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SORES ‘ - e~- + _ » . t - i. ‘ - o © A. * - v & * _ - s * % s - _ oo lor 4 i x % « 7 - a ‘ : : ' ial * ; , | +) a: “_ y 7 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS GOOD TYPE OF RED AND WHITE TOY SPANIEL FROM A DRAWING BY NEVILLE LYTTON At hee wee =~" . i wees yal at a Emery Walker Collotyper a4 4 ae —, - a} A. / SAIAL £ ww ~ AU LOU TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Including the History and Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese - and Pomeranians BY THE HON. MRS. NEVILLE LYTTON WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK LOL Copyricht, 1911, BY . JUDITH LYTTON Published June, 1911 or ss MISS ANNIE TODD DEDICATED TO oa CA. “What has become of your dog, Sir John?” “Gone to Heaven.” “Then, Sir John, he has often followed you and I hope now you will follow him.” Southey’s Commonplace Book. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE "T.—Inrropuction : : : ¥ : ‘ ‘ ‘ I II.—Oricin anp History... so bo, |, ore a II].—Tue Kinc CHARLES AND PYRAME _. : ; ee IV.—Type AND STANDARDS. ; ; ; ; aa V.—Toy SpaNnIELs oF To-pDAY AND Famous Docs OF THE PAST . ‘ ’ . 163 VI.—How to Breep THE Best TyPE OF SHORT-NOSED ‘Toy SPANIEL . ; : : ; ; We ee ee a eh i.) eae | VIII.— KENNEL MANAGEMENT <.. ud” le Sa ane ae IX.—]J APANESE ; j : ‘ : : ; ? », 239 X.—PEKINGESE . é P ; : : : : . 246 XI.—PoMERANIANS eg fe EY, a Sight ties XII.—Jupces, Exurpirors, CLuBs AND REPORTERS. . 274 XIUI.—Pitraris ror Novicks . . -.- +« «+ + 313 XIV.—TuHE CARESOFACHAMPION. . . + «© « 324 Pe OUSe FEIS.0 << 6+ «wee we 6% BgO APPENDIX SOS Wire ee ee ee ree 2 ee INDEX eee gt Ne. Sik uke Oe Se, Se ee th ks BRS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Godfl type of Red-and-white Toy Spaniel. From a drawing by Neville Lytton. Collotype . . . . . «Frontispiece Crabbet Park, from the north-east 2 Crabbet Park, from the east ae. Re Spee 4 Type of Woodstock Blenheim of 1880 . Por 005 6 Butterfly, Mrs. Lytton’s first Blenheim 6 The Author with her first dog Pad Ye Ns: oh 8 Lady Washing Her Hands. G. Ter Bovck’ P 2 Sere | Miss Annie Todd. From a drawing by Neville Foukin ws, yy AG Seems woes, 1700, Shen Chin-Lim . . . «WT we sw 1K ne ss i aA ei eer Ns a 6 Philip and Mary. Antonia Moro . ..... . + Red-and-white Italian Toy Spaniel. Paul Veronese . . . . 20 Red-and-white Italian Toy Spaniel. Paul Veronese a BP Portrait of the Hon. Mrs. Lytton. Photogravure . . . . = 24 Louis XIV. and Family. Largillitre . . 26° Young man out walking with his Maltese dows ioe Fifth Cee tury B.C. ae Brea eat. . «ek oem gM ak tN ay ha > Late Fourth Century B.C. Biekiae GAs (5 tS te» io! HBS Nineteenth-Century water-colour .. Anes 1h O30 From an Italian painting by Jacopo da esis op ge eer Elizabeth Langstaffe. Sir G. Kneller . . 9 . 1. « «© +» « 364 Metsys, 1510-1575 SP ee ese ied ee ek Tate eo. oe OR eo i ee ee er | ne Comiorter of taae’ 6 6 kk tt ee) we SB Petit Barbet (miniature Poodle). . . . . . . . ~~. ~ 36 Mieris, 1635-1681... ee rete) eek Ths JS Black-and-white Toy Neietal le bert el to ee ek er Children of Charles I. Van Dyck oe ee ate tet 4 as Ot hy! da Chinese mirror, Eighteenth Century . .° . . . . . .« 40 ee ae a er er Picture by Mieris 44 x1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Field Spaniel. Stubbs Mrs. Rouse’s Ch. Clareholm Opal, ‘Field Spaniel ‘Blenheim Spaniel of about 1750 Black-and-white Spaniel. [Vatteau La Consolation de l’Absence. N. Muska Henrietta of Orleans. Mignard Henrietta of Orleans. Mignard ‘oar Detail of Mignard’s Henrietta of Orleans . From Watteau’s Bal Champétre F. van Mieris and His Wife Picture at Crabbet Park Mrs. Lytton’s Bunthorne . Curly Black King Charles and Blade Sack tan Re rame * 1809 Truffle Dog Head of Bunthorne Head of Mignard’s Spaniel Assemblée dans un Salon . Marie de Bourbon. Mignard La Reine Anne. Franz Pourbus le Fraiasee Incognita. J eronese Seo From Der Cavalier im Werkauieiades, Ee van Mieris From Netscher’s Maternal Instruction Lady at her Toilet. Netscher . Nae Louis XV., Grand Dauphin de ace et sa Famille. ‘Migueta Detail of picture by Mignard Edward Walters . . Picture in the Coral Boise lesen ‘Patice : Field Spaniel. Stubbs cab Sone Chinese Dogs, Seventeenth Cana Collotype Heads of newly-born Toy Spaniel puppies Pattern for flannel coat in cases of illness Spratt’s terrier travelling box. - Noseless Toy Spaniel, with wrongly peieel ears and bad expression soe J. Davies's Bulldog Good Lion ‘A fairy among dogs” ; 4. Be Monkey-faced type of Blenheim, with twisted jaw san wrong ex- pression A good type of brood bitch A tiny lap dog Miss Fan Early type of hieticrodel . The Duke of Marlborough’s present ine of Blenheim ‘ Xi 50 SRRLLLPROE VL SESSLE bt ii | + WN BERSSS SSSRRRERE LP SCZAR LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Myoodstock Blenheim of 1840 . . .: . « «= «+ “+ «+ g§ A common type of early Marlborough Spaniel. 7. Gainsborough . 92 ren a OCDS {PricOlouUr) » ~~. «+ 6. he we ele Tricolour Spaniel, with Red-and-white puppy, early nineteenth century O4 Tricolour Toy Soeciel sr pinetannth Sites 94 Fennell’s Shock and Comforter of 1843 O4 Tricolour Toy Spaniel, early nineteenth century 04 Portrait of a Lady. F. Haage 96 Bill® . . ro tae 98 Billy, the seabeated rat- killer, killing 100 rats in = minutes ~— a half on the 22d April, 1823 Pe rs ne AA Oe Fancy dog show of 1851 at the Eight Bells . . . . . . 100 Cocker and Springer : a a eters oa Pie < lal se, Curly King Charles Spaniel of about $805: a eet 2 a rs, LOS een SOcmer, YOR . 5 wt ew we es OG Woolmington’s Jumbo. Stonehenge . . . . . « «. « 104 Biemrietta. of Orleans. Migmard . . . . 1. « «© « ‘+ 106 Type of Cocking Spaniel. . Cts, «8 28 Dorothy, Lady Temple, with Pricalour Beanie Sir Peter Lely . 110 Cocking Spaniels of the eighteenth century . . . . . . 12 Group of Dogs. From a drawing by Neville Lytton. Collotype . 114 Ch. Highland Lad... ree baat) Ya Gar taiereer 6°. Mrs. Hope Paterson’s Ch. Macduff oe, ae, re ety ar Ee Miss H. G. Parlett’s Ch. Rosemary Calvert . . . . . . 46. mire Co. maugre- Face (U,5. A.) . ... 2. & 2. «316 areas kmueenemenr . «wlll le le Uw! EEG Mrs. Matheson’s Rosie... TA Nie Mr. Cummings’s Tricolour Toy Spaniel Ch. The Seiion Fly eae | IER S MINE a eh Ase se Post ee Bera) OR Oe Es Blenheim Ch. Rollo... rae eee fy ee Miss Witt’s Blenheim Dunrobin Flossie Ae ee Ge ee Mr. Phillips’s Ch. King Leopold and Lady Maud . . . . . 4118 Ch. The Cherub and Queen of the May . . .. .. . 4118 mueweemon 6 Mose Of the East. «1. 1 5 . « «©, a » 120 a Oo UR a es + | Mrs. Pinto Lertes’s Nina Advocate . . . . . <: . +. 120 Miss A. Todd’s Frederick the Great. . 120 Blenheim Spaniel in motion, showing perfect oe mE oan. ings . ee ee od es Cinematographs of Blenheim Spaniel i immotion«*. © 2. « .° 5a Blenheim Spaniel in motion, showing prancing movement . . . 126 Xiil LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Bad and good shoulder. Diagram. Mrs. Lytton’s Ch. The Seraph and Lady Hulton’s Ch. ie Miss Young’s Tricolour Toy Spaniel Ch. Lord Vivian . Right and wrong types of muzzle and eyes Noseless atrocity bred by the author Cottage Flyer, U. S. A. Perfect Blenheim “ spot ” Toy Spaniel Marvel Different shapes of skull . . Various positions of the eyes of a Toy spaniel: OF abet ; Outlines from photographs of a Bulldog and a noseless Ruby Spaniel of the Bulldog type, showing likeness in formation of skull. Wind Fairy . Ch. The Bandolero St. Anthony’s Wee Dot Fairy Windfall Puppy, 2 months old . Northampton Wonder 7 eee Mrs. Barber’s The Microbes’ Atom Miss Hall’s Ruby Spaniel Ch. Royal Rip Wife of Philippe le Roy. Van Dyck Different types of head : Chinese Bowl, Taokwang Period, 1820 Heads to avoid, with the defects purposely Sarat Ch. Windfall : Blenheim Spaniel Ace of Ficus. 3 rhibiitiis old Equinox is | Oe ee Tricolour Toy ian: Equinox, 2% months old Drying pen Tar a a cme at" Mrs. Hope Paterson's King Guaries Ch. Royal Clyde Mrs. Sonneborns Sneider’s Ruby Toy Spaniel Ch. Red Clover Blenheim fishing in a pool Good modern Marlborough Blenheim puppies . Small Black-and-tan Snarkose Bigaiet ; ; King Charles immediately after the first ‘atrereien at Pyrame blood. Blenheim playing sith ball Modern example of old curly King Pinties Toy Trawler puppies . ; Italian Greyhounds Saltarello and ree Miss Armitage’s Toy Poodle Punch of W inkfield . ; XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Mme. Delville’s Papillon Cybille . Mme. Delville’s Papillon Mignonne Mrs. Francis’s Papillon Yvette ’ White Toy Spaniel. From the picture by Seslante West Mr. Gregory's Blenheim Ch. Captain Kettle Mrs. Bright’s Blenheim Caris . Mrs. Lytton’s Blenheim St. Anthony’s Fiving Cloud Mrs. Percy’s Tricolour Ch. Casino Girl Mrs. Lytton’s Tricolour Rose Petal Mrs. Potter's Tricolour Ch. Zana Ch. Speckled Wren, U. S. A. Ch. Little Tommy Mrs. Lytton’s Red pee Modern example of old type of peirly hing Chases Blenheim puppy, 10 months old Mrs. Bright’s Blenheim Ch. Cara Miss Spofforth’s Ch. The Cherub ‘ The American King Charles Cliveden Mascot . Mrs. Hope Paterson’s Ch. Royal Clyde Mrs. F. L. Schubert's American King Charles Ch. ‘Gane Bae Mr. Aistrop’s King Charles Miss Bessie Fife’s Cupid (U. S. A.) Mrs. Pinto Lertes’s King Charles Ch. The Adebvaie Cherub Junior (Blenheim) ; Mrs. Jenkins’s Ch. Clevedon Meats (Tricolour) ; Mrs. W. Hopkins’s Haeremai Cyclone (Tricolour) Ch. Feather Wing, U. S. A. (Blenheim) Mrs. Lytton’s Tricolour Little Sambo . Lady de Gex’s Blenheim Little Wonder Miss Dillon’s Blenheim Spaniel Francoise Madge Miss Gilpin’s Larethian Mrs. Phillips’s Ch. King eats: Miss Carter’s Tricolour Mimosa . A perfect head and expression Colour chart . Picture by Morland ol Sen TY, Mrs. Lytton’s Tricolour St. Anthony’s Shadow Mrs. Doig’s Ch. Walkley Vic (U.S. A.) . Mrs. Furnival’s Blenheim Ch. Little Tommy The Misses Clarkson and Granthan’s Blenheim Doncaster Comet Mrs. Hill's Blenheim, the late Little Mafeking XV a en en = Sel S| ON ee ee & kOe Nw = a LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Lady de Gex’s Blenheim Ch. St. Anthony’s Featherweight . Miss Green’s Hiawatha Odahmin : Miss Ives’s Pomeranian Ch. and Pr. Boy Blue : Miss Burton’s Pomeranian Ch. The Sable Mite Miss H. G. Parlett’s Ruby Toy Spaniel Ch. Rosemary Red Rival Mrs. Pinto Lertes’s Toy Spaniel Ch. Billiken Advocate . Groups of Toy Dogs . : Mrs. Russell Lloyd's Blenheim Stuart King Mrs. Mitchell’s Tricolour Pandora Blenheim Spaniel in motion Mrs. Lloyd’s Ruby Spaniel Midget Mrs. W. Hopkins’s Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel "Blake Smut Mrs. Matthews’s Blenheim Spaniel Roscoe Mrs. Lytton’s Blenheim Ch. The Bandolero at 18 scones Training a dog to stand for show Covent Garden Charlie, Berrie’s Bawbee, Shensert foe How to show F Mr. Cummings’s Sa ctaitan Sf St. he tindy Showing a level back The Duchess of Urbino. Titian Red-and-white Spaniel. From portrait ad an ‘Old baa by Frans Pourbus (the Old) Paul Veronese, 1528-1588. Dash. Landseer : : Wife of Admiral van yale pe Italian Plate, 200 B.C. : eer ; : Terra-cotta model in the Louvre, Pane: “Chien de Malte.” Eighteenth-Century English needlework tapestry worked by the five wives of Thomas Foley , : ; Early Victorian type of Toy Spaniel. Landseer Tricolour Toy Spaniel, early Victorian Period Diagrams showing structure of kennels Another diagram of kennels . d Two good kennels made by Boulton & Paul, oie ich : Daughter of Roberto Strozzi. Titian Marlborough Blenheims of about 1750-1800 The best way of docking puppies’ tails are Bird’s-eye view of kitten and puppies asleep on a cushion Mrs. Lytton with Ch. Windfall. From a painting by Neville Lytton. Photogravure Mrs. Solomon's Dara . Miss Serena’s Fugi of Kobe bid Hikoe ae Kobe XVi FACING PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Mrs. M’Laren Morrison's Japanese puppies Mrs. H. Andrews's Aka of Toddington Mrs. Lloyd's Japanese Pekingese Dog, Chu Ty of Riterichevis Lady Samuelson’s Japanese Marquis Cheno “ee Ikeda of airs ick Sleeping pen . Puppy house and run. atin *h Fairy Windfall (Tricolour), 3 months : Fantail of St. Anthony (Blenheim), 3 months . Ace of Hearts (Blenheim), 2 months . Checkmate (Tricolour), 3 months Whirlwind (Tricolour), 2 months Miss Dawson's Japanese puppy Yezo Blenheim puppy, 6 weeks old Mrs. Lytton’s Tricolour puppy Heiress, 3 wonie old Mrs. Pickersgill’s red Japanese puppy Miss Tempest, Japanese puppy Toy Trawler puppies . ; Mrs. Kingdon’s Japanese ad oat ‘Seas . Mrs. Senn’s Ch. Koma Mrs. Senn’s Ch. Senn Senn The White Queen Miss Serena’s Japanese baveats Ito Mrs. Lloyd’s Japanese Tama of St. Omer Her Majesty Queen Alexandra, with one of her ‘aan dhips < Mrs. Lloyd’s Ch. Royal Yama Hito Mrs. Addis’s Ch. Dai Butzu II Mrs. Parsonage’s Japanese puppies Lady Samuelson’s Japanese General Koroki of Bey sick Japanese puppy (long face) ms. aids Chinese Spaniel of the best type. Shén Chéng Lady Decies’s Ch. Pekin Poppy Mrs. Weaver’s Sutherland Chu Chi Mrs. Catley’s Adderly Lola Mrs. A. Cross’s Ch, Chuerh of Ait iascas Mrs. Fry’s Hi Yang . : Mrs. Pleydel Goddard’s Tan- eee 3 Chu - Westlecott : Chinese Spaniel (coarse type), 1700. Shen Li . Black-and-white Chinese Dog, about 1700. Shén Chén- Zin: Model of Maltese dog, 300 to 600 B.C. Model of “ Pomeranian” dog, 300 to 600 B.C. Model of Pomeranian dog, Archaic Period (beyond 800 BA Cs 2 XVI WwWwwewwww td db WN t RNHHNHHKHOO OWA ww NR Kw WK Ww NW tS & bh HK WN w > LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Greek leaden toy, about 200 B.C. . Greek Vase, 400 B.C. Greek Vase, 400 B.C. Kaleo aaa Avoll Greek Design, 400 B.C. Greek Vase, 400 B.C. Tanagra Figure, 100-300 B.C. Greek Vase, 500 B.C. Boy playing on ‘siehi Portrait of Mme. Adelaide. Nattier Mr. Carr’s Ch. Offley Honey Dew (orange Posheventan’ Mrs. Robinson (Perdita). Gainsborough Mr. Brown’s Orange Boy (Pomeranian) Miss Bland’s Ch. Marland King (black Pomeranian) Mrs. Parker’s Ch. Mars (orange Pomeranian) Miss Ives’s Ch. Dragon Fly (sable Pomeranian) Mrs. Pope’s Little Polar Star (white Pomeranian) Miss Hawley’s Wolvey Mite (sable Pomeranian) Mr. Richardson Carr’s Ch. Nanky Poo (Pomeranian) Mrs. Vale Nicolas’s Shelton Mercury (sable Pomeranian ) Mrs. W. Fowler’s Ch. May Duchess (sable Pomeranian) Mrs. Pope’s Little Twinkling Star (white Pomeranian) Miss Chell’s Belper Racer (white Pomeranian) Mr. Vale Nicolas’s Ch. Shelton Atom (sable Pomeranian) A Perfect Type of Pomeranian Miss Burton’s Ch. The Sable Mite (sable one rani mS Mrs. Langton Dennis’s Ch. Kew Mario (black Pomeranian) Mrs. Parkinson’s Gold (orange Pomeranian) Miss Horsfall’s Brocklyn Gold Speck (orange Pohaesen Meeting of the United Fanciers’ Club. : Cheerful meeting of a Show Executive Committee Dog shows as they would be in an anarchical state Chinese Puppies. Marsuyama Okio Pomeranian Type of Dog. Mao I Mrs. Fry’s Sei Mei Mr. L. Carnegie’s Chinese rene oe ; H. H. Princess Tousson’s Pekingese Puck of Aidaghonee Mrs. Finlayson’s Pekingese Celestial Toto Mrs. H. Andrews’s Pekingese Chu Chu of Toddington Mrs. Freeman’s Pekingese Orange Boy Mrs. Torrens’s Pekingese Ch. Goodwood Chun Mrs. Stainthorpe’s Pekingese Pekin Count. Miss Barry's Pekingese Princess Wee Wee Picture by Barth. van der Helst XVill LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS A judge’s life is not a happy one Lady Samuelson’s Saru of Braywick Mrs. Colin Evans’s Mitoshim . Lady Samuelson’s Tokimasa , Mr. Weller’s Maltese Ch. Chillicbury Mteaher Mrs. Kingdon’s Red-and-white Japanese Cho Cho Mrs. Spink’s Geisha of Willoughy The right type of Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel Miss Nicholson's Pekingese Puppies Orange Frills. From a drawing by Neville Lytton. Collotype Lady Samuelson’s Japanese dogs playing with a rabbit The Painter’s Family. Rubens Mrs. Pleydel Goddard's Pekingese puppy Miss Nicholson’s Pekingese Meadowcroft Lo Yu Miss Nicholson’s Pekingese puppies Lady Ebury’s Pekingese Canopus Mrs. Farrar’s Pekingese puppies After the judging ; Beware of these in buying a dog . : Miss J. Johnstone's Griffon Bruxellois Shariiees Miss Daniel's Black Pug Ch. Bougi Mr. H. Beddington’s Miniature Bull Terrier Dolly Mr. Chris. Houlker’s Fawn Pug Ch. Loris B Mrs. Whaley’s Black-and-tan Terrier Ch. Glenartney Boy Mrs. F. W. Cousen’s Yorkshire Terrier The Young Princess. Morelse Mrs. Lytton’s Ch. Windfall a ee , Ch. Windfall. From a drawing by Neville Lytton Nelly O’Brien. Sir Joshua Reynolds Bunthorne Ben PAGE SESEESSSSE TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS * CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I HAVE made up my mind to write a book on Toy Dogs, because no one seems to know much about them or their history, and even their points are a constant sub- ject of speculation. Historians have been contented to repeat the errors of their predecessors until these have become estab- lished, while, unfortunately, in modern criticism the fear of offending is so great that most articles on the sub- ject are noncommittal, and practically all reports are masterpieces of damning with faint praise. Unfavour- able criticism has come to be almost synonymous with what is called a “ spit of hate’; and it is generally cor- rectly considered a sign that the critic and the dog- owner have quarrelled. Not long ago a critic voiced the whole modern attitude by saying that he should en- deavour to “ wreathe the rod of criticism with roses.” I have no belief in this rose-wreath theory. A crit- ic’s work is to criticise and compare, not to make elegant phrases; and, to carry on the metaphor, the wreathing of rods in this manner often ends in the critic running the thorns into his own fingers. If critics are really competent, there is no need for I TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS them to wrap their words in insincere flattery, and a strong judge who knows his business should not conde- scend to shield himself behind what is merely a device for concealing personal weakness. In my own experi- ence I find that people seldom seriously resent just crit- icism, however frank, so long as the critic can point out the cause of his disapproval in detail. Too often, how- ever, the critic does not know his subject, and tries to avoid laying himself open to inconvenient cross-ques- tioning. One of these drawing-room critics tells me that “comparisons are odious,” but competition is essentially comparison, and dog shows in this respect are inconceiv- ably odious. If a reporter is conscientious and writes sensible reports without regard to the advertisers of his employer, the editors are so busy with their blue pencils that the reports again become too insipid to be of the slightest use to anybody. Editorial offices are generally hotbeds of suppression. However, this is not always the case, and there are a few intrepid exceptions. Of course, there is no need to go out of our way to insult a dog’s owner unnecessarily, but bad defects should not be suppressed so that the report is misleading. The fear of giving offence from which editors suffer led once to an amusing incident. JI wrote a comparative criticism for one of the newspapers. The editor had previously undertaken to publish my report in full with- out alteration, that being the condition on which I wrote it. I compared two dogs carefully, one to the disadvan- tage of the other. This criticism was omitted from the report in spite of the editor’s undertaking, and some stereotyped journalistic praise substituted (all over my name), and I received a reproving letter from the editor ) ISV]-HLYON AHL KOUA ‘NUVd LadAvuD er ice INTRODUCTION saying that these comparisons were considered in bad taste and very likely to give unnecessary offence, that they showed personal animosity to the owner, etc., ete. This lecture on good manners would have been more impressive, doubtless, but for the fact that the dog so severely criticised was my own, and that the “ personal animosity ’* was therefore directed against myself! I really had not the heart to enlighten the editor, but it was exceedingly entertaining to me when the fanciers who read the substituted article said it was scandalous that an owner should praise her own dogs! I do not complain of the inevitable printer’s errors, though these are often a source of embarrassment to the writer, who sees his carefully composed sentences turned by the printer’s devil into mere twaddle. There was once an old general who saw himself referred to in a New York paper as “the battle-scared veteran.” He marched round to the editor in a state of unexampled fury and was received with effusive apologies. ‘‘ Un- fortunate printer's error—so sorry—a thousand apolo- gies—no reflection whatever intended on the gallant officer—error should be instantly corrected.” Some- what pacified, the general returned home, only to read of himself next day as “ the bottle-scarred veteran.” What he said to the editor this time is not on record, but the following morning a panegyric was at last safely printed, and he went forth to the world as “ the battle-scarred veteran,’ which the editor protested was what he had always meant him to be. Editors are, alas, a lawless lot!) They promise one proofs which they do not send. They make hay of one’s grammar and mince pies of one’s paragraphs—but they are nothing to editresses! An editress who did not 3 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS agree with me once published a letter of mine after having suppressed the negatives all the way through it, making me thus appear to say the contrary of what I had actually said—to the consternation of my readers, who to this day do not understand what happened. I also sent an article to a paper edited by a woman. It was never acknowledged, but five months later a large portion of it was published as an editorial article! This kind of literary highway robbery appears to be common with editresses, and the mention of highway- men reminds me of a pirate who took the photograph of my dog Champion Windfall and published it in an American paper under another name as the said pirate’s own dog. I had to write to the English Embassy before I could get an apology published. On another occasion | wrote an article for a lady’s journal and got an enthu- siastic letter from the editress, saying she had been much interested and quite agreed with every word I said; but that as unfortunately humour was not a strong point with ladies, would I be kind enough to delete everything that could possibly be interpreted as a joke, play upon words, or witticism of any description. This I obedi- ently did (under protest), stipulating, however, that the word “ fiascos ” should not be journaleesed into “ fiasci,” and sent in the amended version. In a week’s time I got another letter from the editress full of apologies. She said she had never realised till it was in “ cold print ” what a very serious article it was, and she had therefore taken the liberty of cutting out everything serious and had published “ the rest.” I leave my readers to imagine what sort of literary composition it was when it ap- peared minus both blade and handle, so to speak, and I am willing for the honour of my sex to believe that this 4 INTRODUCTION amiable editress judged her readers by a standard of limitations which they would repudiate with scorn. | venture to think that they would have preferred my original letter even at the cost of an occasional jest! | do not intend to make this a book of jokes, but I mean to say just what I think and to record a few of the observations | have made on the breeds of dogs which have specially come under my notice. I trust that no one will take offence at anything I may say about individual dogs. I am writing this book fomthe good of the breeds and not for the advancement of my own dogs or to disparage others, but I am tired of the milk-and-water criticisms of those who are too timid or too polite to give an outspoken opinion. I shall, therefore, be as frank in my criticism of modern dog's as if they were stuffed specimens in a museum, otherwise no good can be done. What I say cannot be all praise for each individual, and | hope that the owners of dogs criticised by me will take it in good part, as it is not my wish to hurt their feelings. We are told that one of the greatest secrets of suc- cess in disseminating one’s opinions is in making other people think they have originated one’s ideas. In this I have been so singularly successful that I have seen part of my articles reprinted bodily with other people’s names attached, and to these people I can only recommend a study of the fable respecting the jackdaw who put on other people’s feathers and got laughed at for his pains. For this and other reasons I have determined to write a book of my own. I have dealt only with Japanese, Pekingese, Pome- ranians, and Toy Spaniels. Of some of the other Toy breeds I know nothing, and of the Toy Poodle, York- 5 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS shire Terrier, and Maltese I can only say that they have been * improved” (?) out of all beauty, and there does not appear to be enough of the old material left to make it worth while recapitulating the points which they have long ceased to possess. The Puff dog or Shock dog, as the Maltese was called, has lost his puffed-out coat, high set ears, and short back; the Toy Poodle has lost his pretty face, deep stop, and large black eyes, in common with most other show breeds, and as for the unfortunate show Yorkshire Terrier, with his unnatural existence as a “clothes peg,” the less said the better. My chief study has, of course, been the Toy Spaniel. The difficulty of collecting material has been very great, and [ have had some amusing experiences in the course of my researches. At the start I advertised for some pictures of Toy Spaniels. What got into the wording of my advertise- ment I do not know. I fancy it must have been the printer’s devil again—but by return of post I received a special brand of Borneo cigar, and an anonymous volume entitled ‘“‘ Memoirs of Icthiosauri and Plesiosauri,” con- taining, sure enough, diagrams of the Icthiosaurus Chi- rostrongulostinus and the Plesiosaurus Tessarestarsos- tinus! I do not know if this was a delicate hint that the modern Toy Spaniel is as grotesque as an antediluvian monster, or whether I got a parcel intended for some- one else, but the Icthiosaurus Chirostrongulostinus still adorns my library. By a succeeding post I received three crocodile skins, four prints of a rhinoceros, and a new kind of incubator, and when the evening post brought me an almost life-sized engraving of Canter- bury Cathedral, the postman began to cry out for mercy. The best of these odd parcels was a very curious little 6 a TYPE oF WoopstocK BLENHEIM OF I580 Butrerre_y, Mrs Lytron's First BLENHEIM INTRODUCTION book full of the strangest pictures of dragons and other animals, which made me congratulate myself that | had never had to exhibit the Manticora, the Arompo, or the Allocamelus, though | must say | regret I am never to see the Strepsiceros in this world or to meet the harm- less Potto. All this, crowned with an able pamphlet on church turrets and Carillon machinery, did not advance my knowledge of Toy Spaniels. I speedily stopped adver- tising and went to the British Museum. There I spent many months confronted with innumerable books, ar- ranged in countless rows round a room that appears considerably larger than the Albert Hall and Bucking- ham Palace combined, and had it not been for the kind- ness and intelligence of the officials I should be there to this day. A liking for dogs runs in my family. Lord Byron, uy great grandfather, wrote verses on his own dog which are too well known to quote, but the epitaph he wrote on a pet dog belonging to Lady Byron is not so well known: Alas, poor Prim, I’m sorry for him. I’d rather by half It had been Sir Ralph. Sir Ralph Milbanke being his father-in-law, the verse has the usual caustic Byronic vigour. Lady Byron had a Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel called Fairy. This dog had a very wavy coat, her eyes were extremely large and her nose short, but not short like the modern dogs. She had a curious temper and liked very few people. The poor thing came to an untimely end, being drowned in a garden tank at Moore place, Esher, 7 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS in 1846. My father bred Blenheims for many years and owned Bulbul, who was full brother to Oxford Bob, sire of Champion Rollo. My mother also bred Bettina from Bulbul and Juliet, who was got for her by Miss Dillon and was of her strain. All these appear in the pedi- grees of our show dogs. Seetsu Prince, Snowshower, Fairy Blossom, Storm King, Red Admiral, Kim, Duke Dorynski, Stuart King and Caris are all dogs directly descended from some of the Crabbet dogs. | have kept Toy Spaniels from my earliest days, and shall never forget my first sight of a Blenheim Spaniel. I had gone with my mother to visit Miss Dillon in Ox- fordshire, and when I awoke on the first morning there suddenly rushed into the room a wonderful thing all fluff and feather. It sprang on to my bed and danced about on my pillow, licking my face and rolling over in an ecstasy of youth and excitement. I thereupon fell head over ears in love with it. It was called Violet, and I could think and talk of nothing else. It nearly broke my heart to go away—in fact, I as good as asked to take it with me—and home was flat and dull after my late revels. Fortunately my nurse had been as much taken with the dog as I, and so we consoled ourselves by talk- ing together of its perfections. Months went by, and then one day a basket arrived addressed to me. I opened it unsuspectingly, and out of it there came a tiny fairy thing that could have stood on a man’s hand, a miniature Violet. It was fat, and it was square, and it wagged its little tail and pranced upon its little legs and forthwith tumbled head over heels, as puppies will, and I thought I had never seen anything so lovely. I can venture to say that no present ever given to anybody has brought such intense delight as that of my kind friend Miss Dillon. 8 Cue AUTHOR WITH HER I'irst DoG ee INTRODUCTION How I loved that pretty puppy! It grew and flourished, and I remember in the autumn making a cart for it out of a box and the wheels of a doll’s perambulator, and going with my turnout to collect acorns in spite of my unele’s facetious warnings that it was illegal to put dogs in har- ness. But the puppy objected strongly to the harness and vindicated the majesty of the law by running away and upsetting the acorns against the garden gate post, the wheels came off, and that was the end of my dog- driving enthusiasm. Butterfly’s portrait will be found inethis volume. She grew up with a beautiful coat and ears, and was my constant companion. I taught her many very difficult tricks, but nothing would ever induce her to fetch and carry. While my eye was on her she would carry what I put in her mouth, but if I took my attention off she would slyly drop it in a bush and, if pos- sible, lose it. She would, however, sneeze, whine, bark and growl and turn head over heels to order. I ar- ranged a steeplechase course for her out of chairs and she would go the whole course by herself at command. She would walk about a fully laid dining table without upsetting or stealing anything. I used to have a dor- mouse which, though usually tame, would occasionally escape from me with a sudden frantic leap. It would scurry up the window curtains, and travel all over the house, frightening the housemaids into fits by turning up fast asleep in the linen cupboard or in somebody’s bed. If I could prevent its reaching the curtains it would rush round the room, diving into shoes or bury- ing itself under rugs. Butterfly would pen it in a cor- ner and catch it for me. She never hurt it in the least. She would take an egg in her mouth without breaking it. What a pity it is that dogs live so short a time. But- 9 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS terfly lived to more than the usual span of life, but a day came when she died and was buried under a tree. I cried for many weeks, though by that time I was a grown-up young lady supposed to be thinking of nothing but balls and parties. The understanding between a child and its first dog cannot be appreciated by one who has never had a dog in his childhood. A dog teaches a child a world of things. To train a dog one needs pa- tience, self-control, firmness, good temper and, above all, intuition and judgment in no small degree. To treat it successfully in health and illness one must be skilful, quick of decision, observant and unselfish. Who shall say that these qualities are not invaluable in after life? People can be silly over pet dogs and bring ridicule on them by making them wear motor-goggles and goloshes ; but these same people would probably make their own children ridiculous and be equally irritating and silly over anything of which they were fond. The people who make themselves and their dogs a laughingstock to the sensible world will be no less contemptible if deprived of their dogs and reduced to the now fashionable Teddy bear. The keeping of pet dogs is sometimes decried as a degrading, disgraceful, ridiculous, and, indeed, im- moral practice confined to an effete aristocracy or a still more detestable plutocracy. This I strenuously deny. I repeat that a sensible boy and a sensible dog are the best education for each other, and the results of the com- panionship will remain long after the little dog has been forgotten under the grass in some corner of the garden —hbut not forgotten by his master, who, if he is worth his salt, will never be ashamed of the tears he once shed for his faithful old dog. It has been stated that only childless women and dis- 10 LADY Hs 7 git i wife WASHING ut 1 . Dre HER H ANDS Photo, H INTRODUCTION appointed spinsters care for dogs. It is true that those to whom fate has been unkind sometimes find comfort in the unselfish love of a dog whose affection subsists re- gardless of worldly considerations, but I would point out that the man who thoroughly dislikes animals will gen- erally make an indifferent sort of father, and a fondness for animals often goes with understanding and fondness for children. Say what you will, a nature which dislikes animals is almost invariably hard and selfish or, at the very least, cold and unsympathetic. Let no one, therefore, sneer at the keeping of dogs, but let us all rather be thankful that the world holds creatures so unselfish and unworldly-wise, so blind to their own interests, and so devoted to our own. Compiling a history of the Toy Spaniel breeds has been like unravelling a Chinese puzzle. The errors of translators and the abnormal amount of hypothesis to be sifted have made me feel at times like the poor prin- cess who was given four sacks of feathers of hundreds of different birds and told to sort them into their proper species before midnight; while the confusion of mind which follows a preliminary study of the question re- minds one of the delightful Irish porter who cheered the passengers with the information that “ the seven-thirty goes at eight-thirty and there’s no last train at all.” The Blenheim isn’t a Blenheim, the King Charles isn’t a King Charles, and the Pomeranian is not a Pomeranian at all. Besides the historical interest, | have tried to show the fancier how ridiculous and contemptible the present judging system appears to outsiders, who are not all as blind, deaf and stupid as they are given credit for. | want all those who read this book to make up their minds 11 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS once for all to judge fairly and honestly for the sake of the dogs, whatever it may cost them in unpopularity with those who are less scrupulous. In writing this book I cannot pay too high a tribute to Miss Annie Todd, the good friend to whose generous gift of many years’ knowledge and experience | owe my own knowledge, and to whose unselfish loyalty I owe my success. With her, dog fancying has always been an honourable profession in spite of an uphill struggle against adverse circumstances, and her example has raised the whole Fancy in my estimation. She has the rare gift of keeping the ideals and generosity of youth unspoilt by the stress of a hard life and much bitter ex- perience. Since | had the good fortune to meet with her, the pleasure of success has been doubled by her cooperation and enthusiasm; her philosophy has tided over many moments of despair, and without her wit and light-heartedness dog showing would be dull indeed. If there are errors in my book, it is not for want of hard work extending over nearly six years. It was thankless work, too, the evidence collected being mostly of a negative kind. I must, therefore, ask my readers to accept my book in a generous spirit and not to cavil at it for its shortcomings, and if the effect of its publication is to bring forth from some unknown quarter more defi- nite information than any I have been able to find, it will still have served its purpose. If what I have said will help others to understand and appreciate the true type, and especially if I can help to bring about a return of that feeling for beauty which has at present been com- pletely lost, I shall not have wasted my time or worked in vain. Miss ANNIE Topp From a drawing by Neville Lytton CHAPTER II ORIGIN AND HISTORY Ir has hitherto been practically impossible to trace the exact origin of the Toy Spaniel, as notwithstanding numerous theories it remained a matter for specula- tion. The chief cause of this has been the extraordi- narily irresponsible and contradictory evidence of writers whose mistranslations, added to spontaneous errors of their own, have confused history almost past redemption. It has cost me years of research both in the British Museum and in the picture galleries of Europe to disentangle the truth from the cocoon of falsehood into which it was spun. Years ago I began my search with a light heart, imagining that the under- taking was a simple one, but the further I advanced the more contradictory my authorities appeared, and the more deeply involved in mystery my work became. At last | began to see daylight in the fact that the names and the breeds had been shuffled like a pack of cards, and | think I have succeeded in reducing them at length to their proper order. The chief point on which there is no doubt whatever is that the present square-jawed, heavy, noseless type was introduced comparatively re- cently, certainly no earlier than the year 1840. There is an overwhelming mass of evidence to prove that pointed noses were the original type of the Black-and- tan and Tricolour, though the Red-and-white alone had 13 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS in all stages of evolution a fairly short face and always a high skull. No doubt the fanciers who read this will exclaim: “ Everybody knows that already. Of course they came from the Marlboroughs and Sporting Span- iels.” But if they will have the patience to go carefully through the facts | am about to give them, they will find that this is an error. The first records we have of red-and-white Toy Spaniels in Europe are those in Titian’s pictures about 1505, but Italy was not their place of origin. Then comes Palma Vecchio, about 1515, and Paul Veronese, 1550. It will be seen that the Veronese dogs had al- ready a high-domed skull and a short, though pointed, nose, and had the cobby, compact and smart shape that is so essential in a Blenheim, not too low to the ground, yet not leggy. They were square, the height being ap- proximately the same as the length, which is right. They carried their tails high and turned over the back. The sudden appearance of the Veronese type of pet dog in Italy puzzled me for a long time and the absolute ab- sence of the least trace of it in any direction led me to the only possible conclusion, namely, that it originated there in the fifteenth century. Now a breed cannot originate from nothing. It must, therefore, have been manufactured, and I set myself to consider how this— was done. In Italy and Malta the indigenous dogs were the Shock dog and the “ Pomeranian” Melitzeus, but Italy traded with China from the eighth and ninth cen- turies onwards, and | thought the secret of the puzzling upspringing of the new type might lie in a cross be- tween an indigenous dog and a red-and-white variety of Chinese dog imported to Italy. This Chinese dog I traced with infinite trouble, and he was undoubtedly the 14 ORIGIN AND HISTORY foundation of the red-and-white Toy. I also came across Toy Spaniels approximating to the Veronese type, and if they existed before the fifteenth century, this Italian Spaniel might possibly have been evolved from them without actual crossing, though I think the very sharp nose must have come from a cross.’ The longer nosed Chinese Toy Spaniels can be seen on a bowl of the Taok- wang period, 1821, and | rather doubt the type being very ancient. After Veronese come Rubens, date about 1600, and Netscther of 1639. Helst Tischbein and Tempel, as well as the two Van Mieris’s Ter Borch, Metsu, and Steen, all show liver-and-white and a few yellow-and-white Toy Spaniels of the seventeenth century, also two fawn-and- white ones, and a red one with white face, breast and toes, and one of the Dutch Princesses is represented with a black-and-white dog with the spot. Juan de Valdes Leal and Velasquez, of about 1600 to 1660, showed the Alicantes or Cayenne variety of mongrel white Toy Spaniel with very short nose and high skull, said by Buffon to be a cross between I’Epagneul and the Doguin or Pug. These dogs were said to be brown-and- white-and-tricolour or black-and-white, and some were entirely white. An old writer on Spanyuolles says the “ Alauntez”’ (query Alicantes) were brought to Scot- land from Spain in 1360. There appears, however, to have been a breed of large hounds called by the same name. I can find no trace of * Blenheim” or tricolour Toy Spaniels in Spain, and the red-and-white Toy Span- iels undoubtedly came to England from Italy where they 1 The Papillon, which is the modern descendant of the Italian Spaniel on the Continent, shows the “ Pomeranian” type very strongly, even to the erect ears of one of the varieties. 4 15 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS apparently were evolved, as I have said, from the Chinese Spaniels. Pictorially they can be traced back to the fifteenth century, and probably existed in Italy in the time of the Roman empire. In Rural Sports | find the following passages regarding the Spaniel about Naples: “They possess a kind of Spaniel so excellent that the king has taken pains to increase the breed.” The Ital- ian pictures show many red-and-white Toy Spaniels. Henri IIl of France kept small pet Spaniels, and can only have come across his little dogs when he landed in Italy after the flight from Poland. Mr. Belloc is my authority for this. They were called “ Damarets.” * There 1s only an allusion to them in Brantome. One of Caius’s many translators and revisers speaks of “anew kind of (pet) Spaniel brought out of Fraunce, rare, strange, and hard to get.” This is not in Caius’s original Latin, and was probably an interpolation of the translator himself after the time of Charles IT, as it was a common practice with translators to add their own experience and opinions and embody them with the orig- inal text. This is very annoying, as the translator often lived several hundred years after the original writer under whose name his opinions appear, and it naturally falsifies the dates. It is especially mislead- ing where descriptions of types are given, and it is only by going back to the original that the matter can be verified. For instance, Jonston, 1755, quotes Aelian, who lived in A.D. 250, for certain things which do not ap- pear to be in the original Latin. Instead, therefore, of the information being 1659 years old it is only one hun- dred and fifty-four years old, Jonston’s book being 'The translation of this word is “a _ fop.” 16 ORIGIN AND HISTORY Aelian plus Jonston. Later on comes Aelian plus Jon- ston plus Jacobs, and so on. At the end of the seventeenth century there are French portraits of Henrietta of Orleans, sister of Charles II, who was brought up in France from a baby. She is painted with red-and-white Spaniels. At the same period we find the Dauphin with a black dog and a black-and-white one, and Louis XIV with a most beau- tiful black-and-white Toy. The black-and-white dogs were akin to the Holland dogs, and we see them also in Watteau’s pictures, “ Embarquement pour Cythere,” and “ The Toilet,” etc. That the black-and-white and red-and-white varieties were brought by Henrietta to England seems clear. There is no evidence that such breeds existed in England before this time. Henrietta was Charles II’s favourite sister, and when she died an early death through poisoning, it is more than probable that he took over her little dogs and bred them with those she had presumably previously introduced into the English Court, which she had visited at the age of fifteen and later. I can find no pictorial evidence that King Charles II ever kept black-and-tan dogs in his life, and all the early evidence is merely traditional, and shows that if there were any black Spaniels in England at that time they were of a breed totally different from both the black-and-tan Pyrame Spaniel and the red-and-white or black-and-white French importations. I imagine, how- ever, that there must have been black Toys at the Eng- lish Court, and that the one in the Dauphin’s picture was brought from England, as there is no previous trace of a black Spaniel in France unless it may have been the Truffle dog or the short-haired Gredin. It will be seen from the Titian and Veronese pictures 17 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS that the red-and-white Toy Spaniel existed in Italy as a Toy nearly a couple of centuries before the Duke of Marlborough was born, and it is certain that the dogs kept by Charles | were the English Cocking Gun Spaniel or Springer and not Toy Spaniels. The names of Cocker or Cocking (i.e., wood cocking) Spaniel and Springing Spaniel or Springer were indifferently applied to the early gun and field Spaniels. It was only later that the names were divided and applied to different types." The Shooting Directory of 1804 confirms my opinion with the following passage: “ Another variety of cocker much smaller (i.e., than the Water Spaniel and Sussex Spaniel) is the Marlborough breed kept by His Grace the Duke of Marlborough. These are red-and-white with very round heads and blunt noses, and highly valued by sportsmen.” This description might be mistaken for our modern type but for the plate, which gives the heads as those of Cockers with high skulls and what we should call very long faces. The Sporting Directory, speaking of Charles I’s dogs, says: ** These do not appear to have been the small black kind known by his name, but Cock- ers, as is evident from the pictures of Van Dyck and the print by Sir R. Strange, after this master, of three of his children, in which they are introduced.” o ; SC '< pe x, 7 q ) wey 4 es ue / 7 i : ‘ |) ‘ 4 ee ae , : a “ur i ; : gous a 9 fs : Ti . > » -* © : 0 é Oe an 4 “4 Pe = . » ee a — , ‘un : 7 ugh a ha an 7 7 ; 5 Le = 4) ed iz id 7 i , ans ' ( - ‘ wd - 7 : ms ; 7. We i, . Y . ‘ _ ' - . ? ? 