspicuous one at that
season, although in summer, other species would probably be
found. In two of the ponds in the new Hillside Park, which were
dry on the date of this excursion, Potomogeton natans is the
conspicious occupant in summer on one, and Utricularia vulgaris
in another. Members of the New York Microscopical Society
have found a similar exclusiveness in minute animal forms, in
some of these ponds, species plentiful in some being absent in
others.

It is still possible by dodging the motor highways, to enjoy
a pleasant woodland ramble in these Queens woods, but with
the extension of roads and building, it will not be many years
before they are cut up. It may be hoped that the city will be
able to secure several hundred acres more, in addition to the
Hillside and Alley Pond parks, and that part of its acquisitions
may be kept in a natural state.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
MEETING OF NOVEMBER 20, 1929

The meeting was called to order by President Denslow at
3:30 p.m. at The New York Botanical Garden. The minutes
of the meeting of October 16, held at The New York Botanical
Garden, were read and approved.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Dr. E. P. Meinecke, Forest Service, Ferry Building, San
Francisco, California; Prof. Clyde T. Reed, Texas College of
Arts and Industries, Kingsville, Texas; Mr. F. W. Hunnewell,
5 University Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts; Miss Dorothy Hammond, 418 Central Park West,
New York City; Mr. Harold N. Moldenke, The Villa Elsenore,

28

R. F. D. No. 3, Plainfield, New Jersey; Mr. Alexander F.
Skutch, 3509 Clark’s Lane, Baltimore, Maryland; and Dr. E. B.
Merrill, Director, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx
Park, New York City.

The resignation of Miss Rosella Ames was accepted.

The reading of the report of the Coérdinating Council of
Nature Activities was accepted. |

Dr. Gleason gave a report of life membership in the Torrey
Botanical Club. The report of the committee was accepted
without adopting it. It was moved by Dr. Britton and seconded
by Mr. MacKenzie that fee for life-membership would be
$100.00. This was unanimously voted. It was moved and
seconded that all members who had been members of the club
for fifty years or longer on January 1, 1930 become auto-
matically life members without further dues. This motion was
unanimously adopted, and Dr. Barnhart was appointed a
committee of one to draw up and submit these amendments
to the constitution in proper form.

It was moved by Dr. Gleason and seconded by Dr. Harper
that the Torrey Botanical Club publish the botanical results
of the Tyler-Duida Expedition, providing funds are available
for the purpose, as a volume of its Memoirs.

Dr. Gleason moved and Dr. Hazen seconded the motion that
the President of the Club appoint a committee to solicit funds
for the above purpose. Dr. Gleason, Dr. Britton, Dr. Harper,
Mr. MacKenzie and Mrs. Trelease were appointed.

Dr. H. A. Gleason gave a talk on ‘‘Plants of Mount Duida.”’
The studies on the flora of the Mount Duida summit, so far as
they have yet been made, indicate an endemism of more than
sixty per cent. Of the remaining forty per cent., many species
have been hitherto known only from Mount Roraima, some
350 miles to the eastward. The flora seems to show even greater
affinity to that of southern Brazil than does Roraima, but an
Andean element is also present. Among the new discoveries
exhibited were a new genus and three new species in the family
Rapateaceae, a new genus of Ochnaceae, with strikingly hand-
some flowers, and three new species of the Southern American
pitcher-plant, Heliamphora. A full-sized plant of the rare
Barbacenia Alexandrinae was also displayed.

29

Dr. E. B. Matzke gave a talk on “Variations in Stellaria
aquatica.’ The cotyledonary node of Stellaria aquatica com-
monly has two branches in the axil of each of the two leaves;
the two succeeding nodes more usually have a single one in the
axil of each leaf. From there on there is, as a rule, a single
branch in the axil of one of the two leaves at each node—the
leaf arrangement being decussate. Thus spirals are formed
by the branches; in 187 cases this spiral was counterclockwise,
in 197 clockwise, both types occurring on the same plant with
no apparent regularity in their distribution.

The direction of the spiral is correlated with the overlapping
of the sepals in the first flower in the inflorescence; and the
arrangement of the sepals of subsequent flowers of the dicho-
tomous cyme is definitely related to that of the first flower.

Variations occur in the number and character of the sepals,
petals, stamens and carpels; these variations occur with
noticeable regularity in certain positions in the flower. Thus
axes of symmetry are established in the flower which bear a
definite relation to similar axes in different flowers of the same
inflorescence.

It is thus possible to establish the type characteristic for the
stem, the inflorescence and the flower, and the common vari-
ations from that type.

There is a progressive seasonal sterility of the stamens in
Stellaria aquatica from the beginning of the flowering period
in July to its termination at the end of November.

FORMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

MEETING OF DECEMBER 3, 1929

The meeting was called to order at Millbank Hall, Barnard
College, at 8:30 p.m. by President Denslow. Ninety people
were present including a number of visitors from the teachers of
Biology in the schools.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Dr. Charles C. Deam, Research Forester, The Department
of Conservation, Bluffton, Indiana; and Miss Marjorie Swift,
The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York City.

30

The meeting was then turned over to Professor E. W.
Sinnott of Barnard College who conducted the ‘‘“Symposium on
Some New Materials and Methods of Value in Botanical
Teaching.’ Dr. Sinnott made a brief comment on his own work
in plant breeding, stressing particularly the importance of
heterozygosis.

He then called on Dr. Harper who discussed Growth in
Plants, and remarked on what wonderful contrivances the
hereditary genes must be which control growth. He particu-
larly stressed the behavior of the myxomycetes which develop
during life as amoeboid slime molds in which apparently each
individual cell is independent of every other. At fruting time
these cells build this into complex fruiting bodies which are
always very regular in character. Just how do the genes in the
cells cause each one of these to assume its proper place in this
fruiting structure?

Dr. Benedict was then called upon for a discussion of
Fruit Morphology. He took as an example the apple and
explained in detail its structure and development.

Dr. Forman T. McLean talked about Mineral Nutrition of
Plants and distributed an outline of his talk giving brief direc-
tions for setting up sand cultures to show the need of the
fertilizer elements of plants and solution cultures to similarly
show the need for the ten so-called essential elements. He
stressed the fact that there are now recognized many more than
ten chemical elements required by green plants but that the
exact number is not yet fully determined.

Mr. Charles A. Gramet of Stuyvesant High School then
exhibited demonstrations of Photosynthesis by the water
displacement method. He particularly stressed the importance
of experiments by Ingen-Housz and made it quite clear that
any kind of plants can be used in these experiments, it not
being necessary to use exclusively water plants.

Dr. E. B. Matzke then told us about the studies to deveeaniae
the fundamental shape of plant cells in undifferentiated tissues.
According to the most conclusive evidence, such cells are not
dodecahedrons but fourteen sided figures with faces consisting
of squares and triangles.

Dr. B. O. Dodge discussed Sex in Fungi and showed how
one may use mucor to show sexual reproduction in the phy-

31

comycetes. He laid particular stress on the ascomycetes,
showed how the ascus is the result of the fusion of the two cells
and further demonstrated the results of cross-breeding in
Neurospora bread molds which he has been studying. He also
explained how heterothallic strains arise from the small uni-
nucleate ascospores which regularly occur in his eight-spored
strains and sometimes arise also by the production of small
supernumerary spores in the normally four-spored strains.

Professor Sinnott then directed the attention of the gather-
ing to the exhibits and to the refreshments arranged in another
room of the building, called attention to the different exhibits
by Dr. Harper, Professor Hazen, Mr. Hastings, Dr. Matzke,
Mr. Karling, Dr. McLean, and others and made mention also
of his own of lawngrass seedlings mounted under the microscope
to show protoplasmic streaming.

The formal meeting was adjoined at about 9:30 P.M.

FORMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

MEETING OF JANUARY 7, 1930

The meeting was called to order at the American Museum
of Natural History at 8:30 p.m. by President Denslow.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Miss Sarah Garland, 606 West 122nd Street, New York
City; Miss Margaret Lodor, 284 Paulison Avenue, Passaic,
New Jersey; Dr. Henry Knute Svenson, Brooklyn Botanic
Garden, Brooklyn, New York.

The resignation of Dr. Jas. A. Faris was accepted with re-
gret.

The reports of the Secretary, of the Treasurer, of the Editor
of the Bulletin, of Torreya and of the Business Manager were
read and approved.

Dr. H. M. Denslow, Honorary Custodian of the Herbarium,
reported on enlarged facilities for housing the local herbarium.

Dr. J. H. Barnhart reported as Delegate to the Council of
the New York Academy of Sciences that our relations with them
continue as in the past.

By

Dr. R. A. Harper reported as our representative to the
Council of the American Association of the Advancement of
Science.

Mr. Raymond H. Torrey, as Chairman of the Field Com-
mittee, reported very satisfactory results during the year and
further stated that he wishes to secure the services of a number
of new volunteer leaders of field trips for the coming season’s
program.

Dr. E. W. Sinnott, as Chairman of the Committee on
Entertainment reported that the collations served at the seven
meetings at the American Museum cost about fifteen dollars
total and that this expense was met by donations by indi-
viduals. The American Museum restaurant staff handled this
work at the Museum meetings and the entertainments at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden and Barnard College were provided
by those institutions. It was voted by the club to continue this
policy of serving refreshments at the downtown meetings and
the President was authorized to appoint a new committee to
continue the work.

The report of the death of Maturin L. Delafield a former
treasurer of the Torrey Botanical Club was read by the Presi-
dent, and Dr. Howe and the Secretary were appointed a com-
mittee to propose a suitable resolution to be published in
Torreya and a copy sent to the family of the deceased.

Officers for the ensuing year were elected as follows:

President—Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott

Vice Presidents—Dr. C. Stuart Cager and Dr. Marshall A.
Howe

Secretary—Dr. Forman T. McLean

Treasurer—Mrs. Helen M. Trelease

Editor of the Torrey Botanical Club—Dr. T. E. Hazen

Business Manager—Dr. Michael Levine

Associate Editors—Albert Francis Blakeslee, Cornelia Lee
Carey, Frank Earl Denny, Alexander William Evans,
Henry Allen Gleason, Alfred Gundersen, George Tracy
Hastings, Marshall Avery Howe, Louis Otto Kunkel,
Michael Levine, Arlow Burdette Stout and Sam F. Trelease

Bibliographer—Mrs. B. O. Dodge

33

Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences—
Dr. M. A. Howe

Representatives on Council of A. A. A. S.—Dr. R. A. Harper
anemDr. &. ©. Dodge
The meeting was adjourned at 9:15 p.M. and refreshments

were served in the Bird Hall by the refreshment committee.

Respectfully submitted,
FORMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

NEWS NOTES

Dr. Henry Knute Svenson, formerly of the editorial staff of
Biological Abstracts has taken the position of Curator of Plants
at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Dr. George M. Reed of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has
prepared an interesting series of exhibition cases showing varie-
ties of grains and of types of corn and of hybrids of corn and
of sorghum, the latter with the two parents and the cross
between them. These have gone to the high schools of New York
where advanced biology is taught.

Dr. Bernard O. Dodge, of the New York Botanical Garden
was among the experts who helped plan a method of preserving
a series of paintings in the administration building of the Pan-
ama Canal at Balboa. The paintings had been attacked by mold
which threatened to destroy them. They have now been coated
with a thin film of paraffine wax which gives promise of perma-
nent preservation.

Dr. J. C. Arthur, professor emeritus of botany at Purdue
University, celebrated his eightieth birthday on January 11.
At a luncheon held in his honor Dr. Arthur gave an account of
the development of the department from its founding in 1888.
Dr. Arthur was head of the department from the time of its
founding to his retirment in 1915. He has been actively en-
gaged in a study of rusts since his retirement and has just
published a book entitled ‘‘Plant Rusts.’’ (Science)

Dr. William A. Archer recently resigned from the Office of
Plant Disease Survey of the U. S. Department of Agriculture
and began work on January 15th as professor of plant pathology
in the School of Agriculture and Veterinary Science at Medellin,

34

Colombia. Dr. Archer has taught and done research work at
New Mexico State Agricultural College, the University of
Michigan and Oberlin College. With Dr. Archer went Mr.
Charles H. Ballou as entomologist. Mr. Ballou has been
technical assistant in the Japanese Beetle Control Laboratory
at Moorestown, N. J. (Science)

Dr. Caroline A. Black, Chairman of the department of
botany of Connecticut College, died on January 19 at Cincin-
nati, Ohio. She was taken ill while returning from the Des
Moines meeting of the Association for the Advancement of
Science. (Science)

I was interested in the note in Torreya, Vol. 29, No. 6,
Page 152, on Aconitum noveboracense, by H. A. Gleason and
Wm. J. Bonisteel, referring to the large colony on the Beaver-
kill, in the southwestern Catskills. May I report another
station, where I saw at least twenty flowering plants, and where
there are probably more. This was on a brook on the north
slope of Doubletop Mountain, about five or six miles east
northeast of the Beaverkill station. On a climbing and camping
trip in the southwestern Catskills, in July, 1923, with Harold
F. Scutt of Douglaston, L. I., we made camp at the highest
water on a little stream on the north side of Doubletop, about
dark and in getting ready for the night did not observe the
plants about us closely. But in the morning, going to the
stream for water, I saw a group of this species of Monkshood,
with flowers and fruit. The altitude was about 2800 feet.
Further down the stream were more plants. This brook is a
tributary of Dry Brook, which enters the east branch of the
Delaware (to which Beaverkill is also tributary) at Arkville.

RAYMOND H. TORREY

Back numbers of Torreya wanted. In order to make up
complete sets we need a few complete copies of volumes 27
and 29 and additional copies of Vol. 27, number 2 and Vol. 29,
number 1. If members have these volumes or the seperate
numbers they are willing to send to Dr. Marshall A. Howe,
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York the club
will be glad to pay $2.00 each for the complete volumes or
50 cents for the numbers especially wanted.

- THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous
copies of the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly
notify the editor, G. T. Hastings, 2587 Sedgwick Ave., New York when return-
ing proof.

Reprints should be ordered, when galley proof is returned to the editor.
George Banta Pub. Co., Menasha, Wisc. have furnished the following rates:

| ef ef ee

25 copies |$1.54)$2.70)$4.01/$ 4.84/$ 6.21/$ 7.15|$ 8.90/$9.291$13 .80/$17.49
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1.81] 3.19] 4.67 61| 7.31 10.34}10.28} 15.56} 19.08
A is 2.14) 3.68) 5.33} 6.21] 8.36} 9.62) 11.49)12.37) 17.21) 21.94
100 “ 2.47} 4:18) 5.88) 6.98] 9.07} 10.78} 12.60|13.69| 19.30} 24.25
A508 2 2.97} 5.06] 7.15} 8.36] 11.22] 13.31] 15.62|16. 72) 23.48] 29.48
2008 Ar 3.85} 5.55} 7.86] 9.18) 12.44) 14.85} 17.38]18.53) 25.90} 32.56
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Covers similar to Torreya. First 50 copies, $2.25. Additional covers, 114 cents
each. Plates: 100 for $1.00

Committees for 1930

Finance Committee Field Committee
R. A. Harrer, Chairman RAYMOND H. Torrey, Chairman
J. H. BARNHART Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON
SERENO STETSON A. T. BEALS
Mrs. HeLten M. TRELEASE B. T. BUTLER
S. F. TRELEASE H. M. DENSLowW
G. C. FISHER
Budget Committee A. L. GUNDERSEN
J. H. BARNHART, Chairman MicHAEL LEVINE
N. L. Britton Miss ZAaipA NICHOLSON
ee 7" GAGER Joun S. WARE
As P
TAB: oe Membership Committee
M. A. Howe J. K. SMALL, Chairman
H. H. Ruspy T. E. HAZEN
E. W. SInnotr NORMAN TAYLOR

Local Flora Committee

Program Committee N. L. Britton, Chairman

ForMAN T. McLEan, Chairman

Mrs. E. G. Britton Phanerogams: Cryptogams:

Ws. CROCKER N. L. Britton Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON

A. H. GRAVES R. H. CHENEY Mrs. E. G. Britton

T. E. Hazen H. M. Denstow A. W. Evans

. 1 W.C. Fercuson Muss C, C. Haynes

Entertainment Committee Bayarp LonG T. E. Hazen

B. O. Dopce, Chairman K.K. Mackenzig M. A. Howe

Mrs. R. A. HARPER NorMAN TAYLOR MiIcHAEL LEVINE

Mrs. G. T. Hastincs F. J. SEAVER

Mrs. Wm. Mitcee.y

Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora
Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver

Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Lichens: Mrs. G. P. Anderson
Liver worts: A. W. Evans Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu-
Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen berineae: F. J. SEAVER
Marine Algae: M. A. Howe Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed
Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Sclerotium-formingF ungi:A.B.Stout
Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. S. Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver

Burlingham Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Yeast and Bacteria: Miss J. Broad-
Polyporeae: M. Levine ) hurst

Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A journal devoted to general botany, established in 1870
and published monthly, except during July, August, and Sep-
tember. Vol. 56, published in 1929, contained 588 pages of
text and 23 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For
Europe, $4.25.

In addition to papers giving the results of research, each
issue contains the INDEX TO AMERICAN BOTANICAL. LITERATURE |
—a very comprehensive bibliography of current publications in
American botany. Many workers find this an extremely valu-
able feature of the BULLETIN.

Of former volumes, 24-56 can be supplied separately at
$4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but
the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the com-
pletion of sets. Single copies (50 cents) will be furnished only
when not breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular
intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription
price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing
Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club,
490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can
also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers
and of prices will be furnished on application.

(3) Index to American Botanical Literature, ace
monthly on cards, and furnished to subscribers at three cents a
card.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should be.
addressed to

Mrs. HELEN M. TRELEASE
Box 42 Schermerhorn Hall,
Columbia University,
New York. |

Vol. 30 _ March-April, 1930 No. 2

TORREYA

A Bi-MonTHLY JOURNAL OF BoTaNiIcAL Notes anp NEws
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY
GEORGE T. HASTINGS

John Torrey, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
Material for demonstrating Sexuality in the Ascomycetes. B.O.DopGr. 35
Lessons in Apples. RALPH C. BENEDICT... ......00 ce eee ce ee cerececee 40
Serapias Helleborine in Buffalo and Vicinity. CHARLES A. ZENKERT..... 46
The Herbarium of the Royal Museum, Sophia, Bulgaria. A. McKza.... 51
_A NeW Ranunculus from Crater Lake, Oregon. F. LyLE WynD........ 52
RCE okay ORCC REUNION ONS ALPS ia rate aloe emo a Viale ew op 54
Proceedings of the Clipiie. oy Aa soe ohar bev S a meine eediwde eueie Cleteiu bis e'glele 57
IVS UML Soh ght oes sot niiats lavtahe ete sete diisra dle) ote heal Wide piace leap espe eie Weiwtera 59

PUBLISHED FOR THE CLUB
By Tue Georce Banta PuBLISHING COMPANY
450-454 Aunarp STREET, MENASHA, WISCONSIN
Entered as second class matter at the post office at Menasha, Wisconsin, under the
Act of March 3, 1879.

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1930

: President
EDMUND W. SINNOTT, Pu.D.
Vice-Presidents | _

C. STUART GAGER, Pu.D., Sc.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D., Sc.D.
Secretary
FORMAN T. McLEAN, Pu.D.
New York BoraNicAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New YORK
Treasurer
MRS. HELEN M. TRELEASE
Box 42, SCHERMERHORN HALL
CoLuMBIA UNIversity, New YorK
Editor
TRACY ELLIOT HAZEN, Pu.D.

Associate Editors

A. F. BLAKESLEE, Px.D. GEORGE T. HASTINGS, M.A.
CORNELIA L. CAREY, Px.D. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Px.D,
F. E. DENNY, Pu.D. Sc.D.

ALEX. W. EVANS, M.D., Px.D. L. O. KUNKEL, Px.D.

H. A. GLEASON, Px.D. MICHAEL LEVINE, Pu.D.

ALFRED GUNDERSEN, Px.D. ARLOW B. STOUT, Px#.D.
SAM F. TRELEASE, Pu.D.

Business Manager
MICHAEL LEVINE, Pu.D.
Bibliographer
MRS. B. O. DODGE
Delegate to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D., Sc.D.
Representatives on the Council of the American Association for the

Advancement of Science
R. A. HARPER, Pxu.D. B. O. DODGE, Pu.D.

MEMBERSHIP

All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are
three classes of membership: Sustaining, at $15.00 a year; Life, at $100.;
and Annual, at $5.00 a year. The privileges of members are: (a) To attend
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TORREYA

Vol. 30 March-April, 1930 No. 2

Material for Demonstrating Sexuality in the Ascomycetes

B. O. DopGE

Nothing since the time of Pasteur and Koch has done more
to revolutionize our ideas regarding the nature of fungi than the
art of culturing them from singlespores. When our corn, wheat,
cotton and fruit crops aggregate several billions of dollars in
value annually and we realize that pathogenic fungi frequently
take toll of a large percentage, it would seem that the student in
Botany and Biology should be privileged at least a nodding
acquaintance with a representative of each of the large groups of
fungi.

The question is, what is the best form in each case for class-
room demonstration. Any species, to fulfil these requirements
should first of all be readily available. It must be one that will
go through its life cycle in culture. It should show both types of
reproduction, asexual and sexual, and produce fruiting bodies
readily demonstrable, at least under the low power of the micro-
scope. Other things being equal, a form which is heterothallic or
haplo-dioecious* will prove far more interesting to students. For
example, among the Phycomycetes, Rhizopus nigricans and
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus serve admirably for the purpose. Any
student who inoculates a petri dish culture with the two strains
of the latter species and sees for the first time the row of zygo-
spores developing along the line where the two mycelia meet,

* In dioecious flowering plants the stamens and pistils are borne on differ-
ent individuals. A heterothallic or haplodioecious fungus is merely analagous
to a dioecious flowering plant. It is one in which an individual haploid gameto-
phytic mycelium is either of one sex or the other. Sexual reproduction occurs
only when two mycelia of opposite sex are mated or grown together. A homo-
thallic or haplomonoecious fungus is one in which each individual mycelium is
capable of reproducing sexually and if differentiated sex organs are developed
both kinds will be formed on the same mycelium.

35

36

and contrasts this picture with one obtained by inoculating a
culture on opposite sides with two doses of the same strain, is
fully impressed with the necessity for mating two strains of
opposite sex in order to lead to sexual reproduction.

No ascomycete so far discovered serves better to demon-
strate sexual reproduction than Pyronema. The beautiful rose
colored ascocarps are frequently seen in places where brush piles
have been burned over a few weeks previously. It fruits abun-
dantly in petridish cultureson many kinds of agar media, and

Figure 1.

Monilioid conidia, asexual spores, of Neurospora sitophila. Sporophores
branch dichotomously and especially when young show a beautiful symmetry

the ascospores remain viable for a long time. Numerous oogonia
and antheridia which can be readily distinguished are developed
in the cultures. One objection to Pyronema is that it does not
produce asexual spores and the ascocarps do not show simple
striking distinguishing features. Furthermore, the species is
haplo-monoecious. Ascobolus magnificus, a species whose asco-
carps present a very striking appearance, is heterothallic and
develops very large oogonia and antheridia. The ascospores are
beautifully colored. It is a very rare species, however, and one
not easily cultured. Ascobolus carbonarius is rather common on
burned places and develops large sex primordia, but this species
also is not readily cultured.

Sl

The ideal ascomycetes for classroom work are the species of
_ the orange-colored monilioid molds in which the conidia or
asexual spores are borne in chains (Fig. 1) and which have as
their perfect or sexual stage the pyrenomycete Neurospora
(Fig. 2). The ascocarp or perithecium has a well differentiated
wall and ostiole, apical opening, and is small enough to be

Figure 2. Ascocarp or perithecium of Neurospora sitophila, 200.

examined under the microscope. The asci are few in number
and develop large colored spores with ribbed markings. (Plate
2). These fungi reproduce themselves asexually by means of
spores formed on dichotomously branched conidiophores. Neu-
rospora sitophila is the common orange-colored mold of the bak-
ery. NV. crassa grows everywhere in the tropics on sugar cane ba-
gasse and on burned over places in forests. Both are heterothallic
or haplodioecious. J. tetrasperma is known only from a few
places as yet, but would serve the best for classroom work, be-
cause it is either homothallic or heterothallic, depending upon

38

the strains being cultured. It does not produce very many of the
monilioid asexual spores. This isan advantage, because the de-
tails of the development of the asococarps can be more readily
studied on this account. Normally the mycelium is homothallic,
or haplomonoecious. One can always obtain heterothallic strains
by selecting small ascospores. In this case asocarps will be pro-
duced only when two mycelia of opposite sex are mated in

Figure 3. Petri dish culture inoculated with two strains of opposite sex of
Neurospora tetrasperma showing characteristic distribution of ascocarps. The
black smudged areas show where the ascospores have been discharged.

culture. Figure 3 shoWs a petri dish culture in which the tni-
sexual strains S; and Ss have been growing for several days on
corn meal agar. Fruit bodies are first formed along the line
where the two mycelia meet, after which they appear one by
one along the lines of radiately growing hyphae of the strain Sg.
Just why the stimulus of fertilization results in a production of
ascocarps back along the lines of mycelial growth is not yet
known. However, the fruit bodies from this combination always
form on the mycelium of the strain S., so that it looks as though
the sexes are differentiated and that strain Ss develops the

Torreya, VoL. 30, No. 2 P}

Dodge, Sexuality in the Ascomycetes

39

oogonia. It is hoped that some plan can be worked out later by
which anyone desiring strains of Neurospora tetrasperma for
class use can readily obtain them from some central culture
laboratory.

Albino strains of both sexes of Neurospora sitophila have
been developed. These strains can be mated together to produce
albino races which breed true for this character. When crossed
with typical orange-colored monilioid races half of the progeny
will be albinistic and half typical thus providing a good example
of mendelian segregation. Furthermore, fertile interspecific
hybrids between the eight-spored Neurospora sitophila and the
four-spored JV. tetrasperma can be produced in culture, so that
we have at hand very desirable illustrative material for classes
in genetics.

New YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE 2

Asci from an ascocarpe of Neurospora sitophila. Each ascus contains four
spores of each sex. 300.

Lessons in Apples

Rap C. BENEDICT

If stones may contain sermons, certainly apples may be
expected to harbor at least a few lessons. Actually, they are
regularly used in scores of thousands of classrooms in biology,
botany, and general science and are admirable objects for class
study for a variety of lessons.

Their use is desirable, not only because of their abundance
and cheapness, and the intrinsic interest of their structure and
functioning, but even more because of the pedagogic importance
of leading beginners in science to realize that the most familiar
objects may present intellectually stimulating mysteries. The
all-too-frequent bromide, ‘‘How can you bear to pull a flower to
pieces? I just love to enjoy them for their beauty,’ represents a
common adult attitude of mind which constitutes a difficult bar
to the advancement of science. It is one of the science teacher’s
privileges to interfere with the habituation of children into that
fatuous attitude, and to show by the use of flower and fruit
material in the classroom that the study of the internal struct-
ures reveals intellectual beauties and harmonies of the highest
type without detracting one whit from the emotional stimula-
tion aroused by external beauties of form and color.

Out of a variety of lessonsin which apples may be usefully
employed in elementary instruction, three, which are thought to
have special application in high school teaching, are considered
in the pages which follow. The purpose of this paper is not to
present necessarily any new facts about apples, but rather to
assemble a series of observations relating to the use of apples as
teaching material. It is worthy of emphasis, however, that
there are many undiscovered details regarding the commonest
biological material and that this constitutes one of the chief
challenges to interest of this subject, both for the teacher and,
as a point of view for classes.

WHAT Is AN APPLE?

To define the apple in terms of the usual definition of a fruit, we
find that the full, triply phrased statement is required: An
apple is (1) ‘‘a ripened ovulary (2) with its contents, the seeds,
and (3) with any closely adhering floral parts.’’ Actually, thus,

40

41

the apple consists chiefly of the thickened and fleshy, edible
stem (receptacle, or ‘adhering floral part’), in the center of which
is buried the ovulary, constituted of an outer, fleshy layer, and
the inner fibrous surface, immediately enclosing the five locules,
each with a few seeds (typically not more than two).

Usually it is rather easy to distinguish between the tissues of
the receptacle and those of the ovulary wall, although their con-

Figure 1. What’s wrong with this picture? The figure represents a too
conventionalized diagram of a lengthwise section of an apple, taken from an
elementary botany text. Comparison with figures 5 & 6 of Plate 4 will show
the inaccuracy of representing opposite locules. The densely dotted area re-
presents ovulary wall.

sistency and flavor are similar. Some varieties show the
distinction more plainly than others; e. g., the Jonathan, in
which the ovulary wall begins to turn brown as soon as exposed
to the air, and assumes a different shade of color from the mass
of receptacle tissue. In length-wisesections, the line of demarca-
tion is most plainly shown when the cut has been made along
one of ten principal fibro-vascular bundles. In cross sections
there is a distinct line which connects the ten bundles, usually
showing a definite though irregular course, which varies in
different varieties of apple.

42

Textbooks galore contain illustrations of the internal struc-
ture of apples. Unfortunately, such illustrations are too fre-
quently conventionalized to an extent that they present definite
and unnecessary inaccuracies. These are to be found, not only
in general science and elementary biology texts, but also in first
year botanies bearing distinguished authorship.

The first illustration is taken from the latter source. Perhaps
the artist thought it necessary to meet the common desire for
balanced structure, and thus showed opposite locules where
such can not occur, unless abnormally. It would seem, however,
that there is no more reason for misrepresenting the internal
arrangements of apple carpels than there is for showing all twigs
with opposite leaves or scars. Such conventionalization, if
intentional, is contrary to the fundamental aim of teaching
accuracy of observation and representation, and, in any event,
the mistake hardly seems to offer any real advantage.

A similar conflict between strict accuracy and the desire for a
balanced drawing presents itself also in diagrams of flower
structure. Here, however, there is no single structural type
concerned. The diagrams are not usually identified with any
specific flower, and the picturing of opposite petals, with sub-
tending sepals and associated stamens, a combination scarcely
obtainable in nature, is justified as a generalized diagram.

An actual cross section of an apple shows clearly why the
representation of opposite locules in a lengthwise section is
inaccurate. The five locules stand out in a clear-cut star
pattern, which varies according to the stage of ripening, and
among different varieties. (Plate 3, figs. 8-12)

Can you cut a lengthwise section so as to get an exact bi-
section of the pentagonal figure? This constituted an annoying
problem for me until I found that the five sepal lobes furnish a
definite clue, and that by cutting between two lobes and
through the opposite one, an accurate bisection of the locular
figure may usually be obtained. (Plate 3, figs. 5 and 6)

What variety is best for class study? The problem of bi-
secting the star was further simplified when some study was
made of the common varieties of apples usually available in the
markets. Some types are definitely better than others. The
difference is not so much between named varieties themselves,
as between the long or western and the short or eastern shapes

43

which seem to characterize the apples of these different regions.
The same variety shows marked variation in shape according
to its locale.

In the elongated ‘sheep nose’ shape, there is generally a
clear, external indication of the pentagonal nature of the fruit.
The “Delicious” variety shows five prominent knobs at its
distal end; so, also the western Spitzenberg, though less prom-
inently. Both these apples are more or less five sided and angled
in cross section, as is the ‘‘Winter Banana,’’ which in addition,
often shows narrow, roughened ridges along the angles. (Plate 3).

In these types of apple, it is relatively easy to locate the
knife cut so that it will bisect the internal pentagon. In the
broader, oblate form, there is usually no external indication
except the rather indistinct five sepals to guide the location of
the cut. The longer apples are further much better for the study
of the vestiges of the stamens, sepals , and style. The little
cavity under the sepals is deeper, broader, and the three parts
stand out distinctly. It is even possible to count the twenty
stamens.

APPLE VARIETIES AND BREEDING

Some twenty years ago I recall reading that there were then
over one thousand named varieties of apples. Since then, the
numbers have undoubtedly been considerably augmented.
Relatively few, however, find their way into city markets but
there are enough different types which can be easily obtained
during the school year to make apples especially available for
studies in variation and classification.

Posit the problems: How many kinds can you name?
What are the distinguishing characteristics? What are the best
varieties? The collected material which a single class may bring
in will furnish the basis for a good laboratory exercise in which a
list of such differential features as the following may be discov-
ered: color, and color patterns; size and shape; surface, whether
with bloom, like the McIntosh Red, greasy like the Pippin, or
not so distinctive; toughness of skin; texture of flesh, whether
firm or mealy, juicy or dry; flavor, whether sweet, sour, inter-
mediate, or with a special flavor like the Winter Banana.

The market varieties available will vary according to the
season of the year. The collection to be found during the fall

==

months will include several which will be missing by mid-winter
and spring. As each apple variety passes toward the end of its
marketable period, its flesh becomes progressively mealy,
owing to the gradual digestion of the middle lamellae. The
best keeping types are those in which this change is delayed the
longest. The old Russet variety probably holds the record in
this respect, as it can be kept in ordinary farm cellar conditions
well into the July following its harvesting. The early ripening
summer and fall apples, some of which have extremely delicious
flavors, are poor in keeping qualities.

During the past fall, in a casual study of the varieties of-
fered in a few city stores, and with contributions from two or
three friends, the following sixteen different sorts were collected;
Winesap, Jonathan, Delicious, Greening, Pippin, Lady, Snow,
McIntosh Red, Winter Banana, (eastern and western), Spit-
zenberg (eastern and western), Russet, Baldwin, York Imper-
ial, and Rome Beauty. The average store keeper cannot be
relied on for identification. Two of them insisted that the.
Pippins were Greenings, although admitting that real Green-
ings were different. As a matter of fact, all the above list
displayed rather well marked differences. In a larger field of
varieties, their differentiation would not be so easy, but for the
purposes of classwork, the number obtained would probably be
even smaller and the difficulties fewer.

From the standpoint of plant breeding, the recognition of
the distinctive varieties and their differential characteristics
would offer an excellent basis for considering the problems of
selection as for flavor and texture, keeping and marketing etc.
The fact that apple breeding has been chiefly a matter of
discovery of branch mutations or chance seedlings, and their
propagation by grafting, and that most of our current varieties
are old,—the McIntosh Red is a 1796 seedling,—would serve to
re-emphasize the relative newness of modern scientific as
opposed to the older empirical breeding methods. The distinc-
tive forms in the same variety, as represented by western and
eastern fruit of the same name, constitute an excellent example
of variation due to environment.