26, - ORIGIN AND HISTORY eral attendant on the ladies at the toilet or in the draw- ing-room, but it is of a snappish, ill-tempered disposition and very noisy.” The next mention of the Comforter is by Bewick, in 1824, and by that time, the Maltese having become very scarce, the name was applied by Bewick to the fashionable cushion dog and ladies’ pet of his time, which was the descendant of the Holland Spaniel. The liver-and-white Holland Toy Spaniel existed in Dr. Caius’s time, but he makes no reference to it, and Harrison clearly referred to the imported Melitei, as the” Holland Spaniel of that period, being quite desti- tute of stop, could not, as I have already said, have been spoken of as having “a hole in the forepart of the forehead;’’ moreover, I have already shown that this was a peculiarity prized in some kinds of Maltese dogs of Caius’s time. Bewick, in 1824, writes of the Comforter: “ A most elegant little animal, and is generally kept by the ladies as an attendant of the toilet or the drawing-room. It is very snappish, ill-natured and noisy and does not readily admit the familiarity of strangers.” This was quoted from Rees. The name of Comforter here had once more become the exclusive property of the Holland Spaniel, but was confounded, no doubt, later in people’s minds, with that of other Toy Spaniels, and the description of its nature ill accords with the Spaniel pet breeds as we now know them. Captain Brown in 1829 refers to the Comforter, copies Bewick’s picture, and says it is a cross between the Maltese and the King Charles, but in this he is, of course, quite under a misapprehension. He says the oD TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS colour is generally white with black or brown (1.e., liver) patches; the ears long, the head broad in the upper part, with an acute muzzle; the hair long all over and the forelegs feathered; tail curled and feathered with very long hairs. He also says that it is the smallest of all distinct races of dogs, often not over a foot from nose to tip of tail. As the tail in the picture is fully as long as the body, the dog cannot have weighed more than two or three pounds, and this is another confirmation of my argument that it was the descendant of the tiny Spaniel of Queen Mary., He says that the Comforter is very scarce and becoming more so, being superseded by the Cocker (see above). He gives the Maltese and the Shock dog as different breeds, and there is great confusion in the Latin names, as he calls the Shock the Fotor, the Comforter, the Consolator, and the King Charles the Brevipilis. He gives the orthodox Maltese as the Melitzeus. Fennell, 1841, gives the Shock dog and the Com- forter in the same picture, which shows that the name of Comforter had gone back to the Toy Spaniel. The Shock is the Maltese, and the Comforter a parti-col- oured Toy Spaniel with long, curled, bushy tail, very pointed nose, liver (?) cheeks, and long white ears. He says: “* The Comforter or Spaniel Gentle, another sort of lap dog and which in comparison with the Shock is as Hyperion to a satyr.”’ He also gives pictures of the ‘* King Charles Spaniel,” and speaks in its praise as compared to the Comforter: “This beautiful breed received its name from having been the favourite of that ill-fated monarch, Charles I, who rarely walked out without being attended by sev- eral of these Spaniels. They were black-and-white with 30 . METSYS, 1510-1575 PALMA VECCHIO, ABOUT 1500 Louvre. The only red and white Toy Spaniel Pitti Gallery represented with the ‘‘spot”’ BEWICK’S COMFORTER OF 1824 Petit BARBET (MINIATURE POODLE) Cima, about 1470. Venice Academy MIERIS, 1635-1681 BLACK AND WHITE Toy SPANIEL Pinakothek. Hanfstaengl From the Embarquement pour Cythére by Watteau About 1710. Louvre. Hanfstaengl ORIGIN AND HISTORY curly hair, small, rounded heads, short muzzles, long ears and webbed feet.” The picture shows a fairly high skull, deep stop, and profuse coat. “The lap dog at the time of Dr. Caius was of Mal- tese breed. At present it comes from different coun- tries, in general the more awkward or extraordinary taese are the more they are prized.” ’ “The Springer. There are considerable varieties of this animal to be found in Great Britain, but the kind which has attained the greatest distinction is that de- nominated the King Charles Spaniel.” (He mentions its curly hair.) ? M. M. P. Bernard and L. Couailhac, 1842, give a picture of the “ Epagneul Marlborough.” A tiny black- and-white dog, round skull, shortish pointed nose, very profuse coat and feathering, very fine bone and ears very highly set. It is drawn from a stuffed specimen in the museum of Natural History at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. The only pictures in which Van Dyck has Toy Span- iels are the ones painted before he came to England. The best of these is one of the wife of Philippe le Roy, of the Genoese period, representing a very tiny yel- lowish-red-and-white dog weighing about three pounds, to judge from the size. This proves that the dogs in his pictures of the children of Charles I were not big by accident but were probably accurate representations of a biggish Spaniel. They are quite differently treated to his Toy Spaniels. 1Goldsmith’s “ Natural History,” 1874. 2“ Shooters’ Guide,” B. Thomas, 1809. of TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS The only Toy Spaniel which appears to have existed in [england before the time of Charles I] 1s shown in the portrait, attributed to Sir Antonio More, of Philip and Mary, painted in 1552. This was quite a different type from the high-domed Italian Spaniel, and had no more stop than a Borzoi. It is liver-and-white, and is again shown in a portrait (now hanging in the dining room at Crabbet) of a century later, the type and col- our being precisely the same as in 1552, though it is somewhat larger. It co-existed in 1660 along with the French Spaniel in different countries, which goes to prove that the French Spaniel was not evolved from it. This Spaniel of Philip and Mary is the Holland type, and was probably imported into England in 1550 by Anne of Cleves, as it was already in England before the Prince of Orange’s importation. It may possibly have been crossed with the Springer by the Duke of Marl- borough; the reference to the Blenheim breed of Cock- ers being invariably red-and-white, does not disagree with this, as the liver colour was of a somewhat mis- leading shade. I have often asked people to describe the colour of the dog in the picture already mentioned, and they call it red-and-white or brown-and-white quite indiscriminately, whereas it is really quite a different colour from the present Blenheim. The liver-and-white Holland Spaniel has now died out, but the type of head may sometimes be seen in the Marlboroughs. The Duke of Marlborough probably imported some of the parti- coloured Toy Spaniels from Holland during the wars with Flanders, or they may have come over with Will- iam II1, who was a native of Holland, as well as with Anne of Cleves, though William III seems to have kept white ones, 38 ——————————— Tesueyy ‘owoyg ‘uepserq 1 Apuv *jaturdg uns jo adq pio J SH1YVHD AO NAXATIHD ORIGIN AND HISTORY The date of one of the importations of Holland Spaniels is settled by the following passage: | in, Somers | Tracts it) 4s. narrated how Julian Romero in 1672 made a night attack on the Camp of the Prince of Orange and he was saved by his little Spaniel, which fell to scratching and crying, and withal leapt on the Prince’s face, awakening him, being asleep, before any of his men. “ The Prince kept one of that dog’s race until his dying day, and so did many of his followers. The most, or all, of these dogs were white little hounds with crooked noses called Camuses.”’ The attack spoken of apparently took place in Holland, and as the Prince and his retinue kept the dogs to his dying day, it follows that he must have imported them to England. A white Toy Spaniel sur- vived till the time of Queen Charlotte. The crooked nose may merely mean a stop, or the dogs may have been Alicantes. My deductions from historical research are as fol- lows: 1. That the Red-and-white is the oldest breed and came from China and the Black-and-white was also an original Chinese breed. The Italian descendants mixed with Meliteus, only appear to have been crossed in colour at the time of Charles II, producing the Tri- colour of 1660, which was, however, different from our modern Tricolour. Italy carried on a brisk trade with China during the thirteenth century onwards, and even earlier, and the Chinese dogs were evidently imported to various parts of Italy, where they may have been crossed with the then indigenous so-called “ Pom- eranian”’ (one of the varieties of Maltese dog), pro- 39 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS ducing the high-domed pointed nosed Veronese type. Malta and the Sicilian Islands were notorious manufac- tories of Toy dogs, and the inhabitants of some towns made a specialty for producing dwarf breeds. The Holland Spaniel was another distant variety of Chinese Toy Spaniel, but it never had a short nose or a long feathery tail. The custom of docking its tail seems to have been an old one, as the Chinese Spaniel in the Chinese mirror has the tail docked. 2. That the Black-and-tan is a cross between the lit- tle curly black Spaniel and the Pyrame, and that these were not crossed until after 1800, as they were always previously spoken of as separate breeds. A replica of the original curly all-black King Charles still exists in the Miniature Toy Trawler, which is exactly similar to it in type, and which, if crossed with modern King Charles, produces Black-and-tans exactly like those in the beginning of the last century. The whole red variety in England cannot be traced back more than eighty years, the first picture being a Landseer of 1830, though Van Dyck’s picture of the wife of Philippe le Roy of the Genoese period two hundred years earlier contains a yellowish red Toy with white on head and toes. The first written reference to a whole red Toy is that of Mr. Garwood’s Dandy in 1875. I have traced the existence of an earlier one in 1828 which belonged to Mrs. Todd, of Newcastle, and a later one in 1850—1. ¢e., Mr. Risum’s dog. It is also probable that the red-and-white and black-and-white Italian and French Spaniels were separate varieties up to the seventeenth century, and that the Black-and-tan and Ruby are now one breed, dependent on each other, 40 CHINESE MIRROR, I8TH CENTURY 7 ORIGIN AND HISTORY the latter being a variant of the former produced by a cross with Blenheim, but the King Charles was in no Way connected with the other colours until just before the middle of the last century, and the first result of the connection was the production of the Ruby, as I shall show presently. The red variety with white on forehead, breast, and toes is a perfectly authentic one, and should certainly be allowed to compete in Toy Spaniel classes. It may be seen in Van Dyck’s picture and also in a picture by TerBorch, which belongs to Mr. Gerald Loder. The dog is a rich colour and quite unmistakable. This red with white is historically quite correct. It was no doubt a variant of the red-and-white Chinese Spaniel, such as is also seen in the Chinese bowl. In England the dog which belonged to Mrs. Todd, of Newcastle, in 1828, had a white breast and toes, and was so small that it travelled to London in a lady’s muff. Its mother was said to be a Black-and-tan which, if so, is the first Toy Black-and-tan on record, though Lady Byron’s “ Fairy” was the first of which I have any description. The Ruby was by mistake christened “ Rollo” (a dog’s name). She was renamed Rose by the London lady who bought her. The little thing had a tragic end. She was stolen and rewards were offered in vain. At last one day her mistress found her on the doorstep, with a bit of rope hanging to her neck. She bore evidences of having reared a litter and had doubt- less escaped and found her way home, but it was too late. She managed to crawl inside the house, crept into her old familiar basket, and died. The first black Toy Spaniel on record is ina Mignard picture of Louis of France, afterwards Louis XV, and 4I TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS his family (1060?). This is nét a black-and-tan, but pure black, in the same picture there i8 a black-and- white dog. ! } The French Black-and-white Spaniel was often not truly black-and-white, but silver-grey-and-white, of a most exquisite shade, and if any fancier should breed a puppy of this colour, | hope he will immediately let me know, as it should certainly be revived. It was evi- dently considered the best colour, as the richest people kept it. The colour red-and-white, shot with black, which was recently brought out at the Kennel Club Show, is also very interesting, as it approximates the curious colour of some of ‘these French Spaniels, and may either be an evidence of the French descent or more probably of the Bulldog cross. Louis XIV had a very pretty pet Spaniel called ‘ Malice,” probably the one in the picture by Larghil- liére. It is recorded that when he got tired of Mlle. de la Valliére and took another favourite in Mme. de Montespan he used to pass through la Valliére’s apart- ments to go to those of Montespan, and would fling the dog to Mlle. de la Valli¢re, saying contemptuously: “Tenez, voila votre compagnie, c’est assez.” Louis XI, unlike Louis XIV, was apparently not a dog fancier, and seems to have been capable of the most wanton cruelty. It is said that on one occasion when walking in the Gardens of Paris he saw a lady with a pet dog. Without the least provocation he called the dog to him, and as soon as it came up ‘Mr. Watson, of Hackensack, tells me of a picture by William Dob- son, 1646, of Sir Charles and Lady Lucas with a black Toy Spaniel, but I have been unable to trace the picture 42 EM | [a —— 4 Flee Be fm / BAR rrr Es EE BOS ere. ed | | a a — e DutcH PrcTURE, ABOUT 1660 Photo, Hanfstaengl ORIGIN AND HISTORY broke its back with a blow from his stick and walked on laughing. Mme. de Maintenon in a letter to Count d’ Aubigné remarks that as she writes there are in her room twenty people, three children, and ten dogs! Our present-day fanciers flatter themselves that they have evolved a tiny pet Spaniel from a big English sport- ing breed by careful selection, and are now talking of going back to the “ true massive type,”’ whereas the real fact is that the red-and-white and black-and-white Ital- ian and French Spaniels weighed just about half what our present ones do, or even less, average specimens in 1750 being only six inches high, whereas our very smallest specimens are little if anything under nine and a half inches, and most of them are ten inches to thirteen inches at the shoulder. Meyrick, 1842, says the Blenheim should weigh four to seven pounds, and the King Charles are seldom less than five or six pounds. Webb, 1872, gives the King Charles as six to twelve pounds, and the Blenheim five pounds, and of little value if as much as eight pounds. Idstone says King Charles seven pounds and the Blen- heim six or seven pounds, top weight nine pounds, and Stonehenge gives the Tricolour as six pounds at top weight. The measurements of the Toy Spaniel of 1770, trans- lated into English, are as follows: Length of body from tip of nose to root of tail, eleven inches and four lines; height of forehand, six inches; quarter, six inches; length of head to tip of nose, three inches. (This makes the dog as nearly as possible square, allowing five inches for head and neck.) Circumference of end of muzzle, three inches; under eyes, four inches 43 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS two lines; circumference opening of the mouth, two inches six lines; distance between nostrils, two lines; from tip of nose to inside corner of eye, one inch; to outside corner, one inch. (This gives length of nose as about three quarter inch.) Length of eye, eight lines; height of eye, six lines (7. ¢e., eyes nearly round). Distance between eyes, ten lines (1. e., eyes are very wide apart, there being more than the length of the eye between them). Girth of skull, seven inches; girth of tail at the root, two inches six lines; ears, two inches eight lines; length of leg from elbow to wrist joint, two inches two lines; length from wrist to end of claws, two inches; width of ears at top three inches three lines; length of neck, two inches; round neck, seven inches six lines; width of forefoot, nine lines; girth of body, ten inches six lines; girth at biggest point, ten inches ten lines; girth at waist, nine inches six lines; height from ground under flank, two inches six lines; height to breast bone, two inches three lines; length of tail, eight inches. This will show plainly that the theory suggested by many writers and repeated by Mrs. Jenkins in her arti- cle in Cassell’s new “ Book of the Dog,” and again by Mrs. Raymond Mallock in her book on ‘ Toy Dogs,” vis., that the Toy Spaniels were derived from the Cocker and that “in olden days they were much larger than our own” is an error. “In olden days ” is a conmifore ably vague term, but from about 1450 to 1800 the Toy Spaniel was certainly far smaller than our present type; and the only one of the varieties which came from sport- ing ancestry—namely, the Black-and-tan—was not orig- inally as big as some of our present dogs, and only in- creased in size after the cross of Pyrame. Even as late 44 PICTURE BY MIERIS About 1660, St Petersburg. Photo, Hanfstaengl a ORIGIN AND HISTORY as Idstone, 1872, the top weight of a show specimen was never to exceed seven pounds. Since that time the Toy Spaniel has been getting steadily bigger, not smaller, the last Kennel Club Show producing gigantic speci- mens, the smallest dog in one class weighing over twelve pounds, while the largest in the Show must have scaled wellupon twenty pounds. The American T.S. C. are still further encouraging size by increasing the exhi- bition weight. Mrs. Jenkins states that the Tricolour has only ex- isted within the last quarter of a century, but this is a mistake, as it existed already in the time of Sir Peter Lely before 1660—1. e., over two hundred and fifty years geo. Its “original appearance in a litter of King Charles’ pure bred was therefore probably explained by a throw back to a former cross, and not to a freak, and the appearance was certainly not “ original.” The red-and-white and black-and-white Spaniels were the oldest breeds, and the red-and-white can be defi- nitely traced two centuries and a half further back than the Tricolour. The liver-and-white, though apparently very rare in Italy, occurs in one of Titian’s pictures. Mrs. Mallock says: “I am afraid I am a crank on the subject of breeding type to its type, and shall never be satisfied with calling breeds metamorphosed into something else by the old name.’ This sentence is rather vague. “Type to its type” is rather indefinite, especially as she does not specify the old name to which she refers, but I imagine she wishes to convey that what she describes as the “old type” to which the “old name” (of Toy Spaniel?) belongs is the one of which she speaks as quickly disappearing—. e., the ‘old-time Spaniel with his deep chest, massive head,” and ‘ won- 45 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS derful dignity.” Now this is not at all the type of the old-time Toy Spaniel, and such a description is a pathetic fallacy, as the original Toy Spaniel was by no means ‘majestic in appearance with—that wonderful massiveness of head which lends much infinite dignity to the individual.” The old breed would certainly be metamorphosed into something else if it resembled this heavy type. Anyone is, of course, at liberty to admire this new style, but it is impossible to seriously pretend that it is his- torical. The old-time writers describe their old-time dogs as “ fairy-like,” “ sprightly and diminutive,” cer- tainly neither dignified nor massive. A dog six inches at the shoulder can hardly be called massive! One might as well call a humming-bird massive. Mrs. Mallock also says: “One seeks in vain that typical mincing gait so seldom seen nowadays.” I think one may certainly look for it in vain among the massive, majestic, and dignified Spaniels she describes, where its rareness could only be equalled by its inap- propriateness. Once for all I must say that the massive Toy Spaniel is a modern fake and not a true Toy Spaniel at all. It has been the bane of the Toy dog that the name Spaniel has been so misused. Fanciers insist upon heavy bone and heads and low carriage of the tail, all of which are wrong, but which they imagine are true spaniel charac- teristics. For a beautiful field Spaniel unspoiled by mod- ern show fashions, see Stubb’s picture. Why modern Spaniel fanciers have evolved the present heavy type | cannot imagine. The only old heavy type of Spaniel was the big Water Spaniel. The other sporting Spaniels were all of a light, active build, with small heads and 40 99 66 FIELD SPANIEL Stubbs, 1750. Compare with modern type. Photo, E. Walker. By permission of Sir Walter Gilbey. Mrs Rouse’s CH. CLAREHOLM OPAL FIELD SPANIEL Compare with above, Photo, Iall ORIGIN AND HISTORY short backs, cobby and compact, and with light bone compared to what is now thought right. Apart from the extinct black-and-white Toy Spaniel, the red-and-white Toy Spaniel is the only one of the four varieties which has a long record of the high rounded skull and a short nose. The Veronese type is a very pretty Blenheim in general appearance. It seems to have gone back to a still higher skull between the years 1480 and 1550, but of course it is difficult to trust abso- lutely to the picture of any one artist, as artists are very fond of having what might be called a “ property ” dog, which they choose for its suitability to pictorial pur- poses, and not for its purity of breed. It is possible, therefore, that Titian’s red-and-white Spaniel, which is not high in skull, was merely a low- skulled specimen, as we find the Veronese type exactly reincarnated more than a century later in the portraits of Henrietta of Orleans. And as we can trace the breed through Rubens and others all the way, it cannot, in the case of Veronese, be considered as merely the por- trait of an individual, but should be taken as represent- ing the real type of 1550. The black-and-white Spaniel has a totally different type of head, though its birth- place was probably also China. The erroneously so- called Blenheim—. e., the red-and-white Toy Spaniel— was the Italian Toy Spaniel evolved from the Chinese Spaniel, and the cross between it and the French Span- iels (probably evolved in the same manner) after their importation to England, produced a gaily marked tri- colour, which has since given way to the artificial tri- colour. As to the production of the Tricolour, the cross- ing of Black-and-white with Red-and-white will often in itself produce Tricolour. But we cannot do this now, 47 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS as the Black-and-white is extinct. We therefore replace it with the Black-and-tan. | consider that there are two kinds of Tricolours: First, those of 1660 that were gaily marked and were descended from the black-and-white and red-and-white original stock; and, second, the modern artificial Tri- colour which was introduced about 1835, and was the result of a double cross between the Blenheim and the Black-and-tan. This colour can always be produced in the manner described in my chapter on breeding, by mating a Black-and-tan to a Blenheim. This results in mismarked Black-and-tans and Rubies, and recrossing the progeny on the Black-and-tan side with a Blenheim, it produces heavily marked Tricolours, and sometimes a reversion to red-and-white. I do not consider this to be the true Tricolour, which is now extinct in all proba- bility. Probably this method was only discovered when the true Tricolour became scarce. The Tricolour de- scribed by Stonehenge is obviously of the artificial kind having the black back. Of course when recrossed a third and fourth time with Blenheim they become indis- tinguishable from the true bred ones. As a rule the white is not quite of the same pearly quality in the sec- ond and third crosses. This difference, in some cases, is very noticeable. I think IT am quite safe in saying that the true Tri- colour has practically ceased to exist. By the chart given elsewhere it will be seen that the Tricolour is a practically invariable result of a certain combination of blood, and T consider that in Shows the red-and-white Toy Spaniel should never compete against the Tricolour, which is of different breeding and, therefore, a totally different variety. Once created, this variety appears to 48 L Meigs “MA Jo uorsstuted Aq “axe AA “Y * oS$Z1 InOaV 40 IdHINVdS WIZHNAIG ORIGIN AND HISTORY breed true. When often recrossed with Red-and-white it is possible it might gradually breed out, but I have no evidence of this. The pure white Toy Spaniel existed in Spain and Holland, and was possibly imported by the Prince of Orange from Holland, and Benjamin West painted one or two in the time of Queen Charlotte. 1 cannot find any trace of it to-day. My chart of colours is, of course, only an approxt- mate one, as I have not been able to experiment in sufh- cientnumbers to prove it conclusively, but I do not think it is very far out. The percentage is based on neces- sarily restricted experiments, and is therefore, as I have said, only approximate, but it is the most convenient way of expressing in a condensed form what appears to me to be the relative proportion of colours produced by each cross. I have allowed an equal percentage of red-and-white and tricolour offspring from red-and- white and tricolour parents, as the chances of getting an equal number of each colour in any given litter ap- pear practically even, but I believe that experiments covering a large number of cases would show a per- centage slightly in favour of the red-and-white. In “ The Wonders of the Dog ”’ (no date) there is a coloured picture of “ King Charles’s dogs, so called because King Charles I was very fond of little dogs . and this was the kind of Spaniel he liked the best.”’ The ears were placed very high, colour black-and-white and red-and-white. In Jardme’s “ Naturalists’ Library,”’ 1843, the “King Charles Spaniel” is given as a long-nosed Tri- colour exactly the same size as a Cocker, very evenly marked, with ticked legs. 49 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS There is a print at the beginning of “ Anecdotes of Dogs,” 1846, of two ** King Charles”? dogs, one very heavily marked tricolour, and the other red-and-white, both with long noses. The plate of field Spaniels shows dogs exactly the size and shape of Marlborough Blen- heims. | find the following in The Field of May 12, 1859: “Spaniels for Woodcock shooting. Melita asks what are the best Spaniels for the sport? Melita can use a team of pretty red-and-white Blenheims, their noses are very delicate and their cry musical, but they soon knock up. The Blenheims are fit for better things than being lap dogs.” At this time the effect of the Toy cross is beginning to be felt, previous authors speaking of them as inde- fatigable. Extract from The Field, November 25, 1865: “Cockers are crosses from, or large specimens of the King Charles or Blenheim Spaniels.” This is the re- verse opinion to that held by modern writers. Mr. Nave says that the short face and black-and-tan colour in the King Charles were produced by a cross of black-and-tan Japanese Spaniel, but I think this is most improbable. In the Natural History Museum there is a stuffed Blenheim with a pointed nose. Her label says that she is interesting as showing the type of Blenheim known in the early part of the nineteenth century. She is dis- torted by being very badly stuffed, as are also most of the more recent specimens, but one can see pretty well what the type was like, and it had greatly degenerated from the type kept by Henrietta of Orleans. The Field, February 12, 1850, says of the Blenheim that it is ‘* red-and-white with black nose, fine, but short 50 BLACK AND WHITE SPANIEL From Watteau’s The Toilet. About 1780. Photo, E. Walker o~ ORIGIN AND HISTORY muzzle, and of elegant form, quite a fairy among dogs.” This goes to show that the Italian type was still to be seen in 1859. At the beginning of the tenth century, under Vene- dotian Code, N. Wales, the worth of a Spaniel of the King and of a highman was assessed at £1, the Spaniel of a freeman six score pence, and the Spaniel of a vil- lain of the King four pence, the same worth as his cur. In 1571, Spaniel whelps with brimstone, turpentine, nettles, oil of balm, and parmacete were considered a cure for gout. Under Henry VIII, 1529, amongst instructions for the Royal Household was one relative to dogs: ‘ Noe dogges to be kept in Court then (than) some small span- yells for ladies or others.” There is frequent mention relating to his dogs in the Privy Purse expenses of Henry VIII from 1529 to ms 2, edited by Nicholas Harris, 1827.. Payments of 1o/—and 5/—occur “ For bringing Cut the kings span- yell ayen,” also of 4/8 to a “ poore woman in rewarde for bringing ayenne of Cutie the kinges dog. The first representation of Toy Spaniels in England is in the picture by Sir Antonio More at Woburn Abbey, 1551. It shows two very small pet dogs; their ears are long, noses very pointed, and their necks have collars of bells, their colour is liver-and-white. This variety is now extinct, having been probably merged into the Marlborough and bred out. It was not the same as the Italian Toy Spaniel. In Mary’s Privy Purse expenses is the entry: “Gevenne to Sir Bryan Tulxes servante bringing a couple of little fayre hounds to my lade’s grace 5/.” (Doubtless these were the ones in the painting.) Mary 51 ce bb] TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS gave twenty shillings for a little “ Spanyell.’” The next representation of Toy Spaniels is the picture by Sir Peter Lely. Then we come to a portrait of Elizabeth Langstaffe, 1728, and also to some old needlework tapestry worked in 1736 to 1750 by the five wives of Thomas Foley. Jesse’ says: “Others are cushion dogs and for pleasure.” A very old work speaks of “the smaller ladyes popees that bear away the flees and dyvers small fowles.” This suggests an original reason for lady’s lap dogs. The ‘“ dyvers small fowles ” is a most alarm- ing sentence! The Earl of Shaftesbury says in a description of a country gentleman of the seventeenth century: “ The parlour was a large room . . . on a great hearth paved with brick lay some terriers, and the choicest hounds and Spaniels. Seldom but two of the great chairs had litters of young cats in them which were not to be dis- turbed, he having three or four always attending him at dinner, and a little white round stick of fourteen inches lying by his trencher, that he might defend such meat as he had no mind to part with to them.” Blaine’s Rural Sports says that five thousand Span- iels were kept as parlour pets in London alone about 841. Samuel Pepys describes a visit to the Council Cham- ber of Charles II on September 1, 1666. He says: * All I observed there was the silliness of the King, playing with his dog all the while and not minding the busi- ness.” Again he says: “ At Hatfield we baited and walked wet es Sindar in his Reevels.” co o- La CONSOLATION DE L’ ABSENCE N. Delaunay, about x760-1770. By permission of Basil Dighton, Esq. ORIGIN AND HISTORY into the great house through all the courts and I would fain have stolen a pretty dog that followed me, but I could not, which troubled me.” I think most dog lovers are “ troubled” at times by regret at not being able to carry off somebody else’s pretty dog! He also speaks of having his wife painted by Savill, and says: “ Her little black dogge sat in her lap and was drawn, which made us very merry.” There is, how- ever, nothing to show the breed of this particular lap dog, but Mr. Pepys intense “‘ Royalism” probably led him to own the same variety as the King, unless I am much mistaken. Rural Sports says: “Charles II was famous for a partiality for a particular breed, and came generally accompanied to the Council Board with a favourite Spaniel. His successor, James II, had a similar attach- ment, and it is reported of him by Bishop Burnet that being once in a dangerous storm at sea and obliged to quit the ship to save his life, he vociferated with impas- sioned accents as his principal concern: ‘ Save the Dogs . and Col. Churchill,’ ’’ Col. Churchill being added as an afterthought. Nicolas de Larghilliere painted a picture of Prince James, in 1695, in which there is a yellowish-liver-and- white Springer with a perfect spot. This painter was a contemporary of Mignards, and this settles once for all the contention that our red-and-white Toy Spaniel was an evolution from the Springer, as it already ex- isted in a perfect toy form and had so existed for nearly two centuries before Larghilli¢ére painted the Springer with the spot. In Le Clerc Buffon’s “ Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particuliére,” 1777, there is a col- 53 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS oured plate (XVII) called “ L’épagneul.” The dog represented has a straight coat, the body white, tail curled over the back like a Pomeranian, the head that of a Pomeranian, black-and-white, the ears like a Span- iel, fairly long, and the nose pointed. It is amusing to find that the violent abuse of those who keep pet dogs is no new thing. Juvenal, Clement of Alexandria, Plutarch, Lucian, and later Fleming and Harrison are bitter in their denunciation of the prac- tice. Czesar himself made sarcastic remarks on the sub- ject. On the other hand, the dogs had their defenders in Martial, Artemidorus, and A¢lian. Alcibiades’s dog cost 70 mines, 6,640 franes (or £266). Dog lovers need not, therefore, be too downhearted, as, if pet dogs have survived two thousand seven hun- dred years, they will probably last our time, in spite of Fr. Vaughan and the newspapers. The Spaniel exists in Greek art of the remotest archaic period. Acton, who is usually represented as being attacked by hounds, is on one vase represented with Spaniels, the breed is unmistakable, and has the characteristic Spaniel ear. The following quotations are of interest, showing that Toy dogs were kept in classical times: * “ Apelles put his hand to his mouth and made an excruciating sort of hissing, which he afterwards de- clared was Greek. Trimalchio, not to be outdone, made a noise like that of a trumpet and beckoned to his page, whom he called Creesus. The boy, a blear-eyed creature with horridly decayed teeth, was wrapping up a little black she-dog, disgustingly fat, in a green scarf, and 1Petronius Arbiter; The Satyr. Section 64—part of “ Trimalchio’s Banquet "—about 54 a.p. Edited by Franciscus Bucheler, Berlin, 1904. 54 HENRIETTA OF ORLEANS Mignard, about 1660. Versailles. Photo, Mansell ORIGIN AND HISTORY was cramming her with a half-loaf which he had placed on the couch and which she, already satiated, was turn- ing from with loathing. This put into Trimalchio’s head the idea of sending for Scylax, his watchdog. The latter was very promptly brought in. He was a big dog with a chain round his neck. In answer to a kick from the doorkeeper this animal lay down in front of the table. Then Trimalchio threw him a piece of white bread, saying, ‘No one in this house loves me better than this dog.’ “The boy, angry that such extravagant praise was bestowed on Scylax, put the little lap-dog on the ground and egged her on to fight. Scylax, as big dogs are wont to do, filled the dining-hall with a terrific barking and nearly tore Creesus’s treasure to pieces. A quar- relsome uproar arose, and a candelabrum was upset over the table, and all the crystal vases were smashed, so that several of the feasters were splashed with scalding oil. Trimalchio did not seem to be disturbed at the over- throw, but kissed the boy and told him to ride pick-a- back, and in a trice the boy, quite used to this perform- ance, was slapping his master’s shoulders over and over again with his palms and calling out, with a laugh, *Bucco, bucco, how many are there here?’ ” The following poem is a condemnation of women, and was written by Juvenal as a warning to a friend against marriage: ““ Women see Alcestis on the stage sacrificing her life for her husband, but if they were in the like situation they would not do the same. Indeed, they would purchase the life of a favourite dog by the death of their husband.” * My translator writes that the subject of the follow- 1Juvenal, Satire VI, lines (652-654) (75 AD.). SD TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS ing satire by Juvenal is very unpleasant, and would now- adays receive only a technical treatment in a medical book. Nezevolus is complaining of the meanness of his rich patron and says: “ What difference would it make to you to present a few acres to your worn-out pander? I suppose you prefer to leave your farms, with the slaves belonging to them, the country child and his mother, with his play- mate, the little dog, and the huts they live in—to some other friend of yours, some shameful, cymbal-beating priest of Cybele.” “Tf Flaccus * takes pleasure in a fox-eared owl; if Canius delights in a dun-coloured A£thiopian; if Publius has given his heart to a tiny little dog;* if Cronius fa- vours a monkey like himself; if Marius likes a mischiey- ous ichneumon; if you, Lausus, are pleased with a mag- pie that says ‘ How do you do’ and * Good morning’; if Glancilla winds an ice-cold snake round her neck; if Telesina has assigned a tomb to her nightingale; why should not he who sees such extraordinary things give, pleasure to his superiors, be enamoured of the winsome face of Labycze, who inspires love? ” “Tf you would learn the charms of the little dog a whole page would be all too short for the tale.” * A letter written by Arethusa to [Lycotas at the Wars.” “A dull silence reigns here. THlardly does a single 1D, J. Juvenalis, Satire IX, with notes, edited by C. F. Heinrich, Rome, 1839, with the help of the edition issued, with notes and English translation by J. D. Lewis, in London in 1882. * Martial, Epigrams, about 58 a.p., Book VII, No. 87. * See the epigram on Issa. 4 Book XIV, No. 08. 5 Propertius, Book IV, Elegy III, lines 53-56. About 68 a.p, 50 HENRIETTA OF ORLEANS Mignard, 1660. (Note the dog’s earrings.) National Portrait Galle Photo, E. Walker 9 ORIGIN AND HISTORY maid open the locked temple of the hearth-gods, as the custom is one on the first day of the month, which comes round so seldom. The voice of my little dog Glaucus whining is pleasing to me. She alone claims your place in my bed.” To summarize: The Comforter of 1552 was the name applied to the pet dog of that time whose identity is uncertain. The Italian and French Toy Spaniels still exist on the Continent as Papillons. The Toy red-and-white Spaniel, being the Chinese and Italian Toy Spaniel, has no right to the name of Blenheim, but he is the true red-and-white Toy Span- iel. By this I do not mean that the red-and-white Toy Spaniel is descended from what we now call the Pekingese, but that he is descended from the red-and- white Chinese ancestor. The Tricolour was originally a cross between the black-and-white French Toy Spaniel and the red- and-white Italian Toy Spaniel; both these varieties have been termed Carpet Spaniels. The modern Tri- colour is a double cross with a Blenheim and King Charles. The Black-and-tan has no right to be called the King Charles, as King Charles II apparently never had a black-and-tan dog at all. It is a cross between the all black curly Toy Spaniel, originally called the King Charles, and the short-haired English Pyrame, which was a small gun Spaniel generally black-and-tan in colour. The Ruby is a variant of the same breed, produced by a cross of Red-and-white, but Pyrames were some- times red. The Van Dyck red with white markings was prob- 57 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS ably a variant of the red-and-white Chinese and Italian Toy. The Marlborough Blenheim was a cocking Spaniel, or Springer, and | cannot reiterate too often that he was not a Toy Spaniel, though he had probably a cross of the liver-and-white Toy dog of Anne of Cleves, and recently of the dome-headed Toy Spaniel. He was used for woodcock shooting, and was not a lap dog. He has been crossed with the Toy Red-and-white comparatively recently. This is the real Blenheim of Blenheim, and his type may be seen in Larghilliére’s picture of Prince James, but again I repeat that he is not an ancestor of our Toy Blenheim, which is not, properly speaking, a Blenheim in any sense of the word, having no connec- tion with that place except by crosses which have been very undesirable for him. The King Charles Black-and-tan was only crossed with the parti-coloured dogs at the beginning or just before the middle of the last century. The Black-and- white was probably only crossed with the Red-and-white after 1060 or thereabouts. The present standard and scale of points has appar- ently no foundation earlier than 1885 or 1887. It will be seen that there is a hopeless confusion in the naming of the breeds and in the type desired. The chief reforms to be made in the present standard are as follows: The size should be judged by height not weight, eleven inches being the maximum; the smaller the bet- ter, so long as type is not sacrificed. No Red-and- white, Tricolour or Ruby, over eleven inches should be awarded a championship. The Black-and-tans may be rather larger. 58 DETAIL OF MIGNARD'S HENRIETTA OF ORLEANS Showing perfect type of Italian and French Pet Spaniel. About 1660. (Note the earrings.) Photo, E. Walker From WATTEAU’S BAL CHAMPETRE 1780. Dulwich. Photo, E. Walker ORIGIN AND HISTORY The head should be in perfect proportion and never too large or too small. The tail should be raised, not carried low. Symmetry should be an essential point. Lively movement should also be essential, as well as a sprightly disposition. The ‘“ spot ” should be cultivated in the Tricolour as well as in the Red-and-white. The ears, though wide apart, should be set rather high, not low. The Black-and-tan may be curly or straight in coat, the curly coat being evidence of purer descent. The Red-and-white should be either straight or wavy in coat, though I myself prefer a wavy coat. The Tri- colour may be either wavy or curly, though I prefer the wavy coat. I am perfectly well aware that in saying that the Black-and-tan may be curly I am laying myself open to execrations from the orthodox fanciers, to whom a straight coat is almost a religion. The facts, however, are there, and it is the province of an historian to deal with facts and not with fashions or prejudices. The Toy ancestor of the present King Charles was undoubt- edly always curly—very curly—and, what is more, he remained curly till 1830, and we still see Woolmington’s Jumbo curly in 1867. The King Charles has been curly for at least three centuries, and probably for as many more as he has existed, so no wonder our breeders find his coat a trouble to straighten out. The purer the strain the more curliness there will be, as the straight coat came from the cross of Pyrame Brevipilis (short haired). I must repeat that the Red-and-white and Black-and- oe TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS tan were separate breeds—not only separate varieties of one breed—as was also the Marlborough. ‘The red- and-white Toy and the black-and-white Toy were the Spaniels kept by the sister of King Charles and presum- ably by himself also, the original Tricolour being doubt- less the produce of a cross between the two. The Black- and-tan had nothing to do with them until comparatively recently, when the Tricolour and Ruby were produced by crossing. | Miss Dillon, who kindly lent me certain pictures which represent the type of Woodstock Blenheim sixty years ago, always had a horror of what she called * Dlack blood,” and never would own a Blenheim “ con- taminated ”’ by it. F. vaAN MIERIS AND HIS WIFE By himself, about 1670. The Hague. Photo, Han ‘staengl CELAB TER “iit THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME THE origin of the present black-and-tan King Charles is so complicated that in order to explain it I am obliged to write a separate chapter, in which I shall deal with the different varieties that are akin to it. The breeds we have to unravel are as follows: 1. The Gredin.—In England this was a variety of Cocker. As represented by Buffon, it was probably a degenerate descendant of an English exportation. 2. The Pyrame (Pyrame Brevipilis).—There were two sizes of this dog. The largest was an English sporting breed, a variety of the Gredin or Cocker, and the smaller were dwarf specimens. Both the Gredin and the Pyrame in England were gun Spaniels, black or black-and-tan and sometimes other colours; they had short hair on the body, no feathering to speak of, and short straggling hair on the ears, which were formed like those of a Spaniel. 3. The Curly King Charles.—This was a perfectly black dog with a white breast, and was probably con- nected with the small Water Spaniel and was not a Cocker, but a separate breed of very small dog. It had webbed feet and a comparatively short blunt nose, with rather a high skull and deep stop, a curly coat, and long ears and feathering. 4. The Trutie Dog—Probably closely akin to the 61 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS curly King Charles. He was of all colours, but often black, and was said to be a variey of the small French water Spaniel or Poodle. There was a Spanish impor- tation of Truffle dogs into England at the time of Charles I, which may very likely be the origin of the curly King Charles. 5. The Duke of Norfolk’s Sussex Spaniel.—This was a small curly Black-and-tan, and possibly liver-col- oured dog, a cross between the curly King Charles and the Pyrame. This was bigger than the ordinary curly King Charles. 6. The Miniature Toy Trawler—The modern rep- resentative of the real old type of curly King Charles, some specimens may be throwbacks to the same, after crossing with various small Spaniels. 7. The Modern King Charles—A cross between the Pyrame and the curly King Charles, with the Pyrame predominating. Possibly recrossed later with Bulldog. It will be seen that No. 6 is the true type of dark- coloured Toy Spaniel, the tan on the face and.paws of No. 7 being evidence of the Pyrame cross, the smashed face, heavy jaw, and bowed out forelegs of some strains being presumptive evidences of the Bulldog cross. The webbed feet come from the original stock. In my opin- ion the red-and-white and tricolour Toy Spaniels have no Bulldog blood except what may come to them through the King Charles cross, but the Tricolours have prob- ably been at times crossed with Japanese. Until the beginning or middle of the last century the King Charles was quite unrelated to the Red-and-white or to the Tricolour, and was an entirely black species with no tan until about 1820. I do not count Symonds 62 PicTURE AT CRABBET PARK About 1670. Photo, E. Walker THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME among my authorities, as he was speaking of the sport- ing Pyrame, though he called it the King Charles. The first picture on record of a dark-coloured Toy Spaniel is Mignard’s picture of the Dauphin (Louis XV ) and his family about the year 1650. In this picture the little dog is very small and 1s perfectly black, with a pretty Spaniel head, large eyes, long ears (set high), and a moderately short pointed nose—a beautiful little dog of most elegant and delicate type. Buffon’s Gredins of over a century later were a sort of degenerate caricature of this dog, which Smellie frankly states to be nothing but ‘ Mongrels.”’ There are many editions of Le Clerc Buffon’s “ His- toire Naturelle,” both in French and in English. In an edition of 1755 there is a plate of a black dog called the Gredin which has often been quoted as the direct an- cestor of the King Charles. I cannot find any serious foundation for this theory and believe it to be an error, though I daresay the breeds are connected through in- tercrossing and a common ancestor. The dog has little resemblance to our King Charles. Plate XIII shows him to be tall on the leg, with some Pomeranian character in texture of coat, carriage of tail, and shape of head, though the hair both on tail and body is short. He has a flat narrow head and a very long nose, and is both narrow chested and flat in the ribs, whereas our curly King Charles is broad, short- backed, and cobby. The Pyrame on the same page is black-and-tan, but has not the character of Mignard’s Spaniel, and the specimen drawn by Buffon was prob- ably a degenerate of the Pyrame breed, which I believe to have been the sporting breed mentioned by Symonds, occasional small specimens of which may have been kept 63 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS as pets. Buffon states in 1755 that the Pyrame is a vari- ety of Gredin, but Several authors distinctly class the Pyrame, the King Charles, and the Gredin as three separate breeds. I think that the selection of the Gredin as the original King Charles is due to an error made by Smellie, who translated Buffon into English in 1788. In this work he gives the same plate of the Gredin, only he labels it, for no apparent reason, with the fancy title of the King Charles. He gives no explanation of the liberty he has taken with Buffon’s names, and I can only suggest that he did not feel equal to translating the word ‘“ Gredin” into its English equivalent of “scoundrel”’ and calling it the Scoundrel dog, and therefore chose a more elegant name, classing it with the other black Spaniels of this name. Smellie ap- pears to have been the first writer to use the term “King Charles’: as applied to a breed of dogs. “He quotes Buffon as saying: “ The great and the small Spaniel, which differ only in size, when brought into Britain have changed their white colour into black and become by the influence of climate the great and the little King Charles dog. To this may be joined the Pyrame (this dog, though very common in England, has no English name), which is only a King Charles dog, black like the others, but marked with red on the four legs and spot of the same colour over each eye and on the muzzle.” What Buffon really says is this: “ Le grand et petit barbet” (and in one edition: “ Le grand et le petit épagneul”) . . . “sont devenus grands et petits Gredins auxquels ont doit ajouter le Pyrame qui n’est,q’un Gredin noir comme les autres.” ... The words altered I have given in italics. On the face of it, it hardly appears likely that climate 64 Mrs Lytton’s BUNTHORNE Modern example of the old type of Curly King Charles IRLY BLack KING CHARLES AND BLACK AND TAN PYRAME TRUFFLE Doc OF 1809 (Copied from print) HEAD OF BUNTHORNE HEAD OF MIGNARD'S SPANIEL 10 THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME should change a curly, white, thick-coated dog like the Barbet into a pitch black, short-haired, smooth dog. Other translators distinctly say that the Gredin had no English name. There is an old print of the King Charles—not the Gredin, but the real black English Toy Spaniel. It is shown with the Pyrame and classed as a separate breed. In 1820 the King Charles was a very pretty curly dog of which the present Miniature Toy Trawler is an exact and faithful likeness. Phe black-and-tan German Toy Spaniel (see Vero Shaw ) was the same type as the Truffle Dog, curly King Charles, and Toy Trawler, and was far more profusely coated than our modern dogs. The only excuse for Smellie’s mistake is that, in a very early edition, which I could not find in the British Museum, Buffon states that the Gredin was of English origin, but he never mentions King Charles, and there is no evidence whatever that this King ever kept any dogs like the Gredin or Pyrame. In fact, the evidence is all the other way, the earliest English authorities, with the exception of Symonds, agreeing that the King Charles was a small, black, very curly Spaniel. Gmelin describes the Gredin as the short-haired Bo- lognese dog. He says: “Small roundish head, short nose (or may mean jaw) long hairs on the ears, under the throat, the chest, the belly, and on the hind parts of the four legs (feathers, in fact) and on the right side of upturned tail. It is of various colours and sizes. To this class also belongs the so-called Pyrame, which is small and has fiery spots on black ground, then again the larger race which resemble the poodle by nature, in that the hairs and the inside of the mouth is quite black, 65 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS and which are called in England King Charles dog.” The reference to a Poodle suggests a curly coat, and certainly refers to the curly King Charles. The so-called King Charles was originally black, not black-and-tan. Vero Shaw, in speaking of the King Charles of 1879, says that unless it is periodically crossed with red dogs the tan markings disappear alto- gether, and so also says Mr. Nave. I believe this to be perfectly correct,’ and it is valuable evidence that the foundation stock of the King Charles was not the Pyrame, as the persistent reversion to pure black would never occur unless the original stock were black, and it merely means that the Pyrame cross is gradually get- ting bred out, and breeders have found a substitute for it in the red Spaniel; for I consider the modern King Charles is descended from the original King Charles crossed with Pyrame. In 1824, Symonds’ “ Treatise on Field Diversions ” shows some sportsmen shooting snipe with dogs pre- cisely like Marlboroughs. He says: “The Cocker or gun Spaniel of true perfect breed is of one general or whole colour, either black or black-and- tan, commonly called King Charles breed, or red in dif- ferent shades paler or deeper, and as in horses we would call a blood bay or a bright bay. I have known some (very rarely) absolutely so without the admission of a different hair, though for the most part there is some white on the breast and bottom of the throat. Coat loose and soft, but not waved, back broad and short; legs short with breeches behind. There is a great vari- ety at this time in different mixtures of red and white, 1 Unless the greatest care is taken in selecting specimens with very bright tan. 66 “bsoy ‘uojYySIq [Iseq jo uolssimisd Aq *oLL1I OQLI NOIVS NO SNVC AyIFWNASSY A 4 4 4 THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME brown and white, black and white, grizzled, etc., some with a short, hard coat, others with a waved coat, will- ing to curl, but in all these pied or parti-coloured there is some tincture remaining of the Beagle or Water Spaniel, that through distance of time, and passing from friend to friend, cannot be easily traced back.” He says that a Beagle-cross is “lost *’ in-three or four generations. Symonds dealt only with field dogs, and the breed thus referred to as the “ King Charles” was evidently not*the pet Spaniel, but was the black-and-tan Spaniel mentioned by Buffon as very common, but having no name in England, though being akin to the French Pyrame. We may therefore call it the English Pyrame, which is described by Youatt as a fairly large breed of Spaniel. It must be remembered that before the date of Symonds we have records of the curly black pet Span- iel with webbed feet, and that in Rees’ “ Encyclopedia ” we have this and the Pyrame in the same picture. That these breeds were subsequently crossed is evident, the preponderance of Pyrame on one hand producing the Duke of Norfolk’s black-and-tan Sussex Spaniel, and the preponderance of small King Charles producing the black-and-tan King Charles of 1830, which, though a pet Spaniel, retained some sporting instincts and a pointed nose. This breed has since been ruined by a heavy cross. It seems as though our ancestors could not be con- tent to ‘‘leave well alone,’ but mixed the liver-and- white Holland Spaniel with the Springer, producing the Marlborough, the black Spaniel with the Pyrame, and the black-and-white French Spaniel with the red- and-white Italian Spaniel. 67 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Buffon’s Pyrame bears every evidence of being a mongrel breed, but the English Pyrame appears to have been a true breed of sporting Spaniel, and this black- and-tan breed is also referred to by Ackerman in 1809. John Wright, in 1831, testifies to the Pyrame being a sporting Spaniel. In 1801 Sydenham Edward's “Cynographia Britannica” says that the Cocker was sometimes black with tanned legs and muzzle. Here again we find the English Pyrame. Youatt, in 1845, says that the King Charles is a Tricolour and belongs to the Cockers. In his picture of Blenheims and Cockers the type of the Marlborough is identical with that of the Cocker, and among the dogs is a small, curly black Spaniel, like the one given by Rees as the King Charles. Youatt speaks of the Black-and-tan and the curly King Charles as separate breeds. The earliest edition of Buffon states that the black Gredins were imported to England from France as white Spaniels and changed into black owing to the climate (which even in such a climate as ours seems rather odd!), yet in the very same edition he says that the Gredins originated in England and were imported from thence, ready made black, to France. It is, therefore, impossible to consider him a reliable authority in this matter, but I believe the latter statement to be the truth. ; In any case he says that the coats of the Gredins were short, also the hair on the ears, legs, and tail, and Linneeus refers to the Pyrame as the “ Brevipilis,” so it is impossible that they should have been true Spaniels, as these were well feathered, long-eared Toys in 1660, and he elsewhere described them as having small, round heads, very long, pendulous ears, well feathered, as also on the chest, breechings, legs and on the tail, which was 68 MARIE DE BOURBON From P. Mignard’s picture at Versailles. Photo, Mansell THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME gaily carried. He says that those which are black-and- white usually have tan markings over the eyes; that their bodies are slight, and though most of them are white, some are liver-and-white on the head, or black- and-white. This description is said by Buffon to apply both to the large and to the pet Spaniels. This liver-and- white Toy Spaniel is seen in early pictures in England and also in Holland, but is distinct from the red-and- white. I have a picture by Northcote, about 1780, repre- senting one of these dogs asleep on a cushion, and also a similar picture of the time of Charles II. Sibleys Magazine, in 1791, only copies Smellie, which was just then the standard work, when it mentions the “ Gredin or King Charles ” in its list of breeds. Lin- nzus, in 1792, repeated the same error. Linneus says: “ Pyrame Brevipilis—Black, with flame coloured spots. Dr. Gmelin has evidently con- founded two distinct varieties of the same Cocking spatmel. First, the King Charles, entirely black, and has a black palate; second, the Pyrame is marked black with flame coloured spots.” “ Mammalogie,” Demarest, 1820, says: “Chien Anglais, mélange petit Danois et Pyrame dont il a la taille, téte bombée, yeux Saillans museau assez pointu queue minie en arc horizontal. Poil ras partout. Oreilles mediocres et a moitié releveés, robe d’un noir foncé avec des marques de feu sur les yeux sur le museau sur la gorge et les jambes. “Chien d’ Artois Roquet et Doguin.—( Note: “ Quelquefois le nez est tellement aplati que ce chien devient punais.”) This was the same as the Alicante and was smooth haired. 69 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS “Gredin. Le Brevipilis.” Bell, 1837, says: “ The beautiful breed called King Charles Spaniel was black-and-white, and is supposed to have been the original race of the little black Cocker.” Smith, in 1843, distinctly states that the Gredin was the Cocker, and that the King Charles (a Tricolour of which he gives a coloured picture) is presumed to be the parent of the Cocker. He therefore evidently con- sidered that the little black-and-white or tricolour Span- iel of Buffon was, as Buffon states, the origin of the Gredin or Cocker, but this seems to me more than im- probable. As for imported parti-coloured dogs becom- ing black under the influence of our climate, if this were so, then the red-and-white and black-and-white dogs would have long ago lost their colour in the two and a half centuries since they came over from France, and the Maltese, having been here since the days of Dr. Caius, in 1576, would be as black as coals. Richardson, in 1847, gives the King Charles as a very curly Black-and-tan with white breast, cobby, with high-set ears and large black eyes. He says the price of King Charles and Blenheims was 150 guineas to 200 guineas, and also thinks the Alicante was related to them. H. D. Richardson, 1851, says of the King Charles: “The breed has been carefully preserved by the late Duke of Norfolk. The present Duke preserves two varieties of King Charles breed, the Black-and-tan and of middling size like an ordinary field Cocker. These latter sometimes occur black-and-white, and are kept at Arundel Castle. It is said that James II was at- tracted by these Spaniels. In London the Blenheim (which he previously describes as the black-and-tan or 70 LA REINE ANNE Franz Pourbus le Jeune THE CAYENNE DoG Prado. Photo, Hanfstaengl THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME Pyrame) is frequently crossed with the King Charles, so that the variety of colour on which the difference of nomenclature depends often appears in the same litter.’ This did not mean that the Red-and-white and Black-and-tan were crossed but the Black with the Black-and-tan. esses in 1665 (p) 176), says: “Our Marlborough and King James Spaniels are unrivalled in beauty, the latter breed that are black-and-tan, with hair almost ap- proaching to silk in fineness (such as Van Dyck loved to introduce into his portraits), were solely in possession of the late Duke of Norfolk. He never travelled with- out two of his favourites. When at Worksop he used to feed his eagles with the pups.’”’ To feed one’s eagles with Toy Spaniel puppies seems rather in the style of bravado with which Ouida’s heroes light their cigarettes with bank notes. To feed one’s eagles on bank notes would indeed be cheaper nowadays, not to speak of the feelings of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. I can find no trace of the Toy King Charles at Arun- del Castle to-day, but there is a picture of the black-and- tan Sussex Spaniel, miscalled the “ King Charles.” Lieut. H. Smith, as well as Richardson, says that the “ Blenheim” is a Black-and-tan, so possibly the Duke of Marlborough kept the Pyrame as well as the red-and-white Springers with the spot, and both were originally by some people termed “ Blenheims,” simply from the place where they were bred. The Pyrame is persistently referred to, even as late as 1843, as a differ- ent and separate breed from the “ King Charles,” though the cross had already produced the Duke of Norfolk’s Spaniel. Fai TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Mr. Martin, in 1845, again described the Blenheim or Marlborough as a Black-and-tan or Black-and-white, with the limbs beautifully spotted and a tanned mark over each eye (1.e., Tricolours). He states that the King Charles breed was black or black-and-white, not black- and-tan, and Craven (1846) also calls the Blenheim a Black-and-tan and the King Charles a black dog. The utter confusion of names and colours which overtakes historians in the nineteenth century is the natural result of the crossing of the breeds. “The Springer or Cocker,” says Rees, “is a variety closely allied to this kind (1.e., the King Charles). The dog called Pyrame by Buffon is also a variety of the same, and is distinguished by a patch of red on the legs and another over each eye.” There is here a distinct inference that the true King Charles was not a Black- and-tan. Bewick gives the King Charles and Pyrame as different species, and includes “the Comforter” in the same class, and the woodcut shows it with a nose. In Goldsmith’s “ History of the Earth,’ the King Charles is described as “a small variety of springing Spaniel prized as a fancy lap-dog,” in proportion to its diminutiveness: sometimes found entirely black, and then is called, in England, King Charles dog from the liking evinced by Charles II. Youatt, in 1845, speaks of the good Blenheim as rare. Idstone, writing in 1872, says that the Cockers bear certain evidence of being crossed with the King Charles, and this confirms my view that the King Charles was crossed with the Pyrame and Gredin, which were Gun Spaniels, and the crosses were sometimes called Cockers and sometimes the Duke of Norfolk's King Charles. 72 INCOGNITA Paolo Veronese, about 1560, Prado. Photo, Anderson THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME Rees’s “ Cyclopedia’ of 1819 says that the King Charles is of the most elegant kind; the head small and rounded, with the short snout, and the tail curved back. Its ears are long, hair curled and feet webbed. Our plate shows that a “ short snout’ was not what we now un- derstand by the term. In 1815 Charles, eleventh Duke of Norfolk, kept what were considered Sussex Spaniels. A picture of one of these by Lonsdale shows it to have been a curly black-and-tan dog, similar to the Spanish, French, and Jtalian Truffle Dog in shape and coat, but like the Pyrame in colour. These “Sussex Spaniels” had no analogy whatever with the modern Sussex Spaniel, but were a special breed said to have been kept only by the Duke of Norfolk. They had long ears, very large eyes, showing the white very much, and had white breasts. They, however, did not belong exclusively to Arundel, but I have traced them to other owners. Blaine wrote in 1832: “ King Charles IT, it is known, was extremely fond of Spaniels, two varieties of which are seen in his several portraits. One of these was a small Spaniel of a black-and-white colour, with ears of an extreme length; the other was large and black, but the black was beautifully relieved by tan markings ex- actly similar to the markings of the black-and-tan Ter- rier. This breed the late Duke of Norfolk preserved with jealous care. That amiable and excellent lady, Princess Sophia of Gloucester, showed me a very fine specimen presented to her by that nobleman after re- ceiving a promise, guaranteed by her royal brother, that she was not to breed from it in a direct line. Another was shown to me by the late Lady Castlereagh, received after a similar restriction. Even the Duchess of York F3 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS could not obtain one but on the same terms, as she her- self informed me.” The only picture of King Charles II in which I can find a Toy Spaniel is the one which was once in the Strawberry Hill collection. It represents a very tiny parti-coloured dog, probably black-and-white or liver- and-white, to judge from the depth of colour on the engraving. It had the spot somewhat elongated, a long tail, and very fine bone. It was the Holland type, not the French. The Rev. W. Symonds’ “ Treatise on Field Diver- sions,” in 1824, already quoted, says that the true Cocker or Gun Spaniel of perfect breed was called the King Charles, either black or black-and-tan or red. This is the first reference I can find to a red “ King Charles,” but it only shows that all small Spaniels went by the name of King Charles at one time, simply because King Charles liked them, but the description afterwards given by Symonds refers far more accurately to the large Pyrame Spaniel, and certainly not to the Toy kind. There was a correspondence in The Bazaar, begin- ning in May, 1908, on the subject of a black-and-tan Sporting Spaniel, which I believe to be the Pyrame and King Charles cross, i.c., the Duke of Norfolk's Sussex Spaniel. -A correspondent, L. B. F., says: “ The dogs in question were Black-and-tan Spaniels, almost identi- cal with the small King Charles Spaniel, but very much larger.”” He also says: “ They were beautiful dogs and delightful companions. These I know came from a very swell quarter (ducal, I think).” The Rey. G. O. Pardoe also wrote: “ There used to exist a strain of Spaniels of black-and-tan colour not — 74 From DER CAVALIER IM VERKAUFSLADEN Franz van Mieris, 1665. Vienna. Hanfstaengl Siw ct From NETSCHER’S MATERNAL INSTRUCTION About 1695. (The author has bred a dog of exactly this type.) National Gallery. Hanfstaengl THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME unlike a large Blenheim, but without the snub nose and gogele eyes. In fact they were among the Cockers of old days.” He gives a photograph of a dog of this breed, and in a letter which | have from a gentleman who wishes his name to remain unpublished, he states that his father had these dogs about 1825, that he himself remembers them in 1832, and that they came “ from somewhere far away.” This gentleman’s father had a pair of the dogs given to him. The first dog, he remem- bers, was called “ Arran.” The offspring of this pair were given away from time to time to various parts of England. In 1807 a dog of this breed, belonging to Dean Pellew, was lost, and was never heard of again. The Dean afterwards bred from another pair, which was presented to him by a gentleman living near Tintern Abbey. The writer of the letters to which I refer says: “I believe that a century ago the King Charles Spaniels, though small, were a good deal larger than the hydro- cephalous, gogegle-eyes production of the modern breeder.” He evidently connects the two breeds, in which he is perfectly right. An old print shows that the little curly Truffle Dog was of exactly the same type as the King Charles of 1819. The black-and-tan colour of the latter was ob- tained by crossing with the English Pyrame, just as the curly coat in the Pyrame was produced in like man- ner, by the same cross. The modern King Charles may, therefore, be considered the small Pyrame King Charles, and the Sussex Spaniel, now extinct, was the large King Ghasics Pyrame. ~ that Kine Charles II ever, had ‘a black-and-tan dog is more than doubtful, though he may Sigs) TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS have had the little curly all-black dogs which were either indigenous Toy Water Spaniels or imported Spanish Truffle Dogs. The fact that an importation of these Spanish dogs took place about 1640 points to their origin as Spanish. It is clear that all pet or ‘“‘ carpet” Spaniels of any and every colour were later popularly called * King Charles,” until a very recent date, and continue to be called so even now by the world at large, who know nothing of our present show classification. One of the earliest pictures | could find of a black- and-tan King Charles is dated 1847, and is a drawing owned by Mrs. Farndell, of Peckham, who kindly sent it for my inspection. There is absolutely no record of a black-and-tan Toy Spaniel under the name of King Charles before that date except the one called “ Fairy,” which belonged to my great grandmother, Lady Byron, and the one owned by Mrs. Todd, which are, therefore, the first in history. Stonehenge says that no pictures of Charles II's day represent tricolour Spaniels, but the picture by Sir Peter Lely of about 1670 proves the contrary. It may be of interest to point out that, though Stone- henge asserted that the Black-and-tan should be straight in coat, he held up Woolmington’s Jumbo as one of the very best specimens ever exhibited, the only fault, as he said, being a high carriage of tail. Now, Woolming- ton’s Jumbo was a very curly-coated dog indeed, quite as curly as the “ King Charles,” and it will also be seen that the specimens which he gives of shortness of face carried to excess are by no means so very short in face, compared to our modern dogs. A relative of one of our oldest fanciers had a Toy 70 LADY AT HER TOILET Kaspar Netscher, about 1669. Dresden, Photo, Hanfstaengl THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME Spaniel with a very curly coat which, early in the eighteenth century, was famous in Newcastle as a diver, and used to retrieve pennies thrown into deep water. Some Toy Spaniels belonging to a friend of mine are also very fond of fishing, and will pull fish out of a tank if allowed to do so. I think the conviction of many breed- ers that the King Charles Toy Spaniel should have a straight coat is due to Smellie’s mistake with regard to the Gredin, which had a straight, very short coat, and is also due to the fact that the straight coat was intro- duced by the Pyrame cross. In my opinion this is a most pernicious error, which is perpetually refuted by the strongly curly coats which are constantly reappearing amongst the modern Toy Spaniels. The Pyrame cross has spoilt the King Charles type, and the heavy (bulldog?) cross has completed the ruin to the great pride and delight of fanciers who like our national breed. In a translation of Buffon’s ‘ Natural History,” cor- rected by John Wright, 1831, I find the following im- portant passage: “The Springer is a lively and pleasant species of dog, very expert in raising woodcocks and snipes from their haunts in the woods and marshes. . . . Buffon gives the name of Pyrame to a variety of this dog which is distinguished by a patch of red on the legs and an- other over each eye. “Of the same kind * is that elegant little dog which in this country is well known under the appellation of King Charles, as having been the favourite companion of that monarch, who scarcely ever walked out without being attended by several of them; it has a small rounded 1 The Italics are mine. 47 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS head with a short snout, the tail is curved back, the hair is curled, the ears are long, and the feet are webbed. The large water dog is of an analogous breed, but is less handsome. It has curly hair which bears a great re- semblance to wool, and it swims excellently in conse- quence of the webs between the toes, being much larger than those of most other dogs.” It would appear from this that King Charles, Spring- ers, and Water Dogs were at that date all closely allied. It is clear, also, that the Pyrame was not identical with the King Charles. In fact, Wright distinctly states that the King Charles was curly as opposed to Buffon’s smooth Pyrame. Rees’s ** Cyclopeedia”’ also gives the curly King Charles as a separate species, quite distinct from the Pyrame. Loudon’s ‘ Entertaining Naturalist,” 1850, says: “The beautiful breed of Spaniels known as the King Charles are highly prized for their diminutive size and length of ears. They are found of all colours, but those which are black with tanned cheeks and legs are consid- ered the purest breed.” It is evident that by this time the breeds had been crossed. John Wright’s reference to the curly coats of the King Charles proves that he is not referring to the Gredin any more than to the Pyrame, and his comment on its webbed feet is exceedingly interesting. It cor- roborates my theory that the present Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel has Water Spaniel blood in his ancestry, and, above all, is confirmed by the fact that Toy Spaniel pup- pies are still very often born with this peculiarity. I have five dogs now in my possession which have these webbed feet, and I consider this goes far to prove that the modern King Charles is descended from the 78 31d 12 JuaUIA|D ‘uUNeIg ‘oJOYq “aIANOT “oggT Jnoqe ‘preusl fy ATIWV] VS La ‘AONVYY AG NIHdAVd GNVAD “AX SINOT THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME curly, web-footed ' variety, the Pyrame being only an out cross. This also would suggest the probability of the de- scent from the Truffle Dog, which is described as a nearly pure miniature Poodle or Petit Barbet, which was originally half Water Spaniel and half Toy Spaniel, weighing about four to six pounds. The Water Span- iel had very pronounced webs between its toes. The Truffle Dog was a very curly little dog with a smooth head. The Barbets also had smooth heads according to Buffon, who says that their heads were silky and also their ears, and the hair on their tails, “ d@ pew pres comme celui des épagneuls.”’ The Truffle Dog was indigenous to France, Italy, and Spain, and some were imported into England in 1640-50. I have a stuffed King Charles of about 1850. It is very curly and exactly the type of the illustration, square, compact, and cobby, eleven inches high and eleven inches long; ears set very high and carried forward; a deep stop, nose finely pointed, one and a quarter inch long; skull broad, but not domed; head small; eyes set very wide apart, indeed, and showing the whites, which I presume was done to imitate nature. Neck well arched, very long feathering, and white breast. It has faint tan markings, showing the Pyrame cross. A more fascinating little creature could not be devised, and when T think of what our breeders have evolved in sixty years from this little dog I feel fairly disgusted. From its solid square shape I should judge it to have weighed about twelve pounds, 1In the best show specimens the two middle toes are often absolutely joined together, one broad claw doing duty for both toes. The two middle pads occasionally merge into one, and a third toe nail appears in the centre. 79 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS but its bones are exceedingly slender, and its proportions being perfect, it looks much smaller. I have also seen a stuffed Pyrame of about the same date. It has a different type of head. The dog is smooth and much larger, with short ears, and a narrow “ wedge” skull, with a shallow stop, nor is it well made like the King Charles. Stonehenge, in 1867, says that in 1837 the Tricolour Spaniel reigned supreme, and was not considered of much value if over six pounds in weight. His skull was round, and he had a short nose, but not the under- hung jaw and positively ugly face of the modern school (i. e., 1867). The smaller the dog, the better he was. According to Stonehenge, the Tricolour was sup- planted by the Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel between 1837 and 1867; so we have a pretty accurate idea of the date of its introduction as the Black-and-tan “ King Charles,” and it will be seen that, instead of being the original breed of Toy Spaniel, as is generally supposed, it was, in fact, the last to be introduced. The unregistered breed known as the Miniature Toy Trawler appears to be a throw back to the original King Charles. Nothing is known of its origin. In order to test my theories, I have tried many experiments in breeding, the results of which I am about to give. It must be understood that these experiments were made for scientific purposes only. At the time when I was making experiments I re- ceived a letter from a gentleman who told me that he had produced exactly the type of dog I was studying by crossing the King Charles with the small, old-fashioned curly Sussex Spaniel, now extinct. I persistently adver- tised for a bitch, hoping to verify this statement, but So DETAIL oF PicTURE BY MIGNARD Showing the first black Toy Spaniel on record. About 1660. Louvre. Compare with photograph of Bunthorne. Photo, Braun, Clément et Cie. THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME could not procure one, but I was informed from another source that the same experiment had produced similar results. Another person told me he had crossed with Blenheim, and I bought a very pretty dog said to be of this cross; but this is at variance with my own experi- ments, as I have never succeeded in producing a red- and-white specimen from the black parents, even from the one said to be half Blenheim. Even when I crossed one of these dogs with a Blenheim bitch, the progeny were almost all black or red, and I have only once suc- ceedéd in producing black-and-white progeny, but, as I said before, never red-and-white. The black-and-whites were, I may add, decidedly off type (the reds and blacks only, in my experience, breed true to type), and I got exactly similar results from crossing with Cocker, the colour and coat of the Toy Trawler asserting itself to the exclusion of all others. The old-fashioned curly “ Sussex Spaniel” was the © Sussex ” kept by the Duke of Norfolk, and referred to by several authors as the King Charles, and men- tioned in the Bazaar correspondence of 1908. This was a cross between the King Charles and English Pyrame. Please compare the illustrations of the curly King Charles with the Toy Trawler. It would not be very difficult to get back the pointed- nosed Blenheim and tricolour types from the Papillon, and in the pointed-nosed King Charles we still have enough material to save it from extinction, and I am working hard to do so. The curly black and the orange-red breed absolutely true to type so that it is impossible for a stranger to distinguish one dog from another. In order to trace the origin and test the accuracy of SI TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS the statements made to me, | have tried the following crosses: 1. Black Cocker with Miniature Toy Trawler sire. Black-and-white progeny. 2. Black Cocker’ with Marlborough Blenheim sire. Very poor type, chiefly yellow-and-white. No resem- blance to Miniature Toy Trawler, but very like the old Marlboroughs. 3. Water Spaniel with Miniature Toy Trawler sire. Large heavy puppies, two only taking after the sire in size, but bearing a considerable resemblance to the smaller breed. 4. Blenheim with Miniature Toy Trawler sire. Very bad mongrel type, no uniform type. 5. Field Spaniel with Miniature Toy Trawler sire. Ugly heavy type of nondescript puppies. 6. Field Spaniel with Blenheim sire. Ordinary look- ing cross-bred puppies; no type. 7. Old-fashioned Sussex' with Miniature Toy Trawler sire. Puppies handsome and uniform in type, mostly all black, but larger than Miniature Toy Trawler, except two which weighed five pounds and seven pounds full grown. 8. Black Miniature Toy Trawler with Black Minia- ture Toy Trawler. Always uniform in type, whole black or whole red with or without white breasts. (Compare with experiment No. 1.) 9g. Long-nosed King Charles Black-and-tan with Miniature Toy Trawler. Pure Miniature Toy Trawler type except for the colour, which had tan above the eyes. I find that with all breeds the puppies follow the Miniature Toy Trawler sire in size more than the dam. 1 The nearest thing to the old type which I could procure. 82 é i 4 4 S x a. Ss / } nnn AOI ate mo Mt fo EDWARD WALTERS Marlborough type of Spaniel about 1687. Compare with Henrietta of Orleans of same period 3y permission of I. B, Waldy, Esq., Cranleigh, Surrey THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME The puppies are generally smaller than either sire or dam. As I have already said, in breeding black to black, I never once got a red-and-white or black-and-white. Mated to Blenheims they still produce about an equal number of blacks in the litters, which they certainly would not do unless black was the foundation colour. Two blacks will sometimes produce red, but seldom any other colour, and in my own experience | have never been able to produce a red-and-white specimen at all, though whole reds with white breasts sometimes appear. ~ These experiments have convinced me that the influ- ence of Blenheim blood, if present, is very small. King Charles, on the other hand, appears to blend well, and this agrees with my theories. I found one dog exactly like my own in Wales, but the owner would not sell on any account. I also found two in Middlesex, but the owner could not, or would not, tell me anything of their breeding, except that they were “very valuable.” I was also informed that they existed in Italy and Holland, but can find no trace of them in the latter country. In Italy and Spain there were the Truffle Dogs, and this would fit in with the im- portation to England in the seventeenth century. In no book can I find any reference to the old-fash- ioned Sussex Spaniel as a Sussex Spaniel, but Symonds, in his “ Field Diversions,” 1824, speaks of it as the King Charles Cocker or Gun Spaniel of true and perfect breed. That his description did not refer to the Pet Spaniel is obvious. “The King Charles Spaniel belongs to the Cockers; the ears are deeply fringed, sweeping the ground; the rounded form of the forehead, the larger and moister 83 3) TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS eye, the longer and silkier coat, and the clearness of the tan, and wihite-and-black colour sufficiently distinguish this variety. His beauty and diminutive size have con- signed him to the drawing-room or parlour. ‘“ Charles I had a breed of Spaniels; very small with the hair black and curly, the Spaniel of the second Charles was of the black-and-tan breed.” * I cannot trace that either of these Kings had the dogs, but it is quite likely Charles I] had the former kind. Youatt says that from France * a black-and-tan vari- ety was produced from the Sussex Springer (which was the best variety) and a Terrier, which was culti- vated by the late Duke of Norfolk: ‘* The Black-and-tan Spaniel, the cross of Terrier being nearly or quite got rid of, is often a beautiful animal and is much valued, although it is frequently considered a somewhat stupid animal.” | think he is here mistaking the cross, and that the Sussex Springer was already black-and-tan, crossed with King Charles. Bewick, in 1824, gives a pretty cut of the “ Springer or Cocker,” and he says: “ Of the same kind is that beautiful little dog which in this country is well known under the appellation of King Charles dog, the favourite and constant compan- ion of that monarch . . . it is still preserved as an idle but innocent companion. Its long ears, curled hair, and web feet evidently point out its alliance with the more useful and active kind last mentioned. Similar to this, but smaller, is the Pyrame dog, it is generally black 1Youatt, “The Dog,” 1845. 2 Jt is difficult to understand how France could produce the cross from a Sussex dog. 84 PICTURE IN THE CORAL RooM, BLENHEIM PALACE About 1750. Photo, Taunt. By permission of the Duke of Marlborough FIELD SPANIEL Stubbs, 1750. Photo, E. Walker. By permission of Sir Walter Gilbey THE KING CHARLES AND PYRAME with reddish legs, and above each eye is a spot of the same colour.” The King Charles Black-and-tan was of an entirely different breed from the Blenheim, and in my opinion the crossing of them was unpermissible except to pro- duce new varieties—i.c., the Ruby and Tricolour in the second generation. The appearance of parti-coloured puppies in King Charles litters would merely be evidence of the recent crossing of these varieties, but the white would breed out all except the natural white breast if self colour were repeatedly bred to self colour. As to getting a Black- and-tan puppy from two Blenheims, I have never heard of such an occurrence and do not believe it possible even where there has been a quite recent cross of Black-and- tan. The Red-and-white is the dominant breed, but the black-and-tan colour does not appear to remain even dormant. Mr. Milnes tells me of a case where two Black-and-tans (both of which were Blenheim bred) produced a Blenheim, but this is very rare. In fact, I never heard of another case. The appearance of white on Rubies is because the Ruby originates in a cross of Red-and-white with Black- and-tan. I entirely protest against these breeds being consid- ered one and the same in origin. They have only been crossed within the last eighty or ninety years, and the produce are only allowable as the foundation of the new Tricolour and Ruby breeds. The distorted and coarse type now commonly seen seems evidence of a further Bulldog (?) cross, which is not allowable at all. The cross of the King Charles with ‘“ Blenheim” has been resorted to in order to produce the other colours and 85 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS to determine abnormally smashed faces which possibly originated in the black King Charles, already crossed with Pyrame about 1800, being recrossed with Bulldog about 1840. The explanation of the parti-coloured pup- pies which were said to appear in strains that were black as far as the owner could remember being in a previous cross or perhaps the Pyrame cross. The Pyrame, though generally black-and-tan, was sometimes whole red and sometimes black-and-white, and this pe- culiarity is referred to by Richardson in connection with the “ Sussex’ Spaniel. The production of these parti- coloured puppies is however only an assertion on hear- say evidence and I strongly doubt its correctness. Dalziel speaks of the Tricolour as an unavoidable but undesirable freak of colour in the King Charles, but this was subsequent to the crossing of the breeds, and the original true Tricolour was doubtless the cross between the Italian and French Spaniel. “In King Charles a rich black-and-tan is demanded without white, the black-and-tan-and-white variety be- ing disregarded, though in the best-bred litters accasion- ally a puppy of this colour appears.” This is a quota- tion from the 1867 edition of Stonehenge. He also says that the Blenheim must on no account be whole coloured. The Ruby was, therefore, appar- ently considered to be a miscoloured Blenheim, but the very pronounced mismarking is got by a definite cross. It is quite absurd to insist on the elimination of the white breast in Rubies and Black-and-tans, as these white breasts are natural and right, especially in the Ruby. m Emery Walker Collotyper CHINESE DOGS 17TH. CENTURY FROM A PAINTING ON SILK IN FRAU OLGA WEGENER’S COLLECTION RECENTLY PURCHASED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM GEA? DmRe Ly TYPE AND STANDARDS THE whole fabric of modern judging is utterly un- sound. The Club judges are, moreover, bound by the Club regulations, which prevent the exercise of any private judgment. When I say that I consider the modern standard incorrect, I do not mean that we should go back to long noses. I frankly own that before I began my historical investigations I held the same-opinion as that of other writers, namely that the ancestors of the Toy Spaniel had long noses, and I was prepared to advocate a return to whatever the original type might have been. My researches have, however, led me to an exactly opposite conclusion. The red-and-white Toy Spaniel has a per- fect right to his short nose. The King Charles had com- paratively long-nosed ancestors, but is now a composite breed made up to suit modern taste and no longer bears any resemblance to his earlier progenitors. I still maintain that certain types of modern dogs are monstrosities, and shall to the end of my days fight against these types and protest against their propagation. I have been working for some years on the system of drawing attention to the distorted noseless type. There are several noseless types but of late breeders have gone in for sensationalism in heads regardless of beauty or even of general soundness. 87 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS [ have purposely ridiculed these extraordinary de- formities, hoping that at last people would see the gro- tesqueness for themselves, and this, | am happy to say, has already resulted in the Toy Spaniel Club taking steps to revise their points. It is, however, impossible for any club to properly revise its points without a com- plete knowledge of the history of its breed, and this no one has in the case of Toy Spaniels, because no one has ever had access to the proper material. I think there are some grounds for believing that most of the present distorted, heavy, noseless, under- shot types are evidence of mongrel Bulldog blood. Before going further, I must dispose of the idea, rife among dog lovers outside the “Fancy,” that the ‘smashed noses ” are got by smashing. A broken nose is not the least like the nose of the modern type, and the puppies are born with these noseless faces. The kind-hearted old ladies, therefore, who weep over the fancied cruelties of the breeders can dry their tears and rejoice. That this theory should have originated at all is evidence of how unnatural the modern head appears to outsiders. Nothing can explain it except a brutal operation, but a broken nose would never deceive an expert for a moment. I may also remark that nobody has ever suggested that the noses of Japanese dogs are broken, though they are “ noseless ” dogs, and this is I think due to the fact that in the Japanese the propor- tions of the head are harmonious, whereas in some types of Toy Spaniel they are heterogeneous. When a puppy is born with a screw tail and noseless head it will be noticed that there is a ridge of flesh sticking up between the nose and skull, and in this ridge the nostrils are embedded. The ridge is noticeable in 88 8 HEADS OF NEWLY-BORN Toy SPANIEL PUPPIES A, A. Flyers. B. Second-class winner. C. Average head Front S OC SPRATT’S TERRIER TRAVELLING Box Back PATTERN FOR FLANNEL Coat IN CASES OF ILLNESS TYPE AND STANDARDS the photograph of the fine bulldog, Good Lion, the property of Mr. T. Davis. I have chosen him as a typi- cal Bulldog head. It will also be noticed that this head is harmonious in its lines, each line being thoroughly appropriate to the short nose and fighting type. It shows immense power, and is, to my mind, just what a Bulldog should be to inspire awe. A careful comparison with the two heads of my Toy Spaniels, Spotted Lily and St. Anthony’s Marvel, will reveal the close connection of the types, only what is magnificent in the Bulldog is absurd in the Toy dog. I think some types of the short face are got by Japanese crosses. These are the best ones, as the type approximates more nearly to the original stock. The first mention of abnormally short noses occurs in 1845. Youatt speaks of the new short-nosed type as a recent innovation. “The King Charles Spaniel of the present day is materially altered for the worse. The muzzle is almost as short and the forehead as ugly and prominent as the pemest piulldoe. ...