ADAPTATIONS OF THE APFLE

It is always interesting to propose for the first time toa class
of youngsters the problem: Why are ripe apples bright-colored,

ew
ue

TorreEYA, VoL. 30, No. 2. PLATE 3

Benedict, Lessons in Apples

45

fragrant, tasty, and nutritous? and to let them make their own
discovery in discussion that these characteristics must be con-
sidered on a ‘malocentric’ rather than a homocentric basis.
Similar questions may easily be propounded with flowers as the
objective material, or any other economic forms of life, but
fruits offer a larger combination of these man-favored factors.

When the adaptive values of these advertising and nutritive
features have been appreciated, the problem may be further
emphasized by reference to the developmental, contrary charac-
teristics. Why are apples green, hard, bitter and indigestible
until ripe? This leads to a further question: What advantage is
afforded by the tough fibrous inner ovulary wall? By the hard
seed coat? By the bitterness of the infinitesmal amount of
prussic acid in the seed? The fact that the seed is so protected
by its hard seed coat that it may be avoided, or if taken into
the mouth, may escape being chewed, and may further resist
digestion in the alimentary canal, until finally, as a result of
these parental provisions, it achieves planting on a non-competi-
tive basis,—all these constitute discoveries for which the com-
mon apple is particularly favorable material.

Finally, by way of conclusion, the following technical facts
may be noted. Scientifically, the apple has been commonly
classified as Pyrus malus Linnaeus; Pyrus being the Latin
name for pear, and Malus for apple. Apples, pears, and crab
apples are in the same genus, Pyrus. All apples are pome
fruits, as are also quinces, and the drier fruits of the hawthorn or
thornapple, though these latter belong to different genera.

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3

Figures 1-4. Viewed from calyx end. 1. Winter Banana; note five ridges
and pentagonal outline. 2. Russet pear. 3. Pippin; note absence of angles.
4, Delicious; note pentagonal outline and knobs.

Figures 5 & 6. Two halves of Delicious variety. The line of the ovulary
wall can be faintly seen. Note single locule exposed. Each locule corresponds
to one of the knobs.

Figures 7-12. Comparing cross sections.

7. Russet pear. 8. Winter Banana. 9. Delicious; note pentagonal outline
in figures 8 & 9. 10. McIntosh. 11. Jonathan. 12. Pippin; The shape of the
star figures varied with different varieties and the degree of ripeness. That of
the Pippin (12) would open out and the locules become more connected
with further ripening. The differences in numbers of seeds is a more constant
character, -the Rome Beauty may have three, even four in one locule.

Serapias Helleborine in Buffalo and Vicinity

CHARLES A. ZENKERT

No mention is made of Serapias Helleborine L., under any of
the names formerly employed, in the catalogue of ‘““The Plants
of Buffalo and Its Vicinity’’ published by David F. Day in
April 1882, but in the preface to the first supplement the follow-
ing is recorded with evident satisfaction: “‘Probably the most
interesting addition now made to our list of plants is of that
remarkable orchid Epipactis Helleborine Jrm., found within the
limits of our city, in July, 1882: —its second discovery in
America.’’*

Today, fully forty-seven years after, Serapias Helleborine is
still thriving in Buffalo on the very site of its original discovery.
Furthermore, a mile or more from this station and still within
the city limits, this ‘‘remarkable orchid’”’ has succeeded, to no
small extent, in escaping the fate of so many other wild plants
that have vanished in the wake of population increase and real
estate development; in fact, it has here survived, in some
instances, under conditions so adverse as almost to bid defiance
to some of our most common and aggressive weeds.

Elsewhere in Erie County, in the wooded tracts and in more
natural surroundings, it grows rather widely distributed under
diversified soil conditions. It is easily the most common of our
orchids. The plant is known to occur also in some of the adja-
cent counties, although these have been less thoroughly ex-
plored.

In the catalogue part of the supplement already referred to,
the original Buffalo discovery is recorded as follows:

‘“‘Epipactis Helleborine, var. viridens Irm.

“Near Scajauquady’s Creek, Buffalo: —The second known
station of the species on the American continent. Here
first found by Miss Edna M. Porter, July 1882. Equivalent,
according to Gray, to E. latifolia.....

Thereupon follows a generic description of Epipactis tran-
scribed from Watson’s Botany of California, as well as a specific
description of the plant as found in Buffalo. The concluding
paragraph is significant:

* Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV, p. 256.

46

47

“In our station certainly indigenous. About 200 individuals
were counted, all growing within the space of a few hundred
feet along a northerly hillside, from five to thirty feet above
the creek. The diversity of color, which the flowers on dif-
ferent plants display, indicates that the variety, viridens,
has no stability of character.”

The foregoing positive statement as to the indigenousness of
the plant here found stands in marked contrast with the now
generally accepted view that the species has been ‘“‘probably
introduced.”’

As might be expected, this interesting addition to the flora of
Buffalo was the subject of considerable contemporary study and
investigation. Thus, experiments conducted by Miss Porter
aseertained that a certain wasp, determined at the time as
Vespa diabolica, was an active pollinating agent. At a later
period, solicitous individuals, fearing that the plants might
become extinct at the original station, transplanted roots to
some outlying localities. In this manner, human agency became
a contributing factor in distribution, although the weight of the
evidence points to several natural centers as sources of distribu-
tion at least equally important.

The discovery was made in Forest Lawn Cemetery, which,
together with Delaware Park to the north and northwest, was
originally a forested area. A visit to this, the original station
was made during the fourth week in September of the past
season. Forty-seven years had naturally wrought considerable
changes. Graves and monuments to the dead had encroached to
the very shoulder of the hillside, and down below, on the other
side of the creek, the grass was mown down to almost the
water’s edge. However, along the thus isolated wooded hillside,
Serapias Helleborine was still found growing, if not in its erst-
while profusion, at least in ample numbers and in a partly
vigorous state. Among the trees observed there, were oaks,
maples and beeches. Some withered remains of a typical
Spring wood flora were still in evidence, and at this time of the
year Solidago latifolia was flowering in conspicuous masses.

About a mile to the northeast of this, the original station,
and adjacent to Delaware Park, there was formerly a wooded
tract which up to twenty years ago still had the aspect of an

48

“oak grove.’’ Gradually this section, the Amherst-Parkside
district, became studded with houses, although the trees were
spared as much as possible. Ten, or even five years ago, Sera-
pias Helleborine was conducting itself there in a rather wanton
and capricious manner. It fairly obtruded itself on the observ-
ing eye. Asphalt pavements and flagstone sidewalks, indeed,
smothered it, but in the uncut grass between sidewalk and curb
it persisted. It could hardly cope with the lawn mower, but in
garden plots alongside houses, and under shrubs, and along
hedge rows it secured a new lease of life. Under these congenial
conditions, some unusually vigorous plants developed, such as
are still to be found occasionally to this date. In unfavorable
situations it has clung tenaciously to the hard, clayey soil.

During the fourth week of August last, half a dozen or more
specimens were observed on Amherst street growing in hard,
barren clay alongside the sidewalk and under the iron fence of
Delaware Park. A fruiting specimen was dug out with a chisel,
foreknowledge of the character of the soil having suggested the
advisability of using this implement instead of an ordinary
hand-trowel. On the other side of the street, occupied by dwell-
ings, there was still a vacant lot with some of the original
vegetation surviving amid piles of stone and building debris.
Several specimens were observed there growing apparently on
mounds of barren clay, but digging with the chisel revealed the
fact that the plants had forced their way up, from the original
ground level, through six to ten inches of compact clay that had
been dumped overhead.

Thus, in the forty-seven years since it was first reported
Serapias Helleborine has persisted within the city limits of Buf-
falo with remarkable vitality and tenacity. Gradual reduction
of forested areas, the works of man—clearing, filling, grading—
by no means doomed it to extinction. In the Amherst-Parkside
section, it actually seems to have experienced a regeneration or
re-invigoration as open places were created and added sunlight
became available. Five or ten years ago, an observer unfamiliar
with antecedent conditions, seeing the plants there weed-like in
aspect and habitat, might have drawn conclusions not alto-
gether warranted.

In the rest of Erie County, as already intimated, the species
is well distributed and fairly abundant, with indications that

49

the same holds good for at least some of the adjacent counties.
It occurs in rich woods, open woods, edges of woods, thickets
and clearances, but, so far as observations go, it is invariably
associated with woodlands, past or present. Where it now grows
in more open situations, it seems either to have spread from
woods or to have survived long after deforestation. What
Wiegand and Eames say concerning the habitat of this plant in
Central New York, in the Cayuga Lake Basin, applies in no
small measure to its manner of occurrence in Northwestern New
York, namely: ‘‘Unlike most adventive plants, it occurs usually
in wild places that little suggest such introduction.”’ Its occur-
rence also in Erie County and adjacent territory in situations
little suggesting introduction from abroad, tends to revive the
issue as to its indigenousness, particularly in view of the posi-
tive pronouncement, made at the time of its first discovery in
Buffalo, that the species was “‘certainly indigenous.”

In the matter of habitat, the plant does not appear to prefer
any particular kind of association, being equaily at home in
beech, oak, or mixed woods. In rich moist woods it seems to
shun wet situations and favor hummocks, knolls or slopes. It is
frequently found on wooded hillsides, where, on more horizontal
projections, soil carried down from above may accumulate.
In fact, a moderate superdeposition of soil has been observed
to be a decidedly favorable factor in almost any situation. It
would seem that the underground portions of the plant have a
certain inherent vitality.

Apparently indifferent to the chemical composition of the
soil, Serapias Helleborine grows in the humus of rich woods,
along shaley ravines, in clayey loam, or on limestone substrat-
um. At Harris Hill, Erie County, it is found in the earth-filled
crevices of a limestone outcrop. At Indian Falls, Genesee
County, it has been observed along a hillside in the talus de-
posited between fragments of limestone. Several slender and
almost prostrate specimens were here found growing from
underneath limestone slabs, which had to be overturned to
reach the roots. Occasionally plants are encounterd in rather
unexpected situations, as in the town of Amherst, Erie County,
where a little colony was discovered growing in black muck, ina
copse of trembling aspens overshadowed by a solitary elm and
surrounded by swampy terrain, with evidences about of more
extensive forestation in the past.

50

Observations in the field and inspection of plants as they
were being put into the press, have disclosed some evidences of
insect depredation, but to no marked degree. One, indeed,
encounters numbers of non-fruiting specimens, but whether
these were retarded by drought or affected by insects, has not
been ascertained. At any rate, not far off from plants thus
affected good flowering and fruiting specimens may usually be
obtained without much trouble. In a few instances, cobwebby
deposits have been discovered on the fruit and the foliage, and
on one or two plants put in the press small spiders were detected.
On the whole, however, the adverse effects of insect visitation
seem to be negligible.

With so many elements entering into the matter of the
plant’s ability to persist, increase, and spread, it is difficult to
assign a predominant réle to any single agency. A combination
of factors and circumstances obviously comes into play. All in
all, Serapias Helleborine, as occurring in Buffalo and vicinity, is
still to present-day observers, in a more extended and perplexing.
sense, what it was to those who almost half a century ago first
welcomed it as “‘that remarkable orchid.”

BOTANICAL SECTION, B.S. N.S.
BuFFALO, N. Y.

The Herbarium of the Royal Museum, Sophia, Bulgaria
A. McKEa

King Boris, enthusiastically follows in his father’s, King
Alexander’s, footsteps. Hs is an eminent naturalist, and he is
also interested in botany; so much so that he has recently had
built a beautiful new wing to the museum in which to house the
Royal Herbarium. He sent Professor Stoyanofi to Kew Gardens
for four years that he might beable to arrangethe Herbarium and
classify the specimens by the English method.

The work of collecting is enthusiastically carried on by the
King. He is often away on excursions in all parts of the King-
dom but he is particularly interested in the plants that grow at
high altitudes in his own beautiful Balkans, and also in Thrace
and Macedonia.

Professor Stoyanoff who is in charge of the
Sectio Botanico
Museo Naturalis
Suae Majestatis Bulgarium
Sophae

is also a member of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Sophia
University. He speaks English perfectly, and courteously and
with pride, showed some of the plants gathered at high alti-
tudes by the King, notably several unusual species of Trifolium,
Cypridium Calceolaris and many varities of the polymorphic
Orchis Morio. The white form and an unusual reddish purple,
and several nana forms, and a special one from Thrace with few
flowers, which resembles, but is mot Picta. Also an O. Morio
from Sarnac, of the Sredna Gora, O. Morio from near Sophia
with very slender leaves and few flowers, and O. Morio from the
high mountains of Custindil.

Regarding the perfume rose of Kasanlik. There are two
varieties under cultivation there. Rosa Damasena and Rosa
alba. There are several different kinds of soil and the fields of
roses seem to thrive equally well in all. Professor Stoyanoff
thinks the climate much moreimportant than the soil. The
flowers are very small. These great fields of roses bloom in May
and in the first week in June. The perfume factory is quiescent
in the winter.

New York City
51

A New Ranunculus from Crater Lake, Oregon

F. LyLE Wynpb

In 1896, Edward L. Greene described a new species of
Ranunculus from Crater Lake. Following the description he
remarks, ‘‘A very neat and very well marked new Ranunculus
altogether resembling a small Ficaria.’’ During the last several
years the author has collected a large series of this supposedly
new and well-marked species not only from the type locality
but also from the surrounding territory. The differences de-
scribed by Greene have not been found, and from this fact
it is supposed that Greene based his description on abnormal
specimens.

Following is the description given by Greene (Pittonia III:
91, 1896):

“Ranunculus gormant. Small and slender perennial, with a
fascicle of thick but long and slenderly tapering fleshy-fibrous
roots; leaves on almost filiform petioles 1 to 3 inches long, the
lamina broadly ovate, or deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely few-
toothed, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long, only the petioles somewhat pilose-
hairy ; Stems several, prostrate at the base, rooting, and bearing
leaves at 2 or 3 nodes, the terminal part naked, ascending and
scapiform, bearing a solitary small flower; sepals spreading;
petals 5, oblong, obtuse, twice the length of the sepals; achenes
small, glabrous, moderately compressed, with a slender curved
beak as long as the body.”

The type locality is given as, ‘On moist banks at Cathe-
dral Springs, Crater Lake, in southern Oregon, 22 Aug., 1896,
collected by Mr. M. W. Gorman.’’ While the name Cathe-
dral Springs is no longer in use, the locality may be identified
as the springy bogs at the base of Castle Crest (formerly Cathe-
dral Rocks) whichis easily accessible just above Park Head-
quarters.

The italics in the description given above indicate those
features which are not found in the series of the author’s speci-
mens. In spite of several years of intensive collecting in and
around the type locality, no “‘typical’’ specimens have been
seen. Since there is but a single species of low, creeping Ranun-
culus in the vicinity, it is here proposed to recharacterize

52

53

Greene’s species as based on more adequate and normal
material.

Ranunculus terrestris sp. nov. A small, delicate perennial,
growing in damp or swampy places, from a fascicle of thick but
long and slenderly tapering fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves on
delicate, almost filiform petioles; petioles of the basal leaves 1—4
inches long, those of the cauline leaves 1/4 to 1 inch long or
sometimes the terminal pair of leaflets sessile, somewhat
sparsely pilose-hairy; the lamina broadly ovate or deltoid,
rarely lanceolate, sometimes almost round, usually obtuse at
the apex but sometimes rounded, very rarely acutish, perfectly
entire, 1/4 to 3/4 inch long, the larger ones rounded at the base
delicately membranous, glabrous; stems several from the
fascicle of fleshy roots, somewhat pilose-hairy, simple or with a
few very rudimentary branches, prostrate for most of its length
erect or ascending at the terminal part, very rarely having a
few delicate rootlets from the prostrate nodes; the erect termi-
nal part usually with a pair of approximately opposite leaves,
which are sometimes sessile and very much reduced, bearing a
single small waxy-yellow flower 8mm. wide when fully open;
petals 5 oblong or orbicular, twice the length of the sepals;
achenes small, glabrous, moderately compressed, with a slender
beak 1/2 to 1/3 the length of the body.

Differing from Ranunculus flammula var. reptans in the
distinctly wider leaves and in somewhat longer styles.

Since Greene’s plant is here regarded as merely an abnormal
form of this proposed new species we would include it as a
synonym.

The type has been deposited in the Herbarium of the Uni-
versity of Oregon as:— Wynd, no. 2086, Red Blanket Creek in
the southwest corner of Crater Lake National Park. Other
specimens in the University of Oregon Herbarium which have
been examined and referred to this species are those of Sheldon,
no. $12457, Lake Valley, Lane County, Oregon, July 17, 1903.

UNIVERSITY OF OREGON HERBARIUM

BiBEDEGRIPS OR Wie CLUS

WINTER WALK OF SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 16, STATEN
ISLAND. FROM PLEASANT PLAINS TO
KREISCHERSVILLE. 21 PRESENT

We were fortunate in having for this winter field-trip the
only real winter day of the entire season. A temperature of
only 10°-15° F. throughout the day and a snowfall of 3 or 4
inches during the previous night made cross-country walking
over the frozen ground easy. A fire and hot coffee tended to
reduce shivering. In this region, pines were well represented;
P. Strobus by a stand of large trees near the bridge road, P.
rigida by scattered individuals, and P. virginiana, the objective
of the trip, by about 50 trees (some up to 50 ft. in height and
13 ft. in diameter) in a cat-brier jungle. Only a half dozen
trees of P. virginiana had last year’s cones, but cones of pre-
vious years were abundant. The station is probably the nor-
thernmost for the Virginia Pine. Other points of special interest
were the barrens covered in places by bayberry bushes, Myrica
carolinensis, with a great quantity of berries; groves of sweet
gum, Liquidamber Styraciflua; and a single medium-sized tree
of the rare red birch, Betula nigra, growing in a small swamp
south of the stand of Pinus virginiana.

H. K. SVENSON

THE INWOOD-PALISADES WALK OF SUNDAY MARCH 9

47 members and guests present.

Before skirting Inwood’s northern shore line, we stopped
to study some of the winter buds of Azlanthus glandulosa,
Morus alba, Quercus alba var. latiloba, Q. velutina, Q. bicolor,
and Q. coccinea, the while taking note of a picturesque “Gum”
tree (Nyssa sylvatica). This surprising group at 204th Street
and 10th Avenue constitutes one of the few remaining stands
of native growth on northern Manhattan. Typical of the fast
disappearing vacant lots of Gotham, here were colonies of
Ailanthus, with the Ailanthus Silk-moth cocoons (Philosamia
walkeri) festooned about and dangling within easy reach, offer-
ing particular delight to some of the younger members of our
group. It was with interest that I found this cocoon on the

54

55

mulberry tree and also on a young elm close by. The proposed
introduction of a silk industry into America over fifty years
ago was necessarily abandoned when it was learned that the
silk from these cocoons was not of high grade; the silk can not
be reeled, but is carded and then spun into a coarse material.

As we went through Cooper Street, a Japan Pagoda Tree
(Sophora japonica) was an object of unusual interest to many
who had never before seen this valuable tree. It was still bear-
ing much of the fruit which formed a heavy crown earlier in
the winter. In the Orient the flowers, buds, bark, roots, and
wood of this species are utilized commercially, and even the
pods produce an important medicine. A good specimen of
Broussonetia papyrifera near by was also illuminating to the
student, inasmuch as this particular tree showed to advantage
both opposite and alternate buds.

Passing over much historic ground we entered Inwood Park
where close by as recently as 1925 was unearthed the lower jaw
of a mastodon. The commencement of the magnificent stand
of tulip trees greeted our sight here, and several cameras were
focussed on a most unique object, a young black birch growing
out of the trunk of one of these superb Liriodendrons. We
examined the very beautiful bursting buds on Ulmus fulva,
noted the tortuous branching of old Sassafras trees, and found
the new plants of Leonurus Cardiaca. Paulownias with their
upright paniculate flower-bud clusters attracted attention.

It was a bit early in the season to hope for many migrant
birds but already the “‘Red-wings’’ were up, and our cus-
tomary winter residents were heard and seen from time to time.
The marsh on the way to the “‘Great Tree’’ was resplendent
with the staminate catkins of Alnus rugosa; and we were sur-
prised to come upon Symplocarpus foetidus in an advanced
stage. In all likelihood this is the last showing of the species
on Manhattan Island. Presently we came to Shora-kap-kok,
the dell which is replete with Indian lore and where there is
now an Indian Museum. The Museum was opened for us, and
Mr. Reginald Pelham Bolton, historian of Inwood, told of
the efforts to preserve the spot and to bring back some of the
wild-flower life to the region.

Spirits were high and the day fair, and many who had not
before crossed these paths marvelled at the variety of woody

56

plants: the splendid oaks, noticeably Quercus montana, also Q.
borealis and Q. velutina; here a brilliant Cornus Amomum or
there a Benzoin aestivale about ready to flower, and revealing —
on careful search the cocoons of the Promethea moth. Further
search brought to view a few Cecropias near by.

Upon reaching the extreme northern limit of Inwood Hill,
we passed a number of fine ornamental trees, remnants of
another era: Pinus nigra, showing the “‘scars’’ of the Yellow-
bellied Sapsucker, an interesting Fraxinus excelsior with its
black winter buds, Magnolia Soulangeana, and Pinus sylvestris.

Half way over the Hudson we saw Black Ducks on the
river, and along with them a few American Mergansers. The
golden disks of Tussilago Farfara in great profusion greeted
us upon our arrival at the Palisades. Stellaria media in bloom
formed carpeted mats in still greater abundance. Elms were in
full bloom, flower buds swelling on Acer rubrum and Sassafras
variufolium, and every indication of an early Spring was at
hand. Those who had come to collect specimens were delighted
to find the large stand of Equisetum hyemale var. affine with
newly formed strobili. Geranium Robertianum was freshly
green in the interstices of the rocks, and “‘escapes’’ told the
tale of former habitations: Hemerocallis fulva and Ornithogalum
umbellatum pushing their way up; and further along Philadel-
phus coronarius. Viburnum Opulus, probably var. americanum,
V. acertfolium, and V. prunifolium still bore last year’s fruit.
The vivid pistillate flowers of Corylus americana were in their
prime, and buds of Staphylea trifolia were showing signs of
Spring along with Sambucus racemosa.

Song sparrows were in heavy migration and caroling from
tree and bush at every bend of the trail. Buttermilk Falls of
Green Brook made an impressive sight, bordered with ice, and
had developed a flourishing colony of Conocephalum conicum
on its flank. The Carolina Wren, a permanent resident of the
Palisades, was heard at intervals, and Duck Hawks were seen
soaring near the rim of the Cliffs. More tulip trees in the rich
woods brought to mind again the story of their unique verna-
tion.

It was with regret that we left the scene of our trip, for
enthusiasm was still unabated, particularly amongst the large
number of young people, the youngest of whom was twelve

57

years old. This leads me to wonder—Why not A JUNIOR BRANCH
OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB, for the embryo botanist—
THE BOTANIST OF TOMORROW!

HELENE LUNT
Inwood- Manhattan

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
MEETING OF JANUARY 15, 1930

The meeting was called to order at The New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 P. M. by President Denslow. The minutes of
the meeting of January 7th, were read and approved. Thirty-
five members were present.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Mr. B. R. Abbott, 27 West 44th Street, New York City;
Mr. J. E. Adams, 115 West 68th Street, New York City; Mr.
F. M. Cota, 3846 Cherokee Street, San Diego, California; and
Prof. Kingo Miyabe, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo,
Japan.

’ The resignation of Mrs. Ellis Parker Butler was accepted.

The auditing committee have gone over the treasurer’s
accounts and found them in excellent order and correct. The
report of the auditing committee was accepted.

Dr. Arthur Harmount Graves spoke on “‘The Recent Hist-
ory and Present Status of the Chestnut.”

The subject was discussed under the following headings:

1. The value and varied uses of the American chestnut.
2. The natural range of the species.
3. The condition of the chestnut during the past century,
particularly in the southern states.
4. The chestnut bark blight.
a. Discovery in 1904 by Herman W. Merkel, in New
York Zoological Garden.
. First sudy by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
. Spread of the disease.
. Penna. Chestnut Blight Conference, 1912.
. Controversy over source of fungus: a native or an
introduced species?

() {aly (@) tor

58

f. Discovery of the parasite on native chestnut in China
by Frank N. Meyer in 1913.

g. The search for resistant individuals about N. Y. City
and elsewhere. About 75 resistant individuals found
in Greater New York and vicinity.

h. Present extent of the blight in U.S. Entire area where
chestnut is of commercial importance has now been
reached.

i. The cause of frequent basal sprouts from trees appar-
ently killed by the blight; due to a greater resistance
of root as compared with stem tissues.

5. Resistant exotic chestnuts.

a. Large healthy trees now growing in the vicinity of
New York described and illustrated.

b. Crosses made by the Office of Forest Pathology, U.S.
D. A., with a view to obtaining desirable resistant
types.

c The recent explorations of the Japanese islands,
resulting in the securing of resistant forest types of
the Japanese chestnut.

The speaker outlined his own research and his personal
experiences as special agent of the Office of Investigations in
Forest Pathology, U. S. D. A., insofar as they were related to
the above topics.

Dr. A. B. Stout spoke on the ‘‘Studies on the Variegation of
Pelargonium.”

Meeting adjoined at 5 P. M.

Respectfully submitted,
FoRMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary
MEETING OF FEBRUARY 4, 1930

The meeting was called to order at the American Museum
Natural History at 8:15 p.m. by President Sinnott. Thirty-six
members were present.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Mr. Ronald Bamford, 612 Livingston Hall, Columbia Uni-
versity, and Dr. C. L. Lundell, Columbia University, New York
City.

59

Mr. Kenneth K. MacKenzie of 615 Prospect Street, Maple-
wood, New Jersey, was elected to life membership in the club.

The following resignations were accepted with regret:

Mr. Charles Greenberg, Miss Ruth N. Walker, Miss
Helen A. Simmerman, Miss Elizabeth Kargus and Miss AnnaG.
Eggerdink.

The death of Mr. E. G. Arzberger, was also reported.

Dr. R. P. Wodehouse of the Arlington Chemical Company
gave a talk on “Pollen Grain Morphology.’’ He illustrated his
talk with lantern slides made from his own careful studies.

Meeting adjourned at 9:40 p.m. for refreshments.

Respectfully submitted,
FORMAN T. MCLEAN
Secretary

NEWS NOTES

TEstTs REVEAL WHICH OAT VARIETIES
ARE Most RESISTANT TO DISEASES

As the first step in a program to reduce the annual loss
suffered by oat farmers on account of rusts, the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, in cooperation with 65 experiment stations,
has completed tests extending over a period of five years to
determine varieties resistant to stem rust. Incidently, observa-
tions also were made on the resistance of these varieties to crown
rust and the smuts of oats.

An important fact brought out by the tests is that there
seems to be no relation between resistance to stem rust and
resistance to crown rust. Some of the varieties most resistant to
one rust were least resistant to the other. Observations on the
smuts, another important group of oat diseases, indicate that
there is also no relation between smut resistance and rust re-
sistance in the varieties tested.

A detailed report of the tests has been published by the U.
S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minne-
sota Agricultural Experiment Station. The publication is
Technical Bulletin 143-T, ‘‘Field Studies on the Rust Resist-
ance of Oat Varieties.”’

60

SEARCH FOR SOYBEAN SEEDS
IN JAPAN IS SUCCESSFUL

W. J. Morse, forage-crop specialist, Bureau of Plant Indus-
try, U. S. Department of Agriculture, who has been in Japan
for several months collecting new varietes of soybeans, reports
that to date he has collected more than 5,000 lots, representing
every type of soybeans grown in Japan.

A large number of soybean introductions have been sent
into the United States by the Foreign Plant Introduction
Office of the department in the last 20 years. Now the crop has
established itself as one of major importance in this country,
with a value of $70,000,000 for 1929. Due to increased utiliza-
tion as a forage crop, for production of soybean oil and meal,
and as a human food, it seems likely that the soybean will con-
tinue to grow in importance in the United States.

Soybean oil is becoming an important item in the manufact-
ure of soap, paints, linoleum, rubber substitutes, and glycerin in
this country. When properly refined, the oil may be used in
almost any foodstuff in which a vegetable oil is used.

With increase in the demand for soybean oil from American
industries, efforts are being made by the Department of Agri-
culture to develop varieties with a high oil content. Where the
beans are grown as a forage crop, especially for hogs, there is a
demand for varieties with a low oil content, as the oil has a
tendency to cause the meat to be soft, especially where large
quantities of the beans are fed.

The Boyce Thompson Institute has begun the construction
of a new unit of laboratories which will a little more than
double the present laboratory space. The new unit will be
put up at acost of about $400,000. It is expected that it will be
ready for occupancy by January 1, 1931.

Dr. R. A. Harper will retire from the Torrey Professorship
of Botany at Columbia University at the end of this term. This
position was established in 1904 and has been held by Dr. Har-
per since 1911. Dr. Harper expects to remain in New York
City.

Dr. H. K. Svenson, Assistant Curator of Plants of the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, left the last of March to accompany
the Vincent Astor expedition to the Galapagos Islands. The

61

expedition plans to visit some of the least known of the islands
of the group. Dr. Svenson, as botanist of the expedition, will
collect on all the islands visited. The expedition will return the
latter part of May.

Mr. Charles E. Foote, of Jackson, Michigan, died on the
sixth of February. Mr. Foote had been a member of the Torrey
Botanical Club for many years.

A Memorial to Lamark. Lamark died a little over one
hundred years ago. The only memorial of him in France was
his birthplace, the home of his ancestors, at Bazentin, a small
village of the Somme. During the war the house was destroyed
and only a few scattered bricks and blackened stones are left.
On the centenary of his death the Societe Linneenne du Nord
de la France decided to erect a memorial on the site of the old
house. The memorial will stand in a garden in which will be
planted the species especially studied by Lamarck or named
after him. A request is made of botanists in the United States
to help with this memorial. Subscriptions, checks or interna-
tional postal orders, should be directed to the Banque de France,
succursale d’Amiens (Somme) to the account of the Societe
Linneenne, subscriptions Lanmark No. 2.433.

Dr. George M. Reed, Curator of Plant Pathology at the
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, sailed in the early part of February
for Japan, where he will make a special study of the Japanese
Iris, its history, culture, and nomenclature. Dr. Reed expects
to be gone about seven months. The cost of the trip, which
will be about $3000.00, has been defrayed by special contribu-
tions. Included among these are $1000.00 from the National
Research Council and $250.00 from the American Iris Society.
The remainder has been contributed by various individuals in
different parts of the country.

SoME NOTES FROM SCIENCE

Dr. O. E. Jennings, head of the department of botany of the
University of Pittsburgh and curator of botany and director of
education at the Carnegie Museum, received the honorary
degree of doctor of science at the convocation of the University
of Pittsburgh in February.

Dr. O. L. Sponsler, professor of botany in the University of

62

California at Los Angeles, has been chosen president of the
Western Society of Naturlists.

Dr. A. J. Grout, moss specialist, has been appointed to the
all-year staff of the Biological Laboratory of the Long Island
Biological Association, at Cold Spring Harbor. Dr. Grout has
desired to retire from teaching in order to devote his full time to
the prepartion and publication of a series of monographs, the
first of which has already been published, on the mosses of
North America. This summer Dr. Grout will represent the
Biological Laboratory at the international Botanical Congress to
be held at Cambridge, England. While abroad he will check up
type specimens of American mosses located in European
museums.

Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, professor emeritus of
botany in the University of Chicago, delivered a lecture on
February 1, before the Royal Canadian Institute of Toronto on
Tramping through Southern Mexico. He will this spring
conduct a lecture course at the University of California, Los
Angeles.

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous
copies of the number of TorREYA in which their papers appear, will kindly
notify the editor, G.T. Hastings, 2587 Sedgwick Ave., New York when return-
ing proof.

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Committees for 1930

Finance Committee

Field Committee

R. A. HARPER, Chairman
J. H. BARNHART

SERENO STETSON

Mrs. HELEN M, TRELEASE
S. F. TRELEASE

Budget Committee

J. H. Barnuart, Chairman
N. L. Britton

C. S. GAGER

R. A. HARPER

T. E. Hazen

M. A. Howe

H. H. Russy

E. W..SINNOTT

Program Committee
Forman T. McLean, Chairman

Raymonp H. Torrey, Chairman
Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON

A. T. BEALS

B. T. BUTLER

H. M. DENSLow

G. C. FISHER

A. L. GUNDERSEN

MiIcHAEL LEVINE

Miss ZAIpA NICHOLSON

Joun S. WARE

Membership Committee

J. K. SMALL, Chairman
T. E. HAZEN
NORMAN TAYLOR

Local Flora Committee

N. L. Britton, Chairman

Mrs. E.G Britton Phanerogams: Cryptogams:

Wma. CROCKER N. L. Britron Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON
A. H, GRAvVEs R. H. CHENEY Mrs. E. G. Britton
T. E. HAZEN H. M. DENstow A. W. Evans

Entertainment Committee
B. O. DopGE, Chairman
Mrs. R. A. HARPER
Mrs.-G. T. Hastincs
Mrs. Wm. MircHEeLi

W.C. Fercuson MissC. C. HAYNES”
BAYARD LONG 3
K. K. Mackenzie M. A. Howe
NORMAN TAYLOR

T. E. Hazen

MIcHAEL LEVINE
F. J. SEAVER

Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora

Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict
Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton
Liverworts: A. W. Evans

Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen
Marine Algae: M. A. Howe
Gasteromycetes: G. €. Fisher

Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. S.

Burlingham
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper
Polyporeae: M. Levine
Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson

Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver
Lichens: Mrs. G. P. Anderson
Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae,
berineae: F. J. SEAVER
Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed
Sclerotium-formingFungi:A.B.Stout
Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver
Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee
Yeast and Bacteria: Miss J. Broad-
hurst

Tu-

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A journal devoted to general botany, established in 1870

and published monthly, except during July, August, and Sep-
tember. Vol. 56, published in 1929, contained 588 pages of
- text and 23 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For
Europe, $4.25.

In addition to papers giving the results of research, each
issue contains the INDEX TO AMERICAN BOTANICAL LITERATURE
—a very comprehensive bibliography of current publications in
American botany. Many workers find this an extremely valu-
able feature of the BULLETIN.

Of former volumes, 24-56 can be supplied separately at
$4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but
the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the com-
pletion of sets. Single copies (50 cents) will be furnished only
when not breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memorrs, established 1889, are published at irregular
intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription
price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing
Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club,

490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can ~

also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers
and of prices will be furnished on application.

(3) Index to American Botanical Literature, reprinted
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Vol. 30 May-June, 1930 - No. 3

eLTORRKEYA

- A Bi-MonTHLY JOURNAL oF BoTaNnicAL Notes AND NEws
EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY

GEORGE T. HASTINGS

John Torrey, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
Common Plants as Domestic Remedies in Maine. ANNE E. PERKINS... 63
The Known Range of Phlox wilcoxiana. E.R. BoGUSCH.............. 69
Notes on Flacourtiaceae. PERCY WILSON......... 06.00 foc c eee eee 72
A Drug Map of the World. RoLAnD M. HARPER..........-.....6..5. 74
Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal on Eastern Long Island. Roy LatHaM... 78
Field Trips of the Club................: BE As Pema dt ced NEN Mr eae Se 80)
Proceedings of the Club..... Pear rote iAP ARE Want erica Ns MACE DIRE OO ees te 84
iMesh Si ay SE ae ta be a 89

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TORREYA

Vol. 30 May-June, 1930 No. 3

Common Plants as Domestic Remedies in Maine

ANNE E. PERKINS

From my earliest recollection many plants were highly es-
teemed as medicine and collected at the correct time, dried,
spread, and generally hung in bags in the attic. Some gathered
only a few; others many, as certain women were noted for their
skill in compounding medicines from “‘roots and yarbs,’’ al-
though I never knew them to sell a remedy but in neighborly
fashion take it in time of sickness or respond to a request for it.

The main divisions appear to be, bitter tonics and appeti-
zers, alteratives, cough remedies, intestinal astringents, diuretics,
“salves’’ and healing ointments. Some kept a secret the exact
ingredients, especially of ‘“‘salves.’’ Our attic was always redo-
lent of tansy and pennyroyal, catnip and spearmint, great bun-
dles of thoroughwort hung from the rafters, also mullein,
cleavers, snake’s head, motherwort and mugwort, hops, worm-
wood, etc.

In the spring after the traditional sulphur and molasses to
“clear the blood,’ a bitter tonic was made of the root of yellow
dock (Rumex crispus), dandelion root, barberry bark or root
and a swallow taken before meals—a nauseous dose. The mu-
cilaginous root of elecampane was used in the same way, some-
times with the addition of one or more of these, burdock, tansy,
hops, thoroughwort! But thoroughwort (E. perfoliatum) was
par excellence the remedy in hard colds of the type of influenza,
with much headache, muscular pains, and prostration, and in
regular medicine it isa valuable remedy in just these ills. Our
mothers could not afford to call a doctor for every ailment of
the children and learned domestic remedies. A mustard foot-
bath, ‘“‘thoroughwort tea’’ and a good sweat, keeping the
patient in bed afterwards ‘“‘broke up’’ many a cold. If children
or adult had a ‘‘cankered sore mouth,” gold thread was used or

63

64

the red berries of sumac, both apparently efficacious. They
fought so against the bitterest medicines, that a mild tonic of
sarsaparilla root was given (Aralia nudicaulis) in the spring.
‘Saffron tea’’ was considered helpful in jaundice of infants or
to ‘‘bring out the measles.’’ Sweet flag was used as a vermifuge,
aided by pumpkin seeds, which were used as a diuretic as well.
In adults juniper berries were used as a diuretic in urinary diffi-
culties. ‘‘“Chamomile tea’’ was made sometimes from Anthemts
Cotula (to take which was a terrible ordeal). Nose-bleed was
treated by yarrow (A. millefolium) which has in homeopathic
medicine a legitimate use in hemorrhage. In kidney troubles,
cleavers was given (G. asprellum—and this was also used to fill
straw beds.) Slippery-elm bark and cherry bark were valued
ingredients of cough-syrup, to which was sometimes added
concentrated syrup of beet juice. My mother made a cough
syrup famous in the community, much in demand for asthma
and chronic bronchitis, of which Lobelia inflata was an impor-
tant element and sometimes mullein and horehound. (Lobelia
was collected in August or September after the capsules were
inflated, these and the root being the most powerful, though all
parts are used in medicine. The U.S. Dispensatory gives it as
valuable in asthma and spasmodic bronchitis.) However as a
rule mullein was used in a so-called “‘bath”’ (fomentation) which
meant that a flannel bag of several thicknesses was filled with
mullein leaves firstyheated, “‘steeped’’ in vinegar, then applied
to the painful part, generally the abdomen, in cramps, colics
and stomach aches. Tansy and hops were used in the same way
and the moist heat certainly relaxed and soon relieved ordinary
pain. Warts on our youthful hands sometimes disappeared
by magic when white oak chips were steeped and the liquid ap-
plied. This was at times used when an astringent effect was
needed on ‘‘sores’’ and ulcers.

“Pine pitch” was wonderfully healing and was used alone
or with hot “‘mutton taller’ and beeswax on cracks of the hands
and chronic ulcers with great relief. Witch hazel, also balm of
Gilead buds in rum were used on bruises and superficial cuts.
There was always a bottle of these buds in rum. Wormwood
was used for sprained ankles or muscular soreness, an excellent
remedy. In fevers, horse-radish leaves with or without vinegar
were applied to the soles of the feet, burdock and plantain leaves

65

being used in the same way. If a patient were nervous and rest-
less, a ‘‘poultice’’ (fomentation) of hops to the feet or abdomen
was thought to soothe. Children were given for colds such mild
remedies as “‘catnip tea,’ “spearmint tea’’ and thoroughwort
for hard colds.

A persistent diarrhoea called for ‘‘wire-bush tea’”’ a decoction
of Spiraea tomentosa. This was also given to calves with the
BSCOULS.”

Cypripedium acaule (‘‘valerian,’’ nerve-root) was given to
nervous women, hysterical and sleepless; as it was given in rum,
sometimes the most temperate of women slept profoundly after
taking it! The rum-cherry (black) in rum or brandy and black-
berry cordial were valuable in diarrhoea. Cherry bark in rum
was a remedy for coughs. An analysis of many of the patent
medicines like Peruna and Paine’s Celery Compound shows
that our Puritan ancestors in a prohibition state did not disdain
the use of alcoholics! under the guise of medicine. The “‘snake’s
head”’ and “‘stingo”’ used as a tonic by the elders was Chelone
glabra in rum (‘‘stingo”’ being the popular name for whiskey or
rum.)

The old folks made wine and ink of elderberries and snuff
of pulverized bayberry leaves (M. cerifera) which, from the
resulting sneezes, was surely powerful! Bayberry was used in
candles, of course.

The bark of hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana, was used in-
indigestion. Hops in addition to the uses mentioned was put
in rootbeer and new twigs of black birch and sassafras root
added. This was thought to be tonic in effect and a pleasant
beverage.

After childbirth or in diseases of women, both motherwort
and mugwort were used. Pennyroyal was used for cramps and
it as well as tansy was taken in the hope of its being an aborti-
facient; smeared on the face and hands it kept away mosquitos.

Chimaphila umbellata ‘‘Noble Pine’’ was used in cases of
tuberculosis and it was popularly believed that ‘if one chewed
a leaf a day, it would prevent consumption.”’

Phytolacca or “‘garget’’ was used to ‘‘doctor’’ cows with gar-
get. (It is a valuable medicine in the treatment of glandular in-
fections and a certain type of throat infection.) Onions and
cranberries were used as poultices and the former for colds.

66

Calendula blossoms were crushed and put in alcohol, used on
sprains and cuts of horses and cows. Sometimes a salve was
made in tallow. Perhaps there is no more healing ointment than
that made of Calendula in modern times, in spite of the scep-
ticism of the U. S. Dispensatory.

Plantain was crushed and put on poison ivy eruption, as was
jewel weed (Impatiens biflora). A salve made from plantain was
healing and soothing to ulcers and hemorrhoids. St. Johnswort
(7. perforatum) was used on bruises and on stiff muscles.

Grated horse-chestnuts made into a “‘salve’’ were also ap-
plied to hemorrhoids.

After months of cold winter without green vegetables and
canning not having reached its present extent, anything that
could be used as greens was welcomed and considered in some
degree medicinal, particularly dock and dandelions, horse-
radish, grated or the leaves as greens, mustard, cowslips, pig-
weed, red-root, house-leek, ‘‘pusley,’’ milkweed, unfolding
brakes, phytolacca sprouts, “‘tongue’’ (aster), “‘wild beet,”
Saxifraga Pennsylvanica being the chief herbs used. Geranium
maculatum and ordinary red clover were known as “blood
remedies” and healing for sore mouths. Ledum groenlandicum,
“Labrador tea’’ was esteemed as a tonic. Lycopus Virginicus
was used for some ailment and viburnums of various kinds in
cramps. These “‘teas’’ were decoctions and infusions prepared
by “‘steeping’’ and would not keep unless in alcohol or syrups.
It is interesting to note that while many of these remedies are
still used in homeopathic and eclectic medicine, the U.S. Dis-
pensatory dismisses most of them as of little or no value. A few
quotations follow:

Anise seed used in colic (sometimes caraway do.)

Berberis vulgaris, bark of the root—bitter tonic, mild laxa-
tive, used in liver trouble.

Calendula flowers no virtues but used as a local application
in inflammations, wounds and ulcers.

U.S. D. often refers toa plant as used in “‘days of therapeu-
tic darkness,’’ ‘“‘no action, feeble action, etc.’’

Chimaphila umbellata, used by No. Am. Indians in scrofula
or rheumatism—no properties except feeble diuretic.

Coptis trifolia, simple bitter tonic. In N. E. used as local
application in aphthous ulcerations of the mouth.

67

y

U.S. D.says yellow Cypripedium known as “Am. Valerian.’

“Male Nervine’’ is a gentle nervous stimulant or anti-
spasmodic—but does not mention C. acaule which was used in
Maine and is not mentioned in U.S. D.

Eupatorium is damned with faint praise, when the book says
it may be useful in formative stages of colds and similar disor-
ders.

Rhus glabra, mild and pleasant astringent and gargle.

Geranium maculatum, one of our best indigenous astringents
and a popular domestic remedy for diarrhoea, gargle in sore
throat and cankers.

Hamamelis—of slight value though used for all ills flesh is
heir to.

Inula Helenium—a tonic, gentle stimulant probably of no
service for other diseases.

Juniper berries used as a diuretic.

Lappa—alterative, diuretic, etc. no reason to believe of
medicinal value. Leaves used externally in eruptions and ulcers.

Pepo used in tape worm for over a century.

Phytolacca, the dried root an emetic, purgative, narcotic—
used as alterative, gargle and ointment.

Rumex crispus, alterative, laxative (in homeopathy used
for a cough.)

Taraxacum, a former cholagogic for torpid liver, of doubt-
ful value.

Mullein used in pectoral complaints, the oil for hemorrhoids
and inflammations, fomentation of leaves as an anodyne, dried
leaves smoked in asthma and bronchitis.

White pine bark in cough syrup, has no virtue.

Pitch used in some sluggish skin diseases.

Balm of Gilead buds, counter irritant in muscular rheu-
matism and expectorant in bronchitis.

Prunus serotina in cough syrup, of doubtful value.

Quercus alba, an astringent wash.

Rhus glabra, an astringent gargle.

Hops, hop pillow, hop fomentation, bitter tonic, possible
sedative.

Among unofficial drugs of U. S. Dispensatory are:

Wormwood

Achillea

Aesculus

68

Chelone, tonic, aperient, act on liver

Anthemis Cotula

Hypericum perforatum in olive oil a home remedy for bruises
and wounds

Impatiens biflora, fresh juice for Rhus poison

Ledum groenlandicum in rheumatism homeopathically, sub-
stitute for tea and a tonic

Lliatris scariosa, for snake bites

Lycopus virginiana, astringent, narcotic (Homeopathically
used for goitre)

Spiraea tomentosa, roots used in treatment of diarrhoea,
flowers diuretic

Tansy,domestic abortifacient, has no such effect but is a poi-
son, aromatic bitter tonic

Mullein oil in ear-ache

Trifolium pratense—blood remedy

GOWANDA STATE HOSPITAL
HetmutTH, N. Y.

The Known Range of Phlox wilcoxiana

E. R. Bocuscu

When the writer first described Phlox wilcoxiana, the general
range was stated as being on the Gulf coastal plain of Texas.
At that time the complete distribution was still not known.
Subsequent studies have revealed that although the greatest
abundance centers around the type locality, a few specimens
have been collected beyond this region. These were from sta-
tions either far to the west or to the east and do not necessarily
imply the presence of the species in intermediate positions
within these extremes.

Phlox wilcoxiana is entirely a Texas species. The area on
which it occurs in greatest abundance, when compared in size
with some of the smaller adjoining states, is found to roughly
equal that of the state of Mississippi.

The flowering period is usually in March and April, but
favorable seasons occasionally produce flowers as early as the
middle of February, and continued mild weather may permita
few plants to remain until the latter part of June. The type
locality was revisited in the summer of 1929 and two good speci-
mens found in moist shaded situations. All plants of this species
on exposed slopes were fully matured. When in their prime, the
plants cover many miles of sandy hillsides in a glow of red,
which is, aside from other characters, a recognizable feature of
the species.

Distribution data is based upon two sources; the one is first
hand field experience distributed over parts of five years, and
the other data is taken from notations on specimens contained
in the herbarium of the United States National Museum, the
herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the herbarium of
the University of Illinois, and from sheets of the writer’s pri-
vate collection.

Neuces and Kleberg Counties mark the absolute southern
limit of the species. From here the line goes northwest to Frio
County, then turns northeast through the southeastern corner
of Medina, Bexar, Comal, Hays, and Travis Counties. Here it
turns northward to southern Milam County and then runs
directly east to the northern end of Jasper County. From this
point the eastern limit is marked by a line which runs due south
until it is terminated by the Gulf Coast.

69

70

Within this range, the focus of distribution, based on fre-
quency, is centered on Gonzales, eastern Caldwell, Bastrop,
Fayette, Lavaca, and Victoria Counties. In the accompanying
map, each point corresponds to a collected specimen. From this
focus the number of specimens encountered diminishes more
rapidly westward than it does eastward, the tapering seemingly
being more gradual in this direction.

Map showing the distribution of Phlox wilcoxiana, Bogush

A single specimen collected in 1889 by Nealley at Pefia in
Brewster County constitutes the only record this far west. One
collection at Covington, Louisiana by Bro. Anect in 1919 and
another at New Orleans by J. F. Joor in 1887 complete the rec-
ord for Louisiana. Of those specimens recorded for the south-
ern states, bearing a resemblance to Phlox wilcoxiana, all
have been ruled out as forms of Phlox drummondii with the
exception of three additional ones from Florida. One collected
in 1910 from Orange City bears no collector’s name. The same
is true for one from Lake City in 1896. The third is that of
Hitchcock in 1900 in Jacksonville.

Specimens examined:

Texas. Without definite locality—Berlandier 2526; Ridell ’42; U. S. Nat.
Herb. 44635; Lindheimer ’43; Lindheimer ’44; Lindheimer ’48; Short ’42.

Brewster County—Nealley 307, Pena.

Victoria County—Tracy 9436, Victoria; Lindheimer 425, Victoria; Lind-
heimer 427, Victoria; Eggert ’00, Victoria.

Walker County—Dixon 204, Huntsville.

oe

Gonzales County—Bogusch 1495, Gonzales; Bogusch 435, Gonzales;
Bogusch 1191, Ottine; Bogusch 1475, Ottine; Bogusch & Molby 2727, Ottine;
Bogusch & Molby 4329, Ottine.

Bastrop County—Tharp 1959, Bastrop; Bogusch & Molby 2964, Bastrop.

Lavaca County—Fisher 85, Hallettsville.

Colorado County—Howell 355, Columbus.

De Witte County—Bray 137, Cuero; Marlott ’96, Cuero.

Harris County—Wooton ’93, Houston.

Austin County—Wurzlow '91, Industry.

Washington County—Lindheimer ’39, Mill Creek.

Llano County—Lindheimer ’48, Llano.

Wood County—Eggert ’00, Granbury.

Florida. Fla. Agri. Col. 1266, Lake City; Mo. Bot. Gard. 850048, Orange
City; Hitchcock '00, Jacksonville.

Louisiana. Bro. Anect. 44, Covington; Joor ’87, New Orleans.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBANA, ILLINOIS

Notes on Flacourtiaceae I

Percy WILSON

1. Samyda Lunana P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub with appressed pubescent twigs, the older branches
grayish or grayish-brown; petioles 2-3 mm. long; leaves obovate
or elliptic, 1.5—2.8 cm. long, 0.8-1.2 cm. broad, rounded and
sometimes emarginate at the apex, acute at-the base, glabrous
above, the surface roughened by elevated glands, appressed-
pubescent on the midvein beneath, crenulate; flowers mostly
solitary in the axils of the leaves; calyx-lobes oblong-elliptic,
6 mm. long, the tube 4.5 mm. long, mostly appressed-pubescent.

Type collected on Lomas de Banao, Santa Clara, Cuba, A.
Luna 859 (Herb. N. Y. Botanical Garden).

2. Samyda cubensis P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub with ferruginous-pubescent twigs, the hairs spread-
ing; petioles 2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong-elliptic to elliptic,
1.5—4.5 cm. long, rounded or obtuse and sometimes emarginate
at the apex, obtuse or somewhat inequilaterally rounded at the
base, nearly glabrous on both surfaces, crenulate-serrulate or
nearly entire; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; calyx-
lobes oblong, 5 mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. broad, obtuse at the apex,
pubescent; stamens 10, the staminal-tube united nearly to the
apex; anthers ovate, 1 mm. long; ovary ovoid, compressed,
pubescent; style 4 mm. long; stigma capitate. Type collected
in Cuba, Charles Wright 1896 (Herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden). In
the ‘Gray Herbarium this number is represented by Samyda
dodecandra Jacq.

3. Samyda macrantha P. Wilson, nom. nov.

Samyda grandiflora,Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 11. 1866. Not S.

grandiflora Spreng. 1825.

Distribution: Cuba and Isle of Pines.

4. Gossypiospermum praecox (Griseb.) P. Wilson, comb.

nov.

Casearia praecox Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 10. 1866.

Casearia ertophora C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 11. 1866.
Guidonia Rosauriana Maza, Dicc. Bot. 11. 1889.

Guidonia praecox Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23:56. 1894.
Guidonia ertophora Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 56.

1894.

Ampelocera crenulata Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 399. 1919.

72.

73

Gossypiospermum eriophorum Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 7.

1923):

Distribution: Cuba: South America.

5. Casearia tremula Griseb.; Sauv. Anal. Acad. Ci. Hab. 5:

201. 1868.

Zuelania tremula Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 9. 1866.

Casearta spiralis Johnston, Proc. Am. Acad. 40: 691. 1905.

Casearta bonariensts Boldingh, Fl. Dutch W. I. 2: 68. 1914.

Laetia glabra Brandeg. Univ. Calif. Pub. Bot. 6: 369. 1916.

Guidonia tremula Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 56. 1894.

Distribution: Cuba, Curacao, Aruba, Bonaire, Margarita;
southern, Mexico, Columbia and Venezuela.

Illustration: Boldingh, Fl. Dutch W. I. 2: pl. 8.

6. Myroxylon clarense (Urban) P. Wilson, comb. nov.
Xylosma clarense Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 22. 89. 1925.
Distribution: Cuba.

7. Myroxylon Dussii (Urban) P. Wilson, comb. nov.
Xylosma Duss Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 22: 89, 1925.
Distribution: Guadeloupe.

8. Myroxylon Shaferi P. Wilson, sp. nov.

A shrub about 2.4 m. high, the young twigs brown, puberu-
lent with spreading hairs, the branches gray; petioles about
0.5 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic or somewhat obovate, 2-5 mm.
long, 1-3.5 mm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the apex, acute
or occasionally somewhat rounded at the base, coriaceous, glab-
rous; primary veins indistinct above, rather prominent beneath;
flowers and fruit unknown.

Type collected at Pena Blanca and vicinity, Pinar del Rio,
Cuba, J. A. Shafer 13879 (Herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden).

NEw YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

A Drug Map of the World

_ RoLtanpD M. HARPER

The National Wholesale Druggists’ Association has recently
published a drug map of the world, by Edwin L. Newcomb, meas-
uring about three by five feet, and intended to be displayed in
drug store windows during ‘‘National Pharmacy Week”’ (the
third week in October). The map shows the approximate source
of about 225 standards drugs, by means of their names inserted
at the proper places. The drugs named are nearly all crude
drugs of vegetable origin, “‘official’”’ (officinal) in the United
States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary. No inorganic
products, and only three or four of animal origin, are included.
There are also three which might be said to belong to both the
vegetable and animal kingdoms, namely, nut-galls, and white
and yellow wax (the two last being different forms of beeswax).

There are of course all gradations between the most im-
portant vegetable drugs and those which are of imaginary value
or inert, and the number officially recognized varies in the phar-
macopoeias of different countries and in the same country at
different times, with a tendency to reduce the number from
time to time as synthetic products and surgical processes are
substituted for the old herb medicines, New discoveries in medic-
inal plants are rare, and most of our vegetable drugs have been
known for a century or more, and some since pre-historic times.

In some cases two or more different drugs are yielded by the
same plant, or the same drug may appear in the trade in differ-
ent forms, such as powder, tincture, oil, etc. On the other hand,
the same drug or its equivalent may come from either of two
or more related species, and occasionally from different genera
or families.!. Although Dr. Newcomb’s selection includes some
drugs which are no longer in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, but may
still be articles of commerce, and omits several officinal plants
(perhaps because there was not room for them all on the map),
such discrepancies may not seriously affect the following gen-
eralizations.

1 Two striking cases of this are anise, from Pimpinella Anisum of Europe
and J/licium verum of eastern Asia, and storax, formerly derived from Styrax
officinalis of western Asia (said to be now nearly extinct), and now from two
species of Liguidambar.

74

le)

The first glance at the map shows that drug plants are very
unevenly distributed over the earth. It is not surprising that
they are scarce or absent in arctic regions and deserts, and in
other sparsely settled regions where there are few persons who
can identify and gather them. On the other hand, there is a
marked concentration of them in many mountainous regions.
This may be mostly because mountain regions generally retain
much of their original wild flora, and most medicinal plants
which may have originally inhabited fertile plains have given
way to cultivated crops. Another possibility is that the soil
has something to do with it. For some reason not understood,
medicinal plants seem to be rather partial to climax vegetation
with abundant humus, and scarce in acid soils (there are few or
none among the bryophytes, and in such acid-loving families
as the Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Orchidaceae, Hypericaceae and
Ericaceae), and perhaps also in alkaline soils (preferred by such
families as the Chenopodiaceae, Cactaceae, Onagraceae, Borra-
ginaceae and Ambrosiaceae). If they really avoid alkaline soils
that may explain why they are much more numerous in the east-
ern than in the western United States. Mountains on the whole
seem to have soils neither acid nor alkaline, but approximately
neutral.

If we interpret the tropics mathematically as that portion
of the earth within 234 degrees of the equator, 159 of the drug
plants mapped by Dr. Newcomb come from the North Tem-
perate zone, 59 from the tropics, and only 5 from the South
Temperate zone. Onlya few are common to temperate and trop-
ical regions. Dividing them by continents and smaller divi-
sions, we find that Canada has 17, the eastern United States 88,
western United States 14, Mexico and Central America 13, the
West Indies 11, South America 24, Europe 69, western Asia 24,
eastern Asia 40, Africa 29, and Australia and Polynesia 5. This
grouping of course involves more duplication than the zonal
one, for several species are common to different continents, or
native in one and introduced or cultivated in another. Of those
in the eastern United States, 62 are pretty certainly native,
16 are usually weeds, and 10 cultivated. Information is lacking
as to the status of those in other countries, but they are prob-
ably mostly native also; for it is not usually profitable to cul-
tivate a plant for medicinal purposes as long as the same species

76

is common somewhere in the wild state.2, (Some plants which
are cultivated for food or fiber, such as corn and cotton, do in-
deed yield medicinal products also; but those are by-products,
and plant breeders usually emphasize one particular quality in
a plant, and any other is only incidental.)

If we study the representation of different families in the
medicinal flora of the world we find some interesting variations.
The families most largely represented in Dr. Newcomb’s list
are Leguminosae (including Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and
Fabaceae, for these families are not usually separated in the
literature of pharmacy), Compositae (Carduaceae), Umbelli-
ferae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae (including Melanthaceae, etc.), Zin-
giberaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, Rosaceae (including
Amygdalaceae, etc.), Labiatae (Nepetaceae), Rubiaceae, Gram-
ineae (Poaceae), Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Piperaceae, Cu-
puliferae (Fagaceae), Lauraceae, Menispermaceae, Loganiaceae,
Rhamnaceae, Gentianaceae, Iridaceae, Berberidaceae,and Capri-
foliaceae (each of these includingat least three medicinal species).
But if we consider the ratio of medicinal plants to total number
of species, the sequence would be quite different, and some
small families might outrank the Leguminosae and Compositae.

There is of course a vast difference in the families repre-
sented in the temperate and tropical floras. The leading drug
plant families in the North Temperate zone seem to be Composi-
tae, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae (etc.), Solanaceae, Labiatae,
Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Berberidaceae, Rhamnace-
ae, Cupuliferae, Gentianaceae, Rosaceae, and Caprifoliaceae;
and in the tropics Leguminosae (etc.), Piperaceae, Rubiaceae,
Zingiberaceae, Menispermaceae, Simarubaceae, Myrtaceae,
Sterculiaceae, Loganiaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae.

In the North Temperate list there are 3 algae, 2 fungi, 1
lichen, 2 pteridophytes, 4 conifers, and 19 monocotyledons.
The tropical drug plants are all angiosperms, and only 8 of them
monocotyledons; though the proportion of monocotyledons is
about 13% in both zones.?

? Report upon the Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants, H. H. Rusby,
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 16, 155, Aug. 1915.

The Outlook for Drug Culture in North America, H. H. Rusby, Columbia
University Quarterly, 19: 7-14, Dec. 1916.

3 See Torreya 5: 207-210. (Jan. 1906).

Ut

By size, etc., the drug plants of temperate regions may be
classed as follows:—Large trees 16, small trees 10, woody vines
2, shrubs 25, herbs 100, and cellular cryptogams (thallophytes)
6. In the tropics 25 are trees (large or small), 5 woody vines, 11
shrubs, and 11 herbs, according to the best information avail-
able at this writing.

The parts used vary considerably too in different zones.
Among the vegetable drugs mapped in the North Temperate
zone, whole plants (sometimes excluding roots) contribute 15,
roots, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs 53, twigs 1, juice, gum or resin
12, bark of stem 15, bark of root 4, leaves (and tops) 25, flowers
and parts thereof (and buds) 11, drupes, berries, and other
. fleshy fruits (including rind, pulp, or juice) 15, and dry fruits,
achenes, seeds and spores 17. In the tropics, roots and rhizomes
contribute 11 of our drugs, stems or wood 3, gum, juice, or
wood extract (including powder in wood) 13, bark 5, leaves (and
twigs) 7, flowers and parts thereof 2, fleshy fruits 7, and dry
fruits and seeds 8.

An analysis of the chemical or therapeutic properties of all
these drugs by zones, countries, families, plant parts, etc.,
would doubtless also show some interesting contrasts, but would
be a much more difficult matter, for many drugs have several
different properties, some more important than others. But
such a study might very well be made by some one studying the
medicinal flora of a single state or other limited area. Probably
as many as half of the drug plants in the United States can be
found in any one of several eastern states.

ATHENS, GA.

Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal, Vagnera
stellata (L.) Morong, on Eastern
Long Island, N. Y.

Roy LATHAM

A note in Torreya, July-Aug., 1929, by Mr. Raymond H.
Torrey, published a record for this species growing in sand dunes
in Sunken Meadow, Long Island and considered it a rare occur-
rence in his experience.

I would record here that the species is quite general and
common to abundant on eastern Long Island, occurring on both
forks. I have always considered and recorded the plant one of
the common species in the flora of the Southold township. Dune
and beach sands are its common habitat in this region and it
frequently straggles out into sandy brackish swamps. In
Orient where the species is certainly abundant it is more general
in distribution than elsewhere on the north shore. In Orient
on the beach sands between Gardiner’s and Long Beach Bays
the plant grows in large thrifty beds associated with the red
cedar, Juniperus virginiana; beach plum, Prunus maritima;
bayberry, Myrica carolinensis; pitch pine, Pinus rigida; post
oak, Quercus stellata; sea lovage, Ligusticum scothicum; sea-
side golden-rod Solidage sempervirens and many other plants
in the flora common of the sea coast. This locality is occasionally
washed by flood tides, but very rarely during the growing sea-
son.

On the mainland in Orient we find the plant in various situa-
tions, but most frequently in dry woodlands. One tract of dry
soil covered with a heavy growth of red cedars, which has been
cleared since the World War, contained a covering of this Solo-
son’s-seal. The large plants were knee-high and extended over
an area of two and one-half acres. The soil is a rich, dry loam—
known as the famous Orient potato soil, but extremely acid
before being limed.

At Southold and Peconic we find the species in the dune
sand, often high and dry, dwarf of growth and struggling to
keep above the shifting sands.

We record the species in Mattituck, Riverhead, Calverton
and on the Islands of Shelter and Gardiner’s.

On the south shore we record the species from Montauk.

78

—————

79

Locally common on dune and beach sands at Napeague, Prom-
ised Land, Amagansett and westward along the ocean front
through Easthampton, Bridgehampton and Southamptom.
And at Three Mile Harbor westward through the Little North-
west, Sag Harbor, Noyack, North Haven, North Sea and locally
common on the dry sands in the hills of the Shinnecock.

ORIENT, N. Y.

PIECED TRIPS-OF THE CLUB
EARLY BLOSSOMING TREES ON BEAR MOUNTAIN TRIP

Several trees and shrubs were found in bloom, on Sunday,
March 23 ona field trip in the Hudson Highlands, in the eastern
part of the Bear Mountain-Harriman State Park. Acer rubrum,
Populus tremuloides, Corylus americana, Ulmus fulva and AI-
nus rugosa were in full bloom. Betula lenta was well advanced.
Several good stands of the American aspen were seen, some of
even age, which had escaped fire and were eight to ten inches
in diameter, handsome in their olive bark. Gray birch and
American aspen are the trees that usually cover up the cut
over and burned areas first in this region.

Herbaceous plants were not in bloom, except the hardy
skunk cabbage. Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara, was seen in bright
golden bloom along railroad fills on the way to Bear Mountain;
it bloomed on the Palisades about March 10. Arbutus buds
were showing a trace of color, Hepatica was still wrapped in fur.

Four Lycopodiums—lucidulum clavatum, obscurum and
complanatum were seen in a swamp west of Bear Mountain;
also a sturdy clump of the striking Tree Moss, Climacium.

Leaf and flower buds of the red-berried elder, Sambucus
racemosa, were ready to open, along the new fill of the Popolo-
pen Drive. Why do not those who are concerned in producing
new cover for such construction work, use this handsome native
shrub more often, with its early flowers, and early fruit, ma-
turing in late July. It will grow in raw rocky fill, and asks no
favors, only a start. Rubus odoratus is another native shrubby
plant which volunteers to cover such raw spots, and is handsome
in leaf and bloom. The parapet blocks on this Drive are inter-
esting specimens of the geological formations of the district.

RAYMOND H. TORREY

FIELD TRIP OF APRIL 6, 1930

A party of thirty four members and friends of the club
started north from the Dyckman Street ferry along the Pali-
sades. Near the ferry house the party stopped to examine the
patch of coltsfoot that had been found in blossom on the trip
of March 9th. The month that had elapsed seemed to have
made little difference in the appearance of the plant, there were

80

81

about the same number of open flower heads, but no sign of any
in fruit. Along the path there was a more noticeable change, the
elms and alders that had been in full bloom had now past the
blossoming season, red maples that had not shown flowers
before were now in their prime. A few hepaticas were found in
blossom and dutchmen’s breeches was abundant on the hill-
sides, some fully out, but mostly with the flower buds only half
open. A patch of periwinkle, Vinca minor, showed its violet
blossoms half hidden among the evergreen leaves. This and a
few gnarled apple trees marked the location of a home of long

=

=———__~
_ ==

Staminate flowers of willow partly transformed to pistillate.

ago. Near Buttermi-k Falls the party climbed to the top along a
long disused road, stopping to note the flower buds of the red-
berried elder, the opening leaf buds of the bladder nut and the
vines of the moon seed, Menispermum. Search along the brook
at the top failed to reveal any of the golden club, Orontium
aquaticum, in blossom, though a few leaves had reached the sur-
face and some of the flower spikes were showing below. Back
in the Kelders the heart-leafed willow was just coming into
bloom while Salix discolor was past its prime. Two shrubs, ap-
parently of discolor, were found with the flowers showing all
stages of transition from staminate to pistillate. Evidently
staminate plants, every catkin had some flowers with stamens
transformed into pistils. Dissection with a pen knife showed
ovules in these ovaries while the stamens were all shedding pol-
len. The accompanying sketches show some of the many forms,

82

the long silky hairs of the scales being omitted in all but the
first. As the party descended the broken edge of the Palisades
above Alpine the rock cress, Arabis lyrata, showed masses of
white flowers in the crevices of the rocks, while numerous plants
of the sickle pod, A. canadensis, had clusters of flower buds down
close to the leaves. Ina hedge along the road above the Pali-
sades one of the party stopped to examine an old bird’s nest,
finding in it two eggs, one ewidently that of the builder of the
nest, a chipping sparrow, though the egg was bleached white,
the other a cow bird’s. Few birds were seen, the ones most
worthy of note being a few phoebes and a small flock of fox
sparrows.
GEORGE T. HASTINGS

FIELD MEETING OF APRIL 12

Springs flowers were found to be late in bloom, on the joint
excursion of the Torrey Botanical Club and the New York
Section of the Green Mountain Club, in the South Mountain
Reservation of the Essex County Park system, on Saturday,
April 12. Apparently cool weather had slowed up the progress
of vegetation; the woods were still mostly brown and bare, but
along the streams, some greenery was afforded by the skunk
cabbage and green hellebore. Spice bush was only beginning to
bloom in a few sunny spots. A few hepaticas were found in
blossom.