°. The- Blenheim, Spaniel... has degenerated of late, and is not to be had pure even in the neighbourhood of Blenheim. The species may be distinguished by the length and silkiness of the coat, the deep fringe about the ear, the full and moist eye, and the blackness of the palate.’’ An illustration represents Blenheims with a short but distinct nose, so Youatt would indeed have objected to the present type. The Sporting Annual of 1839 also mentions that the Blenheim was leggy and degenerate, but does not mention noses. H. D. Richardson, in 1851, says of the King Charles: “ Distinguished by shortness of muzzle, round and bul- 13 89 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS let-like shape of head, prominence of his eye, length of ear, and the colour, which must be black-and-tan.”” But he also calls the Blenheim the black-and-tan Pyrame, and again a Red-and-white Spaniel, so it is difficult to follow him as to colour; but I read this as meaning that at Blenheim were kept both the red-and-white gun dog and the black-and-tan gun dogs. Meyrick, 1842, says that the King Charles has all the deformities of a prominent watery eye, a protruding tongue, a broad ugly mouth, and a generally apoplectic appearance.” The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1817, says of the King Charles dog: “‘ Head rounded, snout short, tail curved back.” Short snout merely meant relatively short, and even in the first edition of Stonehenge, 1867, where he complains of the excessively short noses of the modern dogs, the illustration shows a dog by no means noseless. Buffon says that the Spaniels and Water dogs were short and blunt in nose. In another place he explains this by saying short and blunt compared to the Grey- hound, Russian Wolfhound, ete.—not short in nose as we now understand the term. The pictures show his meaning quite clearly. The Field of 1859 says: “ The King Charles and Blenheim Spaniels as bred by the fancy are snub-nosed, round-headed animals like Pugs, with silky ears and coats, but they are remarkably graceful animals.” Stonehenge says that the low carriage of the tail is a peculiar feature of all true Spaniels, and was formerly insisted on as a point of great importance in the Toy Spaniel. This is not correct according to my researches, as the reverse, indeed, is certainly the fact, all the oldest go bi NosELEss Toy SPANIEL. WITH WRONGLY CARRIED EARS AND BAD EXPRESSION “A Farry AMONG Docs’ A CGoop TyvPrE or Broop ) Bitcu | ee Mrs J. Davies’ BuLttpoG Goop LION A fine fighting type 3 not suitable as a lap-dog MONKEY-FACED TyPE OF BLENHEIM, WITH TWISTED JAW AND WRONG EXPRESSION 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ‘ St - —e A Tiny Lap Doc TYPE AND STANDARDS authorities agreeing that the tail should be raised. The old pictures confirm this. See Veronese and Watteau. There is a great wish on the part of some breeders, especially Miss Dillon, that the Toy Spaniel’s tail should not be docked. My opinion is this. By all means let the tail alone, but 1f so it must be carried over the back, as in Veronese’s time, and like the Japanese. There is no middle course, a long tail carried drooping in the mud, or straight out with a hook at the end, is simply impossible. It is neither one thing nor the other, and if ‘the tails are not to be carried over the back they should be docked. A photograph is given of a modern Blenheim with an undocked tail, but this is a most un- usually good specimen. Sydenham Edwards, 1800, says the Marlboroughs are a small variety of Cocker with blunt noses and very round heads, and highly valued by sportsmen. He gives a lovely colored plate of gun dogs, much the type of Stubbs Spaniel, but does not give the Marlboroughs. In an engraving of the Hon. Mrs. Monckton, 1779, there is a Cocker with the spot and a very pointed nose. In a picture by Gainsborough, of Queen Charlotte, there is a very pretty, smallish Spaniel with spot, of the Marlborough Cocker type probably crossed with Toy. The engraving by Gainsborough Dupont can be seen at the National Portrait Gallery. The following quotation is from Idstone, 1872: “ Thirty years ago (1.e., 1842) they were rare in the provinces, but so long ago as that I had several of great excellence, which were the offspring of a celebrated dog, named Cherry (about 1845). His produce had but one fault, they carried their tails a trifle high, but a superb black-and-white-and-tan bitch named Cora, weighing gI TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS not over six pounds, was free from this or any other fault.” This is evidently due to Stonehenge, who was the first to suggest that Toy Spaniels should not carry their tails high. He continues: “ Originally the King Charles was a liver-and-white dog, and I imagine, indeed | am almost certain, that the dogs belonging to the Merry Monarch were so marked. How or where the colour altered | do not know.” He thinks they originated from Japan, and says that the first imported Japs were pale yellow and white. These were probably Chinese dogs. Robert Fortune says that the Jap dogs in Japan are dwarfed by a spirit called “ Saki,” no doubt a sort of gin, but I myself was told by a lady who lived in Japan that the small size was obtained by another practice, which I shall not specify, as there might be people un- principled enough to try and reproduce it over here. This practice would account for the extraordinary del- icacy of the breed, but I think myself the breed is natu- rally a small one. Idstone says that the King Charles in his day was almost universally black-and-tan, the Tricolour being out of fashion. He says he considers the Tricolour the handsomer dog of the two. “ Should have a white leaf down the centre of the forehead, tan spots over the eyes, white lips, tan cheeks, and freckles of tan on the lips, a white collar and mane, white forelegs sparingly freckled with tan and black. The edges of the thighs should be white, belly white, and end of the tail also. The inner part of the ears should be tan; the mane long, profuse, and like floss silk. The thighs and hind quarters must be feathered heavily. Also the tail with a flag end; feet Q2 Miss Fan From a print of 1810-20. (Tricolour. Note the ‘‘spot”’) EARLY TYPE OF MARLBOROUGH About 1840 THE DUKE oF MARLBOROUGH’S PRESENT | TYPE oF BLENHEIM A CoMMON TYPE OF EARLY MARLBOROUGH SPANIEL T. Gainsborough, 1750. By permission of H. J. Pfungst, F.S.A Woopstock BLENHEIM OF 1840 TYPE AND STANDARDS profusely feathered, tan, wherever visible, brilliant and rich. In the heavy feather of the hind quarters and tail there should be a harmonious amalgamation of the three colours. The face should be short; the eye large, black, and prominent, the corner of it wet; the skull round, the ears large; there should be a deep, pronounced stop between the eyes, the ears should be large, flabby, and well coated; the formation of the dog low on the leg, the coat very silky, and a sprightly temper is indispensable.” The Black-and-tan and Tricolour should, he says, never exceed seven pounds for exhibition. Idstone says that the pale lemon colour in Blenheim comes from in-breeding. He also says that the King Charles cross is indulged in too freely, getting rid of the spot, which is a point of the utmost importance. He also thinks the breed comes through Spain from japan, L can find no trace of this in pictures or literature,- Velasquez depicted the Alicarites, not Blenheims. Idstone says: “ The main points of beauty are as follows: The high skull, the full, black, wet eye, the short nose, the large, broad, heavy, well-feathered ear; compact form, close to the ground; pure, brilliant, rich red and distinct white markings, especially the broad leaf down the forehead, the round spot on the skull, the white neck and mane; a texture like floss silk; legs all well coated at the back, and deeply feathered toes. They are restless in their habits, capital guardians, always vigilant, but snappish and capricious, showing a dislike to children, and want of discrimination between friend and foe. They resent any fancied slight or injury, and are not particularly forgiving. “The crossing with King Charles and Blenheim has 28 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS so confused the two breeds that the three colours often appear in one litter." “Pale coloured Blenheims are very inferior and valueless, but all specimens are of this same hue till they have changed their coat. Nine pounds is the outside limit, but valuable dogs should not weigh above six or seven. “ The nose has been shortened till it is deformed, and the broad mouth and protruding tongue of many specimens are revolting and untrue to the type of genuine Blenheim Spaniel, which, when in any degree approaching perfection, is one of the most beautiful of our parlour pets.” The writer of an article on Japan in 1860 (quoted by Mrs. Jenkins) suggests that Captain Saris brought presents of Japanese dogs to England in 1613. This is, however, pure conjecture, and he adds that it tallies with the appearance of the Toy Spaniel in 1613. As far as | can trace there were no Toy Spaniels in Eng- land till about 1660, except the liver-and-white, which came presumably with Anne of Cleves. I can discover no mention whatever of Japanese Spaniels before 1854, when Japanese Spaniels were imported into England by Admiral Stirling. The short nose of the Toy Spaniel was already on the way in 1836, so that it would appear hardly likely that this should have been its origin, but | consider that the Red-and-white Toy Spaniels, Jap- anese, and Pekingese, have a common Chinese ancestry. Mr. Vero Shaw, in his book on the dog, published in 18&9, announced his intention of crossing Toy Span- iels with Japanese, and I should be very glad to know if he did so; as this cross might explain some of our 1 Only under certain unvarying conditions. ne O4 | Miss FAN AND Pups (TRICOLOUR) TRICOLOUR SPANIEL, WITH RED AND WHITE [he puppy on her back is red and white. From an Puppy, EARLY I9TH CENTURY old coloured print, 1810-1820 TRICOLOUR Toy SPANIEL EARLY I9TH CENTURY TrRICOLOUR Toy SPANIEL, EARLY I9TH CENTURY From a painting in possession of the Rev. KE. L. Pardoe TYPE AND STANDARDS particularly Japanese coated strains. In 1889 he says that Mr. Nave agrees with him in considering the short nose was obtained by a cross of Pug, and quotes the paragraph to which he refers. I, however, under- stand it differently. Mr. Nave said that he considered the short nose was obtained by a “cross of Black-and- tan Japanese Spaniel” (also called Japanese Pug). Black-and-tan does not appear to exist as a pure Jap- anese colour, nor does it exist in Pugs. He mentions the Pug only to state his opinion of its origin, but not in connection with the Toy Spaniel. Sir Rutherford Alcock thus describes the fancy dogs in Japan: “ And first I am to find a pair of well bred Japanese dogs, with eyes like saucers, no nose, the tongue hanging out of the side, too large for the mouth, and white-and-tan, if possible, and two years old. My dogs are chosen, species of Charles I] Spaniels inten- sified. There is so much genuine likeness that I think it probable the Merry Monarch was indebted to his marriage with a Portugese Princess for the original race of Spaniels as well as her dower.” If there has been any direct cross of Japanese it has been since 1850, and there is only one of our strains which shows evidence of it, unless the very short faces are taken as evidence. Stonehenge, fourteenth edition, 1878, says of the King Charles: “ Nor is the shortness of face of old standing, when carried to the extent which now prevails . . . those which I remember early in the present century were at least only half way on the road to the state in which they are now exhibited, with faces like those of the Bulldog.” I have seen two coloured prints of Tricolour Span- 95 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS iels kindly lent me by Mr. Perrin. One is called ** Jum- bo,” 1836, and the other ‘ Busy,” of the same date. Both represent cobby, well-feathered, well-marked little dogs with great big eyes. Their noses are moderately short, rather tapering, but very well cushioned up with round muzzles. These certainly are a little Japanese in type, but, as there were no Japanese recorded in Eng- land before 1850, this cannot be considered a proof of any cross, and is probably only the natural throwing back to the Chinese ancestor. The Kennel Gazette, of November, 1886, says of the Blenheim: ‘ There are two points to which I should like to call the attention of the breeders of Blenheims. One is the absolute necessity for a short back, the Blenheim is essentially a Cocker * in miniature; the other is that the cross with the King Charles is bringing in the cocoa- nut skull.””. This last warning, alas! passed unheeded. There are at present four recognised varieties of Toy Spaniel. Blenheims, or Red-and-white; King Charles, or Black-and-tan; Prince Charles, or Tricolour ; and Ruby, or Red. They are all supposed to have pre- cisely the same points, but it is quite certain that there is a vast difference in type between the Blenheim and Prince Charles, 7. e., the “ broken colours,” and the King Charles and Ruby, or “whole colours.” Besides the present recognised colours they sometimes occur all liver or liver-and-white, and lately there have been two examples of Blenheims whose red markings are, as it were, shot with black, giving a very beautiful effect indeed. I have also seen a dull blue-and-tan puppy bred 1 The reference to the Cocker as a notoriously short-backed Spaniel will come as a shock to the modern breeder of these Spaniels. What would the writer of this say to the modern Cocker? OO PORTRAIT OF A LabDy F, Haage, 1740. Budapest. Photo, Hanfstaeng] ~ TYPE AND STANDARDS from a Ruby and a Black-and-tan. It unfortunately did not live to maturity, but I have kept its skin as a curiosity. The King Charles breed truer, and are more constant to the short nose than the Blenheims. There is a strong tendency in the Blenheims to revert to the pointed nose of their Italian ancestors, and if they are not periodically crossed with the whole colours, or very carefully selected, they rapidly get longer and more tapering in face and flatter in skull, owing to the Marl- borough blood with which they are infected. Some of the oldest fanciers, to the great indignation of the modern fanciers, are most decided in attributing the present type of King Charles to an infusion of Bull- dog blood, and this view would seem to be confirmed by the curious fact that, whenever a puppy is born with a face so short as to be noseless, it is pretty sure to have a screw tail as well. This is a peculiarity very prevalent among Bulldogs, but as it is supposed to be due to arrested development, it may be an independ- ent coincidence. It is very seldom that such specimens ever grow a really profuse coat. Generally, too, their ears are set on very high and thrown back with a ese, cartiage, the ~ leather’ is. extremely short, and their faces are inclined to be wrinkled. It is an- other curious coincidence that, in those parts of Lon- don where the best show King Charles Spaniels are often bred, there are occasional epidemics of noseless specimens, and a cautious investigation generally re- veals the fact that the breeder of these wonders has a cousin, an aunt, or a brother-in-law who owns a Bull- dog! I feel inclined to think that it is this Bulldog cross which has spoilt the elegance of the King Charles and given the present specimens the wide, often out-at- 14 Q7 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS elbows forelegs, and the comparatively pinched hind- quarters and heavy movement of which | intend to com- plain presently. There is, however, another type of screw-tailed puppy which shows no Bulldog character, and this is probably due to Chinese and Japanese crosses. I was much interested the other day to hear from Mr. Aistrop that about the vear 1810 his father gave fifty guineas for a cross-bred Bulldog, by name, Billy. He had been bred by old Mr. Aistrop, sold by him to Charley Dew, and repurchased at his death. This dog was the most famous rat-killer in England, and killed one hundred rats in the Cock pit, Duck Lane, West- nunster (a pit 18 x 16 feet), in five and a half minutes. Princess Charlotte had at that time three Tricolour Toy Spaniels, and summoning Mr. Aistrop in 1814, gave him £10 for the services of his dog, as she said she wished her three Toy Spaniels to have puppies by the most famous dog in England. Here is an authentic instance of a cross of diluted Bulldog blood in some Tri- colour Spaniels, at any rate. It is curious that Princess Charlotte should have cared more for celebrity than for pedigree, to the point of crossing two such strangely unsuitable breeds. It is said that Mr. Aistrop refused three hundred guineas for Billy, and also an offer of a pension for life. Mr. Charles Aistrop is one of our oldest fanciers, and he is one of the most thorough enthusiasists I have ever met. Mr. Aistrop’s father was a born fancier, who, when a boy, was turned out of the house by his mother for winning a prize at bull baiting, and refusing to give up the sport. It appears that this lady was of inde- pendent means, and had an excessive regard for what she considered the honour of her family, and when she 98 BILLY BILLY, THE CELEBRATED RAT-KILLER, KILLING 100 Rats InN Five MINUTES AND A HALF ON THE 22ND APRIL 1823 By permission of Mr Aistrop DYER AND: STANDARDS one day read in the paper that her son had won a prize with his dog, she had hysterics, rang for her butler, and ordered that directly Mr. Charles came in he was to be sent to her immediately. As soon as Mr. Charles came she told him plainly that he must either give up dog fancying or leave her house, and she would give him a week to think it over. Mr. Charles, who was a spirited young man, replied that he did not want a week to think it ovér, but that he would go at once. To this Mrs. Aistrop answered that, if such was his determination, he should not go penniless, but that she would give him one hundred guineas. So he took the money and went, and soon became the most famous fancier of his time. The present Mr. Aistrop was an expert lightweight boxer before a terrible accident by which he lost the use of both arms. He was driving one day with his brother, who happened to say that he had never driven a horse in his life, and Mr. Aistrop told him he should learn there and then. The lesson was disastrous. Before they had gone many yards a coal van turned out of a side street, they collided, and both gentlemen were thrown out. Mr. Charles Aistrop injured his spine, and his brother was killed. Disasters of a sensational kind seem to run in the Aistrop family, as old Mrs. Aistrop was killed by a bear which was kept at the pit for bear baiting, and attacked her when she was feeding it. Mr. Aistrop came home to find her dead, and, after killing the bear, sold the pit and took up the profession of a licensed victualler. Mr. Aistrop had some correspondence with the King at the time when there was a proposal to alter the name of the King Charles, and was the cause of the name being retained, as, in answer to his petition, the oy) TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS King expressed a wish that the name should not be altered. Mr. Charles Aistrop tells me that the first Ruby he saw was in 1850, and it was also the first very short- nosed dog that he ever saw. It used to be brought to the Eight Bells, Denmark Street, Soho, which was run by Mr. Aistrop’s father, and where some of the first fancy dog shows were held from 1836. Its owner was a Mr. Risum, and he used to attend with this wonderful red dog, which was considered a curiosity, and was the talk of the “ Fancy,” the house being crowded whenever Mr. Risum took the chair. The colour was not then held in high esteem, and the dog went by the name of . “the cabbage-leaf eared dog,” from the immense size of its ears, both in length and width. The combination of the short face with enormous ears is quite against the present rule, where short faces and small or short, crumpled ears too often go together. Mr. Watson, of Hackensack, found the following in an old sporting magazine: “ Spaniel Show. The show of nine-pound Spaniels for a silver cream jug will take place at Charley Aistrop’s, the Elephant and Castle, Peter St., Westminster, on Wednesday. February, 1834." I give an illustration of a fancy dog show in 1857, held at the Eight Bells. This was, Mr. Aistrop thinks, the first dog club ever started, though the idea was quickly followed by “ Jimmy Shaw,” “ Jack Brown,” and others. The members are said to have paid a small weekly sum. Meetings were held every week, enlivened by occasional shows; the judges being chosen on the spot from amongst the members. A list of stud dogs 100 SMaN uUopuoT pazv4jsnjz7 jo vorsstuiad Aq ‘sovesy AY “JaUIOD puvy-3ys puyy ‘uepA[_ apy ‘1eus09 puvy-yySta puosag ‘aivadsayxvys 1 ‘2]quI JO prey IW STIGQ LHDIQ AHL IV 1$8I 40 MOHS DOG AONVYA i.” TYPE AND STANDARDS was hung up in the parlour, and the meetings were gen- erally crowded. It will be noticed that the dogs in the drawing were not short-nosed or square in jaw, but pretty faced, long- eared dogs, most typical of the breed, with noses very much turned up, and such as would, no doubt, be called “short snout’ by the early writers, when they meant to describe a nose which was by no means that of a Greyhound, but still less like that of our modern dogs. _ Regarding the screw tail and noseless face as evi- dence of Bulldog blood, there certainly was no such thing in the shows much before 1845, though from the time of Princess Charlotte there are rumours of too short noses. Possibly Princess Charlotte’s experi- ment with Billy gave the dealers the idea of the Bull- dog cross, and this is certainly a possible source of the distorted “‘noseless”’ dog. It has been suggested that the short face originated from crossing with the Japanese, but this alone would never have given the powerful underjaw and the extraordinary tenacity of hold which is exhibited by some specimens. I have two noseless dogs at present, and they attack an object in precisely the Bulldog style, freezing on to it and shutting their eyes. Once they get a grip, it is im- possible to move their jaws, and they will allow them- selves to be lifted from the ground by their teeth. It 1s, of course, possible that there may have been isolated instances of a Japanese cross, but this breed is far too delicate for dealers to indulge in crossing systematically. An occasional cross would, however, provide the neces- sary material and in-breeding would do the rest. We must nevertheless look for some other explanation of IOI TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS coarser types. It is perfectly evident to my own mind that my Ruby dog, Marvel, is crossed with Bulldog at a comparatively recent date, though there is nothing in his pedigree to suggest it. I may say that, though I am unable to explain it, the noseless head, screw tail, and webbed feet are practically invariably co-related char- acters, but there are two marked types of noseless head. As to the webbed feet, these are doubtless a throw back to the little curly King Charles Water Spaniel. I shall never believe that the noseless, screw-tailed dog was produced solely by selection within a period of fif- teen vears. The type changed quite suddenly from the kind of short nose which would be brought about by selection, to an outrageous deformity. In 1830 it was still ** a Spaniel unrivalled for beauty.” In 1842 it hada broad mouth and generally apoplectic appearance. In 1845 it had “ forehead as ugly as the veriest Bulldog,” and in 1872 the show dog was established as an “ apple- headed, idiotic, hydrocephalous animal,” and that de- lightful Mr. Julius settled it by his ill-timed practical joke in 1877. I am sure that the short face is not the outcome of across with Pug, as has been suggested by some writers, for four reasons. 1. The screw tail that generally ac- companies the noseless face is a short ‘ down” tail, never curled upwards over the back. 2. The underjaw is usually very strong, with a pronounced lay back. 3. There is never a black mask or trace under any circum- stances. 4. The back is often arched, and the chest is abnormally wide, with elbows out and curved fore- legs. I had the misfortune to buy a Toy Spaniel which 102 CURLY COCKER AND SPRINGER The original Field Spaniels, 1801 KING CHARLES SPANIEL OF ABOUT 1800 gh om — . "¥ s © ah i Nee i) _ eas 7 ry ; + peal aa TYPE AND STANDARDS had gone astray with a Pug, and am able to state that in the litter of seven every puppy had a black mask and a weak underjaw and the black trace down the back. It is the bull-headed puppies that make all the whelp- ing troubles of small Toy Spaniels. Small bitches of six pounds in weight which are free from Bull crosses would probably whelp without trouble. I have had several small bitches (one only five and a half pounds ) showing the Italian type in a very pronounced way, and they bred quite easily. It is the Bulldog head and shoulders that make the danger. We have one strain of Blenheim now of which the females are useless for breeding purposes, owing to the contracted pelvis and the heavy head and shoul- ders. As the Blenheim has the only long record of the short nose, it may be wondered why I have stated that the King Charles is the most constant to the short face. This is easily explained if the abnormally smashed face is due to the Bulldog cross, as the direct Bulldog cross certainly does not occur in the Blenheim breed, the only Bull blood being filtered through the King Charles. It must be remembered that many of the pres- ent Blenheim strains have also been crossed with the Marlborough, which, in its turn, has been crossed with the Holland Spaniel, which, between 1550 and 1660, had no stop whatever. I feel sure that, if allowed to choose my strains and use what dogs I liked, I could produce noseless, screw- tailed puppies of either of the types I have mentioned with absolute certainty. 103 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Most of the puppies with absolutely sunken noses die of cleft palate or are choked at birth, and unable to breathe. The ones that survive most easily are those which approximate closest to the Japanese noseless type, which apparently has not the elongated palate of the noseless Toy Spaniel. Toy Spaniels of the present day have some very grave defects, and breeders should turn their attention seriously to them. Some of the judges are beginning to do so, and | managed to get a clause as to soundness inserted in the Toy Spaniel standard a year or two ago. Up to the present, however, very little attention has been paid to it in practise, unsoundness passing un- noticed to championship honours. The defects are as follows: 1. Unsoundness. . Grotesqueness of type—ugly expressions. 3. Bad coats or no coats. 4. Excessive timidity—sluggishness or semi-idiocy. iS) Unsoundness is a very grave danger, especially in the black-and-tan, almost every strain of which is un- sound. There are very few perfectly sound King Charles, and large numbers are entirely unfit for show on that account. That many of them win is sufficient proof that we must, indeed, be in a bad way. Crippled sires and unsound dams cannot produce sound stock, and all unsoundness should be uncompromisingly pen- alized by judges unless obviously due to an accident. It is no use for a judge to put down A’s dog in Class T,. for unsoundness, and then proceed to put up B’s dog in Class 2, forgetting that he is equally unsound. This 104 Bigs feo i + ree 7 i Ta pa De ee ee = See] FROM STONEHENGE The old type WOOLMINGTON’S JUMBO The new type TYPE AND STANDARDS sort of judging merely irritates exhibitors and does no good, and | must say that specialist judges are worse offenders than all-round judges in this matter, as they are apt to be carried away by wonderful head points and to forget everything else. If a judge penalizes unsoundness or any other bad point, he should do so consistently. I cannot too earnestly insist on this point of consistency, and I commend it also to reporters. It is grossly unfair to crab one dog for a fault and pass it over in another. Specialist judges are apt, as I said, to give undue importance to head points or technical specialist points. For instance, a good sound dog, perfect in all points, will be put back by practically any specialist judge for white on the chest, and a glaring cripple preferred to him, provided it has no white hairs. A dog that has even a few white hairs, that it takes the judge ten min- utes to find, will be penalized to an absurd extent. A curly coated dog will be beaten by the most miserable of weeds, etc., etc. Now, “all rounders”? have much more balance of judgment, and I would far rather trust a good specimen of any breed in its own class to an unprejudiced all-round judge than to a specialist. Spe- cialists often have their own fads, which tend to warp their judgment on essential points. Defects of confor- mation should always be penalised before accidental blemishes, but it requires a very strong judge to over- look an obvious superficial blemish, such as a stain, a burn, a wounded foot or a damaged eye, or even de- fective markings rather than a faulty type, exaggerated jaw, or an unpleasing expression. As a matter of fact, I think the latter would at present always win the day. 15 105 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS A dog of the right type, however badly blemished or mismarked, ought always to win over a dog of the wrong type. This should be a fundamental principle in judging. A dog of the wrong type is worse than no dog at all. First prizes must be withheld from bad dogs. This is another fundamental principle, but one which requires ereat fortitude to carry out. I have seen so many bad dogs used at stud, on the strength of wins in classes where they were the only entries, that I feel that a stand should be made against misleading victories of this kind (though it would be sure to be most unpopu- lar). I have for years inveighed against the modern type and scale of points, and on October 16, 1908, I wrote an article in The Kennel expressing yet stronger criti- cisms on the exaggerations and deformities of the pres- ent day. Some weeks later Mrs. Jenkins also wrote to The Kennel, expressing the same views as myself, which surprised me considerably, as we had always held en- tirely opposite opinions. Mrs. Jenkins wrote of noselessness as one of “ Na+ ture’s deformities,” and yet she was among the first to take the lead as.judge in giving prominence to the most abnormal of the noseless types. When a judging scale gives too great a proportion of points to any one part of a dog, it is clear that dogs will win on abnormalities of that part, and I think that revision is advisable for any scale which can be made an argument to support an abnormal type admittedly against a judge’s better judgment. Nature has a great horror of inefficiency and de- formity, and this abhorrence is necessary to the sound- 106 ORLEANS NRIETTA OF HE Mignard, about 1660 EYER AND STANDARDS ness of the race, but can only operate where there is no artificial preservation of that which is unfit and un- sound. The cult of beauty and strength and the natural attraction towards them and the preference even of animals for them (especially for the latter quality), are Nature’s provision for the selection of the fittest parents for the best offspring in all departments of life. Any delight in weakness, unfitness, and ugliness is a morbid perversion of natural instincts which should be sternly discouraged among all Jive-stock breeders. Nature ruthlessly destroys the weaklings, the weeds, and the failures. The conditions of life are too uncompromis- ing, and they die. The modern man preserves them at infinite trouble and expense, and offers prizes for them on the show bench.. He breeds from individuals which would never naturally breed, which are too small, too feeble, or too deformed to propagate their species in a natural condition, and, moreover, often have a violent aversion in doing so. This is a grievous mistake, and our inbred deformed and artificial dogs are visited, as a consequence of their artificiality, by ghastly diseases like the “ Black Death” distemper which are themselves almost “artificial” in virulence, and which, I venture to think, would not have existed at all had our pet stock been less inbred and unsound. Remember that Nature will not be entirely frustrated, and when thwarted in one direction, kills off the obnoxious productions of human skill in some unforeseen way, and generally does it with a blind, wholesale lavishness by which a large proportion of the healthy and strong are carried off as well. On the other hand we must not try and make the 107 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Toy Spaniel into a police dog. He is in his nature an ornamental object, like a rare flower or piece of china. \We do not require him as a rat killer, and if he is ugly his point is entirely gone. The contempt of prettiness which is the pride of the average Englishman may be all very well in choosing a hunter, but it 1s out of place in judging a lady’s pet. I have known sporting judges in a variety class refuse to look at the Toy Spaniels in it, saying they hated the useless little things. A second- rate Bulldog or a third-rate Collie will always be pre- ferred to a first-class Blenheim, were he the best that ever lived. This is not the right spirit in which to judge variety classes. Honestly speaking, | think variety classes are absurd. There is not one man in five hun- dred thousand who is an equally good judge of all the breeds that come before him. I myself feel thoroughly capable of judging all Toy Spaniels, and am equally familiar with Japanese, Pek- ingese, and Pomeranians, but I should be very sorry indeed to have to judge Airedales or Bobtail Sheep dogs. If, however, I had to judge a variety class I certainly should not consider it right to turn my back on the un- familiar varieties, saying, “I hate the great, clumsy things.” The less one knows of a breed the more atten- tion one should give to it, so as, if possible, to make up by observation and comparison for lack of experience. A judge’s own particular fancy in breeds ought not to bias him in variety classes. A contempt of beauty and elegance runs through most of modern sporting life. Take two animals of about equal intrinsic merit, one pretty and the other useful looking, and the man who judges them will go 108 Avy, 1AV}6 “MM JO uorsstutted Aq “raHTeA\ “q ‘07 THINVdS DNIMOOD AO AdAT, TYPE AND STANDARDS for the ugly one as sure as fate. He is so afraid of being misled by prettiness that he feels safer that way, and says to himself: “Tf I have made a mistake, at any rate no one can say that I have been taken in by meretricious and super- ficial charm.” To discover hidden merits and astonish the novice is a common ambition. I have recently seen ‘several judges report on Toy Spaniels as “too toyish.” One might as well complain of a cat for being too “ pussy- ish’ If you are judging toys, the more “ toyish” they are, the better. I do not consider that any man should lay down the points of a lady’s toy. The man who knows the special requirements of a lady’s pet is just about as rare as the man who understands needlework or lace. Most modern men have an innate impatience of useless beauty, and will unconsciously infuse an ele- ment of good, useful plainness into any pretty, useless dog. The only time where this comes in well is in the matter of soundness, which many ladies left to them- selves are apt to overlook. J am speaking here of the average judge, but there are, of course, geniuses of both SEXES. The essentially masculine view was recently ex- pressed by an old fancier in one of the newspapers. Asked to state what was the best Toy Spaniel he ever remembered, he quoted one long since dead, which he said was large and with a bigger head than the present- day Toy Spaniels and which was emphatically ‘‘a dog and not a pet!”’ In speaking of an essentially pet breed, this is rather a surprising view, and if the head of the dog in question was larger than those of some of our modern dogs I can only say that I hope I may never see 109 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS one like it! He also says that he welcomes the progress of the present-day dog to the bigger type of old as sounder and stronger. I have shown that the Toy Spaniel type of old was infinitely smaller than ours, and that the heads were very small, and I would point out that size does not always secure sound- ness, as some of our biggest specimens are quite un- sound. [ notice that many of the people who talk most about soundness do not carry out their theories in the judging ring, and as long as they put up unsound dogs it is ‘of no use for them to preach soundness. I do not consider the present type of Toy Spaniels at all satisfactory. It lacks quality, especially as regards the Black-and-tans and Rubies. Short necks, protrud- ing tongues, roach backs, flat sides, straight shoulders, bulldog forelegs and weak hindlegs, with cow hocks are to be seen everywhere. The King Charles and Rubies are now no longer Toys in any sense of the word, and I for one should be sorry to be obliged to carry one of the average sized show specimens for an hour or two under my arm. It is not, however, so much the size to which | object as the want of symmetry and compact-* ness, the heavy bone, and the sluggish, shuffling gait. I am by no means in favor of excessive smallness when it leads to weediness, unsoundness of constitution, and general lack of smartness. It is also an almost invari- able rule (subject to exceptions, of course) that dogs and bitches under six pounds in weight are useless for breeding, and I think the ideal size is that where the dog, though in every sense a Toy, is still strong and vigor- ous and capable of reproducing its species. On the other hand, there are at present far too many great, heavy, 110 > = J iisey Bor 4 DorotHy Lapy TEMPLE, WITH TRICOLOUR SPANIEL Sir Peter Lely, about 1670, Photo, E. Walker TYPE AND STANDARDS coarse, bull-necked dogs with Bulldog expressions and thick, weak legs. I am of the opinion that a Toy Spaniel should not be nearly so much undershot as is now considered right. Exaggeration of all kinds is most undesirable. Heads are now often deformed. I will not mention other peo- ple’s dogs, but, to illustrate what I mean, I refer to the photograph of my own dogs, St. Anthony’s Marvel and his puppy. There is, of course, a vast difference between a modern noseless King Charles dog with a good ex- pression and one with a bad expression, and, if we are obliged to breed exaggerations under penalty of retir- ing from the shows, we must try to get the modern type as perfect as it is capable of being. As matters now stand, | should certainly exhibit a dog with a sunken nose if I bred it; at the same time I would will- ingly lose the result of my labours and give up winning with such a dog if the fanciers were to decide that they would consistently penalise too ugly a face just as they now penalise too long a nose, and if the day were to come, as I hope it will, when all deformities would be out of the money, I should take my card of Very Highly Condemned with the genuine pleasure of a successful reformer. I hope no one will imagine, however, that I am ad- vocating more nose at the cost of quality. Some people seem to consider a nose as synonymous with the type which Miss Todd calls the “ Bottle Nosed Whale,” 2. e., a broad, spatulate, undershot muzzle at the end of a long nose. Nothing could possibly be worse than this. People have proudly shown me “ Marlboroughs”’ with faces fit to make a horse shy, expecting that, as I dis- IIT TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS approve of the noseless deformities, | should hail these long-nosed ones with sackbut and psaltery. No. Bad as the noseless deformity undoubtedly is when it violates its own rules of proportion, may heaven save us from what is now called the Marlborough! My remark on distortions will, [ am afraid, inevit- ably be made use of by those who own bad dogs to up- hold the type they breed because it is not distorted in the particular way | point out, but I must in advance take the precaution of absolutely disowning these people and their dogs. There are coarse long-nosed dogs, as well as coarse noseless ones. I will have none of either of them. There are multitudes of wrong types, but only two right ones. There are slight variations of type in length of nose, with corresponding variations of skull, but, so long as the main essence is the same, the type is right. There must also be the look of race and quality. What is quality? I have often been met with this question, asked in the aggrieved tone of one who has rainly pursued a will-of-the-wisp and feels rather ex- hausted and irritable in consequence. Quality is the most difficult thing in the world to explain to those who do not instinctively recognise it. It is an intangible something which does not depend entirely upon line, but upon a combination of lines, thickness, thinness, width, breadth, depth, curve, ete., and their relation to one another; the result producing to the eye, without any conscious mental effort, a certain perfection and exquisiteness without which mere dull correctness is lifeless and uninteresting. It is the differ- ence between coarse linen and fine cambric, or, let us say, between good and bad cooking, where the ingre- 112 puryioy Aq Ajqeqoig AYNINA) HL§I AHL AO STHINVdS ONIMOOD TYPE AND STANDARDS dients may all be the same, yet the result right in one case and wrong in the other. Dogs may be made of the same component points, and yet they may be indefinably wrong. Just as you make out recipes for a bad cook in vain, you may compile standards till you are tired. Nothing will avail you unless your judge can recognise quality. In a brood bitch you require a rather heavier version of type than in a dog, as the slightly stronger and heavier ones are more suitable for the dangerous work of reproducing their species, but in a dog, quality 1s all important. Why is it that some dogs command enormous prices and are constantly being run after, whereas others, per- haps bigger winners and possibly more obviously cor- rect in points, fail to attract much notice? I think it will be found that the dogs which attract big offers from the public at large are ones with quality. Quality gives a certain brilliance; a dog with quality strikes the eye, though he may be doing nothing in particular. You may only catch a glimpse of him, or he may be lying fast asleep, yet you cannot help noticing him. In move- ment he has a certain pride of carriage, a certain exqui- siteness of colour, a certain beauty, in fact, which others, equally good in points, have not. Quality cannot be defined in standards or divided into scales, but, like beauty and genius in the human race, it must remain forever independent of legisla- tion. I have, therefore, all the more at heart the impor- tance of rousing our judges to the undoubted advance in popularity of a common, vulgar, coarse type. This popularity is strictly confined to fanciers; the outside 16 13 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS public condemn it instinctively. The fancier’s eye be- comes vitiated by too close a pursuit of points, and he needs periodical lifting out of himself so that he may see the dogs for a moment with a normal vision. As it is the fanciers who make or mar a type by what they breed, it is to the fanciers | speak. This applies to all breeds, but especially to Toy Spaniels. Pomeranians have not as yet suffered much in com- petition, but [ must warn breeders in time not to do away with the stop. This has been disastrously done in other breeds. Let breeders look at Champion Offley Honey Dew and copy him as nearly as they can, and they cannot go far wrong. The carriage, body, and style of our best Pomeranians cannot be improved, but the heads are not often right, and | think the modern tendency is more towards a wrong type than the right one. There is no harm done yet, but breeders should look to their heads before it is too late. To return to the proper modern Marlborough. The Marlborough is a very pretty little dog, quite unlike these * bottle-nosed whales.” It should be cobby, com- pact, light in bone, with a small head and pointed nose; stop very deep, and skull broad, but not dome-shaped ; ears set very high and carried forward; coat straight and well feathered; eyes large and black and very wide apart; muzzle tapering and nose slightly tilted and teeth level, but not undershot, and about two and a half inches long; back level, tail gaily carried. These dogs are most fascinating and pretty and keen ratters and rabbitters. I have known them to kill large, fierce old rats nearly as big as themselves, which neither bull terriers nor fox terriers would face. They work well with the gun, but they are too wild, and are apt to get 114 NOLLAT €2TIIAUN Ad ONIMVUG V NOY HONONOATAVAN AO AdAL NYACOW LSad ANOTOOINL AO AdAL GIO SA1UVHO ONIN ATANO G10 JO ATANVXA NUYAGOW SA1TAYVHO ONIN ATMO AO LNVINVA NYAGON HNYOHLNNG STTIda AONVAO Jad Ajo] [09 Aye ArouIg soln “bute aye sarap sar eitea Ix Geen TYPE AND STANDARDS right down rabbit holes, which involves their being dug out. The old-fashioned Marlborough was a very ugly dog indeed. He had almost every fault that a dog can have. The best type of modern Marlborough is now so rare that the variety has come into great disrepute, chiefly because, on account of its scarcity, people began to exhibit as Marlboroughs any long-nosed Blenheim that could not win in the short-faced classes and was neither one thing nor the other as to type. im Vero Shaw’s “ Book of the Dog” there are the following notes on the points of the Blenheim, and, as they apply to all four varieties, I would exhort all breed- ers and judges of the modern type to pay special atten- tion to them, as we are departing daily more and more from them. I consider that they err on the side of exaggeration, but, at any rate, they correct a few of Olt present Crrors;: “The under jaw should be wide between tusks and well turned up; undershot, but not to show the teeth. The stop is wide and deep, as in a fine Bulldog, but the nose should not recede as in that animal. The neck should be arched, tail carried gaily, but not over the back.”’ This does not mean, as commonly misunderstood, that the tail should not be carried above the level of the back, but that it should not be carried over the back, like a Pomeranian. A writer in 1759 says of the Toy Spaniel: “It should have the tail raised,’ and ten points were awarded for position and set of tail. Stonehenge says that the general appearance of the Toy Spaniel should be that of “an intelligent, nimble little T15 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS dog which combines activity with a daintiness peculiar to good breeding and aristocratic connections.” I ask my readers to look round the show benches at the pres- ent King Charles and Rubies and ask themselves whether the majority, or even the minority, exhibited answer to this description. It seems impossible to convey to breeders the fact that a dog can be airy and dainty and nimble, and yet be, as Stonehenge again has it, “ thickset and cobby, chest deep and wide, strong legs, short back, arched neck, well cut up from chest to loin; the latter should be strong and as sturdy as possible.” Every breeder knows that the large specimens are the most satisfactory to breed from, but they cannot be considered ideal in the show ring, while absence of quality should be considered a bar both for the show ring and for breeding, however excellent the dog may otherwise be. Toy Spaniels weigh heavily for their size. A dog which weighs ten pounds often looks the same as a Japanese dog weighing six pounds. There- fore it is a mistake to aim at great lightness in a Toy Spaniel. Height would be a far truer test of size. Besides this, the anxiety to keep the weight down leads breeders into the fatal error of underfeeding their pup- pies, with a view to keeping them small. The average weight of a two-year-old Toy Spaniel is something over one pound to the inch of height; they weigh more when older. The tendency of exhibitions is, of course, to en- courage exaggeration of special points, and this should be strenuously fought against by judges. A dog with nostrils actually sunk into the skull is just as far from the proper type as one with a nose three inches long. 116 T S PE Ds [RS recip AC JFF Cu. HIGHLAND Lap Mrs Hope PATERSON’S CH. MACDUFE | | } SAS ERE ON Bs ee cae en aia Miss H. G. ParLet?’s CH. ROSEMARY CALVERT Mrs SENN’sS CH. SQUARE I*AcE (U.S.A.) Winner of 36 First Prizes in America . ae eta > “ > Mrs Larxincs’ L’ AMBASSADEUR Mrs MATHESON’S ROSIE TYPE AND STANDARDS If a sunken nose is right, what becomes of the points specially awarded for “stop”? Providentially, Nature asserts itself, and puppies with this deformity usually die of cleft palate or some other malformation or dis- ease before reaching maturity. Another exaggeration is the low placing of the ears. Fashion says the ears should be set low, but there should be moderation in all things, and it makes a dog ridiculous to have his ears set half way down his neck, giving him a silly, goose- like expression. The ears should be set forward and be yery broad at the joint of the skull. On no account should they be set right at the back of the head or be very narrow at the top. Historically, highly set ears are correct, though not of course absurdly high. Wrinkles should be absolutely barred on the face or muzzle. I think that the present scale of points as laid down by the Toy Spaniel Club requires total revision. I do not know from whence it has been evolved, but there is no authority whatever for it in any of the classical works on dogs, nor has a search in the British Museum revealed any other books from which it could have been taken. The standard, however, as set forth by the Toy Spaniel Club, is taken from Stonehenge, 1878 edition, and contains a statement which no doubt was true thirty years ago, but is no longer applicable to the modern Toy Spaniel, namely, that “ there is seldom any defect in symmetry.” The scale of points of the Toy Spaniel Club is as follows: 117 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS KiNG CHARLES AND Ruby AND TRICOLOURS Symmetry, condition, size, and soundness of limb '. 20 Head’ ..:.vcs bani tekunas Ag enle sso nas eee 15 Stop: y sSvwaae ye vis unm Baie alee aa 5 Mitzrhe » 5:55. 225 8 alent vine 6 nile Ree one 10 Boyes 2609 iites bad erage vie oere a i a 10 Fears: sini as Si Wole saw aes bake es oe nn 15 Coat and feathering’; ....< <.os. «sss sas ge 15 Golotir soc cds sot cae bh ee eben in santas a poking 10 100 Proportion of head points, 40 to 60. 3LENHEIMS Symmetry, condition, size, and soundness of limb.. 15 Bead <2 cise «Ac, vet cas y an Cea rey ee 15 HOD avo ois balay Rais fs em he eee 5 Nitazele 55 es a. ple wee Aes sine ees 10 BEYER 6 os Sa 5. ois ce W elernch aca on ae: ane siaitp ato 5 10 BATS thick Scola ae de es oe Eee eee Se 10 Coat and feathering: ....)ss4\.4....3 0 = esten eee 15 Colour :and* markings. ....9. sss Juss « 4)e se 15 SIME sah a ins oSen wi. Rica ae ek ae orcs eaten nee 5 100 Proportion of head points, 40 to 60. Vero Shaw gives the points of the Toy Spaniel as follows: ‘The clause as to soundness was introduced on my representations a few years ago. 118 Beer Mr CummMincs’ TrIcoLour Toy SpaNIEL CH. THE DRaGon FLy CH. THE TROUBADOUR BLENHEIM CH. ROLLO Bred by Miss Annie Todd Miss Wi1tTt’s BLENHEIM DUNROBIN FLOSSIE Mr Puitiipes’ Cu. Kinc LEopotp AND Cu. THE CHERUB (LEFT) Lapy Maup QUEEN OF THE May (RIGHT) Photo, Russell TYPE AND STANDARDS “STC ae ROI a ee ee eae mre oe 10 SEOpraia: SQUAatehess Gt. JAW <.. oucias <0. Vaweeiaeuas ite) SUMO REBCSH GEN EAC EN ntact w ahee odes we ou ee eee ite) SES aT AS Aa ht oar aa eae nm REA 1O Baa amchndine colon. *..5o esis wh icin s Geese cea 30 SILKE”) Se oh br A gm ice a Wa eT 10 Peeter al AppedranCey soc. pa.a os on Gee apie on ee 10 Mi rCb eR AN CMO Gtgn sia ape)e Seago m ores SH On et ee 10 100 Proportion of head points, 30 to 7o. It will be seen that shortness of face was given no predominance, all other points being equally important except coat, which was three times as important as any- thing else. The American Toy Spaniel Club adopted McRaper’s standard, but a short time ago adopted our own, with a tew slight variations. American scale of points: BLACK-AND-TAN, TRICOLOURS AND RED Syimmetry, condition, and Siz@ ...0.5.4....2% <0 08 20 ere Sh oe eg ante iat whee es Eaianane hag oh hse ass 15 aes Dee ees ten nee ye AE SY RM Scop oes = LALA Jal 9 eee A ee ne ag RN eR ah Biel a 10 LENE 8 Ge Sasi tee ge ieee eae Oe 10 EMP RAAB its nko ie) Re i ene eae Sei oer ne Pere 15 SVE EILMG SEE 1 OS eR ae Ra 15 LEDGES Eile Seer a tc NRE ee ar a 10 100 Proportion of head points, 40 to 60. 119 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS 3LENHEIMS Symmetry, condition, and size ........0s.e0 oo a ae yoo mr eer rire he 15 SOLOS assis tase we Sak hone Aap mae ee 5 VEN Ah A She's oo ae, Ea ee ae 10 OS te Pan whan im vaca. Bk ay elon 5 BES Nia ae eicde sony oh e's os Ex sien tae 10 Coat and: feathering: 20.5 \c<5 2% 2 sie eke 15 Colourand markings” -s:«.. 3). nn 0s eee 15 SOE 62s. WeSGoai 9 «pions ened Bey eset ok Sl 5 100 Proportion of head points, 35 to 65. Stonehenge’s oldest scale of points in 1867: Borin: of ead oo stein bk selene 2s she em ee ot 10 Nose and formation of jaw’ ..<.3..%.%5..+5 see 10 FEV ES utes sh Gislonete wns cho OR nace ie Pe ee 10 FGAES os 5c ss 2 Aes oe Se Reid lw gap aie ee ite) General coat and texture... .. «.d. «. (oes ae 10 Form and campactness «+ 14.0 2ss-44aa oe 10 Brilliancy of ‘colour. 2.00. seks. «Sle. See 10 Heather of legs and: feet. v2.04. son. Vea 10 WIZE ANG WEIGHT” <5... 5 s6.c0am sev hens ame 10 Cartiare: of, tail «soos. 4s ieee dca ss hea 10 100 Proportion of head points, 30 to 70. This is the oldest authentic English scale of points, and, after all is said and done, it is only forty-one years old, and the second standard drawn up by the same author with an improved scale of points was twenty years more recent still. 120 Mrs WEsSTON’S ROSE OF THE EAST Photo, Russell RG TTR Senet i Mrs PRIVETT’s CH. Rococo The most valuable blood we have. Photo, Russell Mrs Pinto LErRTES’ NINA ADVOCATE Miss A. Topp’s FREDERICK THE GREAT Photo, Russell ‘ TYPE AND STANDARDS His standard for the Tricolours was as follows: Black nose, white muzzle flecked with tan and black; a white blaze or leaf ran up his forehead, cheeks tan, and a large red spot over each eye. His collar, belly, and legs white, the latter spotted with red or tan and black; the margins of the thighs and tip of his tail white. (According to this, Mrs. Percy’s present Champion Casino Girl would be correctly marked.) The haunches well coated with an abundance of black, white, and tan, long, silky straight hair; the tail well “ fleud,” cropped, and carried low: the ears very large, drooping, and heavily feathered; the chest and both fore and hind legs being well furnished down to the toes, so that the foot should be almost hidden in coat. Full, prominent, large, weeping eye. Compact. Top weight six pounds. The Black-and-tan came in highest fashion between 1850 and 1867, and the standard of that date for it and the Blenheim 1s as follows: “Round skull, large, round, prominent eyes, with a deep indentation or stop between them. Lower jaw short, projecting beyond the upper, and turn up. Large ears touching the ground are highly esteemed, but this is a figurative expression—drooping close to head and thickly coated. Back of all the legs must be densely feathered, and the feet must be almost lost in feather, which ought to project beyond the nails. Short and compact. Tail low. Protrusion of tongue most objec- tionable.”’ It must be remembered that this standard was Stone- henge’s own invention. Henry Webb, 1872, adds: “His coat should be silky, straight, and very abun- dant and of the richest colour, the black being a raven 121 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS black and the tan a rich mahogany. Where there is white mixed it is a demerit. The black should be alto- gether free from white. He should have tan of this rich red quality on his cheeks and the inner margin of the ear. His lips should be tan, and he should have a spot of the same colour over each eye. The larger the spot is, the better. His cheeks should be well tanned, also his chest or mane, all his legs, his belly, the feather of his haunches, his vent, and the under plumage of his tail.” Although Webb says that the coat should be straight, the picture which he gives is of a strongly Wavy coat. The Blenheim he describes in much the same terms as Stonehenge, and evidently drew from him. His re- marks as to colour, however, are different. He says: “The markings of the body are not of very great importance, provided there is no preponderance of either colour, and that both are distinct and clear. Freckled legs are not in favour; . . . the fewer of these spots the better. The ‘red’ should be brilliant and of a yellow or golden hue, by no means approaching the deep sienna stain of the Black-and-tan Spaniel or Gor- don Setter, and many admirable specimens are of a positively sandy tone. This colour is not, however, Blenheim colour, which ought to be rich, pure, and defined.” He gives the following scale of points, which is the next oldest English scale of points in existence. I have given the oldest scale of all in my chapter on Origin and History: BLENHEIM SPANIEL IN MOTION Showing perfect feathering and markings TYPE AND STANDARDS Henry Webb’s scale (1872): KING CHARLES eee ee eee ara Soy Mis -ai-oc 3) tah Sohal Relays, ater 10 “SUSISER Sit AE, ca) A age a ARC eee eet ea 40 SST, Une ga Ace A ee eR ee EMS 10 Renee pai tay Pee tank ore tye sv acdidea nae Sa ara 10 LEI 2S RG each) Se nar a ga ee ite) ELSVTES)” viet AMR ene Oe ect aa eee ee if) Dirt ee ieeCOd Ce vaste sus fit avec gram sodareh ya ae era ae 10 Bee onapaetness OL AOPM |. 22 5 2,- (5 0!..05 carmen: aes es 10 SAM ERMAN CI Meter cP cera tire Pe o/s 4.2, 6 ab eed aetna ore mie IO [LD FEN SSG iE 2 Ee Den es ee Re CORR eA ar fe) 130 Proportion of head points, 30 to Too. BLENHEIM ie PT ie a Batts Be che acatete ethnics ate Siete 2 15 MEME MNAIIG TOAGST rt ESC Wr aie wis ort eee A oho 4,4) 5 eee T5 LICE Eels Seana An 10 IMCL et ese or ated Soe vaio WF a1 SG we Rie Ste se a 10 LETTE A ee Steen a ee ee ea avec ne 20 ESA ESTE Rs peat a tee oe pene te eee Aer a Ao 10 MES erp Eh ora e's < Set NUE OS ahs nine Sesto ite) SR OTe noe ve bay ans She os ee MaRS IO 100 Stonehenge’s second scale of points in Rural Sports, 1876, is as follows: TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Form of “head: .2s.j20.0.5 pie eae ee 15 Eyes amd: €ars sf lic eis 60 8' een apie oe ee 15. Coat. iv tnes ke Raed as 8 os ete eee 10 Compactness and form .... 2.0.22 (= Sener gre ite) Brilliant color’ and spots: . 2 2.10. ee) 0-eeei enn 20 Feather legs and feet ...-. «0-2 -e)-: 72 -= = eee ine) Size and weight ....2.... > = <0 © -iggeey ee 10 Tail and position ..oF....0. J... sxe 10 100 Proportion of head points, 22} to 773. The following scale of points, for Black-and-tans only, was recently published in the newspapers. It 1s said to be fifty years old, but there is no evidence in the matter. Miss Hall, Secretary of the Toy Spaniel Club, informs me that it was given her by an old fancier of Norwich, Mr. Riches, and that it was drawn up by thirty Norwich fanciers. It contrasts rather remarkably with Henry Webb’s scale, as given above, where colour was awarded forty points: ish, depth, and width of muzzle and stop........ 15 Hrap—Height, width, and roundness... ......5.25.eeee 10 Eye.— Darkness, size, and placement......:-..42. soe ite) Coar:—Length and: silkiness. ..... oi... oo8:eo0os =e 10 Ears.—Length, width, and feathering......... so a 15 SHAPE.—Compact and low to ground...:....... 7.23 10 Pret:—Round and. full. 0.2... 0 pegs oo ss 10 CoLour.—Black with bright tan markings................. 10 MarkINGs.—Clean spots over eyes, on each shoueler in front of chest,-legs; and feather ‘under tail:........... ee 5 Tait.—Out straight and well feathered. .-.:.. <7. 3a 5 IOO 124 CINEMATOGRAPHS OF BLENHEIM SPANIEL 1N MOTION TYPE AND STANDARDS Stonehenge gives yet another—a third—scale in 1887: felis HEMI Meat Sian, ec ky one hy Ss a yhts even ete re Slee 10 SHUG (OUI GS HS agente San Ai A ea 10 (NORTE AS e Sipe Sc Chte ye Re pn ann rr ee Ee 10 | 1SNA TEN EAM ace A ce ee UDR Rage elt ROE cr er 5 PME it Re cM res hha tela A os erat hy. cwaiee pence ee 10 ESO SSO 2 Geel 9 Sa at pt OER ah ARAL 5 WO MIPARMMeSsr Ol -Slia Desa. fn. sacs eases spatiale gs Fe 10 'SSTTINT RSC aay Aaa ice A ey aN rie ta Om Ran cee 5 iO LID Bhexey hea pes atest be aR Nn RC ae Pe ea 10 NR eee ere ee ae ts hd outer er, 10 Pec Ata Ree tATS EN Reena, wre Ne dna eld Bh eea ar 10 po NOE Ss See ti ual oe hs Sais ats he okt om 5 100 Proportion of head points, 40 to 60. Stonehenge gives a different scale every time, and each is so widely different that he seems to have had no very clear idea of what he wanted. It is curious to note how his proportion of head points increases in eleven years from 221% in 100 to 40 in 100. On comparing all these scales, it will be seen how far removed the present scale is from any of the old ones. I have thought over the matter very carefully, and consider that the following would be a far better one. Condition, symmetry, and size should not be massed together, as size is then given too great an importance. I have not adhered to 5 and Io for each point with this system, as it is impossible to get the right relative value of the points: The author’s scale of points is as follows: 125 TOY. DOGS AND KinG CHARLES AND Ruby Symmetry, condition, and general appearance, in- cluding soundness and quality, also set of tail, which should be carried POTTY an cin EPP or e 20 Size and fineness of bone. 8 Head and stop, including SHIPBIE. Gc ek ce 12 VEE Soin w Scctr onioiee rae 10 Coat feather and ears.... 20 OlOut sch en kee 10 PPE tee og cc ae Fee 10 EEXMTERSION 2 yas cee ee 10 100 Proportion head points, 32 to 68 THEIR ANCESTORS BLENHEIMS TRICOLOURS 20 20 8 8 12 12 fe) 10 20 20 Colour and Colour and markings, markings, including including spot ... 10 SpPGLivuas 10 10 10 ite) 10 100 100 32 to 68 32 to 68 Unsoundness should be an absolute disqualification unless the dog is otherwise entirely perfect; but if the unsoundness affects the shape, it should disqualify. PENALTIES Nose completely sunk into an enormous skull with strongly projecting un- BOrNOW ois Wk see kil 50 Too much under jaw.... 10 Too little under jaw..... 15 Unsoundness ........... 50 up to complete 100 of disquali- fication. for 12 in., 80 for 13 in., 100 for anything above this height. 100, i.e., disqualification. 126 BLENHEIM SPANIEL IN MOTION Showing prancing movement tl a aid TYPE AND STANDARDS Ugly head and expression 50 Too great depth of muz- zle from nose to chin. 20 No coat or ears when over three years old... 50 White streak on head of Black-and-tan*...5).... 60 to 8o, according to size. White streak on head of PUD eras icles es 3 10) to; 20 Ears set too low........ 15 ElarshacOat «22 hear «2: 15 Mplique Eyes si.nien e's er 25 7 Excessive timidity ..... 25 Meyrick, 1842, gives the points of both King Charles and Blenheim as follows. This is the first standard of tac breed ; “A short muzzle; breadth over the eyes. A black nose and roof to the mouth, a round head, full, promi- nent eyes. The ears close to the head and fringed with long silky hair, and a similar kind of hair growing from the toes and reaching beyond the claws. In colour the King Charles should be of a rich black-and-tan, but some of them have white markings. The Blenheim is white, with markings or patches of red or yellow, red being the preferable colour, but there should be no white on the ears or head except a short streak running up from the nose between the eyes. The weight of these dogs varies from four to seven pounds. The smaller they are the more they are prized, but the King Charles is seldom less than five or six pounds. “It has long been the habit of London fanciers to cross the breed, when, strange to say, the litter is always composed of puppies some of which have the distinctive markings of the King Charles and some of the Blen- E27 TOY DOGS’ AND THEIR ANCESTORS heim breed. The object of the cross is to get a smaller King Charles by a mixture of Blenheim blood.” * A great deal more attention should be given to all- round excellence, as opposed to what I may call local excellence; but most judges think only of the head, or we may even say of the shortness of nose, and forget the body which supports it; and championships have occasionally been awarded without the dogs being even walked once round the ring. Action is a_ terribly neglected thing. It should be light and springy, and the dog should be smart and alert, and not cringing. He should be bold and active, taking small, quick steps, and having a prancing, rocking-horse movement, not that, however, of the Italian Greyhound, as recently suggested by a foreign writer. The action should not be large, loose, or slovenly, but compact and smart, and the dog should jump about and be full of life and vigour. A Toy Spaniel should be built like a miniature cob, yet when he dances about and plays on a lawn he should look as light as a handful of thistledown blown about by the wind. This is the ideal movement, and has only to be seen once to leave a lasting impression even on those most ignorant of the breed. I have said that a Toy Spaniel should be bold. Excessive timidity, except in a young puppy, is a serious fault, and should go against a dog in the ring. It is impossible for any judge to examine the body and movement of a dog which sits shivering and walks all huddled up, with its tail invisi- ble, and an expression of terror in its face. | have the greatest objection to Toy Spaniels being timid. I like what is called ‘a merry little shower” —a dog who comes into the ring as if the whole show 1 This is incorrect. | 128 is ein et orien Ps ¢ ’ ’ wre we - I — eoeet rer een a Ss Sens e Mi ee ee i Maer 47> cpesee ‘ Ae td - ole - . Pe eh atte ‘. en “he ISOS 8 AC - owee” SS ? -7 or ‘ -- of s Pd .y wos se eweny x == y eereere ’ ‘ PO tt y 3 et . ‘ ¢ . ' e . : ae aaa ele * .) ‘ on a2 LY 1 e bd o s 8 niles ‘ ’ - H ° men ' wen ‘ baal (i ' ak ' Sh v Mw ' = ba Le ' SSS L aol ' ern . , Oats , Soy ES ’ . i" wv Sees es ~ ‘ , . U -- oo? o@werr7 ad wawait af aes ee - ere tec ee. = ween alata Ie . . Cwon vos Care| - », ‘ . 8 ‘ o° 7? = st erro va - = ¢ - ’ a of Nitscse---- ) Pate S tat t - =, u ee 2 . _@ <—— aa II. Goop SHOULDER I. Bap SHOULDER Compare A with B in each of the figures, which are purposely ex -e wccentuate the differenc rerated to ABS we ' ¥ a ‘sy an TYPE AND STANDARDS belonged to him and appears to enjoy it thoroughly. An excessively timid dog should be penalised, as it means a mental defect or affection of the nerves, which is generally hereditary, or else is caused by bad treat- ment on the owner’s part, in which case, by losing his prize, he learns to treat his dogs better for his own sake. I am talking, of course, of adult, fully developed animals, not of puppies, as one cannot expect them to show well. I do not, however, approve of puppies being shown at all unless exceptionally strong and bold. [ defest a sluggish dog who takes no interest in life, or an imbecile who sits down in a heap, with his ears thrown back, and will have his head pulled off sooner than move, or slinks across the ring with his back humped up and his tail tightly jammed between his legs. It is impossible to judge of the shape of a dog of this kind, as one has to judge by allowances and by an imag- inary picture of what the dog would be if he was quite different from what he appears. A judge should only be called upon to judge dogs by what they actually are in the ring, and to be told that “ you should just see him at home”’ is no help. It is excessively irritating, I know, to an exhibitor to find his dog suffering from stage fright, but unless the dog is radically a fool he will get over this if he is not shown too young. If he does not, he deserves to lose. Some of our dogs are now so deplorably narrow- chested that their fore feet actually touch each other when standing; the backs are not level, and the dogs stand something in the attitude described in veterinary books as denoting incipient colic—the back arched, the stomach drawn up, and the tail tucked in. I am sure my readers will recognise the justice of this picture. I do 129 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS not think our reporters know what a good body should be, as I so often see high-rumped, narrow-chested, pigeon-breasted, straight-shouldered dogs spoken of as ‘ orand-bodied ” ones. The modern shoulders are very straight, and I strongly object to ‘ewe’ necks. People may say, “ What do straight shoulders matter in a pet dog, as he is not a race horse?” To this I reply, firstly, that a straight shoulder is very ugly; secondly, that it spoils the movement and takes away from the pride of carriage which a dog should have. For an instance of a straight shoulder, please look at illustrations. I once had a Blenheim dog with a very bad shoulder. This dog was continually falling upstairs—. e., missing its footing and knocking its teeth out against the step above. It lost all its front teeth in this way. Another one with the same. defect not only fell upstairs, but varied it by falling downstairs. He once fell down a flight of twenty steps and nearly killed himself, and all on account of this wretched shoulder; and I don’t see why pet dogs should fall downstairs any more than other dogs. A very ugly formation of muzzle, now very com- mon in Black-and-tans and Rubies, is the excessive depth from the top of the nose to the under jaw. This is often accompanied by drooping lips and tear stains under the eyes. A point that is greatly misunderstood is the proper formation of the modern Toy Spaniel’s muzzle. A Toy Spaniel’s muzzle should not be flat on each side of the nose with a depression under each eye. The muzzle should be so thoroughly well cushioned up on each side of the nose that the nose should look almost embedded in fur, especially when the dog is exceedingly short in 130 Mrs Lytron’s CH. THE SERAPH AND LaDy HULTON’s CH. Joy (Note arch of muzzle.) Photo, Russell Fe MA em Miss Younc’s TricoLtour Toy SPANIEL Cu. Lorp VIVIAN 18 TYPE AND STANDARDS face. When looked at in front the outline of the muzzle should form a perfect arch, which puffs out on each side of the nose, the topmost curve almost—sometimes quite —touching the underlids of the eyes. It will be noticed that when the “cushions” of the muzzle are properly developed the whiskers stick straight up out of them, like pins out of a pincushion. The under jaw must not protrude right out beyond the upper lip. The under teeth should just overlap the upper ones comfortably, but the nose should not recede, leaving the under jaw sticking out in Bulldog fashion, even if the teeth do not show. This is an exaggeration which is very ugly and now quite common. The whole face of a Toy Spaniel should have a round, chubby, furry appearance, and a sweet, pretty, lively expression, with no lines, furrows, or irregularities of outline. If a muzzle is the proper shape, there are practically no marks of tears on it, as, even if the “lachrymal duct is weak” (as stated in the Toy Spaniel Club standard), the tears running out on a rounded surface cannot lodge so as to form stains. Some dogs have a pretty habit of tucking in the upper lip on one side of the muzzle, which gives a very pleas- ing expression. Please refer to the photograph of Champion The Seraph to illustrate what I mean about the arch of the muzzle. The eyes must be set absolutely straight—i. e., hori- zontally—and should also be set very low down, being on a level with the nose when viewed straight in front— 1. €., the top of the nose should be level with the top of the eyes. The skull should be perfectly round, on no account peaked or flat at the top, and the ears, as I have already said, should not be exaggeratedly low. In my opinion, Cottage Flyer’s ears are set much too low and 131 ” TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS too far back (see photograph); they should hang: for- ward, and not be thrown back and carried almost inside out, as in some specimens. | think also that Champion Red Clover’s muzzle is exaggerated, but she has a pretty expression in spite of it. As an example of prettily set ears, a perfect skull, and eyes set splendidly wide apart, very low and perfectly straight, and a beautiful expres- sion, see the photograph of Mrs. Matthews’s Roscoe; this is the modern type at its best. If you examine the angle of Roscoe’s eyes, as compared to those of Wee Dot, you will see that the former’s eyes are much more perfectly set than the latter's, as they are quite level, whereas Wee Dot's eyes are very slightly oblique. An untrained observer would not notice this defect, but it is there all the same, and is very noticeable when exaggerated, giving an unpleasing expression. Many good dogs are spoiled by this fault. As an ideal, | consider that the very broad muzzle is not right, but with some types of very short nose it is right to have good breadth, as a noseless dog with a narrow muzzle is not often pretty. At the same time the expression of a frog or toad must be avoided. Any- thing in the world is better than that. In judging a young dog, it must not be forgotten that the head coarsens and thickens very much with age, so that a young dog with a slight coarseness will be three times as coarse in two years’ time. It is, there- fore, necessary that young dogs should err somewhat on the side of over-elegance rather than be too strong in type. I recently saw a Toy Spaniel puppy advertised as having “no nose, the tightest of screw tails, and a thoroughly wrinkled face’’; so this is what we are 132 RIGHT AND WRONG TYPES OF MuzzLE AND EYES NOSELESS ATROCITY BRED BY THE AUTHOR a PERFECT BLENHEIM “‘ Spot” Toy SPANIEL MARVEL Showing Bulldog type TYPE AND STANDARDS coming to—a Toy Spaniel with a wrinkled face! This is, indeed, a ghastly evolution from the lovely Watteau Spaniel. In looking at a dog full face, his eyes should not be set so that they seem to be round the corner of his head. Whether the noses are long or short, the dog must be “ up-faced ’’—that is to say, that there must be an upward tilt to the end of the nose. Without this the expression cannot possibly be right, no matter how the rest of the head is constructed. This can be overem- phasized, like every other point, as where the finish is so excessive that the top of the nose reaches above the level of the top of the eyes. This, however, is a less objectionable fault than the down-face. The expres- sion cannot be right, either, if the eyes are in any way oblique or crooked. To test the straightness of your dog’s eyes, put your head on a level with his and look him full in the face when he has his eyes shut. Carry an imaginary hori- zontal line through his nostrils. The slits of the closed eyes should be perfectly horizontal. If they deviate in any way whatever from it, they are wrong. For Blenheims and Tricolours smutty faces covered with brown specks are most disfiguring, and should not be encouraged. The muzzle should be pearly white and clean and entirely free from any admixture of brown or black hairs. A glance at the representation, in Cassell’s book, of Mr. Naves’s King Charles, Covent Garden Charlie, will show how much the modern type has altered for the worse. It will also be seen that the tan was very bright and extended right over the muzzle, and that the feet 133 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS and feathering were also bright red. The dog is full of a style and quality which is almost unknown in the present day King Charles, and the same applies to Mr. Naves’s Ruby, “ Shepperl.” Where do we see such ears nowadays? | would here point out that the coats of Toy Spaniels are being ruined by the craze for absolutely straight hair, which has brought upon us from America the accusation of resorting to Japanese crosses in order to secure the fashionable coat. Now even the Toy Spaniel Club says that a Toy Spaniel’s coat should be “ soft, silky, profuse, and wavy.” There is no doubt whatever in my mind that the original ancestor of the Black-and- tan was curly. The tendency there is in the breed to revert to curly coats is most marked. The deplorable result of the modern rage for straight coats is that they now are neither silky, soft, nor profuse, and one sees dogs come into the ring with harsh, spiky coats, or, more often, no coat at all. I wish breeders and judges would remember that the chief object of a pet dog is that the coat should be as soft as swansdown, and that there should be plenty of it. When judging, I have been astonished at the hard- ness of some of the Toy Spaniel coats; they might have been Terriers. Instead of the deliciously soft and silky fur which should be there, one meets with a substance more like grass or hay than hair. A Toy Spaniel’s coat should feel like a mixture of floss silk and swans- down; it should not feel like human hair under the fingers, nor should the body coat be short, like that of a horse, and it must not be Japanese, either. This last form of a coat is a snare to judges, as it is very pretty, and, though infinitely preferable to no coat at all, is abso- 134 KNOT 4 S DIFFERENT SHAPES OF SKULL VARIOUS POSITIONS oF THE Eyres or A Toy SPANIEL WHEN SHUT The one marked * shows the proper position 0 OUTLINES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS OF A BULLDOG AND A NOSELESS RUBY SPANIEL OF THE BuLLpoG TyPpE SHOWING LIKENESS IN I'ORMATION OF SKULL TYPE AND STANDARDS lutely wrong, unless we wish to go right back to the Chinese ancestor. This coat probably does come from the Japanese crosses, or is a throw-back. There was a similar coat in the breed of Toy Spaniel mentioned by Buffon, of which I have only been able to trace one specimen in England. This was a very interesting stuffed dog, about one hundred years old, which I had the pleasure of examining. It was black and white, with faint tricolour markings over the eyes; the nose mod- erately short, very pointed and tapering; the ears im- mensely long and twisted into ornamental tassels, and about thirty inches from tip to tip. The bones were very fine and small, and the coat exactly similar to that of a Japanese dog. This specimen also had a perfect spot about the size of a shilling on its head; it was the pre- cise type of Buffon’s Epagneéul, only larger, being about twenty pounds in weight. Most of our dogs now are suffering from an inbred degeneracy of the hair follicles, and, if we want to save the breed from getting universal rat coats and losing the long, characteristic feathering beyond recall, my strong advice is to breed from the few profusely coated specimens which we have and leave the poor-coated specimens severely alone. Never mind curls; they are a sign of a strong growth of hair and a healthy skin. Curly coated dogs are, in my experience, infinitely less liable to skin diseases than those with straight coats. The growth of hair upon Toy Spaniels is getting weaker and weaker. Almost all the dogs whose coats are per- fectly straight have a type of coat which is of an en- tirely wrong texture, and I consider that a perfectly straight coat should be penalized for this reason. Coats should be very wavy and very soft, not wiry and 135 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS straight. The coats of our present Ruby Spaniels are most objectionable. Speaking of the Blenheim, Dalziel says that it should not be curly, and inherits this fault from the King Charles (i. e., the’ Black-and-tan), so he evidently knew that the King Charles Black-and-tan was a curly dog, though he persists in advocating that its coat should be straight. A writer in 1802 speaks of the King Charles as being ‘ small, black, and curly.” An old breeder tells me that forty years ago the Toy Spaniels had coats which swept the ground, with im- mense ears and frills, but that they were often curly or very wavy. | I have been informed by experts on the subject that the formation of curly and straight hair is entirely dif- ferent; and that a straight hair, examined under a strong magnifying glass will be seen to be round, like a tube, whereas curly hair is flat, like a blade of grass, and has much the strongest growth of the two. In the only instance when I took the trouble to verify this statement I found it to be correct, but I will not be re- sponsible for its scientific accuracy, as I cannot gen- eralise on a single instance. The standard of the Toy Spaniel as given by Stone- henge in 1887, and adopted, with certain alterations, by the Toy Spaniel Club, is as follows, according to Stone- henge and Dalziel: “ Head should be well domed, and in good speci- mens is absolutely semi-globular, sometimes even ex- tending beyond the half circle and absolutely projecting over the eyes, so as nearly to meet the upturned nose. “ Eyes.—The eyes are set wide apart, with the eye- 136 Ww r Cu. THE BANDOLERO IND FAIRY c A 3 » inne Winner of 6 Championships and 62 Firsts = 2 f 5 St ANTHONY’S WEE Dot FAIRY WINDFALL Championship Winner = aes pes > Puppy, 2 MONTHS OLD NORTHAMPTON WONDER SoME OF Mrs LytTTon’s Toy SPANIELS - TYPE AND STANDARDS lids square to the line of the face—not oblique or fox- like. The eyes themselves are large and dark as pos- sible, so as to be generally considered black, their enor- mous pupils, which are absolutely of that colour, in- creasing the description. There is nearly always a cer- tain amount of weeping shown at the inner angles; this is owing to a defect in the lachrymal duct.” (This is not in the original text, but taken from Mr. Berrie’s points of the Blenheim. )! The last paragraph is omitted by the American Toy Spaniel Club. “ Stop.—The “ stop”’ or hollow between the eyes is well marked, as in the bulldog, or even more so; some good specimens exhibit a hollow deep enough to bury a small marble. “ Nose.—The nose must be short and well turned up between the eyes, and without any indication of arti- ficial displacement afforded by a deviation to either side. The colour of the end should be black, and it should be both deep and wide, with open nostrils. A light-col- oured nose is objectionable, but shall not disqualify.” It must be remembered that this is only twenty-one years old, and was invented by Stonehenge, who had no historical authority even for his first standard, in 1867. “ Jaw.—The muzzle must be square and deep, and the lower jaw wide between the branches, leaving plenty of space for the tongue and for the attachment of the lower lips, which should completely conceal the teeth. It should also be turned up or ‘finished’ so as to allow of its meeting the end of the upper jaw, turned up in a similar way, as above described. A protruding tongue is objectionable, but does not disqualify. *The sooner we get rid of this defect the better. 137 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS * Ears.—The ears must be long, so as to approach the ground. In an average-sized dog they measure twenty inches from tip to tip, and some reach twenty- two inches or even a trifle more. They should be set low ' down on the head and hang flat to the side of the cheeks, and be heavily feathered. In this last respect the Dlack-and-tan is expected to exceed the Blenheim, and his ears occasionally extend to twenty-four inches. “ Sise-—The most desirable size is from seven pounds to ten pounds.” Dalziel says: * In size both vary from five pounds to ten pounds, the smaller the better, if otherwise well proportioned.’ “ Shape.—In compactness of shape these Spaniels almost rival the Pug, but the length of coat adds greatly to the apparent bulk, as the body, when the coat is wetted, looks small in comparison with that dog. Still, it ought to be decidedly * cobby,’ with strong, stout legs, short, broad back, and wide chest. The symmetry of the King Charles is of importance, but it is seldom that there is any defect in this respect.* “ Coat.—The coat should be long, silky, soft, and wavy, but not curly. In the Blenheim there should be a profuse mane, extending well down in the front of the chest. The feather should be well displayed on the ears and feet, and in the latter case so thickly as to give the appearance of being webbed. It is also carried well up the backs of the legs. In the Black-and-tan, the feather on the ear is very long and profuse, exceeding that of the Blenheim by an inch or more. The feather ' This has no foundation in history. * The American Toy Spaniel Club has the weight from nine to twelve pounds ' The last paragraph omitted by American Toy Spaniel Club, 138 Mrs BarBER’sS THE Micropes ATOM Sire, Ch The Bandolero Miss HAtv’s Rusby SPANIEL CH. ROYAL Rip Photo, Russell TYPE AND STANDARDS on the tail (which is cut to the length of about three and a half or four inches) should be silky and from four to six inches in length, constituting a marked flag of a square shape, and not carried above the level of the back.’ * (This is quite incorrect. ) “ Colour.—The colour varies with the variety. The Black-and-tan is a rich, glossy black and deep mahogany tan; tan spots over the eyes, and the usual markings on the muzzle, chest and legs are also required. The Ruby is a rich chestnut red, and is whole coloured. The presence of a few white hairs, intermixed with the black on the chest of a Black-and-tan, or intermixed with the red on the chest of a Ruby Spaniel, should carry weight against a dog, but shall not in itself absolutely dis- qualify ; but a white patch on the chest or white on any other part of a Black-and-tan or Ruby Spaniel shall be a disqualification. The Blenheim must on no account be whole-coloured, but should have a ground of pure, pearly white, with bright, rich chestnut or ruby mark- ings evenly distributed in large patches. “The ears and cheeks should be red, with a blaze of white extending from the nose up the forehead, and ending between the ears in a crescentic curve. In the centre of this blaze at the top of the forehead there should be a clear “spot” of red, of the size of a six- pence. Tan ticks on the fore-legs and on the white muzzle are desirable.” The Tricolour should in part 1The American Toy Spaniel Club, as quoted by Field and Fancy, give the length of the tail one and one half inches and the length of the feather only three to four inches. 2 This last phrase is taken from Berries’ points of the Blenheim and omitted by the American Toy Spaniel Club. They should be very slight and few in number, and on no account so thick as to give the face a dirty appearance, as this is most disfiguring. Their desirability is doubtful. 139 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS have the tan of the Black-and-tan, with markings like the Blenheim in black instead of red on a_pearly- white ground. The ears and under the tail should also be lined with tan. The Tricolour has no * spot,’ that beauty being peculiarly the property of the Blen- heim.' “That in future all Red King Charles be known by the name of Ruby Spaniels, the colour of the nose to be black. The points of the Ruby to be the same as those of the Black-and-tan, differing only in colour.” It would seem that when this was written the red variety was still a novelty, and that the law as to its colour was made by the Toy Spaniel Club. The law as to the white hairs or patches upon the King Charles and Ruby is a purely arbitrary one, and is not found in Dalziel, the whole of the paragraph about the Ruby and the white hairs on the chest of a Black-and-tan being interpolated, presumably by the Toy Spaniel Club to- gether with the laws as to what should disqualify a dog. This is not historically correct, and I see no reason why judges and breeders who are not members of the Toy Spaniel Club and therefore not bound to support its ideas should pay the least attention to it, and, in fact, the judges at other shows than those held in London, and who are not chosen by the Toy Spaniel Club, are not hampered by any such red tape, and often award the prizes to Rubies marked with white. In my opinion the unbroken Reds or Blacks are quite unnatural, and a ' This statement is contradicted by a coloured plate of 1810, which represents a Tricolour Toy Spaniel with a perfect spot; also a stuffed specimen I have seen of about 1800 which has a perfect spot. Mrs. Lister Kaye bred last June, by one of my dogs, a Tricolour with a perfect spot, and there is a Dutch picture of 1660 of a Black-and white with the spot. | have at present a bitch with the spot. 140 WIFE OF PHILIPPE LE Rc Vandyck, Genoese Period, 1623. Wallace Collection. Photo, Mansell eh AND STANDARDS rule prohibiting all white leads inevitably to much dis- honesty and faking, and is, therefore, undesirable. The Black-and-tan had originally a white breast, and, the Ruby being manufactured by crosses of Black- and-tan and Blenheim, the struggle to breed out the white does an infinity of harm to other much more im- portant points, and is most detrimental to soundness and stamina. Beyond the white breast, the Black-and- tan should not have white on the head or body, but the Ruby should not be penalised for white on chest or feet, but a white patch on the body as well should disqualify either variety, and white on the head of a Ruby should be penalised on the lines I have already set out under “penalties,” unless we decide to show all dogs with white on the head in classes for “any other colour,” which I think would be best. In my opinion, the Ruby may have light shadings, breast feathering and breech- ings very light, shading off and deepening into the body colour, with or without white tips to the toes. The orig- inal King Charles, I believe, was varied by orange with white shadings. To this I must add a word or two about the colour of the present Tricolour. Almost all our best dogs are heavily loaded with black, and until I had studied the question of colour I was inclined to think that the outcry against them was justified. It will, however, be evident from a study of my table of colours that these black- backed Tricolours are the first outcome of the cross by which the colour is created, and that a second and third cross back to Red-and-white eliminates the heavy mark- ings altogether. It is, therefore, not a disaster, as it is sometimes considered, but merely shows that the breed- ers are exhibiting the first cross instead of the second, I4I TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS as the first cross is shorter in nose than the second. In the generation C there is always one heavily marked Tricolour to each well marked one (perhaps more), and the heavy markings, screw tail, and noseless head are generally what are called co-related characters. As rightly marked ones are only a question of the number of Red-and-white crosses, these heavy markings are easily got rid of. At the same time I do not consider that these heavy markings are desirable in the show ring. These dogs are very like the chrysalis from which butterflies are to come, and should not be considered as perfect butterflies. There is a great tendency with breeders and judges to be run away with against their better judgment by a fancy type which for some unknown reason becomes popular. Of late years, for instance, flat-sided, flimsy ‘Japanese’ coated dogs have been the fashion and have fetched big prices for their short faces, quite eclipsing the more typical specimens in the prize lists. This is, however, not likely to permanently affect the breed, as this type is constitutionally delicate, and is also in the highest degree ephemeral and breeds out in a couple of generations. Our serious danger among Toy Spaniels lies in the latest phase, namely the Bulldog type, which, starting with Black-and-tan and Rubies, is gradually invading the “ broken colours ”’ as well, and if allowed to spread will destroy the breed, as it is a persistent, prolific, and dominant type, almost impossi- ble to breed out when once a strain is contaminated by it, especially as it probably comes from a cross. This coarse, large, heavy-boned, vulgar caricature of a breed which should be fairy-like and exquisite is gaining ground more and more, owing to its short face and 142 r ‘ A eat eT “ DIFFERENT TypEs ofr HEAD Bulldog type. Short ‘‘down”-face. Flat skull. Tear marks. Eye small and obliquely set. Exaggerated under jaw. Wrinkles. Good skull. Short down-face. Imperfect finish. Ear set much too low. 3. Good head. Globular skull. Short up-face. Ear correctly placed and wide at the top. Note crest and position of eye. _4. A common type of ‘‘monkey ”-face. Skull peaked. Nose long and narrow. 5. Bulldogtype. Wrinkled down-face. Eye small. Ear too far back and bad leather. Muzzle disproportionately large and heavy. 6. Skull too high. Ear set too high. Nose too straight. 7. Nose toolong. Skull flat. Wrong type. 8. Ear set too far back (compare 3). g. Acommon winning modern type. Very short face. Ears too lowand too far back. Eye set obliquely. Drooping muzzle. Bad expression. Note excessive distance between the corner of the eye nearest the ear and the corner of the mouth which droops. to. Modern noseless type. Good expression. . 12 Exaggerated modern type. Bad expression. 