However, in the absence of blooming plants, the party of
twenty nine, under the leadership of Mr. Andrew Scarlett of
South Orange, N. J. found several objects of geological interest.
Chief among these was the Turtle Back Rocks, on First Watch-
ung Mountain, near Northfield avenue, a striking example of
incipient columnar formation in basalt. Boulders containing
marine shell casts, from the Silurian formations of the Upper
Hudson Valley, were found in glacial gravel in a pit, south of the
Orange Reservoir. Fresh exposures of the columnar basalt in
a quarry west of South Orange, were also of interest.

RAYMOND H. TORREY

FIELD MEETING OF APRIL 26

Spring had advanced swiftly in two weeks. The field meet-
ing of Saturday afternoon, April 26, was another joint excur-

83

sion of the Torrey Botanical Club, and New York Section of
the Green Mountain Club, including also members of the New
York and Brooklyn Entomological Societies, and the Yosians.
Twenty eight were present. The route was from Douglaston,
along the edge of the salt meadows, to Alley Pond, up the
valley sapped in the moraine by a spring brook, through the
kettle hole moraine area to Hillside Park and to Hollis.

The most striking flower display was the colony of Golden
Club, Orontium aquaticum, in Potamogeton Pond, north of
Queens Village. There were hundreds of the golden spadices,
in the height of bloom, a splendid sight in the slanting light of
the afternoon sun. This is certainly the largest and perhaps the
only remaining station for this plant within the limits of Greater
New York. Riccia natans which was found by members of a
Torrey Botanical Club party last November, in this pond, then
dried up, in its terrestrial state on the moist turf, had not reap-
peared in its floating form. Szum cicutaefolium was plentiful
mixed among the Golden Club.

An interesting plant, not common in the vicinity of New
York City, was Duchesnea indica, the Indian Strawberry, near
Alley Pond. Another adventive, which caused discussion, be-
cause of a suggestion of sumac about it, though this was dis-
pelled by the bare panicles of last year’s bloom, was Sorbaria
sorbifolia, escaped from cultivation on the site of an old farm,
on a lane running south from Alley Pond.

Ranunculus fascicularis and abortivus were two members of
that genus in bloom; also, in the same family two anemones,
Anemone quinguifolia, and Anemonella thalictroides. Hepatica
does not appear to have survived in the Queens woods, but
Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis was pleasingly persistent,
some times in woods and again along hedgerows between fields
where rocks had been piled. The Yellow Adder’s Tongue, or
Fawn Lily, to give it the much better common name proposed
by John Burroughs, Erythronium americanum, was also com-
mon in wet places. While these are common species in outlying
parts of the suburbs of New York City, it was pleasant to find
them surviving so well within the limits of the metropolis and
within sight of the skyscrapers on Manhattan. Spice bush was
in height of bloom too, around Alley Pond.

The kettle hole ponds were dryer than usual at the season,
and their conditions, where some that ordinarily sustain Pota-

84

mogeton, Brasenia, Utricularia and other water plants, were
quite dry, raised the question as to how these aquatics sustain
such drying out of their habitats. One kettle hole, which I
found golden with the flowers of Utricularia vulgaris, in July,
1929, was dry, and the plant can scarcely develop this year un-
less there is more moisture in the next few weeks. But perhaps
they rest and take no harm, and reappear when conditions are
suitable, if such dryness is not repeated too many seasons in

succession.
RAYMOND H. TORREY

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
MEETING OF FEBRUARY 19, 1930

The meeting was called to order at The New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 Pp. M. by President Sinnott. The minutes of the
meetings of January 15 and February 4 were read and approved.
Twenty-two members were present.

A motion was made and seconded that the following mem-
bers be made life members of the club:

Mr. George E. Osterhout, Windsor Weld Company, Colo-
rado, and Miss Caroline Coventry Haynes, Highlands, Mon-
mouth County, New Jersey.

A motion was made and seconded that our previous presi-
dent, Dr. Denslow, be made a life member.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Mr. Alexander Hirshkowitz, 1760 Montgomery Avenue,
New York City; Mrs. Jennie L. S. Simpson, Hunter College,
Park Ave. at 68th Street, New York City; Miss Marjorie
Aldous, 43 High Street, Passaic, New Jersey.

The resignations of Miss Johanna Oppenheimer and Mr.
Hans Wilkins were accepted.

The death of Dr. A. H. MacKay was also reported.

A committee consisting of Dr. Marshall A. Howe and Dr.
Forman T. McLean, appointed at the meeting of January 3,
to prepare a minute on the death of Maturin L. Delafield, re-
ported as follows:

Maturin Livingston Delafield, whose death in Lausanne,
Switzerland, on December 18, 1929, at the age of 60, we much
regret to record, was Librarian of the Torrey Botanical Club

85

for four years (1889-’92) and Treasurer of the Club for three
years (1898-1900). His services to the Club are held in grateful
remembrance by its older members. In 1899, he became a Pa-
tron of the Botanical Society of America, a distinction that he
shared later with Mr. J. P. Morgan and Dr. and Mrs. N. L.
Britton. Ill health unfortunately led to his retirement from
business and from office in the Club, after which, he lived
abroad, chiefly in Switzerland. However, he continued his in-
terest in plants and his membership in the Club. In view of the
final passing of a member of forty two years standing.

BE IT, THEREFORE, RESOLVED, that the Torrey Botanical
Club sincerely deplores the loss of a faithful and accomplished
friend in the death of Maturin Livingston Delafield; and that a
copy of this minute be transmitted to his bereaved family.

Mr. W.S. Bourn of the Boyce Thompson Institute, gave a
talk on “‘Destruction of Aquatic Plants in the Sounds Region
of Eastern North Carolina.’’ He described the changes in the
aquatic flora in some of the fresh water lakes along the coast of
North Carolina caused by admitting salt water through the
canals. This apparently resulted in the destruction of the pond
weed which is one of the principal food plants of the wild fowl.
He strongly advocated the replacement of tide locks in the
canals in order to restore the fresh water condition of the lakes.

Professor E. W. Sinnott followed with an interesting account
of ‘The Relations between the Characters of the Petiole and
those of its Constituent Cells in Acer.”

Meeting adjoined at 5:00 P. M.

Respectfully submitted,
FORMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

MEETING OF Marcu 4, 1930

The meeting was called to order at the American Museum
of Natural History at 8:15 p. M. by President Sinnott. Fifty-one
members were present.

It was moved by Dr. Benedict and seconded by Dr. Harper
that the club go on record as favoring Legislative statute for
the protection of native wild plants. The secretary was in-
structed to send communications to this effect to the Governor
of New York and local representatives in the Legislature.

86

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Mr. N. C. Thornton, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant
Research, Yonkers, New York; Mr. Wm. Conway Price, Boyce
Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, New York.

The following resignations were accepted:

Dr. Winifred J. Robinson and Dr. Lewis E. Wehmeyer.

The death of Mr. Charles E. Foote was reported with regret.

Mr. Carl T. Ramsey gave a talk on “Insect Pollinating
Mechanisms in Native and Cultivated Orchids.”

The orchid family is not only cosmopolitan but truly a mul-
titudinous host, embracing 400 genera and about 15,000 known
living species. Orchids are found at all latitudes and altitudes
from sea level to 13,000 feet and from the tropics north to
the limits of vegetation towards the poles. In North America,
north of Mexico there are 146 species.

All of our existing orchids are dependent on insects for pol-
lination. We do not know just when the orchids started their
flirtation with the insects but we may safely assume that it may
have been during the Cretaceous age, possibly 30 million years
ago. Early in their development they not only became the most
gorgeous and exclusive race of plants but Itkewise learned to
climb trees and precipitous cliffs to find the sunlight they always
demand even in the densest tropical forest. The strange and
fascinating forms of the orchids are all fashioned to suit them
for insect pollination. Until this is fully understood the marvel
of the orchids’ delicate and tinted lips cannot be appreciated.
Further, in most cases each species has a separate insect to pol-
linate it. This, of course, makes the operation a most uncertain
one, so comparatively few orchids ever set seeds. How this in-
teresting and complicating relationship first arose is almost
beyond speculation. The illustrious Darwin clearly demonstrated
a half century ago that all of this was an effort to produce a
healthy race when fusing new blood in the process of cross-pol-
lination. There are comparatively few orchid hybrids, but
every orchid is the result of a cross, few of them being even
able to develop seed from their own pollen. Further the struc-
ture is such that a pollination of orchids without the help of
insects is almost impossible under natural conditions. The
showy orchid, one of the handsomest of our native species is

87

adapted to pollination by wild bees. The sticky masses of pollen
are so placed that they are sure to adhere to the eyes of the bee
when he visits the flower and need to be dried out by exposure
to the air before they rise to a position where they can pollinate
another flower. This insures that the pollen will only be used in
cross-pollination with a flower from another plant. Arethusa has
a much simpler arrangement, its pollen sticking like a porous
plaster to the back of the bee already to be scraped by the stig-
ma of the next flower visitor.

Mr. Ramsey went on to tell of the insects that pollinate dif-
ferent species of the fringed orchids, and the mechanisms that
insure pollination; how the different times of flowering discour-
age hybridizing, despite which occasional hybrids are found,—but
they are exceptional. He also intimated that at least one native
orchid, Calopogon, is a practical joker and a fraud, enticing the
bumble bee into the flower, tumbling him about and plastering
him with sticky pollen, them tumbling him out to seek another
flower, without any reward of nectar at all! That the bee, un-
daunted goes on the next orchid bloom and pollinates it, only
to get the same rough treatment, speaks more for his busy in-
dustry than his shrewdness.

In many of the orchids, the flower structure not only at-
tracts one particular insect, but also guides and forces him to
follow certain narrow paths, to insure that he does the required
work—whether he gets paid in nectar or not. Most of the or-
chids, unlike our native Calopogon, are honest and reward their
insect benefactors properly. To further attract the proper in-
sects, some of the orchids have nocturnal fragrance as well as
brilliant coloring and grotesque form.

Mr. Ramsey also described the remarkable structures of the
Lady’s Slipper and many of the exotic orchids, showing how
each is cunningly fitted for pollination by a particular insect.

The talk was illustrated by beautifully colored slides of the
orchids as Mr. Ramsey has found them growing, and drawings
to show details of the devices for pollination.

Meeting adjoined at 9:40 p. M. for refreshments.

Respectfully submitted,

ForRMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

88

MEETING OF MaArcH 19, 1930

The meeting was called to order at The New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 Pp. M. by President Sinnott. Minutes of the
meetings of February 19 and March 4 were read and approved.
Twenty-five members were present.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club:

Mr. L. Gordon Utter, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn,
New York; Miss Margaret Paine Fisher, Woodrow Wilson
Hotel, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Miss A. Thurston, 93 Bel-
vedere Avenue, Yonkers, New York.

The following resignations were accepted:

Mr. Arthur C. Lasswell, Mr. Arthur Carpenter, and Mr.
Charles E. Raynal.

A letter was read by our President from the Wisconsin Go-
Hiking Club urging us to save the Wolf River district. The
matter was brought up and discussed but no action was taken
regarding it

Mr. ChesterW.Emmons gave a talk on ‘‘Clamp Connections
on Mycelia of Fungi.”

Professor J. S. Karling gave a talk on “‘Recent Studies on
Chytrids.”’

There was a discussion after each talk.

Meeting adjourned at 5 P. M.

Respectfully submitted,
FORMAN T. MCLEAN, Secretary

MEETING OF APRIL 1, 1930

The meeting was called to order at the American Museum
of Natural History at 8:15 p. M. by President Sinnott. Eighty
four members and friends were present.

Mrs. R. P. Wodehouse, 75 Ridge Drive, Yonkers, New York,
was unanimously elected to membership in the club.

Professor M. A. Chrysler of Rutgers University gave a talk
on “Color Photography and Autochrome Pictures of the New
Jersey Pine Barrens.’’ He showed lantern slides made by three
different methods, a large number of them illustrating the veg-
etation of the New Jersey pine barrens.

Meeting adjourned at 9:40 Pp. M. for refreshments.

Respectfully submitted
FORMAN T. McLEAn, Secretary

89
NEWS NOTES

U. S. ExpLtorers Hunt ALFALFAS
ON PLAINS OF CENTRAL ASIA

After visiting most of the countries of Central Europe and
working their way well into Asia, H. L. Westover and W. E.
Whitehouse, representatives of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
U.S. Department of Agriculture recently returned to the United
States, bringing several hundred new plant varieties, principally
alfalfa and fruits.

One of the principal purposes of the trip was to obtain varie-
ties of alfalfa which might prove immune from or resistant to
bacterial wilt, a disease which is proving serious to alfalfa grow-
ers in the Middle West. Preliminary tests had indicated that
varieties from Turkestan and France were somewhat resistant
to the disease.

Besides obtaining alfalfa seed from every section of Turkes-
tan, Mr. Westover also brought back seed from France, Italy,
Germany, Poland, Austria, Rumania, Hungary, and Czecho-
slovakia. In all, he brought back about 170 lots of alfalfa seed.
These seeds will be tested at our experiment stations to deter-
mine whether or not they are resistant to wilt. Doctor
Whitehouse was successful in his search for fruits, and brought
back seeds of apricot, almond, apple, pistache, and melons. The
melon seed will be used by plant breeders who are trying to com-
bat melon wilts by breeding new wilt-resistant strains of high
quality. The wild fruits are to be tried out in an effort to deter-
mine their value as stocks and in addition they may prove of
value to plant breeders.

THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLINIA

Tallahassee, Fla~—Another search for a rare plant has
failed. In the spring of 1773, William Bartram, noted botanical
explorer, discovered a handsome shrub, something like a bay,
near the Altamaha river, while on his way from Savannah, Ga.,
to Florida, on horse-back. He called it Franklinia Altamaha

In the next few years other botanists visited the locality,
and transplanted specimens to northern gardens, where some
of their descendants still survive. But since 1790 all searches
for it in its native haunts have been fruitless, although there
have been a few false reports of its re-discovery.

90

Last year a horticulturist from Washington thought he had
re-discovered it at the original locality, and the story was given
wide publicity in the newspapers, but it turned out that he mis-
took the tan bay, a tree of the same family, for it. This spring,
Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, of the U. S. department of agriculture,
and Dr. Frank Thone, of the Science Service news bureau, ac-
companied by the man who believed that he had re-discovered
the plant last year, and Dr. C. C. Harrold, of Macon, who has
the Franklinia growing at his home, made a careful search for
it along the Altamaha, but without success.

At the last session of the New York State Legislature an
appropriation of $400,000 was made for the equipment of the
new Plant Sciences building which is nearing completion. The
building is to cost about $1,000,000 exclusive of equipment.

Measuring star size and plant growth. The interferometer,
used in measuring the size of stars has been adapted by Dr.
K. W. Meissner, of Frankfort, Germany, to study the growth
of plants. With the instrument the growth of plants can actually
be seen and watched. For most plants the growth is about one
hundred thousanth of an inch a second. With the direct light
of a mercury vapor lamp the rate increases greatly, ether fumes
caused growth to stop allmost instantly.

Llewelyn Williams, assistant in wood technology on the
staff of the Field Museum, Chicago, and leader of the Peruvian
division of the Marshall Field Botanical Expedition to the
Amazon, returned the middle of May. He has made collections
of woods and other botanical material in the Amazonian forests
of Peru, and explored some regions believed never before to have
been entered by a white man. Mr. Williams has been in the
field about one year. The other division of the expedition,
which worked along the Amazon in Brazil under the leadership
of Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, acting curator of botany, returned
several months ago. (Science)

Dr. J. Arthur Harris, professor of botany and head of the
department of botany in the University of Minnesota since
1924, and from 1907 to 1924 botanical investigator at the
Station for Experimental Evolution of the Cargenie Institution
of Washington, died on April 24. Dr. Harris was in his fiftieth
year. (Science)

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Vol. 32 July-August, 1932 No. 4

TORREYA |

A Bi-MontTHty JourNaAL oF Botanica Notes anD News

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY

GEORGE T. HASTINGS .

John Torrey, 1796-1873 )

CONTENTS

Observations on the flower behavior of the Avocado in Panama,......

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The Corema Conradii station on Shawangunk Mountain, RAYMOND

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TORKRKREYA

Vol. 32 July-August, 1932 No. 4

Observations on the flower behavior of the Avocado in Panama
ALEXANDER F. SKUTCH

About the pleasant grounds of the Research House of the
United Fruit Company fronting on the Changuinola Lagoon
twenty miles west of Almirante in western Panama, where I re-
sided during the first half of the year 1929, stood about a dozen
well-grown avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.), some of them
very large, well-rounded specimens. While the history of these
particular trees is not definitely known, and they were undoubtedly
planted at widely separated intervals, they all probably represented
the usual unpedigreed and ungrafted stock, such as one finds in the
dooryard plantings of the natives throughout the region. The heavy
solstitial rains abated early in January, and gave way to the de
lightful weather which prevails in the region during the early
months of the year. The days were generally clear, although the
sky was sometimes overcast it seldom rained, and at noon the tem-
perature in the shade rarely exceeded 80° F’. In such weather, about
the middle of January, the earliest avocado trees began to flower,
and thence until the middle of March some of the trees were in
blossom. At the same time they shed the old leaves of the previous
season, and acquired a new covering of bright green.

Having read a paper by Robinson and Savage (1) on the polli-
nation of the avocado in Florida, I was eager to observe for myself
the interesting and peculiar floral behavior which they recorded. A
friend familiar with tropical fruit trees with whom I discussed the
matter seemed to doubt whether the avocado—at least in the trop-
ics—actually exhibited the double period of anthesis which these
authors describe, which made me the more interested to determine
for myself what the situation actually was. Although we have sev-
eral excellent accounts of the anthesis of improved and grafted
avocados in subtropical California and Florida, I am not aware that
anything has been published, at least in the American botanical

85

86

literature, concerning the behavior of the flowers of unimproved
trees in the tropics. Since such trees seem closer to the ancestral
wild stock than the highly selected varieties chosen by commercial
orchardists, a record of the behavior of a few of them might con-
tain certain points of interest.

Stout’s careful studies of the flower behavior and the pollina-
tion of the avocado (2, 3), begun in southern California during the
winter of 1922-23, are the basis of our knowledge of the subject.
He discovered that each flower has two distinct periods of opening,
separated by a period of variable duration in which it is closed. Dur-
ing the first opening the anthers remain closed and shed no pollen,
but the pistil is receptive to pollen brought from other trees. In the
intervening closed period the stigma withers, with the result that
at the second opening of the flower on the following day, when the
anthers dehisce and shed their pollen, self-pollination is no longer
possible. Since all flowers of a set on the same tree behave in the
same manner, opening and closing simultaneously, agreeing in the
condition of their anthers and stigmas, with slight or no overlap-
ping of the first and second opening of different flowers, close-polli-
nation is very unlikely to occur.

In respect to their periods of dianthesis, all avocados so far
studied fall into two distinct groups. In the one, which Stout has
designated as Class A, the flowers open first with receptive stigmas
in the morning, when we may for conciseness term them “function-
ally pistillate,” close some time during the middle of the day, re-
main closed for about twenty-four hours, and open the second
time to shed their pollen during the afternoon of the succeeding
day. After persisting a few hours as functionally staminate flowers,
they close in the late afternoon and never again expand. Trees of
Class B are characterized by the fact that their flowers open first
in the afternoon,—like the former functionally pistillate during the
first anthesis,—and close again late in the day, but on the basis of
the time of the second expansion their flowers fall into three groups.
In the first (B,), all the flowers of the tree open for the second
time and shed their pollen over a period of several hours the fol-
lowing morning. The life of these flowers is roughly 24 hours. In
the second (B,), after closing at the end of their first period of
expansion, the flowers remain closed during two nights and a day,
and open again only on the second morning following, when they
shed their pollen as in the case of the preceding group. Their life

Fig. 1. The inflorescence of the avocado. The flowers are borne on the
basal branches of the newly expanding annual growth increment of the
shoot, the terminal portion of which bears the young leaves of the season.
February 12, 1929.

is then about 48 hours. The third group (B,) is made up of trees
that bear some flowers which exhibit the behavior of each of the
preceding groups. That is, after the termination of their first
period of anthesis, some will remain closed a single night and open
the following morning, while others on the same tree will remain

Fig. 2. The reciprocal alternations of the development of the pistils and
anthers of avocado flowers. At right, flowers of Taylor, a typical Class A
variety; at left, flowers of Panchoy, typical of Class B. The upper photo-
graph shows the appearance of the two classes at the same moment in the
forenoon, the lower in the afternoon, when a different set of flowers is
open on each tree. In the morning, Class A flowers in their first opening
(upper right) are receptive to the pollen which is shed by Class B flowers
in their second opening (upper left). In the afternoon, Class A flowers in
their second opening (lower right) shed pollen which may be carried to the
receptive stigmas of Class B flowers in their first opening (lower left).
Photograph by Dr. A. B. Stout.

89

closed two nights and a day, and expand again on the second
morning following.

During the morning, bees and other insects may carry pollen
from Class B trees with flowers in their second opening to the re-
ceptive stigmas of Class A flowers in their first opening, while
during the afternoon the process is reversed.

All trees of the same horticultural variety belong to the same
class and their flowers open and close, under like weather condi-
tions, at about the same time. Indeed, since they are all derived by
vegetative means of propagation from the same tree, they behave
exactly as though they were branches of a single individual.

- Stout in California and Florida and Robinson and Savage in
Florida have determined the classification of a large number of
named varieties.

The small, yellowish flowers of the avocado are borne in pani-
cled clusters on short, leafless branches at the base of the annual
shoot (Fig. 1). The fully expanded blossom measures about 12 mm.
in diameter. The six perianth divisions are alike in size and color.
There are nine staniens arranged in two rows, the six of the outer
series situated opposite the perianth divisions, the three of the
inner series inserted just inside of those three of the outer series
which lie opposite the outer perianth divisions or sepals. In the
center of the flower is a single one-ovuled pistil with short style
and simple, capitate stigma. During the first opening, when the
stigma is receptive, the nine stamens with their closed anthers are
bent outward and lie above the inner face of the perianth divisions,
leaving the stigma fully exposed (2, Fig. 2). At the second opening,
when the stigma is usually discolored, the three inner stamens,
their filaments somewhat elongated, stand upright in the center of
the flower overshadowing the pistil, while the other six curve
obliquely upward (4, Fig. 2). Each anther opens by four neat, up-
lifted, elliptical valves and sheds its yellowish pollen.

After I had become familiar with the general type of behavior
of the trees by preliminary observations, I devoted February 16
and 17, 1929, both clear, warm days, to the observation of eight
trees whose lower branches were accessible from the ground or
from an eight-foot step-ladder. On each of six of these trees twen-
ty flowers were marked with small jeweller’s tags, so there could
be no doubt of the behavior of individual blossoms. Both days,
from 7:30 a.m., when the earliest flowers were opening, until sun-

90

set, when the last flowers closed, were spent in a continuous round
from tree to tree. Less continuous observations to determine cer-
tain points of interest were made on subsequent days. The eight
trees fell into three well-marked groups.

I. Two trees growing side by side agreed essentially in their
floral behavior. Both belonged to class A. The fresh flower buds
began to open in the morning at 9:20, and by 9:30 some were com-
pletely expanded. The stigmas were fresh and apparently receptive,
the filaments declined and the anthers closed. Thus they remained
during the remainder of the morning. By 12 noon some flowers
began to close; by 12:30 many were closed and others still closing.
The flowers then remained closed for slightly more than 24 hours.
or until about 1 p.m. the following day, when they began to expand
for the second time. The stigmas of most had withered but in a
few cases they still appeared fresh. The anthers began to shed their
pollen about 15 minutes after the flowers opened. At 4:40 p.m.
the flowers began to close, at 5 they were about one-half closed,
and at 5:20 completely closed.

These trees, especially the smaller, set a fair quantity of fruit.

II. Two large trees belonged to class B. In both the flowers
opened for the first time between 2:30 and 3:20 p.m. and remained
in anthesis with receptive stigmas during the latter part of the
afternoon, different individuals closing for the night between 4:45
and 6 p.m. They opened the following morning, some with stigmas
still fresh in appearance, between 7 :30 and 8, and having shed their
pollen, made their final closing between 1:10 and 2:30 P.M.

One of these trees, when I left Almirante in June gave promise
of a fair crop, while the second bore only a few green fruits.

III. Four of the trees, while giving indications of floral be-
havior which would place them in class B, were extremely erratic
in their anthesis. A small percentage of the flowers opened sporadi-
cally during the late afternoon, between 3:30 and 4 on different
trees, and remained open for less than two hours, for by 5:30 or
5:45 all were again tightly closed. The degree of spreading of the
perianth of these flowers was variable; many opened only very
slightly, few of them spread fully in the normal manner. The fol-
lowing morning, between 7:30 and 8, all of those flowers which
showed any degree of opening on the previous afternoon, together
with many which now for the first time expanded, opened with
stigmas still fresh, and soon the valves of the anthers lifted and
allowed the pollen to escape. These flowers now remained open for

OF

a long period, about six hours, and did not close until between
1 and 2 P.M., when many of the stigmas were still unwithered.

I made observations to determine what proportion of the flowers
opened partially or completely on the afternoon before expanding
for what would normally have been their second period of anthesis
on the following morning. At 4:20 p.m., February 18, the middle
of the desultory first period of anthesis, | marked a twig on tree 2
which bore ample clusters of buds but only a single open blossom.
On the following morning over 100 flowers on this twig were open
and shedding pollen. Other twigs on this tree and its neighbor
tree 3 showed a similar low proportion of the flowers with two
periods of anthesis. The other two trees in this group had a larger
proportion of flowers which opened in the afternoon, but still well
under 50 per cent, of the total number. Thus on February 18, at
4:10 p.m., 25 flowers on a marked twig of tree 4 were more or less
open. The following morning at 10:40 this twig supported 69
blossoms in full anthesis.

It occurred to me later that all, or at least a much greater pro-
portion of the flowers than the observations just recorded would
indicate, might have a very transitory afternoon opening. If such
were the case, and the flowers did not all open at the same time, a
single examination even in the middle of the first period of an-
thesis would not reveal their true numbers. Accordingly, on Feb-
ruary 25, certain chosen branches on these trees were visited at
twenty-minute intervals, and every flower which showed any de-
gree of opening was tagged. A single example will suffice. At
1:10 p.m. the chosen branch on tree 1 bore 107 open flowers in
their second period. Since the sky was overcast most of the day,
the closing of these flowers was delayed; it began at about two and
was not completed until three o’clock. By 4:15 P.m. a few first
period flowers had opened on other accessible branches of the same
tree, but none on the selected branch. Between 4:55 and 5:15 one
flower on this branch opened halfway. It never expanded beyond
this point and by 6:25 was practically closed again. Yet next morn-
ing this same branch bore 49 open flowers, including that which had
partly opened on the preceding afternoon. Similar observations on
trees 3 and 4 gave comparable results. On the succeeding after-
noon, which was bright and warmer, a larger number of flowers
opened on these trees, but still a small percentage of those which
expanded the ensuing morning.

Although in a large proportion of the flowers of these four

SV,

trees the stigmas remained apparently receptive during the second
period opening, so that there was a good possibility of the transfer
to them of pollen from the same flower and of other flowers of the
same or the three neighboring trees in class B, the irregular char-
acter of the first opening made the accomplishment of what we
may term the “legitimate pollination” of these flowers by the two
neighboring class A trees extremely unlikely. When I examined
these four trees at the end of March I could find only a single im-
mature fruit in the whole group, despite the myriad blossoms each
tree had expanded.

Stout and Savage and Robinson have demonstrated that ab-
normal weather, especially a cold spell, may cause great dis-
turbances in the daily periodicity of the flowers, amounting some-
times to the complete inhibition of the first period opening. The
result is a set of flowers which exhibit only a single period of
anthesis, when the pollen is shed. The peculiar behavior of the four
trees in my third group was certainly not conditioned by atmos-
pheric conditions, for it occured during warm, bright weather as
well as on cloudy and rainy days, and was the usual behavior of
the trees in question. It may be noticed in passing that the two
trees of group II show an approach to the condition of group III
in their relatively brief first period opening (less than 3 hours)
followed by a second period of anthesis over twice as long on the
following day.

It is hardly an exaggeration to state that a large avocado tree
produces millions of flowers each season, and only an exceedingly
small proportion of these set fruit even under the most favorable
conditions. The normal fate of the flower is then to fall shortly
after closing for the second time—by the second day after this.
final closing most have been shed, by the third day practically all
save the few which set fruit. During the height of the flowering
season there is a constant shower of effete blossoms, and the ground
beneath the trees is thickly strewn with them. The continuous drop-
ping of the closed blossoms reminds one of the sifting down of the
corollas of grape flowers beneath a wild vine which is coming into
full bloom. As a breeze shakes the bare limbs, the pattering of fall-
ing flowers upon the dry leaves which cover the ground beneath
the tree sounds like the rustling of the first flakes of an early snow
upon the dead leaves of an autumnal forest in the north. After the
flowers fall, the naked branches of the inflorescence are themselves

93

cut off from the tree, and finally in many cases the entire inflor-
escence—when it does not support developing fruit.

As the earliest flower buds expanded in the latter half of
January, the trees began to cast off the old foliage which had
served them ten or eleven months. As is frequently the case with
deciduous tropical trees whose flowers are produced when the
limbs are almost or quite leafless, both the process of defoliation
and the expansion of the flowers begin and progress most rapidly
at the top of the tree, with the result that this usually becomes
quite bare of foliage while the lower branches are still well-clothed
with the old leaves (see Wright 4, p. 475). Not only are the lower
branches the last to lose their old leaves, but they are the first to
acquire the new, which are in many cases put forth and sometimes
even attain full size before the old leaves in the same part of the
tree have been completely shed. Thus it happens that the lower
stories of some trees are neyer bare, while the upper half is
often denuded of foliage during at least a considerable part of the
period of flowering. Frequently, however, a tree will be found
quite leafless at the height of the flowering season, when it is yellow
with the myriad buds and blossoms it supports. As with the sassa-
fras, the flowers themselves are borne on leafless branches which
spring from the base of the newly expanding annual shoot, and
consequently are situated below the young foliage. The tender
leaves are a very light green and contrast strongly with the sombre
hue of the old foliage still persisting on the tree. By the second
week of March, 1929, some of the trees had completed their flow-
ering, while in others flowers were still produced on the upper
branches, after the lower had spent all their buds. About half the
trees were in full new foliage, but a few were still rather bare.

SUMMARY

Observations were made on the flower behavior of eight avo-
cado trees in a dooryard planting in western Panama. Two of these
were typical class A trees, as defined by Stout, and two belonged to
class B,. The other four, while giving indications of the type of
behavior of class B trees, were erratic in that only a small per-
centage of the flowers opened in the afternoon. In most the first
period opening was suppressed entirely, and there was a single
long period of anthesis in the morning, when the pollen was shed
at the same time the stigmas of the same flowers appeared recep-

94

tive. The four trees of normal behavior set a fair crop of fruit,
while only a single fruit was produced by the latter four.

Literature cited

1. Robinson, T. Ralph and Savage, E. M. Pollination of the
avocado. U. S. Dept. Agric. Circular 387, p. 1-16. 1926.

2. Stout, A. B. A study of cross-pollination of avocados in
southern California. Ann. Rept. California Avocado Assoc. 1922-
1923 : 29-45. 1923.

3) . The flower behavior of avocados. Mem. New York
Bot. Gard. 7: 145-203. 1927.

4. Wright, H. Foliar periodicity of endemic and indigenous
trees in Ceylon. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perideniya 2: 415-516. 1905.

BALTIMORE, MARYLAND

What is a species?
T. D. A. CocKERELL

On reading Dr. Gleason’s comments on species on pages 43-45
of the March-April number of Torreya I feel that his philosophy
(perhaps not intended to be taken too seriously ) is wrong. He says:
“Suksdorf may or may not be justified in making so many species.”
Suksdorf, in my judgment, never made a species in his life; he
only described what he supposed were species. Muntzing and Er-
Janson may be said to have made species, in the manner indicated
below. Then Dr. Gleason offers a definition: “A species is a group
of one or more individuals which in your opinion deserves a bi-
nominal name.” To me species are objective realities in nature, and
. subjective opinions do not in the least affect their existence or
number. But, it may be replied, is not the conception of a species
a product of the human mind, and do not as a matter of fact the
number of species differ with the opinion of botanists? Thus
Muntzing, in a recent discussion of the cytology of Potentilla, states
that P. argentea L. has different chromosome-races within the spe-
cies. There are diploid, hexaploid and octoploid races. These plants
also differ in appearance, yet Muntzing concludes that “there seems
to be no reason to split P. argentea into a great number of ‘species’
of the Hieracium type, though this might certainly be easily done.”
Perhaps someone will do it, and then the number of species of
Potentilla will appear to rest, not on the actual facts, about which
there is no dispute, but upon the opinion of this or that botanist.
However, the ordinary conception of a species is that of a group of
individuals remaining normally isolated in nature, and exhibiting
special specific characters. This is a loose definition, but sufficient
to cover the various aspects of the subject. Among insects, which
are more specialized and standardized than plants we find pairs of
species which are so much alike that it is difficult for experts to
distinguish them, yet observaton shows them to be quite distinct
entities in nature. We also find cases where the ranges of related
species meet and crossing occurs. Among plants, it 1s easy to see
that apparently good species may be dissolved into a variable hybrid
population. A very good case is that of the blue Aquilegia caerulea
and the yellow A. chrysantha. As they exist in nature, occupying
different ranges, they are excellent species. But in gardens they

95

96

cross readily, giving rise to fertile hybrids. If the ranges of these
plants came to overlap there would arise a variable population
which no botanist arriving after the event could break up into two
species.

Most remarkable is the recent production,—one may fairly say
creation,—of species through crossing. Mtuntzing crossed Galeopsis
pubescens with G. speciosa, and was eventually able to extract a
plant which did not differ at all from the well-known species G.
tetrahit. This plant was fertile, and the stock can be carried on in-
definitely. Heribert Nilsson crossed the willows Salix caprea and
S. viminalis, and obtained a plant which morphologically could not
be distinguished from S. cinerea. Mrs. E. W. Erlanson, in a recent
paper on American roses, remarks: “Rosa rudiuscula is a natural
hybrid between R. carolina and R. arkansana (the Western Prairie
rose), as I was able to prove by producing it experimentally. It is
so characteristic of the rose flora of northwestern Indiana, Illinois,
and eastern Iowa that it should be given specific rank.” (Ameri-
can Rose Annual, 1932.)

Species are not all of equal rank, if by that we mean antiquity
and distinctness, but on the face of the landscape they are real en-
tities, to be studied and discriminated. The recognition of sub-
species is a useful device for associating together minor types in
groups or aggregate species, and thus avoiding the excessive multi-
plication of independent binomials. It is quite true, as Dr. Gleason
indicates, that legitimate differences occur as to the placing of these
forms. In this sense it is perfectly true that the number of species is
a matter of opinion. But the number of different kinds of plants is
not, and it is I believe a dangerous and false doctrine (met with not
infrequently) that species do not truly exist in nature, but are
products of human mentality. I would put it this way. The pattern
of nature is woven in an intricate fashion, and it was so woven
ages before man came on the scene. It is man’s opportunity to ob-
serve this pattern, recognize its details and reason about the oper-
ating causes. To do this is one of the highest functions of the
human mind. But truth must always be derived from reality, and
all departures from veracity are unscientific.

The inevitable diagreements are partly due to mere mistakes,
to be corrected by further observation; and partly due to differ-
ences of terminology, to be corrected by conference and agreement.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
BouLDER, COLORADO

The Corema Conradii station on Shawangunk Mountain

RayMonp H. Torrey

The references, in Gray’s Manual of Botany, Britton & Brown’s
Flora of North America, and Norman Taylor’s Catalogue of
Plants in the Vicinity of New York, and in the catalogue by the
State Botanist, Dr. House, to the occurrence of Conrad’s Crow-
berry, Corema Conradu, in the Shawangunk Mountains, in Ulster
County, New York, long interested the writer before he had an
opportunity to find this old station for the plant. The distribution
of Corema, as botanical collectors know, is quite remarkable. The
southernmost stand in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, principally
on the West Plains, ten miles east of Barnegat, and a few smaller
stands in that vicinity, have often been visited in recent years, by
the members of the Torrey Botanical Club. Its original discovery,
more than a century ago, its temporary loss through failure to find
it again, and its rediscovery about 50 years ago, are interestingly
told in Dr. Witmer Stone’s Plants of Southern New Jersey.

The plant was reported half a century ago, though its identity
is doubtful, on Long Island, somewhere between Oyster Bay and
Hempstead, but it certainly does not exist anywhere on Long
Island now. It occurs on Cape Cod and is frequent on the Maine
Coast and becomes commoner northward. The station reported in
the Shawangunks interested the writer as the only one, apparently,
between the Pine Barrens and eastern Massachusetts.

An expedition was organized, in April, 1932, to rediscover the
Shawangunk station. As the references simply stated, “in the
Shawangunk Mountains,” which are twenty miles long and two to
six miles wide, information which might limit the area to be
searched was sought of Prof. M. L. Fernald, Curator of the Gray
Herbarium, Harvard University, since the reference in Gray’s
Manual, Seventh Edition, seems to be the one which is adopted by
other manuals and catalogues of our flora. Prof. Fernald kindly
sent us the data on the tickets of two herbarium specimens of
Corema, one found in 1880 by C. S. Smith, “on the summit of the
Shawangunk Mountain” which was still rather vague; and the
other, much more definite, by J. H. Redfield, June, 1883, with the
location in Latin, as follows:

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98

“In rupibus siliceis, super vallem Palmaghat, in montibus
Shawangunk.”

Palmaghat is the name of a steep sided valley which cuts into
the front of the Shawangunk Mountains, west of Gardiner, Ulster
County, and south of the Wildmere House, on the summit, at
Minnewaska Lake. Its name is said to be Dutch for “Laurel Glen.”
A request for permission from the owners, the Daniel H. Smiley

Corema in bloom on top of cliff at east side of Palmaghat Valley

Hotel Company, brought a letter from its secretary, Mr. John K.
Lathrop, informing us that Corema was known to him, on the
trail south of the Wildmere, on the top of the cliffs on the east side
of Palmaghat.

The party making this quest was composed of Mr. A. Tennyson
Beals, Mr. Carl E. Bliss, Mr. Leon W. Bowen, Mr. W. Lincoln
Highton, Mr. Louis W. Anderson, and the writer. We reached the
entrance to the grounds of the Wildmere Sunday morning April 24,
having chosen that date with the thought that Corema would then
be in bloom, which proved to be correct.

The trail led south over the summit to the abrupt sides of

99

Palmaghat, and within a couple of miles we came upon large masses
of Corema, in perfect condition for collecting, with the pollen on
the staminate plants scattering in golden clouds at the slightest
breeze. Following the trail farther south, we descended into a gully
with a brook, and climbing again, along the ledges of the acute-
angled point made by the southeast front of the mountain, a 400-
foot cliff, and the eastern side of Palmaghat, where ice still re-
mained in the crevices 50 feet below the brink, reached the promon-
tory known by the picturesque name of “Gertrude’s Nose.” Ac-
cording to A. T. Clearwater’s “History of Ulster County” the
name is from the most prominent facial adornment of Gertruyd
Bruin, wife of Jacobus Bruin, who settled in the Wallkill Valley
nearby about 1665. Her neighbors seem to have thought it was
merited. Here Corema was in great profusion and fine condition.
It extended from the cliff edge north along the ledges, among
the thin pitch pines and scrub oak, covering at least 200 acres of
the mountain top. It grew only, as Redfield said, “in rupibus sili-
ceis,’ on the white, almost purely siliceous quartzite, known as
Shawangunk Grit, which forms the cap rock of the Shawangunk
Mountains and also of their extension southwestward in the Kit-
tatiny Mountains of New Jersey.

The plant was in much finer condition, sturdier and denser, than
in the station in the West Plains, in the Jersey Pine Barrens. It
appeared not to have suffered from ground fires, such as often
destroy patches of Corema in the Barrens, probably because Ger-
trude’s Nose is islanded from fires, by vertical cliffs on the west
and south, and by a wet swale on the north, and the vegetation to
the east or northeast, its only unprotected side, is too thin to en-
courage a fire, even if one started from that direction, which would
be unusual. It seems, therefore, to have a permanent sanctuary in
this location. Specimens were sént to the New York and Brooklyn
Botanical Gardens and to the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge,
Mass.

Another interesting plant growing about the stems of Corema
was the boreal lichen, Cetraria islandica (“Iceland Moss.”) which
is rare and found only on high, open summits, in our latitude.

The Gertrude’s Nose station for Corema Conradu is not hard
to reach, with an automobile. The route is 9-W, from the New
Jersey end of the George Washington Bridge, to Newburgh; Route
32 to Modena, and 55, west, via Gardiner, to the top of Shawan-

100

gunk Mountain, turning in, at the beginning of the drop on the
west side toward Kerhonkson, to the entrance road leading to the
Wildmere Hotel, on the west side of Minnewaska Lake. Ask for
permission to use the Palmaghat-Gertrude’s Nose Trail, well
marked with lettered arrows, and follow it south and in about two
miles begin to look for Corema on the cliff top and it becomes more
plentiful out to the point of the Nose.
Ho tis, Lone IsLanp

Wolfiella floridana in Northern New Jersey

JAmes L. Epwarps

In the spring of 1925, while collecting aquatic plants in a pool
on the north side of the Passaic River below Little Falls, I found
W olfiella floridana growing there rather abundantly. At the time
it seemed reasonable to suppose that the plants had been introduced
there and would not survive long. Numerous trips to the spot since
then have shown that the plants have no difficulty in surviving the
winters of this climate since they persist in about the same abun-
dance from year to year in spite of the fact that the pool freezes
over annually. Associated with Wolfiella at this locality are Lemna
cyclostasa and Lemna trisulca. Wolfiella is found in tangled groups
of fronds floating just under the surface of the water often mixed
with the roots of Lemna and might easily be overlooked.

The occurrence of this plant and its persistence, if introduced,
in this region so far north of its reported range seems worth re-
cording.

Montcrair, NEW JERSEY

PED ERPS ORE Clu B
Fretp Trip oF SUNDAY, APRIL 24, To HUNTERS ISLAND

About fifteen members and guests made the trip. The route
lay along the high road until after crossing East Chester Creek
bridge. There it followed the bridle paths skirting the shore. On all
sides were evidence of advancing spring and many small plants of
the various species of Golden Rods and Asters were noticed as well
as wocd betony, agrimony, burdocks, curly dock, and jewel weed.
Also many clumps of the delicate green foliage of the day lily,
Hamerocallis fulva, were seen. Spice bush was in full bloom mak-
ing great thickets of feathery yellow. The flowers in bloom were:
grape hyacinth, Muscaria Botryoides; dutchman’s breeches, Di-
centra Cucullaria; spring beauty, Claytonia virginica; crinkle root,
Dentaria diphylla; colt’s foot, Tussilago Farfara.

Much equisetum, both fertile and sterile fronds. All of these
were scarce compared with what they were thirty years ago. Many
other flowers that were perfectly familiar to the writer, who lived
in the vicinity when she was a child were missing. One thing that
interested the party was the sight of a loon disporting itself in the
water about fifty feet off shore. It seemed quite tame and not at all
distressed by the boats and people near by. The party watched it for
a half hour diving and swimming under water for thirty seconds,
its passage marked by a dark agitated streak, then rising on its tail,
while spreading its curved wings and uttering softly its peculiar
cry. When the party broke up some returned by the subway, as
they had come, and others by the longer route of the Split Rock
road and W. and B.R. R.

' The party was glad to observe that there are at present no evi-
dences of preparation for turning Hunters Island into a popular
playground and bathing beach, as rumors threatened last year.
Perhaps there are some brighter aspects in a shortage of municipal
funds.

ZAIDA NICHOLSON

Trip oF APRIL 30

Six members made the Saturday afternoon trip to Montville,
New Jersey. The early spring flowers were at their height of

101

102

bloom with spice bush and June berry adding color to the woods.
The first flower of spring, hepatica, was still in bloom due to the
lateness of the season.

Rue anemone made the brightest display in the woods con-
tested by the brilliant yellow marigold in the swamps. Other con-
spicuous flowers in bloom were the bloodroot, dwarf ginsing, ses-
sile-leaved bellwort, dwarf everlasting, early buttercup, cinquefoil,
gill-over-the-ground, golden saxifrage, yellow adder’s tongue, and
narrow-leaved spring beauty.

Four violets were in bloom, V. papilionacea, V. conspersa, V.
sagittata, and lV’. pallens.

Of the mosses, Physcomitrium turbinatum attracted attention
with its shining, erect, urn-shaped capsules.

W. L. HicuHtTon

WEEK-END aT BRANCHVILLE, May 20 To 22

As in other years, the plans for the trip were made by Mr. and
Mrs. William Gavin Taylor, who were the most gracious hosts of
the party. Over 80 people attended the Saturday evening pro-
gram, varying numbers going on the different trips arranged for
the study of geology, birds and plants. The geological trips were
led by Dr. Kummel, the plant trips by Dr. Wherry and Mr.
Medsger, and the early morning bird trips by Dr. and Mrs. Chubb.
The evening programs were as follows:

Friday evening

Dr. E. W. Sinnott, “The Torrey Botanical Club.”

Dr. H. B. Kummel, State Geologist, “Geological Outline” as a
preparation for the Saturday geological field outing.

Mr. George T. Hastings, “Some Botanical Impressions of
Hawaii.” Illustrated by lantern.

Mr. Oliver P. Medsger, “Nature Poetry.”

Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, “Collecting Plants from the Atlantic to
the Pacific.” Illustrated by lantern.

Saturday evening

Mr. Oliver P. Medsger, “Experiences with Birds in Florida
and California.”

Dr. Edward I. Keffer, “Bird Studies at Gaspé.” Motion pic-
tures.

Dr. S. H. Chubb, “Bonaventure Island Bird Sanctuary.” Illu-
strated by lantern.

103

As Dr. Sinnott was unable to attend the meetings he sent a
letter from which the following is quoted:

Most happy reports have come to me as to the pleasant and profitable
times enjoyed by every one at this famous annual event. I am glad to say a
word or two, thus at long distance, about what the Club means to me and
what it should mean to the people of the New York region.

As a professional botanist I have found it most stimulating to meet
frequently with people whose interest in plants is purely an avocation. Not
only is their enthusiasm infectious but their ideas and knowledge are of
great value scientifically. As a means for mutual acquaintance and inter-
change ot ideas between the large number of professional botanists and the
much larger number of non-professional ones the Club renders an impor-
tant service to the science of Botany itself.

Still more valuable, however, is its part in focussing intelligent attention
and interest upon plant life. There is an instinctive love in the heart of al-
most every one for plants. This may, and frequently does, express itself only
in an admiration for flowers and a desire to pick them. On a higher level it has
led to the tremendous spread of the garden movement in the past two or
three decades. Even this, however, is largely an aesthetic enthusiasm unless it
reaches further than mere admiration for plants. Only when a person
catches a glimpse of the remarkably intricate and beautiful structures of the
plant and of the amazing manner in which it maintains its life, and only
when he sees the plant population of his region as a result of a long historical
process of evolution and migration, and its members as beautifully adapted
to the various conditions which present themselves—only then does he
experience the real fervor of botanical enthusiasm. In this age of the machine
when life in so many respects is artificial, it is becoming more and more
necessary to keep in touch with natural and fundamental realities, and an
intelligent interest in the plant kingdom is the best means I know for attain-
ing this end. In the great problem of making people happier and persuading
them to live fuller lives I am convinced that Botany—together of course
with nature study of all sorts—has an increasingly important role to play.
The Torrey Club is the natural focus for all these activities in the New York
region and should be the means of drawing into Botany, as an avocation,
thousands of people who now look upon the science as a useless and even
silly diversion. The Club can do this best by bringing people in the open to
see plants as they grow in the wild, as is being done by our field trips.

The geological trips were by automobile to the tops of several
of the higher hills to get a general view of the topography, while
the leader described the changes that had occurred in the past
ages. Outcrops of the Pre-Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and
Devonian rocks were visited as well as hills and deltas of glacial
materials. Fossils were hunted in several places—mollusks, brachi-
opods, trilobites and algae being found. In addition Bevin’s rock
shelter where Indian hunting parties camped in early days was
visited.

104

On all of the trips quantities of Indian paint brush or painted
cup, Castilleja coccinea, was seen in the fields. In places on the
hillsides wild crab apples were in blossom, the species seeming to
be Malus glaucescens which has been commonly confused with
M. coronaria. In a meadow a few globe flowers, Trollius laxus,
were found. Dr. Wherry has added the following notes on plants
seen:

On The Pines property the Purple Mountain-Clematis, Atragene amer-
icana Sims, was in full bloom. A large colony of Botrychium neglectum-
Wood was found on the hill east of barbed-wire fence on east side of the
property.

In the Tamarack swamp southeast of Lafayette, Menyanthes trifohata
L., Betula pumila L., and Rhammus alnifolia L’Her were among the north-
ern species collected.

Sunday morning a trip was made to the extensive swamp near Spring-
dale, southwest of Newton. Great masses of the yellow water buttercup,
Ranunculus delphinifolius grew in the open water. The most striking feature
here was the remarkable abundance of yellow Cypripediums. In wet soil the
“slippers” were constantly small in size, so that the term C. parviflorum
Salisbury seems quite appropriate for them. In drier places all the plants
bore large-sized slippers, corresponding to C. pubescens Willd. These dis-
tributional features cast doubt on the frequently expressed opinion that the
yellow slipper-orchids are all one species. Other noteworthy finds were
showy orchid, Galeorchis spectabilis, Dryopteris cristata X marginalits Dav-
enport; Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash; Geum rivale L.; and Trientalis
americana Pursh,

Dr. Chubb adds the list of birds seen by the party, though no
one member saw the entire list.

ToraL List or Brrps OBSERVED WITHIN A RApIuS OF FIvE MILES

Heron, Great Blue Nighthawk
Killdeer Swift, Chimney
Dove, Mourning Hummingbird, Ruby-throated
Vulture, Turkey Kingbird

Hawk, Marsh Flycatcher, Crested
Hawk, Sharp-shinned Phoebe

Hawk, Cooper’s Pewee, Wood
Hawk, Red-shouldered Flycatcher, Least
Hawk, Sparrow Jay, Blue
Kingfisher, Belted Crow, American
Woodpecker, Hairy Starling
Woodpecker, Downy Bobolink
Woodpecker, Red-headed Cowbird

Flicker, Northern Blackbird, Red-winged

Meadowlark

Oriole, Orchard

Oriole, Baltimore
Grackle, Purple
Sparrow, House
Goldfinch

Sparrow, Vesper
Sparrow, Grasshopper
Sparrow, White-throated
Sparrow, Chipping
Sparrow, Field

Sparrow, Song
Sparrow, Swamp
Towhee

Grosbeak, Rose-breasted
Bunting, Indigo
Tanager, Scarlet
Martin, Purple

Swallow, Barn

Swallow, Bank
Waxwing, Cedar

Vireo, Red-eyed

Vireo, Warbling

Vireo, Yellow-throated
Warbler, Black and White

105

Warbler, Worm-eating
Warbler, Blue-winged
Warbler, Golden-winged
Warbler, Northern Parula
Warbler, Yellow
Warbler, Magnolia
Warbler, Chestnut-sided
Warbler, Black-poll
Warbler, Black-throated Green
Ovenbird

Yellow-throat, Maryland
Chat, Yellow-breasted
Warbler, Wilson’s
Warbler, Canada
Redstart

Catbird

Thrasher, Brown

Wren, House

Nuthatch, White-breasted
Chickadee, Black-capped
Thrush, Wood

Thrush, Veery

Thrush, Olive-backed
Robin

Bluebird

Brrps Opservep ONLy at HicuH Pornt. ALTITUDE 1809 Fret

Junco
Warbler, Myrtle

Kinglet, Golden-crowned

Brrp OBSERVED ONLY AT GREAT SPRING SWAMP. 10 Mires Distant

Woodpecker, Pileated

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
MEETING or Apri 1, 1932

The meeting was called to order at Schermerl orn Hall, Co-
lumbia University, at 8:15 p.m. by President Sinno t. There were
over 200 people present, including members of the Torrey Botani-
cal Club, Columbia University, etc.

Professor A. C. Seward of Cambridge University gave a very
fine talk on “Plant Records of the Rocks.”

ForMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

MEETING oF AprRit 20, 1932

The meeting was called to order at The New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 p.m. by President Sinnott. Minutes of the meet-
ings of March 1 and March 16 were read and approved.

Dr. Fred W. Foxworthy was elected a life member of the
Club.

The following people were unanimously elected to member-
ship in the Club: Miss Amy E. Davis, 1882 Grand Concourse,
New York City; Mr. Charles P. Dring, 159 Washington Street,
Mt. Vernon, N.Y.; Mr. Robert Ferrari, 283 West 11th Street,
New York City; Miss Bertha Flealy, Eastside High School, Pater-
son, N.J.; Mr. George Harrington, 851 West 177th Street, New
York City; and Miss Tillie Schnell, 319 Marcy Avenue, Brooklyn,
NENG

The resignations of Miss Laura M. Bragg and Mrs. Grace R.
Frazee were accepted with regret.

A report was made by the Budget Committee.

Mr. Joseph J. Copeland of the College of the City of New
York gave a very interesting talk on “A Botanical View of the
History of the Yellowstone.” The talk was illustrated by colored
lantern slides.

ForMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

MEETING oF May 3, 1932

The meeting was called to order at the American Museum of
Natural History at 8:15 p.m. by President Sinnott.

106

107

Mr. Clarerce Lewis, 1000 Park Avenue, New York City, and
Miss Dorothy V. Smith, 138 East 94th Street, New York City,
were unanim: usly elected to membership in the Club.

Dr. John VM. Arthur of the Boyce Thompson Institute for
Plant Research in Yonkers gave an interesting talk on “Some
Effects of Visible and Invisible Radiation.” His talk was illustrated
by a large number of lantern slides. He showed that Salvia
flowers best with a day length less than seventeen hours. Lettuce
flowers only with a day exceeding twelve hours in length. Buck-
wheat was unaffected by day length, growing even better with
twenty-four hours of illumination than with ordinary light and
darkness. Geraniums grew and flowered best with eighteen hours
of light and extra carbondioxide (ten times the strength ordi-
narily found in the air). Tomato in contrast with buckwheat
flowered best with eighteen hours of light, twenty-four hours of
illumination being injurious. With continuous illumination toma-
toes accumulated large amounts of carbohydrates and were defi-
cient in nitrogen. He also showed the effects of different portions
of the solar spectrum on the growth of plants. In blue light only,
four o’clocks were very deep green in color but much dwarfed in
spite of the fact that the light was reduced only 10 per cent of the
energy value of sunlight. In red light of 37 per cent strength,
the same kinds of plants were etiolated. Petunias showed the same
sort of response.

Ultra-violet light which has been so widely exploited as bene-
ficial to man and domestic animals proved definitely injurious to
plants when the wave lengths were shorter than those encountered
in daylight. Even the wave length of 285 millimeters, only five
millimeters shorter than those found in ordinary daylight in-
jured plants after fifty hours’ exposure. Where the reduced in-
tensities of light were the same composition as sunlight most of
the plants thrive best and made the greatest dry growth with
78 to 35 per cent of full sunlight. Tomato and tobacco proved to
be shade, plants thriving best with only 35 per cent full light. Dr.
Arthur also gave a very interesting report on the reddening of
apples. The Macintosh apples grown in New York State are many
of them poorly colored. He found that by exposing them to sun-
light soon after harvest in August or September, they developed
a good red color, but if exposed under window glass no such
color developed. Light from the mercury arc lamp injured the

108

tissues of the apple and prevented coloring at all. Even the light
of an incandescent lamp proved injurious to the apples. The in-
jury, however, was not all due to ultra-violet. Using a non-lumi-
nous lamp made up entirely of infra-red rays, the same kind of
injury was produced. He found ultra-violet lamps with a screen
of corex D glass or pyrex glass will color apples satisfactorily
during August or September in about forty-eight hours’ time. In
this way apples raised in the East can be given as good a color as
the Western apples. This treatment does not change the flavor or
quality but improves the looks of the apples.
ForMAN T. McLean
Secretary

NEWS NOTES

Tue New York State Conservation Department has added
to the state forest preserve 24,000 acres of land this spring. The
larger part is in Herkimer County, near Beaver River. This tract
is heavily timbered with virgin forest. The smaller tract consists
of 3,000 acres comprising Howell’s Island in the Seneca River,
near Seneca Falls, Cayuga County. This is mostly meadow land
and in the Montezuma marshes. It will be developed as a game
refuge and public hunting ground.

AT THE FIFTIETH meeting of the German Botanical Society in
Berlin Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director of the New York Botanical
Garden, was elected an honorary member. Two other American
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Vol. 30 September-October, 1930 No. 5

TORREYA

A Bi-MonTHLyY JOURNAL oF BotaNnicaL NoTEs aND NEws

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

BY

GEORGE T. HASTINGS

John Torrey, 1796-1873

CONTENTS
~ Inwood Park, Manhattan. ArtHur H. GRAVES...........--.-0-2+5. 117
Some Changes in the Weed Flora of Whatcom Co., Wash.

Rate LUE NSCHER (1 oc 9h ore Re hn Crete aa nee ai a are 130
Stations for the Southern White Cedar...................0.0.----- 134
tei atape Or the’ Clapy i i ko eae By nse he DR hon nee 136
ME CER ery he ie OW eh sce ee iy os ON cle Wea Pou 142

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TORREYA

3° Septem ber-October NG.

Inwood Park, Manhattan

ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES

Inwood Park is located in the Borough of Manhattan,
New York City, at the extreme northwest corner of Man-
hattan Island, extending to the Hudson River on the west and
to Spuyten Duyvil Creek, also known as the ‘‘Ship Canal,”
on the north (Fig. 1.). Because it was a camping ground of the
Indians of Manhattan and still preserves many evidences of
their occupancy, and possesses, furthermore, most attractive
scenic features as well as an interesting and varied flora, it
deserves to be better known.

My own acquaintance with the region dates from the sum-
mer of 1918. At that time I was detailed by the United States
Department of Agriculture to search the country about New
York City for chestnut trees resistant to the bark blight. In
the course of my_peregrinations I came across this interesting
locality, where by the way, several specimens of disease-
resistant chestnut were found. I was indeed surprised to find that
on Manhattan Island, the busy, thickly populated borough
which is the original New York City, a wild, wooded section
of this sort existed. Then it was still owned privately and was
in considerable dishabille—especially the parts such as Shora-
kapkok Glen. Fallen trees, dead decaying branches, weeds and
climbing plants, together with the vigorous growth of tall,
stately tulips and oaks, and an understory of spice bush, all com-
bined to produce an effect of natural wildness that was far re-
mote from the general conception of what is meant by New York
City. It is most fortunate that since then all this land has been
taken over by the city under the nameof ‘‘Inwood Park,” and
fortunate also that for the most part it has been left in a state
_ of nature: some roadways and paths have been constructed, and

117

118

the private organization, the Dyckman Institute, has done

much toward making Shorakapkok Glen more attractive.
How to Reach the Park. The best way to reach Inwood

Park is via the Dyckman Street Station of the Broadway-

Figure 1. Contour map of Inwood region. Enlarged from Harlem sheet,
U. S. Geological Survey, edition of 1900, reprinted 1928. Many of the recent
streets are not shown. 1, Cock Hill; 2, Ostrya Hill; 3, Hill of the Five Oaks;
4, Shorakapkok Glen. The hill to the west of Ostrya Hill was occupied by the
“House of Rest.’’ 314 inches=one mile.

Seventh Avenue Subway. Walk west toward the Hudson River,
crossing Broadway, and turn up Payson Avenue, the second
street to the right beyond Broadway. Or, one may continue
on the Subway to the 207th Street Station—the one next to
Dyckman Street. Proceeding west on 207th Street, a walk
of a few blocks brings one to the Park. The road turns to the

119

north here, skirting the hill, with Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the
right, and eventually ends at Shorakapkok Glen.

Geographic Features. Inwood Park contains three principal
elevations. 1. Cock Hill, so called during Revolutionary times,
with an altitude of about 220 feet, is the highest and western-
most, commanding a view of the Hudson and the Palisades to
the west and northwest, as well as the mouth of Spuyten
Duyvil Creek! where it enters the Hudson. It is also generally
known as Inwood Hill. On a southern shoulder of this hill
stands the ‘‘House of Rest.”’ (p.121). 2. Almost due south of
Cock Hill lies another, lesser elevation, about 140 feet at the
highest point, which we may call ‘“‘Ostrya Hill,’ from two
small hop-hornbeams (Ostrya virginiana) near its northern
end. Here a ledge of bare rock is exposed, from which is afforded
a view to the eastward of the upper part of Manhattan and,
at certain points, of University Heights (New York University) ;
also to the northward, through the trees, of the hill beyond
Spuyten Duyvil Creek. 3. Northeast of Ostrya Hill is still an-
other eminence, of about the same elevation (really a shoulder-
like extension of Ostrya Hill) and plateau-like—so flat, indeed,
that a tennis court, it appears, was once located there. For
this, because there are splendid specimens of five different
species of oak growing there within a short radius, we would
suggest the name ‘‘Hill of the Five Oaks.”

Shorakapkok Glen, also known locally as Cold Spring Hol-
low,” the depression between the Hill of the Five Oaks and Cock
Hill, slopes gradually upward toward the south from the shore
of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. On its western side, in caves formed
of giant slabs of rock which in past ages became detached from

1 Spuyten Duyvil Creek gets its name from Spyt den duivel, which is the
Dutch equivalent for ‘‘in spite of the devil.’’ ‘‘“Supposed to be derived from the
following circumstance: When the English fleet appeared in New Amsterdam
(New York) Harbor, the governor’s trumpeter was sent to warn the farmers
up the Hudson and summon them to the defense of the city; on reaching this
creek he found no ferryman willing to take him across on account of the high
wind, and swore to cross the stream ‘‘spyt den duivel”; but was drowned in
the attempt to swim across.” Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 25, p. 461. 1928.
This narrow strip of water, which bounds the north end of Manhattan Island,
connects the Harlem and the Hudson Rivers. Since it was straightened for
navigation purposes it is now often known as the ‘‘Ship Canal.”

2 Bolton, Reginald Pelham. Washington Heights, Manhattan: its event-
ful past. p. 2. Dyckman Institute: New York, 1924.

120

the near-precipice above, dwelt members of a tribe of Indians
who were inhabiting the upper end of Manhattan Island when
the white men arrived in the early 1600’s. These were the
“Rechgawawanc, probably ‘Rechgawac’s people’ [Rechgawac
being the sachem] but they were part of the Weckquaesgeek,
a larger chieftaincy which had its headquarters at Dobbs
Ferry.’ That these Indians lived here is attested by the
finding of their rude implements buried in layers of ashes on the
floors of the caves, and by the ancient shell heaps, the remains
of which may still be seen near the path leading down into the
valley and elsewhere in this neighborhood. ‘‘Here, in the soli-
tude of wild nature, it will take but little effort of the imagina-
tion to bring before the mind the scene, when the bustling
horde of Reckgawawanc. swarmed about the rocks, through
the woods, and along the banks of the creek—the men bearing
from their log canoes baskets filled with oysters, the squaws
mending grass nets and hempen fishing lines, or filling the cook-
ing-pots with red-hot stones from the wood fires, the smoke of
which blackened and the heat of which split the sides of the
rocks beneath which they were kindled; the girls carrying
water in gourds from the gushing spring; the boys playing games
with bones or stones or practicing their future prowess with bow
and arrow; while the papooses with baby stolidity were perched
near the crackling fires, sucking a bone of the latest toothsome
addition to the larder, be it deer, dog, or bear.

Or amid the wintry snows, when the fires were kindled in-
side the rock-shelters, and within the bark huts erected on the
shell-covered knolls, one can readily picture the same occupants
wrapped in furry bear, downy beaver, or silky deer skins,
huddled around the crackling logs, pounding corn, boiling
‘“‘sapsis,’? scraping hides, splitting pebbles and flints, and
longing for the return of spring.’’

The “‘gushing spring,’ which they must have cherished, has
been cleared out and preserved ina most fitting and artistic
manner by the Dyckman Institute, and will be found near the
shore of the creek and by the side of the little building which
forms the Indian Museum of the Institute.

“Bolton, Rob. ls cps:
* Bolton, |. c. p. 14.

121

NOTES ON THE VEGETATION

The following observations are for the most part set forth
in the form of a guide, and apply mainly to the woody plants,
for the reason that these plants form the most conspicuous
features of the vegetation. They are given partly for the sake
of a record and partly to assist beginners who wish to become
acquainted with the plants of this interesting region.

1. Ostrya Hill. To explore the southern slope of Ostrya
Hill we may enter the Park via Dyckman Street and Payson
Avenue, turning in from the street to the woods on the left,
just after passing a road on the left, and a vacant lot. A few
paces bring us to a path which circles the south side of the hill,
and nearby we find the black cherry, sassafras, bitternut hick-
ory, a lone tree of black walnut (close to the path), hackberry,
ailanthus, and staghorn sumac—the last not common in Greater
New York. Thick mats of Japanese honeysuckle cover much of
the ground; and here and there also the poison ivy, really a
creeping or climbing species of sumac, may be distinguished by
its three leaflets. The common elder grows near the path, as
also a lone, young pear tree, and further on an apple tree, as
well as the black locust and American elm. The slippery elm,
with larger, rougher leaves, ash-gray twigs and mucilaginous
bark with its peculiar flavor, grows a few yards farther to the
north in this same section, near a wildling peach. The last,
together with the pear, apple, ailanthus, and Japanese honey-
suckle are living testimonials of the white man’s invasion.

Further up the hill to the northward we find a small tree
of the comparatively rare red mulberry—the native species,
with larger, rougher leaves than the far more common and in-
troduced white mulberry. This little mulberry grows in a com-
paratively open space bordered by white ash and black cherry.
Continuing up the hill past a large white oak, the path leads
past the rear of a house. Near this point, on the left, climbing
high on dead elder stems and other upright supports, we rec-
ognize the moonseed, an attractive native vine which grows
also just across the river along the Palisades.

Continuing northward we come out opposite a large tulip
tree onto a road, and a few paces bring us to the brick piers
of the rear entrance to the ‘‘House of Rest.’’ This has for many

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123

years been a home for consumptives, but has now become city
property.

Opposite the entrance gates near a low, rounded outcrop of
stone, we turn into the path leading off to the right (southeast-
ward), over the hill. Large white oaks are on our left, a tulip
tree near the path on the right, with several small blue beeches
nearby. The low, maple-leaf viburnum is much in evidence.
We do not go down the hill, but take the first turn to the left,
and strike for the bare ledges to the northeastward. A rough
sketch of the locality is given in text figure 2. On reaching the
first bare rock outcrop we find the green brier, the Virginia
creeper, the poison ivy, and the Japanese honeysuckle all
striving to cover it. At the further end of this outcrop grows
a form of the dewberry (Rubus villosus), perhaps variety humi-
fusus. At the next bare spot we come upon a patch of the late
low blueberry, a plentiful supply of stunted black cherry (for
the soil here is extremely thin where it exists at all) and a few
other low trees. Descending slightly to the next bare ledge—
which is the last—we pass by two good sized black haws, both
about ten feet high, and come out at the northern terminus of
this whole formation. Here and there, in clefts and hollows in
the rock, grow red oak, American elm, staghorn sumac, late
low blueberry, Virginia creeper, sweet birch, bitternut hickory,
white ash, ailanthus, chestnut oak, and a few depauperate
plants of Rubus allegheniensis, which seems to be the common
high bush blackberry of this locality. On the western edge are
the two small trees of the hop-hornbeam, growing as large as
they can with the limited supply of soil at their command.®
The resemblance of their leaves to those of the sweet birch
nearby is striking, but they can be recognized by the bark,
and their twigs lack the wintergreen flavor of the birch. This
whole rocky ledge, wherever it is exposed, reveals the character-
istic banded structure of the Manhattan gneiss.