11. Exaggeratedly wide under jaw. Good head. Frog’s expression. Small eyes, 13. Ditto. With pig eyes. TYPE AND STANDARDS prominent jaw, over which judges have gone (let us hope temporarily) crazy. No doubt they will soon see their error, and the type will lapse into the disrepute which it deserves, but meanwhile grievous and possible irreparable damage may be done to our dogs. We do not want to breed Bull-spaniels any more than Jap Spaniels, neither do we want noseless cripples, or animals with heads like a Dutch cheese, or dogs like the deformed “ golliwogs”’ which have recently been such a favourite present for children. The result of the spread of the Bull-spaniel type, without regard to general prettiness and beauty of expression, is that only trained experts can see any attraction in the breed, and that Toy Spaniels decrease yearly in popularity with the outside public. Heavy, massive, ugly animals will never be popular as pets; what people want is a pretty, intelligent, dainty, lively little pet, with lots of fluff and feather, and not a burglar’s terror, and as long as we persist in breeding these burglar’s terrors, as evidence of our skill in outdoing our neighbours in special points, so long will our Toy Spaniels be a byword for gro- tesqueness with the general public, and appeal to none but specialists, or possibly to the children who have been trained to “ golliwogs.”’ : The more noseless a Spaniel is, the more delicate his lines should be. The curves must be extraordinarily subtle so as not to offend the eye. Remember, there are only two canons of proportion possible in a noseless type; one is that of the Bulldog, and the other that to which the Japanese type is the nearest approach. Any- thing which deviates from the laws of proportion be- longing to these two types is a mathematical abomina- tion. In one the curves are all strong and rugged, 143 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS massive, heavy, and impressive; in the other they should all be round, soft, full, delicate, and exquisite. Both are equally symmetrical according to their canons, but mix the two, and you get an antagonism of line which sets your teeth on edge. There are certain laws of proportion which must be observed. You cannot have a high skull which is nar- row, or large eyes set close together, or an enormously high dome with ears too low to furnish it. You cannot have the under jaw of a prizefighter on the face of a cherub. The fault with breeders is the fault of all modern art workers, that they are always trying to imitate one thing with another, and are not content to develop each thing along its own lines of perfection. The water colourist is always trying to make his work look like an oil painting, the cement worker is not satis- fied unless he gets a substance to look like stone. Deal boards must imitate oak, silk is made to look like fur, and everything is made to appear something which it is not. The result of all this is inferiority in everything. The imitation is never equal to the thing it imitates, whereas if its own possibilities were developed it would excel in its own line. If, however, you set out to imitate oil with water colour or stone with cement, you can only achieve success by observing the laws which govern oil paint and stone, and acting accordingly. The King Charles Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel, by rights, should not be noseless, and if we are determined to make it something which is not natural to it, we must make it conform to the proper proportions of the noseless type. In his own line the Japanese dog conforms to these laws. The Japanese dog may or may not be naturally 144 CHINESE BowL, TAOKWANG PERIOD, 1820 By permission of Frau Olga Wegener aud a TYPE AND STANDARDS noseless, but, even supposing he has been evolved from a large pointed-nosed ancestor, which | emphatically do not believe, we must remember that the Japanese have the genius for producing dwarfed specimens with- out grotesqueness or distortion, as may be seen in their dwart cedars, orange trees, and other miniature growths. These dogs have also been short in face for centuries, at any rate, and breed true to type. The appearance of the noseless Japanese dog is not de- formed. Hus short face settles into natural graceful curves, each harmonising with the other. The feathery tail, the proud carriage and crest all make circular curves agreeing with circular curves of head, eyes, and muzzle. If we must make all our Toy Spaniels nose- less, they must, as I have said, conform to the laws which govern the noseless type evolved by masters whose artistic genius we are never likely to excel. There are no two roads to follow, and fanciers must fairly make up their minds on the matter. People talk of Japanese crosses. It is not necessarily a cross which makes some of our Toy Spaniels recall this breed. It is merely the evolution of the noseless type to its proper canons of proportion. Some fanciers are cer- tain that the evolution and reversion have been helped out by surreptitious crosses, in which matter they may be wiser than I am, but I would point out that the word “Jappy”’ is used much too loosely among fanciers. I have heard the word applied to dogs with Bulldog under- jaws! Asa rule, everything small, lightly marked, and with a straight, flaky coat, is called Jappy. When I speak of the Japanese type, I do not mean what is pop- ularly called “ Jappiness,’ and before people talk of a Jappy type they should study the points of the Japanese 145 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Spaniel. The Japanese recognise that, in order to make a noseless type possible, it must be diminutive, delicate, and exquisite. Enlarge this type and you will get gro- tesqueness. Think of a noseless Toy Spaniel on the scale of a rhinoceros. What more terrifying, hideous monster could be produced? Try and imagine my own Ch. Windfall as big as an elephant. This mental gym- nastic will show you the inappropriateness of having things on a wrong scale. A “typical” noseless King Charles is a contradic- tion in terms. The thing is impossible. One might as well talk of a typical robin with a parrot’s beak. To make another analogy, if you breed a Shetland pony with the head of a Clydesdale, it will be a deformity. You could only maintain symmetry by breeding a body to match the head, but then it would be absurd to talk of it as a typical Shetland! Unless you allowed the Shet- land his own head, or the Clydesdale his own body, the result would be grotesque. This grotesqueness is just what we have got to in the Toy Spaniel. We have got a type which belongs to the Bulldog breed, and ours is neither flesh, fowl, nor good red herring. If noselessness is, therefore, a necessity of modern fashion, it is useless to try and keep the King Charles characteristics, which belong to a fairly short but pointed nose. Fortunately there are two chief types of noseless head, and we can choose the best. With regard to the Blenheim, as we cannot have the Henrietta of Orleans type, which is now represented by the Papillon, we must go back to the lines of the Chinese type. Some of our fanciers may indignantly exclaim that they don’t want to breed “ Japs.” Let me assure them for their consolation that, however much they may try 140 TYPE AND STANDARDS to imitate the good points of this noseless breed, our Toy Spaniels will retain an individual character of their own, which will remain perfectly distinct from the Jap- anese so long as the breeds are not crossed. We all learn to write by being taught pot-hooks and hangers, yet which two of us ever have an identical handwriting? And so it 1s with dog breeding. We may all learn Japanese pot-hooks and hangers in the form of certain excellent rules for the production of noseless dogs, but it will not follow that we shall become Japanese phi- los6phers. And as we shall never produce Japanese essays with an [English alphabet, so we shall not pro- duce Japanese Toy Spaniels with French, Italian, or English blood. That we can with the material in our hands produce a proper noseless Toy without Japanese crosses 1s an established fact, but the type must not be left to the haphazard opinions of fanciers who have not studied the question. I hope that no reporter will pick out one sentence of what I have said here and quote it without the context in order to accuse me of wishing to introduce Japanese crosses into Toy Spaniels. I do not wish it. What I say is that the noseless head is necessarily a characteristic of the Red-and-white Chinese ancestors or a Bulldog char- acteristic, and it is better that the whole dog should correspond with the best of these two types than to remain simply, so to speak, “ amphibious.”’ The Red- and-white, of course, is closely allied to the Japanese by its Chinese ancestor, and has a right to look Jappy. While we are in this amphibious condition, expression matters far more than anything else, for if the expres- sion is wrong nothing else will make up for it; but it must be remembered that beauty of expression means 20 147 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS proportion and symmetry of line, resulting in a certain harmony which pleases the eye, so the thing resolves itself as I have already explained. Much, therefore, as I object to the actually sunken face, I should certainly prefer to give a prize to an ultra noseless dog with a good expression rather than to a moderate nose with a bad one. Unfortunately most judges prefer the ultra-noseless type and the bad ex- pression, and this is the combination against which I strongly protest. The proper type of a Blenheim Spaniel to breed is that facing page 178; emphatically not the heads facing this page, which is what we are now doing. A I have said, there is nothing wrong in a Blenheim looking Japanese, as he has an ancestral right to do so. The Tricolour is our own English manufacture, so we can give it what points we like. Mrs. R. Mallock, in her retrospect for 1908, re- peated what I have previously published on the subject of expression. I must, however, make it quite clear that what this lady understands by a good and typical expression is quite different from what I understand by it. I consider that I have every bit as much right as Stonehenge to lay down the points of a Toy Spaniel. In fact, I do not faney he had studied the breed with half the attention I have given to it. My standard for the modern type is as follows: Autuor’s STANDARD OF TYPE Head should be well proportioned to size of dog, and not too big. Skull perfectly round from whatever point 148 re Heaps to AvorIp, WITH THE DEFECTS PURPOSELY EMPHASISED Drawings by J. Lytton t. Muzzle too deep and lippy. 7. Skull too high. Ears too low. Eyes oblique, the 2. Muzzle too wide and froggy. | reverse way to No. 3. Muzzle too deep. 3- Muzzle too low and sunk. Eyes oblique. 8. Another massive tye. 4. and 6. Under jaw too prominent. | g. Eyes set at corners of head, with hollows under them. 5. ““Grand mas-ive”’ type, with dewlaps. Much favoured Nose too low. Bad muzzle and skuli. by men judges. TYPE AND STANDARDS it is seen, and this necessarily entails projection over the nose when seen from the side; high and wide, but not abnormally high and swollen. It must not be peaked at the top or rugged. [Eyes exceedingly large and as black as possible, not goggled but widely opened, liquid and bright, and showing the whites when turned; set very wide apart, and low in the head, perfectly straight across the face, and almost at right angles to the profile. Nose extremely short, and decidedly turned up, and nostrils broad and quite black. The top of the nose should be almost on a level with the top of the eyes when seen in front, and exactly in the middle, not displaced to either side. The eyes of a Toy Spaniel should not only be very large and dark, but where the dark joins the white of the eyeball the contrast should be as sharp and clear as possible. The eyeball should be perfectly clear and pearly white, not dirty brownish or fuzzy at the edge of the dark part. Lids of the eyes edged with a broad black rim, edges of lips quite black. Muzzle fairly wide, but not exaggerated, always well cushioned up, and puffed out so as to form an arch when viewed in front; the upper edges of the cushions almost touching the underlids of the eyes. The lips should be close and firm, not loose and pendulous with irregular edges, nor should there be a dewlap. Under jaw turned up, and lower teeth just projecting beyond the upper ones, but not exaggerated as in the Bulldog or showing the teeth or tongue. The nose from its upward tilt has an exceedingly slight “ layback,” which should be hardly noticeable. The muzzle should not be too deep from the nose downwards, which is a very serious fault in- deed. I think the idea that it should be so is the fault of a misreading of the standard, which said the stop 149 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS should be wide and deep. This, for some reason, gives many readers the impression that the muzzle is meant to be deep, but this is not right. The underneath line of the chin should be curved as in the photograph of Ch. The Seraph and Northampton Wonder. Expres- sion very soft and pretty. The mouth must not be wide like a frog’s or drawn down at the corners. A slobber- ing mouth is a great blemish. Ears very long and wide in leather, and profusely feathered with strongly wavy hair, and set rather high and carried forwards, framing the face like the curls of Leech’s early Victorian young ladies, but not set higher above the eyes than the depth of the muzzle. Neck well arched, especially in the male dog. Shoulder nicely sloped. Back short, perfectly flat, and wide, the quarters also quite square and flat, seen from above, and also as seen from behind. The tail firmly set into them on a level with the line of back, and carried gaily, though not straight up in the air at right angles to the back, or curled over it. It should be well furnished with long hair, and, as the standard already says, constitute a flag of a square shape. Body short, compact, and solid, and legs short, but not so short as to make the body appear long. Chest wide and deep. Ribs well arched and wide, bone very fine and delicate, not heavy as in a modern sporting Spaniel. This fineness of bone 1s most important. Feet and legs well feathered with silky hair. Im- mense frills on chest, neck and breechings, also on tail and underneath the body. The whole dog should show an extraordinary style and quality. A dog may have almost every show point and yet lack quality, and if he lacks quality he should not win.’ 1 For explanation of the word quality see above. 150 Cu. WINDFALL Photo, J. Lytton TYPE AND STANDARDS Coat very profuse and feeling like something be- tween floss silk and swansdown. In the Blenheim it should be wavy, and in the Tricolour it may be either curly or wavy (though I myself do not like a very curly coat), but not Japanese in quality or perfectly straight, though I would not disqualify a straight-coated dog if the coat was soft and very profuse. The short hair on the forehead and muzzle of the Blenheim should not be too flat, but should rise very slightly from its roots so as to give a very furry and soft appearance. In the Black-and-tans the coat may be curly and have more body in it than the straight coat; the curl should be distinct and regular, not mixed and stringy or very tight; the ears and feather should be very long, and the feather on the chest and breechings should be straight or wavy, not too curly. I myself prefer a wavy coat, as curls do not suit a very short face. The Black-and- tan is not the true King Charles, which has a long nose. Size.—The best size is that where the dog is as small as possible without losing symmetry, strength, or com- pactness. The best height is from eight to ten inches at the shoulder, and a well-built dog weighs approx- imately rather more than one pound for every inch of his height. No dog should exceed twelve inches in height and must be well proportioned and short in body, though not leggy. Seven pounds to ten pounds is a sensible weight, but some ten-inch dogs weigh twelve to fourteen pounds. Though so solidly made, the dog should be wonderfully light on his feet, and a brilliantly active mover. Colour.—Colour in the Blenheim should be red and 151 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS white, and the white should be of a peculiar pearly qual- ity, not a blue or grey white. The red should be a very red, golden chestnut; this is the prettiest; the deep sienna is not so good. A pale or lemon colored hue is quite correct historically, though I do not like it myself. The markings should be evenly distributed in clear patches and as little mixed as possible. The muzzle should be also pearly white, and a white blaze should extend up the forehead, in the middle of which should be a circular spot of red, the size of a sixpence. The ears and cheeks red with a golden red sheen. The eye points, as I have said, perfectly black and broad on the lids. Very few ticks of red are allowed on the muzzle, forehead, and legs, but are not desirable in my opinion when on the face. The Black-and-tan should be a deep glossy black with liberal tan markings over the eyes, round the cheeks, over the whole muzzle and part of the breast, in a fan shape, and also on the paws, all the featherings of the legs, and linings of ears, thighs, and tail. The tan should be a brilliant burnt sienna colour. A white breast should be no disqualification, but a large white patch on the head or body should be heavily penalised to disqualification. This is for the modern type of Black-and-tan, but the true King Charles should be all black with white breast. The Tricolour should be marked like the Blenheim (see above), only in black instead of red, and should also have the spot on the top of the head which is his- torically characteristic of the black and white. It was also a characteristic of the Springer. It should have a brilliant tan over the eyes, linings of ears, cheeks, and tail; and the feathering of breechings should be white 152 BLENHEIM SPANIEL ACE OF HEARTS EQUINOX 3 MontTHS OLD Winner of 8 First Prizes. Photo, and Property J. Lytton, ksq. Tricotour Toy SpaniEL Egurnox, 2% MONTHS OLD Life size. Photo, and Property of J. Lytton, Esq. ee nS DRYING PEN TYPE AND STANDARDS or else composed of a mixture of red, white and black, the white, however, predominating. A few ticks of red and black on the legs and face are allowable, and the black markings, where they end on the inside of the fore legs and thighs underneath the body, should be also lined with red. The Ruby should be a rich burnt sienna red or a brilliant golden chestnut, which are both equally beau- tiful, but the colour must never be dull or dusty. It may have a white breast and feet, but those with white blazes might be penalised unless otherwise per- fect. A perfectly marked head should only win from an imperfectly marked one if in other points equally good. The rims of the eyes, as in other varieties, must be black; also the nose, which must on no account be yellow, red, grey, or flesh-coloured. I think, to meet the question of so-called “ mis- marked ” dogs, that a class might be provided at shows, in addition to the regular classes, where these dogs might compete together under “ any other colour.” The judge could, at his discretion, award challenge prizes to any dog in this class which he considered better than those in the regular classes. As to the question of registration, there would be no more difficulty about this than there is at present, when the dogs are always registered under one of the varie- ties. A circular white spot, the size of a sixpence, on the skull, as is sometimes seen, should be cultivated as a variety of the Blenheim spot. The Ruby being the out- come of a cross of Red-and-white, it must be remem- bered that it is an artificial colour, and that to produce 153 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS dogs with no white at all means inbreeding to an unde- sirable extent, so that we should endeavour not to elimi- nate the white altogether, but to adapt it, if possible, to the requirements of beauty. The tendency to white on the head could easily be utilised to produce the spot instead of a streak, which would be a great added beauty, the plain red being a rather uninteresting colour in the opinion of most ladies who are not trained fan- ciers. A Ruby with white toes and the spot generally proves most attractive to the pet hunters, in spite of all the rules of the Toy Spaniel Club. I have seen several Rubies with the spot in white.’ Disposition—Very bold and courageous, a merry shower, and irrepressibly active, always skipping and jumping about as if full of hidden springs, and with a passion for games, racing ifs companions and flying in pursuit of a leaf or a shadow simply for the sheer joy of living. Loving, affectionate, and sweet-tempered, and deeply attached to its owner; inquisitive, watchful, busy little dogs, interested in everything that goes on, hearty feed- ers, ready to eat anything, and never ailing or depressed, they should be full of wiles and tricks and amusing de- vices, with an intelligence which must be experienced to be believed. Dalziel wrote in 1879: “ I can see no good ground for the natural and far more beautiful shape of the head and muzzle of the original (Blenheim) being superseded by the one in vogue. It is an instance of the breeder’s skill 'The Ruby has one drawback compared to other toy Spaniels in the fact that he has not the sweet-scented coat of the Blenheim and Tricolours but is apt to be a.-little “ foxy.” 154 TYPE AND STANDARDS exercised in a wrong direction, for the noseless speci- mens with abnormally developed skulls | look upon as the results of a perverted taste, obtained at the sacrifice of intrinsic qualities, and without sufficient redeeming points to equalise the loss.” He also mentions Mr. Julius’s joke in 1877 in ridicule of the fashion. Idstone says: “ I would allow—indeed, I would in- sist upon—a deep indentation between the eyes, added to the high skull and a moderately short face, but the projecting lower jaw, the frog mouth, and the broken nose, free from all cartilage, I decidedly object to. I should expect to see a Spaniel with a pretty face, well coated all over, large-eared, large-eyed, rich-coloured, with a bushy tail, well-feathered feet, and diminutive in stature, in preference to the snuffling, apple-headed, idiotic animals too often bred by the Fancy, and which ought to be discouraged, though, if judging, I would not put them aside until some definite conclusion had been arrived at, as an adverse decision would be unfair to the exhibitor during the present state of things.” Stonehenge speaks of the King Charles of 1828 as resembling “ a Gordon Setter reduced in scale, being like that dog not only in colour, which was in that breed black-and-tan, with or without white, but also in the shape of the body and head.” He is here confusing the King Charles with the Pyrame. He considers, in spite of the extraordinary things that can be done by the judi- cious selection, that the noseless type is the result of a cross. I entirely agree with him. Is it not curious that a type introduced as a joke should actually have become the serious aim and object of serious breeders? One is tempted to wish that Mr. 155 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Julius had had no such sense of humour, as the previous King Charles type was pretty and worth preserving. Who can seriously maintain that the photograph of my dog, ‘ Spotted Lily,” is an ideal representation of a “fairy among dogs’? ' Yet she is a valuable specimen and has bred first-prize winners. sreeders and judges must be careful not to allow the eye to become perverted by accustoming themselves to ugliness and exaggeration. I myself, in a somewhat natural anxiety to outdo my neighbours in exhibiting marvels, have occasionally kept dogs which my common sense, artistic sense, and hygienic sense have told me were all wrong inside and out, and | have spoken and written with enthusiasm of dogs which were merely wonderful productions of amazing peculiarities. Never- theless I have always had an uncomfortable feeling of shame in giving or receiving a prize to or for dogs which I felt would be considered grotesque by saner judgment, and the unflatteringly candid opinions of the public at large on some of my winners have struck me as both just and reasonable. Of late years, however, | have resisted the temptation to buy wrong types simply because I knew they were going to win valuable prizes, and would rather take second place with the right type than first with a wrong one. There is method in the proper selection of the short- nosed type, and if my readers have followed me sufh- ciently carefully, it will not be necessary for me to point out to them which of the types of winning dogs published in these pages are the wrong ones. There are dogs with peaked or flat skulls, drawn muzzles, crooked eyes, and bad expressions, which my readers must discover for ; pit 1 Quotation from “ The Field.” j 156 Mrs Horr PATERSON’S KING CHARLES CH. ROYAL CLYDE The best type of King Charles. Photo, Russell : * — : Mt Mrs SONNEBORNS SNEIDER’S RUBY Toy SPANIEL CH. RED CLOVER Compare with above 21 P TYPE AND STANDARDS themselves. I have given them an ideal type for refer- ence, and if this is carefully compared with the other types the differences will become obvious to critical minds. There are several illustrations of noseless dogs —-Champion The Advocate, Champion The Dragon Fly, Champion Red Clover, and Champion Captain Kettle. All of these are noseless, and each represents a different type. I strongly object to the present absence of uniform- ity and conviction among specialist judges as to what they consider the right type. There is no settled type to which I can point and say, “ This is the type which will win consistently under Toy Spaniel Club judges.” This is very hard on breeders, and especially on begin- ners. They find it impossible to please the judges or to learn what points they must breed for, and even ex- perienced breeders, with all their skill, cannot keep pace with the fluctuations of judicial opinion. People talk of “ the Noseless Type ” as if it were one type, whereas it is at least half a dozen different types. That most judges do not seem to be even aware of these different types, but class them all together as one, shows that they have not begun to study their points. However much a judge’s ideas may differ from mine as to type, I respect his awards, if they are consist- ent, though possibly his taste may appear to me odd; but when they vary from show to show and, alas, often from class to class, I cannot respect the opinion they represent. The Toy Spaniel Club judges, though working by rules of their Club under a uniform standard, to which they are expected strictly to adhere, do not favour a uniform type, and we have championship winners of 157 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS every conceivable shape, type, and size. Yet the “ Standard ” is quoted to support them all! A paragraph in one of the newspapers recently de- fended the awarding of highest honours to dogs of the wrong type by pleading that there were often no dogs of the right type in a class. Had I ventured on such a statement, I should have been greeted with scorn, but I am glad that the truth has at last been acknowledged! The writer asks, derisively, for a remedy. There is a Show rule which runs: “ The judges will be empowered and instructed to withhold the Prize or Prizes in any class if, in their opinion, the dog or dogs exhibited do not show sufficient merit.” To a strong judge the remedy is obvious—and strong judges are what we want. I contend that there is something radically wrong in a system which ends, as it has done this year, in persistently empty or cancelled classes, or classes in which there are nothing but dogs of the wrong type. Whether my readers agree with me or not about the undesirability of the ‘smashed noses” as leading to gerotesqueness of type and unsoundness of constitution, | hope they will, at any rate, determine once for all to get rid of vulgarity of type, sluggishness, cringing, timidity of nature, and unsoundness of limb. At present weak loins, rickety joints, wheel backs, shelly bodies, and miserable, shivering dispositions are all passed over for the sake of a noseless head, and a needlessly ugly one at that. Whatever our individual opinions may be as to the proper length of nose, let us all combine to in- sist upon having pretty expressions and a really profuse coat, and let those who judge at shows have the courage 158 BLENHEIM FISHING IN A POOL “ (Tail undocked) 2 > AT ~ 9 —o . rr . 3LENHEIM PUPPIES SMALL BLACK AND TAN SPORTING SPANIEL Duke of Norfolk’s Sussex Spaniel. (Men- tioned in Ba SAAK COrY responden e.) Repro- duced by permission of 7'he Bazaar KING CHARLES IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE 3LENHEIM PLAYING WITH BALL FIRST INTRODUCTION OF PYRAME BLooD TYPE AND STANDARDS never to award a championship to a coarse, ugly, or unsound dog, however noseless. In conclusion, it must be held up as a golden princi- ple in the minds of all breeders that Toy Spaniels must be bred for beauty alone, otherwise there is no excuse or justification for their existence. In deciding what type to buy, look for beauty. In judging the dogs, look for beauty. In breeding, choose beautiful dogs— beauty of expression, beauty of form, beauty of coat, beauty of colour, beauty of movement. Try in every- thing for beauty, and again beauty, and always beauty. It cannot be repeated too often. Ugly dogs should be ruthlessly exterminated from the shows. POINTS OF THE MINIATURE Toy TRAWLER SPANIEL WHICH NOW REPRESENTS THE OLD TYPE oF CURLY KING CHARLES Head small and light, with very pointed, rather short nose, fine and tapering, with a very slight curve up- wards of tip of nose. The “ stop’ deep and well marked and the skull rather raised but flat on the top, not dome shaped. Muzzle just finished not overshot. Long ears set high, and carried pricked forward. Extremely large dark eyes set wide apart, and showing the white when turned. They must be set perfectly straight, not obliquely, in the head. Whatever colour the dog may be, the nose and lips must be black. Neck arched. Back broad and short. Tail set on a level with the back, and carried gaily, though not straight up in the air, or curled over the back like a Pomeranian. It should be docked to about four or five inches, and well furnished with long feathering. General carriage very smart and gay. Legs reasonably short, and perfectly straight, bone light 159 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS though strong. Build square, sturdy, and compact, but never heavy. The action should be smart and pranc- ing, coat very curly, but not woolly. It should be rather silky in texture, and very glossy. Liberal feathering, waistcoat, and breechings. Shape is all important; col- our a secondary matter. Best colour a brilliant black, with white waistcoat. Next orange red, with white waistcoat, and light shadings. Best size from eleven to thirteen inches at shoulder. Any tendency to weediness should be carefully avoided, and the height at shoulders should just about equal the length from top of shoul- ders to root of tail. The size should not be judged by weight but by height, as they should weigh heavily for their size. A dog about thirteen inches high should weigh about fifteen pounds. Very small specimens— i. e., under nine inches high—are only desirable if the type, soundness, compactness, and sturdiness are un- impaired. Feet close, firm, and hard. They and the lower part of the legs should not be too heavily feathered. The expression of face should be very alert, and very sweet. The dogs should be very bold and courageous. Timidity is a great fault. As to proportion of head, if the total length of head be about six inches, the ears should be set about four inches apart. The whole head, seen from a bird’s-eye point of view, should be a triangle, with the tip of nose as apex. General appearance should be that of an ex- quisitely pretty little sporting dog, very strong, and ex- ceedingly smart and compact. 1600 ayy eX, ne NS al i re “4 ‘ 1" MopERN EXAMPLE OF OLD CURLY KING CHARLES From a drawing by Neville Lytton Toy TRAWLER PUPPIES Photo, J. Lytton TYPE AND STANDARDS MEASUREMENTS OF A Goop BLACK SPECIMEN Breadth of skull at eyes from each outside corner of eyes Inches SMS RIS HUR Votes oes Batts 2 RMR Ss ce bape ne Vipcmete Cae S: 5 Oe erate MSM AM 2 Gee Ss Syocn ale idle aiaccaus Berea ao 4 POE LTRS PCRS Spa s Cre i eae ee 24 Pemcmmmercice Ot Skill. Fe ove fea ple bane oe nu ben 10} Wineumberence,of muzzle under eyes .............34...- 6} PCPA AU CCMNEVESS 45 ooo oic.s nals Sind ated atten meas Bete ye 12 ei Oiwcans, (Cleather )n0c oti. % 4s ese oes eae do ee en oe 4 Space between ears when not pricked ....0..0%..5.05..44 4t MEP MM eR IOUNGELS Me. peends syste ehcbdiais ous aha Ieduedk & aoa wie 13 Length from top of shoulders to root of tail............ 13 pamamMae LOLClces to elbOW. el . Shin, | 19s in 7 | in ines oe eae eG hate ia ors toate AT te te ine late yee 43 in Frills pple Ales neetee ce al el eee Cajal as ane 3 in amon tails. 2......... reds | gage nh Nas Dapinte| een ee Sines eater 73 in Keneth tail (cut). 2...) ge inss|..... 2: Dr Aer ae a: Po thoy iA Sows Be yin, Width blaze......... Biles | ee a BAD asks sree 7 00 al (open me 13 in. Marxks.—Champion Windfall—Seven rich patches, clearly cut and evenly distributed, and the spot. Coat wavy. Exceedingly long, thick ears. Champion Cara—Three perfectly even, clearly cut patches, rich red, on each flank, and one in middle of back. Coat wavy. Very long ears. Champion The Seraph—Well marked with even patch- es. Head evenly marked, with narrow blaze. Coat straight, but rather mixed. Champion Little Tommy—Very evenly marked rich red, and spot. Coat strongly wavy. Amazingly long ears and feathering. 169 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Champion The Troubadour — Very evenly marked head, brilliant tan, small black saddle. Very long feathers, and the prettiest possible expression. Coat on back curly. I was unable to procure the measurements of Cham- pion Macduff (King Charles) and Champion Casino Girl (Tricolour) or Champion Royal Rip (Ruby). I omit the measurements of Champion The Cherub by his owner’s special request, but they were very similar to those of Champion The Seraph. It will be noticed that Champion The Seraph was two inches lower at the shoulders than at the loins. This is a very great defect. Champion Royal Yama Hito was perhaps the best Japanese dog | remember seeing in the English shows. In style, shape, and head points he was more than per- fect. I have also published the photograph of Champion Dai Butzu II, an exquisite little dog. Champion Daddy Jap was another lovely dog, and so was the beautiful Prince Komatsu, whose brilliant show career was cut short too soon by distemper. Marquis Ito of Kobe I much admired, and Mrs. Solomon’s Dara is a tiny dog and one of the prettiest we now have. The only red-and-white Japanese dog I ever admired was Champion Tora of Braywick. He had a black nose and eye points, a magnificent coat, and was altogether a first-class dog. The quality of the Japanese type is altering under the influence of English breeders, and at one of the last big London shows there was not a single Jap- anese dog worth a challenge certificate. Quality has become very rare indeed, and breeders must try and 170 | ae ciacaa. THE AMERICAN KING CHARLES CLIVEDEN MASscoT Miss SPOFFORTH’S CH. THE CHERUB Winner of 10 Challenge Prizes. Photo, Russell a Mrs F. L. ScHUBERT’S AMERICAN KING CHARLES CH. SONNY BRUCE Mrs Hore PaTErRSON’s CH. Royal CLYDE Photo, Crowe & Rogers PED ee) a Ss. ; a my TOY DOGS OF TO-DAY AND THE PAST realise this and apply the remedy before their breeding stock becomes hopelessly inferior. I know how diff- cult it is to breed them at all on account of distemper, but there is no reason why those breeders who have money enough to be independent of the heavy losses which are inevitable should not breed from dogs of really good type, instead of paying big prices for un- typical specimens. A perfect puppy is shown in the beautiful photo- graph of Miss Steevens’s “ White Queen.” I wish there wefe more like this one. Toki of Toddington is a marvel of loveliness, There are many beautiful Pomeranian dogs now in the shows. Of all the Pomeranians I have seen I con- sider Champion Offley Honey Dew one of the most per- fect. There is no need in his case to approximate his points to an unattainable ideal, because he is the living embodiment of the ideal for which everyone should breed. I also greatly admire Shelton Mercury, a very lovely dog. I never cared personally very much for the head points of the famous Champion Shelton Sable Atom and Champion May Duchess, though the body points of these dogs were perfect. Champion Mars is also per- fect in body, style, and coat. Champion Dragon Fly is another well-known dog, which, unfortunately, I have always missed seeing. Champion Venus of Offley and Champion Haughty Queenie are other well-known win- ners. One of the loveliest dogs in the world is Cham- pion The Sable Mite. He has a most typical little head of the best expression and modeling. I do not care for the type of Ch. Marland King. Among our best Pekingese winners are Champion 171 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Goodwood Chun, the property of Mrs. Torrens; Lady Decies’s Champion Manchu Cheng Tu, Champion Pearl, and Champion Pekin Poppy; Mrs. Ashton Cross’s Champion Chu-erh of Alderbourne, Mr. Lefoy Deans’s Champion Chin Lu, Mrs. Douglas Murray’s Cham- pion Goodwood Lo, I do not care for several well- known dogs, and do not consider that they represent a good type. However, my readers can judge for them- selves from the photographs and compare them with ideal from a Chinese point of view. Mr. Pettigrew, Mr. Tweed, Mr. Arnold, Mr. Ais- trop, and Mr. Nixon are some of our oldest and best breeders of Toy Spaniels, and many good dogs have been bred by Mr. Gutteridge, Mr. Savage, Mr. Dean, and Mr. Teers. With the exception of Mr. Nixon, these gentlemen seldom show, but they all know the dogs thoroughly, and if we had some of them in the judging ring, instead of appointing people who know little or nothing of their business, it would be a great improvement. Miss Hall, Miss Young, Miss Grantham, Mrs. W. Hopkins, Mrs. Jenkins, Mrs. Privett, Mrs. Pinto Leite, Miss Carter, Mrs. Percy, Mrs. Bright, Mrs. Mitchell, Mrs. Webster, Mrs. Russell Lloyd, Miss Spofforth and Mrs. Reed are among our Southern fanciers; and in the North are Lady Hulton, Lady de Gex, Mrs. Pordage, Mrs. R. Stewart, Mrs. Matheson, Mrs. Furnival, Mr. Hope Paterson, Mrs. Cliff, Mr. Milnes, Mr. Yates, and Mr. Cummings, and last but not least Mr. Hervey Nixon and Mr. Crank. Mr Arstrop’s KiInG CHARLES Miss Bessie Fire’s Cuprip (U.S.A.) Mrs Pinto LERTES’ KInG CHARLES CH. THE ADVOCATE a TOY DOGS OF TO-DAY AND THE PAST PAMOUS: DOGS OF THE “BAST BLENHEIMS Champion Duke of Bow.—A lemon-and-white dog, with large dark eyes, but long-faced according to pres- ent standard—i.e., about three-quarters of an inch— and not as well finished as we now have them. He was a pretty shape (nine pounds), cobby, low on the leg, with a lovely, profuse coat. Earl of Chester.—A red-and-white dog, with a fine head and a good skull, extremely up-faced and well fin- ished. He had the spot perfectly placed right in the font ot his forehead, instead of on the top of the head. A lovely coat and well-feathered feet and long ears. Weight about ten pounds. An extremely pretty dog. Champion Bowsie-—A good-coated Blenheim. A short face, but not short enough to win nowadays. A long back. Low on the leg. About eleven pounds weight. Beautiful eyes. Long ears. Champion Pompey.—A very lightly marked dog, with long ears. Full of style, and with a good head and large eyes. Weight about ten pounds. Champion Polo.—A large dog, with quite a plain head, but a pleasing expression. His strong point was his coat, which was magnificent. His mane hung right down to his feet, so that one could not see his toes. The feather on his legs was remarkable, and he had masses of coat all over him, so thick and long that it surpassed 17 am indebted for these descriptions to old fanciers who have seen the dogs, and I quote their actual words. I therefore decline any respon- sibility for the opinions expressed, as | am only recording the opinions of individual fanciers who saw the dogs. 23 173 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS that of all the dogs of his day by many inches. His expression was extremely sweet. Haidee.—A very small bitch, with a perfect head, beautifully modelled according to modern standards. A nose touching her forehead. A charming expression and most beautiful eves. Her body marking's were poor, as she was nearly all white. Coat fair. About six pounds. Diva.—A very tiny bitch, not nearly so short in face as Haidee, and not so pretty. About four pounds weight and used to be shown in a tiny glass case. Cromwell.—A small, sturdy, well-marked dog. His face was smutty. He had the spot, but had little quality. Champion Tiny Tots.—A very small, dainty, well- marked bitch, but had a horrid temper, and looked it. She had a wonderful head for her size (about four pounds): very short nose; good eyes and ears. Champion Rollo—As described by his breeder, was ‘a noseless puppy, cobby and smart. He had the spot and a short back, and was full of style. His only faults were a very small eye and a rather sour expression. His brother Ceesar was better than Rollo. He had lovely eyes and a beautiful expression, and was just as noseless. He was killed by a bicycle at twelve months old. Czesar weighed three pounds, full grown.” Champion Joy.—A beautiful head, with lovely ex- pression and most beautiful eyes. She won the gold collar for the best champion of any colour at the Toy dog show in 1907, where the author was one of the judges. TRICOLOURS Conrad.—A good fine head; not quite as noseless as the best modern dogs; short face, good eyes, and good 174 CHERUB JUNIOR (BLENHEIM) 3ought by Mrs Lytton at Crufts Show for £16s, tos., Mrs JENKINS’ CH. CLEVEDON MAGNET and subsequently sold to Mr Ranson Caygill of (TRIcoLour) New York Mrs W. Hopkins’ HAEREMAI CYCLONE CH. FEATHER WING, U.S.A. (BLENHEIM) (TRICOLOUR) Photo, T. Fall Mrs Lytron’s Tricotour LittLE SAMBO LADY DE GExX’S BLENHEIM LITTLE WONDER Toy SPANIELS TOY DOGS OF TO-DAY AND THE PAST expression. A flat-sided, weedy, and leggy dog, with a poor constitution. Champion Prince of Teddington (Prince V).—A fine dog; very big head, good coat and frills and ears. About twelve pounds weight. Well marked. Tamerlane.—A most beautiful dog; fair head, small. About eight pounds. Wonderful ears. Masses of very fine coat, like floss silk. Beulah.—Large bitch, about twelve pounds. Mod- ern type, with beautiful expression. Very stylish. * Champion Cock Robin.—A good head; very short in face; very small. Showed tongue. BLACK-AND-TAN Champion Ben dOr. quite noseless ; good body and plenty of feather. About A small dog; lovely head; eight pounds. Tan rather clay-coloured. Champion Jumbo I1.—Fair head, good body ; low on leg; straight coat, very dark tan markings. Weight about ten pounds. Golden Ben.—Small, good head; rich tan, curly coat. King.—Extraordinarily well feathered. The feather on his feet was so long that it used to be plaited up and tied to his forearm with braid. Frederick the Great.—Perfect modern-type head. Good skull, large eyes, entirely noseless, and extra broad nostrils. Splendid muzzle, screw tail, bad body, curly coat. Ears small and high placed. Forty pounds was refused for this dog. Lucifer.—Like Frederick the Great, but a better body. Champion Laureate.—A beautiful dog and the foun- dation of our best strains. 175 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCES'TORS RUBIES Ruby King.—A moderate dog; long nose, good coat, and rich colour. Ruby Prince.-—Very like Ruby King. Ruby Princess —Tiny and pretty little bitch; fairly short face. Weight about four and a half pounds. MEASUREMENTS OF SOME NOTABLE DOGS Covent Garden Charlie (Black-and-tan).—Weight, 16 pounds; nose to stop, 34 inch; length of back, 14 inches; girth of muzzle, 7% inches; girth of skull, 13 inches; height of shoulder, 15 inches; height of loins, 14 inches; ears from tip to tip, 22 inches; feather on foreleg, 6 inches; brisket, 18 inches. Conrad ( Tricolour).—Nose to stop, 34 inch; length of back, 12% inches; girth of muzzle, 5% inches; girth of skull, 11 inches; brisket, 17 inches; height of shoul- der, 10 inches; height of loins, 10% inches; height of eIZ4 elbows, 5'% inches. Shepperl or Sepperl (Red).—Weight, 15 pounds; nose to stop, I inch; length of back, 16 inches; girth of muzzle, 7 inches; girth of skull, 13 inches; brisket, 18 inches; height of shoulder, 15 inches; height of elbows, 714 inches; height of loins, 14 inches. Bawhee (blenheim).—Weight, 10 pounds 2 ounces; nose to stop, 34 inch; length of back, 10 inches; girth of muzzle, 6 inches; girth of skull, 11% inches; brisket, 19 inches; height of shoulder, 12 inches; height of el- bows, 534 inches; height of loins, 10% inches. Champion Prince of Teddington.—Four years; 12 pounds; 10 inches high; length of head, occiput to tip of nose, 5 inches; ears, tip to tip, 19 inches ; length from nose to set on of tail, 23 inches; girth of head, 13 inches. 176 MADGE Blenheim Spaniel Intermediate type between long and short nose A pertect example with the best expression Miss DILLoN’s BLENHEIM SPANIEL I RANCOISE (Note the beautifully round skull and muzzle) Mrs Puitiips’ CH. KING LEOPOLD Miss GILPIN’S SERAPHINA Miss CARTER’S TRICOLOUR MIMOSA Photo, Russell Photo, Russell 7 J@ 7. oe > 7 - * & - i 7 6+,- : » e “ Sant: .~ e* 2 ~ | - Ta } "9 ann ' a 7 = ‘ 7 : hw 7 a a FW ¢ s 7 a CAMP PER: Vid HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE OF SHORT-NOSED TOY SPANIEL ? In breeding for the shortest faces we can get, in- stead of accepting anything and everything which has no bridge to its nose and indiscriminately making cham- pions of all the ragtag and bobtail of the Bulldog cross, let us bear in mind the laws which should govern the short-nosed Toy type and breed Toys with the pretty expressions that come only with harmony of line and the observance of mathematical canons of proportion. I was the first to offer prizes for expression, as also for action, and there has since been a lot of talk about both, but some of the fanciers who have taken up the catchword most in the press do not understand expres- sion as I understand it. They overlook things that I hold in abhorrence—oblique eyes, hollow cheeks, and 1Tt will be seen that throughout this work I shall refer to the sexes as “dog” and “bitch” respectively. This would hardly seem to call for comment but for the habit which “lady breeders” have of referring to their dogs as “the little lady” or the “little gentleman,” “ my little boy ” or “my little girl,” to the great bewilderment of the uninitiated, and to crown all, the new-fangled word “ matron” has been introduced among the would-be genteel. I did once hear of a society lady who referred to a foal as a “horse child,” but I have not heard that the expression has come into general use among horse breeders, nor do they refer to their mares as ‘“matrons!” Yet, as I have said before, we talk of dog-children. I greatly object to the spurious gentility which makes impropriety where none exists, so I shall use plain unvarnished English words. Honi soit qui mal y pense! 