If we descend now to the northward, passing a fine red oak
with two leaders (measuring 9 feet, 11 inches in circumference;
4 feet from the ground at the north side) we regain the road,
which here turns to the eastward. Here we pause and look
northwestward down into the upper limits of the Shorakapkok

8 A large tree of the hop-hornbeam will be found near Spuyten Duyvil
Creek, at the northern foot of the “‘Hill of the Five Oaks.” It has been incor-
rectly labelled ‘‘Carpinus caroliniana.”

124

Glen. Down the hill, about 30 feet to the northwest, is another
fine red oak (9 feet, 1 inch in circumference measured 4 feet
from the base on the south side) with strong buttressing roots,
and a little further on, in the same direction, one of the native
hemlocks.

2. Shorakapkok Glen. To explore the Glen we now go back
on the road about thirty paces, passing by a few plants of the
rather rare wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius), its stems covered
with reddish bristles. At length we reach a path which leads
down the hill past a rather large witch hazel on the right, with
a fine specimen of sweet birch on the left further on. Now the
path turns abruptly to descend northward down through Shora-
kapkok Glen. In a few paces we arrive at a little rivulet—per-.
haps the upper end of the gushing spring at the bottom of the
valley—with a splendid hemlock on the right and a spice bush
on the opposite side leaning over to reach the water. An army
of jewelweed approaches from above. Continuing down the
valley we come upon a large colony of staghorn sumac, some
individuals being of unusually large size and measuring over a
foot in circumference at the base, and over twenty feet in height.
The smooth sumac may also be seen here, as well as the slippery
elm. Below we come out into a considerable open space with
occasional butternuts and clumps of large staghorn sumac. In
the woods on our right are tall tulip trees and red oaks mingled
with occasional sweet birches, flowering dogwood, and rarely
slippery elm and chestnut oak. Over on the left, along the rocky
cliffs, we spy the moonvine luxuriously clambering over the
young trees, as well as bitternut hickory, black cherry, and some
small hackberries. We come to intersecting paths with a tall
tulip at the junction, and looking back up the valley can easily
imagine the Indian squaws tending their crops of maize, beans,
and squashes. If, indeed, they raised any crops at all, this.
deep, rich soil was the ideal spot for their garden.

Turning to the left, in about thirty paces we pass by a
paulownia tree with a young shagbark hickory nearby. Other
paulownias may be seen further up the rocky slope. With
their leaves always in 2’s and with a tendency to form short
pointed lobes here and there, they can be readily distinguished
from the catalpa with its entire leaves, usually in whorls of
three. On the right at this point we see some of the finest,
tallest, and straightest tulip trees in the Glen—like cathedral

Ie)

columns—perhaps fifty feet up to the first branch. This path
leads up to the summit of the cliff, so we retrace our steps to
the tulip tree at the intersection and proceed northward again.
Bending under large clumps of spice bush, which becomes more
and more omnipresent the further we descend, we come again
into a small open space guarded by lofty, majestic tulips.
Taking the next fork to the left we go partway up the slope to
the Indian caves or rock shelters,* whence we get a glimpse
of Spuyten Duyvil Creek to the northward through the trees.
Round about are several good specimens of sugar maple, and
in season one may find in this vicinity the blue cohosh (Cauwl-
ophyllum thalictroides) and the Dutchman’s breeches (Dicentra
Cucullaria). Continuing down the path to the river we come
out into open ground—evidently an old Indian feasting ground,
if one is to judge by the numbers of oyster shells imbedded in
the earth on all sides. In the rear of a large sign, recently erected,
“Shorakapkok: Indian Village Site,’’ we see a good example of
the native beech, 6 feet 8 inches in circumference measured 4
feet from the ground, with a few smaller trees of the same
species nearby. This, as far as I know, is the only colony of na-
tive beech in the park.

We find the spring near the Dyckman Institute museum
and there we refresh ourselves, admiring meanwhile the giant
tulip nearby, probably the largest and most famous tree in
Greater New York. On it we read:

Tulip Tree
Liriodendron tulipifera
Circumference 19 Feet
Height 123 Feet
Age about 238 Years

HeENpRICK Hupson ENTERED THIS INLET IN 1609 AND May Have MET
THE INDIANS HERE, WHO UsEpD THIS PLACE FOR A CAMP AS SHOWN BY THE
QUANTITIES OF OLD BROKEN OYSTER SHELLS AROUND THIS TREE AND NEARBY.

THis TREE WAS THOROUGHLY REPAIRED AND THE FENCE
ERECTED AROUND IT, OCTOBER, 19127

6 For excellent pen drawings and interesting descriptions of these, as well
as of the whole neighborhood, see Torrey, Raymond H., Frank Place Jr.,
and Robert L. Dickinson, New York Walk Book, pp. 12- 16. American Geo-
graphical Society; New York, 1923.

7 Since the above was printed the tree has again been repaired and the
inscription erased. Probably it will be replaced by a similar one.

126

With the help of a boy scout I measured this tree again July
8, 1930, with results as follows:
Circumference, 4 feet from ground: 17 feet, 9 inches.
rs 1 foot from ground: 23 feet, 63 inches.
at ground level, including projecting root
buttresses: approximately 30 feet.

3. Hill of the Five Oaks. We may best reach this by continu-
ing up Payson Avenue from Dyckman Street.’ Just beyond
the last house on the right we enter the little plateau-like re-
gion where typical specimens of fair size of the following species
of oak may be seen:

“é

Quercus alba od coi
White Oak Gh
Quercus montana s
Chestnut Oak Fe 0s “Xe
Quercus velutina 05
Black Oak 4
Quercus coccinea Red Maple oy e1
Scarlet Oak
Quercus borealis ag =
Red Oak
The relative position of the bd Peper e Sos. es
different individuals may be
seen from the accompanying o1 wale ter
map (Fig. 3.). From the Hill ol MES
of the Five Oaks we may de- 04 i os
cend into Shorakapkok Glen to ae
by taking any one of a num- 8) ee
ber of paths leading down the
hill to the left. oS as

4. Cock Hill. We may
reach this by taking the path
westward from the Glen, and Tulip
paralleling the Spuyten Duy-

vil Creek. The grade mounts
steadily upward, and a side

Roao

path to the southward leads FiGuRE 3. Showing location of the five
species of oak on the Hill of the Five

h i :
us to the top of the cliff, or 6.1. 1 White Oak; 2, Chestnut Oak;
WE may continue om the or 3, Black Oak; 4, Scarlet Oak; 5, Red
ginal path to the viewpoint Oak. One inch =approximately 70 feet.

WAT

which includes a sweep of the Hudson and the mouth of Spuyten
Duyvil Creek. The path to the cliff leads to a road near the
cliff edge and here we find among the ruins of old buildings a
variety of interesting plants. The white willow, which is not
of common occurrence, appears to be established here; and
clinging to old masonry with a little soil mixed with crumbing
mortar I have found the Kenilworth ivy, Linaria Cymbalaria,
a pretty little creeping herb, apparently encouraged by the
presence of the lime, and well established. There are many in-
teresting and handsome planted specimens of exotic and intro-
duced trees and shrubs to be seen on the hill, such as the copper
or purple beech, Austrian pine, paulownia, weeping cutleaved
birch, etc. A tree of the red ash grows near the cliff road and
has been apparently planted. Another individual, probably
native, many be seen just northwest of the Dyckman Institute
building in the Shorakapkok Glen and close to the river. The
twigs and leaves are downy and the habit is more spreading
than in the white ash. The large white pines growing on Cock
Hill are probably planted.

A proposed List of Plants of Inwood Park. It would be in-
teresting and certainly valuable as a record to have a complete
list of the plants growing at the present time in Inwood Park,
as well as the other parks of greater New York—at least for
those which are still fortunately maintained in a wild or semi-
wild condition. This might form an objective for some of the
Club’s field trips in the future. That the flora of Inwood has
changed, the following list of orchids collected there, in 1866-8
chiefly by Dr. H. M. Denslow, his uncle Mr. W.W. Denslow, and
others, bears witness. These plants seem to have long since
vanished.? The data for this list have been kindly furnished by
Mrs. Palmyre DeC. Mitchell of the New York Botanical
Garden.

1. Orchis spectabilis L. May 14, (no year given, but evidently
1887. See Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 14: 153. 1887.) Miss
E. Cannon.

2. Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.) BSP. “N.Y. Island’? Wm.
Bower, 1866.

8 Or, after leaving Ostrya Hill we may continue northeastward on the
road.

9 See also Denslow, H. M., Native orchids in and near New York. Torreya
27: 61-63 1927.

128

. Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt. Sept. 1867. H. M. Denslow.

. Liparis liluifolia (L.) Richard. Sept. 1, 1867 ‘““Ex Herb. W.
W. Denslow.”’

Liparis lilifolia (L.) “Inwood, N.Y. Isl.’’, June 23, 1868.

H. M. Denslow.

7. Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Flint’s Woods, Inwood,

north and west slope. Aug. 23, 1867. “‘Herb. W. W.

Denslow.”’

As a beginning of a list of the plants of the present time I
have recorded below the woody plants now growing without
cultivation. Undoubtedly additions can be made to this list.
It is interesting to note that of the 70 species recorded, at least
16 (the starred species) or over 20 per cent, are introduced:

3. Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. Sept. 1867. H. M. Den-
slow.

4. Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A. Eaton. Sept. 1867. H.
M. Denslow.

5

6

List OF Woopy PLANTS GROWING NATURALLY
IN INWooD PARK

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock
*Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow
*Salix alba L. European White Willow

Salix cordata Muhl. Heart-leaf Willow
*Populus alba L. White Poplar

Myrica carolinensis Mill. Bayberry

Juglans cinerea L. Butternut

Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shagbark Hickory

Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. Mockernut Hickory

Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. Pignut Hickory

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. Bitternut Hickory

Corylus americana Walt. Hazelnut

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop-hornbeam

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech

Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smooth Alder

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech

Quercus alba L. White Oak

Quercus montana Willd. Chesnut Oak

Quercus borealis Michx. f. Red Oak

Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak

Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak

Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery Elm

Ulmus americana L. American Elm

Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry

Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry

129

Liriodendron tulipifera L. Yellow Poplar
Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed
Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. Sassafras
Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush
Hamamelis virginiana (L.) Witch-hazel
Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore
*Pyrus Malus L. Wild Apple
*Pyrus communis L. Pear
*Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Wineberry
Rubus occidentalis L. Black Raspberry
Rubus villosus Ait. Dewberry
Rubus allegheniensis Porter. High Blackberry
Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry
*Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry
*Prunus persica (L.) Stokes. Peach
*Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Black Locust
*Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Ailanthus
Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumach
Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumach
Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy
Celastrus scandens L. Climbing Bittersweet
Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple
*Acer platanoides L. Norway Maple
Acer rubrum L. Red Maple
*Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut
Psedera quinquefolia (L.) Greene. Virginia Creeper
Vitis aestivalis Michx. Summer Grape
Tilia glabra Ventenat. Basswood
Cornus florida L. Dogwood
Cornus Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum
Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. Late Low Blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum L. High Blueberry
Fraxinus americana L. White Ash
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash
* Solanum Dulcamara L. Bitter Nightshade
*Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia
*Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Common Catalpa
*Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle
Viburnum acertfolium L. Maple-leaf Viburnum
Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw
Sambucus canadensis L. Common Elder
Smilax rotundifolia L. Green Brier
The following probably also occur:
Rubus odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry
Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry
Sambucus pubens Michx. Red-berried Elder
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Serviceberry

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN,
BROOKLYN, N. Y.

Some Changes in the Weed Flora of Whatcom County,
Washington

W. C. MUENSCHER

When the timber is removed from a forested region and the
land is cleared for agricultural purposes, usually only a few
weeds are present to contend with during the first few years.
The native woodland species that are accustomed to the reduced ~
sunlight, moist humus cover, higher atmospheric humidity,
and other factors and conditions associated with a woodland
environment, usually are unable to persist very long after the
land has been cleared. Soon however, exotic weeds arrive, es-
tablish themselves and frequently multiply and spread rapidly.
The interval between the time when most of the native species
disappear from the arable land and the time when the foreign
ones arrive, while somewhat variable with local conditions, as
a rule is very brief.

After a number of years many of these introduced species
may become very troublesome. Indeed, they may even form
the most conspicuous part of the vegetation of waste land and
roadsides. The less common species often go unnoticed until
they are more widespread, when it is usually difficult to obtain
much information concerning their first appearance.

At various times the writer has had opportunities for making
observations and records of the flora of Whatcom County,
Washington, the most northwestern county in the United
States. Some of the more important changes observed in the
weed flora of this county are recorded here.!

The eastern portion of Whatcom County lies in the Cascade
mountains and, for the greater part, is still covered with virgin
evergreen forests. This discussion refers only to the western
portion of the county, extending from sea level on Puget Sound
eastward for about 30 miles to the foothills of the Cascade
mountains. The annual rainfall in this region averages about
40 inches, very little of which falls between July and September.
The soils consist mostly of sandy and silty loams. Clay soils

1 Based largely upon observations and records made by the writer as
follows: 1900-1911; June-Sept. 1912; Sept. 1913; June-Sept. 1914; Aug.-Sept.
1915; Aug.-Sept. 1916; May-June 1918; Jan.-Sept. 1919; June 1929. Specimens
of most of the species reported have been deposited in the herbarium of Cornell
University.

130

131

are relatively infrequent but extensive areas of peat soil are
common. The general features of the climate and soil? and of
the flora’ of this region have already been described. This
area lies in the humid transition zone and consists mostly of
very gently rolling uplands that were originally covered with
a dense forest in which the Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga taxzfolia
Britt. was the dominant tree. The broad alluvial valley of the
Nooksack river, and to some extent the valleys of smaller
streams, as well as several extensive peatbogs, were originally
covered with forests in which the western red cedar, Thuja
plicata D. Don., and the Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis Carr.
were the dominant trees. Practically all of the forests have now
been removed, the greatest activity having taken place during
the last thirty years. Most of the lowlands, and such peat
bogs as could be drained, have been cleared for farming land.
Much of the upland has also been cleared and the remainder is
mostly “‘logged off’ or stump land used for pasture. The county
has two seaports, Bellingham and Blaine, and the several towns
within its boundaries are served by three railroad lines. Oppor-
tunities for bringing seeds of weeds into this county have been
favorable since every year large quantities of feed and seeds
are shipped in.
NATIVE WEEDS

After the removal of the forests only a few of the native
species persisted as troublesome weeds in the clearings. Even
some of these are species accustomed to the open places along
the banks of streams or shores of lakes where trees were absent
on account of the periodic fluctuations of the water level and
erosion. The common brake fern, Pteridium aquilinum var.
pubescens Underw. was the most troublesome pest on newly
cleared uplands. Under thorough cultivation, or with persistent
efforts to eradicate it, the brake fern usually survived only a few
years but in some pastures and grasslands, it has survived for
twenty years or more. In some neglected logged off pasture
lands it has even spread. In the lowlands, especially in sandy
soil, the common field horsetail, Equisetum arvense L., became

2 Mangum, A. W. Reconnoissance soil survey of the eastern part of the
Puget Sound Basin, Washington U.S. Dept. of Agric., Bureau of Soils Bull.
1911.

3 Muenscher, W. C. Flora of Whatcom County, Washington. Muhlen-
bergii 9: 101-132. 1914.

132

very abundant, especially in meadows where it is even now a
bad pest in many places. Equisetum Telmataei Ehrh. was fre-
quently troublesome, especially in poorly drained pastures. On
recently burned over stump lands and newly cleared land, the
fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium L., frequently persisted for
several years on the uplands, while on the lowlands, Epilobium
adenocaulon Haussk., was a common pest in pastures, meadows
and grainfields. Neither of these weeds persisted long under
cultivation.

NATURALIZED AND ADVENTIVE WEEDS

1. Species well established and rather generally distributed
before 1905.

In meadows: Ginnania lanata (L.) Hub., locally known as
mesquite grass, especially common on peat land; Achillea
Millefolium L., Plantago lanceolata L., Rumex acetosella L.,
on uplands. In pastures: Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Hill, Cir-
sium arvense (L.) Scop., Verbascum Thapsus L., Taraxacum
officinale L., Bromus hordeaceus L., Aira caryophylla L. In
grainfields: Brassica arvensis (L.) Ktze., Brassica juncea (L.),
Cosson, Brassica campestris L., Raphanus sativus L., Spergula
arvensis L., Avena fatua var. glabrata Peterm. and, especially
in peat land, Polygonum hydropiper L. On cultivated soils
and in gardens: Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus
L., Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill, Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.)
Medic. Sonchus asper L., Sonchus oleraceus L., Polygonum
Persicaria L. and Polygonum Convolvulus L. About barnyards
and in waste places: Polygonum aviculare L., Plantago major
L., Anthemis Cotula L., Sisymibrium officinale (L.) Scop., Rumex
crispus L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Although native
on the Pacific coast, Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buch. and
Erigeron canadensis L. appear as if introduced in Whatcom
County.

2. Species occurring before 1905 but apparently not spread
to any extent since.

Mostly in waste places or about farm buildings: Arctuwm
minus (Hill) Bernh., Centaurea Cyanus L., Cytisus scoparius
(L.) Link., Panicum capillare L., Veronica arvensis L., Marru-
bium vulgare L., Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev. and Lychnis Cor-
onaria (L.) Desv.

133

3. Species observed first between 1905-1910, but which
since then have spread and were rather common weeds in
1929.

Chiefly in upland meadows: Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum
var. pinnatifidum Lecoqg. and Lamotte. In pastures and mea-
dows on clay or peat soil: Ranunculus repens L. Mostly in dry
upland pastures: Trifolium procumbens L., Trifolium dubium
Sibth., Geranium molle L. and Bromus tectorum L. In waste
places and cultivated ground: Lactuca scariola L., Oenothera
biennis L., Sisymbrium altissimum L., Brassica nigra (L.)
Koch, and Geranium pusillum Burm. f.

4. Species observed first between 1905-1910 but still ap-
pearing only very locally.

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Hypericum perforatum L.,
Silene noctiflora L., Solanum dulcamara L., Digitalis purpurea
L., Rumex obtusifolius L., Sisymbrium Sophia L., Medicago
Lupulina L., Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her., Nepeta cataria
L., Malva rotundifolia L.

5. Weeds observed first between 1910-1919.

Hypochaeris radicata L., Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. and
Linaria vulgaris L. locally common in grasslands, pastures and
waste places in 1929. Cichorium Intybus L., Daucus Carota L.,
Hordeum jubatum L. and Pastinaca sativa L. local in waste
ground and along roadsides in 1929. Agrostemma Githago L.,
Saponaria Vaccaria L. and Bromus secalinus L., observed in a
wheat field and about poultry yards in 1919, but have shown
no tendency to spread.

6. Species apparently recorded for the first time since 1920.

*Ranunculus acris L., first noticed in 1922, was widespread
and very abundant in wet meadows, pastures and along road-
sides in 1929. Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., Silene latifolia (Mill.)
Britt., Lychnis alba Mill., Dianthus armeria L., *Erysimum
cheiranthoides L. and Malva moschata L. were found locally in
new meadows and along roadsides in 1929. Agropyron repens
(L.) Beauv., Chenopodium urbicum L., *Conringia orientalis
(L.) Dumont. and *Fumaria officinalis L. occurred in cultivated
soil near farm buildings. *Coniwm maculatum L., *Symphytum
asperum Lep., Sonchus arvensis L., *Centaurea Jacea L., Meli-
lotus alba Desr. and *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. were ob-
served in waste ground and along roadsides. The species pre-

134

ceded by an asterisk are not included in the flora by Piper and
Beattie* covering this part of Washington.

Of the 96 weeds reported from Whatcom County, Washing-
ton, five are native species. The rest are naturalized or adven-
tive, mostly from Europe. Among the 46 widespread, or at
least locally common, naturalized weeds, 33 were already so by
1905, eight more species became so by 1910; three more by
1919, and two more by 1929. Among the 42 uncommon or
very local weeds, eight species were known to occur in the coun-
ty before 1905; 12 more by 1910; seven more by 1919; and 15
more by 1929. Among the earlier weeds brought into Whatcom
County the most noxious are the Canada thistle, Cirsium ar-
vensis (L.) Scop. and the mesquite or velvet grass, Ginnania
lanata (L.) Hub., and several mustards, Brassica spp. Among
the most noxious of the recently introduced weeds are the tall
field buttercup, Ranunculus acris L., and the winter cress,
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Both of these species are already wide-
spread and in the future will, in all probability, become very
common on the heavier soils and lowlands. The quack grass,
Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. and the perennial sow thistle,
Sonchus arvensis L., the worst weeds in the northeastern and
north central States, respectively, have become well established
in Whatcom County. It remains for the future to reveal to
what extent these pests will trouble the farmers of Whatcom
County.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Stations for the Southern White Cedar

In a talk before the club on May 6th Mr. Torrey spoke of
several unusual stands of the Southern White Cedar. Mr.
Russell B. Evans reports another location, a swamp west and
north west of Franklin Lake, N.J. The swamp occupies a
glacial kettle hole. Most of the trees in the swamp are dead,
dozens of them are up to a foot in diameter. Some living trees
are near the outlet and some dead ones have been dragged out,
barked and cut up, as the waste on the knolls west and south
of the swamp indicates.

A census of the stands of Chamaecyparis thyoides remote

4 Piper, C. V. and R. K. Beattie. Flora of the Northwest Coast. 1915.

135

from the coast, with the elevations above sea level, has been
prepared by Mr. Raymond H. Torrey.

Franklin Lake, Passaic County, N.J., 417 feet.

Cedar Ponds, Passaic Co., east of Greenwood Lake, 1025
feet.

Belcher Creek, south of Greenwood Lake, Passaic Co., 700
feet.

Wawayanda Mountain (‘‘Cedar Swamp’’) west of Green-
wood Lake, Passaic Co., 1210 “Cedar Swamp,” High Point
State Park, Sussex Co., 1650 feet.

Formerly on Tuxedo Lake and Lake Tiorati in Harriman
State Park, N.Y., at about 700 and 1040 feet respectively.

All are north of the terminal moraine, and are presumably
colonies which migrated north after the ice age, but instead of
going along the coast to New England shores, they went in-
land—70 miles in the High Point occurrence.

FIELD TRIPS|(OF THE. CEUB

Members of the Torrey Botanical Club party at the home
of Dr. Will S. Monroe, Couching Lion Farm, North Duxbury,
Vt., over the Fourth of July week end, led by William Gavin
Taylor, report among their finds the Luminous Moss, Schis-
tostega osmundacea, and the Rock Brake, Cryptogramma Stel-
lert both on talcose schist rock, in Fayston Pass, south of
Couching Lion, and east of Stark Mountain. As explained by
Mr. A. T. Beals, who found this station first, in 1929, the lumin-
osity is due to light reflecting qualities in the structure of the
protonema. The golden-green glow in the dark recesses under
an overhanging rock is described as quite surprising by Mr.
J. A. Allis, a member of the club, who visited the site later,
and found the Rock Brake, newly reported there. The party
which visited Smuggler’s Notch found the stand of Saxifraga
Aizoon, which has been reported before and brought back a
plant to establish in Dr. Monroe’s alpine garden, which, by
the way, was finer than ever this year.

Twenty members and guests of the club took part in the
excursion to Bear Mountain Park, Sunday, July 20, under the
leadership of Mr. Raymond Adolph, forester of the Palisades
Interstate Park. The shores of Queensboro Lake yielded some
interesting water plants, including Alisma Plantago-aquatica,
and Lythrum Salicaria, small stands of the latter having ad-
vanced from the marshes along the Hudson in recent years
and established themselves at several of the inland lakes and
beaver ponds in the Park. The spread of the Purple Looses-
strife, from its large and dense colonies along the Hudson,
during the past ten or twenty years, has been continued evi-
dence of the adaptiveness of the beautiful and interesting im-
migrant from Europe, which is now one of the commonest of
our marsh plants, not only of brackish spots along the Hudson
as far south as Piermont, but in fresh water marshes, along the
Wallkill, on tributaries of the Hudson in Dutchess and Co-
lumbia counties, and more recently along the upper part of the
Hackensack meadows, near Little Ferry. It is now established
in several of the park lakes, and in the beaver meadows near
Lake Nawahunta and Middle Kanawauke Lakes, and seems
to thrive as well in fresh water as in brackish.

136

137

On the annual visit to Spruce Pond, on the western border
of the Harriman State Park, on July 27, under the leadership of
Archibald T. Shorey of the Brooklyn Boy Scouts, the interest-
ing flora of the place was enjoyed by a party of ten. New
visitors to the place were introduced to the species for which
it is notable, the large stand of Virginia Chain fern, the museum
piece of Drosera longifolia, in bloom on the half submerged log
at the south end, and the colony of Calla palustri on the west
side. The plants of Andromeda polifolia, an uncommon northern
shrub in this latitude, among the Chamaedaphne calyculata
beds along the south shore seem to be increasing. The red spruce
and American larch, which have one of their southernmost
stands at Spruce Pond, interested the field students.

On the excursion of Sunday, August 3, to Bradley Mine,
in the Harriman Park, led by the chairman of the field commit-
tee, two plants which attracted interest among the usual late
summer composites, were Geranium pusillum, a pale small-
flowered species of this genus, along the road south of the
Harriman dairy, and Corydalis sempervirens, the latter not so
much because of any rarity, but for its adaptiveness to the
particular conditions. It was found along the new park entrance
road from Lower Cohasset Lake to Arden. Recent blasting
had destroyed some mature plants on the ledges, but their
seeds were ripened and as they were scattered over the dirt
fill of the road, hundreds of them had taken root and were
sending up their cotyledons. This plant, growing on arid ledges,
and of a rather delicate texture, seems able to stand a lot of
drought and even of burning of the older plants by spring forest
fires, for the seeds spring up in late summer and maintain it.

Bradley Mine was of considerable geological interest, with
the great chamber from which the iron ore was taken and a
large dike of comptonite, a kind of basalt, seen in the walls of
the entrance; and a coating of the old Grenville limestone,
covered with spongy looking pyroxene deposits. We met in
the mine Mr. Labounsky, a field worker for Professor J.J.
Colony of Columbia University. Prof. Colony is working on
a report of the New York State Museum on the geology of the
Schunemunk quadrangle which will be of great interest to
hikers who like to know the geology of the park.

While working on the Kittatiny Mountain section of the

138

Appalachian Trail this summer, I found another stand of the
Bunchberry Cornus canadensis which appears to be the far-
thest south in this latitude. I have previously reported it on
Schunemunk Moutain in Orange County N.Y. at 1600 feet
and in a swamp farther north on Kittatiny Mountain at 1500
feet. This new location is in a swamp about 1400 feet above
sea at the head of a brook which plunges down the steep west
side of the mountain to enter the Delaware River near Poxono
Island, about eight miles above Water Gap. As in the other
stands it did not seem happy. It displayed few evidences of
blossoms, and no fruit whatever. Apparently it was maintain-
ing itself only by extension by stolons. These few stands, in
the southern New York and northern New Jersey highlands,
at elevations up to 1500 feet, where it seems to find conditions
somewhat approximating those farther north in the high Cat-
skills and in northern New England where it is common, are
presumably relicts of the colder conditions of earlier times in
the last post-glacial period.

Another evident post-glacial relict which I found this sum-
mer with Forester Raymond Adolph of the Palisades Inter-
state Park, was a large and thriving colony of the Bearberry,
Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, on an open ledgy hilltop north of Long
Pond, overlooking the Central Valley-West Point highway.
It covers half an acre and showed plentiful green fruit. This is
the fourth of such stands of this plant I have found in the
Orange County highlands, where it has been reported as rare;
two others being in the Harriman Park, on Black Mountain
and Fingerboard Mountain—both on the Appalachian Trail,
znd the other on Mombasha High Point, southwest of Mom-
Lasha Lake, also on the Appalachian Trail.

Evidence of the desperate efforts of plants at survival and
the advantage taken of the slightest encouragement, were,
seen in a badly burned area on the south end of Kittatiny
Mountain, west of Branchville, N. J. Several hundred acres
of the mountain top were burned over, during the August
drought, in a blaze exceedingly fierce for summer conditions,
but everything was so dry that the destruction was as bad as is
seen in spring or fall forest fire hazard periods. Even the thin
vegetable soil was reduced to black ashes; the trees and shrubs
were burned to death, and yet a few bits of green were to be

139

seen. They were the cotyledons of plants of open ledges, Cory-
dalis sempervirens, Geranium carolianum, Saxifraga virginiensts,
and perhaps Phlox subulata. The parent plants appeared to
have been burned to nothing, roots and all, but they had ripened
their seeds before the blaze and scattered them on the ground.
A week after the fire there was a heavy rain, and the seeds
evidently have survived destruction by the searing heat, for
scores of tiny seed leaves were coming up in the blackened
humus. A box tortoise, found dead nearby, was not so fortun-
ate; the poor fellow had been roasted in his shell, before he
could escape the swift flames with his slow and clumsy gait.

Down from the summit a bit, where bracken fern had been
thick, and where its drought-dried leaves burned like tinder,
the roots had survived in some places, and the plant was send-
ing up new fronds, as if it were April. This fire was said to have
been started deliberately by huckleberry pickers, who believe
such burnings cause the berry bushes to come in thick for a
while. The only berry fruits which appeared to have survived
and which lay in the burned ground, were those of the Choke-
berry, Pyrus arbutifolia, whose rather heavy pulpy covering of
the seeds had probably protected them so that they will sprout,
but they will do the huckleberry pickers no good.

Members of the Torrey Botanical Club and of the Trail
Campers of America greatly enjoyed a visit to the gardens on
the estate of Clarence M. Lewis, banker, at Skyland, near
Sterlington, N.Y., Sunday, Sept. 14. The visit was arranged
by Mr. Charles Crowell, founder of the Trail Campers, who
have a lodge on Stony Brook, north of Sloatsburg, which has ©
been used by members of the Brooklyn Nature Club and other
nature students; and upon the invitation of Mr. Lewis, through
his superintendent, Mr. Kendall. Mr. Lewis has large numbers
of alpine species, obtained from M. Correvon, the Swiss spec-
ialist in such plants, which are doing well in the soils carefully
adapted to their needs. Scientific names are shown on stamped
metal tags, and the exhibit is very instructive. Mr. Lewis’
gardener has also made a sort of Nature Trail of native plants,
brought from the woods on his 2,000 acre estate, or from other
parts of the country. A great display of horticultural, named,
forms of an aster, the ancestors of which were our common New
England Aster, Aster novae-angliae, made a splendid sight.

140

Dr. A. B. Stout of the New York Botanical Garden has some
surplus specimens of the Day Lily, Hemerocallis, with which
he has long been working, installed in this garden, through Mr.
Lewis’ cooperation. This flower collection is a treat, in assemb-
ling so many exotics, alpine and others, in so small a space and
it would be a privilege if the Torrey Botanical Club could make
an annual visit there.

RAYMOND H. ToRREY
Chairman Field Committeee

FIELD TRIP OF SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 7

Thirty two members of the club and friends were led on this
trip at Caldwell, N. J., by Professor Oliver P. Medsger. The
trip led through some interesting second-growth woods and
over a small hill whose dry top showed fine clumps of the stiff-
leaved aster, Aster or Ionantis linarizfolius. A number of species
of aster and goldenrod were noted, also species of Desmodium,
including nudiflorum, rotundifolium, grandiflorum, Dillenu, and
paniculatum. Fortunately the fruit of these latter were not
quite ripe so comparatively few clung to the clothing of the
party. Some fine plants of the smooth false foxglove were seen.
On top of the hill where lunch was eaten there was a plentiful
growth of the shrubby bitter sweet, but most of the fruiting
vines had been pulled down and the branches broken off, the
ground being littered with the broken twigs. Here, as in many
places near the cities, the vines found are mostly staminate,
the pistillate plants having been destroyed by those who love
beauty, or can make a profit from others love of it.

FIELD TRIP OF SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 14

In spite of the usual deterrents for this season of the year;
namely hot, muggy weather and an army of mosquitoes pre-
pared for the attack, ten people made the trip to Fresh Kills
and vicinity Sunday, September 14th. On account of the great
crowd of Sunday excursionists at the bus at St. George, the
trip was taken in reverse order, the party entraining for Elting-
ville, whence a bus was taken to Richmond Road at its inter-
section with the highway across Fresh Kills. Here botanizing
commenced.

141

As usual at this time of the year, the meadows were adorned
here and there with large colonies of Helianthus giganteus; and
Solidago maritima, the seaside goldenrod, was beginning to
contribute its share to the picture. Another Helianthus, H.
tuberosus, the Jerusalem artichoke, was found well established
near the old gravel quarry, and specimens with good tubers
were obtained. Close by, H. annuis, the common sunflower,
was growing on a rubbish heap. Other composites observed
were Eupatorium perfoliatum and pubescens, as well as tall,
vigorous, glaucous-stemmed plants of E. purpureum, one of
the forms of the plant known commonly as Joe-Pye Weed.
The closely related Mikania scandens, climbing over roadside
plants, was much in evidence. Three wild lettuces, Lactuca
spicata, canadensis, and scariola were found. Bzdens frondosa,
connata, and comosa were seen, the last being of frequent
occurrence. Besides Solidago sempervirens, of the goldenrods,
S. rugosa, canadensis, and graminifolia were well represented,
the last in extensive colonies. Erechtites hieracifolia was also
of frequent occurrence and extremely variable in height. Of
the asters, A. novae-angliae, novi-belgit, paniculatus, multi-
florus, and subulatus were seen and collected, the last being
frequent in the brackish soil of the marshes. Another interesting
plant was the orchid, Spiranthes cernua, growing low down
among the high grass and other plants near the creek just below
the Episcopal church, where there is probably very little salt
present. Cicuta maculata, the poison hemlock, is of frequent
occurrence in the upper and fresher portion of the marshes.
Pilimmum capillaceum was also found in similar locations.
Zannichellia palustris was found in fruiting stage in the upper
parts of the creek. Patches of the interesting grass, T7ipsacum
dactyloides, whose grain-bearing heads are brittle and break
off in sections, were also seen. There were, of course, vast
colonies of the reed, Phragmites communis, Spartina cynosurot-
des, and Sorghastrum nutans. Pluchea camphorata, the salt
marsh fleabane, and the beautiful, rosy-tinted Sabatia stellarts,
were found in their accustomed haunts, but not in great abun-
dance. Near them was the seaside Gerardia, G. maritima.
The trip ended in the late afternoon at the headwaters of the
stream, near the Episcopal church at Richmond.

ARTHUR H. GRAVES

142

FIELD TRIP OF SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 21

The excursion to Franklin Notch, in the Preakness Moun-
tain region northwest of Paterson, N.J., Sunday, Sept. 21,
which was scheduled for the study of agaric fungi, under the
leadership of Dr. William S. Thomas, was altered, owing to
the enforced absence of Dr. Thomas in Europe, to a general
one on fall flowers, although one or two mushroom addicts
found plenty to interest them, too especially some large masses
of the honey agaric, red russulas, and Caesar’s Amanita. Ten
were present.

The most unusual plant seen was Pedicularia lancelata,
the Swamp Lousewort, in the meadows along Barbour’s Brook.
It is quite different from P. canadensis, the common woodland
species blooming in the spring; with stiff upright stems, one to
three feet high, and much larger flowers than the spring species.
A large colony of Spiranthes cernua was seen in this swamp, with
Lobelia siphilitica, Bidens cernua, Sanquisorba canadensis
(still in bloom), and Gerardia purpurea. Spiranthes gracilis
was found in a dryer situation.

In the Notch, the interesting flora maintains its numbers
with large masses of Blue Cohosh, Cazilophyllum, in plentiful
fruit; Clematis verticillaris; one of the few places where it is
still found within 30 miles of New York; large stands of the
Upland Lady Fern—some of the fronds over three and a half
feet long, exceeding the Cinnamon Fern near by—Allium tri-
coccum, the Wild Leek, whose black, shot-like seeds were
striking at the season; Wild Ginger, Herb Robert, and plenti-
ful Maidenhair and Ebony Spleenwort. Cardinal Flower was
still in bloom in the wet spot at the south end of the Notch.

On the old road west of High Mountain, the Golder Saxi-
frage, Chrysosplenium americanum, was a plant rather rare in
the near environs of the metropolitan district. Cancer Root,
Conopholis americana, was another interesting find.

RAYMOND H. TORREY

NEWS NOTES

The New York Botanical Garden is offering a series of courses
on the growing of plants and on plant classification. One set
of courses ison Tuesday afternoons, the other on Saturdays.

143

Classes are in charge of Dr. Forman T. McLean and Dr.
Elmer D. Merrill.

The University of Pittsburgh has organized the University
of Pittsburgh Lake Laboratory to carry on investigations at
the biological laboratory at Presque Isle, Lake Erie, and to con-
duct summer work in botany and zoology. Dr. Otto E. Jen-
nings, head of the department of botany is director and Dr.
S. H. Williams, professor of zoology, associate director.

Dr. D. T. McDougal, of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington, was appointed as representative of the Torrey Botani-
cal Club to the International Conference on Plant Nomen-
clature.

The New York Botanical Garden was represented at the
fifth International Botanical Congress at Cambridge, England,
pyaeeimecton E: DW. Merrill, Dr. J. H. Barnhart, Dr. B. O.
Dodge, Dr. H. A. Gleason and Dr. A. B. Stout. They will re-
main until late in the fall as they are planning research work at
Kew and the European institutions. Dr. Merrill is one of the
vice-presidents of the Congress and also a vice-president of
the section on taxonomy.

Dr. F. O. Bower, emeritus professor of botany at the Uni-
versity of Glassgow, who succeeds Sir Thomas Holland as
President of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, took as the subject of his address ‘‘Size and Form in
Plants.”’ The meeting of the Association was at Bristol from
September 3-10 (Science).

One anda half billion dollars annually is the average amount
of the injury plant diseases do in the United States each year,
says Dr. R. J. Haskell, plant pathologist of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, who is in charge of the plant disease survey
of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Other nations suffer propor-
tionate losses, although statistical information is lacking in
many countries. In Canada the estimated annual losses average
about 15,000,000 English pounds. England estimates that plant
disease takes an average of 10 per cent of the value of its plant
products. It is estimated, that the United States wheat crop is
reduced by about 97,000,000 bushels a year, on the average,
by rusts, smuts, root rots and other diseases. The corn crop
is curtailed by approximately 271,000,000 bushels and white
potatoes by about 95,000,000 bushels annually.

In a new bulletin, Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 77, American

144

Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance, the United States
Department of Agriculture reports on a wide range of wild
plants used in the preparation of medicines. Many wild plants,
some of them weeds, some attractive wild flowers such as yellow
lady’s slipper and trailing arbutus and others; important forest
trees, as the white pine, oak and ash, have long been used in
the practice of medicine. In this bulletin 128 plants of medicinal
value, or reputed value, are described and methods of handling
for commercial purposes are indicated, but nothing is said re-
garding the medicinal values. Accompanying each description
is a picture of the plant.

Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, director of the New York Botanical
Garden has been made a professor at Columbia University.
The University continues to grant credit for courses taken and
work done at the Garden.

THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

Contributors of accepted articles and reviews who wish six gratuitous
copies of the number of Torreya in which their papers appear, will kindly
notify ne editor, G. T. Hastings, 2587 Sedgwick Ave., New York when return-
ing proo

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Committees ‘for 1930 *

Finance Committee Field Committee -
R. A. HARPER, Chairman RaymMonpD H. Torrey, Chairman
J. H. BARNHART Mrs, G. P. ANDERSON
SERENO STETSON A. T. BEALS
Mrs. HeLen M. TRELEASE B. T. BUTLER
S. F. TRELEASE H. M. DENSLow

G. C, FISHER

Budget Committee A. L. GUNDERSEN
J. H. Barnwart, Chairman MiIcHAEL LEVINE
N. L. Britton Miss ZAIpA NICHOLSON
C. S. GAGER Joun S. WARE
A ie te Membership Committee
M. A. Howe J. K. Smarty, Chairman
H. H. Russy T, E. Hazen

* E. W. SInNort NorMAN TAYLOR

Local Flora Committee

Program Committee N. L. Britton, Chairman

Forman T. McLean, Chairman

Mrs. E. G. BRITTON Phanerogams: Cryptogams:

Wm. CROCKER ° N. L. Britton Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON

A. H. GRAVES R. H. CHENEY Mrs. E. G. Britton

T. E. Hazen H, M. Denstow A. W. EVANS

i Bion W.C. Fercuson Muss C. C. Haynes

Entertainment Committee BAYARD LONG T. E. Hazen

B. O. DopGe, Chairman K.K.Mackenziz M. A. Howe

Mrs. R. A. HARPER NorMAN TAYLOR MiIcHAEL LEVINE

Mrs. G. T. HAstIncs F, J. SEAVER

Mrs, Wn. MitcHELu

Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora
Ferns and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict | Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver

Mosses: Mrs. E. G. Britton Lichens: Mrs. G. P. Anderson
Liverworts: A. W. Evans Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu-
Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen berineae: F. J. SEAVER
Marine Algae: M. A. Howe Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed
Gasteromycetes: G. C. Fisher Sclerotium-forming Fungi:A.B.Stout
Russula and Lactarius: Miss G. S. Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver
Burlingham Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper Yeast and Bacteria: Miss J. Broad-
Polyporeae: M. Levine hurst

Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A journal devoted to general botany, established in 1870
and published monthly, except during July, August, and Sep-
tember. Vol. 56, published in 1929, contained 588 pages of
text and 23 full page plates. Price $4.00 per annum. For
Europe, $4.25.

In addition to papers giving the results of research, each
issue contains the INDEx TO AMERICAN BOTANICAL LITERATURE
—a very comprehensive bibliography of current publications in
American botany. Many workers find this an extremely valu-
able feature of the BULLETIN.

Of former volumes, 24-56 can be supplied separately at
$4.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but
the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the com-

pletion of sets. Single copies (50 cents) will be furnished only ‘

when not breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs, established 1889, are-published at irregular — |

intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription
price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing
Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club,
490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can
also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers
and of prices will be furnished on application.

(3) Index to American Botanical Literature, reprinted
monthly on cards, and furnished to subscribers at three cents a
card.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should be

-addressed to
Mrs. HELEN M. TRELEASE
Box. 42 Schermerhorn Hall,
Columbia University,
New York.

Vol. 30 7 November-December, 1930 No. 6

TORREYA

A Bi-MontTHLy Journat oF BoranicaL Notes AnD NEWS

EDITED FOR
THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
BY

GEORGE T. HASTINGS

John Torrey, 1796-1873
CONTENTS
A Laboratory Lesson in Variation. RALPH C. BENEDICT...........-... 145
iay-eond Lane. “ARABELLA MCKEE® so 2.00 tales Wo Da ee es 153
COTE SET Sus Te ©) Ree a aah a Oe i ane Sah et aD aed be aoe AE Sa 159
PeneeemnrsartheOiib. ke tr ee oT) US aS 162
NVC WOIOLCS try roses ee ate e ee enh tit OZhy Noh ceed AL: Eee alc yas 165
PER EP VONeRe SOs ys tia ie es Pees Mosler BEo 2G Ree ees 167

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THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB
OFFICERS FOR 1930 $

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EDMUND W. SINNOTT, Pu.D.

Vice-Presidents
C. STUART GAGER, PuH.D., Sc.D.
MARSHALL A. HOWE, Pu.D., Sc.D.

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New York BoTANICAL GARDEN
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Advancement of Science
R. A. HARPER, Pu.D. B. O. DODGE, Px.D.
MEMBERSHIP

All persons interested in botany are invited to join the Club. There are
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TORREYA

ol. 30 November- December Neon

A Laboratory Lesson in Variation

RALPH C. BENEDICT

It is commonly ag eed that the essence of go01 sci> ct
ing consists in ‘exposing’ the student to objectiv= ealiti-:, a
in helpirg him to d-aw his own deductions and inductions f om
what he observes. With respect to evolution, howeve-, is it
not a fact that this topic is chiefly presented and studied, at
least in elementary courses, through the medium of books? That
many learn to talk glibly regarding the ‘evidences’ of evolution
who have no real first hand acquaintance with the underlying
facts? A comment of the late John M. Coulter a few years ago
is pertinent in this connection. (Science 63: May 1926). ‘‘The
meaning of evolution is probably more misunderstood than
any doctrine of science. The reason is that it has been discussed
very freely by those who are not informed, and in this way
much misinformation has been propagated.”

It is the purpose of this article to offer an outline of a possible
laboratory lesson through which the most fundamental factor
of evolution may be presented objectively. The lesson, which
has been used a number of years in fourth year high school
biology, is based on the following premise: While all the data
derived from the study of the facts of morphological resem-
blances among related forms, of geographic distribution, of
geologic succession of types, of embryologic and ontogenetic
development, of plant breeding, etc., are valuable and impor-
tant as circumstantial evidence, any final understanding of the
basic problem of evolution must be sought in a study of variation
as a process.

If the pupil can be shown that occasionally in reproduction
a given parent or parents produce offspring which differ from
the parent type, and not merely by the re-shuffling of charac-

145

146

teristics already possessed by collateral forms, he has been
brought face to face with the elemental fact upon which any
real understanding of evolution must be based. His clear per-
ception of this primary fact will enable him to analyze and ap-

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Photograph from the Brooklyn Garden

FIGURE 1. Vegetative reproduction in Nephrolepis. In this case, the three
bud plants are all like the parent. In variation one or more would be different.
Such a variation would have to take place along the slender connecting stem.

preciate the meaning of the whole problem. He,will be looking
at the problem sharply and clearly, not merely vaguely and in
the large. The methods of the proposed lesson are outlined in
detail as follows:

147

SPECIFIC PROBLEM: WHAT IS MEANT BY VARIATION?

Variation is one of the numerous words which have a number
of different connotations. It should be clear at the start that the
looser, broader meanings are definitely excluded; that the word
is not used here in the common interpretation as referring to the
range of differences among a group of sibs, or between the in-
dividuals of a larger species population. The meaning can be
finally narrowed and sharply delimited to the desired applica-
iton, as indicated in the preceding paragraph, by raising the
question: Will evolution take place if offspring always repeat
the exact characteristics of their parents? In other words, why
must variation occur as a process in reproduction if new forms
are to occur?

Is there any evidence of such variation? Is there any ma-
terial which can be introduced into the school laboratory to help
in answering the questions raised? In this connection, the
Boston fern series, a number of which are common in the florist
trade, furnish excellent material for class study. They are rela-
tively common, and the material is not difficult to obtain. The
range of variation between the different varieties is wide, the
differences well-marked, and the material is large enough so
that the differences can be easily discerned. The total number of
scores of types have had a recent history. The method of repro-
duction is entirely vegetative, thus eliminating any complication
‘of the possible influence through hybridization. Incidentally, it
may be noted that the Brooklyn Botanic Garden has served for
nearly twenty years as a source of sets of specimens of these
ferns, both series of leaves and of growing plants for experimen-
tal and teaching use. So far as material is available, the writer
will be glad to furnish further material of this sort.

The mode by which variation must have taken place in these
fern types can be easily pointed out, and is illustrated in figure 1.
This shows a parent plant of the wild sword fern (Nephrolepis
exaltata) from which the Boston fern was derived, in association
with three offspring which have arisen along a lateral stolon.
Such stolons are common in florists’ or house specimens of Bos-
ton fern varieties, and the method of vegetative propagation
along stolons can usually be demonstrated by digging up a little
surface dirt around a well-established pot plant, or a demonstra-

148

tion, like that illustrated, can be prepared if provision is made

a few weeks in advance of need.
While in general, as in the case illustrated, the offspring are

practically identical with their parent, it has occurred a number
of times, in the florists’ cultivation of millions of Boston fern
plants, that an occasional bud plant has arisen which, while still

one

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Ficure 2. A leaf of the Boston fern (left) with leaves of the seven primary
sports. In each case, the original mutation took place in vegetative reproduc-
tion (See Fig. 1). The seven varieties are arranged as follows: Piersoni; Anna

Foster; Scotti; Giatrasi; Harrisi; Rossevelti; Gretnai.

in physical connection with its parent plant, has shown distinct
differences from that parent. In figure 2, there is shown the
leaves of a typical Boston fern together with seven such depar-
tures or variations. Beginning with the first new plant, each of
these variations thereafter reproduced only its own type, main-
taining the difference from the parent Boston fern, and thus
representing that kind of variation that is inherited, or mutation.

149

This does not establish just what the process of variation is;
it merely makes obvious the fact of its occurrence, and it is
evident also, that whatever happened must have taken place
somewhere along the stolon or reproductive branch from which
the different buds arose. Further inquiry and speculation as to
the exact nature of variation must wait until some later lessons
in which the cell basis of reproduction and heredity, and of pos-
sible gene modification can be examined.

The third figure, showing the representative pinnae of the
same leaves shown in figure 2, makes clearer just what types of
differences have occurred as a result of the variation process
in the Boston fern. When it is realized that these differences
parallel to some extent the characteristics which distinguish
recognized fern species, added emphasis is given to their possible
significance. When, in addition, consideration is given to the
extremes of modification developed through secondary and
further variation in this same group of ferns, resulting in the
scores and scores of well distinguished varieties, a new under-
standing should attach both to the meaning of variation as a
process and to its underlying significance in any consideration
of the whole process of evolution. Space does not permit any
other illustration of the wide variety of size and form repre-
sented in the whole series of Boston fern mutations which has
been presented elsewhere. However, a chart showing the genea-
logy of a large number of the named varieties which had been
introduced up to about ten years ago is reproduced, taken from
another source. As it happens, the wave of interest on the part
of florists in introducing new types of these ferns has practi-
cally ceased, owing to a variety of factors.

Besides the varieties which have been introduced commer-
cially with names, scores of others have been noted by florists
which, while distinctive enough, did not appear to offer com-
mercial possibilities and so did not attain to the dignity of
being named. Dozens of new forms have appeared in the col-
lections at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden during the years of
experimental culture, most of which have been described in
various reports, although without special names.

Some reference to the specific varieties illustrated and their
most obvious distinguishing characteristics will be appropriate.
Four different kinds of variation are represented among these
primary-sports of the Boston fern: (1) increase in division, from

150

once to twice pinnate; (2) dwarfing; (3) increase in ruffling; and
(4) cresting.

The second and third leaves and corresponding pinnae repre-
sent increased leaf division. The third leaf is from the ‘Anna
Foster’’ variety, the earliest of all the Boston fern sports, but it
was soon supplanted in the esteem of the florists by the ‘‘Pier-
son’’ fern, shown in the second leaf and pinnae, due to the more
desirable horticultural characteristics of the latter. From this
form alone, scores of secondary tertiary, and higher degree
sports have developed, resulting in various degrees of leaf divi-
sion,—as much as five pinnate,—and other modifications.

FiGureE 3. Pinnae of the Boston fern and of the seven primary mutations,
arranged as in Figure 2. It isa simple laboratory exercise to have pupils make
outline drawings of a Boston fern pinna with one or more of the other types for
comparison.

The fourth and fifth leaves and pinnae represent dwarf
types, respectively ‘‘Scott’s’”’ fern, of Brooklyn origin, and the
“‘Giatras’”’ fern, Hoboken Greek. In addition to their smaller
size, each offers other differences in outline, marginal characters,
and configuration of the pinnae, as well as in habit of growth.

The sixth and seventh leaves and pinnae present intensifica-
tion of the ruffling or waviness of the pinnae, horticulturally
known as crisping. The larger leaf (6) is called the ‘Harris’
fern, after its introducer, a Philadelphia grower. The other, the
“Roosevelt” fern, was introduced by an Ohio florist.

Lastly, there is a crested or ‘‘fishtail’’ type of variation, which
occurs not infrequently in wild native species. In the Boston

£51

GENEALOGY OF THE AMERICAN VARIETIES OF Boston FERN

Magnifica
Clarki Smithi—Craigi
Verona |
Gracillima
Trailing
Goodi Emerald
Fleece
( Barrowsi Whitmani ; Whitmani
| Milleri | Compacta
Elegantissima—Galvestoni | Elmsfordi
Robusta—|
Millsi
( Piersoni Spendida—Baeri
| Superior
Fertilis— | Elegantissima- Eleg: Compacta
| | Compacta Cristata
Wanamaker —|

Dwarf Boston
|Superbissima—M uscosa
Childsi—| |
Pershing —

Viridissima

3-Pinnate— Schuberti
Anna Foster; Sport
Exaltata— =i Amperpohli
Boston Fern{
Harrisi—W. K. Harris

(Dwarf Sport

| Teddy Jr. { Randolph—Victory
| Roosvelti Roosevelti

Improved | Wilsoni

| Wagneri

Scotti Falcata

Scholzeli—3-Pinnate Scholzeli

?Gretnai
New Jersey
|Giatrasi Queen Sophie
New York |

King Constantine

152

fern series this variety first appeared in Louisiana, and takes
its name from the town of its origin, “‘Gretna.”

In using this material in the laboratory, pupils have usually
been asked to make diagrammatic outline sketches of the Boston
fern type of pinna with one or two of the mutative types, to
emphasize the visible differences. In their notes, emphasis was
placed on the inherited character of such variations and the fact
that this constituted them as mutations. At the same time, by
way of comparison, they were usually given the chance to exam-
ine some type of spotted bean, such as the “‘yellow eye,’’ which
had a large pigmented.area on a white background. These were
used to illustrate the ‘“‘fluctuating”’ type of variation, as offering
differences grading by imperceptible steps into the parent form
and not repeated in inheritance, anyone of which might give
rise in reproduction to a complete series of color spot gradations.

That evolution if has taken place, must have occurred by
means of inherited variations will be accepted as axiomatic,
regardless of whether one believes all variations proceed from the
stimulation of hybridization or through spontaneous variation
of some unexplained cause. That the student who has examined
material of the kinds presented here will thereafter always carry
a clearer conception of what is meant by variation, and a better
understanding of the relation of this process to evolution seems,
to the writer, to be a justifiable conclusion.

BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN

“Lily Pond Lane”
(A bit of Long Island Ecology)
ARABELLA MCKEE

On the North Fork, near the end of Long Island there is a
sandy lane leading to the sea. The approach is through the oak
woods. Among the oaks are a few graceful birches and an occa-
sional beech; and here and there are scattered some big lichen
covered rocks, that rolled over from Connecticut in the glacial
ice, our very first ‘‘setilers’’ from that state.

As one descends to within a few feet of the sea level, and
approximately within 500 feet of the sea itself, the whole charac-
ter of the vegetation changes. There are no trees but various
bushes and shrubs and plants growing at the tension lines, this
is due to the character of the soil, which becomes more and more
sandy, and to the strong sea winds.

A little path to the left leads to a fresh water pond now fed by
springs. It is not at all brakish although it was originally part
of a great cut off from the sea which occurred hundreds of years
ago. Possibly it was a small glacial kettle still earlier, as the few
rounded rocks on the steep slope of the south side of the pond
would seem to indicate There is a series of such ponds along our
shore—and some of them are true glacial kettles;—Fuller in the
U.S. Geol. Survey (p. 177)—accounts for such great stretches of
sand forming cut offs as follows.

“Currents sweeping along any stretch of coast tend to move
in straight or gently curving lines just outside of the headlands,
rather than in lines conforming to the minor irregularities and
indentations of the shore. The material they transport is
deposited owing to the slacking of their progress when the deeper
water is reached, forming bars—more or less completely con-
necting the headlands, and at many points enclosing areas of
relatively deep water. The beach between Hortons point, and
Duck Pond Point, was formed in this way and a second bar is in
process of formation’’—This precisely accounts for our Lily
Pond.

Here in the early spring the air is spicy from millions of plum
blossoms. (Prunus Maritima). There are no leaves so early in
the season, so there is only the white flower of Prunus, the yellow
sand and the deep blue of the sea. Later there is shad bush
(Amelanchier intermedia) and in turn creamy spikes of clethra,

153

154

white balls of cephalanthus, high bush blueberry, (Vaccinium
corymbosum), the fragrant swamp honeysuckle, (A zalia viscosa).
Candleberry bay (Myrica Carolinensts). ‘‘Sweet fern”’ or “sweet
gale’ (M. asplenifolia or Comptonia peregrina).

In late May or early June, in certain rather dry sandy places
and under the tall bushes is a colony of the tall stemmed pink
lady slipper (Fissepes acaulis).

Later in the summer, orange and lavendar milkweed (A scle-
pias intermedia and Asclepias tuberosa) and several varieties of
Solidago peep out from the tangle that the catbrier (Smilax
glauca) makes in the low bushes. Here also climbs a lovely
perennial lathyrus that should be Lathyrus latifolius, and it
probably is, but the blossoms are always a bright deep pink (not
at all purple) and the leaf has four leaflets,—the vine is an
unusually pretty green and has very wide winged stems and
long branching tendrils. It thrives in my garden and in the
richer soil often grows to a length of three yards. It seems
worth of some attention from the horticulturists.

In the dry sand among the bay bushes there is a little asso-
ciation of the delicate polygala, Polygala viridescens and an
occasional spiral of the fragrant little orchid, Ibidium Beckit.

Great clumps of Osmuda regalis grow in the shallow water at
the east end of the pond. One must go early in the season to
watch the royal leaves unfurl and to see each leaflet mirrored in
the still water. Here in August among these ferns is the ‘‘pink-
purple” loostrife (Decodon verticillatus), Tennyson’s “willow
herb,’’—this plant forms a curious cork-parenchyma-like sub-
stance at the base of the submerged stems.

From the rich muck at the bottom of the pond, the long
stemmed, purple lined leaves and fragrant lilies of Castalia odo-
rata rise to the surface of the water and spread out their shining
waxy-green leaf surface to cover almost two thirds of the pond.
Thousands of creamy lilies lift their faces to the sun; and as the
sun’s rays visit them they seem to absorb the light, until it
shines again from their golden hearts. Castalia has even invaded
the occasionally submerged beach. Sometimes one may gather
it dry shod.

Far back on the south side of the little lake is a high bank
with rocks and trees—on the north side nearer the sea is a low,
gently sloping beach of coarse wet sand, frequently submerged.
Here is the only station for Sphagnum in this immediate locality.

155)

Fixed in the sphagnum is a wonderful colony of the spatu-
late leaved sun dew (Drosera intermedia) In May and June it
fairly carpets the wet sand and each ruby tentacle is covered
with a diamond drop that sparkles in the light of the morning
sun. Later in the day they are not so beautiful or active as the
heat seems to absorb somewhat the moisture accumulated dur-
ing the night. In the late afternoon and evening they are again
more active. In July their delicate white flowers begin to open,
adding pearls to the plant’s jeweled coronal. In August the seeds
mature. The vernation of the flower stalk is entirely circinate,
that of the leaves not so perfectly so. This Drosera often repro-
duces a new plant from a leaf of the old. Early in the season at
the time of the maximum growth, when there is plenty of mois-
ture, they are often quite tall 2} to 33 inches—the petioles 2 to
3 inches long. The pulvinus is very active at times in lifting and
lowering the leaves; much more so than in any Drosera rotundi-
folia I have ever seen. The glandular hairs are 4-5 mm. the
leaves themselves half an’inch in length and quite broad above
the centre of the leaf.

Only in two places have I found the Drosera, both on the
north beach of two adjacent ponds—growing under practically
the same conditions, i.e. in the wet, frequently submerged
coarse sand in or near the Sphagnum and sheltered by the
bushes on the north. Unless so protected the two colonies would
be buried deep in the dry sand, brought in, in winter, by the
strong winds from the sea. This sand now piles up in small dunes
beyond the bushes.

How did this isolated form come here? Is it endemic—a relic
left by the reduction of the area of a favorable habitat when the
two adjacent ponds were originally part of one vast cut off from
the sea? And when Drosera intermedia grew along the entire
north shore of this cut off? At all events the actual localization
seems the result of a reduction of the generic area and a narrow-
ing of the specific area, now the only refuge in the immediate
vicinity where these highly organized moisture loving plants can
grow. Although the coarse sand would seem far from an ideal
soil, it retains the moisture better at times when the beach is not
submerged. Noting Drosera’s delicacy and beauty, it is difficult
to realize its insect catching activities. In June I observed hun-
dreds of these plants. Some were working together; and often
as many as five or six leaves of the same plant pragmatically

156

engaged in forming a cage to hold prey larger than a single leaf
could hold. Often there are several plants engaged, two or more
leaves from different plants forming a cage around a single en-
trapped insect. This I have seen repeated in the laboratory
when a small piece of chicken liver was placed on one leaf.
The most important thing to these insectiverous plants is
that they should be in the best position for catching insects.

Drosera intermedia—several leaves holding one insect—leaves from two plants
with one insect.
Here the small flying and crawling insects are plentiful. From
many observations I do not think that the plant waits for the
insect to alight on the leaf, and merely responds by a touch-
reaction, but I believe that it makes quite elaborate prepara-
tions in advance, and it behaves as though it enjoyed the sport,
—Spreading the broad surface of the leaves out side by side and
with interlacing tentacles, turning the outer glandular hairs
down—and the upper ones up, so obtaining a maximum surface.

meat

In the dusk the tiny insects fly about and are even caught on the
wing. When the flying insects are scarce, the pulvinus actively
lowers most of the leaves except the very young ones so that
they lie almost flat on the ground and are so enabled to catch
the little crawlers.

I know whereof I speak, because in ’24 being temporarily
lame as the result of an accident there were no more long tramps
through woods fields and marshes for me. So I became the
disciple of the lame Epictitus and spent philosophically and
happily most of the pleasant spring and summer days on the
sand in thesunshine, re-reading Darwin’s ‘‘Insectiverous plants”’
and watching this particular colony of Drosera, the clouds and
sea—and all the lovely growing things around me. There is no
other spot near by where so many amusing things grow in so
confined an area. After carefully noting Darwin’s experiments
—and repeating some of them, it seemed to me that leaves—cut
‘from the plant o- glued—could ha~dly react naturally. That is
why I determined to watch the natural reactions of D-ose-a.
This highly organized protein-loving little plant seems so much
nearer to Homo-Sapiens then most of the insectivorae, that as I
watched I marveled, for it seems to hold the very secvet of life
and our relation to the vegetable kingdom. Even one tiny cell
may hold this hidden riddle of the wo ld!

In studying this Tapis Vegetal I have ca-efully noted all the
interesting species that grow in the tufts of Sphagnum, and
some of these seem to indicate a primitive cha-acter of the
vegetation.

Among the Drosera—just beyond them from June 10th to
July 20—flowers the lovely Orchid (Pogonia ophioglossoides).
The fragrant rose and white pogonia.

In the early spring, the long leaved red stemmed white vio-
lets (Viola lanceolata) are there also. Even Xyris (Xyris
flexuosa) itself thrives in the moist sand, and sundry primative
lycopods, Lycopodium alopecuroides notably, crawl out from
clumps of growth, like great green worms from among the
mosses and sun dews.

A tiny hypericum seems to live in peace with its taller rela-
tive (Hypericum canadense).

The graceful, long stemmed marsh fern (Dryopterts tholyp-
teris) proudly lifts its feathery foliage high above these lowly

158

marsh plants, this and various sedges—the round stemmed
monotypic sedge Dulicium arundinaceum and the lovely Cy-
perius paniculatus and a white Luzula (albida) grow up to the
tension line, where the roses riot in the drier sand.

Later in the season the Melastomaceae is represented bya
colony of the square stemmed Rhexia—(Rhexia virginica). This
is the only plant of the family that ever ventures so far north.
In late July and August this ‘‘meadow gift’? makes this corner
of the world gorgeous, flaunting royal purple petals surmounted
by a showy crown of golden stamens.

The red and russet leaves, the goldenrods and asters, keep
the autumn glorious and when winter comes the sedges are still
lovely. When the plums have lost their leaves the sea seems
nearer. The myrica branches and twigs are laden with fragrant
waxy berries. The cephalanthus with swaying coppery balls,
and the perfect tiny seed urns of Rhexia, rise above the water of
the submerged beach where Drosera and the other marsh plants
are no longer seen.

Apologia.—New York City is creeping down Long Island
ten miles a year. Even our countryside is being “‘developed,”’
our quiet woods in many places are now full of summer bunga-
lows—here and there is a velvet, lawn-trimmed estate of a multi-
millionaire,—where there are no houses as yet, there are signs
nailed to the trees, ‘‘This Land for Sale by such and such Realty
Company.”

“Lily Pond” has a sign but it still reads ‘“‘Private Property,
- no trespassing.’’ The realtor is there also. I have seen him with
note book and pencil figuring the value of beauty in dollars and
cents and his engineers surveying the land to the water’s edge.
At best it cannot be long before this favored spot is invaded by
the oncoming hosts.

Long Island is still of interest to the field worker and there
are many species now on the island which wll tend to disappear
which should be put on record.

PIB ERIPS OF THE CLUB

Field Trip of October 5th. Mr. R. C. Geist, vice president of
the Metropolitan Council of Geography Teachers, sends a
report of the field meeting at Cross River, Westchester County,
which was a joint excursion of the Torrey Botanical Club and
and council. Fourteen members and guests made the trip
starting from the Bronx Botanical Garden in three automobiles.
Dr. Michael Levine was the leader, and the subject, Fall fungi,
which were studied in the woods about West Lake, on Cross
River. A small rattlesnake was seen. Luncheon was enjoyed in
one of the shelters in the Pound Ridge Reservation of the
Westchester County Park Commission. The Fall coloring offered
another subject for study. The automobiles were furnished by
Dr. Levine, Miss Mabel E. Rice of the Julia Richman High
School and Mr. Alexander L. Jessup, president of the Catskill
Mountain Club; several members could not join for lack of
additional motor accomodations.

WEEK-END TRIP OF OCTOBER 11 To 13

The convenience, flexibility and speed of automobile trans-
portation, for covering a wide field of botanical study, was
demonstrated, for a small party, in one car provided by Mr.
Louis W. Anderson, of Elizabeth, N. J., on the Columbus Day
week end at Delaware Water Gap. Headquarters were made at
Witzel’s Killmont Farm, at Columbia, N. J. On Oct. 11, the
party of five climbed Mount Minsi, on the Pennsylvania side of
the Gap, and followed the Appalachian Trail westward, includ-
ing the fire lookout, which gives splendid views up and down the
river and over the Blue Ridge and Poconos. On the 12th,
Mount Tammany, on the New Jersey side, was climbed, and
the party inscribed their names and that of the club in the regis-
ter placed on the summit by Clement Haupt of Belvidere, N. J.
A new stand of Walking Fern was found on Dunnfield Creek,
on a sandstone stratum, probably rather high in lime. In an
abandoned slate quarry, south of Mount Tammany, remark-
able sheets of the Liverwort, Conocephallus conicus, were found,
colonies ten feet long and four feet wide, with unusually large
lobed fronds, on smooth faces of the highly tilted slate, wet
by dripping water.

159

160

On the 13th, leaving the farm house, the party rambled over
200 miles of New Jersey roads, before reaching home. High
Point State Park was visited, and a few additional remaining
plants of Potentilla tridentata, surviving from the construction
of the war monument, in its only stand in New Jersey, were
found, so that it promises to persist, as most visitors do not
know its rarity. The Wallkill Meadows, along the west side
of Pochuck Mountain, were next visited. The fringe of Lizard’s
Tail, Saururus, which borders the Wallkill in these Drowned
Lands, was noted. On a limestone knob rising out of the
meadow, near Owen, Walking Fern, Maidenhair Spleenwort
and American Yew were found. An addition to one’s list of
Walking Fern occurences is always a delight and we found two
on this trip. After luncheon on the high plateau, north of
Stockholm, the last visit of the day was made in the Cedar
Swamp on the Wawayanda Plateau, west of Greenwood Lake
where the Southern White Cedar, Chamaecyparis was seen in
great numbers. Coptis trifolia, the Goldthread also occurs in
the swamp.

Such motorized trips of the club always prove interesting,
for their variety and scope, and it would enlarge the programs
of the field meetings immensely if more of them could be
arranged, and motor transportation obtained for larger num-
bers. Parties can reach more remote places, in a day’s outing,
than by rail and foot.