177 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS muzzles that are far too deep from nose to under jaw. So that there may be no misunderstanding as to my views on the subject, please refer to the coloured plate. This is my idea of the ideal we have to keep in mind for a short nose. Look at the cushioned muzzle, the lovely low-set eyes, the round skull, and the sweet expression. Compare it with the other heads in this book point by point. Make up your mind to see where the differences lie and why it is pretty, while equally short-faced dogs are often so ugly. It is not the result of chance, and if you study it enough you will never again be able to tolerate the ugliness which fills our Show benches. I propose to show the best way to breed the ideal short-nosed head, as I understand it, and, with the mar- vellous facility shown by our breeders in producing what they are trying for, as exampled in some of the amazing deformities of our day, I am sure that when they try for what is the right type they will very soon get it. Remember that the curves of the head and face must harmonise one with another and must not be vio- lently intersected by meaningless angles and irregulari- ties. Lips must not be jagged in outline, but the curve must be perfectly soft and even, as though drawn with one sweep of the brush. The skull must also be in a firm, circular curve, unbroken by peaks, knobs, or de- pressions of any sort. The cushions of the muzzle must be likewise semi-circular in outline. The eyes must be large, wide, and full, but not goggled, like those of a man with Graves’s disease. The under eyelids have the same marked curve. The neck is arched, and the cir- 178 A PERFECT HEAD AND EXPRESSI Life size Phot a) Lytton HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE cular system is carried on by the markings on the head and the spot in the broken colours and in each variety by all the lines of the face. The Blenheim should never compete against the Black-and-tan. It is quite absurd. A Black-and-tan fancier would give the prize to a bad Black-and-tan against a perfect Blenheim ninety-nine times out of a hundred, as also would a variety judge. The breeds are emphatically not the same, and, just as a Black-and-tan is never got from two Blenheims, sof"as a general law, a Blenheim will never be bred from two Black-and-tans. Neither will a Tricolour be bred from two Black-and-tans or two Blenheims. Ru- bies, however, will appear—so I am told—from two Black-and-tans, though I have never bred one this way myself, but I do not think two Rubies ever bred a Black- and-tan—certainly never within my observation. Mr. Milnes has given me the only instance on record of two Black-and-tans alleged to have bred a Blenheim, and vouches for its authenticity. In the case claimed there was a cross of Blenheim in the immediate ancestry of both sire and dam.' The crossing of the breeds pro- duces in the first generation a mixed type and colour. It will be noticed that from this mixed type are bred the 1Before the case could be accepted as scientifically proved it would be necessary to eliminate all possibility of a mistake and there are too many unknown factors to make this a conclusive instance. I have had only two cases submitted to me of two Tricolours alleged to have produced a Blenheim. Of these one of the pedigrees is based on a dog that is no- torious as a non-stockgetter and the other is equally unreliable as the identity of the sire is more than doubtful. I have, however, come across an authentic case of two blue-and-tan puppies bred from black-and-tan parents. It is curious to note that a mis- marked Ruby if whole-colour bred will get all mismarked puppies to a Blenheim just as if she were whole coloured herself. 179 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Ruby on the Blenheim side and Tricolour on the Black- and-tan side, and that both these varieties breed true to the new colour when bred each one to itself, but when bred together revert to the mixed type and colour. Each of these varieties bears a stamp of its own. The Tri- colour is nearest the Blenheim in conformation, and the Ruby approximates the Black-and-tan, though neither has quite the same type as either grandparent. This 1s very curious indeed, as it would seem that the colour and the general conformation go by inversion, each grand- parent supplying one of the main characters, the Tri- colour getting the black from the Black-and-tan and the lighter type from the Blenheim, and the Ruby getting the red from the Blenheim and the heavier type from the Black-and-tan. Both, however, are inclined to re- produce the noseless head, and the Blenheims of the same generation also reproduce it, and take the heavier type. The Kennel Club has amalgamated the varieties on the plea that “ they produce all four colours in the same litter.’ ' Condemning Black-and-tans and Blenheims to compete for challenge certificates together, or with Tri- colours, because the progeny of the hybrids occasion- ally produce all colours, is exactly as though horses and donkeys were to compete together on the plea that mules, if fertile, would produce a given percentage resembling each of the parent stock, just as | understand that you get black Andalusians and white Andalusians from Blue Andalusian fowls. The fact that horses and donkeys when crossed together produce mules is no reason that 1 Though the King Charles generally compete against Rubies, and the Blenheims against Tricolours, there is occasionally a challenge prize offered for the best Toy Spaniel of any variety. 18o A Black and Tan — Red and White R.W. B f 50% M.B.T. \ anf 50% MLR. \ \ fa E XZR.W. ofT. 10% 30%M.B.T. XR.W. 65% 5% 5%M.B.7TP 4“ vie Mf. and 25/6 ie a a and R, 8-7. al 50%M.B.T. ; 25% 75% 257%08-T- “ang MR. 25R- 75% 257%R. BET: M.B.T. Shes MLR. some R. An occasional Ruby will appear from this generation onward 4o%5% 5% 50% 30% 70% | eee | MET MA. 7. RW. — M.R.|M.R.M.B.T.RW. Very dark T RW. T.or B.W. All C.T. ALR R.W.and | R.W.and and T. and R.W M.R. M.R. All T. R.W. All M. A few sound coloured 8.T. and R, percentage quite uncertain RWs | Te) MIB.T. MER. M.B.T. ALR. ip M.B.T. Lic 1, AIR.W. so R.W. AIT. / 50 RW. = so T. if 50/o 504A R.W. if so R.W. soT. AUR.W. so RW. AIT. /n this generation an occasional R.W, may appear AIR.W. 5oR.W. All T. 59° T. In this generation an occasional R.W. may appear Cotour CHART In generation C there is a high percentage of webbed feet and screw tails, and also of males, especially on the black and tan side HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE they should compete together or with their (suppositi- tious) progeny. The Blenheim and the Black-and-tan are almost as different in type as the horse and the ass. The mis- marked Toy Spaniel hybrids of the first generation have a blended type like mules and a blended colour like Blue Andalusians, and the Tricolour is the equivalent of the produce of a horse and a mule, were such a thing pos- sible, and it is only in this generation (said to be impos- sible in mules, but which is general in Toy Spaniels) tlfat we can ever get the four varieties in the same litter, and I must protest against this law of cross- breeding being made a reason for amalgamating the parent stock, which in my opinion is most undesirable. It must, however, not be assumed at once that the Tricolour is, properly speaking, a mongrel. It appears to be the formation of a new blended color and type which breeds absolutely true, and is a different type from either of the types from which it is bred. The Ruby is the equivalent of the produce of mules bred together without again out-crossing, this also forms a new colour, and the effect of perpetually crossing and re- crossing with the Black-and-tan parent is to get rid of all white markings. It is, however, a curious fact that, just as in the Tricolour, which breeds true when bred to itself, the Ruby breeds no Black-and-tans when bred to itself; but, unlike the Tricolour, it often reverts to the hybrid (1.e., mule) type and markings. For this reason the Ruby cannot be considered a true type like the Tricolour. The Black-and-tan hybrid re-crossed with the Black- and-tan parent stock will sometimes produce Rubies.! 1] have heard of one case in which a red-and-white crossed with hybrid mismarked Ruby produced a Tricolour puppy. 24 ISI TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS The Red-and-white is a distinct and historical breed. The Black-and-tan is a composite breed which, by force of constant inbreeding, has become a type. The Tri- colour is the offspring of the hybrid on the Black-and- tan side re-crossed to the Red-and-white parent stock, and the Ruby the offspring of the hybrids on the Red- and-white side interbred. This sounds very complicated, but it is really per- fectly simple. A reference to my table of colours will be of great assistance in understanding what I have said. The circumstances in which the actual type and con- formation of head will or will not blend also appears to follow definite rules, and it is just this blending of type that we must avoid. The type of Blenheim in gen- eration C is always a blended type, and often has a screw tail, and one out of every few Tricolours of the same generation has the same characteristic. I am assuming that the Black-and-tan of generation A is very short in the face. The Blenheims of generation C have almost always very ugly faces, and are coarse in type, but the Tricolours are refined and good in type. I must say a word more as to the challenge prizes for different colours. If ever a breed deserved separate challenge prizes for itself and for both sexes, the Blen- heim does. It is very similar still to the type of 500 years ago, but if it is systematically crossed with Tri- colour it will be merged into the same undesirable type of coarse noseless dog which is so fashionable in the Black-and-tan. It must be remembered that the type of the Blenheim should remain distinct. The varieties must be crossed, as the Tricolour depends on the Red-and-white first for 182 PIicTURE BY MoRLAND About 1790 HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE its existence and afterwards for its markings, but the Blenheim does not depend on the Tricolour. The altera- tion I should suggest to the present rule of challenge certificates is this: Two challenge prizes for Blenheims, one for each Ger, Two challenge prizes for Black-and-tans or Rubies, one for the best Black-and-tan or Ruby dog, the other for the best Black-and-tan or Ruby bitch, as at present. The Black-and-tan and Ruby cannot fairly compete to- géther, but at present there are hardly enough Rubies to justify separate challenge prizes. One challenge prize only for Tricolours (dog or bitch, until they are more numerous, when they might have one for each sex. Under no circumstances should Blenheims or Tri- colours compete either against each other or against the whole colours, otherwise the difference of the type will be sacrificed by the Blenheim’s head being coarsened and shortened to the Black-and-tan standard. The difference in type which exists at present be- tween the Black-and-tan and Blenheim is most marked. In the Black-and-tan the body is longer; the hind quar- ters often sloping; the ribs flatter ; chest narrower ; back not level, slightly rounded; tail carried very low, often between the legs; huge skull, ewe neck; muzzle very deep from nose to underjaw and coarser in quality ; ears set at the base of the skull; nose squashed into skull. Its nature is entirely different and much more apathetic and timid. Action of the hind legs is very distinctive. It may be considerably larger than the Blenheim. The Tricolour takes somewhat after the Black-and-tan in body and set of ears, but is a better shape. 183 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS The Blenheim has a level, broad back; short, cobby body, arched neck, and more nose. His expression is quite different, and his nature bold. The crossing of the breeds encouraged by the Kennel Club new rules is spoiling the Blenheim type, as the true Blenheim is being replaced in the prize ring by the coarse noseless Blenheim of generation C. (See table of colours. ) The Black-and-tan, having no historical standing, is a purely fancy type, but even a fancy type should not be allowed to violate certain rules of proportion. It may be allowed more underjaw than the Red-and-white and a rather lower placement of ear, but the more pro- nounced the points the smaller the dog should be. The Red-and-white is essentially a Toy, not a sport-_ ing Spaniel, and should be a fairy type, dainty, ethereal, and exquisite in characteristics and small in size, though strong, solid, and healthy in make and constitution. A Red-and-white should never be massive, heavy in head, or “ grand,” and I must repeat, ad nauseam, that a mas- sive grand type is utterly wrong. Do not breed weeds either, but elephants are simply intolerable. Breed from larger specimens so as to get the large litters which bring the small puppies, but the show ring is not the place for the big ones unless we have special classes for them. The great difficulty is to make people see the difference between a big dog with quality and a big vulgar type. The big vulgar type should never be bred from at all, if a male. As an instance of the differ- ence between a stud dog type and the show type I may quote my own Champion The Bandolero, who has often been held up by others as a perfect show type. In my opinion he is not as delicately made and exquisitely modelled as a perfect show dog should be, nor is he 184 HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE small enough, but he shows quality and is a good breed- ing type because all his points are so strongly marked. For the show ring I prefer a small fairy type never seen now, with a less massive head and much finer bone. The same thing applies to Wee Dot. Exhibitors have only one thing to think about, 7. ¢e., the perfection of their dogs for exhibition. For breeders the question of type is more complicated, as the perfect show specimens do not get the most perfect puppies, and to get perfect stock the type of sire must go beyond perfection into exag- feration. Perfect dogs get a large percentage of weeds. Exaggerated dogs get a large percentage of per- fect types unless mated to equally exaggerated types, when the result is often simply monstrous. It is these monstrosities which we must keep out of the show ring. A perfect short-faced dog should have a fascinating little face with a tiny bridge to its miniature nose. There is a certain fat, chubby look about the face of a good dog which is not found in bad ones. The modern dogs oscillate between the elephantine, rugged heads, and little, mean, wizened rats of things which are truly only fit to be drowned. The Red-and-white Toy Spaniel always had a domed skull and comparatively short nose as far back as I can trace the breed. We are, therefore, not going much out of the historical traditions for their colour in breeding to the type of the head in the coloured illus- tration. If, however, we continue to breed Black-and-tans with short face and tan markings, they cannot be con- sidered King Charles. In reality the Red-and-white, as well as the Black-and-white (now extinct) were the actual King Charles Spaniels, and the King Charles 185 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS so-called, of the seventeenth century, was a black, curly dog, presumably identical with the Truffle dog. The present Black-and-tan has no more connection with His Majesty King Charles than the Samoyede. It 1s a com- posite animal and should be given a name of its own. I should suggest its being called only by the name of Black-and-tan Toy Spaniel. I strongly advocate that the original curly black King Charles should not be for- gotten. This curly King Charles or Truffle dog must be considered the proper representative of the old breed, while the present Black-and-tan can only be treated as an interesting evolution of a new variety; but that it should represent the old breed, while the genuine rep- resentative is unrecognized, is rather ridiculous. _ It must, however, be understood that when I speak of the type being interesting I am referring to the ideal type of short face, and not to the awful abortions and de- formities with which our shows are inundated—dogs with faces like gnomes, cross, sulky, and sullen, or hag- gard and imbecile; heads that outrage all laws known to mathematics and violate every possible canon of pro- portion ; types which could only be produced by a morbid taste for monstrosities. That our fanciers should tol- erate and, in fact, admire animals so stamped with vul- garity and mongrelism as most of our Black-and-tans and Rubies is a thing which astonishes me more and more. I propose, therefore, that, as we have noseless dogs, we set our minds to breeding them according to the type | have indicated and that we also revive the curly all- black King Charles, which would be quite possible by breeding with the dogs that still exist. I should also like to reproduce the Italian Spaniel by breeding the 186 j ea EN aT Mrs Lytron’s TRICOLOUR St ANTHONY’S SHADOW Mrs FurnNIvVAL’S BLENHEIM CH. LittLE Tommy Sire of Ch. Windfall THE Misses CLARKSON AND GRANTHAN’S BLENHEIM DONCASTER COMET Mrs HILvi’s BLENHEIM, THE LATE LADY DE GEx’S BLENHEIM CH. LITTLE MAFEKING St ANTHONY’S FEATHERWEIGHT Age 11 months HOW TO BREED THE BEST -TYPE Papillon according to the type in the portraits of Hen- rietta or Orleans. I give a table to show how the Red-and-white has been known to breed out in a certain strain. Tricolour Red-and-white | Black- 4 Tricolour, Tricol Red-and- and-tan 4 Red-and-white ee white s All Mismarked Tole Black-and-tan pee Our Out Red-and- | | Cross white Tricolour Red-and- Black-and-tan | | | white Mismarked Black- | and-white Tricolour All ites All Tricolour And now I will turn to the practical side of breeding the short-nosed variety. If you wish to breed small specimens, do not breed from very small stock. This may sound absurd, but experience will prove that small bitches are often most unsatisfactory breeders, and that it is not always the smallest sires that get the smallest puppies. Smallness must not be attained by defective growth and a poor constitution, but it must be bona fide smallness. The best plan is to get a bitch which has large litters. If you get a litter of five puppies you are far more likely to get small ones than with a litter of one or two. Very small bitches usually do not breed at 187 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS all. It is either impossible to get them served or if served they are barren. Should they prove in whelp the chances are there is only one puppy, which, having absorbed all the nutriment to itself, is unduly large and the bitch dies whelping. When a breeder has had the distressing experience of seeing his bitch die in this way, he will not be anxious to renew the experiment. I have had three exceptions to this rule, and, of course, when one does find it, nothing could be better. As I have already said, there is a right and a wrong type of noseless dog, and my advice is directed to secur- ing the prettiest of the noseless types. In breeding Blenheims and Tricolours, my advice is, breed primarily for shape, and in the second place for markings. When you have got a stock which breeds true to type, with sound bodies and good heads it is comparatively easy to get the markings right without losing the type. Do not be in a hurry. A mismarked King Charles Black- and-tan bitch (that is to say, the offspring of a Blen- heim or Tricolour with a King Charles), is the best possible mother for breeding Tricolour champions. Mated to a Blenheim you will probably get one perfect Tricolour (perhaps two) out of each litter, and the ex- cellence of head will be well worth the sacrifice of breed- ing a couple of others in the same litter which will not be well marked enough for show under ordinary judges. Any Black-and-tan bitch will not do. The one you choose must have the round face, round skull, and pretty expression which are essential to success, and she must come of short-nosed stock, even if she is not short herself. If you breed Blenheim to Blenheim time after time, it is impossible to keep up the monstrous points now con- 188 Miss GREEN’S HIAWATHA ODAHMIN Os ad Miss Ives’ POMERANIAN CH. & PR. Miss BurRtTON’S POMERANIAN CH, Boy BLuE THE SABLE MITE bed de iss H. G. Parrett’s Ruspy Toy SPANIEL Mrs Pinto Lertes’ Toy SPANIEL CH. CH. Rosemary RED RIvaL BILLIKEN ADVOCATE Photo, Piccaailly Arcade Studios HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE sidered good. If left entirely to themselves they will rap- idly and surely revert to the original short but pointed nosed type, but owing to the Marlborough cross it will probably not be the right pointed nosed type. They can, however, be kept quite “noseless”” enough by careful selection. It is a very remarkable fact that a Blenheim when mated to a Blenheim will never produce anything but a Blenheim, however much Black-and-tan, Ruby, or Tricolour blood may be in the pedigree. I have never come across an authentic instance of this, and people have often asserted the contrary, but the evidence pro- duced has not been evidence one could accept as con- clusive. Where a lot of dogs of all varieties are kept there is always a possibility of doubtful parentage, and in all the cases brought to my notice I have found that the breeders owned a Tricolour dog as well as the sup- posed Blenheim sire. If two Tricolours ever get a Blenheim the case is so rare that I cannot quote a single proved instance of it. The two cases brought to my notice can only be classed as unproved assertions. The Blenheim is the oldest and dominant breed. In Blenheims other colours never reappear so long as individuals bred in this way are mated to the same colour as themselves. For instance, a Blenheim mated to a Tricolour will get both Blenheims and Tricolours, but should one of the Blenheim progeny be mated exclusively to Blenheims it will never produce a Tri- colour. A King Charles mated to a Blenheim or Tri- colour will produce Black-and-tans with white patches on chest, feet or head; or equally mismarked Rubies. Mate the offspring to a Blenheim, and you will get some properly marked Blenheims or Tricolours and a good many mismarked puppies, and this is certainly the best 189 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS way of getting show points in Tricolours.'| A Black- and-tan mated to a Ruby or Black-and-tan will get whole coloured puppies, but if you wish to keep the tan bright on the King Charles you must select the tan or occasionally cross with Ruby, otherwise the tan gets gradually darker and is eventually lost altogether. Black-and-tans when mated to Black-and-tans always show a tendency to produce white markings, and this comes from the original breed. The original colour was not all black, but had a white waistcoat, and in breeding there is always a tendency to reversion in colour as well as in type. It will be seen, therefore, that when breed- ing for show points it is necessary to cross the two varieties with judgment so as to obtain the best results. But, though the Tricolour would probably be too much inbred to continue on its own account unless peri- odically re-created and revived by a Black-and-tan and Blenheim cross, yet, as far as colours and type are con- cerned, it is a perfectly true breed. I wish to make it quite clear that the Blenheim Red-and-white breed is perfectly independent of any other variety. It is the trueness with which Red-and-white breeds to Red-and- white and Tricolour to Tricolour which marks them as worthy of separate challenge prizes. Black-and-tans do not exhibit the same trueness, and therefore can justly be classed with the Rubies. The Ruby with white marks, however, also breeds true. Good coated strains are essential. The Champion Littke Tommy strain is far and away the best coated ' Tricolours always exhibit the red or fire markings in the orthodox pattern and are never hound-marked or indiscriminately red, white, and black like a guinea pig. 190 Groups oF Toy Docs I~ 20 Photos, J. Lytton HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE Blenheim strain, and the Champion Royal Clyde and Macduff the best coated King Charles strains. There are many good coated Tricolour strains, but no Ruby strain that has what I consider even a second- class coat. Choose your strains with great care. The Cherub strains combined with Deepdene, Charlie Peace, Hiawatha, Wild, Rococo, and Marvel blood are some of the very best for type, but Marvel is not good for coat. Miss Witt’s and Miss App’s strains are my favourites for all-round quality and small size. These breeders had a great eye for pretty expressions and never owned coarse dogs. In King Charles the best strains are Rococo, Highland Lad, Royal Clyde and Macduff, and in Rubies, Champion Royal Rip and my own Marvel, but I consider the former a better all-round dog than the latter. If you should breed a very good puppy from a certain sire and dam, do not on any account break the connection. This would seem almost superfluous advice, but it is astonishing how often people having succeeded once with one sire will try another perhaps handsomer sire, thinking to do even better, with the result that not only do they not get as good a puppy as they did before, but on reverting to the original combination they fail even to repeat their first experience, whereas, if they steadily stick to the original connection, they may go on getting a first-rate puppy in every litter. I can ad- vance no theory to account for this, in fact, I am quite aware that it sounds unscientific. I can only say that it is the result of experience. Certain combinations of blood seem to agree with each other, and a bitch will sometimes produce finer stock to a quite plain dog than to the best champion that she can be sent to. It is im- possible to make beginners realise this, especially as the IQ] TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS fact has often been made use of unscrupulously to trick beginners into buying bad dogs on the false representa- tion that they get good stock. Nor will novices believe that the smallest dogs are generally bred from large bitches and more often than not from large sires as well, and they persist in wasting much valuable time in mak- ing disheartening attempts to breed from the smallest stock they can procure, and then condemn the breed as delicate. It is easy enough to breed flat-skulled puppies from small bitches, but you will never breed the proper skulls safely. The largest dog I ever bred was sired by a dog six and a half pounds in weight and of the smallest strain in England. His dam was the smallest brood bitch I ever saw, and even smaller than the sire. We used to call two of the puppies the Giant and the Dwarf, as at three months old the dog weighed eight pounds and the bitch one and a quarter pounds. The average weight of a Blenheim puppy should be from two to three pounds at two months old. If lighter than this they are not likely to grow up strong or healthy. In judging puppies in the nest, if you want a very short face look carefully to its finish of muzzle, 7. e., the lower teeth (or rather gums) should be in front of the upper ones, otherwise the puppy’s nose will drop as it grows older and so lengthen out. Puppies “ shoot ” their noses at about five months old and sometimes later, and the noses go back in some few months more. This is a very anxious moment, as, if the nose has a down- ward tendency, it will never shorten right up again. You can always tell a real “ flyer”’ from the very 192 Mrs RussE_tt Lioyp’s BLENHEIM Mrs MITCHELL’S TRICOLOUR PANDORA STUART KING The best Blenheim sire living BLENHEIM SPANIEL IN MOTION Mrs Lioyp’s Ruspy SPANIEL Mrs W. Hopkins’ BLAacK AND TAN MIDGET Toy SPANIEL PINNER SMUT HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE moment of its birth. Its head is perfectly. globular, almost like a ball with a face on it, the nose is broad, with a wrinkle over it. Tiptop flyers are unmistakable. The semi-flyers are rather difficult to judge in Blen- heims at the moment of birth, but, roughly speaking, the broader the head and the higher the skull, the better the dog will be; and occasionally a seemingly narrow head will come all right if the underjaw is decidedly protruding and the skull rises from the nose at a right angle. Ifa puppy is not an obvious flyer at four months old it will never be perfect. If you are doubtful about a puppy’s face at three or four months and think it might be a flyer, and yet are not entirely certain, look at its paws. If it has small, fine feet, it will be all right, but if it has heavy, thick paws it will grow too fast, and its nose will lengthen. I am speaking here of picking out a future champion of the highest class of Toy Spaniels. Puppies are always born with pink noses, but they turn black gradually, beginning about the fourteenth day. A small, black spot appears on the nose. If this is well in the middle, the nose will be completely black; if at the side it is doubtful. They open their eyes about the ninth day. The eyes are at first clouded and blue, but the cloudiness clears as the puppy advances in age. The markings of Blenheims when born are so faint as to be hardly visible, but this need cause no more anxiety than the pink nose, as they both darken later on. A Toy Spaniel does not often sire his best stock till he is about four years old. Toy Spaniels are often ex- tremely difficult to mate, and it is most inadvisable to mate a valuable stud dog with a very small bitch, as, once injured or frightened, he may never be induced to mate again. Keep your own stud dog, or if you send 193 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS away your bitches, either see the services yourself (two services are customary), or get a friend to do so. In this way much disappointment is avoided, and no breeder of any repute would object to your doing so, as if your bitch then fails to breed you cannot blame the stud dog or suspect its owner of sharp practice. Do not let your bitches get too fat or they may cease breeding. I advise breeding at the first heat, as, if the bitch is immature, she will miss, whereas, if she is strong and forward, she will breed without difficulty. Toy Spaniels go on breeding very late. Miss Annie Todd had a bitch called Queenie that had her last puppies at the age of twelve, and had litters of three and two puppies the two previous years. The dogs will go on breeding to any age, and, roughly speaking, the older the dog the better puppies he gets. There are seldom more than three or four puppies in each litter at any age, though I have known a Blenheim rear a litter of nine. This is, however, very inadvisable, as it is far too exhausting, and the rearing of an enormous litter often prevents a bitch from breed- ing again for a couple of years. I know of a Blenheim bitch who is still alive and well at eighteen, but she has stopped breeding. For a bitch that is persistently barren I can suggest no better remedies than plenty of exercise and not very rich feeding. In desperate cases where nothing seems of any use breeders can try the old breeding recipe of mating to a thorough cur or a totally different species and of a suitable size. If the bitch breeds to this con- nection the puppies can easily be got rid of, and the next time the bitch is put to a thoroughbred dog she will almost certainly breed to him all right. The more inbred 194 Mrs MattTHEws’ BLENHEIM SPANIEL ROSCOE Photo, Russell Mrs Lytton’s BLENHEIM CH. THE BANDOLERO AT 18 MONTHS Photo, Ns Lytton HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE and highly bred the bitch is, the more likely this is to succeed, the coarser breeding being more prolific than the inbred stock, and once the bitch starts breeding, she will generally continue to do so, the great difficulty being to get her to start. This method was, I believe, first suggested with regard to horses by a Persian writer. As I shall presently show, I do not consider the question of telegony to be of any practical importance Porune breeder. *Among Toy Spaniels there is an enormous percent- age of dogs that are incapable of reproducing their species. Buyers should be careful to have nothing to do with those dogs which are entirely imperfect in con- formation, but those that are partially imperfect are often the very best stud dogs possible. The most de- ceiving are those who to all appearance are perfectly formed, but which have an active dislike to any female which is in a condition to breed. In the case of a perfect dog which, though oc- casionally keen, fails to mate, it is often the fault of the owner if he cannot be got to succeed. I have bought more than one dog given up as entirely hopeless by its owner and the vets, but which has proved a most valu- able sire in my possession. As to the danger of infection by a previous sire, it is certainly not one that need be taken into consideration by breeders. If it occurs at all (which I am inclined to think does occasionally happen), it happens so seldom that no one has ever been able to collect evidence enough to prove it. In any case, it would only affect isolated individuals, and probably only as to a single character, and, considering the way in which the characters of an 195 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS actual cross can be eliminated by a knowledge of the principles of breeding, I do not think breeders need trouble themselves about so small a matter as the pos- sible influence of a previous sire on a single puppy. As to the vexed question of in-breeding, if it is de- sired to perpetuate and decide a certain characteristic, close in-breeding will secure it, but care should be taken to exercise the greatest moderation and judgment in doing so, for 1t there is a flaw in the constitution this also will assert itself and become more pronounced with every repetition of the incross. Inflammation of the brain, blindness, and rickets are the commonest results of any abuse of in-breeding. It must be remembered that the Toy Spaniel stock in England is limited, and that it has already been very much in-bred, so that breeders should try and get strong out-crosses rather than in-breed still farther. Owing to the quarantine regulations, no outside stock is likely to come into Eng- land. I think it should be made easier for breeders to import prize stock from abroad by allowing the local veterinary surgeons to look after the imported dogs for the regulation period, as many breeders cannot possibly afford the charges made by big veterinaries, and the breed deteriorates for want of fresh blood. I entirely approve of quarantine, but I think it should be more rationally managed, so as to avoid injuring the breeds in this naturally restricted island; and the charges made by veterinary surgeons for the detention of dog's in quar- antine should be supervised and limited by the Board of Agriculture, which should also carefully avoid creating anything like a monopoly in its choice of places of deten- tion. It must be remembered that detention for six months at a veterinary surgeon’s away from its mistress 196 HOW TO BREED THE BEST TYPE is certain death for a Toy dog, and under some circum- stances provision should be made so that ladies with pets should be allowed to keep their own dogs under daily supervision from a vet., and, if necessary, under lock and key in a cage with a locked run to it. This would be perfectly easy with very small dogs, and perfectly prac- tical. The Government Inspector could transport the dog to its cage himself, and the local veterinary could see it daily. CHAPTER VII SHOWING Do not ever send Toy dogs to a show unless you yourself or a friend can accompany them. Small dogs cannot stand knocking about on railways alone. Have a warm blanket, and start in plenty of time. You will require decorations for the pen. Take a piece of white or blue washing material, three yards by one yard, run a tape along the top from one end to the other (long- ways), and have a dozen safety-pin hooks. Also pro- vide yourself with a cushion about fourteen inches square, with a washing cover, or, if you wish something cheaper, take a clean Turkish towel, which can be folded and placed in the pen on the top of some straw, instead of a cushion, and which looks very nice. The curtain you have made will hook round inside the pen at the back and sides, and can be drawn up to the proper size by the tape. Before placing your dog in the pen you should dip a piece of cotton wool in strong Pearson’s or Jeyes’s Fluid and rub over the bench, as benches are not always satisfactorily disinfected. While at the show it is advisable to give your dog very little water unless you fetch it yourself from the tap, as you never know what dogs have been drinking out of the show vessels. Never use the pans provided by the show, as one dog after another drinks from them, and some may have infectious diseases. In this way you 198 COVENT GARDEN CHARLIE BERRIE’S BAWBEE SHEPPERL CONRAD From Cassell’s Book of the Dog TR CUMMINGS’ SPECULATION OF ST ANTHONY SHOWING A LEVEL BACK SHOWING run as little risk as possible. When taking your dog into the ring, have the number given you by the ring steward pinned in a conspicuous place. Remember that the judge has only the number for identification. It is most annoying and confusing for him not to be able to see each number easily, and it may conceivably cost you a prize. When holding your exhibit in your arms, if a Toy Spaniel, keep his head well facing the judge, and if you know that the dog is excited by the sight of a ball or a biscuit, have one in your hand so as to induce him to sh6w himself off when on the ground. If you take your dog into the ring rather hungry, he will show much better than after a meal. Bring him home with you at night, as he has a far greater chance of avoiding disease than if left all night at the show. You can train a Pom- eranian to stand well in the ring by having food in your hand and making him look up at it with his back or side to the judge. But this will not do with Toy Spaniels, who should pull a little on their leads towards the judge. Mere is a great deal of nonsense talked about the mysteries of getting a dog up for show. Do not alter your ordinary treatment if you keep your dog as a house pet. If he is in good health, rationally fed, and getting plenty of exercise, and if you wash him often, he will always be more or less in show form; and 1f you like to give him a little more brushing and combing than usual, before a show, it will do him no harm. Avoid all con- dition powders and other nostrums, also overfeeding. A very backward coat may need a little hair stimulant to the ears and breechings, but do not allow the hair to get matted and clogged, or you will do more harm than sood. ‘Peter Returns “is an excellent preparation. Cut your dog’s hind claws short with a pair of wire 26 199 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS nippers, so that he may not catch them in the hair of his ears and pull bits out, as show dogs are rather fond of doing.'| You can put the hind feet into little bags tied on with tape, so as to be on the safe side. 1 very much ob- ject to the over-decoration of pens and the over-weight- ing of the dogs with immense bows. Over-decoration of the pens shows lack of taste, and enormous bows make dogs ridiculous. Pens should be draped with white or pale blue washing material, with sky-blue wadded wash- ing silk or cotton quilts, or a washable cushion. Blen- heims look best with small blue bows and blue cushion and white curtains; sky blue or royal blue are best. Tri- colours and King Charles look best in red or orange bows, with red cushion and white curtains. Rubies may have pale green bows, with green or cream-coloured cushion and curtains. Do not have anything which can- not be washed and disinfected. Always run your bas- ket through strong disinfectant on getting home from a show. \White Pomeranians look well on almost any colour, but Reds should not be benched on red. Be amiable and obliging to your neighbours at the show pens and in the ring, but do not allow anyone to feed or handle your dogs, or to poke them through the bars of the cage with umbrellas. When in the ring, be sure the judge does not over- look your dog, and do not allow yourself to be crowded out by the other exhibitors, but, of course, do not push rudely. Hold your lead at arm’s length, and if another exhibitor persistently gets in front of you and continues doing so in spite of a request to allow you room, then ‘In doing this be careful not to cut the quick. You can see the dis- tance the quick comes down by holding the claw up against the light. The horn is transparent and the quick opaque. 200 THE DucHESS OF URBINO Titian, 1477-1576. Uffizi. Photo, Hanfstaengl SHOWING call the attention of the ring steward or the judge, and firmly but politely insist on having fair play. The man who has once tasted the excitement of ex- hibiting will seldom really give it up again. It is closely allied to the gambling instinct, and, let him lose ever so often, a fatal fascination lures him back to the ring to try his luck once more. When he can no longer afford to keep dogs he will hang about disconsolately, watching other people in the ring with envious eyes. As an old fancier once said to me when I talked of giving up my dogs: “ When you once get bitten by the show microbe, the disease generally lasts your life.” Washing.—It you wish to get good coats on your dogs do not be afraid of plentiful washing. In spite of all advice and warnings to the contrary, I find this plan far the most efficacious for producing a strong and pro- fuse growth of coat, especially on Blenheims and Tri- colours. Black-and-tans do not require so much wash- ing, as it tends to make the colour temporarily rusty. Wash your Blenheims regularly once a week. There will be no harm whatsoever either to health or coat if my instructions are carefully followed. Washing must not be done in a haphazard sort of way, with the soap suds only half rinsed out, and the dog only half dried and left to catch cold. Before you begin, let your dog out for a run, so that there will be no necessity to let him out very soon after washing. Prepare two clean bath towels, soap, sponge, and a fire. Have two vessels (any kind of foot-bath will do). Put hot water in both —not tepid, but hot—and have also ready a jug of hot water just the right temperature for the dog. As to temperature, anything which feels pleasantly hot when tried with your bare arm will be about right. Have the 201 7 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS water in the jug just a trifle hotter than that in the foot- baths, as it will have time to cool a little. Do not put too much soda with the water, as it tends to bleach the red and black markings, but 1f the water is hard adda little borax or Scrubb’s ammonia instead of soda. Use common white soap or Jeyes’s Perfect Purifier, or Gar- stin’s dog soap. Put the bath before the fire, and put the dog in the bath and sluice him well over with the hot water, except his head, which should be left to the last. Then soap him thoroughly, getting a good lather and rubbing well in all the corners, under the arms and thighs and between the toes. Then wet the head, soap your own fingers and rub well, giving special attention to the muzzle. Don’t soap and rub the dog’s face as if it were a kitchen table, as you will injure the eyes and half choke the poor animal with suds up the nostrils. Do it carefully, as if you were washing a very brittle bit of china. Remember that unless you clean your dog’s face thoroughly, remove all tear stains, and make it as white as snow, he will never look his best in the ring. Take care not to get any soap into the eyes if you can possibly help it, as it tends to inflame them, and never allow soap or water to get inside the ear. The great secret of success in the appearance of a dog when washed is to rinse out all the soap. After you have soaped hii and rubbed him all over, sponge well in the same water, then transfer him to the other bath and sponge again, taking care to Wash out every trace of soap. If the faintest trace of soapiness remains in the hair, it not only gives the dog a dirty, erey look instead of the snowy, fluffy appearance he should have, but it also makes the hair fall out. There- fore, I repeat: Rinse your dog well. To insure this, you 202 RED AND WHITE SPANIEL From portrait of an Old Lady, by Franz Pourbus (the Old) About 1589. Dresden. Photo, Hanfstaengl PAUL VERONESE DASH By Landseer, showing proper type of sporting head, 1866. Property of H.R.H. The Duchess of Kent SHOWING should put him through a final rinsing from the jug. Use the water hot, on no account cold, and be sure it is not tepid, as tepid water causes colds, while hot water never does so. By this I do not, of course, mean that you must boil your dog. I almost hesitate to give this advice because some people are apt to fly to extremes. I knew a woman who could pick a potato with her bare fingers out of a saucepan that was actually bubbling and boiling over the fire, and her ideas of what is just com- fortably hot are probably slightly different from mine. Bewery careful to get the soap out of the stop, and this is no easy matter. Do all this as quickly as is compatible with thoroughness—don’'t turn round and talk to a friend while washing and keep your dog shivering, and don't wash him in a draught. Take the dog out of the bath, and remove the first moisture with the sponge. This will greatly hasten the drying. Then wrap him in a warm towel and dry him by the fire, with smart but not rough rubbing, beginning by drying the face, rubbing chiefly the wrong way of the hair. In drying the ears, rub them also the wrong way of the hair, but do not hold the hair down while doing this. Leave it quite loose. As soon as he is fairly dry, finish him off with the second dry, warm towel. Give special attention to all the crevices of his face, and finish them with a pocket-hand- kerchief, rubbing still the wrong way of the hair. In drying the stop, rub across from one eye to the other as well as up and down, and also rub up and down the crease between the sides of muzzle and the eyes. Be sure not to neglect the ears and all round the neck. As soon as he is as dry as you can make him, put him in a basket or chair close to the fire, and let him get thoroughly hot and have a good, long sleep. Please 203 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS avoid, however, the terrible carelessness which has re- sulted in the burning to death of some puppies in their basket, a hot cinder falling on them while their mas- ter had gone away. Never let a dog he on the floor after washing. If you put your hand near the floor you will be surprised to find what a hurricane of cold air rushes along it even in summer. [Except on a broiling summer day, a dog should not go out of doors for sey- eral hours after washing, certainly not until the coat and ears are perfectly dry. When completely dry, should the dog still have any discoloration in the stop or show tear marks, apply dry boracic powder, and you will be astonished at the dog’s improvement and smart appearance. Brush gently, take all tangles out of the ears and frills. Don’t do this in a hurry, as it is kinder to the dog, and you will reap the benefit by the extra amount of hair that will be left in for the ring. Never pull the hair after washing, as the pulling strains it beyond recovery, until it becomes like an overstretched elastic band and eventually breaks off. Do not brush or comb the hair when wet. If the dog has much stain from tear marks, wash his muzzle every day with a small tooth brush and Monkey brand soap, and then apply a mixture of oxide of zinc powder and peroxide of hydrogen. Champion Windfall has had no other treatment since he was about eighteen months old, and a look at his pic- ture will convince the most sceptical that whatever treatment he has had has been completely successful. You cannot grow coat on a deal board with any prepar- ation or treatment in the world, and some dogs, like deal boards, are incapable of growing thick hair. This is very noticeable among the very straight coated 204 WIFE OF ADMIRAL VAN BAALEN Tempel, 1640. Cambridge Gallery. Photo, Hanfstaengl SHOWING strains. I consider the very long, thin, straight coat a sign of consumptive tendency and an inclination to chest weakness. It has certainly been my own experi- ence that this particular kind of coat means extreme delicacy of constitution. A dry biscuit immediately after washing and drying will be much appreciated, and will reconcile the dog to the idea of lying still by the fire and going to sleep instead of romping about and getting in a draught. It is a good plan to put him before the fire in one of Spraft’s wire runs or in one of the pens. Cover the back of the pen with a dry bath towel, and he will soon be quite dry. If you find that the weekly washing makes your dog’s coat too dry and brittle, apply some anti- septic oil or ointment. Do not use carbolic as a disin- fectant, as it is very poisonous to dogs, and so is tur- pentine. For the amusement of exhibitors I have collected some tenses of the verb “to show,” in which they may recognise familiar scenes. THE Vers “ To SHow,” AS CONJUGATED BY FANCIERS Infinitive Mood Indefinite (and very uncer- RemIEMICLIGE coc) soot. 5 «= oo So To show. iiMemiecE teMSe 4... 