RAYMOND H. ToRREY

FIELD TRIP OF OCTOBER 19TH TO CEDAR PONDS

About eighteen members of the club joined half again as
many of the Paterson Ramblers on a trip to the Cedar Ponds.
From Greenwood Lake the party followed through the woods,
noting many interesting plants and the colors of the trees which
seemed to tint the light that sifted through. At a fork in the
trail part of the group turned off to visit the fire tower, the
others kept on towards the ponds. As a maze of paths and old
wood road spread through the woods it is not surprizing that
only after walking a number of miles did the party realize that
they had gone beyond the ponds. After lunch they turned back,
but again divided at a fork in the trail, some to take the shorter
way to Sterling Forest, some to find the ponds. At last seven of
the original forty five reached the goal. Close to the pond there

161

is a fringe of small red spruce, further back where the land is
low a good growth of the southern white cedar. Pitcher plants
were abundant in the sphagnum of the pond border. It was
interesting to note that most of the leaves contained lumps of
ice. Just why water should freeze in the leaves of the pitcher
plant and not in the pond nor in the pools in the moss is hard
to understand. Possibly transpiration from the leaves lowered
the temperature the fraction of a degree necessary to bring it
below the freezing point. No trace of sundew could be found,
apparently it had disappeared earlier in the season. Along the
trails were large patches of various Lycopodiums (lucidulum,
inundatum, obscurum dendroideum and complanatum), all with
abundant fertile branches. In some of the swampy ground the
Virginia chain fern and the Massachusetts fern were found
with numerous other commoner species.
GEORGE T. HASTINGS

FIELD Trip oF NOVEMBER 9TH TO SILVER LAKE

A party of nearly sixty, members of the club, of the Inkowa
Club and of Teachers’ Training School, made the trip through
the woods around Silver Lake, White Plains. Along the paths
were found numerous individual flowering plants—left-overs
from earlier in the season. There were several golden rods
(Solidago juncea, speciosa, aspera and bicolor), a few asters
(Aster cordifolius, novae-anglae, novi-belgii, and multiflorus) the
common dandelion, yarrow, pepper-grass (Lepidium virgini-
cum), one turnip plant by the roadside and some small seedlings
of another mustard. In the woods a few small trees of witch
hazel were covered with blossoms while others near by were
entirely past flowering. Attention was given to the many
devices for seed scattering; the erect capsules of black snake-
root (Cimicifuga racemosa) swaying in the wind; the winged
seeds of tulip tree and sugar maple thick on the ground; the
fluffy pappus balls of the asters, goldenrods, dandelion and
others; the feathery seeds of the milk weed; the grapples of
bidens, burdock and cocklebur; the berries of viburnum, spice
bush and bitter sweet; the nuts of hickories, beech and oaks.
Some of the beech trees bore abundant fruit that was tested
and found good by the party. After lunch near the “hermit’s
cave” the group, rested on a sunny bank while Captain Paul
Schaefer told of the plant, bird and animal life of Northern

162

Greenland. He told of stalking like a giant through a forest of
dwarf willows in Northern Labrador. Of the large flowers of
the little artic poppies only a few inches high, of the saxifrage
whose leaves furnished a salad to the explorers, of the blue-
berries that often ripened under the snow. All the plants
blossom together about as soon as the short artic summer be-
gins. The color of the artic is not prevailingly white, the
captain said, but often brilliant red or purple due to the
lichens which cover the rocks. His description of the birds and
mammals was as interesting as that of the plants, especially of
the little auks or dovekies which were noisy all day long during
the nightless summer months so that sleeping was difficult and
of the burgomeister gull that frequently caught and devoured
the dovekies while in flight. The talk was the high spot of a
day perfect as to weather and full of botanical interest. The
rocky hills with the fine forest covering, the curious swamps in
the depressions on the hill tops, the patches of hemlock and
the varied undergrowth make the region one of unusual charm.
White Plains is to be complimented on keeping such a region
in a wild, unspoiled condition.
GEORGE T. HASTINGS

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CLUB
MEETING OF May 21, 1930

The meeting was called to order at The New York Botanical
Garden at 3:30 p.m. by President Sinnott. Minutes of the meet-
ings of April 16 and May 6 were read and approved. Twenty-
two members were present. As Dr. Harris of Cold Spring Harbor
has passed away a motion was made and seconded that reso-
lutions be prepared and recorded in the minutes of the Club.
The chairman appointed a committee of three consisting of
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Dr. A. F. Blakeslee and Dr.
Howard J. Banker to prepare such resolutions.

A motion was made and seconded that we appoint an en-
dowment committee to take care of the Endowment Funds.

The following were unanimously elected to membership in
the club: Miss Elizabeth Aldrich, 136 West 12th Street, New
York City; Dr. Paul W. Graff, Research Dept., Corn Products
Refining Company, Edgewater, New Jersey; Miss Frieda Licht-
man, 128 Fort Washington Avenue, New York City; and Miss

163

Mabel E. Rich, 1 Mayflower Drive, Colonial Heights, Tucka-
hoe, New York.

The resignations of Mr. J. H. Parker and Mr. Victor
Schechter were accepted with regret.

Dr. Elmer D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief of The New York
Botanical Garden gave an interesting talk on the ‘Recent
Developments in Botanical Exploration in China.”

Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener, of the New York
Botanical Garden gave an interesting talk on the ‘““New Species
in the Florists Plant List.”’

Meeting adjoined at 5 P.M.

Respectfully submitted,
FORMAN T. McLEAN

Secretary

MEETING OF OCTOBER 7, 1930

The meeting was called to order at the American Museum
of Natural History at 8:20 p.m. by President Sinnott. Minutes
of the meeting of May 21 were read and approved. Thirty-four
members were present.

Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, who had previously been
unanimously elected to honorary life membership, chose to
become regular life members and contributed $100.00 each
toward the club. Their contributions were accepted with
appreciation, and they were unanimously elected to regular
life membership.

The following people were unanimously elected to member-
ship in the club: Miss Bertine E. Weston, 62 West 45th Street,
New York; Miss Eleanor A. Friend, 40 Thayer Street, New
York; Miss Grace R. Frazee, 67 East 4th Street, Clifton, N. J.;
Mr. V. L. Frazee, 67 East 4th St., Clifton, N. J.; Miss Augusta
Kovaleff, 237 West 107th Street, New York; Miss Beatrice
Scally, 244 Glenwood Avenue, East Orange, N. J.; Miss A.
Mabel Barrow, 447 Greene Avenue, Brooklyn; Miss Trotman
C. Barrow, 447 Greene Avenue, Brooklyn; Mr. James Murphy,
110 East 42nd Street, New York; Mr. Harold J. Engstrom, 179
Chippewa Road, Tuckahoe; and Mr. Robert R. Coles, 7 Glen
Place, Glen Cove, Long Island.

The resignation of Dr. R. G. Eccles was accepted with
regret.

164

Dr. A. H. Graves reported that Japanese chestnuts were
fruiting freely on Long Island and showed burs of these con-
taining chestnuts.

Dr. F. T. McLean reported that Dr. Rusby found young
fruiting chestnut trees on his farm at Pequonnock.

Dr. R. A. Harper told about the destruction of lawns and
of seedlings of Azaleas and Crepe Myrtles by growths of
Myxomycetes smothering the plants.

Mr. Alfred T. Beals also reported on similar action of
Myxomycetes in seed beds and lawns.

Dr. C. S. Gager told about his visit to the Botanical Gardens
in Berne, Padua and Pisa and of the contrasts of the botanical
gardens of Italy with those of England. The Italian gardens
exist for the plants. In them there are a great many kinds of
plants very well grown but with very little thought to orna-
mental effects. The English Botanical Gardens, on the other
hand, emphasize the ornamental display of their plants and
they use fewer kinds. Thus the plants exist in the English
Botanical Garden for the gardens.

Mr. G. T. Hastings reported on his observations of ferns
and wild life during his summer vacation in Pennsylvania.

Dr. T. Hazen told about his visit to the Hopkins Marine
Laboratories of Leland Stanford University in California where
he collected Kelps 60 feet long. He also showed samples of
algae which grow in salt brine. Some of these cause the develop-
ment of red color in commercial salt, the red algae being able
to live even in the dry salt crystals. One of these organisms
causes a sweetish odor in the red colored salt. He also observed
the little red organisms causing the phenomenon of red snow.
In contrast with this he found other algae growing in Hot
Springs where the temperature was too high to bear the hand
comfortably.

Mr. Beals gave a good detailed report of his finding the
interesting purple fringed orchis in Northern New Hampshire.
He also made mention of a trip to White Bog, New Jersey
where he saw some of the large varieties of blueberries developed
by Miss White and Mr. Coville.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 for refreshments which
were served by Mrs. Hastings.

Respectfully submitted,
ForMAN T. McLEAN
Secretary

165

NEWS NOTES

On October 15, Ernest Henry Wilson, Director of the
Arnold Arboretum and his wife were killed when his auto-
mobile skidded and plunged down an embankment near Wor-
cester, Mass. Mr. Wilson was often known as ‘“‘Chinese’’
Wilson because of his many visits to China in search of plants.
Professor Sargent under whom Mr. Wilson served when the
former was director of the arboretum, termed Mr. Wilson the
ablest collector of trees and shrubs in the world.

INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL ADDRESS BOOK

At the final plenary meeting of the Fifth International
Botanical Congress, Cambridge, England, August 23, 1930, it
was unanimously resolved that an international address book
of botanists should be prepared and published. A committee
consisting of Professor L. Diels, Director of the Botanic
Gardens, Berlin-Dahlem; Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director of The
New York Botanical Garden; and Dr. T. F. Chipp, Assistant
Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, was
appointed to consummate the project.

The last publication of its kind, Dorfler’s Botaniker Address-
buch, was published in 1909; the need of an up-to-date publi-
cation has been increasingly felt in late years, with the rapid
growth of botanical science and the necessity for more general
communication and cooperation among botanists in different
parts of the world.

Dorfler’s address book had about 12,500 entries. It is esti-
mated that a comprehensive new address book will contain in
excess of 20,000 entries. To make it reasonably complete the
cooperation of botanists everywhere is desired. Will individuals
who desire their names to appear in the new botanical address
book send me a post card giving the data required. What is
needed in each case is the name and initials of the individual, his
or her address, degrees and titles, position, and special field of
interest. Please compile the data on an ordinary post card, in
typewriting if possible, and send it to the undersigned; all such
supplementary data will be collated with those supplied by the
selected collaborators, before transmission to Dr. Chipp at Kew.

E. D. MERRILL
New York Botanical Garden,
Bronx Park, New York

166

Mr. A. Tennyson Beals sends a correction as to the dis-
coverer of the Luminous Moss in Fayston Pass, Vermont; it
was not he, as previously reported, but Mr. William Gavin
Taylor, another member of the club. Mr. Beals writes:

“Dr. H. Garns in ’Die Pflanzenreale,”’ in 1928 shows on a
world map the distribution of this moss, Schistostega osmun-
dacea (Dicks), Mohr. This plant is known from only twenty
regions (and never plentiful anywhere) and these are all located
in the North Temperate Zone. It has been recorded from 15
European regions, pretty well scattered over that continent;
from the Amur region in China; one station in Japan; western
North America centering about Vancouver, B.C., Southern
Canada and northern United States, along the Great Lakes,
which region extends east across the Adirondacks in New York,
and into Vermont and New Hampshire, and there is a final
station on Mount Desert, Maine. Anyone finding this plant at
a new station, even in a region where it is known to occur, has
achieved a real botanical discovery and should not be deprived
of the honor of making such a record.

“Mr. William Gavin Taylor found the Luminous Moss in
Fayston Pass, in 1929, and should be credited with its discovery
there. I happened to be near at the time but would very likely
have overlooked it, as we were hurriedly getting ready to re-
turn to Dr. Monroe’s home, so we wouldn't be late for supper.

“Incidentally, I found a new station for this plant in 1922,
one hundred and fifty miles north of Quebec, Canada, on the
shore of Lake Edward. My station is not included in Dr.
Garn’s map of its distribution.”

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF TORREYA, VOLUME 30, 1930

No. 1 January-February, March 3, 1930
2 March-April, April 25
3. May-June June 22
4 July-August August 21
5 September-October, October 24
6 November-December January/7, 1931

INDEX TO VOLUME THIRTY

Names of species described as new or of new combinations are in black

faced type.

Abbott, B. R., 57

Acer platanoides, 129; rubrum, 129;
saccharum, 129

Achillea Millefolium, 132

Adams, J.E., 57

Aesculus Hippocastanum, 129

Agropyrum repens, 133 °

Agrostemma Githago, 133

Ailanthus glandulosa, 129

Aira caryophyllum, 132

Aldous, Marjorie, 84

Aldrich, Miss Elizabeth, 162

Alnus rugosa, 128

Amaranthus retroflexus, 132

Amelanchier canadensis, 129; inter-
media, 159

Ames, Miss Rosella, 28

Anthemis Cotula, 64; millefolium, 132

Apocymum, An American Mono-
graph of, Kenneth K. Macken-
zie, Review, 104

Apples, Lessons in, R. C. Benedict, 40

Arabis glabra, 12

Aralia nudicaulis, 64

Archer, William A, 33

Arctium minus, 132

Arny, Henry V., 116

ATEniin | ©.. 24,33

Arzberger, E. G., 59

Asclepias rubra, 13; intermedia, 154;

‘tuberosa, 154

Ascobolus magnificus, 36; carbonar-
ius, 36

Ascyrum hypericoides, 12

Avena fatua, 132

Azalea viscosa, 154

Back Yard Botanizing, H. A. Glea-
son, 1

Ballou, Charles H., 34

Bamford, Rollo, 58

Barbara vulgaris, 133

Barrow, Miss Mabel, 163

Barrow, Miss Trotman C., 163

Batrachium trichophyllum, 12

Beals, Alfred T., 164

Benedict, R. C., 30; A Laboratory
Lesson in Variation, 145; Lessons
in Apples, 40

Benzoin aestivale, 129

Berberis vulgaris, 66

Betula lenta, 128

Bidens vulgata, 2

Bisby, G. R. and A. H. R. Buller, A
Fungus Flora of Manitoba, Re-
view, 23

Black, Dr. Caroline A., 34

Bogush, E. R., The known range of
Phlox wilcoxiana, 69

Book Reviews: Bisby & Buller, A
Fungus Flora of Manitoba, 23;
Morris & Eames, Our Wild Or-
chids, 21; Niedenzu—Malpighia-
ciae, 90; Woodson, Monograph
of Apocynum, 104

Bonisteel, Wm. J., 34

Boynton, Kenneth R., 163

Bourn, U.S., 85

Bower, F. O., 143

Brachyelytrum erectum, 10

Brassica arvensis, 132; campestris,
132, juncea, 132

Bromus hordeaceus, 132; tectorum,
133; secalinus, 133

Britton, N.L., 163

Britton, Mrs. N. L., 163

Baller Av HR 23

Butler, E. J., 23

Cabomba Caroliniana, 12

California Station for Nymphaea
polysepala, A New, Ira L. Wig-
gins, 97

Callitriche heterophylla, 12; palus-
Enis

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 132

Cardamine parviflora, 12;

Carex Barrattii, 11; Buxbaumii, 11;
hystericina, 11; lacustris, 11;
laxiflora, 5; leptalea, 11; poly-

167

168

morpha, 11; prairea, 11; Richii,
11; tetanica, 11;trisperma, 11

Carpenter, Arthur, 88

Carya alba, 128; cordiformis, 128;
glabra, 128; ovata, 128

Casearia tremula, 73

Castalia odorata, 154

Caulophyllum thalictroides, 125

Celastrus scandens, 129

Celtis occidentalis, 128

Centaurea Cyanus, 132; Jacea, 133

Chamaecyparis thyoides, 134

Chamberlain, Charles J., 62

Chelone glabra, 65

Chemical simulation of organisms for
class use, Illo Hein, 15

Chenopodium album, 132; ambro-
soides, 3; urbicum, 133

Chimaphila umbellata, 65

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, 133

Chrysler, M.A., 88

Cichorium Intybus, 133

Circium arvensis, 132; lanceolatum,
132

Coles, Robert R., 163

Common Plants as Domestic Reme-
dies in Maine, Anne E. Perkins,
63

Comptonia peregrina, 154

Conium maculatum 133

Conringia orientalis, 133

Contribution to the Flora of Long
Island, New York, Sixth Paper,

William C. Ferguson, 9

Coptis trifolia, 66

Corallorrhiza odontorhiza, 128; tri-
fida, 23

Cornus Amomum, 129; florida, 129

Corylus Americana, 128

Cota, F. M., 57

Crepis capillaris, 133

Cuscuta compacta, 13; corylis, 13;
gronovii, 13; pentagona, 13;
polygonorum, 13

Cyperus Engelmanni, 10; flavescens,
10; speciosa, 3, 10; paniculatus,
158

Cypripedium acaule, 22, 65; calceo-
laris, 51; passerinum, 22 A

Cytissus scoparius, 132

Dasystephana andrewsia, 13

Daucus Carota, 132

Deam, Charles C., 29

Deane, Walter, 114

Dearness, John, 23

Decodon verticillatis, 154

Delafield, Maturin Livingston, 32, 84

Denslow, H. M., 84; Our Wild Or-
chids, Review, 21

Dianthus armeria, 133

Dicentia Cucullaria, 125

Digitalis purpurea, 133

Dodge, Bernard O., 30, 33; Material
for demonstrating sexuality in
the Ascomycetes, 35

Drosera intermedia, 155; rotundifolia,
155

Drug Map of the World, A, Roland
M. Harper, 74

Dryopteris thelypteris, 157

Dulichim arundinaceum, 158

Echinochloa crus-galli, 132

Eggerdink, Miss Anna G., 59

Eleocharis Calva, 10; palustris, 10;
Smallii, 10; uniglumis, 10

Emmons, Chester W., 88

Engstrom, Harold J., 163

Equisetum arvense, 131

Erigeron annus, 2; canadensis, 2,
132; ramosus, 2

Erodium cicutarium, 133

Erythronium americanum, 12

Erysimum cheiranthoides, 133

Eupatorium perfoliatum, 63

Euphorbia maculata, 4

Fagus grandifolia, 128

Faris, Dr. Jas A., 31

Ferguson, Margaret, C., 116

Ferguson, William C, Contributions
to the Flora of Long Island,
Sixth Paper, 9

Festuca octoflora, 5

Field Trips of the Club, 24, 54, 80,
106, 136, 159

169

Fisher, Miss Maragaret Paine, 88

Fissipes acaulis, 154

Flacourtiaceae, Notes on, Percy Wil-
son, 74

Foote, Charles E, 61, 86

Franklinia Altamaha, 89

Fraxinus americana, 129; pennsyl-
vanica, 129

Frazee, Miss Grace R, 163

Frazee, W.L., 163

Friend, Miss Eleanor A, 163

Fumaria officinalis, 133

Fungus Flora of Manitoba, A, Re-
view, 23

Gager, C. Stuart, 115, 164

Galium asprellum 64; Vaillantii, 14

Garland, Miss Sarah, 31

Gaylussacia baccata, 129

Geist, Roland C., 112, 159

Geranium maculatum, 66; molle, 133;
pusillum, 133

Ginnania lanata, 132

Gleason, H. A., 28, 34; Back Yard
Botanizing, 1; Niedenzu’s Mal-
pighiaceae, Review, 101

Gossypiospermum praecox, 72

Graff, Paul W., 162

Gramet, Charles A., 30

Graves, Arthur H., 57, 164; Inwood
Park, Manhattan, 117 °

Greenberg, Charles, 59

Grout, A. J., 62

Gyrotheca tinctoria, 12

Habenaria albida, 21; clavellata, 22;
dilatata, 22; flava, 22; hyper-
borea, 22

Hamamelis virginiana, 129

Hammond, Miss Dorothy, 27

Harper, R.A., 60, 111, 164

Harper, Roland M., A Drug Map of

the World, 74

Hastings, G. T., 164

Haynes, Miss Caroline Coventry, 84

Hazen, T.E., 164

Hein, Illo, Chemical Simulation of
Organisms for Class Use, 15

Hirshkowitz, Alexander, 84

Hitchcock, A.S., 115

Hordeum jubatum, 133

Hunnewell, F. W., 27

Hypericum dissimulatum, 12; per-
foratum, 66, 133; canadense, 157

Hypochaeris radicata, 133

Ibidium plantagineum, 12; Beckii, 154

Impatiens biflora, 66

Inula Helenium, 67

Inwood Park, Manhattan, Arthur
Harmount Graves, 117

Isotria affinis, 21

Jennings, O.E., 61, 143

Juglans cinerea, 128; nigra, 128

Juncus debilis, 11; dudleyi, 11; gerar-
dii 11; polysepala, 98; secundus,
11; subcaudatus, 11

Juniperus virginiana, 78

Kargus, Miss Elizabeth, 59

Karling, J.S., 88

Known Range of Phlox wilcoxiana,
E. R. Bogush, 69

Koellia incana, 14

Kovaleff, Miss Augusta, 163

Kunkel, L. O., 111

Laboratory Lesson in Variation,
Ralph C. Benedict, 145

Lactuca scariola, 133

Laswell, Arthur C., 88

Latham, Roy, Star-flowered Solo-
mon’s Seal on Eastern Long Is-
land, 78

Lathyrus latifolius, 154

Ledum groenlandicum, 66

Lemna cyclostasa, 11; minor, 11;
perpusilla, 11; trisulca, 11

Leptilon pusillum, 14

Lessons in Apples, Ralph C. Bene-
dict, 40

Lichtman, Miss Frieda, 162

Ligustricum scothicum, 78

Lilium auratum, 6; canadense, 11

Lily Pond Lane, Arabella McKee, 153

170

Linaria Cymbalaria, 127; vulgaris,
133

Liriodendron tulipifera, 125, 129

Listera borealis, 21; cordata, 22

Lobelia inflata, 4, 64

Lodor, Miss Margaret, 31

Long Island, Contributions to the
Flora of, William C. Ferguson, 9

Lonicera japonica, 129

Lundell, C. L., 58

Luzula albida, 158

Lychnis coronaria, 132

Lycopodium alopecuroides, 157

Lycopus Virginicus, 66

MacKay, A. H., 84

Mackenzie, Kenneth K., 59; An
American Monograph of Apocy-
num, Review, 104

Mains, E. B., 115

Malaxis paludosa, 21; spicata, 21;
monophylla, 22

Malva rotundifolia, 133

Marrubium vulgare, 132

Materials for Demonstrating Sexual-
ity in the Ascomycetes, B. O.
Dodge, 35

Matzke, E.B., 29

McDougal, D. T., 143

McKee, Arabella, The Herbarium of
the Royal Museum, Sophia, Bul-
garia, 51; Lily Pond Lane, 153

McLean, Forman T., 164

Medicago Lupulina, 133

Meinecke, E. P., 27

Meissner, K. W., 90

Melilotus alba, 133; officinalis, 133

Menispermum canadense, 129

Merrill, E. B., 28, 144, 163

Miyabe, Kingo, 57

Moldenke, Harold N., 27

Morris, Frankand Edward A. Eames,
Our Wild Orchids, Review, 21

Morse, W. J., 60

Morus rubra, 128

Muhlenbergia diffusa, 2; foliosa, 9

Murphy, James, 164

Myrica asplenifolia, 154; carolinensis,
78, 128, 154; cerifera, 65

Myroxylon clarense, 73; Dussii, 73;
Shaferi, 73

My Wild Flower Garden in the Heart
of New York City, Dorothy
Oak, 7

Naumbergia thyrsiflora, 13

Nephrolepsis exaltata, 147

Nepeta cataria, 133; hederacea, 132

Neurospora crassa, 37; sitophila, 37;
tetrasperma, 37

News Notes, 33, 59, 89, 113, 142, 165

Nymphaea polysepala, 97

Nyssa sylvatica, 129

Oak, Dorothy, My Wild Flower
Garden in the Heart of New
York City, 7

Oceanorus leimanthoides, 11

Oenothera biennis, 133

Oppenheimer, Miss Johanna, 84

Orchis morio, 51; spectabilis, 127

Ostrya virginiana, 119

Our Wild Orchids, Review, 21

Osterhout, George E., 84

Oxalis cymosa, 2

Pallen, Nazzareno, 112

Panicularia grandis, 10; nervata, 10

Panicum capillare, 132; lucidum, 9

Panax trifolium, 13

Parker, J. H., 163

Paspalum circulare, 9

Pastinaca sativa, 133

Paulownia tomentosa, 129

Pennington, Leight H., 115

Perkins, Anne E., Common Plants as
Domestic Remedies in Maine, 63

Persicaria fluitans, 12

Phlox wilcoxiana, 69; The Known
Range of, E. R. Bogush, 69

Phycomyces Blakesleeanus, 35

Picea sitchensis, 131

Pinus rigida, 78

Plantago lanceolata, 132; major 3,
132; Rugelii, 3

Platanus occidentalis, 129

Polygonum aviculare, 132; convolvu-
lus, 132, hydropiper, 132, Persi-
caria, 132

La

Pogonia ophioglossoides, 157; trian-
thophora, 127

Polygala viridescens, 154

Populus alba, 128

Potentilla monspeliensis, 2; recta, 3;
tridentata, 19; tridentata Sur-
vives on High Point, Raymond
H. Torrey, 99

Price, Wm. Conway, 86

Problems in Plant Development,
Some, Edmund W. Sinnott, 91

Proceedings of the Coub, 27, 57, 84,
111, 162

Prunus avium, 129; maritima, 78, 153;
persica, 129; serotina, 67, 129

Psedera quinquefolia, 129

Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 131

Pteridium aquilinum, 131

Pyrola chlorantha, 13

Pyrus communis, 129; Malus, 129

Quercus alba 67, 126; borealis, 126;
coccinea, 126; montana, 126;
stellata 78; velutina 12, 126

Ramsey, Carl T., 86

Ranunculus acris, 4, 133; gormani, 52;
flammula, 53; repens, 133; terre-
stris, 53

Raphanus sativus, 132

Raynal, Charles E., 88

Reed, Clyde T., 27

Reed, George M., 33, 61

Rhexia virginica, 158

Rhizopus nigricans, 35

Rhus glabra, 67, 129; typhina, 129;
toxicodendron, 129

Rich, Miss Mabel E., 163

Robinea Pseudo-Acacia, 129

Robinson, Winifred J., 86

Rosa alba, 51; Damasina, 51

Rotala ramoisior, 13

Rubus odoratus, 12, 129; alleghenien-
sis, 123, 129; occidentalis, 129;
phoenicolasius, 124, 129; villosus
123

Rumex crispus, 63, 132; acetosella,
132; obtusifolius, 133

Rusby, Henry H., 116
Rynchospora Torreyana, 10

Salix alba, 128; cordata, 128; fragilis,
128

Sambucus canadensis, 129; pubens,
129

Samyda cubensis, 72; Lunano, 72,
macrantha, 72

Saponaria Vaccaria, 133

Sassafras variifolium, 129

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, 66

Scally, Miss Betrice, 164

Schechter, Victor, 163

Scirpus microcarpus, 10; paludosus,
10

Scleria minor, 10; pauciflora, 11;
triglomerata, 10

Scrophularia marylandica, 14

Scutt, Harold F., 34

Selaginella apus, 5

Senecio aureus, 14; gracillis, 14

Serapias Helleborine in Buffalo and
Vicinity, Charles A. Zenkert, 46

Setaria viridis, 133

Sibbaldiopsis tridentata found in the
Catskills, R. H. Torrey, 19

Silene latifolia, 133; noctiflora, 133

Simmerman, Miss Helen A., 59

Simpson, Mrs. Jennie L.S., 84

Sinnott, E. W., 30, 85, 91

Sisymbrium altissimum, 133; offici-
nale, 132, Sophia, 133

Skutch, Alexander F., 28

Smilax glauca, 154; rotundifolia, 129

Solanum Dulcamara, 129, 133

Solidago flexicaulis, 14; neglecta, 4;
speciosa, 4; sempervirens, 78

Sonchus arvensis, 133; asper, 132;
oleraceus, 132

Sparganium acaule, 9; diversifolium,
9;eurycarpum, 9

Spergula arvensis, 132

Spiraea tomentosa, 65

Spirodella polyrhiza, 11

Sponsler, O. L., 61

Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal on East-
ern Long Island, Roy Latham,
78

172

Stations for the Southern White
Cedar, 134

Stellaria media, 132

Stipa avenacea, 9

Stomoisia juncea, 14; virgatula, 14

Stout, A. B., 58

Svenson, Henry Knute, 31, 33, 60

Swift, Miss Marjorie, 29

Taraxacum officinale, 132

Taylor, Wm. Randolph, 115

Thompson, William Boyce, 112

Thornton, N. C., 86

Thuja plicata, 131

Thurston, Miss A., 88

Tilia glabra, 129

Torrey, Raymond H., 112; Sibbaldi-
opsis tridentata, Found in the
Catskills 19; . Potentilla (Sib-
baldiopsis) tridentata, Survives
on High Point, 99

Trifolium dubium, 133; pratense, 68;
procumbens, 133

Taylor, Wm. Gavin, 166

Triosteum angustifolium, 14

Tsuga canadensis, 128

Typha latifolia, 98

Ulmus americana, 128; fulva, 128
Uniola laxa, 10
Utter, L. Gordon, 88

Vaccinium corymbosum, 129; vacil-
lans, 129

Vagnera stellata, 78

Verbascum Thapsis, 132

Veronica, 4; arvensis, 132

Viburnum acerifolium, 129; prunifo-
lium, 129

Viola eriocarpa, 15; lanceolata, 157

Vitus aestivalis, 129

Walker, Miss Ruth N., 59

Washingtonia claytoni, 13; longisty-
lis, 13

Wehmeyer, Lewis E., 86

Weston, Miss Bertine E., 163

Weston, H.L., 89

Whitehouse, W. E., 89

Wiggins, Ira L., A new California
Station for Nymphaea polyse-
pala, 97

Wilcox, T.E., 111

Wild Flower Garden in the Heart of
New York City, My, Dorothy
Oak, 7

Wilkins, Hans, 84

Williams, Llewelyn, 90

Williams, S. H., 143

Wilson, Percy, Notes on Flacourtia-

ceae, 72

Wodehouse, R. P., 59

Wodehouse, Mrs. R. P., 88

Wynd, F. Lyle, A new Ranunculus
from Crater Lake, Oregon, 52

Xyris flexuosa, 157

Zenkert, Charles A., Serapis Helle-
borine in Buffalo and Vicinity, 46

Zim, Herbert, 111

Zizania palustris, 9

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Committees for 1930

Field Committee
RAYMOND H, Torrey, Chairman

Finance Committee
R. A. HARPER, Chairman

J. H. Barnwart
SERENO STETSON

Mrs. HELEN M, TRELEASE

S. F. TRELEASE

Budget Committee

J. H. BarnuaArt, Chairman

E,. W. SINNOTT

Program Committee

ForMAN T. McLEAN, Chairman

Mrs. E. G. Britton
Wn. CROCKER

A. H. GRAVES

T. E. Hazen

Entertainment Committee
B. O. DopGE, Chairman
Mrs. R. A. HARPER

Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON
A. T. BEALS

B. T. BUTLER

H. M. DENsSLow

G. C, FISHER

A. L. GUNDERSEN
MIcHAEL LEVINE

Miss ZAipA NICHOLSON
Joun S. WARE

Membership Committee
J. K. Smatu, Chairman
T. E. Hazen
NorMAN TAYLOR

Local Flora Committee
N. L. Britton, Chairman

Phanerogams: Cryptogams:
N. L. Britton Mrs. G. P. ANDERSON
R. H. CHENEY Mrs. E. G. Britton

H. M. DEenstow A. W. Evans

W. C. Fercuson Muss C. C. Haynes
BAYARD LONG T. E. HAzEn

K.K. Mackenzie. M. A. Howe
NorMAN TAYLOR MICHAEL LEVINE

Mrs. G. T. HAsTINGs
Mrs. Wm. MitcHe.i

F. J. SEAVER

Chairmen of Special Committees on Local Flora

Kens and Fern Allies: R. C. Benedict
Mosses: Mrs, E. G. Britton
Liverworts: A. W. Evans

Fresh Water Algae: T. E. Hazen
Marine Algae: M. A. Howe
Gasteromycetes: G. C, Fisher

Russula and Lactarius: Miss G.. S.

Burlingham
Cortinarius: R. A. Harper
Polyporeae: M. Levine
Rusts and Smuts: P. Wilson

Discomycetes: F. J. Seaver
Lichens: Mrs. G. P. Anderson
Hypocreaceae, Plectascineae, Tu-
berineae: F. J. SEAVER
Erysiphaceae: G. M. Reed
Sclerotium-forming Fungi:A.B.Stout
Imperfecti: F. J. Seaver
Phycomycetes: A. F. Blakeslee
Yeast and Bacteria: Miss J. Broad-
hurst

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB

(1) BULLETIN

A journal devoted to general botany, established in 1870
and published monthly, except during July, August, and Sep-
tember. Vol. 56, published in 1929, contained 588 pages of
text and 23 full page plates. Price $6.00 per annum. For
-Europe, $6.25.

In addition to papers giving the results of research, each
issue contains the INDEX TO AMERICAN BOTANICAL LITERATURE
—a very comprehensive bibliography of current publications in
American botany. Many workers find this an extremely valu-
able feature of the BULLETIN.

Of former volumes, 24—56 can be supplied separately at
$6.00 each; certain numbers of other volumes are available, but
the entire stock of some numbers has been reserved for the com-
pletion of sets. Single copies (75 cents) will be furnished only
when not breaking complete volumes.

(2) MEMOIRS

The Memoirs, established 1889, are published at irregular
intervals. Volumes 1-17 are now completed. The subscription
price is fixed at $3.00 per volume in advance; Vol. 17, containing
Proceedings of the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Club,
490 pages, was issued in 1918, price $5.00. Certain numbers can
also be purchased singly. A list of titles of the individual papers
and of prices will be furnished on application.

(3) Index to American Botanical Literature, reprinted
monthly on cards, and furnished to subscribers at three cents a
card.

Correspondence relating to the above publications should be
addressed to

Mrs. HELEN M. TRELEASE
Box 42 Schermerhorn Hall,
Columbia University,
[2] New York, N.Y.

New York Botanical Garden Libra

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