6s. ses. To be getting V~ H.C: SS Os re To have won the championship. Perfect continuous tense ..... To have been running through all your classes. Participles “FDRG a ee Showing. Mico eu lals miacheg ads a os Disqualified by the Kennel Club. 205 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Present Active I show Thou judgest He gets first prize She protests We make a row Ye get into hot water They complain to the Secretary It (the dog) has a fit Present Imperfect | am showing Thou art winning He is a scoundrel She is disgusted We are writing to our solicitors Ye are swindlers They are at daggers drawn It (the hotel bill) is scandalous Present Perfect Continuous I have been showing Thou hast given the judge a black eye He has gone to the Kennel Club She has been quarrelling We have been fools Ye have made a hash of it They have called us names It has been a pandemonium Past Unpleasant I waited (to show in my class) You stole his customer Ile swore She trod on its tail We both claimed the same dog Ye looked on They lodged an objection It barked incessantly 206 TERRA - COTTA MODEL IN THE Louvre, PARIS: ‘‘ CHIEN DE MALTE.” ITALIAN PLATE, 200 B.C. o inblangsiie one na are nie I8TH-CENTURY ENGLISH NEEDLEWORK TAPESTRY WORKED BY THE FIVE WIVES OF THOMAS FOLEY By permission of Mrs Foley of Stoke Edith SHOWING Retrospective Unsatisfactory I have shown (and lost) Thou hast gone without lunch He has mislaid his catalogue She has been caught without a ticket We have run short of cash Ye have caught cold They have lost their last train home It has not been a success Future Pessimistic I shall certainly arrive too late Thot shalt make matters worse He shall make a scene (unless I am much mistaken) She shall apologize (N. B.—but she won't) We shall miss our class Ye shall call a committee meeting They shall do nothing (as usual) It will get distemper (of course) Future Improbable I may give up showing Thou mayest regret it He may be a Champion She may agree with us We may pay them out Ye may go to Jericho They may resign It may be a blessing in disguise Present Unsatisfactory I have shown the wrong dog Thou hast got my number He has revoked She has lost her temper We have quarrelled Ye have interfered They have sent for the police It has all come to nothing 27 207 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Suppositious If I should win If thou shouldst lose lf he should be fair If she should be polite If we should get a bargain If ye should be honest If they should have a sense of humour If only we hadn’t come Pluperfect Regretful I had shown a faked dog Thou hadst trimmed He had bribed She had blackmailed If it had not been for the They had judged their own dogs Kennel Club Ye had published defamatory libels We had knocked each other down It had been poisoned | Future Defiant I shall not show any more Thou shalt not have my pen He shall not sit on my basket She shall not take my chair We shall never speak to each other again Ye shall not get five hundred per cent They shail not get the class re-judged It shall not be poked by that woman’s umbrella Subjunctive Idealist I might show and win Thou mightest sell it cheap He might not have an ulterior motive She might offer us three figures We might make a profit Ye might be pleasant They might act in good faith It might be worse 208 EARLY VICTORIAN TYPE OF Toy SPANIEL Attributed to Landseer. Thoto, E. Walker SHOWING Imperfect I was showing Thou wast hindering me He was drinking at the bar She was a nuisance They were making sarcastic remarks Ye were getting in the way We were driven distracted It was biting the ring steward Unattainable Tense I show (25 dogs) Thou guaranteest all the classes He judges (with perfect knowledge and fairness) She wins everything (and quite right, too) We congratulate her Ye give several 100 guinea cups to be won outright We all shake hands It is the Millennium Imperative Show (thou) Try again Go on showing THE Verz “ To SHow,”’ CONJUGATED BY THE Docs Future I shall be shown Thou shalt be washing me He shall be in a hurry She shall have hysterics We shall be cross They (the whole house) shall be in an uproar Present Exciting I am being admired Thou art being brushed 209 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS Ile is combing my tail She is giving me a biscuit \We are shut in a basket They are taking us by train Cantankerous Puppy Tense I shall not allow myself to be washed Thou shalt not smuggle me in the train without paying for me He shall-examine my teeth at his peril She shall not touch my tail on any consideration We shall not catch the judges’ eye if I can help it Ye shall ngt stop my barking They shall on no account know that I am sound Obstructive I shall sit down in the ring Thou shalt coax me in vain lle might as well talk to the wind She shall pull my head off, for all I care We shall obstruct the traffic delightfully Ye shall intimidate me to no purpose They shall be kept waiting for hours It will be great fun Past (from the winner's standpoint) I took First Prize (whatever that may be) Thou wert astonished He said I showed beautifully She kissed me We made quite a sensation They were nowhere Ye offered a whole heap of money It was all published in the newspapers 210 SHOWING Present (stormy) (from the other dog’s point of view) I think something has gone wrong Thou art impossible to please Master seems terribly put out She has slapped me We are dog tired They are saying some one has been disqualified It is a shame N. B.—I shall certainly bite something or somebody in an- other minute _ GENERAL REFLECTIONS Passengers arriving at low-level station, Crystal Palace “Excelsior!’’ Five minutes later, ‘“ Excelsior!” Ten minutes later, ‘“ still Excelsior! ”’ The Winners—* Delightful show, this; come and see my dog.” The Losers—* Go to blazes!” The Judges—* Let us see if we can’t slip out the back way.” The Ring Stewards—* Stand back, ladies and gentlemen.” The Gate Kecper—* Five shillings, please.” The Secretary—‘ Don't let me hear another word.” The Committee—“ Another guinea! Your objection is frivo- lous.” Chorus of Small Boys—‘*‘ C’tlog—C'tlog.” The Public—* Rotten show ; did you ever see such judging! Let us come back to-morrow.” Everybody together at 10 p.M.—‘ Let us go home, for goodness sake!” CHAPTER ,VIIT KENNEL MANAGEMENT Tue floors of the ideal kennel should be asphalted and kept sprinkled with sanitary sawdust. Such ken- nels will cost about £20 to £60, according to size, and are specially suitable where a very large number of dogs are kept. They should be provided with a stove at each end to be lighted during the cold winter nights. The dogs should be shut into the inner compartment at night, and the sliding door into the outer run opened during the day so that they can get plenty of fresh air and see out into the world. For a smaller number of dogs nothing could be more ideal than my kennels, the dimensions of which are 35 ft. x 13 ft.x 6 ft. (to the eaves). I de- signed the arrangement of them myself, but got the smaller building from Longbottom of Nafferton Works, Hull, for £13. At my request they put in two doors and five large windows. I added an extra thick roofing of felt, also cupboards, tables, a sink, pens, and a stove. This kennel could not possibly be more convenient, nor, I venture to think, less expensive for its large size. I should be pleased to show all my arrangements to any- one who wished to build a similar one, as experience has proved it perfect in practical workableness. Building No. 2 is raised from the ground on brick piles, and has a wooden floor. It is well tarred outside to keep away damp and draughts, and can be match- 212 i] 17 y A seca Ti | TeSe ' ' ‘ ‘ a weedy sy ue Vy ' Bie eae oar it-- peal . thy ' i fiero Uren ' ww i) ie ade Hp U Ae ee Si a 1 Me Sine oe ~ aS 2/9028 09 » £0 asoYy? ay!) SzAvd OM} UI apylu adv SzUaWZADAWOD Buldaa/s ay) fo SADOP AY 400g bulpi§ ‘f pavogdng'd wooy buidaajg§ “Tt an0zg§ bu1y009:7D da/}og'H = 90728 9/9V}40g-y afqvy bulhag’sy suad bulhig’'g HUIS" suad hvg:W poof Butandaad x dn 6urj3n9 sof ajquy"y suad buidaajg"y asesseg a eee rere MOPUIY ehAy REVI TN MM BEF a a a a mn NN “MOpUT ~<----u192f 6----> a > ed 7 » g » - * at 2 ¢ an KENNEL MANAGEMENT boarded inside if the extra expense is no consideration. The windows are very pretty with no horizontal iron bars but only the perpendicular ones. Each pane of glass overlaps the other, indicating the cross lines. I consider that large windows are essential to the well being of the dogs. They must have light and sunshine, and the kennels should be built facing south. Kennel No. 1 is of wood, with small brick foundation and cor- rugated roof. Kennel No. 2 is of weather boarding, with tarred felt roofing. « Boulton and Paul, Rose Lane Works, Norwich, have many splendid designs of kennels and runs at most rea- sonable prices. I illustrate two of these which are par- ticularly good. There is, of course, no heating ap- paratus in these. A. Neaverson, of Peakirk, Peterborough, sells a beautiful puppy-run on wheels in several sizes from Pelex rit. Or avery useful size O-ft. x 3 ft. To avoid mice in a kennel, keep a cat. If a kitten is reared with the puppies and knocks about with other dogs they will all get on together splendidly. Nothing keeps off rats and mice like the presence of a cat. They ' get too artful to go into traps. If there is a large open space that can be wired in outside the kennels, so much the better, as the dogs can then run all together on fine days, and bask in the sun. Do not let them out on rainy days, as damp is very bad for them, much worse than cold. Should they acci- dentally get wet, they must be rubbed thoroughly dry immediately on coming in. Give as much exercise as possible, and change the drinking water often. Except as a fetish, it is useless putting lumps of sulphur in their water, as sulphur is as insoluble in water as a lump of 255 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS china. Feed twice a day on brown bread, hound meal, Melox, biscuits, boiled sheep’s heads, or meat, as you find they do best. Never allow a dog to take a bone into its bed, as much ill temper and furious fighting will be the result. Toy Spaniels have very delicate eyes that are soon injured in a fight, and, once disfigured by a white film over the eye, a dog is greatly handicapped for show. lor inflammation of the eyes a weak solution of saltpeter and water 1s most beneficial, or, better still, Shirley's eye ointment. For cases where a white speck forms, a minute quantity of powdered calomel, as much as will go on the extreme point of a small penknife, may be gently dropped into the eye, which is then closed, and very softly but thoroughly rubbed for a few minutes. I got this prescription from Miss Dillon, who had it from a well-known French vet., and, though I have been repeatedly told by English vets. that it would injure the eyes, | have found the reverse to be the case. This treatment once daily often succeeds with chronic white films, where all else has failed, but should not be used in acute cases. A crushed poppy head boiled in a pint of water for five minutes and strained through fine muslin with a small teaspoonful of boracie acid added is a good thing where the inflammation is severe. It should be applied hot to the eye several times daily. The dog should be kept as much as possible in the dark, and its feet must be tied up in bags, as the eyes are so very irritable that the dog will tear frantically at them and often destroy his sight permanently. Of course, there are some injuries the scars of which nothing will remove, as when the tissue of the eye is permanently damaged. It may be considered absurd, but I advise all owners 214 4 mopuly’H 400g°5) an0j¢ 6ulyoo09' A pavogdng jamol"y sulg°d qulg"D 9/901 suag'W wee ee ee - ee eee KENNEL MANAGEMENT who wish to preserve their dogs to a good old age to brush their teeth every day with a soft badger’s hair tooth brush. Toy dogs are very liable to a decay of the teeth, which is the cause of unpleasant breath and in- digestion. Powdered bicarbonate of soda is a good tooth powder and is perfectly harmless. In fact, it can, if accidentally swallowed, do nothing but good. After brushing, the teeth should be wiped over with a pad of cotton wool wrung out in some good, non-poisonous dis- infectant. I use chinosol. If the teeth are brown with tartar they should be properly scaled by a veterinary surgeon, unless the owner is very skilful and can trust himself not to cut the dog’s gums with the instrument. The great secret of healthy dogs is plentiful disinfecting and perfect cleanliness. If the kennels smell “ doggy,” they are not properly scrubbed. A barrel of disinfectant should be kept al- ways ready and liberally used. The money spent in this way will not be wasted, for an epidemic of skin disease is far more costly than any amount of disinfectant. Use a lot of sanitary sawdust, and scrub your ken- nels like the decks of a ship, and you will never have much disease to complain of. Fleas and lice may be successfully eradicated by applications of a powder called Insect Death, to be obtained from Rowland Ward, The Jungle, Piccadilly. No well-kept dog should have either of these pests, which are always a sign of neglect, though all dogs are liable to pick up an occasional specimen of both, especially in the spring, but they are easy to get rid of and need cause no alarm. I have a special preparation of my own for lice which destroys both them and the nits in one dressing. Let me here warn breeders and exhibitors against 28 215 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS drugging their dogs. Never give them tonics of any sort unless they are just recovering from a severe illness, and then not for long at a time. Never give condition pow- ders for show, or give any medicine whatever unless it is rendered imperative by some emergency. I never give my dogs any drugs, and they do not require any. Even aperients are not required for a dog that has proper food and exercise. I cannot too strongly condemn the practice among some breeders of giving arsenic to im- prove their dogs’ coats. Whether this pernicious prac- tice has any effect on the dogs’ coats I cannot say, but I am inclined to doubt it. In any case, it certainly would impair the health of the individual, and eventually the breed would suffer. The finest and best coats can only be got by washing and keeping the dogs in perfect health; and I venture to say that perfect health is in- compatible with constant drug taking either in dogs or in human beings. If you are obliged to use medicines, use Shirley’s preparations, and do not spend large sums on vets. Some Toy Spaniels cannot eat bones without getting stoppage, and in matters of diet owners must be euided by individual peculiarity. Feed kennel dogs on Osoko, Molassine biscuits, soup, meat, boiled paunches, a little green vegetable, and wholesome scraps. Avoid salt and potatoes. Molassine biscuits are particularly good for delicate feeders and Spratt’s malted meal is excellent for puppies. Skin Diseases —Toy Spaniels are, like all Spaniels, so liable to skin disease that I cannot write on general management without dealing with the question, as an outbreak of spots ruins their appearance entirely for a long while. In the * Book of Faleonrie or Hawking,” 1611, M. 216 A wil ml | Two Goop KENNELS MADE BY Boulton & PauL, NORWICH KENNEL MANAGEMENT Francesco Vicentino speaks of the diseases of Spaniels, Pepecialiy the “ Mancie’; for “a good Spanell is a ereat jewel.” A “ Spanell’”” with “the Mangie ” as, however, anything but a jewel. Remember that, roughly speaking, all skin disease should be considered extremely contagious and be treated as such. There is such a thing as non-con- tagious eczema, but let me entreat owners of Toy Span- iels not to say: “ Oh, he’s only got a touch of eczema,” but to deal with all irritations and eruptions as their mostly deadly foes. Owners of these dogs should keep by them the following preparation: Oily dressing—1 pint castor oil, olive oil, and paraffin, mixed in equal quantities, 2 ozs. sulphur, % oz. turpentine, %4 oz. salt- petre. Oxide of zinc dissolved in hot water to a satu- rated solution and mixed with half the quantity of a similar solution of boracic acid is a good lotion. Before treating for skin complaints, treat for worms, and then give a dose of castor oil once a week as long as the erup- tion lasts. Rub the dog well over with dry boracic powder. You may, if you prefer it, give one teaspoon- ful of cattle salts twice a week instead of the castor oil. The dogs should be carefully looked over every day, and the slightest redness or irritable spot or roughness immediately touched with one of the mixtures. The favourite places for spots are on the forehead (this is the most disfiguring, and should be instantly checked), under the arm pits and joins of the legs, and between the toes. A young dog never scratches persistently without cause, though old ones that have had eruptions sometimes continue the habit after the eruption is gone. If a young dog scratches continually, he is either troubled with insects, fleas or lice, or he has skin trouble 217 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS or worms. In any case it is well to begin by treating for worms, and to make sure that there are no external parasites. In case of general eruption, the dog must be dressed all over from nose to tail with the oily dress- ing, which must be left on for twenty-four hours and then washed off and repeated. In long standing cases of the worst kind it will be necessary to shave the dog completely before treatment. The strongest contribut- ing cause of skin disease is damp. Dogs kept on a low, damp, clay soil will always be breaking out, and it must be remembered that both fleas and rats will con- vey mange. Another excellent remedy for skin disease is oxgall and sulphur. Above all, however, remember that your dogs will always be breaking out unless you cure them of canker in the ear. Cure the canker with dry powders, such as boracic acid or oxide of zine worked well into the interior of the ears, and clean out with spirals of cottonwool. Never wash the inside of the ear with soap and water—it 1s deadly. Canker in the ear, if not act- ually the same microbe as mange, appears to be its twin brother. Cure the canker, and the skin disease will go, too, as long as the dog is free from worms. The best skin lotion of all, which I have found a certain cure, though the smell is something fearful while it is being made, is made up as follows: Flower of sulphur........... 2 Ibs. Unslaked line 9s .s.4< » #% ~ Tue Best Way or Docxkine Puppies’ Taris 1, 2. Make a clove hitch with strong surgical silk. 3, 4. Insert puppy’s tail in noose. (When drawn level, a sharp, strong pull across the tail will take the end off without spilling a drop of blood, BirpD’s-EYE VIEW OF KITTEN AND PUPPIES ASLEEP ON A CUSHION KENNEL MANAGEMENT Often a mild dose of olive oil alone is sufficient, or a banana, which most Toy Spaniels will eat greedily. If the castor oil is too thick and will not run properly, warm the bottle at the fire. People make a great mistake in giving their dogs constant doses of aperients. Constipation should never be dealt with by drugs, least of all with castor oil, which has the powerful reaction which makes it so useful in cases of diarrhea. Give whole meal bread soaked in gravy and a few green vegetables added to the food. Gingerbread is useful, and much liked. Boiled liver is also a laxative. For stoppage, use injections of warm water with castor oil, one dessertspoonful to one-eighth pint of water. For rheumatism, cut off meat and sugar and sub- stitute milk, brown bread, biscuits, and a moderate quantity of cheese and vegetables. Do not overfeed. Beware of Raw Meat.—The kennels of owners who use it much are sure to be infested with worms and mange. The dog, like the vulture, is by nature a scay- enger which feeds on raw flesh and offal. When per- forming their natural offices in Eastern countries two more filthy creatures could not be found. Both are mangy to the last degree. Anyone who has seen dogs and vultures living on raw food, as I have, and observed the results in both, will never again recommend “ the dog’s natural food.” I may say that the most healthy, well-kept Toy dogs regard it with obvious disgust. Cer- tainly none of my own healthy dogs would ever touch it. In some cases where the appetite is depraved and where a puppy is in such a condition of weakliness that you are at your wits’ end how to keep life in it, you may try it as you might try any other dangerous remedy, but I 29 223 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS can only say that I have been far more successful with- out it, than when using it. It is never worth while, moreover, to rear puppies that are fundamentally un- healthy. For indigestion, give ingluvin, five grains in each meal, and give the dog nothing but hot water to drink instead of cold. For bad coughs and colds, make pills as follows: Each pill contains: extract Of ElyosciamMnns i... et aie eee 1.0 Sr. Podophythta se 75 oa.tee, cot ee arte aes a trace Potash Nitrate 6 sti eso tac 0 men Se ener 0.5 gr. Potash’ Chlorate’ 445° sik aa ee £0" SF. Powdered’ ‘(Rhubarh: 4.5 locos fac eee 0.5 gr. Extract ‘of Colocynsll 2-2-0. cee hae 0.5 gr. One pill twice a day for a couple of days. Puppies often have navel ruptures, and, unless very bad, these usually cure themselves. If unusually bad, they may be cured as follows: Cut off a slice at the end of a large cork. Warm some strips of Mead’s adhesive plaster (this is a soft tape plaster), get the puppy on its back, and gently push the swelling into the aperture which you will feel under the skin. Place the slab of cork over the place and fix it there with the strips of plaster. If the protrusion of the intestine is thus pre- vented the sides of the opening will gradually grow up together and close it. The plaster must be occasionally changed, as it shows a tendency to come off. DISTEMPER As this is not a veterinary book, I shall only say a few words on distemper. Should your dog show signs 224 ( Nr Lytton wath Oh C(( indfall pre me a ppecrlurg hy « Veshitle Lytton yi KENNEL MANAGEMENT of distemper, do not delay to put him in a warm place. Put him at once into a flannel coat with a flannel chest- preserver. You can make the latter by cutting two oval holes in a piece of flannel. Put the dog’s forelegs through the holes and pin the flannel over his back with two stout safety pins. Let him be as quiet as possible. Feed on milk, raw white of egg, and meat jelly and fish. If you cannot afford this diet, give him milk and white of egg only. Begin by giving a good teaspoonful of castor oil. Should there be diarrhcea afterwards, give occasionally a teaspoonful of Symes’s preparation of lac bismuth, and let all food be quite cold. Let the dog be in the same temperature day and night. Should the diarrhcea turn to dysentery, or be black and streaked with blood, and very persistent, it may very often be stopped by equal parts (about a teaspoonful of each) of raw brandy and port wine, mixed with enough powdered arrowroot to make a paste, and given just as it is. I have seen miraculous results from this. In desperate cases where sickness makes it impossible to give anything by the mouth, an injection into the rectum of six drops of brandy, four to eight drops of laudanum, and a table- spoonful of thick boiled starch will sometimes bring a dog round from the very jaws of death. Sherley’s * diarrhcea powders, also, are marvellous. For severe vomiting, give half a teaspoonful of essence of ginger, one teaspoonful of brandy, one teaspoonful of water. Mix, and give half for a dose. Should the dog become very much collapsed, brandy should be liberally given, either burnt or raw. He must absolutely be kept out of all suspicion of a draught. All unpleasant discharges é 1Sherley & Co., 48 Borough High Street, London. lo te Nad TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS must be immediately removed. Should the distemper be of pneumonic form with high fever, give Homeeo- pathic tincture of aconite, three drops every three hours. | have found this invaluable. The other medicine that can be given as well is glycerine of carbolic solution, one part carbolic to ten of glycerine; fifteen drops every four hours. Should the gums become inflamed and the teeth black, they should be cleaned with a soft badger tooth brush, and the mouth swabbed out every two hours, day and night, with cotton wool dipped in a weak solution of chinosol. Careful watching and nursing and perfect cleanli- ness are practically the only cure for distemper. A day’s forgetfulness or a careless allowing of any great change of temperature will probably cause the dog’s death. The room should be kept at about 65°, and plenty of fresh air should always be let in without lowering the temperature. This is best achieved by having a window constantly open at the top and a fire going day and night. When he is convalescent do not give any exercise for about two months. Many valuable dogs are killed by taking them for a walk too soon. Their hearts are weak, and the exercise overtaxes them. In administering liquids, remember that it is not necessary to force the dog’s mouth open. Hold his head up and pull the loose corner of the mouth away from the teeth so that it makes a sort of funnel into which you can slowly pour the medicine or liquid food, which will be easily swallowed as it trickles down behind the back teeth. On giving a pill, open the dog’s mouth and put the pill on the back of the tongue and push it 220 Mrs SOLoMON’s DARA Miss SERENA’S FuGI oF KoBE AND NIPPON OF KOBE . These dogs are a great contrast in type, the one on the left being the proper type. Photo, Russell Mrs M‘Laren Morrison’s JAPANESE PUPPIES Photo, J. R. Clarke (RS H. ANDREWS’ AKA oF TODDINGTON Photo, T. Fall Mrs Lioyp’s JAPANESE Photo, Russell ea 7 a KENNEL MANAGEMENT right down the throat with the forefinger. It will not make him sick as it would a human being. The mouth should be instantly closed as the finger is withdrawn, and kept closed. You will know directly the pill has been swallowed, because then the tongue will be pro- truded to lick the nose. Treat all symptoms according to their relative im- portance. I know a man who, having brought a young puppy successfully through distemper so that 1t was con- valescent, finding it had got some lice, rubbed it all over with a paraffin dressing, killing it within a few hours. The insects should have been picked off every day till the puppy was quite well, and then treated with insect powder for a while. Dogs can have distemper more than once, but very seldom do. Nor do they often have it after four years old, though I know of one dog that did not have it till the age of ten years. Ordinary distemper is, however, no safeguard whatever against Japanese distemper. I have heard of dogs having two attacks of distemper in twelve months. One died, but the others recovered. I do not believe in anti-distemper inoculation and can- not advise it for really valuable dogs. Also, in spite of all that authorities say to the contrary, a dog may break out with Japanese distemper twelve hours after being exposed to infection. After an outbreak of distemper in a kennel, the place is not safe for new dogs under a month, and after thor- ough disinfection. Distemper in Toy Spaniels is usually followed by a desperate attack of suppurating opthalmia, which, if unchecked, often destroys the eyesight permanently. The eyeball bursts and then shrivels up like a dried 227 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS apple, or at the best leaves a grey, jelly-like eye, which is sickening to look at. In cases of this kind use Sher- ley’s eye-cure ointment three or four times a day from the very first symptoms, and keep the dog in the dark. \Vhen the eyes are very much inflamed, use a lotion of alum, twelve grains, and water, six ounces, mixed to- gether. Apply with antiseptic cotton wool, using the wool as a sponge, and see that it really gets under the lids. The paws must be tied up in bags, or there is not the slightest chance of saving the eyes, the irritation being so excessive that the dog will madly tear at them. Ophthalmia appears to be extremely contagious. IXvery kennel of valuable dogs should be provided with a room (a portable hut on wheels will do) where newcomers can be isolated for three weeks on arrival. There should also be a room in which visiting bitches can be kept. House pets, such as are often sent to good dogs, cannot be put into kennels. However comfortable their quarters may be, they fret if left with strange com- panions. It is very dangerous, moreover, to introduce among healthy stock bitches which may come from un- sanitary surroundings. I must earnestly warn my readers who keep Toy Spaniels never to be tempted into keeping Japanese Spaniels as well. The latter have a peculiar kind of distemper—not always called distemper by vets—but variously treated as pneumonia, gastritis, influenza, or Stuttgart disease. Whether or not it is, technically speaking, distemper, is of no consequence to Toy dog owners. It is both infectious and contagious, and far more deadly than ordinary distemper, being fatal in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, no treatment be- ing of the slightest avail. It is unknown among Toy 228 — —— " 7] ABBY PEKINGESE Doc, Cuu Ty or ALDERBOURNE Property of Mrs A. Cross. Photo, T. Fall PaO chee «ANC TOME POP Lapy SAMUELSON’S JAPANESE MARQUIS CHENO AND IKEDA OF BRAYWICK Photo, T. Fall KENNEL MANAGEMENT Spaniels except when contracted from a Japanese, and it ends in virulent mortification of mouth and lungs or intestines, so that the dog is in a state of putrefaction before its death. So terrible is this frightful scourge which annually sweeps and devastates Japanese kennels, that I would strongly advise all other Toy dog clubs to unite in getting the Japanese restricted to a separate room in all shows at which any other small breed is exhibited. For it is chiefly through the shows that the disease is propagated. This measure should be taken in the interest of all our Toy breeds, lest they, also, be- come subject to the same amazing mortality and die out altogether. Our own distemper is bad enough, but the other is as fatal as the “ Black Death,” which, indeed, it closely resembles. A curious feature of this disease is that a dog with the pneumonic form of it may pass it on to another dog in the typhoid form. In conclusion, | cannot too often impress upon my readers the necessity for perfect cleanliness in every- thing connected with the dogs. Constantly wash all sponges and brushes and combs with the Army and Navy sponge and brush powder to be procured from the Army and Navy Stores, Victoria St., S. W. Never go near or handle other people’s dogs without changing your clothes and shoes before returning amongst your own. You will have reason to congratu- late yourself if you adopt these simple but tiresome pre- cautions, as you may often hear afterwards that the dogs which looked well and free from illness were sick- ening for distemper, and you will be spared the regret of having imported the disease into your own establish- ment. If you get a letter from a person who has disease in 229 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS his kennels, burn it immediately, as it may convey germs to your dogs. Avoid trailing skirts in your kennels. They also pick up and convey germs. I consider that fleas and flies are great carriers of distemper. If you have no separate buildings in which you can isolate sick dogs, and are obliged to attend all your dogs yourself, something may be done by hanging a sheet soaked in antiseptic over the door of the room in which you keep the patients and doing all your nursing in a waterproof overall and galoshes. Finally, if you take off these on leaving the room and wash your hands in strong disinfectant, there is much less chance of infec- tion. WHuELPING AND REARING? A bitch will be due to whelp sixty-three days after mating. See that she gets regular exercise without over exertion and has ordinary food. Feed twice a day, once at noon and once about seven P.M., with as much bread and meat as will just cover the bottom of an ordinary dinner plate. Should it be her first litter, I strongly recommend the use of Pulsatilla Nigricans, (order of James Epps) in the “ Mother Tincture.” Give two to four drops in a teaspoonful of water daily night and morning for three weeks before whelping, or when labour has begun give five to seven drops every hour until delivered. It is an exasperating fact that most litters are born at night, so that each litter prob- ably means a sleepless night for the owner. Have a wooden box prepared with hay. A rough ‘For the details contained in this chapter I am indebted to the most experienced and successful of Toy Spaniel breeders, Miss Annie Todd. 230 I$¢ ms as 7 a nV nF" lg ys SLEEPING PEN Puppy House anp Run January Teen Adele Sa Oulneyo | Oh O)| LO | RE) mesp.rZ |x, due Sa como ea hae, epee Hapa oracle Pa [peal ed Fa March.....| 5 |6]7 | 8] 09 |10]/11]|12)13]14]15 | 16] 17 | 28 *ebruary due fuly Geese Ae ls. Ou 9) CB | oO | LO'p en ro.) 03} wa due = september .| 2} 3/4|5]6]| 7| 8] g/1olir}12/13] 14/1! \ugust flezales. (eA vse) Ob 7S Oto pn | Dai 13+) 1 due = |}—|—]—— |---|} —|-|—|- DeLOMEr aa aot 4045) 10 7. | Ol o, [to | nr} 12} 13-14] £5 | 24 September | 1} 2/3|4)]5 | 6| 7| 8| g}10}11] 12] 13] 1. due “<5: = yg fae ieee ea eka eee eek anes eee aed eee ea November..| 3 | 4|5|6|7 1] 8] g|10/11]12]13] 14] 15 | 1 Ictober Mast a4 oO) Flos ©. ito xn Da) na. | Td due —_|—|—|—_,—|—|— | — | |—-. | — |---| |— December..} 3 | 4] 5|6]71|.8| g]10/ 11} 12/13] 14] 15 | x November | 1 }2)31/4)5 1.6) 7} 8) 9|10|11}12|13 | 1: due |= | | |__| —| | |__| |_| —_|— Pamiianyeer| Ss) 4) So) Oy 708 io pro! an | 12 )13 14 15 | 16 December | 1 | 2|3|14)]51| 6| 7} 8| o]10/]114] 12/13] 1: due —-—_ |_| — —|—_ |_| —_ |_|—_ _—_|— | - Bebruary:..| 2] 3/4 )15°)6)| 7) 8|-9| 10/11) r2| 13) 14/1! res | January a (a eS 6} 7] 8) 9] 10) 11 | 12} 13} 14] 15| 16] 17] 18] 19 / aa Be nOmley |, © YO) 11) 12/13/14) 15 |16}17]| 18} 19 | 20] a1 | 22 | 23 eisay te lalals| 6] 2| 5] ofr 28] 12] 13 [r4 | 15 [16/17 [18] 10 ea ada Oat ay | To} Ir | 12) 13)14) 15 |16}17 | 18] 19 | 20] 21 | 22 | 23 i March Eula |3":|4 s alee cs ae Rese ESS: 2 | 05| Re ad Ma | lh Os 2a a dese 8) 9] 10/11] 12] 13 | 14 15 |16}17]18}] 19] 20] 21 {April ee eee oS) Oy a8 ee aa [4 | 250) 26.| 7 28) 20 || ae Ree. 3/4] 51 6 8) 9} to} rr} 12/13 | 14] 15] 16] 17] 18] 19 | 20| 21 | May ala! 35) 4 6} 7| 8] 9}10] 11} 12] 13} 14] 15 | 16] 17] 18] 19 h due Kal ; Pepa j July. Beha Ss) 1.6 8] 9] 10} 11} 12/13) 14] 15]16]17} 18] 19] 20] 21 June 4 eel ie a 6} 7} 8} o}10}11]12}13]14]15]16]17]18] 19 | 20 eee ere |e | | —— a iar alte = August.. Sra! 5" 6 8] 9}10/ 11} 12] 13) 14] 15]16|17] 18] 19] 20] at July he al) Sil fh 6} 7] 8] 9]q0] 11] 22] 13] 14] 15]16]17| 18] 109 ue 9 |-—|—|-|—_|_|—_- — : September .| 2 | 3] 4] 5 7| 8] 9}10|1r]12]13)14}15]|16]17]18] 19 | 20 ope Peay a. | 4. 6| 7] 8] 9}10}1r] 12/13) 14]15]16]17|18] 19 We |-— —)-—|- —\— = October... .} 3 | 4 a G 8] 9]10} 11} 12) 13]14]15]16|17] 18] 19 | 20] 21 peaber rola | 3.'| 4 6| 7] 8| o}10] 11} 12] 13] 14]15]16|17]18] 109 te | |——| |__| Lee a ——|—_—_|—— November..| 3 | 4 5|6 8} 9|10} 11] 12) 13) 14]15]|16|17]18} 19 | 20] ar eo Mapas) 3.4 6] 7} 8] g|/ro}11|12)13] 14] 15] 16|17] 18] 19 December. .| 3 4| 5 | 6 8] 9]10} 11} 12] 13} 14] 15|16]17| 18] 19] 20] 21 November | x | 2 3 6 8 2 14/15 |16]17|18]1 ee ||) 4) 5) 6) 7 9 | #0 | tx] 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 7 9 January 314/15] 6 8] 9]10]} 11] 12) 13] 14] 15] 16] 17] 18] 19 | 20| 21 Sree mes (3.1 4 6] 7| 8] 9|10}11]12}13]14]15]16|17] 18] 10 Feb tH — ruary,. | > $14.15 7| 8] 9/10/11} 12}13]14]15]}16]17| 18] 19 | 20 eee! «| | | ‘ = ee Ve ‘ ‘ a > = ln ‘ - ” - —— . > ‘ aq 2 — « . ri a § bond a KENNEL MANAGEMENT box may be made like the one illustrated. The door at the side is to enable you to reach and help the bitch should she require assistance. The bit of board in front is to prevent the puppies falling out when they begin to crawl." Let her have the box to sleep in about a week before she is due, so that she may get to like it and look upon it as her own property. When she is about to whelp she will begin to be very restless, and will scratch up her bed and often scatter the hay all over the room in a most annoying way. This may go on for many hours before the pups are born. There is generally an interval of half an hour, or sometimes three or four hours, be- tween the births of puppies. Between whiles the bitch must then be allowed to sleep quietly. So long as she does this, you need not alarm yourself if the whelp- ing goes rather slowly, but if she is very restless, in great pain, and often sick, send for a veterinary sur- geon, though I cannot promise much good from it, there being very few who understand Toy dogs.* A little help is all that is generally necessary during whelping, though very strong measures are sometimes inevitable in the case of dead puppies, and then the bitch should be put under chloroform. When a bitch which has been in labour is just about to have a puppy, you can tell by the change from whining and barking to a sort of deep grunt or gasp. When this begins the puppy will soon make its appearance. Sometimes there is a sudden complete silence after a great deal of scratching and 1 Spratt’s terrier travelling boxes at 15s. are first rate if you care to buy instead of making but the top must be made to open. 2 The diminutive size of the animals prevents effectual assistance with instruments. 231 TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS | noise, and this also means a puppy is close at hand. As soon as a puppy is born, be sure the afterbirth comes, too. This is usually attached to the puppy bya cord, but sometimes the cord breaks and it gets left behind and sets up blood poisoning. In cases where you suspect it of being retained, syringe with warm sterilized (1. e., boiled) water and a few drops of Condy’s Fluid. But remember that if you are not attending when the after- birth comes away the bitch will dispose of it and so cause you needless alarm. The habit is quite a natural one and will do her no harm. After previously tying a piece of thread round it on the side next the body, sever the string five minutes after birth about two inches from the body with a pair of disinfected scissors, should the mother not have bitten it off herself. W/4uth short-faced bitches, it is much safer to do it yourself, as they often bite it off too short, with fatal results, and have also been known to bite off the legs of their puppies by mis- take. Twist the cord firmly between your fingers be- fore cutting it. I find that the best plan is to remove each puppy, as it is born, into an open basket by the fire. Have a hot-water bottle in this basket, with a small blanket over it. The best shape for a bottle is that of a whiskey or wine bottle, but tin is better than glass. Place each puppy on the blanket next to the hot-water bottle, and cover it up completely, but lightly, with an- other small blanket. It will not suffocate, as you may at first imagine. Of course the water in the bottle should not be boiling. In this way, by the time the whelping is over, the pups will be warm and dry and ready to go to their mother, whereas, if left to her, she will very likely leave them cold and wet or trample on them. It is quite useless talking of Nature being the best guide ” ie LS) = j= AIRY WINDFALL (TRICOLOUR), ACE oF HEARTS (BLENHEIM), = a) > MONTHS MONTHS FANTAIL OF ST ANTHONY (BLENHEIM) 3 MontTHsS CHECKMATE {TRICOLOUR), WHIRLWIND (TRICOLOUR), 2 MONTHS SoME OF Mrs LyTToONn’s Toy SPANIEL PUPPIES A =) MONTHS KENNEL MANAGEMENT in these matters, as these Toy dogs are so highly domesticated that they have lost a great part of their natural instincts. And now let me warn breeders that if Toy puppies are not kept warm, but are ever allowed to get chilled, they will infallibly die. They must be kept in a warm, dry place, and during the first two weeks they can hardly be kept too warm. Dogs in a wild state would probably breed in holes in the ground, where there is very little air, and the domesticated ones are certainly less hardy than the wild ones. No attempt whatever must be made to “harden” puppies at this stage, or their lives will be sacrificed. A puppy that is born apparently dead may often be saved by being taken up instantly by the hind legs and shaken, head down- wards; this must be smartly and decidedly done. The mouth should be opened with the finger, and the puppy shaken as you would shake a big watch to set it ticking, not as you would shake out a duster. This will often dislodge a lump of something like mucus from its throat, and it will gasp and begin to squeak and revive from that moment. Do not breathe into the puppy’s mouth, as you only give it carbonic acid gas. If you feel you must blow air into it, use a bellows. Should a puppy appear weak it must be helped to suck by holding it while it takes nourishment. Should the mother die, the pups may possibly be brought up on condensed milk, made as for a baby, given every two hours out of a baby’s bottle, keeping them constantly in a covered basket with a hot-water bottle; but a cat foster-mother is best of all. Puppies brought up by their mothers should begin to take condensed milk three times a day as soon as they are four weeks old, and gradually allowed to go less and less to their mothers till they are entirely weaned. They 222 =n), TOY DOGS AND THEIR ANCESTORS should then be fed on Neaves food three times a day (about half a saucerful at a time for each, according to the size) from the time they are five weeks old till the age of seven weeks, when they can begin to take crushed table biscuits added to the Neaves food when hot. At ten weeks old they can begin a little minced mutton and broth. Put the mutton through a very fine mincing machine, and put the boiling soup onto some white bread crumbs—mix all together. Lactol is another ex- cellent food. In rearing puppies from birth on Lactol, it should be given for the first week diluted with four times its weight of water and afterwards three times its weight. Give warm every two hours, twenty drops at a time, increasing the dose as the puppy gets older. You will know how much to give, as when a pup has had enough it falls asleep, whereas it will cry and be restless if it is still hungry. In weaning pups on Lactol, make it as follows: One good heaped-up teaspoonful to each puppy. Mz1x into a thick paste with cold water,.and then add hot water, stirring the while till it 1s like thick milk. Give three times a day. As the puppies grow, increase the quantity and add scalded rusks. They can also have a little mutton broth as they get older. To keep puppies from running about and getting into draughts, | recommend that a bit of linoleum be put down in a corner of the room next to the breeding box. Put round it one of Spratt’s patent wire poultry runs at 7/6. This will keep them clean and out of the way and save the carpets. It will be found an immense convenience to have two small tin pails, one empty and one containing dry sawdust. When there is any dirt, sprinkle the sawdust liberally over it and sweep it into >? & Miss Dawson's JAPANESE Puppy YEZzO BLENHEIM Puppy, 6 WEEKS OLD Lorraine House, Cheltenham Mrs Lytron’s Tricotour Puppy HEIRESS Mrs PIcKERSGILL’S RED JAPANESE PUPPY 3 MontuHs OLD oe tu. he Sie 7 , Miss TEMPEST, JAPANESE Puppy Toy TRAWLER PUPPIES KENNEL MANAGEMENT a coal scoop or dust pan with a large fibre brush, both kept for the purpose. It can then be transferred to and carried away in the spare pail. If this method is adopted there is no unpleasantness in cleaning up. I do not recommend raw meat, as it almost always produces worms, the germ of tape worm being found in flesh and maturing soon after being swallowed by the puppies. All puppies should be dosed with worm medicine when they are two months old or sooner, at five or six weeks 1f possible, with a suitable vermifuge, and the treatment should be repeated once a week till they are fouror five months old. This is exceedingly important and should never be neglected. I am often asked whether it is safe to wash a bitch in whelp. I think that if the washing is done on the lines | recommend there is no risk at all for the first five weeks.